bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a new questionnaire to assess pain‐related limitations of daily functions in Japanese patients with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Sugisaki Masashi , Kino Koji , Yoshida Nahoko , Ishikawa Takayuki , Amagasa Teruo , Haketa Tadasu 
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Background:  Various measures/scales have been used to assess oral health‐related quality of life in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). However, there have been few reports on the validity of questionnaires, and even fewer assessments of their use in Japanese sociocultural conditions.Objectives:  The objectives of the study were: (i) to develop and refine the number of questions concerning pain‐related limitations of daily function in the TMD questionnaire (LDF‐TMDQ, 13 items) in Japanese patients with TMD, (ii) to assess factor validity, and (iii) to determine convergent and discriminant validity of the LDF‐TMDQ with the observed items within a multidimensional questionnaire.Methods:  Four hundred and fifty‐six (85.9%) outpatients with TMD were enrolled. The subjects were allocated into two roughly equal groups – E‐group (233) for exploratory factor analysis and C‐group (223) for confirmatory factor analysis [structural equation modeling (SEM)].Results:  The exploratory factor analysis extracted 10 items and three factors. SEM showed the revised model to accurately describe the relationships between the measured items. As to convergent validity, the factor ‘limitation in executing a certain task’ and ‘limitation of mouth opening’ showed significant correlations with the observed items within the multi‐dimensional questionnaire. However, the factor ‘limitation of sleeping’, show no correlation with any item. As to discriminant validity, all three factors had correlation coefficients below 0.4 with the psychological scale, the personality scale, and the visual analog scale for pain intensity.Conclusion:  The LDF‐TMDQ was reduced from 13 items to 10. The factor validity of the LDF‐TMDQ, and the construct validity of ‘limitation in executing a certain task’ and ‘limitation of mouth opening’ were confirmed, while that of ‘limitation of sleeping’ remains to be determined.
Derivation and validation of the short version of the Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile
Authors: Saub Roslan , Locker David , Allison Paul 
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  This paper describes the development of a short version of the Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile.Methods:  The 45‐item OHIP(M) was shortened using a method known as the ‘item frequency method’. Here, the two most frequently reported items from each of the seven OHIP(M) subscales were chosen to form the short version, designated as the S‐OHIP(M). Field testing was conducted to assess the effect of different modes of administration (mail versus interview) of the short form and to test its measurement properties (reliability and validity). A total of 206 respondents completed the questionnaire. In order to carry out test–retest analysis, a second administration was carried out 15 days after the first administration on a selected subsample.Results:  The mail questionnaire had a lower response rate and a higher percentage of missing data than the interview administered questionnaire. However, the mail mode of administration resulted in higher scores than interview. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 and the ICC was also 0.89. All hypotheses developed to assess validity were confirmed.Conclusion:  The S‐OHIP(M) was found to be valid and reliable and appropriate for use in the cross‐sectional studies in Malaysian adult populations.
The distribution of Tannerella forsythia in an adolescent and adult population
Authors: Narayanan D. , Hamlet S. , Cullinan M. , Davies R. , Ellwood R. , Bird P. , Seymour G. J. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  The fact that Tannerella forsythia, an important periopathogen, is difficult to cultivate from mixed infections has impeded precise estimates of its distribution within a given population. In order to discern T. forsythia alone from the mixed infection of plaque, the use of sensitive 16S ribosomal RNA based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection is necessary.Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of T. forsythia in an adult and in an adolescent population.Material and methods:  Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 498 Australian adults and from 228 adolescent subjects from Manchester, UK. Tannerella forsythia was detected using PCR and confirmed by restriction analysis. Semi‐quantitation of the organisms was carried out using two specific primers of differing sensitivities.Results:  In the adolescent population, 25% were found to carry T. forsythia, albeit in relatively low numbers. In the adult population, a total of 37.8% and 11% were found to carry the organism with primer 2 and primer 1, respectively, suggesting that around 27% had between 103 and 107 organisms. Although there was an apparent increased proportion of T. forsythia positive subjects in those aged ≥ 50 years, this was not statistical significant. However, T. forsythia positive male smokers showed increased disease severity compared with T. forsythia negative subjects.Conclusion:  This study has shown that at least 25% of the adolescent population carry low numbers of T. forsythia, whereas at least 37% of adults carry the organism, with some 11% having relatively high numbers. The relationship between T. forsythia and disease progression in these populations, however, remains to be determined.
Differential localization of laminin γ2 and integrin β4 in primary cultures of the rat gingival epithelium
Authors: Tanno Michie , Hashimoto Sadamitsu , Muramatsu Takashi , Matsuki Miwako , Yamada Satoru , Shimono Masaki 
Published: August 2005

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate the differential immunolocalization of laminin γ2 and integrin β4 in primary cultures of the rat gingival epithelium.Methods:  The gingival epithelium was obtained from Sprague‐Dawley rats and was cultured in serum‐free keratinocyte growth medium (DK‐SFM). Western blotting analysis, immunofluorescence, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and immuno‐gold labeling for laminin γ2 and integrin β4 were employed. CLSM images for laminin and integrin were analyzed in horizontal (x–y axis) and in vertical (x–z axis) sections.Results:  Both laminin γ2 and integrin β4 were detected by Western blot analysis in the gingival epithelium. Immunolocalization of laminin γ2 was distinct in the cytoplasm to form one or two irregular rings in gingival epithelial cells. By contrast, integrin β4 was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm. F‐actin (indicating actin filaments) was clearly discernible at the periphery of the cytoplasm to form a cellular fringe. In x–z axis images obtained by CLSM, laminin γ2 was recognized as large foci in the most inner portion just above the basal plasma membrane. Integrin β4 existed in the area where F‐actin was labeled surrounding the membrane. Immuno‐electron microscopy showed that 10nm colloidal gold particles indicating laminin γ2 were mainly localized at the extracellular portion and in the peripheral cytoplasm, whereas integrin β4 was distributed in the cytoplasm close to the basal plasma membrane but not in extracellular regions.Conclusions:  In primary cultures of the rat gingival epithelium, both laminin γ2 and integrin β4 may be produced by the epithelium, and irregular rings of laminin γ2 are formed in areas where gingival cells adhere to the extracellular matrix.
The Value of Scintimammography, F‐18 FDG‐PET and PET‐CT in Breast Cancer
Authors: Gallowitsch H. J. , Igerc I. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDue to the introduction of new lipophilic radiotracers like Tc‐99m Sestamibi or Tc‐99m Tetrofosmin in conventional scintigraphy and the implementation of FDG‐PET in clinical routine in the last decade, their role in primary staging, restaging and therapy monitoring in breast cancer patients has been extensively evaluated.Concerning primary diagnosis, both scintimammography (SMG) and FDG‐PET cannot be recommended for small nodules <1 cm, and biologically low proliferative cancers, like tubular, lobular cancer or DCIS. Nevertheless, FDG‐PET or SMG (when PET is not available) may be useful for selected patients with dense breasts, breast implants and after extensive surgery. In axillary staging, due to its limitation in resolution, both SMG and FDG‐PET cannot be a replacement for sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection. Additionally, the number of involved lymph nodes cannot be exactly determined. Nevertheless, by using FDG‐PET, the advantage would be the simultaneous detection of internal mammarian chain lymph node involvement and distant metastases. In restaging, F‐18 FDG‐PET demonstrates apparent advantages in the diagnosis of metastases in patients with breast carcinoma compared with conventional imaging on a patient basis. On a lesion basis, significantly more lymph node and fewer bone metastases can be detected using F‐18 FDG compared with conventional imaging including bone scintigraphy (BS). Concerning bone metastases, sclerotic lesions are predominantly detected by BS, whereas FDG‐PET is more helpful in identifying osteolytic or bone marrow metastases. In patients with clinical suspicion but negative tumour marker profile, F‐18 FDG‐PET seems to be a reliable imaging tool for detection of tumour recurrence or metastases. Given the high predictive value of F‐18 FDG‐PET, tumour stage and therapeutic strategy will be reconsidered in several patients.In conclusion, besides limitations in primary diagnosis and staging, restaging after surgical resection, chemotherapy and external irradiation is the most efficient and cost‐effective indication for F‐18 FDG‐PET in breast cancer. PET/CT provides important additional information about topography and tumour extent and increases specificity.
MRI Screening for Breast Cancer in Women with a Familial or Genetic Predisposition
Authors: Kriege M. , Brekelmans C. T. M. , Klijn J. G. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryCurrent options for BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers to reduce their risk of breast cancer (death) include prophylactic mastectomy, oophorectomy and surveillance. Screening for breast cancer is also offered to women with a familial predisposition for breast cancer, but without a proven BRCA 1/2 mutation. The effectivity of mammographic screening in this group of women is questionable, especially in BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers, due to a low sensitivity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appeared to be a sensitive imaging method in the diagnostic setting and is therefore being investigated as screening tool in women at high risk of breast cancer. Results of MRI pilot studies showed a very high sensitivity (100%) of MRI in all studies, while sensitivity of mammography was never higher than 50%. Recently, the first results of four large series were published. In these studies, sensitivity of MRI was lower than in the smaller pilot studies, but all found a higher sensitivity for MRI (71–96%) than for mammography (36–43%). All studies except one found a lower specificity for MRI than for mammography. Characteristics of the tumours detected within the screening programme were favourable with respect to size and nodal status. Currently, it appears advisable to offer MRI as a screening tool to proven gene mutation carriers. For genetically susceptible women without a proven gene mutation, more research is warranted to decide which of them should be offered MRI screening.
The Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in the Preoperative Evaluation of Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Pirich C. , Rettenbacher L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe concept of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer surgery is based on the fact that tumours drain in a predefined way in the lymphatic system. SLNB can avoid complete axillary dissection in patients without clinical evidence of nodal involvement. The use of SLNB as a minimal invasive procedure can prevent the risk of morbidity due to axillary node dissection in the majority of breast cancer patients without metastatic disease. Many routes for administration of very low activities of radiotracers (99mTc‐labelled colloids) are known among which subdermal or peritumoural injection are most commonly used. Radiocolloids with their particles in the 5–200 nm size range are most suitable for SLNB in breast cancer. The success rate of detecting and localizing the SLN by means of a gamma probe in breast cancer surgery reaches more than 95% in experienced institutions performing a high number of procedures. Current approved indications include unifocal or multifocal resectable breast cancer (<3 cm diameter) without clinically suspicious or palpable axillary lymph nodes and ductal breast cancer in situ (>2 cm diameter). SLNB has also proved to be a useful and accurate procedure in the setting of preoperative chemotherapy. SLNB which requires a multidisciplinary approach represents the standard of care in many centres for patients with breast cancer.
Two cases of a fetus with sirenomelia sequence
Authors: Horikoshi Tsuguhiro , Kikuchi Akihiko , Tatematsu Mikiko , Matsumoto Yasuhiro , Hayashi Akiko , Unno Nobuya 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT  We report two cases of a fetus with sirenomelia sequence which showed oligohydramnios and a single umbilical artery. The first case was of a single fetus with symelia apus and only one leg. Prenatal diagnosis of this case was possible. The second case was of a dichorionic‐diamniotic twin pregnancy in which one fetus had symelia dipus with two fused lower extremities. Prenatal diagnosis of the condition was not made. In both cases, the fetuses died shortly after birth from respiratory distress due to severe pulmonary hypoplasia. Absence of urinary tract, imperforate anus, and spine deformity were confirmed in both cases.Although prenatal diagnosis of symelia dipus seems difficult, this condition must be considered in a fetus with severe oligohydramnios.
Probing the epoch of early baryonic infall through 21-cm fluctuations
Authors: Barkana R. , Loeb A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
After cosmological recombination, the primordial hydrogen gas decoupled from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and fell into the gravitational potential wells of the dark matter. The neutral hydrogen imprinted acoustic oscillations on the pattern of brightness fluctuations due to its redshifted 21-cm absorption of the CMB. Unlike CMB temperature fluctuations which probe the power spectrum at cosmic recombination, we show that observations of the 21-cm fluctuations at z∼ 20–200 can measure four separate fluctuation modes (with a fifth mode requiring very high precision), thus providing a unique probe of the geometry and composition of the universe.
The extremely asymmetric radio structure of the z = 3.1 radio galaxy B3 J2330 + 3927
Authors: Pérez-Torres M.-A. , De Breuck C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We report on 1.7- and 5.0-GHz observations of the z= 3.087 radio galaxy B3 J2330 + 3927, using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), and archival 1.4- and 8.4-GHz Very Large Array (VLA) data. Our VLBA data identify a compact, flat-spectrum (α5 GHz1.7 GHz=−0.2 ± 0.1; Sν∝να) radio component as the core. The VLA images show that the fraction of core emission is very large (fc≈ 0.5 at 8.4 GHz), and reveal a previously undetected, very faint counterjet, implying a radio lobe flux density ratio R≳ 11 and a radio lobe distance ratio Q≈ 1.9. Those values are much more common in quasars than in radio galaxies, but the optical/near-infrared spectra show a clear type II active galactic nucleus for B3 J2330 + 3927, confirming that it is indeed a radio galaxy. Unlike all other radio galaxies, the bright Lyα-emitting gas is located towards the furthest radio arm. We argue against environmental and relativistic beaming effects being the cause of the observed asymmetry, and suggest this source has intrinsically asymmetric radio jets. If this is the case, B3 J2330 + 3927 is the first example of such a source at high redshift, and seems to be difficult to reconcile with the unified model, which explains the differences between quasars and radio galaxies as being due to orientation effects.
Paying research participants: a study of current practices in Australia
Authors: Fry C L , Ritter A , Baldwin S , Bowen K J , Gardiner P , Holt T , Jenkinson R , Johnston J 
Published: August 2005

Objective:To examine current research payment practices and to inform development of clearer guidelines for researchers and ethics committees.Design:Exploratory email based questionnaire study of current research participant reimbursement practices. A diverse sample of organisations and individuals were targeted.Setting:Australia.Participants:Contacts in 84 key research organisations and select electronic listservers across Australia. A total of 100 completed questionnaires were received with representations from a variety of research areas (for example, market, alcohol and drug, medical, pharmaceutical and social research).Main measurements:Open-ended and fixed alternative questions about type of research agency; type of research; type of population under study; whether payment is standard; amounts and mechanisms of payment; factors taken into account when deciding on payment practices; and whether payment policies exist.Results:Reimbursement practice is highly variable. Where it occurs (most commonly for drug dependent rather than health professional or general population samples) it is largely monetary and is for time and out-of-pocket expenses. Ethics committees were reported to be often involved in decision making around reimbursement.Conclusions:Research subject payment practices vary in Australia. Researchers who do provide payments to research participants generally do so without written policy and procedures. Ethics committees have an important role in developing guidelines in this area. Specific guidelines are needed considering existing local policies and procedures; payment models and their application in diverse settings; case study examples of types and levels of reimbursement; applied definitions of incentive and inducement; and the rationale for diverse payment practices in different settings.
Balancing confidentiality and the information provided to families of patients in primary care
Authors: Pérez-Cárceles M D , Pereñiguez J E , Osuna E , Luna A 
Published: August 2005

Background:Medical confidentiality underpins the doctor–patient relationship and ensures privacy so that intimate information can be exchanged to improve, preserve, and protect the health of the patient. The right to information applies to the patient alone, and, only if expressly desired, can it be extended to family members. However, it must be remembered that one of the primary tenets of family medicine is precisely that patient care occurs ideally within the context of the family. There may be, then, certain occasions when difficulties will arise as to the extent of the information provided to family members.Objectives:This study aimed to describe family doctors’ attitudes to confidentiality and providing patient information to relatives as well as their justifications for sharing information.Method:A descriptive postal questionnaire was self-administered by family doctors.Results:Of 227 doctors, 95.1% provided information to a patient’s family and over a third (35%) disclosed information to others without prior patient consent.Conclusions:The findings reveal that family doctors should pay more attention to their patients’ rights to information, privacy, and confidentiality, and reflect very carefully on the fine balance between this and the occasional need for the support and collaboration of family members in delivery of care. Emphasis should be placed on ethics and legal problems during undergraduate education and in-service training of doctors.
A qualitative study of women’s views on medical confidentiality
Authors: Jenkins G , Merz J F , Sankar P 
Published: August 2005

Context:The need to reinvigorate medical confidentiality protections is recognised as an important objective in building patient trust necessary for successful health outcomes. Little is known about patient understanding and expectations from medical confidentiality.Objective:To identify and describe patient views of medical confidentiality and to assess provisionally the range of these views.Design:Qualitative study using indepth, open ended face-to-face interviews.Setting:Southeastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, USA.Participants:A total of 85 women interviewed at two clinical sites and three community/research centres.Main outcome measures:Subjects’ understanding of medical confidentiality, beliefs about the handling of confidential information and concerns influencing disclosure of information to doctors.Results:The subjects defined medical confidentiality as the expectation that something done or said would be kept “private” but differed on what information was confidential and the basis and methods for protecting information. Some considered all medical information as confidential and thought confidentiality protections functioned to limit its circulation to medical uses and reimbursement needs. Others defined only sensitive or potentially stigmatising information as confidential. Many of these also defined medical confidentiality as a strict limit prohibiting information release, although some noted that specific permission or urgent need could override this limit.Conclusions:Patients share a basic understanding of confidentiality as protection of information, but some might have expectations that are likely not met by current practice nor anticipated by doctors. Doctors should recognise that patients might have their own medical confidentiality models. They should address divergences from current practice and provide support to those who face emotional or practical obstacles to self-revelation.
Project Examining Effectiveness in Clinical Ethics (PEECE): phase 1—descriptive analysis of nine clinical ethics services
Authors: Godkin M D , Faith K , Upshur R E G , MacRae S K , Tracy C S 
Published: August 2005

Objective:The field of clinical ethics is relatively new and expanding. Best practices in clinical ethics against which one can benchmark performance have not been clearly articulated. The first step in developing benchmarks of clinical ethics services is to identify and understand current practices.Design and setting:Using a retrospective case study approach, the structure, activities, and resources of nine clinical ethics services in a large metropolitan centre are described, compared, and contrasted.Results:The data yielded a unique and detailed account of the nature and scope of clinical ethics services across a spectrum of facilities. General themes emerged in four areas—variability, visibility, accountability, and complexity. There was a high degree of variability in the structures, activities, and resources across the clinical ethics services. Increasing visibility was identified as a significant challenge within organisations and externally. Although each service had a formal system for maintaining accountability and measuring performance, differences in the type, frequency, and content of reporting impacted service delivery. One of the most salient findings was the complexity inherent in the provision of clinical ethics services, which requires of clinical ethicists a broad and varied skill set and knowledge base. Benchmarks including the average number of consults/ethicist per year and the hospital beds/ethicist ratio are presented.Conclusion:The findings will be of interest to clinical ethicists locally, nationally, and internationally as they provide a preliminary framework from which further benchmarking measures and best practices in clinical ethics can be identified, developed, and evaluated.