bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Maddox Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The full story of Indian-white relations in North America is beginning to be told. But the emerging story is already taking two different forms. One version is being produced through the collaboration of a variety of traditionally white academic disciplines: history, anthropology, ethnography, sociology, even literary criticism. The same matter is simultaneously being treated from an Indian perspective, through academic programs in Native American Studies and, especially, through the recent proliferation of works by Indian writers that mark what has already been called the Native American Renaissance. Thus far, however, the two versions of the story remain separated by fundamental differences in the very nature of their structure and their discourse; it is still difficult to imagine a merging of the two into a single text. The definition of American history that the academy has always found most usable has been able, so far, to accommodate only an admittedly ethnocentric version of Indian history. Similarly, our working definition of American literature has not yet been able to accommodate Indian texts, oral or written, very comfortably. And these prevailing definitions, of course, not only determine their own discourses but continue to privilege them over competing ones.
Writing and Silence: Melville
Authors: Maddox Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Herman Melville agreed in 1853 to let himself be nominated for the U.S. consulship in Honolulu, his father-in-law’s friend H. W. Bishop wrote a letter in support of the nomination. After noting that Melville belonged to one of the “most distinguished democratic families of this state,“ Bishop added this disclaimer: “What his political views now are, I hardly know. His literary tastes and habits have withdrawn him from party controversies.“1 The idea implied by Bishop’s statement-that Melville’s writing was for him an escape from politics-was until fairly recently one of the dominant assumptions of Melville criticism. A 1951 history of American literature, for example, describes Melville as a kind of intellectual recluse whose “work was generally unaffected by the main currents of his time.”
Saving the Family: Hawthorne, Child, and Sedgwick
Authors: Maddox Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1833 the Massachussetts lawyer and sometime politician Rufus Choate delivered an address in Salem on the subject of “The Importance of Illustrating New-England History by a Series of Romances Like the Waverley Novels.“ The writer who could produce such a series would, Choate predicted, make the “heroic age“ of American history “for the first time familiar, intelligible, and interesting to the mass of the reading community.“1 Of the New England subjects that had already been treated by the historians, Choate singled out two that he saw as especially amenable to revisioning by the writer of romance: the specific crisis of King Philip’s War and the more general “moral phenomenon“ of “the old Puritan character“ (328, 333).
Conclusion
Authors: Maddox Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, American literary critics have been turning their attention more and more to the project of identifying and examining the various cultural myths that have seemed to dominate the canon of our national literature. The literature of the nineteenth century has been an especially fertile ground for the mythseeking critic, since the canon of American literature has always been essentially a nineteenth-century canon. Having become aware of how extensively our contemporary society and even our individual lives have been shaped and delimited by certain hegemonic myths, especially the interdependent myths of patriarchy, of white supremacy, and of "manifest destiny," we have gone back to the canonical texts to locate the origins and trace the life-cycles of these myths.
Religion, Anxiety, and Fear of Death
Authors: Pressman Peter , Lyons John S , Larson, David B , Gartner John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anxiety is a common affective experience. Everyone experiences transient episodes of anxiety during normal daily living. In its extreme, however, anxiety also represents a major etiologic factor in the development of serious psychopathology. Understanding the cognitive, developmental, and environmental factors that exacerbate and ameliorate anxiety thus informs our understanding of both normal and abnormal human behavior.
Religious Orientation and Mental Health
Authors: Masters Kevin S , Bergin Allen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relation between religion and mental health has long been a topic of debate among psychologists. Some of the most famous names in psychological history have taken a stance on this issue. Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, B. F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, Carl Jung, and many others had much to say, both pro and con. In addition, William James (1902) noted that there are both healthy and unhealthy ways of being religious, and Gordon Allport (1950) stated that the way one is religious may have mental health implications.
From J to K, or The Uncanniness of the Yahwist
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To my best knowledge, it was the Harvard historian of religion, George Foot Moore, who first called the religion of the rabbis of the second century C. E. “Normative Judaism.” Let me simplify by centering on one of those rabbis, surely the grandest: normative Judaism is the religion of Akiba. That vigorous scholar, patriot, and martyr may be regarded as the standard by which any other Jewish religious figure must be judged. If your faith and praxis share enough with Akiba’s, then you too are a representative of normative Judaism. If not, then probably not. There is a charming legend in which Moses attends Akiba’s seminar, and goes away baffled by the sage’s interpretation-of Moses! But the deepest implication of the leg end, as I read it, is that Akiba’s strong misreading of Moses was in no way weakened by the Mosaic bafflement.
The Argument about Canons
Authors: Kermode Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Except when the true ecclesiastical canons are their topic, people who use the word “canon” usually have in mind quite practical issues. They may, for example, be stating that there is for students of literature a list of books or authors certified by tradition or by an institution as worthy of intensive study and required reading for all who may aspire to professional standing within that institution. Or they may be disputing the constitution of the canon, or even the right of the institution to certify it. And now the issues grow more theoretical. For some maintain that the very concept of “literature” as a way of discriminating between more and less privileged texts is an illicit one; so, a fortiori, further discriminations between texts that have thus been set apart must also be improper.
The Classifications of Renouncers
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early Upaniāsads of our collection use the term Paramaharµsa with reference to a higher type of renouncer. It appears, for example, that the ārUrii’s discussion focuses on the Paramaharp.sa, even though that term is used only toward the end of the text (ārU u). Thus, when it says that a Kuticara should give up his family and the like (ārU 6), it is probably referring to the elevation of a lower type of renouncer to the level of a Paramaharp.sa. The term is also used in the Paramaharµsa and Jiibiila Upani$ads. It is unclear, however, whether during the time of these early documents this term was used within the context of a formal classification of renouncers.
The New Queen of the Sciences and the New Republic
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
God’s Way in Nature For what is still one-fourth of the era of English-speaking people in America, from the mid-seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth century, Harvard and eventually its Connecticut counterpart, Yale, were almost all there was to American higher education. Only toward the end of the period was the Anglican college in the South, William and Mary, fully functional. With a head start of nearly a century, New England thus achieved the dominance it would long maintain.1The unresolved tensions between the realms of common grace and the realms of theology in Puritan learning helped stimulate the major developments in the content of Puritan college education during this first century. The American colonies were still marginal outposts of European culture. On the one hand, this gave colonists the freedom to preserve much of their distinctive traditions. On the other hand, it also meant a provincial mentality in which they were always reassuring themselves that they were keeping up with British and European standards, particularly those that accompanied the scientific revolution. Puritanism was congenial to the study of the natural order. The Reformed emphasis that the creation could be known through reason, combined with the broader Protestant ideal that one could serve and glorify God in the mundane as well in special spiritual vocations, stimulated scientific study. Certainly there was no intimation of a warfare between science and religion in New England. Rather the Puritans assumed that natural philosophy (natural science) would serve the interests of religion and point toward the glories of God in creation.
A Righteous Consensus, Whig Style
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By midcentury Jeffersonian “infidelity” was being outgunned across the entire front of American higher education. One index was that the most formidable intellectual strongholds of the day were theological seminaries. These schools were in the forefront of American professional education and offered about the only American opportunity for anything resembling graduate education. The leading seminaries, especially those in the Presbyterian-Congregationalist axis, published redoubtable and well edited theological quarterlies which were the forums for most of the nation’s major academic debates. The momentous struggle over Calvinism and its various modifications overshadowed everything else and preoccupied most of the ablest academic minds of the era. Despite the strengths of the theological enterprise, the perennial debates over Calvinism nonetheless signaled an intellectual sea change. Except within the Reformed (Calvinist) denominations themselves, it seemed as though everyone from Unitarians to populist revivalists was trashing Calvinists doctrines as absurd and unreasonably harsh in an enlightened and benevolent age.1 Even within the Reformed churches the shifting cultural sentiments were taking their toll by midcentury. The tradition’s most exclusivist versions, which had emphasized the totality of God’s sovereignty, were under widespread attack and beginning to give way to modifications more congenial to democratic ideals of free choice and moral responsibility.2 Some critics were challenging the theological profession as such. Harriet Beecher Stowe is a striking example. Tied to the theological heritage by birth and by marriage, yet as a woman excluded from formal theological education, Stowe did more than anyone to establish the novel as an alternative forum for religious debate.
American Practicality and Germanic Ideals: Two Visions for Reform
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prophet of the Practical The evangelicals who dominated American higher education at midcentury confidently awaited the arrival of millennial days. One of the ways they resolved the problem of Christian particularism and American pluralism was with the promise, popular since the era of Edwards, that in the last days almost everyone would be converted to Christianity. History, then, would end with a final golden age, “the millennium.” This outpouring of the spirit in the greatest of all awakenings would be accompanied by human progress on every front, in science, technology, politics, and especially in morality. Nations of the world would learn liberty and justice for all, which was already best exemplified in Protestant lands. Oppression, slavery, and warfare would come to an end. Many of the signs of this millennial age were already present, and common speculation was that the new era might dawn soon after midcentury.“Our last thought is that the world is growing better,” wrote the famed New School Presbyterian pastor Albert Barnes, in “The Position of the Christian Scholar.” The advance of knowledge was one of the signs of the approaching golden age. During the Middle Ages, Barnes explained, science had been subordinated to theology. The Reformation, however, “broke the shackles which had bound the human intellect; [and] made men more independent in their scientific investigations.” The nineteenth century was now reaping the benefits. “[The Christian scholar’s] religion is accompanying the march of science around the world.” And “where Christianity prevails, there also civil liberty prevails.”2 Christian scholarship, including scholarship in political and natural sciences, promised to advance a new world order, and hence the kingdom. The increase in knowledge, however, was worth nothing without an increase in virtue. Otherwise, explained Francis Wayland, in the era’s most popular college text on Political Economy, “intellectual cultivation” will only “stimulate desire, and this unrestrained by the love of right,
The Christian Legacy in the Epoch of Science
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tappan’s work would be carried on by disciples, even if not always in precisely the way he had envisioned. The best known of his proteges was Andrew Dickson White, whom Tappan had brought to Michigan to teach history in 1857. In the fall of 1863, during a long leave of absence to care for his health, White was elected to the New York Senate. He immediately took an interest in education in New York, his home state, and especially hoped to implement a longstanding dream of building a model university. White always revered Tappan as the founder of the modern American university and honored some of his ideals. In other respects, however, he was as much a disciple of Francis Wayland. Tappan had the professional scholar’s faith in the triumph of pure intellect. White was more the nineteenth-century gentleman scholar, who was just as interested in practical affairs, and also resembled Wayland in his commitment to egalitarian ideals. His university was thus substantially more dedicated to practicality than was Tappan’s.Nonetheless, White followed Tappan closely in one major respect. Like Tappan he was intensely dedicated to science and saw it as opposed to sectarianism and as the key to human freedom. White viewed Tappan as having been destroyed by sectarian attacks at Michigan,1 and the younger man would be preoccupied throughout his career by the horrors of sectarianism.
Harvard and the Religion of Humanity
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once we have seen the extent to which the rest of New England’s higher education establishment moved in a functionally unitarian or even Jeffersonian direction as it adjusted to the demands and promises of a complex modern society, we can see one reason why by the end of the century Harvard could readily reclaim its national leadership. Of course its superior age and wealth, as well as the literary prominence of many of its graduates, guaranteed Harvard’s eminence. During the first half of the nineteenth century, however, Harvard’s Unitarianism had isolated it somewhat from the evangelicalism of national trends and by most measures it had fallen behind Yale and Princeton. But in the age of the university, as the winds of liberalism blew strong, the fact that Harvard had already tacked in the direction of liberal Christianity helped it to regain its position as a flagship setting the pace for a national educational ideology. Nowhere was the metamorphosis from old-time religious college to modern university more rapid or more dramatic than at Harvard. To paraphrase Henry Adams, Harvard in 1850 was in many ways closer to the Middle Ages than to the Harvard of 1900.1 At midcentury many of the forms of seventeenth-century Harvard-the tutors, the recitations, the discipline, the strong clerical presence, daily chapel, the classical curriculum-were still in place.
Holding the Line at Princeton
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Harvard’s 250th anniversary celebration in 1884, the aging Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., of “One-Hoss Shay” fame and one of the great debunkers of the Puritan heritage, read a poem exalting how “Harvard’s beacon shed its unspent rays” to benefit other American colleges. Among Harvard’s beneficiaries was the College of New Jersey: “O’er Princeton’s sands the far reflections steal, Where mighty Edwards stamped his iron heel. ... “According to the Harvard story, Princeton’s president James McCosh left the festivities early in protest.1 McCosh indeed admired Edwards and saw his own work as continuing that of his famous forerunner.2 In any case Princetonians hardly welcomed being told that they needed Harvard’s “unspent rays.”Princeton is especially significant to the present inquiry because if a more traditionalist Protestant intellectual alternative to the emerging definitions of American academia was to survive at any major school, Princeton was the foremost candidate. All the other leaders in shaping university education moved in essentially the same social orbit. The major university founders, such as White, Gilman, Angell, and Eliot, kept in close touch and sometimes vacationed in the same vicinity in Maine.
A Church with the Soul of a Nation
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Spirit of Protestantism The urgent wartime debates on the relation of educational philosophy to the survival of democracy I had their counterparts in institutional reassessments of what colleges and universities stood for. Many schools drafted a new statement of their purpose,2 though, as usual, these typically considered broad goals for their undergraduate programs only. By far the most influential such statement was the Harvard Report of 1945, General Education in a Free Society. Written by some of the best known scholars in the country, this two hundred-page volume set the standard for those seeking a middle ground among the contentious partisans. The Harvard Report suggested that Americans had not yet faced up to their educational revolution. Between 1870 and 1940 the American population tripled, but the number of students enrolled in secondary schools increased ninety times and those in colleges thirty times. The day was long past when higher education could be directed simply toward producing gentlemen and ladies; it would now have to be geared toward educating the democratic masses. This tremendous growth, along with the increasing social diversity of the groups being served and the vast expansion and fragmentation of knowledge complicated immensely the problem of reaching a consensus on the educational task. The Harvard committee took for granted that higher education should serve democratic or free society but was acutely aware of the lack of a center for this enterprise. In fact, the committee pointed out, the ideal of a free democratic society accentuated the dilemma. How could a democracy promote both loyalty and liberty? “A free society ... cherishes both toleration and conviction,” the committee reflected. “Yet the two seem incompatible.” Could they promote democracy without resorting to indoctrination that would undermine the very freedom that democracies held sacred? The Harvard professors considered and rejected four possible models for filling the “supreme need of American education . . . for a unifying purpose and idea.” Religiously based education was the first of these. The others were great books education, education organized around contemporary problems, and education based on pragmatic scientific method.
Introduction to Alternative Dispute Resolution and Arbitration
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADR – Alternative Dispute Resolution – has for a number of years been one of the hottest of all hot topics in the legal academy. As with each new generation and sex, so too this academic generation and ADR: it thinks it discovered the whole thing. Like sex, how ever, ADR is as old as humanity itself, and the academic ADR movement is largely one of rediscovery by the academy. Although that movement has discovered nothing fundamental and new, its development has paralleled development of techniques outside the academy differing in important details from those commonly used in the past. The mini-trial in its many variants is an example of special new techniques involving either negotiation, mediation, or aspects of arbitration or all three.
After Adversity, Reform Triumphs
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The picture of the years 1920 through 1925 has thus far been one of unmitigated success for the reformers, with the pioneering New York statute starting the period and the United States Arbitration Act ending it. We now go back a bit to consider the one real setback the reformers encountered. The foundations of this setback lay in the forces behind the 1917 Illinois rejection of irrevocability of agreements to arbitrate future disputes.1 Illinois was followed in 1923 by its neighbor to the north, Wisconsin, which copied the 1920 New York act, “excepting only those sections ... which deal with written agreements to arbitrate future disputes.”2
Countercurrents: Neopaganism Refuses to Die
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already seen in action both simple resistance to change and active countercurrents to the reform movement. The former was manifested both by the long years of effort required for the early reform victories and by the almost complete dearth of new enactments of modern arbitration statutes from 1931 through 1956. The strongest of the active countercurrents we have seen was that leading from the 1917 Illinois anti-reform act to the nonmodern UAA (1924) and to the enactment of UAA (1924) in a number of states in the 1920s.
The USAA: The Campaign
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part I described the rise of the modern state-federal system of arbitration law. It mentioned, but without detail, perhaps the most important event in that rise, the 1925 enactment of the United States Arbitration Act (USAA).1 We come now to a detailed ac count of that enactment, which will be followed by the story of what has happened to the USAA since then.
The USAA: Interpreted as Congress Intended
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important and the earliest of the commentaries on the new USAA came straight from the horse’s mouth the very next month after its passage. This was the A.B.A. Committee on Com merce, Trade and Commercial Law, writing in the March 1925 issue of the A.B.A. Journal. The committee first rang the church bells to celebrate its triumph, then presented a brief history of the act and a summary of its provisions. There followed a section headed “Legal Justification,” which was lifted almost verbatim from Julius Henry Cohen’s brief submitted to the joint subcommit tee. Since this language and its plain purport that the USAA governed only in federal courts has already been discussed, it is unnecessary to repeat the analysis here.