bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE GROWTH/NO‐GROWTH DEBATE*
Authors: Humphrey Craig R. , Buttel Frederick H. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis theoretical analysis focuses on the properties of conservative, liberal, and radical paradigms in social science and their application to the growth/no‐growth debate in environmental policy literature. We find conservatives working with an evolutionary model of society which suggests that environmental problems are imperfections to be remedied by science, technology, and the free market. Liberals recognize the benefits and costs of growth, and they articulate ways to minimize the costs through state regulation and planning. Radicals argue for state ownership of the means of production and new cultural values about growth as the only effective environmental policies. This analysis closes with a discussion of the future of the growth debate in terms of these paradigms.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: BOUNDED RATIONALITY APPLIED TO UNBOUNDED ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Edmunds Stahrl W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe interaction among myriad species and chemicals in the food chain often yields potential outcomes which are difficult to foresee. In policy terms, these interactions comprise an information load beyond human cognition, resulting in unexpected side effects. The clearest examples are seen in the invasions of species and epidemics, air pollution, toxic substances, and endangered species. The policy process attempts to deal with the information problem by using (1) an incremental approach, (2) a bounding approach, or (3) an uncertainty approach. Unfortunately, the bounding approach excludes all data on interactions outside the apparent cause/effect hypothesis. Possible approaches to augment and improve environmental policy, beyond the bounding approach, are to inquire into uncertainties and side‐effects, choose complex ecologies over simple ones, and sample for uncertain risks by probability assessments.
INCE NTIVE SYSTEMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION*
Authors: Mitnick Barry M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe central problem of environmental and other regulation is identified as a control problem similar to that faced by principals in controlling their agents. An incentive systems framework, featuring the concept of incentive relation, is offered as a means of integrating and systematizing discussion of alternative means of regulation. The distinction of incentive and directive means of environmental regulation, together with the levels of their targets and the penalties for enforcement, are employed to develop a typology of regulatory means and to categorize environmental regulatory alternatives. Shifting from control of regulatees to control of regulators, some results of a study of the incentive systems facing state reclamation inspectors are reported. Dual external incentive relations (to the mining industry and to the federal Office of Surface Mining) are observed, and the design consequences for regulation in the federal system are discussed.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE: IMPLICATIONS OF THE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Authors: Getz Malcolm , Walter Benjamin 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) assigns the Environmental Protection Agency responsibility for protecting the public from hazards created by industrial wastes. The Agency has understandably used its mandate to construct cradle to grave regulation of waste substances that pose health hazards. The regulations, however, are likely to hike costs of legal disposal by increasing the demand for disposal sites, while at the same time reducing the supply. The higher cost of disposal may give an advantage to larger, existing firms, may deter entry of new firms to both waste generating and disposal industries, and promote illicit disposal. RCRA therefore may have the paradoxical result of increasing public exposure to hazardous wastes.
REVIEWING CHILD ABUSE POLICY IN AMERICA: A SOCIAL SERVICE APPROACH
Authors: Nelson Barbara J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTFor all the recent attention to the problems of child abuse and neglect, this specific policy area has rarely been examined as belonging to the more general area of social service policy. This article begins to remedy this omission. First, the article examines child abuse policy in terms of the conflicts of value faced in the formation of social service policy. Next, the relationship between child abuse and other recent social service issues responding to familial violence or childhood dependency is discussed. Here the article shows that governmental response to child abuse has been used to encourage governmental interest in adoption reform, sexual exploitation of children, domestic violence, and day care.
FROM POLICY SCIENCE TO POLICY ANALYSIS: A QUARTER CENTURY OF PROGRESS?
Authors: Garson G. David 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis essay on the intellectual history of policy analysis traces the field from Merriam's concept of “intelligent planning” and Lass‐well's vision of “policy sciences” to the present. Lasswell's vision is seen as a relevant if unrealized one in general dimensions. It is argued that the tie of policy analysis to traditional issues in political science is unbreakable and, because of this, attempts to develop an interdisciplinary policy science premised on the supposed unifying force of a common methodological core have led to fragmentation, not theoretical integration. The emergence of the synoptic/empirico‐rational tradition and anti‐synoptic/neo‐pluralist traditions in policy analysis in the 1950's and 1960's are discussed and strengths and weaknesses noted. Divisions over the question of values and normative theory are highlighted. A concluding section discusses alternative views on the proper scope of policy analysis as an emerging discipline, contrasting the “handmaiden” and “ivory tower” alternatives. A six‐dimension outline of a map for policy analysis as a field is presented and the continued utility of Lasswellian concerns emphasized in contrast to the stalemated debate between synoptic and anti‐synoptic viewpoints in American policy analysis.
WHAT DO PLANNING ANALYSTS DO? PLANNING AND POLICY ANALYSIS AS ORGANIZING*
Authors: Forester John 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAnalysts do more than work to solve problems or process information; they organize others' attention to possibilities of action and thus shape expectations, working relationships, participation, political support and opposition, hopefulness and resignation. This analysis suggests a communicative ethics illuminating the practical choices that planning analysts routinely confront: to spread or withhold information, to raise or lower expectations, to encourage and inform citizen action and project review or to discourage them.
APPALACHIAN POLICY, THE CORPORATE STATE, AND AMERICAN VALUES: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Reid Herbert G. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the historical interplay of Appalachia and America over the past hundred years. The focus is on questions of culture and ideology, policy and values as these have been constituted in the development of our “corporate state” and its penetration and integration of the region. A careful examination of Henry Shapiro's Appalachia on our Mind brings to the surface many of the assumptions and values generally underlying the social and public policies binding the nation and the region. Ideological aspects in the genesis of the region as a social problem receive considerable attention. It becomes apparent that understanding Appalachia hinges on critical, historical perspectives on modern America: the liberal tradition, the technological world‐view, and the politicized economy of the corporate state. The notion that “time stood still” in Appalachia (the static image) has developed in ways that deflect or obscure comprehension of the region's particular form of modernization.
ORGANIZATIONAL VARIABLES AND POLICY IMPACT: EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Stewart Debra W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper explores how administrative organization practices mediate the impact of equal employment opportunity policy. Extra organizational variables are discussed as factors influencing the significance of organizational action. Organizational action in EEO may be rooted in a theory of change which views people as the critical variables or in a theory of change which views organizational structures or processes as critical. Intervention strategies flowing from each assumption are catalogued and special issues raised in exploring the impact of alternative strategies are discussed.
THE BASES OF NONCOMPLIANCE WITH A POLICY
Authors: Coombs Fred S. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTPolicies have impact only if they are successful in changing the behavior of target individuals. If one focuses upon the prescription imbedded in any policy, it is possible to gauge the success of implementation by assessing the degree of compliance with the prescription. The target individual may not comply, however, due to (1) lapses or ambiguities in communication; (2) insufficient resources; (3) an objection to the policy itself (i.e., its goals or its assumptions); (4) distaste for the action required; or (5) doubts about the authority upon which the policy is based, or that authority's agents. Appropriate remedies, which may include improved communication, provision of training or resources, evidence of the effectiveness of the program, positive or negative incentives of various kinds, and appeals to authority, will depend upon the type of noncompliance encountered.
CONFOUNDING INFLUENCES, UNINTENDED IMPACTS, AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Authors: Green Phyllis Strong 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrates the relationship among inputs, indirect effects, and intended and unanticipated consequences in determining the content and scope of growth management policies in three California cities. It shows that while a short time frame obfuscates a number of policy impacts, local policymakers can achieve policy objectives if they are aware of and utilize options that are available to them during the implementation process. The study suggests that despite the very real constraints imposed by state legislation and weak regional governments, local governments can more effectively deal with externalities by adopting complementary city‐county policies and negotiating priorities.
THE STUDY OF POLITICAL FEEDBACK USING NONRECURSIVE CAUSAL MODELS: THE CASE OF STATE DIVORCE POLICIES
Authors: Dean Gillian 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTResearchers interested in policy feedback effects can use the nonrecursive modeling strategies proposed here when time series data are not available for assessing feedback dynamics. This strategy is illustrated in a study of the impacts of American state divorce policies on divorce behavior and the responsiveness of policies to divorce rates. The findings show appreciable impact and feedback effects. In states where divorces are easier to obtain, the incidence of divorce is higher; and where divorce is more widespread, states are likely to implement more permissive divorce policies.
POLICY INNOVATION AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAGMENTATION*
Authors: Inqram Helen M. , Ullery Scott J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article argues that fragmented and decentralized policy making structures can generate major Policy innovation as well as can centralized structures. The fragmented committee structure of Congress is shown to facilitate innovation in the example of federal water pollution control legislation. Thorough consideration of four dimensions of costs and benefits strengthens the case for disjointed Innovation since it “promotes entrepreneurship, encourages competition, minimizes the costs of change, and promotes legitimacy….”
FEDERAL HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY: A VIEW FROM THE CAMPUS
Authors: Cleary Robert E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTDuring the last generation, the federal government became a major source of financial asssistance to colleges and universities. At the same time, in pursuit of its goals in areas such as affirmative action, collective bargaining, and expenditures control, it became a regulator of campus action to the point where many educators feel it is threatening the autonomy and integrity of institutions of higher education. There is a fear on many campuses that the increased scope and nature of federal activity is causing a fundamental change in the governance of American higher education. We need a major effort to find ways of ameliorating societal problems impacting on the campus within a framework of overall respect for the autonomy of institutions of higher education if the integrity of America's colleges and universities is to be preserved.
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Authors: Rich Richard C. , Manheim Jacrol B. 
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles: BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION POLICY: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS Kenneth J. Coffey, Strategic Implications of the All‐Volunteer Force. The Conventional Defense of Central EuropeW. Scott Thompson, ed., National Security in the 1980s: From Weakness to StrengthLennart J. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policies in the United States and SwedenCharles T. Stewart, Jr. Air Pollution, Human Health, and Public PolicyRichard J. Tobin, The Social Gamble: Determining Acceptable Levels of Air QualityLennart J. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policies in the United States and SwedenCharles T. Stewart, Jr. Air Pollution, Human Health, and Public PolicyRichard J. Tobin, The Social Gamble: Determining Acceptable Levels of Air QualityLynton R. Hayes, Energy, Economic Growth, and Regulationism in the WestHelen M. Ingram Nancy K. Laney and John R. McCain, A Policy Approach to Political Representation: Lessons from the Four Corners StatesStuart L. Hart and Gordon A. Enk, Green Goals and Greenbacks: State Level Environmental Review Programs and Their Associated CostsAlfred A. Marcus, Promise and Performance; Choosing and Implementing an Environmental PolicyKrause, Lawrence B. and Sekiguchi, Sueo, eds., Economic Interaction in the Pacific BasinTasca, Diane, ed., U.S.‐Japanese‐Economic Relations: Cooperation, Competition, and ConfrontationVasey, Lloyd R. ed., Pacific Asia and U.S. Policies: A Political‐Economic Strategic AssessmentBOOK REVIEWSFranklin A. Long and Judith Reppy, ed., The Genesis of New Weapons—Decision Making for Military R&DStockholm International Peace Research Institute, Warfare In a Fragile World: Military Impact on the Human EnvironmentGeorge F, Break, Financing Government in a Federal SystemMichael Lipsky, Street‐Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public ServicesJeffrey A. Raffel, The Politics of School Desegregation: The Metropolitan Remedy in DelawareBOOKNOTESCotton M. Lindsay, ed., NEW DIRECTIONS IN PUBLIC HEALTH CAHE: A PRESCRIPTION FOR THE 1980'S Gautreaux Housing Demonstration: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Participating Households The Conversion of Rental Housing to Condominiums and Cooperatives
SQUARE PEGS IN ROUND HOLES: PROGRAM EVALUATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Maynard‐Moody Steven , McClintock Charles C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIt is argued that variation in uncertainty about social program goals and causal processes should influence the selection of evaluation designs and methods. Eighteen prominent evaluation reports are examined to contrast predicted evaluation strategies derived from theory about organizational uncertainty with the actual evaluation methods used. It was found that the actual design, measurement, and analysis procedures were frequently different from procedures that were compatible with the kinds of program uncertainty described in the evaluation reports. It is suggested that theory and practice in program evaluation can be improved by systematically incorporating organizational concepts that would contribute to the selection of evaluation methods.
THE SOURCES OF PUBLIC POLICY: WELFARE POLICY IN THE AMERICAN STATES
Authors: Stonecash Jeff , Hayes Susan W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe conceptualization of political and economic determinants of public policy as interactive rather than sufficient causes is subjected here to a comparative state analysis. An examination of interactive effects of culture, wealth, and gubernatorial power on AFDC grants and Medicaid benefits offers empirical illustration of Stonecash's reconceptualization of the classic politics‐process‐policy model. The results indicate that political dispositions become more potent in combination with increasing concentrations of wealth and executive power.
IMPACTS OF THE BRITISH NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE: A QUASI‐EXPERIMENTAL STUDY*
Authors: Yantek Thom 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper tests for possible effects of the implementation of the British National Health Service (NHS) upon the health of the British population. Although analysis does reveal statistically significant improvements in Great Britain's infant mortality rate concurrent with the implementation of the NHS, a comparison with other western European nations reveals similar improvements simultaneously with the British policy intervention. Thus, we cannot conclude that the NHS had a significant effect upon British health. A more important result, however, is the demonstration of the utility of both the Box‐Jenkins techniques and, in conjunction, the nonequivalent control group quasi‐experimental design as important tools for performing policy evaluations.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND ECONOMICALLY DISTRESSED COMMUNITIES
Authors: Bendick Marc , Ledebur Larry C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIndustrial policy refers to deliberate government actions to affect the growth or decline of firms or industries for the sake of aggregate national prosperity and international competitiveness. This paper presents empirical evidence that policies designed to promote these objectives would be targeted differently from those designed to promote development of economically‐distressed regions and communities. Facing multiple objectives, it is difficult for the public sector to pursue industrial growth directly as effectively as can private entrepreneurs. However, government aid to economically‐distressed locales and dislocated workers and firms may indirectly support national industrial policy goals.
SOCIAL COST MINIMIZATION: A NATIONAL POLICY APPROACH TO THE PROBLEMS OF DISTRESSED ECONOMIC REGIONS*
Authors: Solar Elliott D. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper makes a distinction between output maximizing and cost minimizing approaches to national economic policy. The paper argues that because the benefits of economic activity and its cost are frequently conferred upon distinct groups in society, it is not automatically true that output maximization is the best strategy, as is presently assumed. This result is especially true when the problems of distressed economic regions are the focus of our concern. The national and multi‐national firms which make decisions pertaining to the economic life of local communities make those decisions not on the basis of the costs and benefits to the community, but with regard to their private balance sheet. As a result, it frequently happens that communities of individuals must bear social costs far in excess of the private gains to the firms in question. From a policy standpoint, this is not an efficient use of our social and economic resources. In the absence of any type of comprehensive economic planning a rational market‐oriented economic strategy would be one which seeks to minimize social costs.
THE INDUSTRIAL RESTRUCTURING OF SOUTH WALES: THE CAREER OF A STATE MANAGED REGION
Authors: Cooke Philip , Rees Gareth 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the causes of the current economic crisis in the industrial region of South Wales. The authors maintain that past as well as current government policies have played a major role in bringing about the crisis by contributing to the vulnerability of communities in South Wales. The authors review the history of the policies which have contributed to the current steel and coal crises. They then provide a brief discussion of current legislative policies designed to combat the crises. Finally, they critique alternative strategies: continued monetarism; a return To Keynesian/‘corporatist’ policies; and the radical restructuring demanded by an ‘Alternative Economic Strategy’ (AES).
THE AMBIGUITIES AND LIMITS OF FISCAL STRAIN INDICATORS
Authors: Stonecash Jeff , McAfee Patrick 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTSeveral attempts have been made to develop indicators of the fiscal strain conditions of cities. These indicators are meant to represent the existence of conditions which will strain tax bases and produce outmigration from cities with high strain. The indicators which have been developed, however, are not valid representations of what they claim to be. This essay presents the reasons for this assessment, and suggests an alternative approach to assessing fiscal strain.
A PATH ANALYTIC EXPLORATION OF INCOME CLUSTERING AND LOCAL INEQUALITY
Authors: Neiman Max 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article explores relationships among income status, economic resources, service needs, and taxing policies for municipalities and schools in 39 metropolitan suburbs of the Milwaukee SMSA. The results indicate some modest support for those who are concerned about the impact of class and income clustering, as well as government fragmentation, on inequalities regarding local tax policy. Use of path analysis to explore some of the possible alternative linkages that account for patterns of fiscal inequality among suburban municipalities shows that fiscal disparities resulting from income clustering by jurisdiction is only partially attributable to resourse and need inequities. It might also be that income status, reflecting differing service preferences, operates directly to generate inter municipal fiscal disparities.
SUBURBAN MUNICIPAL EXPENDITURES: THE EFFECTS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY, FUNCTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND REGIONAL CONTEXT*
Authors: Logan John R. , Schneider Mark 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTA wide variety of models exist seeking to explain variation in the level of suburban government activity. Alternative models stress concepts of local stratification and discrimination, the structure of local decision‐making, ecological position, and public choice, each of which suggests varying hypotheses about which suburbs spend more and which less. In this paper we summarize and evaluate the relative strength of each of these alternative models, and propose major directions for future research.
ADMINISTRATIVE NETWORKS AND MUNICIPAL SERVICE DISTRIBUTIONS*
Authors: Lazin Frederick A. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the service distribution patterns of Israeli cities during the late 1970's in an effort to gain a better understanding of the potential effects of institutional arrangements on service distribution. The results of the analysis suggest that a variety of administrative issues which would be confronted in both centralized and decentralized systems significantly constrain the potential for achieving service equilization through institutional reform. Reformers should be aware of the administrative dynamics which accompany service delivery in their design of reform proposals.