bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Community and the Restructuring of Europe’s National Champions
Authors: Cox Andrew , Watson Glyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1960s the industrial policies of European governments were aimed at the encouragement of national champions of sufficient size to challenge the region’s then principal competitor, the United States. Geroski and Jacquemin have described this process, and claimed that it was a policy which, by the 1970s, had resulted in a number of shortcomings.1 On the one hand they suggest that the efficiency benefits conferred on firms by scale proved to be smaller than the conventional wisdom of the day had supposed, while on the other, these national giants enjoyed considerable (and in some cases monopoly) power within a fragmented regional market.
The Political Dimension, German Practice, and the European Perspective
Authors: Leonardy Uwe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public discussion on the political dimensions and implications of federalism in Europe currently suffers substantially from what can rightly be termed a confusion of perceptions, notions, and conclusions—and even sometimes of hostile misinterpretations. At least the emphases of what is considered to be the essence of federalism in the debate preceding and following the decisions on Political Union in the European Community differ widely. In France, for example, the nucleus of the federal idea seems to be linked to a stronger role for the national parliaments. In Germany federalism certainly does not mean a strengthening of the nation-states of Europe, whilst in Britain allegations against federal structures go so far as to equate them with what in Germany is felt to be their exact opposite, i.e. with centralism.
Life, Development, Spirits, Faults, and Retribution
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seegeler (1931: 51) wrote that in East Flores and on Solor and Lembata, unlike Adonara, people did not give a new-born boy weapons and a girl women’s implements. Afterbirth was placed in a basket filled with ash and taken away by a man and a women, called uri, who later in life were regarded by the children in the same way as Christians regard godparents. Together with family members they took the afterbirth to a tree. Then, if the child was a boy, it was shot at with arrows by the men. If the child was a girl, nothing was done at this stage. Afterwards the uri were pelted with all sorts of fruits. They then fled back to the house where the child was born, followed by the family. The purpose was to harden the child against conflict, pain, and sickness. At the house, there was a feast at which the uri were also present.
Death
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the missionary Heslinga, in 1891, the people of Lamalera had the habit of burying their dead in the sand on the little square in the middle of their village. The shallow graves were covered with great stones. He is plainly speaking here of the lower village, where at that time the missionaries stayed on their visits to the village. He went on to write that when the corpse was so decomposed that the soft parts had disappeared, the family then dug it up, removed the skull from the skeleton and took it with great veneration to the family boat house, where they set it next to the heads of the ancestors. Remarkably, he said that these boat houses were usually built from whale jaw bones, shark bones (sic!), and other leftovers of the large fish that they had caught.
Capitalism with Equal Opportunity
Authors: Haslett D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Old ways die hard. A social practice may be taken for granted for centuries before humanity finally comes to realize it cannot be justified. Take, for example, slavery. Another example is the inheritance of political power. For many centuries, throughout most of the world, the suggestion that political power should be determined by democratic vote rather than heredity would have been met with scorn; today we realize just how unjustified determining political power by heredity really is.
Explaining Time Use
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know that national time-use patterns do differ. One of the most entertaining chapters of the description of the previous multinational time-budget study, The Use of Time (Szalai 1972) was provided by Philip Converse, who developed a spatial model of the national differentiation of time allocation. He started with an index of similarity of time-use patterns for each pair of countries (essentially the weighted sum of mean differences between each pair of countries for each time-use category; see Harvey et al. (1984) for a discussion of such indicators).
A Note on Freedom and Flexibility
Authors: Arrow K J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amartya Sen has emphasized many times the limitations of the welfarist viewpoint in evaluating social alternatives. It has even reached the point that the lesson has begun to sink in. The propositions of classical welfare economics or, for that matter, of social choice theory have been naturally interpreted in purely welfare terms. But there are many dimensions not easily put into the welfarist framework. One of these is the notion of freedom of choice. As Sen notes, ‘In examining the well-being aspect of a person, attention can legitimately be paid to the capability set of the person and not just to the chosen functioning vector’ (Sen 1985, p. 201). (The capability set had been defined ‘as the set of functioning vectors within [a person’s] reach’.) He contrasts two individuals who are starving, one out of necessity, one out of choice. The Dewey lectures just cited and Sen’s Marshall Lecture (Sen 1988) discuss richly the possible meanings of freedom and the spaces of alternatives over which it is defined. However, my aim in this note is to discuss the formal characteristics of a definition of freedom, rather than its interpretation.
A Prophet Dishonoured in his Own Country? The Rejection of Beveridge in Britain, 1945-1970
Authors: Lowe Rodney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1940s, Beveridge self-consciously sought to establish not just a universalist but a universal set of principles for social security. ‘In seeking security not merely against physical want, but against all these evils [Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, Idleness]’, he asserted in his 1942 Report, ‘the British community and those who in other lands have inherited the British tradition have a vital service to render human progress’ (1942: para. 456). In the short term he met with considerable success. Not only were there the well known queues outside the government bookshop in London on the day of publication, but the Report also had a major impact on Resistance movements within occupied Europe and drew a concerned reaction from the Nazi Government. With scarce-contained glee, Beveridge’s wife was later to recount how copies of the Nazi response to the Report had been recovered in 1945, if not exactly from Hitler’s own hand then at least from his bunker (Beveridge 1954: 195; see also Chapter 9).
Innovation and the Evolution of Market Structure
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it is easy to believe that technology has an important influence on market structure, it is less certain that the post-war rise in market concentration observed in many advanced economies is largely a consequence of the introduction of new centralizing technological innovations. This doubt arises partly because it is possible to believe that increased product differentiation, rising pecuniary advantages of firm size, or purely stochastic effects may be the real culprit, and partly because of a rather interesting hypothesis due to Blair (1972). Blair argued that, from the middle or late eighteenth century until early in the present one, technological change effectively increased the minimum efficient scale of most manufacturing plants, and raised the capital outlays required to build them. However, the relatively recent introduction of new materials such as plastics, new power-creating technologies such as high energy batteries, and the increasing use of computers and multipurpose machines were seen by him as being fundamentally decentralizing. If it is true that such twentieth-century innovations have reduced minimum efficient scale, then it is difficult to accept the view that recent increases in market concentration follow from some relentless and unyielding technological imperative.
The Integration of Demographic and Epidemiologic Approaches to Studies of Health in Developing Countries
Authors: Gray Ronald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demographers and biomedical scientists, particularly epidemiologists, have long had common interests in population-based studies of health problems in developing countries. Demographers have traditionally been concerned, among other issues, with measuring levels of mortality, and differentials in mortality associated with socio-economic characteristics such as education and income. However, demographic inquiries seldom address problems of the disease processes leading to death. Epidemiologic studies, on the other hand, have tended to focus on specific diseases or constellations of diseases, and their modes of transmission, prevention, or treatment.
Some Methodological Issues in the Assessment of the Deceleration of the Mortality Decline
Authors: Horiuchi Shiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid decline of mortality that triggered the post-war population explosion appears to have slowed down in a number of less developed countries. The Population Division of the United Nations recognized the problem in the late 1970s: Estimates suggest, tentatively but plausibly, that many national mortality down trends in the less developed areas were more rapid in the first half of the post-war era than they have been in the second half. This would be consistent with the expectation that the causes of death most yielding to disease-control programmes have become relatively less important, while more resistant diseases have become relatively more prominent. (United Nations, 1979a, 24.)
Measures of Preventable Deaths in Developing Countries: Some Methodological Issues and Approaches
Authors: D’souza Stan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Worldwide interest in primary health care programmes and infant and child mortality control programmes has been aroused through the Alma Ata Conference (1978) and its declared goal of ‘health for all by the year 2000’. Immunization, health education, and so on form an integral part of health strategies whose emphasis is on preventive rather than curative health care. Researchers are trying to develop mortality frameworks that are comprehensive enough to include both biological and social factors (Mosley, 1983), following a realization that improvements in health technology alone would not be sufficient to overcome the stagnation in mortality decline which has been noted recently (United Nations, 1980). It should be recognized, however, that public health workers have for several decades pointed out the need for social improvement in developing countries to ensure appropriate access to and use of available health technology (Gordon, 1956).
Effects of Inter-birth Intervals on Infant and Early Childhood Mortality
Authors: Palloni Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on the effects of pace of child-bearing on infant health and mortality has experienced a recent-and welcome-resurgence. On the one hand, several studies have addressed what turns out to be a not-so-trivial issue, namely that of establishing just what is known about the relationship in question and how such knowledge has been generated (Gray, 1981; Winikoff, 1983). On the other hand, other studies, while concentrating on more general issues, have pointedly remarked on the importance of the effects of inter-birth interval on mortality (Baldion, 1981; Martin et al., 1983; Rutstein, 1983; Trussell and Hammerslough, 1983; Palloni, 1985). Some of the most controversial substantive issues and the intricacies of methodological difficulties are dealt with in two cross-national studies (Hobcraft et al., 1983; Palloni and Millman, 1985) and in a few studies of single-country experiences (Palloni and Tienda, 1984; Knodel and Hermalin, 1984; Cleland and Sathar, 1984; DeSweemer, 1984). Some of these studies show that it is as difficult to specify the causal relationships of interest as it is to prepare and implement the design of the statistical procedures to estimate the effects of the variables contained therein.
Mortality and Health Dynamics at Older Ages
Authors: Myers George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The continuing reductions in mortality rates and consequent increases in survival for inhabitants of many developed countries, even at advanced ages, have raised major issues of both theoretical and practical importance. How likely are future reductions in the face of seeming biological restraints on lifespan? Have the increases in survival been accompanied by increases in survival free of disease and disablement? What are the changing patterns of disease that have been responsible for these declines and which are apt to be involved in future trends? And of paramount importance, what are the implications of these developments on both individual and societal well being in health in the face of modifications in the size and composition of populations? Demographers have been generally remiss in failing to anticipate recent movements in mortality. Tied to fairly mechanistic conceptions of the process of mortality change, those engaged in preparing population projections and forecasting mortality failed to anticipate the reductions that have occurred in the past decade and a half in most developed countries following a period of relative stagnation.
Growth Regions under Duress: Renewal Strategies in Baden Württemberg and Emilia-Romagna
Authors: Cooke Philip , Morgan Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experts in regional economic development have increasingly begun to tum away from the former panaceas of growth-pole theory, on the one hand, and trickle-down theory on the other. As Walter Stohr (1990) has recently argued, the issues in question have been recognized as being far too complex to yield to such one-dimensional recipes. Others such as Aydalot (1986), sharing Stöhr’s persuasion, have recognized that regional economic development is as much about non-economic phenomena as it is concerned with precisely economic variables. The wave of apparently marginal, even esoteric, research into the mechanisms associated with unorthodox developmental tendencies, built around small firms, industrial districts, or local productive systems has proven extraordinarily fruitful for academics and policy-analysts a1ike. Of key importance to both understanding and policy prescription is the recognition that contemporary regional economic success is inseparable from cultural, social, and institutional accomplishment.
Management Accounting A German Perspective
Authors: Scherrer Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of management accounting in Germany has resulted primarily from the efforts of academics rather than practitioners. This may be tied to the absence of an independent professional body. There is no professional body of management accountants in Germany such as the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants in the United Kingdom or the Institute of Management Accountants in the United States. There are Wirtschaftsprufer (chartered accountants) and Steuerberater (tax advisers) in Germany, but no professional management accountants with their own authoritative body.
International Financial Markets and National Transmission Mechanisms
Authors: Harris Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years ago, as the postwar period began, financial markets were weak and, above all, fragmented. The national financial systems of the large capitalist economies were relatively self-contained, separated by, among other things, foreign exchange controls, government restrictions on financial institutions’ balance sheets, restrictions on competition, administered interest rates, and distinct fiscal and legal systems. The self-contained character of national financial systems (extending to their currency blocs in the case of the Sterling Area, Franc Zone) was the basis for the Keynesian demand management policies of national governments.
Technological Innovation and Competition in the Japanese Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Kimura Yui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its birth in the early 1960s, the Japanese semiconductor industry has grown at a very rapid pace to 2,319 billion yen in production in 1993 (Nihon Handōtai Nenkan 1994), accounting for 40.4% of the world ‘s total shipments (Data quest, Inc.). Today five Japanese firms are included among the ranks of the world ‘s top ten semiconductor firms in sales (Handōtai SangyCJ Keikaku Sōran 1994), and they also rank among the top leaders in techno logical innovations in the global industry. This strong competitiveness of leading Japanese semiconductor firms has been attained through their continued efforts in innovative activities in semiconductor technology, first to close the technological gap vis-a-vis foreign firms, then to establish leader ship in certain specific technology areas, and finally to expand that leadership to broader areas of technology. This chapter examines the technological innovations within the Japanese semiconductor industry, and seeks to develop an understanding of how they influenced the growth of and competition in the industry.
Sweden: The Rise and Fall of the Swedish Model
Authors: Bohlin Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Industrial policy as a separate branch of economic policy gained prominence in Sweden in the late I 960s. Conscious efforts to influence industrial growth and its pattern were an important part of economic policy-making in this period. If by industrial policy we understand not only selective interventions (subsidization of various sorts, nationalizations, etc.) but also general efforts to facilitate and stimulate industrial growth, then there was of course an industrial policy also before the 1960s.
Spain: Industrial Policy under Authoritarian Politics
Authors: Balbin Pedro Fraile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to most cases of Western European post-war industrial development, Spain was the only country to successfully establish a substantial manufacturing sector under a stable political regime of autocracy. Neither the inter-war Fascism, nor the Mediterranean dictatorships of the post-war period, succeeded as dictatorial industrial regimes. In the first instance, the A11ied victory did away with the political structure of Fascis and in the second, the Portuguese and Greek authoritarian leaders never pursued an industrial policy meant to transform their countries into leading industrial powers. Only Spain combined authoritarianism with a political ideology of intense and large-scale industrialization. The nationalist political structure that started to develop at the turn of the century and served as a frame for the state’s economic intervention, became a paradigm of what political scientists describe as state corporatism.
The Management of Technology in Technology-Contingent SMEs
Authors: Dankbaar Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a large number of business enterprises technological change is like the weather: it happens and you cannot do much about it. Such enterprises treat technology as a contingency which appears by surprise and needs to be dealt with if it cannot be avoided. We call such enterprises ‘technology-contingent’. In our research, we have operationalized this mainly on the basis of the level of R&D spending by the enterprise. Technology-contingent enterprises can be of all sizes. In the following, however, we concentrate on the small and medium-sized among them. Much of what we will say about the problems facing technology-contingent SMEs will also be valid for larger enterprises. The latter, however, usually have more and other means to deal with these problems.
A French Free-Standing Company in Brazil ‘s Sugar Industry: A Case Study of the Socié ‘té ‘ de Sucreries Bresiliennes, 1907-1922
Authors: Szmrecsányi Tamás 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a preliminary review of the first fifteen years of the history of the Socie ‘te ‘ de Sucreries Bre‘siliennes, a holding company of five sugar manufacturing enterprises owned by the same French economic group and, with the exception of one, all located in the state of Sago Paulo. The company, which remained in foreign hands until the late 1 60s, was at the time considered one of the largest and best organized firms within the Brazilian sugar industry. Its origins go back to the last decades of the nineteenth century, when Brazil ‘s central government, still under the monarchy, attempted to establish the central sugar-milling system. That system, based on a division of labour and on a separation of ownership and control between agriculture and manufacturing, was already prevailing in beet-sugar-producing countries and had been successfully introduced in several cane-sugar-producing regions of the world. In the case of Brazil, however, it did not take root.
British Overseas Banks as Free-Standing Companies, 1830-1996
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British overseas banks represent one of the earliest, most important, and long-lived variants of the ‘free-standing ‘ corporate form. Beginning in the 1830s, British-owned banks were established to operate branches in both the Empire and in sovereign countries. By 1913 some twenty-eight British overseas banks controlled 1,286 branches outside Britain. They operated dense branch networks in the settler economies of Australasia and southern Africa, and less dense branch networks covering the major ports and commercial towns of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. There were outposts in the USA, Canada, and the Mediterranean. The banks varied widely in their size and significance. However, it can be said with confidence that some of the banks were substantial business institutions for their time-in 1913 the nine largest banks had assets ranging from £19 million to almost £40 million-and that between them they financed a considerable proportion of British (and other) foreign trade flows and held substantial shares of the domestic banking markets of the southern-hemisphere economies, as well as parts of Asia.
Social Policies in a Growing Economy: The Role of the State in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Mehrotra Santosh , Park In-Hwa , Baek Hwa-Jong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the post-Korean war period, the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) has succeeded in sharply reducing absolute poverty through labour-absorbing economic growth, which has been rapid and sustained. At the same time, the improvement in certain indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality, nutritional status, coverage of piped water supply, and school enrolment rate, demonstrate the broad benefits of development over the past three decades (see Tables 2.1 and 2.2 in Chapter 2). Korea has been one of the top ten performers in human development, measured by a composite of three indicators: longevity, knowledge, and per capita income, during 1960-92 (UNDP, 1994).