bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civilizations Underneath African Heritage as Cultural Discourse in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon
Authors: Wilentz Gay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN EACH OF H ER ACCLAIMED NOVE LS , Toni Morrison writes what she calls “village literature, fiction that is really for the village, for the tribe” (LeClair 26). Yet Morrison has been hailed as one of the greatest writers (I will do away with any of the qualifiers) of the twentieth century. She has been compared to Faulkner and Marquez in her use of stream of consciousness and magic realism, but we need to look a little closer at Morrison’s own comments and her historical roots to explore the rich complexity of her written work. Although she wrote her master’s thesis on Faulkner and has acknowledged influence by Marquez and other Latin American writers, Morrison’s writings are deeply entrenched in her own black folk roots and the community in which she grew up. Moreover, her text is informed by her mother’s stories, her tribe, and her ancestors-African and African American. In “Rootedness: The Ancestor as Foundation,” Morrison yearns for a closer identification of the black American artist with her community:
Names to Bear Witness The Theme and Tradition of Naming in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon
Authors: Mackethan Lucinda H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toni Morrison Opens her 1977 novel, Sons of Solomon, with an epigraph which reads, “The fathers may soar / And the children may know their names.” In the first chapter of a novel full of ironic father-child relationships and complex searches for the meanings of names, the first discussion of names concerns the name of a street on which much of the action of the story will take place. “The only colored doctor in the city” had lived and died on a street officially listed as “Mains Avenue,” but the doctor’s patients, chiefly poor blacks living in the city’s “Southside” section, called the street “Doctor Street,” and this name had persisted for many years in spite of official disapproval. When the city fathers put up notices insisting that the street “had always been and would always be known as Mains Avenue and not Doctor Street,” their attempt to humble the black citizenry backfires in a reaction that is both comic and wickedly sly: “It was a genuinely clarifying public notice,” we are told, “because it gave Southside residents a way to keep their memories alive and please the city legislators as well.
Single-Stranded RNA Phages
Authors: Duin Jan Van , Tsareva Nina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The single-stranded RNA coliphages were discovered by Tim Loeb and Norton Zinder in 1961 as the result ofa search for phages whose infection cycle depends on E. coli F-pili, normally used for bacterial conjugation. Loeb and Zinder plated filtered samples of raw New York City sewage on E. coli strains and screened for phages that would produce plaques on male (Fþ) but not female (F-) bacteria. The first isolate, named f1, turned out to be a filamentous phage with a single-stranded DNA genome; the second isolate, named f2, was an RNA-containing phage. Since f2 made clear plaques, Loeb and Zinder decided to concentrate their work on this phage (107). f2 and close relatives such as MS2 and R17 represented a superb source of pure messenger RNA that could be produced in large amounts: up to 1013 phage particles per milliliter are made within a few hours after infection of bacterial cultures, and the phages can be easily purified. RNA phages also attracted attention because scientists were intrigued about how their RNA genomes were replicated.Habitat Single-stranded RNA coliphages are found wherever E. coli lives, for example in the intestinal tract of man and other animals. Studies have shown that sewage samples worldwide contain from 102 up to 107 RNA phage particles per milliliter (26). For humans RNA phages are harmless creatures. Several other Gram-negative bacteria can propagate their own RNA phages.
Mycoplasma Phages
Authors: Maniloff Jack , Dybvig Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mycoplasma (with no italics) is the generic name for the small, wall-less bacteria that arose by degen- erate evolution from the Streptococcus branch of the Grampositive bacteria phylogenetic tree (25). At present these microorganisms are grouped into one putative genus plus eight well-accepted genera including the Acholeplasma, Spiroplasma, and Mycoplasma together forming the order Mollicutes (table 40-1). Mycoplasma genera have diverse habitats and biochemical and physiological properties. The genomes of some species are only 600^800 kbp. The first mycoplasma phage was isolated in 1970 by R. N. Gourlay in England, using a bovine mycoplasma isolate as host cells and filtrates of bovine mycoplasma isolates as the phage source (16). Subsequently the host strain was identified as Acholeplasma laidlawii and the phage was identified as a filamentous phage containing single-stranded DNA. Over the next few years Gourlay isolated enveloped quasi-spherical phages as well as short-tailed phages infecting A. laidlawii. Since then, other workers have isolated more Acholeplasma phages as well as phages infecting Spiroplasma and Mycoplasma strains (23, 24). Phages active against other Mollicutes genera have not been isolated.
l’ll Get By” (1942-1962)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Night Of August 29, 1964, was supposed to be a typical one at the Uptown Theater. Local radio personality Georgie Woods (“the guy with the goods”) emceed a rhythm and blues stage show, just as he had done many times before at the crumbling, cavernous arena squatting in the heart of the North Philadelphia ghetto. Headliners that evening included B. B. King and Gladys Knight and the Pips. It was a “big show,” recalled Woods, who was not only a popular disc jockey on one of the city’s two black-oriented radio stations, but also a civil rights activist and a leading voice of the black community. Suddenly, a telephone call came in from the city’s race-baiting chief of police, Frank Rizzo. Trouble was brewing a few blocks north of the Uptown, where a routine traffic stop was in the process of escalating into mob disorder. The police were rapidly losing control of the volatile situation. Rizzo, who nine months earlier had arrested Woods and threatened to run him out of town after the activist-deejay turned up in the midst of a racial disturbance, now begged for his assistance. Turning over command of the Uptown to his understudy, Woods disappeared into the night. “I was the only one in town who could talk to the people,” he recalled. “They believed what I said.”
Zuwho Do You Love” (1963)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By The End Of 1962, Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, And Tommy Bell had each made their initial recordings. The fact that those records were commercial disappointments was of little consequence to Huff and Bell. There would always be another session for Huff, and a fresh tune in the head of Bell. Only Gamble, who continued to harbor the notion of a singing career, had cause for discontent. Gamble faced a more formidable problem than any suffering brought about by one failed recording. The pop music moguls courted by Gamble were preoccupied with recording innocuous white teen idols.
Wake Up Everybody” (1975)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mass Defections From Philadelphia International by the talented group of musicians known collectively as MFSB were the first crack in the Gamble and Huff recording empire. (T. J. Tindall, who played guitar with both the old and the new rhythm sections, believes that neither Gamble and Huff nor Baker, Harris, and Young “were anywhere near as strong apart as they had been when we were all a unit.”) Some thirty years later, those defectors claim that the producers exploited them. Initially, those musicians’ studio session jobs for Philadelphia International were highly coveted. Besides affording the security of a steady gig, working for Gamble and Huff offered those musicians a chance to exercise their musical creativity. Gamble and Huff “just didn’t have the knowledge and the know-how to do it without the rhythm section,” claimed Earl Young. “I mean, Gamble doesn’t play any instrument. He doesn’t read any music [Huff] never really wrote music out. He just wrote the basic charts. So there was never a time that they called us in there and said, ‘This is what I want you to play.’ They really couldn’t tell us what to play.” The MFSB members “knew how to put songs together,” he added, so Gamble and Huff “would bring the singers in the studio and let them sing in front of us. And we [would] learn the songs and go over the chord charts and come up with ideas and beats and grooves.” Such was the case with Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes’ “Bad Luck,” which was created around a Ronnie Baker bass line. “Gamble and Huff just jumped all over that bass line and kind of wrote that song right around it,” claimed former Sigma engineer Jim Gallagher. “It was one of those ‘groove’ sessions where Baker goes, ‘Hey, check this out,’ [plays a bass riff], and the next thing you know, Huff is arranging that and they’ve got a track! Baker just made the song happen.”
“Kiss and Say Goodbye” (1977-1978)
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due Largely To Rising OIL PRICES AND AN INCREASING trade deficit,America’s economy had stagnated during the mid-197os. Interest rates and inflation, both on the rise, ran in double digits, unemployment increased, and the stock market continued its prolonged slump. It was no surprise that, saleswise, 1977 was the worst year in the history of the recording industry. (Despite the abundance of economic factors, the principal bogeyman of the industry’s woes was the home taping of music, which, since the introduction of the tape cassette, continued to rise.1) While most of the pop music business began to implode, black music, buoyed by disco’s continuing popularity, seemed impervious to the slump.
Stories of Sickness
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our personalities and our identities are intimately bound up with the stories that we tell to organize and to make sense of our lives. To understand the human meaning of illness, we therefore must turn to the stories we tell about illness, suffering, and medical care. Stories of Sickness explores the many dimensions of what illness means to the sufferers and to those around them, drawing on depictions of illness in great works of literature and in non-fiction accounts. The exploration is primarily philosophical but incorporates approaches from literature and from the medical social sciences. When it was first published in 1987, Stories of Sickness helped to inaugurate a renewed interest in the importance of narrative studies in health care. For the Second Edition the text has been thoroughly revised and significantly expanded. Four almost entirely new chapters have been added on the nature, complexities, and rigor of narrative ethics and how it is carried out. There is also an additional chapter on maladaptive ways of being sick that deals in greater depth with disability issues. Health care professionals, students of medicine and bioethics, and ordinary people coping with illness, no less than scholars in the health care humanities and social sciences, will find much value in this volume.
The Narrative Tradition
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past two centuries the dominant form of narrative literature in the West has been the novel. In writing about the West ern narrative tradition we will in one sense, therefore, necessarily be describing the heritage of the novel. But it will not be our intention to view the novel as the final product of an ameliorative evolution, as the pedected form which earlier kinds of narrative - sacred myth, folktale, epic, romance, legend, allegory, confession, satire - were all striving, with varying degrees of success, to become. Instead, our intention will be almost the opposite. We hope to put the novel in its place, to view the nature of narrative and the Western narrative tradition whole, seeing the novel as only one of a number of narrative possibilities. In order to at tempt this it has been necessary to take long views, to rush into literary areas where we can claim some interest and competence but not the deep knowledge of the specialist, and perhaps to generalize overmuch in proportion to the evidence we present. For these and other excesses and exuberances, we apologize, hoping only that the result will justify our temerity in having undertaken such an elaborate project.
The Hegemony of Molecular Biology (1999)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dick Lewontin has probably had more influence on contemporary philosophy of biology than any other living biologist-partly because of his brilliant and wide ranging contributions to genetics and evolutionary theory, partly because of the warmth and kindness he has extended to philosophers, and especially because of his own major philosophical contributions. For nearly two decades, my own writings have been substantially indebted to Dick’s insights, and I’ve found myself fighting on the same side in many of the same battles. But there have been important differences. As Dick has often noted, his own opposition to various popular doc trines, especially in sociobiology and other forms of genetic determinism, has been more radical than my own. Where I have accepted the ground rules of a particular enterprise and argued that the alleged conclusions don’t follow, Dick has often wanted to sweep away the enterprise as misguided. In effect, we’ve replayed the relationship between early twentieth-century British socialists and their more revolutionary counterparts in continental Europe-my Keir Hardie to Dick’s Lenin. I can think of no better way to honor his legacy to philosophy of biology than to play it agam.
Some Puzzles about Species (1989)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1974, my second year of teaching philosophy, I was giving a course in philosophy of science to a dozen or so bright undergraduates. After about three weeks, one of the students came to see me in my office. “We find this material interesting,” he explained, “but most of us are pre-meds, and the science we know best is biology. It would really help if you could give us some examples from biology, and not talk about physics quite so much.” The point was a good one. Like many philosophers of science of my generation, I offered standard examples from physics-when I needed an illustration, I pointed to Newtonian dynamics, optics, electromagnetic theory, thermodynamics, and only occasionally ventured as far afield as chemistry. However, it was clear that the course would be improved if I honored my student’s reasonable request, so I set off for the library in search of a key to reform.
Utopian Eugenics and Social Inequality (2000)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is helpful to divide the philosophical issues surrounding the Human Genome Project into three main groups. First, there are questions about the scientific significance of the project. Second, the project raises immediate practical problems, notably in decisions about genetic screening and in connection with the potential release of genetic information about individuals. Third, there are long-term concerns about the desirability of applying our new ability to identify the genotypes of the unborn, concerns often posed in the accusation that we are on the verge of a new eugenics. In this paper, I shall primarily be concerned with the third cluster of issues, for it is here, I believe, that the hardest philosophical problems lie. But, in order to frame my discussion, I want to begin by reviewing perspectives on the first two groups, perspectives that I have defended in some detail elsewhere.
The Moral of Moral Luck
Authors: Wolf Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1976, Bernard Williams coined the phrase “moral luck” to refer to the range of phenomena in which our moral status—how good or bad we are and how much praise or blame we deserve—is significantly determined by factors beyond our control. Whether we are naturally sociable or irritable, whether we find ourselves faced with particularly explicit or burdensome moral challenges, whether the arrows of our actions hit their targets—all constitute ways in which things we cannot control affect the moral quality of our lives. All, then, serve as examples of moral luck, which, taken as a group, make up one of the most philosophically perplexing and troubling features of ordinary moral experience.
Kant on Arrogance and Self-Respect
Authors: Dillon Robin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The driver who refuses to wait his turn at the merge point; the self-proclaimed expert who dismisses your views without even considering them or treats your ignorance with contempt; the coworker who regards his project as so much more important than yours and demands an unfair share of the resources; the administrator who tries to impose his vision on the department without consulting the department members; the boss who makes it clear that his way is the only right way; the person who insists that you drop what you are doing and attend to his needs now; the church official who says, in defense of a priest accused of child molestation, that the negligence of the six-year-old boy and his family contributed to the abuse; the doctor who disdainfully dismisses the idea that you might know something about your own condition; the telemarketer who assumes you have nothing better to do with your time than listen to his sales pitch; the relative who insists that he knows what’s best for you and acts for you without your knowledge or consent—the arrogance of some people can be irritating, frustrating, enraging, even dangerous. And it does n’t take a Kantian to see the disrespect that arrogance expresses.
Two Types of Scepticism
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scepticism about knowledge is a thesis that, even in a very strong form, many people find forceful and appealing. In my paper, ‘A Defense of Scepticism’, I have argued for this thesis. And, I suspect that even the universal form of it—the view that nobody ever knows anything to be so—may well be correct. While one may first find it shocking to have this thesis thrust upon one, the blow may be softened by accepting the idea that even if one never knows anything, one may at least be reasonable and justified in various things. For if this idea is correct, then in particular one may be justified and reasonable in believing certain things to be so. One of these things might even be the thesis of scepticism about knowledge.
Extinction Happens
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nineteenth-century science laid most of the foundations of scientific understanding. It measured the speed of light. It discovered most of the universe’s elements. It deduced the workings of natural selection. What a great time to be a scientist! One of the monumental discoveries of nineteenth-century science lies virtually unsung in the subterranean foundations of twenty-first-century ecology. Species become extinct.
Philosophy
Authors: Katz Jerrold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is all too easy to anticipate an objection to my line of argument thus far: “Your sharp separation of the theory of sense from the theory of reference enables you to escape the three problems that beset Fregean intensionalism, but only at the price of thinning the notions of sense and analyticity down to the point where they are no longer useful in philosophy.” And the objection might continue, “Perhaps an autonomous theory of sense is useful in linguistics, say, to account for thin linguistic concepts like meaningfulness, ambiguity, and synonymy, but sense and analyticity on such a theory are too thin to do philosophical work.” If this objection has a familiar ring to it, it ought to. The objection is our old friend the fruitfulness criticism.
Arguing with Enemies: Interpretation as Invective
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bible-quoting football coach described in the last chapter might have had enough authoritarian instincts of his own to sympathize, at least a little, with the university president's censorship of his antigay opinions. But he must have been stunned to hear her depictions of his behavior. The president claimed that he had made “a mockery of freedom of expression” and that he had threatened “the value and dignity of other human beings.” Thus, for having made a brief and literal reference to a revered book, the coach was cast as a dangerous, evil man. He no doubt believed that his statement had been an exercise of free speech, not an attack on that principle, and that his Christian concepts of sinfulness are compatible with human dignity. Even on the assumption that there was some truth in the charges, they represent a commonly observed contemporary phenomenon-the degeneration of public debate into exaggeration and invective.
Rhythm and Conduction Disturbances in Stress Testing
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alterations in cardiac rhythm occur frequently with exercise and are considerably important in understanding a patient’s function and in providing predictive information as to mortality and morbidity. Arrhythmias during exertion result from sympathetically enhanced phase IV repolarization of ectopic foci, so that if the rate of the ectopic focus is faster than the normal pacer tissue in the sinus node, the focus assumes predominance and sets the rhythm. Alterations in recovery time of cardiac tissues caused by ischemia, and probably battery effects associated with ischemic tissue adjacent to normally perfused myocardium, are important. After-potentials (low amplitude oscillations) seen in patients with large infarcts are triggered by catecholamines and enhanced by an influx of calcium. The abrupt withdrawal of much of the parasympathetic tone, which in most cases protects against arrhythmias, probably also plays an important role. The prevalence increases steadily with age and has been reported to be 100% in a study of older subjects. Busby also reports an age-related increase in normal individuals.
Silent Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the absence of chest pain and other symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) were once believed to provide assurance that its presence was unlikely, this concept must now be laid aside. Gordon and Kannel reported that the first symptom of CAD was myocardial infarction or death in 55% of men in the Framingham study. Most of us will agree that these two end-points are unacceptable. There are two groups of asymptomatic patients commonly considered for stress testing. This chapter deals primarily with those who have never had symptoms recognized as being of cardiac origin. The other group, who have had recognized myocardial infarction but have been asymptomatic following this event, are commonly believed to be free of ischemia but limited somewhat by scar tissue replacing functional myocardium. In actuality, more than 50% of this group have other vessels significantly narrowed. The use of exercise testing in these patients is covered in Chapters 10 and 14.