bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absolute risk of a subsequent abnormal pap among oncogenic human papillomavirus DNA‐positive, cytologically negative women
Authors: Castle Philip E. , Wacholder Sholom , Sherman Mark E. , Lorincz Attila T. , Glass Andrew G. , Scott David R. , Rush Brenda B. , Demuth Franklin , Schiffman Mark 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe addition of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing to cytologic screening for cervical carcinoma is now being considered. The majority of women in screening cohorts who test positive for oncogenic types of HPV DNA have concurrent negative Pap tests. The absolute risk of a subsequent abnormal Pap test for these women is uncertain. Therefore, the proper counseling and clinical management of these women is also uncertain.METHODSA subcohort of 2020 women with a negative Pap test who tested positive at enrollment for oncogenic HPV DNA types using the Hybrid Capture 2 Test were followed for 57 months at Kaiser Permanente (Portland, OR). Absolute risks of new abnormal cytologic interpretations were computed using Kaplan–Meier methods. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate determinants of a new abnormal Pap test.RESULTSThe cumulative incidence for a Pap test interpreted as atypical squamous cells or more severe (≥ ASC) was 16.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 15.0–18.6%), 6.4% (95% CI = 5.2–7.6%) for low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe, and 2.2% (95% CI = 1.5–2.9%) for high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe. By comparison, the cumulative incidence of greater than or equal to ASC among HPV‐negative women was 4.2% (95% CI = 3.9–4.6%). The highest viral load (100 relative light units per the positive control or greater) was associated with a greater risk of an abnormal Pap test (odds ratio= 2.7, 95% CI = 1.7–4.1) than lower viral loads.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that about 15% of women in annual screening programs who concurrently have a negative Pap test and a positive oncogenic HPV test will have a subsequent abnormal Pap test within 5 years. This risk estimate will be useful to the many clinicians and patients likely to be diagnosed with an HPV infection and negative cytology if HPV DNA is added to general screening. Cancer 2002;95:2145–51. Published 2002 by the American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10927
Phase I study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies
Authors: Fracasso Paula M. , Blum Kristie A. , Tan Benjamin R. , Fears Carole L. , Bartlett Nancy L. , Arquette Matthew A. , Clark Romnee S. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PEG‐LD) and gemcitabine have single‐agent activity in breast and ovarian carcinoma patients. We conducted a Phase I trial to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and toxicities of this combination in patients with advanced malignancies.METHODSTwenty‐six patients with refractory or recurrent malignancies were enrolled in this dose escalation trial. Dose escalation proceeded from a starting level of PEG‐LD 20 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28‐day cycle.RESULTSThe MTD was PEG‐LD 20 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 2000 mg/m2 administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28‐day cycle. Dose‐limiting toxicity, a Grade 3 rash, was observed in one patient during Cycle 1 and Grade 3 stomatitis and a rash were observed in a second patient during Cycle 2 after administration of PEG‐LD 25 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 2000 mg/m2. Other side effects included palmar–plantar erythrodysesthesia, nausea, and fatigue. One complete and two partial responses were observed.CONCLUSIONSThe recommended Phase II dose is PEG‐LD 20 mg/m2 with gemcitabine 2000 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 15 of a 28‐day cycle. A trial with this combination is currently ongoing at this institution comprising patients with refractory ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:2223–29. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10937
Marked regional variation in adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and the gastric cardia in the United States
Authors: Kubo Ai , Corley Douglas A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAdenocarcinomas of the esophagus and the gastric cardia recently have experienced rapidly increasing incidence rates. Although these sites frequently are combined, they may have different risk factors.METHODSThe authors compared regional incidence rates of esophageal adenocarcinoma, gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma within the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry for the years 1973–1998.RESULTSRegional incidence rates varied considerably. The Seattle‐Puget Sound registry's recent average esophageal adenocarcinoma rates were over twice as high as those of the Utah registry (5.3 vs. 2.4 per 100,000 persons per year; P < 0.01); gastric cardia rates also differed (4.0 vs. 2.8 per 100,000 persons per year; P < 0.01). The incidence rate increase also varied markedly between regions. Since 1974, white male esophageal adenocarcinoma rates increased by 800% in Seattle compared with an increase of only 300% in Utah. In contrast, white male cardia adenocarcinoma rates increased by only 16% in Seattle (from 3.1 per 100,000 persons per year in 1974 to 3.6 per 100,000 persons per year in 1998) compared with 300% in Utah (from 0.7 to 2.2 per 100,000 persons per year). Both types of adenocarcinoma were more common in males and in the white population in all regions, but recent esophageal adenocarcinoma rates for black males in Connecticut were significantly higher than the U.S. black male average (3.1 vs. 0.8 per 100,000 persons per year; P < 0.01) and equaled the rates for the white population in some areas. Esophageal adenocarcinoma rates continued rising for white males through 1998, whereas cardia adenocarcinoma rates stabilized after 1988.CONCLUSIONSThere are substantial regional, temporal, and ethnic differences between esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rates and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma incidence rates within a single cancer registry system. Thus, these malignancies may differ in important ways and should not be combined routinely in research studies. Individual‐level studies are needed to explain these substantial regional and ethnic differences. Cancer 2002;95:2096–102. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10940
A Phase II trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and reduced‐dose dexamethasone combination therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Hussein Mohamad A. , Wood Laura , Hsi Eric , Srkalovic Gordan , Karam MaryAnn , Elson Paul , Bukowski Ronald M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPatients with multiple myeloma (MM) have increased bone marrow angiogenesis, a low plasma cell labeling index, and multidrug resistance (the primary cause of chemotherapy failure). MM patients receiving the vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (VAD) regimen develop resistance and cardiac and steroid toxicity. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®/CAELYX™) could potentially extend the duration of malignant plasma cell exposure to therapeutic levels of doxorubicin. This Phase II study evaluates combination pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and reduced‐dose dexamethasone in MM patients.METHODSThirty‐three newly diagnosed patients with MM received intravenous pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (40 mg/m2), vincristine (2.0 mg, Day 1), and oral or intravenous dexamethasone (40 mg per day for 4 days) every 4 weeks for six or more cycles and/or for two cycles after the best response.RESULTSThe overall response rate was 88%: 4 (12%) patients achieved a complete response, 18 (55%) a major response, and 7 (21%) a minor response. Three patients (9%) had stable and one (3%) had progressive disease. The median time to progression was 23.1 months, with 2‐year and 3‐year progression‐free survival rates of 42% and 23%, respectively. The patient survival rate at 3 years was 67%. No patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Myelosuppression was manageable. The most common toxicities were Grade 3 palmar–plantar erythrodysesthesia, mucositis, and neutropenia. Only one patient experienced cardiotoxicity.CONCLUSIONSSubstituting pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for doxorubicin in the VAD regimen and reducing the dose of dexamethasone in patients with MM improve the safety profile and convenience of the treatment regimen without compromising efficacy. Cancer 2002;95:2160–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10946
Targeted insertion results in a Rhombomere 2‐specific Hoxa2 knockdown and ectopic activation of Hoxa1 expression
Authors: Ren Shu‐Yue , Angrand Pierre‐Olivier , Rijli Filippo M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractRecent studies indicated that retention of selectable marker cassettes in targeted Hox loci may cause unexpected phenotypes in mutant mice, due to neighborhood effects. However, the molecular mechanisms have been poorly investigated. Here, we analysed the effects of the targeted insertion of a PGK‐neo cassette in the 3′ untranslated region of Hoxa2. Even at this 3′ position, the insertion resulted in homozygous mutants that unexpectedly did not survive beyond 3 weeks of age. Molecular analysis of the targeted allele revealed a selective “knockdown” of Hoxa2 expression in rhombomere 2 and associated patterning abnormalities. Moreover, Hoxa1 was ectopically expressed in the hindbrain and branchial arches of mutant embryos. Of interest, we demonstrated that the ectopic expression was due to the generation of neo‐Hoxa1 fusion transcripts, resulting from aberrant alternative splicing. These defects could be rescued after removal of the PGK‐neo cassette by Flp‐mediated recombination. These results underscore the complexity of transcriptional regulation at Hox loci and provide insights into the in vivo regulation of Hoxa2 segmental expression. They also provide a molecular basis for the interpretation of unexpected Hox knockout phenotypes in which the targeted selectable marker is retained in the locus. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of river load estimation techniques: application to dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Cooper D. M. , Watts C. D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from land to ocean is a significant component of the global carbon cycle, and good estimates of the load transported in rivers are needed. Three load estimation techniques are investigated using field data from an upland catchment in Wales. The methods use approximately weekly concentration measurements with corresponding discharge measurement, supplemented by 15 min measurements of discharge. Annual load estimates are obtained for the years 1985–2000 with the following treatment of supplementary information: (i) exclusion using simple extrapolation; (ii) inclusion using the ratio method; (iii) inclusion using the rating curve method with a straight line fitted to the logarithms of load and discharge data. A variance estimate is given for the three load estimation methods. The influence of additional opportunistic DOC concentration measurements on load estimation is discussed and investigated. The importance of an unbiased sampling procedure for simple extrapolation is demonstrated, but the inclusion of opportunistic data from high discharge samples is shown to improve rating curve estimates of load, reducing their variance. The strong influence of parameter uncertainty in the load variance for the rating curve method is demonstrated, as well as the sensitivity of the method to model assumptions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic modelling of global solar radiation measured in the state of Kuwait
Authors: Al‐Awadhi S. A. , El‐Nashar N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo stochastic models that capture the main features of daily exposure of global radiation in Kuwait are proposed. The development of these models is based on removing the annual periodicity and seasonal variation of solar radiation. Thus the daily radiation is decomposed as the sum of the trend component and a stochastic component. In many situations, there are dramatic changes in the radiation series through the year due to the condition of the weather, as is the case of the data from Kuwait. This would affect the accuracy of the model, and therefore the series is divided into two regimes: one corresponds to clear days where the value of the global radiation would be normal and the other to non‐clear days where the value of global radiation would be very low. Then the trend component is expressed as a Fourier series taking into account such apparent breaks in the series. The stochastic component is first tested for linearity and Gaussianity and it is found that it does not satisfy these assumptions. Therefore, a linear time series model (ARMA modeling) may not be adequate and, to overcome this problem, a bilinear time series is used to model the stochastic component of daily global radiation in Kuwait. The method proposed considers first fitting an AR model to the data and then seeing whether a further reduction in the mean sum of squares can be achieved by introducing extra bilinear terms. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is used to select the best model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The inclusion of exogenous variables in functional autoregressive ozone forecasting
Authors: Damon Julien , Guillas Serge 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article, we propose a new technique for ozone forecasting. The approach is functional, that is we consider stochastic processes with values in function spaces. We make use of the essential characteristic of this type of phenomenon by taking into account theoretically and practically the continuous time evolution of pollution. One main methodological enhancement of this article is the incorporation of exogenous variables (wind speed and temperature) in those models. The application is carried out on a six‐year data set of hourly ozone concentrations and meteorological measurements from Béthune (France). The study examines the summer periods because of the higher values observed. We explain the non‐parametric estimation procedure for autoregressive Hilbertian models with or without exogenous variables (considering two alternative versions in this case) as well as for the functional kernel model. The comparison of all the latter models is based on up‐to‐24 hour‐ahead predictions of hourly ozone concentrations. We analyzed daily forecast curves upon several criteria of two kinds: functional ones, and aggregated ones where attention is put on the daily maximum. It appears that autoregressive Hilbertian models with exogenous variables show the best predictive power. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilinear estimation of pollution source profiles and amounts by using multivariate receptor models
Authors: Sug Park Eun , Spiegelman Clifford H. , Henry Ronald C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMultivariate receptor models aim to identify the pollution sources based on multivariate air pollution data. This article is concerned with estimation of the source profiles (pollution recipes) and their contributions (amounts of pollution). The estimation procedures are based on constrained nonlinear least squares methods with the constraints given by nonnegativity and identifiability conditions of the model parameters. We investigate several identifiability conditions that are appropriate in the context of receptor models, and also present new sets of identifiability conditions, which are often reasonable in practice when the other traditional identifiability conditions fail. The resulting estimators are consistent under appropriate identifiability conditions, and standard errors for the estimators are also provided. Simulation and application to real air pollution data illustrate the results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Importance of identification of the model: some comments on the article ‘Bilinear estimation of pollution source profiles and amounts by using multivariate receptor models’
Authors: Sato M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe original article deals with estimating pollution source profiles and amounts. It makes an important contribution to the study of air pollution. I make some comments on this stimulating article. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comments on the article ‘Bilinear estimation of pollution source profiles and amounts by using multivariate receptor models’
Authors: El‐Shaarawi A. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractI welcome this article as it sheds new light on the important but difficult problem of the identification of pollution sources and the estimation of their contributions from field monitoring data. The article raises a number of technical issues, which are pertinent to the use of its methods in applications. In particular, a number of assumptions are used but without indicating how they can be tested from the data. I will confine my comments to: (a) the model specification and how it might be used in practice; (b) the estimation of the model's parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refining the submesh strategy in the two‐level finite element method: application to the advection–diffusion equation
Authors: Franca Leopoldo P. , Hwang Feng‐Nan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe introduce a new submesh strategy for the two‐level finite element method. The numerical results show that the new submesh is able to better capture the boundary layer which is caused by the choice of bubble functions. The effect of an improved approximation of the residual free bubbles is studied for the advective–diffusive equation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence acceleration by self‐adjusted time stepsize using Bi‐CGSTAB method for turbulent separated flow computation
Authors: Tsai W. B. , Lin W. W. , Chieng C. C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPoor convergence behavior is usually encountered when numerical computations on turbulent separated flow are performed. A design of self‐adjusted stepsize concept both in time span and spatial coordinate systems to achieve faster convergence is demonstrated in this study. The determination of the time stepsize based on the concept of minimization of residuals using the Bi‐CGSTAB algorithm is proposed. The numerical results show that the time stepsize adjusted by the proposed method indeed improves the convergence rate for turbulent separated flow computations using advanced turbulence models in low‐Reynolds number forms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐block lattice Boltzmann method for viscous fluid flows
Authors: Yu Dazhi , Mei Renwei , Shyy Wei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCompared to the Navier–Stokes equation‐based approach, the method of lattice Boltzmann Equation (LBE) offers an alternative treatment for fluid dynamics. The LBE method often employs uniform lattices to maintain a compact and efficient computational procedure, which makes it less efficient to perform flow simulations when there is a need for high resolution near the body and/or there is a far‐field boundary. To resolve these difficulties, a multi‐block method is developed. An accurate, conservative interface treatment between neighboring blocks is adopted, and demonstrated that it satisfies the continuity of mass, momentum, and stresses across the interface. Several test cases are employed to assess accuracy improvement with respect to grid refinement, the impact of the corner singularity, and the Reynolds number scaling. The present multi‐block method can substantially improve the accuracy and computational efficiency of the LBE method for viscous flow computations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multigrid convergence of inviscid fixed‐ and rotary‐wing flows
Authors: Allen C. B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe affect of multigrid acceleration implemented within an upwind‐biased Euler method is presented, and applied to fixed‐wing and rotary‐wing flows. The convergence of fixed‐ and rotary‐wing computations is shown to be vastly different, and multigrid is shown to be less effective for rotary‐wing flows. The flow about a hovering rotor suffers from very slow convergence of the inner blade region, where the flow is effectively incompressible. Furthermore, the vortical wake must develop over several turns before convergence is achieved, whereas for fixed‐wing computations the far‐field grid and solution have little significance. Results are presented for single mesh and two, three, four, and five level multigrid, and using five levels a reduction in required CPU time of over 80 per cent is demonstrated for rotary‐wing computations, but 94 per cent for fixed‐wing computations. It is found that a simple V‐cycle is the most effective, smoothing in the decreasing mesh density direction only, with a relaxed trilinear prolongation operator. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sedimentary record of a tsunami during Roman times, Bay of Cadiz, Spain
Authors: Luque L. , Lario J. , Civis J. , Silva P. G. , Zazo C. , Goy J. L. , Dabrio C. J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractHistorical data show that the Gulf of Cadiz has been exposed to destructive tsunamis during at least the past 2000 yr. The last tsunami was generated by the AD 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which affected the Atlantic coasts of Spain, Portugal and Morocco. Today, these littoral areas are intensely populated and the expected damage could be much greater. Tsunami studies are of great importance in helping to determine the recurrence interval of these events.The presence of washover fan deposits on the inland margin of the Valdelagrana Spit bar (Cadiz, Spain) indicates the occurrence of a high energy marine event ca. 2300 cal. yr BP. Historical, geomorphological, sedimentological, palaeontological and geochronological data suggest that a tsunami could have affected the area during Roman times. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining the centre of glacio‐isostatic uplift of the last Scottish ice‐sheet: the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, Scottish Highlands
Authors: Dawson Alastair G. , Hampton Shaun , Fretwell Peter , Harrison Stephan , Greengrass Peter 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, Scottish Highlands, represent a series of ice‐dammed lake shorelines produced during the cold climate of the Younger Dryas. It is shown here that each lake shoreline exhibits evidence of glacio‐isostatic tilting associated with the decay of the last (Late Devensian) ice sheet. The directions of tilting of the three shorelines (in the quadrant between north and east), are at variance with published glacio‐isostatic uplift isobases based on marine shoreline data that suggest a pattern of decreased uplift towards the northwest. The gradient of shoreline tilting (between 0.11 and 0.14 m km−1) is similar to measured regional tilts of a well‐developed marine shoreline (the Main Rock Platform) considered to have been produced in Scotland during the same period of extreme cold climate. Consideration of the ice‐dammed lake shoreline data also points to the former occurrence of two separate episodes of tectonic activity during the Younger Dryas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.