bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Italy: The Faded Beacon and the Populist Surge
Authors: Ignazi Piero 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the evolution of fascism in Italy. Fascism found its complete and lasting realisation in inter-war Italy from 1922 until 1943-45. No other extreme right party succeeded in post-war Italy. In the 1990s, a new party, the (Lega Nord) Northern League, has been credited with anti-system and right-extremist credentials.
Germany: The Spectre That Never Materialized
Authors: Ignazi Piero 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the development of right-extremism in Germany. It identifies a third wave of right extremism, which reflects the latent needs of a society emerging from structural/economic and value modification. The emergence of a ‘new axis of conflict,’ representing a non-material agenda ranging from national identity to authoritarianism, from xenophobia to moral traditionalism, has provided a non-ephemeral base on consent for the extreme right. Despite the failure of the extreme right in the electoral arena, it is still present in street level activity, especially in the East.
Belgium: Right Extremism and Ethnic Nationalism
Authors: Ignazi Piero 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the extreme right in Belgium. Both the Walloon and Flemish extreme right parties advocate a strong state with a harsher penal code, ‘law and order’ enforcement, restoration of traditional moral values and sex roles, and radical opposition to the political system and established parties. However, these parties maintain different views on the issue of ethnic nationalism, and both refuse to be labelled as ‘fascist.’
Democracy and Public Management Reform
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe two major political institutions acting in modern democracies–civil society and the state–assume new ways of relating among themselves, thereby producing new democratic governance. Discusses two aspects of this global change: the republican democracy that is emerging in the twenty-first century and public management reform. The objective of this reform is to increase state capacity, to create a ‘strong state’: able to produce representative and accountable democratic governments; able to protect civil rights and assure markets, and so liberal; able to promote social justice, and so social; able to resist corruption and rent seeking, and thus republican. Starts from the assumption that, just as only a strong civil society may guarantee democracy, only a strong state may assure competitive markets. Defines the words ‘nation-state’ (or ‘country’), state, and civil society.
Public Management Reform in Practice
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPublic management reform started in Great Britain, New Zealand, and Australia in the 1980s. In the US, the reform occurred mainly at local level, but the National Performance Review Program ‘Reinventing Government’. Public management reform also advanced in the Scandinavian countries and in the Netherlands. In Canada, the reform had to await a major fiscal adjustment programme that lasted most of the 1990s, but it is today under way. In Italy, it is beginning. Among the developing countries, only in Brazil and Chile has public management reform gained ground. It is lagging behind in countries such as Germany, France, and Japan, where bureaucratic administration was more successfully and formally established.
Managing from the Strategic Core
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe state is politically and administratively managed from the strategic core. Discussion is limited to the strategic plan that each organization is required to have, and the managerial strategy that each public management reform will choose. Although relevant as major management tools, does not discuss information technology, the Internet, and personnel. Among the management strategies developed in the private sector, quality control is the one that most management reforms in the OECD countries and in Brazil have been adopting. This is because, in the evaluation process, it is not limited to the profit objective but sets a number of other criteria, which, being qualitative, adapt well to public management. On the other hand, management contracts are another essential tool for public management reform.
Consciousness and Space
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is the relation of consciousness to space, and it is suggested that reductionism about consciousness needs must involve a new conception of space. Experiences are non-spatial and as such are even in principle unperceivable; they are thus quite unlike the posits of physics, unobservables postulated as the best explanation of data. The problem of how something non-spatial could arise out of a universe composed merely of spatially located matter obeying the laws of physics under the influence of natural selection (‘the space problem’) is discussed. Dualism, which denies that mind did emerge from matter, is one solution; classic materialism, which denies that consciousness is inherently spatial (though that is how we conceive of it), is another. Both positions are unattractive, and it is proposed that a solution to the mind-body problem requires a conception of space radically different from the one we have, though, in the light of Strawson’s arguments that our experience is inherently spatial, it is perhaps one that we cannot ever achieve.
Ethics Without Principles
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe book is in three parts. The first part discusses the nature of contributory reasons, set in the more general context of normative theory. It introduces and defends a distinction between reasons and enabling conditions, and considers some other roles that considerations that are morally relevant but not reasons might play. It also asks which meta-ethical positions have the tools necessary to capture the role of contributory reasons. The second part uses these results to argue for holism in the theory of reasons, and to construct an argument from that holism to particularism in ethics, which is characterised as the view that moral thought and judgement in no way depend on a suitable provision of moral principles. There is also a chapter on the epistemology of moral reasons, from a particularist point of view. The third part is concerned with the theory of value, in particular with a form of holism there which is analogous to holism in the theory of reasons. There is a final chapter on holism in the theory of choice.
Knowing Reasons
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA chapter on moral epistemology. Asks what, for the particularist, will count as a basic moral fact. Considers the modal status of such facts, arguing that they are contingent, but known a priori. Claims that this position is neither foundationalist nor coherentist. Ends by considering various suggestions that particularism cannot avoid some form of general scepticism in ethics.
Introduction: Walking the Tightrope
Authors: Kuper Andrew 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn the face of globalization, an international political system based on states is unable to meet daunting political challenges that confront our world. Is it possible to develop a global order that would enable more justifiable and effective rule for the world’s people? In particular, can the principles and practices of justice and representative democracy be extended, to answer this challenge, beyond the state contexts for which they were devised? This book argues that we should end our dubious romance with the nation-state in favour of a multi-form global system called Responsive Democracy. To this end, the book presents core components of (a) a theory of global justice that arises out of a critique of the influential political philosophy of John Rawls; (b) a theory of democratic representation that constitutes an alternative to the approach taken by Jurgen Habermas and his deliberative democratic followers; and (c) a theory of how political and moral ideals that are necessarily framed in abstract terms can help orient practice in messy, non-ideal conditions. Together, these three currents of this text form a novel approach to global justice and democracy. The concrete implications of this approach to constitutionalism, institutional design, and politics will be explored for four leading global institutions.
Global Justice
Authors: Kuper Andrew 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDevelops a cosmopolitan theory of global justice, in critical dialogue with John Rawls’s The Law of Peoples. Kuper argues that Rawls has begged some of the central questions of global justice by adopting a ‘thin statist’ conception of legitimate global order. Thus, Rawls effectively supports a system of unitary nation-states with limited sovereignty, while Kuper rejects this idea in favour of multi-level and multi-type political institutions. Similarly, Rawls disavows free speech and democratic rights at the global level, while Kuper establishes that they are fundamental requirements of global justice. Kuper then proposes a new notion of ‘plurarchic sovereignty’ governed by Principles of Democracy and Subsidiarity. Important practical implications are demonstrated in three areas: economic development, the rules of engagement with illiberal states, and the use of force in humanitarian intervention.
Prevalence of primary breed‐related cataracts in the dog in North America
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , MacKay Edward O. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of cataracts in dogs presented to veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America between 1964 and 2003. A retrospective study of all dogs presented with cataracts to veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America between 1964 and 2003 was conducted to determine cataract prevalence. The different decades, breeds, gender, and age at time of presentation with cataract were compared. The prevalence of dogs presented with cataract varied by decade and ranged from 0.95% (1964–73), 1.88% (1974–83), 2.42% (1994–2003), to 3.5% (1984–93). The total number of dogs presented with cataracts over the 40‐year period was 39 229. From 1964 to 2003 the prevalence of cataract formation in this patient population increased by about 255%. Fifty‐nine breeds of dogs were affected with cataracts above the baseline prevalence of 1.61% seen in mixed‐breed/hybrid dogs. The breeds with the highest cataract prevalence included: Smooth Fox Terrier (11.70%), Havanese (11.57%), Bichon Frise (11.45%), Boston Terrier (11.11%), Miniature Poodle (10.79%), Silky Terrier (10.29%) and Toy Poodle (10.21%). The breeds with the largest number of cataractous dogs during the entire four decades were the Boston Terrier (11.11%), Miniature Poodle (10.79%), American Cocker Spaniel (8.77%), Standard Poodle (7.00%), and Miniature Schnauzer (4.98%). Gender ratios of cataractous dogs seemed to affect limited breeds. Age of presentation with cataract diagnosis varied among several breeds. In the mixed‐breed/hybrid baseline population, cataract formation appeared to be age related with a higher frequency of cataract formation in dogs after 4–7 years. Cataract formation is one of the most prevalent eye diseases in the dog population, and in about 60 breeds of dogs the prevalence of cataract exceeds that of the baseline mixed‐breed/hybrid group. The prevalence of cataract is also influenced by age in most purebred dogs and affects 16.80% of the 7–15+‐year‐old mixed‐breed/hybrid dog population. Total and age‐related cataract prevalence in dogs seems very similar to that in man.
Combined transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation and Ahmed gonioimplantation in dogs with primary glaucoma: 51 cases (1996–2004)
Authors: Sapienza John S. , Van Der Woerdt Alexandra 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective To evaluate the combined diode laser cycloablation procedure and adjunctive Ahmed gonioimplant use in dogs with primary glaucoma.Design Retrospective study.Animals 48 dogs, 51 eyes with primary glaucoma.Procedure Medical records from two large private clinical ophthalmology services were reviewed. Signalment, duration of glaucoma, gonioscopic evaluation, laser power and duration settings, immediate postoperative and final intraocular pressure and visual results, short and long‐term visual outcome, and surgical complications were recorded.Results The age range of affected dogs was 3.0–14.0 years, with a mean age of 7.5 ± 2.6 years. Eleven pure breeds were represented, with the most common being the American Cocker Spaniel. The sex distribution was 22 neutered males, 1 intact male, 23 spayed females, and 2 intact female dogs. The right eye was affected in 33 cases, and the left eye in 18 cases. The average total joules, which was administered with the diode laser, was 109.6 ± 23.6 J. Immediate surgical complications included fibrin formation in the anterior chamber (15), corneal ulcers (4), hyphema (7), and focal retinal detachment (1). Long‐term complications included cataract formation (8 total, 2 of which were significant, vision‐threatening), elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) (6), unstable gonioimplant (1), and glaucoma recurrence (14). Additional surgeries performed on the eyes over the course of study included: intrascleral prosthesis (4), enucleation (1), resection of fibrotic scar tissue (5), and repeat laser cycloablation (8). The dogs were examined for a mean follow‐up time of 17.6 months (range: 2–83 months postoperatively). Twenty‐nine cases were followed greater than one year. Vision was maintained in 42/51 eyes (82%) in the immediate short‐term of this study. In all cases included in the study, good control of IOP was achieved in 39/51 (76%) of eyes, and IOP was poor or uncontrolled in 12/51 (24%) of eyes. Twenty out of 41 eyes (49%) maintained fair to excellent vision six months after surgery. Twelve months postoperative observations demonstrated that 12/29 (41%) of the eyes were still visual.Conclusions In primary glaucoma, the combined procedure of laser diode cyclophotocoagulation and Ahmed valve implant was associated with return or maintenance of vision in 42/51 eyes (82%) in the immediate short‐term of this study, and a long‐term IOP control in 39/51 (76%) of the cases, with 12/29 eyes (41%) visual after 12 months.
Evolutionary sequence analysis of complete eukaryote genomes
Authors: Blair Jaime E , Shah Prachi , Hedges S Blair 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Gene duplication and gene loss during the evolution of eukaryotes have hindered attempts to estimate phylogenies and divergence times of species. Although current methods that identify clusters of orthologous genes in complete genomes have helped to investigate gene function and gene content, they have not been optimized for evolutionary sequence analyses requiring strict orthology and complete gene matrices. Here we adopt a relatively simple and fast genome comparison approach designed to assemble orthologs for evolutionary analysis. Our approach identifies single-copy genes representing only species divergences (panorthologs) in order to minimize potential errors caused by gene duplication. We apply this approach to complete sets of proteins from published eukaryote genomes specifically for phylogeny and time estimation.

Results
Despite the conservative criterion used, 753 panorthologs (proteins) were identified for evolutionary analysis with four genomes, resulting in a single alignment of 287,000 amino acids. With this data set, we estimate that the divergence between deuterostomes and arthropods took place in the Precambrian, approximately 400 million years before the first appearance of animals in the fossil record. Additional analyses were performed with seven, 12, and 15 eukaryote genomes resulting in similar divergence time estimates and phylogenies.

Conclusion
Our results with available eukaryote genomes agree with previous results using conventional methods of sequence data assembly from genomes. They show that large sequence data sets can be generated relatively quickly and efficiently for evolutionary analyses of complete genomes.
Two new plumage mutations in the Japanese quail: "curly" feather and "rusty" plumage
Authors: Minvielle Francis , Gourichon David , Moussu Chantal 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The genetics of plumage of Japanese quail is of interest both from a biological standpoint, for comparative studies between avian species, and from a zootechnical standpoint, for identifying commercial selection lines or crosses. There are only few plumage mutations reported in quail, and the present work describes a new color variant "rusty" and a new feather structure "curly", and their heredity from an F1 and F2 segregation experiment.

Results
Curly feathers result from abnormal early growth caused by transient joining of follicle walls of adjacent feathers around 10 days of age, but the expression of the trait is variable. Rusty plumage color results from the replacement of the wild-type plumage pattern on the tip of the feather by a reddish coloration, but the pigmentation of the bottom part of the feather is not affected. Two lines breeding true for the curly or the rusty phenotype were developed. Both characters are determined by autosomal recessive mutations which are independent. The curly mutation has also a positive effect on body weight at 5 weeks of age.

Conclusion
The curly line is a new model which may be used for further work on the growth of the feather, and the rusty mutation is a new addition to the panel of plumage mutations available for comparative studies in poultry, and more generally among avian species.
A qualitative assessment of direct-labeled cDNA products prior to microarray analysis
Authors: Grissom Sherry F , Lobenhofer Edward K , Tucker Charles J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The success of the microarray process in determining differential gene expression of thousands of genes is dependent upon the quality and integrity of the starting RNA, this being particularly true of direct labeling via a reverse transcription procedure. Furthermore, an RNA of reasonable quality still may not yield reliable hybridization data if the labeling efficiency was poor.

Results
Here we present a novel assay for assessing the quality of directly labeled fluorescent cDNA prior to microarray hybridization utilizing the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer, which employs microfluidic technology for the analysis of nucleic acids and proteins. Using varying amounts of RNase to simulate RNA degradation, we show the strength of this un-advertised assay in determining the relative amounts of cDNA obtained from a direct labeling reaction.

Conclusion
Utilization of this method in the lab will help to prevent the costly mistake of hybridizing poor quality direct labeled products to expensive arrays.
Chronic ethanol exposure increases microtubule content in PC12 cells
Authors: Reiter-Funk Cindy K , Dohrman Douglas P 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Chronic ethanol exposure has been shown to result in changes in neuronal cyto-architecture such as aberrant sprouting and alteration of neurite outgrowth. In PC12 cells, chronic ethanol treatment produces an increase in Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth that appears to require the epsilon, but not delta, isoform of Protein Kinase C (PKC). Neurites contain a core of microtubules that are formed from polymerization of free-tubulin. Therefore, it would be expected that an increase in neurite outgrowth would correlate with an increase in microtubule content. We examined the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on microtubule content in PC12 cells and the role of PKC epsilon and delta in ethanol's effect on microtubule levels.

Results
Chronic ethanol exposure of wild-type and vector control PC12 cells resulted in a significant increase in microtubule content and a corresponding decrease in free tubulin. There was also a significant increase in microtubule content in PC12 cells expressing a dominate-negative inhibitor of epsilon PKC; cells which have previously been shown to have no ethanol-induced increase in neurite outgrowth. In contrast, ethanol had no effect on microtubule content in PC12 cells expressing a dominate-negative inhibitor of delta PKC.

Conclusion
These results suggest that chronic ethanol exposure alters the relative ratio of free tubulin to microtubule-associated tubulin, an important component of the cytoskeleton. Further, the data from the PKC dominant-negative cell lines suggest that the effects of ethanol on microtubule content do not correlate with the effects of ethanol on neurite outgrowth. The delta isoform of PKC appears to be necessary for the ethanol-induced increase in microtubule content. These studies demonstrate an effect of chronic ethanol exposure which may contribute to previously documented alterations of neuronal cyto-architecture.
Immunogenetics of Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Chistiakov Dimitry A 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific T-cell mediated disease. It is a complex disease, with a strong genetic component. To date, significant progress has been made towards the identification and functional characterization of HT susceptibility genes. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the genetic input to the pathogenesis of HT.
The levels of plasma low density lipoprotein are independent of cholesterol ester transfer protein in fish-oil fed F1B hamsters
Authors: de Silva Pujitha P , Agarwal-Mawal Alka , Davis Phillip J , Cheema Sukhinder Kaur 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a major role in regulating the levels of LDL- and HDL-cholesterol. We previously observed a fish-oil-induced elevation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol concentrations and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration in F1B hamsters. The molecular mechanism/s by which fish oil induces hyperlipidaemic effect was investigated in this study. We examined whether the effects of dietary fish oil on plasma lipoprotein concentrations are due to fish-oil-induced alterations in plasma CETP activity. MIX diet, a diet supplemented with a mixture of lard and safflower oil, was used as the control diet.

Results
We found that fish oil feeding in hamsters reduced CETP mass as well as CETP activity. Increasing the dietary fat level of fish-oil from 5% to 20% (w/w) led to a further decrease in CETP mass. Supplementation with dietary cholesterol increased both CETP mass and CETP activity in fish-oil and MIX-diet fed hamsters. However, there was no correlation between CETP mass as well as CETP activity and LDL-cholesterol concentrations.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that cholesterol ester transfer between HDL and LDL is not likely to play a major role in determining fish-oil-induced changes in LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations in F1B hamsters. A possible role of reduced clearance of LDL-particles as well as dietary fat level and dietary cholesterol dependent changes in LDL-lipid composition have been discussed.