bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the emulsion‐diffusion of solvent: preparation and characterization of nanocapsules
Authors: Guinebretière Sandra , Briançon Stéphanie , Lieto Joseph , Mayer Christian , Fessi Hatem 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe objective of this work was to obtained stable nanocapsules (NC), that is to say a core shell structure by a recently patented method, the emulsion diffusion of solvent. To study the capacity of encapsulation, the aim was first to control the nanocapsules size distribution before the characterization of the membrane. Nanocapsules (NC) were prepared by an emulsion‐diffusion method. The emulsion was prepared using a high‐speed stirrer (Ultraturrax T25), and the droplet size distributions were determined. The mechanism of particle formation is based on the diffusion of the solvent followed by the deposition of the polymer around the oil droplet. The solvent partially soluble in the water and included in oil droplets diffuses into the outer aqueous medium after the emulsion dilution with water. It is then removed under reduced pressure. In order to control the NC sizes, we studied the effect of various emulsion parameters such as the nature and the concentration of the polymer, the stabilizer, the organic/aqueous phases ratio on NC morphology and size. The mean size of NC was about 500 nm, but we could have NC with diameter size between 200 to 1,000 nm. Size distributions were found to be function of the polymer/oil ratio in the organic phase, and of the solvent volume in the droplet. The suspension of nanocapsules were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), density gradient centrifugation, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The formation of nanocapsules involves mass transfer of solvent, polymer, and oil between phases. The physicochemical properties of the system can be classified into transport parameters such as solvent diffusion into the non‐solvent and interaction parameters such as solvent solubility in the water and the polymer. The mechanism of NC formation was investigated experimentally by monitoring the solvent concentration as a function of time in the continuous phase after different dilutions. The solvent elimination in the NC was complete after a dilution step followed by an evaporation under reduced pressure. This NC study gave some important information on their structure (core shell). The mechanism of formation based on the diffusion of solvent towards the aqueous phase was very rapid and depended on the volume of water at a kinetic level. We also showed that the state of the polymer changes and that the polymer forms the shell around the oil. Drug Dev. Res. 57:18–33, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3
Authors: Vujanić Gordan M. , Kelsey Anna , Mitchell Chris , Shannon Rosemary S. , Gornall Peter 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) Wilms Tumor Study 3 has adopted preoperative chemotherapy for Wilms tumors (WT), but required prechemotherapy biopsy for histologic diagnosis. The aims of this review were to assess the usefulness and safety of prechemotherapy biopsy and to compare histologic features of WT before and after chemotherapy.ProcedureThere were 286 eligible patients but only 241 biopsies and 226 nephrectomy case slides were submitted for panel review. The presence of different histologic components of WT before and after chemo therapy was retrospectively assessed.ResultsAmong the 241 cases, the biopsy material in 9 (4%) was not diagnostic, in 28 (12%) that were clinically and radiologically consistent with WT, the biopsy revealed tumors other than WT, and in the remaining 204 (85%) WT was confirmed. Of 188 WT suitable cases, blastema was found in 89% of tumors at biopsy, but in only 50% at nephrectomy; the remainder were either completely necrotic (17%) or showed only epithelial and/or stromal elements (33%). Of 182 children who had percutaneous cutting needle biopsy (PCNB), a fall in haemoglobin (20% of cases) and local pain (19%) were the most common complications. One child re quired emergency nephrectomy due to massive intratumoral bleeding, another had tumor rupture and subsequently died, and a third developed a needle track recurrence 8 months after the biopsy.ConclusionsA number of renal tumors (12%) can have the correct histologic diagnosis made by PCNB. Preoperative chemo therapy markedly decrease in the number of samples with preserved blastema. The morbidity associated with PCNB is small. Needle biopsy of any renal mass prior to initiation of chemotherapy is recommended. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:18–22, © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infrared spectroscopic study on the crystallization of water in poly(vinyl methyl ether) aqueous solution during heating
Authors: Zhang J. M. , Zhang G. B. , Wang J. J. , Lu Y. L. , Shen D. Y. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results are consistent with the differential scanning calorimetric results and verify the anomalous crystallization of water in 50% poly(vinyl methyl ether) aqueous solution during heating. Below about −34 °C, the water/polymer complex was not damaged, and the water still associated with the polymer. When heating to about −34 °C, the associated water started to free from the unpolar (methyl group) and polar‐site (ether‐oxygen group) interaction fields of polymer gradually. Then crystallization of water was induced in this system at temperatures ranging from −34 to −24 °C. The FTIR data also indicate that the structure of water started to change first upon forming strong H bonds among water molecules, and then the dehydration of the polymer began to proceed subsequently when the anomalous crystallization of water occurred. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2772–2779, 2002
Misoprostol in second and early third trimester for termination of pregnancies with fetal anomalies
Authors: Mendilcioglu I. , Simsek M. , Seker P.E. , Erbay O. , Zorlu C.G. , Trak B. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectives: To assess the effectiveness of a prostaglandin E1 analog, misoprostol, using different regimens compared with dinoprostone in termination of pregnancies in second and early third trimester complicated by either congenital fetal anomalies or intrauterine fetal demise. Methods: A retrospective review of 59 pregnancies between 15 and 30 weeks was performed which were terminated due to congenital fetal anomalies or intrauterine fetal demise. In group 1 (n=29) 400 μg oral and 600 μg vaginal misoprostol, in group 2 (n=12) 600 μg vaginal misoprostol and in group 3 (n=18) 0.5 mg dinoprostone gel were given for the termination of the pregnancies. All these groups were evaluated for demographic characteristics and delivery findings. Statistical analysis were performed by one‐way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis and χ2‐test. Results: No significant statistical difference was observed in terms of age, gravidity, parity, previous abortion, gestational week, frequency of prostaglandin usage, and birth weights among the three groups. The time intervals between the first administration and delivery were 20.3 h for oral vaginal misoprostol, 17.3 h for vaginal misoprostol and 22.5 h for the dinoprostone group (P=0.594). Evacuation rates after single doses were similar in all groups (83%, 73% and 72%, respectively). Uterine tachysystole was the only major side effect encountered in the oral‐vaginal misoprostol group. Conclusions: All three regimens yielded similar results for termination of pregnancies in second and third trimester. The major advantage of misoprostol was the cost.
Supplementary Ultraviolet-B Radiation Induces a Rapid Reversal of the Diadinoxanthin Cycle in the Strong Light-Exposed DiatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Mewes Heiko , Richter Michael 
Published: November 2002

AbstractA treatment of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with high light (HL) in the visible range led to the conversion of diadinoxanthin (Dd) to diatoxanthin (Dt). In a following treatment with HL plus supplementary ultraviolet (UV)-B, the Dt was rapidly epoxidized to Dd. Photosynthesis of the cells was inhibited under HL + UV-B. This is accounted for by direct damage by UV-B and damage because of the UV-B-induced reversal of the Dd cycle and the associated loss of photoprotection. The reversal of the Dd cycle by UV-B was faster in the presence of dithiothreitol, an inhibitor of the Dd de-epoxidase. Our results imply that the reversal of the Dd cycle by HL + UV-B was caused by an increase in the rate of gross Dt epoxidation, whereas the de-epoxidation of Dd was unaffected by UV-B. This is further supported by our finding that the in vitro de-epoxidation activity and the affinity toward the cosubstrate ascorbic acid of the Dd de-epoxidase were both unaffected by UV-B pretreatment of intact cells. We provide evidence that Dt epoxidation is normally down-regulated by a high pH gradient under HL. It is proposed that supplementary UV-B affected the pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane, which disrupted the down-regulation of Dt epoxidation and led to the observed increase in the rate of Dt epoxidation.
Induction of the Arginine Decarboxylase ADC2 Gene Provides Evidence for the Involvement of Polyamines in the Wound Response in Arabidopsis
Authors: Perez-Amador Miguel A. , Leon Jose , Green Pamela J. , Carbonell Juan 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Polyamines are small ubiquitous molecules that have been involved in nearly all developmental processes, including the stress response. Nevertheless, no direct evidence of a role of polyamines in the wound response has been described. We have studied the expression of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis in response to mechanical injury. An increase in the expression of the arginine decarboxylase 2 (ADC2) gene in response to mechanical wounding and methyl jasmonate (JA) treatment in Arabidopsis was detected by using DNA microarray and RNA gel-blot analysis. No induction was observed for the ADC1 gene or other genes coding for spermidine and spermine synthases, suggesting thatADC2 is the only gene of polyamine biosynthesis involved in the wounding response mediated by JA. A transient increase in the level of free putrescine followed the increase in the mRNA level forADC2. A decrease in the level of free spermine, coincident with the increase in putrescine after wounding, was also observed. Abscisic acid effected a strong induction onADC2 expression and had no effect on ADC1expression. Wound-induction of ADC2 mRNA was not prevented in the JA-insensitive coi1 mutant. The different pattern of expression of ADC2 gene in wild-type and coi1 mutant might be due to the dual regulation ofADC2 by abscisic acid and JA signaling pathways. This is the first direct evidence of a function of polyamines in the wound-response, and it opens a new aspect of polyamines in plant biology.
AL-WAHRĀNĪ, AUTEUR DE MAQĀMAS
Authors: Zakharia Katia 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAuteur mineur, al-Wahrānī a laissé trois maqāmas (dont une en deux versions). L'étude de ces textes illustre la place et la fonction de l'inter-textualité dans les textes classiques, montrant notamment la difficulté que rencontre un auteur secondaire à assimiler les sources auxquelles il emprunte de manière à produire, malgré ces emprunts, un texte original. Cette étude permet également de montrer que l'adab , loin de l'auto-célébration figée qu'on lui impute parfois, est un espace vivace, en contact avec les réalités linguistiques et sociales du quotidien. Enfin, cet article illustre indirectement, par l'utilisation qu'il fait des bibliothèques virtuelles, l'intérêt pour le chercheur arabisant de ces nouvelles sources de documentation.
Comparisons of target output monitoring and source input monitoring
Authors: Marsh Richard L. , Hicks Jason L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFive experiments were conducted to compare source memory to target memory. For the current purposes, source memory was defined as information that was learned from two sources (i.e. information input) whereas target memory was defined as information that was delivered to two sources (i.e. information output). The paradigm that we developed involved receiving concrete objects from two people in the source‐monitoring conditions or giving away these same objects to two people in the target‐monitoring conditions. This procedure allowed a direct comparison of source monitoring to target monitoring holding all other experimental variables constant. Target‐monitoring performance exceeded source monitoring except when the decision component of target monitoring was eliminated and incorporated into source monitoring. Commonalities and differences between source and target monitoring are discussed as are the real‐world implications of target memory for social behavior and facilitating communication. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parent‐administered modified dry‐bed training for childhood nocturnal enuresis: evidence for superiority over urine‐alarm conditioning when delivery factors are controlled
Authors: Nawaz Shazia , Griffiths Peter , Tappin David 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe compared the relative efficacy of modified dry‐bed training and standard urine‐alarm conditioning for treating functional nocturnal enuresis in 36 children aged 7–12 years attending health centres in Glasgow, Scotland. A minimal intervention, self‐help approach was adopted. Parents and children received standardized instruction, which, for each method, consisted of one clinic interview and a manual and videotape for home viewing. Outcomes were contrasted with those from untreated controls. Twelve children were randomly assigned to each condition. All groups were matched for age, gender, social class (deprivation category), and baseline wetting frequency. In the two treated groups, an intake interview was followed by two review appointments, otherwise families carried out the programmes independently at home with fortnightly telephone support either until the success criterion of 14 consecutive dry nights was met or the 16 week maximum treatment period expired. Of the 12 children treated by dry‐bed training, eight achieved initial success compared with only three of the 12 treated by the conventional urine‐alarm method. One waiting‐list control child remitted spontaneously. ANOVA showed highly significant differences in wet nights per week immediately after intervention for both treatment and time factors (p < 0.001) and their interaction (p < 0.01). The dry‐bed group averaged 0.8 nights per week wet on treatment cessation, a frequency which was significantly superior to the average of 3.25 for the urine‐alarm group and 5.00 for the controls. Six months after attaining initial success, one child in each treated group had relapsed. Our results show an outcome of 58% long‐term remission (67% initial arrest, 13% relapse) for dry‐bed training when delivered by minimal intervention methods and indicate dry‐bed training as being more effective than orthodox urine‐alarm conditioning for the same input of clinic time and instruction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Barley Roots,
Authors: Hause Bettina , Maier Walter , Miersch Otto , Kramell Robert , Strack Dieter 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Colonization of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Salome) roots by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, leads to elevated levels of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and its amino acid conjugate JA-isoleucine, whereas the level of the JA precursor, oxophytodienoic acid, remains constant. The rise in jasmonates is accompanied by the expression of genes coding for an enzyme of JA biosynthesis (allene oxide synthase) and of a jasmonate-induced protein (JIP23). In situ hybridization and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that expression of these genes occurred cell specifically within arbuscule-containing root cortex cells. The concomitant gene expression indicates that jasmonates are generated and act within arbuscule-containing cells. By use of a near-synchronous mycorrhization, analysis of temporal expression patterns showed the occurrence of transcript accumulation 4 to 6 d after the appearance of the first arbuscules. This suggests that the endogenous rise in jasmonates might be related to the fully established symbiosis rather than to the recognition of interacting partners or to the onset of interaction. Because the plant supplies the fungus with carbohydrates, a model is proposed in which the induction of JA biosynthesis in colonized roots is linked to the stronger sink function of mycorrhizal roots compared with nonmycorrhizal roots.
Salt Stress Inhibits the Repair of Photodamaged Photosystem II by Suppressing the Transcription and Translation ofpsbAGenes inSynechocystis
Authors: Allakhverdiev Suleyman I. , Nishiyama Yoshitaka , Miyairi Sachio , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Inagaki Noritoshi , Kanesaki Yu , Murata Norio 
Published: November 2002

AbstractLight stress and salt stress are major environmental factors that limit the efficiency of photosynthesis. However, we have found that the effects of light and salt stress on photosystem II (PSII) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 are completely different. Strong light induced photodamage to PSII, whereas salt stress inhibited the repair of the photodamaged PSII and did not accelerate damage to PSII directly. The combination of light and salt stress appeared to inactivate PSII very rapidly as a consequence of their synergistic effects. Radioactive labeling of cells revealed that salt stress inhibited the synthesis of proteins de novo and, in particular, the synthesis of the D1 protein. Northern- and western-blotting analyses demonstrated that salt stress inhibited the transcription and the translation of psbA genes, which encode D1 protein. DNA microarray analysis indicated that the light-induced expression of various genes was suppressed by salt stress. Thus, our results suggest that salt stress inhibits the repair of PSII via suppression of the activities of the transcriptional and translational machinery.
GIBRAN'S THE PROCESSION IN THE TRANSCENDENTALIST CONTEXT
Authors: Majdoubeh Ahmad 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe aim of this article is to examine Gibran Kahlil Gibran's ideas, as articulated in The Procession (Al-Mawākib), in the context of New England Transcendentalism, in particular Emerson's and Thoreau's. Even though critics recognize Ralph Waldo Emerson (and less frequently Henry David Thoreau) as an influence on Gibran, the precise nature of the influence has not been spelled out clearly. In this study, I shall attempt to do so. To the end of establishing the New England Transcendentalist influence on Gibran more firmly and coherently, I locate, explain, and highlight some of the striking echoes, similarities, and analogies (linguistic, philosophic, as well as structural) in Gibran's The Procession, on the one hand, and Emerson's essays and Thoreau's Walden, on the other hand. Such an examination of the relationship will certainly enrich the meanings of Gibran's poem, shed a new light on his ideas, and suggest an angle from which his philosophy is best viewed.
Back to basics: a componential analysis of the original cognitive interview mnemonics with three age groups
Authors: Milne Rebecca , Bull Ray 
Published: November 2002

AbstractA large body of research now exists which demonstrates that the cognitive interview (CI) increases the reporting of correct recall from various population groups. It is now necessary to determine from both a theoretical and an applied perspective which of the CI techniques, or combination of techniques are largely responsible for this CI superiority effect. The two aims of this study were (1) to examine the relative effectiveness of each of the four original CI mnemonics and (2) to assess their efficacy as a function of age. A total of 125 participants; 34 first‐year undergraduate students, 44 children aged 8–9 years and 47 children aged 5–6 years viewed a video‐recording of an accident. Forty‐eight hours later each participant was individually interviewed and randomly assigned to one of six instruction groups; (1) context reinstatement, (2) change perspective, (3) change order, (4) report everything, (5) report everything + context reinstatement combination (RE + CR), or (6) a control instruction to ‘try again’. Each of the individual CI mnemonics were found to be of equal benefit and to occasion no more recall than the ‘try again’ control. However, the RE + CR combination resulted in significantly more correct recall compared to the individual mnemonics. There was no effect of age group on the efficacy of the various instructions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do differences in event descriptions cause differences in duration estimates?
Authors: Pedersen Alice C. I. , Wright Daniel B. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe relationship between the way in which people describe an event and people's estimates of the duration of the event is investigated in three studies. People are told to use different writing styles designed to produce different characteristics. For example, a ‘tabloid’ condition was designed to produce words with higher implied action. Across all three studies, differences among the event descriptions only produced small differences in the duration estimates. These results question the direct causal relation between language use and duration estimates. We discuss these findings in relation to memory reconstruction and eyewitness testimony. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensing the glass transition in thin and ultrathin polymer films via fluorescence probes and labels
Authors: Ellison Christopher J. , Torkelson John M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFluorescence was used to characterize the glass transition in thin and ultrathin supported polymer films with common chromophores. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity exhibits a transition or break upon cooling from the rubbery state to the glassy state, and this is identified as the glass transition. A variety of chromophores are investigated including pyrene, anthracene, and phenanthrene either as dopants, covalently attached to the polymer as a label, or both. The particular choice of the chromophore as well as the nature of the attachment, in the case of labels, have significant impact on the success of this method. Problematic cases include those in which the excited‐state chromophore undergoes significant photochemistry in addition to fluorescence or those in which the particular attachment of the chromophore as a label may allow for conformational interactions that affect the fluorescence quantum yield in a nontrivial way. Polymers that have an intrinsic fluorescence unit, for example, polystyrene, may allow for the fluorescence sensing of the glass transition without added dopants or labels. Finally, it is demonstrated that this technique holds promise for the study of the glass transition in polymer blends and within specific locations in multilayer films. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2745–2758, 2002