bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Recognizing Clumping Factor A Expressed by
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Domanski Paul J. , Patel Pratiksha R. , Bayer Arnold S. , Zhang Li , Hall Andrea E. , Syribeys Peter J. , Gorovits Elena L. , Bryant Dawn , Vernachio John H. , Hutchins Jeff T. , Patti Joseph M. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

We report the humanization and characterization of monoclonal antibody (MAb) T1-2 or tefibazumab, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes clumping factor A expressed on the surface of
Staphylococcus aureus
. We demonstrate that the binding kinetics of MAb T1-2 is indistinguishable compared to that of its murine parent. Furthermore, MAb T1-2 is shown to enhance the opsonophagocytic uptake of ClfA-coated latex beads, protect against an intravenous challenge in a prophylactic model of rabbit infective endocarditis, and enhance the efficacy of vancomycin therapy in a therapeutic model of established infective endocarditis.
Mapping of the Binding Site for
Mannheimia haemolytica
Leukotoxin within Bovine CD18
Authors: Dileepan T. , Kannan M. S. , Walcheck B. , Thumbikat P. , Maheswaran S. K. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

To map the site involved in
Mannheimia haemolytica
leukotoxin (LktA) binding and biological activity within bovine CD18, bovine × human CD18 chimeric constructs were generated and coexpressed with bovine CD11a in K562 cells. Studies with the chimeric leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 transductants demonstrate that the site required for LktA binding and biological effects resides within amino acid residues 500 and 600 of the extracellular region of bovine CD18.
Role for Mannose Binding Lectin in the Prevention of Mycoplasma Infection
Authors: Hamvas Renata M. J. , Johnson Marina , Vlieger Arine M. , Ling Clare , Sherriff Andrea , Wade Angela , Klein Nigel J. , Turner Malcolm W. , Webster A. David B. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTPolymorphisms in exon 1 of theMBL-2gene, resulting in reduced plasma levels of mannose binding lectin, were significantly overrepresented in 23 patients with primary antibody deficiency and culture-proven mycoplasma infections (P= 0.0038). This association persisted with the inclusion of a further nine suspected (doxycycline-responsive) cases (P= 0.0087). The lectin was shown to bind to three strains of mycoplasma.
Staphylococcus aureus
Infection of Epidermal Keratinocytes Promotes Expression of Innate Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Menzies Barbara E. , Kenoyer Aimee 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Keratinocytes upregulate expression of endogenous antimicrobial peptides in response to inflammatory stimuli. We show that both viable and heat-inactivated
Staphylococcus aureus
and lipoteichoic acid differentially alter expression of these peptides upon contact with human keratinocytes. The findings indicate a diversity of staphylococcal factors involved in upregulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in cutaneous epithelia.
Recombinant Proteins ofCryptosporidium parvumInduce Proliferation of Mesenteric Lymph Node Cells in Infected Mice
Authors: Singh Inderpal , Theodos Cynthia , Tzipori Saul 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTRecombinant antigens ofCryptosporidium parvum, Cp900 and Cp40 but not Cp15, stimulatedC. parvum-specific proliferative immune responses of mesenteric lymph node cells in C57BL/6J mice infected with different isolates (MD, GCH1, UCP, and IOWA) ofC. parvum, indicating that both Cp900 and Cp40 are immunodominant targets of cellular immune responses duringC. parvuminfection.
Prolonged Survival of a Murine Model of Cerebral Malaria by Kynurenine Pathway Inhibition
Authors: Clark Catherine J. , Mackay Gillian M. , Smythe George A. , Bustamante Sonia , Stone Trevor W. , Phillips R. Stephen 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTC57BL/6J mice infected withPlasmodium bergheiANKA develop neurological dysfunction and die within 7 days of infection. We show that treatment of infected mice with a kynurenine-3-hydroxylase inhibitor prevents them from developing neurological symptoms and extends their life span threefold until severe anemia develops.
Infectivity of
Cryptosporidium hominis
and
Cryptosporidium parvum
Genotype 2 Isolates in Immunosuppressed Mongolian Gerbils
Authors: Baishanbo Asiya , Gargala Gilles , Delaunay Agnès , François Arnaud , Ballet Jean-Jacques , Favennec Loïc 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

One-month-old dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mongolian gerbils were challenged with 1 oocyst to 2 × 10
5
oocysts from two isolates genotyped as
Cryptosporidium hominis
and
C. parvum
(genotype 2), respectively. A similar dose-dependent gut infection was obtained, and the initial genotype maintained for 21 to 22 days. The data suggest that immunosuppressed gerbils provide a reliable rodent model of persistent
C. hominis
infection.
Protection against Aerosolized
Yersinia pestis
Challenge following Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost with Recombinant Plague Antigens
Authors: Glynn Audrey , Roy Chad J. , Powell Bradford S. , Adamovicz Jeffrey J. , Freytag Lucy C. , Clements John D. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

A
Yersinia pestis
-derived fusion protein (F1-V) has shown great promise as a protective antigen against aerosol challenge with
Y. pestis
in murine studies. In the current study, we examined different prime-boost regimens with F1-V and demonstrate that (i) boosting by a route other than the route used for the priming dose (heterologous boosting) protects mice as well as homologous boosting against aerosol challenge with
Y. pestis
, (ii) parenteral immunization is not required to protect mice against aerosolized plague challenge, (iii) the route of immunization and choice of adjuvant influence the magnitude of the antibody response as well as the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)/IgG2a ratio, and (iv) inclusion of an appropriate adjuvant is critical for nonparenteral immunization.
Similarity of Gene Expression Patterns in Human Alveolar Macrophages in Response to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Burkholderia cepacia
Authors: Worgall Stefan , Heguy Adriana , Luettich Karsta , O'Connor Timothy P. , Harvey Ben-Gary , Quadri Luis E. N. , Crystal Ronald G. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

To determine if differences in the severity of pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis seen with late isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Burkholderia cepacia
are associated with differences in the initial response of alveolar macrophages (AM) to these pathogens, we assessed gene expression changes in human AM in response to infection with a laboratory strain, early and late clinical isolates of
P. aeruginosa
, and
B. cepacia
. Analysis of gene expression changes at the RNA level using oligonucleotide microarrays, following exposure to laboratory
P. aeruginosa
strain PAK, showed significant (
P
< 0.01) >2.5-fold upregulation of 42 genes and >2.5-fold downregulation of 45 genes. The majority of the changes in gene expression involved genes as part of inflammatory pathways and signaling systems. Interestingly, similar responses were observed following exposure of AM to early and late clinical isolates of
P. aeruginosa
, as well as with
B. cepacia
, suggesting that the more severe clinical outcome of infections with late clinical isolates of
P. aeruginosa
or with
B. cepacia
cannot be explained by differences in the early interactions of these organisms with the human AM, as reflected by the similarity of gene expression changes in response to exposure of AM to these pathogens.
Mutation of the Zinc-Binding Metalloprotease Motif AffectsBacteroides fragilisToxin Activity but Does Not Affect Propeptide Processing
Authors: Franco Augusto A. , Buckwold Simy L. , Shin Jai W. , Ascon Miguel , Sears Cynthia L. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the role of the zinc-binding metalloprotease inBacteroides fragilistoxin (BFT) processing and activity, the zinc-binding consensus sequences (H348, E349, H352, G355, H358, and M366) were mutated by site-directed-mutagenesis. Our results indicated that single point mutations in the zinc-binding metalloprotease motif do not affect BFT processing but do reduce or eliminate BFT biologic activity in vitro.
Campylobacter jejuni
Gene Expression in the Chick Cecum: Evidence for Adaptation to a Low-Oxygen Environment
Authors: Woodall C. A. , Jones M. A. , Barrow P. A. , Hinds J. , Marsden G. L. , Kelly D. J. , Dorrell N. , Wren B. W. , Maskell D. J. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Transcriptional profiling of
Campylobacter jejuni
during colonization of the chick cecum identified 59 genes that were differentially expressed in vivo compared with the genes in vitro. The data suggest that
C. jejuni
regulates electron transport and central metabolic pathways to alter its physiological state during establishment in the chick cecum.
Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with the LACK Antigen Protects against Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Dondji Blaise , Pérez-Jimenez Eva , Goldsmith-Pestana Karen , Esteban Mariano , McMahon-Pratt Diane 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTThis study reports the efficacy of a heterologous prime-boost vaccination using DNA and vaccinia viruses (Western Reserve [WR] virus and modified [attenuated] vaccinia virus Ankara [MVA]) expressing the LACK antigen (Leishmaniahomologue of receptors for activated C kinase) and an intradermal murine infection model employingLeishmania infantum. At 1 month postinfection, vaccinated mice showed high levels of protection in the draining lymph node (240-fold reduction in parasite burden) coupled with significant levels of gamma interferon (20 to 200 ng/ml) and tumor necrosis factor alpha/lymphotoxin (8 to 134 pg/ml). Significant but lower levels of protection (6- to 30-fold) were observed in the spleen and liver. Comparable levels of protection were found for mice boosted with either LACK-WR or LACK-MVA, supporting the use of an attenuated vaccinia virus-based vaccine against human visceral leishmaniasis.
THE PREVALENCE OF CRANIOMANDIBULAR DISORDERS (CMD) IN MALE COMPETITIVE ROWERS
Authors: Dietrich Stefan , Bull Anthony M.J. , Leher Anna , McGregor Alison H. , Lechner Karl–Heinz , Toumazou Chris , Ahlers M. Oliver 
Published: July 2005

Objective: Based on observations that competitive rowers show a high facial activity during exercise, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the signs and symptoms of Craniomandibular Disorders (CMD) in male rowers by evaluating functional and muscular parameters. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 16 male rowers were compared with 16 controls. All subjects filled out a general questionnaire and underwent dental functional analysis. Results: The rowing volunteers reported pain/complaints in the head/neck/facial area more often than the controls and showed more parafunctional activities. Oral inspection showed a significantly higher prevalence of tongue and buccal impressions, abrasion and enamel cracks. Muscular palpation pain was significant in the rower group for the M. masseter profundus et superficialis, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) area, and the M. pterygoideus lateralis. Conclusion: The study indicates a high prevalence for the signs and symptoms of CMD in male competitive rowers, which may be attributed to the rowing activity and/or the associated training program.
A Modified Logarithmic Law for Neutrally Stratified Flow over Low-Sloped Hills
Authors: Pellegrini Cláudio C. , Bodstein Gustavo C. R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe study of the atmospheric boundary layer flow over two-dimensional low-sloped hills under a neutral atmosphere finds numerous applications in meteorology and engineering, such as the development of large-scale atmospheric models, the siting of wind turbines, and the estimation of wind loads on transmission towers and antennas. In this paper, the intermediate variable technique is applied to the momentum equations in streamline coordinates to divide the flow into regions, with each characterized by the dominance of different terms. Using a simple mixing-length turbulence closure, a simplified form of the x momentum equation is solved for the fully turbulent region, resulting in a modified logarithmic law. The solution is expressed as a power series correction to the classical logarithmic law that is valid for flat terrain. A new parameter appears: the effective radius of curvature of the hill. The modified logarithmic law is used to obtain new equations for the speedup, the relative speedup, the maximum speedup, and the height at which it occurs. A new speedup ratio is proposed to calculate the relative speedup at specific heights. The results are in very good agreement with the Askervein and Black Mountain field data.
Comparison of Model-Predicted Transport and Diffusion of Seeding Material with NOAA Satellite-Observed Seeding Track in Supercooled Layer Clouds
Authors: Yu Xing , Dai Jin , Rosenfeld Daniel , Lei Hengchi , Xu Xiaohong , Fan Peng , Chen Zhengqi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
From 0615 to 0749 UTC 14 March 2000, an operation of cloud seeding for precipitation enhancement by aircraft was carried out in the middle part of Shaanxi Province, China. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-14 satellite imagery was received at 0735 UTC for the study region. A vivid cloud track appeared on the satellite imagery; its length was about 350 km, and its average width and width maximum were 9 and 14 km, respectively. Through application of a three-dimensional numerical model of the transport and diffusion of the seeding material, the simulated plume shape, the turning points, and the width and length of seeding lines agree with that of the cloud pattern indicated by the satellite imagery. The track is consistent with the transport and diffusion of the seeding line. All of these factors suggest that the cloud track that is detected by satellite imaging is the direct physical evidence of cloud seeding near the cloud top, with the cloud responding to the transport and diffusion of the seeding material and/or the propagation of the glaciation by secondary effects. The track is indeed caused by the cloud seeding, and the model can predict the evolution of the response zone of cloud seeding. For this seeding case, the duration for segments of the seeding line varies between 20 and 80 min, and the time period for each segment of the seeding line diffusing to the maximum width is about from 40 to 70 min. One hour after cloud seeding, the dispersion rate of the cloud track is 7.0 km h−1, and the predicted expansion rates of the seeding material concentrations of 1 and 4 L−1 are 7.6 and 4.6 km h−1, respectively. The comparison demonstrates that the numerical model of transport and diffusion can predict the main characteristics of transport and diffusion of the seeding effect, and the simulation results are reasonable.
Satellite-Retrieved Microstructure of AgI Seeding Tracks in Supercooled Layer Clouds
Authors: Rosenfeld Daniel , Yu Xing , Dai Jin 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images revealed conspicuous tracks of glaciated cloud in thick supercooled layer clouds over central China. These tracks were identified as being artificially produced by cloud-seeding operations at the −10°C isotherm, less than 1 km below cloud tops, aimed at precipitation enhancement, by means of AgI acetone generators. The cloud composition was deduced by retrieving the cloud-top effective radius (re) and analyzing its spatial relations with cloud-top temperatures and with the visible reflectance. Cloud-top temperature varied between −13° and −17°C. The glaciation became apparent at cloud tops about 22 min after seeding. The glaciated tops sank and formed a channel in the supercooled layer cloud. The rate of sinking of about 40 cm s−1 is compatible with the fall velocity of ice crystals that are likely to form at these conditions. A thin line of new water clouds formed in the middle of the channel of the seeded track between 38 and 63 min after seeding, probably as a result of rising motions induced by the released latent heat of freezing. These clouds disappeared in the more mature segments of the seeded track, which continued to expand throughout the observation period of more than 80 min. Eventually the seeding tracks started to dissipate by expansion of the ambient cloud tops inward from the sides. Using the brightness temperature difference between 10.8 and 12.0 μm allowed for observation of the seeding signature deep in the clouds, even when it was obscured under thin supercooled layer clouds. This is the third and most detailed report of effects of advertent cloud seeding for precipitation enhancement being detected and analyzed based on satellite observations. It opens new possibilities of using satellites for directing and monitoring weather modification experiments and operations.
Daytime Global Cloud Typing from AVHRR and VIIRS: Algorithm Description, Validation, and Comparisons
Authors: Pavolonis Michael J. , Heidinger Andrew K. , Uttal Taneil 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Three multispectral algorithms for determining the cloud type of previously identified cloudy pixels during the daytime, using satellite imager data, are presented. Two algorithms were developed for use with 0.65-, 1.6-/3.75-, 10.8-, and 12.0-μm data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operational polar-orbiting satellites. The AVHRR algorithms are identical except for the near-infrared data that are used. One algorithm uses AVHRR channel 3a (1.6 μm) reflectances, and the other uses AVHRR channel 3b (3.75 μm) reflectance estimates. Both of these algorithms are necessary because the AVHRRs on NOAA-15 through NOAA-17 have the capability to transmit either channel 3a or 3b data during the day, whereas all of the other AVHRRs on NOAA-7 through NOAA-14 can only transmit channel 3b data. The two AVHRR cloud-typing schemes are used operationally in NOAA’s extended Clouds from AVHRR (CLAVR)-x processing system. The third algorithm utilizes additional spectral bands in the 1.38- and 8.5-μm regions of the spectrum that are available on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and will be available on the Visible–Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The VIIRS will eventually replace the AVHRR on board the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), which is currently scheduled to be launched in 2009. Five cloud-type categories are employed: warm liquid water, supercooled water–mixed phase, opaque ice, nonopaque high ice (cirrus), and cloud overlap (multiple cloud layers). Each algorithm was qualitatively evaluated through scene analysis and then validated against inferences of cloud type that were derived from ground-based observations of clouds at the three primary Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program sites to help to assess the potential continuity of a combined AVHRR channel 3a–AVHRR channel 3b–VIIRS cloud-type climatology. In this paper, “validation” is strictly defined as comparisons with ground-based estimates that are completely independent of the satellite retrievals. It was determined that the two AVHRR algorithms produce nearly identical results except for certain thin clouds and cloud edges. The AVHRR 3a algorithm tends to incorrectly classify the thin edges of some low- and midlevel clouds as cirrus and opaque ice more often than the AVHRR 3b algorithm. The additional techniques implemented in the VIIRS algorithm result in a significant improvement in the identification of cirrus clouds, cloud overlap, and overall phase identification of thin clouds, as compared with the capabilities of the AVHRR algorithms presented in this paper.
Using a Parameterization of a Radiative Transfer Model to Build High-Resolution Maps of Typical Clear-Sky UV Index in Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Badosa Jordi , González Josep-Abel , Calbó Josep , van Weele Michiel , McKenzie Richard L. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
To perform a climatic analysis of the annual UV index (UVI) variations in Catalonia, Spain (northeast of the Iberian Peninsula), a new simple parameterization scheme is presented based on a multilayer radiative transfer model. The parameterization performs fast UVI calculations for a wide range of cloudless and snow-free situations and can be applied anywhere. The following parameters are considered: solar zenith angle, total ozone column, altitude, aerosol optical depth, and single-scattering albedo. A sensitivity analysis is presented to justify this choice with special attention to aerosol information. Comparisons with the base model show good agreement, most of all for the most common cases, giving an absolute error within ±0.2 in the UVI for a wide range of cases considered. Two tests are done to show the performance of the parameterization against UVI measurements. One uses data from a high-quality spectroradiometer from Lauder, New Zealand [45.04°S, 169.684°E, 370 m above mean sea level (MSL)], where there is a low presence of aerosols. The other uses data from a Robertson–Berger-type meter from Girona, Spain (41.97°N, 2.82°E, 100 m MSL), where there is more aerosol load and where it has been possible to study the effect of aerosol information on the model versus measurement comparison. The parameterization is applied to a climatic analysis of the annual UVI variation in Catalonia, showing the contributions of solar zenith angle, ozone, and aerosols. High-resolution seasonal maps of typical UV index values in Catalonia are presented.
Modeling of Aerosol Dispersion from a Busy Road in the Presence of Nanoparticle Fragmentation
Authors: Gramotnev Dmitri K. , Gramotnev Galina 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A simple semianalytical model of dispersion of nanoparticle aerosols from a busy road in the presence of intensive particle fragmentation is developed. In particular, it is predicted that the total number concentration may be characterized by a significant maximum at an optimal distance from the road. Simple analytical existence conditions of such a maximum are derived. Applicability conditions for the model and the effect of turbulent diffusion and dry deposition of nanoparticles on the theoretical predictions are also discussed. As a result of the comparison of the theoretical predictions with the experimental results on the total number concentration as a function of distance from the road, the typical fragmentation rate coefficient has been determined as ≈0.086 s−1, with an estimated error of ∼30%.
Fast Computation of Microwave Radiances for Data Assimilation Using the “Successive Order of Scattering” Method
Authors: Greenwald Thomas , Bennartz Ralf , O’Dell Christopher , Heidinger Andrew 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fast and accurate radiative transfer (RT) models are crucial in making use of microwave satellite data feasible under all weather conditions in numerical weather prediction (NWP) data assimilation. A multistream “successive order of scattering” (SOS) RT model has been developed to determine its suitability in NWP for computing microwave radiances in precipitating clouds. Results show that the two-stream SOS model is up to 10 times as fast as and is as accurate as the commonly used delta-Eddington model for weaker scattering [column scattering optical depth (CSOD) &lt; 0.01], but it is less accurate and is slower for higher frequencies (&gt;30 GHz) in cases of moderately strong to strong scattering (CSOD &gt; 5). If two- and four-stream SOS models are used in combination, however, it was found that 85.5-GHz brightness temperatures computed for 1° × 1° global forecast fields were more accurate (&lt;0.5 K vs 1.5 K for CSOD &gt; 0.1) and were executed 4 times as fast as the delta-Eddington model. The SOS method has been demonstrated as an alternative to other fast RT models for providing accurate and very rapid multiple-scattering calculations at thermal wavelengths for remote sensing studies and demanding applications such as operational NWP data assimilation.