bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of losses in freshly‐imported laboratory primates during the acclimatization period
Authors: Lewis P. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObservation of large numbers of freshly‐trapped rhesus and crab‐eating macaques transported by air from Asia to an Australian laboratory has shown that severe losses may occur during the first few weeks following importation and that it is up to 12 weeks before the animals become properly acclimatized to the new environment. Deaths which occur during this period are primarily due to enteric and/or respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. In addition, endoparasitic infestations are almost invariably present; and viral infections may enhance the virulence of other pathogens.Measures which have been taken to reduce losses during the period of stabilization involve good husbandry, the treatment of parasites, and the prophylactic use of antibiotics. However, greatest success has been achieved by partly acclimatizing monkeys to captivity in the country of origin, during which period they are treated for intestinal helminths. Only robust, adolescent animals are selected for dispatch to Australia by air in small consignments.
Experimental analysis of causal relationships between grooming behavior and inter‐individual proximity in the stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides): A preliminary report
Authors: Goosen C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSome causal relationships between allogrooming, autogrooming, locomotion and close proximity in the behavior of one (adult female) Macaca arctoides while in the presence of another (adult male) monkey of the same species are reported. Allogrooming reduces the probability of walking away in the groomer, and thus increases the time spent close to the other monkey; autogrooming seems to have a similar effect. The duration of autogrooming is increased in a non‐proportional manner by reduction of locomotion, but the duration of autogrooming seems to directly reduce the amount of locomotion. Up to a certain optimal value, the duration of autogrooming increases accordingly as the time spent close to the other monkey increases. The duration of allogrooming may be influenced in the same way as the duration of autogrooming.
Maternal and paternal periods in the development of infant Callimico goeldii
Authors: Heltne Paul G. , Turner Dennis C. , Wolhandler Jill 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe paternal‐maternal‐infant interactions of contact and nursing are reported from extensive longitudinal observations on two successive Callimico births in one family. For the first two weeks, the maternal period, the infant clings exclusively to the female. In the third week the infant shifts abruptly to the male. Subsequently, during the paternal period most of the maternal‐infant contact involves nursing. The infant Callimico remains almost totally dependent until week 6, but even in week 11 it spends less than 50% of the time off a parent.
Handedness in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Rothe Hartmut 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor about 20 months the development of hand preferences in 21 experimentally naive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was examined in 15 different tests. Test preferences were compared with their spontaneous behavior preferences in such contexts as feeding, grooming, play, and others. In the spontaneous use of the hands, only eight animals showed a significant lateral preference (2 left‐handed, 6 right‐handed). During the test period, however, the number of handed marmosets increased to 19 (5 left‐handed, 14 right‐handed). Most of the animals fluctuated considerably in their preference levels, a situation which led to a remarkable test response inconsistency of handedness. When the test situation was changed, complete reversals of handedness were more frequent than weakening or strengthening of a particular preference. The animals' emotions during the test session and environmental variables affected handedness significantly. None of the tested marmosets showed an increase of hand preference from the first to the last test. Our results indicate that Callithrix is ambidextrous rather than handed.
On the function of facial muscles in different behavioral situations. A study based on muscle morphology and electromyography
Authors: Seiler Rolf 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe anatomy and function of the facial muscles of Macaca cyclopis, M. fuscata, M. irus, M. mulatta, and M. nemestrina have been correlated and analyzed by means of electromyograms made by a 12‐channel electromyograph. We made records only of those areas where there is one layer of facial muscles. Morphologically the muscular differences among the species are insignificant for the recording of EMGs. Functionally, the facial muscles moving the eyebrows and ears differ under certain conditions. There is no muscle activity during sleep: during dozing, only a slight lowering of the eyebrows was noted and sometimes an extremely low level of watching behavior. The ear and eyebrow movements during the watching responses differ among the species. The basis for threatening behavior is watching: but most species raise the ears and eyebrows more extremely in threat, and other muscle activities differ among the species. In all species, the facial muscles are contracted in fear to a greater or lesser degree. Some muscular responses, too brief to be detected by observers but recorded by the EMG, can thus be analyzed and compared with the expressions of observed behavior.
Social organization of wild talapoin monkeys
Authors: Rowell T. E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA troop of wild talapoins in Cameroon had 70 members including all age‐sex classes. Observed between the birth season and the next mating season, it was habitually divided into subgroups. Subgroups most commonly observed were (1) adult and large juvenile males: (2) adult females with infants, small juveniles, and large juvenile females; (3) medium sized juveniles with a single adult male. Adult females and adult males were rarely sighted together and never seen to interact. From observations of caged groups, predictions are made about the changes in this organization which might be expected during the breeding season. A possible parallel with the ecologically similar squirrel monkey is suggested.
Familial interactions of male rhesus monkeys in a semi‐free‐ranging troop
Authors: Miller Michael H. , Kling Arthur , Dicks Dennis 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough the central and stable position of female rhesus monkeys in semi‐free‐ranging bands has been observed and described, the position of the developing male in the social group is not as well delineated. The present study is an attempt to describe interactions of 18 males with members of their families.Quantitative observations were made on one band (E) of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago. Incidences of behavior recorded were joining, grooming, and threatening. The resulting data were analyzed by comparing the behavior of the males studied toward members of their genealogy as well as unrelated members of the social group. Behavior of family and non‐relatives toward the males was also revealed.Statistical analysis revealed that the male subjects engaged in more positive social interactions within the matrifocal family than with other members of the genealogy, and in turn, more such behavior was observed within the genealogy than with unrelated monkeys. Threatening behavior within the genealogies was infrequent.Age effects were noted in that family members directed more interactions toward younger males and as males matured, they groomed more but joined family members less frequently.These data suggest mechanisms of socialization within the genealogy that may be different from those employed within the unrelated social group.
On the genesis of a group of siamang
Authors: Aldrich‐Blake F. P. G. , Chivers D. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA population of siamang in lowland dipterocarp forest at Kuala Lompat, Pahang, Malaysia, was studied discontinuously between April 1969 and November 1971. Between March and May 1970 a sub‐adult male in the main study group became increasingly peripheral. The frequency of aggressive interactions with the adult male increased, and the sub‐adult played a greater part in group calling sessions. These changes coincided with the onset of sexual activity between the adult pair.By October 1970 the sub‐adult male had left the group, established a territory in an adjacent vacant area of forest, and been joined by a young adult female. A second, older female joined the new group in April 1971, left it again in July, and returned in September. Social relations within the new group were unstable, and its activities were less coordinated than that of the old group.It is suggested that the intolerance of the adult male during a period of reproductive activity, together with the maturation of the sub‐adult, were the crucial factors in the latter leaving the group, and that the sub‐adult's increased participation in group calling played a part in attracting females.
Ecologically differentiated patterns of aggressive and sexual behavior in two troops of Ugandan baboons, Papio anubis
Authors: Paterson James D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo baboon troops from different ecological conditions — a thicket savanna in Queen Elizabeth Park, and a forest edge in the Budongo Forest — were studied during a 15 month period. Two different social structures were found and various levels of aggressive activity were observed, both among males and among females and juveniles. The patterns of female sexual behavior differed widely between the two troops. These patterns are examined, and the genetic and environmental factors involved in the determination of aggressive and sexual behavior among baboons are discussed.
Observations on two types of neotropical primate intertaxa associations
Authors: Klein Lewis L. , Klein Dorothy J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring a socioecological field study of Colombian spider monkeys, data were collected on spatial associations and social and ecological interactions among free‐ranging Ateles belzebuth, Alouatta seniculus, Cebus apella, and Saimiri sciureus. The most frequently observed associations occurred between groups of squirrel and capuchin monkeys. Saimiri‐Cebus associations were seen at all times of day and year, but no intertaxa play, passive body contact, or grooming interactions were observed. The Saimiri‐Cebus association was paralleled by one between Saimiri and the small hawk, Harpagus bidentatus, and sometimes other insectivorous birds. These associations may be based in part on a complex balance of both mutual and one‐sided foraging advantages.Less frequent associations between Ateles and Alouatta were based on mutual attraction to specific fruiting trees or contacts occurring on travel routes. Unlike the more frequently observed associations between Saimiri and Cebus, those between Ateles and Alouatta included both positive and negative interactions; for example, mutual play, grooming, and olfactory investigation as well as threats, chases, and supplantations.
Synecology of bornean primates. I. A test for interspecific interactions in spatial distribution of five species
Authors: Rodman Peter S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a 15‐month study of anthropoid primates in the forest of eastern Borneo, observers made 1230 contacts with groups of five different species within a study area of approximately 3 km2. A test of the hypothesis that there is no effect on the presence of one species by the presence of another (using the method of partial correlation) shows that in every pair of species the presence of one has a negative effect on the presence of the other, and that in seven of ten pairs the hypothesis may be rejected at the 97% level of confidence or better. Three cases in which the hypothesis cannot be rejected are found to have biological meaning: behavioral data show that niche separation of the pairs of species is such that their distributions should be independent. In spite of widely divergent feeding and locomotor adaptations, it is apparent that the species are competing for use of the forest.
Transferrins, haptoglobins, and ceruloplasmins among tribal groups of Madagascar
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Reisman Richard , Coppenhaver Dorian , Mason George A. , Buettner‐Janusch Vina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTransferrin phenotypes of 403 Malagasy were determined by autoradiography after electrophoresis of plasma or serum. Three phenotypes, Tf C, Tf CD, and Tf D, were found. The frequency of TfD was 0.051 in the total sample, 0.041 in tribes of the Madagascar plateau, and 0.075 in tribes of the coastal and lowland regions.Haptoglobin phenotypes of 402 Malagasy were determined. The frequency of Hp1 was 0.41 in the total sample, 0.38 in tribes of the plateau, and 0.49 in coastal‐lowland tribes. There is a significant difference in the frequency of Hp1 between the tribes of the plateau and those of the coastal and lowland regions. This confirms earlier observations of significant differences in frequencies of haptoglobins and hemoglobin S.Plasma or serum samples from 405 Malagasy were examined by electrophoresis to determine ceruloplasmin phenotypes. Seven distinct ceruloplasmin bands were observed. These were A, B, Galveston, Bridgeport, New Haven, Tananarive, and X, the last two described for the first time. Ten different phenotypes composed of one or two of the bands were observed. The frequency of the allele for ceruloplasmin B (CpB) was 0.78 in the total sample, 0.73 in tribes of the plateau, and 0.92 in coastal and lowland tribes. There is a significant difference in the frequency of this allele in the two major tribal groups, and this provides additional evidence of genetic differences between the peoples of the plateau and those of the coast and lowland regions of Madagascar.
Immunoglobulins in the Eastern Carolines
Authors: Steinberg A. G. , Morton N. E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSerum samples from Micronesian populations on the Pingelap, Mokil, Ponape and Kusaie islands were tested for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) allotypes, Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 21), and for Inv (1). All four populations have the Gm phenogroups, Gm1,21, Gm1,2,21, Gm1,3,5,13,14, and Gm1,5,6. The Ponapeans have Gm1,5,13,14 also. Pedigree analysis shows that the Gm1,5,6 phenogroup in the Pingelap and Mokil populations is derived from the single offspring of a member of a crew of a whaling ship and that the Gm1,2,21 phenogroup was introduced by three non‐native individuals. The Gm allotypes indicate that the Ponapean and Kusiean populations also have phenogroups from other races, and historical data show that there has been adequate opportunity for this to have occurred. Only the phenogroups Gm1,21 and Gm1,5,13,14 appear to be endemic to eastern Micronesia.
Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition. III. Number of cusps on the upper permanent molars
Authors: Bang Gisle , Hasund Asbjørn 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study of 35 coastal and 64 inland Alaskan Eskimos revealed a reduction in the number of cusps from the first to the third maxillary molar. While 97% of the first molars had four cusps, only 39.6% of the second molars and 15.2% of the third molars had that number.The reduction occurs through elimination of the hypocone.No statistically significant sex difference in the trend towards reduction in the cusp numbers was found.In the inland female group the occurrence of four cusps in the maxillary second molar was statistically higher than in the coastal female group. This may be due to a more pronounced racial admixture of white people along the coast. A similar difference, although not statistically significant, was found in the corresponding male groups.Alaskan Eskimos have a tendency towards a lower frequency of four cusps on all three maxillary molars than Aleuts. Only the second molar exhibited a statistically significant difference in this respect.A statistical evaluation revealed that in the Alaskan Eskimo maxillary first and third molars the reduction of cusps is independent of the size and form of the molars and of the suppression of the third molar.For the second molar, however, the groups with four well‐developed cusps showed significantly larger buccolingual diameter.
Growth and skeletal maturation in British Columbia Indian populations
Authors: Birkbeck J. A. , Lee M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStature and skeletal maturation in childhood, mature stature, and calorie and protein intakes were studied in two populations of British Columbia Indians. Although mature stature was similar in both groups, one population (Anaham) showed delayed stature achieved for age and delayed skeletal maturity in childhood, compared with the other population (Ahousat). Analysis of growth data suggests that environmental factors are probably the predominant cause of the differences, which coincide with differences in nutritional status. Mean calorie intakes at Ahousat approximate or exceed the Canadian Dietary Standards, but those at Anaham are consistently below the standards for all age groups. Although mean protein intakes are well above the standards for all age groups, except teen‐age girls at both reserves, they are consistently lower at Anaham than at Ahousat.
Size and shape in similarity coefficients based on metric characters
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA variety of quantitative measures of distance and similarity have been used in physical anthropology, often without sufficient prior testing of their usefulness and understanding of their meaning. A variety of such coefficients were compared by applying them to an odontometric sample. It was found that Penrose's size‐shape dichotomy extends not only to his coefficients but to all other similarity measures as well, such as the coefficient of racial likeness, generalized distance, canonical variates, and Q‐mode correlation. Only size differences were detected by the C.R.L., Penrose's size distance, D2, and canonical variates, and as a result these methods failed to produce an accurate classification. Penrose's shape distance and Q‐mode correlation coefficients produced better results due to their determination of similarity on the basis of more important shape and morphological differences. The D2and canonical variates methods were converted to shape measures through Q‐mode standardization of the raw data, whereupon they also produced more meaningful results.
Study on some genetic traits of Tibetans at Chandragiri, district Ganjam, Orissa
Authors: Patel S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe incidence of ABH secretion, dry cerumen, ear‐lobe attachment, hand clasping, arm‐folding, and digital hair, occipital hair whorl and relative length of first and second toes is reported for Tibetan refugees. In those traits for which comparative data are available, they resemble Mongoloid rather than Caucasoid populations.
A‐B‐O groups of Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus, Kerr) in South Africa
Authors: Downing H. J. , Milner L. V. , Rogers V. J. , Skinner D. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe blood and saliva groups of 51 Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus, Kerr) were determined. The ABO blood group frequencies differed significantly from another subspecies (P. u. ursinus) but they gave a close agreement with the Hardy‐Weinberg estimates. Thus the data are compatible with the hypothesis that the saliva groups of baboons are the products of two allelic genes A and B that are inherited in a similar manner to the A and B genes of humans.
Precision casting: A new method in museum technology
Authors: Parsons Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBy employing a version of industrial slush casting to conventional silicone rubber moulds and simultaneously applying internal pressure, accurate epoxy resin casts may be obtained, varying by less than 1.0% from the original. This is made possible by the construction of a machine which rotates the moulds through all axes.When applied to fossil crania these moulding and casting methods not only accurately reproduce the external morphology, but when access permits, simultaneously copy the endocranium. The dimensional accuracy is reproduced throughout for any given measurement.By using a variety of colouring methods these casts also produce replicas which closely approximate the appearance of the original.
How large were the australopithecines?
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStature of the African early hominids is estimated from most of the available fragments of fossil long bones by means of regression analysis. The average height of the South African gracile australopithecines is predicted to be 145.1 cm (4′9″) where n = 4 and of the South African robust forms, 152.7 cm (5′) where n = 3. The East African early hominids are somewhat taller (x = 163.0 cm or 5′4″, where n = 7). Variability in stature is high even within the same site which is probably a reflection of fairly strong sexual dimorphism in body size.Evidence is presented which suggests that at least in one form of early hominid the size proportions of fore‐ and hindlimbs are different than in modern man. There is also evidence that average stature may have increased through time.The most significant of these findings is that the two forms of early hominids in South Africa are possibly more similar in stature than is usually cited. This does not imply necessarily that the two forms did not differ significantly in robustness or weight.
Sexual differences in the anterior dentition in African primates
Authors: Almquist Alan J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study was made of ranges of variation of the anterior dentition of various African nonhuman primates. Comparisons of the dentitions were made between different species and sex differences within each species were determined. Among the nonhuman primate groups studied were: Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercocebus albigena and Colobus badius. In monkeys the canine teeth of the males are considerably larger than those of the females. There are also considerable differences in size in the rest of the anterior dentition. In apes, and specifically only gorillas, distinct sex differences are only found in the maxillary canines. In the chimpanzees, sex differences in the dentition are much smaller and there is considerable overlap in the ranges of variation. There are no fundamental differences in the size of the rest of the anterior dentition in the apes. The present study shows that differences due to sex in the anterior dentition, excluding the canine, are not as great as has been considered. If we consider the fossil record of man, whose morphological complex includes a much reduced canine, the probability will be that sex differences in the rest of the dentition will be negligible. Given the fragmentary nature of the fossil record, it is, therefore, highly unlikely that the determination of the sex of any fossil hominid specimen can be accurately made based solely on the evidence of its dentition.
Approximal grooving of teeth
Authors: Wallace John A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractApproximal grooving of teeth is a form of tooth wear seen in some fossil hominids (Neandertal Man and Pekin Man) and in some primitive peoples (Bushmen, Australian aborigines and American Indians). Previous workers have claimed the grooves were produced either by an acid secreted from the gum or by constant probings with a tooth‐pick. The purpose of this paper is to refute these hypotheses, and to suggest from observations on the morphology of the grooves in four Bushman skulls, one American Indian skull, and one South African Negro skull that the approximal grooves are produced by dietary grit (sand and soil in the food and drinking water) being sucked from the vestibule into the oral cavity proper during the mouth‐cleansing phase of swallowing.