bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of initiation of DNA synthesis in plants
Authors: Hamer M J , Hamil Ton J , White A , Rosamond J , Bray C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central feature of the control of growth and differentiation in plants concerns the control of both the timing and direction of cell division. Examples of periods during the life cycle of a higher plant at which this control is exhibited include seed development and germination, leaf development in cereals, and floral induction in the shoot apex. Indeed, plant morphogenesis is dependent predominantly upon the spatial and temporal control of cell expansion and division (Doonan 1991). In all eukaryotes, cell division appears to be regulated by p34cctc kinase-cyclin complexes which are activated at the 02/M transition and which trigger the events required for entry into mitosis (Nurse 1990). There appears to be a high degree of conservation of at least some of the components which regulate mitosis amongst eukaryotes and this has allowed the substitution of yeast genes by homologues from distantly related organisms such as Homo sapiens (Lee and Nurse 1989) and plants (Colosanti et al. 1991). The p34cctc homologue for maize has also been demonstrated to be associated with the preprophase band in dividing plant cells and to have a role in establishing the division site in these cells (Colosanti et al. 1993). Although the control mechanisms operative at the G2/M transition have been extensively studied in both yeasts and higher eukaryotes, much less is known about the controls acting at the other major mitotic cell cycle control point, i.e. at the G1/S transition prior to the initiation of DNA synthesis. However, recent evidence from budding yeast suggests that interactions between p3c4ctc and unstable G1 cyclins are an important aspect of that control. Regulation at Gl/S appears to be important in higher plants, particularly in developing seeds where the nuclei of many species are arrested exclusively in the G1 phase of the cell division cycle, indicating a strict control of nuclear events which ensures that all nuclei enter the final developmental and drying phases of maturation at the same stages of their cell cycle (Bewley and Black 1985).
Protein kinases that are expressed in oat aleurone cells
Authors: Huttly A K , Phillips A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a mature cereal grain, the aleurone layer that surrounds the endosperm is responsible for the de nova synthesis and secretion of a range of hydrolytic enzymes during germination. Since isolated aleurone layers can be induced to synthesize the same hydrolytic enzymes by the exogenous application of gibberellins (GAs), it is suggested that GAs, synthesized by the embryo, act to coordinate the breakdown of the stored reserves present in the endosperm with the growth of the embryo (see Fincher 1989). Isolated aleurone layers also respond to exogenous application of ABA, which inhibits the GA-induced production of hydrolytic enzymes. This, it has been proposed, may be important in the later stages of grain development to prevent premature germination, or to enable the grain to arrest endosperm mobilization transiently during germination in response to unfavourable conditions such as water stress.
Insect navigation: low-level solutions to high-level tasks
Authors: Wehner Rudiger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since von Frisch discovered that bees can detect the polarization of sky-light and use it for navigation, the question has been asked how the bee’s brain accomplishes this formidable task. Some authors assumed that the insect would somehow remember the celestial (E-vector) pattern last seen, and later try to match it with whatever part of the pattern is available during a subsequent foraging trip (von Frisch 1965; Stock hammer 1959). Another author held that bees would translate the celestial E-vector pattern into a colour pattern, which they then analysed using their trichromatic colour-vision system (van der Glas 1975).
Primates, bees, and UGVs (unmanned ground vehicles) in motion
Authors: üller Cornelia Ferm , Aloimonos Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A challenging problem for the practitioners of computational vision is developing computational theories that can be beneficial to the empirical sciences studying perception. With a computational theory in mind, empirical scientists can form hypotheses regarding the structure and function of vision systems in the biological world. Appropriately designed experiments can then validate or reject such hypotheses.
Ecology of small reptile-grade sauropsids
Authors: Avery R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extremely small adult sizes in reptile-grade sauropsids are found only in lizards. Analysis of size distributions of 1200 species from seven geographical areas for which reasonably complete data can be assembled shows that lizards with adult snout-vent lengths (SVL) of less than 20 mm (body mass in these animals will be less than 0.5 g) constitute less than 0.1% of the total and are found only within tropical latitudes in the West Indies. Lizards with adult SVL less than 30 mm (body mass of these animals will be less than 1 g) are also uncommon, accounting for less than 5% of the total. They are not found in the two analysed geographical areas which lie entirely outside the tropics (north and east Argentina, and Europe). On the other hand, the modal size classes for lizards in tropical areas are 30.1-40.0 or/and 40.1-50.0 mm SVL. There is a progressive shift in modal size classes in lizard faunas with increasing distance from the Equator. These patterns are discussed. An attempt is made to assess the contribution of ecological studies of relative size, especially in island lizard faunas, to understanding the ecology and adaptive significance of very small size.
The greenhouse effect and global warming
Authors: Mason John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir John Mason, FRS, is Britain’s leading meteorological scientist and the country’s foremost expert on the greenhouse effect and global warming. After holding a Lectureship in Meteorology and then the Professorship of Cloud Physics at Imperial College London, Sir John was appointed Director-General of the Meteorological Office in 1965. He held that post for 18 years and presided over the computerization of Britain’s weather forecasting. Since 1983, he has directed the Royal Society’s Programme on the Acidification of Surface Waters. ln 1986 Sir John was elected President of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST). He has published two seminal books on the physics of clouds and is the author of numerous papers on physics and meteorology.
Monitoring the Ocean
Authors: Woods John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr John Woods has been Director of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) since 1986; he is one of Britain’s leading oceanographers. During six years as Senior, then Principal Research Officer with the Meteorological Office, he engaged in pioneering research into turbulence and fronts in the upper ocean. 1n 1972 he was appointed Professor of Oceanography at the University of Southampton and from 1977 spent nine years as Director of Regional Oceanography at the Kiel lnstitut für Meereskunde in Germany, where the focus of his research was the warm-water sphere of the North Atlantic. A few days before delivering this Linacre Lecture, John Woods had been asked by the British Government to help co-ordinate the Western scientific response to the release by Iraq of vast quantities of Kuwaiti oil into the Gulf He is the author of several books and numerous papers on marine and atmospheric physics.
The natural world: a global casino
Authors: Phillipson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr John Phillipson, Chairman of the Royal Society for Nature Conservation (RSNC), is a former Fellow and now Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College. As Reader in Animal Ecology at Oxford University he was responsible for important research in energy flow through ecosystems which broke new ground. Following retirement from his Readership in 1987, John Phillipson devoted much of his time to a study of the neglect of the natural world. He spent two years travelling throughout the world on behalf of the World Wide Fund For Nature, leading a team charged with assessing the value and progress of a wide variety of conservation projects. His final report, which was highly critical of the ill-advised use of resources by a number of governments and organizations, attracted considerable publicity.
Pelagic fish
Authors: Coulter G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pelagic fish community is composed of large and continuous populations of six endemic species. These are the two sardine-like clupeids, Stolothrissa tanganicae and Limnothrissa miodon, and four members of the genus Lates (Family Centropomidae) commonly known as ‘nile perch’. The Lates spp. prey on the clupeids. Predator-prey interrelationships play a fundamental role in the life histories of these species, and many features that classically characterize such relationships in pelagic communities elsewhere occur here too.
Electrical Machines and Drives
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The operation and simulation of a.c. and d.c. machines and a large number of variable-speed drives, including some of the most recently introduced modern drives, are discussed here, and a general theory applicable during their steady-state and transient operation is presented. Although the detailed mathematical analysis given relies mainly on space-vector theory, the relationship to other theories, including the matrix theory of generalized machine theory, is also emphasized. Many of the equations are given in their state-variable or analytical forms so that they can be used directly for computer simulations or for hand calculations. The novel features of this book include: the `exact' and `simplified' performance analysis of a.c. machines and a large number of variable-speed drives are described; both the large- and small-signal equations are given; the effects of magnetic saturation are incorporated into the different models of smooth-air gap and salient-pole machines; the space-vector model is extended to the double-cage induction machine and the salient-pole synchronous machine; it is demonstrated how all the various machine models used in the matrix model of electrical machines can be obtained from the simple space-vector model without having to use matrix transformations; a systematic approach is given for the a priori deduction of all the transformations used in generalized machine theory; and permanent-magnet machines both the surface-mounted and with interior magnets are discussed. Electrical machines and drives can be used without any prior knowledge of space-vector or other theories; it is aimed at students, teachers, and those researching in industry and universities, who require a deep understanding of the various aspects of the operation and the theories of electrical machines and drives and their simulation.
Introducing Einstein’s Relativity
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little doubt that Einstein's theory of relativity captures the imagination. Not only has it radically altered the way we view the universe, but the theory also has a considerable number of surprises in store. This is especially so in the three main topics of current interest that this book reaches, namely: black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. The main aim of this textbook is to provide students with a sound mathematical introduction coupled to an understanding of the physical insights needed to explore the subject. Indeed, the book follows Einstein in that it introduces the theory very much from a physical point of view. After introducing the special theory of relativity, the basic field equations of gravitation are derived and discussed carefully as a prelude to first solving them in simple cases and then exploring the three main areas of application. Einstein's theory of relativity is undoubtedly one of the greatest achievements of the human mind. Yet, in this book, the author makes it possible for students with a wide range of abilities to deal confidently with the subject. Based on the author's fifteen years experience of teaching this subject, this is achieved by breaking down the main arguments into simple logical steps. The book includes numerous illustrative diagrams and exercises (of varying degrees of difficulty), and as a result this book makes an excellent course for any student coming to the subject for the first time.
The key attributes of special relativity
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We start this chapter by deriving again the Lorentz transformations, but this time by using a more standard approach. We shall work in non-relativistic units in which the speed of light is denoted by c.We restrict attention to two inertial observers Sand S’in standard configuration. As before, we shall show that the Lorentz transformations follow from the two postulates, namely, the principle of special relativity and the constancy of the velocity of light.
Tensor calculus
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we met algebraic operations which are tensorial, that is, which convert tensors into tensors. The operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and contraction. The next question which arises is, What differential operations are there that are tensorial? The answer to this turns out to be very much more involved. The first thing we shall see is that partial differentiation of tensors is not tensorial.
The principles of general relativity
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are at last ready to embark on our central task, namely, that of extending special relativity to a theory which incorporates gravitation. In this chapter, we shall undertake a detailed consideration of the physical principles which guided Einstein in his search for the general theory. There is a school of thought that considers this an unnecessary process, but rather argues that it is sufficient to state the theory and investigate its consequences. There seems little doubt, however, that consideration of these physical principles helps give insight into the theory and promotes understanding. The mere fact that they were important to Einstein would seem sufficient to justify their inclusion. If nothing else, it will help us to understand how one of the greatest achievements of the human mind came about. Many physical theories today start by specifying a Lagrangian from which everything else flows. Indeed, we could adopt the same attitude with general relativity, but in so doing we would miss out on gaining some understanding of how the framework of general relativity is different again from the framework of Newtonian theory or special relativity. Moreover, if we discover limitations in the theory, then there is more chance of rescuing it by investigating the physical basis of the theory rather than simply tinkering with the mathematics. It is perhaps significant that Einstein devoted much of his later life to an attempt to unify general relativity and electromagnetism by various mathematical devices, but without success.
Determinant and inverse
Authors: Barnett Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader who worked through Exercise 3.1 will have found that the solution of The solution (4.2) is valid only if d*0, so d determines whether the equations (4.1) have a unique solution. For this reason d is called the determinant of the matrix of coefficients and is written delta, IAI, for the general 2 x 2 matrix A in (4.4). In fact, determinants were studied !ong before the introduction of matrices but are now much less important.
Optimal Control An Introduction to the Theory with Applications
Authors: Hocking Leslie M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Systems that evolve with time occur frequently in nature and modelling the behaviour of such systems provides an important application of mathematics. These systems can be completely deterministic, but it may be possible too to control their behaviour by intervention through 'controls'. The theory of optimal control is concerned with determining such controls which, at minimum cost, either direct the system along a given trajectory or enable it to reach a given point in its state space. This textbook is a straightforward introduction to the theory of optimal control with an emphasis on presenting many different applications. Professor Hocking has taken pains to ensure that the theory is developed to display the main themes of the arguments but without using sophisticated mathematical tools. Problems in this setting can arise across a wide range of subjects and there are illustrative examples of systems from as diverse fields as dynamics, economics, population control, and medicine. Throughout there are many worked examples, and numerous exercises (with solutions) are provided.
Linear codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin by taking another look at our example codes from Chapter 1 in the light of a natural arithmetic on B. That will lead us to define a special class of codes called linear codes (some authors call these group codes). Linear codes are amenable to the standard techniques of linear algebra and that makes it possible to devise efficient implementations for them. It is fair to say that although some theoretically good non-linear block codes are known, virtually all block codes used in practice are linear.
Appendix LA Linear algebra
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This appendix gives a sketch of that part of linear algebra that is required for coding theory. The appendix is not intended to be a learning text and the reader who is completely unfamiliar with the subject should study one of the textbooks Birkhoff and MacLane (1977), Cohn (1982), Noble and Daniel (1977) or Strang (1980) before tackling coding theory.
BCH codes as polynomial codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polynomial corresponding to a word w will be denoted by w(x), using the same letter, indeed we shall eventually identify words and polynomials. The set of all binary polynomials of degree less than n will be denoted by Pn (P for polynomial, but note that the maximum degree is n -1). If c is a code word of a code C we shall call the corresponding polynomial c(x) a code polynomial of c.
VPS15
Authors: Herman P K , Stack, J H , Emr S D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
vps7 S mutants exhibit severe defects in the sorting of several soluble vacuolar hydrolases, including carboxypeptidase Y (CPY), proteinase A and proteinase B1·2. In vps7 S mutants, &gt;95% of the newly-synthesized CPY is missorted and secreted as an inactive, Golgi-modified precursor molecule. These severe localization defects appear to be specific for soluble vacuolar proteins, since two vacuolar membrane proteins, alkaline phosphatase and a-mannosidase, appear to be properly localized to the vacuolar compartment in vpsl S mutants. In addition, vps7 S mutant cells possess a large vacuolar compartment in mother cells3 .4, and exhibit a defect in bud vacuole inheritance typical of class D vps mutants3.4. vps7 5 mutants also exhibit a temperaturesensitive (ts) growth defect and an increased sensitivity to conditions of osmotic stress. Interestingly, a gene deletion/disruption of the VPS7 S locus results in a ts growth defect indicating that the VPS1S gene is essential for vegetative growth only at elevated growth temperatures.
VMA3
Authors: Ho M N , Stevens T H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sequence of the VMA3 gene (GenBank accession #X15155) contains an open reading frame encoding a hydrophobic protein of 160 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 16.3 kDa12 The amino acid sequence exhibits 58% identity to the proteolipid of bovine chromaffin granules V-type H+-ATPase and shows similar identity to vacuolar H+-ATPase proteolipids from other organisms. Vma3p is predicted to have four transmembrane spanning regions, however it does not appear to have a cleavable signal sequence12. In addition, Vma3p contains a putative N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)binding site at glutamic acid residue 1374.
VPH1
Authors: Manolson M , Protean D , Preaton, R A , Jones E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mutations in the VPH1 gene result in a vacuolar pH of 6.9 instead of the wild type pH 6.2. Purified vacuoles from vph1 strains have no detectable bafilomycin-sensitive ATP hydrolysis or proton-pumping activity. The two nucleotide binding subunits (60 and 69 kDa) of the vacuolar H+ATPase are not associated with the vacuolar membrane, yet are found in wild type levels in whole cell extracts of mutant yeast4 The mutant vacuoles fail to accumulate quinacrine and hyperaccumulate 6-carboxyfluorescein1 Haploid yeast cells in which 64% of the VPH1 open reading frame has been deleted are viable and have normal vacuolar protease activity despite the neutral pH vacuole.
Rab21
Authors: Chavrier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rab21 was first isolated by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach with degenerate oligonucleotides as a cDNA fragment containing a portion of the open reading frame between the first and second conserved regions involved in GTP binding (originally named Pcr-Rab12) (Chavrier et al. 1992). The full-length Rab21 cDNA was cloned by probing a MDCKII cell cDNA library with an oligonucleotide corresponding to the sequence FNDKHIT-TLQAS specific for Rab21 (Chavrier and Zerial, unpublished). The DNA sequence of canine Rab21 is shown in Fig. 1. Northern-blot analysis performed with the Rab21 cDNA probe reveals three major transcripts of approximately 1.6,2.5 and 4.0 kb expressed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells (Chavrier eta/. 1992).
Rab23
Authors: Olkkonen Vesa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sequence was first identified in the PCR study of Chavrier et al. (1992). Here, Rab/Rho-related sequences were amplified from adult mouse kidney cDNA using degenerated oligonucleotides corresponding to two of the conserved sequence stretches of Rab/Rho GTPases as primers. The PCR-Rab15 sequence was used for making gene-specific primers, and the short cDNA fragment was extended to the 5’ and 3’ directions by the RACE PCR protocols (Frohman eta/. 1988; Chavrier eta/. 1992; Walker eta/. 1992). The sequence of the complete ORF (Fig. 1) was renamed Rab23 (Olkkonen et al. 1993). The EMBL data-base/GenBank accession number of the sequence is Z22821.
Ypt53p
Authors: Singer-Kruger Birgit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like YPT51, YPT53 was identified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach to find putative homologs of the mammalian Rab5 proteins (Singer-Kruger etal. 1994). The two degenerated oligonucleotides that were used corresponded to the sequences GXXXXGKS/T and LAPMYYR.
An Introduction to the Cytokines
Authors: Nicola N A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the purposes of the present volume, cytokines are defined as secreted regulatory proteins that control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissue cells. Cytokines encompass those families of regulators variously known as growth factors, colony-stimulating factors, interleukins, lymphokines, monokines, and interferons. I have excluded most of the classical endocrine hormones because their general properties are different from those of the cytokines (see Table 1) and because they have been amply described in other texts. Nevertheless, there are no sharp boundaries that distinguish cytokines from other regulatory proteins and the selections in this book reflect my own bias.