bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Static Root Parameters Biomass, Length, and Distribution in the Soil Profile
Authors: Bledsoe Caroline S , Fahey Timothy J , Day Frank P , Ruess Roger W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At all levels of ecological organization in terrestrial ecosystems, the structure and function of plant root systems are crucial. The physiological, architectural, and morphological features of individual root systems affect many processes-the development of soils; the composition of soil organisms; the turnover of soil organic matter; the acquisition of water and nutrients for plants; and the establishment, growth, reproduction, and mortality of plant populations. Competition for soil resources among individuals often determines survival and dominance of plants in the community. Moreover, the allocation of energy to belowground tissue fuels the complex soil community that regulates the cycling of nutrients and flow of energy through soils. Thus, our understanding of ecosystem structure and function and our ability to predict ecological responses to environmental change depend in large part on the availability of accurate information on plant root systems.
Analyzing Bach Cantatas
Authors: Chafe Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bach cantatas are among the highest achievements of Western musical art; yet studies of individual Bach cantatas that are both illuminating and detailed are few in number. In this book Eric Chafe combines theological, historical, analytical, and interpretive approaches to the cantatas to offer the reader and listener the richest possible experience of the works in the light of the composer’s intentions and of the enduring and universal qualities of the works. Concentrating on a small number of representative cantatas, mostly from the Leipzig cycles of 1723-24 and 1724-25, and in particular on Cantata 77, Chafe illustrates how Bach strove to mirror both the dogma and the mystery of religious experience in musical allegory.
Moral Absolutism And The Double Effect Exception: Reflections On Joseph Boyle’s ‘‘Who Is Entitled To Double Effect?’’
Authors: Donagan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Catholic moralists, especially those who have to do with the practice of medicine, have long accepted that some moral prohibitions are not absolute, but admit exceptions when what is putatively prohibited because of a bad effect has a counterbalancing good effect. In recent years their doctrine has attracted much interest and some favor among secular non-Catholics. Moralists influenced by Kant, however, tend to resist ‘‘double effect’’ exceptions as superfluous. The issues are confusing, because not only are theories of the double effect exception various, but so also are theories according to which it is superfluous. Joseph Boyle’s illuminating exploration of some of the theories in the field, both Catholic and non-Catholic, and his exposition and persuasive defense of a particular Catholic theory of it, disentangle some of my own perplexities;and in what follows, I shall try to disentangle some others.
Maximal Specificity and Lawlikeness in Probabilistic Explanation
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article, I propose to reconsider certain basic issues in the logic of probabilistic-statistical explanation and to respond to some criticisms and constructive suggestions concerning my previous writings on the subject. In my articles [4] and [5], I contrasted probabilistic, or inductive-statistical (I-S), explanation with deductive-nomological (D-N) explanation. A D-N explanation is an argument in which the explanandum sentence, which describes whatever is being explained, is deduced from a set of explanans sentences which include one or more laws or theoretical principles and usually, though not necessarily, also certain statements of particulars, such as initial or boundary conditions. An argument of this kind explains the explanandum phenomenon by showing that it was to be expected in view of the general laws adduced, given the particular circumstances specified. Such an account might, therefore, be said to exhibit the nomic expectability of the explanandum phenomenon.
Turns in the Evolution of the Problem of Induction
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the days of Hume’s skeptical doubt, philosophical conceptions of the problem of induction and of ways in which it might be properly solved or dissolved have undergone a series of striking metamorphoses. In my essay, I propose to examine some of those turnings, which seem to me to raise particularly important questions about the nature of empirical knowledge and especially scientific knowledge. Many, but by no means all, of the statements asserted by empirical science at a given time are accepted on the basis of previously established evidence sentences. Hume’s skeptical doubt reflects the realization that most of those indirectly, or inferentially, accepted assertions rest on evidence that gives them no complete, no logically conclusive, support. This is, of course, the point of Hume’s observation that even if we have examined many occurrences of A and have found them all to be accompanied by B, it is quite conceivable, or logically possible, that some future occurrence of A might not be accompanied by B.
Hempel’s Logicist Philosophy of Mathematics, Background and Sequel
Authors: Hintikka Jaakko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main tenets of Hempel’s philosophy of mathematics are easily described. This philosophy is a paradigmatic form of what is known as the logicist approach to mathematics. Its main theses are (a) that mathematical truths are analytic a priori and (b) that mathematics is a branch of logic. The second thesis can be looked upon as a way of helping to establish the former. In other words, (a) mathematical propositions cannot be disproved by any conceivable empirical evidence, but they do so only at a price: they do not convey any factual information.
The Erotics of Talk “That Oldest Human Longing” in Their Eyes Were Watching God
Authors: Kaplan Carla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reduced to its basic narrative components, Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is the story of a young woman in search of an orgasm. From the moment Janie is “summoned to behold a revelation” and witnesses the “panting,” “frothing,” “ecstatic,” “creaming” fulfillment of a blossoming pear tree,1 her quest is set; she wants, as she puts it, “tuh utilize mahself all over” (p. 169). The novel was written in a cultural context of multiple sanctions against any representation of black female sexuality.2
I
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the ages of thirteen and twenty-five, Joao Romao worked for the proprietor of a dingy and squalid but profitable tavern and general store in the back streets of Botafogo. Joao spent so little during those dozen years that, when his employer returned to his native Portugal, the young man received, in payment for his labors, not only the bar and its contents but 1,500 mil-reis in cash. An established proprietor in his own right, Joao toiled even more feverishly, possessed by such a thirst for riches that he patiently endured the cruelest hardships. He slept on a straw mat on the counter, using a burlap sack stuffed with straw for his pillow. His meals were prepared, for 400 reis a day, by Bertoleza, a black slave some thirty years old.
VIII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next day, Jeronimo stopped work at noon and, instead of eating lunch with the other employees at the quarry, he headed for home. After barely touching what his wife had put in front of him, he climbed into bed and told her to inform Joao Romao that he was ill and was going to take the afternoon off. And she left, feeling very concerned. Any little ailment he had drove her crazy with worry. “He’ s so strong and healthy; what can be the matter? Could it be yellow fever? 0 Jesus, Son of God, I should n’ t even think such thoughts! Help me!”
X
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the courtyard, where this piece of news caused a sensation, one could see Leonor and Isaura appear from time to time at the wide open windows, shaking rugs and straw mats, beating them with sticks, shutting their eyes against the clouds of dust that billowed forth like gun smoke. Other servants had been hired for the occasion. In the front parlor, blacks were scrubbing the floor, and the kitchen was in an uproar. Dona Estela, in a cambric dressing gown adorned with pink bows, could be glimpsed flitting to and fro as she gave orders, cooling herself with a big fan.
XI
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While her neighbors were defending their homes tooth and nail, she had quietly piled up straw and kindling outside number twelve and set fire to it. Fortunately, the blaze was put out in time, but its consequences were as disastrous as if it had burned unabated, for although the houses were saved from the flames, they were devastated by the police. Some were completely destroyed. And things would have turned out worse had that providential downpour not also doused the policemen’s ardor. They retreated without a single prisoner: “If we take one, they’ll all follow us to the station. God preserve us!” Besides, what for? They had already accomplished their mission!
XIII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as any tenant left Sao Romao, a crowd of candidates appeared, all squabbling over the vacant house. Delporto and Pompeo had been carried off by yellow fever, and three other Italians’ lives were in danger. The number of inhabitants increased; each two-room house was subdivided into cubicles the size of coffins, and the women kept bearing children with the regularity of a herd of cows. A family consisting of a widowed mother and five unmarried daughters, the oldest of whom was thirty and the youngest fifteen, moved into the house Dona Isabel had vacated a few days after Pombinha’ s wedding.
Margaret Fuller, “A Short Essay on Critics” (July 1840)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS ESSAY BRIEFLY distills Fuller’s critical views at the time, as she describes the subjective, apprehensive, and comprehensive types of critics. At a period when reviews were either straightforward summaries of the work under discussion, vicious attacks on people or ideas the reviewer did not like, or blatant encomiums (or “puffs”) of friends’ works, Fuller’s idea of establishing critical standards was unusual.
Platonism and Anti-Platonism in Mathematics
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Balaguer demonstrates that there are no good arguments for or against mathematical platonism. He does this by establishing that both platonism and anti-platonism are defensible views. Introducing a form of platonism (“full-blooded platonism”) that solves all problems traditionally associated with the view, he proceeds to defend anti-platonism (in particular, mathematical fictionalism) against various attacks, most notably the Quine-Putnam indispensability attack. He concludes by arguing that it is not simply that we do not currently have any good argument for or against platonism, but that we could never have such an argument and, indeed, that there is no fact of the matter as to whether platonism is correct.
Accounting for Indispensable Applications from a Fictionalist Point of View
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We still need a response to the Quine-Putnam worry that fictionalists cannot account for the applications of mathematics to empirical science. In chapter 6, I provided some motivation for the claim that fictionalists can respond to this worry by arguing that none of these applications are indispensable to empirical science. But I did not give a complete argument for this claim, and so chapter 6 did not contain a complete response to the Quine-Putnam argument. In this chapter, I will provide a complete response to that argument, but I will do this by following a different strategy. In particular, I will (a) assume (for the sake of argument) that there do exist some indispensable applications of mathematics to empirical science, and (b) account for these applications from a fictionalist point of view.
Virtues and Vices
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral philosophy used to be primarily concerned, not with particular acts, but with those traits of character that were virtues and vices. Hobbes says “the science of virtue and vice, is moral philosophy.”1 However I have defined morality without even mentioning virtue or vice. Nonetheless, I realize that no account of morality is complete without an account of virtue and vice. Moreover, as a practical matter, children should be taught morality by means of the moral virtues. It is only in theoretical contexts that the moral and personal virtues are derived from more basic concepts, although this theoretical understanding is helpful in teaching the virtues. The basic concepts, especially that of rationality, discussed in previous chapters shall be used to provide accounts of both moral and personal virtue and also to explain the distinction between them. Failure to make this distinction is another explanation for the false philosophical view that morality is primarily a general guide for an individual seeking the best life. I shall also provide accounts of particular virtues and vices, both moral and personal.
Moral Judgments
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As shown in the first chapter, all previous accounts of moral judgments are inadequate because they provide no clear distinction between moral and nonmoral judgments. These linguistic or metaethical accounts are unable to provide a clear distinction because they are primarily theories about the purposes of making moral judgments, not about the content of these judgments.1 The various linguistic theories of moral judgments are thus not mistaken accounts of the nature of moral judgments, rather they are accounts of the way that many judgments, including moral judgments are used. Since nonmoral judgments, such as financial and prudential judgments, have many of the same functions as moral judgments, what the various linguistic accounts say about moral judgments applies equally well to many kinds of nonmoral judgments. Thus, all of these theories have something of value to say about the functions and purposes of making moral judgments, even if they do not distinguish moral judgments from nonmoral judgments.
Morality and Society
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 8 I showed that all societies, no matter how small, have a legal system, that is, a system of rules that applies to all persons in the society and that most of them use to guide their behavior and to make judgments about the behavior of others. I suspect that many people would call these simple legal systems moral systems and that is why they claim that different societies have completely different moralities. But this claim ignores the fact that morality is a public system; a moral judgment cannot be made on the action of someone who is justifiably ignorant of what he should have done. But a legal system is not a public system; ignorance, even completely justified ignorance, of the law sometimes does not exempt one from legal judgments. Further, a legal system can be based on authority; for example, a rule can be a law because the ruler, or God, is thought to have authorized it. A legal rule need not have the kind of content that would allow a rational person to favor it being part of a public system that governs the behavior of all those to whom it applies. A moral system must be a public system; that is, it must be understood by all those to whom it applies, and it cannot be irrational for any of them to use the system as a guide for their actions.
Understanding Your Keyboard Instrument
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At your lessons and practice sessions, you may be playing an acoustic piano or an electric, digital keyboard. Acoustic pianos are those that are not plugged in (comparable to a traditional guitar, either classical or folk). Acoustie pianos do not depend on electricity to deliver or enhance the sound. Pianists—unlike singers, flutists, and harmonica players—usually do not take their own acoustic instrument with them when leaving home. Instead, they learn to adjust to the wide variety of instruments they encounter and do the best they can with whatever piano is available.
Developing Musicality
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“But,” you say, “I’m only a beginner! I’m just starting. How can I sound like a musician? How can I make my playing sound musical? Aren’t you expecting too much? Doesn’t that have to happen much later?” With confidence, I offer you my answers: “No. I am not expecting too much. No! You do not have to wait until much later in order to sound musical.”
Feeling Crazy
Authors: Benson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of responsibility has figured prominently in feminist theorizing. Feminists have explored ways in which received conditions of blameworthiness and excuse mask and thereby sustain social arrangements that oppress women. Men who reap advantages from such arrangements are commonly in a position to justify their conduct by appealing to gendered social norms that grant men special prerogatives (“Lighten up! Surely there is nothing wrong in my just looking, teasing ... “) or by professing their innocent motives (“I didn’t mean any harm by it”). Alternatively, men may exempt themselves from responsibility by deflecting accountability away from individuals to larger social systems over which individuals seem powerless (“It’s not my fault; that’s just the way the system works”). In such ways, conditions of responsibility are interpreted so as to license male irresponsibility. Systematic distortion of responsibility is a feature of most resilient forms of social oppression, not only gender-based oppression.
Autonomy and the Feminist Intuition
Authors: Stoijar Natalie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminist philosophers rightly have been suspicious of old-fashioned theories of autonomy, in which it was equated with the masculinist ideals of substantive independence and self-sufficiency. Lately, however, a different set of theories of autonomy has become dominant, namely, procedural theories. Many such theories argue that it is the capacity for procedural independence or independence of mind, rather than the capacity for substantive independence, that is necessary and sufficient for autonomy. In such accounts, an agent’s preference or decision is autonomous if and only if the process of formation of the preference or decision has satisfied certain standards of critical reflection. Once a preference or decision has passed such formal or procedural tests, it is autonomous, no matter what its content. Hence, procedural theories are “content-neutral.”
Expressions of the Streets
Authors: Scorsese Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthur Penn and Stanley Kubrick stand as the first generation of com mercial contemporary American cinema’s small avant-garde. Both of them began their filmmaking careers in the fifties, just before the French New Wave helped initiate a break in Hollywood’s classical style. Martin Scorsese is part of the next group of directors, which include Steven Spiel berg, Francis Ford Coppola, George Lucas, John Milius, Brian DePalma, Paul Schrader, and, more recently, Oliver Stone, who came to filmmaking maturity after the French left their mark. That mark contains some complex tracings. Like Godard, Truffaut, Rohmer, Chabrol, and Rivette, the American filmmakers studied film carefully, both formally and informally. Like the French, they spent a great deal of their youth watching film; but instead of turning to critical writing about their subject before actually making films, many of them attended film school, an extraordinary event in the history of American filmmaking.1
The Beginning of the End: Vespasian through August 69
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the campaign by the Balkan legions that unseated Vitellius in late December 69, we must deal first with the man in whose name—if not always with whose blessing—they undertook their offensive. Discontented as these legions were, apparently from the moment Otho committed suicide in mid-April, they had no cause to embrace until Vespasian was proclaimed emperor and invited them to take up arms in his behalf. It was as well that they did so. For of the four men who became emperors in 68/69, Vespasian must have seemed to contemporaries as well as to posterity the one whose bid for power was the least likely to succeed, by reason of his birth, his age, and his career to date. Hence Tacitus’ frequent references to “the luck of the Flavians,” the many stories Suetonius retails of signs portending Vespasian’s elevation to the throne, and—for that matter—his insistence that Vespasian and his two sons, Titus and Domitian, believed or came to believe firmly in the workings of Fate.
Federal Support Of The Medical Approach
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years between World War II and 1970 witnessed, first, enactment of maximum legal sanctions against narcotic drug use, and then a strong reaction that gave considerable responsibility for control to physicians and psychotherapists. Under an onslaught of increased drug abuse and addiction, rising crime against property, and a renewed faith in medicine and psychological treatment, federal drug-abuse statutes retreated from death penalties and mandatory minimum sentences to more reliance on treatment, flexible sentences, and even addiction maintenance, not only with methadone but perhaps even with heroin itself. During the same period the reputation of marihuana, which some considered as dangerous as heroin, changed significantly: in 1972 a Presidential Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse recommended elimination of criminal penalties for private use of marihuana.1 Advocates of severe punishment for addicts found themselves unheeded.
Chemotherapy of Helminthic Diseases
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The helminthic, or worm, diseases are caused by members of two phyla. The nematodes (roundworms) belong to the phylum Nemathelminthes. Diseases caused by this group of organisms include, for example, as caris, whipworm, pinworm, and hookworm infections, trichinosis, and elephantiasis. The cestodes, or tapeworms, and the trematodes, a group including the various flukes (e.g., the schistosomes), are both members of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms). These worms are multicellular organisms that possess crude organ systems. Their complex life cycles usually include a stage of development in the human intestinal tract.
Chemotherapy of Viral Infections, I: Drugs Used to Treat Influenza Virus Infections, Herpes virus Infections, and Drugs with Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viruses are organisms composed of a nucleic acid core (the genome may be either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein containing shell; they reproduce only inside living cells. They derive their energy supply and their substrates from the infected cell; they also use its synthetic machinery to produce the virus-specific protein required for production of the mature viral particle. Mature virus particles possess only one type of nucleic acid, and they lose their organized form during replication of the genome in the host cell.