bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four subtypes of protease‐activated receptors, co‐expressed in rat astrocytes, evoke different physiological signaling
Authors: Wang Hong , Ubl Joachim J. , Reiser Georg 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProtease‐activated receptors (PARs) are newly identified members of the superfamily of G‐protein‐coupled receptors that initiate cell signaling by the proteolytic activity of extracellular serine proteases. Certain proteases are believed to be involved in development and repair processes and most likely regulate multiple functions of the CNS by activating PARs. Three members of this family (PAR‐1, PAR‐3, and PAR‐4) are considered thrombin receptors, whereas PAR‐2 is activated by trypsin. In the present study, using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunocytochemistry, and Ca2+ mobilization studies, we demonstrate that PAR‐1, PAR‐2, PAR‐3, and PAR‐4 are functionally co‐expressed in cultured rat astrocytes. Short‐term stimulation of astrocytes with thrombin, trypsin, and peptides corresponding to the tethered ligand domains of PAR‐1, PAR‐2, PAR‐3, and PAR‐4 induced a transient rise of [Ca2+]i in cultured astrocytes. In studying calcium signaling, based on receptor desensitization, and using an antagonist of thrombin receptor PAR‐1, we provide evidence that the thrombin‐induced [Ca2+]i response in astrocytes in addition to PAR‐1 stimulation, involves also stimulation of PAR‐3 and PAR‐4. Trypsin, in addition to PAR‐2, can also activate PAR‐1 and PAR‐4. Furthermore we find that activation of PAR‐1, and PAR‐2 induces proliferation of astrocytes while PAR‐4 activation exerts toxic effects. This study is the first to show that (1) cultured astrocytes functionally express PAR‐3 and PAR‐4 together with PAR‐1 and PAR‐2; (2) PAR‐3‐activating peptide (TFRGAP) is effective in eliciting Ca2+ signaling; and (3) activation of different PARs leads to distinct downstream effects. GLIA 37:53–63, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of Golli and myelin basic proteins in human brain during early development
Authors: Tosic M. , Rakic S. , Matthieu J.‐M. , Zecevic N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe myelin basic protein gene (Mbp) encodes for the major myelin structural proteins and it is included in the Golli–Mbp gene complex. Previously, we observed MBP‐like proteins in the human central nervous system (CNS) at developmental stages preceding myelination. In an effort to distinguish between Golli (HOG5 and HOG7) and MBP mRNAs and to determine their spatiotemporal distribution, we performed in situ hybridization using two human Golli specific probes: one corresponding to exon 5a absent from all MBP transcripts, and the other corresponding to exon 5c specific for HOG5. HOG7 transcript was observed first, in 5 gestational week‐old embryos, whereas both Golli transcripts were detected at 6–7 weeks gestation in the proliferative zones of the entire CNS. Golli proteins immunoreactivity was observed in microglia and early neurons of the developing telencephalon. During midgestation (17–22 weeks gestation), at the onset of myelination, MBP and Golli mRNAs were observed in the telencephalic subventricular zone and occasionally in the future cerebral cortex. Developmental expression of the human Golli–Mbp indicates that the two Golli proteins have different onset of expression, distribution and possibly function. These results support the hypothesis that at least one of them, HOG7, may be involved in the regulation of early neurogenesis, while both may have additional, still undefined function at the onset of myelination. GLIA 37:219–228, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactive microglia in dysmyelination and demyelination
Authors: Zhang Su‐Chun , Goetz Brian D. , Carré Jean‐Luc , Duncan Ian D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between microglial activation and dysmyelination/demyelination was analyzed in a long‐lived myelin mutant, the Long Evans shaker (les) rat, which exhibits early dysmyelination and a later loss of abnormal myelin sheaths. A microglial reaction characterized by progressive morphological transformation and increasing cell density was localized exclusively to white matter during postnatal 2–4 weeks, suggesting a microglial response to dysmyelination and oligodendroglial pathology. A further microglial reaction as marked by microglial expression of MHC II and a concomitant expression in the brain and spinal cord of mRNA for interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) began around 4 weeks when the remaining myelin was lost. Ultrastructurally, activated microglia ingested numerous myelin figures, suggestive of active phagocytosis. Thus, this study indicates that microglial reaction is graded in chronic neurological disorders and suggests that MHC II expression marks a functional change of activated microglia. GLIA 34:101–109, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid morphological changes in astrocytes are accompanied by redistribution but not by quantitative changes of cytoskeletal proteins
Authors: Safavi‐Abbasi Sam , Wolff Joachim R. , Missler Markus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAstrocytes have the potential to acquire very different morphologies, depending on their regional location in the CNS and on their functional interactions with other cell types. Morphological changes between a flat or a fibroblast‐like and a stellate or process‐bearing appearance, and vice versa, can occur rapidly, but very little is known as to whether morphological transformations are based on quantitative changes of cytoskeletal proteins in microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and/or microtubules. Using a cell culture of selective type 1 astrocytes, we compared the distribution and protein amounts of a number of cytoskeletal proteins both during primary process growth induced by specific media conditions and after secondary transformations induced by dBcAMP. Our data presented in this report support the idea that astrocytes can undergo dramatic changes in their morphology requiring subcellular redistribution of most cytoskeletal proteins but no quantitative modifications of the amount of the respective proteins. After pharmacological treatment with lysophosphatic acid and genistein we show that astrocytes can acquire intermediate morphologies reminiscent of both fibroblast and stellate‐like cells. These experiments demonstrate that the recently described RhoA‐mediated signaling cascade between the cell surface and cytoskeletal proteins is only one of several signaling pathways acting on the astrocytic cytoskeleton. GLIA 36:102–115, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The characterisation and impact of ‘fluctuating’ cognition in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ballard Clive , Walker Matthew , O'Brien John , Rowan Elise , McKeith Ian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundCase reports and clinical observations suggest that fluctuating cognition (FC) is common in all the major dementias, particularly dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) where it is one of three core clinical diagnostic features. The purpose of this study was to characterise FC and determine its impact upon activities of daily living.MethodsForty matched subjects (15 DLB, 15 AD, 10 elderly controls) were assessed using the activities of daily living scale (ADLD), the cognitive drug research (CDR) computerised neuropsychological test battery and a semi‐standardised assessment of FC. The CDR battery was completed three times across a 1‐week period, to evaluate variability in attention, visuospatial ability, working memory and delayed recall.ResultsThere was a strong positive correlation between clinical FC scores and total mean ADLD. Measures of cognitive variability also demonstrated strong significant correlations with independent clinical severity ratings of FC across several cognitive domains. These associations were most powerful between attentional measures and clinical FC ratings.ConclusionsAlthough attention is the cognitive domain which fluctuates most markedly, other cognitive domains are also affected. FC also has a significant independent impact on activities of daily living. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The systematic assessment of depressed elderly primary care patients
Authors: Raue Patrick J. , Alexopoulos George S. , Bruce Martha L. , Klimstra Sibel , Mulsant Benoit H. , Gallo Joseph J. ,   the PROSPECT Study Group
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies of the primary care treatment of depressed elderly patients are constrained by limited time and space and by subject burden. Research assessments must balance these constraints with the need for obtaining clinically meaningful information. Due to the wide‐ranging impact of depression, assessments should also focus on suicidality, hopelessness, substance abuse, anxiety, cognitive functioning, medical comorbidity, functional disability, social support, personality, service use and satisfaction with services. This paper describes considerations concerning the assessment selection process for primary care studies, using the PROSPECT (Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial) study as an example. Strategies are discussed for ensuring that data are complete, valid and reliable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Very early‐onset familial Alzheimer's disease: a novel presenilin 1 mutation
Authors: Goldman Jill S. , Reed Bruce , Gearhart Rosalie , Kramer Joel H. , Miller Bruce L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundEarly‐onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) is linked to mutations in three autosomal dominant genes: PS1, PS2 and APP. The clinical presentation and age of onset of mutations is variable.ObjectivesThe aim of this report is to describe a novel PS1 mutation believed to be causal for a very early onset of AD.MethodsThis is a case history using information from medical records, relative interviews and genetic testing results to describe the pre‐clinical prodrome and clinical course of a patient with EOFAD.ResultsA previously undescribed G206V mutation in PS1 was found in the proband.ConclusionThe G206V mutation in PS1 is probably causal of a case of EOFAD with significant premorbid features. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of neuronal and hemodynamic measures of the brain response to visual stimulation: An optical imaging study
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Goodman‐Wood Marsha Ruth , Fabiani Monica 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe noninvasive mapping of hemodynamic brain activity has led to significant advances in neuroimaging. This approach is based in part on the assumption that hemodynamic changes are proportional to (and therefore constitute a linear measure of) neuronal activity. We report a study investigating the quantitative relationship between neuronal and hemodynamic measures. This study exploited the fact that optical imaging methods can simultaneously provide noninvasive measures of neuronal and hemodynamic activity from the same region of the brain. We manipulated visual stimulation frequency and measured responses from the medial occipital area of 8 young adults. The results were consistent with a model postulating a linear relationship between the neuronal activity integrated over time and the amplitude of the hemodynamic response. The hemodynamic response colocalized with the neuronal response. These data support the use of quantitative neuroimaging methods to infer the intensity and localization of neuronal activity in occipital areas. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:13–25, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
fMRI investigation of sentence comprehension by eye and by ear: Modality fingerprints on cognitive processes
Authors: Michael Erica B. , Keller Timothy A. , Carpenter Patricia A. , Just Marcel Adam 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe neural substrate underlying reading vs. listening comprehension of sentences was compared using fMRI. One way in which this issue was addressed was by comparing the patterns of activation particularly in cortical association areas that classically are implicated in language processing. The precise locations of the activation differed between the two modalities. In the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), the activation associated with listening was more anterior and inferior than the activation associated with reading, suggesting more semantic processing during listening comprehension. In the left posterior superior and middle temporal region (roughly, Wernicke's area), the activation for listening was closer to primary auditory cortex (more anterior and somewhat more lateral) than the activation for reading. In several regions, the activation was much more left lateralized for reading than for listening. In addition to differences in the location of the activation, there were also differences in the total amount of activation in the two modalities in several regions. A second way in which the modality comparison was addressed was by examining how the neural systems responded to comprehension workload in the two modalities by systematically varying the structural complexity of the sentences to be processed. Here, the distribution of the workload increase associated with the processing of additional structural complexity was very similar across the two input modalities. The results suggest a number of subtle differences in the cognitive processing underlying listening vs. reading comprehension. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:239–252, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation and x‐ray crystallographic analysis of a 1,2λ5‐oxaphosphol‐5(2H)‐one
Authors: Kano Naokazu , Xing Jia‐Hua , Kikuchi Azusa , Kawashima Takayuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReaction of an iminophosphorane 2 bearing the Martin ligand with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, followed by a ring opening reaction of a [2+2]‐cycloadduct between them, gave the corresponding α‐iminoalkylidenephosphorane 3, which was hydrolyzed to afford 1,2λ5‐oxaphosphol‐5(2H)‐one 4. The structure of the novel five‐membered ring compound 4 was established by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:282–286, 2001
Reaction of (E)‐bis(2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl)diphosphene with tetrachloro‐o‐benzoquinone
Authors: Freytag Matthias , Jones Peter G. , Schmutzler Reinhard , Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reactions of (E)‐bis(2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl)diphosphene with tetrachloro‐o‐benzoquinone gave two products of interest, a spirophosphorane and a 1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane, indicating cleavage of the P=P bond. The structures were determined by X‐ray crystallographic analyses. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:300–308, 2001
Alcohol abuse and economic conditions: Evidence from repeated cross‐sections of individual‐level data
Authors: Dee Thomas S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study presents novel evidence on the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and patterns of alcohol consumption. Prior research has suggested that alcohol abuse varies procyclically, implying that income effects dominate any drinking patterns related to the opportunity cost of time or the psychological stress of recessions. However, those inferences have been based either on aggregate measures of consumption volume or possibly confounded cross‐sectional identification strategies. This study examines these issues by evaluating detailed consumption data from the more than 700 000 respondents who participated in the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys over the 1984–1995 period. The results provide robust evidence that the prevalence of binge drinking is strongly countercyclical. Furthermore, even among those who remain employed, binge drinking increased substantially during economic downturns. This combination of results suggests that recession‐induced increases in the prevalence of binge drinking do not simply reflect an increased availability of leisure and may instead reflect the influence of economic stress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the convergent validity of the contingent valuation and travel cost methods in valuing the benefits of health care
Authors: Clarke Philip M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, the convergent validity of the contingent valuation method (CVM) and travel cost method (TCM) is tested by comparing estimates of the willingness to pay (WTP) for improving access to mammographic screening in rural areas of Australia. It is based on a telephone survey of 458 women in 19 towns, in which they were asked about their recent screening behaviour and their WTP to have a mobile screening unit visit their nearest town. After eliminating missing data and other non‐usable responses the contingent valuation experiment and travel cost model were based on information from 372 and 319 women, respectively. Estimates of the maximum WTP for the use of mobile screening units were derived using both methods and compared. The highest mean WTP estimated using the TCM was $83.10 (95% C.I. $99.06–$68.53), which is significantly less than the estimate of $148.09 ($131.13–$166.60) using the CVM. This could be due to the CVM estimates also reflecting non‐use values such as altruism, or a range of potential biases that are known to affect both methods. Further tests of validity are required in order to gain a greater understanding of the relationship between these two methods of estimating WTP. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma of the mandibular region: A survival study
Authors: De Vicente Juan Carlos , Recio Oliver Rodríguez , Pendás Santiago Llorente , López‐Arranz Juan Sebastián 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundOral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the mandibular region present the lowest survival rates of the whole oral cavity. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the prognostic significance of several diagnostic and therapeutic variables in the survival rates of these carcinomas.MethodsForty‐nine patients with oral cancers were treated by primary site surgery, involving mandibular resection in all cases. Thirty‐one patients underwent postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy.ResultsOverall mean survival time and 5‐year survival rate were 56.5 months and 44%, respectively. Patients in stages III and IV showed a statistically significant (p= .01) lower survival rate than those in stage II, and positive surgical margins had an adverse effect on survival (p= .03). No differences were found between patients treated by marginal or segmental mandibulectomy.ConclusionsAmong the prognostic predictors studied, only the status of the surgical resection margin (odds ratio, 5.7) and tumor stage (III and IV vs II showed odds ratios of 2.1 and 3.6, respectively) affected the prognosis for SCC of the mandibular region. Tumor site was not associated with prognosis but was related with the probability that surgical margins were involved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 536–543, 2001.
Reciprocal connections between the entorhinal cortex and hippocampal fields CA1 and the subiculum are in register with the projections from CA1 to the subiculum
Authors: Naber Pieterke A. , Lopes da Silva Fernando H. , Witter Menno P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe topology of the connections between the entorhinal cortex (EC), area CA1, and the subiculum is characterized by selective and restricted origin and termination along the transverse or proximodistal axis of CA1 and the subiculum. In the present study, we analyzed whether neurons in CA1 and the subiculum that receive EC projections are interconnected and give rise to return projections to EC, such that they terminate deep in the area of origin of the EC‐to‐CA1/subiculum projections. Both for the lateral and medial subdivision of EC, the projections to CA1/subiculum, as well as the projections from CA1 to the subiculum and back to EC, are rather divergent. Interestingly, we only rarely observed evidence for the presence of “reentry loops,” i.e., cells in layer III of EC giving rise to projections to interconnected neurons in CA1 and the subiculum, while the targeted CA1 neurons also projected back to the deep layers of the area of origin of the pathway in EC. We conclude that although fibers originating from a restricted part of EC distribute extensively in a divergent way along the longitudinal axis of CA1 and the subiculum, only restricted portions of the latter two areas, receiving inputs from the same entorhinal area, are interconnected. Moreover, only a small percentage of the CA1 neurons that project to the correspondingly innervated subicular neurons give rise to projections that return to the deep layers of the originating part of EC. The present findings are taken to indicate that the EC‐hippocampal circuitry functionally comprises many parallel‐organized specific “reentry loops.” Hippocampus 2001;11:99–104. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaporation heat transfer of falling water film on a horizontal tube bundle
Authors: Liu Zhen‐Hua , Zhu Qun‐Zhi , Chen Yu‐Ming 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA numerical simulation and experimental study were carried out for evaporation heat transfer of a falling water film on a smooth horizontal tube bundle evaporator. A laminar model and a turbulence model were respectively adopted to calculate the heat transfer coefficients of falling water film on horizontal heated tubes. The calculation zone on the heated tube was divided into the top stagnation zone and the lateral free film zone. The initial boundary conditions for the free film zone were determined from the calculated results of the stagnation zone. The modified wall function method was used for the turbulent flow. Comparisons between the experimental data and the numerical solutions by use of two flow models show that the experimental data lie between the laminar model solutions and the latter turbulence model solutions and that they are closer to the latter solutions. Finally, a simple dimensionless correction based on the numerical simulations is proposed for predicting the evaporation heat transfer of falling water film for actual engineering applications. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(1): 42–55, 2002
Boundary shape determination of steady‐state heat‐conduction fields
Authors: Katamine Eiji , Azegami Hideyuki , Kojima Masami 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a practical method of numerical analysis for the boundary shape design of steady‐state heat‐conduction fields to control the temperature distribution to a prescribed distribution is presented. Reshaping was accomplished by the traction method proposed by one of the authors as a solution to domain optimization problems in which elliptic boundary value problems were defined. In this study, we formulated a temperature square error norm minimization problem between the prescribed distribution and the actual distribution on prescribed boundaries and theoretically derived a shape gradient function for this problem. We developed a convenient numerical method using a general‐purpose FEM program for the temperature prescribed problem. The successful results for the two‐dimensional problems of an erosion surface on a blast furnace hearth and a coolant flow passage in a wing demonstrate the validity of the presented method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(3): 245–258, 2001