bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food and beverage management
Authors: Riley Michael 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe paper is a reflection on the changes that have taken place in the area of food and beverage and serves as a reminder that it is still one of the most complex activities within the area of hospitality.Design/methodology/approachThe paper highlights major changes, with particular emphasis on marketing and the rising influence of design. However, the basic argument is that the changes that have taken place during the last two decades are essentially add‐ons to the basic activities of the function: very little has fallen away. In other words, although technological advances, particularly in the kitchen, and the invasion of modern business techniques, such as branding and business process engineering, have brought new activities, the need for the traditional knowledge and skills remains. This makes modern food and beverage management an even more complex activity but an exciting one.FindingsThe paper acknowledges the changing career patterns of those with food and beverage backgrounds but suspects that it is skill the bedrock of hotel management.Practical implicationsThe paper defends the case for food and beverage training within hospitality management courses but acknowledges the problems associated with this.Originality/valueThe conclusion drawn is that educational decisions need a full appraisal of the functions of modern food and beverage management: which is the purpose of this paper.
Getting IT right
Authors: Lashley Conrad , Rowson Bill 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe paper reports on a research project undertaken for the North West Tourism Skills Network.Design/methodology/approachThe project explored the provision of information technology within hospitality and tourism programmes in educational institutions in the region. Researchers conducted telephone interviews with key specialist staff in 80 per cent of the schools, colleges and universities delivering programmes for introductory, operational and managerial programmes.FindingsFindings suggest that IT provision occurs in all programmes and can now be considered as a core basic skill along with literacy and numeracy. Provision was generally applied to the industry and the specific requirements of the programme. There were several examples of excellent educational practice. However, some smaller colleges and sixth‐form college providers found the high purchase price of industry software a barrier to on‐site resources. That said, many ensured familiarity with industry software through industry partnerships and industrial visits.Practical implicationsWhile research gathered responses from 85 per cent of hospitality and tourism providers in the North West region, the study needs to be replicated nationally because these interviews suggest that information technology skill development is a key requirement for those destined to work in hospitality and tourism occupations.Originality/valueHighlights the importance of information technology in the curriculum.
REGIONAL GDP IN BRITAIN, 1871–1911: SOME ESTIMATES
Authors: Crafts Nicholas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe paper builds on a method proposed by Geary and Stark for estimating regional incomes in Victorian Britain. This is modified by using tax data to allocate non‐wage income across regions. The results suggest that the coefficient of variation of regional GDP per head was rising rapidly prior to World War I in similar fashion to the late 20th century such that its level in 1901 and 2001 was about the same. In both episodes of globalization there were big winners and big losers among British regions.
PROTECTION BY TARIFF BARRIERS AND INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTION COSTS
Authors: Milner Chris 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUsing estimates of protection in the EU market against US exports, this paper illustrates the relative importance of natural and policy sources of protection and the measurement errors induced in the measurement of effective protection by omitting transactions costs. It also considers protection in the EU ‘domestic’ and export market, and the implications of the elimination of tariff barriers only on relative rates of protection in ‘domestic’ and export markets.
DO PEOPLE (WANT TO) PLAN?
Authors: Hey John D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper makes a modest contribution to investigating whether people, when tackling dynamic decision problems, formulate plans and then implement them. Assumed behaviour of this form is central to many theories of economic decision‐making, yet much direct empirical evidence (from economists and particularly from psychologists) suggests that it has rather dubious empirical support. The paper begins by discussing the importance and centrality of planning to economic theories of dynamic decision‐making, and then examines the difficulty of empirically investigating whether planning occurs. It then describes a simple experiment that sheds some light on this phenomenon. The findings from the experiment, although only directly relevant to the context of the experiment, do suggest that people do (want to) plan when the circumstances are appropriate. The paper concludes by discussing alternative designs.
Engagement of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells into interleukin (IL)-12 producers by IL-1b + interferon (IFN)-g
Authors: Nakahara T , Urabe K , Fukagawa S , Uchi H , Inaba K , Furue M , Moroi Y 
Published: February 2005

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and can induce tumour- or pathogen-specific T cell responses. For adoptive immunotherapy purposes, immature DCs can be generated from adherent monocytes using granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4, and further maturation is usually achieved by incubation with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. However, TNF-α-stimulated DCs produce low levels of IL-12. In this study, we compared the effects of TNF-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-1β or IFN-γ + IL-1β on the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs. Our results show that IFN-γ, but not IL-1β, augmented the surface expression of CD80, CD83 and CD86 molecules without inducing IL-12 production from DCs. However, IL-1β, but not IFN-γ, induced IL-12 p40 production by DCs without enhancing phenotypic maturation. When combined, IFN-γ + IL-1β treatment profoundly up-regulated the expression of CD80, CD83, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. Furthermore, IFN-γ + IL-1β-treated DCs produced larger amounts of IL-12 and induced stronger T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in primary allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) than did TNF-α-treated DCs. Our results show that IFN-γ + IL-1β induced human monocyte-derived DCs to differentiate into Th1-prone mature DCs.
Expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1, in periodontal diseased tissue
Authors: Hosokawa Y , Nakanishi T , Yamaguchi D , Nakae H , Matsuo T 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe regulatory role of chemokines and chemokine receptors on specific leucocyte recruitment into periodontal diseased tissue is poorly characterized. We observed that leucocytes infiltrating inflamed gingival tissue expressed marked levels of CX3CR1. In periodontal diseased tissue, the expression of fractalkine and CX3CR1 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and further, fractalkine was distributed mainly on endothelial cells, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we can detect CX3CR1-expressing cells infiltrated in periodontal diseased tissue by immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, fractalkine production by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was up-regulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thus, these findings suggested that CX3CR1 and the corresponding chemokine, fractalkine may have an important regulatory role on specific leucocyte migration into inflamed periodontal tissue.
Altered CD46-mediated T cell co-stimulation in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Brinkkoetter P-T , Marinaki S , Gottmann U , Fleckenstein S , Stump C , Van Der Woude F J , Braun C , Yard B A 
Published: February 2005

SummaryWhile most of our understanding of immune dysfunction in dialysis patients involves alterations in CD28–CD80/86 signalling, nothing is known of CD46-mediated co-stimulation of T cells in these patients. Because C3b/C4b bind to CD46 and complement activation occurs during haemodialysis (HD), we addressed whether CD46-mediated T cell activation is altered in HD (n = 9), peritoneal dialysis (PD) (n = 10) and predialysis patients (n = 8) compared to healthy controls (HC) (n = 8). T cell surface markers, T cell proliferation and interleukin (IL)-10 production were studied in CD4+T cells. In addition, CD46 splice-variants and IL-10 promoter gene polymorphisms were studied by reverse transcription (RT) or amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR), respectively. In all uraemic patients, irrespective of the stage of renal insufficiency or dialysis modality, a significant increase in the percentage of CD25 positivity in naive CD4+T cells was found (64% ± 21%versus 23% ± 18%, P &lt; 0·001). Lymphocytes of HD patients proliferated in greater numbers and produced more IL-10 after co-stimulation with anti-CD46 than after co-stimulation with anti-CD28. This was also found in CD4+T cells of PD patients, albeit to a lesser extent. In contrast, with T cells of predialysis patients and of HC, co-stimulation via CD28 was more efficient. The observed alterations in T cell proliferation and IL-10 production were associated neither with CD46 splice variants nor with IL-10 promoter gene polymorphisms. Lymphocytes of HD patients show an increased response on CD46 co-stimulation. These data suggest that ongoing complement activation in HD patients may lead to alterations in acquired immunity.
Imbalance in the production between vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in Kawasaki disease
Authors: Takeshita S , Kawamura Y , Takabayashi H , Yoshida N , Nonoyama S 
Published: February 2005

Summary
To investigate whether an imbalance exists in the production between angiogenic and antiangiogenic growth factors in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD), we measured the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin (ES) in 35 patients with KD, 15 patients with acute febrile diseases (disease controls) and 15 healthy children. KD patients had significantly higher VEGF levels and lower ES levels (P &lt; 0·01) in the acute and subacute phases than the disease control and healthy children. KD patients with coronary artery lesions (CAL, n = 10) had significantly higher VEGF levels and lower ES levels (P &lt; 0·05) in the subacute and convalescent phases than those without CAL (n = 25). The ratios of VEGF/ES in sera of KD patients with CAL were significantly higher (P &lt; 0·05) in the acute and convalescent phases compared to those without CAL. Furthermore, the occurrence of CAL significantly correlated with the VEGF/ES ratio above 10 × 10−3 in the subacute phase of KD (Odds ratio 17·25, P = 0·005). The findings in the present study indicate that an imbalance exists in the production between VEGF and ES in patients with KD while also suggesting that KD patients with a high VEGF/ES ratio have a significantly greater risk of CAL involvement.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2-specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses in HIV-2-infected and in HIV-2-exposed but uninfected individuals in Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Andersson S , Larsen O , Da Silva Z , Linder H , Norrgren H , Dias F , Thorstensson R , Aaby P , Biberfeld G 
Published: February 2005

SummaryHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2-specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses were determined in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-2-exposed uninfected individuals, HIV-2-infected individuals and HIV-negative controls in Guinea-Bissau. Increased HIV-2-specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses were detected in both groups compared to HIV-negative controls (healthy HIV-uninfected individuals without known exposure to an HIV-infected person); five out of 29 of the HIV-2-exposed uninfected and half (16 of 32) of the HIV-2-infected individuals had stimulation indexes &gt;2, compared to one out of 49 of the HIV-negative controls (P = 0·003 and P &lt; 0·0001, respectively). The exposed uninfected individuals had reactivity to a HIV-2 V3-peptide corresponding to amino acids 311–326 of the envelope glycoprotein, while the HIV-2-infected people reacted mainly to HIV-2 whole viral lysate. Thus, this study demonstrates a high degree of HIV-2-specific T helper cell activity, as measured by lymphocyte proliferation, in HIV-2-exposed uninfected individuals as well as in HIV-2-infected subjects. These immune responses could be important for resistance to the infection and for the control of established infection and, thus, play a role in the lower transmission and progression of HIV-2 compared to HIV-1.
Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) in patients with propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced ANCA positive vasculitis are associated with disease activity
Authors: Yu F , Zhao M-H , Zhang Y-K , Zhang Y , Wang H-Y 
Published: February 2005

Summary
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that propylthiouracil (PTU) could induce ANCA positive vasculitis. However, our previous work has suggested that only one-fifth of the PTU-induced ANCA positive patients had clinical vasculitis and so the mechanism is not clear. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various vasculitides, including primary ANCA positive systemic vasculitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of AECA and their possible role in the pathogenesis of patients with PTU-induced ANCA positive vasculitis. Sera from 11 patients with PTU-induced ANCA positive vasculitis at both active and quiescent phases, and sera from 10 patients with PTU-induced ANCA but without clinical vasculitis, were studied. Sera from 30 healthy blood donors were collected as normal controls. Soluble proteins from 1% Triton-100 extracted in vitro cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used as antigens and an immunoblotting technique was performed to determine the presence of AECA, and their specific target antigens were identified. In patients with PTU-induced ANCA positive vasculitis, 10 of the 11 patients in an active phase of disease were serum IgG-AECA positive and six protein bands of endothelial antigens could be blotted (61 kD, 69 kD, 77 kD, 85 kD, 91 kD and 97 kD). However, in the quiescent phase, seven of the 10 positive sera turned negative. None of the ANCA positive but vasculitis negative patients or normal controls were AECA positive. In conclusion, AECA could be found in sera from patients with PTU-induced ANCA positive vasculitis and were associated more closely with vasculitic disease activity.
C1 inhibitor deficiency: consensus document
Authors: Gompels M M , Lock R J , Abinun M , Bethune C A , Davies G , Grattan C , Fay A C , Longhurst H J , Morrison L , Price A , Price M , Watters D 
Published: February 2005

SummaryWe present a consensus document on the diagnosis and management of C1 inhibitor deficiency, a syndrome characterized clinically by recurrent episodes of angio-oedema. In hereditary angio-oedema, a rare autosomal dominant condition, C1 inhibitor function is reduced due to impaired transcription or production of non-functional protein. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of a low serum C4 and absent or greatly reduced C1 inhibitor level or function. The condition can cause fatal laryngeal oedema and features indistinguishable from gastrointestinal tract obstruction. Attacks can be precipitated by trauma, infection and other stimulants. Treatment is graded according to response and the clinical site of swelling. Acute treatment for severe attack is by infusion of C1 inhibitor concentrate and for minor attack attenuated androgens and/or tranexamic acid. Prophylactic treatment is by attenuated androgens and/or tranexamic acid. There are a number of new products in trial, including genetically engineered C1 esterase inhibitor, kallikrein inhibitor and bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist. Individual sections provide special advice with respect to diagnosis, management (prophylaxis and emergency care), special situations (childhood, pregnancy, contraception, travel and dental care) and service specification.
Ex vivo induction of viral antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses using mRNA-electroporated CD40-activated B cells
Authors: Van den Bosch G A , Ponsaerts P , Nijs G , Lenjou M , Vanham G , Van Bockstaele D R , Berneman Z N , Van Tendeloo V F I 
Published: February 2005

Summary
Cell-based immunotherapy, in which antigen-loaded antigen-presenting cells (APC) are used to elicit T cell responses, has become part of the search for alternative cancer and infectious disease treatments. Here, we report on the feasibility of using mRNA-electroporated CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) as alternative APC for the ex vivo induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. The potential of CD40-B cells as APC is reflected in their phenotypic analysis, showing a polyclonal, strongly activated B cell population with high expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules. Flow cytometric analysis of EGFP expression 24 h after EGFP mRNA-electroporation showed that CD40-B cells can be RNA transfected with high gene transfer efficiency. No difference in transfection efficiency or postelectroporation viability was observed between CD40-B cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). Our first series of experiments show clearly that peptide-pulsed CD40-B cells are able to (re)activate both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells against influenza and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens. To demonstrate the ability of viral antigen mRNA-electroporated CD40-B cells to induce virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses, these antigen-loaded cells were co-cultured in vitro with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for 7 days followed by analysis of T cell antigen-specificity. These experiments show that CD40-B cells electroporated with influenza M1 mRNA or with CMV pp65 mRNA are able to activate antigen-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells. These findings demonstrate that mRNA-electroporated CD40-B cells can be used as alternative APC for the induction of antigen-specific (memory) CD8+ T cell responses, which might overcome some of the drawbacks inherent to DC immunotherapy protocols.
Perception of the auxin signal at the plasma membrane of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts
Authors: Barbier‐Brygoo Hélène , Ephritikhine Geneviève , Klämbt Dieter , Maurel Christophe , Palme Klaus , Schell Jeff , Guern Jean 
Published: February 2005

SummaryAuxin‐induced variations of transmembrane potential difference have been shown to be a useful tool for analyzing hormone sensitivity in tobacco protoplasts. Using this technique, we demonstrated that protoplasts derived from wild‐type, an auxin‐resistant mutant and Agrobacterium‐rhizogenes transformed plants differed widely in the sensitivity of their electrical response to naphthalene acetic acid. We have used different antibodies, raised to auxin binding proteins (ABP) from maize coleoptiles, or to the axr1 gene product (ABP1), to test whether changes in auxin sensitivity can be correlated with the presence of tobacco proteins immunologically related to this ABP. Titrations indicated that 0.4 nM anti‐ABP IgG inhibited 50% of the auxin‐specific response of wild‐type protoplasts, whereas 0.04 nM or 4 nM anti‐ABP IgG were necessary to inhibit the response of mutant and transformed protoplasts, respectively, to the same extent. On wild‐type protoplasts, blocking part of the immunoreactive sites with anti‐ABP antibodies resulted in a decrease in auxin sensitivity of the electrical response (0.4 nM anti‐ABP IgG inducing a 10–fold decrease), whereas addition of maize ABP increased this auxin sensitivity (1 pM ABP1 raised the sensitivity more than 1000–fold). The results obtained suggest that the auxin sensitivity detected by our assay system correlates with the amount of tobacco proteins immunologically related to the axr1 gene product from maize. A hypothesis accounting for the presence of these proteins at the external surface of tobacco protoplasts and for the effects of hetero‐logous maize ABP on auxin sensitivity is proposed.
Co‐regulated expression of nitrate and nitrite reductases
Authors: Faure Jean‐Denis , Vincentz Michel , Kronenberger Jocelyne , Caboche Michel 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe regulation of nitrate and nitrite reductases (NR and NiR, respectively) expression was compared in wild‐type and NR‐deficient (n/a) Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plants. In wild‐type plants, NiR and NR mRNA levels fluctuated according to a circadian rhythm, with similar timing of maximal and minimal transcript accumulation. NiR and NR mRNA levels were also nitrate‐ and light‐inducible. It had been found previously that some of the n/a mutants over expressed NR mRNA. In mutant plants, irrespective of the mutation affecting the n/a gene, NiR mRNA and activity were over expressed. However, nitrate and light inducibility of NR and NiR mRNAs was still detectable. Normal NiR expression levels of mRNA were restored in n/a leaky mutants obtained by intragenic complementation which contained low levels of NR activity. These data support the hypothesis of a common regulation of NR and NiR expression by a nitrate‐derived metabolite. They also prove that the autogenous model of NR regulation described in fungi is not valid for higher plants.
Evidence for a plasma membrane proton pump in phloem cells of higher plants
Authors: DeWitt Natalie D. , Harper Jeffrey F. , Sussman Michael R. 
Published: February 2005

SummaryMetabolic energy is required for the loading of sucrose into the phloem and translocation of sugars throughout the plant. The proton electrochemical gradient generated by a plasma membrane proton pump (H+‐ATPase) is thought to provide energy for these processes. The plasma membrane H+‐ATPase is encoded by a multi‐gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we characterize the expression of isoform AHA3 (Arabidopsis H+‐ATPase isoform 3). The AHA3 mRNA start site was mapped and 464 bp of the putative upstream regulatory region sequenced. A translational fusion of AHA3 to the (3–glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene was constructed and used to generate transgenic Nicotiana and Arabidopsis plants. Using a histochemical stain, expression of the AHA3/GUS fusion was found predominantly in phloem cells of leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Biochemical measurements of GUS activity in pith and vascular explants confirmed the histochemical localization. Our results support the hypothesis that a proton pump is present in phloem cells, possibly providing energy to drive plasma membrane co‐transport systems required for phloem loading and translocation of photosynthates. In addition to AHA3/ GUS expression in phloem, expression was observed in pollen and regions of the ovule, tissues whose physiological functions correlate with a requirement for high levels of solute transport.