bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vmgen—a generator of efficient virtual machine interpreters
Authors: Ertl M. Anton , Gregg David , Krall Andreas , Paysan Bernd 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a virtual machine interpreter, the code for each virtual machine instruction has similarities to code for other instructions. We present an interpreter generator that takes simple virtual machine instruction descriptions as input and generates C code for processing the instructions in several ways: execution, virtual machine code generation, disassembly, tracing, and profiling. The generator is designed to support efficient interpreters: it supports threaded code, aching the top‐of‐stack item in a register, combining simple instructions into superinstructions, and other optimizations. We have used the generator to create interpreters for Forth and Java. Theresulting interpreters are faster than other interpreters for the same languages and they are typically 2–10 times slower than code produced by native‐code compilers. We also present results for the effects of the individual optimizations supported by the generator. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Engineering software reuse for on‐board embedded real‐time systems
Authors: Vardanega Tullio , Caspersen Gert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe dimensions of concern to ambitious reuse initiatives largely exceed the provision of desired functionalities. A domain‐specific blend of functional, technical and quality considerations determines the reuse potential of software reuse assets. In a recent project we realized considerable reuse dividends from coupling the definition of a reference software architecture and of an associated set of standard interfaces with the selection of a powerful computational model equipped with reuse‐geared enabling technology. In this paper we present our engineering approach to the project and show how it earned us a good balance between the preservation of predictability and scalability and the maximization of the reuse objective. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TPF: a dynamic system thrashing protection facility
Authors: Jiang Song , Zhang Xiaodong 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOperating system designers attempt to keep high CPU utilization by maintaining an optimal multiprogramming level (MPL). Although running more processes makes it less likely to leave the CPU idle, too many processes adversely incur serious memory competition, and even introduce thrashing, which eventually lowers CPU utilization. A common practice to address the problem is to lower the MPL with the aid of process swapping out/in operations. This approach is expensive and is only used when the system begins serious thrashing. The objective of our study is to provide highly responsive and cost‐effective thrashing protection by adaptively conducting priority page replacement in a timely manner. We have designed a dynamic system Thrashing Protection Facility (TPF) in the system kernel. Once TPF detects system thrashing, one of the active processes will be identified for protection. The identified process will have a short period of privilege in which it does not contribute its least recently used (LRU) pages for removal so that the process can quickly establish its working set, improving the CPU utilization. With the support of TPF, thrashing can be eliminated in its early stage by adaptive page replacement, so that process swapping will be avoided or delayed until it is truly necessary. We have implemented TPF in a current and representative Linux kernel running on an Intel Pentium machine. Compared with the original Linux page replacement, we showthat TPF consistently and significantly reduces page faults and the execution time of each individual job in several groups of interacting SPEC CPU2000 programs. We also show that TPF introduces little additional overhead to program executions, and its implementation in Linux (or Unix) systems is straightforward. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A safe variant of the unsafe integer arithmetic of Java™
Authors: Winkler Jürgen F. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComputers are finite machines and, therefore, the arithmetic operations in a programming language are different from their mathematical counterparts. These restrictions seem not to have been, in general, fully appreciated in programming languages and in computer science textbooks. One example is the programming language Java, which makes it difficult to warn the user in cases in which arithmetic operations produce incorrect results. In this paper we look at integer arithmetic in Java and develop a safe variant of the arithmetic operations in Java. The design of the safe variant of $+$, $-_{\rm un}$, $-_{\rm bin}$, $*$, $/$ and $**$ for the types byte, short, int and long reveals a number of deficiencies of Java in integer arithmetic, floating point arithmetic and program structure. Some of these deficiencies are also present in other contemporary programming languages. The paper therefore ends with some proposals for the design of the arithmetic elements of programming languages. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing object‐oriented enterprise quality frameworks using proto‐frameworks
Authors: Campo Marcelo , Pace Andrés Díaz , Zito Mario 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article, we present an approach to architecture‐driven design of object‐oriented frameworks based on the notion of object‐oriented materialization of architectural styles. This approach leads us to the development of the proto‐framework concept, which is a new denomination for an object‐oriented framework that provides the essential basis to build other frameworks that adopt an underlying architectural design derived from non‐object‐oriented styles. In this context, we describe the approach to framework design, the design of a particular proto‐framework called Bubble, and a real example of its application to the design of an enterprise framework. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extending the object model to provide explicit support for crosscutting concerns
Authors: Constantinides Constantinos A. , Elrad Tzilla , Fayad Mohamed E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractConcurrent systems tend to have certain properties that are not localized in single modular units, but their implementations cut across functional components, increasing coupling and making modular units difficult to reuse and adapt. Example properties include concurrency, synchronization, and authentication. This problem is particularly apparent in systems with evolving requirements, as adapting code that is not localized in single modular units proves to be a tedious process. In this paper we discuss issues related to requirements of concurrent software systems to provide explicit support for these cross‐cutting concerns, and we present the Aspect Moderator, a framework extension to the object model that can ease the development of concurrent object‐oriented systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Command‐line interfaces can be efficiently brought to graphics: COLIMATE (the COmmand LIne MATE)
Authors: Sorzano C. O. S. , Carazo J. M. , Trelles O. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractScientific computing has traditionally been done on workstations, most of the time running on UNIX‐like operating systems. These systems are often very robust, powerful and especially suited to heavy computation tasks; however, the usual user interface is based on a command line with all the information needed for the appropriate functioning of the algorithm. These command lines are seldom user‐friendly but, on the other hand, they allow batch processes to be built. In this work, a model for command‐line‐driven packages is given, and at the same time the model includes objects that can be directly translated into a graphical user interface. A language (Colimate) implementing this model is shown to serve as a bridge between command‐line‐driven programs and more friendly user interfaces. Exploiting the specificness of the user interfaces addressed, powerful graphical interfaces can be built with a very simple syntax and small programming effort. Furthermore, the command‐line program needs not to be modified, so in this way the possibility of making batches is not lost. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering plug‐in software components to support collaborative work
Authors: Grundy J. , Hosking J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany software applications require co‐operative work support, including collaborative editing, group awareness, versioning, messaging and automated notification and co‐ordination agents. Most approaches hard‐code such facilities into applications, with fixed functionality and limited ability to reuse groupware implementations. We describe our recent work in seamlessly adding such capabilities to component‐based applications via a set of collaborative work‐supporting plug‐in software components. We describe a variety of applications of this technique, along with descriptions of the novel architecture, user interface adaptation and implementation techniques for the collaborative work‐supporting components that we have developed. We report on our experiences to date with this method of supporting collaborative work enhancement of component‐based systems, and discuss the advantages of our approach over conventional techniques. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the number of components with defects post‐release that showed no defects in testing
Authors: Stringfellow C. , Andrews A. , Wohlin C. , Petersson H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComponents that have defects after release, but not during testing, are very undesirable as they point to ‘holes’ in the testing process. Either new components were not tested enough, or old ones were broken during enhancements and defects slipped through testing undetected. The latter is particularly pernicious, since customers are less forgiving when existing functionality is no longer working than when a new feature is not working quite properly. Rather than using capture–recapture models and curve‐fitting methods to estimate the number of remaining defects after inspection, these methods are adapted to estimate the number of components with post‐release defects that have no defects in testing. A simple experience‐based method is used as a basis for comparison. The estimates can then be used to make decisions on whether or not to stop testing and release software. While most investigations so far have been experimental or have used virtual inspections to do a statistical validation, the investigation presented in this paper is a case study. This case study evaluates how well the capture–recapture, curve‐fitting and experience‐based methods work in practice. The results show that the methods work quite well. A further benefit of these techniques is that they can be applied to new systems for which no historical data are available and to releases that are very different from each other. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacological evaluation of a Br‐76 analog of epibatidine: A potent ligand for studying brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Kassiou Michael , Bottlaender Michel , Loc'h Christian , Dolle Frederic , Musachio John L. , Coulon Christine , Ottaviani Michele , Dannals Robert F. , Maziere Bernard 
Published: October 2002

Abstract[76Br]‐Norchlorobromoepibatidine ([76Br]BrPH) is a specific and high affinity radioligand for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In vitro, on rat thalamus membranes [76Br]BrPH bound to two sites with apparent affinities of 8 pM and 3 nM. The density of binding sites were 1.9 and 70 fmol/mg protein, respectively. In vivo, in biodistribution and autoradiographic studies in rats the regional distribution of [76Br]BrPH paralleled the neuroanatomical localization of nAChRs. Two hours postinjection, the highest concentration in the brain was found in thalamus and colliculi (4% ID/g). Competition experiments with specific nicotinic, muscarinic, dopaminergic, and serotoninergic drugs confirmed that the in vivo binding of [76Br]BrPH was consistent with neuronal nicotinic receptors. PET imaging of [76Br]BrPH in baboon demonstrated a rapid and high uptake in the brain. Peak uptake occurred at 30–40 min for the thalamus. Due to the constant washout in the cerebellum, the thalamus to cerebellum ratio was 5 at 2 h postinjection. Subcutaneous injection of cytisine (1 mg/kg), 3 h postinjection of [76Br]BrPH reduced the radioactivity concentration in thalamus and cortex by 58 and 50%, respectively, as observed 1 h later. Cytisine pretreatment (5 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited completely the radioligand accumulation in the thalamus. Chronic MPTP pretreatment resulted in reduction of [76Br]BrPH uptake in all brain regions except in cerebellum. These preliminary results suggest that [76Br]BrPH has the potential to be a useful radioligand for studying the pharmacology of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in preclinical experiments. Synapse 45:95–104, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LTP in the mouse nucleus accumbens is developmentally regulated
Authors: Schramm Nicole L. , Egli Regula E. , Winder Danny G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGlutamatergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been shown to be important for behavioral adaptations in response to drugs of abuse. NMDA‐receptor dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic synaptic transmission has been hypothesized to underlie many lasting alterations in behavior. Thus, we examined LTP in NAc core and find that it is developmentally regulated. Specifically, tetanus‐evoked, NMDA receptor‐dependent LTP is observed in the NAc of “adolescent” (3‐week‐old) mice more frequently than in adult (6–20‐week‐old) mice. In contrast, cAMP‐dependent enhancement of transmission is not developmentally regulated. Removal of extracellular Mg2+ restores LTP in adult NAc core, suggesting developmental regulation of induction processes rather than maintenance mechanisms. These findings are discussed in the context of behavioral changes elicited in response to drugs of abuse, which differ in adolescent vs. adult rodents and humans. Synapse 45:213–219, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of modification of rat hepatocarcinogenesis by fernane‐type triterpenoids, isolated from a Euphorbia genus
Authors: Karim Rezaul , Iwai Shuji , Morimura Keiichirou , Wanibuchi Hideki , Tanaka Reiko , Matsunaga Shunyo , Yoshitake Akira , Fukushima Shoji 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInhibitors of topoisomerases, enzymes that produce an unusual type of DNA damage, are considered as antitumor agents. Recently it has been reported that the fernane‐type triterpenoid EC‐2 and its hydroxyl derivative, isolated from Euphorbia, are potent topoisomerase II inhibitors. In this study, the modifying effects of EC‐2 and EC‐4 on the development of putative preneoplastic lesions, glutathione S‐transferase placental form (GST‐P)‐positive foci, in the liver of rats were investigated using a medium‐term bioassay system. Fisher 344 male, 6‐week‐old rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection (200 mg/kg b.w.) of diethylnitrosamine or saline at the beginning of the experiment and subjected to 2/3 partial hepatectomy at the 3rd week. The test compounds were administered five times/week by i.g. gavage at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. from 2 to 8 weeks. Quantitation of the numbers and areas per cm2 of induced GST‐P positive foci did not demonstrated any significant differences among the groups and no variation in cell proliferation as indicated by 5‐bromo‐ 2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Our results suggest that EC‐2 and EC‐4 have no modifying effects on rat hepatocarcinogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protective effect of tenuazonic acid against dimethyl benz(a)antracene‐Induced skin carcinogenesis in mice
Authors: Antony Mary , Shukla Yogeshwer , Janardhanan K.K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAnticarcinogenic potential of tenuazonic acid (TA), a mycotoxin isolated from a fungus, Alternaria alternata, on skin tumorigenesis induced by 7,12‐dimethyl benz(a) antracene (DMBA) was investigated. Female Swiss albino mice were exposed topically to 100 nmole of DMBA twice weekly for 20 weeks. Another group of animals was treated with 250 μg TA in acetone daily for a period of 1 week, followed by the same dose of TA prior to every application of DMBA. At the end of 14 weeks, all the animals in the group that was exposed to DMBA alone developed tumors, while 40% of the animals in TA‐treated group were found to be tumor free. After 20 weeks, there was no further increase in the number of tumor‐bearing animals. Results indicated that prior application of TA significantly delayed the onset of tumorigenesis and also reduced the cumulative number of tumors per tumor‐bearing animals. The present studies reveal the antitumor and protective potential of TA against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon induced skin carcinogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interview: United Parcel Service's Director of Electronic Commerce, Alan Amling, on the opportunities and challenges of global electronic commerce
Authors: Wan William P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe development of global electronic commerce presents many opportunities as well as challenges for companies

worldwide. Alan Amling, director of electronic commerce for United Parcel Service (UPS), discusses

various aspects of electronic commerce, its global implications, and UPS's effort in enabling its global

development. Mr. Amling emphasizes that the key success factor for e‐commerce is building relationships

with customers and suppliers. For companies engaging in global e‐commerce, he suggests the importance of

“Thinking Global, Acting Local.” Furthermore, Mr. Amling provides critical insights as to why UPS has

been able to stay at the forefront in the development of e‐commerce and how UPS is positioning itself to

enhance global e‐commerce's growth. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[ADMAdda5]‐microcystins in Planktothrix agardhii strain PH‐123 (cyanobacteria)— importance for monitoring of microcystins in the environment
Authors: Laub Jesper , Henriksen Peter , Brittain Scott M. , Wang Jim , Carmichael Wayne W. , Rinehart Kenneth L. , Moestrup Øjvind 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo major and two minor microcystins (MCYST) were isolated from a hepatotoxic Danish strain of Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komárek by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. The microcystins were characterized by UV spectroscopy, amino acid analysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS), and high‐resolution FABMS. The major microcystins were further analysed by collisionally induced tandem electrospray ionization MS. The microcystins were found to be demethylated variants of MCYST‐HtyR (homotyrosine‐arginine) and MCYST‐LR (leucine‐arginine). The two major microcystins contained an acetyl‐demethyl variant (ADMAdda) of 3‐amino‐9‐acetoxy‐2,6,8‐trimethyl‐10‐phenyldeca‐4,6‐dienoic acid (Adda). This is the first report of [ADMAdda5]‐microcystins in Planktothrix. The two [ADMAdda5]‐microcystins inhibited protein phosphatase activity but showed low cross‐reactivity with antibodies of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), emphasizing the potential underestimation of the toxicity of natural blooms dominated by Planktothrix when microcystin content is quantified using only an ELISA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 351–357, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10042
Response of the charophyte Nitellopsis obtusa to heavy metals at the cellular, cell membrane, and enzyme levels
Authors: Manusadžianas Levonas , Maksimov Gemir , Darginavičienė Jūratė , Jurkonienė Sigita , Sadauskas Kazys , Vitkus Rimantas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe responses of the freshwater macroalga Nitellopsis obtusa to heavy metal (HM) salts of Hg, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni were assessed at different levels: whole‐cell mortality (96‐h LC50), in vivo cell membrane (45‐min depolarization of resting potential, EC50), and enzyme in plasma membrane preparations (K+, Mg2+‐specific H+‐ATPase inhibition, IC50). To measure ATPase activity, a novel procedure for isolation of plasma membrane–enriched vesicles from charophyte cells was developed. The short‐term ATPase inhibition assay (IC50 from 6.0 × 10−7 to 4.6 × 10−4 M) was slightly more sensitive than the cell mortality test (LC50 from 1.1 × 10−6 to 2.6 × 10−3 M), and the electrophysiological test with the end point of 45‐min depolarization of resting potential was characterized by less sensitivity for HMs (EC50 from 1.1 × 10−4 to 2.2 × 10−2 M). The variability of IC50 values assessed for HMs in the ATPase assays was close to that of LC50 values in the mortality tests (CVs from 33.5 to 83.5 and from 12.4% to 57.7%, respectively), whereas the EC50 values in the electrophysiological tests were characterized by CVs generally below 30%. All three end points identified two separate HM groups according to their toxicity to N. obtusa: Co, Ni, and Cr comprised a group of less toxic metals, whereas Hg, Cu, and Cd comprised a group of more toxic metals. However, the adverse effects within each group were discriminated differently. For example, the maximum difference between the highest and lowest LC50 for the group of less toxic metals in the long‐term mortality test was approximately 60% of the response range, whereas the corresponding difference in IC50 values in the ATPase assay was 30%. In contrast, the LC50 values of the more toxic metals occupied only 10% of the response range, whereas the IC50 values were spread over 70%. Further investigation should be done of the underlying mechanism or mechanisms responsible for the observed differences in the dynamic range of a particular end point of the groups of toxicants of varying strength. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 275–283, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10058
Impact of selenium and other trace elements on the endangered adult razorback sucker
Authors: Hamilton Steven J. , Holley Kathy M. , Buhl Kevin J. , Bullard Fern A. , Weston L. Ken , McDonald Susan F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA study was conducted with endangered the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) to determine if environmental exposure to selenium in flooded bottomland sites affected survival, growth, and egg‐hatching success. Adults were stocked at three sites adjacent to the Colorado River near Grand Junction, Colorado, in July 1996: hatchery ponds at Horsethief Canyon State Wildlife Area (referred to here as Horsethief; the reference site), a diked tertiary channel at Adobe Creek, and North Pond at Walter Walker State Wildlife Area (WWSWA). Fish were collected in April 1997 and spawned. After two spawnings adults from the three sites were held at Horsethief for an 86‐day selenium depuration period. Selenium concentrations at Horsethief were 1.4–3.0 μg/L in water, 0.8–0.9 μg/g in sediment, 4.5 μg/g in muscle plug, and 6.0 μg/g in eggs; at Adobe Creek, <0.7–4.5 μg/L in water, 1.2–2.5 μg/g in sediment, 16–20 μg/g in zooplankton, 9.6 μg/g in muscle plug, and 40 μg/g in eggs; and at North Pond, 3.2–17 μg/L in water, 16–94 μg/g in sediment, 32–48 μg/g in zooplankton, 14 μg/g in muscle plug, and 55 μg/g in eggs. During the depuration period, when adults from Adobe Creek and North Pond were held at Horsethief, the fish lost 7%–13% of their selenium burden in 59 days and 14%–21% in 86 days. Larvae from North Pond adults had the most deformities, followed by Adobe Creek adults, with the fewest deformities found in the Horsethief adults. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 297–323, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10064