bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic flow in a Kenics static mixer: An assessment of various CFD methods
Authors: van Wageningen W. F. C. , Kandhai D. , Mudde R. F. , van den Akker H. E. A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe flow in the Kenics static mixer is investigated in detail both numerically and experimentally in the range of Re = 100…1000. It was found that at Re = 300 the flow becomes unsteady. Two numerical methods, the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method and FLUENT, were compared and used to simulate the flow. The LB method proved to be a relatively fast and cheap (in terms of memory) alternative for the simulation of the transient flow in the Kenics static mixer at Re > 300. Furthermore, the flow field and dynamic behavior were validated by means of LDA experiments. The transient behavior observed could be explained by studying the dynamics of the vortices in the flow. The transition to unsteady flow takes place, when the vortices start to stretch out over an entire mixing element and create a disturbance in the flow, which subsequently triggers the unsteady behavior. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1684–1696, 2004
Querung des Elbe‐Seitenkanals und des Mittellandkanals mittels Horizontal‐Directional‐Drilling für eine 380‐km‐Pipeline
Authors: Dietel Eckhard , Lübbers Hermann 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDas Bundeswasserstraßennetz umfaßt rd. 7500 km Binnenwasserstraßen. Neben der verkehrswirtschaftlichen Nutzung haben die Wasserstraßen auch eine außerverkehrliche Funktion, insbesondere im wasserwirtschaftlichen Bereich (Wasserversorgung für Industrie und Landwirtschaft, Hochwasserschutz u.a.). Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland als Eigentümer der Bundeswasserstraßen verwaltet diese gemäß Artikel 87 und 89 Grundgesetz durch eigene Behörden, die Wasser‐ und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes (WSV), örtlich vertreten durch das jeweils zuständige Wasser‐ und Schifffahrtsamt (WSA). Das WSA ist gemäß § 31 Bundeswasserstraßengesetz (WaStrG) Genehmigungsbehörde für strom‐ und schifffahrtspolizeiliche Genehmigungen von Anlagen Dritter, die den Verkehrsweg Bundeswasserstraße beabsichtigen zu kreuzen oder zu dükern, wie im vorliegenden Fall. Im Zuge der 380 km langen Pipeline von Stade nach Teutschenthal (PST) wurden insgesamt 203 Bohrungen in der HDD‐Technik durchgeführt. 24 Querungen waren größere Fluß‐ und Kanalquerungen. Zwei technisch extrem anspruchsvolle Projekte stellten dabei die Querung des Elbe‐Seitenkanals und des Mittellandkanals dar.
Querkraft‐ und Torsionsbemessung nach DIN 1045‐1 (07.01)
Authors: Friedrich Richard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFür schlaff bewehrte Bauteile aus normalfestem Normalbeton werden grafische Hilfsmittel für die Querkraftbemessung und für die Torsionsbemessung und auch für deren vereinfachte Kombination vorgestellt. Ein Beispiel zeigt die praktische Anwendung.
Rapid separation of barbiturates and benzodiazepines by capillary electrochromatography with 3‐(1,8‐naphthalimido)propyl‐modiﬁed silyl silica gel
Authors: Ohyama Kaname , Wada Mitsuhiro , Ohba Yoshihito , Fujishita Osamu , Nakashima Kenichiro , Kuroda Naotaka 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) method was applied to the simultaneous separation of barbiturates (barbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital and thiopental) and benzodiazepines (nitrazepam, diazepam and triazolam). The separation was performed in a 75 µm i.d. capillary, packed with 3‐(1,8‐naphthalimido)propyl‐modiﬁed silyl silica gel (NAIP), studying the effects of buffer pH and mobile phase composition. Using an applied voltage of 20 kV and the short‐end injection method (9 cm capillary effective length), the mobile phase of 1.0 mm citrate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 45% methanol provided the baseline separation of seven toxic drugs in less than 9 min. In CEC with NAIP, the benzodiazepines were separated by the combination of hydrophobic and π–π interactions, whereas the separation of the barbiturates was based on the hydrophobic interaction. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatographic determination of polyamines in human urine based on intramolecular excimer‐forming fluorescence derivatization using 4‐(1‐pyrene)butanoyl chloride
Authors: Yoshida Hideyuki , Harada Hajime , Nakano Yukitaka , Nohta Hitoshi , Ishida Junichi , Yamaguchi Masatoshi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA liquid chromatographic method for highly sensitive and selective fluorometric determination of polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine) in human urine is described. This method is based on an intramolecular excimer‐forming fluorescence derivatization with a pyrene reagent, 4‐(1‐pyrene)butanoyl chloride (PBC), followed by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. The method offers higher sensitivity for determination of spermidine and spermine than previously reported method utilizing 4‐(1‐pyrene)butyric acid N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester as a derivatization reagent. Samples containing free polyamines in diluted human urine were directly derivatized with PBC and separated on an octyl column. The derivatives were detected at excitation 345 and emission 475 nm wavelengths. For determination of total polyamine content, the conjugated polyamines were first hydrolyzed in 4 m HCl. The detection limits (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3) for polyamines in urine were 1.1–3.4 pmol/mL. At optimized derivatization and chromatographic conditions, interferences such as biogenic monoamines gave no peaks or the peaks did not interfere with the peaks of polyamine derivatives. In conclusion, the present derivatization method allows direct determination of polyamines in human urine samples without the need for sample clean‐up procedures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intravenous administration of 2,7,8‐trimethyl‐2‐(β‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxy chroman (γ‐CEHC) to rats and determination of its plasma concentration and urinary sodium excretion
Authors: Tanabe Maiko , Fukushima Takeshi , Usui Noriko , Aoyama Nozomi , Tsunoda Makoto , Imai Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA natriuretic hormone, 2,7,8‐trimethyl‐2‐(β‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxy chroman (γ‐CEHC) was administered intravenously to male Sprague–Dawley rats and the plasma concentration of γ‐CEHC along with urinary sodium (Na+) excretion was investigated. The plasma γ‐CEHC concentrations were ﬂuorimetrically determined by a column‐switching HPLC method consisting of both phenyl and octadecyl silica columns, following a pre‐column ﬂuorescence derivatization with a ﬂuorescence reagent, 4‐N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonyl‐7‐piperazino‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (DBD‐PZ). In rats fed with a high‐NaCl (8.0%) diet, plasma γ‐CEHC concentrations rapidly decreased by 20% in 15–45 min after the adminstration of γ‐CEHC, while Na+ excretion gradually increased with time. Considering these results, the Na+ excretion effect appeared not to be associated with plasma γ‐CEHC concentration. In addition, attempts were made to examine a main urinary metabolite of γ‐CEHC, a large amount of 6‐O‐sulfated γ‐CEHC found to be present in the urine using an HPLC‐tandem mass spectrometry. Thus, it is plausible that γ‐CEHC was easily metabolized to 6‐O‐sulfated metabolite and excreted into urine in rats. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching from an analogous to a stable isotopically labeled internal standard for the LC‐MS/MS quantitation of the novel anticancer drug Kahalalide F signiﬁcantly improves assay performance
Authors: Stokvis E. , Rosing H. , López‐Lázaro L. , Schellens J. H. M. , Beijnen J. H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe importance of a stable isotopically labeled (SIL) internal standard for the quantitative LC‐MS/MS assay for Kahalalide F in human plasma is highlighted. Similar results can be expected for other LC‐MS/MS assays. Therefore, we emphasize the need for an SIL internal standard for accurate and precise LC‐MS/MS assays of drugs in biological matrices. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with pathologic stage IA nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Sawabata Noriyoshi , Maeda Hajime , Yokota Soichiro , Takeda Shin‐ichi , Koma Masaru , Tokunaga Toshiteru , Ito Masami 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDElevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels are sometimes attributable to the production of CEA by malignant cells, and in turn, the antigen itself can enhance the metastatic potential of malignant cells. The authors speculated that low serum CEA levels might be indicative of relatively low levels of malignant cells and a low probability of disease recurrence. This hypothesis led them to investigate whether low CEA levels in serum represented a useful prognostic factor for patients with pathologic Stage IA nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.METHODSBetween 1993 and 2001, 724 patients underwent surgery for NSCLC at Toneyama National Hospital (Toyonaka, Japan). Of these patients, the 242 who were diagnosed with pathologic Stage IA disease were included in the current study. Smoking behavior, gender, age, tumor diameter, disease histology, and preoperative and postoperative serum CEA levels were chosen as study variables, with the cutoff level between subnormal and normal serum CEA levels set at 2.5 ng/mL and the cutoff level between normal and high serum CEA levels set at 5.0 ng/mL. Prognostic indicators were evaluated using a Cox hazard model. In addition, survival probabilities were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences in survival were assessed by log‐lank analysis.RESULTSSubnormal postoperative serum CEA levels were found to be an independent prognostic indicator (hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–4.7; P = 0.03 for comparison with patients who had normal CEA levels) on multivariate analysis. Furthermore, the 5‐year survival rate was 87% for patients with subnormal postoperative CEA levels (n = 146), compared with 75% for patients with normal postoperative CEA levels (n = 80) and 53% for patients with high postoperative CEA levels (n = 16) (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSAmong patients with pathologic Stage IA NSCLC, those who had an extremely favorable prognosis were distinguished by their subnormal postoperative serum CEA levels. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Near complete surgical resection predicts a favorable outcome in pediatric patients with nonbrainstem, malignant gliomas
Authors: Bucci Mary Kara , Maity Amit , Janss Anna J. , Belasco Jean B. , Fisher Michael J. , Tochner Zelig A. , Rorke Lucy , Sutton Leslie N. , Phillips Peter C. , Shu Hui‐Kuo G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDBecause few reports on outcome in patients with pediatric malignant gliomas during the magnetic resonance imaging era were available, the authors studied the outcomes of children with these tumors at their institution.METHODSThe medical records of 39 patients with nonbrainstem, malignant gliomas who were treated at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania/Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between February 1, 1989 and December 31, 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess tumors at presentation and at follow‐up. Progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazards model.RESULTSThe median follow‐up for the 14 surviving patients was 47.6 months. The median PFS for all patients was 12.2 months, and the median OS for all patients was 21.3 months. The extent of surgery was the strongest prognostic factor for predicting outcomes in these patients, with a median survival of 122.2 months in patients who underwent macroscopic total resection compared with 14.1 months in patients who had significant residual disease after surgery. In univariate analyses, other than the extent of surgery, only the absence of visual symptoms at diagnosis significantly predicted improved OS. Local control was improved for patients who underwent better resection and had smaller tumors. In multivariate analyses, although the extent of surgery continued to predict outcomes significantly, histologic grade, which was not significant in the univariate analysis, also was significant.CONCLUSIONSChildren with malignant gliomas appeared to fare better than their adult counterparts. Because the extent of resection was one of the strongest predictors of outcome, the authors concluded that the optimal therapy for these patients would include the maximal possible resection. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Phase II trial of dose‐dense paclitaxel, cisplatin, 5‐fluorouracil, and leucovorin with filgrastim support in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Hitt Ricardo , Jimeno Antonio , Millán Jose María , Castellano Daniel , Cortés‐Funes Hernán 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study evaluated the feasibility and clinical activity of a combination of paclitaxel, cisplatin, 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), and leucovorin administered on a biweekly schedule to patients with recurrent or unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC).METHODSPatients with recurrent or unresectable HNSCC were eligible if they had received a previous regimen of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, or no previous systemic therapy. Patients received paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 on Day 1), cisplatin (35 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 2), leucovorin (200 mg/m2 on Day 1), and 5‐FU (1000 mg/m2 per day as a 48‐hour continuous intravenous infusion on Days 1 and 2) every 2 weeks. Patients received subcutaneous filgrastim (300 μg per day) on Days 3–9 of each cycle. Treatment was administered on an outpatient basis for a maximum of six cycles.RESULTSThirty‐five patients received a combined total of 194 treatment cycles. Eighteen complete responses (51%) and 12 partial responses (34%) were documented, for an overall response rate of 86% (30 of 35 patients). The median progression‐free survival duration was 14 months, and the median overall survival duration was 18 months. Two toxicity‐related deaths were documented (one due to neutropenic sepsis and the other due to catheter‐related pulmonary embolism). Grade 4 neutropenia was observed in one patient. Other severe (Grade 3 or 4) toxic effects included mucositis (14%), anemia (6%), thrombosis (6%), thrombocytopenia (3%), and neuropathy (3%).CONCLUSIONSThe current dose‐dense, four‐agent, taxane‐containing biweekly schedule was feasible and effective in patients with recurrent or unresectable HNSCC. However, given the single‐center nature of the current study and the highly selected study population, further validation of these findings is recommended. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Prostate‐specific antigen: A review of the validation of the most commonly used cancer biomarker
Authors: Hernández Javier , Thompson Ian M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe widespread use of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening has had a tremendous impact on all aspects of the management of prostate carcinoma. Although PSA‐based screening has resulted in a stage migration to more organ‐confined tumors at the time of diagnosis, and has been temporally associated with a decrease in prostate carcinoma mortality, PSA screening is imperfect. A recent analysis of results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) has provided insight into the positive predictive value of PSA in the so‐called “normal” range.METHODSThe history of the discovery, initial studies, and subsequent widespread application of PSA screening is reviewed.RESULTSThe application of PSA for screening preceded the development of current prostate biopsy techniques and an upper limit of normal was established without complete disease ascertainment. More recent modifications of PSA‐based screening have been adopted clinically without sufficient validation. With current methods, overdiagnosis of clinically unimportant disease almost certainly occurs and high‐grade, aggressive disease may not be detected sufficiently early to allow successful treatment.CONCLUSIONSTo the authors' knowledge, the optimal upper limit of normal for PSA for prostate carcinoma screening is unknown. New biomarkers of disease are needed; these must be linked with disease prognosis and must be validated in rigorously designed clinical trials. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Effects of limb exercise after spinal cord injury on motor neuron dendrite structure
Authors: Gazula Valeswara‐Rao , Roberts Melinda , Luzzio Christopher , Jawad Abbas F. , Kalb Robert Gordon 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAn integration center subserving locomotor leg movements resides in the upper lumbar spinal cord. If this neuronal network is preserved after a spinal cord injury, it is possible to stimulate this circuitry to initiate and promote walking. The several effective approaches (electrical stimulation, pharmacologic agents, physical therapy training programs) may all share a common modus operandi of altering synaptic activity within segmental spinal cord. To understand the neural substrate for the use‐dependent behavioral improvement, we studied the dendritic architecture of spinal motor neurons. In the first experiment, we compared three groups of animals: animals with an intact spinal cord, animals that had a complete spinal cord transection (SCT) and animals with SCT who engaged in a daily exercise program of actively moving paralyzed hindlimbs through the motions of walking. When compared with animals with an intact spinal cord, the motor neurons from animals with SCT displayed marked atrophy, with loss of dendritic membrane and elimination of branching throughout the visible tree within transverse tissue slices. None of these regressive changes were found in the motor neurons from SCT animals that underwent exercise. In a second experiment, we inquired whether exercise of animals with an intact spinal cord influenced dendrite structure. Increased exercise had very modest effects on dendrite morphology, indicating an upper limit of use‐dependent dendrite growth. Our findings suggest that the dendritic tree of motor neurons deprived of descending influences is rapidly pruned, and this finding is not observed in motor neurons after SCT if hindlimbs are exercised. The functional benefits of exercise after SCT injury may be subserved, in part, by stabilizing or remodeling the dendritic tree of motor neurons below the injury site. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:130–145, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Target‐specific differences in somatodendritic morphology of layer V pyramidal neurons in rat motor cortex
Authors: Gao Wen‐Jun , Zheng Ze‐Hui 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing in combination with intracellular Lucifer yellow injection and diaminobenzidine (DAB) photoconversion in fixed slices was used to study the morphological features of corticospinal, corticostriatal, and corticothalamic neurons in layer V of rat motor cortex. Marked differences in the distribution of soma, somal size, and dendritic profiles were found among the three groups of pyramidal neurons. Corticospinal neurons were large, were located in deep layer V, and had the most expansive dendritic fields. The apical dendrites of corticospinal pyramidal neurons were thick, spiny, and branched. In contrast, nearly all corticostriatal neurons were small cells located in superficial layer V. Their apical dendritic shafts were significantly more slender, though spiny like those of corticospinal neurons. Corticothalamic neurons, which were located in superficial layer V and in layer VI, had small or medium‐sized soma, slender apical dendritic shafts, and dendrites that were largely spine free. This study indicates that, in layer V of rat motor cortex, each population of projection neurons has a unique somatodendritic morphology and suggests that distinct modes of cortical information processing are operative in corticospinal, corticostriatal, and corticothalamic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:174–185, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Past success and convergent thinking in groups: The role of group‐focused attributions
Authors: Goncalo Jack A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPast success often causes groups to think narrowly around strategies that have worked in the past, even when environmental change has rendered these strategies ineffective. From a psychological perspective, this research seems to indicate that past success may give rise to convergent thinking in groups. Why might successful groups be prone to convergent thinking? I argue that the relationship between past success and convergent thinking may depend on the attributions that groups generate to explain their shared success. In this paper, I focus on two distinct attributions at the group level: Individual‐focused attributions that reflect the idiosyncratic characteristics of individual group members and group‐focused attributions that reflect the emergent properties of the group as a whole. I found that group‐focused attributions for past success cause groups to generate fewer ideas that are, on average, more convergent. In contrast, individual‐focused attributions cause groups to generate more ideas that are on average more divergent. These findings suggest that the experience of success may actually stimulate divergent thinking depending on how a group chooses to explain it. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying good opportunities to act: Implementation intentions and cue discrimination
Authors: Webb Thomas L. , Sheeran Paschal 
Published: July 2004

AbstractForming an implementation intention (‘If I encounter situation X, then I'll perform behaviour Y!’) is thought to increase the likelihood that the person will detect a good opportunity to act. Experiment 1 found support for this hypothesis in a novel context where detection of the specified cue was very difficult. Experiments 2 and 3 extended existing paradigms to test whether this improved cue detection has costs in terms of increased false positives and/or slower responses to ambiguous stimuli. This hypothesis was not supported. Forming an implementation intention led to more accurate (Experiment 2) and faster (Experiment 3) responses to the specified cue without compromising responses to non‐relevant, or ambiguous, stimuli. Overall, the findings suggest that forming an implementation intention is an effective self‐regulatory tool because the specified cues are discriminated swiftly and with precision. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Task engagement after mortality salience: The effects of creativity, conformity and connectedness on worldview defence
Authors: Routledge Clay , Arndt Jamie , Sheldon Kennon M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTerror management research has shown that activating thoughts about mortality (mortality salience) increases defence of one's worldview. This study investigated how worldview defence is affected by engaging in a task that fosters creativity, conformity, or sharing values after being reminded of death. After writing about death or a control topic, participants were randomly assigned to design a t‐shirt with the goal of being as creative as possible, trying to please others but not oneself, or trying to connect with others via shared values. After mortality salience, conforming to others led to increased worldview defence whereas sharing values did not. Further, engaging in a creative task decreased worldview defence after mortality salience. Implications for understanding the interface between different forms of social connectedness, creativity and the management of existential fears are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.