bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyanoprotein: Developmental stage, sex and diapause‐dependent expression, and synthesis regulation by juvenile hormone in the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus
Authors: Chinzei Yasuo , Miura Ken , Kobayashi Lumi , Shinoda Tetsuro , Numata Hideharu 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCyanoprotein (CP) synthesis was studied in nymphal and nondiapause adult, diapause adult, and juvenile hormone (JH) treated adult bean bugs, Riptortus clavatus. Hemolymph collected from bugs injected with [35S]‐methionine was analyzed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and fluorography, and CP synthesis was also determined quantitatively by rocket immunoelectrophoresis of hemolymph and counting. In the nymphal stages synthesis of CP‐1, 2, 3, and 4 (with CP‐4 synthesis predominant) reached a maximum at mid‐instar and was not detected at each ecdysis, so that the synthetic activity of CPs changed cyclically in each instar. During the nymphal stages CP synthesis showed the same pattern and level in both females and males, and both diapause and nondiapause oriented bugs. In the adult stage, however, CP synthesis differed in the two sexes and nondiapause or diapause conditions. In nondiapause males CP synthesis was not detected in the adult, but in nondiapause females CP (only CP‐1) was synthesized through the reproductive stages. CP‐1 accumulated in the egg yolk together with vitellogenin. In diapause adults (both females and males) CP‐1 to 4 were synthesized at a very low rate for over 2 months and accumulated in the hemolymph. JH or JH analog (JHA) methoprene and also long day condition, which terminate diapause, switched the main CP synthesis CP‐4 to CP‐1 in females. CP synthesis in diapause males stopped after JH(A) treatment. The activities of CP synthesis, thus, changed in developmental stages, sexes, and diapause. This is an excellent system for study of specific gene expression and switching controlled by insect hormones and sex. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Juvenile hormone metabolism in the plasma, integument, midgut, fat body, and brain during the last instar of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.)
Authors: Jesudason Princy , Anspaugh Douglas D. , Roe R. Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractJuvenile hormone (JH) III esterase and JH III epoxide hydrolase activity was found in the integument, midgut, fat body, and brain during last instar development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. JH esterase activity was primarily located in the cytosol in these tissues while the majority of the JH epoxide hydrolase activity was found in the microsomes. A prewandering (on day 3) and postwandering (on day 8) peak in plasma JH III esterase activity occurs in the last instar of gate I M. sexta. The JH esterase activity profile in integument, midgut, fat body, and brain followed a similar pattern to that of the plasma. The only exception to this was the absence of the postwandering, prepupal (on day 8) JH esterase peak in the fat body. The topical application of the juvenoid, (RS)‐methoprene, failed to induce fat body JH esterase activity but increased activity in the plasma, integument, midgut, and brain in M. sexta prepupae. These results indicate that the source of plasma JH esterase activity is not always the fat body as previously hypothesized. The developmental profile of tissue JH epoxide hydrolase activity was also similar to that of JH esterase suggesting that both enzymes may be regulated partly by the same factors and that JH epoxide hydrolase may also have an important, previously unrecognized functional role in JH regulation and insect metamorphosis. Multiple isoelectric forms of tissue‐specific JH esterases and JH epoxide hydrolases were found in integument, midgut, fat body, and brain. The JH esterases in these tissues had isoelectric points more acidic than that for plasma. Tissue α‐naphthyl acetate esterase, developmental profiles, and inhibitor sensitivity to 3‐(octylthio)‐1,1,1‐trifluoropropan‐2‐one differed significantly from that for JH esterase, suggesting that they represent different enzymes. ©1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic control of voltinism characteristics in European corn borer races assessed with a marker gene
Authors: Glover Thomas J. , Robbins Paul S. , Eckenrode Charles J. , Roelofs Wendell L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe post‐diapause development (PDD) time for univoltine European corn borers (ECB) under diapause breaking conditions averages approximately 44 days, whereas the PDD time for bivoltine ECB under the same conditions is approximately 15 days. This difference is the principal component of the life cycle that determines the number of generations possible in a summer. Previous workers have demonstrated some genetic control of differences in voltinism among populations, including apparent control by sex‐linked (Z‐linked) genes.In the present study allozymes of the enzyme, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), were used as markers of the Z chromosomes in crosses of a bivoltine colony (Tpi‐1) and a univoltine colony (Tpi‐2). The F1 resulting from a cross of univoltine females (Z2W) and bivoltine males (Z1Z1) consisted of hemizygous Tpi‐1 females (Z1W) with a mean PDD time of 19 days and heterozygous Tpi‐1/Tpi‐2 males (Z1Z2) with a mean PDD time of 34 days. The F2 progeny consisted of Tpi‐1 females (Z1W) (mean PDD time = 15 days), Tpi‐2 females (Z2W) (mean PDD time = 40 days), homozygous Tpi‐1 males (Z1Z1) (mean PDD time = 16 days), and heterozygous Tpi‐1/Tpi‐2 males (Z1Z2) (mean PDD time = 25 days). The close correlation of TPI phenotypes and PDD times in these crosses, along with similar results for the maternal and paternal backcrosses of the F1 individuals, indicates that the PDD time is principally controlled by genes on the Z chromosome and that heterozygous males exhibit incomplete or partial dominance of these genes. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine, 5,6‐dihydroxyindole, and n‐acetylarterenone during eumelanin formation in immune reactive larvae of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Nappi Anthony J. , Vass Emily , Carton Yves , Frey Francoise 
Published: February 2005

Abstract3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine, 5‐6‐dihydroxyindole, and N‐acetylarterenone were detected by electrochemical methods in the hemolymph of immune reactive larvae of Drosophila melanogaster following parasitization by the wasp Leptopilina boulardi. Determinations of the catechols were made after separation by reverse phase, ion‐pairing high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The presence of 5,6‐dihydroxyindole unequivocally establishes the eumelanin pathway in the defense reponse of Drosophila, and confirms previous investigations which have implicated certain catecholamine metabolizing enzymes in insect immunity. The occurrence of N‐acetylarterenone, a derivative of the principal sclerotizing agent N‐acetyldopamine, verifies the existence and proposed involvement of quinone methide isomerase in the regulation of catecholamine metabolism, and suggests that the cellular capsule formed by Drosphila in immune reactions against parasites is most likely a composite of both eumelanin and sclerotin. The absence of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in hemolymph samples from immune reactive hosts suggests that during parasitization certain catecholamines and metabolic precursors may be re‐employed in alternate pathways, some of which may be used in defense reactions. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allatostatins in the nerves of the antennal pulsatile organ muscle of the cockroach Diploptera punctata
Authors: Woodhead Andrea P. , Stoltzman Carrie A. , Stay Barbara 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe presence of allatostatins in the nerves of the antennal pulsatile organ muscle of the cockroach Diploptera punctata was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, bioassay, and HPLC. Immunocytochemical reactivity with monoclonal antibody against allatostatin I showed strong allatostatin immunoreactivity in the antennal heart nerve which innervates this muscle with varicostities along the muscle fibers and in the insertion of the muscle on the pulsatile ampullae. Bioassay of Sep‐Pak purified muscle extract demonstrated inhibition of juvenile hormone synthesis by corpora allata in vitro. A dose‐response curve showed maximum inhibition of juvenile hormone synthesis was achieved with 10–20 pulsatile organ muscle eq/corpora allata, and 50% inhibition achieved with an estimated 2.6 pulsatile organ muscle eq. Two successive HPLC separations of the Sep‐Pak purified extract yielded bioactive fractions corresponding to the elution times of the five known allatostatins. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for the induction of cuticle proteins by 20‐hydroxyecdysone in two established insect cell lines
Authors: Stiles Brad , Newman Samuel M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe have studied two different established insect cell lines capable of synthesizing chitin, UM‐BGE‐4 from the cockroach and BRL‐AG‐2 from the boll weevil, for their ability to produce putative cuticle proteins. Mouse polyclonal antibodies were raised against the abdominal cuticle proteins extracted from the cuticle of nymphal and adult stage cockroaches, and larval, pupal, and adult stage cotton boll weevils. On Western blots, these antibodies detected several cross‐reacting proteins in untreated control cells and a variety of induced proteins in cells first exposed to a double pulse of the molting hormone, 20‐hydroxyecdysone (a low concentration followed by a higher concentration of hormone). The majority of these hormone induced proteins recognized by the anti‐cuticle protein antibodies were found to correspond in size to specific proteins observed in abdominal cuticle extracts. Electron microscopy utilizing colloidal gold to identify antibody binding sites indicated the antigenic proteins were present in the extracellular material found on the surface of the cultured cockroach and boll weevil cells. The evidence presented suggests that these cell lines can produce cuticle proteins. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soluble cuticular phenoloxidase in the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar
Authors: Thangaraj Thirumalaisamy , Aruchami Marappa 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe soluble enzyme phenoloxidase (tyrosinase) from the larval cuticle of Lymantria dispar has been partially purified using Ultrogel ACA 34, and the activity has been determined using phenolic substrates. The enzyme exhibited more activity toward O‐diphenolic substrates and monophenolic substrates. The enzyme is inhibited by diethyl dithiocarbamate, phenylthiourea, and thiourea. The enzyme has been localized in the 7% slab and disc PAGE as an intense band. The enzyme is suggested to be involved in wound healing. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An indirect mechanism by which a protein from the male gonad hastens salivary gland degeneration in the female Ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum
Authors: Lomas Lee O. , Kaufman W. Reuben 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the adult female tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae), salivary gland degeneration is triggered by an ecdysteroid, provided the female is above a critical weight (approximately 300–400 mg). In mated females, salivary gland degeneration is virtually complete within 4 days of detachment from the host. In virgin females, salivary gland degeneration is delayed by 4 days. This delay can be reversed by the injection of a male reproductive tract homogenate directly into the hemocoel. In this study, we consider a possible mechanism of action for this “male factor.” Once mated, male factor likely gains access to its target tissue(s) as a humoral factor. Male factor, however, appears not to act by sensitizing the salivary glands to the action of ecdysteroids. Instead, it appears to act by accelerating the appearance of ecdysteroids in the hemolymph. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic characterization of subcellular samples from gypsy moth larval midgut following differential centrifugation and fractionation on Percoll‐sucrose gradient
Authors: Sheppard Carol Anelli , Loeb Marcia J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA method is described for isolation of an enriched fraction of plasma membranes from gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larval midgut tissue. Following differential centrifugation of tissue homogenate, a microsomal sample is obtained and fractionated on a Percoll®‐sucrose gradient that yields 2 distinct regions of high protein concentration: one enriched in plasma membranes, the other in mitochondrial membranes. The procedure is relatively rapid, being completed within approximately 5 h. Protein yields and accompanying specific activities are reported for marker enzymes used to indicate the presence of plasma membranes (leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase), endoplasmic reticulum (NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase), and mitochondria (succinate dehydrogenase). The apparent differences between the plasma membrane enriched fraction vs. brush border membrane vesicles prepared from insect midguts are discussed, as is the suitability of the plasma membrane enriched fraction for ATP‐dependent calcium ion transport studies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine‐sensitive adenylate cyclase affects phagocytosis in cockroach hemocytes
Authors: Baines Danica , Downer Roger G. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), octopamine, and dopamine on adenylate cyclase activity were studied using fragmented hemocyte membranes of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. 5‐HT and octopamine increased cAMP production with maximal effects at 10 nM and 10 μM respectively. Dopamine did not affect adenylate cyclase activity. The effects of octopamine and 5‐HT are not additive, indicating that both are working through the same receptor. A pharmacological profile suggests that the receptor present on the cockroach hemocytes is more similar to a 5‐HT receptor than an octopamine receptor. Mammalian antagonists of 5‐HT‐receptors blocked the 5‐HT‐induced increase in cAMP production with the following order of potency: mianserin > ketanserin > spiperone > ICS 205,930. In phagocytosis assays using whole hemocytes, 5‐HT increases cAMP production above control levels at 0.25, 0.75, 15, and 65 min. Addition of Bt2cAMP at 0.1 mM inhibits phagocytosis whereas, at 10 nM, Bt2cAMP enhances phagocytosis. Imidazole at 0.1 mM also enhanced phagocytosis. A 5‐HT‐mediated elevation in cAMP production may result in either an activation or inhibition of phagocytic activities. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insecticide action at the GABA‐gated chloride channel: Recognition, progress, and prospects
Authors: Casida John E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree billion (3 × 109) pounds of hexachlorocyclohexanes, polychlorobornanes, and chlorinated cyclodienes (such as lindane, toxaphene, and endosulfan, respectively) were used to control pest insects before their mode of action was established as blocking the GABA‐gated chloride channel. With the restricted use or demise of these polychlorocycloalkanes (each ∼ 50 to ∼ 75% by weight of chlorine), the GABAergic system is for now an underutilized target of insecticide action. Newer compounds with outstanding potency at this receptor and as toxicants to houseflies are suitably‐substituted 2,6,7‐trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]‐octanes, particularly the bicycloorthobenzoates, and 1,3‐dithianes, including those with no halogenated substitutents. Picrotoxinin analogs and alkynylphenylsilatranes also act at this target but are of lower insecticidal activity. [3H]n‐Propyl‐ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]EBOB) is for now the best radioligand for this insecticidally‐relevant binding site in insects. Macrocyclic lactones such as the avermectins and moxidectin act at a different binding site to disrupt chloride flux and they have a different spectrum of insecticidal activity and no cross resistance with cyclodienes in houseflies. The search for new insecticides has provided the incentive and probes for a better understanding of the insect GABAergic system. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depressant insect selective neurotoxins from scorpion venom: Chemistry, action, and gene cloning
Authors: Zlotkin Eliahu , Gurevitz Michael , Fowler Elisabeth , Adams Michael E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe present study examines the similarity in the symptoms and binding properties between the depressant and excitatory insect‐selective neurotoxins, derived from scorpion venom. A comparison of their primary structures and neuromuscular effects is presented. A new depressant toxin (LqhlT2) was purified from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. The effects of this toxin on a prepupal housefly neuromuscular preparation mimic its effects on the intact insect, i.e, a brief period of repetitive bursts of regular junction potentials (JPs) is followed by reduced amplitude JPs ending with a block of the neuromuscular transmission. “Loose” patch clamp recordings indicate that the repetitive activity has a presynaptic origin (the motor nerve) and resembles the effect of the excitatory toxin AalT. The final synaptic block is supposed to be the end result of neuronal membrane depolarization. Such an effect is not caused by an excitatory toxin, which induces long ‘trains’ of repetitive firing. The amino acid sequences of three depressant toxins were determined by automatic Edman degradation indicating a high degree of sequence homology. This conservation differs from those of other groups of scorpion toxins. The opposing pharmacological effects of depressant toxins are discussed in light of the above neuromuscular effects and sequence analysis. A genetic approach in the study of the structure‐function relationships of the depressant toxins was initiated by isolating cDNA clones encoding the LqhiT2 and BjlT2 toxins. Their sequence analysis revealed the precursor form of these toxins: A 21 amino acid residue signal peptide followed by a 61 amino acid region of the mature toxin, and three additional amino acids at the carboxy terminus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peptidergic innervation and endocrine cells of insect midgut
Authors: Žitňan Dušan , Šauman Ivo , Sehnal František 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAntibody against FMRFamide reacts with the stomatogastric innervation and with the midgut endocrine cells in the representatives of most insect orders. The innervation was not revealed in Homoptera, Heteroptera, and Hymenoptera, and the endocrine cells were not recognized in aphids. Other insects exhibited FMRF‐amide positive endocrine cells of both open and closed types. The cells are mostly single, rarely grouped, and are distributed unequally in different midgut regions; some of the cells project cytoplasmic extensions indicative of a paracrine function. Investigations on Galleria revealed that the gut innervation persists during midgut reconstruction in the course of metamorphosis. The endocrine cells are sloughed off into the new gut lumen, but there they maintain their antigenic properties until a new population of endocrine cells becomes detectable.Antisera to most mammalian gastroenteropancreatic peptides react specifically with the innervation and/or the endocrine cells of insect midgut; only antisera to bombesin, neurotensin, secretin, motilin, and insulin failed to react. All insects seem to contain antigens that can be detected with antisera to pancreatic polypeptide, FMRFamide, enkephalins, and vasopressins. Stomatogastric innervation and the endocrine cells of some lepidopterans also possess allatotropinand diuretic hormone‐like antigens; stomatogastric ganglia, in particular, a prothoracicotropic hormone‐like antigen. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of Locusta migratoria diuretic hormone
Authors: Lehmberg Elisabeth , Schooley David A. , Ferenz Hans‐J. , Applebaum Shalom W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLocusta migratoria diuretic hormone (Lom‐DH) is a linear 46 amino acid peptide, amidated at the C‐terminus. The purified native hormone and synthetic peptide similarly stimulate the secretion of cAMP by isolated Malpighian tubules in vitro in a dose‐dependent manner. The degree of stimulated fluid secretion in the isolated Malpighian tubule assay is similar for the native and synthetic hormone. Based on ELISA assay, Lom‐DH is mainly found in the storage lobes of the corpora cardiaca (∼ 12 pmol per gland pair) and to a small extent in the brain. Marginal amounts can be detected in the hemolymph. No detectable amounts were found in the glandular lobes of the corpora cardiaca or in the corpora allata or subesophageal ganglion. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leads for insect neuropeptide mimetic development
Authors: Nachman Ronald J. , Holman G. Mark , Haddon William F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInsect neuropeptides mediate a number of physiological processes critical for insect survival. The numerous neuropeptide sequences that have been reported present an opportunity to decipher the chemical and conformational requirements for neuropeptide‐receptor interactions. Chemical and conformational requirements for activity represent a “template” from which agonist/antagonist peptide mimetics, with the potential to disrupt critical insect processes, can be developed. Information on structural requirements is presented for three neuropeptide families: the sulfakinins, pyrokinins, and leucokinin/achetakinins, including active core size, important side chains, peptide superagonists, and new data on pseudopeptide modification of the N‐ and C‐terminal regions. Members of these peptide families have been associated with a variety of physiological activities such as myotropism, pheromonotropism, diapause induction, and diuresis in a number of insects. Spectroscopic data coupled with computer molecular dynamics/graphics studies on conformationally restricted analogs of insect neuropeptides reveal information on the active conformation adopted at the receptor site. Routes to development of peptide‐mimetics from neuropeptide templates are discussed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of hornet genes encoding venom allergen antigen 5 in insects
Authors: Tomalski Michael D. , King Te Piao , Miller Lois K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAntigen 5, also known as Dol m V, is a major allergen found in the venom of the baldfaced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata. We have inserted the f10 and f17 cDNAs, which encode hornet antigen 5 (HA5) forms 2 (Dol m; VB) and 3 (Dol m VA), respectively, into the genome of the baculovirus, AcMNPV, to produce the recombinant baculovirus gene expression vectors, vEV‐HA5f10 and vEV‐HA5f17. Insect cells infected with either vEV‐HA5f10 or vEV‐HA5f17 produce and secrete a novel protein with an electrophoretic mobility which is similar if not identical to authentic mature Dol m V. The gene products also react specifically with a polyclonal antiserum raised to Dol m VB as expected. Dol m V gene products were not acutely toxic when injected into insect larvae. However, infection of fifth instar larvae with vEV‐HA5f17 resulted in premature melanization of the larvae and lower weight gain than infection with control virus. Thus, the Dol m V gene product has a subtle, possibly cytotoxic or biochemical effect on insects. The expression systems may prove useful in further structural and functional characterization of these proteins. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.