bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This classic text gives a uniquely lucid and lively view of neurotransmitters, their role in nervous system function, and their involvement in the mechanisms of psychiatric drug action. For three decades it has served as an essential guide for students of neuroscience and psychopharmacology, psychiatrists, and neurologists. Both authoritative and very readable, it has been thoroughly updated for each edition. In the eigth edition more space is devoted to clinical examples, subclasses of receptors that provide targets for new drugs, molecular genetics, the major problem of drug delivery to the brain and the growing recognition of nicotinic receptors in the brain and their possible involvement in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. From reviews of the previous edition: "Recommended without reservation to students, physicians and scientists who seek a lucid survey of the biochemical basis of neuronal regulatory systems." New England Journal of Medicine "The best introductory text available for those who want to learn about the application of biochemical approaches to the study of neurotransmitter and drug actions in the nervous system." Brain "This now classic monograph remains a clear and concise guide... (It) should be mandatory reading for all medical students, psychiatry residents, graduate students in neuroscience and pharmacology, and is even useful for undergraduate students." Contemporary Psychiatry
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to what one might assume, the more we learn about intercellular communication in the nervous system, the more complicated the situation appears. Up to about the mid-1970s, synaptologists smugly focused on a straight point-to-point transmission, where a presynaptically released transmitter impinged on a postsynaptic cell. Gradually, situations emerged where previously identified neurotransmitters were observed to not act in this fashion but, rather, to modulate transmission.
Amino Acid Transmitters
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the basis of their functional actions, amino acid transmitters have been divided into two general categories: excitatory amino acid transmitters (glutamate [Glu], aspartate [Asp], cysteate, and homocysteate), which depolarize neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), and inhibitory amino acid transmitters (y-aminobutyric acid [GABA], glycine [Gly], taurine, and /3-alanine), which hyperpolarize mammalian neurons. A few amino acids have been demonstrated to fulfill most of the criteria for neurotransmitter candidates in the mammalian CNS.
Acetylcholine
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neurophysiological activity of acetylcholine (ACh) has been known since the turn of the century and its neurotransmitter role since the mid-1920s. With this long history, it is not surprising when students assume that everything is known about the subject. Unfortunately, the delay in developing so-phisticated methods for determining the presence of ACh in cholinergic tracts and terminals, which only recently has been overcome, has left this field far behind the biogenic amines.
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) are chemically catecholamines. The term catecholamine refers generically to all organic compounds that contain a catechol nucleus (a benzene ring with two adjacent hydroxyl substituents) and an amine group (Fig. 8–1). In practice, the term usually means dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA) and its metabolic products NE and E. Major advances in the understanding of the biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology of these compounds have come mainly through the development of sensitive assay techniques and methods for visualizing catecholamine neurons, their connections and their metabolic enzymes and receptors in vivo and in vitro.
Neuroactive Peptides
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After more than 30 years of ever incisive examination, neuropeptides remain dear to the hearts of neuropharmacol ogists. For those hoping eventually to understand the role of neuropeptides, the quest to devise new medications to enhance or antagonize their actions remains intense. Rapid advances in molecular biology and the regulation of gene expression have accelerated the determination of peptide amino acid sequences.
Treating Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By this stage, the reader will almost certainly have detected a not-so-subtle underlying theme, namely, that a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which healthy neurons communicate and are sustained constitutes the starting point for developing drugs to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Except for a few passing references, however, we have not said very much about the nature of the brain’s diseases or indicated those for which treatments are now effective and why.
Merit, Aesthetic and Ethical
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To "look good" and to "be good" have traditionally been considered two very different notions. Indeed, philosophers have seen aesthetic and ethical values as fundamentally separate. Now, at the crossroads of a new wave of aesthetic theory, Marcia Muelder Eaton introduces this groundbreaking work, in which a bold new concept of merit where being good and looking good are integrated into one.
Dilutions of Grandeur: Homeopathy
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Silly as they considered Thomson’s steaming-and-puking regimen to be, nineteenth-century physicians thought of another irregular system as still more unlikely. Indeed, homeopathy’s practices were so remarkably at odds with all accepted notions of how nature worked, of how nature conceivably could work, that they were only to be regarded as utterly impossible. It was “a stupendous monument of human folly”; it represented “the crowning exploit of pseudo-scientific audacity”; it constituted a fabric of “astounding absurdities” and “nonsensical trash.” “This horrid disgrace of the human mind” was such “a confused mass of rubbish” as to make sense only to “simpletons” possessed of “imbecile credulity.” All in all, “the fact that men of sense and character should become its dupes, is one of the most striking exhibitions of intellectual stupidity and moral obliquity which the history of fanaticism itself can furnish.”1 Homeopathy was also the most popular of all alternative systems of practice from the 1850s to the beginning of the twentieth century.
Generalized Weakness in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generalized weakness, an inherently ambiguous designation, has long been seen as an obstacle to recovery in patients whose critical illness has begun to subside. Disuse atrophy develops quickly, even more so if the patient is in a catabolic state. In one study of normal persons, muscle strength decreased 5% a day and 7% to 26% after 5 weeks of bed rest. Whether a debilitated patient in fact has a neuromuscular disorder can be difficult to assess.
Neurologic Complications of Aortic Surgery
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centers of excellence have specific intensive care provisions to systematically accommodate patients operated on for thoracoabdominal aneurysm. After aortic surgery, triage out of the intensive care unit (ICU) may be accomplished rather quickly, but ischemic colitis and renal failure may intervene and extend the stay in the surgical intensive care unit.
Consider the Source: The Evolution of Adaptations for Decoupling and Metarepresentation
Authors: Cosmides Leda , Tooby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are often considered to be so distinct a species that they are placed outside of the natural order entirely, to be approached and analyzed independently of the rest of the living world. However, all species have unusual or differentiating characteristics and it is the task of an evolutionarily informed natural science to provide a causal account of the nature, organization, origin, and function, if any, of such characteristics without exaggerating, mystifying, or minimizing them.
Chimpanzee Cognition and the Question of Mental Re-representation
Authors: Whiten Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metarepresentation is a mental capacity of enormous significance for our species. Children’s grasp of other peoples’ mental life is remarkable even within their first few years, and many writers have argued that - like the equally remarkable ease of first-language acquisition — a high degree of inherited preparedness must exist. This developmental priority itself suggests that metarepresentational capacities are of great functional significance for humans, a conclusion additionally underlined by the often crippling social difficulties experienced by autistic individuals who manifest delays in specific kinds of metarepresentational activity (Baron-Cohen, 1995; Baron-Cohen, Leslie, & Frith, 1985; Leslie, 1987; 1991). Although there are many controversies within the burgeoning literature on the development of children’s metarepresentational abilities (e.g., Bogdan, 1997; Carruthers & Smith, 1996a; chapters in Carruthers & Smith, 1996b; chapters in Lewis & Mitchell, 1994; Mitchell & Lewis, 1994; Perner, 1991), there is a consensus that these abilities have multiple ramifications in cognition, communication and social competence (Baron-Cohen, Tager-Flusberg, & Cohen, 1993; Lewis & Mitchell, 1994). A natural question thus arises as to how such abilities evolved, and from what they evolved.This is the subject of the present chapter.
Terrestrial Vertebrates Other Than Birds
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Northern Melanesia’s nonavian, terrestrial vertebrates exhibit striking parallels as well as contrasts with its avifauna. In this chapter we briefly summarize these other classes for two reasons: to permit comparisons with conclusions drawn from the avifauna; and because diversity of native predators is one of the important factors determining the susceptibility of native bird species to extinction upon arrival of humans (chapter 7). Bear in mind throughout this chapter that knowledge of these other vertebrate faunas is less complete than knowledge of the corresponding avifaunas; new species are still being discovered, older specimens are being re-identified, the systematics of many groups are still poorly understood, and the superspecies concept has been little used. New Guinea today has about 189 native mammal species (table 4.1), of which two are monotremes (echidnas) and the rest are nearly equally divided among marsupials, bats, and murid rodents. At this level, New Guinea’s mammal fauna is similar to that of Australia, with which New Guinea was joined as a single continent during Pleistocene times of low sea level. New Guinea’s largest extant species is a kangaroo (Macropus agilis) weighing up to 26 kg. In the Pliocene and Pleistocene New Guinea supported larger species of now-extinct.marsupials: the Tasmanian wolf, Thylacinus cf. cynocephalus, which survived in New Guinea until a few thousand years ago; at least five species of diprotodonts (rhinoceros-like herbivores) up to the size of a cow (ca. 400 kg); about six species of kangaroos (Dendrolagus, Protemnodon, Thylo- gale, Watutia) weighing up to about 60 kg (Flannery et al. 1983, 1989, Flannery amp; Plane 1986, Flannery 1990,1992,1994). New Guinea’s extinct megafauna is thus much less diverse than the rich extinct megafauna of Australia and may have coexisted with humans for longer (Flannery 1990,1994)
Endemic Species and Genera
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final stage in speciation is the development of an endemic full species-a species that does not belong to a superspecies ranging extralimitally. Of Northern Melanesia’s 191 analyzed zoogeographic species, 35 fall into this category (table 24.1). They include four superspecies endemic to Northern Melanesia. These four superspecies are as distinct from extralimital populations as are the 31 endemic monotypic species; they differ only in that they vary geographically within Northern Melanesia, whereas endemic monotypic species do not vary geographically. Naturally, it is in some cases uncertain whether to consider a Northern Melanesian endemic as an isolated full species, or else as a distinct allospecies belonging to a superspecies with extralimital representatives. Among the uncertain cases are Pareu- diastes sylvestris (plate 8), Gallicolumba salamonis, Chalcopsitta cardinalis (plate 8), and Ortygocichla rubiginosa (plate 9), which we consider as isolated species whose nearest congeneric relatives are identifiable (see their species accounts in appendix 1) but in our view not sufficiently similar to place in the same superspecies. Lumpers might nevertheless rate these four taxa as allospecies and assign them to superspecies. Conversely, we consider Cacatua ducorpsi (plate 8), Pitta anerythra (plate 9), and P. superba (plate 9) as allospecies within superspecies ranging extralimitally, but splitters might consider each of these three taxa too distinct to include within a superspecies.
A Few Plant Clocks
Authors: Palmer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably the first written record of a biological rhythm comes to us from the pages of a diary kept in 350 B.C. by a centurion in the corps of Alexander the Great. A man of many talents, the officer also amused himself by studying plants. It was he who first noticed that some plants performed what are today called—just as erroneously as in the past—sleep movements. At night the blades of the leaves are dropped to the sides of the stem (as if asleep), but at the next dawn they are lifted high again, as if in a pagan gesture to the rising sun. They remain in this worship position all day and then doze off again at sunset.
100 Decisive Battles
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the ancient Egyptian battle at Megiddo in 1469 BC to the recent military actions in Iraq, great battles have had an enormous impact on the shaping of history. Now, in this fully illustrated book, one hundred of the world’s most important military confrontations are described in detail. 100 Decisive Battles gives us the facts about the battle and also explains where it fits in to the scope of world history. In each entry we are given the name and date of the battle, the commanders, the size of the opposing forces, and casualties. An account of the battle plan and the military action are strategically discussed, and each description closes with a valuable consideration of how history was affected by the outcome of the conflict. Among the battles presented are the Battle of Thymbra (546 BC), the Battle of Chalons (451 AD), the Battle of Cajamarca (1532), the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954), and the Tet Offensive (1968). Accompanying maps and sidebars help further orient us with each military action. Global in scope, with excellent coverage of American, Central American, European, Asian, and Middle Eastern battles, and with its stirring accounts of familiar battles and many lesser known military conflicts, 100 Decisive Battles is essential reading for military buffs and anyone interested in how the modern world came to be.
The Quest for and Discovery of Identity in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon
Authors: Smith Valer IE 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Her First Three Novels, The Bluest Eye (1970), Sula (1973), and SonB of Solomon (1977), Toni Morrison explores the interplay between self-knowledge and social role. Her characters, like Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, inhabit a world where inhospitable social assumptions obtain. But Morrison does not provide her people with the option of living underground, in isolation, beyond community. Those whom social relations exclude (like Pecola Breedlove of The Bluest Eye or Sula) lack self-knowledge and are destroyed by themselves or by others. My analysis here centers on Son9 of Solo11Wn, the only one of Morrison’s novels in which her protagonist completes successfully his or her search for psychological autonomy. Yet, no discussion of the search for identity in Son9 of Solomon would be complete without some mention of Morrison’s two earlier novels. The structure and thematic concerns of these two works establish a framework in terms of which we may understand the meaning and status of Milkman’s discovery.
Acute and Chronic Medical Management
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A handful of medical issues come up repeatedly during the chronic rehabilitation management of patients with neurologic diseases. This chapter reviews the mechanisms and treatment for complications within the first several months of onset of disability such as deep vein thrombosis, seizures, dysphagia, and the neurogenic bowel and bladder, and later complications from pain, spasticity, contractures, pressure sores, and sleep disorders.
Toward Gene Cloning
Authors: Hopwood David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My career move in 1968 came at a good moment. Norwich turned out to be an excel- lent place to bring up a family, and, after a rocky start, I was able to build up a flourishing research group. We continued to exploit the natural mating system of S. coelicolor as a tool for studying its genetics. Sex plasmids were discovered, and genetic mapping was refined. Morphological mutants revealed genetic switches con- trolling progression through the various stages of colony development, and mutants unable to produce the antibiotic actinorhodin, which gives the organism its beautiful blue color, served to identify a cluster of genes for its biosynthesis. Streptomyces genetics gained visibility as a worldwide community of academic and company re- searchers took up the study, some driven by curiosity, as the best academic research usually is, and others to underpin the rational improvement of industrial antibiotic production.
Battling the Undead: How (and How Not) to Resist Genetic Determinism (2000)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nobody has clone more to combat genetic determinism than Richard Lewontin, whose writings, from the original IQ controversy to present debates about the implications of human molecular genetics, diagnose errors that have seduced influential scholars and their readers into believing vulgar slogans about genes and destiny. Lewontin’s reward for his decades of effort has often been the irritated response that what he claims is uncontroversial: once the intellectual poverty of a version of genetic determinism has been exposed, there is a rush to denial (“That is not what we meant; that is not what we meant at all”). Yet, within months or years, some new version of the view that human behavior is largely shaped by the genes returns, inspiring a new rash of popular discussions and, in some instances, framing debates about social policy. It is small wonder then, that people appalled by the sloppy thinking Lewontin has exposed yearn for the “stake-in-the-heart move.”
Vulnerable Links in the Chain of Reproductive Events
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Think of the entire human presence on earth (about 350,000 years) as a 24-hour day. Then the last 5000 years of recorded history becomes but a few minutes, and the time during which people have been able to exert willful control over their fertility is a flashing millisecond during Homo sapiens’ day on earth.
In a world of 6 billion people, there are more than 1 billion couples of reproductive age that have coitus an estimated 110 billion times a year, resulting in the fertilization of about 300 million human eggs. Some 100 million of these fertilized eggs simply pass out unnoticed with the menstrual flow. Seventy million that do connect to the mother’s uterus and start to develop into embryo or fetus end up as miscarriages or are electively aborted. The remaining fertilized eggs, roughly 130 million, proceed through the entire 9 months of pregnancy and result in newborn babies.
Is Contraceptive Research a Male Chauvinist Plot?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I lecture on advances in contraception, I’m sometimes asked by a woman in the audience, “What about contraceptives for men?” The implication of the question, sometimes not only implied but bluntly asserted, is that contraceptive research is done by male researchers, funded by agencies controlled by men, and, consciously or inadvertently, protects the male by seeking methods that place the responsibility and risk on women.
It is absolutely true that contraceptive innovations of recent decades have been methods that are used by women. This would have delighted Margaret Sanger, the early fighter for women’s reproductive rights, who inspired the search for a contraceptive pill for women. Her fight against the repressive Comstock laws that made disseminating contraception information or materials illegal was a struggle for this principle. She faced and accepted imprisonment for demanding that women be given control of their own reproduction. Yet, some modern feminists see the emphasis on contraceptive methods for women as a male chauvinist plot.
Barriers to Developing New Contraceptives
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People who wish to limit their fertility do so primarily in pursuit of family or individual aspirations. They want to enhance their chances for personal fulfillment and to provide a good home and opportunities for their children. The availability of effective contraceptive methods gives couples the opportunity to determine, with dignity and personal freedom, how many children they will have and when they will have them. This reproductive freedom is a human right, not a privilege reserved for the well-to-do. If because of inadequate education, poverty, or lack of health services, people do not have access to effective contraception, there is a de facto denial of this right. Families that are already struggling to meet the needs of existing children should not be deprived of the contraceptive services available to those who are better off. For the poorest of the poor, this struggle is often a matter of providing their children with adequate food and shelter.
Feeding the World’s People
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Controversy tends to keep topics and personalities in the public eye. Who would remember Thomas Robert Malthus, an eighteenth-century English cleric destined for obscurity, had he not published one of the most controversial articles of all time? In 1798 he predicted that population growth would soon outstrip food supply because, he wrote: “The power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man.” Human populations, he claimed, tend to increase exponentially, while food supplies increase linearly. A Cambridge-trained economist, his ideas were somewhat more complex, but the basic Malthusian idea, exponential versus linear, has been taught to high school and college students for more than 200 years.
The nineteenth and twentieth centuries appeared to prove that Mal-thus was wrong. Population size has, indeed, increased almost exponentially from the time of his world of less than 1 billion to today’s 6 billion people, but food supply has kept up. If there is a Malthusian race between food and population, food has been winning. Food has maintained its lead in spite of the fact that there was record population growth in the last half of the twentieth century.