bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nasalization of Vowels in Relation to Nasals
Authors: Hattori Shirô , Yamamoto Kengo , Fujimura Osamu 
Published: September 2005

The principal characteristic features of nasalization of vowels are (1) a dull resonance around 250 cps, (2) an antiresonance at about 500 cps, (3) comparatively weak and diffuse components which fill the valleys between the formants.
Features (1) and (3) are commonly found also during the period of oral closure of nasal constants, (3) in this case being influenced by the antiresonance of the oral cavity. The feature (3) affected by “antiformants” carries information about the tongue position during oral closure. If the nasal passage is stopped at the nostrils when nasalized vowels are pronounced, features (1) and (3) disappear, and the frequency of selective attenuation (2) is lowered. Some French and Japanese nasalized vowels have been examined and interpreted, applying the results obtained in the research.
On the Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity in Solids
Authors: Williams J. , Lamb J. 
Published: September 2005

A new method has been developed for the accurate measurement of the velocity of compressional waves in solid specimens. This is based on the cancellation of a traveling wave train, which has undergone reflection at the ends of the specimen, by a second wave train launched from the same transducer. A description is given of the experimental system employed.
A correction must be made for the phase shift which occurs when the ultrasonic signal is reflected at the interface between specimen and transducer. A theoretical study of the effects of the transducer and coupling film shows that the correction is a function of the resonant frequency of the transducer and of the ratio of acoustic impedance of the transducer to that of the specimen.
The application of the correction enables the velocity of propagation to be determined to within 1 in 104.
Phonetic Pattern Recognition Vocoder for Narrow-Band Speech Transmission
Authors: Dudley Homer 
Published: September 2005

Syllabic spectral patterns of continuous speech have been classified into a finite alphabet through an automatic recognition process built into a “phonetic vocoder.” The classified spectra were then used to synthesize corresponding sounds approximating the original phonetic content, within broad limits. The principle of phonetic recognition can be applied to realize a maximally efficient coding of speech, considering only the phonetic content. The corresponding frequency band is about 50 cps, a 6-fold reduction over the frequency-band vocoder. Also, the recognition process assures that spoken words can be printed automatically as phonetic text.
Speech processed with the phonetic vocoder described here was obtained using an alphabet of only four consonants and six vowels. Nonetheless, limited vocabulary transmission was demonstrated over a band of about 100 cps indicating the feasibility of this coding method. Articulation figures of over 95% were measured using the spoken digits as test material. For a larger vocabulary of monosyllabic words, about 50% intelligibility was found in a limited test. Spectrograms of the vocoder input and output are compared.
Isopreference Method for Evaluating Speech-Transmission Circuits
Authors: Munson W. A. , Karlin J. E. 
Published: September 2005

This exploratory paper describes a modification of the paired comparison technique for deriving a one-dimensional scale for rating speech transmission systems on the basis of listener preferences. The numbers on the scale, which run from 0 to 100, are called “Transmission Preference Units” (TPU), and are intended to be used to evaluate any speech transmission system, regardless of the noise or distortions encountered, provided the system is less preferred than the reference condition, namely, real speech at 1 m. If the TPU ratings for two transmission systems are known, it is believed that the difference can be used to predict the percentage of users who would prefer the system with the higher rating.
Subjective listening experiments have been conducted with a small group averaging seven observers for rating a large number of speech transmission conditions on the TPU scale. Equal preference contours were determined on speech level-noise level planes for several different frequency bands. The listening tests require only simple A-B preference comparisons of two brief samples of speech heard consecutively.
The data suggest that the basic requirement of transitivity, essential for a simple useful one-dimensional rating scale, may be satisfied for many types of transmission conditions. Thus if transmission condition A is judged to equal condition B in preference, and condition B equals C, then A and C were also found to be judged equal. This apparently holds even though A, B, and C are circuits differing widely in their physical parameters.
This study is reported at this stage in the hope that other laboratories may become interested in checking and extending the limited scope of the work reported here. Such confirmation is necessary before a simple one-dimensional TPU scale can be postulated and used with confidence for precise evaluations. For the purposes of this work, two circuits are considered to be equal in preference when half of the judgments of the group favor one and half favor the other circuit; it does not follow that individual observers are indifferent in their preferences for the two circuits.
Some Aspects of Binaural Signal Selection
Authors: Schubert Earl D. , Schultz Martin C. 
Published: September 2005

Two experiments are reported which measure the increase in intelligibility occasioned by listening binaurally to running speech imbedded in interfering signals. In the first experiment, the frequency range of the speech is restricted to one of three ranges: 200–1600, 880–2200, 1660–6100. The interfering signal is broad-band random noise. Under difficult listening (27% intelligibility for homophasic listening) the lowest range shows a binaural improvement of 33% for a change in interaural polarity, and of 28% for an interaural time disparity of 500 μsec. The middle- and high frequency ranges show less binaural gain, but do afford some advantage to two eared listening under difficult conditions.
The second experiment compares the effects of different speech waves masking the wanted speech in binaural listening. For the maskers used, the binaural system helps most when the interfering wave is the speaker's own voice or a multiple mixture of many voices. The measured differences between homophasic and binaural listening are small but statistically reliable. The interaural differences employed (time delay and polarity reversal) are no help when the interfering wave is a female voice, another male voice, or the multiple mixture played backward.
Interactions between Sound Waves
Authors: Dean L. Wallace 
Published: September 2005

Exact solutions for the interaction between two concentric cylindrical waves and between two concentric spherical waves are presented. The scattered-pressure amplitude in the far field is shown to be constant in the cylindrical case and to be proportional to r−1 lnr in the spherical case, where r is the distance to the source of primary waves.
A near-field solution is derived for the scattered waves generated when two sharply defined, plane-wave beams of square cross section intersect at right angles. A comparison is made of the theory with recent experiments in which beams of circular cross section were used. It is concluded that if the scattered waves do exist, their amplitudes are at least 40 dB below those that are predicted by this theory.
When a hard object is placed in the region of intersection, scattered waves are observed. This effect can be explained by the fact that with the addition of the hard object (a cylinder) the primary waves have components of the same symmetry. These components are the waves scattered from the primary beams by the object. Evidence is presented to show that these components, having the same symmetry, interact strongly in the volume surrounding the object.
Principal Considerations on the Artistic Qualities of Musical Sound
Authors: Thienhaus Erich 
Published: September 2005

If one considers the transfer of vibratory energy from a musical instrument to the ear of a listener as a “transmission” in the most general sense, then one must consider each step at which there is a change in the original vibration characteristics (sounding board, room or part of the room, microphone, amplifier, disk record, etc.) as a separate element in the transmission chain. In principle, one must distinguish between active and passive transmission elements. As to whether a transmission system is active or passive, the magnitude of the transfer function (amplification or attenuation) is of less concern than the change in the phase angle with frequency (the slope of the phase characteristic). An unambiguous relationship between magnitude and phase characteristic exists only in the case of relatively simple networks, which are rarely found, however, in mechanical elements of musical instruments. Aesthetically satisfying musical sounds require active systems for certain parts of the transmission chain; in particular, the room (concert hall or recording studio) must possess certain “active” transmission properties.
Editor's note: By “active” the author means an element that modifies the phase characteristics of the signal; by “passive,” one that preserves phase. In this sense an “active” element modifies the wave form of the signal and a “passive” element does not.
Differential Path Method for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocities in Glasses at High Temperatures
Authors: Krause J. T. 
Published: September 2005

A method is described for measuring longitudinal and shear mode velocities in glasses over a wide temperature range at frequencies in the 10–20 Mc range. Use is made of a differential path technique in which measurements are made on a heated portion of a short rod-form sample. Transducer and bond are kept outside the furnace and thus are kept at normal operating temperatures.
Also described is a pulsed oscillator unique to the method of measurement and responsible for the high degree of resolution and accuracy.
Data for a commercial glass showing large changes in unit delay time as temperatures approach the softening point of the glass are illustrative of the method described.
Quality of Organ Tones
Authors: Fletcher Harvey , Blackham E. Donnell , Christensen Douglas A. 
Published: September 2005

The tones were produced by the pipe organ in the Smith Auditorium at Brigham Young University. They were picked up by a microphone placed at various positions in the auditorium and recorded on magnetic tape. The tape was taken into the laboratory where analyses of the tones were made. The structure of full organ tones becomes very complicated. For example, when the three keys for the major chord were depressed, there were 229 partials whose frequency and level were measured.
After the analysis of the tone was made, a synthetic tone was constructed by our synthesizer. Judgment tests were made by juries to see if synthetic tones could be distinguished from real tones. These juries were unable to distinguish between them. The paper discusses musical warmth. It shows that it is definitely related to the level variation of the partials. These variations are due to the frequencies of several partials being close together, causing beats.
Methods and apparatus were developed so that a tone could be warmed to any extent without using the large number partials produced in the pipe organ. A method of rating the warmth of organ tones is proposed and will be used in our future work on all musical tones.
The Violin as a Circuit
Authors: Schelleng John C. 
Published: September 2005

The paper applies elementary circuit ideas to bowed-string instruments and their component parts. Parameters are defined and calculations based on simple circuit diagrams for the main resonance and the air resonance; curves describe their combined performance. The relative importance of circuit resistances—wood loss, radiation, and wall-surface loss—is discussed. Wall-surface loss is an important component of air decrement. No material improvement is to be expected from change in decrement or enclosure volume.
A theory for the wolfnote is given in terms of the beating of two equally forced oscillations, together with a criterion for its occurrence and a method for its elimination.
The paper analyzes principles of dimensional scaling between members of the violin family and shows why the cello and viola are more susceptible to wolftone than the violin.
A study of impedance requirements in wood shows that flexural similarity depends on the parameter c/ρ (compressional velocity over density); high values are in general favorable in the top plate. In the violin, cross-grain losses probably exceed those along the grain.
Ultrasonic Research at the Ultrasonic Research Laboratory of the Hungarian Railway Scientific Research Institute
Authors: Greguss P. 
Published: September 2005

The ultrasonic research supported by the laboratory can be classified into two main parts: nondestructive material testing and active application of sonic and ultrasonic energy.
In the field of nondestructive material testing, theoretical and experimental attempts have been made on the correlation of the internal stresses of manufactured parts and of the propagation properties of ultrasonic waves. The investigations made up to present proved that, by measuring ultrasonic velocities with an accuracy of 0.1%, the residual stress distributions in metals can be detected. Now, efforts are made to construct a measuring device suitable not only for laboratory tests but also for technical investigations. Some experimental studies have been made on the problem of appointing the size and shape of imbedded scoria and other inclosures in metals, and interesting correlations were found between the identifiableness of the enclosure and the ultrasonic method applied. Some preliminary experiments were carried out in order to test the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on electroluminescent panels and in slightly ionized gases. Work has begun on the development and application of airborne and hydrodynamic acoustic generators to different technological processes, such as combustion, heat exchange, emulsification, etc. The laboratory cooperates with the I. Gynecological Clinic and has developed several methods and devices for ultrasonic therapy. One of their last works deals with the acting mechanism of the resolving gallstones by ultrasonic irradiations.
Fnr-, NarP- and NarL-Dependent Regulation of Transcription Initiation from the
Haemophilus influenzae
Rd
napF
(Periplasmic Nitrate Reductase) Promoter in
Escherichia coli
K-12
Authors: Stewart Valley , Bledsoe Peggy J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

Periplasmic nitrate reductase (
napFDAGHBC
operon product) functions in anaerobic respiration. Transcription initiation from the
Escherichia coli napF
operon control region is activated by the Fnr protein in response to anaerobiosis and by the NarQ-NarP two-component regulatory system in response to nitrate or nitrite. The binding sites for the Fnr and phospho-NarP proteins are centered at positions −64.5 and −44.5, respectively, with respect to the major transcription initiation point. The
E. coli napF
operon is a rare example of a class I Fnr-activated transcriptional control region, in which the Fnr protein binding site is located upstream of position −60. To broaden our understanding of
napF
operon transcriptional control, we studied the
Haemophilus influenzae
Rd
napF
operon control region, expressed as a
napF-lacZ
operon fusion in the surrogate host
E. coli
. Mutational analysis demonstrated that expression required binding sites for the Fnr and phospho-NarP proteins centered at positions −81.5 and −42.5, respectively. Transcription from the
E. coli napF
operon control region is activated by phospho-NarP but antagonized by the orthologous protein, phospho-NarL. By contrast, expression from the
H. influenzae napF-lacZ
operon fusion in
E. coli
was stimulated equally well by nitrate in both
narP
and
narL
null mutants, indicating that phospho-NarL and -NarP are equally effective regulators of this promoter. Overall, the
H. influenzae napF
operon control region provides a relatively simple model for studying synergistic transcription by the Fnr and phospho-NarP proteins acting from class I and class II locations, respectively.
Identification of GutQ from
Escherichia coli
as a
d
-Arabinose 5-Phosphate Isomerase
Authors: Meredith Timothy C. , Woodard Ronald W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

The glucitol operon (
gutAEBDMRQ
) of
Escherichia coli
encodes a phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system that metabolizes the hexitol
d
-glucitol (sorbitol). The functions for all but the last gene,
gutQ
, have been previously assigned. The high sequence similarity between GutQ and KdsD, a
d
-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase (API) from the 3-deoxy-
d
-
manno
-octulosonate (KDO)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic pathway, suggested a putative activity, but its role within the context of the
gut
operon remained unclear. Accordingly, the enzyme was cloned, overexpressed, and characterized. Recombinant GutQ was shown to indeed be a second copy of API from the
E. coli
K-12 genome with biochemical properties similar to those of KdsD, catalyzing the reversible aldol-ketol isomerization between
d
-ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) and
d
-arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P). Genomic disruptions of each API gene were constructed in
E. coli
K-12. TCM11[(Δ
kdsD
)] was capable of sustaining essential LPS synthesis at wild-type levels, indicating that GutQ functions as an API inside the cell. The
gut
operon remained inducible in TCM7[(Δ
gutQ
)], suggesting that GutQ is not directly involved in
d
-glucitol catabolism. The conditional mutant TCM15[(Δ
gutQ
Δ
kdsD
)] was dependent on exogenous A5P both for LPS synthesis/growth and for upregulation of the
gut
operon. The phenotype was suppressed by complementation in
trans
with a plasmid encoding a functional copy of GutQ or by increasing the amount of A5P in the medium. As there is no obvious obligatory role for GutQ in the metabolism of
d
-glucitol and there is no readily apparent link between
d
-glucitol metabolism and LPS biosynthesis, it is suggested that A5P is not only a building block for KDO biosynthesis but also may be a regulatory molecule involved in expression of the
gut
operon.
Flavobacterium johnsoniaeGliding Motility Genes Identified bymarinerMutagenesis
Authors: Braun Timothy F. , Khubbar Manjeet K. , Saffarini Daad A. , McBride Mark J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTCells ofFlavobacterium johnsoniaeglide rapidly over surfaces. The mechanism ofF. johnsoniaegliding motility is not known. Eightgldgenes required for gliding motility have been described. Disruption of any of these genes results in complete loss of gliding motility, deficiency in chitin utilization, and resistance to bacteriophages that infect wild-type cells. Two modifiedmarinertransposons,HimarEm1andHimarEm2, were constructed to allow the identification of additional motility genes.HimarEm1andHimarEm2each transposed inF. johnsoniae, and nonmotile mutants were identified and analyzed. Four novel motility genes,gldK, gldL, gldM, andgldN, were identified. GldK is similar in sequence to the lipoprotein GldJ, which is required for gliding. GldL, GldM, and GldN are not similar in sequence to proteins of known function. Cells with mutations ingldK, gldL, gldM, andgldNwere defective in motility and chitin utilization and were resistant to bacteriophages that infect wild-type cells. Introduction ofgldA, gldB, gldD, gldFG, gldH, gldI, andgldJand the region spanninggldK, gldL, gldM, andgldNindividually into 50 spontaneous and chemically induced nonmotile mutants restored motility to each of them, suggesting that few additionalF. johnsoniae gldgenes remain to be identified.
Gene Products of the
hupGHIJ
Operon Are Involved in Maturation of the Iron-Sulfur Subunit of the [NiFe] Hydrogenase from
Rhizobium leguminosarum
bv. viciae
Authors: Manyani Hamid , Rey Luis , Palacios José M. , Imperial Juan , Ruiz-Argüeso Tomás 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

In the present study, we investigate the functions of the
hupGHIJ
operon in the synthesis of an active [NiFe] hydrogenase in the legume endosymbiont
Rhizobium leguminosarum
bv. viciae. These genes are clustered with 14 other genes including the hydrogenase structural genes
hupSL
. A set of isogenic mutants with in-frame deletions (Δ
hupG
, Δ
hupH
, Δ
hupI
, and Δ
hupJ
) was generated and tested for hydrogenase activity in cultures grown at different oxygen concentrations (0.2 to 2.0%) and in symbiosis with peas. In free-living cultures, deletions in these genes severely reduced hydrogenase activity. The Δ
hupH
mutant was totally devoid of hydrogenase activity at any of the O
2
concentration tested, whereas the requirement of
hupGIJ
for hydrogenase activity varied with the O
2
concentration, being more crucial at higher pO
2
. Pea bacteroids from the mutant strains affected in
hupH, hupI
, and
hupJ
exhibited reduced (20 to 50%) rates of hydrogenase activity compared to the wild type, whereas rates were not affected in the
ΔhupG
mutant. Immunoblot experiments with HupL- and HupS-specific antisera showed that free-living cultures from
ΔhupH, ΔhupI
, and
ΔhupJ
mutants synthesized a fully processed mature HupL protein and accumulated an unprocessed form of HupS (pre-HupS). Both the mature HupL and the pre-HupS forms were located in the cytoplasmic fraction of cultures from the
ΔhupH
mutant. Affinity chromatography experiments revealed that cytoplasmic pre-HupS binds to the HupH protein before the pre-HupS-HupL complex is formed. From these results we propose that
hupGHIJ
gene products are involved in the maturation of the HupS hydrogenase subunit.
The
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Extracytoplasmic-Function Sigma Factor SigL Regulates Polyketide Synthases and Secreted or Membrane Proteins and Is Required for Virulence
Authors: Hahn Mi-Young , Raman Sahadevan , Anaya Mauricio , Husson Robert N. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigL
encodes an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor and is adjacent to a gene for a membrane protein (Rv0736) that contains a conserved HXXXCXXC sequence. This motif is found in anti-sigma factors that regulate several ECF sigma factors, including those that control oxidative stress responses. In this work, SigL and Rv0736 were found to be cotranscribed, and the intracellular domain of Rv0736 was shown to interact specifically with SigL, suggesting that Rv0736 may encode an anti-sigma factor of SigL. An
M. tuberculosis sigL
mutant was not more susceptible than the parental strain to several oxidative and nitrosative stresses, and
sigL
expression was not increased in response to these stresses. In vivo,
sigL
is expressed from a weak SigL-independent promoter and also from a second SigL-dependent promoter. To identify SigL-regulated genes,
sigL
was overexpressed and microarray analysis of global transcription was performed. Four small operons,
sigL
(Rv0735)-Rv0736,
mpt53
(Rv2878c)-Rv2877c,
pks10
(Rv1660)-
pks7
(Rv1661), and Rv1139c-Rv1138c, were among the most highly upregulated genes in the
sigL
-overexpressing strain. SigL-dependent transcription start sites of these operons were mapped, and the consensus promoter sequences TGAACC in the −35 region and CGTgtc in the −10 region were identified. In vitro, purified SigL specifically initiated transcription from the promoters of
sigL, mpt53
, and
pks10
. Additional genes, including four PE_PGRS genes, appear to be regulated indirectly by SigL. In an in vivo murine infection model, the
sigL
mutant strain showed marked attenuation, indicating that the
sigL
regulon is important in
M. tuberculosis
pathogenesis.