bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of white adipose tissue in lemuridae
Authors: Pereira Michael E. , Pond Caroline M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe gross anatomy of white adipose tissue was studied in seven carcasses representing three lemurid species (Lemur catta, Eulemur fulvus, E. mongoz) to validate in vivo methods of assessing fatness, and to contribute to a comprehensive database on the organization of adipose tissue in Mammalia. During the years preceding their deaths, subjects had been either caged or semi‐provisioned under semi‐captive conditions, and their body masses had been recorded several times annually. All specimens were as fat or fatter than anthropoid primates maintained for long periods under comparable conditions. At least eight superficial, four intra‐abdominal, and two intermuscular adipose depots were described, all of which were comparable to those described previously for macaques and humans. All typical mammalian depots were present. Many superficial depots adhered tightly to the skin and/or underlying muscles. The superficial “paunch” depot on the outer ventral wall of the abdomen, characteristic of anthropoid primates, was found in all specimens. The existence of this depot in lemurs suggests that it evolved early in Primates. As in monkeys and humans, the paunch was very variable in size, massive in obese specimens but almost absent in moderately lean ones, confirming that extensive accumulation and selective depletion of adipose tissue at this depot is a special feature of Primates. In some obese specimens, adipose tissue on the ventral and lateral thorax and on the inner dorsal wall of the abdomen, extending around the kidneys and into the pelvic canal, was also massive. The investigation allowed for improvement of protocols for external measurement in ongoing research on growth, mass, and fatness in ringtailed and redfronted lemurs. Comparisons of subjects' ranges of body mass change during adult life with masses of adipose tissue found upon dissection suggested that much of lemurs' predictable seasonal change in body mass is due to changes in the mass of white adipose tissue. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetic analysis shows extensive genomic rearrangements between red howler (Alouatta seniculus, Linnaeus) subspecies
Authors: Stanyon R. , Tofanelli S. , Morescalchi M. A. , Agoramoorthy G. , Ryder O. A. , Wienberg J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA comparison of the G‐banded karyotypes of two red howler subspecies, Alouatta seniculus arctoidea and A. s. sara, showed that they differed by at least 14 chromosomal rearrangements. Genomic reshuffling is so great that homologs between subspecies could not be found for some chromosome, while the assignment of homology for other chromosomes remains uncertain. The two red howlers, however, share an unusual X1X2Y1Y2/ X1X1X2X2 sex‐chromosome system that resulted from a Y‐autosome translocation, probably in a common ancestor. The great chromosomal variability resulting from rapid chromosomal evolution in howlers indicates that cytogenetic data could make an important contribution to resolving phylogenetic and conservation problems in this group of highly conspicuous New World Monkeys. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of loud calls in brown howlers, Alouatta fusca
Authors: Chiarello Adriano Garcia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe loud calls of brown howler monkeys were studied during a year at the Santa Genebra Reserve, in southeastern Brazil. The study group emitted roars and barks on a total of 47 occasions, the majority of which (92%) were restricted to intergroup visual encounters. Loud calls were also elicited by the roars of distant groups (6%) and during intragroup agonistic interactions (2%). Intergroup visual encounters (n = 42) occurred predominantly in seldom used quadrats of the study group home range. In these instances, the loud calls were produced chiefly by the adult male alone (69% of cases), while the study group's two adult females joined the male in the remaining cases. Intergroup physical aggression, such as chase and displacement, was observed during 15 encounters (35% of cases). A dawn chorus does not occur in Santa Genebra—the loud calls were heard most frequently in mid‐morning and again during mid‐afternoon—and they were more abundant during the dry season, when the availability of food (new leaves) in the forest was lower. The data presented here provide some support for the hypothesis that roars of howler adult males are used in assessment of opponents, providing an alternative to energetically expensive chases and fights. However, given the relatively high rate of physical aggression observed during intergroup encounters, a result probably related to the high density of howlers and the consequent high frequency of intergroup encounters observed in this forest (0.7/day), ritualized aggression, in the form of loud calling, is apparently often insufficient to settle disputes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproduction in Coquerel's dwarf lemur (Mirza coquereli)
Authors: Stanger Kathrin F. , Coffman Barbara S. , Izard M. Kay 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMost nocturnal Malagasy primates, as well as many diurnal species, are highly endangered in their natural habitat. Captive breeding programs have been established for many species, but detailed information on reproduction is only available for three nocturnal taxa: the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), the dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius), and the greater dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus major). In this study, we present data for another nocturnal Malagasy primate, Coquerel's dwarf lemur (Mirza coquereli), which has been propagated since 1982 at the Duke University Primate Center. Unlike all other Malagasy primates bred in captivity, M. coquereli cycles throughout the year, and is clearly less seasonal in its birth distribution than is C. medius or M. murinus. Estrous intervals ranged between 19 and 30.5 days. Estrus lasted no longer than 1 day. After an average gestation length of 89.2 days, litters of one or two were born. Females cycled for the first time between 8 and 15 months of age, and gave birth for the first time between 12.8 and 33.5 months of age. The earliest mating of a male leading to conception was observed at the age of 17 months. For males and females, an increase in daylength appears to trigger pubertal development. Males had seasonal changes in testicular volume which were not explained by covariation with body weight. Maximum testis size occurred in spring, when breeding activity was highest. The occurrence of year‐round reproduction in M. coquereli, and the absence of seasonal fattening and/or hibernation, along with their specialized winter diet, may be correlated. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interbirth interval variation in three sympatric species of neotropical monkey
Authors: Fedigan Linda Marie , Rose Lisa M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRelatively few papers have focused on interbirth intervals in primates, even though the spacing between births is one of the primary determinants of female reproductive success in long‐lived mammals. We present life history data from a ten‐year field study of Costa Rican capuchins (Cebus capucinus), howlers (Alouatta palliata), and spidei monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Analyses of intraspecific variability found no significant differences attributable to individual variation in age, parity, weight, or maternal rank. Loss of an infant significantly shortened the interbirth interval in all three species. There was no correlation between annual rainfall and birth rates, but there was a significant clustering of births in the dry season. Survival analyses demonstrated a significant difference between the median interbirth intervals of the three species. Howlers have the shortest intervals (19.9 months), capuchins exhibit longer intervals (26.36 months), and spider monkeys have the longest intervals (34.72 months;. This comparative pattern does not correspond to relative body weights of the three species, but does correspond to relative brain weights. Comparisons to other primates with similar life history characteristics demonstrate that interbirth intervals are best examined at the level of their three component phases: gestation, lactation, and cycling to re‐conception. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperament in nonhuman primates
Authors: Clarke A. Susan , Boinski Sue 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFormerly applied to studies of responsivity in children, in more recent years the concept of temperament has been applied to nonhuman primates at the individual, species, and now population levels. While the concepts of temperament and personality have been less distinguished in nonhuman primate studies than in the human literature, temperamental and personality differences have now been identified among individual primates and among primate species in a number of studies. At the individual level, certain temperamental characteristics have been associated with age, sex, and most frequently rank. At the species level, temperamental profiles have been linked to intraspecific differences in social systems, sociodemographics, and features of life history and ecology. In this report we discuss the application of the temperament concept to nonhuman primates and review findings from studies of primate temperament at the individual, population, and species level. We also cite evidence for genetic and experiential influences on temperament in primates, outline concepts related to possible evolutionary influences on temperament, and discuss the possible relation of temperamental characteristics to social behavior and ecology in selected species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primate cognition: Comparing problems and skills
Authors: Byrne R. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrimate cognition is believed to have adapted during evolution in response to complexity, stemming from either social or environmental challenges. Arguments favoring one or another domain as the predominant spur to increased intelligence have been proposed on the basis of the inherent complexity of problems facing primates and the sophistication of their observed behavioral response. A review of recent findings shows that cognitive differences between primates are well revealed by naturally posed problems. Current evidence shows a sensitivity to fine social distinctions in haplorhine primates, associated with complex social manipulations and neocortical enlargement, compared to strepsirhines. Several aspects of foraging behavior also suggests cognitive sophistication in various primates. Depth of understanding, however, is greater in great apes than in monkeys; this applies to both spheres, social (e.g., comprehending mental states) and nonsocial (e.g., comprehending physical mechanism and hierarchical organization of behavior). The increased representational understanding in great apes is not associated either with more manipulative social actions or with neocortical enlargement, compared to monkeys. This evidence supports theories of a social origin of cognition for those aspects shared by monkeys and apes but not for the unique qualitative differences of great apes. Task complexity is difficult, perhaps impossible, to measure or compare across domains; any such comparison would certainly be premature at present for primates. Behavioral skill, though in principle simpler to compare, is at present difficult to assess when there is no common currency of theory‐building. With the aim of encouraging comparisons of data from laboratory and field and from social and technical problems, a preliminary exploration is made with a notation derived from artificial intelligence; this is shown to be capable of representing theories of complex behavior in both social and technical domains. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heritability of age at first birth in captive olive baboons
Authors: Williams‐Blangero S. , Blangero J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe evolution of life history traits is a topic of growing interest in primatology. Traits associated with fertility, such as age at menarche and age at first birth, have great significance for natural selection, and knowing the genetic basis of such demographic traits may improve our understanding of population dynamics. Knowledge of the heritability of reproductive traits may also have practical implications for the management of captive breeding colonies.A maximum likelihood method was used to estimate heritability of age at first birth for a sample of female olive baboons resident at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. Only animals born at the Foundation that were caged in mixed sex groups and that had previously given birth were included in the sample (n = 316). There were 117 independent individuals and 199 individuals in 35 pedigrees composed of 2 to 26 members. Age at first birth ranged from 3.85 years to 13.11 years.Age at first birth is highly heritable (h2= 0.87) with no evidence for maternal effects or a dominance genetic component. This level of genetic variability in a fitness‐related trait is contrary to evolutionary expectation and may reflect the uniform environment of a captive breeding situation. Thus, the heritability observed in this population may be taken as an upper bound for that in natural populations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human behavioral ecology: II
Authors: Smith Eric Alden 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman behavioral ecology is an interdisciplinary field of study applying theory from evolutionary ecology to a variety of anthropological questions. In Part I of this essay,1which appeared in an earlier issue, I surveyed key theoretical and methodological elements of the field, and summarized representative studies and issues in the topical area of subsistence strategies. In Part II, I turn to studies of reproductive strategies, and those analyzing patterns of cooperation and competition in an ecological and adaptive framework. I conclude with a brief look at possible future developments in the field.
The stone age iceman from the Alps: The find and the current status of investigation
Authors: Sjøvold Torstein 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOn September 19, 1991, a body protruding from glacial ice was discovered in the Alps between Austria and Italy. Considered a forensic case, and having been found on Austrian soil according to initial information, it was transported to the Department of Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck. Rumors about the body not being recent were readily confirmed, and news about the body and accompanying equipment immediately spread all over the world. The body itself was shown to be a natural mummy, as opposed to a corpse that has been embedded in glacial ice for some time, where soft tissue generally changes into grave wax (adipocere). The mummy was male and was remarkably well preserved. The preserved condition of his equipment and some organic material was astonishingly good. Isotope dating of the body by means of the 14C method has given an age of about 3,300 BC, or Late Stone Age. A survey of the border, however, revealed that the body was found just on the Italian side (within the autonomous province South Tyrol), and not as first assumed, in Austria (the province Tyrol). But according to an agreement between South Tyrol and the University of Innsbruck, the body will be kept at the Department of Anatomy in Innsbruck for a period of at least three years for research purposes. The research is to be carried out on an international basis, and the first symposium about the find was held in Innsbruck, June 3–5, 1992.
Life history and the evolution of human maturation
Authors: Smith B. Holly 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Taung child, like fossils of other individuals who died before reaching adulthood, is a piece of the puzzle of the evolution of human growth and development, the puzzle of when, how, and why human “life history” evolved into its modern form. With regard to Taung, interest focuses on both itsrateof growth (maturation of the child in relation to its age) and itspatternof growth (synchrony of the elements of maturation). The meaning of rates and patterns of growth, as well as the interpretation of maturation of Taung or any other fossil mammal, are best understood through the broad perspectives provided by comparative study of mammalian life history and the techniques of allometry.
Lithic microwear analysis in archeology
Authors: Shea John J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStone tools are the most durable and ubiquitous residue of prehistoric hominid activity. For this reason, archeologists attempt to learn as much as possible about hominid behavior from the analysis of lithic artifacts. Lithic microwear analysis reconstructs aspects of stone‐tool use from patterned variation in the traces of microscopic wear on those tools. The analysis of lithic microwear traces has increased our understanding of how stone tools were used in contexts ranging from the early Pleistocene to the ethnographic present.
Ecological demography: A synthetic focus in evolutionary anthropology
Authors: Low Bobbi S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe interests of evolutionary anthropologists, behavioral ecologists, and demographers converge on the ecology of human fertility. Ecological conditions influence the optimum pattern of maternal effort. Patterns of abortion, neglect, and infanticide vary with mothers' ability to invest in their children and children's ability to use that investment. As in most other mammals, the ecology of human fertility varies between the sexes: status and resource control are important for males, whereas reproductive value is crucial for females. In pre‐industrial societies, and even in monogamous societies in demographic transition, wealthy men had more children than did poorer men. This correlation, often assumed to have disappeared, persists today, with richer men still having more sexual access than others. Sex differences in the ecology of fertility mean that sex of the offspring, as well as birth order, influences parental investment. Because individual fertility varies with environment, it is not surprising that “natural” (uncontrolled) fertility varies across societies or that demographic transitions proceed locally, with occasional reverses, as individuals strive to maximize their lifetime reproductive success in changing, competitive, conditions.
What is mtDNA good for in the study of primate evolution?
Authors: Melnick Don J. , Hoelzer Guy A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecombinant DNA methods have made accessible the nuclear and organelle genomes of a vast array of plant and animal species.1–3 Although evolutionary biologists and anthropologists have begun to exploit the full range of these methods, a disproportionate share of this research has centered on the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). Because of its small size, conserved organization, mode of inheritance, and combination of rapidly and slowly evolving regions, mtDNA (Fig. 1) has appeared in many ways to be the ideal molecule for evolutionary studies of primates.4,5 However, recent research on higher primates raises serious concerns about the utility of this molecule for evolutionary analysis in the absence of parallel data from the nuclear genome.6–8 These studies suggest that we need to rethink our research strategies and define more clearly what mtDNA can be used for in the study of primate evolution.
Climatic adaptation and hominid evolution: The thermoregulatory imperative
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnthropologists have long recognized the existence among modern humans of geographical variations in body form that parallel climatic gradients, part of more general zoological phenomena commonly referred to as Bergmann's or Allen's “Rules”. These observations have rarely been applied to earlier hominids, in part because fossil skeletons usually are so incomplete that it is difficult to reconstruct body morphology accurately. However, within the past two decades two early hominids have been discovered that preserve enough of the skeleton to allow confident assessment of their body size and shape. Comparison of these specimens—the Australopithecus afarensis A.L. 288‐1 (“Lucy”) and the Homo erectus KNM‐WT 15000—with others that are less complete make it evident that the evolution of Homo erectus was accompanied by not only a marked increase in body size, but also a similarly dramatic increase in the linearity of body form. That is, relative to their heights, small australopithecines had very broad bodies, whereas large early Homo had narrow bodies. This difference in body form cannot be explained on the basis of obstetric or biomechanical factors, but is consistent with thermoregulatory constraints on body shape. Specifically, to maintain the same ratio of body surface area to body mass, which is an important thermoregulatory mechanism, increases in height should be accompanied by no change in body breadth, which is exactly what is seen in comparisons of A.L. 288‐1 and KNM‐WT 15000. Conversely, Neandertals living in colder climates had much wider bodies, which are adaptive for heat retention. Differences in limb length proportions between fossil hominids are also consistent with thermoregulatory principles and the geographic variation observed among modern humans. Climatic adaptation during hominid evolution may have wide‐ranging implications, not only with regard to interpreting body morphology, but also in relation to ecological scenarios, population movements, and the evolution of the brain.
Reification of social systems
Authors: Rowell Thelma E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn his 1991 book, Intraspecific Variation in the Social Systems of Wild Vertebrates, Dale Lott1 reviews the evidence that a single social system does not characterize a species. Rather, he says, the longer a species is studied and the wider the range of habitats in which it is studied, the more variation is discovered. I strongly recommend this book as a concise review of recent studies on nonprimate vertebrates for anyone needing a comparative perspective on a question that deeply concerns students of primates. The clarity of Lott's exposition led me to ask several questions. If differences in the behavior of populations can be described in terms of differences in the behavior of individuals, what is gained by speaking in terms of a social system? What is a social system anyway? Is it possible that the social system is a concept that might actually get in the way of understanding social behavior?
Electron spin resonance dating in paleoanthropology
Authors: Grün Rainer 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMany archeological and paleoanthropological sites cannot be dated by well established and common dating techniques such as uranium series (U‐series) or argon‐argon (40Ar/39Ar) because of the lack of materials that are suitable for these techniques. Most sites, however, contain bones and teeth, and the latter can be used to obtain electron spin resonance (ESR) age estimates. The theoretical age range of ESR dating accuracy lies between a few thousand and more than a million years. In practice, continuing uranium accumulation increases the uncertainty of ESR age assessments in such a way that most age assignments beyond 300,000 years are very uncertain.
Hominization in the rainforest: The chimpanzee's piece of the puzzle
Authors: Boesch‐Achermann Hedwige , Boesch Chrstophe 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMany models of human evolution propose that key behavioral innovations were involved in the divergence of the human line from the ape line. An ecological reason, the shift from dense forests to a more open habitat, is suggested as the basis for these innovations. Primate models can be useful to our understanding of how environmental factors can affect such key behaviors. New results on forest chimpanzees demonstrate that for most patterns of behavior considered to favor a savanna model, the environmental influences are in opposition to the expectations. A new evaluation of the environmental influences on human evolution is required. We propose that either patterns of key human behaviors were inaccurately distinguished or that the hominization process started while the common ancestor of the chimpanzee and man was alive.