bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Accuracy and Safety of Vertebral Body Pin Placement using a Fluoroscopically Guided Versus an Open Surgical Approach: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Wheeler Jason L. , Cross Alan R. , Rapoff Andrew J. 
Published: September 2002

Objective— To compare the safety and accuracy of Steinmann pin placement in vertebral bodies T10 through L7 using either an open or closed fluoroscopic method.Study design— In vitro radiographic and anatomic study.Animals— Ten medium‐sized canine cadavers.Methods— Cadavers were randomly assigned to 2 groups: open and closed. Steinmann pins were placed in vertebral bodies through a standard dorsal incision in the open group and percutaneously with the aid of fluoroscopy in the closed group. Pins were placed bilaterally in vertebral bodies T10 through L7 at approximately 30° from horizontal and driven to a uniform depth. Necropsies were performed to examine potential pulmonary, vascular, or neurological trauma as a result of pin placement. Spines were cross‐sectioned through intervertebral disc spaces, and radiographs were performed to evaluate accuracy of pin placement. Descriptive statistics were determined for pin angle, percentage of bone purchase, and penetration length. Means of interest between groups were compared using a Student t test. Complication incidence was compared using χ2 analysis. Significance was P < .05.Results— Mean pin insertion angle was significantly different than 30° for the open group in thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and for the closed group in thoracic vertebrae. Mean pin insertion angle for all vertebrae was significantly greater than 30° for the open group. Mean pin penetration distance in each vertebra was significantly different between groups with the closed group having less penetration and lower variance. Both groups were significantly different from the ideal penetration distance. The mean percentage of bone purchase was greater in the closed group for all vertebrae except T10 and T11. The complication incidence was significantly greater in the open group for thoracic vertebrae.Conclusion and clinical relevance— The results of this study suggest that a closed technique for placement of Steinmann pins in lumbar vertebrae for use in external skeletal fixation is a reasonable and safer alternative to the traditional open technique. Use of either technique in thoracic vertebrae should be avoided.
Medial Patellar Ligament Splitting for the Treatment of Upward Fixation of the Patella in 7 Equids
Authors: Tnibar M. Aziz 
Published: September 2002

Objective— To describe a surgical technique for splitting the proximal third of the medial patellar ligament (MPL) in horses and ponies with upward fixation of the patella (UFP), and to report outcome.Study design— Prospective clinical study.Sample population— Four horses and 3 Shetland ponies.Methods— With ultrasound guidance, the proximal third of the MPL was split by percutaneous use of a no. 15 scalpel blade. The rationale for this surgical procedure was to induce a localized desmitis with subsequent ligament thickening. No anti‐inflammatory drugs were administered, and horses and ponies were exercised the day after surgery. Clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic follow‐up evaluation was obtained.Results— No short‐term or long‐term complications were observed, and no patients had clinical signs of UFP after surgery. This clinical effect was attributed to a 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in size of the proximal part the MPL from an induced localized desmitis.Conclusions— Percutaneous splitting of the proximal third of the MPL resolved UFP in equids.Clinical relevance— Splitting of the proximal third of the MPL is effective for treatment of UFP and allows rapid return to normal activity.
Use of a Hydro‐Pool System to Recover Horses after General Anesthesia: 60 Cases
Authors: Tidwell Scott A. , Schneider Robert K. , Ragle Claude A. , Weil Ann B. , Richter Marina C. 
Published: September 2002

Objective— To report complications observed using a hydro‐pool recovery system after general anesthesia in horses.Study design— Retrospective study.Animals— Sixty horses.Methods— Retrospective review of the medical records and quality of recovery from anesthesia of 60 horses that had surgical or diagnostic procedures under general anesthesia.Results— Mean total anesthesia time was 182 minutes (range, 25 to 390 minutes). Mean time in the hydro‐pool was 108 minutes (range, 20 to 270 minutes). One horse that had bilateral rear limb extensor weakness while recovering in a padded recovery stall was moved to the hydro‐pool and maintained for 12 hours. Ten horses developed some pulmonary edema; in 3 horses, the signs of pulmonary edema were severe; and 1 horse died from related complications. One horse developed septic arthritis of an operated stifle joint, and 2 horses developed incisional infections. Two horses incurred multiple skin abrasions on the distal aspect of their limbs during violent attempts to leave the pool.Conclusions— A hydro‐pool system was useful for recovering horses from general anesthesia when difficult recoveries were anticipated because of the horse's injury, size, demeanor, duration of anesthesia, or risk of further injury. Recovery using the hydro‐pool was more time and labor intensive than a standard stall recovery. Pulmonary edema that required treatment was a serious complication that occurred in 17% of the horses. Careful closure of the skin with cyanoacrylate glue and pressure from bandages were used to prevent postoperative incisional infections.Clinical relevance— A hydro‐pool system is a useful method for recovering horses from general anesthesia when difficult recoveries are anticipated.
Evaluation of Three Peripheral Arteriovenous Fistulas for Hemodialysis Access in Dogs
Authors: Adin Christopher A. , Gregory Clare R. , Adin Darcy B. , Cowgill Larry D. , Kyles Andrew E. 
Published: September 2002

Objective—To design and create 3 types of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in normal dogs, to monitor the dogs for secondary cardiovascular complications, and to verify adequacy of these fistulas for hemodialysis vascular access.Study design—Experimental study.Animals—Four normal adult dogs.Methods—Cadaveric dissections were performed, and surgical protocols were generated for carotid‐jugular (CJ), brachial‐cephalic (BC), and distal caudal femoral‐lateral saphenous anastomosis (DCFLS) AVF. Each surgical procedure was then performed in 2 live dogs. Echocardiography was performed at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 to evaluate the dogs for evidence of volume overload secondary to AVF formation. Estimation of luminal diameter and confirmation of fistula patency were performed using percutaneous color Doppler ultrasound. At day 56, hemodialysis was performed using each fistula as a vascular access.Results—No significant changes occurred in the echocardiographic variables over time. All fistulas were patent at day 56 with mean luminal diameters of 4.5 mm (CJ), 4 mm (BC), and 1.5 mm (DCFLS). The BC fistula was superior for ease of needle placement and stabilization and provided adequate blood flow for clinical hemodialysis.Conclusions—Based on this short‐term study, arteriovenous fistulas appear to be a safe and effective means for hemodialysis access in dogs.Clinical relevance—The arteriovenous fistulas described provide an alternative to the central venous catheters currently used for chronic hemodialysis access in dogs.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Cat
Authors: Brourman Jeff D. , Schertel Eric R. , Holt David W. , Olshove Vincent A. 
Published: September 2002

Objective—To assess the physiologic response to, and acute survival of, cats undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial human pediatric oxygenator system on cats weighing less than 6 kg.Study design—Experimental study.Animals—Six intact male catsMethods—Cats were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass by cannulating the cranial and caudal vena cavae and the carotid artery. The pediatric CPB circuit was primed with 150 mL of a balanced crystalloid solution. Venous drainage was enhanced by a controlled, vacuum‐assist system. A cross‐clamp was placed on the ascending aorta and cardiac arrest was induced by antegrade infusion of a cold cardioplegia solution. After 45 minutes of arrest time, the cross‐clamp was removed and the cats were weaned off bypass and decannulated. No blood products were administered. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure, arterial blood gas, hematocrit (HCT), total plasma protein concentration (TP), serum electrolyte concentrations, and activated clotting time (ACT) were measured at baseline period (BL), during CPB, 60 minutes after CPB (CPB 60) and 90 minutes after CPB (CPB 90). A complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistry profile, and urinalysis were performed at BL, during CPB, and CPB 90. Cats were euthanatized after CPB 90.Results—Cardiopulmonary bypass resulted in a significant (P< .05) decrease in mean HCT (18.0%) and TP (2.3 gm/dL) at CPB 90 when compared to BL (30.5% and 6.0 gm/dL, respectively). The MAP at CPB 90 (54 mm Hg) was decreased from BL (94 mm Hg). The ACT increased from a mean of 124 seconds to > 400 seconds with heparinization and was reversed to 300 seconds with protamine. Mean platelet counts decreased from BL (369,000 /uL) to CPB 90 (94,500 /uL). Mean white blood cell counts decreased from 13,200 /uL at BL to 2,200 /uL at CPB 90. Upon reperfusion, 1 cat fibrillated but was successfully defibrillated.Conclusions—Cardiopulmonary bypass was performed successfully in 6 cats weighing less than 6 kg. Acute survival to 90 minutes after CPB was achieved in all 6 catsClinical relevance—The ability to perform CPB in the cat may allow intracardiac repair of various heart defects in this species.
A Retrospective Study of 40 Dogs with Polyarthritis
Authors: Jacques David , Cauzinille Laurent , Bouvy Bernard , Dupre Gilles 
Published: September 2002

Objective—To characterize the epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings from dogs with polyarthritis (PA).Study design—Retrospective clinical study.Sample population—Forty dogs.Methods—Medical records of 40 dogs with a diagnosis of PA were reviewed. Retrieved data included breed, age at admission, sex, weight, clinical signs, and the results of synovial fluid analysis, complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, serologic screening tests for infectious diseases, and radiographic examination of affected joints.Results—The incidence of PA was 0.37%. Twenty‐nine breeds were represented; 16 dogs were male, and 24 were female. Mean body weight was 20.1 ± 15 kg. The mean age at admission was 5.6 ± 4 years. Eighty percent of dogs with PA had difficulty or reluctance walking, 35% were lame, 33% had spontaneous vocalization without any obvious reason, 20% had exercise intolerance, 18% were febrile, and 7.5% had an inability to rise or move. Joint pain was identified in 40% of dogs. Synovial fluid color varied from colorless (36%) to yellow‐tinged (36%) or hemorrhagic (28%). Synovial fluid mean cell count varied from 10 cells (400×) to 50 cells (1,000×). Leukocytosis occurred in 59% of the dogs and was more frequently identified in dogs with very severe synovial inflammation. Thirty‐one percent of affected dogs were anemic. Serum biochemical profiles were considered abnormal in 13% of the dogs. Joint radiography did not identify erosive arthritis.Conclusions—PA is a common cause of locomotor abnormalities in dogs; however, true lameness and articular pain are not common clinical findings in dogs with PA.Clinical relevance—PA should be considered in the differential diagnosis for all dogs with difficulty walking.
A Comparison of Ultra‐High–Molecular Weight Polyethylene Cable and Stainless Steel Wire using Two Fixation Techniques for Repair of Equine Midbody Sesamoid Fractures: An In Vitro Biomechanical Study
Authors: Rothaug Paul G. , Boston Ray C. , Richardson Dean W. , Nunamaker David M. 
Published: September 2002

Objective—To compare the monotonic tensile and fatigue strength of 16‐gauge stainless steel wire (SSW) to ultra‐high–molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) cable using a transfixed cerclage technique in an in vitro midbody sesamoid osteotomy model. Endoscopic modifications to Martins transfixed cerclage technique were developed. A new suture technique of fixation was compared with the transfixed cerclage technique by measuring gap formation after cyclic testing.Study design—An in vitro biomechanical paired equine cadaver limb study.Sample population—Twenty‐one paired cadaveric adult equine forelimbs.Methods—Uniaxial medial midbody sesamoid osteotomies were created in paired adult equine forelimbs. Monotonic tensile strength was measured on 10 forelimbs repaired by a transfixed cerclage technique using wire or cable. Fatigue testing to failure was performed on 4 forelimbs repaired using the transfixed cerclage technique by cycling the limbs between 500 N and 2,000 N. The limbs were initially repaired with wire, cycled until the wire broke, then repaired with cable and cycled again to failure. Fatigue testing for gap displacement was performed on 8 limbs repaired with either the transfixed cerclage technique or the suture technique. Limbs were cycled between 500 N and 2,000 N for 10,000 cycles. The limbs were repaired with wire initially, tested, and then repaired with cable and tested again. Twenty‐two limbs were used for mechanical testing. The remaining limbs (20) were used to develop and practice the endoscopic transfixed cerclage (10 limbs) and suture (10 limbs) techniques.Results—Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of UHMWPE cable constructs was 34% greater than the UTS of SSW constructs. Fatigue strength was 2 to 20 times greater for UHMWPE cable constructs than SSW constructs. Separation of fragments was 153% less for limbs repaired by the suture technique compared with those repaired by the transfixed cerclage technique.Conclusions—UHMWPE cable shows promise for this clinical application because of its greater tensile and fatigue strength. The newly described suture technique significantly reduced gap formation compared with the transfixed cerclage technique. Osteotomy gap formation occurred early in cycling, suggesting that rigid support in the form of a cast may be needed during the early postoperative period for wiring techniques.Clinical relevance—Clinical testing of UHMWPE cable should eliminate problems of wire breakage seen with SSW. The endoscopic transfixed cerclage technique can be used by surgeons familiar with arthroscopic surgery. However, the suture technique needs to be tested in vivo to determine whether there is a clinical advantage compared with the transfixed cerclage technique.
Dorsal Laminectomy for Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy: Postoperative Recovery and Long‐Term follow‐up in 20 Dogs
Authors: De Risio Luisa , Muñana Karen , Murray Michelle , Olby Natasha , Sharp Nicholas J. H. , Cuddon Paul 
Published: September 2002

Objective—To evaluate the postoperative morbidity and long‐term outcome of dogs after dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CCSM).Study design—Retrospective study.Sample population—Twenty dogs with CCSM.Methods—Medical records of dogs treated by dorsal laminectomy for CCSM at North Carolina State University and Colorado State University between 1989 and 1999 were reviewed. Information on signalment, onset, progression and duration of clinical signs, diagnostic testing, sites of dorsal laminectomy, postoperative complications, length of hospitalization, and the ambulatory status on discharge was recorded. A minimum follow‐up of 7 months was required for inclusion in the study. Neurologic status was graded (0 to 5) preoperatively, 2 days after surgery, and at the time of the study (final score). Improvement or worsening of the neurologic status was assessed by comparison of different scores for each dog. Additional follow‐up information was obtained by means of a detailed telephone questionnaire directed at both the owner and referring veterinarian.Results—Mean duration of clinical signs before surgery was 4.9 months. At admission, 15 dogs were ambulatory and 5 were nonambulatory. Neurologic status worsened in 70% of dogs 2 days after surgery but improved in all but 1 dog over the long term. Mean time to optimal recovery was 3.6 months. Long‐term follow‐up ranged from 7 months to 9 years (mean ± SD, 3.2 ± 2.4 years). Four dogs had confirmed recurrence; 2 other dogs may have had recurrence.Conclusions—Dorsal cervical laminectomy is an effective treatment for CCSM in those dogs with dorsal compression or multiple sites of involvement.Clinical relevance—Although most dogs' neurologic status transiently worsened after surgery, long‐term outcome and recurrence rates were comparable to those seen with other surgical techniques for CCSM.
Juvenile Pubic Symphysiodesis in Dysplastic Puppies at 15 and 20 Weeks of Age
Authors: Patricelli Alison J. , Dueland R. Tass , Adams William M. , Fialkowski James P. , Linn Kathleen A. , Nordheim Erik V. 
Published: September 2002

Objective—To examine the effects of juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS) on hip joint conformation, hip laxity, gait, and the development of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in dysplastic puppies operated at 15 and 20 weeks of age.Study design—Randomized controlled prospective study.Animals—Eighteen female hound puppies with increased hip laxity.Methods—Puppies were randomized to 1 of 4 treatment groups: JPS at 15 weeks of age (n = 6), sham‐operated control at 15 weeks of age (n = 3), JPS at 20 weeks of age (n = 6), and sham‐operated control at 20 weeks of age (n = 3). Hip extension with pain scoring, Ortolani palpation, hip reduction angle measurement (HRA), PennHIP radiography (University of Pennsylvania) with measurement of distraction index, Norberg angle measurement, and transverse computed tomographic imaging to measure acetabular angle (AA) and dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), were tested preoperatively, and at 1 and 2 years of age.Results—JPS resulted in significant changes in AA, HRA, DARA, and conversion to Ortolani negative status. Larger and more rapid changes in hip conformation were seen when surgery was performed at 15 weeks of age. No significant changes were identified in control dogs. Twenty‐five percent of JPS dogs developed DJD whereas 83% of control dogs developed DJD.Conclusions—JPS resulted in significant improvements in hip joint conformation and hip laxity in dysplastic puppies treated at 15 and 20 weeks of age. Improvements in conformation were significantly greater when surgery was performed at 15 weeks of age.Clinical relevance—JPS appears to be a promising treatment for hip dysplasia and is a safe and technically simple procedure to perform.
Three Isoforms of Cyclophilin A Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Were Found by Proteomics by Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Misumi Shogo , Fuchigami Takashi , Takamune Nobutoki , Takahashi Ichiro , Takama Michiho , Shoji Shozo 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain LAV-1 (HIV-1
LAV-1
) particles were collected by ultracentrifugation, treated with subtilisin, and then purified by Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography to remove microvesicles. The lysate of the purified HIV-1
LAV-1
particles was subjected to two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and stained. The 2D gel electrophoresis image suggested that 24 proteins can be identified inside the virion. Furthermore, the stained protein spots were excised and digested with trypsin. The resulting peptide fragments were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Peptide mass fingerprinting data suggested that two isoforms of cyclophilin A (CyPA), one with an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.40 and one with a pI of 6.53, are inside the viral membrane; that another isoform, with a pI of 6.88, is outside the viral membrane; and that the CyPA isoform with a pI of 6.53 is N acetylated. The mechanisms that permit the redistribution of CyPA on the viral surface have not yet been clarified, but it is surmised that the CyPA isoform with a pI of 6.88 may play a critical role in the attachment of virions to the surface of target cells and that both CyPA isoforms with pIs of 6.40 and 6.53 may regulate the conformation of the HIV-1 capsid protein.
Assembly and Translocation of Papillomavirus Capsid Proteins
Authors: Florin Luise , Sapp Cornelia , Streeck Rolf E. , Sapp Martin 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT
The major and minor capsid proteins of polyomavirus are preassembled in the cytoplasm and translocated to the nucleus only as a VP1-VP2/VP3 complex. In this study, we describe independent nuclear translocation of the L1 major protein and the L2 minor capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 33 by several approaches. First, we observed that expression and nuclear translocation of L2 in natural lesions precede expression of L1. Second, using a cell culture system for coexpression, we found that accumulation of L2 in nuclear domain 10 (ND10) subnuclear structures precedes L1 by several hours. In contrast, complexes of L2 and mutants of L1 forced to assemble in the cytoplasm are translocated directly to ND10, like L2 expressed alone. Interestingly, accumulation of wild-type L1 is observed only after L2-induced release of the ND10-associated protein Sp100. Third, nuclear translocation of L2 but not of L1 was blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Our data suggest that L1 and L2 interaction occurs after L2-induced reorganization of ND10 subnuclear domains.
Crystal Structures of Zidovudine- or Lamivudine-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptases Containing Mutations at Codons 41, 184, and 215
Authors: Chamberlain P. P. , Ren J. , Nichols C. E. , Douglas L. , Lennerstrand J. , Larder B. A. , Stuart D. I. , Stammers D. K. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT
Six structures of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) containing combinations of resistance mutations for zidovudine (AZT) (M41L and T215Y) or lamivudine (M184V) have been determined as inhibitor complexes. Minimal conformational changes in the polymerase or nonnucleoside RT inhibitor sites compared to the mutant RTMC (D67N, K70R, T215F, and K219N) are observed, indicating that such changes may occur only with certain combinations of mutations. Model building M41L and T215Y into HIV-1 RT-DNA and docking in ATP that is utilized in the pyrophosphorolysis reaction for AZT resistance indicates that some conformational rearrangement appears necessary in RT for ATP to interact simultaneously with the M41L and T215Y mutations.
Lack of Canonical E6 and E7 Open Reading Frames in Bird Papillomaviruses:
Fringilla coelebs
Papillomavirus and
Psittacus erithacus timneh
Papillomavirus
Authors: Terai Masanori , DeSalle Rob , Burk Robert D. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

Determination and analyses of the complete sequence of
Fringilla coelebs
papillomavirus and
Psittacus erithacus timneh
papillomavirus indicate that they represent a distinct and distant lineage of papillomaviruses. The lack of canonical E6-E7 open reading frames suggests that they serve adaptive functions during papillomavirus evolution.
The PPPY Motif of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Gag Protein Is Required Early in the Budding Process
Authors: Le Blanc Isabelle , Prévost Marie-Christine , Dokhélar Marie-Christine , Rosenberg Arielle R. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT
Domains required late in the virus budding process (L domains) have been identified in the Gag proteins of a number of retroviruses. Here we show that the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 candidate L domain motif PPPY is indeed required for virus production. Strikingly, however, mutation of this motif arrested virus particles at an earlier stage in the budding process than was seen for mutation of the L domain motifs thus far described for retroviruses. In view of the exchangeability of such domains, we propose that the retrovirus budding process may involve a continuum from bud formation to membrane fission.