bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between osteopenia and clinical characteristics of parkinson's disease
Authors: Ishizaki Fumiko , Harada Toshihide , Katayama Sadao , Abe Haruo , Nakamura Shigenobu 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPathological bone changes affect locomotor activity and may influence the outcome and prognosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we determined the relationship between bone changes and PD. Bone study was performed by multiple scanning x‐ray photodensitometry (MD/MS) in 64 patients with PD and 42 age‐matched controls. We then compared the results with the clinical characteristics of PD. Osteopenia was detected in 22 (53.6%) of the 41 female and 6 (26%) of the 23 male patients, and in 6 (26%) of the 23 female and 2 (10.5%) of the 19 male controls. The frequency of osteopenia was significantly greater in the female patients than in the male patients or the female controls. Osteopenia was related to the duration of PD in the men, but not in the women. Twenty of 40 PD patients' hands showed side‐related differences in the analysis of both hands. In 19 of the 20 patients, the side of more severe osteopenia coincided with that of parkinsonian symptoms, suggesting that osteopenia is related to the pathophysiology of PD.
Effects of thalamic stimulation on tremor, balance, and step initiation: A single subject study
Authors: Burleigh A. L. , Horak F. B. , Burchiel K. J. , Nutt J. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the clinically apparent balance improvements in a patient with Parkinson's disease who had stimulating electrodes surgically implanted to the VIM nucleus of the right thalamus for control of left‐upperextremity tremor. Experiments were conducted to determine if balance improved simply because the large‐amplitude upper‐extremity tremor was reduced or if the neural control of the thalamic stimulation on the contralateral upper‐extremity tremor and on the lowerextremity postural muscle activatios for quiet stance, step initiation, and equilibrium responses to surface displacements. The results demonstrated that, beside reducing the amplitude and destabilizing effects of the upper‐extremity tremor, the thalamic stimulation was also effective in reducing tremor activity of the trunk and contralateral lowerextremity muscles. In addition, the contralateral lower‐extremity muscle activation patterns, strengths, and durations for the balance tasks were enhaced during stimulation. These results suggest that thalamic stimulation improved this patient's balance by reducing tremor in the contralateral extremities and by increasing burst duration and magnitude of the tibialis anterior, which functions as the postural prime mover for the step initiation and balance tasks.
Histologic assessment of dose‐related diffusion and muscle fiber response after therapeutic botulinum a toxin injections
Authors: Borodic Gary E. , Ferrante Robert , Pearce L. Bruce , Smith Karen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFiber diameter variability, acetylcholinesterase staining properties, and average fiber diameter were determined 5 weeks after varying doses of botulinum A toxin were administered into albino rabbit longissimus dorsi muscle. The average fiber diameter within the muscle appeared to be a function of the dose of botulinum toxin injected. Fiber diameter variability correlated with the dose of botulinum toxin administered. Both fiber diameter variability and acetylcholinesterase spread characteristics showed a distinct diffusion gradient over a defined field within a muscle. At lower doses (1 IU), collapse of the diffusion gradient occurred over a 15–30‐mm segment of muscle. At higher doses (5–10 IU), diffusion of botulinum A toxin effect occurred throughout the entire muscle with no apparent end point. This study demonstrated that botulinum A toxin produces a gradient of denervation in a given muscle and that both the magnitude of denervation and the extent of the gradient are dose dependent. Furthermore, both muscle fiber diameter variability and acetylcholinesterase staining were useful as measures of chemodenervation.
A case‐control study of Parkinson's disease in a horticultural region of British Columbia
Authors: Hertzman Clyde , Wiens Michele , Snow Barry , Kelly Shona , Calne Donald 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe compared personal histories of 127 cases and 245 controls to identify possible environmental risk factors for idiopathic parkinsonism (IP). Of our controls, 121 had cardiac disease (CD) and 124 were randomly selected from electoral lists (voters). Using logistic regression and adjusting for sex and age, we ran separate analyses: IP versus CD and IP versus voters. A full occupational history was collected, as was known contact with all pesticides associated with the tree fruit sector of the agricultural industry. We found a significant association between IP and having had an occupation in which exposure through handling or directly contacting pesticides was probable, but no specific chemicals were associated with IP. We conclude that although occupations involving the use of agricultural chemicals may predispose to the development of IP, it seems likely that the pathogenesis is multifactorial rather than related to a specific agent.
Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale characteristics and structure
Authors: Martínez‐Martín P. , Gil‐Nagel A. , Gracia L. Morlán , Gómez J. Balseiro , Martínez‐Sarriés J. , Bermejo F. ,   The Cooperative Multicentric Group
Published: December 2004

AbstractOur purpose was to verify some basic aspects of validation of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). One hundred and sixtyseven Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were included. Group A (n=40) was simultaneously assessed by five raters who applied the UPDRS and other PD rating scales (PDRS). A set of timed tests, the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Hamilton Scale for Depression (HSD) were administered by an independent examiner. Group B (n = 127) was individually assessed through the UPDRS and the other PDRSs by one neurologist in four different hospitals. The UPDRS was administered in 16.95 ± 7.98 min. The internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96). Nevertheless, the items related to depression, motivation/initiative, and tremor were scarcely consistent. The Interrater reliability was satisfactory (all the items had k > 0.40). There was a high correlation of the UPDRS with the Hoehn and Yahr staging (rs = 0.71; p < 0.001) and some timed tests (finger tapping; arising from chair), but also with the MMSE and HSD (rs = 0.53; rs = 0.64; p < 0.001). The convergent validity with the other PDRS (Intermediate Scale and Schwab and England Scale) was very high (rs = 0.76−0.96; p < 0.001). The factor analysis identified six factors that explained 59.6% of the variance. The dimension “tremor” showed a remarkable independence. The UPDRS is a multidimensional, reliable, and valid scale, with some inconveniences derived from its internal consistency, discriminant validity, and pragmatic application.
Posttraumatic paroxysmal nocturnal hemidystonia
Authors: Biary N. , Singh B. , Bahou Y. , Al Deeb S. M. , Sharif H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe term “nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia” has been used to describe patients who display paroxysmal episodes of dystonic‐dyskinetic movements arising during nornrapid eye movement sleep, in particular stages 2–3 (Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F. Hypnogenic paroxysmal dystonia: epileptic seizure or a new syndrome. Sleep 1981; 4:129–138). The pathogenesis of these attacks has remained controversial. We describe a patient with posttraumatic paroxysmal nocturnal hemidystonia. Acetazolamide led to improvement.
Late presentation of congenital muscular torticollis: Use of MR imaging and CT scan in diagnosis
Authors: Singer Carlos , Green Barth A. , Bruce Jocelyn H. , Bowen Brain C. , Weiner William J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA 17‐year old boy presented with a 10‐year history of progressive head tilt to the right. Bilateral posterolateral cervical pain was mild and he was fully functional. The right sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle was prominent without ratation of the head to the left. The SCM had a cord‐like consistency on palpation. Magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) scan imaging of the neck musculature suggested fibrous tissue within the substance of the muscle. This was histopathologically confirmed when the right SCM was surgically explored and resected. Congenital muscular torticollis is usually seen in newborns, infants, and children but may also present in adolescence and young adulthood. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of cervical dystonia as one of the nondystonic causes of abnormal head posture. Combined use of MR and CT scan of neck muscles may be of help in the diagnosis.
Masticatory muscle spasm in a non‐japanese patient with satoyoshi syndrome successfully treated with botulinum toxin
Authors: Merello Marcelo , García Horacio , Nogués Martín , Leiguarda Ramón 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA non‐Japanese patient with Satoyoshi syndrome is presented. Severe masticatory muscle spasms interfered with feeding, but were successfully treated with botulinum toxin.
The initiation of normal walking
Authors: Elble Rodger J. , Moody Charles , Leffler Keith , Sinha Raj 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLower extremity electromyograms (EMGs), ground reaction forces, and body motion were measured during the brisk initiation of forward walking performed by 12 healthy adults, aged 20 to 82 years. Gait was initiated 20 times in response to a visual cue. During gait initiation, the body rotated about the ankles like a flexible inverted pendulum. The muscles of the lower extremities were activated stereotypically so as to create moments of force about the ankles that propelled the body toward the stance foot and into forward motion. All volunteers exhibited similar patterns of gait initiation, which were so reproducible that computer averaging of multiple steps by each person was possible. Gait initiation is a stereotyped sequence of postural shifts that culminates in forward step. Disturbances of gait initiation could result from abnormalities in postural control, movement, or their integration.
Cerebellar ataxia, dystonia, and tremor within a family: Variable phenotypes of a single genetic disorder?
Authors: Adler Charles H. , Wrabetz Lawrence , Brin Mitchell F. , Hurtig Howard I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe report a non‐Jewish, Anglo‐Saxon, American family, in which one sibling has dystonia, a second has cerebellar ataxia, and a third has a combination of dystonia and ataxia. All three siblings have pyramidal signs. Their mother and maternal uncle have tremor, and their maternal grandmother may have had a neurodegenerative disorder. Although the inheritance pattern is uncertain, this may represent phenotypic variability resulting from a single gene mutation. The multiple phenotypes within this family do not fit any known inherited neurodegenerative or metabolic disorder.
Chronic administration does not alter the accumulation of L‐dopa into muscle
Authors: Rose S. , Jenner P. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRats were treated for 12 months with L‐dopa (191.4–210.4 mg/kg/day) plus carbidopa (23.9–26.2 mg/kg/day), or carbidopa (24.4–26.3 mg/kg/day) alone. Four days after drug withdrawal, animals received an acute challenge with either L‐dopa (50 mg/kg p.o.) alone or following acute carbidopa (25 mg/kg i.p.) pretreatment, and the uptake and metabolism of L‐dopa in muscle was studied. Following the acute bolus challenge, plasma levels of L‐dopa peaked between 0.5 and 3 h after L‐dopa alone and between 1.5 and 2 h after L‐dopa plus carbidopa. Peak levels in muscle were observed between 1.5 and 4 h after L‐dopa administration, and this accumulation was enhanced by the acute pretreatment with carbidopa. Chronic administration of L‐dopa plus carbidopa or carbidopa alone for 12 months had no effect on the accumulation of L‐dopa into muscle following the acute challenge with L‐dopa alone or after carbidopa pretreatment. 3‐O‐Methyldopa, dopamine, DOPAC, and HVA levels were elevated in both plasma and muscle following acute oral challenge with L‐dopa or L‐dopa plus carbidopa. Levels of these metabolites were unaffected by chronic administration of L‐dopa plus carbidopa or carbidopa alone. In conclusion, chronic administration of L‐dopa plus carbidopa did not alter the accumulation of L‐dopa into muscle following an acute oral challenge with the drug, with or without carbidopa pretreament.
Electromyographic silent period after transcranial brain stimulation in huntington's disease
Authors: Priori Alberto , Berardelli Alfredo , Inghilleri Maurizio , Polidori Luigi , Manfredi Mario 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe silent period evoked by transcranial (TCS) and nerve stimulation was studied in the hand muscles in 13 patients with Huntington's disease and in 11 normal subjects. The duration of the silent period after TCS was longer in patients and correlated significantly with the severity of chorea; in contrast, the duration of the silent period after nerve stimulation was similar in patients and controls. The prolongation of the cortical silent period suggests that the duration of the silent period is a functional correlate reflecting basal ganglia influence over the motor cortex.
Novel rat cardiac arrest model of posthypoxic myoclonus
Authors: Truong Daniel D. , Matsumoto Rae R. , Schwartz Philip H. , Hussong Matthew J. , Wasterlain Claude G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe describe the time course of and pharmacology associated with auditory‐induced muscle jerks following cardiac arrest in rats. The data indicate that several key features of this model mimic those of human posthypoxic myoclonus. Similar to the human form, the muscle jerks appear in the rats following an acute hypoxic episode (cardiac arrest). Initially, it is known that both spontaneous and auditory‐induced myoclonus are present in these animals; some cardiac‐arrested rats also exhibit seizures. Over the first few days after the arrest, episodes of both the seizure activity and spontaneous myoclonus disappear. The auditory‐induced myoclonus continues to worsen, reaches a peak about 2 weeks after the arrest, then declines over time to subnormal levels. The auditory‐induced muscle jerks exhibited by the cardiac arrested animals are attenuated by the typical antimyoclonic drugs 5‐hydroxytryptophan, valproic acid, and clonazepam. In addition, the novel anticonvulsant felbamate was found to have antimyoclonic properties. The data suggest that this rat cardiac arrest model may be a valuable tool for investigating the pathophysiologic mechanisms of posthypoxic myoclonus and for developing new therapeutic strategies for treating the disorder.
Smoking and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Mayeux Richard , Tang Ming‐Xin , Marder Karen , Cǒté Lucien J. , Stern Yaakov 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSmoking was examined in relation to Parkinson's disease (PD) in a population‐based study in northern Manhattan (New York City) because of its putative “protective effect.” Using a case‐control design, information on smoking and associated behaviors was obtained in structured interviews after standard diagnostic evaluations in both cases and controls. The overall prevalence of smoking in the population was 43.7%, decreasing to 37% after age 85. Smoking was most frequent in men, Blacks, and in both cases and controls using alcohol once per week or more. Cases had quit smoking more often than controls (87 vs. 64%), and had smoked for significantly fewer years (31 vs. 41 yrs; p < 0.05 for both). The age‐at‐onset for smokers with PD was similar to age‐at‐onset for nonsmokers with PD. The odds ratio (OR) for a history of smoking associated with PD was 1.1 (95% CI 0.7–1.8). No protective gradient was associated with heavier smoking patterns. However, the odds that patients with PD were still smoking at the time of the interview were significantly less than those for controls (OR = 0.2; 95% CI 0.1–0.5). These results do not support the hypothesis that smoking protects against PD; rather they strongly imply the converse, that PD reduces smoking.
Motor program memory storage in Parkinson's disease patients tested with a delayed response task
Authors: Labutta Robert J. , Miles Rosalyn B. , Sanes Jerome N. , Hallett Mark 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe used a delayed response paradigm to test the hypothesis that the prolonged reaction time in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is related to a deficiency in their ability to store a motor program in memory while waiting to move. PD patients, both on and off medication, were compared with age‐matched normal subjects during arm movements directed toward a target light. The target light was displayed either during a 3‐ to 9‐s delay or for only 1 s followed by a 2‐ to 8‐s delay before the go signal. At the end of the delay, subjects were required to begin movement rapidly. The reaction time of PD patients was longer than normal and increased slightly when the patients were off medication. The patients had no excessive increase in reaction time with delay in either task compared with the control subjects. We conclude that patients with PD can hold a motor program in memory storage for at least 8 s.
Facial action myoclonus in patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy
Authors: Lou Jau‐Shin , Valls‐Solé Josep , Toro Camilo , Hallett Mark 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe studied four patients with familial olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) who had abnormal twitching of the cheeks and perioral muscles induced by facial movements. With the muscles at rest, electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the orbicularis oris and risorius muscles revealed myokymic discharges in the absence of visible movements. With voluntary contraction, the EMG showed synchronous discharges in the orbicularis oris and risorius muscles ipsilaterally associated with visible twitching. The duration of the EMG bursts was 10 to 75 ms with a frequency of 8 to 25 Hz, which suggested that the abnormal twitching was most consistent with a myoclonic disorder. Because it was induced by activation of the facial muscles, this movement disorder represents a form of action myoclonus.
Infantile hypotonia and paroxysmal dystonia: A variant of alternating hemiplegia of childhood?
Authors: Andermann Frederick , Ohtahara Shunsuke , Andermann Eva , Camfield Peter , Kobayashi Katsuhiro 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe report 2 children with early onset of hypotonia and frequent episodes of paroxysmal dystonia. The episodes were abolished even by brief naps. One of the children developed alternating hemiplegia in the second decade. These children seem to have a variant of the now well‐recognized syndrome of alternating hemiplegia of childhood. In that disorder, episodes of alternating hemiplegia develop before the age of 18 months. This syndrome must be considered in the differential diagnosis of paroxysmal dystonia in childhood.
Effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A against painful limb myoclonus of spinal cord origin
Authors: Polo Kathleen B. , Jabbari Bahman 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBotulinum toxin is now an established treatment for blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, spasmodic torticollis, and spastic dysphonia. We report the effectiveness of botulinum toxin against painful limb myoclonus of spinal cord origin. The patient, a 16‐year‐old girl with a pulmonary vascular anomaly, Scimitar syndrome, suffered from an acute spinal cord infarct at age 11. She was left with paralysis of the right leg and bladder dysfunction. Four years after the original insult, she developed “painful cramping” and involuntary movements of the left thigh, which were unresponsive to a wide range of therapeutic trials. The movements were continuous, rhythmic, and confined to the left quadriceps muscles. Electromyographic examination revealed continuous myoclonic discharges. Treatment with botulium toxin in the left quadriceps muscles resulted in complete cessation of pain and marked reduction in amplitude of the movements, both clinically and electromyographically. This observation indicates the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of painful spinal myoclonus.
The neuropathological features of neuroacanthocytosis
Authors: Rinne J. O. , Daniel S. E. , Scaravilli F. , Pires M. , Harding A. E. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this article we describe the neuropathological changes in three patients with neuroacanthocytosis and review the neuropathology of the other eight cases reported in the literature. Macroscopically the brains showed enlargement of the lateral ventricles, especially the frontal horns. The most severely and consistently affected brain areas were the caudate nucleus and putamen, which were atrophic and showed by light microscopy marked neuronal loss and gliosis. Small and medium‐sized striatal neurons were particularly depleted. The globus pallidus was almost as severely involved as the striatum. In some cases the thalamus, substantia nigra, and anterior horns of the spinal cord showed pathology, mainly neuronal loss and mild gliosis. Brain areas with no pathology included the subthalamic nucleus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pons, and medulla. The preservation of these areas may help in the neuropathological distinction of neuroacanthocytosis from Huntington's disease.
Hereditary variations in monoamine oxidase as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hotamisligil Gokhan S. , Girmen A. Sule , Fink J. Stephen , Tivol Elizabeth , Shalish Christo , Trofatter James , Baenziger John , Diamond Shirley , Markham Charles , Sullivan Jack , Growdon John , Breakefield Xandra O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brainstem. Recent studies suggest that several genes may have a role in determining individual susceptibility to this disease, and the degradative enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been implicated in the disease process. Wide differences in activity levels for both forms of this enzyme (MAO‐A and MAO‐B) exist in the human population, and levels of both are genetically determined. Here we have compared the frequency of haplotypes at the MAOA and MAOB loci on the X chromosome in 91 male patients with PD and 129 male controls. Alleles were marked using two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), a (GT)n repeat in the MAOA locus, and a (GT)n repeat in the MAOB locus. One particular haplotype marked by the RFLP's at MAOA was three times more frequent in patients with PD as compared with controls, and the overall distribution of these alleles was significantly different (p =0.03) between these two groups. Another MAOA haplotype was about threefold more common in controls than in patients with PD (p = 0.005). No associations were observed between individual MAOB alleles and the disease state, but the frequency distribution for all alleles was significantly different in the two populations (p = 0.046). These findings support the idea that the MAO genes may be among the herediatary factors that influence susceptibility of individuals to PD.
Analysis of repetitive and nonrepetitive sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Agostino Rocco , Berardelli Alfredo , Formica Alessandro , Stocchi Fabrizio , Accornero Neri , Manfredi Mario 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe examined the motor performance of Parkinson's disease patients and normal subjects during nonrepetitive and repetitive sequential tasks. Parkinson's disease patients took longer than normal subjects to Complete the nonrepetitie task, the sequential drawing of a pentagon. In patients, movement times lengthened as the sequence neared completion. The amount of lengthening was similar in nonrepetitive and repetitive tasks (sequential alternating drawing of each side of the pentagon). In parkinsonian patients the slowing at the end of the sequential tasks does not appear to be influenced by whether the sequential task involes nonrepetitive or repetitive movements.