bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type 1 Diabetes in the Spanish Population: additional factors to Class II HLA-DR3 and -DR4
Authors: Urcelay Elena , Santiago José L , de la Calle Hermenegildo , Martínez Alfonso , Méndez Julián , Ibarra José M , Maluenda Carlos , Fernández-Arquero Miguel , de la Concha Emilio G 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
The Major Histocompatibility Complex is the main genetic contributor to susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D); genome-wide scans have consistently mapped increased predisposition to this region. The highest disease risk has been associated with HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4. In particular, the DR3-positive ancestral haplotype 18.2 was reported as highly diabetogenic. We aimed to corroborate whether this haplotype increases the susceptibility conferred by the DQ2-DR3 alleles in a Mediterranean population. We also searched for additional susceptibility factors to the classic DQ2-DR3 and DQ8-DR4.

Results
Genetic MHC markers were analysed in a case-control study with 302 T1D patients and 529 ethnically matched controls. DR3-TNFa1b5 carrier rate was significantly higher in DR3-positive heterozygous T1D patients than in DR3-positive heterozygous controls (p = 0.0019; odds ratio OR [95% confidence interval CI] = 2.26 [1.3–3.93]). This data was confirmed analysing the allelic frequency, which includes the information corresponding to the DR3-homozygous individuals (p = 0.001; OR = 2.09) and by using the Arlequin software to check the DR3-positive haplotypes (p = 0.004;OR = 1.93). The present results provide strong evidence of a second susceptibility region in the ancestral haplotype 18.2 in the Spanish population.
Moreover, we searched for T1D susceptibility factors in addition to the MHC classical ones, within the DR2-DQ6/DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 negative population. Several genetic markers in both MHC class II (DQA1*0101-DQB1*0501 [p = 0.007;OR = 2.81], DQA1*0201-DQB1*0202 [p = 0.03; OR = 2.35]) and III (TNFa2b1 [p = 0.01 OR = 2.74], BAT-2*2 [p = 0.004; OR = 3.19]) were found. These different alleles associated with T1D were not independent and we observed linkage disequilibrium among them leading us to describe two new risk haplotypes (DQA1*0101-DQB1*0501-TNFa2b1 and DQA1*0201-DQB1*0202- BAT-2*2). Finally, we studied a T1D susceptibility/protection marker located in extended class I, D6S2223; however, no association was observed in our population.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that other associated MHC haplotypes might present susceptibility factors in loci different from HLA-class II and that the class II molecules are not necessarily the universal etiologic factor in every MHC haplotype.
Ethnic and age-related fat free mass loss in older Americans: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Authors: Obisesan Thomas O , Aliyu Muktar H , Bond Vernon , Adams Richard G , Akomolafe Abimbola , Rotimi Charles N 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Although age-related loss of fat free mass (FFM) is well known, there is paucity of data on national estimates, and on the differential influence of ethnicity on the decline in FFM with increasing age. We determined whether age-related loss in FFM and fat free mass index (FFMI) vary by gender and or ethnicity, using representative data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

Methods
Analyses were limited to 5,803 non-institutionalized, non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans (Blacks) over the age of 40 years. Body density was calculated from the sum of 3-skinfolds, and percent body fat estimated from body density. FFM was estimated by subtracting body fat from body weight, while FFMI was defined as FFM (kilograms) divided by the square of body height (meter2).

Results
Overall FFM and FFMI were significantly higher in black women than white women (P = 0.001; P = 0.001 respectively), but similar in black men compared to white men. Age-related decline in FFM reached significance level earlier in black men (at age 65–69) than white men (at age 70–74), and in black women (at age 70–74) than white women (at age 75–79). Similar decline in FFMI was noted in men and in women. In multivariate analyses, FFM significantly associated with ethnicity (p = 0.012) and with age (p < 0.001) in women, but only with age (p < 0.001) in men. In men and in women, FFMI significantly associated with ethnicity (p < 0.001; p = 0.003 respectively) and with age (p < 0.001; p = 0.004 respectively).

Conclusion
Age-related loss and decline in FFM and FFMI in older Americans is higher for black men and women, than for white men and women. The development of focused population-based preventive strategies is likely to improve functional independence in the aged.
Routine measurement of outcomes in Australia's public sector mental health services
Authors: Pirkis Jane , Burgess Philip , Coombs Tim , Clarke Adam , Jones-Ellis David , Dickson Rosemary 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Objective
This paper describes the Australian experience to date with a national 'roll out' of routine outcome measurement in public sector mental health services.

Methods
Consultations were held with 123 stakeholders representing a range of roles.

Results
Australia has made an impressive start to nationally implementing routine outcome measurement in mental health services, although it still has a long way to go. All States/Territories have established data collection systems, although some are more streamlined than others. Significant numbers of clinicians and managers have been trained in the use of routine outcome measures, and thought is now being given to ongoing training strategies. Outcome measurement is now occurring 'on the ground'; all States/Territories will be reporting data for 2003–04, and a number have been doing so for several years. Having said this, there is considerable variability regarding data coverage, completeness and compliance. Some States/Territories have gone to considerable lengths to 'embed' outcome measurement in day-to-day practice. To date, reporting of outcome data has largely been limited to reports profiling individual consumers and/or aggregate reports that focus on compliance and data quality issues, although a few States/Territories have begun to turn their attention to producing aggregate reports of consumers by clinician, team or service.

Conclusion
Routine outcome measurement is possible if it is supported by a co-ordinated, strategic approach and strong leadership, and there is commitment from clinicians and managers. The Australian experience can provide lessons for other countries.
An observing system simulation experiment to evaluate the scientific merit of wind and ozone measurements from the future SWIFT instrument
Authors: Lahoz W. A. , Brugge R. , Jackson D. R. , Migliorini S. , Swinbank R. , Lary D. , Lee A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn observing system simulation experiment was performed to assess the impact and scientific merit of SWIFT stratospheric wind and ozone observations. The SWIFT instrument is being considered for launch later this decade, and is expected to provide unprecedented global information on key aspects of the stratosphere, including tropical winds, ozone fluxes and wintertime variability. It was found that SWIFT wind observations will have a significant impact on analyses in the tropical stratosphere (except the lowermost levels), and could have a significant impact in the extratropics when the SWIFT observations are available and the flow regime is changing relatively fast. Results indicate that SWIFT ozone observations will have a significant impact when the vertical gradient of ozone is relatively high. The experiments indicate that SWIFT wind observations would improve the analysis of both tropical wind and wintertime variability. The results of this study strongly indicate a beneficial impact from the proposed SWIFT instrument. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2005. D. R. Jacksons's and R. Swinbank's contributions are Crown copyright.
Can the dynamical impact of the stratosphere on the troposphere be described by large‐scale adjustment to the stratospheric PV distribution?
Authors: Charlton A. J. , O'neill A. , Berrisford P. , Lahoz W. A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecent numerical experiments have demonstrated that the state of the stratosphere has a dynamical impact on the state of the troposphere. To account for such an effect, a number of mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, all of which amount to a large‐scale adjustment of the troposphere to potential vorticity (PV) anomalies in the stratosphere. This paper analyses whether a simple PV adjustment suffices to explain the actual dynamical response of the troposphere to the state of the stratosphere, the actual response being determined by ensembles of numerical experiments run with an atmospheric general‐circulation model. For this purpose, a new PV inverter is developed. It is shown that the simple PV adjustment hypothesis is inadequate. PV anomalies in the stratosphere induce, by inversion, flow anomalies in the troposphere that do not coincide spatially with the tropospheric changes determined by the numerical experiments. Moreover, the tropospheric anomalies induced by PV inversion are on a larger scale than the changes found in the numerical experiments, which are linked to the Atlantic and Pacific storm‐tracks. These findings imply that the impact of the stratospheric state on the troposphere is manifested through the impact on individual synoptic‐scale systems and their self‐organization in the storm‐tracks. Changes in these weather systems in the troposphere are not merely synoptic‐scale ‘noise’ on a larger scale tropospheric response, but an integral part of the mechanism by which the state of the stratosphere impacts that of the troposphere. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Microstructures and precipitation development in cumulus and small cumulonimbus clouds over the warm pool of the tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Rangno Arthur L. , Hobbs Peter V. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn situ airborne measurements obtained in convective clouds in the vicinity of the Marshall Islands on 15 days in July and August 1999 are used to determine the microphysical structures and precipitation‐producing mechanisms in these clouds. The liquid water contents of the clouds were generally well below adiabatic values, even in newly risen turrets. This is attributed to the entrainment of ambient air and to the very efficient removal of cloud water by the collision and coalescence of drops. The formation of raindrops began when the concentration of droplets with radii <15 µm exceeded ∼3 cm−3 or, equivalently, when the effective cloud drop radius reached ∼ 13 µm. Clouds rained when their depth exceeded ∼1.5 km. Due to rainout, the effective radius of cloud droplets began decreasing ∼2–4 km above cloud base.Extremely high concentrations of ice particles (often >500 litre−1) formed very rapidly at temperatures between −4 and −10 °C. High‐resolution imagery of these particles, which were primarily sheaths, needles, frozen drops and irregular ice fragments, indicates that the high concentrations of ice were initiated by the freezing of individual drops, some of which fragmented upon freezing, accompanied by ice splinter production during riming. However, for ice particles < 100 µm in maximum dimension, frozen drops and ice fragments were much more numerous than columnar ice crystals, the latter being indicative of ice splinter production. Narrow (10–50 m wide) streamers of precipitation containing large (<3 mm diameter) solid and liquid particles were often encountered in growing clouds. It is proposed that the particles in these streamers grew rapidly by riming in water‐rich zones and, under appropriate conditions, the ice particles produced by both drop fragmentation and riming resulted in exceptionally high localized concentrations of ice. Convective clouds consisting entirely of liquid water produced rain rates that were similar to those from deep convective clouds containing ice.Since the concentration of drizzle and raindrops within a few kilometres of cloud base was highly correlated with cloud depth, and therefore cloud top temperature, the concentration of raindrops in cumulus and cumulo‐nimbus clouds over the warm pool of the tropical Pacific Ocean can be inferred from satellite measurements of cloud top temperatures. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
A convection scheme for data assimilation: Description and initial tests
Authors: Lopez Philippe , Moreau Emmanuel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA new simplified parametrization of subgrid‐scale convective processes has been developed and tested in the framework of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System for the purpose of variational data assimilation, singular vector calculations and adjoint sensitivity experiments. Its formulation is based on the full nonlinear convection scheme used in ECMWF forecasts, but a set of simplifications has been applied to substantially improve its linear behaviour. These include the specification of a single closure assumption based on convective available potential energy, the uncoupling of the equations for the convective mass flux and updraught characteristics and a unified formulation of the entrainment and detrainment rates. Simplified representations of downdraughts and momentum transport are also included in the new scheme.Despite these simplifications, the forecasting ability of the new convective parametrization is shown to remain satisfactory even in seasonal integrations. A detailed study of its Jacobians and the validity of the linear hypothesis is presented. The new scheme is also tested in combination with the new simplified parametrization of large‐scale clouds and precipitation recently developed at ECMWF.In contrast with the simplified convective parametrization currently used in ECMWF's operational 4D‐Var, its tangent‐linear and adjoint versions account for perturbations of all convective quantities including convective mass flux, updraught characteristics and precipitation fluxes. Therefore the new scheme is expected to be beneficial when combined with radiative calculations that are directly affected by condensation and precipitation.Examples are presented of applications of the new moist physics in 1D‐Var retrievals using microwave brightness temperature measurements and in adjoint sensitivity experiments. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Assimilation of GOME ozone profiles and a global chemistry–transport model using a Kalman filter with anisotropic covariance
Authors: Segers A. J. , Eskes H. J. , Van Der A R. J. , Van Oss R. F. , Van Velthoven P. F. J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractNadir ozone profiles retrieved from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument are assimilated with a global three‐dimensional (3D) atmospheric ozone model. The assimilation procedure is based on the Kalman filter equations, and is an extension of an existing assimilation procedure for total ozone columns. As a novelty, a 3D covariance model is developed using a single parametrization for correlations in all directions, instead of the usually applied separation in horizontal and vertical directions. The parametrization is anisotropic in all directions, accounting for the different correlation lengths of ozone with respect to altitude, latitude, and longitude. The assimilation procedure includes full use of the averaging kernel information provided with the GOME retrieval product. The averaging kernels account for the smaller sensitivity of the GOME instrument below the ozone maximum and the limited vertical resolution. A singular‐value decomposition of the kernels is used to reduce the large data volume. A one‐year dataset of GOME ozone profiles is assimilated for the year 2000. Independent data from ozonesondes are used to validate the results. A case‐study shows that the assimilation of GOME profiles is able to improve the simulation of the vertical ozone distribution even in the case of strong vertical gradients. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Fluphenazine-Induced Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in a Schizophrenic Patient
Authors: Aruna Augustine S , Murungi James H 
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) associated with fluphenazine in a schizophrenic patient and review the literature related to this condition. CASE SUMMARY: A 21-year-old African American male with schizophrenia came to our medical intensive care unit from the crisis intervention unit (CIU). He was hyperthermic (oral temperature 40.6 °C), diaphoretic, tachycardic (heart rate 140 beats/min), and tachypneic (respiratory rate 22 breaths/min), with severe muscle rigidity and shaking tremors. He had an extensive psychiatric history significant for schizophrenia and multiple past hospital admissions, starting at age 14 years. Two days prior to admission to the CIU, he had been given 25 mg of fluphenazine decanoate injection intramuscularly in addition to his regular psychotropic regimen of thioridazine and haloperidol after reportedly making several verbal threats and displaying aggressive behavior toward the personnel at the group home where he resided. Laboratory studies showed elevated creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels, as well as azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and leukocytosis. DISCUSSION: NMS is a rare but potentially fatal reaction associated with neuroleptic drugs. It occurs in approximately 0.07–2.2% of patients treated with neuroleptics. Risk factors include previous episodes, dehydration, agitation, polypharmacy, and the rate and route of neuroleptic administration. CONCLUSIONS: An objective causality assessment revealed that fluphenazine was the probable cause of NMS in this patient. There was no reaction associated with thioridazine and/or haloperidol. Clinicians need to be aware of this drug-induced condition and the potential increased risk associated with concurrent use of multiple psychotropics.
Polylactide copolymers: Effect of copolymer ratio and end capping on their properties
Authors: Bigg D. M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRacemic copolymers of polylactic acid were investigated to determine the effect of copolymer ratio on melting point, degree of crystallinity, mechanical properties, and processing behavior. The copolymer ratio was found to have a strong influence on the crystallization behavior of the polymer. In addition to the ratio of the L‐form to a random mixture of the D and L forms of the lactic acid in the copolymer, the effect of the polymer's molecular weight was examined. The copolymers were produced from the lactide form of the monomer to achieve weight average molecular weights above 100,000. The molecular weight had a profound influence on processability and rate of crystallization. Other notable factors influencing the properties and processing of the copolymers were the concentration of residual monomer in the polymer, the processing time‐temperature history, and the extent of molecular weight degradation during processing. An important factor in the commercial development of biodegradable polymers is the ability to control the rate of degradation. Ideally, the polymer should not degrade during functional use, but degrade quite rapidly when discarded. This paper discusses various aspects associated with the control of the rate of degradation of polylactide copolymers; both from the perspective of stabilizing the polymer during processing and product use, and subsequently accelerating the rate of degradation after disposal. Of particular interest are the influences of molecular weight, crystallinity, end capping, and plasticization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:69–82, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20032
Network density control in epoxy–silica hybrids by selective silane functionalization of precursors
Authors: Prezzi Luca , Mascia Leno 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFollowing previous work on the compatibilization of organic–inorganic hybrids through coupling reactions with the precursor components, the present study evaluates the relative efficiency of different types of coupling agents on the morphology and properties of epoxy–silica hybrids. In particular, this investigation compares the effects of introducing trialkoxysilane functional groups at the chain end (using amine‐ and mercapto‐silanes) with similar types grafted in the middle of the chain of the constituent resin (using an isocyanate silane). The use of coupling agents with a basic character (amine silane type) brings about the formation of denser networks in both constituent phases of the resulting epoxy–silica hybrid, which is manifest through a large increase in the Tg and a more extensive suppression of the molecular relaxations within the glass transition regions. Increasing the number of alkoxysilane functional groups at the chain end, with the use of a bis‐aminosilane, has a relatively minor effect on the morphology and dynamic mechanical spectra of the resulting epoxy–silica hybrids. It was also found that while the incorporation of small amounts of a high molecular weight epoxy resin causes considerable plasticization of the organic phase, much larger amounts of organic (aliphatic) co‐agent within the siloxane phase are required to deteriorate those properties that are related to the inorganic character of the hybrid material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:91–102, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20033
Crystallization behavior and properties of exfoliated isotactic polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Avella Maurizio , Cosco Simona , Volpe Gaetano Della , Errico Maria Emanuela 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIsotactic polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by a solution methodology and characterized by structural, morphological, and mechanical analysis. X‐ray and microscopic analyses (SEM) have revealed a homogeneous dispersion of the nanoclay in the iPP matrix and good adhesion between the two phases, especially in nanocomposites containing lower organoclay amounts ( 1% and 3%). Particularly it was observed that the sample with 1% clay content maintains the exfoliated structure during processing, while the sample with 3% clay evolves from an intercalated structure toward an exfoliated structure when processed by compression molding. The influence of the modified organoclay nanoparticles on the iPP crystallization process was also investigated. The results have shown that while the nanoparticles increase the rate of crystallization there is a delay in the onset of the solidification process. A regime II‐III transition temperature was also observed which decreases with increasing organoclay content. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:132–144, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20036