bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The implicit use of business concepts in the UK Research Assessment Exercise
Authors: Ball Derrick F. , Butler Jeff 
Published: January 2004

Research assessment exercises covering universities in the United Kingdom were established to produce quality ratings as a basis for allocating much of the research funding from central government. They represent some of the largest research management exercises ever undertaken. Amongst other aspects of university performance, the publications of all ‘research active’ UK academics are evaluated. This paper describes the way in which quality was assessed and funds were allocated as a result of the 1992, 1996 and 2001 exercises. It looks at how the exercises might continue to evolve and the value of a further exercise.The strategies adopted by universities to maximise their ratings and their income are also considered. Universities have improved their research performance and their reporting methods in response to changes in the criteria and weightings used in the exercise. In parallel the HEFC (Higher Education Funding Council) has changed the ways in which funds have been distributed once the level of research performance has been determined.The exercises have received much criticism as well as an acceptance that they have changed the culture of academic research. This paper considers the parallel evolution of trends in the management of R&D in business with trends in the management of university research via these exercises. There are underlying assumptions that seem to influence the transfer of policy design principles and management lessons between the two sectors.
Changing Family Policy in Sweden and Finland during the 1990s
Authors: Hiilamo Heikki 
Published: January 2004

Abstract The aim of the article is to analyse changes in family policy programmes in Sweden and Finland during the turbulent years of the 1990s. The results suggest that in spite of cutbacks some features of the ideal‐typical model of Nordic family policy became more prominent towards the end of the 1990s. For example, the importance of universalism was strengthened by such measures as the discontinuation of several forms of tax benefits for families with children in Sweden, and especially in Finland. The subjective right to day care was extended in both countries to cover all children of preschool age. Because of cutbacks, however, policies aimed at promoting horizontal and vertical distribution suffered. There was hardly any change in pronatalism. Compared with the 1970s and 1980s, the 1990s were indeed a period of retrenchment. However, this did not mean profound structural change. In the case of family policy, the early fears concerning the demise of the Nordic model proved false.
Importing Workfare: Policy Transfer of Social and Labour Market Policies from the USA to Britain under New Labour
Authors: Daguerre Anne 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Britain's New Labour government has put welfare reform at the top of its political agenda. It has followed a radical “workfare” agenda in relation to labour and social market policies and no longer aims to secure full employment mainly through direct job creation or Keynesian demand management. Instead, it promotes equal opportunity for all based on a contract between benefits claimants and the employment service. The New Deal is at the heart of British activation programmes for the unemployed. American policy paradigms have influenced the design of the New Deal. Policy transfer in activation policies from the USA to Britain is due to institutional similarities in British and American welfare states on the one hand, and to the comparable structure of their labour markets on the other hand. The influence of the European social model on British labour market policies thus remains limited.
Compensation, Incentives, and the Duality of Risk Aversion and Riskiness
Authors: Ross Stephen A. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe common folklore that giving options to agents will make them more willing to take risks is false. In fact, no incentive schedule will make all expected utility maximizers more or less risk averse. This paper finds simple, intuitive, necessary and sufficient conditions under which incentive schedules make agents more or less risk averse. The paper uses these to examine the incentive effects of some common structures such as puts and calls, and it briefly explores the duality between a fee schedule that makes an agent more or less risk averse, and gambles that increase or decrease risk.
Specific Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B-Mediated Fusion by a Novel Thiourea Small Molecule
Authors: Jones Thomas R. , Lee Shi-Wu , Johann Stephen V. , Razinkov Vladimir , Visalli Robert J. , Feld Boris , Bloom Jonathan D. , O'Connell John 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
A novel small molecule inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was identified as the result of screening a chemical library by using a whole-virus infected-cell assay. Synthetic chemistry efforts yielded the analog designated CFI02, a compound whose potency had been increased about 100-fold over an initial inhibitor. The inhibitory concentration of CFI02 in various assays is in the low nanomolar range. CFI02 is a selective and potent inhibitor of HCMV; it has no activity against other CMVs, alphaherpesviruses, or unrelated viruses. Mechanism-of-action studies indicate that CFI02 acts very early in the replication cycle, inhibiting virion envelope fusion with the cell plasma membrane. Mutants resistant to CFI02 have mutations in the abundant virion envelope glycoprotein B that are sufficient to confer resistance. Taken together, the data suggest that CFI02 inhibits glycoprotein B-mediated HCMV virion fusion. Furthermore, CFI02 inhibits the cell-cell spread of HCMV. This is the first study of a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of CMV fusion and cell-cell spread.
The Mature Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup A Envelope Glycoprotein Is Metastable, and Refolding Induced by the Synergistic Effects of Receptor Binding and Low pH Is Coupled to Infection
Authors: Smith Jason G. , Mothes Walther , Blacklow Stephen C. , Cunningham James M. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
The spring-loaded model stipulates that influenza virus infection is coupled to the transition of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) from a metastable conformation to a highly stable conformation at low pH. The properties of retrovirus envelope glycoproteins indicate that infection is coupled to an analogous conformational change. As a test of this hypothesis, the requirements for avian leukosis virus A (ALV-A) infection were examined. These studies indicate that, like HA, the conformation of the mature ALV-A envelope glycoprotein is metastable and that infection is linked to refolding at low pH. However, unlike HA, low-pH activation is only observed after priming by receptor. Therefore, ALV-A infection is dependent on the synergistic effects of receptor binding and low pH, suggesting that receptor binding superimposes an additional constraint on activation of ALV-A fusion that proceeds by a mechanism comparable to that of influenza virus.
BALANCED PARTITION OF MINIMUM SPANNING TREES
Authors: ANDERSSON MATTIAS , GUDMUNDSSON JOACHIM , LEVCOPOULOS CHRISTOS , NARASIMHAN GIRI 
Published: January 2004

To better handle situations where additional resources are available to carry out a task, many problems from the manufacturing industry involve dividing a task into a number of smaller tasks, while optimizing a specific objective function. In this paper we consider the problem of partitioning a given set [Formula: see text] of n points in the plane into k subsets, [Formula: see text], such that [Formula: see text] is minimized. Variants of this problem arise in applications from the shipbuilding industry. We show that this problem is NP-hard, and we also present an approximation algorithm for the problem, in the case when k is a fixed constant. The approximation algorithm runs in time O(n log n) and produces a partition that is within a factor (4/3+ε) of the optimal if k=2, and a factor (2+ε) otherwise.
Description and phylogeny of Bursaphelenchus luxuriosae n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Acalolepta luxuriosa (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Futai Kazuyoshi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBursaphelenchus luxuriosae n. sp. is described and figured. Specimens were collected from a 2-week-old culture on Botrytis cinerea. The new species is characterised by a body length of 897 (710-1159) μm in the female and 745 (621-887) μm in the male, relatively robust body (a = 33-39 in the female and 27-30 in the male), stylet ca 14 (11-16) μm long, four lines in the lateral field, the large (27-30 μm) arcuate spicule with a terminal cucullus, seven (2 + 1 + 2 + 2) male caudal papillae, the long, well developed vulval flap and the shape of the female tail which is long, tapered, and ventrally bent when killed by heat with an irregular or roughened dorsal contour near the tip and an irregular terminus. The new species is considered to belong to the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus group of the genus Bursaphelenchus and is most closely related to B. conicaudatus and B. fraudulentus in spicule shape, vulval flap and 'a' values of males and females. It is easily distinguished from these two species by the morphology of female tail. The RFLP profile confirms the distinctness of the new species within the B. xylophilus group. The phylogenetic status of B. luxuriosae n. sp. within the B. xylophilus group is indicated by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Bursaphelenchus luxuriosae n. sp. is assumed to be close to B. conicaudatus and to have diverged from the ancestor of the B. xylophilus group early in the speciation of the group.
The 18S ribosomal RNA gene of Soboliphyme baturini Petrow, 1930 (Nematoda: Dioctophymida) and its implications for phylogenetic relationships within Dorylaimia
Authors: Rusin Leonid , Aleshin Vladimir , Tchesunov Alexey , Atrashkevich Gennadiy 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Phylogenetic estimations from 18S rDNA sequence data reveal close
relationships of dioctophymids with Trichinellida (Trichocephalida), the
latter represented by the families Trichinellidae and Trichocephalidae
(Trichuridae). This phylogeny is congruent with a scenario of molecular
evolution deduced from conservative motifs within the V4 and V9 regions of
18S rRNA. A phylogenetic approach to analyse data containing highly unequal
rates of sequence evolution is proposed. The entire gene possesses only a
few conservative molecular synapomorphies of a clade consisting of
Dorylaimida, Mononchida and Mermithida. Dioctophymida, together with
Trichinellida, are inferred as a sister taxon to this clade which jointly
constitute the Dorylaimia. Molecular data juxtaposed with morphology were
used to reconstruct some of the putative features of the common ancestor of
Dorylaimia which is speculated to have possessed a spear and, as found in
extant Enoplia and Dioctophymida, pharyngeal gland outlets located in the
stoma. Mononchids are postulated to have secondarily lost the spear contrary
to all previously published phylogenies. Reduction of caudal glands and
transformation of pharyngeal glands into the stichosome are not parsimonious
across the tree of Dorylaimia. There are no unequivocal adult morphological
synapomorphies for Dorylaimia; the only non-molecular diagnostic feature is
the unique specification of the endodermal precursor in early
embryogenesis.
Personality Structure in Chinese School Children: Is the Five-Factor Model Adequate?
Authors: Zeng Qing , Draper Thomas , De Lin Chong 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTo test the claimed universal model of Five-Factor Personality structure, we used teacher ratings of 493 10- to 12-year-old Chinese school children on an adjective rating scale developed by Digman and Inouye (1986). Factor analysis of the teacher ratings strongly replicated four of the "big five" personality factors that have been observed in a variety of other cultures. The fifth factor, emotional stability, was also evident, as was a sixth factor tentatively named ego strength. Overall, inquiring intellect was more important among Chinese than among American school children.
Defining the 'Other': Democracy in Mozambique Within - A Historical Perspective
Authors: Virtanen Pekka 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDespite apparent success Mozambique is facing serious problems in institutionalising democracy in the context of economic liberalisation. The problems are linked to a basic contradiction between a need to construct a unified nation, and capacity to tolerate difference inside it which is an essential function of a democratic system. In Mozambique both neo-traditionalism and socialism, which can be interpreted as currents inside African nationalism, have roots in pre-independence political movements. In line with Western modernism the ruling party FRELIMO has been reluctant to accept any linkages between political pluralism and cultural difference based on denominational, ethnic or regional identity. On the other hand many opposition parties see cultural difference as a constitutive element of African socio-political reality, and promote devolution of power to cultural regions and local communities as an effective means to engage the whole population in the political process.
When Neutrality is Taboo. Navigating Institutional Identity in Protracted Conflict Settings - the Nigerian Ife/Modakeke Case
Authors: Soyinka-Airewele Peyi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the means by which social institutions located in African communities that are deeply and violently polarized along ethnic-related lines, navigate the institutional role and identity within such a local environment. Utilizing a case study of ethno-political conflict in the Ile-Ife and Modakeke communities of South Western Nigeria, the paper investigates how the local academy has sought to survive as a zone of diversities located in host cit(ies) with rigidly structured mythicohistories and conflicting geopolitical claims. Through this exploration of the paradox of the uneasy cohabitation of contested realities and the quest for postwar healing and rehabilitation, the paper unveils the unusual local interpretation, rejection and reconstruction of the concept of neutrality, and highlights the challenges, both philosophical and concrete, which confront the academy. The findings of the study suggest a need to cautiously, but decidedly, resituate the university as a civically engaged arena for the creative re-envisioning of diversity and cultural pluralism and ultimately for local and national conflict transformation in Nigeria.
A Critical Reflection on Globalisation and Inequality: A New Approach to the Development of the South
Authors: Prabhakar  
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article argues for a historical materialist approach, which exposes the condition of widespread routine poverty, unemployment and malnutrition in the world to be a modern worldhistorical product, the outcome of five centuries of global capitalist expansion under relations of imperialism. The bourgeoisie has, through its exploitation of its world-market, given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. All established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw materials, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. It creates wealth but also inequality. As a result of this globalisation, over 75 percent of the world population lives in underdevelopment, and extreme poverty has already reached 1.2 billion people in the third world. The revenue of the richest nations that in 1960 was 37 times larger then that of the poorest is now 82 times larger in 2002. The situation has such extremes that the assets of the three-wealthiest persons in the world amount to the GDP of the 48 poorest countries combined. The most affluent 5 per cent in the globe presently earn 114 times as much as the poorest 5 per cent. Even more mind-boggling, the 500 richest people currently own $1.54 trillion, which is more than the entire GDP of Africa. The central premise of this study is to analysis of the pattern of trade, development and inequality between the advanced industrial countries and the rest of the world. The growth of capitalism in nineteenth century Europe would have been possible to exploit of African and Asian markets and source of raw materials. In the new imperialism era, by the fact that Britain's predominant position in world markets was then beginning to be challenge by industrial rivals like the Americans. Both America and the European Union they have been possible to exploit of the Third World markets. This study is to evaluate to promote the local technological capacity co-operation among the south region for the development in the new era of globalisation. This co-operation is dealt with as agents for promoting industrial development in developing world, employment generation to locals, plus further export expansion from these regions.
PATTERNS AND PECULIARITIES OF ISLAMIC REFORM IN AFRICA
Authors: Loimeier Roman 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAfrican Muslim societies were characterised, in the 20th century, by the emergence of reformist movements that have gained, since the 1970s, major social, religious and political influence in a number of countries, including Northern Nigeria, Senegal, Zanzibar and Sudan. These movements of reform are, however, not recent phenomena. Rather, they look back to a history of several generations of reformist endeavour and thought that may have been influenced, to a certain extent, by external sources of inspiration. This contribution shows how the biographies of major reformist personalities such as Cheikh Touré in Senegal, Abubakar Gumi in Northern Nigeria and 'Abdallâh Sâlih al-Farsy in East Africa reflect a number of common features of Islamic reform in Africa, while their programmes of reform were shaped, at the same time, by local frame conditions.
AHMED DEEDAT'S THEOLOGY OF RELIGION: APOLOGETICS THROUGH POLEMICS
Authors: Westerlund David 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWithin Africa, as well as outside the continent, the writings and videocassettes of Ahmed Deedat have been, and still are, most influential. In this article, Deedat's great interest in religious polemics, especially against Christianity, has been interpreted primarily as an apologetical endeavour influenced largely by the marginal and exposed situation of the small minority of Muslims in the strongly Christiandominated South Africa. Deedat's main task was to provide Muslims with theological tools for defending themselves against the intense missionary strivings of many Christian denominations. He spoke and wrote for the Muslim masses rather than for learned scholars, and the fact that he used English instead of Arabic or some other 'Muslim' language further increased the availability of his writings among, for instance, Muslim minorities in Europe and North America.
EDUCATING THE MURID: THEORY AND PRACTICES OF EDUCATION IN AMADU BAMBA'S THOUGHT
Authors: Babou Cheikh Anta 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe scholarship on the Muridiyya focuses mainly on the examination of the political and economic aspects of the brotherhood. Dominant scholarly interpretations see the organisation as an effective instrument of adaptation to a turbulent period in history. Disgruntled Wolof farmers joined the Muridiyya as a way of adjusting to the new order brought about by the demise of the pre-colonial kingdoms and the establishment of French domination in Senegal, in the second half of the nineteenth century. Since the role of religious innovations and beliefs was considered peripheral in this process of adjustment, not much attention has been devoted to doctrinal and spiritual issues within the brotherhood. Emphasis had been put on the analysis of the socio-political context of the founding of the Murid brotherhood, and the economic and psychological incentives that might have motivated people to join the organisation. In contrast to this interpretation, I conceive of the Muridiyya as the result of a conscious decision by a Sufi shaikh who saw it primarily as a vehicle for religious change, but also for social and political transformation. Education was the principal tool for the realisation of this social change. This article describes and analyses Amadu Bamba's views on educational theory and practices and explores how his Sufi orientation shaped Murid pedagogy. It reveals the centrality of the theme of education in his writings, sermons and correspondence and documents the continuing influence of this education on the Murid ethos.
HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL PUBLICATIONS IN THE VERNACULARS OF COLONIAL ZAMBIA: MISSIONARY CONTRIBUTION TO THE 'CREATION OF TRIBALISM'
Authors: Macola Giacomo 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the chronology and attributes of literate ethno-history in Northern Rhodesia. While the earliest published authors were invariably members of missionary societies whose evangelical policies were predisposed towards the Christianisation of local chieftaincies, the expansion and Africanisation of vernacular historiography from the late 1930s owed much to the intervention of the colonial government in the publishing sphere. A survey of their contents shows that vernacular histories and ethnographies mirrored preconceptions and preoccupations typical of the times of their composition. By placing these texts in the political and economic context of the colony, and by providing new data on their wide circulation among literate Africans, the article contends that published ethnohistories were one of the principal cultural components of the process of crystallisation of ethnic identities in the middle and late colonial era.
REMEMBERING BISHOP JOSEPH DUPONT (1850-1930) IN PRESENT-DAY ZAMBIA
Authors: Hinfelaar Marja 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article deals with the reburial of Bishop Joseph Dupont in Zambia in December 2000, 88 years after he left the country. After a brief précis of the burial itself, I examine the different presentations of Bishop Dupont by scholars, White Fathers, oral literature and the Bemba Catholics in Zambia, exploring the question of who kept his memory alive and for what purposes. It is not sufficient to view Dupont's funeral as an historical oddity, but rather as a manifestation of what Ranger called 'popular Christianity'. To understand this attachment to Dupont by local Catholics, one has to go beyond the official documents and academic literature and consider the historical reconstruction on the ground. As will become clear, this is the only way to explain Bishop Dupont's current heroic status.
PERSONHOOD AND SELF IN CATHOLIC FORMATION IN ZAMBIA
Authors: Simpson Anthony 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe article describes and analyses the recruitment and training of young Zambians in the 1990s for Catholic religious Brotherhood. The consequences of the missionary employment of Euro-American concepts of personhood and self that involve particular understandings of narrative and the use of psychological testing are explored. The author argues that Zambian understandings of personhood and of individual experience of evil and suffering are silenced in the process of religious formation. This discussion raises salient issues about training for Catholic religious or priestly life in Africa because similar techniques have been commonly employed throughout the continent.