bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence and Institutional Racism in Schools
Authors: Cremin Hilary 
Published: January 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Rethinking Interventions in Racism R. BhavnaniConflict Resolution Communication: patterns of promoting peaceful schools M. LincolnWorking with Disaffected Students: why students lose interest in school and what we can do about it K. Riley & E. Rustique‐ForresterViolence in Schools: the response in Europe P. K. Smith, (Ed.)
Useful Knowledge for Information Systems Practice: The Contribution of the Participatory Paradigm
Authors: Breu Karin , Peppard Joe 
Published: January 2004

Information systems research has become methodologically pluralistic, not least in the hope of achieving greater relevance of scholarly output to practice. Although interventionist approaches have considerable potential for bridging the theory–practice gap, they are dismissed as unscientific because of the purported absence of a philosophical foundation that would justify the interactive research process and the co-productive relationships between researchers and practitioners that are so defining of this type of inquiry. The intention in this paper is to demonstrate that philosophical foundations for interventionist research strategies do exist. This task is pursued by the introduction of the participatory worldview, as articulated in the fields of sociology, philosophy and organization studies. The paper shows its distinctness to other, non-positivist paradigms, describes the participatory research process, presents participatory inquiry methods and extrapolates the distinctness of the knowledge they produce. The application of its paradigmatic principles is illustrated through an empirical example of a participatory research programme and the challenges that this approach presents for research practice are indicated. … most of our knowledge, and all our primary knowledge, arises as an aspect of activities that have practical, not theoretical objectives; and it is this knowledge, itself an aspect of action, to which all reflective theory must refer. (Macmurray, 1957, p. 12)
Nuclear and cytoplasmic dynamics of sperm penetration, pronuclear formation and microtubule organization during fertilization and early preimplantation development in the human
Authors: Van Blerkom Jonathan , Davis Patrick , Merriam John , Sinclair Jane 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
This report describes spatial and temporal aspects of sperm penetration and intracytoplasmic migration, pronuclear evolution and the specificity of presyngamic opposition, stage-specific changes in cytoskeletal organization and the relative contribution of maternal and paternal components to mitotic spindle formation. These studies involved observations of living human oocytes during conventional insemination in vitro and after intracytoplasmic deposition of spermatozoa, analysis of chromatin organization and distribution during pronuclear evolution, and detection of actin and α-, rβ- and γ-tubulin by confocal immuno-fluorescence microscopy. Immature and mature oocytes, penetrated but unfertilized oocytes, fertilized but arrested eggs, and cleavage-stage embryos from normal and dispermic fertilizations were examined. The results demonstrate that sperm nuclear migration to the maternal perinuclear region is rapid and linear, occurs in the absence of a detectable cytoskeletal system and appears to be assisted by an unusual configuration of the sperm tail principal piece which results from either retained intracytoplasmic motility or the process by which the sperm tail is progressively incorporated into the oocyte. Our findings also show a specificity of pronuclear alignment that is associated with a polarized distribution of both maternal and paternal chromatin, and with the position of the sperm centrosome and the presence of microtubules nucleated from this structure. The results also indicate that a maternal microtubule nucleating capacity is present in the immature oocyte but is apparently inactive until spindle formation. The poles of the first mitotic spindle appear to be derived from the sperm centrosome, although some maternal contribution cannot be excluded. The sperm tail and centrosome persist in a single cell through the cleavage stages, and the latter serves as a prominent site of cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation. The results provide a detailed understanding of the cellular and nuclear morphodynamics of the human fertilization process and indicate subtle defects that may be responsible for early developmental failure.
Transfusion of plasma from a blood donor induced hepatitis E in Rhesus monkey
Authors: Xia N.‐S. , Zhang J. , Zheng Y.‐J. , Ge S.‐X. , Ye X.‐Z. , Ou S.‐H. 
Published: January 2004

Background and Objectives  Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is normally transmitted via the faeco–oral route. The possibility that the infection might be transmissible by blood has been suggested. Direct evidence of blood‐borne transmission of hepatitis E infection is, however, absent.Materials and Methods  In this report, 10 ml of plasma obtained from a healthy, but hepatitis E viraemic, blood donor was transfused to a Rhesus monkey.Results  Acute hepatitis E developed following transfusion of blood from the hepatitis E viraemic donor. This was confirmed by virological, immunological, biochemical and histopathological data.Conclusions  These results, combined with other epidemiological findings previously reported, indicate that transfusion‐associated hepatitis E can occur. The risk of transfusion‐associated HEV infection in endemic areas should be assessed and strategies developed to reduce it.
Frequency analysis of B lymphocytes specific for Rh antigens in naturally immunized Rh‐negative women
Authors: Pasha R. P. K. , Shokrgozar M. A. , Bahrami Z. S. , Shokri F. 
Published: January 2004

Background and Objectives  Despite a successful outcome of the anti‐D prophylaxis programme, alloimmunization still occurs. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of Rh‐specific B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of nine Rh‐alloimmunized individuals at different time intervals after parturition.Materials and Methods  The donors’ B lymphocytes were transformed with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and cultured at different cell densities over a feeder of human fetal fibroblasts. Culture supernatants were screened for human immunoglobulin by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for anti‐Rh antibody by using a direct haemagglutination technique. The percentage of CD19+ B lymphocytes in peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry, and the frequency of Rh‐specific B lymphocytes was estimated by limiting‐dilution assay (LDA).Results  The frequency of Rh‐specific B lymphocytes varied from 1 : 150 to 1 : 27 850 in different donors. There was a decrease in this frequency and level of anti‐Rh antibody with increase in time interval between bleeding and last exposure to the antigen. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between the titre of Rh‐specific antibody and frequency of Rh‐specific B cells in each of three subjects bled at multiple time‐points postdelivery.Conclusions  The magnitude of the specific antibody response to Rh antigens varies greatly in Rh‐alloimmunized women, which partly reflects the difference in frequency of specific B cells in these individuals.
Cost‐effectiveness of nucleic acid test screening of volunteer blood donations for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus in the United States
Authors: Marshall D. A. , Kleinman S. H. , Wong J. B. , AuBuchon J. P. , Grima D. T. , Kulin N. A. , Weinstein M. C. 
Published: January 2004

Background and Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the cost‐effectiveness of adding nucleic acid testing (NAT) to serological (antibody and antigen) screening protocols for donated blood in the United States (US) with the purpose of reducing the risks of transfusion‐transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Materials and Methods The costs, health consequences and cost‐effectiveness of adding either minipool or individual‐donor NAT to serological screening (SS) testing were estimated using a decision‐analysis model.Results With the given modelling assumptions, adding minipool NAT would avoid an estimated 37, 128 and eight cases of HBV, HCV and HIV, respectively, and save ≈ 53 additional years of life and 102 additional quality adjusted life years (QALYs) compared with SS, at a net cost of $154 million. SS + minipool NAT − p24 compared with SS alone resulted in an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $1·5 million per QALY gained (range in sensitivity analysis $1·0–2·1 million per QALY gained) in this US analysis.Conclusions The cost effectiveness of adding NAT screening is outside the typical range for most healthcare interventions, but not for established blood safety measures.
A review of general hepatitis C virus lookbacks in Canada
Authors: Bowker S. L. , Smith L. J. , Rosychuk R. J. , Preiksaitis J. K. 
Published: January 2004

Background and Objectives This article reviews the Canadian experience with general hepatitis C virus (HCV) lookback programmes.Materials and Methods Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline, HealthSTAR and EMBASE. In addition, bibliographic searches were performed on all retrieved articles, and provinces were contacted to determine whether they had performed general HCV lookbacks.Results Of the seven Canadian general HCV lookbacks identified, two focused specifically on the paediatric population. The proportion of transfused patients presumed to be alive varied from 48·9 to 97·5%. Between 55·3 and 99·1% of letters were successfully delivered. The proportion of patients tested for HCV and subsequently found to be HCV positive varied considerably (66·2–80·4% and 0·9–5·0%, respectively). Newly diagnosed patients represented 42–58% of cases identified.Conclusions The Canadian general HCV lookback experience successfully identified previously undiagnosed HCV‐positive patients, but the resources required to notify patients are high and the yield is relatively low. The effectiveness may be greatest in the paediatric population.
A study of blood usage by diagnoses in a Korean university hospital
Authors: Lim Young Ae , Lee Wee Gyo , Cho Sung Ran , Hyun Bong Hak , Sc D. 
Published: January 2004

Background and Objectives   There is paucity of comprehensive data on the blood usage with regard to diagnostic categories of Asian recipients. The purpose of this study is to analyse data for blood usage in a korean university hospital in order to obtain additional information on transfusion practices in relation to diagnoses.Materials and Methods   Data of information on patients discharged during the period from March 1996 to February 2002, who have received packed red blood cells (RBC), fresh frozen plasmas (FFP), and platelet components (PLT) were extracted from the computerized registers. We used only the principal four‐digit diagnostic categories of the Tenth Revision of International Classification of Diseases.Results   A total of 397 489 units of blood components (RBC 171 916 units; FFP 69 301 units; and PLT 156 272 units) were transfused for 17·2% of all discharged patients. Acute myeloid leukaemia, liver cell carcinoma, advanced gastric cancer, alcoholic or other unspecified cirrhosis of liver were the top 5 diagnoses related with the highest usage of blood component.Conclusions   The results showed a different blood usage pattern compared to those of previous studies. These provide a baseline transfusion practice at our institution, and the data would help in predicting future blood needs in a variety of diagnostic categories.
Acute hepatitis C virus seroconversion in a Scottish blood donor: HCV antigen is not comparable with HCV nucleic acid amplification technology screening
Authors: Dow B. C. , Munro H. , Buchanan I. , Ferguson K. , Davidson F. , Lycett C. , Jarvis M. , Cleland A. , Petrik J. , Lumley S. , MacLean A. 
Published: January 2004

Background and Objectives  This study was conducted to analyse the usefulness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen tests for the confirmation of HCV infection in a donor presenting as nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) positive but negative for antibodies to HCV (anti‐HCV).Materials and Methods  Blood donations were screened, in parallel, for anti‐HCV using the Abbott PRISM HCV Chemiluminescent immunoassay (ChLIA) and an ‘in‐house’ HCV NAT (pools of up to 95 donations). An HCV NAT‐positive antibody‐negative donor was identified. Twelve follow‐up samples were obtained and tested with various HCV antigen (including the recently marketed Trak‐C second‐generation assay) and HCV antibody assays.Results  The single HCV NAT‐positive, antibody‐negative donation was identified from 1 117 681 donations screened in the 4‐year period, July 1999 to June 2003. The index donation was positive by Ortho HCV core antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Ortho Trak‐C (second‐generation HCV core antigen EIA). An archive sample, taken 127 days prior to the index donation, was negative for all HCV markers. Subsequent samples demonstrated a loss of reactivity in the Ortho HCV core antigen EIA and reduced activity in the Ortho Trak‐C until day 69. Immunoblot (Ortho RIBA‐3) and HCV PRISM became positive on day 62, whilst Ortho HCV ELISA was not positive until day 132 or Biorad HCV ELISA until day 160. An alternative immunoblot (Innogenetics Innolia III) was positive from day 55. RNA levels fluctuated considerably during the follow‐up period, being completely undetectable by routine screening methods at the time‐point around seroconversion; subsequently, antibody was detected using all assays investigated.Conclusions  This HCV‐converting blood donor provided a unique panel of samples for using to assess current (and future) HCV assay systems. The overall test results led to the conclusion that individual HCV antigen testing should not be considered as equivalent to HCV NAT minipool screening. Trak‐C antigen testing may be considered as a suitable confirmatory assay for isolated HCV NAT reactivity.
Massive haemolysis after intramuscular diclofenac in a patient who apparently tolerated oral medication
Authors: Ahrens N. , Schewior L. , Garbe E. , Kiesewetter H. , Salama A. 
Published: January 2004

Background and Objectives  Administration of diclofenac may lead to immune haemolytic anaemia (IHA) owing to the presence of drug‐dependent antibodies and/or autoantibodies. A relationship with oral or intramuscular drug administration is unknown. Here, we describe a patient who apparently tolerated oral diclofenac but developed severe IHA following intramuscular injection of the drug.Patients and Methods  A 66‐year‐old‐female was admitted to hospital because of jaundice and nausea, which were initially presumed to be manifestations of a postcholecystectomy syndrome. The patient soon developed haemolysis and renal failure. Although the symptoms and signs were suggestive of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), the patient had diclofenac‐induced IHA.Results  Serological testing, including detection of drug‐dependent antibodies, was performed using standard techniques. The patient's serum was found to contain a highly reactive diclofenac‐dependent red cell antibody of the immune complex type (titre 256 000). She recovered after 7 weeks of treatment with prednisolone, blood transfusions, haemodialysis and plasma exchange.Conclusions  Diclofenac‐induced IHA should always be considered when a patient on diclofenac develops haemolysis.
Intravenous immunoglobulin and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: 22 years on
Authors: Bierling P. , Godeau B. 
Published: January 2004

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura is now commonly treated with high doses of intravenous immunoglobulins. Twenty‐two years after this treatment was first shown to be effective, several questions remain. We review here current knowledge concerning the frequency and type of side‐effects and the probable mechanism of action of intravenous immunoglobulins. We suggest that the currently recommended dose of intravenous immunoglobulins (2 g/kg body weight) could be halved, that the total dose of intravenous immunoglobulins should be administered as a single infusion, that non‐responders could be given another equal dose on day 3, and that intravenous immunoglobulins plus prednisolone should be considered as the gold standard for treatment of the most severe forms of the disease. Finally, as intravenous immunoglobulins have only a transient effect, they cannot be considered as a curative treatment for patients with chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.
Systematic review: the role of different types of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Bijkerk C. J. , Muris J. W. M. , Knottnerus J. A. , Hoes A. W. , De Wit N. J. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryBackground : Both high‐fibre dietary advice and the prescription of fibre as a bulking agent are very common in primary and secondary care management of irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome patients with constipation may have delayed intestinal transit. Therefore, fibres that accelerate intestinal transit may be beneficial in these patients. The uncertain benefits reported in several clinical studies, however, have led us to reappraise the value of fibre in irritable bowel syndrome management.Aim : To quantify the effect of different types of fibre on global and symptom relief from irritable bowel syndrome.Methods : Using a structured literature search in MEDLINE (1966–2002), we selected randomized controlled trials involving irritable bowel syndrome patients treated with fibre. Analyses were performed for the total group and for trials using soluble and insoluble fibre separately.Results : Seventeen studies were included in the analysis. None investigated primary care irritable bowel syndrome patients. Fibre, in general, was effective in the relief of global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms [relative risk, 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–1.50]. Irritable bowel syndrome patients with constipation may receive benefit from fibre treatment (relative risk, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.21–2.02), but there was no evidence that fibre was effective in the relief of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Soluble and insoluble fibre, separately, had different effects on global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Soluble fibre (psyllium, ispaghula, calcium polycarbophil) showed significant improvement (relative risk, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.35–1.78), whereas insoluble fibre (corn, wheat bran), in some cases, worsened the clinical outcome, but there was no significant difference compared with placebo (relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.72–1.11).Conclusions : The benefits of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome are marginal for global irritable bowel syndrome symptom improvement and irritable bowel syndrome‐related constipation. Soluble and insoluble fibres have different effects on global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Indeed, in some cases, insoluble fibres may worsen the clinical outcome. Future clinical studies evaluating the effect and tolerability of fibre therapy are needed in primary care.
GABAergic basket cells expressing cholecystokinin contain vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3) in their synaptic terminals in hippocampus and isocortex of the rat
Authors: Somogyi Jozsef , Baude Agnès , Omori Yuko , Shimizu Hidemi , Mestikawy Salah El , Fukaya Masahiro , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Watanabe Masahiko , Somogyi Peter 
Published: January 2004

AbstractVesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3) containing neuronal elements were characterized using antibodies to VGLUT3 and molecular cell markers. All VGLUT3‐positive somata were immunoreactive for CCK, and very rarely, also for calbindin; none was positive for parvalbumin, calretinin, VIP or somatostatin. In the CA1 area, 26.8 ± 0.7% of CCK‐positive interneuron somata were VGLUT3‐positive, a nonoverlapping 22.8 ± 1.9% were calbindin‐positive, 10.7 ± 2.5% VIP‐positive and the rest were only CCK‐positive. The patterns of coexpression were similar in the CA3 area, the dentate gyrus and the isocortex. Immunoreactivity for VGLUT3 was undetectable in pyramidal and dentate granule cells. Boutons colabelled for VGLUT3, CCK and GAD were most abundant in the cellular layers of the hippocampus and in layers II–III of the isocortex. Large VGLUT3‐labelled boutons at the border of strata radiatum and lacunosum‐moleculare in the CA1 area were negative for GAD, but were labelled for vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, plasmalemmal serotonin transporter or serotonin. No colocalization was found in terminals between VGLUT3 and parvalbumin, vesicular acetylcholine transporter and group III (mGluR7a,b; mGluR8a,b) metabotropic glutamate receptors. In stratum radiatum and the isocortex, VGLUT3‐positive but GAD‐negative boutons heavily innervated the soma and proximal dendrites of some VGLUT3‐ or calbindin‐positive interneurons. The results suggest that boutons coexpressing VGLUT3, CCK and GAD originate from CCK‐positive basket cells, which are VIP‐immunonegative. Other VGLUT3‐positive boutons immunopositive for serotonergic markers but negative for GAD probably originate from the median raphe nucleus and innervate select interneurons. The presumed amino acid substrate of VGLUT3 may act on presynaptic kainate or group II metabotropic glutamate receptors.
The activation of G‐protein gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels by a cloned Drosophila melanogaster neuropeptide F‐like receptor
Authors: Reale Vincenzina , Chatwin Heather M. , Evans Peter D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA Drosophila melanogaster G‐protein‐coupled receptor (NPFR76F) that is activated by neuropeptide F‐like peptides has been expressed in Xenopus oocytes to determine its ability to regulate heterologously expressed G‐protein‐coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. The activated receptor produced inwardly rectifying potassium currents by a pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐protein‐mediated pathway and the effects were reduced in the presence of proteins, such as the βARK 1 carboxy‐tail fragment and α‐transducin, which bind G‐protein βγ‐subunits. Short Drosophila NPF‐like peptides were more potent than long NPF‐like peptides at coupling the receptor to the activation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. The putative endogenous short Drosophila NPF‐like peptides showed agonist‐specific coupling depending on whether their actions were assessed as the activation of the inwardly rectifying potassium channels or as the activation of endogenous inward chloride channels through a co‐expressed promiscuous G‐protein, Gα16. As inwardly rectifying potassium channels are known to be encoded in the Drosophila genome and the NPFR76F receptor is widely expressed in the Drosophila nervous system, the receptor could function to control neuronal excitability or slow wave potential generation in the Drosophila nervous system.