bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Theoretical Assumptions
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The generative grammar of a language is a theory that is concerned with the form and meaning of expressions of the natural language. The core idea of the theory is that the form and meaning are determined by the ‘language faculty,’ which is an innate component of the human mind. Although the original descriptive mechanism that implemented this idea (Chomsky 1975 [1955]) has received modification and simplification during the past four decades and has been reduced to the level of virtual conceptual necessity in Chomsky (1995), the central issue of the generative grammar remains unchanged: we are to explore the optimal systems of phrase structure and movements (Chomsky 1970, 1981, 1986a, 1986b, 1991, 1993, 1995).
Social and Cultural Barriers
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and a good part of the twentieth, Middle-Eastern observers, increasingly aware of the disparity in military power between Middle Eastern and Western states, turned their attention primarily to weaponry and the conduct of warfare and then to economic production and government administration, seen as the primary sources of Western preponderance. In looking at these, they tried to find what was most distinctive and different about the Western way of dealing with these matters and thereby to identify the source of Western superiority. In looking for this mysterious source they naturally gave most attention to what was visibly and palpably different from their own way of doing things, and then tried to adopt, adapt, or simply buy it. They began with the visible sources of power and prosperity—military, economic, political. It was in these three areas that they concentrated their main effort—with limited and sometimes indeed negative results.
Kinds of Metaphor
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter, we saw that metaphor can be characterized with the formula A IS B, where the target domain (a) is comprehended through a source domain (b). This comprehension is based on a set of mappings that exist between elements of a and elements of b. To know a conceptual metaphor is to know this set of mappings. It was also pointed out that metaphor in the cognitive linguistic view means primarily conceptual metaphor, as opposed to linguistic metaphor. That is, we distinguish between a conceptual metaphor with the form A IS B and its metaphorical linguistic expressions. The metaphorical expressions that characterize A IS B formulas are regarded as the linguistic realizations or manifestations of underlying conceptual metaphors. It was noted, however, that conceptual metaphors can be realized in other than linguistic ways (such as myths)—a point to which we will return in chapter 5.
Nonlinguistic Realizations of Conceptual Metaphors
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been emphasized so far, metaphors are conceptual in nature. It was shown, furthermore, that conceptual metaphors have linguistic manifestations. We have called these manifestations metaphorical linguistic expressions. But if metaphors are primarily conceptual, then they must manifest themselves in other than linguistic ways. That is, if the conceptual system that governs how we experience the world, how we think, and how we act is partly metaphorical, then the (conceptual) metaphors must be realized not only in language but also in many other areas of human experience. These manifestations are called the realization of conceptual metaphors.
The Basis of Metaphor
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our conceptual system contains thousands of concrete and thousands of abstract concepts. We noted, furthermore, that in the cognitive linguistic view metaphors are sets of mappings between a more concrete or physical source domain and a more abstract target domain. This situation raises the issue whether any concrete concept can serve as a source domain for any target concept. In other words, can we make use of any concrete concept in the process of understanding any abstract one?
The Scope of Metaphor
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However, what has been less often observed is that a single source concept can characterize many distinct target domains. As a matter of fact, most of the specific source domains appear to characterize not just one target concept but several. For instance, the concept of war applies not only to argument but also to love; the concept of building not only to theories but also to societies; the concept of fire not only to love but also to anger, etc. This raises an interesting empirical and theoretical question: How many and what kind of target domains does a single source concept apply to? I will call this issue the question of the scope of metaphor. By the scope of metaphor I simply mean the range of cases, that is, the target domains, to which a given source concept applies.
Metaphor Systems
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, we have seen overwhelming evidence for the view that metaphorical linguistic expressions cluster together to form systems that we called conceptual metaphors. What remains to be seen now is whether the conceptual metaphors themselves form even larger systems. In other words, in this chapter I will ask whether the conceptual metaphors are isolated from each other, or whether they fit together to make up larger systematic groupings—that is, metaphor systems—that incorporate individual conceptual metaphors.
How Does All This Hang Together?
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given all the various strands of research on metaphor that has been surveyed in this book, it seems reasonable to distinguish three levels of metaphor: (1) the “supraindividual” level, (2) the individual level, and (3) the “subindividual” level. Each conceptual metaphor can be analyzed on these levels. Most of the research in cognitive linguistics takes place on and is directed at one or several of these levels. In this brief final chapter, I’ll try to bring together the many threads of research in cognitive linguistics on metaphor into a coherent picture, whose coherence seems to derive from the three interrelated levels, or aspects, of metaphor.
Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1921 Tulsa Race Riot was the country's bloodiest civil disturbance of the century. Leaving perhaps 150 dead, 30 city blocks burned to the ground, and more than a thousand families homeless, the riot represented an unprecedented breakdown of the rule of law. It reduced the prosperous black community of Greenwood, Oklahoma to rubble. In Reconstructing the Dreamland, Alfred Brophy draws on his own extensive research into contemporary accounts and court documents to chronicle this devastating riot, showing how and why the rule of law quickly eroded. Brophy offers a gut-wrenching portrait of mob violence and racism run amok, both on the night of the riot and the morning after, when a coordinated sunrise attack, accompanied by airplanes, stormed through Greenwood, torching and looting the community. Equally important, he shows how the city government and police not only permitted the looting, shootings, and burning of Greenwood, but actively participated in it. The police department, fearing that Greenwood was erupting into a "negro uprising" (which Brophy shows was not the case), deputized white citizens haphazardly, gave out guns and badges with little background check, or sent men to hardware stores to arm themselves. Likewise, the Tulsa-based units of the National Guard acted unconstitutionally, arresting every black resident they could find, leaving Greenwood property vulnerable to the white mob, special deputies, and police that followed behind and burned it. Brophy's revelations and stark narrative of the events of 1921 brings to life an incidence of racial violence that until recently lay mostly forgotten. Reconstructing the Dreamland concludes with a discussion of reparations for victims of the riot. That case has implications for other reparations movements, including reparations for slavery.
“Thinking He Can Whip the World”: The Riot
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime during the afternoon of Memorial Day, Monday, May 30, 1921, Dick Rowland took the elevator in the Drexel Building in downtown Tulsa to the top, where he used the bathroom facilities. Nineteen-year-old Rowland worked in the building on the ground floor shining shoes. After using the restroom, he re-entered the elevator and Sarah Page, a young woman who worked as the elevator operator, brought the car to the ground floor. It is unclear whether Dick and Sarah knew one another before that day. Some rumors persist that they were friends, maybe even lovers.
Forgotten Alternatives
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Redeemers who overthrew Reconstruction and established ‘Home Rule’ in the Southern states conducted their campaign in the name of white supremacy. The new rulers did not, however, inaugurate any revolution in the customs and laws governing racial relations. They retained such segregation practices as had grown up during Reconstruction, but showed no disposition to expand or universalize the system. Separation of the races continued to be the rule in churches and schools, in military life and public institutions as it had been before.
The Man on the Cliff
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second year of the First World War, Maurice S. Evans, an Englishman who made his home in South Africa, wrote a book on race relations in the South that, according to the subtitle, was written ‘From a South African Point of View.’ He found conditions in the South ‘strikingly similar’ to those he had left behind at home. ‘The separation of the races in all social matters,’ he wrote, ‘is as distinct in South Africa as in the South¬ern States. There are separate railway cars . . . and no black man enters hotel, theatre, public library or art gallery.’
Theories of High Performance Management
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various theories have been proposed to explain why different types of high performance workplace organizations arise and how they can contribute to aggregate trends in productivity growth (Westney 1999). Economic theories see workplace organizations as instruments for correcting market failures that would otherwise undermine the efficiency with which labor inputs are employed. Behavioral science theories emphasize social and psychological motivators of effort and commitment as sources of increased productivity. Power theories explain many workplace organizations as emerging from a “labor process” in which employers develop organizational practices to extract quasi­ rents from workers and where unions are a countervailing force to employers in shaping organizational practices and distributing quasirents (Edwards 1979; Goldberg 1980; Raysey, Scholerious, and Harley 2000).
High Performance and Regional Advantage
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the high performance management practices examined in Chapters 4 and 5 are affected by the local economic environment in which the firm operates. This is especially true for practices designed to raise labor productivity. Efficiency wages, for example, will have stronger effects when local unemployment rates and the costs of job loss are high; employee commitment will depend on the attitudes of the local workforce; and the choice of procedures for workforce participation in management decisions may be affected by whether or not unionization is likely. Because of these links between geography and the use and effectiveness of high performance practices, the location decisions of start-ups were explored thoroughly during the field research.
What Attracts High Performance Factories?
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both the literature on location decisions and our case studies suggest that there is a set of core cost factors that influence the location of start-up factories, regardless of their particular managerial strategies and organizational structures. The case studies, however, show that there are important linkages between the extent to which high performance management practices are adopted by start-ups and how start­ ups define regional location advantages. Specifically, Japanese trans­ plants that frequently adopt high performance management strategies appear to value different location factors more than traditionally managed domestic start-ups. However, business location decisions are sufficiently complex to make it difficult to draw complete and reliable conclusions about location differences in the perception of regional advantage from a small sample of case studies conducted in a few states.
Molecular Basis of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Deficiency
Authors: Reith Walter , Lisowska-Grospierre Barbara , Fischer Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules, also called human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in humans, are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of α and β chains. The different human MHCII isotypes (HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP) are encoded by distinct α chain and β chain genes that are clustered in the D region of the MHC on the short arm of chromosome 6. MHCII molecules play a pivotal role in the control of the immune system: they present exogenous peptide antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes, thereby leading to the antigen-specific T helper cell activation required for the initiation and propagation of adaptive immune responses. Given this essential function, it is not surprising that defects in the expression of MHCII molecules have profound immunopathological consequences. Patients suffering from a rare primary immunodeficiency syndrome caused by the absence of MHCII expression were first identified in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Touraine et al., 1978; Schuurmann et al., 1979; Griscelli et al., 1980; Kuis et al., 1981; Touraine, 1981; Lisowska-Grospierre et al., 1983; Hadam et al., 1984, 1986). The lack of MHCII expression results in a severe defect in both cellular and humoral immune responses to foreign antigens and is consequently characterized by an extreme susceptibility to viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections, primarily of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (reviewed in Griscelli et al., 1993; Klein et al., 1993; Elhasid and Etzioni, 1996). Severe malabsorption with failure to thrive ensues, often leading to death in early childhood.
Genetic Approach to Common Variable Immunodeficiency and IgA Deficiency
Authors: HammarstrÖM Lennart , Smith C I Edvard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) number 240500, affects approximately 1 in 10,000–100,000 individuals. The patients display a marked reduction in serum levels of both immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA. In half of the patients, IgM is also reduced. The onset of disease shows two peaks, around 1–5 and 16–20 years of age (Hermaszewski and Webster, 1993) and is equally distributed between the two sexes. The disorder may appear in previously immunologically normal individuals, although the induction phase has been documented only in a few cases (Smith et al., 1985). Usually the patients present with clinical symptoms due to the hypogammaglobulinemia, as they suffer from frequent respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections (see Table 23.2). In addition to the B cell defect, variable degrees of T cell dysfunction have frequently been noted in CVID patients. Low or normal proportions of CD19-positive cells are also often observed, a finding that distinguishes “classical” CVID patients from those with a concomitant thymoma.
Bone Marrow Transplantation for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Authors: Buckley Rebecca H , Fischer Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation was first attempted in the 1950s as a treatment for aplastic anemia. Except in identical twins (Pillow et al., 1966), however this therapy was unsuccessful until the late 1960s when the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was discovered (Amos and Bach, 1968). Shortly after that, immune function was successfully restored in two patients with fatal primary immunodeficiency diseases by transplants of unfractionated human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical allogeneic bone marrow. One patient had severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (Gatti et al., 1968) and the other had Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) (Bach et al., 1968). The correction of these two conditions, as well as the later correction of many other forms of immunodeficiency by bone marrow transplantation (Friedrich, 1996; Buckley et al., 1999; Antoine et al., 2003), implied that the defects in most such conditions are intrinsic to cells of one or more hematopoietic lineages and that they are not due to failure of the microenvironment to support the growth and development of those cells.
Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation:Year-by-Year Historical Returns (1926–1974)
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Sinquefield Rex A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our Ibbotson and Sinquefield article presents almost 50 years of historical total returns on the major asset classes in the United States. The study became the standard for most rate of return studies, and starting in 1983 became updated every year in Stock, Bonds, Bills and Inflation (SBBI) Yearbooks, published early each year by Ibbotson Associates, in Chicago.
Bootstrapping Tests of Long-Term Stock Market Efficiency
Authors: Goetzmann William N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study, we use the bootstrap to examine the behavior of the coefficients in autoregressions of the equal-weighted New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) long-term returns. Both Fama and French (1988a) and Lo and MacKinlay (1988a) observe that the evidence for time dependency of returns is strongest for smaller capitalized stocks. Both find that the random walk may be rejected for the equal-weighted indices but not necessarily for the value-weighted indices. We report the results of overlapping and nonoverlapping return autoregressions for equal-weighted NYSE returns drawn from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) files, as well as for several other, longer historical stock return and price series that represent the behavior of the U.S. stock market. Based upon these studies, we propose a test of the random-walk hypothesis that uses the joint distribution of the set of autoregression coefficients derived from autoregressions on different return horizons, and also a simple test of the random walk that compares the bootstrapped sample standard deviations to the sample standard deviations of multiple-horizon returns.
A Longer Look at Dividend Yields
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Jorion Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article brings the research on survivorship together with research on predicting the stock market. A key argument of the article is that studies of long-term prediction can and should take into account the fact that a market has survived. Survival looks like a rebound, ex post. If stock market crises were always followed by rebounds, then markets would have the wonderful feature of reversing themselves after bad times, and of rising after large increases in dividend yields. Alas, history is not so kind. As a result, researchers have to account for the “bounce” when they look at countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom and also have to try to figure out what to do with the gaps and interruptions of other stock markets from other countries, should they decide to use them.
The Functional Structure of Noun Phrases: A Bare Phrase Structure Approach
Authors: Giusti Giuliana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to give a general overview of recent studies on the syntax of determiners, particularly in Romance, Germanic, and Balkan languages, which can shed some light on general theoretical issues. In so doing, I will reconsider some proposals of mine, as well as of other linguists in light of the recent framework of bare phrase structure as developed by Chomsky (1993, 1995, 1999).
The essay is organized in three sections. In section 1, I present some general assumptions and some general hypotheses that will be motivated in the course of the chapter. Section 2 deals with articles. Section 3 deals with demonstratives, as well as other elements that may function as referential operators inside the noun phrase.
Generating Emotion: Beliefs and Wishes
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, appraisal was shown to be linked to the consumer’s value system and feelings toward emotive stimuli. But appraisal is also linked to beliefs and desires, which are also connected to the consumer’s value system. This is not to suggest that all relevant beliefs and desires are present in consciousness at the time of the appraisal. There may in fact be nonconscious appraisal. Perception can immediately be followed by emotional response, as Damasio’s work (see chapter 1) suggests. This is the basis of the likability heuristic, where the consumer just goes along with gut feeling. Young children are attracted to many products without having acquired the evaluative concepts that are needed for the attraction to be tied to conscious judgment.
Predicting, Changing, and Influencing Emotional Responses
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every element of a firm’s offering (product, price, promotion, and distribution) has the potential to generate emotional responses if the consumer’s appraisal suggests that personal values or concerns are at stake. Any sort of novelty can lead to the emotional anticipation and contemplation of possessing a product; price can arouse emotion through being perceived either as a bargain or a rip-off; promotion can generate emotion by associating the product with desired images; and distribution can cause the emotion of frustration in buying or the emotion of excitement at the point of sale. This chapter is concerned with predicting emotional responses and gauging the extent to which they can be influenced and changed.
For Barlow and Maul, emotions tell us how customers are likely to behave in that, if they are angry, they feel primed to attack, and so on. These authors endorse the view that if you can identify the emotion, you can identify the “emotional script” that goes from the triggering event, to thought, to feeling, to action. Thus, they argue, it is logically possible to predict likely customer behavior once the specific emotions are identified.
Branding and Emotion
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In marketing we are interested in how things are perceived, in contrast to how things really are from an objective point of view. The process of perception involves interpreting sensations and making inferences, which, in turn, are influenced by past experiences and expectations. When consumers do not have the product in front of them, they must rely on memory if they are to describe it or, more specifically, they must rely on the representations or image they have of the product in their minds. Consumers, like people generally, approach the physical world through their representations of it, and a brand image is one such representation. Brand image is a synthesis of impressions: a summation that can take the form of a gut emotional reaction or a mental flash of recognition, which typically reflects attitudes toward the brand and its perceived benefits.