bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few would deny the crucial role that entrepreneurs play in our increasingly global economy--but exactly what is this vital, yet loosely defined business force we call the entrepreneurial spirit? This landmark study is the first to examine analytically the nature of the opportunities that entrepreneurs pursue, the problems they face, the traits they require, and the social and economic contributions they make. Until recently, entrepreneurs have been largely ignored in modern economic theory. But at the dawn of a networked age, marked by the advent of e-business and the home office, there’s no question that entrepreneurs have recaptured the popular imagination. Studies now show that most men and women dream of starting their own businesses rather than rising through the corporate ranks. Yet in spite of increased attention by many of today’s leading business schools, entrepreneurship has remained largely a mystery, an apparantly intuitive sense of values possessed by certain individuals. This book targets the issues central to successful start-up ventures, such as endowments and opportunities, planning versus adaptation, securing resources, corporate initiatives, venture capital, revolutionary ventures and the evolution of fledgling businesses. Focusing on hard data and evaluations of numerous start-up businesses, including many of today’s major industry leaders, this book presents a new economic model--a key to understanding the guts, determination, luck and skills that constitute the underpinnings of corporate success. Written in clear, concise prose, The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses goes behind the charts and graphs of business theory to the true heart of success. It is essential reading for business students, would-be entrepreneurs, or executives wanting to incorporate the vitality of the entrepreneurial spirit into their organization.
Introduction
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Entrepreneurs who start and build new businesses are more celebrated than studied. They embody, in the popular imagination and in the eyes of some scholars, the virtues of “boldness, ingenuity, leadership, persistence and determination.’’ Policymakers see them as a crucial source of employment and productivity growth. Yet our systematic knowledge of how entrepreneurs start and grow their businesses is limited. The activity does not occupy a prominent place in the study of business and economics. Cliche and anecdote-or laments about the ineffable nature of entrepreneurship-dominate the discourse about new and fledgling businesses.
Reexamining Schumpeter
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The breadth and influence of Schumpeter’s ideas make them a convenient frame for discussing the contribution of new businesses to innovation and, by extension, to long-term growth. Schumpeter’s writing spans a considerable range in content and form. The thousands of pages he wrote over more than four decades contained sharp, unequivocal claims as well as tangles of contradictions: Elster describes Schumpeter as an “elusive” writer who could contradict himself in the course of a single paragraph. 1 The sharp claims have proved long-lived; according to Rosenberg, “his influence has been so great” that “his model has become the accepted one for all innovative activit y.”2 This chapter reexamines some elements of what Rosenberg calls the “Schumpeterian system.” It takes for granted Schum peter’s central thesis-that innovation drives long-term growth-but raises questions about his characterization of the process.
Facilitating Conditions
Authors: Bhide Amar V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proposition we just reviewed, that start-ups and established corporations complement each other’s roles, does not imply a fixed relationship between new business and corporate activity. Indeed, we find noteworthy shifts in their relative proportions. From the turn of the century until about the early 1970s, large corporations in the United States steadily increased their share of output and employment. The trend was subsequently arrested and possibly reversed. David Birch’s 1979 report, The job Generation Process, which claimed that small firms created 82 percent of new jobs, sparked controversy regarding his definitions and methodology. But whatever the precise numbers, the tens of millions of new jobs created in the United States in the past two decades, in the face of shrinking of the workforces of Fortune 500 companies, clearly point to an increasing proportion of employment in the “entrepreneurial” sector. The data also seem persuasive in attributing much of the net growth in employment to the formation and growth of promising start-ups (or what Birch calls “gazelles”) rather than to the more numerous marginal businesses.
Introduction
Authors: Porter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the late nineteenth century (so the story goes) Poland entered the modern world. As this happened, an appropriately modern form of nationalism emerged, one that allowed all Poles to identify with “their” nation. The old forms of elite political culture became irrelevant as various mass movements burst onto the public stage and the vectors of power shifted toward “the people.” Now workers and peasants would be players in the political game and the domination of the nobility and the intelligentsia would come to an end.
How does your TIAA-CREF Account Grow?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two factors contribute to the growth in your TIAA-CREF account: contributions and investment performance. If you contribute as much as you can during your working years and at the same time make investment decisions that will give your account an opportunity to grow, you will create, over time, a substantial accumulation that will allow you to live comfortably in retirement. This presumes that we do not undergo some violent social or other cataclysm that no one can foresee.
What is a Teacher’s Personal Annuity Account?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Teacher’s Personal Annuity provides you an investment vehicle to accumulate retirement assets out of after-taxfunds. Confusingly for our purposes, TIAA-CREF labels this type of annuity the “TPA.” As you read the literature, do not mistake this option with the Transfer Payout Annuity (also called the “TPA”), the process by which funds move out of a traditional TIAA accumulation over a ten-year period. For clarity’s sake, we will refer only to the Transfer Payout Annuity as the “TPA” and use the full name for the Teacher’s Personal Annuity. For all intents and purposes, a Teacher’s Personal Annuity does not differ from a tax-deferred annuity that you might purchase from your local insurance agent or investment advisor. If you buy such an annuity from TIAA-CREF, you will invest in TIAA-CREF funds as opposed to funds offered by other annuity providers.
How should you Read your TIAA-CREF Statements?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first blush, you may think that we have descended from the mundane to the inane. However, we have had clients who did not read their statements at all and tossed them away unopened, and others who have told us that they found them partially or totally incomprehensible. Read properly, it becomes an extremely informative document. At this point, you may have enough insight to glean everything possible from your quarterly statements, but it may hide some subtle points of which you ought to be aware.
What is the Retirement Transition Benefit?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this part, we describe the various distribution options that are available for the withdrawal of your TIAA-CREF accumulation after you have retired. The rules governing almost all of these options originate in the Code. Again, we will try our best to describe them in nontechnical terms.
How Does the Federal Estate Tax Affect This Plan?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All good things must come to an end, and the same rule that governs our lives applies with equal force to retirement plans. They enjoy such tax-favored treatment under the income tax that it comes as a surprise to see how they can be savaged by the federal estate tax. Ironically, their vulnerability flows inexorably from their preferential treatment under the income tax provisions of the Code. In a sense, what is given with one hand may, if you do not plan, be taken away with the other. With some explanation from your helpful guides, you will find that, again, the basic concepts do not require abstruse reasoning. You may find that a quick glance at the primer or the glossary may be required from time to time just so that you remain familiar with the legal patois. You have already covered the basic principles of estate planning: now you get to see them in action.
How Should your Estate Plan Deal with the Estate Tax?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assuming that you want to preserve retirement plans for your family, how do you pay the resultant estate tax? As we have seen, using the plan itself to pay the tax literally compounds the problem by creating two taxes where only one had existed beforehand. You will need $2 of retirement plan assets to pay $1 of estate taxes. As much as 80% of your plan can disappear up the flue.
How Do You Preserve the Insurance Policy from Estate Taxation?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now, you may be thinking, this all sounds pretty neat, but won’t there be an estate tax on the insurance policy that will cut its effectiveness in half? In the previous chapter, we talked about your children inheriting the second-to-die life insurance policy as though the estate tax did not exist.
Multifocal Motor Neuropathy
Authors: Chaudhry Vinay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is an acquired, immune-mediated, chronic demyelinating neuropathy. Clinically, it is characterized by slowly progressive asymmetrical weakness without sensory involvement. Electrophysiological testing reveals multifocal motor demyelinating features with partial motor conduction block. Most patients respond to treatment with intravenous immune globulin or cyclophosphamide. The earliest descriptions of MMN reported a progressive multifocal pure motor demyelinating disorder that clinically resembled a lower motor neuron variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with progressive asymmetric weakness and atrophy, fasciculations, and cramps in the absence of sensory symptoms and signs.1,2,2-21 Its relatively benign course led one case report to be entitled “... A reversible motor neuron syndrome.”3 The term “multifocal motor neuropathy” was first used in 1988 by Pestronk and coworkers,21 and is now commonly used in all descriptions of such cases. The multifocality, selective motor involvement, and demyelinative electrophysiology (with partial motor conduction block) have become distinctive hallmarks of this disorder.
Sarcoid Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Minahan Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that most commonly affects the lungs, reticuloendothelial system, skin, eyes, and myocardium. Neurological manifestations are relatively infrequent, occurring in approximately 5% of all patients with sarcoidosis. The cause of sarcoidosis remains unknown despite decades of study. No infectious or inflammatory agents have emerged as pathogenic. The diagnosis often presents a major challenge for the clinician, especially if neurosarcoidosis occurs with few systemic signs of the disease. Diagnostic criteria demand the histological demonstration of noncaseating (also called nonnecrotizing) granulomas (Fig. 14-1). However, since this histological finding alone is not specific for sarcoidosis, a definitive diagnosis requires exclusion of conditions causing overlapping microscopic features, including mycobacteria, fungi, beryllium, and syphilis. This diagnosis by exclusion reinforces the importance of assessing the presence of noncaseating granulomas in the context of the total clinical picture.
Diabetic Neuropathies
Authors: Mendell Jerry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in the Western world. In a large cohort of diabetics, Pirart determined that 8% had neuropathy at the time of diagnosis, and 50% had neuropathy after 25 years. More recent studies confirm this incidence. In a population-based cohort, 66% of type 1 and 59% of type 2 diabetics had objective evidence of neuropathy. Future generations should see an improvement in these statistics with the advent of better methods of glucose control.
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies and Giant Axonal Neuropathy
Authors: Mendell Jerry R , Sahenk Zarife 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most textbooks giant axonal neuropathy is not included with this group of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies; however, technically speaking, it is hereditary, motor, and sensory, characteristics that justify its inclusion here. Furthermore it is a bit of an orphan disease and fits in here as well as anywhere.
Neuropathies Associated with Organ System Failure, Organ Transplantation, Metabolic Disorders, and Cancer
Authors: Amato Anthony A , Kissel John T , Mendell Jerry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All clinicians know that peripheral neuropathy may result from systemic metabolic derangements, the failure of organ systems, endocrine disorders, and direct or remote effects of cancer. Because of the large number of such disorders, clinicians have traditionally been taught that the evaluation of a patient with an idiopathic neuropathy demands extensive screening using an enormous panel of blood tests designed to detect any and all metabolic disturbances that might provide possible clues to the etiology of the neuropathy. In practice, however, this approach is almost always disappointing.
Foundations of Romance Syntax
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I present some basic assumptions of generative grammar that will be crucial for the explanation of specified subjects in infinitive clauses in the following chapters. Most of the following discussion is devoted to a review of the state of the art in the field of Romance syntax. Many of the principles discussed in this chapter are reexamined and partially modified in the course of this book in the light of the infinitive constructions at issue. In this chapter, I concentrate on those assumptions that were developed in the principles and parameters (P&P) theory originally proposed by Chomsky (1981, 1986a), but I emphasize the theoretical innovations of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Some points of the theoretical background outlined here are particularly relevant for the approach adopted in chapter 6. Some differences concerning the minimalist program (Chomsky 1992 and seqq.) are mentioned in this chapter, but a detailed discussion is postponed until chapter 7, in which I outline a minimalist approach to account for our data.
Summary and Outlook
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I first summarize the results of this book and then discuss some topics related to the history of the Romance languages.
The data described in chapter 2 show that most Romance languages permit specified subjects in infinitive constructions. However, the facts concerning the linear ordering of constituents and case properties show considerable cross-linguistic variation. In contrast to the infinitive constructions selected by perceptional and causative verbs, the subject of the infinitive clause can be either in the nominative or in the accusative case in other constructions. The subject can surface pre- or post-verbally. Although some languages admit both positions, in others only one is allowed. Moreover, the syntactic configurations in which specified subjects are licensed also vary considerably. In the varieties that allow both preverbal and postverbal subjects in infinitive constructions, the choice of either position is usually not arbitrary but rather depends on syntactic properties. This is a fundamental difference compared to finite constructions, where the position of subjects is largely dependent on semantic and pragmatic factors. Some examples may be recalled here: in earlier phases of Italian, and presumably also of Romanian, preverbal subjects are licensed only in the accusative case, whereas postverbal subjects bear the nominative case; in Portuguese, where subjects of infinitives usually behave similarly to those in finite clauses, preverbal subjects are suppressed in certain configurations, for example, when the infinitive clause is selected by an epistemic or a declarative verb. It is striking that after this same group of verbs, Italian allows the subject of an infinitive to become overt, also in the postverbal position. Finally, in Modem Spanish, preverbal infinitival subjects are basically limited to infinitive constructions that occur after certain prepositions. Something similar can be found in some diatopic varieties of French and in substandard Brazilian Portuguese, although here I argue that the case is the accusative and, in further contrast to Spanish, postverbal subjects are not allowed.
Introduction
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As pilots from the Coalition Forces flew above, tanks, armored vehicles, and trucks below poured out flames and smoke. Known later to the world as the Highway of Death, the road out of Kuwait City was clogged with Iraqi forces trying to escape the Coalition Forces of Desert Storm. Instead, they had been turned into an inferno by the Coalition’s air attacks. This dramatic scene symbolized the defeat that had overcome the formerly triumphant Iraqi Army. In less than one hundred hours the ground war phase of Desert Storm was over, with the Iraqi forces either destroyed, in retreat, or in shocked surrender. One of the keys to the amazing success of Desert Storm was the use by the Coalition strategists of a centuries-old text titled The Art of War, written by an ancient Chinese general, Sun Tzu.
HIV Neurology
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text provides a clinical framework for the diagnosis and management of more than seventy potential neurological complications that may occur in the HIV infected patient. The clinical framework is designed to be “user friendly” so that even the most inexperienced clinician should be able to arrive at the correct diagnosis. The neurological complications of HIV disease have considerably changed in the last decade. Not only have more opportunistic conditions been described but other complications arising from antiretroviral drugs such as lipodystrophy and accelerated atherosclerosis have become problematic. Moreover, the pattern of complications has altered. Diseases such as cerebral toxoplasmosis, AIDS dementia complex and primary central nervous system lymphoma are now becoming uncommon to rare while peripheral neuropathy is becoming increasingly common. In line with these changes, there have been very significant advances in the therapy of HIV disease in general and in neurological complications in particular. Patients with AIDS dementia complex now have a variety of antiretroviral and adjuvant drugs available to them in contrast to the situation only five years ago where therapy was confined to two antiretroviral drugs at best.
Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Lord Reginald V N , Danenberg Peter V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two main histopathologic types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the more prevalent type worldwide, but adenocarcinoma is more prevalent in many Western countries. Both SCC and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus have remarkable epidemiologic features. Squamous cell carcinoma has had the most varied geographical incidence of any cancer for many decades, which suggests the existence of critically important, but largely unclear, environmental and molecular factors.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Esophageal Carcinoma: Diagnostic and Staging Procedures
Authors: Krasna Mark J , Jiao Xiaolong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Esophageal cancer, a disease described in Chinese historical records at least 2000 years ago, is among the 10 most frequent cancers in the world. The annual incidence reported in Western countries is 3 per 100,000, compared with 140 per 100,000 in an area of Central Asia that is known as the “esophageal cancer belt.” Esophageal cancer remains one of the most lethal of all cancers. Once diagnosis is established, prognosis is poor, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. The results of single modality treatment have been poor except with surgery for early esophageal cancer.
Argument in the 20th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To do science is to assert that a fact or a theory is true of the natural world and to defend that assertion. We call such assertions “knowledge claims.” Any assertion is open to challenge: even for a statement as apparently innocent as “It rained today,” the question can always be asked, what is your evidence? In our terminology, however, a knowledge claim is an assertion explicitly open to such challenge, one for which its author must offer appropriate evidence. In other words, an argument must be made. Watson and Crick, writing in 1953, could not simply state “the structure of the DNA molecule is a double helix” and be done with it. They had to construct an argument meant to convince their discourse community that their alleged fact was credible; they pulled this feat off with flair in their now-famous Nature article. In Randy Allen Harris’s words (1997), “[Scientists argue, in private, in public, in the pages of journals and books. They sway and are swayed. That’s how they do science, far more profoundly than by staring into beakers or out of telescopes. What issues forth, as data, as theory, as law, is the residue of the strongest communal arguments they can muster.”
Attentional Networks, Confusional States and Neglect Syndromes
Authors: Mesulam M -Marsel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a now lost manuscript written in the fifth-century B.C.E., Empedocles is quoted as having stated that “the nature of God is like a circle of which the center is everywhere and the circumference nowhere.” The omnipresence that Empedocles envisaged would have engendered an all-encompassing awareness: Nothing would be ignored, nothing could be brought into sharper focus, all events would be registered in parallel, everything would have full access to instantaneous action, and the global would be identical to the focal. Anything short of such omnipresence creates the need to choose which of many suitable mental or external events will have preferential access to the narrow portals of consciousness and action. “Attention” is a generic term that can be used to designate the entire family of processes that mediate this choice. The presence of attentional modulation is inferred when identical events elicit differential responses according to momentary and reversible shifts in their significance. At the psychological level, attention implies a preferential allocation of processing resources and response channels to events that have be come behaviorally relevant. At the neural level, attention refers to alterations in the selectivity, intensity and duration of neuronal responses to such events.