bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Difficult Task of Opposing Europe: The Finnish Party Politics of Euroscepticism
Authors: Raunio Tapio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considering the divisive nature of the European Union (EU) membership referendum held in 1994, the traditionally state-centric political culture, and low public support for European integration, Finland would seem to have all the key preconditions for Eurosceptical parties. Yet, the situation is very much the opposite. Finnish parties have been remarkably solid in their support for integration. The main parties are in broad agreement about how to develop integration and no party represented in the parliament has since the start of membership demanded that Finland should leave the EU.
Twentieth-Century Crime Fiction
Authors: Horsley Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twentieth-Century Crime Fiction aims to enhance understanding of one of the most popular forms of genre fiction by examining a wide variety of the detective and crime fiction produced in Britain and America during the twentieth century. It will be of interest to anyone who enjoys reading crime fiction but is specifically designed with the needs of students in mind. It introduces different theoretical approaches to crime fiction (e.g., formalist, historicist, psychoanalytic, postcolonial, feminist) and will be a useful supplement to a range of crime fiction courses, whether they focus on historical contexts, ideological shifts, the emergence of sub-genres, or the application of critical theories. Forty-seven widely available stories and novels are chosen for detailed discussion. In seeking to illuminate the relationship between different phases of generic development Lee Horsley employs an overlapping historical framework, with sections doubling back chronologically in order to explore the extent to which successive transformations have their roots within the earlier phases of crime writing, as well as responding in complex ways to the preoccupations and anxieties of their own eras. The first part of the study considers the nature and evolution of the main sub-genres of crime fiction: the classic and hard-boiled strands of detective fiction, the non-investigative crime novel (centred on transgressors or victims), and the 'mixed' form of the police procedural. The second half of the study examines the ways in which writers have used crime fiction as a vehicle for socio-political critique. These chapters consider the evolution of committed, oppositional strategies, tracing the development of politicized detective and crime fiction, from Depression-era protests against economic injustice to more recent decades which have seen writers launching protests against ecological crimes, rampant consumerism, Reaganomics, racism, and sexism.
Dalston Lane Becomes a Downland Track
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The local government reorganization of 1974 is still hotly contested in rural Lincolnshire. Two of the county’s Conservative MPs, Mr Edward Leigh of Gainsborough & Horncastle and Sir Peter Tapsell of East Lindsey, have recently joined forces to demand that the south bank of the Humber be brought back into Lincolnshire where it has always belonged. As Mr Leigh remarked in the House of Commons, ‘In a balanced scale of history, tradition and local sentiment far outweigh the convenience of leaving in place the recent bureaucratic structure that is Humberside—ugly in name and cumbersome by nature.’
The Vandalized Telephone Box
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even the people at the Hackney Gazette recognized that they were only dealing with a minor story when, in October 1966, vandals destroyed a telephone box outside the railway station at Dalston Junction by setting fire to rubbish heaped up inside it. The perspectives had changed by the time Gavin Stamp passed through Dalston Lane in 1986. Taking his life into his hands, the Chairman of the Thirties Society ventured out into the middle of the road and pointed his camera towards the derelict vicarage of St Bartholomew’s. Buddleia sprouted from the disintegrating brickwork overhead and the tinned-up windows were plastered over with posters advertising Tom Robinson and other since forgotten bands.
The Park that Lost its Name
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hackney was once a place of pastures and market gardens. Samuel Pepys practised archery here. Even today there is a public park in the borough known as London Fields. It is a place of modest attractions: some fine old plane trees, a new community centre, an open-air lido that, were it not for local objectors, the council would already have demolished. In the early morning, before the dogs come out, it is often full of seagulls.
Excellence: From Fifth Avenue to Hackney Town Hall
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989, the actor Bob Hoskins visited the Dalston Rio to publicize the London launch of his film Who Framed Roger Rabbit?. In the course of this visit to the cinema he used to attend as a boy, Hoskins explained for the benefit of an interested enquirer that ‘New York is like Dalston, only bigger.’ A similar proposition had formed in my mind a couple of years previously when I took a walk up Fifth Avenue one Sunday just before Christmas.
Refounding the City with Prince Charles
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prince Charles may never have travelled along Dalston Lane but he became known, during the Eighties, for his fleeting visits to east London. One fabled day in March 1986, he boarded a battered orange minibus hired from a left-wing community group in Tower Hamlets, and journeyed through the city in a company that included geographer, Alice Coleman, architects, John Thompson and Richard McCormac and Nicholas Falk, the urban planner and environmentalist who had organized the expedition.
A Night to Remember
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hackney’s press office appeared surprised that any journalist except the obligatory reporter from the Hackney Gazette should want to attend Wednesday’s council meeting. As things turned out, there were reasons enough. It was to be at this meeting that Medlin Lewis would cross the floor to join the handful of Conservative councillors forming the main opposition in this Labour-controlled London borough. Ms Lewis had been with the council for five years, serving variously as mayor, deputy mayor and chair of the Labour group.
Siraj Izhar’s Public Lavatory
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It’s about black and white—a metaphor.’ Siraj Izhar is trying to help a sceptical BBC television producer who is about to film his latest Strike project for a documentary in which six ‘ordinary’ people from Derry will be seen getting to grips with contemporary art. We are gathered on a pavement in Spitalfields. Cars thunder by on Commercial Street. Homeless men hang around in bunches and an unexpected column of tourists passes by, tracing Jack the Ripper’s bloody trail with the help of a seedy-looking guide. The scene is dominated by the looming front of Christ Church, the vast and largely disused church by Nicholas Hawksmoor that has found such a mixed cult in recent years.
Life annuities
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great attention is currently devoted to the management of life annuity portfolios, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view, because of the growing importance of annuity benefits paid by private pension schemes. In particular, the progressive shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pension plans has increased the interest in life annuities, which are the principal delivery mechanism of defined contribution pension plans. Among the risks which affect life insurance and life annuity portfolios, longevity risk deserves a deep and detailed investigation and requires the adoption of proper management solutions. Longevity risk, which arises from the random future trend in mortality at adult and old ages, is a rather novel risk. Careful investigations are required to represent and measure it, and to assess the relevant impact on the financial results of life annuity portfolios and pension plans.
Negotiating Aid
Authors: Whitfield Lindsay , Fraser Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on foreign aid consists predominantly of a debate between academics in donor countries and aid practitioners, with many key contributions written or commissioned by donors and focused on identifying ‘best practices’. As a result, aid has been analysed mainly from the viewpoint of donors, focusing on the strategies they should adopt to secure their policy preferences. The sources of leverage for African governments, their perspectives, and the negotiating strategies they chose have been largely neglected. Our main aim is to redress this imbalance. This chapter lays out the framework for conceptualizing aid negotiations between recipient governments and donors.
Oil and Gas in Africa
Authors:   ADB
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Africa has historically been referred to as a continent with rich natural resources but with high levels of poverty. Indeed, Africa is considered to be well-endowed with minerals, including fossil fuels, although the exact economic potential of these resources is not known. New discoveries of oil and gas in Africa—in locations never before thought to hold such resources in significant amounts—prove that the continent is still “virgin” in many aspects regarding exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources.
Impact of High Oil Prices on African Economies
Authors:   ADB
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence of the economic and socio-environmental effects of high and rising oil prices on African countries. In the past, significant increases in the price of oil have led to worldwide economic recessions, such as the 1973 and 1979 energy crises. In many European countries, which have high taxes on fuels, such price shocks could potentially be mitigated by reducing the taxes as fuel costs rise. In many African countries, on the contrary, this option is not feasible, as there is limited taxation on oil products in the first place. In some cases, the oil prices are subsidized. African governments thus face a considerable dilemma: how much of the increase in oil product prices they should “pass through” to consumers. The negative effect of rising oil prices is thus potentially large for net oil-importing countries.
Fermentation
Authors: McNeil B , Harvey L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fermentation is important in the areas of both academic and industrial research. This book is a collection of methods and techniques covering the setting up and use of fermentation units. The emphasis is on the use of small-scale fermenters and the interdisciplinary nature of fermentation itself. As well as being of widespread interest to academic researchers, this technology has many important industrial applications, as evidenced by the affiliations of the authors (Hoechst, ICI, and Beecham Pharmaceuticals).
RFLP analyses and gene tagging for bacterial identification and taxonomy
Authors: Gabriel Dean W , Feyter Robert De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate identification of bacterial isolates to species, subspecies, and pathovar groups coupled with an objective bacterial taxonomy are of paramount importance to microbiologists and plant pathologists. Highly refined genetic technologies facilitate high resolution distinctions such that taxonomies based on phenotype (phenetic taxonomies) are proving to be artificial by genetic standards. The availability of powerful analytical tools such as DNA sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridizations, multilocus isozyme analyses, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) hybridization analyses is influencing change towards phylogenetic based taxonomies. Accurate strain identification is also important for epidemiological and ecological monitoring purposes. The simplest and most direct method for the short-term monitoring of known strains released into the field is by direct examination of RFLPs of plasmid DNAs. Plasmid instability may, however, prove a problem to long-term monitoring and other methods, such as monoclonal antibody batteries, polymerase chain reaction analyses, specific DNA probe analyses, or the use of genetically marked strains may prove to be superior. When large numbers of samples must be processed the latter two methods may be the best choices. The selection of antibodies, primers, probes, and/or marking strains requires significant preliminary work. This chapter discusses the use and limitations of RFLP technology and genetically marked strains for taxonomy, identification, and epidemiology of plant pathogenic microbes.
Methods of Structural Analysis of Proteins. Part 2—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Clore G Marius , Gronenborn Angela M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction Over the past few years solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been established as the only viable alternative to X-ray crystallography (see Chapter 1) for determining three-dimensional structures of proteins up to 10 kDa (1, 2). The main source of geometric information used to determine structures by NMR lies in short (&lt;5 A) approximate interproton distance restraints obtained from nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) measurements, supplemented by torsion angle restraints derived from three-bond coupling constants. Methodological advances in the past year, particularly with respect to obtaining many more interproton distance restraints from the NOE data, coupled with stereospecific assignments and torsion angle restraints derived from systematic conformational search procedures, has led to a considerable increase in the precision and accuracy of the structures that can be obtained by NMR (3, 4).
Molecular Sequence Data-Bases and Their Uses
Authors: Boguski Mark S , Ostell, James , States David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction There are many aspects of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences pertinent to protein engineering. For example, promoters and other types of non-coding regulatory DNA and RNA can be studied and manipulated with the purpose of designing transcription and translation units for maximal expression of natural or mutated proteins in heterologous systems. However, this topic is covered elsewhere in this volume (Chapters 13–15) and for present purposes we consider nucleic acid sequences only as additional sources of conceptually translated protein sequences. The study of natural sequence variation in protein families also has obvious implications for protein design and engineering but will not be dealt with here (see Chapter 14).
From Protein Sequence to Structure
Authors: Bates Paul A , Sternberg Michael J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of a protein is central to the systematic engineering of the function and stability of the molecule. The structural information can define the residues forming the binding site for a ligand or identify residues to change in order to alter thermal stability by the introduction of disulphide bridges or salt bridges. The most accurate method of obtaining protein structure is X-ray crystallography but, despite improvements in methodology (see Chapter 1), the technique remains dependent on obtaining crystals suitable for analysis. Recently, NMR (see Chapter 2) has been used successfully to determine the structure of proteins of up to 200 residues. However, at the present time, fewer than 100 new protein structures will be revealed in a year by these experimental methods, whereas the sequences of at least 1000 proteins are obtained from their cloned gene sequences. Accordingly, computer algorithms are being used increasingly to obtain structural information for a protein from its sequence. In addition, these algorithms can provide guidelines for modifications to experimentally determined structures and are essential for the design of novel proteins.
Human biomonitoring for somatic chromosome damage
Authors: Sorsa Marja , Salomaa Sisko , Ojajarvi Anneli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytogenetics for somatic chromosome damage has its special relevance in human exposure assessment not only concerning cancer risk as a potential hazard, but also other health impairment conditions related to genetic effects. Chromosomal changes obviously play an important role in the activation of proto-oncogenes but, also, a substantial part of human genetic disease burden involves chromosomal changes similar to the ones observable in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, the cell type mostly used in surveillance studies. Besides, a common characteristic of clastogenic agents, i.e. compounds inducing structural chromosome aberrations (CA) is that they generally also produce point mutations, base deletions, transversions or transitions.
An assessment of the circulating T-lymphocyte 6-thioguanine resistance system for population monitoring
Authors: Cole Jane , Arlett Colin F , Green Michael H L , Norris Paul G , Price Margaret L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Circulating lymphocytes from peripheral blood are the obvious choice of material for human population monitoring to assess DNA damage in somatic cells. For many years, chromosome damage has been assessed by scoring chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN) in mitogenstimulated lymphocytes. Such end-points frequently represent lethal events, and in 1979 Strauss and Albertini developed an autoradiographic technique for detecting heritable mutations at a specific locus, the Xlinked hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) gene. Subsequently, this method was modified to avoid obvious artefacts but a major disadvantage remains in that the mutant status of the hprt variants scored cannot be verified.
32P-Postlabelling assays of DNA adducts formed in vitro and in vivo with benzene and its metabolites: new assays to measure adducts as 5’-P-labelled dinucleotides and nucleoside monophosphates
Authors: Reddy M Vijayaraj , Blackburn Gary R , Bleicher William T , Irwin Susan E , Mehlman, Myron A , Mackerer Carl R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of Maltoni et al. and the National Toxicology Program have shown that the chronic high-dose adminstration of benzene to rats produces solid tumours in Zymbal gland, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and possibly mammary gland. Also, the chronic administration of benzene to rodents causes aplastic anemia and other blood disorders. Investigations on the mechanism(s) underlying the carcinogenic and toxic actions of benzene have focused on its conversion to toxic metabolites and its ability to damage DNA.
Development of techniques to monitor exposure to vinyl chloride and ethylene oxide
Authors: Santella Regina M , Young Tie Lan , Habraken Yvette , Ludlum David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethylene oxide (EO), one of the top 50 chemicals in use in the US, is a fumigant and sterilant in hospital equipment as well as an intermediate in the synthesis of a number of industrial chemicals.
The relationship between alkylation of haemoglobin and DNA in Fischer 344 rats exposed to vinyl chloride
Authors: Watson W P , Potter D , Blair D , Wright A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The measurement of the amounts of products formed between genotoxic chemicals, or their metabolites, and macromolecules in body fluids has been proposed by Ehrenberg and colleagues as a basis for determining individual exposures to such agents and improving the quality of risk assessment (for a review see ref. 1).
Protein expression and processing
Authors: Dickson Alan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms which control the generation of proteins from cells in culture is of interest for both commercial and intellectual reasons. For example, the availability of monoclonal antibodies from hybridoma cell lines has great clinical and diagnostic implications. Recent advances in the technology involved in gene manipulation have made it possible to utilize mammalian cells for expression of proteins of defined nature. A number of proteins of possible therapeutic value have been generated from genetically engineered mammalian cells. The procedures for the production of recombinant proteins are designed to ensure the absence of contaminants often found in protein preparations purified from human or mammalian sources by conventional procedures. Several pharmaceutical companies have invested a great deal of time and effort in large-scale production of specific recombinant proteins, including tissue plasminogen activator, blood clotting factors (factors VIII and IX), and erythropoietin (see Chapter 10).
Centrifuges and rotors
Authors: Roth Hans , Rickwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centrifuges can be classified on the basis of a number of different criteria. However, centrifuges are usually classified on the basis of their speed since this is a fairly good indicator of the centrifugal force (RCF) which can be generated by the machine and hence also indicates the range of possible applications that the centrifuge can be used for. Table 1 gives a summary of some of the principal classes of centrifuge, namely low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuge. While these classes used to be quite distinct, over the years the boundaries have become somewhat more blurred in terms of the size, costs, and applications of the different machines. The primary interest of the user is simply an answer to the question ‘what can I use it for?’. The answer to this question is more complicated than it might seem. As an example, plasmid DNA can be prepared on isopycnic CsCl-ethidium bromide gradients (see Section 3.3.1 of Chapter 4) using one of the high-performance high-speed machines generating 100 000g. However, using such machines gradients need to be centrifuged for at least 30 h while using an ultracentrifuge the same isolation could be done in 2-5 h depending on the type of rotor used. Hence the time available to the researcher can also be a crucial factor in choosing the type of centrifuge for a particular application.
The concept of cleaner production as applied to industry
Authors: Huisingh (P) Dr Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examples drawn from industrial case studies of “Cleaner Production”, are presented to illustrate the advantages of these approaches over the pollution control approaches that are utilized most extensively today. Recommendations pertaining to the brewing and food industries are made on how these environmental challenges can be used to guide the development and implementation of corporate policies and procedures that are economically and environmentally better.
Arabinoxylans in barley, malt and wort
Authors: Victor R J , Angelino S A G F , Voragen A G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arabinoxylans from barley endosperm cell walls may impair the wort preparation process. They were isolated from dehusked barley and malt, and from sweet wort. Their glycosidic linkage composition was determined, showing the presence of a large amount of C2-substituted xylopyranose. On enzymic degradation of these arabinoxylans, a range of oligomers with various degrees of polymerization below 7 was formed, which accounted for half of the starting material. The residue consisted of arabinoxylans with an increased arabinose content. Differences between the arabinoxylan fractions studied were negligible with respect to sugar and linkage composition as well as enzymic degradability.