bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catholics and Commissars: 1917–1978
Authors: Weigel George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 10, 1988, Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, the secretary of state of the Holy See, addressed a glittering celebration in Moscow’s Bolshoi Theater marking the millennium of Christianity among the eastern Slavs. The cardinal brought the personal greetings of Pope John Paul II to Patriarch Pimen and his Holy Synod, and offered congratulations to the government of Mikhail Gorbachev for its new appreciation of the role of Christian believers in the process of perestroika. Three days later, on June 13, Gorbachev met with Cardinal Casaroli and his entourage and was presented with a private letter from John Paul II, which the pope had given Casaroli in the hope that Gorbachev would receive it. On June 16, Msgr. Audrys Bačkis, a member of the Vatican delegation to Moscow and undersecretary of the Vatican’s foreign ministry, told Vatican Radio that Mr. Gorbachev had responded positively to the pope’s suggestion that “regular contacts” (meaning diplomatic relations) be established between the Kremlin and the Holy See, as indeed they were following Gorbachev’s 1989 visit to Rome.
Old Women as the Link Between the Generations
Authors: Sered Susan Starr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Listening to the Day Center women and observing their behavior it becomes clear that they share certain motivations and functions that define their role within the religious domain. The old women who frequent the Day Center consider themselves to be the spiritual guardians of their extended families. The women understand the concept of “family “ in an extraordinarily broad sense, indicating descendants and ancestors, both biological and mythical. As young and middle-aged women they tended and cared for their families, and in old age this role has become spiritualized. Serving as spiritual guardians is function of both age and sex-men and younger women have much more limited contact with ancestors and have almost no responsibility (in the spiritual sphere) for the well-being of their children. Seeing themselves as the link between the generations, old women are responsible for soliciting the help of ancestors whenever their descendants are faced with problems such as illness, infertility, war, or economic troubles. The old women are widely respected for their expertise in guarding the family.
Introductory note to *1970
Authors: Adams Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gödel showed his *1970 to Dana Scott, and discussed it with him, in February 1970. Gödel was very concerned about his health at that time, feared that his death was near, and evidently wished to insure that this proof would not perish with him. Later in 1970, however, he apparently told Oskar Morgenstern that though he was “satisfied” with the proof, he hesitated to publish it, for fear it would be thought “that he actually believes in God, whereas he is only engaged in a logical investigation (that is, in showing that such a proof with classical assumptions [completeness, etc.], correspondingly axiomatized, is possible).”a
Filling in the Silences: Tillie Olsen,s Reading Lists
Authors: Dizard Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a little snapshot of Tillie Olsen beaming at the camera (and at Jack Olsen), seated at the feet of Marx and Engels, represented in larger-than-lifesized bronzes in a public square somewhere in the Soviet Union in 1984.1 The photograph is more than suggestive of Olsen’s background. Daughter of socialists who escaped czarist Russia, schooled by American rebels and friendly with America’s West Coast Communist Party leaders, Olsen is a lifelong member of the old Left. Class consciousness is her second nature. (Whether she joined the CP-USA, or when she left is immaterial; she joined the Young Communist League in her teens. In her twenties she attended a partysponsored school of labor organizers. In her thirties and forties, during the anti-communist crusades, when the FBI worked to make communists pariahs, she lived within the diminished but resilient red circles in San Francisco.) Her trip to the USSR was a return of the exile. The snapshot is a metonymy of her background. 2
The Self Resubmitted
Authors: Ramsey Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All that is in the world is lust of the flesh, lust of the eyes or pride of life. Libido sentiendi, libido sciendi, libido dominandi. Wretched is the cursed land consumed rather than watered by these three rivers of fire! Happy are those who are beside those rivers, not standing but sitting, in a low and safe position. They will not rise thence before the light, but, after resting in peace, stretch out their hands to him who shall raise them to stand upright and steady in the porches of Jerusalem the blessed, where pride shall no more be able to fight against them and lay them low; and yet they weep, not at the sight of all the perishable things swept away by these torrents, but at the memory of their beloved home, the heavenly Jerusalem, which they constantly remember through the long years of their exile. Blaise Pascal, Pensees Once and only once William James played the part of a public orator. It was on May 31, 1897, at the Boston Music Hall, on the occasion of the unveiling of a war memorial to Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.1 The oration was, by James’s own admission, not very distinguished: “The task is a mechanical one, “ he complained in a letter to Benjamin Paul Blood, “and the result somewhat of a school-boy composition. “2 There was also something slightly incongruous about James’s presence in the midst of this public celebration of war.
More Letters to “Dear Sammy”
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Susanna Wesley’s correspondence with her son continues, but our record of it is incomplete. A gap of nearly two years (between consecutively numbered pages of his Letter Book) probably is explained by Susanna’s reference to a theft in her letter of 18 March 1707. Samuel probably had accumulated a large batch of her letters and lost them before he had the opportunity to copy them.
The Rectory Fire
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The night of Wednesday, 9 February 1709, looms large in Susanna Wesley’s life story, as well as in Methodist legend. Near midnight a fire, probably the latest mischief of the rector’s enemies in the parish, engulfed the house. The family all rushed or were carried to safety-miraculous enough, it might have seemed, that night. However, the subsequent career of John Wesley has focused special attention on the rescue of the then six-year-old “Jacky,” trapped in an upstairs bedroom by the flames. With the help of neighbors he was lifted down to safety, leading him to regard himself as providentially set apart, a “brand plucked from the burning,” a phrase eagerly repeated by his Methodist followers.
The Apostles’ Creed Explicated in a Letter to Her Daughter Susanna
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The teacher’s calling did not dissipate for Susanna Wesley when her children grew. As the correspondence shows, she kept in touch with all three sons when they left home for school, university, and careers in the church. She also felt an obligation to those who remained behind in the rectory, namely, her daughters. One way to continue her teaching was to write, not just letters but also extended treatises, a project she had already embarked on before the rectory fire struck in early 1709. Corresponding with her son Samuel the following autumn, she re counted her plan: “I had been for several years collecting from my little reading, but chiefly from my own observation and experience, some things which I hoped would ha’ been useful to you all.” The “little manual” she was assembling dealt with her views on natural and revealed religion, an extended reflection on her decision (at age 12!) to leave the ranks of dissent and join the established church, and a “short discourse” on the sacrament.
Public Debate About Competition Policy, 1888-1911: Free Competition And Freedom Of Contract
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first extended public deliberations about enacting competition policy as positive law in America occurred around the Sherman Act debates between 1888 and 1890. In the Fiftieth Congress, differing views of free competition, freedom of contract, and their proper affiliations inspired almost two years of contentious debate, two radically different antitrust bills, and a split Senate. For two decades following passage of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, cases calling for interpretation of the statute divided the Supreme Court into war­ ring factions. These disputes over antitrust policy took place in a historical period rife with political and economic conflict-sometimes fought in the streets, often argued in courtrooms and legislative chambers, almost daily emblazoned across the pages of newspapers and popular magazines.
The New Deal’s Political Economy, 1933-1948: From Organic Body Politic To Unified Body Economic
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Deal is understood by historians, political scientists, economists, legal scholars, and other students of political economy as two New Deals. The early New Deal, identified most of all with the National Industrial Recovery Act, is seen as a dangerous episode, as the collectivist impulse that failed. This brief period of central planning, as it is viewed, was already a national fiasco when the Supreme Court handed down the unanimous ALA Schechter Poultry (1935) decision, which held the NIRA unconstitutional. Within minutes of the decision, Justice Brandeis was heard to say to Tommy Corcoran, one of Franklin Roosevelt’s close advisors, “This is the end of this business of centralization, and I want you to go back and tell the President that we’re not going to let this government centralize everything. It’s come to an end.” Roosevelt, and Congress, would take heed of Brandeis’s warning. Indeed, the later New Deal’s turn toward decentralized planning, toward competitive markets as economic regulator, was symbolized by an Antitrust Division in the Department of Justice. Yale law professor Thurman Arnold would lead the division’s assault on the economy’s collectivist mentalite, cultivated at least as early as Herbert Hoover’s regime of trade associationalism.
Competition, Pluralism, And The Problem Of Persistent Oligarchy, 1948–1967
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the end of World War II opened a period of domestic economic expansion and unrivalled international influence for the United States, it was also a time of intense domestic conflict and national self-doubt. The New Deal’s egalitarian ethic and Harry Truman’s Fair Deal platform, as well as economic growth fuelled by government investment such as the GI Bill and a national highway construction program, increased pressures for more equal distribution of economic benefits and better protection of civil rights. Amid much legislation, Congress enacted the highly contested Civil Rights Act of 1948 and, two years later, the less controversial Celle Kefauver amendment to the Clayton Act’s provision regulating corporate mergers. It was the early 1960s before the Supreme Court had occasion to corroborate the egalitarian concerns driving both pieces of legislation: “one person, one vote” in the political marketplace, and “Congress’ fear not only of concentration of economic power on economic grounds, but also of the threat to other values a trend toward concentration was thought to pose.”1 Today, almost fifty years later, neither the Civil Rights Act nor the Celler Kefauver amendment has settled very much in its respective domain. Race relations too often incite physical confrontation, while proposals to regulate economic power seldom produce more than policy debate. Within its own precinct, each egalitarian impulse still provokes tensions, which have grown sharper during the last decade as more and more Americans have fallen out of the middle-class circle of prosperity created by the ethic of equality, prosperity sustained, to some extent, by those very in egalitarian institutions targeted by the legislation.
Rhetorics Of Free Competition, 1968–1980: Efficiency, Property Rights, And Equality
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many of us, the year 1968 and the quarter century since then may be too close to observe as history. As historical perspective shortens, events loom larger on the horizon. There is the tendency to grant greater importance to more recent events, events that have touched our lives. The 1968 murders of Senator Robert F. Kennedy and the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. seem to cast longer shadows than does the 1881 assassination of James A. Garfield, the last President of the United States born in a log cabin and a respected politician whose death was deeply mourned at the time. The shorter the temporal distance, the more discernible the past becomes in its particulars, the more complex in its insinuations. The recent past approaches like a crowd of counter-memories pushing against the present-an unsettling re-collection of what the present might have been, for better and for worse.
Anderson: The Play of Winesburg, Ohio
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Susan Sontag announced in 1964 that Winesburg, Ohio was “bad to the point of being laughable,” she put something of a nail into the already formed coffin of Sherwood Anderson’s falling reputation. The put-downs had begun much earlier, right after the poor man’s death, with Lionel Trilling’s influential depiction of Anderson’s work as arrested adolescence, and ever since then Winesburg has had the taint of damaged goods, even when dealt with sympathetically and generously. The argument for Anderson has rarely been an exciting one: he is credited with (now dated) psychological discoveries, with sincerity, with love for his land, with a keen sense of the threats of modernism, with compassion. At the core of the disfavor is his provincialism, and Welford Taylor is right in pointing to the cosmopolitan bias that prompted such judgments. Benjamin Spencer, in his efforts to reclaim Anderson for the canon as a “mythopoeist,” explains why it was that Sontag and that crowd could not abide Anderson: “Addicted to the New Wave of French fiction, with its commitment to sensory surfaces and psychic fragmentation as contrasted with Anderson’s concern for inwardness and identity, her [Sontag’s] verdict is inevitable.” We can begin to see why Sherwood Anderson is not at the center of things: considered “minor” (by himself as well as critics), unpossessed of continental sophistication, he has left us an uneven body of work that peaked with the publication of Winesburg in 1919 and has failed to spark much critical interest in the past several decades.
Fitzgerald’s Great Gatsby: Fiction as Greatness
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a study of self-making and freedom of speech in American fiction, The Great Gatsby stands inevitably as a sort of flagship in the armada, and if it sinks, the whole fleet deserves to go down. Fitzgerald’s text picks up all the strands of this study: the crafting of identity as demiurgic activity, the American scheme of self-worth in terms of documentation and material possessions, the play of desire as maneuvering room for the American subject, the pivotal role of language as instrument of assertion, and, most crucially and most underrecognized, the mysterious nature of belief—the sustaining and actualizing forces that make us real to one another, that marshal our energies and affections, that fuel the very system of free enterprise, that underlie the transformation from Nobody to somebody, that keep the fleet afloat. Credit itself, the sort of thing that sustains Donald Trumps and Jay Gatsbys, means belief.
The Quest for the History of a Johannine Community
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent decades a relatively new preoccupation has entered NT studies-the quest for the history of the Johannine community. Aspects of this quest were under investigation for some time-for instance, in the work of Oscar Cullmann. But it was not until 1975 that Cullmann ‘s work was gathered into a single, synthesizing volume (1976), and it was only around that time also that several other researchers began to concentrate their efforts on this search. The purpose in this brief review is not to analyze methods but simply to summarize results. This does not do justice to the depth and complexity of the various arguments, but it helps to highlight the extraordinary difficulty of the whole undertaking. (For sources, see Culpepper, 1975; Richter, 1975 [Eng. summary by Mattill, 1977]; Cullmann, 1976; Boismard and Lamouille, 1977; Martyn, 1978, 1979; Brown, 1979; Wengst, 1983. For some summaries, see Brown, 1979, 171-82; Kysar, 1985, 2432-35). The community was essentially a school, like one of the ancient Greco Roman schools. There are a number of connections between these ancient schools and the Johannine literature, particularly that of revering a foundational central figure-such as the beloved disciple.
The Thesis
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fourth evangelist was a wide-ranging writer, in some ways encyclopedic, who sought to produce a new theological synthesis, and who in doing so used a diverse range of sources-some non-canonical material, the OT, at least one epistle (Ephesians), and, above all, the synoptics, especially Mark. The claim that John is an encyclopedic snythesis requires qualification. The fourth evangelist did not set out to integrate every detail and disputed question. Major events and central themes are never mentioned explicitly. The words “church” and “prayer,” for instance, never occur. And there is no reference to the Sermon on the Mount or the transfiguration. Yet it is a complete synthesis insofar as it probes the entire range of both the divine and the human-the divine plan in its full duration and depth, even from the beginning within God, and the human reality in its essential fullness from the years of facile optimism (1:1-2:22), to the time of struggling realism (2:23-chap. 6), to the final phase of seeking God even in the face of death (chaps. 7-21; see Brodie, 1992, chapter 4 of the introduction). Thus, it is a theology which is applied, a vision of God ‘s Christ-centered providence which is written in such a way that, however high-flown at one level, at another is thoroughly down-to earth, thoroughly related to the passage of human life. Here more than ever the Word becomes flesh.
The Ban As God’s Justice
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideology of the ban as sacrifice never disappears in Israelite thought as noted above, but side by side with it in the Hebrew Scriptures, indeed overpowering it, is the related and transformed ideology of the ban as God’s justice. The Deuteronomic writers, supporters of the Josianic reform, consider the ban a means of rooting out what they believe to be impure, sinful forces damaging to the solid and pure relationship between Israel and God.
As the story of the reform goes (2 Kings 22), during the reign of a young and good king Josiah, a “book of the law” is found in the temple which is undergoing repairs. The book explains to Josiah the reason for all of Israel’s recent failings: “Great is the wrath of the Lord that is kindled against us because our ancestors did not obey the words of this book.” (2 Kgs 22:8) The king undertakes a reform. The finding of a “book of truth” [the meaning of this event is further explained by the prophetess Hulda (2 Kgs 22:14-20)] is a common cross-cultural motif, but we assume Josiah’s reform to have been an actual event in Israel’s history, governed by a particular set of beliefs and values.
The Bardic Tradition of War
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alongside the two types of ban texts in Hebrew Scriptures are threads of material, betokening views of war quite different from either ideology of the ban or the priestly ideology of Numbers 31. For the student of the Bible as traditional literature, the most interesting of these threads involves the interaction between groups of heroes, often called “mighty men,” and an apparent chivalric code of conduct in regard to war. The heroes are sometimes bound by kinship relations; their battles display traits of a form of fighting Q. Wright and others have called “the duel”; accompanying the duel is a stylized feature of fighting behavior, “the taunt.”
Transformations of Christianity
Authors: Russell James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each historical instance of an attempt to Christianize a society is unique and dependent upon many factors. Yet in most instances, the fundamental human equation is the same: an individual or small group of highly motivated advocates of Christianity seek to transform the beliefs, attitudes, values, and behavior of a target society. Whether the advocates of Christianity are Anglo-Saxon missionaries in eighth-century Frisia or American missionaries in present-day Uganda, the primary long-term problem is usually one of cultural confrontation.
Conversion, Christianization, and Germanization
Authors: Russell James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Conversion” and “Christianization” are terms which are used frequently, interchangeably, and inconsistently. This contributes to a considerable degree of ambiguity. When the concepts that these terms represent lie at the center of a religious and historical inquiry, it is particularly important to define the context in which they will be used, as well as to understand the context in which they have been used.
Sociohistorical Aspects of Religious Transformation
Authors: Russell James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To better understand the religious transformation which resulted from the encounter of the Germanic peoples with Christianity, it is useful to be come familiar with other instances of pre-Christian and non-Christian religious transformation, particularly those in which a folk-religious society encountered a universal religious movement. Of special interest is the religious transformation which occurred when the folk-religious Indo European societies of ancient Greece and Rome encountered “proto Christian” mystery cults during the Hellenistic age. An examination of Hellenistic and Jewish religious and philosophical currents should con tribute toward the development of a general model of the interaction between folk-religious societies and universal religions, and of the religious transformation which stems from it. This model will then be applied to the encounter of the Germanic peoples with Christianity.
Germanic Religiosity and Social Structure
Authors: Russell James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of Germanic religiosity has always suffered from a paucity of reliable extant sources. However, the work of Georges Dumezil in the field of comparative mythology provides a framework through which this deficiency may be compensated in certain instances. Dumezil’s comparative model of Indo-European societies posits the existence of a fundamental similarity in the ideological and sometimes the social structure among the ancient societies of India, Persia, Greece, Rome, and pre-Christian northern Europe. This association permits the careful application of evidence regarding a fundamental ideological concept or “mythologem”1 found in one or more Indo-European societies to that mythologem as it exists in another lndo-European society. Through such a process of analogy, one may enhance the understanding of that mythologem in the latter society, for which the currently available documentation may be scanty or inconclusive. When Dumezil’s model is applied to pre-Christian Germanic religiosity, various aspects of form and structure hitherto interpreted solely as local, Germanic phenomena, acquire a new dimension, derived from their association with the greater Indo-European family of peoples.