bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illicit Methylphenidate Use in an Undergraduate Student Sample: Prevalence and Risk Factors
Authors: Teter Christian J. , McCabe Sean Esteban , Boyd Carol J. , Guthrie Sally K. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objectives. To assess the prevalence of illicit methylphenidate use among undergraduate college students at a large university, and to identify alcohol and other drug use behaviors, as well as the negative consequences and risk factors, associated with illicit methylphenidate use.Design. Internet survey.Setting. Large public universitySubjects. Thirty‐five hundred randomly selected undergraduate students.Measurements and Main Results. Of the 2250 students who completed the survey, 3% reported past‐year illicit methylphenidate use. Illicit methylphenidate users were significantly more likely to use alcohol and drugs and report adverse alcohol‐ and drug‐related consequences than prescription stimulant users or students who did not use stimulants. Undergraduate men and women were equally likely to report past‐year illicit methylphenidate use. Weekly party behavior was significantly associated with past‐year illicit methylphenidate use.Conclusion. Illicit use of prescription‐only stimulants on college campuses is a potentially serious public health issue. More work is needed to promote understanding and awareness of this problem among clinicians and researchers.
Prescribing Patterns and Outcomes of Enoxaparin for Anticoagulation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Khazan Minou , Scheuering Sonya , Adamson Robert , Mathis A. Scott 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To determine prescribing patterns and clinical outcomes of enoxaparin for anticoagulation of atrial fibrillation.Design. Retrospective analysis.Setting. A 650‐bed, tertiary care, community teaching hospital.Subjects. Two hundred thirteen patients who received enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis during an episode of atrial fibrillation.Intervention. Data collection on demographics, antithrombotic usage, and thrombotic and bleeding episodes from January‐June 2001.Measurements and Main Results. Patients were characterized as having acute (51.6%) or chronic (48.4%) atrial fibrillation and were categorized according to stroke risk. Three enoxaparin dosing strategies had been prescribed: therapeutic, prophylactic, or adjusted. Prescribed regimens did not reflect stroke risk or type of atrial fibrillation but did reflect the degree of renal impairment. No episodes of stroke occurred with therapeutic enoxaparin dosages, but five strokes occurred among patients receiving prophylactic or adjusted dosages. Bleeding was similar with all dosing strategies in patients with adequate renal function and appeared to be more frequent in those with renal impairment.Conclusion. At a single hospital, wide variation in enoxaparin prescribing patterns existed. Further study is necessary to elucidate more fully the appropriate dosing strategy for this agent in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Smoking‐Cessation Services in Iowa Community Pharmacies
Authors: Aquilino Mary L. , Farris Karen B. , Zillich Alan J. , Lowe John B. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To examine community pharmacy practice with regard to providing smoking‐cessation counseling.Design. Mailed survey.Setting. Iowa community pharmacies.Participants. A stratified random sample of pharmacists statewide.Measurements and Main Results. Descriptive statistics were computed for all study variables. Fisher exact test or χ2 analysis was performed on selected variables to determine the relationship of each item with pharmacists routinely offering smokers suggestions for quitting. Responses from 129 (38.2%) of 338 pharmacists indicated that although most felt it is important to offer smoking‐cessation counseling, about half actually offer this service. Most pharmacists indicated they are prepared to provide counseling, but fewer than 25% had received formal training or were aware of national clinical practice guidelines. Those who had received specific training (p=0.020) or recently attended an educational program (p=0.014) on smoking cessation were more likely to counsel smokers. Primary barriers to providing counseling were lack of time, inability to identify smokers, low patient demand, and lack of reimbursement.Conclusion. Our findings suggest that opportunities exist for improving pharmacist education and reducing practice barriers in order to bridge the gap between pharmacists' knowledge and attitudes related to smoking‐cessation counseling and their provision of patient counseling in community pharmacy practice.
Fracture Risks for Women in Long‐Term Care: High Prevalence of Calcaneal Osteoporosis and Hypovitaminosis D
Authors: Elliott Mary E. , Binkley Neil C. , Carnes Molly , Zimmerman David R. , Petersen Kim , Knapp Kathy , Behlke Jessica M. , Ahmann Nancy , Kieser Mara A. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objectives. To determine the prevalence of osteoporosis as assessed by peripheral bone mineral density (BMD) in women living in a nursing home, to determine how many women with low BMD had received a diagnosis of osteoporosis, to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and to seek reasons for vitamin D deficiency.Design. Measurement of calcaneal BMD and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D.Setting. Skilled nursing facility.Patients. Forty‐nine women aged 68–100 years.Measurements and Main Results. Bilateral calcaneal BMD was measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D by radioimmunoassay. Medical records were reviewed to assess osteoporosis risk factors, previous documentation of osteoporosis or malabsorption, and supplemental vitamin D intake. Fifty‐nine percent of the 39 women with calcaneal BMD measurements (95% confidence interval [CI] 44–74%) exhibited calcaneal osteoporosis (T score < −2.5). Sixty percent (95% CI 46–74%) had 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels of 20 ng/ml or less, which is associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism; only 4% of women had levels above 30 ng/ml, recently recommended as optimal. Vitamin D status was suboptimal even in most women taking multivitamins. Osteoporosis was documented in the records of 17% of 23 women with calcaneal osteoporosis.Conclusion. Osteoporosis was prevalent but poorly documented in women living in the nursing home. Peripheral BMD measurements have the potential to improve the recognition and management of osteoporosis in women in long‐term care facilities. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, even in those taking multivitamins, indicates that practical new approaches for vitamin D repletion in this population are urgently needed.
Time‐Dependent Amplified Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Responses of Rabeprazole in Cytochrome P450 2C19 Poor Metabolizers
Authors: Lin Chun‐Jung , Yang Jyh‐Chin , Uang Yow‐Shieng , Chern Herng‐Der , Wang Teh‐Hong 
Published: May 2004

Study Objectives. To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic rationale for the optimum regimen of rabeprazole in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients who are cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 poor metabolizers or extensive metabolizers.Design. Prospective, multiple‐dose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study.Setting. University‐affiliated medical center in Taiwan.Subjects. Twelve healthy volunteers (aged 20–30 yrs) who were identified as CYP2C19 poor metabolizers (six subjects) or extensive metabolizers (six).Intervention. Each subject received rabeprazole 20 mg twice/day for 3 consecutive days and once/day on the fourth day.Measurements and Main Results. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were compared between CYP2C19 poor and extensive metabolizers on day 1 and day 4 of dosing. The mean ± SD values of area under the concentration‐time curve of rabeprazole and rabeprazole thioether were significantly higher in poor metabolizers than in extensive metabolizers on day 1 (5357 ± 883 vs 1131 ± 512 ng·hr/ml and 1703 ± 432 vs 561 ± 358 ng·hr/ml, respectively; p<0.001) and on day 4 (5601 ± 669 vs 1619 ± 778 ng'hr/ml and 1914 ± 378 vs 511 ± 360 ng·hr/ml, respectively; p<0.001). However, no significant difference was noted between day 1 and day 4 of dosing within the same genotype groups. Only CYP2C19 poor metabolizers had significantly higher plasma gastrin levels on day 4 compared with those levels on day 1 (p<0.05). The pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic relationship of rabeprazole appears to be time dependent.Conclusion. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data suggest that CYP2C19 poor metabolizers might be subject to advantageous conditions, especially after day 4, for treating H. pylori infection with rabeprazole.
Losartan and E3174 Pharmacokinetics in Cytochrome P450 2C9*1/*1, *1/*2, and *1/*3 Individuals
Authors: Lee Craig R. , Pieper John A. , Hinderliter Alan L. , Blaisdell Joyce A. , Goldstein Joyce A. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To determine if differences in the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its pharmacologically active E3174 metabolite exist among individuals expressing the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9*1/*1, *1/*2, and *1/*3 genotypes.Design. Single‐dose pharmacokinetic study.Setting. University general clinical research center.Subjects. Fifteen healthy volunteers, five from each genotype: CYP2C9*1/*1, *1/*2, and *1/*3.Intervention. A single oral dose of losartan 50 mg.Measurements and Main Results. Plasma and urine samples were collected for 24 hours, and losartan and E3174 pharmacokinetic data were compared across the three genotypes. Orthostatic blood pressure was measured over 12 hours after dosing. No significant differences were observed among the three groups in losartan or E3174 area under the plasma concentration‐time curve, losartan or E3174 elimination half‐life, or losartan oral clearance. A significant association between CYP2C9 genotype and losartan to E3174 formation clearance was observed, such that 50% of the variability was accounted for by the genotype. No significant relationship between that genotype and blood pressure was observed at any time.Conclusion. Differences in the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active E3174 metabolite were not observed in healthy subjects with the genotype of CYP2C9*1/*2 and *1/*3 compared with those expressing Alterations in losartan dosing in CYP2C9*1/*2 and *1/*3 individuals does not appear necessary.
Stability of Esomeprazole Capsule Contents After In Vitro Suspension in Common Soft Foods and Beverages
Authors: Johnson David A. , Roach Albert C. , Carlsson Anders S. , Karlsson Anders A.S. , Behr Dan E. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To determine the in vitro stability of esomeprazole pellets from an opened capsule after suspension in various common soft foods and beverages.Design. In vitro study.Setting. Pharmaceutical company research laboratory.Measurements and Main Results. Pellets from opened esomeprazole 20‐mg capsules were suspended in 100 ml of tap water, milk (1.5% fat), orange juice, apple juice, yogurt, or cultured milk for 30 minutes, then added to 500 ml of hydrochloric acid to simulate gastric acid exposure. After a 2‐hour incubation, the mixture was filtered through a sieve, and the collected pellets were dissolved in an alkaline solution. Esomeprazole concentrations were measured using reverse‐phase liquid chromatography. The stability of the esomeprazole pellets exceeded 98% in all beverages and soft foods except milk.Conclusion. Administration of the pellets from an opened esomeprazole capsule shortly after suspending them in tap water, yogurt, cultured milk, orange juice, or apple juice may be a practical alternative for patients who cannot swallow an intact capsule. Bioavailability studies comparing esomeprazole administered as an intact capsule to that of the pellets from an opened capsule suspended in these beverages or soft foods are recommended to confirm these findings.
Dose‐Related Effects of Methadone on QT Prolongation in a Series of Patients with Torsade de Pointes
Authors: Krantz Mori J. , Kutinsky Ilana B. , Robertson Alastair D. , Mehler Philip S. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To investigate the relationship between the daily dose of the synthetic opioid methadone and the corrected QT (QTc) interval in a series of methadone‐treated patients who developed torsade de pointes.Design. Retrospective case series analysis.Setting. Outpatient pain management center and methadone maintenance treatment programs.Patients. Seventeen patients who developed torsade de pointes while receiving very high daily doses of methadone.Measurements and Main Results. The QTc intervals were calculated for each patient. The relationship between daily methadone dose and QTc interval was assessed and adjusted for clinical characteristics that may have independently prolonged cardiac repolarization. The mean QTc interval was 615 ± 77 msec. Multiple linear regression indicated that only the daily methadone dose was predictive of the QTc interval (r = +0.51, p=0.03). All other variables examined, such as age, sex, presence of hypokalemia or structural heart disease, and presence of QT‐prolonging drugs, were not predictive of the QTc interval (minimum p=0.28).Conclusion. In this series, the daily methadone dose correlated positively with the QTc interval. This finding supports the possibility that methadone contributed to the development of arrhythmia.
Kinetic model for separation of particle mixtures by interfacial partitioning
Authors: Hoeben M. A. , van der Lans R. G. J. M. , van der Wielen L. A. M. , Kwant G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA mechanistic study is presented on the partition behavior of mixtures of particles in interfacial partitioning with liquid two‐phase systems. A model is developed based on a mechanism of competitive adsorption of particles at the liquid‐liquid interface. In this model, it is assumed that partitioning is the result of a dynamic process of continuous adsorption and desorption of particles at droplet interfaces. It is shown that under certain conditions such a process can be described by means of Langmuir‐type adsorption isotherms. The model is tested with partition data of mixtures of ampicillin and phenylglycine crystals in a water/n‐pentane system, which leads to a reasonable quantitative description. The results indicate that for this particular system, adsorption of crystals at the interface occurs up to amounts that are needed for a monolayer coverage. In case larger amounts of crystals are present, partitioning of particles is subject to a competition for the available interfacial area. In such a case, the kinetics of adsorption and desorption of the particles to the interface seem to differ from a situation where the interface is partly uncovered. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1156–1168, 2004
Shortcut methods for nonideal multicomponent distillation: 3. Extractive distillation columns
Authors: Brüggemann Stefan , Marquardt Wolfgang 
Published: May 2004

AbstractExtractive distillation is a common process for the separation of homogeneous azeotropic mixtures with a minimum boiling azeotrope. In this process entrainer feed flow rate and reflux ratio of the extractive column represent the crucial design degrees of freedom that govern feasibility and operating cost. In this work feasibility and operational stability of the extractive column are related to the nonlinear analysis of the extractive section. A fully automated conceptual shortcut design method for the simultaneous determination of minimum entrainer feed flow rate and minimum reflux ratio is presented. The method is applicable to arbitrary multicomponent mixtures and allows direct screening of design alternatives and comparison of different entrainers. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1129–1149, 2004
Processing of steel rinse waters through coextraction and selective stripping
Authors: Lobo‐Recio M. A. , Alguacil F. J. , López‐Delgado A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractRecovery of iron(III), HNO3, and HF from stainless steel rinse waters by liquid–liquid extraction using Cyanex‐923 extractant was studied. The influence of equilibration time, temperature, Vaq/Vorg phase ratios, and extractant concentrations on the extraction of iron(III) was investigated. Furthermore, the separate extraction of HNO3 and HF by Cyanex‐923 was also studied. Conditions for the coextraction of iron(III), HNO3, and HF were established as: 30 min of contact, 20°C, Vaq/Vorg phase ratio of 1 and using undiluted Cyanex‐923 (water presaturated) as extractant. Under the appropriate experimental conditions, water is effective for the selective stripping of the three extracted solutes. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1150–1155, 2004
Development of a kinetic model for industrial oxidation of p‐xylene by RBF‐PLS and CCA
Authors: Yan Xuefeng , Du Wenli , Qian Feng 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA novel lumped kinetic model for the liquid‐phase oxidation of p‐xylene to terephthalic acid (OXTA) catalyzed by cobaltic, manganic, and bromide salts in industrial continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR) was proposed. First, the radial basis functions (RBF) coupled with partial least squares (PLS) approach was used to model the influence of the reaction factors on the rate constants of the lumped kinetic scheme for OXTA in the laboratory semibatch reactor (SBR). Second, to indicate the difference between OXTA in the industrial CSTR and that in the laboratory SBR, the correction coefficients were proposed and introduced into the obtained rate constants models to describe the influence of the reaction factors on OXTA in the industrial CSTR. Third, the kinetics of each of the lumped reactions is assumed to be zeroth‐order with respect to gaseous reactants, 0.65‐order with respect to p‐xylene, and first‐order with respect to the other liquid reactants, respectively. Based on the lumped kinetic model with unknown correction coefficients and the data obtained in the industrial CSTR, a modified genetic algorithm containing a chaotic variable, designated chaos‐genetic algorithm (CGA), was used to obtain the optimum correction coefficients, and the lumped kinetic model for OXTA in the industrial CSTR was developed. Further, the reliability of the model was investigated and the satisfactory results were obtained. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1169–1176, 2004
Intrauterine onset of acute neuropathic type 2 Gaucher disease: Identification of a novel insertion sequence
Authors: Felderhoff‐Mueser Ursula , Uhl Johannes , Penzel Roland , van Landeghem Frank , Vogel Martin , Obladen Michael , Kopitz Jürgen 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA subset of patients with type 2 Gaucher disease is characterized by intrauterine onset of rapidly progressive neuropathic disease, arthrogryposis, hydrops fetalis and in some cases restrictive dermopathy. β‐Glucocerebrosidase (β‐glucosidase) activity is usually low or undetectable. In most cases death ensues either in‐utero or within hours or days after birth. We report on an infant born to non‐consanguineous parents of Caucasian origin presenting at birth with hydrops, arthrogryposis, severe respiratory distress, hepatosplenomegaly, and liver failure. Death occurred within several hours after delivery and autopsy revealed typical Gaucher cells in multiple organs in combination with severe apoptotic neurodegeneration throughout the brain. β‐Glucocerebrosidase activity was 1% of the norm in fibroblasts and a novel heterozygous insertion c.1515_1516insAGTGAGGGCAAT was identified by genomic sequencing and an insertion‐specific seminested PCR. In addition, molecular studies revealed a previously described in type 1 Gaucher disease missense mutation c.476G → A which results in a heterozygous substitution of R120Q. Our observations confirm considerable genotypic heterogeneity in patients with type 2 Gaucher disease. The transheterozygous combination of a mutation, previously described in type 1 Gaucher disease, together with a newly identified insertion may result in this severe phenotype. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcomes of systematic screening for optic pathway tumors in children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Blazo M.A. , Lewis R.A. , Chintagumpala M.M. , Frazier M. , McCluggage C. , Plon S.E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOptic pathway tumors (OPT) occur in about 15% of individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) and may effect substantial visual loss. Because their growth is not predictable at the time of discovery, neuroimaging for OPT in asymptomatic NF1 patients remains controversial. We evaluated the outcomes of systematic screening by both MRI and ophthalmic examinations for OPT in young children with NF1 seen at multi‐disciplinary clinics for Neurofibromatosis and Genetics at one institution between 1996 and 2001. We report on 84 children who presented with NF1 under age 6 years, of whom 13 children presented with either known OPT or abnormal MRI findings and 11 children had OPTs identified by neuroimaging, including two children with abnormal eye examinations at presentation (one with strabismus and one with optic atrophy). Nine OPTs were detected in asymptomatic subjects with normal ophthalmic examinations. Three children with chiasmal lesions enlarging on subsequent MRI were treated with carboplatin and vincristine. After treatment, the vision in each involved eye was intact. In contrast, the 13 children with OPT diagnosed outside of screening guidelines included five children with substantial visual loss. Our observations suggest that early recognition of NF1 promotes appropriate surveillance and allows early intervention to reduce complications of OPT. This analysis supports prospective studies to compare the outcomes of systematic screening with neuroimaging to screening with ophthalmic examinations alone in children with NF1. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Möbius sequence, Robin complex, and hypotonia: Severe expression of brainstem disruption spectrum versus Carey–Fineman–Ziter syndrome
Authors: Verloes Alain , Bitoun Pierre , Heuskin Anne , Amrom Dina , Van de Broeck Hilde , Nikkel Sarah M. , Chudley Albert E. , Prasad Asuri N. , Rusu Cristina , Covic Mircea , Toutain Annick , Moraine Claude , Parisi Melissa A. , Patton Michael , Martin Jean‐Jacques , Van Thienen Marie‐Noelle 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe report on nine unrelated children fitting a diagnosis of Carey–Fineman–Ziter syndrome (CFZS). All children presented with Möbius sequence, Pierre Robin complex (6/9) or micrognathia, and hypotonia. Some had primary hypoventilation, delayed development, and acral anomalies. The neuropathological investigations performed in two patients showed a combination of dysplastic lesions (neuronal heterotopias) and encephaloclastic changes consisting of small foci of necrosis with microcalcifications. The mother of a third child had severe trauma during her 2nd month of pregnancy. Based on a review of the literature on MS and CFZS, we suggest designating as “Robin–Möbius phenotype” a distinct clinical variant of MS with extensive brainstem involvement, Robin complex, hypotonia without specific muscle disorder, clubfeet and variable acral anomalies. This condition appears to bear a higher risk of mental handicap and perhaps a higher recurrence risk than “common” MS. Neuropathology and neuroimaging are suggestive, at least in some cases, of a vascular disruption, which could be exogenous, or secondary to a genetic predisposition. Etiologic heterogeneity seems likely and, in that respect, the original CFZS family could represent a private syndrome fitting on the “Robin–Möbius” spectrum. Despite the existence of two familial reports, recurrence risk is probably much lower than 25%, although exact figures cannot be extracted from the available literature. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.