bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B - 48 Heal-Thy Brain: the Intersectionality of Race, Sleep, and Socioeconomic Factors in ADHD
Authors: Johnson Faith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
This Paper is an examination of the history of sleep, sleep disorders, and socioeconomic factors as it relates to children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Previous research has revealed that many neurodivergent children struggle to obtain an adequate amount of sleep, which can negatively impact their daily lives. While discussing neurodivergence and sleep, there has also been a correlation to racial disparities regarding children of color having more “sleep debt” and sleep disturbances than others. As a consequence of these constraints, attempts to diagnose and treat ADHD have been severely underrepresented.

Methods
Google Scholar and JSTOR databases from 2015 to 2023 were searched for studies. The samples reviewed included youth of various races, including Black, White, and Hispanic. Socioeconomic statuses within the samples also ranged in income between $50,000 and $100,000.

Results
Children with ADHD and multiple sleep problems have been shown to have more caregiver deficits and poorer quality of life, family functioning, and school attendance than children without a sleep problem (Sung et al., 2008). Teachers also reported more symptoms in Black youths, despite underreporting by parents. Lastly, a child in a low SES family being on average 2.21 times more likely to have ADHD than their high SES peers (Russell et al., 2015).

Conclusion
Overall, examining the intersectionality of ADHD can provide clinicians and physicians with useful information at the time of diagnosis and will facilitate campaigns to better help neurodivergent oppressed populations.
B - 49 Exploring the Factor Structure of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Impact on Processing Speed Performance
Authors: Khalid Elmma , Ovsiew Gabriel P , Ulrich Devin M , Resch Zachary J , Pliskin Neil H , Soble Jason R , Cerny Brian M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
The present study investigated: 1) factor structure of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) sub-scale from the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-4th Edition (BAARS-IV) and 2) the association between SCT sub-factors and processing speed.

Method
Cross-sectional data were collected from 586 adults undergoing neuropsychological evaluation for suspected attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at an academic medical center. Patients were excluded if they failed two or more performance validity tests and/or had not completed all measures. Final sample included 155 patients (Mage = 28.52; Meducation = 16.26; 63.2% female; 38.1% White, 21.9% Hispanic, 20% Black, 12.9% Asian, 7.1% other race/ethnicity; 69% diagnosed with ADHD). Factor structure of the SCT sub-scale was investigated via exploratory factor analysis with Oblimin rotation. Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to assess the relationship between SCT sub-factors and processing speed (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-4th Edition, Processing Speed Index), controlling for estimated intelligence (Test of Premorbid Functioning) and self-reported inattention (Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult).

Results
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure [KMO = 0.78] and Bartlett’s test [χ2(36) = 469,p &lt; 0.001] suggested the data were factorable. Parallel analysis scree plot suggested a two-factor solution: “Cognitive Complaints” and “Lethargy” accounting for 46.3% of SCT scale variance. Only Lethargy predicted processing speed in the first (beta = −0.221, p &lt; 0.05) and final models (beta = −0.197, p &lt; 0.05). The overall model including estimated intelligence and inattention accounted for 6.2% of the variance in processing speed (F(4,150) = 3.57, p &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
Previous studies demonstrated mixed results of two or three sub-factors of SCT including daydreaming, lethargy, and/or cognitive complaints. Present findings support the more parsimonious two-factor solution in a clinical sample. Higher lethargy complaints are modestly associated with poorer processing speed.
B - 50 The Relationship between Objective and Subjective Measures of Attention
Authors: Magnante Anna T , Ord Anna S , Shura Robert D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
The relationship between objective and subjective measures of attention is understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the convergence between commonly used measures in the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to determine whether there is a significant difference between individuals with and without ADHD on subscales related to ADHD symptoms.

Method
This study involved an archival data set of Veterans (N = 504) who completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) or MMPI-3, the Barkley’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale or a local DSM-5/TR ADHD diagnostic interview, the Connor Continuous Performance Test 3 (CCPT-3) or the Integrated Visual & Auditory 2, and the Trail Making Test as part of a clinical assessment in a specialty ADHD clinic.

Results
Nonparametric comparisons between those with and without ADHD revealed no statistically significant differences across the cognitive measures. Self-reported symptoms of inattention (z = 12.07, p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.57, large effect), hyperactivity (z = 4.70, p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.22, small effect), and impulsivity (z = 5.52, p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.26, small effect), significantly differentiated participants with and without ADHD. Pearson correlations between the two types of measures showed that omission errors on the CCPT-3 were significantly correlated to self-reported inattention symptoms (r = 0.15, p = 0.039). All other correlations between objective and subjective measures were not significant.

Conclusions
These results suggest that neuropsychological measures are not strongly correlated to self-reported symptoms of inattention, and as such may be less sensitive to ADHD.
B - 51 The Relationship between Delusional Thinking and Processing Speed in Community Adults
Authors: Yang Jessica , Rossing John , Paxton Jessica 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Adults diagnosed with a psychotic disorder demonstrate heterogeneous neurocognitive performances, though the relationship between delusions and neurocognition among nonclinical adults remains largely unstudied. This study addressed this gap by examining how nonclinical delusional thinking impacts processing speed and speeded inhibition.

Method
Participants included an adult community sample who completed a neuropsychological battery through the Nathan Kline Institute’s Rockland Project. The 1111 participants were 36% male, ages 18–85 (M = 47, SD = 17.97), and 76% White, 16% Black, and 5% Asian. Delusional thinking was assessed using the total score on the 21-item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory. Processing speed and speeded inhibition were assessed using age-adjusted scores from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Trail Making Test (TMT) and Color-Word Inhibition Test (C-WIT).

Results
Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess whether delusional thinking predicted performance on TMT and C-WIT tests. Greater delusional thinking predicted poorer performance on TMT tests of Number Sequencing (R2 = 0.005, p = 0.023), Number-Letter Sequencing (R2 = 0.005, p = 0.018), and Motor Speed (R2 = 0.005, p = 0.021). For performance on Letter Sequencing and all C-WIT tests, there were no statistically significant relationships with delusional thinking.

Conclusions
Results indicated that faster psychomotor processing speed, not visual processing speed, was significantly associated with lower delusional thinking in a community sample. Therefore, it may be particularly useful to include measures of psychomotor processing speed when assessing individuals with delusional symptoms. A replication study with greater variability in delusional thinking may elucidate the relationship between delusional thinking and cognitive functioning in nonclinical populations.
B - 52 Effects of rTMS Treatment on Attention Measured by the CANTAB Rapid Visual Information Processing Module
Authors: Grewal Daya , Baldini Daniel , Liou-Johnson Victoria , Adamson Maheen M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with decreased performance in sustained attention tasks (Sinclair et al., 2013). Non-invasive neurostimulation techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be utilized to improve cognitive outcomes, however there is uncertainty about which cognitive outcomes should be investigated (Clark & Parasuraman, 2014; Donaldson et al., 2015). The present study examines the observed enhancements in sustained attention related to rTMS administered to older adults with TBI. We utilized the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), a commonly used assessment instrument in research settings that offers various modules for measuring neurocognitive functions (CDC).

Methods
Veterans and civilians were enrolled (n = 28; mild and moderate TBI; mean age = 62.25) in either placebo or an active group. Participants received neuropsychological assessment at baseline, after 20 rTMS treatments, and at six month follow up. Participants were administered the CANTAB Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP) module to assess sustained attention after active rTMS or sham treatment.

Results
Findings revealed that the active rTMS treatment group had a lower RVIPPFA (n = 12; M = 0.003; SD = 0.003) compared to the sham group (n = 16; M = 0.02; SD = 0.06), indicating a potential improvement in visual sustained attention. A moderate effect size was observed between the two groups (Cohen’s d = 0.48).

Conclusion
The results suggest that rTMS treatment could potentially enhance cognitive performance, specifically visual sustained attention, in older adults. Further research is warranted to investigate the impact of rTMS on sustained attention and its clinical implications.
B - 54 The Influence of Executive Functioning on Long-Term Memory
Authors: Verani Saba , Harrigan D'Shawn , Golden Charles J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study is to measure how executive functioning predicts performance on a measure of delayed memory.

Method
Data was selected from a de-identified database of clinical adults. The sample chosen (N = 438) comprised of mixed psychiatric adults consisting of Caucasians (N = 193, M_edu = 13,42% male & 58% female), African Americans (N = 88, M_edu = 12, 52.1% males & 47.8% females), Hispanics (N&#3f111, M_edu = 13,53.5% male & 46.4% female), and Other (N = 47, M_edu = 13,38.4% male & 61.6% female). All participants were administered the WMS-IV, Stroop, WCST, and Category.

Results
Multiple hierarchical regressions were run to test the influence executive functioning has on both immediate and long-term memory when controlling for age and education. In the final model for immediate memory, the following predictors were significant: Category test sr = 0.465, Stroop: Color/Word sr = 0.607, and WCST sr = −0.518. For delayed memory the following was significant, Category test sr = 0.430, Stroop: Color/Word sr = 0.491, and WCST sr = −0.461.

Conclusions
Executive functions utilized on Stroop Color/Word, WCST, and Category directly influence memory skills. Pattern switching between trials on the WCST and Category requires remembering the patterns throughout each trial. Stroop Color/Word requires remembering the rule to read the color of the printed word rather than the printed word itself. These executive functioning measures also require a degree of memory skills which are directly linked to the memory performance on the WMS-IV. The study did not differentiate effects between immediate and delayed memory but demonstrated memory abilities in general. Strong executive functioning capacities are predictive of strong memory capabilities due to high-level cognition abilities.
B - 56 Effects of rTMS Treatment on Executive Function Measured by the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory Subtest
Authors: Baldini Daniel , Grewal Daya , Liou-Johnson Victoria , Adamson Maheen M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) presents with deficits in executive function (Krawczyk et al., 2019). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation treatment, may help improve cognitive outcomes. However, it remains unclear in which cognitive domains (Clark & Parasuraman, 2014; Donaldson et al., 2015). This study investigates executive function using the Spatial Working Memory subtest of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, a computerized card-matching task in which participants match up to 12 cards to matched pairs based on memory (CDC).

Methods
Veterans and civilians were enrolled (n = 31; mild and moderate TBI; mean age = 62.25) and placed into active or sham groups. Participants received neuropsychological assessment at baseline, after 20 rTMS treatments, and at six-month follow-up. This study compared means between the active and sham groups (n = 16 & 15, respectively).

Results
Participants in the active group had fewer errors than the sham group on the 12-box trial (M = 24.19, SD = 11.20; M = 34.27, SD = 18.16; respectively), 8-box trial (M = 6.75, SD = 5.447; M = 8.27, SD = 6.11; respectively), 6-box trial (M = 2.06, SD = 3.00; M = 3.60, SD = 4.03; respectively) and across the 4, 6 and 8-box trials (M = 9.75, SD = 8.57; M = 12.47, SD = 10.04; respectively). Effect sizes were small to large (d = 0.28–0.67).

Conclusion
The results suggest that rTMS treatment potentially enhances executive functioning in older adults with TBI. Further research on the impacts of rTMS in executive function domains is warranted.
B - 58 Cognitive Emotion Regulation as a Mediator between Childhood Trauma and Parenting Stress
Authors: Doyle Olivia , Graham Alice , Gustafsson Hanna , Seghete Kristen Mackiewicz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Determine the relationship between adverse childhood events (ACE), emotion regulation (ER) during the perinatal period, and parenting stress.

Method
Pregnant individuals were recruited through an electronic medical record database and word of mouth as part of the COVID-19 and Perinatal Experiences Study to complete online surveys about their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longitudinal data were collected from 349 participants from pregnancy through 12 months postpartum. A structural equation modeling approach was utilized to assess ACEs and ER’s direct and indirect effects on parenting stress. A path mediation model was utilized. Models were estimated using Mplus 8.8. Missing data were handled using full information maximum likelihood.

Results
Latent factors of cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression were independently modeled as the mediators between ACES and parenting stress. The expressive suppression model showed good fit (CFI = 0.982; TLI = 0.966; SRMR = 0.039), and the CR model showed adequate fit (CFI = 0.911; TLI = 0.86; SRMR = 0.047). There was a significant positive effect of ACEs on expressive suppression (β = 0.104, 95% CI [0.048, 0.159], p = 0.002) and expressive suppression on parenting stress (β = 0.098, 95% CI [0.032, 0.164], p = 0.015). We found a significant negative effect of ACEs on CR (β = −0.061, 95% CI [−0.110, −0.013], p = 0.039) (Fig. 1). and of CR on parenting stress (β = −0.101, 95% CI [−0.167, −0.013], p = 0.013) (Fig. 2).

Conclusions
This analysis supports the hypothesis that experiencing adverse events during childhood can impact parenting stress through a change in both adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
B - 59 Testing the Cognitive Model of Pathological Worry as an Explanation for Increased Worry among the Oldest Old
Authors: Granier Katie L , Segal Daniel L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Based on past research demonstrating increased worry among the oldest old compared to younger older adults, this study tested an existing cognitive model of worry to determine whether differences in executive functioning during aging contribute to increased worry among the oldest old.

Method
97 community-dwelling older adults (M age = 74.49; range = 60–89 years) completed self-report questionnaires including the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Geriatric Anxiety Scale, and Cognitive Problems and Strategies Assessment, and were individually evaluated with neurocognitive measures including the RBANS, DKEFS Color-Word Interference Test, and Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

Results
Two-way ANOVAs revealed no significant differences in worry based on age group (i.e., 60s, 70s, and 80s; F[2, 85] = 1.31, p = 0.28) or gender (F[1, 85] = 3.22, p = 0.08). Further, response inhibition and problem-solving did not predict anxiety or worry severity in multiple regression analyses. Lower education was the only consistent predictor of both anxiety and worry when accounting for cognitive performance, age, and gender. However, subjective cognitive functioning also predicted worry among older adults, independent of objective performance.

Conclusion(s)
No age differences in worry or anxiety severity were found. Also, no evidence was found to support age-differences in executive functioning as a contributor to worry presentation in late life. The cognitive model of worry may only be applicable to pathological worry or executive decline among the sample was not pronounced enough to impact anxiety. Overall, this study demonstrates that the cognitive model of worry is not supported in healthy, community-dwelling older adults. However, limitations included limited demographic diversity, small sample size, and limited measurement of executive functioning.
B - 60 A Comparison of Processing Speed and Impulsivity in Predicting Working Memory Ability in Children
Authors: Greenwood Nicole , Kibby Michelle Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Our objective was to contrast two predictors of working memory performance in children. Working memory (WM) is related to processing speed and to inhibitory control in typically developing adults; however, research on this topic is relatively scarce in children. Research comparing these predictors is even more scant in children. Therefore, this study examined how well processing speed and impulsivity predict WM performance in a mixed sample in order to have a full range of functioning in these areas.

Method
Participants included 228 children from a community sample (ages 8–11 years; 85.1% White; 55.6% boys) attained through NIH-funded projects (R03HD048752, R15HD065627). They were diagnosed with ADHD (35.0%), RD (14.4%), comorbid RD/ADHD (18.5%), other diagnoses (7.4%), or were typically developing (24.7%). Processing speed was assessed with the WISC-IV Coding scaled score. Items measuring impulsivity from the BASC-2 Hyperactivity scale were summed to form the impulsivity variable. The Children’s Memory Scale (CMS) Sequences subtest was used to measure WM.

Results
A multiple linear regression analysis was run with Coding and impulsivity as the IVs and Sequences as the DV. The overall equation was significant (adjusted R2 = 0.097, F(2, 228) = 13.349, p &lt; 0.001). Coding predicted WM performance (Beta = 0.317, p &lt; 0.001). Impulsivity, however, was not significant (Beta = −0.042, p = 0.503).

Conclusions
Results indicate that processing speed is the better statistical predictor of working memory performance in a mixed sample of children. More research on the relationship between impulsivity and WM in children is needed, as our insignificant finding on it conflicts with the limited available literature.
B - 61 Increased Cortical Efficiency in the Absence of Behavioral Improvement on Working Memory Task Revealed by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Kaplan Rini I , Mukadam Nishaat , Girnis Jaimie , Aul Courtney , Sebastian Alissa , Gao Yuanyuan , Stuber Alexander , Boas David A , Kiran Swathi , Somers David C , Luhmann von Alexander , Yucel Meryem A , Ellis Terry D , Cronin-Golomb Alice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging method that indirectly measures cortical activation via task-related changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO). We used fNIRS during a working memory task to assess learning effect over time by assessing brain activity (fNIRS signal) and task performance. We hypothesized that in later blocks of the task, learning (better accuracy) would be correlated to less increase in HbO in prefrontal regions, indicating improved cognitive efficiency.

Method
Eighteen healthy adults [mean age = 24.9 (SD = 4.2); 14 female] engaged in 8 blocks of serial-3 subtraction for 30 seconds each followed by 20 seconds of rest. fNIRS data were collected in 8 cortical regions of interest (ROI) broadly covering the frontal lobe. fNIRS signal in each ROI and task-performance data were compared for the first 4 and last 4 blocks to examine learning.

Results
fNIRS signal was significantly greater for the first 4 than last 4 blocks (z = −2.1, p &lt; 0.05) in only the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ROI. No learning effects appeared for any task-performance variables.

Conclusions
These results indicate a dissociation between brain activity and task performance during a working memory task in healthy adults. There was less activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during later than earlier trials, indicating an increase in this region’s efficiency, without a change in task performance. The results suggest that fNIRS may be sensitive to change in brain activity before it appears clinically, which may be useful in studying people with conditions such as preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, and in assessing subtle effects of interventions.
B - 65 Assessing Methods of Executive Ability from Trail Making Test Part B in Mexican-Americans
Authors: Lopez Hernandez Daniel W , Razani Jill , Munoz Isabel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
We investigated three different measures of executive ability derived from the Trail Making Test part B (TMT-B) in Mexican-American adults.

Method
Forty-seven Mexican-Americans were administered both TMT part A (TMT-A) and TMT-B, and total time for completion was recorded. Additionally, participants completed The Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans. Participants were divided into two groups: low-acculturation group (n = 19) and high-acculturation group (n = 28). Independent Sample T-tests were used to examine differences in executive abilities between our acculturation groups. Executive measures included the TMT-B raw score (i.e., seconds to complete TMT-B), the raw score difference (in seconds) between TMT-A and TMT-B (TMT-BA), and the difference between a predicted TMT-B score (TMT-BP) and the obtained TMT-B score (TMT-BBP). Correlations between TMT-B, TMT-BA, and TMT-BBP and other executive functioning tests (i.e., letter fluency, animal naming, & Comalli Stroop Test part C) were evaluated.

Results
Results revealed the high-acculturation group outperformed the low-acculturation group on all measures of executive ability derived from TMT-B, p’s &lt; 0.05. Furthermore, the high-acculturation group TMT-BA significantly correlated with Comalli Stroop Test part C, r = 0.44, p = 0.021. Finally, no significant correlations between the different measures of executive ability from TMT-B and other executive functioning tests were found in the low-acculturation group.

Conclusions
We found the high-acculturation group demonstrated better executive functioning abilities on all three TMT executive ability variables compared to the low-acculturation group. In our high-acculturation sample, TMT-BA executive ability variable correlated with at least one executive functioning measure, which suggests that TMT-BA can be a likely better measure of executive ability than TMT-B or TMT-BBP.