bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic DNA fingerprinting, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from dogs
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Berkhoff Herman A. , Kloos Wesley E. , George Carol G. , Ballard Deborah N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the degree of polymorphism in the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of Staphylococcus intermedius and to assess the value of this typing method for discriminating strains.

Sample population
52 S intermedius isolates from diseased and healthy dogs.

Procedure
Chromosomal DNA of S intermedius was digested with restriction endonuclease Sma I, and the fragments were separated by PFGE in a 1 % agarose gel.

Results
Sma I cut the chromosomal DNA into 15 to 23 fragments ranging from about < 1 to 679 kb, and most of the detectable fragments were < 155 kb. Nine fragments, 115, 48, 33, 26, 16, 13, 10, 4, and < 1 kb, were shared by all or almost all (> 71 %) of the strains examined. Of the 52 strains, each had a different pattern. S intermedius had a high degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism. The PFGE patterns obtained for S intermedius were stable and reproducible when the strains were tested in the different experiments.

Conclusions
Genomic DNA fingerprinting by PFGE is an effective technique for discriminating S intermedius strains. The PFGE method appears to be a useful molecular marker for epidemiologic or ecologic studies of S intermedius. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1458-1462)
Estimation of arcuate artery resistive index as a diagnostic tool for aminoglycoside-induced acute renal failure in dogs
Authors: Rivers Bill J. , Walter Patricia A. , Letourneau Janis G. , Finlay David E. , Ritenour E. Russell , King Vickie L. , O’Brien Timothy D. , Polzin David J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the potential clinical usefulness of duplex Doppler estimation of arcuate artery resistive index (a measure of intrarenal blood flow impedance) for diagnosis of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicosis.

Animals
30 adult, female, mixed-breed dogs, allotted to 3 groups of 10 dogs each as: toxic dosage of gentamicin, therapeutic dosage of gentamicin, and saline solution sham equivalent in volume to that of the toxic dosage of gentamicin.

Procedure
After baseline screening to establish normalcy (serum biochemical analysis, endogenous creatinine clearance determination, urinalysis, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, urine culture, gray-scale sonography, and percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy), results of arcuate artery resistive index determination were compared with serum creatinine and urine specific gravity values on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday data collection schedule for 10 days. Endogenous creatinine clearance determination, ultrasound-guided renal biopsy, and urine culture were repeated at the end of data collection in all 3 groups.

Results
Significant differences in resistive index measurements were not observed, despite clinicopathologic and renal biopsy results compatible with severe acute tubular necrosis in dogs of the toxic dosage group.

Conclusions
Duplex Doppler sonography of arcuate artery blood flow impedance, expressed as the resistive index, appears to have poor clinical usefulness as a diagnostic tool in this disorder.

Clinical Relevance
Normal arcuate artery resistive index values obtained in dogs for which aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicosis is suspected do not exclude the disorder. If abnormal arcuate artery resistive index values are obtained for such dogs, further evaluation for nephropathies other than aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxi-cosis may be considered. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1536–1544)
High-speed exercise history and catastrophic racing fracture in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Estberg Leah , Stover Susan M. , Gardner Ian A. , Drake Christiana M. , Johnson Bill , Ardans Alex 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the relation between several racing speed history characteristics and risk of fatal skeletal injury (FSI) in racing Thoroughbreds.

Animals
64 Thoroughbreds euthanatized during a 9-month period in 1991 at a California racemeet because of a catastrophic fracture incurred while racing (cases), identified retrospectively. For each race in which an FSI occurred, 1 control horse was randomly selected from the noncatastrophically injured participants.

Procedure
Racing and officially timed workout histories were obtained for each horse. Several history characteristics were calculated to summarize racing career patterns and high-speed exercise schedules prior to date of injury and included age at first race, proportion of career spent laid up, average duration of laid up periods, average lifetime racing frequency, time from last lay up to date of injury, and total and rate of distance accumulated 1 to 6 months prior to date of injury. History characteristics associated with FSI were screened by paired t-test and studied in detail using conditional logistic regression.

Results
High total and high average daily rates of exercise distance accumulation within a 2-month period were associated with higher risks for FSI during racing, yet career patterns, such as age at first race or total proportion of career spent laid up, were not found to be associated with risk for FSI. A horse that had accumulated a total of 35 furlongs of race and timed-work distance in 2 months, compared with a horse with 25 furlongs accumulated, had an estimated 3.9-fold increase in risk for racing-related FSI (95% confidence interval = 2.1, 7.1). A horse that had accumulated race and timed-work furlongs at an average rate of 0.6 furlong/d within a 2-month period, compared with a horse with an average of 0.5 furlong/d, had an estimated 1.8-fold increase in risk for racing-related FSI (95% confidence interval = 1.4, 2.6).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Thoroughbred racehorses that either accumulate large total highspeed distances or rapidly accumulate high-speed distances within a 2-month period may be at increased risk for FSI during racing. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1549–1555)
Effects of intermittent feed deprivation, intermittent feed deprivation with ranitidine administration, and stall confinement with ad libitum access to hay on gastric ulceration in horses
Authors: Murray Michael J. , Eichorn Evelyn S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the effect of decreasing gastric acidity in a feed-deprivation protocol on induction of gastric ulcers, and to determine whether stall confinement may be a factor contributing to gastric ulceration in horses.

Animals
8 adult horses, 4 geldings and 4 mares, 3 to 8 years old, and 7 adult horses, 5 geldings and 2 mares, 4 to 11 years old.

Procedure
Gastric ulceration was induced in horses by alternating 24-hour periods of feed deprivation and ad libitum access to hay, for a total of 96 hours' feed deprivation. This protocol was repeated with the horses receiving the histamine type-2 receptor (H2) antagonist ranitidine (6.6 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 8 h). In another group of horses, severity of gastric lesions was compared after 7 days’ pasture turnout and 7 days’ stall confinement with ad libitum access to hay. Gastroscopy was performed after each feed-deprivation protocol was completed, and total lesion area in the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa was measured. Gastroscopy was performed at the beginning and end of 7 days’ pasture turnout and 7 days’ stall confinement.

Results
Alternating periods of feed deprivation resulted in erosion and ulceration of the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa of each horse. Concurrent treatment with ranitidine resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) less area of ulceration in the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa. After 7 days’ stall confinement, 6 of 7 horses had ulceration in the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa, and 1 horse had a lesion in the glandular mucosa, whereas after 7 days’ pasture turnout, 2 horses had reddening of the gastric squamous mucosa along the lesser curvature (P < 0.05).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Severe ulceration of the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa, caused by excess acidity, can develop rapidly in horses deprived of feed or not consuming feed. Suppression of gastric acidity with the histamine type-2 receptor antagonist ranitidine effectively minimized the area of ulceration caused by feed deprivation. Compared with being turned out to pasture, stall confinement alone appears to be an important factor in the development of gastric ulcers in horses, probably as a result of altered eating behavior. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1599–1603)
Effect of metoclopramide on fed-state gastric myoelectric and motor activity in dogs
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Solie Thomas N. , Seim Howard B. , Twedt David C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effects of metoclopramide, a putative gastroprokinetic agent, on dogs that had recovered from gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), a disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying.

Animals
6 healthy dogs and 5 dogs after treatment and recovery from GDV.

Procedure
Baseline recordings of gastric electrical and contractile activities were made 8 or 10 days after circumcostal gastropexy and implantation of serosal electrodes and strain-gauge force transducers. Gastric activities were recorded again the next day after treatment with the clinically recommended oral metoclopramide dose (0.3 mg/kg of body weight) administered a half hour before feeding. Recordings were analyzed to determine gastric slow-wave frequency, presence of slow-wave dysrhythmia, slow-wave propagation velocity, coupling of contractions to slow waves, a motility index based on relative contractile amplitudes, and onset of contractions after a standardized meal.

Results
Significant differences in gastric electrical or contractile activities were not detected after metoclopramide treatment in dogs with GDV. Compared with control dogs after metoclopramide treatment, gastric slow-wave propagation velocity was significantly (P = 0.03) faster for the dogs with GDV at postprandial minute 90.

Conclusion
At a clinically recommended dosage, metoclopramide treatment did not change gastric myoelectric and motor activities in a way that would promote increased gastric emptying in dogs with GDV.

Clinical Relevance
Metoclopramide treatment may not benefit dogs with GDV and delayed gastric emptying. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1616–1622)
Effect of omeprazole on sodium and potassium output in pentagastrin-stimulated equine gastric contents
Authors: Merritt A. M. , Burrow J. A. , Horbal M. J. , Madison J. B. , Tran T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To better characterize the source of the large nonparietal secretory response to pentagastrin (PG) expressed in gastric contents of cannulated horses.

Animals
Adult cross-bred horses: 4 geldings and 1 mare.

Procedure
Horses were prepared by surgical insertion of a silastic gastric cannula from which gastric contents after feed was withheld could be continuously collected by gravity drainage. During experiments, the horses were lightly restrained in stocks, the gastric cannula was opened, and a catheter was inserted into a jugular vein. Over the next 5 hours, gastric contents were collected in 15-minute aliquots for which volume, pH, [Na+], and [K+] were measured. During the first hour, treatment was not administered. At the start of the second hour, either 0.5 mg of omeprazole (OME; dissolved in glycerol formal)/kg of body weight, or 0.9% NaCI (PSS) of comparable volume, was given IV at random as a bolus. At the start of the third hour, IV infusion of PG (6 µg/kg/h) was started and continued for the next 2 hours.

Results
The response to PG in the PSS-treated horses was similar to that previously seen-significant decrease in pH and increase in volume of gastric contents, and no change in [K+] and [Na+], but a modest volume-related increase in their respective outputs. After OME treatment, pH of the contents increased sharply and remained between 5 and 6 throughout PG infusion. Sodium concentration significantly increased after OME and virtually paralleled the pH response throughout the rest of the experiment; volume of gastric contents significantly increased in response to PG infusion and resulted in a significant increase in Na output. There was no change in K output in OME-treated animals.

Conclusions
PG induces a marked, nonparietal, secretory response into the gastric contents of cannulated horses. The volume and [Na+] of this response was maintained after pretreatment with OME, although the pH of the contents became basic, indicating that this nonparietal response is not mediated by an OME-sensitive proton pump. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1640–1644)
Experimentally induced Bartonella henselae infections followed by challenge exposure and antimicrobial therapy in cats
Authors: Regnery R. L. , Rooney J. A. , Johnson A. M. , Nesby S. L. , Manzewitsch P. , Beaver K. , Olson J. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To elucidate kinetics of Bartonella henselae bacteremia and IgG response, evaluate antibiotic therapy, and investigate challenge exposure in cats.

Animals
Specific-pathogen-free cats.

Procedure
Cats were inoculated with B henselae or B quintana and monitored. Convalescent cats were challenge exposed with B henselae. Amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline HCI were evaluated for effect on B henselae bacteremia.

Results
Cats developed B henselae bacteremia within 1 week; bacteremia persisted for longer than 2 months before subsiding spontaneously. IgG antibody titer developed shortly after onset of bacteremia; antibody coexisted with bacteremia for several weeks and remained detectable after bacteremia subsided. Cats inoculated with B quintana remained abacteremic. On challenge exposure to B henselae, cats previously infected with B henselae remained abacteremic; cats previously inoculated with B quintana supported B henselae infection. Tetracycline HCI and erythromycin depressed B henselae bacteremia; however, duration of bacteremia remained similar to that in untreated cats. Obvious signs of illness were not observed.

Conclusions
Long-duration, high-titer B henselae infections were highly reproducible in cats. Convalescent cats were immune to reinfection. B quintana-inoculated cats did not have evidence of infection and were susceptible to B henselae challenge exposure. Antibiotic therapy was incompletely efficacious in terminating cat bacteremia.

Clinical Relevance
A cat with an inapparent B henselae infection must provisionally be regarded as a possible reservoir for infection for a minimum of 2 to 3 months. Convalescent cats are resistant to reinfection. Usual antibiotic therapy was not completely efficacious. Measurement of IgG antibody can be used to detect past or current infection. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1714–1719)
Feline ocular epithelial response to growth factors in vitro
Authors: Wong Charissa J. , Peiffer Robert L. , Oglesbee Steve , Osborne Catherine 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the proliferative abilities of growth factors known to participate in wound healing on feline lens, iris pigment, ciliary, and retinal pigment epithelium cultured in vitro.

Animals
8 clinically normal cats.

Procedure
Iris pigment, lens, ciliary, and retinal pigment epithelia of normal eyes of cats were isolated and cultured. Morphologic characteristics of primary cell cultures were studied by light and electron microscopy. Subcultures of epithelial cells were exposed to media supplemented with 0.5% fetal bovine serum plus various combinations of insulin and/or growth factors, including transforming growth factor-α, epidermal growth factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Growth promoting effects were evaluated by counting with an electronic cell counter.

Results
Cells retained many of the morphologic characteristics of in vivo cells. Cell proliferation assays indicated that transforming growth factor-α stimulated lens and ciliary epithelial cell growth, and epidermal growth factor enhanced lens and iris pigment epithelial cell growth. Acidic fibroblast growth factor had proliferative effects on lens, iris pigment, and ciliary epithelium. Basic fibroblast growth factor was the most potent stimulator of all mitogens used, and caused substantial proliferation in all cell types. Insulin alone stimulated lens and ciliary epithelial proliferation but, combined with other growth factors, had a synergistic effect with those causing cell proliferation, except acidic fibroblast growth factor with iris pigment epithelium.

Conclusion
Morphologic studies support the argument that pigment-producing cells are involved in feline ocular sarcoma. Growth factor studies indicated that ciliary epithelium has the most profound proliferative effect of all growth factors used. These data may help guide future studies in determining the cell of origin for feline ocular sarcoma. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1748–1752)
Effects of dietary fumonisin B1-containing culture material, deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat, or their combination on growing barrows
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Edrington Thomas S. , Kubena Leon F. , Elissalde Marcel H. , Casper Howard H. , Rottinghaus George E. , Turk James R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the toxic effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1(-containing culture material and deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated wheat diets on barrows.

Animals
24, 7-week-old crossbred barrows allotted to 4 equal groups of 3 replicates of 2 barrows/replicate.

Procedure
Barrows were fed diets for 28 days that were formulated as follows: no additional FCM or DON/kg of feed (control); 100 mg FB1/kg of feed; 5 mg DON/kg of feed; or 100 mg FB1 plus 5 mg DON/kg of feed. Body weight and feed consumption were monitored weekly. On day 28, blood samples were obtained for serum biochemical, hematologic, and immunologic measurements. On day 29, barrows were euthanatized and necropsies were performed.

Results
Analyzed mycotoxin content of diets were: none detected (control); 47 mg of FB1/kg of feed (FB1 diet); 4.5 mg of DON/kg of feed (DON diet); and 56 mg of FB1 and 3.7 mg of DON/kg of feed (FB1 plus DON diet). Differences were detected among groups of barrows for clinical performance, serum biochemical analytes, immunologic response, and histopathologic lesions.

Conclusions
Combining FB1-containing material and DON-contaminated wheat in the diets of growing barrows induces a more toxic response than that induced by either toxin singly. For many variables, the response could be described as additive; however, for some variables, responses were interactive in a greater-than-additive manner.

Clinical Relevance
Caution should be exercised when formulating swine diets that could contain FB1 and DON, because the condition induced by their combination is more severe than that predicted for each mycotoxin's toxicity. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1790–1794)
Biochemical and site-specific effects of insulin-like growth factor I on intrinsic tenocyte activity in equine flexor tendons
Authors: Murphy David J. , Nixon Alan J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the site-specific and dose-dependent effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on normal equine tendon in vitro.

Samples
Superficial digital flexor tendon explants derived from a euthanatized 3-year-old horse.

Procedure
Explants in culture were treated with 0, 100, 250, or 500 ng of IGF-I/ml for 14 days with an end-stage radiolabel of 20 μCi of [3H]proline/ml or 5 μCi of [3H]thymidine/ml. The tendon tissues were then analyzed biochemically for hydroxyproline content by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, DNA content by fluorometry, and glycosaminoglycan content by the dimethylmethylene blue dye-binding assay. In addition, morphologic analysis of the explants comprised histologic examination, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry.

Results
Hydroxyproline content was significantly increased in explants treated with 100 and 250 ng of IGF-I/ml. Additionally, the collagen synthetic rate, measured by incorporation of [3H]proline into hydroxyproline, was significantly increased for all treatment groups. On the basis of autoradiograms, fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis were predominantly confined to the endcap and adjacent endotenon of the explants. Enhanced immunoreactivity for type-I collagen, compared with type-III collagen, was evident in the treated explants, an observation supported by positive staining for type-I collagen with picrosirius red. Histologically, treated explants contained greater numbers of larger and more metabolically active fibroblasts, compared with untreated controls.

Conclusion
IGF-I enhances collagen synthesis in normal equine flexor tendon in a dose-dependent manner. IGF-I also exerts its primary effect on cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in the epitenon and adjacent endotenon and accompanying perivascular connective tissues, consistent with enhancement of intrinsic tendon metabolism.

Clinical Relevance
IGF-I may have a potential role in the treatment of tendinitis in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:103–109)
Deficiencies of myocardial troponin-T and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme in dogs with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: O'Brien Peter James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To test the hypothesis that the derangement of myocardial energy homeostasis characteristic of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) of Doberman Pinschers was attributable to deficiency of creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB relative to CK isoenzyme MM and troponin-T (Tn-T).

Animals
9 Doberman Pinschers with advanced congestive heart failure attributable to IDCM and 9 mixed-breed dogs without cardiac disease (controls).

Procedure
Myocardial myofibrillar CK-MM, mitochondrial CK, and cytosolic CK-MB activities were determined in comparison with the concentration of cardiac-specific, myofibrillar protein Tn-T. Myocardial biopsy specimens were obtained after euthanasia and were ultrafrozen. Isoenzymes of CK were separated eloctrophoretically, and their activity was determined, using a coupled-enzyme, kinetic, fluorescent assay and densitometry. Troponin-T content was determined by immunoassay.

Results
Myofibrillar CK-MM and mitochondrial CK activities and Tn-T content were 25% lower in the dogs with IDCM than in controls, whereas cytosolic CK-MB activity was 50% lower.

Conclusion
Deficiency of CK-MB activity is a component of and may have a central role in the energy deficiency characteristic of failing myocardium in IDCM of Doberman Pinschers. A side-product of this study was the observation that, in dogs, CK-MB activity and Tn-T content of myocardium are sufficiently high to be candidate serum markers for active cardiac injury. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:11–16)