bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of New Hexosaminyl D‐ and L‐chiro‐Inositols Related to Putative Insulin Mediators
Authors: Cid M. Belén , Bonilla Julia B. , Alfonso Francisco , Martín‐Lomas Manuel 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe have developed an efficient synthetic strategy to HexNH2‐α(1⇄3)‐L‐chiro‐inositol (XII−XIII) and HexNH2‐α(1⇄2)‐D‐chiro‐inositol (XIV−XV) based on the regio and stereoselective glycosylation of tetrabenzoyl‐L‐chiro‐inositol 2 and tetrabenzyl‐D‐chiro‐inositol 14. Compounds XII−XV may constitute the central structural motifs of inositolphosphoglycans, which have been proposed as putative insulin mediators, and their syntheses have been designed on the basis of biosynthetic considerations. The syntheses of XII−XIII and XIV−XV involve the selective monoglycosylation of an L‐chiro inositol diequatorial diol system (2) and a D‐chiro inositol axial/equatorial diol system (14), respectively. To establish the experimental conditions to achieve the best reactivity−selectivity balance, the glycosylation reactions were studied using D‐gluco‐ and D‐galacto‐configured 2‐azido‐2‐deoxytrichloacetimidate glycosyl donors with different reactivities. The results obtained provide a practical synthetic route and new reactivity−selectivity data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Efficient Preparation of Three Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Fragments: Towards the Combinatorial Synthesis of Oligosaccharides from Hypervariable Regions
Authors: Gavard Ollivier , Hersant Yaël , Alais Jocelyne , Duverger Véronique , Dilhas Anna , Bascou Alison , Bonnaffé David 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNew, multigram routes to suitably protected L‐iduronyl monosaccharide donors 4 and 5 and 2‐azidoglucose acceptors 6 and 7 are described. The L‐iduronyl and D‐glucuronyl disaccharides 1−3 were then prepared from these compounds, by means of efficient and regioselective protective group manipulations. These disaccharides form the basis of a combinatorial approach toward the synthesis of heparan sulfate fragments representative of the heterogeneous regions of this polysaccharide. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)Introduction
Dimethylzinc‐Promoted Vinylation of Nitrones with Vinylboronic Esters of Pinacol: A New Route toN‐Allylic Hydroxylamines
Authors: Pandya Shashi U. , Pinet Sandra , Chavant Pierre Y. , Vallée Yannick 
Published: September 2003

AbstractActivation of vinylboronic esters of pinacol (alkenyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolanes) with dimethylzinc allows nucleophilic addition of the vinyl group onto nitrones, producingN‐allylic hydroxylamines in excellent yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis and Conformational Studies of Methylated, Highly Branched Fluoroolefins: Gear‐Meshed Conformational Isomers
Authors: Nishida Masakazu , Fukaya Haruhiko , Ono Taizo 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMethylated, highly branched fluoroolefins were prepared by treatment of hexafluoropropene trimers with CH3Li and CH3MgBr. Their structures, which included some rotational isomers, were determined by NMR and GC‐MS and were further confirmed by B3LYP‐GIAO calculation of NMR shieldings. Of the seven methylated fluoroolefins isolated in pure states, three were shown to be mixtures of pairs of conformational isomers. The methylated fluoroolefins containing two bulky geminal substituents such as (CF3)2CF and (CF3)2CCH3 showed gear‐meshed conformations in which the two bulky substituents were conformationally locked. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of β‐D‐Galp‐(1⇄4)‐β‐D‐GlcpNAc‐(1⇄2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1⇄O)(CH2)7CH3 Mimics to Explore the Substrate Specificity of Sialyltransferases and trans‐Sialidases
Authors: Joosten John A. F. , Evers Britta , Summeren Ruben P. van , Kamerling Johannis P. , Vliegenthart Johannes F. G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractEleven trisaccharide octyl glycosides related to the N‐glycan sequence β‐D‐Galp‐(1⇄4)‐β‐D‐GlcpNAc‐(1⇄2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1⇄O)(CH2)7CH3 (1) designed for detailed exploration of the acceptor specificity of α‐2,3‐ and α‐2,6‐sialyltransferases as well as trans‐sialidases, have been synthesised: β‐D‐Galp‐(1⇄4)‐β‐D‐GlcpNPr‐(1⇄2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1⇄O)(CH2)7CH3 (2), β‐D‐Fucp‐(1⇄4)‐β‐D‐GlcpNR‐(1⇄2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1⇄O)(CH2)7CH3 (3, R = Ac; 4, R = Pr), 6‐amino‐6‐deoxy‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1⇄4)‐β‐D‐GlcpNR‐(1⇄2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1⇄O)(CH2)7CH3 (5, R = Ac; 6, R = Pr), 2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1⇄4)‐β‐D‐GlcpNR‐(1⇄2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1⇄O)(CH2)7CH3 (7, R = Ac; 8, R = Pr), βD‐GalpNR1‐(1⇄4)‐β‐D‐GlcpNR‐(1⇄2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1⇄O)(CH2)7CH3 (9, R = R1 = Ac; 10, R = R1 = Pr; 11, R = Ac, R1 = Pr; 12, R = Pr, R1 = Ac). All trisaccharides were obtained by condensation of suitably modified glycosyl donors based on imidates or thioglycosides with the single disaccharide acceptor octyl (3,6‐di‐O‐benzyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐β‐Dglucopyranosyl)‐(1⇄2)‐3,4,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside, followed by deprotection. For the trisaccharides containing an N‐acylated glucosamine as well as an N‐acylated galactosamine unit, use was made of a combination of N‐phthaloyl and N‐dimethylmaleoyl protection. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Processing of composite industrial effluent by reverse osmosis
Authors: Sridhar Sundergopal , Prasad K Krishna , Murthy G Suryanarayana , Rao A Gangagni , Khan Asad Ali 
Published: September 2003

AbstractReverse osmosis (RO) is a well‐established process for water desalination and effluent treatment and it is anticipated that its application could be extended to complex mixtures of industrial effluents. Pilot‐scale experiments using a spiral‐wound thin‐film composite (TFC) polyamide membrane were carried out to investigate the potential of RO for processing a composite effluent, which was a mixture of various wastewaters from bulk drug and pharmaceutical factories. Separation performance was evaluated at various feed pressures (0–70 bar) and feed concentrations (2–30 gdm−3), and was found to improve with increasing pressure. High rejection of dissolved solids (∼98%), COD, BOD and almost complete removal of color were achieved with reasonable flux rates and water recovery. The effect of concentration polarization and fouling on flux and rejection rates as functions of time was evaluated. An approximate cost estimate for an aerobic process vis‐à‐vis a RO membrane process for treatment of the composite effluent is presented. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of cadmium from dilute aqueous solutions with a rotating cylinder electrode of expanded metal
Authors: Grau Javier M , Bisang José M 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe removal of cadmium from dilute solutions using a continuous undivided electrochemical reactor with a rotating cylinder cathode of expanded metal is analysed. The effects of cathodic applied potential, size and orientation of expanded metal meshes and inlet cadmium concentration were ascertained. The results show that cadmium can be removed from dilute solutions (inlet concentration range 5–50 mg dm−3) with a high fractional conversion of between 35 and 40% depending on the operating conditions. Thus a minimal residual cadmium concentration of 3 mg dm−3 was achieved. The specific energy consumption increases from 0.6 to 2 kWh mol−1 as the cadmium concentration decreases. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Anaerobic degradation of polyethylene glycol mixtures
Authors: Otal Emilia , Lebrato Julian 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAnaerobic treatment of polyethylene glycol may represent an alternative to integrated chemical–biological treatment for the elimination of polyethylene glycol. Anaerobic biodegradation of synthetic waters are made with a mix of polyethylene glycol of molecular weights 400, 600 and 1000 and another made with polyethylene glycol of molecular weights 1500, 3000 and 10 000, was studied using an inoculum adapted to polyethylene glycol 10 000. The critical and minimum retention times were estimated and ranged from 13.2 to 14 and from 18 to 20 days, respectively. Under these operational conditions, the removal percentage ranged from 85 to 90%. Thus, anaerobic degradation of synthetic water containing polyethylene glycol produces removal percentages and hydraulic retention times similar to those of biodegradable wastewater tested at the same operational conditions. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
RDX biodegradation column study: influence of ubiquitous electron acceptors on anaerobic biotransformation of RDX
Authors: Wani Altaf H , Davis Jeffrey L 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA series of column studies, with aquifer material from the former Nebraska Ordinance Plant (NOP), were performed to explore the phenomenon of electron competition from ubiquitous inorganic electron acceptors (nitrate and sulfate) present in contaminated groundwater. Acetate was used as a source of readily biodegradable carbon in all of the treatment‐column systems. Influent hexahydro‐1, 3, 5‐trinitro‐1, 3, 5‐triazine (RDX) concentrations (1–1.8 mg dm−3) were completely removed to below detection levels of 20 µg dm−3 in all treatment‐column systems without any nitroso‐metabolites. In the control‐column system (with no carbon amendment) significant levels (∼30% of the inlet molar RDX) of nitroso‐substituted RDX derivates were observed in the effluent stream. The estimated first‐order biodegradation rate coefficient for RDX was highest (0.79 h−1) in the treatment‐column system where acetate was the only amendment, about 52 times higher than the rate coefficient (0.015 h−1) obtained in the control‐column system. The presence of sulfate (100 mg dm−3) in influent groundwater temporarily delayed the onset of RDX biotransformation without any adverse effects on overall RDX biotransformation. Coexistence of low (100 mg dm−3) nitrate levels in the influent feed water reduced the first‐order biodegradation rate coefficient obtained in the absence of nitrate by about 80% to 0.16 h−1. These nitrate levels, however, were low to halt the RDX biodegradation probably because the available carbon levels were high enough to exceed the demands for nitrate reduction. High levels of nitrate (500 mg dm−3) initially halted RDX removal, and significantly reduced the rate of RDX biotransformation by about 98% to 0.02 h−1, thereby increasing the half‐life from 0.9 h in the absence of nitrate to about 32 h, with noticeable levels of untreated RDX in the effluent stream. Contrary to the expectations, the presence of ammonium in conjunction with acetate resulted in a lower (0.09 h−1) biodegradation rate coefficient as compared with the one obtained in the absence of ammonium. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Minimally invasive surgery for small breast cancer
Authors: Noguchi Masakuni 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackground and MethodsSo‐called minimally invasive techniques make percutaneous eradication of breast tumors possible, thus leading to breast‐conserving treatment (BCT) without surgery. This paper reviews and discusses the feasibility of minimally invasive techniques for breast cancer.ResultsAlthough a wide variety of ablation techniques have been investigated for the treatment of primary breast cancer, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) remains one of the most promising and potentially useful tools. RFA therapy results in effective cell killing in a predictable volume of tissue with a low complication rate. On the other hand, ultrasonography is useful for guiding the needle within the tumor but cannot predict the extent of thermal ablation accurately. Early post‐procedural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be useful for assessing whether complete tumor ablation has been achieved by RFA. Whether adequate ablation of the tumor has been achieved can be confirmed by extensive core needle sampling of the treated area. However, validation of the margin status is also important and this needs to be tackled in further studies.ConclusionsThere are many problems that remain before RFA therapy can be considered for conventional treatment. Further studies are needed to determine whether the use of RFA alone for local treatment of primary breast cancer will result in local recurrence and survival rates equivalent to those seen with BCT. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;84:94–101. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of HER2 overexpression in metastatic malignant melanoma
Authors: Inman J. Lucas , Kute Tim , White Wain , Pettenati Mark , Levine Edward A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCurrently available systemic therapies for malignant melanoma produce low response rates in patients, and more effective treatment modalities are clearly needed. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®), the antibody to the HER2 oncoprotein, has had a significant impact on therapy for patients with HER2‐overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. This study examined the incidences of HER2 protein overexpression and HER2 gene amplification in metastatic malignant melanoma, which remain unclear in the literature.MethodsThe study evaluated patients with stage III and stage IV malignant melanoma who were treated between 1983 and 1999. Tissue blocks were retrieved and reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. From the 101 cases identified, 49 (31 stage III and 18 stage IV) had sufficient residual tumor sample to enable an assay to be performed. The blocks were tested for HER2 overexpression using the DAKO HercepTest™ immunohistochemical (IHC) assay. Any sample that tested 1+ or greater for HER2 expression on IHC and a randomly selected subset of HER2‐negative samples were tested for the presence of HER2 gene amplification using the Vysis PathVysion™ fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay.ResultsThe median age of the 49 selected patients was 52.2 years, and the male‐to‐female ratio was 1.23:1 (27 men to 22 women). All of the 49 cases of malignant melanoma were negative for HER2 overexpression by IHC. However, two samples (3%) were found to have a weak level of HER2 expression (1+ level of staining). Subsequent FISH results on the samples that were 1+ on IHC were negative for HER2 gene amplification. FISH results on 21 other randomly selected IHC‐negative samples were also negative for HER2 amplification. Flow cytometry failed to show HER2 overexpression in two melanoma cell lines, and treatment of these cells with trastuzumab did not affect their proliferation rate.ConclusionsWe found a low incidence of HER2 expression and no evidence of HER2 protein overexpression or HER2 gene amplification in metastatic malignant melanoma tissues. Therefore, routine testing for HER2 overexpression or HER2 amplification would not be of benefit in this patient population. These results also imply that anti‐HER2 therapy with trastuzumab is highly unlikely to provide benefit for patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;84:82–88. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periodic solutions of two‐patches predator‐prey dispersion models with continuous delays
Authors: Zhang Zhengqiu , Wang Zhicheng 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBy using the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory, the existence of a positive periodic solution for the two‐patches predator‐prey dispersion models with continuous delays is established. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pharmacological inhibition of FGF receptor signaling inhibits LNCaP prostate tumor growth, promatrilysin, and PSA expression
Authors: Udayakumar Thirupandiyur S. , Bair Elisabeth L. , Nagle Raymond B. , Bowden G. Timothy 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPreviously we have shown that the matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin (MMP‐7) is overexpressed in human prostate cancers compared with normal epithelium. However, the mechanism for this overexpression is not understood. Human prostate fibroblasts have been shown to express certain fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), including FGF‐1. Evidence from our laboratory and others has indicated that FGFs can regulate the expression of certain matrix metalloproteinases, including matrilysin. The goal of this study was to determine whether pharmacological inhibition of FGFR signaling would alter LNCaP tumor growth as well as expression of promatrilysin when LNCaP cells were co‐injected subcutaneously with human prostate fibroblasts into athymic nude mice. For these inhibitor studies, AG1‐X2 beads were coated with the pharmacological FGFR inhibitor SU5402 and were co‐injected along with LNCaP and human prostate fibroblast cells (PF). Mice injected with LNCaP/PF and LNCaP/PF/beads alone demonstrated significant tumor growth, whereas mice injected with LNCaP/PF/SU5402‐coated beads showed a significant decrease in tumor volume and weight. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that significant promatrilysin expression in tumors was inhibited by the FGFR inhibitor SU5402. Serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and promatrilysin levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The mice injected with LNCaP/PF and LNCaP/PF/beads expressed promatrilysin and serum PSA levels that were inhibited by co‐injecting with SU5402. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of FGF receptor signaling results in a decrease in the growth of LNCaP tumors generated subcutaneously by co‐injecting LNCaP cells and human prostate fibroblasts. The inhibition in tumor growth was correlated with a decrease in tumor promatrilysin expression and a decrease in serum promatrilysin and PSA. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel consensus DNA‐binding sequence for BRCA1 protein complexes
Authors: Cable P. LouAnn , Wilson Cindy A. , Calzone Frank J. , Rauscher Frank J. , Scully Ralph , Livingston David M. , Li Leping , Blackwell Courtney B. , Futreal P. Andrew , Afshari Cynthia A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIncreasing evidence continues to emerge supporting the early hypothesis that BRCA1 might be involved in transcriptional processes. BRCA1 physically associates with more than 15 different proteins involved in transcription and is paradoxically involved in both transcriptional activation and repression. However, the underlying mechanism by which BRCA1 affects the gene expression of various genes remains speculative. In this study, we provide evidence that BRCA1 protein complexes interact with specific DNA sequences. We provide data showing that the upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) physically associates with BRCA1 and is a component of this DNA‐binding complex. Interestingly, these DNA‐binding complexes are downregulated in breast cancer cell lines containing wild‐type BRCA1, providing a critical link between modulations of BRCA1 function in sporadic breast cancers that do not involve germline BRCA1 mutations. The functional specificity of BRCA1 tumor suppression for breast and ovarian tissues is supported by our experiments, which demonstrate that BRCA1 DNA‐binding complexes are modulated by serum and estrogen. Finally, functional analysis indicates that missense mutations in BRCA1 that lead to subsequent cancer susceptibility may result in improper gene activation. In summary, these findings establish a role for endogenous BRCA1 protein complexes in transcription via a defined DNA‐binding sequence and indicate that one function of BRCA1 is to co‐regulate the expression of genes involved in various cellular processes. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.†
The DIRECTIONS nonprofit resource assessment model: A tool for small nonprofit organizations
Authors: Zimmermann Jo An M. , Stevens Bonnie W. , Thames Brenda J. , Sieverdes Christopher M. , Powell Gwynn M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRapid growth in the number of nonprofits has created a shortage of trained staff and experienced volunteer
leadership for nonprofit organizations. The Nonprofit Education Initiative (NEI) in South Carolina
developed the DIRECTIONS nonprofit resource assessment model to provide tools to help nonprofits better meet the
challenges facing our communities—tools that will help nonprofits develop effective plans, integrate
resources, diversify revenue, communicate effective messages, and motivate constituents. These tools are also
inexpensive and available close to home.The research and development process was a cooperative effort between the Department of Parks, Recreation, and
Tourism Management and Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service, with funding from the W. K. Kellogg
Foundation. Cooperative Extension is a component of the land grant university system, the largest educational
delivery system in the world. Cooperative Extension's role is to plan, execute, deliver, and evaluate learning
programs consistent with locally identified needs. It helps people acquire the understanding, capabilities,
attitudes, and skills essential to solving farm, home, and community problems. This article gives a background of
the challenges facing nonprofit organizations in South Carolina, the steps taken to develop this new assessment
model, and results of research conducted throughout the development process.
Development of a disease specific questionnaire to supplement a generic tool for QoL in colorectal cancer
Authors: Davidson‐Homewood J. , Norman A. , Küchler T. , Cunningham D. , Watson M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe need for disease‐specific quality of life measures is highlighted in the literature. The psychometric properties of a supplementary disease‐specific quality of life questionnaire developed for use with a generic Quality of Life tool in colorectal cancer patients are explored. Originally developed and tested in a German sample, the English translation was tested on a cohort of UK colorectal cancer patients. Relevance and acceptability was previously established in Germany. A rigorous factor analysis ascertained the underlying structure of two factors with a number of single items that were retained as clinically important symptom indicators.In considering validity, four conditions were assessed: Reliability using Cronbach's alpha; Construct validity by comparing patient subgroups; Clinical Validity, by testing the hypothesis that some patient subgroups experience worse quality of life; Construct Reliability using second order factor analysis with the EORTC QOLQ‐C30 scales, confirming that the factors retained provide an excellent measure of physical discomfort and a good measure of physical well being.Two other such questionnaires were developed in parallel with this one and reported in the literature (FACT‐C and QOLQ‐CR38). However, this questionnaire provides a useful alternative tool for use in clinical trials of colorectal cancer treatments alongside a core QoL questionnaire especially when brevity is an important consideration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The bold legacy of Emil Fischer
Authors: Goodman Murray , Cai Weibo , Smith Nicole D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA century has passed since Emil Fischer won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. From his first synthesis of glycyl‐glycine in 1901 he has been a luminary to peptide chemists over the past 100 years. In this paper, a brief summary of some of the major accomplishments in peptide chemistry will be covered followed by a description of several of our own endeavours in peptide chemistry which arose from the discoveries of the giants of our field. We will include the development of a novel activating agent (DEPBT), the synthesis of a novel building block, α‐methyl‐D‐cysteine, its incorporation into biologically active opioids, and conclude with the synthesis of dendritic collagen mimetics. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.