bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Arab Christians: From the Eastern Question to the Recent Political Situation of the Minorities
Authors: Maïla Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few years we have seen a renewal of interest in the study of Arab Christianity, and such an interest was undoubtedly due to a large number of reasons, linked both to recent political events and to an increase in specialized academic research on the Middle East and its problems.As far as recent events are concerned, a few of them have obviously cast Arab Christianity in a bad light. The first of these is the Lebanese War, a conflict with strong religious overtones. Since the early 1970s, attention has been drawn to the involvement of Lebanese Christians, mainly Maronites, grouped together in political parties or in militias, in a succession of clashes and acts of violence which were to mark the country for over fifteen years. Once the beacon of Arab Christianity and a place where Christians have traditionally held leading political positions, this country was to meet a tragic destiny, which was to have a considerable effect on the situation of Christians and their position within the national community. Similarly a lesser known war, in southern Sudan, is a fleeting reminder of the tragic fate met by the non-Arab Christian population of this Arab country. The emergence of Islam has also drawn attention to the new climate which has begun to form in several countries. More specifically, the harassment frequently suffered by the Egyptian Copts, particularly in Northern Egypt, underlines the difficult situation of this community, which has been an integral part of the country for almost two thousand years.
The Membership of SGI-USA
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE membership of Soka Gakkai has undergone considerable change during its nearly four decades in America. In this chapter, we present a demographic profile of the membership based on the 1997 survey, comparing this profile with earlier reports on the religion as well as with data on Soka Gakkai in Great Britain. Together they tell a dramatic story of the changing face of Soka Gakkai in the United States. At the time of its foundation, the membership of SGI - USA was almost exclusively Japanese. Today, Japanese members are in the minority. In both the United States and Great Britain, SGI is overwhelmingly composed of new-class Baby Boomers.
Values and Conversions: The Question of Demand
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHILE clearly significant, supply-side conditions do not alone account for patterns of religious change. Shifts in the demands made by the religious public are also an important part of the story. Though frequently treated in the literature on new religions, there remains debate over how best to understand the appeal of new religions, especially those of Eastern origin, to people raised in Western religious traditions.
Participation and Representation
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was seen in Chapter 2 that there had been a striking rise in the skill levels of the workforce and that this was associated with an increase in the discretion that people could exercise in the work process. But were such developments accompanied by an increase in the level of participation in wider organizational decision-making? In the literature, there are highly diverse scenarios of the likely trends. Some have depicted the growth of participation as a necessary consequence of changes in skill and forms of technology; others have argued that there has been a reassertion of traditional managerial prerogatives, in which the influence of employees has been heavily cut back.
Labour Cost and Performance
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main focus of previous chapters has been on how employees experienced the workplace changes taking place in the 1980s and early 1990s. But what are the implications for the performance of organizations? Do the significant changes which have been identified in previous chapters also result in reductions in labour costs or increases in employees’ productive performance? Answering these questions will bring two additional dimensions to the findings. First, it will extend our view of the consequences of change in a more behavioural sense. Second, it will suggest how far the changes taking place are propelled by their contribution to the profitability or efficiency of organizations.
Employment, Careers, and Families: The Significance of Choice and Constraint in Women’s Lives
Authors: Harris Rosemary Crompton ,Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, it was emphasized that the complexity of the processes structuring gender relations and gender systems, and the divisions of labour associated with them, mean that it is important to take a position of theoretical and methodological pluralism. As Folbre (1994: 4) has argued, we need to develop an approach that ’emphasizes choice and constraint, co-operation and conflict, individual and group dynamics’.
The Problem of National Identity: Ancient, Medieval and Modern?*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To grasp the similarities and differences between modern and pre-modern collective cultural identities, we need to move beyond the dominant paradigms of perennialism and modernism and their conflicting passions and, aided by clear working definitions of key terms in the field, construct ideal types of ethnicity and nationality. This procedure allows us to assess evid¬ence from a number of examples of collective identities in both the anci¬ent and medieval worlds, independently of the dominant assumptions. The resulting picture reveals that, while national identity is mainly a modern phenomenon, pre-modern ethnic communities and identities are wide¬ spread and processes of national formation and representation are found in all epochs. Though the ‘empirical’ approach has its problems, it is more sensitive to historical context and nuance, and conveys a fuller picture, than the dominant perspectives in the field today.
Ethnic Nationalism and the Plight of Minorities*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethnic nationalism is one of the main causes of the present plight of minorities and the increasing flow of refugees around the world. This kind of nationalism emerges from demotic ‘vertical’ ethnies which are forged by intelligentsias into ethnic nations through vernacular mobilization of the masses. By redefining, re-educating and regenerating the ethnie and its mem¬bers, ethnic nationalists politicize its culture and are drawn into purifying the community of ‘alien’ elements, which in turn may lead to the expulsion and even the extermination of minorities, the ‘outsider within’. Only by some attenuation of ethnic nationalism, can minorities be protected.
Causation, Statistics, and Sociology
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN A PAPER of great insight, though sadly posthumous, Bernert (1983) noted a long-standing uncertainty among sociologists in regard to the concept of causation and its use in their work. ‘Uncritical adulation’ in the later nineteenth century gave way to ‘complete rejection’ in the early twentieth, followed in turn, in the years after the Second World War, by ‘pragmatic utilization’—a position that, one might add, has itself been subject to rising criticism in the period since Bernert’s review. These vicissitudes in the ‘career of a concept’ have to be understood, as Bernert shows, in the context not only of the development of sociology itself but of larger scientific and philosophical debates. In this chapter I seek, much in the spirit of Bernert’s contribution, to draw attention to some results of statisticians being increasingly involved in such debates, and further to consider the reception in, and potential for, sociology of the new understandings of causation that have thus emerged.
Kinship and friendship: attitudes and behaviour in Britain, 1986-1995
Authors: McGlone Francis , Park Alison , Roberts Ceridwen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family is seldom out of the news. Politicians, journalists, and interest groups all discuss, in various ways, the structural changes that families are experiencing and their likely social consequences. Yet, what is often missing from this debate is attention to wider kin. The ‘family’ most commonly under the microscope is the nuclear family, with its two parents (or, increasingly, one parent) and dependent children, and not the extended family. Grandparents, siblings, uncles, aunts, and cousins are hardly ever mentioned.
Becoming a single mother
Authors: Berthoud Richard , McKay Stephen , Rowlingson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last three decades in Britain there has been a rapid growth in the number of lone-parent families (Raskey 1994a). In 1971, there were about 570,000 lone parents; ten years later, this number had grown steadily to about 900,000. The rate of growth slowed slightly over the next few years, only to pass the one million mark by 1986. The rate of growth then picked up again to reach more than 1.5 million by 1995 (Raskey 1998b). Such families are often discussed as though they are all identical. There are, in fact, several different types of lone-parent family, although most are headed by the children’s mother, with only about one in ten headed by a lone father. Until the early 1990s, the largest group of lone-parent families included women who had children while married and subsequently separated or divorced.
Characteristics Of UK International Joint Ventures with Triad and Non-Triad Partners
Authors: Glaister Keith , husan Rumy , Buckley peter j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the current highly competitive global environment, the international joint venture (IJV) has emerged as an important strategic alternative for many firms. IJVs enable partner firms to combine complementary capabilities and resources in order to enhance their competencies and so more effectively compete across world markets (Contractor and Lorange, 1988; Hamel, 1991; Glaister, 1996). IJVs have attracted a good deal of attention from both practising managers and a variety of academic researchers who have examined the core dimensions of IJV activity in terms of motives for IJV formation, partner selection criteria, issues in IJV management, and control and IJV performance (Parkhe, 1993).
The Theory of the Flagship Firm
Authors: Rugman Alan M , D’cruz joseph r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today the competitive strategies of MNEs are determined by a complex web of factors at regional, country, industry, firm, business unit, and organizational task level. To cut through this dense jungle of potential cognitive and motivational factors affecting managerial decision-making in MNEs it will be useful to build upon a recent synthesis of work on the theory of the MNE and its interactions with key partners. This is the ‘five partners’ or ‘flagship’ model of business networks, as developed by D’Cruz and Rugman (1992, 1993). The five partners model has been applied to analysis of the Canadian telecommunications industry by D’Cruz and Rugman (1994a) and to the European
The Firm as Differentiator and Integrator of Networks:Layered Communities of Practice and Discourse
Authors: Loveridge Raay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In much recent analysis of strategic management the firm is portrayed as a possessor of a unique capability to create added value or quasi-rent. Usually this is seen as relating to an ability to differentiate its products or to innovate rapidly in either product or process. More generally the firm is seen as providing a least-cost location for knowledge creation and transformation: a managerial ability to bring about this condition, through a fusion of existing competencies with those of other organizations in the value chain, is regarded by some observers as itself providing the capability that creates competitive advantage.
International Joint Venture Instability and Corporate Strategy
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey j. , p.koza Mrtchell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of adopting international joint venture (IJV) longevity and stability as performance indicators is very well established. Since the literature’s inception, this approach has been followed in conceptual work, descriptive studies, and fieldwork, and continues to be employed by scholars studying cross-border collaboration (e.g. Beamish, 1985; Brown, Rugman, and Verbeke, 1989; Dymsza, 1988; Franko, 1971; Killing, 1983; Li and Guisinger, 1991). In part, this tradition reflects the literature’s focus on IJV formation issues, theoretical diversity, and continued fragmentation. These factors have impeded the development of an overarching typology to classify heterogeneous alliances, to investigate their evolution and effectiveness, and to link specialized streams of research (Doz, 1996; Oliver, 1990; Osborn and Hagedoorn, 1997; Parkhe, 1993a; Smith, Carroll, and Ashford, 1995).
The ‘Architecture’ of Careers: How Career Competencies Reveal Firm Dominant Logic in Professional Services
Authors: Jones Candace , Lichtenstein Benyamin M Bergmann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Careers are the process by which ‘information and knowledge embodied in skills, expertise, and relationship networks are acquired through an evolving sequence of work experiences’ (Bird 1994: 326). In this way, the careers of key firm members, especially partners in small to mid-size professional service firms (PSFs) and other knowledge-based industries, are the means by which a firm accumulates and develops its capabilities: a set of differentiated skills, complex routines, and complementary assets (Teece et al. 1997). The possession of capabilities that are difficult to imitate, substitute, or replicate is seen as an important source of competitive advantage (Barney 1991; Collis 1994). Yet, few studies have examined empirically the strategies for and processes by which firms gain and develop these capabilities.
Human Capital, Social Capital, and Collective Intelligence
Authors: Brown Phillip , Lauder Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A SIGNIFICANT feature of the late twentieth century is the heightened importance attached to human capital. Globalization, technological innovation, and the increased demand for ‘knowledge’ workers are typically cited to explain why the wealth of nations now depends on the quality of their human resources. Reich (1991), for example, argues that in a global labour market income from employment will reflect the ‘true’ market value of labour; this, he suggests, explains the dramatic shift in the incomes of different categories of workers.
Demand Uncertainty and Asset Flexibility: Incorporating Strategic Options in the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Sanchez Ron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the pioneering paper on the theory of the firm by Ronald Coase (1937), managerial decision making has been the focus of analyses seeking to answer the two closely intertwined questions of economic organization: ‘Why do firms exist?’ and ‘What determines the boundaries of firms?’ Like most theorizing about complex phenomena, theorizing about the existence and boundaries of firms has sought to develop insights into these questions by examining in depth certain aspects of managerial decision making, while making some fairly strong simplifying assumptions about other aspects of managerial decision making in an effort to reduce the complexity and facilitate analysis of the problem.
The Market Paradigm and the Future of Religious Organizations
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a manner that is at once extraordinarily clear and eminently readable, Rodney Stark has set out in stages a compelling argument about the birth, development, and decline of religion. He has, to be sure, enjoyed the assistance of others along the way, mainly persons who began their collaborations as his students or colleagues and concluded as his co-authors. Chief among these collaborations has been The Future of Religion with William Sims Bainbridge1 and The Churching of America, 1776-1990 with Roger Finke,2 but Stark’s work since his own graduate student days, and especially since the 1970s, has exhibited a systematic development that puts him in the front ranks of sociologists of religion.
The Appeal of Buddhism in America
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of separation of church and state allows the American religious marketplace great flexibility. New religions can move in with relative ease and compete with well-established religions as well as other new religions. One new religion that appears to have achieved organizational stability is Soka Gakkai International (SGI). Having conducted a survey of American members of SGI during 1997, we offer here a glimpse of some of our findings. They bear on the appeal Buddhism may have for Americans.
Conscience and the Establishment Clause
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now it seems reasonably clear that what the Free Exercise Clause protects is increasingly understood to refer not just to religion but to conscience; and that this enlarged understanding of free exercise was compelled once the Courts rejected the belief-action distinction, thus requiring the law to differentiate between actions that are secularly motivated from actions reflecting true conviction, whether articulated in religious language or not.
Introduction
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optical phenomena are directly connected to wave phenomena, which are known for many kinds of radiation. Elsasser (1936) first suggested that the motion of neutrons would be determined by quantum mechanics, shortly after the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick (1932). His suggestion that as waves they would be diffracted by crystalline matter was soon verified experimentally by Halban and Preiswerk (1936) and by Mitchell and Powers (1936). The diffraction and scattering of thermal neutrons (E ∼ kT) having a de Broglie wavelength comparable to the interatomic spacings of atoms in solids has become one of the most powerful modern techniques in the study of the dynamic and static structure of condensed matter. The word ‘optics’, when applied to the propagation of neutron radiation and its modifications by various potentials or fields of force and by material objects, is by no means used here metaphorically. The extremely close mathematical analogies between the propagation of light as described by Maxwell’s equations and the propagation of low-energy neutrons as described by the Schrödinger equation suggests that most phenomena occurring for light will have their analogues in neutron optics.
Coherence properties
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coherence phenomena play an important role in any kind of interferometry (Gabor 1956; Glauber 1963; Mandel and Wolf 1965, 1995; Born and Wolf 1975; Walls and Milburn 1994; Mandel and Wolf 1995). In this chapter we summarize some known results, add some new ones obtained with neutrons, and analyse them in terms of general quantum optics, which can be applied to photon and matter waves as well. Indeed, neutrons have many well-known particle properties, but in interference experiments they behave like wave fields, which provides the connection to the quantum optical terminology. Coherence appears as a system property (neutron + apparatus) which persists as long as it does not become destroyed by statistical or dissipative effects.
Forthcoming and more speculative experiments
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we discuss some interferometric measurements which are intended to prove or disprove alternative theories and to search for extremely small effects where only upper limits can be given. A general discussion on neutron optical searches for violations of quantum mechanics has been given by Klein (1988). There are also experiments described which have not yet been done. Thus, the search for speculative effects does not mean that no measurable effects can ever be found. On the contrary some of the described phenomena are already under investigation and a positive outcome can be expected (e.g. those described in Section 8.8 (spin-rotation coupling) or those in Section 8.11 (confinement-related phase shifts)).
Recursion theory
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel , Pelletier Donald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recursive functions are certain functions from NP ( a Cartesian power of the set of natural numbers) into N. They are functions that can, intuitively speaking, be effectively computed or, if one prefers, those whose values can be calculated by some algorithm or some machine. One should note that we are considering here only the theoretical possibility of a mechanical calculation ( the actual calculation may well require far too much time to be reasonably undertaken).
Hot Electrons And Related Phenomena: A Brief History
Authors: Ridley B K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrons pick up energy from the applied electric field or the applied photon field and dissipate that energy by emitting phonons or exciting other electrons, or, rarely, by emitting photons. When the average energy of the electrons is much larger than the average energy determined by the thermal reservoir we speak of hot electrons. All properties that depend upon electron energy, such as mobility and diffusion, are therefore affected. The increase in energy of an electron in the presence of an electric field is heavily influenced by the scattering mechanisms and, since these are dependent upon electron energy, the dynamic situation is fundamentally non-linear and possibly unstable. That this is so can be most simply illustrated by the basic dynamical equations describing the momentum and energy conservation of a representative electron:
Scattering Of Electrons By Optical Modes In Bulk Semiconductors And Quantum Wells
Authors: Babiker M , Zakhleniuk N A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was Landau (1933) and, later, Pekar (1946, 1949) who speculated that an electron moving within a polar crystal should experience self-trapping due to strongly interacting with the polarization fields arising from the lattice perturbations created by the electron. These speculations later led to the concept of the polaron as a quasi particle, identified as an electron, dressed in its own polarization cloud and moving within the polar crystal. Here we shall not dwell on the polaron problem (Devreese 1972) since our main concern will be with the weak coupling (perturbative) regime between the electron and the lattice polarization fields. In ionic or partially ionic lattices, electric polarization is largely associated with anion-cation pairs whose relative motion characterizes the optical modes of vibrations. The quanta corresponding to the optical modes, also called optical phonons, have relatively large energies compared with the acoustic modes and so the scattering process in which the electron and the lattice exchange a longitudinal optical (LO) phonon involve large energy changes. In particular, electron energy loss is much more efficient when effected by emission of polar optical phonons. This fact makes the electron-LO phonon interaction an important scattering mechanism for charge carriers at room temperature and for most of the polar semiconductor crystals of interest (Ridley 1993a).