bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interplay of EXO70 and MLO proteins modulates trichome cell wall composition and susceptibility to powdery mildew
Authors: Huebbers Jan W , Caldarescu George A , Kubátová Zdeňka , Sabol Peter , Levecque Sophie C J , Kuhn Hannah , Kulich Ivan , Reinstädler Anja , Büttgen Kim , Manga-Robles Alba , Mélida Hugo , Pauly Markus , Panstruga Ralph , Žárský Viktor 
Published: December 2023

AbstractExocyst component of 70-kDa (EXO70) proteins are constituents of the exocyst complex implicated in vesicle tethering during exocytosis. MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O (MLO) proteins are plant-specific calcium channels and some MLO isoforms enable fungal powdery mildew pathogenesis. We here detected an unexpected phenotypic overlap of Arabidopsis thaliana exo70H4 and mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutant plants regarding the biogenesis of leaf trichome secondary cell walls. Biochemical and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses corroborated deficiencies in the composition of trichome cell walls in these mutants. Transgenic lines expressing fluorophore-tagged EXO70H4 and MLO exhibited extensive colocalization of these proteins. Furthermore, mCherry-EXO70H4 mislocalized in trichomes of the mlo triple mutant and, vice versa, MLO6-GFP mislocalized in trichomes of the exo70H4 mutant. Expression of GFP-marked PMR4 callose synthase, a known cargo of EXO70H4-dependent exocytosis, revealed reduced cell wall delivery of GFP-PMR4 in trichomes of mlo triple mutant plants. In vivo protein–protein interaction assays in plant and yeast cells uncovered isoform-preferential interactions between EXO70.2 subfamily members and MLO proteins. Finally, exo70H4 and mlo6 mutants, when combined, showed synergistically enhanced resistance to powdery mildew attack. Taken together, our data point to an isoform-specific interplay of EXO70 and MLO proteins in the modulation of trichome cell wall biogenesis and powdery mildew susceptibility.
Variegated spatial–temporal landscape of COVID-19 infection in England: findings from spatially filtered multilevel models
Authors: Zheng Wei , Wong Cecilia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Although there are empirical studies examining COVID-19 infection from a spatial perspective, majority of them focused on the USA and China, and there has been a lacuna of systematic research to unpack the spatial landscape of infection in the UK and its related factors.

Methods
England’s spatial–temporal patterns of COVID-19 infection levels in 2020 were examined via spatial clustering analysis. Spatially filtered multilevel models (SFMLM), capturing both hierarchical and horizontal spatial interactive effects, were applied to identify how different demographic, socio-economic, built environment and spatial contextual variables were associated with varied infection levels over the two waves in 2020.

Results
The fragmented spatial distribution of COVID incidence in the first wave has made a rural–urban shift and resulted in a clearer north–south divide in England throughout 2020. The SFMLM results do not only identify the association between variables at different spatial scales with COVID-19 infection level but also highlight the increasing importance of spatial-dependent effect of the pandemic over time and that the locational spatial contexts also help explain variations in infection rates.
The impact of education level on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards COVID-19 in Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Farag Doaa , Akpede Nosa , Waterson Hannah , Asogun Danny , Faustina Funmilayo Blackie , Nnadi Chinelo , Azi Michael , Achioyamen Oboh , Achioyamen Domina , Sahu Anjana , Verma Arpana , Williams Greg 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
For effective Public Health measures, factors that influence Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) need to be understood. In this paper, we document the relationship between levels of education on the KAP towards COVID-19 among the population of Edo State, Nigeria.

Methods
A cross-sectional KAP questionnaire was delivered across 13 communities. The study population was dichotomized into those who had or had not completed secondary education. Chi-square tests were conducted to determine statistical significance.

Results
Of the 538 participants, 30% had completed secondary education. Those with secondary education were significantly more likely to recognize symptoms of COVID-19 (P &lt; 0.001). For attitudes, only one option showed a statistically significant association with 78.4% of those who did not complete secondary education having a high confidence in the church compared with 66% of those who had (P = 0.022). For practices, those who have completed secondary education practiced all of the supplied measures more than those who had not, except for taking herbal supplements.

Discussion
Higher levels of education impacts on knowledge and practices but has less impact on attitudes regarding how well certain individuals/organizations can handle the pandemic. Findings highlighted the importance of tailoring public health communication and strategies to local populations to improve the efficacy.
Identifying indicators for the evaluation of community interventions and initiatives in a multi-site public health programme
Authors: Williams Greg , Greenhalgh Christine , Spencer Angela , Farragher Tracey , Gittins Matthew , Verma Arpana 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Measuring success of community-level programmes and interventions is important, and indicators can provide valuable information to achieve this. However, identifying appropriate indicators can be challenging. Indicators can be identified by official local stakeholders such as local authorities, but involving communities can add value and trust to the project, with community involvement likely to improve programme sustainability.

Methods
As part of the evaluation of multi-site community initiatives, we used local health profiles to identify core indicators that overlapped sites. In addition, we engaged with members of the community during a pilot data collection training day to identify issues they identified as important for measuring health and well-being locally.

Results
A total of 313 indicators were identified from local profiles, with 31 indicators meeting inclusion criteria. The community identified 26 issues, collated into eight categories, only three of which were identified in core indicators. Tools were sourced or created for the other community-identified categories.

Discussion
The methodology identified validated indicators comparable across all sites, based on local health profiles. It also identified tools for measuring issues identified by members of the community. The exercise demonstrated disconnect between priorities of official bodies, researchers and communities, indicating multiple approaches should be considered when evaluating community initiatives.
The patient experience of skill mix changes in primary care: an in-depth study of patient ‘work’ when accessing primary care
Authors: Dalgarno Elizabeth , McDermott Imelda , Goff Mhorag , Spooner Sharon , McBride Anne , Hodgson Damian , Donnelly Ailsa , Hogg Judith , Checkland Kath 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
This paper presents insights into patient experiences of changes in workforce composition due to increasing deployment in general practice of practitioners from a number of different professional disciplines (skill mix). We explore these experiences via the concept of ‘patient illness work’; how a patient’s capacity for action is linked to the work arising from healthcare.

Methods
We conducted four focus group interviews with Patient Participation Group members across participating English general practitioner practices. Thematic analysis and a theoretical lens of illness work were used to explore patients’ attempts to understand and navigate new structures, roles and ways to access healthcare.

Results
Participants’ lack of knowledge about incoming practitioners constrained their agency in accessing primary care. They reported both increased and burdensome illness work as they were given responsibility for navigating and understanding new systems of access while simultaneously understanding new practitioner roles.

Conclusions
While skill mix changes were not resisted by patients, they were keen to improve their agency in capacity to access, by being better informed about newer practitioners to accept and trust them. Some patients require support to navigate change, especially where new systems demand specific capacities such as technological skills and adaptation to unfamiliar practitioners.
Competition and Career Advancement
Authors: Johnsen Julian V , Ku Hyejin , Salvanes Kjell G 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In standard promotion tournaments, contestants are ranked based on their output or productivity. We argue that workers' career progression may also depend on their relative rankings in dimensions a priori unrelated to their job performance, such as visibility or in-person presence. Such implicit tournaments may rationalize a variety of seemingly counterproductive practices in the workplace, including long working hours, low uptake of statutory leave, and presenteeism. We illustrate the significance of implicit tournaments using the case of paternity leave among new fathers, where we exogenously vary a focal worker's ranking within a contest, not via his own leave status but that of his competitors, exploiting a policy reform. We show that the focal worker is put on a better earnings trajectory than otherwise when a larger share of his competitors take leave because of the reform. The focal worker's own absolute leave, however, has no direct effect on his earnings path as long as his own and his competitors' leave statuses are symmetric. With effective coordination, it should thus be possible for all fathers to utilize paternity leave without incurring unwarranted career costs. This has implications for statutory leave policies, flexible work arrangements, and gender equality.
Synthesis and characterization of calcium–iron–chromium nanocomposites for electromagnetic radiation shielding application
Authors: Raja Ramachandrappa Umashankara , Vidya Yakekadakalu S , Manjunatha Holaly Chandrashekara Shastry , Munirathnam Rajachari , Seenappa Lakshmaiah , Sridhar Krishnachari Nagarthnamma , Rajashekara Koppa M , Manjunatha Shivanna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Over a century, shielding harmful electromagnetic radiations (EMR) and finding a suitable material, which can replace lead has become the major interest of researchers in this field. Herein, calcium–iron–chromium oxide nanocomposites with the different atomic ratios are synthesized using the solution combustion method. The as-obtained nanoparticles (NPs) are subjected to several structural and surface characteristics such as powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, elemental diffraction X-ray analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy analysis were performed to confirm the successful synthesis. Furthermore, the EMR shielding of as-procured NPs is investigated and observed that the obtained NPs show good shielding properties.
Estimation of natural radioactivity in the soil samples around the uranium site, royal village, Khandela, Sikar district, Rajasthan
Authors: Bawalia Nitin K , Meena Dalpat , Gupta Shailendra K , Meena Pushpa , Degra Surendra , Yadav Vijaypal , Meena Ramkumar , Malviya Raveena 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The measurements of activity concentration of radium ( 226Ra ), thorium ( 232Th) and potassium ( 40K ) natural radionuclides using high purity germanium ( HPGe ) detector to assess harmful effects on people residing around Royal Uranium Site, Sikar, Rajasthan, India. The activity concentrations range from 29.03 ± 3.72 to 69.95 ± 4.07 Bq/kg for 226Ra with a mean value of 47.01 Bq/kg, 57.99 ± 6.13 to 113.94 ± 6.54 Bq/kg with a mean value of 86.56 Bq/kg for 232Th,678.19 ± 76.36 to 1426.55 ± 81.32 Bq/kg for 40K with a mean value of 1195 Bq/kg. Average Radium Equivalent Activity was measured 261.59 ± 35.48 Bq/kg. The total outdoor absorbed gamma dose rate ranged from 78.42 to 157.91 nGy/h with a mean value of 122.12 nGy/h.The average annual effective dose equivalent outdoors and indoors was found 0.75 mSv.Mean external (Hex) and internal (Hin) hazard indices are measured 0.70 and 0.82, respectively, for the study area.
Chronic dietary supplementation with nicotinamide riboside reduces sleep need in the laboratory mouse
Authors: Bushana Priyanka N , Schmidt Michelle A , Rempe Michael J , Sorg Barbara A , Wisor Jonathan P 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) is accompanied by a reduction in cerebral glucose utilization. Enabling this metabolic change may be a central function of sleep. Since the reduction in glucose metabolism is inevitably accompanied by deceleration of downstream oxidation/reduction reactions involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), we hypothesized a role for NAD in regulating the homeostatic dynamics of sleep at the biochemical level. We applied dietary nicotinamide riboside (NR), a NAD precursor, in a protocol known to improve neurological outcome measures in mice. Long-term (6–10 weeks) dietary supplementation with NR reduced the time that mice spent in NREMS by 17 percent and accelerated the rate of discharge of sleep need according to a mathematical model of sleep homeostasis (Process S). These findings suggest that increasing redox capacity by increasing nicotinamide availability reduces sleep need and increases the cortical capacity for energetically demanding high-frequency oscillations. In turn, this work demonstrates the impact of redox substrates on cortical circuit properties related to fatigue and sleep drive, implicating redox reactions in the homeostatic dynamics of cortical network events across sleep–wake cycles.
Faulty analogies: the “essential step” gateways for trusts and fiduciary duties
Authors: Giannakopoulos Andreas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This article is about two recent additions to the gateways for service out of the jurisdiction in respect of trusts and fiduciary duties: ground 12C and ground 15B(b). Both gateways were designed by analogy with the existing “place of contracting” gateway (ground 6(a)(i)). Their wording and the choice of analogy raise several issues about their ambit; some are specific to these new gateways, while others are likely to affect multiple grounds for claims involving trusts and fiduciary duties. The article examines these difficulties and makes proposals for reform.
Cytokinin promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis via regulating sugar accumulation and MYB113 expression in Eucalyptus
Authors: Zhu Linhui , Liao Yuwu , Lin Kai , Wu Wenfei , Duan Lanjuan , Wang Pan , Xiao Xian , Zhang Tingting , Chen Xin , Wang Jianzhong , Ye Kaiqin , Hu Hao , Xu Zeng-Fu , Ni Jun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Anthocyanins are flavonoid-like substances that play important roles in plants’ adaptation to various environmental stresses. In this research, we discovered that cytokinin (CK) alone could effectively induce the anthocyanin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus and many other perennial woody plant species, but not in tobacco and Arabidopsis, suggesting a diverse role of CK in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in different species. Transcriptomic and metabolomic strategies were used to further clarify the specific role of CK in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus. The results showed that 801 and 2241 genes were differentially regulated at 6 and 24 h, respectively, after CK treatment. Pathway analysis showed that most of the differentially expressed genes were categorized into pathways related to cellular metabolism or transport of metabolites, including amino acids and sugars. The metabolomic results well supported the transcriptome data, which showed that most of the differentially regulated metabolites were related to the metabolism of sugar, amino acids and flavonoids. Moreover, CK treatment significantly induced the accumulation of sucrose in the CK-treated leaves, while sugar starvation mimicked by either defoliation or shading treatment of the basal leaves significantly reduced the sugar increase of the CK-treated leaves and thus inhibited CK-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. The results of in vitro experiment also suggested that CK-induced anthocyanin in Eucalyptus was sugar-dependent. Furthermore, we identified an early CK-responsive transcription factor MYB113 in Eucalyptus, the expression of which was significantly upregulated by CK treatment in Eucalyptus, but was inhibited in Arabidopsis. Importantly, the overexpression of EgrMYB113 in the Eucalyptus hairy roots was associated with significant anthocyanin accumulation and upregulation of most of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a key role of CK in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Eucalyptus, providing a molecular basis for further understanding the regulatory mechanism and diversity of hormone-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in different plant species.
An integrative taxonomic revision of lesser gymnures (Eulipotyphla: Hylomys) reveals five new species and emerging patterns of local endemism in Tropical East Asia
Authors: Hinckley Arlo , Camacho-Sanchez Miguel , Chua Marcus A H , Ruedi Manuel , Lunde Darrin , Maldonado Jesús E , Omar Hasmahzaiti , Leonard Jennifer A , Hawkins Melissa T R 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We here present a comprehensive integrative taxonomic review of the genus Hylomys, using molecular (mitochondrial genomes and up to five nuclear loci) and morphological data from museum specimens across its distribution, resulting in the description of two new species and the elevation of three subspecies to specific status. This revision significantly increases the known diversity of Hylomys from two to seven extant species, challenging the traditional view of species-level diversity within gymnures. We discuss the implications of the taxonomic findings for conservation, particularly in relation to the restricted distribution ranges of several species that may be threatened by habitat loss and/or climate change. Our research emphasizes the importance of scientific collections and underscores the potential of museum genomics and additional field sampling to identify new species and improve our understanding of species diversity in poorly studied regions. Speciation events within Hylomys occurred during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene, possibly driven by shifting climate conditions such as the strengthening of the Indian monsoon and the expansion of seasonally dry conditions. This study supports northern Sumatra and the southern Annamites as centres of localized endemicity and suggests the need for additional small mammal surveys across Sumatra’s Barisan Range.
Utilizing Artificial Intelligence and Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer to Answer Questions About Clinical Scenarios in Neuroanesthesiology
Authors: Blacker Samuel N. , Kang Mia , Chakraborty Indranil , Chowdhury Tumul , Williams James , Lewis Carol , Zimmer Michael , Wilson Brad , Lele Abhijit V. 
Published: December 2023

Objective:We tested the ability of chat generative pretrained transformer (ChatGPT), an artificial intelligence chatbot, to answer questions relevant to scenarios covered in 3 clinical guidelines, published by the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SNACC), which has published management guidelines: endovascular treatment of stroke, perioperative stroke (Stroke), and care of patients undergoing complex spine surgery (Spine).Methods:Four neuroanesthesiologists independently assessed whether ChatGPT could apply 52 high-quality recommendations (HQRs) included in the 3 SNACC guidelines. HQRs were deemed present in the ChatGPT responses if noted by at least 3 of the 4 reviewers. Reviewers also identified incorrect references, potentially harmful recommendations, and whether ChatGPT cited the SNACC guidelines.Results:The overall reviewer agreement for the presence of HQRs in the ChatGPT answers ranged from 0% to 100%. Only 4 of 52 (8%) HQRs were deemed present by at least 3 of the 4 reviewers after 5 generic questions, and 23 (44%) HQRs were deemed present after at least 1 additional targeted question. Potentially harmful recommendations were identified for each of the 3 clinical scenarios and ChatGPT failed to cite the SNACC guidelines.Conclusions:The ChatGPT answers were open to human interpretation regarding whether the responses included the HQRs. Though targeted questions resulted in the inclusion of more HQRs than generic questions, fewer than 50% of HQRs were noted even after targeted questions. This suggests that ChatGPT should not currently be considered a reliable source of information for clinical decision-making. Future iterations of ChatGPT may refine algorithms to improve its reliability as a source of clinical information.
Implementation of a Nurse-Driven Eat-Sleep-Console (ESC) Treatment Pathway at a Community Hospital for Treatment of Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome in an Effort to Improve Short-term Outcomes
Authors: Halloum Hamza , Daniels Brooke J. , Beville Dawn , Thrasher Kathleen , Martin Gregory C. , Ellsworth Marc A. 
Published: December 2023

Background:
The Chandler Regional Medical Center (CRMC) neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) began a phased implementation of Eat-Sleep-Console (ESC) for the management of those at risk for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS).

Purpose:
The purpose of this initiative is to track short-term outcomes as well as the program's effect on nursing workflow and job performance rating/satisfaction.

Methods:
A retrospective review of the ESC implementation process at CRMC from the years 2018-2020. The study consisted of 3 epochs: (1) traditional pharmacologic management; (2) parent-led ESC management; and (3) parent/nurse-led ESC management. Length of stay (LOS), treatment pathway assignment, and proportion of infants treated with pharmacologic agents were compared between epochs. In addition, a survey of NICU nursing staff was distributed to measure nurses' perceptions and attitudes towards the ESC program and the management of infants with NOWS.

Results:
The proportion of infants treated via ESC increased (0%, 53%, and 100%), with an associated decrease in LOS (18.4, 10.5, and 9.3 days) during each epoch of the study period. Thirty-seven nurses completed the survey, with 94% of nurses reporting being comfortable caring for ESC patients and 89% feeling supported in their ESC nursing assignments, with only 11% stating that caring for ESC patients significantly alters their other nursing care processes.

Implications for Practice and Research:
Implementation of an ESC treatment program for infants with NOWS significantly decreased LOS and the proportion of infants treated pharmacologically. This phased implementation process was not associated with self-reported negative nursing perceptions of the program and its treatment goals/outcomes.