bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cold Stress and Strain
Authors: Mahar Harry 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe human body has the thermoregulatory capacity to maintain its body temperature within about 1°C of normal (i.e., 37°C) under a variety of external environmental temperatures. When the body's heat loss to the environment is greater than its ability to maintain its internal homeostatic temperature, the body undergoes cold strain in response to the external cold temperature stress. Prolonged exposure to any temperature less than normal body temperature to which the body's thermoregulatory capacity cannot accommodate may result in cold‐related injuries to tissues or cause other systemic changes, including hypothermia and death. Those injuries may involve local tissue damage that results when the tissue actually freezes (e.g., frostbite) or that can result from nonfreezing conditions in tissue sufficient to cause temporary or permanent vascular damage (e.g., chilblain, immersion foot). Heat loss sufficient to overcome the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms can produce a critical drop in the body's deep‐core temperature and eventually hypothermia and death.Exposure to cold stress may also produce physiological or metabolic changes or shifts in endocrine systems, affect judgment or behavior, or exacerbate existing medical conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease). For acute exposures, the body's response to cold stress is a function of the rate of heat loss, the temperature to which the individual is exposed, and the duration of exposure. For chronic exposures which produce subtle endocrine and metabolic shifts, the diurnal or seasonal (e.g., circannual) periodicity of that exposure may be more important than the environmental temperature to which the person is exposed. In assessing the impacts of exposures to cold stress, one should differentiate between normal changes that result as the body accommodates to that stress (homeostatic response mechanisms) and actual damage or disruption that result when the body's homeostatic response mechanisms are exceeded.
Occupational Vibration
Authors: Wasserman Donald E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVibration is present in many of the routine activities of daily life, and we rarely think about it, such as when we drive our automobiles, ride in a bus, or other public transportation vehicle, or ski on snow or water‐ski, mow our lawns, trim the shrubs, use powered handtools, or perform a myriad of other tasks. However, in the workplace situation, where some 8 million U.S. workers are exposed daily, over a period of many years, to vibration as part of their jobs, the situation may not be so innocuous. This chapter addresses occupational vibration; its—how to recognize, measure, evaluate, and control it and how to determine its effects on worker health and safety. Occupational vibration is divided into two catagories depending on the vibration exposure route into the human body and vibrations's effects on the body: (1) hand–arm vibration (HAV), which is localized vibration exposure; and whole‐body vibration (WBV), which impinges on the entire body from head to toe. Since the recognition, measurement, evaluation, and control and the medical affects of HAV and WBV are quite different and rarely overlap, each is discussed separately, but first HAV and WBV do share common vibration physics, which is addressed.
Smoke and Combustion Products
Authors: Levin Barbara C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeventy‐six percent of the people that died in structural fires in 1990 died from the inhalation of toxic combustion products, not from burns (1). This percentage has been rising by about one percentage point per year since 1979. Although total deaths in fires are declining, the percentage attributed to smoke inhalation has increased. An area of research calledcombustion toxicityhas evolved to study the adverse health effects caused by smoke or fire atmospheres. According to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), smoke consists of “the airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion” (2) and therefore, includes combustion products. In this chapter, a fire atmosphere is defined as all the effluents generated by the thermal decomposition of materials or products regardless of whether that effluent is produced under smoldering, nonflaming, or flaming conditions. The objectives of combustion toxicity research are to identify potentially harmful products from the thermal degradation of materials, to determine the best measurement methods for the identification of the toxicants as well as the degree of toxicity, to determine the effect of different fire exposures on the composition of the toxic combustion products, to predict the toxicity of the combustion atmospheres based on the concentrations and the interaction of the toxic products, and to establish the physiological effects of such products on living organisms. The ultimate goals of this field of research are to reduce human fire fatalities due to smoke inhalation, to determine effective treatments for survivors, and to prevent unnecessary suffering of fire casualties caused by smoke inhalation. Other reviews of various aspects of this subject can be found in Refs 3–8.
Microbial Contaminants
Authors: Reponen Tiina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSources and characteristics of microbial contaminants, fungi and bacteria, are discussed in relation to their health effects. These health effects are caused by fungi producing microtoxins, bacteria producing endotoxins and the generation of volatile organic compounds. The potential exposures and the aerodynamic behavior of these toxins are reviewed as well as their respiratory and dermal health effects. Sampling methods, both direct and indirect are presented along with methods of analysis. Methods of prevention are also provided.
Molecular characterization and embryonic expression of the family of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunit genes in the zebrafish
Authors: Cox Jane A. , Kucenas Sarah , Voigt Mark M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe present the cloning of 10 N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits from the zebrafish. These subunits fall into five subtypes, each containing two paralogous genes. Thus, we report two NMDAR1 genes (NR1.1 and NR1.2), and eight NMDAR2 genes, designated NR2A.1 and NR2A.2, NR2B.1 and NR2B.2, NR2C.1 and NR2C.2, and NR2D.1 and NR2D.2. The predicted sequences of the NR1 paralogs display 90% identity to the human protein. The NR2 subunits show less identity, differing most at the N‐ and C‐termini. The NR1 genes are both expressed embryonically, although in a nonidentical manner. NR1.1 is found in brain, retina, and spinal cord at 24 hours postfertilization (hpf). NR1.2 is expressed in the brain at 48 hpf but not in the spinal cord. NR2 developmental gene expression varies: both paralogs of the NR2A are expressed at 48 hpf in the retina, only one paralog of the NR2B is expressed at low levels in the heart at 48 hpf. Neither of the NR2C is expressed embryonically. Both paralogs of the NR2D are expressed: 2D.1 is in the forebrain, retina, and spinal cord at 24 hpf, whereas the 2D.2 is only found in the retina. Our findings demonstrate that the zebrafish can serve as a useful model system for investigating the role of NMDA receptors in the development of the nervous system. Developmental Dynamics 234:756–766, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of a Europium Complex for Anion‐Sensing Involving Regioselective Substitution of Cyclen
Authors: Yu Junhua , Parker David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA regioselective synthetic route that allows the construction of tri‐functionally substituted cyclen is described. This facilitates the synthesis of a europium complex that exhibits a good photoresponse to malate, forming the basis of a chemoselective sensor. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Headspace solid‐phase microextraction analysis of artificial flavors
Authors: Coleman William M , Dube Michael F 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing a non‐equilibrated solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique, differentiation between a wide variety of types and examples of artificial flavors has been demonstrated. Addition of an internal standard to the samples, as received, allowed for the calculation of yields on a µg g−1 basis for the majority of headspace volatiles. The relative standard deviation values expressed as percentages were between 3 and 5%. The precise nature of the approach coupled with the compound identification capacity of the mass spectrometer afforded the capability to easily differentiate between multiple sources of artificial flavors. With a total analysis time of approximately 30 min and the absence of solvent, this approach has the capability of detecting and quantifying the presence of the low‐molecular‐weight solvents often used in the preparation of artificial flavors. Such a capability represents a distinct advantage over more conventional methods of solvent dilution. Results from conventional gas chromatography/mass selective detector analyses are contrasted and compared with the results obtained from the headspace SPME approach. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioavailability of a bilberry anthocyanin extract and its impact on plasma antioxidant capacity in rats
Authors: Talavéra Séverine , Felgines Catherine , Texier Odile , Besson Catherine , Mazur André , Lamaison Jean‐Louis , Rémésy Christian 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnthocyanins are secondary metabolites from the flavonoid family, frequently found in fruits and vegetables. They have been shown to possess beneficial health effects and various in vitro assays have highlighted their powerful antioxidant capacity. However, little is known about their metabolism after digestion and their antioxidant potency in vivo. The aim of this work was to evaluate anthocyanin bioavailability and to determine the impact of an anthocyanin‐rich diet on plasma antioxidant status in rats. Animals were fed for 8 days with a vitamin E‐deficient diet supplemented with a bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) anthocyanin extract providing daily 1.43 mmol anthocyanins kg−1 body weight. An anthocyanin‐enriched diet significantly enhanced the plasma antioxidant capacity compared with a control diet (P < 0.0001). Moreover, anthocyanins were recovered in urine in the intact glycosidic forms in addition to unknown metabolites. Urinary excretion of bilberry anthocyanins and their metabolites was 0.71 ± 0.08 µmol per 24 h (ie 0.22% of the ingested dose). Anthocyanins and their corresponding aglycones were detected in caecal contents. After a single oral administration of the bilberry extract, native anthocyanins quickly (30 min) appeared in plasma. Hence, in spite of a low bioavailability, bilberry anthocyanin extract consumption has a positive effect on plasma antioxidant capacity. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Normative target‐based decision making
Authors: Abbas Ali E. , Matheson James E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper relates normative expected‐utility decision making to target‐based decision making, and introduces a new quantity, the aspiration equivalent. We show that using the aspiration equivalent as a target provides a new method for choosing between lotteries that is consistent with expected‐utility maximization. Furthermore, we show that the aspiration‐equivalent target provides a win–win situation for executive–manager delegation. This result furnishes a new link between normative decision analysis and target‐based decision making. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entry of foreign banks in Shanghai: implications for business strategies in an increasingly competitive market
Authors: Leung M.K. , Young T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper uses a simple mean‐variance choice model as the basis of a duration analysis of the factors determining the decision of a foreign bank to establish a branch in Shanghai, the fast developing financial centre in China. Bank attributes, namely region of origin, parent bank size, the number of international branches and their branch network in China, have a significant impact on the time to entry. A country's share of total foreign direct investment in Shanghai also significantly affects the entry decision. The attributes facilitating entry also provide the foreign bank with a competitive advantage in its foreign currency transactions in Shanghai. However, with the ensuing market liberalisations after China's WTO accession, the entrants' competitiveness may not be sustained in the local currency market, especially following the proactive business strategies of Chinese banks and the protectionist measures of the government. It is expected that only a small number of the entrants will be able to emerge as big market players in the growing domestic currency market in Shanghai. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Industry clustering of initial public offerings
Authors: Jain Bharat A. , Kini Omesh 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExtant empirical evidence has documented both a temporal variation in the number of initial public offerings (IPOs) and an industry clustering effect in these offerings. This article attempts to provide insights into this phenomenon by: (i) identifying industry conditions that influence IPO clustering, (ii) analyzing differences in characteristics of clustered versus non‐clustered IPOs, and (iii) studying the impact of IPO clustering on long‐run operating performance. We find that IPO clustering is more likely to occur in high‐growth fragmented industries that are characterized by strong investment opportunities, favorable investor sentiment, and which require high levels of investments in R&D. Further, we document a negative relation between post‐IPO operating performance and whether the IPO firm goes public in its industry cluster period. We conclude that the relatively poor post‐IPO operating performance of firms that go public in industry cluster periods likely reflects industry overinvestment arising from too many firms within that industry chasing the same investment opportunities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal response to a next generation new product introduction: to imitate or to leapfrog?
Authors: Sudharshan D. , Liu Ben Shaw‐Ching , Ratchford Brian T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we study the choice of technology levels and timing of the introduction of new technologies in a market in which customer sophistication increases over time. Faced with the introduction of a new generation product, a firm can either imitate or leapfrog it. If the new product is introduced optimally, we show that the optimal response is to imitate it. This is because the technology leader's best strategy is to set a technology level that makes imitation the best response. We also derive decision rules for the timing of introduction of new technologies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of deep brain stimulation and medication on strength, bradykinesia, and electromyographic patterns of the ankle joint in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Vaillancourt David E. , Prodoehl Janey , Sturman Molly M. , Bakay Roy A.E. , Metman Leo Verhagen , Corcos Daniel M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe investigated the control of movement in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) after they received surgically implanted high‐frequency stimulating electrodes in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The experiment studied ankle strength, movement velocity, and the associated electromyographic patterns in PD patients, six of whom had tremor at the ankle. The patients were studied off treatment, ON STN deep brain stimulation (DBS), on medication, and on medication plus STN DBS. Twelve matched control subjects were also examined. Medication alone and STN DBS alone increased patients' ankle strength, ankle velocity, agonist muscle burst amplitude, and agonist burst duration, while reducing the number of agonist bursts during movement. These findings were similar for PD patients with and without tremor. The combination of medication plus STN DBS normalized maximal strength at the ankle joint, but ankle movement velocity and electromyographic patterns were not normalized. The findings are the first to demonstrate that STN DBS and medication increase strength and movement velocity at the ankle joint. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
High‐frequency electrical conduction block of mammalian peripheral motor nerve
Authors: Bhadra Niloy , Kilgore Kevin L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA quick‐acting, quick‐reversing method for blocking action potentials in peripheral nerves could be used in the treatment of muscle spasticity and pain. A high‐frequency alternating‐current (HFAC) sinusoidal waveform is one possible means for providing this type of block. HFAC was used to block peripheral motor nerve activity in an in vivo mammalian model. Frequencies from 10 to 30 kHZ at amplitudes of between 2 and 10 V were investigated. A complete and reversible motor block was obtained at all frequencies. The block threshold amplitudes showed a linear relationship with frequency, the lowest threshold being at 10 kHZ. HFAC block has three phases: an onset response; a period of asynchronous firing; and a steady state of complete or partial block. The onset response and the asynchronous firing can be minimized by using an optimal frequency–amplitude combination. In general, the onset response was lowest for the combination of 30 kHZ and 10 V. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Recombinant urate oxidase (Rasburicase) for the treatment of hyperuricemia in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies: Results of a compassionate prospective multicenter study in Korea
Authors: Shin Hee Young , Kang Hyoung Jin , Park Eun Sil , Choi Hyoung Soo , Ahn Hyo Seop , Kim Sun Young , Chung Nak Gyun , Kim Hack Ki , Kim So Youn , Kook Hoon , Hwang Tai Ju , Lee Kwang Chul , Lee Sun Min , Lee Kun Soo , Yoo Keon Hee , Koo Hong Hoe , Lee Mee Jung , Seo Jong Jin , Moon Hyung Nam , Ghim Thad , Lyu Chuhl Joo , Lee Won Sik , Choi Yong Mook 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundHyperuricemia accompanying tumor lysis syndrome is a serious complication in neoplasia with rapid proliferation and destruction. To confirm the efficacy of recombinant urate oxidase (rasburicase) and its safety profile, a phase IV compassionate use prospective study was performed in Korean pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies.ProcedureRasburicase was administered at 0.2 mg/kg/day once daily for 3–5 days (twice daily allowed during the first 72 hr) by intravenous route for hyperuricemia (uric acid > 7.5 mg/dl). The study period was 5 weeks and consisted of a baseline assessment within 48 hr before the administration of rasburicase, 3–5 days of assessment during treatment and a follow‐up assessment at 4 weeks after its final administration.ResultsThe uric acid endpoint (≤7.0 mg/dl) was reached in 97.3% (36/37) of the patients and uric acid levels were significantly reduced in all patients (P < 0.001). Drug related toxicities were mild and reversible without any grade 4 or serious adverse event associated with rasburicase.ConclusionThis study confirms that rasburicase is a safe and effective agent for the treatment of hyperuricemia associated with hematologic malignancies in pediatric patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006, 46:439–445. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with high and low Ras‐GTP are permissive for oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants
Authors: Mahller Yonatan Y. , Rangwala Fatima , Ratner Nancy , Cripe Timothy P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundMalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) occur most frequently in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and are often fatal. Current therapy relies upon radical surgical resection, which often fails to completely remove the tumor. To address the need for novel treatment approaches for this disease, we sought to determine if human MPNST‐derived cell lines are sensitive to oncolytic Herpes simplex virus (oHSV) infection. Activation of the Ras pathway and its inhibitory effects on protein kinase R (PKR) activation have been shown to dictate cellular permissivity to oHSV mutants. Because NF‐1‐associated MPNSTs possess inherent hyperactive Ras, we hypothesized these tumors would be ideal therapeutic targets for oHSVs.ProcedureHuman MPNST‐derived cell lines were examined for sensitivity to oHSV‐mediated gene transduction, virus replication, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis. These parameters were correlated with PKR activation following oHSV infection and compared with normal human Schwann cells (NHSCs) without hyperactive Ras.ResultsMPNST‐derived cell lines were efficiently transduced, supported virus replication and were killed by the oncolytic HSV mutants, including sporadic MPNSTs without hyperactive Ras. In contrast to the highly sensitive MPNST cell lines, NHSCs did not support mutant virus replication.ConclusionsMPNSTs are susceptible to lysis by oncolytic HSV mutants, regardless of Ras status. Tumor‐selective virus replication in MPNST cells appears to be mediated by both cellular expression of ribonucleotide reductase and prevention of eIF2α phosphorylation. Virus‐induced cytotoxicity of MPNST cell lines was caused by both direct lysis and apoptosis. Our data suggest the use of oncolytic HSV mutants may represent a novel treatment approach for patients with MPNSTs. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism: Association with risk for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and response during the initial phase of chemotherapy in greek patients
Authors: Chatzidakis Konstantinos , Goulas Antonis , Athanassiadou‐Piperopoulou Fani , Fidani Liana , Koliouskas Dimitrios , Mirtsou Vassiliki 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundAs of late, a number of studies have focused on the association of the gene for methyletetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with risk for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and in adults, as well as with response to chemotherapy. The degree of this association may vary according to the ethnic background and geographic localization of the population under study, or the phase of treatment when response to chemotherapy is concerned.ProcedureWe have analyzed the MTHFR C677T polymorphism in 52 patients and 88 control individuals, all ethnic Greek residents of northern Greece, and examined the association of this polymorphism with (a) susceptibility to childhood ALL and (b) the distribution of average plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, white blood cell counts (WBC), and hemoglobin levels (Hb) during the induction and consolidation phases of treatment.Results and ConclusionsWe were able to detect a statistically significant protective effect, with respect to ALL, associated with carriage of the MTHFR 677T allele [OR = 0.387 (95% CI = 0.193–0.776)]. In addition, we observed a general tendency towards lower values in all three parameters studied, associated with the MTHFR 677CC genotype, which was more evident in the transition from the induction to the consolidation phase, indicating that MTHFR genotyping may be of prognostic value in the early phase of treatment for childhood ALL, in our population. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.