bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C3PO: towards a complete census of co-moving pairs of stars – I. High precision stellar parameters for 250 stars
Authors: Yong David , Liu Fan , Ting Yuan-Sen , Joyce Meridith , Bitsch Bertram , Dai Fei , Dotter Aaron , Karakas Amanda I , Murphy Michael T 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
We conduct a line-by-line differential analysis of a sample of 125 co-moving pairs of stars (dwarfs and subgiants near solar metallicity). We obtain high-precision stellar parameters with average uncertainties in effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity of 16.5 K, 0.033 and 0.014 dex, respectively. We classify the co-moving pairs of stars into two groups, chemically homogeneous (conatal; |Δ[Fe/H]| ≤ 0.04 dex) and inhomogeneous (non-conatal), and examine the fraction of chemically homogeneous pairs as a function of separation and effective temperature. The four main conclusions from this study are (1) A spatial separation of Δs = 106 au is an approximate boundary between homogeneous and inhomogeneous pairs of stars, and we restrict our conclusions to only consider the 91 pairs with Δs ≤ 106 au; (2) There is no trend between velocity separation and the fraction of chemically homogeneous pairs in the range Δv ≤ 4 km s−1; (3) We confirm that the fraction of chemically inhomogeneous pairs increases with increasing Teff and the trend matches a toy model of that expected from planet ingestion; (4) Atomic diffusion is not the main cause of the chemical inhomogeneity. A major outcome from this study is a sample of 56 bright co-moving pairs of stars with chemical abundance differences ≤ 0.02 dex (5 per cent) which is a level of chemical homogeneity comparable to that of the Hyades open cluster. These important objects can be used, in conjunction with star clusters and the Gaia ‘benchmark’ stars, to calibrate stellar abundances from large-scale spectroscopic surveys.
A disc wind model for blueshifts in quasar broad emission lines
Authors: Matthews James H , Strong-Wright Jago , Knigge Christian , Hewett Paul , Temple Matthew J , Long Knox S , Rankine Amy L , Stepney Matthew , Banerji Manda , Richards Gordon T 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Blueshifts – or, more accurately, blue asymmetries – in broad emission lines such as C iv λ1550 are common in luminous quasars and correlate with fundamental properties such as Eddington ratio and broad absorption line (BAL) characteristics. However, the formation of these blueshifts is still not understood, and neither is their physical connection to the BAL phenomenon or accretion disc. In this work, we present Monte Carlo radiative transfer and photoionization simulations using parametrized biconical disc-wind models. We take advantage of the azimuthal symmetry of a quasar and show that we can reproduce C iv blueshifts provided that (i) the disc-mid-plane is optically thick out to radii beyond the line formation region, so that the receding wind bicone is obscured; and (ii) the system is viewed from relatively low (that is, more face-on) inclinations (≲40°). We show that C iv emission-line blueshifts and BALs can form in the same wind structure. The velocity profile of the wind has a significant impact on the location of the line formation region and the resulting line profile, suggesting that the shape of the emission lines can be used as a probe of wind-driving physics. While we are successful at producing blueshifts/blue asymmetries in outflows, we struggle to match the detailed shape or skew of the observed emission-line profiles. In addition, our models produce redshifted emission-line asymmetries for certain viewing angles. We discuss our work in the context of the C iv λ1550 emission blueshift versus equivalent-width space and explore the implications for quasar disc wind physics.
The Existence of Contributory Negligence
Authors: Goudkamp James , Nolan Donal 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 addresses the circumstances in which a court will make a finding of contributory negligence, as well as looking at whose claims will be affected by such a finding. Two requirements must be met before a claimant will be found to have been contributorily negligent. The first is that the claimant failed to take reasonable care in respect of their own safety or interests. The second is that this failure caused some or all of the claimant’s damage. After looking at these two requirements in turn, the rules regarding the circumstances in which the contributory negligence of a third party will be imputed to the claimant are considered.
The Cost of Ruling above Everything Else
Authors: Grossman Emiliano , Guinaudeau Isabelle 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the drivers of presidential popularity in the context of the French Fifth Republic. French presidents over time have strikingly similar experiences in terms of popularity: a peak after the election soon followed by a process of erosion. This ‘cost-of-ruling’ pattern is particularly strong in the Fifth Republic, facilitated by the concentration of power in the hands of presidents, making them the person to blame. Cost of ruling tends to dominate other possible drivers of popularity and hinders the president’s capacity to benefit from good economic conditions. This changes only during cohabitations, when presidents and prime ministers are of different parties or coalitions: power-sharing makes the president more popular and better able to gain from good economic performance. The authors’ analyses also reveal that this cost of ruling has increased over time: in the early years of the Fifth Republic presidents enjoyed consistently higher levels of popularity, but this is no longer the case.
Moving beyond the Economy
Authors: Romero-Vidal Xavier , Orriols Lluís , Riera Pedro 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter revisits the effects of economic performance on executive approval in Spain and identifies new non-economic factors that provide a more comprehensive account of approval dynamics. As regards the role of the economy, the chapter shows that it still is a crucial predictor of approval ratings in Spain, but also provides evidence that its influence has fluctuated over time. As regards non-economic factors, it finds that the salience of terrorism is strongly associated with positive approval ratings in Spain. Similarly, congruence between mass preferences and government ideology results in higher approval ratings. By contrast, when mass preferences deviate from the incumbent’s ideology, the popularity of the latter deteriorates, which might ultimately result in electoral turnover. The authors’ study suggests that the economy continues to be a crucial factor behind government popularity in Spain, but also uncovers the role of other contextual factors like issue salience and mass preferences, which have received much less attention so far.
The Economy and Chancellor Approval in Germany
Authors: Kayser Mark A. , Leininger Arndt 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Economic performance is widely considered a key determinant of government popularity. In Germany and internationally, individual-level evidence using perceived measures of the economy provides robust support for this relationship. Aggregate-level evidence using macroeconomic indicators, in contrast, is mixed. While many scholars have advanced substantive explanations, like clarity of responsibility or benchmarking, to account for heterogeneous results, this chapter investigates the role of different economic data vintages and measurement periods. Real-time data may capture the role of the media in forming economic perceptions while quarterly data that capture growth since the previous quarter makes different assumptions about time-discounting in economic assessments than do quarterly data that capture growth since the same quarter in the previous year. The authors find that the initially stronger effect of real-time data on support for the executive when growth is measured since the previous quarter converges to that of revised economic growth vintages when growth is measured over a longer period. All economic estimates show a weakening relationship between the economy and chancellor approval over time, a trend that can only partly be explained by Germany-specific developments such as changes in clarity of responsibility and reunification.
Absence of Practitioner
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issue of the absence of the practitioner. The Court of Appeal’s checklist, outlined in Hayward, Jones and Purvis [2001] QB 862, remains a useful starting point for any decision by a tribunal or committee whether to proceed in the absence of the practitioner. However, as emphasized by the Court of Appeal in GMC v. Adeogba and Visivardis [2016] EWCA Civ 162, there are important differences between continuing a criminal trial in the absence of the defendant and continuing a disciplinary hearing in the absence of the registrant. The discretion to proceed remains to be exercised with caution; whether to proceed in the absence of the practitioner is a question of procedural fairness. The cases are grouped into pre-Adeogba and post-Adeogba cases for convenience, but some of the earlier cases may still be relevant depending on the particular circumstances. In the case of disciplinary proceedings, the fairness to the practitioner is a prime consideration, along with the public interest and the overall objectives of the regulator as enshrined in its statute or governing charter. Cases involving the practitioner attending for part of the hearing and becoming ill or absconding may present particular difficulties.
Bias
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of bias, which can arise in many different guises. The cases clearly demonstrate that the Porter v. Magill [2002] test of bias applies in this field as it does in other areas of the law. Ultimately, each case turns on its own facts, as Carr J said in Rasool v. General Pharmaceutical Council [2015]. As Carnwath LJ observed in R (Mahfouz) v. Professional Conduct Committee of the General Medical Council [2004], the underlying question is whether the proceedings are fair and seen to be fair, or, as Sir Stephen Silber put it in Gosalakkal v. General Medical Council [2015], there was a serious procedural irregularity. In Higgs v. Farmor’s School [2022] EAT 101, an application for recusal was made on the basis that a lay member of the Employment Appeal Tribunal panel had made a number of public statements on Twitter that expressed firmly held views on issues relevant to the appeal, giving rise to the appearance of bias.
Case Management
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores issues relating to case management. All regulators have rules for case management with a view to ensuring the efficient and fair disposal of proceedings. Active, hands-on, case management, both pre-trial and throughout the trial itself, is now regarded as an essential part of the judge’s duty. In Council for the Regulation of Health Care Professionals v. General Medical Council and Ruscillo; Council for the Regulation of Health Care Professionals v. Nursing and Midwifery Council and Truscott [2005], the Court of Appeal emphasized that a disciplinary tribunal should play a more proactive role than a judge presiding over a criminal trial in making sure that cases are properly presented and that the relevant evidence is placed before them. There remains, however, judicial concern at the lack of proper case management and the duration of some hearings, particularly when conducted with substantial gaps owing largely to the difficulties in bringing panel members together.
Deficient Professional Performance
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses cases of deficient professional performance, lack of competence, or inadequate professional services. Lack of competence or deficient professional performance is conceptually different from misconduct, as made clear in the judgments of Jackson J in Calhaem v. General Medical Council [2007] and Ouseley J in R (Vali) v. General Optical Council [2011]. Negligence is also different in character from misconduct and deficient professional performance. A practitioner should be judged by the standards applicable to the post to which they are appointed and the work they are carrying out, rather than a general allegation that they lack competency. The Department of Health’s framework document for handling concerns by Trusts about doctors and dentists employed in the National Health Service (NHS), Maintaining High Professional Standards in the Modern NHS, Part 1V Procedures for dealing with issues of capability, says that concerns about the capability of a doctor or dentist may arise from a single incident or a series of events, reports, or poor clinical outcomes.
Evidence
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at a known fact that a practitioner cannot go behind a criminal conviction and endeavour to show that they were innocent of the charge and should have been acquitted. It discusses how a finding in civil proceedings provides a strong prima facie case, which throws a heavy burden on the practitioner who seeks to deny the findings of the civil court. It also mentions Dame Janet Smith, who recommended that hearsay evidence should be more readily admissible in disciplinary proceedings than in proceedings before a court of law. The chapter examines witness statements that may pose a particular problem if there is no opportunity for the other party to cross-examine the witness. Anonymous letters and the like should be treated with the greatest of caution before being admitted.
Good Character
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the evidence of good character, which is relevant and admissible at the fact-finding stage if the alleged behaviour requires proof of a guilty state of mind. Good character evidence of the practitioner will be relevant when considering the credibility of the practitioner. It explains how the evidence of good character may be relevant to show that the alleged conduct is inherently unlikely to have occurred. The chapter explores the degree to which evidence of good character or reputation may be significant will vary according to the facts and circumstances of a particular case. While evidence of good character may be relevant to whether a breast examination by a consultant obstetrician and urogynaecologist was sexually motivated, it would not be relevant as to whether the examination was clinically indicated.
Independent and Impartial Tribunal
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter cites Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which provides that everyone is entitled to a hearing before an independent and impartial tribunal. It explains how the common law and the ECHR ensure that every tribunal or committee determining a practitioner’s rights and obligations are independent and impartial. The challenge to the independence and impartiality of a tribunal may take the form of a challenge to the constitution of the tribunal as a whole or to one or more individual members of the tribunal. The chapter explores the challenge to the constitution of the tribunal that raise questions of bias. Any announcement of the tribunal’s decision must be given in public.
Misconduct (Specific Misconduct)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses specific cases of misconduct. It tackles cases of financial misconduct, abuse of professional relationships, breach of statutory provisions, NHS contracts, and social media. Single incident cases committed by a practitioner with a hitherto long-standing unblemished professional career will often cause anxiety to the parties and the tribunal. In line with Campbell, the Court of Appeal indicated how matters of personal mitigation and testimonial evidence would be relevant only to penalty mitigation, but the evidence might be relevant to culpability. The chapter explains how Campbell was decided before the introduction of the current impairment of fitness of practise, and testimonial evidence is invariably offered along with evidence of remediation and insight.
Non-Compliance
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the General Medical Council’s rules revolving around the non-compliance of a party concerning rules or case management orders. It explains that the tribunal may draw adverse inferences, refuse to admit evidence where the failure relates to the admissibility of that evidence, or make an award of costs when a party failed to comply. Moreover, legislation requires a doctor to submit to an assessment of their professional performance, health, or knowledge of English and failure to comply with a direction is likely to lead to disciplinary sanction. The GMC also holds the power to refer a doctor to the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service (MPTS) when a doctor has failed to comply with a request to provide information. The chapter discusses disciplinary cases that featured non-compliance.
Oral Hearing
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the rules of conducting an oral hearing. In order to have an oral hearing, or rather to avoid disposal without an oral hearing, the claimant needs to show that the absence of an oral hearing would be unfair. However, the cases of Ex parte Anderson, Thompson, and Osborn and Booth v. Parole Board make clear that there is no common law rule that every hearing must be an oral hearing. The chapter elaborates on the circumstances where an oral hearing will be necessary, such as facts that appear to be important and are in dispute. It looks into disciplinary cases regarding the Army Board, where the absence of an oral hearing is not unlawful, and allegations of inadequate professional service.
Public or Private Hearing
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explicates the rules of the healthcare regulators and other professional bodies surrounding public hearings and private hearings. Hearings or parts of a hearing will usually be held in private when the tribunal is considering matters of health or other personal and sensitive information of a party or a witness. Meanwhile, a public hearing is not necessarily the case in respect of non-statutory bodies where the relationship between the parties may be contractual, which is akin to disputes between employer and employee. The chapter clarifies that derogation from open justice can only be made if it is strictly necessary. Moreover, derogation should not be made simply because the parties consented.
Registration
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the provision for the registration of practitioners in healthcare professions. It explains some provisions that had been established in the Medical Act 1983, the Dentists Act 1984, and the Pharmacy Order 2010. Additionally, some regulators made provisions by statutory instruments for procedures to be followed concerning registration, such as the Nursing and Midwifery Council (Education, Registration and Registration Appeal) Rules 2004. The chapter explains that statutory and non-statutory rules of regulators provide for the registration of members and appeals relating to registration decisions. It discusses the cases of applications for registration, renewal of registration, and exemptions before considering the cases of withdrawal and cancellation of registration.
Re-opening and Review of Decisions
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter cites the power of regulators to reopen or review decisions. It explains the significance of the regulators’ power to review in lieu of the protection of the public or the prevention of injustice or otherwise in the public interest. The court will allow a regulator to review or reopen a decision where an administrative mistake or error has occurred. The chapter considers the power of a judge or the Independent Office for Police Conduct to similarly reopen decisions in certain cases. It references the recent case of the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria dealing with the principles that should be applied before a judge decides whether or not to exercise the power.
Warnings
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the warnings in healthcare cases. Case examiners or investigating committees can issue warnings if there is evidence to suggest that the practitioner’s behaviour or performance has fallen below the standards expected to a degree warranting a formal response by the regulator or tribunal. Meanwhile, some fitness to practise tribunals may issue a warning or give the respondent advice on future conduct when charges are dropped, or the registrant’s fitness to practise is not impaired. The chapter clarifies that a warning will not prevent a practitioner from holding a licence to practise and will not usually place any restrictions on their registration. It insists that warnings should nonetheless be viewed as a serious response to the practitioner’s conduct or performance.
Top-Level Follow-Up and Monitoring
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The fight against poverty in Colombia between 2010 and 2018 was taken on at the highest level as a presidential commitment. With continued international support, including consulting services from McKinsey … Company, two concrete mechanisms were established to evaluate and supervise the strategy against poverty: the Cross-Cutting Poverty and Inequality Roundtable and a dashboard with a traffic light system that indicated progress or setbacks in the fulfillment of each involved State entity’s commitments. The work of presidential advisor María Lorena Gutiérrez was essential in designing and putting these mechanisms into practice. The chapter finishes with a lesson about the need to shift paradigms and mindsets so that the leading players in the public agenda, such as ministers and the heads of public entities, contribute to achieving these common goals. Examples from Juan Manuel Santos’s experience in reconciling views and priorities when he was Colombia’s first minister of foreign trade, the minister of finance, and the minister of national defense illustrate this lesson.
Policies and Programs to Reduce Multidimensional Poverty
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
One of the primary aims of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is to improve the direction and targeting of social spending to make it more efficient and reach the sectors that have the greatest impact on poverty reduction. In the case of Colombia, regular analysis of this index at the Poverty Roundtable, using the dashboard as a tool, sounded alarms about possible delays or inefficiencies. These alarms served to redirect efforts and budget toward responding to specific needs in early childhood care, education, housing, and health through bold and innovative programs. Some examples from the 2010–2018 period are the National Strategy for Comprehensive Early Childhood Care, “De Cero a Siempre” (“From Zero to Forever”), based on the theories of Professor James Heckman; free primary and secondary education; the free housing program; and the Statutory Health Law, which strengthened price controls for medicines and ended the distinction between first- and second-class patients. This chapter shows that, in the face of chronic problems, it is possible to devise concrete and quick-acting solutions that make a difference.