bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal analysis of deciduous tooth emergence: III. Sexual dimorphism in Bangladeshi, Guatemalan, Japanese, and Javanese children
Authors: Holman Darryl J. , Jones Robert E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPrevious studies, mostly in European populations, found sex differences in the pattern of deciduous tooth emergence. Most studies find that the anterior dentition in males is precocial relative to the female dentition, and the pattern reverses so that females lead males in the emergence of the posterior deciduous dentition. Less is known about sex differences in the dental development and emergence of non‐European populations. Here we examine the pattern of sex differences in deciduous tooth emergence in Japanese, Javanese, Guatemalan, and Bangladeshi children. The data come from four longitudinal or mixed longitudinal studies using similar study protocols. Survival analysis was used to estimate parameters of a log‐normal distribution of emergence for each of the 10 teeth of the left dentition, and sexual dimorphism was assessed by sex‐specific differences in mean emergence times and by Bennett's index. The results support the pattern of developmental cross‐over observed in other populations. We conclude that there is little evidence to support the hypothesis of Tanguay et al. ([1984] J. Dent. Res. 63:65–68) that ethnic factors mediate sex differences in the emergence of deciduous teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mobility in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe: Evidence from the lower limb
Authors: Holt Brigitte M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA growing body of archeological evidence suggests that the dramatic climatic events of the Last Glacial Maximum in Europe triggered important changes in foraging behavior, involving a significant decrease in mobility. In general, changes in mobility alter patterns of bending of the midshaft femur and tibia, resulting in changes in diaphyseal robusticity and shape. This relationship between levels of mobility and lower limb diaphyseal structure was used to test the hypothesized decrease in mobility. Cross‐sectional geometric data were obtained for 81 Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic European femora and tibiae. The sample was divided into three time periods: Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP), Late Upper Paleolithic (LUP), and Mesolithic (Meso). In addition, because decreased mobility often results in changes in sex roles, males and females were analyzed separately. All indicators of bending strength decrease steadily through time, although few of the changes reach statistical significance. There is, however, a highly significant change in midshaft femur shape, with LUP and Meso groups more circular in cross‐section than the EUP sample, supporting archeologically based predictions of decreased mobility. Sexual dimorphism levels in diaphyseal strength remain low throughout the three time periods, suggesting a departure in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic foragers away from the pattern of division of labor by sex observed in modern hunter‐gatherers. Results confirm that the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum represents a crucial stage in Late Pleistocene human evolution, and signals the appearance of some of the behavioral adaptations that are usually associated with the Neolithic, such as sedentism. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial cranium ofCercopithecoides kimeuiLeakey, 1982 from Rawi Gully, southwestern Kenya
Authors: Frost Stephen R. , Plummer Thomas , Bishop Laura C. , Ditchfield Peter , Ferraro Joseph , Hicks Jason 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Rawi Gully, located on the Homa Peninsula in southwestern Kenya, has produced several fossil elements of a large cercopithecid from sediments approximately 2.5 million years old (Ma). Nearly all of these elements appear to represent a single adult male individual of the colobine speciesCercopithecoides kimeuiLeakey, 1982. Part of the face, mandible, dentition, and several small postcranial fragments were collected by the Homa Peninsula Paleoanthropological Project (HPPP) in 1994 and 1995. This individual also appears to be represented by material collected in two previous expeditions to the site, one led by David Pilbeam in the 1970s and an earlier expedition led by L.S.B. Leakey in 1933. This specimen may extend the first appearance ofC. kimeuiby approximately 500 Kyr, and provides the first evidence for much of the male facial morphology in this species. Furthermore, Rawi may represent a more wooded habitat than the other occurrences ofC. kimeuiat Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and Koobi Fora, Kenya, indicating thatC. kimeuimay have been relatively flexible in its habitat preferences. Am J Phys Anthropol 122:191–199, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pair‐specific usage of sleeping sites and their implications for social organization in a nocturnal Malagasy primate, the Milne Edwards' sportive lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi)
Authors: Rasoloharijaona Solofonirina , Rakotosamimanana Berthe , Randrianambinina Blanchard , Zimmermann Elke 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSafe sleeping sites may be a limited resource crucial for survival. In order to investigate their potential significance for social organization in nocturnal primates, we analyzed the spatial distribution of daily sleeping sites, their characteristics, their usage, and sleeping group compositions in the nocturnal Milne Edwards' sportive lemur during a 6‐month field study in the dry deciduous forest of northwestern Madagascar. Sexes did not differ either in body size or in body mass. Sleeping sites were used almost exclusively by adult male‐female pairs. Individuals showed a high sleeping‐site fidelity limited to 2–3 different sleeping sites in close vicinity during the whole study period. Most females showed a higher fidelity to one distinct sleeping site than their male partners. Sleeping groups consisted of one adult male and one adult female and remained stable in composition over the whole study period. Exclusive pair‐specific usage of sleeping sites suggests sleeping site related territoriality of male‐female pairs, perhaps influenced by inter‐ and intrasexual resource competition. Results give first insights into the distribution patterns and social organization of this species. They imply dispersed monogamy for the Milne Edwards' sportive lemur, with sleeping sites as a potentially restricted and defendable resource. Am J Phys Anthropol 121:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Probable destructive meningioma in an archaeological adult male skull from Alaska
Authors: Jónsdóttir Birna , Ortner Donald J. , Frohlich Bruno 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSeveral intracranial pathological conditions can affect the bones of the skull. The most common cause of these conditions is tumor, but infection and other diseases are also known to affect the bones of the skull. Distinguishing between the various causes of intracranial skeletal pathology in archaeological human remains is usually a challenging exercise, and a specific diagnosis will often be impossible. Meningiomas are tumors that arise in arachnoid tissues embedded in the outer layer of the dura. Because of this association, they occur almost exclusively in the skull and vertebral column. Usually meningiomas are slow‐growing tumors that do not metastasize to other organs and tissues of the body. However, rare cases can be malignant and, even when meningiomas are benign, their presence and growth can adversely affect the nervous and vascular supply to other tissues in the skull and vertebral column. Their effect on adjacent bone tissue varies from stimulating bone‐forming lesions to causing highly destructive lesions. A few examples of meningioma have been described in the paleopathological literature. Most of these cases are bone‐stimulating meningiomas. The case presented here is a probable example of a highly destructive meningioma of the skull base, with unilateral extension into the left side of the cranium. This case is compared with a modern clinical case of destructive intracranial meningioma that was documented both radiographically and pathologically. Destructive meningiomas can be confused with other pathological conditions, including benign and malignant tumors. Criteria for differentiating the diagnostic options are reviewed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marriage, parenting, and testosterone variation among Kenyan Swahili men
Authors: Gray Peter B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMale variation in testosterone (T) levels may, in part, reflect a differential behavioral allocation to mating and parenting effort. This research tests whether demographic indicators of pair bonding and parenting were associated with salivary T levels among Kenyan Swahili men. Men in the sample were either unmarried (N = 17), monogamously married (N = 57), or polygynously married (N = 14), and between ages 29–52. In contrast with earlier findings among North American men, monogamously married men did not have lower T levels than unmarried men. However, among all married men, men with younger genetic children tended to have marginally lower T levels. Polygynously married men, all of whom had two wives, had higher T levels than all other Swahili men. Possible explanations of higher T levels among polygynously married men are explored. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicting nose projection and pronasale position in facial approximation: A test of published methods and proposal of new guidelines
Authors: Stephan Carl N. , Henneberg Maciej , Sampson Wayne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMany prediction guidelines exist in facial approximation for determining the soft‐tissue features of the face, and the reliability of each is generally unknown. This study examines four published and commonly used soft‐tissue prediction guidelines for estimating nose projection, two of which also estimate the position of the pronasale. The methods tested are those described by: 1) Gerasimov ([1971] The Face Finder; London: Hutchinson & Co.), using the distal third of the nasal bones and the nasal spine; 2) Krogman ([1962] The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine; Springfield: Charles C. Thomas), using the average soft‐tissue depth at midphiltrum, plus three times the length of the nasal spine (and a variation of this technique: plus three times the distance of the tip of the nasal spine from the nasal aperture); 3) Prokopec and Ubelaker ([2002] Forensic Sci Commun 4:1–4), using the reflected profile line of the nasal aperture; and 4) George ([1987] J Forensic Sci 32:1305–1330), using a variation of the Goode method. Four identical hard‐tissue tracings were made of 59 adult lateral head cephlograms (29 males, mean age 24, SD 10 years; 30 females, mean age 23, SD 5 years) on separate sheets of tracing paper. One soft‐tissue tracing was also made for each radiograph. All tracings were marked with three identical reference points. Soft‐tissue tracings were isolated from one of us (C.N.S.), who attempted under blind conditions to predict pronasale position and nose projection on the hard‐tissue tracings, using the soft‐tissue prediction guides above. Actual soft‐tissue tracings were then compared to each of the predicted tracings, and differences in projection/pronasale position were measured. Results indicate that for nose projection, methods 3 and 4 performed well, while methods 1 and 2 performed poorly. Features which are most related to nose projection/pronasale are described in this paper, as are regression equations generated from these variables that predict pronasale/nose projection better than the traditional methods mentioned above. The results of this study are significant because they: 1) indicate that the popular facial approximation methods used to build the nose are inaccurate and produce incorrect nose anatomy; and 2) indicate that the new pronasale prediction methods developed here appear to have less error than traditional methods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetische Kontrolle elektrokatalytischer und bioelektrokatalytischer Prozesse
Authors: Willner Itamar , Katz Eugenii 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDie Bioelektronik ist ein sehr dynamisches interdisziplinäres Forschungsgebiet, das große Bedeutung für die Entwicklung von Biosensoren, Biobrennstoffzellen, Computern, die auf Biomaterialien basieren, und bioelektronischen Funktionseinheiten hat. Mit der magnetisch gesteuerten molekularen und Bioelektronik ist nun ein neues Thema hinzugetreten, das sich mit dem Einfluss eines äußeren Magnetfelds auf elektrokatalytische und bioelektrokatalytische Prozesse funktionalisierter magnetischer Teilchen an Elektroden befasst. Hier beschreiben wir die Fortschritte, die bei der Entwicklung magnetisch schaltbarer elektrokatalytischer und bioelektrokatalytischer Transformationen gemacht wurden, und diskutieren den Einfluss der Rotation der magnetischen Teilchen auf diese Prozesse. Darüber hinaus wird die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse für die Entwicklung von Biosensoren, amplifizierenden Immun‐ und DNA‐Sensoren erläutert.
Spatiotemporally separated cardiac neural crest subpopulations that target the outflow tract septum and pharyngeal arch arteries
Authors: Boot Marit J. , Gittenberger‐De Groot Adriana C. , Van Iperen Liesbeth , Hierck Beerend P. , Poelmann Robert E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe used lacZ‐retrovirus labeling combined with neural crest ablation in chick embryos to determine whether the cardiac neural crest cells constitute one group of multipotent cells, or they emigrate from the neural tube in time‐dependent groups with different fates in the developing cardiovascular system. We demonstrated that early‐migrating cardiac neural crest cells (HH9–10) massively target the aorticopulmonary septum and pharyngeal arch arteries, while the late‐migrating cardiac neural crest cells (HH12) are restricted to the proximal part of the pharyngeal arch arteries. These results suggest a prominent role for early‐migrating cells in outflow tract septation, and a function for late‐migrating cells in pharyngeal arch artery remodeling. We demonstrated in cultures of neural tube explants an intrinsic difference between the early and late populations. However, by performing heterochronic transplantations we showed that the late‐migrating cardiac neural crest cells were not developmentally restricted, and could contribute to the condensed mesenchyme of the aorticopulmonary septum when transplanted to a younger environment. Our findings on the exact timing and migratory behavior of cardiac neural crest cells will help narrow the range of factors and genes that are involved in neural crest‐related congenital heart diseases. Anat Rec Part A 275A:1009–1018, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Access of autonomic nerves through the optic canal, and their orbital distribution in man
Authors: Ruskell Gordon L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe notion that autonomic nerves from the internal carotid plexus are transmitted to the orbit with the ophthalmic artery through the optic canal has been variously assumed, disregarded, or denied, but never demonstrated. The objective of this study was to examine the contents of the canal, identify any autonomic nerves, and follow their passage within the orbit. The soft tissues of the optic canal, and the apical tissues of the orbit were removed and examined histologically using 10 cadaver preparations. Additionally, tissues from an orbital exenteration and 10 ocular enucleation or donor specimens were prepared. Some of the latter material was examined with an electron microscope. Numerous autonomic nerves (four to 25, ranging in diameter from 23 to 130 μm) entered the orbit from the internal carotid plexus in the periosteum of the optic canal, the optic nerve dura mater, or the adventitia of the ophthalmic artery. In the orbit they advanced in the loose connective tissue covering the optic nerve dura and joined ciliary nerves close to the eye or entered the eye directly. None were observed to penetrate the dura, apart from a nerve accompanying the central retinal artery. Others were distributed with the ophthalmic artery and its branches. It is concluded that the optic canal is a regular, and often major, route for autonomic nerve distribution to the eye and orbit. Anat Rec Part A 275A:973–978, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cartilage‐free areas in the elbow joint of young golden retrievers
Authors: Wolschrijn Claudia F. , Kik Marja J. L. , Weijs Wim A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe present study describes cartilage‐free areas on the ulnar trochlear notch and the humeral condyle of eight very young golden retrievers with otherwise healthy elbow joints. Remarkably, the youngest dog with full‐thickness cartilage‐free areas was only 8 weeks old. The younger dogs showed no macroscopic abnormalities on the locations that were affected in the older dogs. Two kinds of cartilage modifications were found. Cartilage‐free areas at the edges of the articular cartilage layer were present on the humeral capitulum and on two locations of the ulna, (the medial and lateral at the base of the anconeal process, and the trochlear notch near the lateral coronoid process, which was fractured in two cases). Histological examination showed that these cartilage‐free areas were filled with dense supportive tissue. Synovial cells covered this tissue as well as the surrounding hyaline cartilage. The synovial membrane covering the areas was macroscopically enlarged, but histological examination revealed no signs of inflammation. The second type of modification consisted of discoloration of the articular surface at the humeral trochlea. Histological examination revealed that in this area the articular surface was composed of fibrocartilage instead of hyaline cartilage. Apparently, there are locations within the elbow joint in which articular cartilage is not necessary for normal joint functioning. The presence of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of the humeral condyle is a surprising finding, for which no explanation has yet been found. Anat Rec Part A 275A:990–996, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological changes induced in the pig kidney by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Nephron injury
Authors: Shao Youzhi , Connors Bret A. , Evan Andrew P. , Willis Lynn R. , Lifshitz David A. , Lingeman James E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhile shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is known to cause significant damage to the kidney, little is known about the initial injury to cells along the nephron. In this study, one kidney in each of six juvenile pigs (6–7 weeks old) was treated with 1,000 shock waves (at 24 kV) directed at a lower pole calyx with an unmodified HM‐3 lithotripter. Three pigs were utilized as sham‐controls. Kidneys were fixed by vascular perfusion immediately after SWL or sham‐SWL. Three of the treated kidneys were used to quantitate lesion size. Cortical and medullary samples for light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were taken from the focal zone for the shock waves (F2), the contralateral kidney, and the kidneys of sham‐SWL pigs. Because preservation of the tissue occurred within minutes of SWL, the initial injury caused by the shock waves could be separated from secondary changes. No tissue damage was observed in contralateral sham‐SWL kidneys, but treated kidneys showed signs of injury, with a lesion of 0.2% ± 0.1% of renal volume. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage and injury to tubules was found at F2 in both the cortex and medulla of SWL‐treated kidneys. Tubular injury was always associated with intraparenchymal bleeding, and the range of tissue injury included total destruction of tubules, focal cellular fragmentation, necrosis, cell vacuolization, and membrane blebbing. The initial injury caused by SWL was cellular fragmentation and necrosis. Cellular vacuolization, membrane blebbing, and disorganization of apical brush borders appear to be secondary changes related to hypoxia. Anat Rec Part A 275A:979–989, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles of the female rat
Authors: Bremer Ronald E. , Barber Matthew D. , Coates Kimberly W. , Dolber Paul C. , Thor Karl B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn humans, the pelvic floor skeletal muscles support the viscera. Damage to innervation of these muscles during parturition may contribute to pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Unfortunately, animal models that are suitable for studying parturition‐induced pelvic floor neuropathy and its treatment are rare. The present study describes the intrapelvic skeletal muscles (i.e., the iliocaudalis, pubocaudalis, and coccygeus) and their innervation in the rat to assess its usefulness as a model for studies of pelvic floor nerve damage and repair. Dissection of rat intrapelvic skeletal muscles demonstrated a general similarity with human pelvic floor muscles. Innervation of the iliocaudalis and pubocaudalis muscles (which together constitute the levator ani muscles) was provided by a nerve (the “levator ani nerve”) that entered the pelvic cavity alongside the pelvic nerve, and then branched and penetrated the ventromedial (i.e., intrapelvic) surface of these muscles. Innervation of the rat coccygeus muscle (the “coccygeal nerve”) was derived from two adjacent branches of the L6‐S1 trunk that penetrated the muscle on its rostral edge. Acetylcholinesterase staining revealed a single motor endplate zone in each muscle, closely adjacent to the point of nerve penetration. Transection of the levator ani or coccygeal nerves (with a 2‐week survival time) reduced muscle mass and myocyte diameter in the iliocaudalis and pubocaudalis or coccygeus muscles, respectively. The pudendal nerve did not innervate the intrapelvic skeletal muscles. We conclude that the intrapelvic skeletal muscles in the rat are similar to those described in our previous studies of humans and that they have a distinct innervation with no contribution from the pudendal nerve. Anat Rec Part A 275A:1031–1041, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatic microvascular development in relation to the morphogenesis of hepatocellular plates in neonatal rats
Authors: McCuskey Robert S. , Ekataksin Wichai , LeBouton Albert V. , Nishida Jiro , McCuskey Margaret K. , McDonnell Deboragh , Williams Catherine , Bethea Nancy W. , Dvorak Bohuslav , Koldovsky Otakar 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe development of hepatic microvascular heterogeneity after birth, and its temporal relationship to the development of parenchymal cell plates have received little attention. As a result, the morphogenesis of some of the parameters contributing to this heterogeneity in suckling and weaned rats was studied as a function of time between postpartum days 4 and 30 using in vivo light microscopic, electron microscopic, and immunocytochemical methods. During the early suckling period, the sinusoid network is highly anastomotic, with little evidence of zonation, and the parenchymal cell plates contain multiple cells and are irregularly arranged throughout the lobule. Sinusoidal endothelial fenestration is sparse at 4 days, but phagocytic Kupffer cell (KC) function already exists and exhibits zonal heterogeneity, with more cells located in the periportal zone. With increasing age, endothelial fenestrae increase and organize as sieve plates. Widened centrilobular radial sinusoids form through a loss (“drop‐out”) of intersinusoidal sinusoids (ISS). Concomitantly, the associated cell plates straighten and become one cell thick. Hepatocyte DNA synthesis and mitosis are higher in the periportal zone, which retains thickened cell plates and anastomotic sinusoids. The centrilobular sinusoids may widen to accommodate the increased volume of blood that results from the loss of ISS as well as the increased numbers of periportal sinusoids containing flow that feed these vessels. KC phagocytic activity increases during the suckling period concomitant with an increase of gut‐derived endotoxin in the portal blood, which suggests that the KCs may be releasing mediators that affect sinusoid diameter, blood flow, endothelial fenestration, and perhaps parenchymal growth either directly or through the stimulation of growth factors. Anat Rec Part A 275A:1019–1030, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.