bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japanese Bureaucrats at Retirement: The Mobility of Human Resources from Central Government to Public Corporations
Authors: Inoki Takenori 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The basic functioning of modern industrial society can be viewed from three analytical angles: how the various roles in society are structured, how human resources are allocated among these roles, and how the resources are compensated or rewarded for the roles they fulfill.1 If human resources are allocated and compensated according to rational principles, to a certain extent the best and brightest in society will flow into those roles that assure the highest economic and/or non-economic compensation. This speculation generally held true in pre-World-War-II Japan where the talented elite went into the public service, which on the average offered them higher salaries than business or politics. Attracting the most capable members of the labor force, who were endowed with intelligence and public virtue, the prewar Japanese bureaucracy was relatively free from corruption, and the morale and morality of government officials were high.
Family Change and the Welfare of Children: What Do We Know and What Can We Do about It?
Authors: Furstenberg Frank F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Western nations are still reeling from nearly three decades of unprecedented family flux. Early indications in the 1980s that the pace of change might be lessening now seem premature. Some areas of spectacular change, such as marital instability, have abated; but rates of cohabitation, delayed marriage, and non-marital childbearing continue to rise, creating a strong impression that the vast transformation of the conjugal-based family is not yet completed. The perception that we are still in a state of demographic free-fall has created an ominous sense in many Western nations that the family is in a state of acute crisis (Davis 1985; Davis et al. 1986; Glendon 1989; Popenoe 1988; Skolnick 1991). Almost no one is bullish on the direction of family change these days. As historian Edward Shorter (1975) predicted, the post-modern family seems to be setting a course for the heart of the sun.
EU Manufacturing Industry in Context
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide a broad preliminary context for the more detailed statistical analysis which follows in later chapters. For reasons already given, much of the book is devoted to a snapshot view of EU manufacturing as it stood in 1987. This immediately raises at least three ques tions. How does the EU compare with the rest of the world in the production of manufactured goods? Was 1987 a representative (or peculiar) year? And to what extent is the EU a coherent economic entity, as opposed to a group of very different member states? Of course, these are big questions, for which we cannot provide comprehensive answers, but we can assemble a collection of facts, drawn from existing published sources, which at least provide a setting for our own work in terms of its global, temporal, and member state contexts. The chapter is deliberately confined to existing datasources in order to high light the gaps in our knowledge which remain unanswered by the published statistics on industrial structure in the EU.
Non-EU Multinationals in the EU
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter deviates from the book’s general treatment of the EU as a single entity by singling out for special attention a subset of firms identified expli citly by their national origin. These are the subsidiaries of firms originating from countries outside of the European Union-’the non-EU-owned multi nationals (MNEs)’. In one sense, these firms are no different from any others on the market share matrix: given they produce, in a leading way, within the EU, they are just as much leading European producers as all other matrix firms. Nevertheless, in terms of ultimate ownership, they are ‘foreign’, and, arguably, geographical origin does matter. Certainly, in popular discussion, they are the subject of special attention, and they do raise additional issues which are qualitatively different, both to the economic theorist and the policy maker. More pragmatically, our database provides the first-ever evidence at this level of disaggregation on the incidence of these firms, and this chapter provides an ideal opportunity for placing that evidence in the public domain even if it fits less snugly than most within the book’s overaU structure.
Conclusions and Applications
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We opened this book with a statement of our main research objectives con cerning the structure of manufacturing in the European Union. Factually, we wanted to widen the scope, and deepen the detail, of what was already known about individual firms and industries in this key sector. We alsoargued that the definition of ‘structure’ shou1d be sufficiently wide to include dimensions of international trade and corporate strategy, as well as industrial organization. This is necessary if one is torigorously pursue the underlying theoretical thesis of our work, namely, that by observing different elements of structure, we can learn much about the competitive processes which have helped to form that structure. Coming from this perspective, our third aim was to contribute to the current debate about the integration of European industry.
Infant and Child Mortality in the United States and Canada
Authors: Alter George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Research on mortality in the United States and Canada has played a small role in the historical debate over the causes of mortality decline and the recent re evaluation of the McKeown thesis (McKeown, 1976; Szreter, 1988). The main problem for historical demographers of North America has been the lack of appropriate data, because of the late development of vital registration in both countries. However, there are good reasons for expecting a larger contribution from American and Canadian research in the future. First, new data sets with information about infant and child mortality have become available. Family re constitution databases which rival those in Europe are now available for Quebec and Utah, and public use samples of the US censuses of 1900 and 1910 contain retrospective questions on child survival. Second, the populations of North America provide many opportunities for comparative studies of ethnic groups, regions, urban and rural areas, and varying governmental responses to the problems of public health.
Infant Vulnerability in Three Cultural Settings in Montreal, 1880
Authors: Thornton Patricia , Olson Sherry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Because infant mortality is a recognized indicator of environmental conditions and standard of living, we selected it as a potentially meaningful measure of the human costs of inequality in Montreal in the second half of the nineteenth century. Like other Victorian cities undergoing rapid growth and industrialization, Montreal was powerfully stratified by social class and divided into three major cultural communities-French-speaking Catholic (over half the population), English-speaking Protestant, and Irish Catholic. Other groups amounted to less than 2 per cent. The several social classes and cultural communities occupied distinct spaces and habitats. As we shall show in this paper, the several communities had distinct demographic characteristics and, by 1880, somewhat distinctive demographic behaviours.
The Catching-up Effect
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The notion of a catching-up effect can be traced back (at least) to Gerschenkron (1952), who maintained that, where a country’s growth prospects are concerned, an advantage may lie in ‘relative backwardness’. The catching-up hypothesis states that when the productivity level is substantially higher in one or more countries as compared with a number of other countries, it is possible for the countries in the latter group to start a catching up process by adopting more advanced production technology from the more developed countries. More advanced technology should be seen in a broad sense. The growth potential of laggard countries is not large solely because of the possibility of replacing obsolete capital with best-practice equipment. In addition, there is a chance to adopt advanced management practices, better marketing strategies etc. As a result, we ought to expect technologically less developed countries to experience faster growth than the technologically leading countries.
Limitations of Our Study: A Brief Discussion
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One limitation of our study is that it does not take into account the effect of domestic innovations on productivity growth. This problem is less severe for developing countries, where it is reasonable to expect that most of the new technology is transferred in one way or another from industrially more advanced countries. This means that much of the technological change in those countries is of a catching-up character, that is, it consists of assimilating and adopting technology originating from more developed countries. In the OECD countries, on the other hand, a significant share of technological progress and productivity growth is a result of the respective countries’ own research efforts. Coe and Helpman (1995) have found that in the larger OECD countries (the G7), in particular, the domestic R&D stock is important for growth in TFP, whereas foreign R&D capital has a strong effect on TFP growth in the small open OECD countries.
Literature
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The neoclassical growth model (Solow 1956) implies that, in equilibrium, output growth will equal population growth and the exogenously given rate of technological progress. Government policies and institutions can only affect growth temporarily in the transition from one equilibrium to the other. The neoclassical model also implies that if capital is mobile, cross-country convergence should occur over time with richer countries growing slower and poorer ones ‘catching up’. By postulating socially non-diminishing returns to some productive factor, endogenous growth models open up the possibility of policies and institutions having a longer-term or even permanent influence on economic growth.’ There is also the potential for persistent non-convergence due to cross-national policy differences. These models provide the intellectual foundation for the explosion of empirical work exploring the relationship between governance and growth.
Data and Basic Model
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economic data used here come from Summers and Heston and cover the 1950-88 period. In order not to throw away information by over-averaging, I take five-year averages of the data, giving eight observations on each country. Since the data stop in 1988, the last observation for each country is a three-year average. Dropping this last time period does not substantively change any of the results reported below. The dependent variable in this study is real total GDP growth in 1985 international prices.
Centralized Bargaining and Economic Growth
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this section, I examine the Calmfors-Driffill (CD) hypo thesis in the context of the statistical model introduced above. Rather than actually using some index variable that imputes falsely precise differences between countries in my regression analysis, I take a simpler, dummy variable approach. Given that CD argue that either extremely decentralized or extremely centralized countries will do better, I define a dummy variable that equals 1.0 for the four most centralized and the four least centralized countries according to CD. They are: Austria, Norway, Sweden and Denmark (most centralized), and Canada, USA, Switzerland and Japan (least centralized). I also use separate dummy variables for high centralization and low centralization.
The Economic Logic of State Interventionism
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economic ideas that permit a positive interpretation of the successful late industrializers’ experiences include the modern ideas of externalities and endogenous growth on the one hand and the theories of distributional conflicts in corporatist economies on the other. Supposing that one is willing to buy the set of assumptions of modern theories of endogenous growth, there are important implications for positive and normative theories of politics and political economy. Modern theories of growth are based on assumed externalities related to the returns of investment in education or to the spread of technical innovations. These assumptions contradict the usual neoclassical assumptions and lead to the conclusion that an economy’s growth performance can be enhanced by, say, subsidized education or public support for investment in new technologies. They also lead to models of non-convex growth and increasing returns to scale.
Introduction to Part One
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 was written at a time when it was generally assumed that communist parties would continue to govern, however weakened, in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union for some time to come. The aim was to show that macroeconomics made the reformist communist goal of ‘full employment market socialism’ unattainable. This goal was, incidentally, shared by Solidarity, the only powerful anti-communist opposition movement in the region at the time of writing.
Hyperinflation and Stabilization in Serbia--Montenegro, 1992-1994
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Serbo-Montenegrian hyperinflation of 1992-4 is the second fastest in history. In January 1994, the culminating month of the hyperinflation, consumer prices increased 310 million per cent per month, compared with a maximum monthly rate of 30 thousand per cent per month in the great German hyperinflation of 1923. The average monthly inflation rate was 1,660 per cent exceeding Greece, 1943-4 (1,070 per cent) and Germany, 1922-3 (320 per cent), and second only to Hungary II, 1946 (360,000 per cent per month).
Private Sector Development, Structural Change and Macroeconomic Stabilization: The Case of Poland 1988-1993
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Changes in the ownership structure in Poland-which have occurred mainly as a result of private sector development rather than privatization of state owned enterprises (SOEs) have been a key part of the economic transition in that country. The usual tendency to concentrate either on macroeconomic variables or on the progress of privatization of SOEs, fails to take into account what has been the most important part of the transformation in Poland. Key aspects of this process can be formulated as four simple propositions: This rapid growth of the private sector would not have occurred in the absence of generalized liberalization of the whole economy (and not just of the private sector itself), as we can see by comparing the relatively slow private sector growth of 1989 in Poland with that in subsequent years.
Implications of the Theoretical Analyses
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This final chapter of this book summarizes the general findings of the theoretical inquiry and attempts to derive some policy implications. In the previous chapters a large number of results have been derived from different models some of which have been very specialized. These many results add up to a more general perspective on the links between international economic relationships and the environment and on the problems associated with these links. After the summary of the main findings., policy implications of the theoretical analysis will be discussed. This will be done in two parts. The first part is devoted to policies, i.e. the determination of emission taxes, tariffs, and interventions into capital markets. The second part deals with institutions that define the frame works in which trade and environmental policies are made. We look at national institutions and at supranational ones. In particular, we will be interested in how the delicate issue of green trade conflicts can be settled in the framework of international trade and environmental agreements.
Three Decades of Research on Population and Health: The ORSTOM Experience in Rural Senegal, 1962-1991
Authors: Garenne Michel , Cantrelle Pierre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When African countries became independent in the late 1950s and early 1960s, research on population was virtually non-existent in tropical Africa. At this time, modem demography was emerging as a new science. Until then, demography had focused mostly on population genetics and on mathematical models aiming at describing population dynamics. Modem epidemiological and statistical methods, now widely used throughout the world, were largely ignored in the field of population studies. Anthropologists paid little attention to demographic and health processes. Their focus was on local myths, religions, and social structure. Little attention was devoted to the cultural factors of population and health in tropical Africa. The concept of multidisciplinary research was not yet fashionable, and most researchers were working isolated in their own field.
Bandafassi:A 25-Year Prospective Community Study in Rural Senegal, 1970–1995
Authors: Pison Gilles , Langaney Annabel Desgrees Du Loo,Andre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Bandafassi Study was initiated in 1970 as a research project on population genetics. Its objectives were to describe the genetic structure of an African population, to measure the genetic micro-differentiation between subgroups of this population (e.g. villages, lineages), and to examine which mechanisms were the more important ones: genetic selection, genetic drift, founder effects, marriage patterns, or past history of migrations. Information would be gathered from census, genealogies, and blood types. The population chosen for the study was the Mandenka Niokholonko, a small population of about 1,000 in the département of Kedougou in Eastern Senegal. The existence of a larger multidisciplinary project of the Musee de l’Homme of Paris for studying the entire populations of this department made the choice easy.
Japan’s Economic Diplomacy with China, 1945-1978
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is a comprehensive study on Japan's postwar relations with China up until the end of the 1970s, i.e. prior to Deng Xiaopin's reform and open-door policies. The study is particularly strong on the detailed account of Japan's deep economic involvement with China initiated by a complex group of pro-China Japanese. This is an important aspect of continuity in Sino-Japanese relations for three decades despite several profound fluctuations in political relations, the 1972 diplomatic normalization among others. The study also stands out in analytically placing this unique aspect of the postwar history of Sino-Japanese relations in an overall political context of Japanese diplomacy, depicting its structure as a combination of compliance, autonomy, and independence policy courses.
Homophobia and the Ethnoscape of Sex Work in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Larvie Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ethnographic ‘scene’ of cosmopolitan urban centres like Rio de Janeiro is per haps characterized more by the rapidity of social change, the physical movement of people, and constant shifts in the directions and modalities of cultural, polit ical, and ethnic affiliation than by anything else. Exactly what constitutes the object of study for ethnographers interested in ‘culture’, ‘subcultures’, or ‘local’ knowledge becomes increasingly difficult to define and operationalize in such contexts. The application of ethnographic methodologies to the study of popu lations in movement necessarily requires a redefinition of some basic concepts in anthropology (Appadurai, 1990, 1991; Abu’Lughod, 1990, 1991). Ethnographic research in urban areas must take into account the scales of distance and speed at which change occurs without losing sight of the social and cultural institutions which serve to ground these shifts in the activities of everyday life. The ‘red light’ districts of Rio de Janeiro are linked to globalized systems of commerce and migration and at the same time they are embedded within the institutions of urban life in Brazil. In the case of male sex workers, homophobia is one of the cul tural elements which links social and physical spaces, structuring movement between and within them. Sex workers in Rio de Janeiro live and work in a space which is bounded as much by social and cultural practices that traverse national boundaries as by demarcations of neighbourhoods, cities, or countries. This essay will address the relationship of individual sex workers, male prostitutes in the cases I will examine, with a complex of cultural systems which simultaneously instigates and curtails their movement both within and across national borders.
The Reichsbank 1876–1945
Authors: James Harold 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the moment of its birth, the Reichsbank stood unambiguously for progress as the mid-nineteenth century conceived it. It was progress, most immediately in terms of new institutional monetary arrangements, which swept away a multiplicity of complicated and limiting regulations and special monetary standards, and created a fairly transparent monetary regime which provided an adequate basis for dynamic economic growth; progress, in commitment to internationalism, and to the gold standard as an international rule; but also progress in domestic politics, in which legislation could be shaped rationally by the participation of greater numbers of people in factual and apolitical debates about public policy. The creation of a German central bank came about as a coincidence of liberal pressure from the South German states, and from liberal leaders in the Reichstag, forcing concessions from a Prussian government initially opposed to the institutional innovation. Its realization in fact marks a high point in the legislative achievement of mid-nineteenth century German liberalism. The resulting institution would be rule-based and thus blind to particular pressures and interests, and not dependent on the personal preconceptions, or involvements, or whims of its managers.
The Bundesbank and the Process of European Monetary Integration
Authors: Bernholz Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the collapse of the gold exchange standard during the Great Depression in the 1930s, the international monetary system has been governed by the discretionary manipulation of paper currencies by central banks. The Bretton Woods system conceived after the Second World War implied a return to a watered-down version of the gold exchange standard, since it reserved the convertibility of US dollars into gold at Fixed parities only for monetary authorities. As it held the bulk of the world’s gold reserves, however, the United States was not forced to adhere to the rules of a gold exchange standard. President Nixon abandoned limited gold convertibility in 1971 as soon as the decline of gold reserves started causing problems for the domestically oriented US monetary policy of the time. It follows that the Bretton Woods era was also characterized by the interaction of discretionary national monetary systems, particularly as revaluations and devaluations were expressly envisaged in the statutes of the International Monetary Fund.