bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Action in a Transitional State: Community Responses to Proposed Development in the Czech Republic, 1992–1996*
Authors: Carmin JoAnn 
Published: March 2003

Objective After the fall of the communist regime, the Czech government placed an emphasis on economic growth and development. Although research has been conducted on national‐level change and civil society reactions to new institutions and initiatives, little is known about the transition process at the local level and the ways community sentiments and actions varied in response to development policies. This study examines responses to proposed development in communities in the Czech Republic and investigates the extent that actions were influenced by values, the availability of resources, and the local political context.Methods To understand factors shaping action, structured interviews were conducted with the mayors of 237 towns in the Czech Republic where landfills, incinerators, highways, and protected‐area development were proposed or first publicly discussed between 1992–1996.Results Values pertaining to health, employment, property value, nature protection, and connection to place were associated with the adoption of newer modes of behavior, as were resources including national media coverage of an issue, the presence of a local environmental organization, and previous experience. Many aspects of the local political context had no relationship to behavior. Those that did appeared to foster and reinforce more ingrained patterns of action reminiscent of the former regime.Conclusions In general, while styles of action common during the former regime began to reemerge, they were balanced by new patterns of action signifying confidence and trust in the newly formed democratic institutions.
Forestalling the Business Veto: Investment Confidence and the Rise of Swedish Social Democracy, 1932–1936*
Authors: Anderson Karen M. , Snow Steven G. 
Published: March 2003

Objective. We investigate the causes of the stability of Swedish business confidence in the early 1930s. Surprisingly, investors seemed unruffled by the Social Democrats’ heterodox “Crisis Program,” a proto‐Keynesian response to the Great Depression. This research allows a productive modification of the argument that the state is dependent on private capital formation.Methods. Analysis of stock markets, currency prices, patterns of domestic investment, as well as written primary sources in Swedish and English.Results. The cross‐class cooperation practiced by the Social Democrats, and the lack of a threat of radicalization, had an important calming effect on investors.Conclusions. To avoid capital flight and resulting economic dislocation, reformist governments must cooperate with business and conservatives, and turn away from workers and revolutionaries.
The Timing of Adoptions of Land‐Use Plans and Regulations in Pennsylvania Localities*
Authors: Steele Jennifer , Luloff A. E. 
Published: March 2003

Objective. This article explores the relationship between the timing of land‐use tool adoptions and local growth.Methods.Land cover data, census data, and information about land‐use tools were merged for all Pennsylvania minor civil divisions (MCDs) for the period 1975/1980 to 1990/1992. First, the extent to which growth was absorbed in MCDs without land‐use tools was assessed. Second, the importance of structural changes for distinguishing new adopters and nonadopters was analyzed using a subset of MCDs.Results.Both the aggregate‐ and MCD‐level analyses suggested that nonadoptions under growth pressure were not widespread. Growth was not a necessary condition, however, for adoption.Conclusions.The findings support an emphasis on outreach aimed at improving the effective use of existing tools, but suggest that the importance of improving the capacity of MCDs without tools is increasing with population decentralization.
Nonlinear Pricing Kernels, Kurtosis Preference, and Evidence from the Cross Section of Equity Returns
Authors: Dittmar Robert F. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates nonlinear pricing kernels in which the risk factor is endogenously determined and preferences restrict the definition of the pricing kernel. These kernels potentially generate the empirical performance of nonlinear and multifactor models, while maintaining empirical power and avoiding ad hoc specifications of factors or functional form. Our test results indicate that preference‐restricted nonlinear pricing kernels are both admissible for the cross section of returns and are able to significantly improve upon linear single‐ and multifactor kernels. Further, the nonlinearities in the pricing kernel drive out the importance of the factors in the linear multi‐factor model.
Bank Performance around the Introduction of a Section 20 Subsidiary
Authors: Cornett Marcia Millon , Ors Evren , Tehranian Hassan 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAs of 1987, commercial banks in the United States were allowed to establish Section 20 subsidiaries to conduct investment‐banking activities. A concern of regulators was that these activities would result in a decrease in performance of commercial banks relative to the risk being undertaken. This paper examines the performance of commercial banks around the establishment of a Section 20 subsidiary. We find that Section 20 activities undertaken by banks result in increased industry‐adjusted operating cash flow return on assets, due mainly to revenues from noncommercial‐banking activities. Further, risk measures for the sample banks do not change significantly.
α4β1 Integrin Acts as a Cell Receptor for Murine Polyomavirus at the Postattachment Level
Authors: Caruso Maddalena , Belloni Laura , Sthandier Olga , Amati Paolo , Garcia Marie-Isabelle 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
The initial interaction of murine polyomavirus (Py) with host cells occurs through direct binding of the major capsid protein VP1 with cell membrane molecules containing terminal sialic acids; however, these Py receptor molecules have not yet been identified. Analysis of the capsid protein primary sequences of all murine strains revealed the presence of integrin ligand motifs in the DE and EF loops of VP1 (LDV and DLXXL, respectively) and at the N terminus of VP2 (DGE). We show that infectivity of the Py A2 strain in mouse Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts is significantly reduced only in the presence of natural integrin ligands carrying an LDV motif or antibodies directed against the α4 and β1 integrin subunits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that expression of the α4 subunit in the α4-deficient BALB/c 3T3 cells increases viral infectivity. Addition of α4 function-blocking antibodies, prior to or after virus adsorption, blocks this increased infectivity without affecting virus binding to cells. Taken together, these data indicate that expression of α4 integrin enhances permissivity to Py, probably by acting as one of the postattachment receptors.
Characterization of the Complete Genome of the Tupaia (Tree Shrew) Adenovirus
Authors: Schöndorf Eva , Bahr Udo , Handermann Michaela , Darai Gholamreza 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

The members of the family
Adenoviridae
are widely spread among vertebrate host species and normally cause acute but innocuous infections. Special attention is focused on adenoviruses because of their ability to transform host cells, their possible application in vector technology, and their phylogeny. The primary structure of the genome of Tupaia adenovirus (TAV), which infects
Tupaia
spp. (tree shrew) was determined. Tree shrews are taxonomically assumed to be at the base of the phylogenetic tree of mammals and are frequently used as laboratory animals in neurological and behavior research. The TAV genome is 33,501 bp in length with a G+C content of 49.96% and has 166-bp inverted terminal repeats. Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence resulted in the identification of 109 open reading frames (ORFs) with a coding capacity of at least 40 amino acid residues. Thirty-eight of them are predicted to encode viral proteins based on the presence of transcription and translation signals and sequence and positional conservation. Thirty viral ORFs were found to show significant similarities to known adenoviral genes, arranged into discrete early and late genome regions as they are known from mastadenoviruses. Analysis of the nucleotide content of the TAV genome revealed a significant CG dinucleotide depletion at the genome ends that suggests methylation of these genomic regions during the viral life cycle. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral gene products, including penton and hexon proteins, viral protease, terminal protein, protein VIII, DNA polymerase, protein IVa2, and 100,000-molecular-weight protein, revealed that the evolutionary lineage of TAV forms a separate branch within the phylogenetic tree of the
Mastadenovirus
genus.
Summarizing Scientific Articles: Experiments with Relevance and Rhetorical Status
Authors: Teufel Simone , Moens Marc 
Published: February 2003

In this article we propose a strategy for the summarization of scientific articles that concentrates on the rhetorical status of statements in an article: Material for summaries is selected in such a way that summaries can highlight the new contribution of the source article and situate it with respect to earlier work.We provide a gold standard for summaries of this kind consisting of a substantial corpus of conference articles in computational linguistics annotated with human judgments of the rhetorical status and relevance of each sentence in the articles. We present several experiments measuring our judges' agreement on these annotations.We also present an algorithm that, on the basis of the annotated training material, selects content from unseen articles and classifies it into a fixed set of seven rhetorical categories. The output of this extraction and classification system can be viewed as a single-document summary in its own right; alternatively, it provides starting material for the generation of task-oriented and user-tailored summaries designed to give users an overview of a scientific field.
SOCIAL STATUS AND INVESTIGATORY BEHAVIOUR IN THE ANGELFISH (PTEROPHYLLUM SCALARE)
Authors: Gómez-Laplaza Luis 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe response of juvenile angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) with different dominance ranks towards a potential predator and a nonthreatening novel stimulus was studied when in a group, to assess the influence of the social status on investigatory behaviour. Dominant fish showed a cautious predator inspection behaviour, often approaching the predator model from a relatively safe distance. In contrast, middle ranking fish inspected the predator model closely and the number and duration of the inspection visits to the area closest to the predator were greater than those of the other group members. Subordinate fish tended to avoid the potential predator, but showed the greatest interest in the novel harmless stimulus, investigating it more readily and for more time from the shortest distance than their companions. Dominant fish displayed a rather weak response towards the nonthreatening stimulus, exhibiting the shortest duration of investigation and the longest latency of approach. The response of intermediate ranking fish was more variable, existing little differences with that showed by any of the other fish categories in the parameters considered. The results indicate that dominance relationships within a group may affect behavioural decisions during investigatory behaviour, and suggest that individuals with different social status use different behavioural strategies dependent on the focal stimulus, possibly reflecting adaptive changes and physiological condition.
Influence of Dendronization on Spectral Diffusion and Aggregation in Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Lupton J.M. , Schouwink P. , Keivanidis P.E. , Grimsdale A.C. , Müllen K. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractDendronization has previously been suggested as a means of controlling the level of intermolecular interactions in macromolecular and polymeric compounds. We therefore studied the spectral relaxation dynamics of dendronized and non‐dendronized polyfluorenes at different temperatures. Dendronization strongly affects inhomogeneous spectral broadening, resulting in a blue‐shift and broadening of the otherwise narrow vibronic progression of polyfluorene at low temperature. Using gated spectroscopy we are able to identify emissive keto defects on isolated chains of both dendronized and non‐dendronized polymers, along with a strong aggregation band in the solid state. Surprisingly, the emission from chemical and structural defects is found to be stronger in the case of the dendronized material. The observation of aggregate emission in dendronized polyfluorenes suggests that aggregation in these materials does not occur through linear π‐stacking, but rather through electronic interactions at point contacts between chains introduced by structural kinks along the backbone.
Impact of cysteine proteinase inhibition in midgut fluid and oral secretion on fecundity and pollen consumption of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)
Authors: Kim Jae Hak , Mullin Christopher A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractCysteine proteinases predominate in the midgut fluid (MF) and oral secretion (OS) of adult western corn rootworm (WCR) based on their mild acidic pH optima (pH 6.0), enhanced activities after treatment with thiol reducing agents, and inhibition by selective cysteine proteinase inhibitors (PIs). Four cysteine PIs including E‐64, calpeptin, calpain inhibitor II, and leupeptin (also a serine PI) strongly inhibited azocaseinolytic activity in a dose‐dependent manner in both the MF and OS. The most significant effect on adult female WCR of cysteine PI consumption with corn pollen was the reduction in fecundity, but female survival was not apparently affected. Mean fresh weights for all PI‐fed females were also lower than control groups. All PI‐fed groups [E‐64, calpain inhibitor I (Cal I) and leupeptin] had a significantly lower daily egg production than respective corn pollen‐fed controls. E‐64 was more potent than leupeptin and Cal I on inhibiting fecundity, which correlates with their relative anti‐proteinase potency in vitro. E‐64, Cal I, and leupeptin at 1.5–2 nmol/beetle/day reduced fecundity down to 25–45% of control values. Reduced egg production by PI‐fed beetles results from a combination of the direct inhibition of protein digestion and a post‐ingestive negative feedback mechanism, which reduces food intake. The supplement of ten essential amino acids into the E‐64‐treated pollen enhanced up to 3.7‐fold the number of eggs laid compared to the E‐64‐fed group without these amino acids, suggesting that egg production is dependent on the supply of essential amino acids from corn pollen proteolysis. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 52:139–154, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What can be learnt from extragalactic X‐ray surveys?
Authors: Fabian A.C. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractExtragalactic X‐ray surveys reveal many Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) as well as clusters and groups of galaxies. Many of the AGN are obscured, leading to the hard spectrum of the X‐ray Background. Constraints from the absorptioncorrected X‐ray Background spectrum and the local mass density of black holes on the radiative efficiency and growth of accreting black holes are discussed. The use of clusters for the determination of cosmological parameters, and the energy and metallicity loss by galaxies and AGN, is noted.
The weak outnumbering the mighty: normal galaxies in deep Chandra surveys
Authors: Hornschemeier A. E. , Bauer F. E. , Alexander D. M. , Brandt W. N. , Sargent W. L. W. , Vignali C. , Garmire G. P. , Schneider D. P. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractChandra is detecting a significant population of normal and starburst galaxies in extremely deep X‐ray exposures. For example, approximately 15% of the sources arising in the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field‐North survey are fairly normal galaxies, where “normal” means “Milky Way‐type” X‐ray emission rather than simply exhibiting an “optically normal” spectrum. Many of these galaxies are being detected at large look‐back times (z ≈ 0.1–0.5), allowing the study of the evolution of X‐ray binary populations over significant cosmological timescales. We are also detecting individual off‐nuclear ultraluminous X‐ray sources (e.g., X‐ray binaries), providing the first direct constraints on the prevalence of lower‐mass black holes at significantly earlier times. The X‐ray emission from such “normal” galaxies may also be a useful star‐formation rate indicator, based on radio/X‐ray cross‐identifications. We describe the contribution of normal galaxies to the populations which make up the X‐ray background and present their directly measured X‐ray number counts. We find that normal and starburst galaxies should dominate the 0.5–2 keV number counts at X‐ray fluxes fainter than ≈ 7 × 10–18 erg cm–2 s–1 (thus they will outnumber the “mighty” AGN). Finally, we look to the future, suggesting that it is important that the population of X‐ray faint normal and starburst galaxies be well constrained in order to design the next generation of X‐ray observatories.
The XMM‐Newton Survey Science Centre Medium Sensitivity Survey
Authors: Barcons X. , Carrera F.J. , Ceballos M.T. , Mateos S. , Page M.J. , Pérez‐Fournon I. , Watson M.G. , The XMM‐Newton Survey Science Centre  
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe present preliminary results on the XMM‐Newton Survey Science Centre medium sensitivity survey, with 0.5‐4.5 keV flux limit 2 × 10–14 erg cm–2s–1. At present, 19 fields have been examined with a total of 239 X‐ray sources. Identifications for about 2/3 of these reveal that type 1 AGN dominate, but type 2 AGN, absorption‐line galaxies and clusters as well as stars are also present. We also discuss on a few X‐ray selected Broad‐Absorption‐Line QSOs found in this survey
X‐ray spectra of XMM‐Newton AXIS serendipitous sources
Authors: Mateos S. , Barcons X. , Carrera F.J. , Ceballos M.T. , the XMM‐Newton Survey Science Centre  
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe have carried out a broad‐band spectral analysis of X‐ray sources detected serendipitously with the EPIC‐pn instrument onboard XMM‐Newton in AXIS fields. Our total catalogue contains 1837 X‐ray sources detected in the energy band 0.5‐4.5 keV down to a flux of ∼ 3 × 10–15erg cm–2s–1. Optical identifications are available for 190 sources: 119 broad‐line AGN (BLAGN), 23 narrow‐line emitting galaxies (NELG), 12 normal galaxies, 34 stars, 1 cluster and 1 BL Lac. We have first fitted individual broad‐band spectra with a single power law model plus Galactic absorption. An analysis of these fits as a whole reveals that this model is not appropriate for the overall population, nor is it for the BLAGNs. We have then refitted the spectra with an absorbed power law model. In this case there is a significant improvement in the spectral fits as a whole. However, detection of absorption in individual sources has not been possible with the current approach and will have to await for a more refined analysis.
HI – the window to the early universe in X‐rays
Authors: Kerp J. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA detailed understanding of the soft X‐ray background (SXRB) is of high importance for the next generation of X‐ray telescopes, which will focus on early universe objects. Because of their high redshift the characteristic X‐ray emission of the early universe objects will be observable in the soft X‐ray energy domain below E = 1 keV. In this energy regime the photoelectric absorption of the galactic interstellar medium attenuates the X‐ray emission most strongly. The confusion with the spatially highly variable galactic soft X‐ray emission might be an additional severe problem to disentangle the emission of the early universe object and the SXRB. We present the cross correlation of the Leiden/Dwingeloo HI 21‐cm line survey with the ROSAT all‐sky survey. The analyses disclose the existence of a single temperature plasma within the Milky Way halo. The strength of the photoelectric absorption is quantitatively traced by the distribution of the HI emission across the whole sky. Both findings in combination open the window to the highly redshift early universe objects.
XMM‐Newton observation of the galactic centre – evidence against the X‐ray reflection nebulae model?
Authors: Predehl P. , Costantini E. , Hasinger G. , Tanaka Y. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe present preliminary results of a 50 ksec XMM‐Newton observation of the Galactic Centre. Due to the excellent spectral resolution of XMM‐Newton combined with its high throughput at energies even beyond 7 keV, the iron line complex could be resolved into individual components (neutral, ionized, both in Kα and Kβ) in the spectra of a number of sources. In the spectrum of Sgr A East, we find an overabundance of iron, although less than reported in a recent analysis of Chandra data. No flare from Sgr A*was detected. The large scale diffuse emission seen already by Einstein, ROSAT, and ASCA extending into the north‐east direction is most probably of thermal origin. This region extends from Sgra A East also towards both directions perpendicular to the Galactic Plane (“outflow”) and contains some blobs of plasma with a higher temperature. Particularly interesting is the map of the 6.4 keV fluorescence line of neutral iron which shows a very peculiar filamentary structure. Spectral modelling of these filaments is obviously not in agreement with the X‐ray reflection nebulae (XRN) model commonly discussed for the origin of the fluorescence line, primarily because we do not see a significant iron absorption edge at 7.1 keV.
Stellar X‐ray surveys and Galaxy structure
Authors: Micela G. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractSoft X‐ray surveys are very effective to study low‐mass stellar populations in our Galaxy. Indeed stellar X‐ray counts well complement optical stellar counts since they allow us to study spatial distributions and densities of main sequence stars as function of age. This capability is due to the strong dependence of X‐ray luminosity on stellar age, especially during the main sequence life. As a consequence X‐ray surveys oversample young stars, detectable at large distances, permitting to study the spatial characteristics of these populations and the stellar birthrate in the solar neighborhood in the last billion year. In this context both low and high latitude X‐ray surveys play an important role, since low‐latitude surveys allow us to determine the stellar density as a function of age on the Plane, while high latitude surveys constrain the scale heights of the different populations. The comparison of the results at various latitudes can constrain the recent star formation history in the solar neighborhood. I will discuss which improvements the Chandra and XMM‐Newton surveys can provide in our knowledge of stellar populations, and some preliminary results from new ongoing surveys.
Deep XMM‐Newton survey of M33
Authors: Pietsch W. , Ehle M. , Haberl F. , Misanovic Z. , Trinchieri G. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn an XMM‐Newton raster observation of the bright local group spiral galaxy M33 we study the population of X‐ray sources (X‐ray binaries, supernova remnants, super‐shells) down to a 0.5–10 keV luminosity of 1035 erg s–1 – more than a factor of 10 deeper than earlier ROSAT observations. EPIC spectra and hardness ratios are used to distinguish between different source classes.We confirmed the 3.45 d orbital light curve of the X‐ray binaryM33 X7, detected a transient super‐soft source in M33, and searched for short term variability of the brighter sources. We characterize the diffuse X‐ray component that is correlated with the inner disk and spiral arms. We will compare the results with other nearby galaxies.