bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Republic of Texas, 1836 – 1846
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Republic of Texas had a difficult birth and rarely enjoyed a calm moment during its ten years of life. Plagued by factional politics and chaotic finances, unable to win annexation to the United States or recognition of its independence by Mexico, the Republic never developed a national identity and struggled constantly just to survive. Yet Texas attracted more immigrants than ever before. No amount of political turmoil or diplomatic uncertainty could dis- courage those who saw opportunity in the cheap lands of the new republic. Indeed, these were the years in which “G.T.T.” became legendary in the southern United States and even began to appear, figuratively at least, on doors in Germany.
Empire State of the South, 1846–1861
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest Anglo migrants in the 1820s began making Texas southern, and those who arrived during the years of the Republic accelerated the process. Coming primarily from the southern United States and bringing with them the institution of slavery, they created a predominantly agricultural, slave- holding economy and society. By 1845–1846, when it joined the Union, Texas was essentially a part of the Old South, and during the next fifteen years, bolstered by a continuing flow of southern-born immigrants, it marched toward secession only a few steps behind the most extreme slave states such as South Carolina and Mississippi. Given its size and importance to the region’s future, Texas could properly be called, in the words of one observer in 1858, the “Empire State of the South.”
An Era of Reform, 1891–1920
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Stephen Hogg took over the governorship of Texas just as farmers across the southern and midwestern United States rose in revolt against the nation’s two major political parties. Suffering from low prices, high costs, and rising tenancy rates, and tired of waiting in vain for help from the government, farmers organized the People’s Party (more commonly called the Populist Party) in 1891 and challenged Democrats and Republicans in state and national elections the following year. The Populists thoroughly frightened politicians in the two major parties by calling for radical changes, such as public ownership of the railroads, and appealing for support from black as well as white voters. Like all third-party movements, Populism soon disappeared— much of its energy drained off when the national Democratic Party adopted parts of its platform in 1896—but it enlivened politics in Texas for a few years and provided impetus for reform that outlived the movement.
Conclusion
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thanks to diversification during the 1990s, Texas entered the twenty-first century with an economy more like that of the United States as a whole than ever in its history. “For a long time Texas was different,” said a noted economic analyst. “Well it ain’t another country anymore.” The recession of 2001–2002, which began following the bursting of the bubble in Internet company stock prices, affected Texas almost as soon as it hit other parts of the nation. The state also had its share of the latest scandals in corporate America—the reporting of false profits through a variety of manipulations involving subsidiaries and “creative accounting” in order to inflate the value of stock that insiders sold for fortunes and left other investors, especially those holding the stock in retirement accounts, with nothing when the nature of the corporation’s activities came to light. Indeed, one of the earliest and best known of these collapses involved Enron, a Houston energy trading corporation widely regarded as a prototypical business venture of the new century. In 2001, the Houston Astros played their home games at Enron Field; a year later, the name disappeared from the ball park.
Christians versus Muslims in Modem Egypt
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Copts of Egypt are the largest Christian minority in the Middle East. In recent years they have often been victims of persecution and violence at the hands of the Muslim majority. This volume is the first full study of Coptic Christians in contemporary Egypt. Hasan begins by looking at how the Coptic generation of the 1940s and 1950s remembered, recovered, and invented the ancient history of Christianity in Egypt in order to weld the Copts into a unified nation. The book then focuses on the period beginning with the consecration of Pope Shenuda in 1971. During this revival period the church took over much of the responsibility for the welfare of the Coptic community. The leaders of the revival, she shows, have nurtured a potent and distinctive religious culture with a sense of communal pride and identity despite its hostile surrounding environment.
New Technologies of the Self: Wu-wei in the “Inner Training” and the Mohist Rejection ofWu-wei
Authors: Slingerland Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yang Zhu adopts the stance of egoism. If he could benefit the world merely by pulling out a single hair he would not do it.1 Mozi teaches impartial caring. If by shaving his skull or standing on his head he could benefit the world, he would do it. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly fill out and balance this rather polemical account of Yang Zhu and Mohism, as well as to mention some other contemporary strands of thought that seem to have been factors in the development of Mencius’s thought. We will see that these new conceptions of the self and “new technologies” for dealing with it will have a powerful effect on Warring States discourse concerning wu-wei.
Cultivating the Sprouts: Wu-wei in the Mencius
Authors: Slingerland Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Separated from Confucius by several generations, Mencius (fourth century B.C.) saw himself as being charged with carrying on and defending the Confucian religious vision in a new and largely hostile intellectual milieu. In the book that bears his name, we find him responding to a wide range of questioners and opponents, from neo-Mohists to primitivist (Daoist) anarchists to cynical rulers interested only in the acquisition of power, wealth, and territory. Mencius has a response to all of these critics of Confucianism, defending the value of traditional Zhou culture, as well as the viability of Confucian wu-wei.
Sexual Harassment And Empirical Research
Authors: Crouch Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empirical studies have been central to the development of our understanding of sexual harassment. The results of such studies have been cited by the courts and in congressional hearings.Empirical research has been used to urge development of policies in workplaces and academic settings and finds its way into nearly everything written on sexual harassment as authors seek to justify their attention to the topic.Empirical data have been used to justify the claims that sexual harassment is widespread, that it happens to women much more often than it does to men, that women’s perceptions of sexual conduct are different from men’s,and that women who are young, divorced, nonwhite, or single are more likely to be harassed.
Philosophical Conceptions Of Sexual Harassment
Authors: Crouch Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the legal and social scientific conceptions of sexual harassment that have been developed, philosophical conceptions of sexual harassment have been proposed. These conceptions seek to go beyond the constraints imposed by the particular concerns and categories of the law and of empirical research, though they may be made use of in either of these contexts. In particular, philosophical conceptions of sexual harassment typically seek to articulate what it is about sexual harassment that makes those actions that fall under its purview morally wrong.
Conclusion
Authors: Crouch Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the concept of sexual harassment was formed in the1970s by feminists in order to create a remedy for a kind of treatment they believed constituted a barrier to equal opportunity for women. From the beginning, sexual harassment was conceptualized as a type of sex discrimination. The courts did not at first consider sexual harassment to be sex discrimination under Title VII. They focused on quid pro quo harassment, which they inter-preted as romantic relationships gone wrong. In order to fit quid pro quo harassment into the category of sex discrimination, they had first to decide that conduct that was not an official policy of an employer could constitute discrimination under Title VII. They then had to find a way of reasoning that sexual harassment constituted behavior that was “because of sex” in the sense prohibited by Title VII.
Inhuman Bondage
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Brion Davis has long been recognized as the leading authority on slavery in the Western World. His books have won every major history award--including the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award--and he has been universally praised for his prodigious research, his brilliant analytical skill, and his rich and powerful prose. Now, in Inhuman Bondage, Davis sums up a lifetime of insight in what Stanley L. Engerman calls "a monumental and magisterial book, the essential work on New World slavery for several decades to come." Davis begins with the dramatic Amistad case, which vividly highlights the international character of the Atlantic slave trade and the roles of the American judiciary, the presidency, the media, and of both black and white abolitionists. The heart of the book looks at slavery in the American South, describing black slaveholding planters, the rise of the Cotton Kingdom, the daily life of ordinary slaves, the highly destructive internal, long-distance slave trade, the sexual exploitation of slaves, the emergence of an African-American culture, and much more. But though centered on the United States, the book offers a global perspective spanning four continents. It is the only study of American slavery that reaches back to ancient foundations (discussing the classical and biblical justifications for chattel bondage) and also traces the long evolution of anti-black racism (as in the writings of David Hume and Emmanuel Kant, among many others). Equally important, it combines the subjects of slavery and abolitionism as very few books do, and it illuminates the meaning of nineteenth-century slave conspiracies and revolts, with a detailed comparison with 3 major revolts in the British Caribbean. It connects the actual life of slaves with the crucial place of slavery in American politics and stresses that slavery was integral to America's success as a nation--not a marginal enterprise. A definitive history by a writer deeply immersed in the subject, Inhuman Bondage offers a compelling narrative that links together the profits of slavery, the pain of the enslaved, and the legacy of racism. It is the ultimate portrait of the dark side of the American dream. Yet it offers an inspiring example as well--the story of how abolitionists, barely a fringe group in the 1770s, successfully fought, in the space of a hundred years, to defeat one of human history's greatest evils.
Slavery in the Nineteenth-Century South, I: From Contradiction to Defense
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The strongest card in the hands of American abolitionists was their ability to indict the entire American nation for what appeared to be the most hypocritical contradiction in all human history: A nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition “that all men are created equal” happened also to be the nation, by the mid-nineteenth century, with the largest number of slaves in the Western Hemisphere—a nation whose most valuable exports, particularly cotton, were produced by slaves.
Some Nineteenth-Century Slave Conspiracies and Revolts
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1960s most American historians have shown considerable sympathy and support for slave conspiracies and revolts as the most extreme form of legitimate resistance against racist dehumanization and oppression. In earlier decades most historians, who were overwhelmingly white, expressed horror over the slaughter of whites, especially women and children; paid little attention to the execution, often without a trial, of hundreds of blacks accused of conspiracy or rebellion; and looked upon such figures as Nat Turner as pathological killers.
The Politics of Slavery in the United States
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Racial Slavery was so central to American politics and foreign policy— indeed, to all issues involving power in the period between the Revolution and Civil War—that it would take a whole series of chapters or even a separate book to cover most of the ground. In this chapter I will limit myself to a brief discussion of American foreign policy, the Missouri Crisis of 1819– 21, the impact on America and especially the South of Britain’s emancipation of some eight hundred thousand slaves, and then, since we have already touched on the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, the issues dramatized by the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 and the road to Southern secession.
The Civil War and Slave Emancipation
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 2, 1865, General Robert E. Lee sent a shocking telegram to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America. Writing from Petersburg, Virginia, then twenty-five miles south of Richmond, where Davis still ruled from the Confederate capital, Lee warned that it was absolutely necessary to evacuate Richmond that night. Since Union troops were already forcing an abandonment of Petersburg, Lee had to choose between the loss of Richmond or the encirclement and loss of his dwindling and beleaguered army. President Davis turned pale when he received this news while attending Sunday services in St. Paul’s Church. He would have been even more devastated if he had known that President Abraham Lincoln would enter Petersburg the next day and on April 4 would actually sit in Davis’s own study, in the Confederate White House, only forty hours after Davis had left it.
Reason, Virtue, and Knowledge
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim in this essay is first to clarify what any position worth calling “virtue epistemology” ought to hold. I then want to explore some of the relations between such an approach to epistemology and two other doctrines. One is a minimalist or deflationist conception of truth. The other is a generally expressivist approach to values and virtues, and hence to rationality.
Must Knowers Be Agents?
Authors: Zagzebski Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acts are performed only by certain kinds of beings—agents (from the Latin agens: that which is acting), although that tells us neither what an act is nor what an agent is, only that “act” and “agent” are defined correlatively. Ethics is a field primarily concerned with the evaluation of human agents, their acts, and the consequences of their acts, but again, this does not tell us what ethics does, only that certain things it does are connected to certain other things it does. In particular, it does not tell us what the scope of ethics is, which might turn out to be greater or less than we think.
The Virtue of Knowledge
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The connection between intellectual virtue, justified acceptance, and knowledge requires elucidation. The coherence theory of knowledge that I have developed has a very natural place for the role of intellectual virtue. Moreover, I think I can provide some clarification of the nature of intellectual virtue and resolve some tension between subjective and objective, internalist and externalist, as well as motivational and reliablist approaches to the subject of virtue by considering the role of intellectual virtue in knowledge.1 That is my objective in this essay. I shall begin with a brief account of the conception of knowledge I have developed. The target of my account of knowledge is what I have in a recent essay called discursive knowledge. 2 It is the sort of knowledge a subject can use as a premise in reasoning to confirm some conclusions and reject others. I do not assume that my target conception of knowledge, discursive knowledge, is the only one that is important in an overall theory of human cognition. It is, however, a human intellectual product that plays a central role in human science and society.
Epilogue
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a hot July afternoon in 1999, Roger Ackerman, current chairman of Corning Incorporated joined his predecessor, Jamie Houghton, the mayor of Corning, and a small group of other dignitaries from the company and town to dedicate the Little Joe Tower, a 187-foot-high remnant of Corning s former Main Plant. Still the tallest structure in the city, the tower bore the image of a glassblower in silhouette that had been the logo of Corning when it was still Corning Glass Works.
Lsmall Ragl Al-Faruql: Pioneer in Muslim-Christian Relations
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ismail Ragi al-Faruqi’s untimely death (murdered with his wife, Lois Lamya al-Faruqi, a scholar of Islamic art, on May 24, 1986) cut short the life of a creative mind, productive scholar, and provocative colleague. He was a pioneer in the development of Islamic studies in America and in interreligious dialogue internationally and an activist who sought to transform the Islamic community at home and abroad. Faruqi’s Palestinian roots, Arab heritage, and Islamic faith made the man and informed his life and work as a scholar. Issues of identity, authenticity, acculturation, and Western political and cultural imperialism, so common in recent years, were continuous themes in his writing, though he addressed them differently at different stages in his life. His early emphasis on Arabism as the vehicle of Islam was tempered by a later centrality accorded to Islam and Muslim identity. He would draw on these sources intellectually, religiously, and aesthetically throughout the rest of his life.
Hasan Hanafi: The Classic Intellectual
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hasan Hanafi arrived in France in the middle of the Suez Crisis of 1956 with a bag of dry bread, a chunk of cheese, ten Egyptian pounds, and general dreams of returning home to Egypt as a philosopher and musician. For Hanafi, France was “the place of formation and the school for the beginners” where he was to explore the wide ranges of philosophy and establish foundations for his later work. When he returned to Egypt ten years later, he accepted a position in the faculty of the University of Cairo and became an important voice for articulating the new philosophical trends of the day.
Rachld Ghannoushi: Activist in Exile
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987, Rachid Ghannoushi defiantly faced the State Security Court in Tunis, knowing full well that President Habib Bourguiba sought to strike a mortal blow against the Islamic movement in Tunisia by having him sentenced to death.1 Two years later, in April 1989, Tunisians participated in the first democratic elections after the fall of Habib Bourguiba’s government in mid-November 1987. To the astonishment of many, Islamic activists did extraordinarily well, capturing 13 percent of the popular vote nationally and between 30 and 40 percent in many major urban areas, in a country long regarded as among the most Westernized secular governments in the Muslim world. The Islamic Tendency Movement (MTI; Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique) and its leader, Rachid al-Ghan-noushi, who had been imprisoned and sentenced to life in prison in September 1987 and after the coup granted amnesty in 1988, emerged triumphant, earning their place as the strongest opposition group in Tunisia. By the 1990s Ghannoushi was in exile and his movement driven underground.
Hasan Al-Turabi: The Mahdi-Lawyer
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As young Sudanese intellectual returning to his country in 1964 after completing his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, Hasan al-Turabi seemed about to begin a career as a distinguished academic. Instead, he became one of the world’s most visible and well-known Muslim activist intellectuals. Hasan al-Turabi had an important appointment in the Faculty of Law at the University of Khartoum when he returned from Paris and was poised to become a member of the Sudanese intellectual establishment. Instead he gave a stirring oration at a political rally that helped to crystallize opposition to the existing Sudanese military regime of Ibrahim Abboud. Turabi was catapulted into the center of the Sudanese political maelstrom, and he has remained there ever since. He has been an important actor in every major political development in Sudan since 1964. Turabi is reported by most observers to have been the leading ideologue in the regime that came to power in Sudan in 1989 under the banner of establishing an authentically Islamic political system and social order, and even when he was relieved of his positions in 1999 he remained a major political figure.
Abdolkarim Soroush And Crltlcal Dlscourse Ln Lran Valla Vakili
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abdolkarim Soroush emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the foremost Iranian intellectual operating within the terms of religious discourse.1 From an initial articulation of a flexible, interpretive understanding of religious texts, Soroush moved on to overt political commentaries on the role of religion in state administration. His writings and speeches alike combine a deep knowledge of Islam with a subtle mastery of Persian poetry, creating an individual style that has appealed strongly to many religiously inclined Iranian university students His training in philosophy of science during the late 1970s in England lends his style an analytical bent that distinguishes him among his university audiences. While these students form Soroush’s core following, his critics range across the political spectrum. Soroush’s arguments have garnered substantial opposition from the Iranian clergy and from more militant-minded Islamic student groups Unlike secular critics of Iranian politics, Soroush speaks the dominant religious language of political discourse in Iran. His ability to move fluently and innovatively within a domain traditionally dominated by an exclusivist clerical establishment has rendered him a more dangerous critic than many of his contemporaries. Compounding this effect are his revolutionary credentials. Associated both with Ali Shariati and, at a deeper level, Murteza Mutaharri—two architects of the Iranian Revolution’s Islamic ideology—Soroush boasts a powerful rhetorical, revolutionary lineage. His appointment by Ayatollah Khomeini to the Advisory Council of the Cultural Revolution in the early years of the Revolution grants him an additional domestic legitimacy. For many years following the advancement of his best known work, “The Theoretical Expansion and Contraction of the Sharia,” Soroush dominated the Iranian intellectual and critical scene. He occupied a position disproportionately larger than his contemporaries, dramatized by the wide audience for his lectures and tapes as well as his substantial readership.