bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substance P‐immunoreactive sensory axons in the rat respiratory tract: A quantitative study of their distribution and role in neurogenic inflammation
Authors: Baluk Peter , Nadel Jay A. , McDonald Donald M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSubstance P is one of the peptides released from sensory nerves that mediate “neurogenic inflammation.” Although substance P‐immunoreactive (SP‐IR) axons are known to be present within the mucosa of the respiratory tract, the relative extent of the innervation of various components of the mucosa is not known. Therefore, we determined the distribution and number of SP‐IR axons in the rat trachea and bronchi, by using immunohistochemistry on tissue whole mounts. Specifically, we sought to learn whether these axons directly innervate the postcapillary venules involved in neurogenic plasma extravasation, the arterioles involved in neurogenic vasodilatation, and the airway smooth muscle involved in bronchoconstriction in pathogen‐free, adult male F344 rats. We found that 90% of the SP‐IR axons were single axons, usually having varicosities. Eighty‐five percent of these were in the epithelium, 6% innervated arterioles, and the remainder elsewhere in the lamina propria. Only 10% of the mediator‐sensitive postcapillary venules (i.e., venules labeled with Monastral blue pigment after challenge with capsaicin or substance P) were within 10 μm of SP‐IR axons. SP‐IR axons were more than 10 times as frequent in the smooth muscle of the distal bronchi as in the trachea. Capsaicin pretreatment (168 mg/kg over 7 days) reduced the number of SP‐IR axons in the trachea by 96%, which is consistent with their being sensory. Unilateral vagotomy reduced the number of SP‐IR axons bilaterally in the trachea and ipsilaterally in the main stem bronchus. Using an antibody to Protein Gene Product 9.5 as a nonspecific marker for all nerves in the trachea, we determined that SP‐IR axons constituted 90% of the axons in the epithelium, 32% of the axons on arterioles, and only 4% of the axons in the smooth muscle. We conclude that most SP‐IR nerves in the trachea are sensory axons and most of these axons end in the epithelium. SP‐IR axons innervate mucosal arterioles, but few innervate postcapillary venules. Therefore, the mechanism by which sensory axons evoke plasma extravasation from these venules is likely to involve the diffusion of the peptide or a secondary mediator from the epithelium or from the arterioles upstream. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological variations among output neurons of the olfactory bulb in the frog (Rana ridibunda)
Authors: Jiang Tao , Holley André 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMorphological properties of putative output cells have been studied in detail in the olfactory bulb of frogs (Rana ridibunda). Intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow was used to reconstruct individual neurons. Ten different anatomical features related to cell shape and position were studied quantitatively. The results show that output cells, generally considered to be a homogeneous group in the olfactory bulb of amphibians, are, in fact, quite different in their morphology. Using multidimensional analysis to examine differences among the output neurons, we found that they might be divided into at least two groups. In one group, the cell somata were located near the glomerular layer and the dendrites lay at large angles with respect to each other. In the other group, the cell somata were farther from the glomerular layer and their dendrites lay at smaller angles. From their morphology, these two cell groups appear to be homologous, respectively, to the superficial/middle tufted cells and deep tufted/mitral cells of mammals.
Glucose metabolism in freshly isolated Müller glial cells from a mammalian retina
Authors: Poitry‐Yamate Carol L. , Tsacopoulos Marcos 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGlucose metabolism was studied in isolated retinal Müller glial cells from the juvenile guinea pig. Cells, once enzymatically isolated and purified, were identified by morphological criteria, positive vimentin immunoreactivity, and histochemical staining for glycogen. Purified suspensions of Müller cells were obtained in quantities sufficient for biochemical analysis (≈ 2 × 105/pair of retinas) and light microscopic autoradiography. In bicarbonate‐buffered Ringer's medium containing 3H‐2‐deoxyglucose and no glucose, ≥80% of the glucose analogue taken up intracellularly by Müller cells was phosphorylated to 3H‐2‐deoxyglucose‐6‐phosphate. In autoradiographs, this non‐metabolized product provided visual evidence of glucose phosphorylation: the distribution of cell grains mirrored the morphology of individual Müller cells in situ. Exposure to the glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetate (500 μM) caused an 85% decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content; concomitantly, 3H‐2‐deoxyglucose‐6‐phosphate decreased by 90% and paralleled a dramatic decrease of cell labelling in autoradiographs, while levels of 3H‐2‐deoxyglucose did not change. In the continual absence of glucose, glycogen content decreased with time and this decrease was slowed by 36% in the presence of iodoacetate. This indicated that, in control conditions, glycosyl units from glycogen sustain cellular metabolism, and hence 3H‐2‐deoxyglucose phosphorylation. 3H‐2‐deoxyglucose‐6‐phosphate concentration was 43‐fold less than that of ATP in the control conditions so that depletion of ATP during iodoacetic acid (IAA)‐blocked glycolysis was not due to hexokinase activity. These results demonstrate that this preparation is adequate for quantitative studies of glucose metabolism at the cellular and molecular level in an important metabolic compartment of the mammalian retina.
Organization of the zona incerta in the macaque: A nissl and golgi study
Authors: Ma Terence P. , Hu Xiao‐Jiang , Anavi Yakir , Rafols José A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe zona incerta has been implicated in the control of the initiation of saccadic eye movements in the primate. Complex interactions within the zona incerta must take place to integrate its varied inputs and to produce a coherent efferent signal in order for this function to occur. However, whether the anatomical substrates exist within the zona incerta to allow this integration to take place has not been established. The zona incerta in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was examined in frontally, horizontally, and sagittally sectioned preparations stained for Nissl, myelinated fibers, or cytochrome oxidase, or impregnated by the Golgi technique. This nucleus can be separated into dorsal and ventral laminae on the basis of staining and morphological differences between these two subdivisions. Neurons are more densely packed, more darkly stained, and larger in the ventral lamina. In addition, the neuropil of the ventral lamina is much more intensely stained after cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. Two neuronal types, principal cells and interneurons, were identified on the basis of neuronal cell body, dendritic, and axonal features in Golgi‐impregnated preparations. Principal cells have fusiform or polygonal somata (long axis from 18 to 40 μm) and dendrites that extend for up to 750 μm within the lamina in which the cell bodies are located. Putative local interneurons have small (12–16 μm), round or oval cell bodies with wavy dendrites (up to 400 μm). Numerous multilobed appendages and axon‐like processes originate from these dendrites and make apparent contacts with other interneurons or with dendrites of principal cells. Dendrites of most neurons in both laminae are oriented preferentially along the principal axis, dorsolateral‐to‐ventromedial, of the nucleus. Therefore, within the limits of light microscopy, the zona incerta appears to possess the morphological heterogeneity to form complex intrinsic interactions. These interactions are hypothesized to form the integrative substrate for the large array of incertal inputs that are utilized to produce an efferent signal involved in the initiation of saccadic eye movements.
Vasopressin‐immunoreactive neurons and neurohemal systems in cockroaches and mantids
Authors: Davis Norman T. , Hildebrand John G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVasopressin‐like neuropeptides of insects are of special interest because of their possible function as hormones and neuromodulators. Therefore, this study was undertaken by using whole‐mount immunofluorescent staining by two antisera that recognize different types of vasopressin‐like immunoreactive groups of neurons in the cockroaches Periplaneta americana, Leucophaea maderae, Nauphoeta cinerea, Diploptera punctata, and Blaberus discoidalis and in the mantids Litaneuria minor and Tenodera aridifolia sinensis.Using an antiserum to Arg/vasopressin, only two cells, the paired ventral paramedian (PVP) neurons, were immunostained in the central nervous system (CNS) of the cockroaches. These cells are located in the subesophageal ganglion, project throughout the CNS, and appear to be neurosecretory. Their varicose collaterals extend into the dorsal (motor) neuropil of the segmental ganglia, and this neuropil may be the principal site of the release of their neurosecretion.The PVP neurons were also stained by an antiserum to Lys/vasopressin; in addition, this antiserum stained several other groups of neurons, most of which appeared to be neurosecretory. Two pairs of Lys/vasopressin‐immunoreactive cells are similar to the PVP neurons in that they are located in the subesophageal ganglion, extend through the ventral nerve cord, have collaterals in the dorsal neuropil of the segmental ganglia, and appear to be neurosecretory within the CNS. In addition, midventral and anteroventral clusters of Lys/vasopressin‐immunoreactive neurosecretory neurons in the subesophageal ganglion project neurohemal release sites on the corpora allata.Other types of Lys/vasopressin‐immunoreactive neurons include median and lateral neurosecretory cells of the protocerebrum and neurosecretory cells in the tritocerebrum, all of which project to the corpora cardiaca. In the abdominal ganglia there are posterolateral clusters of Lys/vasopressin neurosecretory neurons, and these cells extend to neurohemal release sites on the transverse and lateral cardiac nerves.In mantids the anti‐Arg/vasopressin and anti‐Lys/vasopressin antisera stained most of the same groups of neurons that these antisera recognized in cockroaches.The results of this study suggest that there are two or more vasopressin‐like peptides in cockroaches and mantids and that these peptides may be released either as hormones in the blood or as neurosecretions within the CNS. Their function(s) in these insects remains to be determined.
Two types of motoneurons supplying dorsal fin muscles in lamprey and their activity during fictive locomotion
Authors: Shupliakov Oleg , Wallén Peter , Grillner Sten 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe location and dendritic morphology of motoneurons supplying the dorsal fin muscles were studied in the lamprey spinal cord (Ichtkyomyzon unicuspis). Motoneurons were retrogradely labelled after injection of HRP into the fin muscles or after its application on the cut ends of the ventral roots. HRP‐labelled cells were subsequently reconstructed, in the horizontal and/or transverse planes. Fin motoneurons were also injected intracellularly with Lucifer Yellow and their detailed three‐dimensional structure was analysed by confocal laser‐scanning microscopy.Unlike myotomal motoneurons, which are closely spaced in the lateral cell column, fin motoneurons were distributed along the spinal cord separately or in pairs. They could be distinguished from motoneurons supplying trunk muscles by having a limited number of dendrites in the lateral part of the spinal cord. In addition, some fin motoneurons extend their dendrites into the dorsal column. The motor cells innervating fin muscles were divided into two types based on their dendritic morphology. Type I have a widespread dendritic tree in the rostrocaudal direction and, with few exceptions, completely restricted to the ipsilateral side. A proportion (25%) of these cells have dendrites extending into the dorsal column. Type II fin motoneurons extend their dendrites both ipsi‐ and contra‐laterally. The contra‐lateral dendrites pass below and above the central canal. The dendrites send off branches into the dorsal columns on both the ipsi‐ and the contra‐lateral sides. Electron microscopic analysis showed that both type I and type II fin motoneurons receive numerous synaptic contacts from dorsal column axons.During fictive locomotion both types of motoneurons are active in antiphase in relation to myotomal motoneurons and to the main locomotor burst. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurotensin terminals form synapses primarily with neurons lacking detectable tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the rat substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
Authors: Woulfe John , Beaudet Alain 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA light and electron microscopic double antigen localization technique was employed to examine the fine structural relationship between neurotensin‐containing axon terminals and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the rat. At the light microscopic level, neurotensin‐immunoreactive terminals were densely distributed throughout the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area in close proximity to tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive somata and dendrites. On electron microscopic examination, direct synaptic connections were identified between neurotensin‐immunoreactive axon terminals and tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunopositive perikarya and dendrites. However, only 8.2% and 8.8% of the neurotensin‐immunoreactive axonal profiles detected in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, respectively, were found in direct apposition with tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunostained elements. In turn, only 9.3% and 10.0% of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive dendrites sampled from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, respectively, were seen in contact with neurotensin immunopositive axon terminals. However, neurotensin‐immunoreactive and tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunolabelled elements were frequently identified in close anatomical proximity (<5 μm) to one another. These results are interpreted in light of the selective association of neurotensin receptors with dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area to suggest a predominantly parasynaptic mechanism of action for neurotensin in the ventral midbrain.
The influence of inhibitory afferents on the development of postsynaptic dendritic arbors
Authors: Sanes Dan H. , Markowitz Scott , Bernstein Joseph , Wardlow Jesse 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe growth and maintenance of dendritic form is dependent on normally functioning excitatory afferents. We have now examined the development of dendritic arbors in the gerbil lateral superior olive (LSO), following contralateral cochlear removal at postnatal day 7, a manipulation that substantially eliminates driven inhibitory transmission. Previous studies have demonstrated that the morphology of LSO dendritic arbors varies with tonotopic position and becomes more restricted with age.The presumed decrease of inhibitory transmission in the contralateral LSO resulted in a hypertrophic response. Quantification of Golgi‐impregnated neurons revealed that dendrites had a significantly greater number of branch points, and their arbors were more spread out along the frequency axis compared to normal. This was especially apparent in the high frequency projection region where the glycine receptor density is known to be 4‐fold higher than in the low frequency projection region. A measure of LSO nucleus size, cross‐sectional area, was identical to control values, indicating no overt signs of degenerative phenomena. Cochlear ablation resulted in a significant atrophy of the ipsilateral LSO, with significant effects on dendritic structure.We conclude that decreased inhibitory transmission during development does not lead to a net degenerative response. Rather, the postsynaptic neurons exhibit a hypertrophic phenotype that may be due to the persistence of an immature state. These results indicate that activity‐dependent morphogenetic events are a consequence of both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice across the life span
Authors: Willott James F. , Bross Lori Seegers , McFadden Sandra L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) was evaluated across the life span in inbred C57BL/6J (C57) and CBA/J (CBA) mice using 5 age groups (young adult to very old). C57 mice exhibit progressive cochlear sensorineural pathology and hearing loss during middle age; CBA mice have only modest sensorineural pathology late in life. DCN layers I, II, and III were evaluated histologically with serial sections stained for Nissl and fibers. DCN volume decreased with age in C57 mice, but the change began earliest and was most pronounced in layer III. In CBA mice, volume increased during the first year of life and decreased only in the oldest mice. All major DCN cell types were found in both strains at all ages. There was an age‐related decrease in the mean size of neurons in C57 mice that was first observed in layer III. In CBA mice, only a nonsignificant trend toward smaller neurons was observed in the oldest mice. An age‐related decline in the number of neurons in layer III (but not in layers I and II) occurred in C57 mice. Aged CBA mice exhibited no significant loss of DCN neurons. Thus, age‐related changes in the DCN were much more pronounced in C57 mice than in CBA mice, and the changes in C57 mice were most pronounced in layer III. Because layer III receives most of the DCN's primary auditory input, it would be directly affected by age‐related hearing loss and degeneration of spiral ganglion cells in C57 mice. This suggests that the age‐related changes observed in DCN layer III of C57 mice are affected by progressive peripheral degenerative changes; when peripheral loss is minimal (CBA mice), less substantial age‐related changes are observed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual innervation of the rat vibrissa: Responses of trigeminal ganglion cells projecting through deep or superficial nerves
Authors: Waite Phil M. E. , Jacquin Mark F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe rat vibrissal follicle–sinus complex is innervated by a deep vibrissal nerve (DVN) and several smaller fascicles traveling in the dermis [conus or superficial vibrissal nerves, (SVNs)]. The function of the SVNs is unknown, although it has been suggested in a comparative study that they form part of a diffuse, multivibrissal system. Anatomical and electrophysiological methods were used to test this hypothesis and to determine if DVN and SVN fibers have differing response profiles.No ganglion cells were double‐labeled after retrograde tracer injections in the DVN and SVNs of single follicles. Electron microscopy showed that selective transection of the DVN caused no SVN degeneration or vice versa. Thus, the dual innervation of the vibrissa arises from separate ganglion cells that project through separate nerves.Ganglion cells with A–row vibrissa receptive fields were studied before and after cutting the DVN and/or SVNs to the responsive vibrissa in order to identify their peripheral trajectories. In this sample, 83% projected through a DVN and 17% via a SVN. SVN or DVN cells were not spontaneously active. All cells responded to single vibrissae only; none were responsive to intervibrissal hairs or skin. Latencies to electrical stimulation were similar for DVN and SVN cells. Adaptation rates and threshold measurements were also similar in the two groups: 60% of the DVN cells and 80% of the SVN cells gave slowly adapting responses to sustained vibrissal displacement; threshold displacements ranged from less than 1° to greater than 15° for both SVN and DVN cells. Direction sensitivity was found in all DVN and SVN slowly adapting cells, with most cells responding to movements in one or two quadrants. For SVN cells, sequential circumferential nerve sections indicated that the fiber's directional sensitivity matched the direction of the fiber's entry into the follicle. The two groups differed in their responses to pushing in or pulling on the hair shaft. All the DVN cells were responsive to both of these stimuli, while for SVN cells pushing activated only 40% and none were responsive to pulling the hair. Another difference in the two groups was that no injury discharges occurred after cutting SVNs, but were present in 44% of DVN cells.These data suggest that DVN and SVNs are similar in the majority of response properties. There is also no evidence to support the hypothesis that SVNs provide diffuse, multivibrissal inputs. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fos‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of homozygous diabetes insipidus brattleboro and normal long‐evans rats
Authors: Guldenaar Stephan E. F. , Noctor Stephen C. , McCabe Joseph T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWater deprivation induces the production of the transcription factor Fos in neurons of the neurohypophysial system. These neurons, which are located primarily in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON), produce the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. The present immunocytochemical study has analyzed the distribution of Fos in brain regions involved in osmoregulation and compared the extent of Fos immunoreactivity (Fos‐IR) in vasopressin‐deficient Brattleboro and normal Long‐Evans rats under stimulated and non‐stimulated conditions. Rats were osmotically challenged by means of a single intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 M/L NaCl. Since Fos may be induced by the stress of handling of animals, non‐injected and isotonic saline‐injected rats were used as controls. Faint nuclear Fos immunostaining was found in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), subfornical organ (SFO), and SON of non‐injected and isotonic saline‐injected Brattleboro but not Long‐Evans rats. Hypertonic saline injection specifically induced Fos‐IR in neurons located in the SFO, OVLT, MnPO, PVN, SON, hypothalamic accessory nuclei (including the nucleus circularis), and arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (Arc) in both Long Evans and Brattleboro rats. No differences in distribution of the induced immunostaining were found between the strains. Stress of handling and (isotonic saline) injection induced Fos‐IR in the lateral septal nuclei, central amygdaloid nuclei, medial amygdaloid nucleus, medial preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, cingulate‐ and piriform cortex, the lateral hypothalamic area, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and the habenular nucleus. The data are consistent with a role for Fos in the regulation of vasopressin gene expression during acute hyperosmotic stimulation. In addition, this study demonstrated that during chronic osmotic stimulation, as experienced by homozygous Brattleboro rats, Fos‐IR is limited but apparently present constantly and that it increased in these animals following acute osmotic challenge. Our observations suggest that c‐fos regulatory controls in homozygous Brattleboro rats are different from those in Long‐Evans rats. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.