bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A field‐programmable VLSI processor based on direct allocation of a control/data flow graph
Authors: Ohsawa Naotaka , Hariyama Masanori , Kameyama Michitaka 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe next generation of information systems will require the development of special‐purpose processors that can accommodate computation‐intensive algorithms at superhigh speeds. Design methods based on field‐programmable gate arrays (FPGA), which can guide the fabrication of special‐use processors at lower cost than ad hoc design methods, are attracting increased attention. However, special‐purpose processors based on FPGA have the problem of poor performance compared to processors designed by ad hoc methods. In this article, we propose to eliminate this problem with FPGA processors by using field‐programmable VLSI (or FPVLSI) arrays of processing elements in which data transfer takes place between nearest‐neighbor processors only, direct allocation of control/data flow graphs, and bit‐serial architecture. Furthermore, we show that when this FPVLSI approach is used to implement a 16‐point FFT, the resulting processor module is over 20 times faster than a currently available FPGA module with the same area. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(7): 28–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10076
Novel NAND DRAM with surrounding gate transistor (SGT)‐type gain cell
Authors: Nakamura Hiroki , Endoh Tetsuo , Sakuraba Hiroshi , Masuoka Fujio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA novel NAND DRAM with SGT‐type gain cell is proposed. This SGT‐type gain cell structure is composed of an SGT and SGT‐type capacitor stacked vertically on a planar read transistor. Its cell size can be reduced to 4F2since it can be arranged to have the cross‐point configuration. Therefore, high‐density DRAM is achieved. Since it operates as a gain cell, it is possible to obtain sufficient signal charge regardless of the stored amount. Therefore, the proposed DRAM operates at low supply voltages, where it is difficult to obtain sufficient read‐out voltage in conventional DRAM. It is shown that the novel NAND DRAM with SGT‐type gain cell achieves high‐density and low‐voltage operation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(7): 1–8, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10198
Analysis of micro–macro structure of financial markets via agent‐based model: Risk management and dynamics of asset pricing
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi , Terano Takao 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this research the authors use an agent‐based approach to analyze the effects risk management has on a market overall. First, they confirm the validity of the risk management methods reported in the field of financial engineering. Then they confirm that under particular conditions, such as when there are a large number of investors who take into consideration the tendencies of other investors or when excessive risk management is used, risk management can cause market prices to deviate from standard levels. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(7): 38–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20100
A tool that supports highly reliable component‐based software development
Authors: Matsumoto Michihiro , Futatsugi Kokichi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe development of software using component software is starting to spread because of the expectation that software manufacturing can be improved. In this paper, component software represents software created by selecting the appropriate components from a component library and then combining them together. In order to improve manufacturing, a software architecture must be selected. In this paper, the authors propose a tree architecture appropriate for describing the behavior of components, and then use this architecture as their software architecture. In a tree architecture, the behavior of a component and the component combinations are described using one type of algebraic specification called projection behavior specifications. By taking advantage of the projection behavior specifications, (1) detailed verification which demonstrates that the combined components satisfy the required specifications (component software behavior) can be performed and (2) the connectors can be automatically generated from the description of the combinations. This provides support for the development of highly reliable component software. The authors look into methods (1) and (2), and then use them to create a software development tool. This paper discusses the software development tool. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(7): 70–79, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20103
Performance analysis of synchronous optical CDMA systems with EWO signaling
Authors: Ochiai Noboru , Kushibiki Satoshi , Matsushima Tomoko K. , Teramachi Yasuaki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe EWO signaling scheme has been proposed as an optical CDMA system. In this scheme, two orthogonal codewords with equal weights are assigned to a set of users. Depending on the transmitted information, one is selected for code spreading. Unlike the OOK signaling scheme, which is the fundamental optical CDMA system, the scheme is superior because the receiver threshold at the time of decoding need not be estimated dynamically. The EWO signaling scheme has been evaluated in an asynchronous system with OOC and PSC as the signature code. Although its error rate characteristic depends on the code used, there is no significant improvement over that of the OOK signaling scheme, and in fact the error rate may be worse depending on the conditions. This paper evaluates the error rate when the EWO signaling scheme is applied to a synchronous system. MPSC is used as the signature code. An ideal link is assumed in which all causes of noise other than interference from other channels can be neglected. Analytical evaluations and computer simulations are carried out. It is found that the EWO signaling scheme has much better error rate characteristics than the OOK system. In particular, by engineering the assignment of the codewords to each user, the EWO signaling scheme achieves an error rate of 0 regardless of the number of multiple users. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(12): 37–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10164
Disease‐related epitope spread in a humanized T cell receptor transgenic model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ellmerich Stephan , Takacs Katalin , Mycko Marcin , Waldner Hanspeter , Wahid Faisal , Boyton Rosemary J. , Smith Paul A. , Amor Sandra , Baker David , Hafler David A. , Kuchroo Vijay K. , Altmann Daniel M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWhile EAE has been an invaluable model for the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, it has sometimes been difficult to bridge the gap between findings and therapies in the rodent models and the cellular and molecular interactions that can be studied in the human disease. Humanized transgenic models offer a means of achieving this, through the expression of disease‐implicated HLA class II molecules, co‐expressed with a cognate HLA‐class II‐restricted, myelin‐specific TCR derived from a human T cell clone implicated in disease. We have generated such a transgenic line, called line 8, that co‐expresses a high level of HLA‐DR15 and a human TCR specific for HLA‐DR15/MBP 85–99. T cells from the transgenic line are skewed to the CD4 single‐positive compartment and produce IFN‐γ in response to peptide from mylein basic protein. Mice develop a spontaneous disease phenotype, showing poverty of movement, although this rarely develops into paralysis except following immunization with peptide. On induction of paralysis by immunization with peptide, disease correlates with epitope spread to a number of additional, HLA‐DR15‐restricted myelin epitopes. This model should be valuable for analyzing epitope spread in a humanized immunogenetic environment and for the testing of specific immunotherapies.
Gene expression profile of B cells from Xid mice and Btk knockout mice
Authors: Lindvall Jessica M. , Blomberg K. Emelie M. , Berglöf Anna , Yang Qian , Smith C. I. Edvard , Islam Tahmina C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is important for B lymphocyte development. To identify genes that are differentially expressed in primary B cells lacking functional Btk, splenocytes from X‐linked immunodeficiency (Xid), Btk knockout (Btk KO) and immunocompetent CBA mice were used in microarrays containing more than 12,000 genes and expressed‐sequence tags. We found 4515 common transcripts expressed in duplicate experiments in the three strains. Out of these, 38 were differentially expressed genes (21 were up‐regulated >2‐fold and 17 were down‐regulated <–2‐fold) between CBA and Btk defective (Xid or Btk KO) mice. Ten out of these genes were selected and quantitative real‐time PCR was conducted for validation and further investigation. Real‐time experiments correlated nicely with the microarray data. No definitive phenotypic difference has previously been reported between Xid and Btk KO mice. We found 7 genes whose expression differed (>2‐fold) betweenthe two strains. Moreover, when the 38 genes that differed between immunocompetent CBA mice and Btk defective mice were ranked according to fold‐increase, the levels in Btk KO mice were significantly more altered. This suggests that the defect in Btk KO mice is more severe and demonstrates that the mutant Btk protein in Xid mice does not generally function as dominant‐negative form.
Frontline: Control of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular pathogen, in the absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase, phagocyte NADPH oxidase, tumor necrosis factor, Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4, or the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88
Authors: von Loewenich Friederike D. , Scorpio Diana G. , Reischl Udo , Dumler J. Stephen , Bogdan Christian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAnaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is related to rickettsial organisms and replicates in the hostile environment of neutrophils. Previous studies with SCID mice suggested that T and/or B cells are required for its control in vivo. Here, we used mice deficient for Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4, MyD88, tumor necrosis factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, or phagocyte NADPH oxidase (gp91phox–/–) to define the pathways that are critical for the recognition and the killing of this pathogen. Whereas SCID mice developeda 60‐fold higher bacterial load in the blood compared to wild‐type mice and succumbed to infection, all other gene‐deficient mouse strains were fully capable in overcoming a systemic infection withA. phagocytophilum. From these data we conclude that effector mechanisms that are crucial to the defense against numerous other intracellular pathogens are dispensable for the control of A. phagocytophilum.See accompanying Commentary http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425250
Dual T cell receptor T cells with two defined specificities mediate tumor suppression via both receptors
Authors: Gladow Monika , Uckert Wolfgang , Blankenstein Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGrafting T cells with new antigen specificity by T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer could greatly facilitate adoptive T cell immunotherapy. Little is known about how two TCR on one T cell influence each other. Among other reasons, this is often due to the fact that only one TCR specificity is known. We have genetically generated murine dual TCR T cells (OT‐I/P14), specific for ovalbumin(ova257) and lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (gp33). These cells retain both specificities and can be stimulated by either antigenic peptide to proliferate and produce IFN‐γ. Even though one TCR (P14) is expressed at reduced levels on dual TCR T cells, the peptide sensitivity of these cells is similar to that of single TCR T cells of the same specificity. TCR down‐modulation on dual TCR T cells depends primarily on binding of the specific ligand. Adoptively transferred dual TCR T cells suppress the growth of both B16‐ova and B16‐gp33 melanoma cells, regardless of the peptide used for in vitro activation. Taken together, despite a certain dominance of expression between two TCR on the same T cell, this need not necessarily have functional consequences.
The Disappearing January/Turn of the Year Effect: Evidence From Stock Index Futures and Cash Markets
Authors: Szakmary Andrew C. , Kiefer Dean B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study examines the returns, relative to the S&P 500, on cash indices and futures tracking smaller stocks around the turn of the year. While we control for volatility clustering, return autocorrelation in small stock indices, and other calendar effects, our main focus is the evolution of the turn of the year effect through time: in particular, whether the effect is smaller or takes place earlier subsequent to the introduction of the S&P Midcap and Russell 2000 futures in 1993. We find that evidence of a traditional turn of the year effect, in both cash and futures, is confined to the pre‐1993 period. Post‐1993, there are no abnormal returns during the turn of the year window as a whole. Interestingly, returns in this period remain high on the last trading day of December, but they are negative across the first five trading days of January. In addition, post‐1993, we often observe significant abnormal returns prior to the traditional turn of the year, i.e., in the pre‐Christmas and post‐Christmas windows. Taken together, our results suggest that market participants may be eliminating the turn of the year effect with the aid of two new futures contracts that are well suited to this purpose. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:755–784, 2004
Insular carcinoma of the thyroid with jugular vein invasion
Authors: Leong Jern‐Lin , Wai Yuen Heng , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Loevner Laurie , Narula Navneet , Baloch Zubair , Weber Randal S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground.Gross angioinvasion with intraluminal tumor thrombus is rarely seen in thyroid cancer, with few cases reported in the literature.Methods.We report an insular carcinoma of the thyroid displaying this aggressive local invasion and angioinvasion of the internal jugular chain. Complete surgical removal of the intraluminal disease, regional metastasis, and primary tumor was carried out.Results.Adjuvant external beam radiation therapy and iodine‐131 were administered, and the patient died with pulmonary metastases 30 months after surgery. No locoregional recurrence was noted at last follow‐up.Conclusions.Treatment of insular carcinoma of the thyroid with invasion of the internal jugular vein is amenable to surgical resection. Postoperative radioactive iodine and external beam radiotherapy can achieve locoregional disease control and prolonged survival. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 642–646, 2004
Effects of titanium‐coated micromachined grooved substrata on orienting layers of osteoblast‐like cells and collagen fibers in culture
Authors: Khakbaznejad A. , Chehroudi B. , Brunette D. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOsteogenic cells from newborn rat calvariae were cultured on titanium surfaces on which cell orientation could be manipulated. Substrata included smooth surfaces and substrata with smooth regions (gaps) flanked by grooves of 47‐μm pitch and 3‐, 10‐, or 30‐μm depth. Orientation angles of the cells were measured over time using propidium‐iodide staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, collagen fibers were identified using picro‐sirius staining and reflected light polarization microscopy. Grooves proved effective in orienting cells, but their orienting ability decreased above the ridge level. Cells on the smooth surface showed no preferred orientation. Cells in the gaps became oriented as a result of cell–cell interactions with the cells on the flanking grooves. Cells in grooves produced oriented collagen fibers, but in the gaps, fibers could be parallel, perpendicular, or diagonal to the grooves. Collagen fibers on the smooth surfaces formed arrays of parallel fibers in a crisscross pattern. In long‐term cultures, bone‐like nodules were formed, but mostly above the ridge level. These data demonstrate that grooved surfaces can influence cell orientation both in cell populations above the cells in contact with the grooves and in cell populations adjacent to the grooves. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 206–218, 2004
Synthesis of a technetium‐99m labelled L‐tyrosine derivative with the fac‐99mTc(I)(CO)3‐core using a simple kit‐procedure
Authors: Schirrmacher Ralf , Comagic Slobodan , Schirrmacher Esther , Rösch Frank 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of a novel technetium‐99m labelled derivative of L‐tyrosine as a potential tumour imaging agent for nuclear medicine diagnosis is reported. The synthesis involved the labelling precursor fac‐[99mTc(OH2)(CO)3]+ which was synthesized using the commercially available Isolink®‐labelling kit and the tyrosine derivative O‐(N,N‐bis(carboxymethyl)aminoethyl)‐L‐tyrosine trifluoroacetate. The labelled compound O‐(99mTc(I)‐tricarbonyl‐N,N‐bis(carboxymethyl)aminoethyl)‐L‐tyrosine was obtained in a radiochemical yield of 70–80% within 60 min with a radiochemical purity greater than 98% without any HPLC purification step. Purification was achieved merely by solid phase extraction. Chemical as well as chiral purity was determined using gradient‐ and chiral HPLC. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wintertime surface temperature in Egypt in relation to the associated atmospheric circulation
Authors: Hasanean H. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMean wintertime temperatures (December, January, February) recorded during the period 1905–2000 at 18 weather stations distributed across Egypt were analysed to reveal spatial and temporal patterns of long‐term trends. The relationship between winter atmospheric circulation indices and winter temperature in Egypt is examined using correlation analysis. The atmospheric circulation is represented by four indices: the well‐known El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) index, East Atlantic–West Russia (EAWR) index, and East Atlantic (EA) index.Surface temperature is a stable climatic element whose coefficient of variation (COV) is lower during winter. A statistically significant relation between COV and latitude indicates that stations in the south, Upper Egypt, are more variable than stations in the north, Lower Egypt. Increasing and decreasing winter surface temperature trends were found. In general, wintertime temperature has increased (warming) at most stations. Decreasing trends (cooling) are observed mainly over Upper Egypt. The upward trends in mean winter temperature during the 1910s–30s, mid 1970s, and early 1980s–2000 and the downward trends during the 1940s and 1960s are prominent features of the temporal distributions. The warming period that occurred early in the century may be explained by changes in circulation. Striking upward trends are most remarkable during the last 20 years. This could be attributed not only to human activities, but also to atmospheric circulation changes. No detectable connection between Egypt temperature and either ENSO or EA index was found during winter. A statistically significant negative relationship between winter temperature and winter NAO index can be observed. The NAO index is more dominant in determining winter temperature than ENSO circulation. A significantly stronger negative relationship between temperature over Egypt and the winter EAWR index values is detected. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Modelling the behaviour of RC beams retrofitted with CARDIFRC®
Authors: Karihaloo B. L. , Alaee F. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new retrofitting technique based on a material (CARDIFRC®) compatible with concrete has been developed at Cardiff University. It overcomes some of the problems associated with the current techniques based on externally bonded steel plates and FRP (fibre‐reinforced polymer) laminates which are due to the mismatch of their tensile strength and stiffness with that of the concrete structure being retrofitted.CARDIFRC® is a high‐performance steel‐fibre reinforced cementitious composite characterized by high tensile/flexural strength and high energy‐absorption capacity (i.e. ductility). The special characteristics of CARDIFRC® make it particularly suitable for repair, remedial and upgrading activities (i.e. retrofitting) of existing concrete structures. It has been shown that damaged reinforced concrete beams can be successfully strengthened and rehabilitated in a variety of different retrofit configurations using pre‐cast CARDIFRC® strips adhesively bonded to the prepared surfaces of the damaged beams. To predict the moment resistance/load carrying capacity of the beams retrofitted in this manner two analytical models are described in the present paper. The results of the analytical models are found to be in very good agreement with the test results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a constitutive model for concrete to the analysis of a precast segmental tunnel lining
Authors: Winkler B. , Hofstetter G. , Lehar H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA constitutive model for concrete, based on the smeared crack approach and formulated within the framework of the theory of plasticity, is extended by coupling damage due to tensile stresses with damage due to compressive stresses for mixed tension–compression loading and by introducing an isotropic scalar damage model for unloading and reloading. Additionally, a uniaxial model for tension stiffening is extended to reinforced concrete subjected to biaxial stress states. The constitutive model for plain and reinforced concrete is validated by means of test data taken from the literature and by laboratory tests on L‐shaped panels.Finally, the validated material model is used to perform a non‐linear FE‐analysis of a permanent tunnel lining made of hexagonal precast concrete segments. During the construction work of the lining hairline cracks were detected on the inner surface of some precast segments, running parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tunnel lining. They were supposed to be mainly caused by the installation process of the lining. In order to gain more information about the origin of these cracks, a non‐linear numerical analysis of the installation process of the lining is performed. The results of the numerical simulation, showing under which conditions cracks are initiated, are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modelling for earthquake engineering: the case of lightly RC structural walls
Authors: Mazars J. , Ragueneau F. , Casaux G. , Colombo A. , Kotronis P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDifferent types of numerical models exist to describe the non‐linear behaviour of reinforced concrete structures. Based on the level of discretization they are often classified as refined or simplified ones. The efficiency of two simplified models using beam elements and damage mechanics in describing the global and local behaviour of lightly reinforced concrete structural walls subjected to seismic loadings is investigated in this paper. The first model uses an implicit and the second an explicit numerical scheme. For each case, the results of the CAMUS 2000 experimental programme are used to validate the approaches. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.