bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxic compounds from fruit and vegetables
Authors: D’mello J P Felix 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is possible to adopt a very wide interpretation of this title, based on conventional meanings of the terms ‘fruit’ and ‘vegetables’. The Oxford dictionary defines fruit as ‘the edible product of a plant or tree, consisting of the seed and its envelope’. The definition for vegetables includes plants ‘cultivated for food’, particularly edible herbs or roots. If one also applies a broad definition for the phrase ‘toxic compounds’, then it is immediately apparent that we would be considering an almost infinite array of deleterious substances in the context of a wide variety of plant products. The constraints of space do not allow such an approach. This chapter therefore focuses on a limited number of toxic constituents in selected fruits and vegetables. In fruits, the adverse effects of allergens, hypoglycin and patulin are considered. In vegetables, the existence of a wider range of toxicants is well recognized, including lectins, isoflavones, glucosinolates, S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, glycoalkaloids, nitrate, oxalates and furanocoumarins. The deleterious effects of these compounds are reviewed, and the risks for human health considered. In many cases the assessment and management of risk necessitates reference to animal studies, particularly where the underlying basis for toxicity is of relevance. The toxicology of these compounds is addressed in a global context in order to illustrate the diversity of these substances. This review excludes issues arising from contamination of fruit and vegetables with pesticide residues.
Fisheries
Authors: Coulter G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the rather complicated pattern of fishing activities on Lake Tanganyika and the likely direction of future fishery development, it is necessary to view these from the perspectives of the social and physical environments of the local fishermen. Fishery development cannot be viewed entirely in technical terms, or higher fish yields equated simply with improved methods and supply of materials. Ultimately, human priorities and the exigencies imposed by local circumstances regulate fishing activities and schemes for change.
Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors
Authors: Hendershot J R , Miller TJE 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brushless permanent-magnet motors provide simple, low maintenance, easily controlled motive power. New magnetic materials and digital power control techniques continue to widen the scope of their applications. Increasing automation is increasing demand. This book, written by two world leading experts, combines practical and academic experience to produce the most comprehensive and useful design manual for brushless PM motors ever. It will serve the modern computer-based generation of motor engineers in much the same way as the Electro-Craft Handbook served the previous generation on d.c. motors. The book goes hand-in-hand with modern software-based techniques for design and analysis. It covers all the topics of interest to the motor design engineer, and the system engineer, including electrical and magnetic design, materials, control, and many other topics.
Cosmological models
Authors: d’Invemo Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of ways of proceeding. The equation can be solved, in general, by using elliptic functions, or resort can be made to computer plots of numerically generated solutions. However, many of the sub-cases can be integrated directly using elementary functions or, failing that, elementary functions can be used to investigate their qualitative features. We shall not give an exhaustive account of this approach here (but see Landsberg and Evans (1977) for details).
Matrices
Authors: Barnett Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Techniques of matrix theory find wide application throughout engineering and the physical, life, and social sciences. Consequently, matrix methods comprise an important component in any ‘tool kit’ of applied mathematics. This wide-ranging textbook provides a clearly written and up-to-date account of these methods, suitable for both undergraduates and more advanced students. The aim is to provide a down-to-earth approach with results illustrated by many examples drawn from the areas of application. The range of topics covered is large: from basic matrix algebra to advanced concepts such as generalized inverses and Hadamard matrices, and applications to error-correcting codes, control theory, and linear programming. In addition, the book contains numerous exercises, together with answers, making it ideal for students in any field where matrices are used.
Time-optimal control
Authors: Hocking Leslie M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains the heart of Part A. We shall prove the existence of a time-optimal control and find how it can be determined. We shall consider the problem of the uniqueness of the optimal solution. A tightrope walker seeks to maintain an upright position; any deviation from the vertical will result in a catastrophic fall unless it is controlled, and the acrobat’s objective is to regain the (unstable) equilibrium position as quickly as possible.
Error-Correcting Codes and Finite Fields
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides the reader with all the tools necessary to implement modern error-processing schemes. It assumes only a basic knowledge of linear algebra and develops the mathematical theory in parallel with the codes. Central to the text are worked examples which motivate and explain the theory. The book is in four parts. The first introduces the basic ideas of coding theory. The second and third parts cover the theory of finite fields and give a detailed treatment of BCH and Reed-Solomon codes. These parts are linked by their use of Euclid's algorithm as a central technique. The fourth part is devoted to Goppa codes, both classical and geometric, concluding with the Skorobogatov-Vladut error processor. A special feature of this part is a simplified (but rigorous) treatment of the geometry of curves.
The theory of compact surfaces
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the basic plan for classifying knots involves splitting 3-dimensional manifolds along surfaces. Therefore it is a sensible idea to review quickly the classification theory of surfaces, as it was formulated about 70 years ago. The problem of classifying surfaces is incomparably simpler than the problem of classifying Haken 3-manifolds. To begin with then, we must ask ourselves the question, what is a surface? The answer: it is a compact 2-dimensional manifold. Such surfaces can always be triangulated; that is they can be represented as finite collections of solid, 2-dimensional triangles, which are glued together along their edges.
Piecewise linear topology
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter a few of the methods which are developed in the theory of piecewise linear topology will be summarized. The conscientious reader might be well advised to consult one of the standard books on the subject. But broadly speaking, the idea is the following. In an ‘ideal world’ the subject of topology reduces to a process of examining elastic objects which can be stretched and deformed as we like. According to the rules of the game, scissors are not allowed.
Three-dimensional structure of Ras and Ras-related proteins
Authors: Wittinghofer Alfred , Valencia Alfonso 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structures of several different wild-type and mutantp21 complexes have been determined by two groups. A listof the published structures is shown in Table 1 togetherwith the resolutions obtained in the crystallographic analyses.For wild-type and one oncogenic mutant both thetriphosphate and diphosphate structures have been determined.For the triphosphate complex of p21 the non-cleavableanalogues GppNHp and Gpp(CH2)p were used,because GTP and even GTPy.i are hydrolysed by p21 duringcrystallization.
The mammalian two-dimensional gel map of small GTP-binding proteins
Authors: Huber Lukas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Full length cDNAs of small GTP-binding proteins wereinserted into PGEM1 under the control of the T7 promoteras described previously (Chavrier et al. 1990; Huber et al.1993). GTP-binding proteins were then transientlyexpressed in BHK 21 cells with the T7 RNA polymeraserecombinantvaccinia virus system (Fuerst et al. 1986;Chavrier et al. 1990; Huber et al. 1993, 1994b). Cells werescraped and fractionated 5 hours after infection/transfectionand membrane fractions applied to high resolution2D-gel electrophoresis.
Ram2p
Authors: Tamanoi Fuyuhiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Its nucleotide sequence and the amino acid sequence of the gene product are shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is M88584.ProteinRAM2 encodes a protein of 316 amino acid residues. The Ram2 protein shares a significant sequence similarity with the a-subunit of rat farnesyltransferase (they are 30% identical in the COOH-terminal 211 residues) (Chen et al. 1991). The Ram2 protein also shares sequence similarity with the BET4 gene product (Li et al. 1994), which appears to function as the a-subunit of protein geranylgeranyltransferase II of yeast (Armstrong et al. 1993). Internal repeats have been identified within the Ram2 protein (Boguski et al. 1992). This repeat, which contains an invariant tryptophan and a number of other well-conserved residues, is also found in the BET4 protein as well as in the a-subunits of mammalian protein farnesyltransferases.
Dpr1/Ram1p
Authors: Tamanoi Fuyuhiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The DPR1/RAM1 gene was cloned as a gene complementingthe temperature-sensitive growth property of dpr1 orram1 mutation (Goodman eta/. 1988; Powers eta/. 1986).The gene was also cloned using complementation of sgp2phenotypes (Nakayama et al. 1988). The sequence of thegene was determined by Goodman et al (1988) and isshown in Fig. 1. GenBank accession number is M22753. Thegene is transcribed to give rise to an mRNA of approximately1.6 kb (Tamanoi et al. 1988).
Vav
Authors: Altman Amnon , Gulbins Erich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
vavwas identified as a transforming oncogene during gene transfer studies that involved transfection of murine NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with DNA from several human esophageal carcinomas and tumorigenicity assays in athymic nude mice (Katzav etal. 1989). Analysis of human genomic sequences from the murine tumors identified a DNA fragment that hybridized specifically to a 3.0 kb mRNA present in these murine tumors. This fragment was subsequently used as a probe to clone vavfrom a XgtIOcDNA library derived from a third cycle nude mouse tumor. Analysis of the longest cDNA clone (2.8 kb) and subsequent cDNA cloning of the complete human and murine cDNA sequences of proto-vav (Katzav eta/. 1989,1991, Coppola eta/. 1991),
Ral-GDS
Authors: Giddings Barton W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ral-GDS was identified by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to regions conserved between the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene CDC25 and the Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene ste6 (Albright et al. 1993). Two clones, raIGDSa and raIGDSb, were identified; these clones appear to be alternatively spliced products of the same gene. The DNA sequence of mouse ral-GDSa is shown in Fig. 1. GenBank accession numbers are L07924 (mouse ral-GDSa) and L07925 (rat ral-GDSb).
P120-GAP
Authors: McCormick Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bovine p120-GAP was purified from brain, and cloned from a brain cDNA library (Vogel et al. 1988). The protein encoded by this cDNA is 1023 amino acids in length. Human p120-GAP was cloned from placenta, and exists in two forms, as a result of an alternative splice (Trahey et al. 1988).
Rsk
Authors: Chen Rey-Huei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two Xenopus rsk cDNAs were first isolated from a Xenopus ovary library (GenBank accession number J03775) (Jones et al. 1988). The two cDNAs show 91% sequence identity to each other. The larger clone αis 3071 nucleotides long, and the other βis 2991 nucleotides long. These sequences reveal no significant similarities with other known genes. One chicken and two mouse homologs of the Xenopus laevis cDNAs have also been isolated by low stringency hybridization using Xenopus rsk-a clone as the probe (Alcorta etal. 1989).
Cdc25p
Authors: Powers Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cdc25 gene was cloned from yeast DNA expression libraries by complementation of the temperature-sensitive growth of cdc25 mutants (Camonis etal. 1986; Broek etal. 1987; Robinson etal. 1987). The original cdc25 mutant was isolated in a screen for temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutantsand is allelic to cyr2 (reviewed in Matsumoto etal. 1985). The GenBank accession number is M15458.
Sdc25p
Authors: Boy-Marcotte Emmanuelle , Jacquet Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This gene was originally cloned as a truncated gene by its ability to suppress the thermosensitivity of a cdc25-5 strain (Boy-Marcotte et al. 1989). It was named SCD25 for suppressor of cdc25 but, for the sake of non-redundant yeast nomenclature the name was changed to SDC25 (Damak etal. 1991). The SDC25 gene has been located on the left arm of chromosome XII at 5.5 cM from the centromere. The complete gene encodes a polypeptide of 1253 amino acids. When first cloned from the OL136 yeast strain, the 5’ part contained a deletion, derived from this strain, inactivating the gene (Damak et al. 1991). New constructions on multicopy plasmid with the wild-type gene suppress the cdc25 mutation (unpublished observations). Since truncated constructs are also able to suppress cdc25 mutations irrespective of their orientation, they are supposed to contain internal promoter elements. GenBank accession number: M26647.
Msi2p/Ltelp
Authors: Shirayama Masaki , Matsui Yasushi , Toh-e Akio , Tanaka Kazuma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MSI2 was isolated by screening a yeast genomic library based on YEp24for a suppressor of heat shock sensitivity of iral-1 (Shirayama et al. 1994). The nucleotide sequence of the MSI2 gene indicated that it includes the sequence of the previously reported LTE1 gene (Wickner et a/.1987). The DNA sequence of MSI2/LTE1 is shown in Fig. 1. The EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ accession number for MSI2 is D21354.
Rab3b
Authors: Kikuchi Akira , Takai Yoshimi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bovine Rab3b cDNA was isolated from a bovine brain cDNA library using oligonucleotide probes of Rab3a (Matsui etal. 1988). Human Rab3b cDNA was isolated from a human pheochromocytoma cDNA library by use of human Rab3a cDNA as a probe (Zahraoui et al. 1989). The nucleotide sequence of bovine Rab3b and its deduced amino acid sequence are shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession numbers are: bovine Rab3b, J03943; human Rab3b, J03000.
Rabl3
Authors: Elferink Lisa A , Schellers Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rab13 was one of seven cDNAs identified by screening a rat brain cDNA library using two cDNAs (Ora-1 and Ora-2) from the marine ray Discopyge ommata, which encode GTPases with significant homology to the yeast Sec4 protein (Elferink et al. 1992; Ngsee et al. 1991). The nucleotide and corresponding deduced amino acid sequences are presented in Fig. 1. The GenBank/EMBL Data Bank accession number is M83678 for rat Rab13 and X75593 for human Rab13.
Rabl4
Authors: Elferink Lisa A , Schellers Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cDNA encoding Rab14 was originally isolated from a rat brain cDNA library, during a screen for Sec4-related GTPases (Elferink etal. 1992). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence for Rab14 is shown in Fig. 1. GenBank accession number M83680.
Rabl5
Authors: Elferink Lisa A , Schellers Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an attempt to define GTPases involved in neurotransmitter release, Rab15 was identified from a rat brain cDNA library, using the coding regions of two Sec4-related cDNA clones, previously characterized from the marine ray Discopyge ommata (Elferink etal. 1992; Ngsee etal. 1991). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of Rabi 5 is shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is M83679.
RCC1
Authors: Bischoff F Ralf , Nishimoto Takeharu , Ponstingl Herwig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human RCC1 cDNA has been cloned due to its ability to complement the ts+ phenotype at the restrictive temperature in tsBN2 cells, a temperature-sensitive mutant of BHK21 cells from golden hamster (Kai etal. 1986; Ohtsubo et al. 1987). The nucleotide sequence of the human RCC1 cDNA is shown in Fig. 1. The hamster and Xenopus RCC1 cDNA were cloned from cDNA libraries using the human RCC1 cDNA as a probe (Nishitani et al. 1990; Uchida et al.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)
Authors: Nicola N A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of GM-CSF cDNAs cloned from mouse and man (GenBank accession numbers X03020 and X03021) predict a protein of 144 (human) or 141 (mouse) amino acids each containing a 17-amino-acid leader sequence (Gough and Nicola 1990; Walter et al. 1992). These proteins are 54 per cent identical at the amino acid level (Fig. 1) and do not cross-react either biologically or at the receptor binding level between the two species.
Mammalian Hsp40
Authors: Ohtsuka K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hsp40 gene was independently isolated as HDJ1 by cDNA cloning from a human placenta cDNA library (Raabe, Manley, 1991). The nucleotide sequence of human hsp40 cDNA (GenBank accession numbers D17749, D49547; Ohtsuka, 1993) is almost identical (98%) to that of independently isolated HDJ1 cDNA (GenBank accession number X62421; Raabe, Manley, 1991). The hsp40 cDNA encodes a protein of 340 amino acids (calculated molecular mass of 38 042 Da, pl of 8.92).
Annexins
Authors: Kaetzel Marcia A , Dedman John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sequence organization of the family is highly conserved (Fig. 3). Annexins consist of a conserved core region composed of four repeated domains and a unique N-terminal tail. Annexin VI is unique in that it contains eight domains. Each core contains several calcium- and phospholipid-binding sites. The sequence conservation for each domain ranges between 40 and 70 per cent when individual family members are compared. The N terminus of each protein confers functional differences and can contain phosphorylation sites for serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases. Annexins II and Xllla are acylated. Annexins I, II, VII, and XI have been shown to bind S-100 EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. Sequences in both the N-terminal and the core regions are required for vesicle fusion by annexin I, F-actin binding by annexin II,2 or ion channel regulation by annexins IV and Vl.
Severin
Authors: Noegel Angelika A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most prominent severing protein in Dictyostelium discoideum is severin. It belongs to a family of proteins that in a Ca2+-dependent manner sever actin filaments, nucleate actin assembly, and cap the fast growing filament ends. These activites are inhibited by PIP2. Structurally and functionally severin resembles gelsolin and vii/in from higher organisms. The functions attributed to severin have been mapped to different domains within the polypeptide. The structure of domain 2 of severin has been solved by NMR.
Vinculin
Authors: Geiger Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vinculin is an anchor protein which is specifically associated with ce/1-ECM adhesions such as focal contacts as well as with adherens type cell-eel/ junctions. In both sites, vinculin participates in the formation of a submembrane ‘plaque’ structure which is responsible for the attachment of actin filaments to the plasma membrane. Biochemical and molecular genetic analyses of intact vinculin or vinculin fragments suggested that the molecule can interact with a variety of cytoskeletal and anchor proteins. Furthermore, it is shown that vinculin may exist in folded (head-to-tail) and unfolded states and that the unfolding process, induced by acidic phospholipids, may lead to the exposure of its different binding sites.
Contrasts for a Within-Species Comparative Method
Authors: Felsenstein Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we ask how we can construct a within-species counterpart to comparative methods that are used to correct for effects of phylogeny in between-species comparisons, we find that migration matrices, not phylogenies, are the relevant structures. Just as the hierarchical pattern of relatedness between species leads to a set of contrasts that are independent, the spectrum of the migration matrix leads to contrasts between populations. If these contrasts are not used, migration can cause an artifactual appearance of a correlation between a phenotype and an environmental variable. The contrasts are derived from the spectral analysis of the migration matrix, and it is shown how to transform means and covariances between populations into variables that can be assumed independent, eliminating the artifact.
Linkage Analysis and Coalescents
Authors: Ewens Warren , Kaplan Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’he number of chapters in this volume, and in the research literature generally, that discuss the coalescent attests to the importance of this concept, both in theoretical and in applied population genetics. This chapter discusses applications of the coalescent to linkage analysis. The disease genes in a sample of affected individuals can often be traced back to a most recent common ancestor disease gene, thus forming a natural coalescent process. However, the genetic information available to the investigator concerns marker genes, which if linked to the disease gene share some but not all aspects of this coalescent. Thus, since the observations concern a locus different from that relating to the relevant coalescent process, an analysis more complex than that associated with the standard coalescent process is needed.
Separation of Time Scales and Convergence to the Coalescent in Structured Populations
Authors: Nordborg Magnus , Krone Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many biological phenomena can be thought of and modeled in terms of generalized population structure, with individuals having a number of different possible states. Certain groups of states in such models are often connected by’migration’ that occurs on a time scale that is much faster than the coalescent time scale. We show that, when viewed on the coalescent time scale, the structure associated with such groups of states collapses, and is replaced by a kind of averaging over the states. When the entire structure collapses, the standard coalescent is retrieved. The effect of the population structure on the coalescent is then captured by a simple scaling factor that is related to various notions of’effective population size’. It is also possible for parts of the structure to collapse, leading to a reduced structured coalescent.
The biology of the future and the future of biology
Authors: Rose Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We view and interpret the world around us, both natural and cultural, through perceptual and cognitive spectacles of our own construction. The natural sciences claim that their methods, of hypothesis, observation, and experiment, permit something approximating to a true representation of the material reality that surrounds us to be achieved. However, for several decades now, philosophers, historians, and sociologists of science have been pointing to the ways in which our scientific knowledge is socially, culturally, and historically constructed; that is, it offers at best a constrained interpretation of the material world. A first such constraint is provided by the very construction of our brain and the biology of our perceptual processes. To this I would add that brains do not exist in isolation from bodies: how we perceive the world is affected by our hormonal, immunological, and general physiological state.