bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CANCER INPATIENTS MORPHINE USAGE: A NEW ENGLAND AREA SURVEY
Authors: Trollor John 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT: This is a one year study of the use of morphine in cancer patients in 10 inpatient facilities in the New England Area Health Service in the north‐west of New South Wales. The study explored 170 admissions relating to 122 patients, most of whom were cared for by their general practitioners. The use of morphine in these cancer patients was compared with the recommendations made by the expert working group of the European Association of Palliative Care.Those items which matched the recommendations included the initial doses for new users of morphine and the subcutaneous route being the preferred parenteral route.The data in this study differed from the recommendations in that only half of the patients received the immediate release morphine when first given oral morphine, only 43% had orders for immediate release oral morphine for breakthrough pain (with a variable frequency) and a significant number of orders for parenteral and immediate release oral morphine for breakthrough pain were outside the recommended doses (100% and 86.2%, respectively). Written orders for immediate release oral and parenteral morphine involved a dose range in significant numbers while only 30% of patients had orders for parenteral morphine for breakthrough pain. There was a low use of fixed interval variable dose (FIVD) morphine charts despite these being available in most facilities. (See summary Appendix A.)
Neurocardiovascular regulation in mice: Experimental approaches and novel findings
Authors: Ma Xiuying , Abboud Francois M , Chapleau Mark W 
Published: November 2003

Summary1. Neural mechanisms are of major importance in the regulation of arterial blood pressure, blood volume and other aspects of cardiovascular function. The recent explosion in gene discovery and advances in molecular technologies now provide the opportunity to define the molecular and cellular mechanisms essential to integrative neurocardiovascular regulation. The unique susceptibility of mice to genetic manipulation makes this species an attractive model for such investigation.2. We provide here a brief overview of: (i) experimental approaches used to assess autonomic and reflex control of the circulation in mice; (ii) novel mechanisms of neurocardiovascular regulation revealed using these approaches; and (iii) findings from recent studies involving mouse models of cardiovascular disease.
Redox‐dependent signalling by angiotensin II and vascular remodelling in hypertension
Authors: Touyz Rhian M , Tabet Fatiha , Schiffrin Ernesto L 
Published: November 2003

Summary1. Hypertension is associated with structural alterations of resistance arteries, a process known as remodelling (increased media‐to‐lumen ratio).2. At the cellular level, vascular remodelling involves changes in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth, cell migration, inflammation and fibrosis. These processes are mediated via multiple factors, of which angiotensin (Ang) II appears to be one of the most important in hypertension.3. Angiotensin II signalling, via AT1 receptors, is upregulated in VSMC from resistance arteries of hypertensive patients and rats. This is associated with hyperactivation of vascular NADPH oxidase, leading to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly O2– and H2O2.4. Reactive oxygen species function as important intracellular second messengers to activate many downstream signalling molecules, such as mitogen‐activated protein kinase, protein tyrosine phosphatases, protein tyrosine kinases and transcription factors. Activation of these signalling cascades leads to VSMC growth and migration, modulation of endothelial function, expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators and modification of extracellular matrix.5. Furthermore, ROS increase intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), a major determinant of vascular reactivity.6. All these processes play major roles in vascular injury associated with hypertension. Accordingly, ROS and the signalling pathways that they modulate provide new targets to regress vascular remodelling, reduce peripheral resistance and prevent hypertensive end‐organ damage.7. In the present review, we discuss the role of ROS as second messengers in AngII signalling and focus on the implications of these events in the processes underlying vascular remodelling in hypertension.
Characteristics of Migraine in an Out-Patient Population Over 60 Years of Age
Authors: Mazzotta G , Gallai V , Alberti A , Billeci AMR , Coppola F , Sarchielli P 
Published: November 2003

One hundred and sixty-three consecutive patients (129 females and 34 males) over 60 years of age attending the Headache Centre of the University of Perugia in the period January 2000-December 2001 were included in the study. One hundred and fifty-two (93.3%) were affected by a primary headache disorder. According to the 1988 IHS Criteria, their prevailing attacks could be diagnosed as migraine without aura (MwoA) in 57.2% of cases ( n = 87) and as migraine with aura (MwA) in 11.8% of cases ( n = 18). Attacks both in MwoA and MwA were unilateral and of severe-to-moderate intensity in 45% and 50% of cases. Head pain was referred as pulsating by 56% and 38.9% of MwoA patients MwA patients, respectively. Aggravation with routine daily activities was present in 72.4% and 61.1% in MwoA and MwA patient groups. The most frequent accompanying symptoms were photophobia and phonophobia. Headache attacks were of shorter duration in MwA patients, but in 3.4% of MwoA patients attacks lasted between 2 and 4 h. Of patients affected by MwA, 55% referred, together with the typical attacks, symptoms of aura not followed by headache. A worsening of headache in the last 5 years was reported by 67.8% and 44.4% of MwoA and MwA patients, respectively. Of the patients with MwoA, 86.2% ( n = 75), and 83.3% ( n = 15) of those with MwA used symptomatic drugs for their attacks. In the majority of cases they took more than one analgesic or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. A total of 51.7% of patients with MwoA and 55.5% of patients with MwA were under prophylactic treatment. Preventive drugs included antidepressants, beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists and antiepileptic drugs. The choice of symptomatic or prophylactic drugs was made, in the majority of cases, on the basis of concomitant diseases.
Mood disorders – review of structural MRI studies
Authors: Serap Monkul E. , Malhi Gin S. , Soares Jair C. 
Published: November 2003

Background:Mood disorders are related to considerable morbidity and mortality, and although there is little doubt that they are brain-based disorders, their neural correlates still remain elusive. A neuro-anatomic model of mood regulation comprising the prefrontal cortex, amygdala-hippocampus complex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and connections among these areas has been proposed.Objective:We reviewed the evidence for regional brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder, and attempted to integrate available findings into a comprehensive pathophysiological model of illness.Methods:A computerized Medline Ovid search was conducted for the period 1966–2002, and complemented by a manual search of bibliographical references from recent reviews. Articles meeting specified criteria were included.Results:Hyperintense lesions in cortical and subcortical regions are the most consistently reported and widely studied structural abnormalities. Smaller prefrontal cortical volume is a common finding in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Enlarged amygdala (in bipolar disorder) and smaller hippocampus (in unipolar depression) have been reported by several groups. Decreased volumes (in unipolar depression) and increased or unaltered volumes (in bipolar disorder) of striatal structures have been reported.Conclusions:Bipolar and unipolar mood disorders are associated with detectable structural brain abnormalities. The histopathology underlying such anatomical changes remains to be elucidated. To reach more definitive conclusions about neuroanatomical changes that take place during the course of mood disorders, prospective longitudinal studies are needed. Also, integration with functional imaging is necessary in order to elucidate the relevance of identified structural abnormalities.
Neurochemical brain imaging studies in bipolar disorder
Authors: Yatham Lakshmi N. , Malhi Gin S. 
Published: November 2003

Objective:We reviewed the neurochemical brain imaging literature in bipolar disorder to synthesize the findings and provide directions for future research.Methods:Relevant articles were retrieved by computerized Medline Ovid search (up to and including 2002) and complemented by bibliographic manual searches of reviews known to the authors.Results:PET and SPECT studies in bipolar disorder have identified changes in various aspects of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Ligands for other neurotransmitters are actively being pursued. Spectroscopy studies have utilized a number of MRS-sensitive nuclei to chemically ‘biopsy’ the brain of patients with bipolar disorder. Few consistent findings are emerging, however, the majority of nuclei that can be measured are not directly related to the pathophysiology of the disorder.Conclusions:Brain imaging has the potential to unravel the neurochemical underpinnings of bipolar disorder, however, there is a continuing need for clinical, technical and methodological sophistication.
Efficient remote homology detection using local structure
Authors: Hou Yuna , Hsu Wynne , Lee Mong Li , Bystroff Christopher 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Motivation: The function of an unknown biological sequence can often be accurately inferred if we are able to map this unknown sequence to its corresponding homologous family. At present, discriminative methods such as SVM-Fisher and SVM-pairwise, which combine support vector machine (SVM) and sequence similarity, are recognized as the most accurate methods, with SVM-pairwise being the most accurate. However, these methods typically encode sequence information into their feature vectors and ignore the structure information. They are also computationally inefficient. Based on these observations, we present an alternative method for SVM-based protein classification. Our proposed method, SVM-I-sites, utilizes structure similarity for remote homology detection.
Result: We run experiments on the Structural Classification of Proteins 1.53 data set. The results show that SVM-I-sites is more efficient than SVM-pairwise. Further, we find that SVM-I-sites outperforms sequence-based methods such as PSI-BLAST, SAM, and SVM-Fisher while achieving a comparable performance with SVM-pairwise.
Availability: I-sites server is accessible through the web at http://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu. Programs are available upon request for academics. Licensing agreements are available for commercial interests. The framework of encoding local structure into feature vector is available upon request.
Preparation of Diaza Dioxa Dithia Crown p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene by S-Alkylation Reactions: Use of Metallo-Calix[4]arene Complexes as Reaction Templates
Authors: Tomapatanaget Boosayarat , Pulpoka Buncha , Tuntulani Thawatchai 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
New nickel-thiolato-calix[4]arene complexes were produced by mean of metal-template synthesis employing S-alkylation of a nickel thiolato complex with a dichloroethyl- or a dibromoethyl-calix[4]arene derivative. Demetallation of a nickel-thiolato-calix[4]arene complex resulted in a p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene derivative containing two N-, two O- and two S-donors.
X-Ray Structures of Chiral(Salen)manganese(III) Complexes: Proof of Pliability of the Salen Ligand
Authors: Irie Ryo , Hashihayata Takashi , Katsuki Tsutomu , Akita Munetaka , Moro-oka Yoshihiko 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The structures of two cationic chiral(salen)manganese(III) complexes (2 and 3) have been unambiguously determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, demonstrating high pliability of the basal salen ligand of these complexes.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Reactions of Acyclic α,β-Enones with Olefins and Their Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Sato Taisuke , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Chatani Naoto , Murai Shinji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The reaction of 4,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-4-peneten-3-one with styrene (2) using Ru(H)2(CO)(PPh3)3 as the catalyst gave the stereochemically retained product. In the case of 2,2-dimethyl-4-hexen-3-one, the stereochemically inverted branched product was obtained. These results are consistent with two different reaction pathways operating, i.e. one involving a direct C-H bond cleavage and the other, a pathway involving hydrometallation.
Efficient Synthesis of Enantiopure 1,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-3,3-difluorocyclopropane Derivatives through Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Mitsukura Koichi , Furutani Miyuki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Efficient synthesis of chiral difluorocyclopropane building block has been accomplished; prochiral diacetate of 1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3,3-difluorocyclopropane was converted to the corresponding monoacetate through Alcaligenes sp. lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis with &gt;99% enantiomeric excess.
Cytochrome c Peroxidase-Like Activity of Metmyoglobin Modified with Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid
Authors: Tsukahara Keiichi , Kiguchi Kimiko 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The oxidation of the reduced form of cytochrome c by hydrogen peroxide was catalyzed through a diprotein complex by metmyoglobin modified with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, whose activity was higher than that of native metmyoglobin.
Reaction of Model Compounds of Phenol Resin and Molding Materials of Phenol Resin in Supercritical Water for Chemical Recycling of Polymer Waste
Authors: Tagaya Hideyuki , Suzuki Yu-ichi , Asou Tetsuya , Kadokawa Jun-ichi , Chiba Koji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Oxygen supply reaction by supercritical water (SCW) to diphenylmethane was confirmed by the production of benzophenone. Molding materials of phenol resin were decomposed into their monomers by the reaction in SCW and addition of polycarbonate accelerated the decomposition reaction of molding material.
The First Isolation and Structural Analysis of Chalcogenocarboxylato Samarium Complexes, [(RCOS)3Sm(thf)2] and [Na(thf)4][Sm(RCSS)4]; The Alkali Metal Salt-Like Reaction and the Insertion Reaction of Imine to the Sm-S Bond
Authors: Kanda Takahiro , Ibi Mitsuo , Mochizuki Ken-ichi , Kato Shinzi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The first chalcogenocarboxylato lanthanid complexes, [(RCOS)3Sm(thf)2] and [Na(thf)4][Sm(RCSS)4](R = 4-MeC6H4) were isolated and characterized crystallographically. They exhibit an alkali metal salt-like reaction such as S-esterification and an insertion reaction of C=N to the Sm-S bond.
Enantioselective Nucleophilic Substitution of a 6,6-Bicyclic Dienyl Acetate by Palladium-Chiral Phosphine Catalyst
Authors: Shimizu Isao , Matsumoto Yoshiyuki , Nishikawa Masahiro , Kawahara Tamotsu , Satake Akiharu , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The enantioselective nucleophilic substitution of (±)-2β-acetoxy-4aβ-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydronaphthalene with dimethyl malonate anion was performed in the presence of palladium-chiral ligand catalysts to give optically active 2-di(methoxycarbonyl)methyl-4a-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydronaphthalenes.
Glucose Sensors: Present and Future
Authors: Pickup John C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGlucose sensors are probe‐type devices that measure glucose in the body without added reagent.In vitrodevices assay glucose intermittently, e.g. in blood samples. However, most research and clinical and commercial interest centers on continuousin vivoglucose monitoring. Among the technologies available are needle‐type amperometric enzyme electrodes and microdialysis probes, both usually implanted in the subcutaneous tissue and based on a sensor with immobilized glucose oxidase. A watch‐type device using reverse iontophoresis extracts glucose to the skin surface for glucose analysis by a glucose oxidase based sensor. Completely noninvasive systems are being developed but have not yet reached clinical practice. Most research has been with near‐infrared spectroscopy, but other noninvasive approaches such as measurement of cellular autofluorescence are being researched.
Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy, and Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Jovanovic Lois 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBefore the advent of insulin, few diabetic women lived to childbearing age. Before 1922, less than 100 pregnancies in diabetic women were reported; most likely these women had type 2 and not type 1 diabetes. Even with this assumption, these cases of diabetes and pregnancy were associated with a greater than 90% infant mortality rate and a 30% maternal mortality rate. As late as 1980, physicians were still counseling diabetic women to avoid pregnancy. This philosophy was justified because of the poor obstetric history in 30–50% of diabetic women. Decrease in infant mortality rates finally occurred after 1980, when treatment strategies stressed better control of maternal plasma glucose levels, once self blood glucose monitoring and glycosylated hemoglobin assays became available. As the pathophysiology of pregnancy complicated by diabetes has become better understood and as management programs have achieved and maintained near normoglycemia throughout pregnancy complicated by type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, perinatal mortality rates have almost decreased to levels seen in the general population. This review is intended to help the clinician understand the pathophysiology of type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, along with the rationale for intensive treatment protocols designed to achieve and maintain normoglycemia. Therefore the clinician will be empowered to improve the outcome of all pregnancies complicated by diabetes.
Spatial Cognition
Authors: Newcombe Nora S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines: (1) how humans keep track of their location in the world and the location of other entities, through both ego‐centered and environment‐centered systems; (2) how humans manipulate spatial information; (3) how humans represent and communicate about spatial information; and (4) how spatial thought can be used for nonspatial purposes. In each section, there is information on the behavior of human adults, as well as material on the behavior of other species, the development of mature competence, individual differences in mature competence, and the neurological underpinnings of competence.
Language Processing
Authors: Rayner Keith , Clifton Charles 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, a number of issues related to language comprehension are reviewed. The chapter consists of four main section: (1) tasks and paradigms used to study language comprehension, (2) comprehension of words, (3) comprehension of sentences, and (4) comprehension of text. For the sections on comprehending words, sentences, and text, we discuss (1) the nature of the task, (2) the core phenomena, and (3) representations and models of the specific process. Research on both reading and listening are discussed, and a number of influential models related to difference aspects of the comprehension process are discussed. While there are fully implemented models of word recognition, sentence parsing, and text comprehension, what is missing are general models of language comprehension that account for the interaction of word, sentence, and discourse comprehension. Developing such a model will not be an easy task, but the empirical facts about reading and listening reviewed in this chapter will hopefully make it possible that such an all‐encompassing model of language comprehension will be developed soon.
Space Microbiology: Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Microorganisms in Space
Authors: Horneck Gerda , Baumstark‐Khan Christa , Reitz Guenther 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBiological Weighting of RadiationEnvironmental Radiation and LifeTerrestrial Radiation EnvironmentThe Radiation Environment of SpaceEffects of Cosmic Radiation on MicroorganismsResponses to Combined Action of Space Radiation and MicrogravityChances of Interplanetary Transfer of LifeEnvironmental Radiation and Putative Habitats on Mars
Biodiversity in Soils: Use of Molecular Methods for its Characterization
Authors: Liesack Werner , Dunfield Peter F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractExtraction of Total Nucleic Acids from SoilFractionation of Total DNA by mol% G‐C ContentAnalysis of SSU rRNA and Its Encoding Gene (rDNA)Analysis of Functional GenesMicrobial Community FingerprintingAnalysis of Microbial Activity at the Functional LevelMetagenome AnalysisFinal Comments
Pfiesteria: The Toxic Pfiesteria Complex
Authors: Burkholder Joann M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGeneral Characteristics, Systematics, and Life CycleSystematics and Cellular CharacteristicsComplex Life CyclesCulturingPfiesteriaAssessment of ToxicPfiesteriaInvolvement in Fish KillsDistribution, Nutritional Ecology, and PredationSublethal and Chronic Impacts of ToxicPfiesteriaon Fish and Mammalian Health
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Johnson Philip J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common tumor that is responsible for over 5% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is highly malignant and therapy has, to date, had little impact on overall survival. Although the natural history of the disease and the essential prognostic variables are now clearly defined, we must recognize that the overall prognosis is universally poor, with most patients dying within one year of diagnosis. Part of the reason for this dismal state of affairs is that, as well as having HCC, at least 75% of patients will have an associated chronic liver disease, usually at the stage of cirrhosis. The tumor and the chronic liver disease have independent natural histories and both contribute significantly to the patient's prognosis. In a disease such as HCC, where a significant proportion of patients will die within a few weeks of diagnosis, accurate prognostication is important. Information on the expected course of the disease is essential to provide a time frame in which these unfortunate patients can sort out their affairs.In reviewing prognostic factors it is important to bear in mind that the tumor is relatively rare in the West where the incidence is only in the order of 1–2/100,000 compared to over 50/100,000 in many areas of Africa and the Far East. There is therefore a tendency for patients in the West to be referred to a few specialist centers, and this process can be the source of considerable bias in reported series. For example, the figure for the rate that HCC can be resected with curative intent, an essential determinant of prognosis, has been reported to be up to 40% in series from Western surgical units. This may reflect, however, the fact that only those patients who the referring physician perceives to be good candidates for resection are referred and operated upon. The “true” rate is nearer to 10%. Another consequence of the wide geographic variation is that surgeons in high‐incidence areas may have significantly more experience of operating on HCC in cirrhotic livers and may expect better results.