bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic Variation Megasubspecies
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like almost any classificatory system that classifies anything, the Linnaean system of taxonomic classification makes arbitrary divisions between items, some of which, in fact, grade continuously into each other. Dividing the continuous processes of speciation and geographic variation into hierarchical taxonomic levels is an obvious example. The formal alternatives available to us for expressing the relationship between two populations are to consider them as members of the same subspecies; as members of different subspecies, but of the same species or allospecies; as members of different allospecies, but of the same superspecies; as members of different superspecies or species, but of the same genus; and so on. In fact, any taxonomist knows how often such taxonomic decisions are difficult or arbitrary. This is as expected from our understanding of speciation: divergence between populations arises and proceeds, for the most part, gradually, not in sharp steps. (We acknowledge the concept of punctuated evolution-the possibility of relatively abrupt evolutionary change-but it does not conflict with what we have just said. Changes that appear abruptly on a geological time scale are, on the time scale of an individual animal’s lifetime, unusually large gradual changes taking place over “just” some dozens or thousands of generations.) The two most distinct steps in this gradual divergence are the two culminating steps of speciation: the transition from subspecies to allospecies status, when two formerly interbreeding populations become non-interbreeding; and the transition from allospecies to full species status, when the two populations that were formerly too similar to coexist finally develop niche differences sufficient to permit sympatry.
Hybridization
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters may have given the impression that geographic isolation always leads to differentiation and speciation, proceeding inexorably through the stages of weak subspecies, megasubspecies, and allospecies to sympatric sister species. In fact, this progress is not inexorable. Many distinctive and presumably old but vagile species continue to exhibit no geographic variation over a huge range (e.g., the colonial pigeon Caloenas nicobarica) because high interisland gene flow renders populations of the species essentially panmictic. Many isolates become extinct before they can become morphologically distinct. Other incipient isolates are eventually reached by colonists from other isolates with which they hybridize, aborting further differentiation. Speciation often remains stalled at the stage of allospeciation, if reproductively isolated allospecies do not develop ecological segregating mechanisms and remain unable to invade each others’ ranges (chapter 21). In this chapter, we discuss hybridization in Northern Melanesian birds.
Pairwise Nonsharing Indices Differences in Island Species Compositions
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters we analyzed two indices of geographic barriers. This chapter introduces two more indices, closely related to each other, which evaluate barriers between island pairs, as did the pairwise differentiation index of chapter 26. However, whereas the pairwise differentiation index was based on taxonomic differentiation of populations of species shared between the two islands, our third and fourth indices are instead based on species not shared between the two islands that is, the species of either island that are stopped completely by the water barrier between the islands. As discussed on the following pages, these two aspects of water barriers (differentiation of shared species vs. stopping of nonshared species) are related but not identical.
Wanderind in the Gardens of the Mind
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Mitchell, winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his chemiosmotic theory, was a highly original scientist who revolutionized our understanding of cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. This is the only full biography of Mitchell, and it should be of considerable interest to biophysicists, biochemists, and physicians and researchers focusing on metabolism, as well as historians of medicine and biology.
Science for Humanity 1985-1992
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after the foundation of Glynn, Mitchell had a brass plate fixed outside the front door with the inscription “Founded to Promote Fundanwntal Giological Rese&gt;arch for the &&gt;nefit of Humanity. “ ln the late 198! S a new panel was mounted in the entrance hall of Glynn. lt carried the heading, which he afterward referred to as the institute’s motto, “Science for Humanity. “ It expressed one of his major concerns of later life that the purpose of science is for the good of humanity. Mitchell explained: In that motto the word Humanity has two meanings. On the one Jund it means ht1111ankind, and on the other hand it refers to that special quality of sympathy and undE’fstanding that we associate with people’s love for OllE’ anothE’f and for other creatures with whom we share the natural world.
Einstein’s Universe
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his conversational style, Anthony Zee examines the nature of gravity and its role in our universe. Zee starts from a birthday gift that Albert Einstein received on his seventy-sixth birthday that worked on the main principle in his theory of gravity. From there Zee leads the reader through the implications of Einstein’s theory and its influence on modern physics. Einstein’s Universe in a witty and accessible style also examines how the theory of gravity has shaped our understanding of how the universe began, the development of stars and galaxies, and the nature of space itself. The new Oxford edition will include a new afterword by the author that will bring the subject matter up to date.
The Living Clock
Authors: Palmer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an introduction to a basic property of life, one mostly unknown to science and the public until the latter half of the last century: Humans, plants, and animals have within their bodies a kind of clock that synchronizes much of what they do throughout their lives to the time of day and the seasons, and in the case of the sea-dwelling organisms, the tides. This timepiece performs its service autonomously - it rules silently within us without us giving a thought to it. Three chapters are devoted to the human clock: its disruptive action in transmeridional travel and shift work, its oversight in most every aspect of our physiology, and how doctors being aware of its action can save lives. Other major subjects describe the role in piloting birds in homing and migration, guiding the seasonal reproduction of plants and animals, and its influence on shore dwellers. The book closes with a description of the clockworks’ escapement.
The Triumph of Sociobiology
Authors: Alcock John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Triumph of Sociobiology, John Alcock reviews the controversy that has surrounded evolutionary studies of human social behavior following the 1975 publication of E.O. Wilson’s classic, Sociobiology, The New Synthesis. Denounced vehemently as an “ideology” that has justified social evils and inequalities, sociobiology has survived the assault. Twenty-five years after the field was named by Wilson, the approach he championed has successfully demonstrated its value in the study of animal behavior, including the behavior of our own species. Yet, misconceptions remain--to our disadvantage. In this straight-forward, objective approach to the sociobiology debate, noted animal behaviorist John Alcock illuminates how sociobiologists study behavior in all species. He confronts the chief scientific and ideological objections head on, with a compelling analysis of case histories that involve such topics as sexual jealousy, beauty, gender difference, parent-offspring relations, and rape. In so doing, he shows that sociobiology provides the most satisfactory scientific analysis of social behavior available today. Alcock challenges the notion that sociobiology depends on genetic determinism while showing the shortcoming of competing approaches that rely on cultural or environmental determinism. He also presents the practical applications of sociobiology and the progress sociobiological research has made in the search for a more complete understanding of human activities. His reminder that “natural” behavior is not “moral” behavior should quiet opponents fearing misapplication of evolutionary theory to our species. The key misconceptions about this evolutionary field are dissected one by one as the author shows why sociobiologists have had so much success in explaining the puzzling and fascinating social behavior of nonhuman animals and humans alike.
Bare Reverence
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The centre will not hold unless virtue is among us. The ancient Greeks knew that very well. They disagreed among themselves, however, over where virtue comes from. Is it learned or inherited? Is it natural—is it, in mythological terms, a gift of the gods? Does it belong to the aristocracy alone or the people in general? Can anyone acquire virtue? And if so, how? A broad consensus in ancient Greece (as in ancient China) held that all humans have a natural capacity for virtue, but that this capacity must be developed by teaching and may therefore be developed differently in different people. According to Plato, Protagoras held such a view.
Reverence Without a Creed
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reverence is a matter of feeling, and as far as feelings go, it doesn’t much matter what you believe. Reverence can occur in ancient polytheism as well as in modern Christianity or Islam, so reverence makes few demands on belief. Otherwise it would not be consistent with so many different creeds Reverence must stand in awe of something—something I will call the object of reverence. What could it be? Something that reminds us of human limitations, if we are to stay true to the concept of reverence with which we began. Therefore you must believe that there is one Something that satisfies at least one of the following conditions: it cannot be changed or con- trolled by human means, is not fully understood by human experts, was not created by human beings, and is transcendent. Such beliefs are the least you must have in order to be reverent. They do not amount to religion or even to spirituality. For a lover of art, the Something might be a monument of ancient art, since this has passed out of our power to change without destroying.
Home
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier in this book I presented a frightening image—the widening gyre in Yeats’ poem, a dizzying spiral out of control (p. 36). I end here with a spiral that has all the comforts of home: This poet imagines an animal—a mollusc—growing in its “ship of pearl” and finding itself at home in each larger chamber that it builds. The image is startling because it is absurd: Animals do not really have homes, and what we mean by “home” is tied to the way human beings live. We tend to be frightened of homeless people, out of an ancient fear that without homes people may behave like animals. As adults, we are amused by children’s stories that give homes to animals, along with most of the fixings of human life, but we know better. A solitary beast like a mollusc cannot do the sorts of things we do to make a shelterinto a home.
General Aspects of Lysogeny
Authors: Campbell Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cell lines harboring latent viruses are common both in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes harboring latent phages are lysogenic, and the latent form of the phage is called a prophage. Phages that can enter such a latent state are called temperate, although some authors erroneously refer to them as lysogenic. Lysogeny was discovered because some bacterial isolates spontaneously produce small amounts of infectious phage. It was later shown that lysogenic bacteria could arise during laboratory infection. Lysogeny is heritable within a bacterial lineage. When a lysogenic cell divides, both daughter cells harbor the prophage. Very occasionally, a lysogenic cell spontaneously lyses and liberates phage. Lwoff and Gutmann (5) demonstrated this by separating bacterial cells at division by micromanipulation and testing their descendants. Their results eliminated the possibility that lysogeny might be an artifact of reinfection within a culture.
Phage Lysis
Authors: Young Ry , Wang Ing-nang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, bacteriophages must lyse their host cells to liberate the progeny virions. The most common misconception about host lysis is that it is simply the inevitable outcome of phage infection, a kind of sad denouement that follows after the elegant processes defining successive waves of gene expression and the intricate and coordinated pathways leading to virion morphogenesis. For example, in the otherwise captivating description of the molecular processes of phage life cycles in The Molecular Biology of the Gene (112), it is explained that some phage proteins are needed early, ‘‘while others, such as the viral coat proteins or the lysozyme for bacterial cell lysis, must only appear later,’’ leading to the end of the infective cycle of phage T7. ‘‘Finally, T7 lysozyme destroys the bacterial cell wall and allows newly formed phage particles to escape and renew their growth cycle in other bacteria.’’ The impression given is that lysis is caused by the late appearance of lysozyme activity, despite the fact that T7 lysozyme is an early gene. Also, the implication is that release and reinfection is needed to ‘‘renew’’ a completed vegetative program, that lysis occurs after virion production had been achieved. However, it has been known for decades that if the lysis genes are ablated, the accumulation of intracellular virions can continue unabated for extended periods, far beyond the time of lysis of parental phage (67). In fact, a recent re-analysis of the kinetics of virion accumulation for lysis-defective mutant phages indicated that it is essentially linear for periods at least 4-fold longer than the wildtype vegetative cycle (110). Thus lysis is a programmed event, like all the other steps in the infectious cycle. It is the thesis here that the decision of when to terminate the infection and lyse the host is the only major decision made in the vegetative cycle; that is, that all other macromolecular processes proceed at rates which maximize the intracellular accumulation of infective virions.
Marine Phages
Authors: Miller Robert V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two decades ago marine bacteriophages were unimportant to microbial ecologists. After all, bacteriophages could only be important in certain environments where their concentrations were high enough to have an effect on bacterial populations. In most microbiologists’ minds, this limited them to just a few ecosystems such as waste treatment facilities, cheese and yogurt production facilities, and the microbiology laboratory. It certainly did not include marine environments! Of course, specific phages such as PM2 were of interest (18, 87; see also chapter 14) because of their cytology and molecular microbiology. The few studies that had addressed the frequency of viruses in the oceans, however, showed that marine bacteriophages were not prevalent enough to affect marine ecosystems. Two important developments in the 1980s changed this picture and stimulated interest in aquatic bacteriophages. The first arose from concerns originating from the newly emerging environmental biotechnology industry’s use of genetically engineered microorganisms. Many feared that the recombinant sequences would escape to naturally occurring bacteria by horizontal gene exchange (36). Soon it was demonstrated that transduction was a viable mechanism for genetic exchange in aquatic environments (27, 37, 47,68,70,72,73). Still, phages were considered to be too infrequent in the aquatic environment to make this a real possibility. The second development, however, eliminated this objection and clearly demonstrated the importance of bacteriophages in marine environments. In 1989, Bratbak, Heldal and others (5, 8, 11) demonstrated that in many aquatic environments bacteriophages were present in very high concentrations and that they often exceeded by one to two orders of magnitude the concentrations of bacterioplankton that were their hosts. This report was quickly followed by several confirmatory publications (42, 64) that made it clear bacteriophages are indeed real players in the ecology of marine habitats.
Lactobacillus Phages
Authors: Brüssow Harald , Suárez Juan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The studies conducted with Lactobacillus bacteriophages reflect the economic and medical importance of their hosts. Due to the variety of food fermentation lactobacilli-based processes that can become disrupted by phage development, and the diversity of mucosal surfaces colonized by lactobacilli, phage research has not concentrated on a single Lactobacillus species or phage. Lactobacillus phage research also is frequently directed by practical needs. For example, the industrially relevant properties of lactic acid bacteria are often plasmid-encoded. These plasmids are intrinsically unstable, which frequently leads to strain degeneration. The DNA-integration mechanism used by temperate Lactobacillus phages therefore has been studied to develop tools for chromosomal stabilization of economically important traits (57, 73). In addition, many fermented products undergo a ripening period that may last several months. Early lysis of the starter bacteria might accelerate ripening through release of the intracellular enzymes into the food matrix. To this aim, the expression of cloned phage lysis cassettes, controlled by inducible promoters, has been studied (19). Furthermore, the need of phage-insensitive Lactobacillus-based fermentation starters has promoted the generation of strains harbouring a cI-like repressor gene or a phage replication origin (3, 59).
Broad Way YearBook
Authors: Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broadway Yearbook 2000-2001 is a relevant and irreverent record of the theatrical year. A vivid album of the year on the Great White Way, Broadway Yearbook gives readers front-row seats for the phenomenon of The Producers and the rest of the season's hits and misses. Steven Suskin’s acclaimed new theatre annual delivers a vibrant, candid, and thoughtful account of every show to hit the boards: exciting musicals such as The Full Monty and the revival of 42nd Street; intriguing new plays like Proof and The Tale of the Allergist’s Wife; and fascinating failures, including Jane Eyre and the beleaguered Seussical. Broadway Yearbook tells us what the shows were actually like. It is an interpretive record, featuring not only dates and names but also the stories behind the statistics. Each entry is accompanied by credits and cast lists, scorecards summarising overall critical reception for each show, a summary of each show’s financial performance, and copies of the illustrative program covers and title pages. Appendices provide a roundup of the season’s major awards, memorable performances of the year, obituaries, long run leaders, shows still running from prior seasons, scheduled shows that never reached Broadway, and a comprehensive index. Steven Suskin has provided a unique and detailed record of the season’s memorable moments and high points (and low points as well). Written from an insider’s perspective, the book is knowledgeable, intriguing, provocative, and entertaining. Broadway Yearbook brings the shows of the 2000-2001 season back for an encore.
Approaches for Walking
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ambulation is often the highest immediate rehabilitative priority for patients following a stroke, the Guillain-Barre syndrome, and brain or spinal cord injury. Patients with progressive diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and myopathies, as well as the elderly who develop proximal weakness and imbalance associated with deconditioning, arthritic pain, contractures or a spinal stenosis aim for continued independent walking, in part to lessen the burden of care they may pose for significant others.
Stroke
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apoplexy convolutes the lives of young and old, rising with each decade of untreated risk factors. Across national boundaries, the disease kills 15%–35% of its victims and causes serious disability in more adults who survive than any other medical disease. The sudden burdens of disability, the prospect of a life diminished by a “dead” hand, by a gimpy leg, or by grimacingly difficult speech swell most victims with the confusion and fear of helplessness for the first time in their lives. For a retired person beached in bed with hemiplegia, the shade of stroke encloses dark worries about losing all dignity and cherished independence.
Emergence of Transcendence
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While thinking about this chapter, I happened to read the following remarks by Pope John Paul II and John H. Holland. The pope, in giving the allocution to the plenary session of the Pontifical Academy of Science of 1992, entitled “The Emergence of Complexity in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology,” asked, “How are we to reconcile the explanation of the world with the recognition that ‘the whole is more than the sum of its parts’?” (Pullmann, 1996, 466) Holland, in his book Emergence: From Chaos to Order, notes: “Emergence, in the sense used here, occurs only when the activities of the parts do not simply seem to give the activity of the whole. For emergence, the whole is indeed more than the sum of the parts” (1998, 14).
Matter, Spirit, and The Heart
Authors: Martensen Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When William Harvey published Exercitatio Anatomica De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (De Motu) in 1628, he compared the heart’s role in animal bodies with that of Charles I in England: “The heart of animals is the foundation of their life, the sovereign of everything within them, the sun of their microcosm, that upon which all growth depends, from which all power proceeds. The king, in like manner, is the foundation of his kingdom, the sun of the world around him, the heart of the republic, the fountain whence all power, all grace doth flow.” As Harvey grew older, however, he assigned more physiologic agency to the blood than to the heart. In De Motu he wrote that the heart possessed an innate heat, but by the 1640s, ifnot earlier, he had decided that the “innate heat belong(s) to the blood alone.” As he worked on embryos in the late 1640s he became convinced that, “It is therefore evident ... the blood is ... the builder and preserver of the body and principal part wherein the Soul hath her Session. “ During