bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Near–Real Time Estimates of Integrated Water Vapor Derived with GPS, Radiosondes, and Microwave Radiometer
Authors: Van Baelen Joël , Aubagnac Jean-Pierre , Dabas Alain 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In this study, the authors compare the integrated water vapor (IWV) retrieved with a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, radiosondes (RS), and a microwave radiometer (MWR) using data collected simultaneously during a 3-month campaign in the fall of 2002 in Toulouse, France. In particular for this study, the GPS analysis was performed in near–real time to provide estimates of the IWV in order to evaluate the potential of GPS observations for operational meteorological purposes. Although the three instrument estimates agree quite well together, the IWV estimates retrieved by GPS are generally larger than those of RS, while evidence is shown of a marked diurnal cycle: the differences are larger during the day (up to 2 mm) than at night (less than 0.5 mm). This can be explained by a daytime dry bias of the RS. Regarding the MWR, similar findings but to a lesser extent (differences between 0 and 1 mm) are reported. Furthermore, it has been established that the GPS estimates exhibit a strong dependency upon the IWV values resulting in a 15% faster variation when compared to the other means of IWV estimation in this study.
Occurrence of Summertime Convective Precipitation and Mesoscale Convective Systems in Finland during 2000–01
Authors: Punkka Ari-Juhani , Bister Marja 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
There are few if any studies of statistics of deep convection occurring in high-latitude regions. In this study, the basic characteristics of convective precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in Finland and nearby regions have been investigated by using composite reflectivity data from seven operational C-band weather radars. The period of study covered summers 2000 and 2001 from the beginning of April to the end of September. During the study period, the fraction of days with convective precipitation (with reflectivity exceeding 40 dBZ) occurring anywhere in the study region was 88%, and the fraction of days with heavy convective precipitation (with reflectivity exceeding 50 dBZ) was 61%.
An MCS was defined by means of radar reflectivity as follows: a continuous area of stratiform precipitation (18–40 dBZ), with a long axis of 100 km or more in at least one direction, must exist for at least 4 h, and during the lifetime of the system the maximum reflectivity must exceed 40 dBZ during at least two consecutive hours. All precipitation features that met these criteria were considered MCSs whether they occurred in extratropical cyclones or not. An MCS was qualified as intense if the maximum reflectivity exceeded 50 dBZ during at least two consecutive hours. The total amount of MCSs observed in the study region was 341, out of which 32% were intense. Over 50% of all intense MCSs occurred in July when the majority of systems traveled along south–north- or southeast–northwest-oriented paths. For instance, in July 2001, 34 intense MCSs developed in the study region. The majority of intense systems arrived in the region of study from a channel outlined by the Sarema and the Karelian Isthmus.
The average duration of all MCSs was 11.1 h with a monthly minimum of 9 h occurring in July. Generally, the intense and midsummer MCSs were clearly modulated by the diurnal heating–cooling cycle whereas the nonintense and springtime systems were less dependent on the time of the day.
A Systematic Economic Approach to Evaluating Public Investment in Observations for Weather Forecasting
Authors: Morss Rebecca E. , Miller Kathleen A. , Vasil Maxine S. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Observations of the current state of the atmosphere are a major input to production of modern weather forecasts. As a result, investments in observations are a major component of public expenditures related to weather forecasting. Consequently, from both a meteorological and societal perspective, it is desirable to select an appropriate level of public investment in observations. Although the meteorological community has discussed optimal investment in observations for more than three decades, it still lacks a practical, systematic framework for analyzing this issue. This paper presents the basic elements of such a framework, using an economic approach. The framework is then demonstrated using an example for radiosonde observations and numerical weather forecasts. In presenting and demonstrating the framework, the paper also identifies gaps in existing knowledge that must be addressed before a more complete economic evaluation of investment in observations can be implemented.
Scatterometer-Based Assessment of 10-m Wind Analyses from the Operational ECMWF and NCEP Numerical Weather Prediction Models
Authors: Chelton Dudley B. , Freilich Michael H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWind measurements by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scatterometer (NSCAT) and the SeaWinds scatterometer on the NASA QuikSCAT satellite are compared with buoy observations to establish that the accuracies of both scatterometers are essentially the same. The scatterometer measurement errors are best characterized in terms of random component errors, which are about 0.75 and 1.5 m s−1 for the along-wind and crosswind components, respectively.The NSCAT and QuikSCAT datasets provide a consistent baseline from which recent changes in the accuracies of 10-m wind analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are assessed from consideration of three time periods: September 1996–June 1997, August 1999–July 2000, and February 2002–January 2003. These correspond, respectively, to the 9.5-month duration of the NSCAT mission, the first 12 months of the QuikSCAT mission, and the first year after both ECMWF and NCEP began assimilating QuikSCAT observations. There were large improvements in the accuracies of both NWP models between the 1997 and 2000 time periods. Though modest in comparison, there were further improvements in 2002, at least partly attributable to the assimilation of QuikSCAT observations in both models.There is no evidence of bias in the 10-m wind speeds in the NCEP model. The 10-m wind speeds in the ECMWF model, however, are shown to be biased low by about 0.4 m s−1. While it is difficult to eliminate systematic errors this small, a bias of 0.4 m s−1 corresponds to a typical wind stress bias of more than 10%. This wind stress bias increases to nearly 20% if atmospheric stability effects are not taken into account. Biases of these magnitudes will result in significant systematic errors in ocean general circulation models that are forced by ECMWF winds.
A Bayesian Approach for the Spatiotemporal Interpolation of Environmental Data
Authors: Riccio Angelo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNumerically based models are extensively used for many environmental applications, as for example, to assist in the prediction of weather phenomena (numerical weather prediction models), in risk assessment, or in pollutant emission control (air-quality models). These models often produce predictions for grid points over some temporal window, while observations are usually available as a set of spatially scattered values at individual locations (not coincident with the model grid points), so that the model assessment procedure, that is, the statistical evaluation of how well model output compares with observed data, should address the issue of comparing the grid-based model results with interpolated values estimated from observed data at a different spatial resolution.In this paper, a Bayesian inference procedure for the spatiotemporal interpolation of environmental data from irregularly spaced monitoring sites is presented. The spatial interpolation is based on the use of the predictive posterior distribution. It is shown how this procedure can be exploited to obtain statistically consistent interpolated values (at the same spatial resolution as that of model results) and valid standard errors for these estimates.Comparisons of the wind speed fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) results against grid-cell values estimated from observed data are presented.
Surface Observations of Landfalling Hurricane Rainbands
Authors: Skwira G. D. , Schroeder J. L. , Peterson R. E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This study examines the rainband-scale fluctuations of various meteorological parameters for Hurricanes Bonnie (1998) and Dennis (1999). Hurricane rainbands, identified by Next Generation Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (NEXRAD WSR-88D) data, are examined shortly after making landfall on the North Carolina coastline. Additionally, Wind Engineering Mobile Instrumented Tower Experiment (WEMITE) data are exploited to provide a unique look into the surface structure of the captured rainbands. The observed meteorological data suggest equivalent potential temperature minima and decreasing hurricane-relative inflow to be commonly associated with intensifying or mature landfalling hurricane rainbands. Available vertical thermodynamic profiles suggest the source of the lower equivalent potential temperature air to range anywhere from 750 to 869 m above the surface, assuming no entrainment. Additionally, no discernable trend in wind speed is found to accompany the rainband’s passage.
Changing Mixed-valence State of Hexacobalt Cluster by Substituting Central Metal Ion and by Electrochemical Reduction —Different Mixed-valence States of [M{Co(prolinato)2}6]4+ (M = Ba2+ and La3+)
Authors: Komiyama Takashi , Igarashi Satoshi , Hoshino Yoshimasa , Yukawa Yasuhiko 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Clusters, Ba{Co(prolinato)2}6 and La{Co(prolinato)2}6, which are bridged by prolinato ligands, were crystallized as [M{Co(prolinato)2}6](ClO4)4. The Ba{Co(pro)2}6 cluster has two CoIII and four CoII and the La{Co(pro)2}6 cluster has one CoIII and five CoII; i.e., the mixed-valence state of the cobalt cluster is different according to the oxidation number of the central ion. The both mixed-valence clusters change into divalent hexacobalt clusters by electrochemical reduction.
A High Voltage Dye-sensitized Solar Cell using a Nanoporous NiO Photocathode
Authors: Nakasa Akihiko , Usami Hisanao , Sumikura Seiichi , Hasegawa Satoshi , Koyama Toshiki , Suzuki Eiji 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
An np tandem dye-sensitized solar cell (np-DSC) comprising a titanium dioxide (TiO2) anode and a nickel oxide (NiO) cathode prepared as porous nanostructured films by a sol–gel method using a triblock copolymer template (P123, HO(OCH2CH2)20(OCH(CH3)CH2)70(OCH2CH2)20OH))CH2 exhibited a high open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.92 V that surpassed the long time champion data, ≈0.8 V for conventional DSC.
Surface Conductivity in Methyl-monolayer/Si Heterojunction Structure in the Presence of Water
Authors: Niwa Daisuke , Fukunaga Hiroshi , Homma Takayuki , Osaka Tetsuya 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The heterojunction between Si(111) semiconductor and the well-ordered methyl monolayer was formed to investigate the channel conduction at the surface in the heterojunction structure. With the presence of water, the methyl monolayer/Si heterojunction structure showed switching action with a high tranceconductance of 2.8 × 10−3 A/V under the application of bias voltage, while without the presence of water, such a switching behavior was not observed. The methyl monolayer/Si heterojunction structure worked as a p-type mode with the presence of water at the modified surface.
A Note on the Relation between Frames, Perceptions, and Taxpayer Behavior*
Authors: JACKSON SCOTT B. , HATFIELD RICHARD C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this study, we incorporate taxpayers' threat /opportunity perceptions into our analysis of taxpayer behavior in order to refine and extend our understanding of the internal cognitive forces that shape taxpayer behavior. Decision‐making frames (that is, the gain and loss domains from the prospect theory value function) and individual perceptions (that is, perceptions of decision alternatives as being threats or opportunities) are both likely to influence behavior, yet prior research has generally ignored the behavioral effects of individual perceptions. The results of our experiment reveal that taxpayers who are due a tax refund (owe additional taxes) prior to considering a judgemental tax deduction tend to perceive the conservative (aggressive) tax deduction to be more of an opportunity/less of a threat. In turn, we find that taxpayer frames have a direct effect on taxpayer behavior and an indirect effect on behavior through their effect on taxpayers' threat/opportunity perceptions. Perhaps the most important message of this study is that researchers can advance our understanding of the internal cognitive processes that shape taxpayer behavior by incorporating taxpayer perceptions into their research designs.
The Impact of R&D Intensity on Demand for Specialist Auditor Services*
Authors: GODFREY JAYNE M. , HAMILTON JANE 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe audit fee research literature argues that auditors' costs of developing brand name reputations, including top‐tier designation and recognition for industry specialization, are compensated through audit fee premiums. Audited firms reduce agency costs by engaging high‐quality auditors who monitor the levels and reporting of discretionary expenditures and accruals. In this study we examine whether specialist auditor choice is associated with a particular discretionary expenditure ‐ research and development (R&D). For a large sample of U.S. companies from a range of industries, we find strong evidence that R&D intensity is positively associated with firms' choices of auditors who specialize in auditing R&D contracts. Additionally, we find that R&D intensive firms tend to appoint top‐tier auditors. We use simultaneous equations to control for interrelationships between dependent variables in addition to single‐equation ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression models. Our results are particularly strong in tests using samples of small firms whose auditor choice is not constrained by the need to appoint a top‐tier auditor to ensure the auditor's financial independence from the client.
Seasonal Fishery Dynamics of a Previously Unexploited Rainbow Trout Population with Contrasts to Established Fisheries
Authors: Poorten Brett T. , Post John R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Although predator–prey interactions between anglers and fish populations are well studied and understood, little is known about whether these interactions differ between lightly and fully exploited populations. Furthermore, within-season shifts in catch rates are poorly understood. These differences have been thought to be due in part to changes in fish behavior after catch and release, which reduces the overall catchability of the population. To address these questions, angling was introduced to a previously unexploited population of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the within-season fishery dynamics were contrasted with those of fully exploited populations. We found that catch rates rapidly decreased after the introduction of angling; moreover, once this had occurred, angler effort decreased. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catchability of the lightly exploited population were initially quite high compared with most exploited populations but quickly decreased throughout the summer to levels similar to those of fish populations that have been open to angling for decades. Therefore, the differences in catch rates are transitory and the unexploited population quickly becomes indiscernible from fully exploited populations. Seasonality in CPUE was observed in all lakes, with significant decreases in CPUE throughout the summer. These changes in CPUE reflected changes in catchability throughout the season. Although the relative effects of harvest and possible behavioral shifts in fish after catch and release accounted for some variation in catchability, the effects were insufficient to explain total seasonal decreases in catchability in the previously unexploited population. These findings demonstrate that any potential shifts in fish behavior subsequent to catch and release are inadequate to explain seasonal shifts in catch rates. Apparently, seasonal changes in CPUE are driven more by ecological processes than by the fishery.
Using Field Data to Estimate the Realized Thermal Niche of Aquatic Vertebrates
Authors: Huff David D. , Hubler Shannon L. , Borisenko Aaron N. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The field-derived thermal niche of aquatic vertebrates is potentially useful in determining whether resource management plans are adequate to protect sensitive vertebrates. Our objective was to use field data to estimate the thermal niches of 16 species of aquatic vertebrates and to compare these values among five geographic regions in Oregon. Thermal niche values varied among regions; for example, the upper thermal limit for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was 22.4°C in the Blue Mountains ecoregion and 16.9°C in the Cascades ecoregion. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) analysis of aquatic vertebrate assemblages revealed that level-three ecoregions grouped vertebrate assemblages more cohesively than the third-order hydrologic unit code (basins). Analysis of similarities of Bray–Curtis distance measures supported NMS findings that the structures of aquatic vertebrate assemblages coincide more with ecoregions than with basins. The realized thermal niches calculated in this study are generally comparable to the maximum growth temperatures and upper thermal limits established by other field and laboratory techniques. This information is valuable for managers who devise water temperature criteria as well as fisheries ecologists interested in quantifying or delineating thermal habitat.
Juvenile Rainbow Trout Production in New York Tributaries of Lake Ontario: Implications for Atlantic Salmon Restoration
Authors: McKenna James E. , Johnson James H. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Three Pacific salmonid species Onchorynchus spp. have replaced the extirpated Atlantic salmon Salmo salar as the main migratory salmonid in the Lake Ontario drainage. One of those species, the nonnative rainbow trout O. mykiss, has become widely distributed within the historical Atlantic salmon habitat, occupying an ecological niche similar to that of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Consequently, both a tributary's carrying capacity for Atlantic salmon and competition from established nonnative species are important when considering the feasibility of Atlantic salmon restoration. Estimation of juvenile rainbow trout production will help evaluate the capacity of tributaries to produce salmonids that occupy similar niches. Geostatistical methods were applied to standardized and efficiency-corrected electrofishing data from three of New York's best salmonid-producing streams to precisely estimate juvenile rainbow trout populations. Results indicated that each study stream could produce 20,000–40,000 age-0 and 4,000–10,000 age-1 and older rainbow trout per year. Statistical interpolation indicated areas of significantly different production potential and points of significant changes in productivity. Closer examination of the niche similarity and competitive potential of these two species is needed to properly interpret these estimates with regard to Atlantic salmon restoration.
Movements and Mortality Rates of Striped Mullet in North Carolina
Authors: Bacheler Nathan M. , Wong Richard A. , Buckel Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Striped mullet Mugil cephalus is an economically important species to commercial and recreational fishermen, as well as an ecologically significant detritivore linking lower trophic levels with a wide variety of estuarine and marine fish and birds. Despite this importance, striped mullet migration patterns and mortality rates are poorly understood. Approximately 15,000 striped mullet were tagged in North Carolina between 1997 and 2001, and monthly movement information was collected on recovered individuals (n = 384) from commercial and recreational fishermen and state agency personnel. A tag return model was used to estimate an instantaneous total mortality rate, and this rate was partitioned into natural and fishing components by means of life history methods. Nearly all (98.2%) striped mullet were recovered in North Carolina, the remaining few being recovered in nearby states. Striped mullet moved southward of their tagging locations and had the highest daily movement rate between the months of August and November. Movements corresponded to the months when spawning migrations are thought to occur in North Carolina. A smaller but substantial proportion of fish were recovered north of their tagging locations in late fall. Instantaneous total mortality rates of 2.12 and 1.71 were estimated using the two most parsimonious models for individuals larger than 300 mm fork length, comparing well with preliminary estimates from an independent statistical catch-at-age model. Concomitant holding tank experiments suggested that tag retention and posttagging survival, two central assumptions of the tag return model, were extremely high for adult striped mullet. These results will be incorporated into the North Carolina striped mullet fishery management plan currently in development.
Monitoring Fish Wheel Catch Using Event-Triggered Video Technology
Authors: Daum David W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In large, turbid rivers, fish wheels are often used as a live-capture technique for monitoring migratory fish runs. After capture in the wheel's rotating baskets, fish are lifted out of the water, slid down a chute, collected in a live-box, and then sampled. To eliminate the handling and holding of fish associated with fish wheel live-boxes, an event-triggered video system was developed so that fish were video recorded during capture and then immediately released back into the river. A magnetic switch, connected to an exit door installed in the fish wheel chute, signaled a computer to videotape passing fish. Periods of no fish capture were not recorded. Reliability and accuracy were evaluated over a 3-year period, 2001–2003. In over 14,000 h of operation and 262,000 recorded fish images, the system failed only once (due to a malfunction of the exit door). Fish counts from the video system were 4% higher than counts from fish wheel live-boxes, mostly because fish were jumping out of the live-box before counting began. Compared with continuous time-lapse recordings, the video system missed 1% of captured fish, mostly small Coregonus spp. that passed under the exit door without activating the switch. Subsequent adjustments to the door and software capture settings eliminated undercounting. The advantages of the switch-triggered video system over traditional fish wheels with live-boxes were reduced handling and holding time for captured fish; improved counting accuracy; unattended operation; and lower labor costs. Future developments in image recognition and motion detection software should increase the use of event-triggered video in fishery science.