bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthcare Provision for Elderly People in Argentina: The Crisis of PAMI
Authors: Lloyd‐Sherlock Peter 
Published: March 2003

This paper highlights the problems of administering health insurance programmes in Latin America and the difficulties of imposing effective reforms. It examines the development, financial collapse and subsequent restructuring of a health insurance programme specifically targeting elderly people in Argentina. By the 1990s the Integrated Healthcare Programme (PAMI) had become one of the largest components of the country’s public welfare system, managing an annual budget of US $2.5 billion. It provided elderly people with a wide range of services, including free and discounted medical care and a national network of day centres. The Programme was widely praised as efficient and innovative both within Argentina and beyond and was considered a model which other developing countries might emulate.However, in 1994 it was discovered that PAMI had accumulated a deficit of US $1.3 billion and was suffering from a large number of serious structural weaknesses. These included a complete absence of financial accountability (both internally and externally), the piecemeal expansion of services, employment featherbedding, political patronage and corruption. Also, the Programme had contributed to long‐standing inequalities between different geographical regions and between insured and uninsured populations. Since then, numerous attempts have been made to reform the Programme, some of which have received funding from the World Bank, but these initiatives are only being very gradually implemented.
Islam, Social Traditions and Family Planning
Authors: Hasna Fadia 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article explores the doctrine of Islam and the different theological interpretations of the position of Islam about family planning in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran and Jordan, following the Sunni and Shia traditions. Principles that led to fatwas (rulings) in both these theological traditions, together with the main arguments of the debate between the proponents and opponents of family planning in Islam and the Higher Judge's interpretation (Islamic Courts in Jordan) of the position of Islam on family planning, are included. Men's and women's views are summarized, based on the findings of natural group discussions and in‐depth interviews conducted in 1998 with couples and individuals within their social networks in the different contexts in Jordan. Based on a gap analysis between doctrine, policy and people's beliefs, this study shows a need for family planning programmes to address men and women in a culturally sensitive manner: Men shape reproductive decisions. It is therefore argued that if men were more pro‐actively involved in family‐planning awareness campaigns, there might be a transformation of values and perceptions around fertility and family planning. Another conclusion drawn from the findings is that local resources, especially religious men, can be instrumental in promoting political trust in—and a sense of ownership of—family planning programmes in Jordan. Using local resources in advocacy for family planning, based on the cultural context of Shari’ah, seems effective in changing the reproductive behaviour of men.
Variable Selection and Shrinkage: Comparison of Some Approaches
Authors: Vach K. , Sauerbrei W. , Schumacher M. 
Published: March 2003

A common strategy within the framework of regression models is the selection of variables with possible predictive value, which are incorporated in the regression model. Two recently proposed methods, Breiman's Garotte (Breiman, 1995) and Tibshirani's Lasso (Tibshirani, 1996) try to combine variable selection and shrinkage. We compare these with pure variable selection and shrinkage procedures. We consider the backward elimination procedure as a typical variable selection procedure and as an example of a shrinkage procedure an approach of Van Houwelingen and Le Cessie (1990). Additionally an extension of van Houwelingens and le Cessies approach proposed by Sauerbrei (1999) is considered. The ordinary least squares method is used as a reference.With the help of a simulation study we compare these approaches with respect to the distribution of the complexity of the selected model, the distribution of the shrinkage factors, selection bias, the bias and variance of the effect estimates and the average prediction error.
Thematic Parallels and Non‐parallels: Contributions of Field‐specific Properties
Authors: Iwata Seizi 
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate, following Jackendoff (1992), that parallelism across semantic fields is constrained by properties specific to each field, and that these field‐specific properties play a crucial role in accounting for the non‐parallels which particular lexical items exhibit across semantic fields.Three semantic fields (Temporal, Possessional, and Identificational) are shown to have different properties with respect to three parameters, dimensionality, directedness and continuousness. These differing, field‐specific properties account for where parallelism obtains and where its does not.The examination of field‐specific properties reveals a number of cross‐field behavioral differences that have received little recognition, as shown by case studies of spread, between, over, and extent verbs.
EPP: A Syntactic Device in the Service of Semantics
Authors: Rosengren Inger 
Published: March 2003

It will be argued that the EPP is not feature driven, nor does it result in feature erasure. Neither is it directly related to subjecthood, there being no association between the expletive and the subject. Instead it is a syntactic device in the service of semantics. Syntactically, it is a parametrized visibility requirement on two functional specifiers, SpecFin and SpecT. The EPP is prototypically satisfied by one of the following two options: merging an expletive in, or moving it to, SpecFin or moving the subject at least to SpecT. The first option makes the existentially bound event variable e (see Davidson 1980, and Bierwisch 1988) visible, thereby giving rise to an existential reading, whereas the second option separates the subject from the rest of the proposition, thereby giving rise to a specific or generic reading of the subject. The options are exploited at the syntax‐semantics interface.Four languages are investigated as to their exploitation of the EPP: Swedish, Icelandic, Dutch and German. The first three languages are EPP‐languages. German will be argued to be a non‐EPP‐language.Defined in the above way, the EPP differs substantially from what has been called EPP in null‐subject languages (cf. Alexiadou & Anagnostopoulou 1998). A comparison between the two types of languages shows that null‐subject languages cannot be EPP‐languages.
The Axisymmetric Deformation of a Thin, or Moderately Thick, Elastic Spherical Cap
Authors: Gregory R. Douglas , Milac Thomas I. , Wan Frederic Y. M. 
Published: March 2003

A refined shell theory is developed for the elastostatics of a moderately thick spherical cap in axisymmetric deformation. This is a two‐term asymptotic theory, valid as the dimensionless shell thickness tends to zero.The theory is more accurate than “thin shell” theory, but is still much more tractable than the full three‐dimensional theory. A fundamental difficulty encountered in the formulation of shell (and plate) theories is the determination of correct two‐dimensional boundary conditions, applicable to the shell solution, from edge data prescribed for the three‐dimensional problem. A major contribution of this article is the derivation of such boundary conditions for our refined theory of the spherical cap. These conditions are more difficult to obtain than those already known for the semi‐infinite cylindrical shell, since they depend on the cap angle as well as the dimensionless thickness. For the stress boundary value problem, we find that a Saint‐Venant‐type principle does not apply in the refined theory, although it does hold in thin shell theory. We also obtain correct boundary conditions for pure displacement and mixed boundary data. In these cases, conventional formulations do not generally provide even the first approximation solution correctly.As an illustration of the refined theory, we obtain two‐term asymptotic solutions to two problems, (i) a complete spherical shell subjected to a normally directed equatorial line loading and (ii) an unloaded spherical cap rotating about its axis of symmetry.
Barotropic Instability of the Bickley Jet at High Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Burns A. G. , Maslowe S. A. , Brown S. N. 
Published: March 2003

We investigate the linear stability of the Bickley jet in the framework of the beta‐plane approximation. Because singular inviscid neutral modes exist in the retrograde case , it is necessary to add viscosity to interpret them. One of these modes was found in closed form by Howard and Drazin [1]. However, its critical point is at the center of the jet and it was therefore not possible for these authors to ascertain the relationship of this mode to the stability problem or to discuss how to continue the eigenfunction across the singularity.The viscous critical layer problem associated with this singularity is considerably more difficult than the usual one (which leads to integrals of the Airy function) because and, consequently, a second‐order turning point is involved. Our analysis shows that the Howard–Drazin mode is degenerate in the domain where it is valid as a limit of the viscous problem (wavenumber α2≤ 9/2), that is, it corresponds to both an odd and an even mode. This conclusion is confirmed by direct numerical solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation which shows, in addition, that viscosity is destabilizing along portions of the stability boundary. For a retrograde jet, instability is found to occur beyond the inviscid critical value of β, that is, in the region where the flow would be stable according to the Rayleigh–Kuo condition.
The Geography of Deregulation in the European Aviation Market
Authors: Burghouwt Guillaume , Hakfoort Jacco 
Published: March 2003

The deregulation of US aviation since 1978 has resulted in the reconfiguration of airlines’ route networks, and in the concentration of traffic on a small number of central airports or ‘hubs’. This paper investigates whether a similar trend can be observed in the European aviation network after deregulation. Data is used for all airports in the European Union receiving scheduled services for the period 1990–98, and both intra‐European and intercontinental services are considered.The findings on the airport level suggest that intercontinental traffic is increasingly concentrated on Europe’s primary hubs, and that intra‐European traffic is increasingly concentrated on smaller airports in the European aviation network. On the route level, the results support the claim that the structure of the European aviation network has moved in the direction of a hub‐and‐spoke network over the sample period with the secondary hubs playing a more important role in the hub‐spoke traffic.
‘The Holiest Campus’, its Decline and Transformation: The University of New England, 1946–79
Authors: Beer D. R. 
Published: March 2003

In the mid‐1960s and possibly earlier the University of New England (UNE), located at Armidale in rural New South Wales, was reputed to be ‘the holiest campus’ in Australia. The article finds a considerable body of evidence to give credibility to this view. It argues that UNE was relatively religious because it drew more of its students from the most devout social groups in Australia than other universities and because those students were then proselytized by religious societies that operated effectively and with strong clerical support in a small, cohesive institution. The ethos of UNE was broadly Christian, perhaps more so than that of metropolitan universities.After 1965 there was a substantial decline in religious practice, belief and influence at UNE, as apparently at other Australian universities and in Australia as a whole. In the case of UNE, secularization was more than a decline in civil or social religion, more than a process of decline through differentiation: in the first half of the 1960s over half of the student body was highly religious but by the late 1970s the proportion had fallen to one‐fifth to one‐quarter. Associated with this decline was a transformation of religious activity marked by the reassertion of Christian denominationalism and the emergence of a non‐Christian spiritual sensibility.
The Influence of Behavioural Heterogeneity on the Population Level Effect of Potential Prophylactic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vaccines
Authors: Garnett G. P. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Theoretical results indicate that extensive coverage with low efficacy type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines could substantially reduce the incidence of HIV in developing countries. There is a non-linear relationship between effective vaccine coverage and HIV prevalence such that improved efficacy brings diminishing returns. The relative contribution of HIV-associated mortality and behavioural heterogeneity to this non-linear relationship is explored using deterministic mathematical models. If the duration of risk of acquiring HIV is long relative to the HIV incubation period then infection-associated mortality can generate the non-linear relationship. However, in its absence the same relationship results from behavioural heterogeneity. Models of HIV vaccination alongside other interventions generate qualitative results that suggest that targeted interventions lead to less redundancy in control efforts.
Measuring Sexual Partner Networks for Transmission of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Ghani A. C. , Garnett G. P. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Patterns of sexual mixing and the sexual partner network are important determinants of the spread of all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including the human immunodeficiency virus. Novel statistical problems arise in the analysis and interpretation of studies aimed at measuring patterns of sexual mixing and sexual partner networks. Samples of mixing patterns and network structures derived from randomly sampling individuals are not themselves random samples of measures of partnerships or networks. In addition, the sensitive nature of questions on sexual activity will result in the introduction of non-response biases, which in estimating network structures are likely to be non-ignorable. Adjusting estimates for these biases by using standard statistical approaches is complicated by the complex interactions between the mechanisms generating bias and the non-independent nature of network data. Using a two-step Monte Carlo simulation approach, we have shown that measures of mixing patterns and the network structure that do not account for missing data and non-random sampling are severely biased. Here, we use this approach to adjust raw estimates in data to incorporate these effects. The results suggest that the risk for transmission of STDs in empirical data is underestimated by ignoring missing data and non-random sampling.
Monitoring Contemporary Student Flows and Characteristics: Secondary Analyses Using the Labour Force Survey and the General Household Survey
Authors: Egerton Muriel 
Published: March 2003

Summary
This paper examines trends in the participation in higher education by disadvantaged social groups over the recent period of higher education expansion and reform. It has been suggested that disadvantaged groups can recoup by participation at mature ages and this question is examined. The data sources used are the Labour Force Survey (1986–1995), which yielded 13384 students (6747 men and 6637 women) and the General Household Survey (1984–1992) which yielded 1936 students (982 men and 954 women). From a perspective of equal opportunities, the relative participation of young people from manual and non-manual origins does not appear to have changed over the period considered, but there is some evidence of increased relative participation by people from manual class origins as mature students. Mature students from such origins were older than those from non-manual class origins, as were mature women than mature men, with consequences for employability. From a perspective of lifelong learning, the recent expansion has been successful, with more entrants from the unemployed. Considerable percentages of women also enter from full-time housework, and increasing percentages from manual work. However, as in the past, many entrants had been successful in becoming employed before entry, some being seconded by employers. Despite these changes, the greatest absolute take-up has been from middle class youth. Early employment outcomes were examined and suggest some discrimination against mature students. It is possible that the increased cost of higher education, in the context of an expanded labour market of graduates, may deter some mature students.
The Social Class of Catholics in Scotland
Authors: Paterson Lindsay 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The social status of people brought up as Catholics in Scotland, as measured by their occupational class, is analysed by using cross-sectional survey data gathered in 1997. The main finding is that Catholics have probably risen in social status to a greater extent than non-Catholics. The experience of Scottish Catholics seems to be distinctive, because no such patterns are found for England, and indeed in this respect Scottish Catholics more closely resemble members of non-Christian religions in England than they do English Catholics. The most likely explanation is the particular role which state-funded Catholic schools have played in Scotland, especially the system of comprehensive secondary schools that was set up after 1965. However, the analysis is suggestive rather than definitive and needs to be replicated on cohort data with larger sample sizes.
A Parallel Analysis of Individual and Ecological Data on Residential Radon and Lung Cancer in South-West England
Authors: Darby Sarah , Deo Harz , Doll Richard , Whitley Elise 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Parallel individual and ecological analyses of data on residential radon have been performed using information on cases of lung cancer and population controls from a recent study in south-west England. For the individual analysis the overall results indicated that the relative risk of lung cancer at 100 Bq m−3 compared with at 0 Bq m−3 was 1.12 (95% confidence interval (0.99, 1.27)) after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, county of residence and social class. In the ecological analysis substantial bias in the estimated effect of radon was present for one of the two counties involved unless an additional variable, urban–rural status, was included in the model, although this variable was not an important confounder in the individual level analysis. Most of the methods that have been recommended for overcoming the limitations of ecological studies would not in practice have proved useful in identifying this variable as an appreciable source of bias.
Detecting Covariates with Non-Random Missing Values in a Survey of Primary Education in Madagascar
Authors: Lindsey J. K. , Lindsey P. J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
A major survey of the determinants of access to primary education in Madagascar was carried out in 1994. The probability of enrolment, probability of admission, delay before beginning school, probability of repeating a year and probability of dropping out were studied. The results of the survey are briefly described. In the analysis, one major problem was non-random missing values in the covariates. Some simple methods were developed for detecting whether a response variable depends on the missingness of a given covariate and whether eliminating the missing values would distort the resulting model. A way of incorporating covariates with randomly missing values was used such that the individuals having the missing values did not need to be eliminated. These methods are described and examples are given on how they were applied for one of the key covariates that had a large number of non-random missing values and for one for which the values appear to be randomly missing.
Decline and Fall: Unemployment among Britain’s Non-White Ethnic Communities 1960–1999
Authors: Leslie Derek , Lindley Joanne , Thomas Leighton 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The declining employment fortunes of Britain’s non-white communities, relative to whites, are explained. To achieve this comparison, some historical official sources of unemployment data are reviewed. The earliest known official time series on unemployment of non-whites dates back to 1960. This historical context is explored, especially the reluctance to make the early data more widely known. An unemployment series for non-white males and females from 1970 to 1999 is derived in two separate ways by splicing together official sources. These series are compared with unemployment of whites to demonstrate a relative increase in unemployment of non-whites.
Some New International Comparisons of Productivity Performance at the Sectoral Level
Authors: Malley Jim , Muscatelli Anton , Woitek Ulrich 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe present several new measures of gross-output-based total factor productivity (TFP) at the sectoral level for manufacturing industries in the G-7 economies. We calculate measures of both TFP growth and comparative levels. These are obtained by combining conventional Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development sectoral data on labour and capital inputs with data on intermediate inputs from national input–output tables. Additionally, we derive cyclically corrected measures of TFP growth. Our evidence shows that the considerable gap in TFP between the USA and other G-7 economies is closing but remains significant.
Simple Fitting Algorithms for Incomplete Categorical Data
Authors: Molenberghs Geert , Goetghebeur Els 
Published: March 2003

Summary
A popular approach to estimation based on incomplete data is the EM algorithm. For categorical data, this paper presents a simple expression of the observed data log-likelihood and its derivatives in terms of the complete data for a broad class of models and missing data patterns. We show that using the observed data likelihood directly is easy and has some advantages. One can gain considerable computational speed over the EM algorithm and a straightforward variance estimator is obtained for the parameter estimates. The general formulation treats a wide range of missing data problems in a uniform way. Two examples are worked out in full.
A Robust Test for Non-nested Hypotheses
Authors: Victoria-Feser Maria-Pia 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We propose a robust version of Cox-type test statistics for the choice between two non-nested hypotheses. We first show that the influence of small amounts of contamination in the data on the test decision can be very large. Secondly, we build a robust test statistic by using the results on robust parametric tests that are available in the literature and show that the level of the robust test is stable. Finally, we show numerically not only the robustness of this new test statistic but also that its asymptotic distribution is a good approximation of its sample distribution, unlike for the classical test statistic. We apply our results to the choice between a Pareto and an exponential distribution as well as between two competing regressors in the simple linear regression model without intercept.