bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coronary Health Promotion: An Overview
Authors: O’Donnell Christopher J , Sleight Peter , Manson JoAnn E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coronary health promotion is the summation of efforts by health care organizations and providers to identify as well as prevent and treat risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). Since acute myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity from CHD in the developed world, the effective promotion of behaviors known to decrease coronary risk may lead to substantial reductions in the burden of MI worldwide. Population and patient-based health promotion approaches represent complementary strategies that have been developed for intervention in in dividual coronary risk factors and are often implemented simultaneously. While most risk factors predisposing to acute MI and other adverse CHD events can be identified and modified, solid evidence for significant benefits from health promotion interventions, in overall populations or in specific patient subtypes, often derives from randomized trials and prospective observational studies. When available, data from well designed randomized trials provide the strongest qualitative and quantitative evidence for a causal link between intervention and reduced risk of CHD. Because the quality and strength of data concerning different interventions are not uniform, we advocate an evidence-based health promotion strategy. Consideration of the quality and strength of evidence when calculating the benefits, risks, and costs of individual interventions aids clinicians in selecting and implementing the most optimal risk reduction strategy for individual patients.
Future Directions in Coronary Disease Prevention
Authors: Ridker Paul M , Gaziano J Michael , Manson JoAnn E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has focused predominantly on available methods for cardiovascular disease prevention. Wherever possible, data supporting the use of a particular intervention have been explicitly provided so that clinicians and their patients can weigh the net benefits and risks that are likely to be associated with smoking cessation, cholesterol reduction, blood pressure control, and other prudent changes. If successfully implemented on a population basis, these measures will lead to large reductions in morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHO). For clinicians, such patient-oriented interventions form the cornerstones of current practice (Manson 1992).
In the near future, a wide variety of prevention-oriented interventions will become available, greatly expanding the tools for primary and secondary prevention. In this chapter, we provide a brief discussion of the scientific and clinical agendas that may determine future directions in cardiovascular disease prevention.
Liberty and Liberal Ownership
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns various arguments that might be constructed for liberal ownership based on considerations of liberty. This subject follows neatly from the discussion of the last chapter, since one of the conclusions reached there was that traditional natural rights defenses of liberal ownership in many cases collapse into arguments from liberty, in particular the natural right to liberty. The present discussion takes up that point and, eventually, rejects it as a plausible basis for justifying private liberal ownership.
Self-Ownership
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I now put the new understanding of ownership sketched in the last chapter to use. Here I show how the bifurcated conception of ownership, the understanding that control ownership and income ownership are two separable rights bundles, will aid in the analysis of the principle of self-ownership. That principle embodies what some have seen as one of the most basic rights to be protected in a free society, namely, the view that a person should enjoy those rights, liberties, and powers associated with the ownership of property over her own body, talents, and labor. The bifurcated view helps in the understanding of self-ownership, especially in the relation between that principle and egalitarianism. The aspect of that relation which I discuss here concerns the alleged conflict between the principle of self-ownership and egalitarian principles of distributive justice.
To Madam Fitz James
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Less to be immitated than admir’d, No saint so good, no Heroin so great No wit so perfect, beauty so compleat, So good a friend, and mother ne’er was seen, So good a wife a mistress, and a Queen, By your warm rays, starv’d vertue shall bud forth, And Englands eyes, shall open to your worth, No country so obscure or place so far, Which shall not of your matchless merits hear, And those who never heard of god before, Shall now the god of Englands Queen addore.
The Earl Of Exrter
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Alien is there, ha’ n’t a pious tear, To wet the herse of this illustrious Peer, Then how much more, are we bound to lament, Our countrys darling, and its ornament. No less than we, the muses ought to mourn, Whose early wit their science did addorne. He his ripe years, in greater things imploy’d, He studyed man, and mankind edify’d To learn, in divers countrys, he thought fit, And tought each place, more than he learnt of it. In him abroade, the English worth was known, And made each foreign excellence his own, Italian prudence, French civiliry, Mix’d with the English magnanimity.
The Lovers Elesium
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dream to me seems a misterious thing, Whate’er the naturalists for causes bring, Whilst sleeps dull fetters, our frail bodys ty, Th’enlarged soul finds plesant company, With fellow spirits, midnight revells make, Where things forgot they see, and things to come forespeak, Some times in figures, and in dances they, Present to us th events, oth’ coming day, Dull things, by th’ grave currant, brisk ones byth’ minoet. Sometimes they mount, allmost toth’ place of bliss, Then doun again into the deep abys, Line naturalists: natural philosophers, who seek rational reasons for all phenomena. Line fetters: bindings, restrictions.
Reproductive And Fetal Research
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, great interest has developed in doing research involving fetuses. At least three forms of research have emerged. First, there is therapeutic and nontherapeutic research using fetuses in utero as subjects. Second, there is research employing tissue from aborted fetuses. Finally, with the emergence of in vitro fertilization, there is research on zygotes to study the early stages of development and to improve the techniques of technologically assisted reproduction.
Clinical Trials
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the important characteristics of research in the past few decades is the emphasis on clinical trials to validate interventions before they are widely used in the clinical setting. Whatever the theoretical scientific reasons for believing that these interventions would be beneficial, and whatever the favorable initial experience with their use, clinical trials to validate their use have become increasingly common. This is not to say that clinical trials are now used in all cases; it is to say that a variety of intellectual forces (e.g., the emergence of a science of clinical trials) and societal forces (e.g., the insistence by regulatory agencies on the use of clinical trials before drugs and devices are approved for sale) have combined to emphasize the value of such trials. It is, therefore, important that we examine the ethical issues raised by such trials.
Searle: Why We are not Computers
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a widely held view, the brain is a giant computer and the relation of the human mind to the human brain is like that of a computer program to the electronic hardware on which it runs. The philosopher John Searle, a dragonslayer by temperament, has set out to show that this claim, together with the materialist tradition underlying it, is nonsense, for reasons some of which are obvious and some more subtle. Elaborating arguments that he and others have made over the past twenty years, he attacks most of the cognitive science establishment and then offers a theory of his own about the nature of mind and its relation to the physical world. If this pungent book is right, the computer model of the mind is not just doubtful or imperfect, but totally and glaringly absurd.
Geometries and Energetics
Authors: Scheiner Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we focus our attention on the equilibrium geometries of various H-bonds, and how the formation of the complex alters the internal structure of each subunit. The energetics of hydrogen bonding are also stressed. Comparison is made to experimental information where available. Whereas many geometries have been evaluated to high precision, energetic data in the gas phase, to which the calculations directly pertain, have been harder to obtain. One of the handicaps against experimental evaluation of H-bond energies in the gas phase has been the difficulty in accurate evaluation of equilibrium constants for formation of complexes involving a pair of neutral species. Advances in methodology, using Fourier transform IR spectrometry, promise to alleviate this problem in the future. Preliminary results indicate a close equivalence between the equilibrium constants of formation in the gas phase and those obtained in inert solvent like CC14.
Extended Regions of Potential Energy Surface
Authors: Scheiner Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a common perception that when a molecule with an available proton is placed in the vicinity of another molecule that has a lone electron pair, the two will approach one another and quickly adopt their most stable, equilibrium H-bonded geometry. While this may be true in certain instances, the potential energy surface of a typical H-bonded complex is surprisingly complex. It is not unusual to find more than one minimum; the secondary minima can be only slightly higher in energy than the global minimum. The paths connecting the various minima can be rather complex as well, as the surface is littered with stationary points of second, third, and higher order, all bunched within a few kcal/mol of one another.
The Limits Of Lockean Rights In Property
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book discusses Locke’s theory of property from both a critical and an interpretative standpoint. The author first develops a comprehensive interpretation of Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property, and then examines the extent to which the argument is really serviceable in defense of that institution. He contends that a purified version of Locke’s argument--one that adheres consistently to the logic of Locke’s text while excluding considerations extraneous to his logic--actually does establish the legitimacy of a form of private property. This version, which is both defensible in contemporary, secular terms and is, essentially, egalitarian, should provoke a reassessment of the nature of Locke’s relevance to contemporary discussions of distributive justice.
Mixing or Making?
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property is a single argument with two interdependent parts. One part of the argument aims to explain why appropriation, even in a context of original communism, does not require anyone else’s consent. As we have seen, Locke’s answer is that consent is not required because appropriation does not violate anyone’s rights as long as sufficient materials are effectively available for everyone to produce his subsistence. Locke’s stipulation of the sufficiency condition is meant to guarantee that these materials are always available and so that consent is never required.
Computers in Search of the Truth
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, our study of inductive methodology has acceded to the time-honored cult of the ideal agent. An ideal agent is a curious sort of deity who is limited in evidence-gathering ability more or less the way we are, but who suffers from no computational limitations whatsoever. An ideal agent can decide all mathematical relations in an instant, but in a dark room he bumps into the walls with the rest of us.
Whatever we are, we are not ideal agents. If cognitive psychologists are right, we are computers. But a methodologist needn’t debate the point, since methods should be routinely followable, without appeal to arcane powers of insight that cannot be accessed at will. A. Turing’s conception of the Turing machine was intended to explicate just this notion of explicitly directed, method-driven behavior. Accordingly, Turing computability seems a natural constraint to impose on methodological principles.
Closing Conversation
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philo: I’ve skimmed through this book on learning theory. I found it quite odd.
Learnio: I read it a little while ago and found it interesting. Why don’t you try your objections out on me? I’m sure I would learn something from them.
Philo: Excellent. To begin with, isn’t the goal of converging to the truth trivial? Whatever hypothesis is true, there is always some method that converges to just that hypothesis, no matter what.
Learnio: Actually, the whole point of the book is to rule out such examples. A logically reliable method is guaranteed by its structure to converge to the truth on each possible data stream that might arise for all we know in advance. If we do not know in advance that a hypothesis is true, then the method that always conjectures that hypothesis is far from being logically reliable.
Explaining Bipedalism
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One factor contributing to the bafflement is the lack of a parallel to human bipedalism. Other modes of mammalian locomotion, such as hopping, gliding, swimming, bur rowing through the earth or flying through the air, have evolved over and over again, in separate species often totally unrelated to one another. But man is the only extant bipedal mammal. For purposes of comparison scientists have to fall back on contemplating mammals that are bipedal for at least part of the time, and see what advantage they gain from it.
Explaining Hairlessness
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989, before embarking on this chapter, I walked into an Oxford bookstore to find out what the students in that great seat of learning were being taught about this subject. I was offered, and purchased, the latest editions of two textbooks — both comprehensive, highly commended and frequently updated to keep pace with the latest scientific discoveries. One was called Introduction to Physical Anthropology and the other Physical Anthropology.
Gronds of Institutional Rights
Authors: Wellman Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a right is most at home in the law and in our thinking about the law. This may well be, although my hypothesis is somewhat speculative, because the language of rights originated in treatises on law and was only later applied to reflections on moral issues. In any event, legal rights, such as the creditor’s contractual right to be repaid or the citizen’s civil right to free speech, remain our paradigms of rights generally. Although many philosophers have denied the existence of natural rights or noninstitutional moral rights, it is hard to doubt the reality of legal rights. Moreover, judicial reasoning in particular cases involving legal rights and jurisprudential generalizations about rights provide rich materials for the analysis of rights. The place to begin our investigation of the grounds of rights is, therefore, with a consideration of the grounds of legal rights.
Alleged Right-Holders
Authors: Wellman Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most fundamental problems in the theory of rights is to determine what kinds of beings could possibly be right-holders. My answer, explained and defended in the previous chapter, is that only normal adults, together with children and mentally limited persons to the extent that they possess agency, are possible possessors of moral or even legal rights. Jurists and moral philosophers frequently ascribe rights to many other sorts of entities. It will be illuminating to consider the more plausible and important ways they justify these attributions of rights.
Implied Duties
Authors: Wellman Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the practical import of rights? Given the existence of some specific right, what follows? If my conception of a right is correct, or even on the right track, a right is a complex of Hohfeldian elements typically including claims, liberties, powers, and immunities. The complexity and variety within any right will necessarily be reflected in its many and various implications. The task of identifying and explaining the complete practical import of rights is a project too large to undertake here. But one part of the this import, the duties implied by any right, is central to legal and moral theory and of special practical importance. These duties are the subject of this chapter.
Attributes and Identity
Authors: Rocca Michael Della 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the notorious “God or nature,” the phrase that has probably received the most attention in Spinoza literature is the definition of “attribute” as “what the intellect perceives of a substance as constituting its essence” (ldef4). Spinoza here complicates the Cartesian notion of attribute, according to which an attribute is (simply) that which constitutes the essence of a substance. This departure from Descartes is undoubtedly significant, and what it has signified for many interpreters is that acertain distinction between appearance (or how things are perceived) and reality lies at the very heart of Spinoza’s metaphysics. Such a reading is encouraged by the fact that the word tanquam in this definition may be translated “as if’ and not simply “as.” Translating the word in the former way suggests even more strongly that there is some kind of illusion associated with the attributes. Harry Austryn Wolfson provides a version of this kind of interpretation. For him, Spinozistic attributes are not distinct from one another, although they appear to the intellect to be distinct. This view has given rise to much protest.
Chapter Four
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be useful to think of the process of composition as divided into two main phases. One consists of all that the composer may have thought and conceived before writing anything down (the subject of this chapter). The other (discussed in chapters 5, 6, and 7) concerns the shaping of a composition once it began to take on written form, either on an erasable surface such as slate or on paper.
Francesco Corteccia
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters, I used manuscript, theoretical, documentary, and iconographic evidence to construct an abstract paradigm for how fifteenthand sixteenth-century composers worked. The conclusions were inevitablyand intentionally-schematic. The goal of part II is to translate an abstract paradigm into concrete reality by examining the working methods of four major composers: Francesco Corteccia, Cipriano de Rore, Henricus Isaac, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. The fortuitous preservation of autograph composing manuscripts by each one of them gives us a broad perspective on musical practices.
Three Saving Friendships
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout his life, Wilder was notoriously unpredictable in his day-to-day moods. People moved up and down in his affections like yo-yos. One who knew him well once said of Wilder that the New York Times ought to carry a daily box score on the front page so that friends and acquaintances might know how they stood that day in his esteem. There was, however, a small core of friends-perhaps a dozen or so-to whom he remained loyal and constant, and whose love and counsel he depended upon to pull him through. Carroll Dunn, Lavinia Faxon, and Clara Haushalter were three early friends who made a difference in his late teens.
Song Takes Center Stage
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wilder’s melodies were leaping and lovely, sinuous and sequestered, elusive and wistful. All the top vocalists would record and praise them, but not many people would sing along. They were not cut from common cloth. First, however, Wilder had to establish his own distinctive presence in New York and elsewhere, for his lifestyle was as much a shout of defiance as his music. As Barry Ulanov wrote in 1947, his name was a synonym for eccentricity from 1935 on. “His music sounded different, he dressed differently, he acted differently. Different from anything in classical music or jazz.
Adventures in Opera and Film
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As if further to confound and confuse the critics, and to defy the fixing of labels, Wilder in the 1950s tried his hand at a variety of musical forms. Like a pitcher mixing fast balls and curves, he kept the establishment guessing. In addition to popular and art songs, for there would always be songs even at a slower rate, and in addition to pieces for children and the first of an increasing number of serious instrumental compositions, he also experimented with short operas and film scores. Roughly within the span of the decade, he would write five operas (if Kittiwake Island is included in the category), four of them with Arnold Sundgaard and one with William Engvick. He would also work on four film scores, three of them in association with Jerome Hill, and one in collaboration with Engvick.
Dramatis Personae
Authors: Leigh Egbert Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enumerating the principal actors in Barro Colorado’s ecological theater and characterizing them by suitable thumbnail sketches would be a book in itself-quite a substantial one, like Janzen’s (1983) Costa Rican Natural History. One could easily center an account of the ecology of the rocky weather coasts of Tatoosh Island (Paine and Levin 1981) in the northeastern Pacific on the dynamics and interactions of the principal space occupiers and their consumers. The story of the factors which “zone “ the intertidal, that is to say, which restrict the vertical range of the few principal space occupiers, would provide us with a synoptic account of the rocky intertidal at Tatoosh. Such a story would tell us what limits the kelp Laminaria to the lowermost intertidal and how the starfish Pisaster eats the mussels it can reach, restricting the mussel zone to the upper intertidal (Paine 1974) at all but the most wavebeaten sites, thereby making room for a complex of kelps and coralline algae (Paine 1992) between the mussels and the Laminaria. It would tell us how the crashing waves rolling in from vast expanses of open ocean allow the shrubby, narrow-leaved Lessoniopsis to grow between Laminaria and the mussels at the most exposed sites and how these same waves tear great gaps in exposed angles of the mussel bed, immobilize herbivores, and enable sea palms, Postelsia palmaeformis (Paine 1979) to use the incoming light with extraordinary effectiveness (Leigh et al. 1987, Wing and Patterson 1993), so that these gaps fill with sea palms. It would tell us what governs the succession of organisms that colonize gaps of different sizes torn by winter waves from other sections of the mussel zone (Paine and Levin 1981). Finally, it would tell us what limits the zone of springy, inch-high golden-green turf of Iridaea cornucopiae above the mussels, tenacious but slow to colonize, and the barnacle zone of the uppermost intertidal.