bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Club drugs and HIV transmission
Authors: Mattison Andrew , Cherner Mariana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Users describe the effects of GHB as a euphoric, pleasant intoxication and disinhibition similar to that produced by alcohol or benzodiazepines. In addition, some report increased libido and enhancement of the sexual experience (Chin et al. 1998; Laborit 1972). GHB gained notoriety among regulatory agencies as well as in the club/party scene because of increases in the numbers of adverse effects and overdoses associated with its use (most often when co-administered with other substances). These can include weakness, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, loss of peripheral vision, hypothermia, respiratory acidosis, decrease or loss of consciousness, and coma. Overdosed users generally regain consciousness within 1–5 hours without sequelae (Chin et al. 1992, 1999; Dyer 1991; Ross 1995). Because the median lethal dose (LD50) is only about five times the intoxicating dose (Vickers 1969), and because it is synergistic with alcohol, the risk of central nervous system (CNS) depression is greater with GHB than with other club drugs.
Pain management in HIV infection
Authors: Lefkowitz Mathew , Grant Igor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain referable to the gastrointestinal tract (GI) tract is a common presentation of many HIV-related opportunistic infections and neoplasms. Abdominal pain in patients with AIDS can result from stomach ulcers or colitis caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Mycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC). Cholecystitis can be due to coincident gallstones or to infections, most commonly Cryptosporidium or CMV, but also MAC, or Kaposi’s sarcoma. Sclerosing cholangitis (also known as AIDS cholangiopathy), which presents as right upper quadrant or epigastric pain, is most commonly caused by CMV or Cryptosporidium. Pancreatitis in HIV-infected patients is most frequently due to drug therapy, specifically intravenous
The importance of cardinality, separability, and compactness in computer science with an example from numerical signal analysis
Authors: Grce Klaus E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives an example where topological guidance has been essential in developing a numerical algorithm for solving a problem from signal analysis. The chapter explains the importance of car dinality, separabitity, and compactness in numerical analysis, and provides examples of spaces that can be made separable or compact by a non-standard choice of topology. Furthermore, the chapter sug gests a definition of ‘approximate computability’ and analyses some immediate consequences of the definition.
Logical Depth and Physical Complexity
Authors: Bennett Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some mathematical and natural objects (a random sequence, a sequence of zeros, a perfect crystal, a gas) are intuitively trivial, while others (e.g., the human body, the digits of 7r) contain internal evidence of a nontrivial causal history. Persons of Turing’s genius do not shy away from asking big questions, and hoping to see, in advance of the eventual slow progress of science, the essential outlines of the answers. “What is intelligence?” is one such question that clearly fascinated Turing. “How do complicated structures arise in nature?” is another. On this latter question, seeds planted by Turing have begun to mature to an extent that I think would please him.
Influences of Mathematical Logic on Computer Science
Authors: Davis Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was a student, even the topologists regarded mathematical logicians as living in outer space. Today the connections between logic and computers are a matter of engineering practice at every level of computer organization. Companies with names like Logical Devices or Logicsoft abound. One can walk into a shop and ask for a “logic probe”. This is by no means simply a matter of terminology. Issues and notions that first arose in technical investigations by logicians are deeply involved, today, in many aspects of computer science.
Algorithms in the World of Bounded Resources
Authors: Gurevich* Yuri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. Writing an algorithm, one has in mind some addressee (or addressees), i.e., a computing agent, a possible executor of the algorithm. In the classical theory of algorithms, one addresses a computing agent with unbounded resources. We argue in favor of a more realistic theory of algorithms which recognizes the multiplicity of addressees and the fact that their resources may be bounded. We are especially interested in the case when the resources of each relevant computing agent are bounded. An algorithm is supposed to be given by an exact prescription, defining a computational process. Writing the prescriptions, we make assumptions about the computing agent. The classical theory of algorithms makes a simplifying assumption that the resources of the computing agent are unbounded.
Comparing the Church and Turing Approaches: Two Prophetical Messages
Authors: Trakhtenbrot Boris A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for a precise mathematical characterization of what “algorithm” and “computable function” should mean resulted half a century ago in the discovery of three well-known equivalent approaches. Their chronologicalorder is as follows: λ-definability (Church-Kleene, 1932-34); general recursiveness(Godel-Hetbrand, 1934) and Turing machines (1936).The type-free λ-calculus was conceived by A. Church as a foundation for logic and mathematics, but this aim failed. In spite of this failure Churchrealized that a consistent part of this calculus is a paradigm for computation· in the same way as predicate calculus is a paradigm for deduction. In 1934 he proclaimed his famous Thesis, which identifies the intuitivenotion of computable function with the formal notion of λ-definable function, but there still was some lack of consensus about this Thesis. We learn from Davis 1982 that it was only after Turing’s work that Godel accepted Church’s Thesis which had then become the Church-Turing Thesis. This is the way the miracle occurred: the essence of a process that can be carried out by purely mechanical means was understood and incarnated in precise mathematical definitions.
Life in the Undistributed Middle
Authors: Belnap Nuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some logics have no connectives with the lattice properties. Some logics have lattice connectives satisfying distribution as well. What this paper wonders about is those logics in the middle: They have lattice connectives that do not satisfy the distributive laws. By the ‘ lattice properties’ I mean the familiar properties of conjunction and disjunction that can be stated in Gentzen fashion with no reference to structural context.
Theorems in Classical Logic are Instances of Theorems in Condensed BCI Logic
Authors: Bunder Martin W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any proof in classical logic can be rewritten as a proof in intuitionistic implicational logic with the constant formula f and two additional axioms, ex also quodlibet (f1) and double negation (f2). We show here that any classical proof in this form can be transformed into a proof of a theorem of condensed BCI logic, from which the original theorem can be recovered by means of a series of simple replacements.
The fact that, for a given classical theorem, only a finite number of such replacements are possible from its condensed BCI counterpart allows us to formulate decision procedures for the intermediate systems BCif1, BCif2, BCKf1, BCKf1f2, BCIWf1, BCIWf2 and BCKWf1 in terms of known decision procedures for BCI, BCK, BCIW, and BCKW implicational logics.
Introduction to the region
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS field guide includes all birds recorded from the Greater Sunda Islands—Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Bali together with their offshore satellites (the Mentaur Islands off western Sumatra, Riau and Lingga archipelagos, Bangka and Belitung off eastern Sumatra, Natunas, Anambas, Tambelan, Karimata, Karimunjawa, Madura, Bawean, Kangean, Nusa Penida, and the islands off the north and east coasts of Borneo). The book does not include Palawan and Andaman which, although faunistically related to the Greater Sundas, are generally not included under that term and are ornithologically included in guides for India and Philippines respectively. Bali, which some geographers include in the Lesser Sundas, is included in this book because it is faunistically and geologically an offshore island of Java. The endpaper map (also shown opposite) shows the region covered. This area consists of the following political territories: the whole of East Malaysia including Sarawak and Sabah, the whole of Brunei and large areas of Indonesia including the eight provinces of Sumatra, three provinces of Java, the province of Bali, and the four provinces of Kalimantan.
Biogeography
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE Greater Sundas lie in one of the world’s most interesting zoogeographical areas, the Malay—Indonesian archipelago, an arc of some 17 000 islands straddling the Equator and extending for 5000 km between main-land Asia and the continent of Australia. The archipelago can be divided into three distinct faunal sub-regions: the Australo., —Papuan subregion, which consists of all the islands lying on the Sahul or Australian continental shelf such as Aru, New Guinea, and New Britain; the Sundaic subregion, which includes all the islands lying on the Sunda or Asiatic continental shelf such as Borneo, Sumatra, and Java plus the Malay Peninsula—which, although not an island, is faunistically more similar to the other Sundaic areas than to the rest of the Asian mainland; and finally, the Wallacean subregion, which consists of all the islands that lie between the two continental shelves such as Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas, and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
Late Mesozoic
Authors: Hallam Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cretaceous Period was a time of considerable geological activity associated primarily with the disintegration of Pangaea and a considerable increase in volcanism, which had significant biogeographic consequences. As in previous chapters attention will be directed initially to the framework of major geological events before considering organic distributions. The most up-to-date plate tectonic reconstructions for the Cretaceous are those of Scotese et al. (1988), which have utilized an interactive computer graphics method. The three dimensional capabilities of this method allow the rotation and manipulation of plate outlines in ‘real time’. Two major phases of plate reorganization are recognized, in the Mid Cretaceous (95 Ma) and latest Cretaceous (65 Ma). The synchroneity of these phases across the world indicates that plate motions are interconnected and suggests to the authors that the reorganizations are triggered by the subduction of major ridge systems, or by the elimination of subduction zones due to continental collision. Furthermore the implication is that ‘slab pull’ is the dominant plate-tectonic mechanism, with oceanic spreading centres passively following lines of stress emanating from ocean trenches. Fig. 8.1 gives Scotese et al.’s global reconstruction for the Late Cretaceous, indicating the areas of new ocean floor. During the Mid Cretaceous, starting in the earliest Aptian, volcanic eruptions on a massive scale took place, registering an extraordinary upwelling of heat and deep-mantle material. Basalts were initially erupted beneath the Pacific basin and created most of the oceanic plateaus of the present-day western Pacific (Winterer 1991). Eruptions from these mantle upwellings spread to other oceans and sea-floor spreading rates increased. The overall effect was to increase the Earth’s ocean crust production by 50-100 per cent during the time interval 125 to 80 Ma. Since this time substantially coincides with a long episode of constant normal geomagnetic polarity (the so-called Quiet Zone of the ocean floor) Larsen (1991) has proposed a superplume model whereby the removal of large quantities of heat and deep-mantle material stopped the reversal process of the Earth’s magnetic field.
The Netherlands
Authors: Rooijen P van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At various times during the Late Cretaceous, chalk was deposited over the Netherlands. A major transgression in Late Cretaceous times almost completely submerged the country and led to the extensive deposition of chalk and marly chalk. At the end of the Early Cretaceous, a structural high extended from Zandvoort in the north-west towards Krefeld in the south-east (Fig. 9.1). This structure comprised the Zandvoort Ridge, the Maasbommel High, and the Krefeld High. On both sides of the structure, thick sequences of Lower Cretaceous sediments accumulated in depositional basins (Heybroek 1974). A transgression, which had become general by Aptian—Albian times, sub-merged these structural elements from the north and formed thick sequences of chalk in the northern and central parts of the country during Late Cretaceous times. In the central and northern Netherlands, chalk deposition began during the Cenomanian, but along the margins of the depositional basin, in the south-eastern part of the country, a supply of elastic sediments prevented the formation of chalk during the early part of the Late Cretaceous. Instead, argillaceous sediments and glauconitic sands were deposited during the Santonian and Early Campanian, to be replaced by carbonates only in Late Campanian times.
Essential ingredients of real metapopulations, exemplified by the butterfly Plebejus argus
Authors: Thomas Chris D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metapopulations are groups of local populations connected by occasional dispersal, in which persistence and patch occupancy are determined by the balance between local extinctions and colonizations (Gilpin and Hanski 1991). The development of metapopulation theory has been important in both population dynamics and conservation, since it has expanded the concept of population persistence from the local scale to whole regions. Many models have been constructed, of varying realism, and these have provided insight into factors which may be important to the persistence of groups of local populations. As these models are increasingly being applied to conservation, the time has come to assess critically the applicability of meta-population theory to real populations, particularly those of rare and endangered species (Harrison 1994).
Evolution of Social Insect Colonies
Authors: Crozier Ross H , Pamilo Pekka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the genetics and behaviour of individuals within colonies of social insects - bees, wasps, ants, and termites. Colonial living is characterized by division of labour and finely coordinated organization, by reproductive function being limited to certain individuals, by cooperative brood care, and by the presence of non-reproductive workers. Within a colony, however, many events are the result of conflicts between individuals seeking to maximize their own interests. Ever since Darwin, this interplay of cooperation and conflict has raised many important questions in evolutionary biology, especially about how cooperative behaviour is maintained in the absence of direct reproduction by workers. How is the heritable component of this behaviour passed on? Crozier and Pamilo's contribution is to analyse the genetic basis of the patterns of reproduction and resource allocation found in social insect colonies. This is done more comprehensively and with greater depth and insight than in any previous study, and is a significant step forward in the fields of population genetics and social evolution.
The progress of evolution
Authors: Colin P. Groves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten or even five years ago a chapter with this title would have explained how slow and gradual evolution is and how it works by natural selection and random mutations and recombination. There would then have been brief descriptions of industrial melanism and the evolution of the horse, before turning to an attempt to apply the same model to the human fossil record. Such a simplistic viewpoint is no longer possible: the ferment in evolutionary biology that has been taking place in the last decade, in one of the most exciting and fast-developing fields in biology, demands consideration. That no real analysis of human evolution, taking these new ideas into account, has been made is surely an anthropological scandal.
Epigenesis and evolution
Authors: Colin P. Groves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Haeckel the processes of ontogeny and phylogeny have been associated in biology, either causally in one direction or another, or more simply by ontogeny setting limits to what can happen in phylogeny. The present revival of interest in developmental shifts as evolutionary mechanisms is due largely to the insights of Gould (1977), although a beginning had been made previously by Løvtrup (1974).
Background to human evolution
Authors: Colin P. Groves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before examining in detail the remains of fossil hominins, there are a few topics that must be got out of the way. First, there is the question of an interim nomenclature; although I will attempt to establish a new taxonomy later on, we need some shorthand means of reference for different fossil types. Next, there will be a brief overview of the sites at which the fossils have been found, and their dating. Finally, a consideration of the principle of variation: if we are going to erect a taxonomy, we need to know how much variation to expect within a species (or subspecies), and where to draw the line.
The progress of human evolution
Authors: Colin P. Groves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is finally time to review the evidence. What sort of a story does it tell? How did human evolution progress, how well does it fit the models proposed earlier, and what special features does it show? The literature on human evolution is replete with ideas on why we have such a big brain. It is only recently that some (Hemmer 1967; Godfrey and Jacobs 1981; Passingham 1982; Hofman 1983; Blumenberg 1984) have started to enquire what this increase actually amounts to, what it depends on, and what evolutionary mode it represents.
An introduction to marketing
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The marketing system, as it exists at present in British agriculture, is very varied. There is a combination of longstanding traditional practice, compulsorily organized marketing for some products, and for others a highly complex situation from the farm gate through to the household shopping basket. Only a small minority of farmers can afford to stay in agriculture in the long term without making a profit. Thus the vast majority must be able to show some margin over expenditure in order to stay in business.
It follows that, in theory at least, marketing management should be of some importance to the individual farmer, since if he is aiming to make a profit from his transactions then marketing considerations should be apparent in all of his decision making, from short-term storage versus immediate sale considerations through to long-term planning of the structure of farming enterprises.
Applicability of marketing principles to farmers
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various approaches to the analysis of agricultural marketing structures have been developed. All are attempts to break down complex marketing systems into parts which can be more readily understood. One method of classifying the activities which occur in the marketing processes is to break them down into functions.
Shaw (1912), who is usually credited with the origination of this approach, defines a marketing function as ‘a major specialized activity performed in accomplishing the marketing process’. Another approach identifies primary and secondary functions (Kohls 1968). In this way, all marketing activities are classified into three major processes: assembly, equalization, and distribution. In order to perform these principal marketing functions, various subsidiary tasks must be fulfilled, namely processing, packaging, grading or specification, transport, storage, risk bearing, demand creation, and use of market information.
Applicability of marketing techniques to farmers
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, various principal and subsidiary marketing functions were identified as being of relevance to a firm in the disposal of its output. In different industries, and for different firms, the relevance of particular functions will vary. To a certain extent, all firms will fulfil functions such as packaging and demand creation in a specific way. The key concept here is that of the marketing mix, defined by Kotler (1972) as ‘the set of controllable variables that the firm can use to influence the buyers’ responses’.
There are a large number of variables which qualify for inclusion in the marketing mix. McCarthy (1971) introduced a four-factor classification popularly known as the ‘four Ps’-product, place, promotion, and price. Each classification includes a number of marketing considerations, as shown in Table 3.1. The marketing mix is regarded by many firms as being of very great importance, and marketing programmes are designed specifically to determine the optimal marketing mix.
Government support of agricultural markets in the UK
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1917, the British Government took the first positive steps of intervention in the marketing of general agricultural commodities for a considerable period of time. Before then, agriculture had operated under free trading conditions since the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. Laissez-faire worked reasonably well in the second half of the nineteenth century, with production reaching record levels in the 1870s. Thereafter, however, the spectre of plentiful supplies of imported food created increased competition, particularly cheap grain from the prairies of North America, and refrigerated meat and dairy products from Argentina and Australia.
Channels used by farmers marketing individually
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first part of this book, a review has been undertaken of the relevance of marketing in the particular environment of agricultural business. The overall conclusion of this review was that, although marketing is carried out in agriculture, not all of the participants in the markets, namely farmers, are personally involved in the marketing of their output. This was followed by a discussion of the legislation affecting agricultural marketing. The aim of this second part of the book is to investigate, in detail, the various methods by which farmers dispose of their produce. A number of well tried and tested channels have been used throughout generations by farmers, and the most important of these will be considered from the point of view of their use for particular commodities, and their individual advantages and disadvantages.
The Age Of Enlightenment 1740–1801
Authors: Marker Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Peter’s death in 1725 and another fifteen years of troubled and ill- defined rule, the next six decades witnessed a self-conscious reassertion of the Petrine legacy. For the remainder of the century, indeed of the old regime, legitimacy was linked to the name and achievements of Peter, officially canonized both as the founder of the All-Russian Empire and its great Europeanizer. Ironically, this epitome of masculine authority, this father of the fatherland, was enshrined and succeeded by strong female rulers, first his daughter Elizabeth (1741–61) and, after the brief reign of Peter III (1761–2), Catherine the Great (1762–96).