bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vision, Power, And Agency: The Ascent of Ngo Dinh Diem, 1945–1954
Authors: Miller Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who was Ngo Dinh Diem? In the decades since his 1963 assassination, historians and other writers have offered diverse interpretations of his life and career. That Diem was an important figure in the history of the Indochina wars is not in dispute—after all, the conflict that became the “American war” in Vietnam began as a revolt against Diem’s South Vietnamese regime—but there is no consensus about why and how he came to play such a key role. During Diem’s tenure in power (1954–1963), many in Vietnam and elsewhere described him as an American puppet who had been installed and supported by Washington to serve U.S. objectives in the Cold War. Accounts written since the 1960s, in contrast, have emphasized his notorious unwillingness to accept American advice and the fact that his alliance with the United States eventually fell apart. Many scholars have thus come to reject the notion that Diem was merely a creature of U.S. foreign policy and have instead portrayed him as a product of premodern “traditions,” such as Catholicism or Confucianism. Among these scholars, however, there is no consensus about the meaning and consequences of these “traditional” qualities. In some recent histories, Diem appears as a sage-like national hero who was thwarted by fickle allies; in others, he is portrayed as an inflexible autocrat who was doomed by his adherence to outdated ideas about rulership.
The Adventurous Journey of Nixon in the World
Authors: Logevall Fredrik , Preston Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the grand trajectory of “the American Century,” the 1970s stand out as a curious anomaly. For most of this era, especially the periods following World War II and the end of the Cold War, the United States was far more powerful than any other country—more powerful, even, than its only superpower rival, the Soviet Union. The strength and endurance of American power lay not only in its military might, important though it was; in addition to arms, America had few real challengers in terms of economic, political, diplomatic, and cultural power. But in the late 1960s, and for a variety of reasons that all peaked around the same time, America’s dominance began to wane.
The Frailties of Grand Strategies: A Comparison of Détente and Ostpolitik
Authors: Sarotte Mary Elise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ostpolitik, or Eastern policy, is the name given to the negotiated process of partial reconciliation between West Germany and its Warsaw Pact neighbors in the middle years of the Cold War. Like the word détente, it is a vague term comprising everything from very specific, formal treaties to very general declarations of interest in using diplomacy and high-level visits to reduce tensions. To complicate matters, analysts sometimes further subdivide Ostpolitik into contrasting categories.
History from Below: The United States and Latin America in the Nixon Years
Authors: Lawrence Mark Atwood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Latin America ranked at the bottom of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger’s global priorities. In public, the president and his national security adviser phrased their view diplomatically, suggesting merely that the time had come to scale back U.S. ambitions in the hemisphere. Behind closed doors, the two spoke more bluntly. “Latin America doesn’t matter,” Nixon exclaimed in 1971. “People don’t give one damn about Latin America,” he added. “The only thing that matters in the world is Japan, China, Russia, and Europe.” Kissinger differed only in the sophistication with which he expressed him- self. Latin America, like the rest of the third world, was “not important,” Kissinger told the Chilean foreign minister in 1969.
Conceptualizing U.S. Women’s History through the History of Medicine
Authors: Tannenbaum Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of medicine, public health, and reproduction is a rich area for teachers and scholars of women’s history. The reverse is also true: Women’s history is an excellent topic for investigating and discussing important themes in the history of medicine. Teachers at all levels will find that topics in the history of women and medicine speak to each other in multiple ways, illuminating themes not just concerning women and the body but broader themes in American history as well.
Thinking Globally about U.S. Women’s History
Authors: Frederickson Mary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thinking globally about women’s history in the United States expands our understanding of the social, political, and economic changes that have taken place throughout the world and provides new perspectives on major topics in American history. A global focus, in contrast to traditional national or continent-centered history, contextualizes the experiences of American women across time and place and uncovers the shared histories of women around the world. Contemporary globalization has increased the interconnectedness of capital and labor and transformed the lives of women on every continent in terms of family, work, and culture. Witnessing these changes today alerts us to the importance and potential of examining patterns and lessons of global exchange in the past.
History You Can Touch: Teaching Women’s History through Three-Dimensional Objects
Authors: Derousie Anne M , Rose Vivien E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where visual or other documentary evidence is scant, the power of objects to reveal the unknown and unnoticed is of particular use. Like nutritious and healing weeds in a suburban lawn, three-dimensional objects offer previously unnoticed benefits to instructors inviting students to consider an inclusive perspective as they reframe and remember U.S. history. The variety and multiplicity of women’s experiences can be touched through three-dimensional primary sources, engaging students with different learning styles; cementing skills of observation, analysis, and construction of narrative; and fostering awareness of what the objects around them can say about race, class, and gender.
Group Management Skills
Authors: Romanelli Adam Stein Lisa Hunter , Olin Serene , Burton Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Group participation can be an important part of parents’ journey toward empowerment. An effective group has the potential to provide parents with motivation and social support, connect parents to similar others in their community, give parents a place to share their experiences, and generate political power for systematic change. As a parent advisor, you should understand that involving parents in a community of peers can have many benefits that go beyond your one-to-one work with each family. Being part of a larger community affords parents the opportunity of meeting others who have “come through the trenches.” Parents can share and learn through one another’s experiences and, in the process, empower one another with shared knowledge and successes. This experience can offer an important sense of camaraderie and validation to families, who often feel isolated and frustrated in their efforts of advocating for their special needs children across various systems. Being a part of a successful family support group can be critical to making a family feel effective and motivated.
Understanding Psychiatric Diagnoses
Authors: Romanelli Lisa Hunter , Stein Adam , Olin Serene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a parent advisor, it is important to know how mental disorders are diagnosed in children. The diagnostic process can often seem difficult and confusing to parents. The information in this chapter should be used as a resource to help parents understand how diagnostic labels are determined and used. However, diagnosing and treating mental disorders is a complex task, and appropriate training is required. The material provided in this chapter should be used for informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for a thorough evaluation or treatment by a licensed mental health provider.
School-Based Options for Special Education
Authors: Watkins Romanelli , Romanelli Lisa Hunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of your greatest accomplishments as a parent advisor will be helping families get special education services without putting a child into a special education program. Many parents are surprised to learn that their child can get special education services while in a regular, general education classroom. Despite many advances in special education programs, many families still consider “special education” to be anything but special. This chapter outlines the broad array of services that are available to students in a general education setting. The two main types of supports are supplementary aids and services and related services. There are also several additional services that may be available to families.
Individual Education Plan Versus Section 504 Plan
Authors: Watkins RueZalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As parents seek services for their child, an important part of your job will be helping them understand how to request and use an Individual Education Plan (IEP) or a Section 504 plan. Both processes can be used to access school services for students with special needs. Part IV of this book provides more information on specific services available. This chapter focuses on the differences between these two approaches and the procedures for using them to get help for students.
Cartesian Composites
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of an essay in which I argued that Descartes thinks a human being is a genuine unity, I invited other commentators to come to Descartes’s defense by accounting for his apparently contradictory claims that a human being is an ens per se and that it is an ens per accidens.1 These claims seem to be contradic-tory, because in saying that a human being is an ens per se, Descartes appears to be asserting that a human being is genuinely one, and in saying that a human being is an ens per accidens, he appears to assert that a human being is not genuinely one, but instead is a mere heap or aggregate. In the ensuing eleven years, no one has taken up my invitation, except to argue that I was mistaken in claiming that Descartes thinks a human being has per se unity in any robust sense.
beginning in the speech-inflection range ⁽the onset⁾
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Registration and acoustic events encountered in other registers will later be considered but, for the moment, deliberation is restricted to the range in which the speaking voice is normally inflected. Before concentrating on upper-range extension, the wise singer (with his teacher) will look for freedom of production in the range of the singing voice that most closely parallels speech. It should be kept in mind that “vowelization” and “vocalization” have a common etymological origin. A frequent axiom found in early treatises on singing advised that, when singing in the speech-inflection range, one ought to sing as one speaks (“Si canta come si parla”). This admonition pertains to both acoustics and physiology, but “singing like speaking” is limited to the speech-inflection range. (Beyond the speech range, physiologic and acoustic alterations are necessitated.) Although the singer must learn to use his voice in highly specialized ways, his singing voice is the same instrument as the one with which he speaks. The dictum “one sings as one speaks, when in the speech-inflection range” stands in contradiction to systems that claim the speaking voice must be altered and rebuilt for the strenuous tasks of singing. There is a theory of voice training that claims to recover the primitive aspects of voicing, predicated on the premise that before the emergence of speech—presumably in some vocal Atlantis—the singing voice was uninhibited. In that singular technique, primitive nonspeech sounds are promoted in the hope of recovering the origins of the singing voice. (I will refrain from describing the batteries of sounds recommended by adherents of this somewhat bizarre technique.) Such assumptions are contrary to what is known anthropologically about the development of speech in prehistoric periods of early human existence.
vowel modification ⁽”cover”⁾, energization, and range equalization
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as the baritone, bass-baritone, or bass concentrates on equalizing timbre from lower to middle and upper ranges, two important factors come to the fore: (1) a gradated increase in breath energy (but not a higher rate of breath expulsion), and (2) an adjustment of the vocal tract through vowel modification. Although we have looked at both of these areas in passing, we now concentrate on them from a somewhat different perspective. Our first consideration concerns the role breath energy—breath “support”—plays during the process of vowel modification and in timbre equalization. As mentioned earlier, voice treatises have described the lower registration point as the “first register break,” known historically as the primo passaggio. It also has been termed “the first lift of the breath,” with the secondo passaggio then being called “the second register break” or “the second lift of the breath” (see chapter 1). Some teachers speak of “flipping over” at the second passaggio; others (God forgive!) refer to placing a “lid” on the tone, or to “hooking in” the voice. These descriptive phrases attempt to subjectively describe what is a learnable process, in accordance with natural vowel modification and breath-management adjustments. Systems that ask the singer to manufacture drastic mechanical changes in order to “cover” are excessive.
Further Consideration Of “Resonance” In Baritone, Bass-Baritone, And Bass Voices
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What actually is meant when a low-voiced male is said to have a “resonant voice”? The term denotes a trained voice that carries easily over an orchestra and reveals chiaroscuro balance (“ring” and “richness”). Every professionally motivated singer hopes to achieve it. How is it accomplished? Unless the singer understands what forms the chiaroscuro tone, and until he possesses the physiologically and acoustically initiated responses to arrive at it, he will be mostly at sea, constantly in search of an idiosyncratic compass. He (possibly his teacher) will try to invent functions unknown to the rest of mankind. Information regarding the physiologic and acoustic components of the resonant sound should not be regarded as mere extraneous data. It provides an essential factual foundation. Building on that knowledge, the low-voiced male is able to establish kinesthetic responses that are as secure as the tasks he undertakes in everyday living (see chapter 4).
More On Positioning Of The Larynx
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During speech, the laryngeal position tends to fluctuate slightly, because the tongue, the hyoid bone, and the larynx function as an anatomical unit. At passaggi pivotal points, the larynx ought to stay in a relatively stable position, without conscious manipulation. It has been previously pointed out that inexperienced male singers tend to elevate the head and chin (hence the larynx) for pitches that lie beyond speech range. In so doing, they inhibit the internal adjustment of the vocal ligaments and the vocalis muscle that should occur in ascending pitch. Timbre then remains “chest” dominant, and the production sounds “pushed,” as in calling or shouting, at which time the head is elevated (see chapter 1).
Dynamic Control, Mezza Voce , And The Messa Di Voce
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With most young male singers, it is difficult to adhere immediately to every subtle dynamic indicated in the song and opera literatures, particularly in and above the zona di passaggio region. Mezza voce (literally, half voice) is a sophisticated skill. As Giovanni Battista Lamperti maintained, mezza voce tone should in all respects be the same as forte, except be softer. Legitimate mezza voce requires an increase—not a decrease— in the appoggio activity. A well-known pedagogic rubric: “Sing piano, support forte.” The messa di voce is markedly different from mezza voce. With the messa di voce, the phrase begins at p or pp dynamic level, gradually advances to f or , and then returns to p or pp intensity. The messa di voce has long been considered a test as to how well breath emission and vocal-fold approximation are coordinated. In a 1782 treatise titled “Mr. Tenducci to His Scholars,” Giusto Ferdinando Tenducci succinctly states: “To sing messa di voce—swelling of the tone—begin pianissimo and gradually increase to forte in the first part of the tone; then gradually diminish to the conclusion of each note.”
The Background
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
before considering verdi’s own contribution it may be useful to take a brief look at the operatic world into which he was born and the kind of opera to which he was heir. It was not the cosmopolitan Italian opera of the eighteenth century; for by Verdi’s time Italy’s musical hegemony was in the past. She had long been a stranger to the German symphonic tradition which was to nourish German opera. The Napoleonic Wars had disrupted communications between peoples; and Napoleon himself, if only for tactical reasons, had fostered nationalism in his subject states and nowhere more successfully than in the Peninsula. Italian patriots looked on him as their friend and deliverer just as they viewed Nelson as their enemy. The collapse of the empire was followed by an explosion of opera in which the sense of national identity awakened in the previous decade was powerfully affirmed. In 1823 that staunch Italophile Stendhal wrote: ‘Napoleon is dead; but a new conqueror has already shown himself to the world; and from Moscow to Naples, from London to Vienna, from Paris to Calcutta, his name is constantly on every tongue. The fame of this hero knows no bounds save those of
Choral and Religious Works
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
all italian composers of the nineteenth century had at some time to write religious music, whether as part of their training or for performance by their local community. But by the time of Verdi’s youth the great liturgical traditions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had long since declined. Masses consisted mostly of arid counterpoint in the choruses and operatic brilliance or sentimentality in the arias. Even those of Donizetti and Bellini barely rise above this level. Solemn beginnings too often decline into sugary ends.
Introduction
Authors: Goehr Lydia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When E.T.A Hoffmann had his fictional character Kapellmeister Johannes Kreist quote an ancient law prohibiting ̒noisy labourers from living next to educated gentlemen̓ he had a single purpose in mind. He wanted to know why ̒poor oppressed composers̓ of his day (the early 1800s),who had to ̒sell their inspirations for a price̓ were unable to make use of this law and ̒banish themselves from the neighboured of windbages and bores̒.
A Platonist Theory of Musical Works
Authors: Goehr Lydia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jerrold Levinson offers a modified Platonist view. He argues that musical works exist as abstract entities apart from their performances and scores, and that the identity and individuation of performances involves intentional and recognitional components. Both claims pave the way for an ontological account unavailable to a nominalist and extensionalist like Goodman. I shall treat Levinson’s account of works and performances separately and I shall pay more attention, as the author does himself, to the former than the latter. As in the previous chapter the purpose is not to seek the best analytic theory of musical works. It is to discover what analysts think are the important questions. and most satisfactory kinds of answer when they produce theories of this sort.
Deconstructing d’Indy, or the Problem of a Composer’s Reputation
Authors: Pasler Jann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of a life, like history, is an invention. Certainly the biographer and historian have roles in this invention, but so, too, does the composer, for whom making music necessarily entails building and maintaining a reputation. Reputation is the fruit of talents, knowledge, and achievements that attract attention. It signals renown, the way someone is known in public or the sum of values commonly associated with a person. If it does not imply public admiration, it does suggest that the public takes an interest in the person in question. The ordinary sense of the word refers to the public’s notion of someone well after death—the social consensus articulated by the biographer—as well as the quasi-historical judgment that we make with the distance of time. This often produces the semblance of authority, the authority of one manifest meaning. In reality, reputation is also the result of the steps taken during a professional life to assure one’s existence as a composer, a process involving actions, interactions, and associations as well as works. This includes all efforts to earn credibility, respect, distinction, and finally prestige. As Pierre Bourdieu has pointed out, these inevitably take place in a social space, be it of teachers, friends and enemies, social and professional contacts, institutions, jobs, awards, or critics, any of whom may influence the conception, creation, or reception of art.
Casting Shadows: Fieldwork Is Dead! Long Live Fieldwork! Introduction
Authors: Cooley Timothy J , Barz Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music’s ephemeral nature predisposes ethnomusicologists to embrace multiple realities. As Claude Lévi-Strauss suggests, “Music ... bring[s] man face to face with potential objects of which only the shadows are actualized” (1969:17–18). Ethno-musicologists often feel as if they are chasing shadows in the field—striving to perceive and understand the liminal quality of musical meaning. The often ambiguous quality of musical meaning invites ethnomusicologists into a dialogue of multiple realities, a dialogue shared by social scientists endeavoring to understand other aspects of cultural practices. With a spirit of unboundedness, Shadows in the Field focuses on chasing shadows—on fieldwork—from a stance of ideological diversity to ask what it is that compels us toward fieldwork for methodological foundation. What is fieldwork, what does it accomplish, and how can we do it better? Long relegated to private conversations and hushed statements about what really happens in “the field,” this book emerged out of a desire to provide a forum for making explicit contemporary theories involving fieldwork in ethnomusicology. Ethnomusicology enjoys the advantages of being an inherently interdisciplinary discipline, seemingly in a perpetual state of experimentation that gains strength from a diversity and plurality of approaches (Killick 2003; Rice 1987; 2003; A. Seeger 1987a:491–94; 1992:107; 1997). In this sense, ethnomusicologists are in a unique position to question established methods and goals of the social sciences, and to explore new perspectives. These new perspectives are not just for ethno-musicologists but also for all ethnographic disciplines.