bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Literary Management of Multilingualism in Postcolonial India
Authors: Mani Preetha 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a tension in postcolonial Indian literature between the monolingual form of the nation and the multilingual tendencies of the linguistic regions through a comparison between the Sahitya Akademi’s (India’s national academy of letters) activities and Tamil putukkavitai (new poetry) writing. By promoting translation and constructing a Sanskritic literary past, the Akademi used literature to manage multilingualism and make it compatible with the monolingualism intrinsic to the nation. Putukkavitai writing, by contrast, epitomizes the challenge of linguistic regionalism to national integration, offering a view of Indian multilingualism in less hierarchical terms than those expressed in Akademi discourses. To understand Tamil literature as Indian literature, the chapter proposes, requires taking the monolingual dimensions of the region into greater account. Tracing Tamil new poets’ engagement with new poetry in other Indian languages in the magazine Eḻuttu, the chapter argues that Indian multilingualism is built on shared experiences of linguistic alienation.
The Rise of a Muslim Voice
Authors: Mohammad Afsar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the politics and poetics of Muslim writing in the South Indian language of Telugu around 1992, under the shadow of Hindu nationalism. Writing against the political agenda of Hindutva, Muslim Telugu poets have launched a cultural movement that makes a claim for their Muslim identity while also challenging a normative version of Islam and its mainstream textual and ritual practices. To this end, this chapter is focused on three key questions: (1) Who speaks for Muslims and how do we understand minoritarian critiques of Hindu nationalism since the early days of modernity? (2) How and where do we locate these interventions within the dominant literary historiography? (3) How do we understand diverse manifestations of Islam as a religion and the sense of Muslim belonging in the search for a post-1992 Indian identity? Exploring these questions, this chapter debates how Muslim writing has evolved into a discourse during these critical junctures.
Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Machine Learning with Text Data
Authors: Alvero AJ 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Digitized text has become a popular form of data for sociologists. But text is also the product of many different social and linguistic processes, a topic traditionally examined by sociolinguists in the case of spoken language. This chapter presents a sociolinguistic perspective as a methodological framework when using machine learning to analyze text data. The chapter describes sociolinguistic theories and approaches to studying language while also highlighting ways that this literature tends to differ from traditional sociology. To exemplify this approach, the chapter analyzes a corpus of college admissions essays written by Latinx-identifying applicants using two popular machine-learning-based methods: topic modeling and word embeddings. Similar to variation in spoken language among constituent groups and ethnicities within the panethnic category (e.g., Mexican, Cuban), written language also varies by subgroup in meaningful ways. A sociolinguistic perspective for computational text analysis could spur theoretical and empirical insights.
Ethnography and Machine Learning
Authors: Li Zhuofan , Abramson Corey M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ethnography—social scientific methods that illuminate how people understand, navigate and shape the real world contexts in which they live their lives—and machine learning—computational techniques that use big data and statistical learning models to perform quantifiable tasks—are each core to contemporary social science. Yet these tools have remained largely separate in practice. This chapter draws on a growing body of scholarship that argues that ethnography and machine learning can be usefully combined, particularly for large comparative studies. Specifically, this paper (a) explains the value (and challenges) of using machine learning alongside qualitative field research for certain types of projects, (b) discusses recent methodological trends to this effect, (c) provides examples that illustrate workflow drawn from several large projects, and (d) concludes with a roadmap for enabling productive coevolution of field methods and machine learning.
Predictability Hypotheses
Authors: van Loon Austin Craig 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Perhaps owing to decades of metatheoretical work done during a time of methodological and computational limitations, it is a widespread belief that machine learning and deductive hypothesis testing are fundamentally incompatible. This chapter argues that the more flexible estimators provided by machine learning are in fact invaluable tools for testing pre-specified social theories, especially sociological ones. This chapter defines a class of hypotheses called predictability hypotheses, or general theoretical statements that posit some unspecified (though potentially causal) relationship between two or more theoretical constructs. It then points to several examples of predictability hypotheses already being used by social scientists and describes how and when they are useful. It then considers some methodological implications for testing predictability hypotheses and concludes by making predictions about their future in sociology.
Weekly pain trajectories among people with knee or hip osteoarthritis participating in a digitally delivered first-line exercise and education treatment
Authors: Kiadaliri Ali , Hörder Helena , Lohmander L Stefan , Dahlberg Leif E 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective
Digital self-management programs are increasingly used in the management of osteoarthritis (OA). Little is known about heterogeneous patterns in response to these programs. We describe weekly pain trajectories of people with knee or hip OA over up to 52-week participation in a digital self-management program.

Methods
Observational cohort study among participants enrolled between January 2019 and September 2021 who participated at least 4 and up to 52 weeks in the program (n = 16 274). We measured pain using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS 0–10) and applied latent class growth analysis to identify classes with similar trajectories. Associations between baseline characteristics and trajectory classes were examined using multinomial logistic regression and dominance analysis.

Results
We identified 4 pain trajectory classes: “mild-largely improved” (30%), “low moderate-largely improved” (34%), “upper moderate-improved” (24%), and “severe-persistent” (12%). For classes with decreasing pain, the most pain reduction occurred during first 20 weeks and was stable thereafter. Male sex, older age, lower body mass index (BMI), better physical function, lower activity impairment, less anxiety/depression, higher education, knee OA, no walking difficulties, no wish for surgery and higher physical activity, all measured at enrolment, were associated with greater probabilities of membership in “mild-largely improved” class than other classes. Dominance analysis suggested that activity impairment followed by wish for surgery and walking difficulties were the most important predictors of trajectory class membership.

Conclusions
Our results highlight the importance of reaching people with OA for first-line treatment prior to developing severe pain, poor health status and a wish for surgery.
The Influence of Active, Passive, and Manual Therapy Interventions for Low Back Pain on Opioid Prescription and Health Care Utilization
Authors: Farrokhi Shawn , Bechard Laura , Gorczynski Sara , Patterson Charity , Kakyomya Joseph , Hendershot Brad D , Condon Rachel , Perkins L T C Matthew , Rhon Daniel I , Delitto Anthony , Schneider Michael , Dearth Christopher L 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore associations between the utilization of active, passive, and manual therapy interventions for low back pain (LBP) with 1-year escalation-of-care events, including opioid prescriptions, spinal injections, specialty care visits, and hospitalizations.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of 4827 patients identified via the Military Health System Data Repository who received physical therapist care for LBP in 4 outpatient clinics between January 1, 2015 and January 1, 2018. One-year escalation-of-care events were evaluated based on type of physical therapist interventions (ie, active, passive, or manual therapy) received using adjusted odds ratios.

Results
Most patients (89.9%) received active interventions. Patients with 10% higher proportion of visits that included at least 1 passive intervention had a 3% to 6% higher likelihood of 1-year escalation-of-care events. Similarly, with 10% higher proportion of passive to active interventions used during the course of care, there was a 5% to 11% higher likelihood of 1-year escalation-of-care events. When compared to patients who received active interventions only, the likelihood of incurring 1-year escalation-of-care events was 50% to 220% higher for those who received mechanical traction and 2 or more different passive interventions, but lower by 50% for patients who received manual therapy.

Conclusion
Greater use of passive interventions for LBP was associated with elevated odds of 1-year escalation-of-care events. In addition, the use of specific passive interventions such as mechanical traction in conjunction with active interventions resulted in suboptimal escalation-of-care events, while the use of manual therapy was associated with more favorable downstream health care outcomes.

Impact
Physical therapists should be judicious in the use of passive interventions for the management of LBP as they are associated with greater likelihood of receiving opioid prescriptions, spinal injections, and specialty care visits.
Role of N-acetylcysteine and vitamin B complex in improving outcomes of corrosive ingestion
Authors: El-Sobky Heidi , El-Shanawany Safaa Mostafa , Ghanem Maha , Atef Maram 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Corrosive ingestion remains a worldwide public health problem. To date, there are no specific medications with approved efficacy in reducing gastrointestinal injury progression following corrosive ingestion.

Aim
The current study assessed the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin B complex as adjuvant therapy in improving the outcome of patients with corrosive ingestion.

Subjects and methods
The study included 92 patients with acute corrosive ingestion admitted to Alexandria Poison Center. Patients were distributed into four equal-sized groups and managed as such; Group I received the standard treatment protocol. The other three groups received IV antioxidants in addition to the standard treatment; Group II received NAC, Group III received vitamin B complex, and Group IV received both NAC and vitamin B complex. To assess occurrence of delayed complications, barium swallow and meal were done 21 days after acute corrosive ingestion, and every patient was followed up for one year.

Results
Start of oral intake was earliest among patients in Group II, and as a result, the need for parenteral nutrition decreased significantly with a subsequent decrease in duration of hospitalization. The highest percentage of patients showing normal findings of barium swallow and meal was among the two groups that received NAC (72.7% in Group II and 77.8% in Group IV). Group IV patients who received NAC and vitamin B complex had no esophageal strictures with improved outcomes.

Conclusion
NAC and vitamin B complex enhanced recovery in the acute stage, in addition to prevention of delayed complications, especially esophageal strictures.

Highlights
The Effectiveness of a Self-Directed e-Learning Module on Trainee Knowledge and Confidence during Plastic Surgery Clinical Rotations
Authors: Akbari Pedram , Valiquette Chantal R. , Brathwaite Shakira , Hawley Greg , Martou Glykeria , Hendry J. Michael 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Exposure to plastic surgery is limited during medical school. This makes rotations for clinical clerks and off-service residents challenging. Available resources are often too detailed and overwhelming. Having an accessible, concise, and interactive plastic surgery e-learning module reviewing core plastic surgery topics could help prepare incoming trainees for their rotations.

Methods:
An e-learning module was created using text, images, and in-house recorded video recordings. Two cohorts were recruited: control cohort (n = 9), who completed their plastic surgery rotation without use of the module, and an interventional cohort (n = 18), who completed the rotation with use of the module. A demographic survey, a 20-question multiple-choice knowledge test, and self-reported confidence score were completed by both cohorts at the end of their plastic surgery rotations. The intervention cohort also completed the knowledge test at the beginning of their rotation to establish baseline. Knowledge and confidence scores were compared using two-tailed, unpaired, nonparametric analyses (Mann-Whitney test).

Results:
Learners from the intervention cohort reported a 95% module completion rate and found the resource “extremely helpful” (average Likert of 4.8/5). Learners indicated that they were very likely to recommend the resource to others (average Likert 4.9/5). The intervention cohort scored significantly higher on the knowledge test compared with the control cohort (P = 0.008), and on average reported higher confidence levels; however, this was not statistically significant (P = 0.057).

Conclusion:
An accessible and concise module on core plastic surgery concepts enhances learner knowledge and confidence during plastic surgery clinical rotations.
Visualization of the Facial Nerve with Ultra-high–Frequency Ultrasound
Authors: Poelaert Jeroen , Coopman Renaat , Ureel Matthias , Dhooghe Nicolas , Genbrugge Eva , Mwewa Tana , Blondeel Phillip , Vermeersch Hubert 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Profound variations in facial nerve branching, combined with the severe impact of facial palsy on the patient’s quality of life, make surgery in this region challenging. Recent advancements in ultrasound (US) technology, including the improved visualization of small structures, have led to a sharp increase in its medical indications in various medical disciplines. We aimed to prove the feasibility of using ultra-high–frequency (UHF) US to visualize the facial nerve and to guide surgeons during surgery on and around the facial nerve.

Methods:
A cadaveric study was performed on one hemi-face with a UHF US imaging system and state-of-the-art transducers. Firstly, a transcutaneous US was performed, and the facial nerve branches of interest (zygomatic, buccal, and marginal mandibular branches) were marked using US-guided color-injections of filler mixed with methylene blue. Skin and subcutaneous fat were then removed to simulate the intraoperative field. Secondly, an “intraoperative” US examination was performed, and the same branches were marked by US-guided color-injections of filler mixed with indocyanine green. Anterograde facial nerve dissection was performed, and the distance between the nerve branches and the injected filler was measured.

Results:
All color-injections (mixed with both methylene blue and indocyanine green) were positioned right next to the nerve branches (<1 mm). The image quality of the US below the skin was observed to be far superior to that of the transcutaneous US.

Conclusion:
UHF US can be used to visualize the facial nerve with high precision both transcutaneously and intraoperatively (after elevation of the skin flap).
PLASMA CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA TO ASSIST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY MALIGNANCY UNDERLYING CHOROIDAL METASTASES
Authors: Francis Jasmine H. , Levine Sara , Canestraro Julia , Eng Juliana , Abramson David H. 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
Management of suspected choroidal metastases requires diagnostic imaging and an invasive, sometimes intraocular, biopsy to determine the primary malignancy. This multistep process takes time, which may affect morbidity and mortality.

Methods:
This was a retrospective review of one case.

Results:
A 56-year-old woman presented with bilateral amelanotic choroidal masses suspicious for metastases of unknown origin. Plasma circulating tumor DNA revealed EGFR, PTEN, and SMAD4, a profile consistent with non–small-cell lung cancer. Subsequent radiographic imaging and scapular biopsy revealed lung adenocarcinoma and genetic profile concordant with the liquid biopsy. The patient was started on EGFR inhibitor, osimertinib, with measurable systemic and ocular response.

Conclusion:
Plasma circulating tumor DNA revealed the genetic profile of the primary malignancy underlying choroidal metastases of unknown origin, aiding in the prompt diagnosis and detecting the driver mutation that guided management with targeted therapy.
Development and Evaluation of an NTM-IGRA to Guide Pediatric Lymphadenitis Diagnosis
Authors: Villar-Hernández Raquel , Latorre Irene , Noguera-Julian Antoni , Martínez-Planas Aina , Minguell Laura , Vallmanya Teresa , Méndez María , Soriano-Arandes Antoni , Baquero-Artigao Fernando , Rodríguez-Molino Paula , Guillén-Martín Sara , Toro-Rueda Carlos , De Souza-Galvão M Luiza , Jiménez-Fuentes M Ángeles , Stojanovic Zoran , Sabriá Josefina , Santos José Ramón , Puig Jordi , Domínguez-Álvarez Marisol , Millet Joan-Pau , Altet Neus , Galea Yolanda , Muriel-Moreno Beatriz , García-García Esther , Bach-Griera Marc , Prat-Aymerich Cristina , Julián Esther , Torrelles Jordi B. , Rodrigo Carlos , Domínguez José 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections remains a challenge. In this study, we describe the evaluation of an immunological NTM-interferon (IFN)-γ release assay (IGRA) that we developed using glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) as NTM-specific antigens.

Methods:
We tested the NTM-IGRA in 99 samples from pediatric patients. Seventy-five were patients with lymphadenitis: 25 were NTM confirmed, 45 were of unknown etiology but compatible with mycobacterial infection and 5 had lymphadenitis caused by an etiologic agent other than NTM. The remaining 24 samples were from control individuals without lymphadenitis (latently infected with M. tuberculosis, uninfected controls and active tuberculosis patients). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated overnight with GPLs. Detection of IFN-γ producing cells was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot assay.

Results:
NTM culture-confirmed lymphadenitis patient samples had a significantly higher response to GPLs than the patients with lymphadenitis of unknown etiology but compatible with mycobacterial infection (P < 0.001) and lymphadenitis not caused by NTM (P < 0.01). We analyzed the response against GPLs in samples from unknown etiology lymphadenitis but compatible with mycobacterial infection cases according to the tuberculin skin test (TST) response, and although not statistically significant, those with a TST ≥5 mm had a higher response to GPLs when compared with the TST <5 mm group.

Conclusions:
Stimulation with GPLs yielded promising results in detecting NTM infection in pediatric patients with lymphadenitis. Our results indicate that the test could be useful to guide the diagnosis of pediatric lymphadenitis. This new NTM-IGRA could improve the clinical handling of NTM-infected patients and avoid unnecessary misdiagnosis and treatments.
Health Care Resource Utilization and Costs Associated With COVID-19 Among Pediatrics Managed in the Community or Hospital Setting in England: A Population-based Cohort Study
Authors: Yang Jingyan , Andersen Kathleen M. , Rai Kiran K. , Tritton Theo , Mugwagwa Tendai , Tsang Carmen , Reimbaeva Maya , McGrath Leah J. , Payne Poppy , Backhouse Bethany , Mendes Diana , Butfield Rebecca , Wood Robert , Nguyen Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Although COVID-19 morbidity is significantly lower in pediatrics than in adults, the risk of severe COVID-19 may still pose substantial health care resource burden. This study aimed to describe health care resource utilization (HCRU) and costs associated with COVID-19 in pediatrics 1–17 years old in England.

Methods:
A population-based retrospective cohort study of pediatrics with COVID-19 using Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD Aurum) primary care data and, where available, linked Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care secondary care data. HCRU and associated costs to the National Health Service were stratified by age, risk of severe COVID-19 and immunocompromised status, separately for those with and without hospitalization records (hospitalized cohort: COVID-19 diagnosis August 2020–March 2021; primary care cohort: COVID-19 diagnosis August 2020–January 2022).

Results:
This study included 564,644 patients in the primary care cohort and 60 in the hospitalized cohort. Primary care consultations were more common in those 1–4 years of age (face-to-face: 4.3%; telephone: 6.0%) compared with those 5–11 (2.0%; 2.1%) and 12–17 years of age (2.2%; 2.5%). In the hospitalized cohort, mean (SD) length of stay was longer [5.0 (5.8) days] among those 12–17 years old (n = 24) than those 1–4 [n = 15; 1.8 (0.9) days] and 5–11 years old [n = 21; 2.8 (2.1) days].

Conclusions:
Most pediatrics diagnosed with COVID-19 were managed in the community. However, hospitalizations were an important driver of HCRU and costs, particularly for those 12–17 years old. Our results may help optimize the management and resource allocation of COVID-19 in this population.
Chronic overlapping pain conditions increase the risk of long COVID features, regardless of acute COVID status
Authors: Bergmans Rachel S. , Clauw Daniel J. , Flint Candace , Harris Herb , Lederman Seth , Schrepf Andrew 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs) refer to conditions that have similar central nervous system pathophysiologic mechanisms driving widespread pain as well as common comorbid symptoms such as fatigue and problems with sleep, memory, and mood. If COPCs predict the onset of long COVID, this could offer a valuable orientation for long COVID-related research and clinical care. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine whether having a COPC predicts the onset of long COVID features using US electronic health records and 1:1 propensity score matching without replacement. The study cohorts included (1) people with acute COVID (n = 1,038,402), (2) people with acute influenza (n = 262,092), and (3) a noninfected cohort comprising people with a routine healthcare encounter (n = 1,081,593). Having a COPC increased the risk of long COVID features in all 3 study cohorts. Among those with COVID, having a pre-existing COPC increased the risk by 1.47 (95% CI = 1.46, 1.47). In the influenza cohort, COPCs increased the risk by 1.39 (95% CI = 1.38, 1.40). In the noninfected cohort, COPCs increased the risk by 1.57 (95% CI = 1.56, 1.59). These findings reinforce the likelihood that nociplastic mechanisms play a prominent role in long COVID. Recognizing that this ubiquitous nonspecific syndrome occurs frequently in the population can inform precision medicine therapies that avoid the pitfalls of viewing long COVID exclusively in the framework of postinfectious disease.