bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Things Done and Left Undone: The Fourth Field Day Tour
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
UP until 1983 it would have been possible to describe Field Day as a Northern Irish touring theatre company that produced Brian Friel plays. The directors of the company were eager, however, to broaden their scope to include new Irish plays by other playwrights. In keeping with their goal, announced publicly in the programmes for Three Sisters and The Communication Cord, to question old assumptions in the interest of forging a more inclusive notion of Irish identity, they were especially anxious to present the work of Protestant dramatists who might approach the issue of Irish identity from an angle that differed from traditional nationalist feelings about it. With this aim in mind, Friel contacted David Rudkin early in 1982 to ask if he would be interested in writing a play for Field Day.
Poets as Playwrights: Field Day’s Double Bill
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main business of Field Day in 1984 was, as it had always been, its theatrical tour. This year the company had plans to perform in seventeen venues in less than two months, visiting Ballycastle and Limavady for the first time. In a departure from previous years the programme was a double-bill, two short plays commissioned from two Northern Irish poets. As Friel had reworked Three Sisters, so Tom Paulin produced a version of Sophocles’s Antigone in Irish-English, and Derek Mahon did a verse translation of a Moliere play, The School for Husbands. Though radically different in style and tone, the plays were related in the Field Day production through the use of the same cast of nine and the highlighting of a common theme.
The Bishops’ Wars
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Charles prepared for war during the early months of 1639 he was confronted with three discouraging contrasts. One was between the grand sweep of his plan of campaign and his likely capacity to execute it. Another lay between the effectiveness with which the Scots mobilized their military resources and the dragging, bumbling efforts of the English. And behind both lay the third, which was between the passionate commitment of the Covenanters to their cause and the luke warmness of most Englishmen—and the downright hostility of some—towards the king’s.
The Second Civil War
Authors: Woolrych Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hard to give a fully coherent account of the second Civil War, because the war itself was such an incoherent affair. What Charles and the Scots hoped was that his English and Welsh supporters would rise in arms just when a Scottish army invaded, for their only chance of success against Fairfax’s and Cromwell’s veterans lay in diverting and dividing the latter by simultaneous insurrections in several parts of the southern kingdom. But the king was a captive, and for all the freedom allowed to his visitors, he had no underground organization capable of marshalling his followers nationwide. The Scots did not have an army ready until July, and long before it crossed the border a series of uncoordinated royalist uprisings in southern and southeastern England and in Wales had already spent their force. Most of them were spontaneous in origin, and motivated more by exasperation with the parliamentary regime than by positive enthusiasm for the king, and though some of his champions made heroic efforts to harness them to his cause they were suppressed or contained before Cromwell had to march against the Scots.
Service: Good Lordship and Retaining
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Service to lords and to the Crown was a central feature of all gentlemen’s lives; any discussion of it is bound to focus on retaining and bastard feudalism. This is not only the best documented, but also historiographically the most prominent feature. It is almost certainly the case, however, that the formal indenture of retainer and grant of an annuity were untypical and unrepresentative of the links between man and servant in fifteenth-century society. Informal ties and obligations resulting from myriad small services rendered by well-wishers in return for favours granted by good lords or masters were more characteristic of the relationship.
Lay Piety: Religious Practice and Belief
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bishop Fox threatened excommunication of the borderers if they did not mend their ways. Presumably he had reason to believe that even they were sufficiently devout to take heed of such a threat. There can be little doubt that most of the inhabitants of the rest of the region would have taken it very seriously indeed. As the home of Mount Grace Priory, one of the leading centres of the school of English mysticism, the region could perhaps claim to be a particular focal point of Christian devotion. Before endeavouring to characterize the quality of northeastern piety, however, it is worth making some more general observations about the subject.
Feud and Civil War, 1455-1461
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What had begun in 1453 as an attempt to alter the balance of power in Yorkshire by force became after St Albans a feud which was to be inextricably bound up with the developing politics of the whole realm, and was not to burn itself out until after many more deaths and a change of dynasty. From that day in May 145 5 the fortunes of Neville were inseparable from those of York. At first the family benefited from the fruits of victory. Salisbury succeeded to the chief stewardship of the duchy of Lancaster north of the Trent, the chief stewardship of Lancashire, and probably the stewardship of Pickering after the death of Lord Cromwell in 1456. He and Warwick had their grant of the wardenship of the west march reviewed on more favourable terms. Thus their hold on the north was tightened. Warwick became captain of Calais; Fauconberg received a half share of the constableship of Windsor Castle (with Lord Berners ); and the bishopric of Exeter was secured for young George Neville.
The Hegemony of Richard of Gloucester, 1471-1483
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of north-eastern England after the fall of the Kingmaker at Barnet in April 1471 is dominated by the career of Richard of Gloucester. After his establishment in Warwick’s place in 14711 control of the region passed quickly and relatively smoothly into his hands. By the end of the decade Gloucester had established a personal hegemony in northern England that eclipsed even the might of Richard Neville at the height of his power. With such backing it was but a small step for Gloucester himself to take the throne in 1483. These momentous developments were not inevitable. In the first instance it was a deliberate decision of Edward IV to grant to his youngest brother the Neville of Middle ham estates and the northern offices previously enjoyed by the earl of Warwick. On his part, Richard of Gloucester exploited to the full his brother’s dependence on him to build up an unassailable power in the region, choosing to concentrate his landed estates in the northern counties.
The Reign of Richard III,1483-1485
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be little doubt that the north provided the platform from which Richard III launched his bid for the throne in 1483. But there is no reason to believe that he created his northern hegemony for that purpose. Until Edward IV’s death in April 1483 Richard of Gloucester’s ambition was concentrated on creating a patrimony in the north-an ambition which culminated in the grant of the Cumbrian palatinate just two months before the king’s death threw his kingdom’s and brother’s future into jeopardy. In the developing political crisis of the early summer of 1483 Duke Richard’s aims appeared to contemporaries to be limited to securing the role of Protector for himself: an aim achieved dramatically and high-handedly at Stony Stratford on 30 April. In the few weeks that he allowed the minority of Edward V to run Gloucester made very few changes to the personnel of government. His close associate Francis, Viscount Lovell became butler, and some of his principal servants, such as Miles Metcalfe, John Kendal, and William Tunstall, were promoted and rewarded. Apart from a handful of grants to his own men it was very much business as before.
The Culture of Altruism Selfishness and the Decay of Motive
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coining of a new term may not always be a significant landmark in the history of thought and sensibility. Many such coinages, or attempted coinages, are unsuccessful after all, and even some of those that do manage to insinuate themselves into the company of the established vocabulary may only limp along after the main idiom, tolerated for certain special or technical purposes. But when a new term is so quickly and generally domesticated that within a few years its users treat it as an old familiar and exhibit no sign of remembering that it was once a gauche neologism, then the intellectual historian would usually do well to pause and reflect upon what is revealed by this linguistic success story.
Their Title to be Heard Professionalization and its Discontents
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 16 November 1872 a meeting was held at the Freemason’s Tavern in London to discuss the question of ‘University Reform’. In choosing that venue, the organizers deliberately recalled the historic meeting on 10 June 1864 of university reformers and leaders of Nonconformity to press for the repeal of the Test Acts, and thus to open the ancient universities to those who were not members of the Church of England. By 1872 the focus of attention had shifted rather to the internal organization of the universities and its bearing on what were increasingly recognized as their national functions: particularly at issue was the conflict between the traditional collegiate tutorial ideal and the newer schemes to promote ‘research’. The publication in 1867 of Mark Pattison’s book, Suggestions on Academical Organization, and an orchestrated campaign in the Academy, a journal founded in 1869 to help promote the cause of ‘the endowment of research’, had ensured that the question did not lack for public attention.
The Whig Interpretation of English Literature: Literary History and National Identity
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living largely in the imagination, we may begin by letting our minds play over two entirely imaginary episodes from an English history that never was.
The first is set in 1866, which, in this imaginary world, is the fiftieth anniversary of the Napoleonic conquest of Britain. The official language of government and education has now for two generations been French; the counties have been replaced by departements, and the real administrators are the prefets, appointed direct from Paris, though a regional assembly of co-operative notables has been allowed to stage a pastiche of Parliamentary debate in annual gatherings at Canterbury. But by the 1860s we have, as in so much of Europe, stirrings of nationalist discontent, and, as in so much of Europe, questions of language and literature and even philology are to the fore. Militant young members of the Guild of Wessex address each other in a laboriously learned version of Anglo Saxon; meetings of the Early English Text Society are officially illegal, yet the recovering and re-editing of ancient English texts is pursued with patriotic ardour. Clandestine reprintings of a popular edition of Asser’s Life of King Alfred can barely keep pace with demand.
Armaments and the Coming of War
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The global impact of the First World War dominated the history of the first half of the twentieth century. This major reassessment of the origins of the war, based on extensive original research in several countries, is the first full analysis of the politics of armaments in pre-1914 Europe. David Stevenson directs attention away from the Anglo-German naval race towards the competition on land between the continental armies. He analyses the defence policies of the powers, and the interaction between the growth of military preparedness and the diplomatic crises in the Mediterranean and the Balkans that culminated in the events of July-August 1914. Drawing on insights from political science, the book offers a fresh conceptual framework for the origins of the First World War, and provides a thought-provoking case-study of the broader relationships between armaments and international conflict.
Continental Equilibrium? 1904–1908
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential starting-point for the diplomatic origins of the First World War is the Great-Power realignment of 1904--7. Britain reached ententes, or under-· standings, with France and Russia, and although these began as efforts to liquidate extra-European disputes, they led on to habitual consultation and co-operation. The ‘encirclement’ of which the German leaders now began to speak was neither so rigid nor so thrfatening as they supposed, but their near isolation among the Powers, and their inability to break out of isolation by peaceful means, marked a fundamental change. The first Moroccan crisis, in 1905-6, was more a milestone in diplomacy than in defence policies, and in the period covered by this chapter land armaments remained in approximate equilibrium. By the end .of it, none the less, there was evidence that a much more dangerous situation was coming into being.
Introduction
Authors: Bergin Joseph , Brockliss Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With one or two exceptions, serious historical studies devoted to the ministry of Cardinal Richelieu only began in the Third Republic, thanks especially to the Herculean efforts of Avenel in gathering together and publishing many of the cardinal’s more accessible papers. Though far from complete—the archives of the Quai d’Orsay were originally closed to Avenel-his editorial labours made it possible for the first scholarly biographies to be written. The most notable of these was the six-volume monument to Richelieu that began issuing from the pen of Gabriel Hanotaux in 1893, the year before he became France’s foreign minister. The verdict of French historians like Hanotaux at the turn of the twentieth century on Richelieu’s ministry was unequivocal. The cardinal was one of the truly great figures, not just in the history of France but in the history of Europe. At home, Richelieu laid the foundations for the French absolute monarchy by taming the great nobility, subduing the military might of the Huguenots, and centralizing the state bureaucracy under the all-seeing eye of the royal council and its intendants.
Richelieu and his bishops?
Authors: Bergin Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is striking that, despite the wide-ranging contributions of modern scholarship towards a better understanding of seventeenth-century France, religious and ecclesiastical issues should, to a considerable extent, still run somewhat parallel to the central concerns of political history, however broadly defined. The subject of the present essay forms an interesting case in point. To the historian of French church, the period of Richelieu’s ministry generally represents a strategically important phase in the development of the Counter Reformation in France, which is usually seen as being borne along by the ever-widening influence of the dévots. To the political historian, it is a period when the monarchy tightened its grip on the levers of power throughout the kingdom, in the course of which Richelieu himself survived the most serious political challenge of all to his ministerial position from the same dévots whose influence he then proceeded to shatter.
Richelieu, Education, And The State
Authors: Brockliss Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On his death Richelieu bequeathed an unspecified, but modest portion of his fortune to endow a new collége de plein exercice at the University of Paris. On first sight the cardinal’s limited generosity seems scarcely worthy of comment, all the more since the mooted college was never established. After all, it had long been common for princes and prelates to curry favour with posterity and appease the wrath of their God by leaving money for educational purposes. Arguably, Richelieu was merely acting within a hallowed tradition. Indeed, the cardinal had little choice in the matter for the bequest was not so much a gift as a debt repaid. In the late 1620s another Parisian college de plein exercice, the College de Calvi, had been pulled down in order to enlarge the Sorbonne and construct the magnificent college chapel in which the cardinal intended to deposit his bones.
The Personnel
Authors: Hamilton C I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the days of sail, a simple equation seemed largely to account for the relative standing at sea of the various nations: naval power equals the number of seamen in the population. Landsmen could be sent to sea, and very often were, but it was the men brought up from their youth as seafarers, whether on fishing vessels, merchantmen, or warships, who were thought of as best fit to man the war fleet. In the long series of wars between Britain and France, from the seventeenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth, the French government often had cause to be conscious of the great superiority in size of the British seafaring population over their own. British naval power depended only to a certain extent on the skills of admirals or financial strength: what underpinned it were the ‘nurseries of the Royal Navy’—the thriving merchant and fishing fleets.
Collusion: Patterns Of Complicity
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of the collapse of the GDR, accusations and counteraccusations were flung about with abandon concerning degrees of complicity in sustaining a dictatorial regime. Who had been a Stasi informer? Who had made what compromises in order to further his or her career? Would the regime have collapsed much sooner, had the people not fitted into its patterns of pressure, participation, and conformity? To what extent was the successful exertion of domination by a narrow political elite actually predicated on the deep penetration of society, the monitoring of, and interference in, a whole range of everyday social processes, by the multiple, ubiquitous tentacles of the Stasi? What, in short, was the role played by the vast masses of the East German people in allowing the East German dictatorship to reproduce itself and develop over such a considerable period of time?
The Growth Of Political Activism
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The East German regime never succeeded in quelling dissent, discontent, or opposition. What was new about the 1980s was not the ‘growth of opposition’-as so often argued-nor even the growth of discontent, but rather a combination of other factors. These include: the changing organizational forms and cultural orientations of a growing minority of political activists, who were seeking, not to overthrow the regime, nor even to escape from the GDR, but rather to improve it from within; the changing domestic political context of their actions, including both the growth of structural spaces within which to act, and the changing responses of the state to what they denigrated as ‘hostile-negative forces (feindlich-negative Kr üfte)’; and, finally, changing aspects of the international context.
The Peculiarities Of The East German Dictatorship
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should one seek to understand the dynamics of the development, stabilization, and ultimate demise of the GDR? What specific concepts, and what broader interpretive framework, have most purchase in seeking to explain both the quiet longevity and the rapid collapse of the GDR? A number of hypotheses have been advanced in the course of this book, which must be addressed more explicitly here. And how, in broader terms, should this remarkable experiment be evaluated, both historically and morally? Was the communist project inevitably doomed to fail, foundering on the rocks of its internal contradictions? Were the intrinsically humanistic and emancipatory goals of Marxism inevitably jeopardized by internal contradictions, by an essential Lebensunf ühigkeit (non-viability)? Or was the ultimate collapse more a matter of unfavourable historical conditions for the communist project? Clearly these are exceedingly broad philosophical as well as socialhistorical questions, which-even prior to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe-have exercised thinkers grappling with the distortions of Marxism-Leninism, Stalinism, and succeeding variants of communist repression, for many decades.
Renovatio or Conciliatio? How Renaissances Happened in Venice
Authors: Brown Patricia Fortini 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paradigms, once fixed, are notoriously hard to put aside. A recent book on the city-state in five cultures from the Bronze Age to the modern period offers a case in point. Seeking to broaden the canon by taking a comparative and global approach, the book also inadvertently highlights the problem facing students of European history in the Renaissance period. The section on Italy features a three-part bibliography with the following headings: (a) Italian city-states generally; (b) Florence; and (c) other city-states. These categories tidily sum up the historiographical problem. Cities as disparate as Ferrara, Genoa, Milan, Orvieto, Padua, Perugia, Pistoia, Rome, Siena, and Venice are relegated to a miscellany, effectively serving as foils to Florence, the ultimate paradigm, not only of the Renaissance city state, but also of ‘Renaissance’ as a cultural phenomenon. Indeed, despite efforts to widen the canon, Florentine studies still tend to hold the field and to dominate the literature.
For the Sake of Simple Folk
Authors: Scribner R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book R. W. Scribner provides the first detailed analysis of the forms of propaganda - such as illustrated broadsheets, picture books, title pages, and book illustrations - which were aimed at the illiterate and semi-literate during the Reformation, and reproduces many of the vast corpus of prints which still survive in scattered locations in Germany. Dr Scribner advances new and original interpretations of these illustrations, revealing how visual propaganda exploited popular belief and the coarser aspects of popular culture, while at the same time being a product of them. This, he suggests, explains why the Reformation appealed to the broad masses of sixteenth-century people, even though the propaganda was unable to educate them in the more complex theological aspects of the Reformation message. As well as raising important questions about the Reformation as a religious phenomenon, the book is a contribution to the understanding of early modern popular culture, and the nature of propaganda in a pre-industrial society; it is also a detailed historical study of the sixteenth-century woodcut. In develolping an interdisciplinary analysis combining the methods of iconography, semiology, sociology, and folklore, Dr Scribner presents a fruitful new approach to the study of popular mentalities. Hailed as a pioneering study of great importance on its original publication in 1981, For the Sake of Simple Folk is now available in paperback for the first time, with a new Introduction and additional chapter. 'The reproduction of such a formidable body of "documentation" in the text is a major achievement . . . important and pioneering study', Journal of Ecclesiastical History