bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policies for Subsidized Medical Reproduction
Authors: Richie Cristina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Artificial reproduction was initially developed as a workaround for clinical infertility in opposite-sex couples attempting to reproduce. As such, it is still often viewed as a clinical solution to the clinical condition of infertility. However, infertility is not a universal concept, and definitions of infertility—even by leading healthcare organizations—change over time. Yet, infertility can be defined based on diagnostic tests and assessment, which then justify its inclusion or exclusion in subsidized healthcare insurance, with normative implications for healthcare insurance policy.
Conclusion
Authors: Richie Cristina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Climate justice, social justice, and medical justice are intertwined. All need to be present in society, and none absolves the healthcare industry, users of MR, or biological parents from considering the ethical demands of the global environmental crisis. The supposed “injustice” of resource limitation is not created by the environmental crisis, but rather a response to it. Climate change is the prime injustice, which indeed hinges on a regressive set of climate, social, and medical injustices. Addressing modern healthcare as part of the nexus of sexual and reproductive ethics, and viewing it as the carbon emitter that it is, will only address a small part of climate change. The ethical imperative for environmental conservation must be ubiquitous and immediate.
How Does Party Discipline Generate Polarization?
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Party discipline constrains the ideological positions that district candidates can pursue, limiting the options available to voters. When party discipline in both parties is tight, the gap between party delegation means at equilibrium is large and both party delegations are narrowly distributed as well as highly separated from one another. Asymmetry, however, in the strength of the constraints maintained by the two parties has relatively little direct effect on partisan separation, but it can shift both partisan delegations decidedly in the direction of the party exercising the tighter constraint. On the other hand, loose party discipline typically leads to broad and overlapping party delegations in Congress. The Snyder and Groseclose empirical measure of party influence is consistent with these expectations.
How Do Party Loyalty and Activists Encourage Mobilizing the Base?
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Party loyalty and the strength of partisan identification grow as a predictor of vote choice with increased polarization between party positions. As polarization between party positions increases, extreme voters demonstrate greater intensity about the election outcome than do more moderate voters, thus enhancing the importance of activist views within the party. As polarization between the party bases grows beyond a specified point, parties and their candidates are motivated to position themselves nearer the median of their own supporters than the overall median and to focus on turnout rather than seek to persuade centrist voters by offering a moderate platform.
Global Legal Pluralism and the Making of International Climate Change Law
Authors: Berman Paul Schiff 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Where and how is international law made? For decades, the conventional narrative was that international law is located only in the treaties and institutions that nation-states construct in coordination with each other. However, global legal pluralism scholars have advanced a different account, observing that in any given social field there are many sources of legality that tend to interact with and sometimes compete against each other. In addition, pluralists studied both the “vernacularization” of international law in local settings, as well as the creation of international law in domestic courts and tribunals. The rise of climate change litigation in domestic courts provides a new setting to see these dynamics at play. Focusing on three recent cases, this essay explores the ways in which domestic courts are vernacularizing the Paris Climate Agreement, creating legal duties under domestic law for greenhouse gas emissions.
The Evidentiary Value of NGO and IO Reports in International Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Alexander Knoops Geert-Jan , Pedroso Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This article examines a subject matter which has so far yielded little attention in academic literature, namely, the evidentiary value within international criminal proceedings of reports drafted by non-governmental and international organisations, for instance, about a conflict situation. Most often these reports do not disclose the identity nor information about the sources upon which the information is based, which amounts to anonymous hearsay. The question arises whether non-governmental organisation or international organisation reports are admissible in international criminal trials in light of the unverifiability of sources by both the parties and the judges. This article reviews the existing case law of the various international criminal tribunals on this subject, with a focus on the International Criminal Court.
Geography and Legal Culture of ICJ Judges and Their Consideration of Erga Omnes Obligations
Authors: Pratap Ravindra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations seem to afford an interesting basis for exploring the influence of geography and legal culture on International Court of Justice (ICJ) judges as they tend to offer a somewhat unifying contrast to rather divisive, but not necessarily decisive, geography and legal culture. If it is judges’ significant background that in some measure is represented by their geography and legal culture, it is nothing but a critical past of the international community which has been no less noticeably represented by erga omnes obligations. This article seeks to examine the overall argument that the differences of geography and legal culture of ICJ judges are not without discernible convergence in their consideration of erga omnes obligations.
African Americans and Southern Political Change
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A , Mayer Jeremy D , Rozell Mark J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
For decades, Black voters have been the core constituency for the Democratic Party in the South. Efforts by Donald Trump to win over Black voters have shown little progress. Today, Black voters register and turn out at rates that approximate their share of the population. For Democrats to win elections, they must have a strong showing in the Black community but also attract a share of the White vote. The share of the White vote needed by Democrats to win statewide contests varies with the size of a state’s Black electorate. The component of the White electorate most likely to coalesce with an overwhelming share of the Black vote is people who have college educations. In congressional delegations and state legislative chambers, the bulk of the Democratic members are African American. In some chambers, the Black share of the seats approximates the Black population percentage.
Followership and Leadership in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Leadership and followership are like everything else: they change. Leadership is not what it was twenty years ago any more than it is what it was two hundred years ago. The same applies to followership. It is in fact precisely because followers in democracies have changed that leaders in democracies have had no choice but to adapt and to increasingly accede to their followers’ demands. It is also why leaders in autocracies have changed. Many have gone from bad to worse at least in large part to control their followers more completely, lest they refuse to go along (like followers in democracies) with what their leaders want and intend. Either way, both leaders and followers are involved, or implicated, in how power and authority in the twenty-first century are exercised.
Phase IV: Bad to Worse
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
During the final phase of leadership from bad to worse, leaders and their followers extend and expand their commitment to being bad. Because the process was neither interrupted nor even effectively impeded, the outcome is as inevitable as it is predictable. It is dismal. The progression ends here because there’s no place else to go. Bad has become worse, and worse has become entrenched. Of course, it’s always possible for leaders and followers to go from worse to even worse. Still, the point has been made. Because leaders never go from being bad to being good of their own volition, and because no one has stopped them from being bad, bad persists. Martin Winterkorn, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Elizabeth Holmes, and Xi Jinping were all leaders who went from bad to worse because they were permitted to proceed unimpeded. A final section enumerates the heavy costs of bad leadership.
Thinking with Names
Authors: Pitt David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes up the challenge to the phenomenal intentionality of thought thesis posed by Saul Kripke’s widely accepted Millian account of the meaning of proper names (and, by extension, the contents of nominal concepts). According to Kripke, names are directly referential, having their referents as their meanings, and are, hence, rigid designators. The chapter develops a new version of the metalinguistic description theory of the meaning of names, defends it against Kripke’s objections, and shows how to accommodate (or revise) Kripkean intuitions about naming and necessity, without rigidity. These results might seem to be readily transferable to nominal concepts.
Uncertain Times
Authors: Piffer Tommaso 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
By the end of 1941 the Soviet Union and the United States of America had both joined the anti-Nazi war during that year: the former after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June, the latter after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor in December. Ultimately it would be the military and economic might of their armies, and not subversion, that would defeat the Germans. But it was not only the strategic framework which had changed: the war itself had revealed its inner meaning. The more it appeared that the Germans could be defeated, the more resistance groups and governments-in-exile started looking at who would take their place at the end of the war. Communist groups in the Balkans raised the stakes, turning against their opponents in the antifascist camps. The American intelligence agencies joined the fight, demanding their share in Britain’s territory.
Introduction
Authors: Mahtani Anna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This short chapter introduces the central themes of the book. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to the credence (or probability) framework, covering the contrast between credences and beliefs, and giving an overview of some of the uses to which the credence framework is put. There is a brief overview of the debate about the nature of propositions. Then the central tenet of the book is stated—namely that the objects of credence are ‘opaque’ (or ‘hyperintensional’). The structure of the book is then explained and motivated, and the chapter ends with a statement of the overall aims, with reference to two possible sorts of readers.
Practical Implications
Authors: Mahtani Anna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces some of the practical implications of the tenet (that credence claims are opaque). The chapter begins with an exploration of how the tenet affects decision theory in general, and then the rest of the chapter explores two cases in depth. The first case is the two-envelope paradox. A simple version of the paradox is set out, and analysis in the light of the tenet leads to a general restriction on acceptable decision tables. The second case arises in welfare economics (or social choice theory) where decisions may affect multiple people, and a standard framework for approaching these decisions is set out, and various positions in the literature (including utilitarianism, egalitarianism, and prioritarianism) are briefly described. The ex ante Pareto principle is introduced, along with its role in this literature. Given the tenet, this principle is shown to be incoherent as it stands, and a replacement (inspired by supervaluationism) is outlined along with some of its implications for various debates in welfare economics.
Iranian Syntax in Classical Armenian
Authors: Meyer Robin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A corollary of this linguistic analysis are new insights into the historical social dynamics between Armenian and Parthian speakers: the latter disappear from the region almost without any documentary trace after the fall of the Parthian Empire in 224 CE. This fact and a study of the historical data from surrounding cultures strongly suggest that the Parthians, who made up the ruling class in the Armenian Kingdom for almost four centuries, over the course of time identified with the Armenians and gave up their native tongue.
Lenin Lives?
Authors: Read Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Lenin was one of the most controversial and also influential figures of the twentieth century. Of all the events of that era, the revolution he inspired in the Russian Empire was the most consequential. It turned the Soviet Union into a superpower, shaped the Chinese Revolution, and dominated political and cultural history all round the globe during the Cold War. Desperate resistance to Leninist revolution evolved into extreme forms of fascism and Nazism. On the occasion of the centenary of Lenin’s death, the author examines the key points of Lenin’s views and identifies the main elements that gave them global traction and provoked controversy down to the present, and perhaps into the future. Lenin and his ideas have been written off many times but have they actually had their day?
Lenin before Leninism
Authors: Read Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The main points of Lenin’s life, political activity, and ideas are discussed. Lenin’s family background, early years and his radicalisation are presented. With respect to his later career and public life the focus is on the immediate polemical nature of Lenin’s writings as well as their longer term influence as models for a Marxist revolution and outlook. In particular his policies and activism with respect to party structures, imperialism, the revolutionary process with emphasis on the question of political consciousness and world revolution are examined. The stages of revolutionary transformation, that is the expectations in 1917, enshrined in Lenin’s ‘April Theses’ and The State and Revolution, so-called war communism and finally the New Economic Policy, are outlined and analysed.
Introspective Access
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks in detail at each of the different modes of introspective access at the centre of the proposed framework: inner attention, inner apprehension, and retrospection. They are characterised according to sets of core features which express available common ground among different theorists who recognise (any or all of) these modes of introspective access in some manner. Doing so makes clear just how different our basic pictures of these modes of introspective access are. There are differences not just in terms of the specific types of features attributed, but also in terms of how developed each basic picture is. Inner attention is the most, while retrospection the least detailed. Another difference concerns how amenable each basic picture is to connect with empirical psychology, and which areas of scientific research might be relevant.
Introduction
Authors: Sullivan-Bissett Ema 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter outlines the main themes and questions as they arise in the volume. The chapters in the volume are grouped into four main parts which are overviewed here: (1) lessons from delusion on belief and imagination; (2) belief and imagination in the wild; (3) delusional experience; and (4) delusion, belief, and evidence. The discussion also draws on the way in which the chapters contribute to debates occurring in the philosophy of mind and psychology, and in turn how the chapters interact with one another. Also included here are short biographies of the contributors and summaries of the chapters which outline the main arguments of each contribution.
Imagination, Agency, and Predictive Processing
Authors: Corlett Philip R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Predictive processing theories of delusions and hallucinations suggest a simple dysfunction as the core of these puzzling symptoms. Perception, belief, and action are all cast in terms of inferences, wherein prior beliefs are integrated with sensory inputs based on their relative reliabilities. Delusions and hallucinations then arise when this integration process is perturbed, either towards priors (hallucinations) or sensory inputs (delusion formation). However, there are other popular theories of delusions and hallucinations, including models that suggest delusions and hallucinations involve confusing imagining for believing or perceiving respectively. In this chapter, the author attempts to reconcile these accounts with predictive processing theory, appealing to associative and reinforcement learning data that integrate imaginative mechanism, including representation mediated learning, which may bring source monitoring and imagination accounts under the explanatory umbrella of predictive coding theory. The chapter ends by speculating on a neurocomputational architecture that may underlie predictive processing and makes use of generative, imaginative processes in service of reality perception. Dysfunction in this network can give rise to hallucinations, delusions, and other perturbations of conscious experience.
The Capgras Delusion
Authors: Young Garry 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the author defends a revised interactionist account of the Capgras delusion. To do so, he examines what the Capgras patient considers justifies their delusional belief, and how this fits within the overall aetiology of the Capgras delusion. The author’s aim is to demonstrate not only that the subject’s reason for believing what they do is intimately tied to their experiential content but, importantly, that it is causally relevant because of this. Moreover, the subject’s reason for coming to believe that (for example) their wife is an impostor differs from the reason they have for continuing to believe it. This is because the subject’s experience of his wife prior to embracing the delusional belief differs, markedly, from his experience of her upon accepting it. How this affects the reason for his belief is merely one piece of a complex causal puzzle; but it is an important piece, and one that has been neglected in more recent and otherwise innovative accounts of the Capgras delusion. A further aim of this chapter, then, is to integrate certain of these innovative characteristics into a revised version of the interactionist account of the Capgras delusion, thereby giving it greater explanatory worth than the original, and other revisionist models that ignore or relegate the role of personal experience.
The Legal Nature of the Principle of Collegiality
Authors: Patrin Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the legal nature of the principle of collegiality through the analysis of the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The first part of the chapter shows how the CJEU has defined the principle’s legal effects and justiciability and has balanced the need to preserve the legal substance of collegiality against the necessity of ensuring efficient and transparent decision-making processes. The second part argues that the principle of collegiality was first developed as a general principle of EU law by the CJEU jurisprudence and only successively enshrined in the Treaties. Yet, it is a sui generis general principle of EU law that can be looked at from two different perspectives: as a principle of administrative law governing the procedure of formal adoption of acts and as an institutional principle governing the way in which the Commission operates and organizes its work.
Is the Pope Catholic?
Authors: Leng Mary 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There are many reasons that those who don’t believe in God may find it advantageous to act “as if” they believe. However, often these reasons seem morally dubious. But are there moral reasons for the non-believer to nondoxastically accept religious claims? Christopher Jay (2014) offers a Kantian argument that nondoxastic acceptance in the existence of God is morally preferable to full belief, since one who genuinely believes that good behavior will be rewarded in the afterlife will likely find their motivations corrupted by the promise of this reward. This chapter considers whether the attitude of immersed acceptance without belief is possible in light of concerns raised by Paul Horwich (1991), and suggests (in analogy with the author’s response to Horwich on behalf of the mathematical fictionalist (Leng 2010)) that many self-professed theists may be better thought of as already make-believing, rather than fully believing, that there is a God.
Do We Have Reason to Adopt Religious Fictionalism or Moral Fictionalism?
Authors: Kim Seahwa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines whether there is reason to favor religious or moral fictionalism rather than abolitionism when faced with the choice between fictionalism and abolitionism. The author argues that if there are general and practical benefits of continued engagement in a certain discourse and its associated set of practices, then we have reason to adopt fictionalism rather than abolitionism. She further argues that there are three conditions—the Ubiquity Condition, the Indispensability Condition, and the Business as Usual Condition—under which there would be such benefits, ceteris paribus. She shows that religious discourse and its associated practices do not satisfy any of the three conditions, whereas moral discourse and its associated practices satisfy two of them. The chapter concludes that, as far as the three conditions are concerned, we do not have reason to adopt religious fictionalism whereas we do have reason to adopt moral fictionalism.
Introduction
Authors: Urs Priya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Scrutiny to date of the selection of investigations and prosecutions at the International Criminal Court has been overwhelmingly critical of the Prosecutor’s decisions whether to investigate and whether to prosecute cases falling within the jurisdiction of the Court. Yet it remains unclear how the Prosecutor is to justify, consistently with the Rome Statute, what are in the face of limited resources highly selective investigations and prosecutions. The chapter introduces the selectivity debate that frames the book’s assessment of the application and function of the admissibility criterion of the sufficient gravity of a case in Article 17(1)(d) of the Rome Statute. With no statutory guidance as to the application of the gravity criterion, and with little assistance lent by the rules of treaty interpretation, it sets the parameters of the book’s inquiry into the application and function of the open-textured and discretionary criterion of gravity. The chapter also provides an overview of the book’s contributions to practice and scholarship in international criminal law and beyond.