bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Liquid Gas (PLG) Systems, Establishing a Plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge-Mode With Liquid Electrodes for Energy Conversion
Authors: Wright Kamau , Patton J. P. , Potamianos Christos , Cui Juntao , Arsenlis Nikolas , Kim Daniel , Klahr Jordan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The present work explores the use and improvement of a novel plasma reactor, called a Plasma Liquid Gas (PLG) system. This reactor can utilize at least one liquid electrode to support plasma discharges in a gas. The safe operation of the PLG system is demonstrated at atmospheric pressure in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) mode. DBD mode is further explored in and out of the presence of liquid electrodes, using a dielectric material (quartz). Results are presented for experiments with a 1/8” dielectric, a gas-filled gap of 2–3 mm, and a range of voltages, currents, and frequencies, first classified qualitatively and then supported by current-voltage profiles. Quantitative results are presented comparing the discharge with one liquid electrode to the discharge with both metal electrodes. Results indicate which combination of operating parameters were conducive to establishing stable plasmas in air, although key future applications for this work are in the plasma-induced decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO2). Investigations on the impact of liquid electrodes in plasma systems developed to treat gases represents a new experimental approach that will advance understanding of multiphase reactions with plasmas, and inform energy storage, and conversion of substances into value-add chemicals, with environmental benefits.
A Point-Of-Care Device Integrating Sample Preparation With Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Mayaro Virus
Authors: Alipanah Morteza , Lednicky John A. , Morris J. Glenn , Fan Z. Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes clinical symptoms similar to those caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). To differentiate MAYV from these viruses diagnostically, we have developed the first reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for detection of MAYV. We designed six LAMP primers targeting MAYV’s non-structural protein (NS1) gene and determined the visual limit of detection of at least 10 viral genome equivalents (GEs) per reaction. The assay was specific for MAYV, without cross-reactions with CHIKV, DENV, or ZIKV. A 30 min. RT-LAMP assay was integrated with valve-enabled sample preparation device wherein virus lysis and RNA enrichment/purification were carried out on the spot, without requiring pipetting. Colorimetric detection was achieved by naked eye or a smartphone. The functions of our platform were demonstrated using purified RNA and cultured viruses for their potential usage. We have used the device for detection of cultured MAYV in 50 min.
Teaching Engineering Courses in the Digital Transformation Era
Authors: Rodriguez-Paz Miguel X. , Gonzalez-Mendivil Jorge A. , Zamora-Hernandez Israel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this paper we present a teaching model for Engineering couses, particularly courses of Applied Mechanics for the new generation of Engineering Programs. After the online terms due to the global pandemic, students and their professors returned to campuses and some lessons learned during that period were positive ones and students keep on demanding new models of teaching making use of the latest technologies. The use of digital media has become widely accepted by both, faculty members and students and most lectures are now recorded and students are used to have such material available on the same day of the class session. We present the students perceptions of what the new generation of Engineering courses should have in order to be attractive to students, help them develop some digital transformation competencies and, mainly, help them perform their best in courses that could be difficult, such as the Applied Mechanics courses. A total of 350 students were surveyed in the last four years, even prior to the pandemic to get their perceptions and their ideas on what an ideal Engineering course should contain, taking into account the era in which we are living, with particular focus on Digital Transformation Competencies and the use of new Artificial Intelligence tools such as ChatGPT®. We present a model that has been successfully implemented in our university and we think that Engineering educators worldwide can benefit from our experience and the recommendations our students provided.
Design Optimization and Validation of Compliant Bidirectional Constant Force Mechanisms
Authors: Li Jing , Rehman Tanzeel Ur , Qaiser Zeeshan , Johnson Shane 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Complaint constant force mechanisms (CFMs) have been applied in many applications, e.g., end effectors, micro grippers, etc., due to their inherent ability to maintain a constant force environment and increase energy storage efficiency. However, the typically designed uni-directional, i.e. tension or compression only, CFMs may not efficiently harvest energy from reversed cyclic loadings. Bidirectional compliant CFMs (Bi-CFM) are proposed to improve the energy storage efficiency for reversed loading conditions. Two different kinds of Bi-CFMs categorized based on their synthesis methods are proposed in this research: (1) Bidirectional Assembled CFM (BiAs) and, (2) Bidirectional Monolithic CFM (BiMo). The BiAs is designed with the combination of two existing compression CFMs in series. Alternatively, the newly proposed Incremental Complexity Design (ICD) method which involves gradually adding complexity to the graph-based topology selection and shape optimization is introduced to develop BiMo, leading to more efficient and systematic design optimization, while also enabling the exploration of simpler design solutions. Static and low frequency dynamic experimental validations were conducted on the Bi-CFMs with 3D-printed PLA. By iteratively increasing the complexity of the design, the variables associated with topology and shape optimizations are substantially reduced (89.5%–93.0%) compared with the literature, leading to enhanced computational efficiency. The BiAs, and the BiMo obtained from ICD both exhibit a high energy similarity index in analysis (0.95) and static experimental tests (0.83–0.88). Furthermore, the energy loss metric and energy similarity index for the BiMo is 26% lower and 6.3% higher on average than the BiAs during low frequency dynamic tests respectively. Usage of the proposed Bi-CFM would help increase energy storage efficiency and make a good contribution towards reversed cyclic loading fields, i.e. biomechanical engineering, wind energy storage, etc.
Review of Life Limitations for Acrylic Windows in Pressure Vessels
Authors: Hurd Daniel , Kemper Bart , Nappi Taylor , Williams Kaylie Kling 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The standard ASME PVHO-1, Safety Standard for Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy (PVHO), defines windows in pressure vessels. This includes specifying windows must be made of acrylic (Poly Methyl Methacrylate, or PMMA) and their service life. Windows can be some of the most expensive items regularly replaced in a pressure vessel. For human-occupied pressure vessels, catastrophic window failure generally results in injury or death. The design life has three aspects: total time under pressure, cyclic design life, and total chronological time from the date of initial manufacture. These limitations on these glassy polymer structures were set when the PVHO-1 code was first written based on limited experimental data back in the 1960’s and 1970’s. This paper will examine four decades of industry data using modern tools and material science to enable future development of service life standards for pressure vessel windows. Extending the life of windows will not only save the expense of replacing otherwise serviceable windows and reduce downtime, it can be a game changer in a number of potential acrylic window applications by making new applications feasible from a cost perspective.
On the Fatigue Capacity of a Subsea Intervention System Tool
Authors: Sepehri Ali , Bansal Gaurav 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The offshore oil and gas industry is drilling into and producing from wells at pressures and temperatures greater than ambient conditions. Wells that are considered high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) experience even more challenging operating conditions. These HPHT wells have pressures greater than 15,000 psi (103.4 MPa) and/or temperatures of more than 350°F (450°K). To safely overcome the challenges in these operations, there is a greater demand for more advanced tools and new technology. Because of the sensitivity and potential impact on the environment, the industry is striving to homogenize the design and acceptance criteria. The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) requires equipment operating at high pressures and temperatures to pass a design verification analysis. Structural and fatigue capacity analyses are performed using finite element analysis (FEA) per ASME’s Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 3, API Standard 17G, and API TR 17TR8.
In service, threaded connections are often subjected to dynamic loads, and to maintain a secure connection, they are generally preloaded. The combination of preload and cyclic loads results in a multiaxial stress distribution over the connection, where the coupling’s threads act to increase the stress, initiating fatigue cracks. The objective of this study is to evaluate fatigue service life per the methodologies outlined in API Standard 17G and DNV-RP-C203 for a subsea intervention system tool. The fatigue life evaluation of the subsea intervention system tool is performed with a finite element model using a 3D 180° geometry. In this study, the fatigue characteristics (ΔM-N curves) of the tool are evaluated in accordance with API Standard 17G and DNV-RP-C203 using elastic-plastic material properties. The tool design fatigue capacity curves are generated per the S-N method, with no reduction factor (RF = 1) and use of a fatigue life reduction factor of RF = 4 per DNV-RP-C203. The S-N curve for subsea steel forgings in air subjected to a high mean tensile stress from DNV-RP-C203 for base material hot spots is used in this analysis. A sensitivity study is also performed to determine the effect of the external tension (riser tension) on the fatigue capacity.
Ultrasonic Monitoring of Sensitization in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Petculescu Gabriela 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Sensitization of aluminum alloys lowers the safety of watercraft and is costly to mitigate. The development of new probes for determining the level of sensitization in alloys has been in focus during the last decade. This article argues the importance of the further development of a probe relying on ultrasonic detection. At least three physical quantities (shear wave velocity, longitudinal wave velocity, and longitudinal wave attenuation coefficient) of AA5083 andAA5456 aluminum alloys show sensitivity to material modification due to heat treatment at different temperatures. Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy and Pulse Echo were used for the measurements. The quantities vary monotonically with the heat treatment time, which correlates with the degree of sensitization in the alloy. The rate of change decreases as saturation is approached, in agreement with nucleation and growth kinetics. The 20% change between the as-received and the fully sensitized states, measured for the attenuation of longitudinal waves at 5 MHz, is already orders of magnitude higher than what other techniques have been capable of detecting. Stronger effects at higher frequencies are likely; the closer the wavelength to the size of the precipitate, the larger the attenuation. Extensions to determine sensitization in other alloys may be possible.
Effects of Cooling Rate on the Stress-Strain Behavior of SAC305 Solder: An Atomistic Study
Authors: Fardin Sadib , Moresalein Md. Jawarul , Motalab Mohammad 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
SAC305 (96.5Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu) is a lead-free solder alloy that has gained popularity as a replacement for traditional lead-based solders due to its lower melting point, environmental benefits, and compatibility with common electronic components. In this study, Molecular Dynamics simulations are used to investigate the effects of cooling rate on the mechanical properties and stress-strain behavior of SAC305 at the nanoscale. The simulations utilize an atomistic model of the material, where a beta-tin (β-Sn) matrix is modified with Ag and Cu atoms. Four different cooling rates such as 2.5 K/ps, 10 K/ps, 50 K/ps, and 100 K/ps are used to examine the effects on the micro structure and mechanical properties of the solder material. The results of the simulations are analyzed in terms of ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus, modulus of resilience, modulus of toughness, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The stress-strain behavior is found to be more strongly affected at slower cooling rates (2.5 K/ps and 10 K/ps), while at higher cooling rates (50 K/ps and 100 K/ps) have less of an impact. An inverse relationship is observed between cooling rate and the ultimate tensile strength of the material, as well as its Young’s modulus and modulus of resilience. Furthermore, as the cooling rate increases, the modulus of toughness of the material has also been observed to increase. The coefficient of thermal expansion has been observed to decline as the rate of cooling increases.
Multiscale Study on Fused Deposition Modeling and Stereolithography 3D Printed Parts: How to 3D Print Better?
Authors: O’Donahue Andrew , Mendenhall Ryan , Fouladi Kamran , Eslami Babak 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In a century where additive manufacturing (AM), specifically 3D printing, is significantly more than a prototyping technique, there is a gap in understanding how to enhance the quality and strength of 3D printed parts. Material characterization techniques in solid mechanics are well-established. However, there is still a need to develop a material characterization regimen for 3D-printed parts from different techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) or stereolithography (SLA). In this study, we perform a comprehensive benchmarking study comparing the quality and strength of prints using FDM and SLA for a given wall thickness, infill percentage, and overhang angle. The dogbone samples printed in each configuration are tested under tensile testing to measure their rupture strength. The same polymers formed as thin films are studied at the micro-scale using atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The results of this study will provide a detailed guideline for both general and technical users of FDM and SLA 3D printers to optimize printing time and material strength and quality for the given condition.
A Multiphysics Approach to Understanding Chemoreception in Bio-Robotic Fish Schools
Authors: Menzer Alec , Lei Menglong , Li Chengyu , Dong Haibo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
By performing numerical simulations of the governing fluids and odorant transport equations, this study identified a relationship between the hydrodynamic interactions and olfactory chemoreception in a fish-like school. Simulations were performed using an in-house developed immersed-boundary method based incompressible Navier-Stokes flow solver coupled with the odorant advection-diffusion equation. From a hydrodynamic performance perspective, it was found that the drag of a trailing fish in a synchronous school could be reduced by up to 18% (relative to an in-line school) by introducing a lateral spacing (L) of 0.2 or 0.4 BL relative to the leader. Detrimental wake interactions in the form of strong high velocity regions produced by the leader intercepting the follower head were eliminated at these larger lateral spacings. However, large lateral spacing also led to suppressed surface odor concentration on the trailing fish hence reducing the trailing fish’s ability to detect the presence of the leading fish through chemoreception. At a moderate lateral spacing of L = 0.2BL, the drag induced by the follower is still lower than for the in-line follower (but slightly higher than for L = 0.4BL) and provides a high odor concentration on the body surface. Thus, the moderate lateral spacing serves as a balance between avoiding the detrimental high velocity regions behind the leader and increasing the odor interaction in an in-line synchronous school.
Adaptive Control of Curved Ship Blocks Welding Process Using Laser Active Vision System
Authors: Zhang Sen , Li Liangfeng , Zhang Yansong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ship-curved blocks are mainly welded by arc welding, which are susceptible to deformation and processing errors but essential to the quality of the ship, with a complex spatial distribution and several meters of the weld length. Vision-based intelligent robotic welding, which extracts feature points from images even in massive disturbances and controls weld trajectory with standardized commodities and low labor intensity, is increasingly replacing conventional manual welding for flattened blocks. However, it is challenging for robotic welding to accommodate curved surfaces with changing gaps and large deformation during curved block processing. To address this challenge, we report on a developed intelligent robotic welding system accompanying an adaptive control method that tracks seam feature points, adjusts torch posture according to the curvature of the piece, and adapts welding parameters based on the gap values. The system comprises a welding machine, a 6-axis robot, an industrial computer, and a laser profile camera. The adaptive control method uses images from the laser active-vision camera to suppress welding interference and extract the laser profile, which controls the welding process based on posture and parameter adjustment criteria. The welding parameter adaptive control criterion is obtained from welding experiments, focusing on the gap value that impacts the welding process but changes during curved surface welding, deriving the optimum wire feed speed. The verification experiment focuses on Y-groove butt welding curved ship panels with a radius of curvature of around 1100m and a gap of less than 2mm. The welding piece, whose fill width and caps height is uniform, demonstrated that our intelligent welding method could produce high-quality welding of complex workpieces. The proposed system sets the stage for integrated implement seam tracking, posture adjustment, and adapting welding parameters. The proposed method also opens an avenue for welding the curved or easily deformed piece.
Effect of Laser Power and Diamond Tool Parameters for Micro Laser-Assisted Ductile Mode Material Removal on Fused Silica
Authors: Shirzadi Jahromi Hassan , Mohammadi Hossein , Kode Sai K. , Ellis Jonathan D. , Ravindra Menon Deepak 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fused silica is an essential material used in various applications due to its excellent optical and mechanical properties. However, processing it can be challenging due to its high hardness and brittleness, leading to sub-surface damage during grinding and polishing operations. Micro laser-assisted ductile mode material removal is a promising technique for achieving high levels of precision and accuracy in material removal. This technique leads to controlled and precise removal of material without inducing cracks or fractures. Despite its advantages, there are several challenges associated with the process, such as selecting the appropriate laser power and diamond tool geometry. In this study, we employed a Universal Mechanical Tester equipped with modified OPTIMUS, a laser-assisted machining technology to investigate the impact of laser and diamond tool geometry on scratch cut quality. Introducing and increasing the laser power demonstrated an improvement of around 251.7% in cut ductility, leading to a decrease in the severity of sub-surface damage (SSD). Altering the rake angle from −25° to −45° resulted in a 45.3% reduction in the critical depth of cuts (DOCs). However, when laser was employed, the critical DOCs increased around 34.4% in ductile mode material removal on fused silica samples, which underscores the criticality of the laser in this process.
Investigating the Interlaminar Shear Strength of Short Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PEEK Composites Fabricated by Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Yavas Denizhan , Sosa Luis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites are highly valued for their exceptional physical and mechanical properties, making them suitable for various industrial applications. This study aims to investigate the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of short CF-reinforced PEEK composites fabricated by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. Short beam shear (SBS) tests were performed to quantify the ILSS of 3D-printed CF-reinforced PEEK composites and unreinforced PEEK as the baseline. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used during the tests to measure in-situ full-field strain maps, enabling the observation of interlaminar failure mechanisms. The role of CF reinforcement and infill line orientation between adjacent layers on the ILSS of the PEEK composites was analyzed. The research findings reveal two main points: firstly, by adding short carbon fibers to 3D-printed PEEK composites, known as CF-PEEK, their ILSS can be improved by up to 100%, making it more effective than standard PEEK. Secondly, increasing the mismatch angle θ between infill lines of neighboring layers enhances ILSS in both PEEK and CF-PEEK by up to 50%. These outcomes could enhance the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK and CF-PEEK composites in industries that require strong, lightweight materials.
Investigating the Role of Infill Geometry and Density on the Mode-I Fracture Toughness of Polymeric Materials Fabricated by Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Yavas Denizhan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method is a 3D printing technology that allows for the creation of thermoplastic materials with various infill geometries in cellular and lattice forms, which facilities designing high-performance lightweight materials. This study aims to investigate the effect of infill geometry and density on the mode-I fracture toughness of thermoplastic materials fabricated by the FFF method. Polylactic acid (PLA) is chosen as the model material. Compact tension fracture tests are performed to measure the mode-I fracture toughness. The digital image correlation technique is used to measure the crack tip strain field varying with the examined parameters. The results of the study suggest that the elastic fracture toughness scales with the infill density in a power-law relationship. For the examined range of relative density, the correlation factor exhibits minor dependence on the infill geometry, with a value of 3. However, when considering inelastic fracture energy dissipation, the triangle infill geometry was found to have the highest crack resistance due to toughening arising from crack tip wandering. These findings have broad applications, and the proposed scaling laws can help predict the fracture toughness of polymeric materials made through the FFF method.