bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus and to the dorsolateral pontine nucleus in macaques: A dual retrograde tracing study
Authors: Distler Claudia , Mustari Michael J. , Hoffmann Klaus‐Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system (NOT‐DTN) along with the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) have been shown to play a role in controlling slow eye movements and in maintaining stable vision during head movements. Both nuclei are known to receive cortical input from striate and extrastriate cortex. To determine to what degree this cortical input arises from the same areas and potentially from the same individual neurons, we placed different retrograde tracers into the NOT‐DTN and the DLPN. In the ipsilateral cortical hemisphere the two projections mainly overlapped in the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) comprising the middle temporal area (MT), the middle superior temporal area (MST), and the visual area in the fundus of the STS (FST) and the surrounding cortex. In these areas, neurons projecting to the NOT‐DTN or the DLPN were closely intermingled. Nevertheless, only 3–11% of the labeled neurons in MT and MST were double‐labeled in our various cases. These results indicate that the cortical input to the NOT‐DTN and DLPN arises from largely separate neuronal subpopulations in the motion sensitive areas in the posterior STS. Only a small percentage of the projection neurons bifurcate to supply both targets. These findings are discussed in relation to the optokinetic and the smooth pursuit system. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:144–158, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of human hypothalamus in fetal development
Authors: Koutcherov Yuri , Mai Jürgen K. , Ashwell Ken W.S. , Paxinos George 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe organization of the human hypothalamus was studied in 33 brains aged from 9 weeks of gestation (w.g.) to newborn, using immunohistochemistry for parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, neuropeptide Y, neurophysin, growth‐associated protein (GAP)‐43, synaptophysin, and the glycoconjugate 3‐fucosyl‐ N‐acetyl‐lactosamine. Developmental stages are described in relation to obstetric trimesters. The first trimester (morphogenetic periods 9–10 w.g. and 11–14 w.g.) is characterized by differentiating structures of the lateral hypothalamic zone, which give rise to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and posterior hypothalamus. The PeF differentiates at 18 w.g. from LH neurons, which remain anchored in the perifornical position, whereas most of the LH cells are displaced laterally. A transient supramamillary nucleus was apparent at 14 w.g. but not after 16 w.g. As the ventromedial nucleus differentiated at 13–16 w.g., three principal parts, the ventrolateral part, the dorsomedial part, and the shell, were revealed by distribution of calbindin, calretinin, and GAP43 immunoreactivity. The second trimester (morphogenetic periods 15–17 w.g., 18–23 w.g., and 24–33 w.g.) is characterized by differentiation of the hypothalamic core, in which calbindin‐ positive neurons revealed the medial preoptic nucleus at 16 w.g. abutted laterally by the intermediate nucleus. The dorsomedial nucleus was clearly defined at 10 w.g. and consisted of compact and diffuse parts, an organization that was lost after 15 w.g. Differentiation of the medial mamillary body into lateral and medial was seen at 13–16 w.g. Late second trimester was marked by differentiation of periventricular zone structures, including suprachiasmatic, arcuate, and paraventricular nuclei. The subnuclear differentiation of these nuclei extends into the third trimester. The use of chemoarchitecture in the human fetus permitted the identification of interspecies nuclei homologies, which otherwise remain concealed in the cytoarchitecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:301–324, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increase in descending brain–spinal cord projections with age in larval lamprey: Implications for spinal cord injury
Authors: Zhang Lei , Palmer Ryan , McClellan Andrew D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether new descending brain‐spinal cord projections are added with age in larval lamprey and might contribute substantially to restoration of these projections following spinal cord injury. Retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling of descending brain neurons was performed in “young” and “old” larval lamprey that differed in age by at least one year. In old larval lamprey, significantly more descending brain neurons projected to specific rostral levels of the spinal cord than in young animals. Furthermore, in young and old lamprey, the main morphological change in Müller and Mauthner cells was an increase in soma size. The major conclusion from the present study is that in larval lamprey, some new brain‐spinal cord projections are added with age that could be due to axonal elongation by preexisting brain neurons and/or descending projections from new neurons (i.e., neurogenesis or maturation of incompletely differentiated neurons). Following spinal cord transections, the numbers of descending projections were not significantly different than those in normal, unlesioned animals. Thus, some new descending projections are added with age, but at a relatively slow rate, and the rate does not appear to be affected significantly by spinal cord transections. Together, the present results and those from our recent double‐labeling study suggest that following spinal cord transection in larval lamprey, axonal regeneration by descending brain neurons, rather than the relatively slow addition of new brain‐spinal cord projections with age, probably accounts for the majority of restored projections and recovery of locomotor function. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:128–137, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extent of retinal ganglion cell death in the frog Litoria moorei after optic nerve regeneration induced by lesions of different sizes
Authors: Dunlop Sarah A. , Tennant Marc , Beazley Lyn D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSome amphibian retinal ganglion cells die during optic nerve regeneration. Here we have investigated whether ganglion cell death in the frog Litoria moorei is associated with the lesion site. For one experimental series, the optic nerve lesion extended for 0.15 mm; in the other, it extended for 1.5 mm. The extent of ganglion cell death was estimated from cresyl violet‐stained whole mounts at 24 weeks post lesion. In other animals, individual regenerating axons were visualised in the optic nerve by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelling from 1 day to 24 weeks post lesion; counterstaining with cresyl violet allowed examination of cells that repopulated the lesion site. Ganglion cell numbers fell significantly more after an extensive than after a localised lesion, long‐term losses being 50% and 34%, respectively (P < 0.05). Regenerating axons were delayed in their passage across the cell‐poor extensive lesion compared with the relatively cell‐rich localised lesion. The differing rates of regeneration between series were matched by greater delay after extensive lesion in the return of visually guided behaviour as assessed by optokinetic horizontal head nystagmus. We suggest that delays in regeneration after an extensive lesion exacerbate ganglion cell death, indicating that conditions within the lesion are associated with the death of some ganglion cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:276–287, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective synaptic distribution of AMPA and kainate receptor subunits in the outer plexiform layer of the carp retina
Authors: Schultz Konrad , Janssen‐Bienhold Ulrike , Weiler Reto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe subunit composition of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) is extremely diverse and responsible for the diversity of postsynaptic responses to the release of glutamate, which is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. To understand the functional consequences of this diversity, it is necessary to reveal the synaptic localization and subunit composition of GluRs. We have used immuno light and electron microscopy to localize AMPA and kainate (GluR1, GluR2/3, GluR4, GluR5–7) subunits in identified carp retinal neurons contributing to the outer plexiform layer. GluR1 could not be detected within the outer plexiform layer. Rod and cone horizontal cells all express only GluR2/3 at the tips of their invaginating dendrites. These receptors are also inserted into the membrane of spinules, light‐dependent protrusions of the horizontal cell dendrites, flanking the synaptic ribbon of the cone synapse. Bipolar cells express GluR2/3, GluR4, and GluR5–7 at their terminal dendrites invaginating cone pedicles and rod spherules. Colocalization data suggest that each subunit is expressed by a distinct bipolar cell type. The majority of bipolar cells expressing these receptors seem to be of the functional OFF‐type; however, in a few instances, GluR2/3 could also be detected on dendrites of bipolar cells that, based on their localization within the cone synaptic complex, appeared to be of the functional ON‐type. The spatial arrangement of the different subunits within the cavity of the cone pedicle appeared not to be random: GluR2/3 was found predominantly at the apex of the cavity, GluR4 at its base and GluR5–7 dispersed between the two. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:433–449, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gonadal steroids reduce the density of axospinous synapses in the developing rat arcuate nucleus: An electron microscopy analysis
Authors: Mong Jessica A. , Roberts Rosalinda C. , Kelly Joyce J. , McCarthy Margaret M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe developing brain is exquisitely sensitive to gonadal steroid hormones, which permanently differentiate the neural substrate during a critical developmental period. One of the more striking sexual dimorphisms in the adult rat brain is synaptic patterning in the arcuate nucleus (ARC); females have twice the number of axospinous synapses as males (Matsumoto and Arai [1980] Brain Res. 190:238–242). Previously, we have demonstrated that a similar dimorphism in spine densities on ARC dendrites is present as early as early as postnatal day 2 (PN2) in Golgi‐impregnated rat brains (Mong et al. [1999] J. Neurosci. 19:1464–1472). Males have 37% fewer dendritic spines than females. Moreover, these spine densities are sensitive to changes in the hormonal milieu such that males castrated on the day of birth have a significant increase in spine density, whereas females masculinized at birth by gonadal steroid exposure have a decreased dendritic spine density. One of the limitations of the Golgi technique is the inability to confirm the presence of synapses. The current study used quantitative electron microscopy and demonstrated that testosterone exposure dramatically reduced axospinous synapses in the ARC by PN 2. Males had 54% fewer and masculinized females had 77% fewer axospinous synapses than females (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). We previously reported that gonadal steroids induce coincident changes in neuronal and astrocyte morphology in the neonatal ARC (Mong et al., 1999), and here confirm that these changes include an altered synaptic pattern that is strikingly similar to that observed in the adult (Matsumoto and Arai, 1980). J. Comp. Neurol. 432:259–267, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light and electron microscopic study of cholinergic and noradrenergic elements in the basolateral nucleus of the rat amygdala: Evidence for interactions between the two systems
Authors: Li Ruixi , Nishijo Hisao , Wang Quanxin , Uwano Teuroko , Tamura Ryoi , Ohtani Osamu , Ono Taketoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPharmacological studies have suggested that the cholinergic (ACh) and noradrenergic (NA) systems in the amygdala (AM) play an important role in learning and memory storage and that the two systems interact to modulate memory storage. To obtain anatomical evidence for the interaction, the organization of the ACh and NA fibers in rat AM was investigated by immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) in conjunction with light, confocal laser scanning, and electron microscopy (LM, CLSM, and TEM, respectively). LM showed that the ChAT immunoreactivity was densest in the basolateral nucleus (BL), whereas the DBH immunoreactivity was densest in the posterior BL. CLSM demonstrated that the ChAT‐immunoreactive profiles in the BL were frequently located in juxtaposition to the DBH‐immunoreactive axons. The TEM observations were as follows: The majority of the synapses formed by ChAT‐immunoreactive terminals were symmetric, but DBH‐immunoreactive axons formed both asymmetric and symmetric synapses. The ChAT‐immunoreactive terminals usually established the symmetric synaptic contacts with the DBH‐immunoreactive terminals and varicosities. The DBH‐immunoreactive terminals formed the asymmetric synapses with the ChAT‐immunoreactive dendrites of the intrinsic neurons within the AM. The results provide anatomical substrates for mnemonic functions of the ACh and NA systems and for the interactions between the two systems in the AM. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:411–425, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative anatomy of the histaminergic and other aminergic systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Kaslin Jan , Panula Pertti 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe histaminergic system and its relationships to the other aminergic transmitter systems in the brain of the zebrafish were studied by using confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry on brain whole‐mounts and sections. All monoaminergic systems displayed extensive, widespread fiber systems that innervated all major brain areas, often in a complementary manner. The ventrocaudal hypothalamus contained all monoamine neurons except noradrenaline cells. Histamine (HA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and serotonin (5‐HT) ‐containing neurons were all found around the posterior recess (PR) of the caudal hypothalamus. TH‐ and 5‐HT‐containing neurons were found in the periventricular cell layer of PR, whereas the HA‐containing neurons were in the surrounding cell layer as a distinct boundary. Histaminergic neurons, which send widespread ascending and descending fibers, were all confined to the ventrocaudal hypothalamus. Histaminergic neurons were medium in size (∼12 μm) with varicose ascending and descending ipsilateral and contralateral fiber projections. Histamine was stored in vesicles in two types of neurons and fibers. A close relationship between HA fibers and serotonergic raphe neurons and noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons was evident. Putative synaptic contacts were occasionally detected between HA and TH or 5‐HT neurons. These results indicate that reciprocal contacts between monoaminergic systems are abundant and complex. The results also provide evidence of homologies to mammalian systems and allow identification of several previously uncharacterized systems in zebrafish mutants. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:342–377, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and connectivity of olfactory pathways in the brain of the lobster Homarus americanus
Authors: Sullivan Jeremy M. , Beltz Barbara S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main output pathways from the olfactory lobes (primary olfactory centers) and accessory lobes (higher‐order integrative areas) of decapod crustaceans terminate within both of the main neuropil regions of the lateral protocerebrum: the medulla terminalis and the hemiellipsoid body. The present study examines the morphogenesis of the lateral protocerebral neuropils of the lobster, Homarus americanus, and the development of their neuronal connections with the paired olfactory and accessory lobes. The medulla terminalis was found to emerge during the initial stages of embryogenesis and to be the target neuropil of the output pathway from the olfactory lobe. In contrast, the hemiellipsoid body is first apparent during mid‐embryonic development and is innervated by the output pathway from the accessory lobe. The dye injections used to elucidate these pathways also resulted in the labeling of a previously undescribed pathway linking the olfactory lobe and the ventral nerve cord. To increase our understanding of the morphology of the olfactory pathways in H. americanus we also examined the connectivity of the lateral protocerebral neuropils of embryonic lobsters. These studies identified several interneuronal populations that may be involved in the higher‐order processing of olfactory inputs. In addition, we examined the neuroanatomy of ascending pathways from the antenna II and lateral antenna I neuropils (neuropils involved in the processing of chemosensory and tactile inputs). These studies showed that the ascending pathways from these neuropils innervate the same regions of the medulla terminalis and that these regions are different from those innervated by the olfactory lobe output pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:23–43, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurogenesis in the central olfactory pathway of the adult shore crab Carcinus maenas is controlled by sensory afferents
Authors: Hansen Anne , Schmidt Manfred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe number of olfactory projection neurons (OPNs) in the brain of the juvenile and adult shore crab Carcinus maenas continues to increase during the life of the animal. In vivo labeling of adult crabs with the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) revealed a group of proliferating neuronal precursor cells in the lateral soma clusters (LCs) and in the soma clusters of the hemiellipsoid bodies (HBCs). The LCs contain the cell bodies of the olfactory projection neurons and the HBCs house the cell bodies to which the OPNs project. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the input from primary olfactory afferents has any influence on the rate of proliferation and survival of the neuronal precursors in the central olfactory pathways of C. maenas. Different sets of experiments involving BrdU injection and its immunocytochemical detection combined with unilateral amputation of the antennule that houses the olfactory organ were carried out. Our results show that the missing olfactory sensory input affects the rate of proliferation and the survival of postmitotic cells in the LC and in the HBC compared with control animals. The effect on the survival of postmitotic cells tested by BrdU injection followed by unilateral ablation is lateralized. Proliferation of neuronal precursor cells tested by the reversed experimental order was drastically impaired bilaterally. We conclude that the olfactory sensory input is necessary for a normal rate of proliferation of neuronal precursors and the survival of their progeny in the LC and in the HBC of C. maenas. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:223–233, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Access to SAP's Business Framework from Java‐based applications
Authors: Aleksy M. , Korthaus A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs the leading vendor of enterprise business standard software, SAP has recognized the need to adapt their R/3 system to current trends in software development and to meet market needs for speed of development, flexibility, openness, and interoperability. In this paper, we first present SAP's approach to object‐oriented and component‐based technology by describing the Business Framework, the concepts of Business Objects, BAPIs, and the Business Object Repository. On this basis, we then analyze current communication architectures and products enabling the interaction of external Java‐ based software applications with SAP R/3, point out the advantages and disadvantages of different solutions, and finally elaborate on potential strategies and steps for driving the evolution of SAP R/3 in order to further increase interoperability, openness, and flexibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different rates of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell proliferation in interleukin‐2–treated human immunodeficiency virus‐positive subjects
Authors: Caggiari Laura , Zanussi Stefania , Crepaldi Cinzia , Bortolin Maria Teresa , Caffau Cristina , D'Andrea Monica , De Paoli Paolo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDInterleukin‐2 (IL‐2) has been used successfully to increase CD4 cell counts in patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are unknown. We hypothesized that a differential proliferation rate of CD4+ compared with CD8+ lymphocytes could be related to the increase of CD4 counts and of CD4/CD8 ratios that occur in HIV+ patients during IL‐2 treatment. METHODSWe enrolled in our study 14 HIV+ patients treated with IL‐2 or with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during a 96‐week observation period. Using flow cytometry, we measured longitudinally the expression of the Ki67 antigen in peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. RESULTSCompared with HAART alone, IL‐2 produced a rapid increase of Ki67+ proliferating CD4 cells and a concomitant increase of the CD4/CD8 ratios, whereas the corresponding CD8 proliferation increased slightly. On the contrary, HAART alone was effective in suppressing equally both CD4 and CD8 proliferation. CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest a selective activity of IL‐2 on CD4 T‐cell proliferation; on the contrary, CD8‐specific proliferation is affected minimally during treatment. This information may offer the potential to plan correctly immune activating regimens. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:233–237, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine receptor interactions in the hippocampus
Authors: Ribeiro J. Alexandre , Cunha‐Reis Diana , Lopes Luisa V. , Coelho Joana E. , Costenla Ana Rita , Correia‐de‐Sá Paulo , Cunha Rodrigo A. , de Mendonça Alexandre , Sebastião Ana M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdenosine receptors are involved in interactions with receptors for other neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators. This opens novel possibilities for the action of this nucleoside. Either through direct receptor–receptor modulation or beyond the receptor level (PKA, PKC, or calcium channels), it appears that to protect the cells from insult adenosine moves around to use as many several receptor systems as possible, namely, receptors for neuropeptides (CGRP and VIP), ionotropic (NMDA) and metabotropic (mGlur I and III) glutamate receptors, GABA, and nicotinic autofacilitatory, muscarinic, and dopamine receptors. With these, adenosine might synchronize or desynchronize synaptic transmission in order to fine‐tune the nervous system. Drug Dev. Res. 52:337–345, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accelerated nervous system development contributes to behavioral efficiency in the laboratory mouse: A behavioral review and theoretical proposal
Authors: Whishaw Ian Q. , Metz Gerlinde A. S. , Kolb Bryan , Pellis Sergio M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe emergence of the laboratory mouse as a favored species for genetic research has posed a number of problems for scientists interested in the reflection of genetic influences in mouse behavior. It is commonly thought that rat behavior, which has been studied more extensively than mouse behavior, could be easily generalized to mice. In this article, a number of categories of behavior displayed by the mouse (motor, spatial, defensive, social) are reviewed and contrasted with the same categories of behavior displayed by the rat. The comparison suggests that mouse behavior is simpler and more dependent upon elementary actions than the behavior of the rat. We suggest that the behavioral simplification in the mouse adapts it for a different ecological niche than that occupied by the rat. We propose that this simplification may be mediated by accelerated brain maturation during development. We further propose that this developmental acceleration in the mouse renders it less dependent upon complex social behavior and plastic nervous system changes associated with learning than the rat. This difference poses problems for the development of relevant methods of behavioral analysis and interpretation. Since the mouse's biological adaptations will be reflected in laboratory behavior, suggestions are made for behavioral approaches to the study and interpretation of mouse behavior. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 151–170, 2001