bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in the Different Clinical Types of Migraine
Authors: Juge Olivier 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISModifications of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured during different phases of different types of migrainous headache in a population of 180 migraineurs, using the 133Xenon inhalation technique. Mean hemispheric and regional distribution of flow were compared to normal values obtained in age‐matched normal controls. Generalized, and particularly fronto‐temporal, increase of the fast flow (F1) component was found during the acute phase of common migraine ( + 37%) with a progressive decrease during the days following. Comparable changes were observed for the slow component of blood flow (F2). During the interictal period, the only difference between normals and migraineurs was an enhanced fronto‐temporal predominance of the fast flow values (F1). In the accompanied forms of migraine, the major finding was the presence of two subgroups of patients: in the first group, reduced flow was correlated with the neurological deficit, while in the second, high flows were measured in the presence of neurological deficits. A review of the personal history of each patient revealed that the two subgroups differed in age, sex, time course of the headache and past history of migraine. The high flow group was more characteristic of migraine while the oligemic group raised the questions of either another pathophysiological mechanism {vasospasm) or of another degree of severity of the same disease. The two hypotheses are discussed in the light of review of the literature.
MAKING ENDS MEET: CITIES, FISCAL STRESS, AND EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Boles Janet K. 
Published: June 2005

Books reviewed in this articleTerry Nichols Clark and Lorna Crowley Ferguson, City Money: Political Processes, Fiscal Strain, and RetrenchmentRichard Rose and Edward Page (Eds.), Fiscal Stress in CitiesIrene S. Rubin, Running in the Red: The Political Dynamics of Urban Fiscal Stress
RURAL AND URBAN POVERTY: AN INCOME/NET WORTH APPROACH
Authors: Lerman Donald L. , Mikesell James J. 
Published: June 2005

This paper examines rural and urban changes in the distribution of poverty that would result from modifying the conventional poverty measure to include the annuity value of household net worth.Use of this new income/wealth measure caused numerous shifts in the location and demography of the poverty population. Among those more often found to be in poverty under the new measure were young, renter, and large central city resident households. Age, homeownership, farm employment, education, retirement status, public assistance participation, and residence in the West were important factors in explaining the divergence of the WH and INC measures. The age and retirement impacts were significantly different in rural and urban areas. Rural residence itself was not an important factor in explaining WH and INC differences.
THE POLITICS OF LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT: MONITORING EDUCATIONAL REFORM IN SIX STATES
Authors: Wohlstetter Priscilla 
Published: June 2005

Legislative oversight traditionally has been viewed as a rational tool for achieving democratic accountability. Legislators conduct oversight to ensure consistency between implementation and official policy directives. The major theme of this paper is t h a t oversight is best understood as an integral part of legislative‐administrative politics. By examining how six states monitored recent educational reforms, the author finds that legislators conducted oversight in ways that minimized time commitments and maximized political benefits.The paper concludes that legislative interest in controlling implementation often was secondary to political considerations. Oversight, therefore, may not really be effective as an accountability tool.
Chronic Care Management for the Elderly: An Opportunity for Gerontological Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Hendrix Cristina C. , Wojciechowski Colleen W. 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo discuss the role that gerontological nurse practitioners (GNPs) may play in providing chronic care management for the elderly.Data sourcesReview of recent literature on chronic care management, personal experience of the authors in caring for older adults under the chronic care management model, and a case study.ConclusionsGNPs are the most appropriate practitioners to provide and coordinate chronic care management to the population that needs it most—the elderly.Implications for practiceDemographic shifts in the United States have increased the number of people with chronic illnesses; however, the nation's healthcare delivery system has not significantly evolved to meet the changing needs of its population. As a result, many people, especially older adults, suffer needlessly, and healthcare costs continue to rise. Chronic care management may alleviate older adults’ chronic health problems, reduce expenditures for their health care, and promote their satisfaction and quality of life.
Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty for Treatment of Painful Osteoporotic Compression Fractures
Authors: Lemke Denise M. 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo review the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and describe vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, which are minimally invasive procedures to treat the pain associated with vertebral compression fractures (VCFs).Data sourcesExtensive literature review of osteoporosis, vertebroplasty, and kyphoplasty supplemented by case study and clinical experience in the minimally invasive interventional neuroradiology interventions.ConclusionsOsteoporosis is a progressive debilitating process that destroys the cancellous bone, weakening the overall integrity and stability of the bone. The loss of bone mass places the individual at increased risk for vertebral body, hip, and wrist fractures. In the past, there was no treatment option to repair vertebral body deformity or instability after osteoporotic VCFs. Management solely relied on the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, narcotics, muscle relaxants, and/or orthotic bracing to provide pain relief. VCFs alter the stability of the vertebral body and column, and the lack of stabilization can lead to chronic pain syndrome, immobility, pulmonary compromise, progression of spinal deformity, increase in the risk for additional VCFs, and increase in the risk for comorbidities and mortality related to immobility.Implications for PracticeVertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are minimally invasive procedures aimed at pain control, stabilization of the vertebral body, and with kyphoplasty, the ability to provide some correction of deformity with partial restoration of vertebral body height. Providing pain control and stabilization of the vertebral column improves mobility, thus decreasing the potential risks associated with immobility.
Chronic Blood Transfusion Therapy Practices to Treat Strokes in Children with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Lindsey Terianne , Watts‐Tate Nutrena , Southwood Elaine , Routhieaux Julie , Beatty Janice , Calamaras Diane , Phillips Melissa , Lea Gwendolyn , Brown Evelyn , DeBaun Michael R. 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo identify variations in practices used by nurses for pediatric patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) receiving chronic blood transfusion therapy for strokes.Data sourcesDescriptive study of a convenience sample of 11 nurses who care for children with SCD from nine institutions completed a closed‐ended questionnaire consisting of 37 items. Responses reflected practice experience with a total of 189 transfused patients with SCD.ConclusionsA wide range of nursing practices exists for blood transfusion therapy for children with SCD and strokes. Manual partial exchange transfusion (66%) was the most commonly used method for blood transfusion in children with strokes reported among the nurses surveyed. Simple transfusions and erythrocytapheresis account for 21% and 13% of the practices reported. Opportunities exist to establish evidence‐based nursing care guidelines to improve the care of children with strokes receiving blood transfusion therapy.Implications for practiceA wide range of local standard care guidelines for blood transfusion therapy exists. The results of this survey indicate that partial manual exchange transfusion is the most commonly used method of chronic blood transfusion therapy in children with SCD and stroke despite the fact that the magnitude of benefit in comparison with simple transfusion has not been established. Factors such as peripheral venous access, compliance with current chelation regimen, and the presence of antibodies are important considerations in the choice of method.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Chlamydial Effector Protein Tarp Is Species Specific and Not Required for Recruitment of Actin
Authors: Clifton Dawn R. , Dooley Cheryl A. , Grieshaber Scott S. , Carabeo Reynaldo A. , Fields Kenneth A. , Hackstadt Ted 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that efficiently induce their endocytosis by susceptible eukaryotic host cells. Recently, a
Chlamydia trachomatis
type III secreted effector protein, Tarp, was found to be translocated and tyrosine phosphorylated at the site of entry and associated with the recruitment of actin that coincides with endocytosis.
C. trachomatis
Tarp possesses up to six direct repeats of approximately 50 amino acids each. The majority of the tyrosine residues are found within this repeat region. Here we have ectopically expressed distinct domains of Tarp in HeLa 229 cells and demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation occurs primarily within the repeat region, while recruitment of actin is mediated by the C-terminal domain of the protein. A comparison of other sequenced chlamydial genomes revealed that each contains an ortholog of Tarp, although
Chlamydia muridarum
,
Chlamydophila caviae
, and
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Tarp lack the large repeat region. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting using an antiphosphotyrosine antibody show no evidence of phosphotyrosine at the site of entry of
C. muridarum
,
C. caviae
, and
C. pneumoniae
, although each species similarly recruits actin. Ectopic expression of full-length
C. trachomatis
and
C. caviae
Tarp confirmed that both recruit actin but only
C. trachomatis
Tarp is tyrosine phosphorylated. The data indicate that the C-terminal domain of Tarp is essential for actin recruitment and that tyrosine phosphorylation may not be an absolute requirement for actin recruitment. The results further suggest the potential for additional, unknown signal transduction pathways associated specifically with
C. trachomatis
.
Noninvasive Biophotonic Imaging for Monitoring of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections and Therapy in Mice
Authors: Kadurugamuwa Jagath L. , Modi Kshitij , Yu Jun , Francis Kevin P. , Purchio Tony , Contag Pamela R. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections acquired by humans, particularly in catheterized patients. A major problem with catheterization is the formation of bacterial biofilms on catheter material and the risk of developing persistent UTIs that are difficult to monitor and eradicate. To better understand the course of UTIs and allow more accurate studies of in vivo antibiotic efficacy, we developed a catheter-based biofilm infection model with mice, using bioluminescently engineered bacteria. Two important urinary tract pathogens,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Proteus mirabilis
, were made bioluminescent by stable insertion of a complete
lux
operon. Segments of catheter material (precolonized or postimplant infected) with either pathogen were placed transurethrally in the lumen of the bladder by using a metal stylet without surgical manipulation. The bioluminescent strains were sufficiently bright to be readily monitored from the outside of infected animals, using a low-light optical imaging system, including the ability to trace the ascending pattern of light-emitting bacteria through ureters to the kidneys. Placement of the catheter in the bladder not only resulted in the development of strong cystitis that persisted significantly longer than in mice challenged with bacterial suspensions alone but also required prolonged antibiotic treatment to reduce the level of infection. Treatment of infected mice for 4 days with ciprofloxacin at 30 mg/kg of body weight twice a day cured cystitis and renal infection in noncatheterized mice. Similarly, ciprofloxacin reduced the bacterial burden to undetectable levels in catheterized mice but did not inhibit rebound of the infection upon cessation of antibiotic therapy. This methodology easily allows spatial information to be monitored sequentially throughout the entire disease process, including ascending UTI, treatment efficacy, and relapse, all without exogenous sampling, which is not possible with conventional methods.
Development of Secondary Inclusions in Cells Infected byChlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Suchland Robert J. , Rockey Daniel D. , Weeks Sara K. , Alzhanov Damir T. , Stamm Walter E. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that occupy a nonacidified vacuole (the inclusion) during their entire developmental cycle. These bacteria produce a set of proteins (Inc proteins) that localize to the surface of the inclusion within infected cells.Chlamydia trachomatisIncA is also commonly found in long fibers that extend away from the inclusion. We used standard and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate that these fibers extend to newly developed inclusions, termed secondary inclusions, within infected cells. Secondary inclusions observed at early time points postinfection were devoid of chlamydial reticulate bodies. Later in the developmental cycle, secondary inclusions containing variable numbers of reticulate bodies were common. Reticulate bodies were also observed within the IncA-laden fibers connecting primary and secondary inclusions. Quantitative differences in secondary inclusion formation were found among clinical isolates, and these differences were associated with serovar. Isolates of serovar G consistently produced secondary inclusions at the highest frequency (P< 0.0001). Similar quantitative studies demonstrated that secondary inclusion formation was associated with segregation of inclusions to daughter cells following cytokinesis. We conclude that the production of secondary inclusions via IncA-laden fibers allows chlamydiae to generate an expanded intracellular niche in which they can grow and may provide a means for continuous infection within progeny cells following cell division.
Posttranslational Modification of RecombinantPlasmodium falciparumApical Membrane Antigen 1: Impact on Functional Immune Responses to a Malaria Vaccine Candidate
Authors: Giersing Birgitte , Miura Kazutoyo , Shimp Richard , Wang Jin , Zhou Hong , Orcutt Andrew , Stowers Anthony , Saul Allan , Miller Louis H. , Long Carole , Singh Sanjay 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTRecombinant apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is a leading vaccine candidate forPlasmodium falciparummalaria, as antibodies against recombinantP. falciparumAMA1 (PfAMA1) interrupt merozoite invasion into erythrocytes. In order to investigate the role of posttranslational modification in modulating the functional immune response to recombinant AMA1, two separate alleles of PfAMA1 (FVO and 3D7), in which native N-glycosylation sites have been mutated, were produced usingEscherichia coliand aPichia pastorisexpression system. RecombinantPichia pastorisAMA1-FVO (PpAMA1-FVO) and PpAMA1-3D7 are O-linked glycosylated, and 45% of PpAMA1-3D7 is nicked, though all four recombinant molecules react with conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies. To address the immunological effect of O-linked glycosylation, we compared the immunogenicity ofE. coliAMA1-FVO (EcAMA1-FVO) and PpAMA1-FVO antigens, since both molecules are intact. The effect of antigen nicking was then investigated by comparing the immunogenicity of EcAMA1-3D7 and PpAMA1-3D7. Our data demonstrate that there is no significant difference in the rabbit antibody titer elicited towards EcAMA1-FVO and PpAMA1-FVO or to EcAMA1-3D7 and PpAMA1-3D7. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that recombinant AMA1 (FVO or 3D7), whether expressed and refolded fromE. colior produced from thePichiaexpression system, is equivalent and mimics the functionality of the native protein in in vitro growth inhibition assay experiments. We conclude that in the case of recombinant AMA1, theE. coli- andP. pastoris-derived antigens are immunologically and functionally equivalent and are unaffected by the posttranslational modification resulting from expression in these two systems.
Characterization of Native Outer Membrane Vesicles fromlpxLMutant Strains ofNeisseria meningitidisfor Use in Parenteral Vaccination
Authors: Fisseha Makda , Chen Ping , Brandt Brenda , Kijek Todd , Moran Elizabeth , Zollinger Wendell 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTNative outer membrane vesicles (NOMV) ofNeisseria meningitidisconsist of intact outer membrane and contain outer membrane proteins (OMP) and lipooligosaccharides (LOS) in their natural conformation and membrane environment. NOMV have been safely used intranasally in P1 studies with encouraging results, but they are too toxic for parenteral vaccination. We now report the preparation and characterization oflpxLmutants that express LOS with reduced toxicity, and the evaluation of the potential of NOMV from these strains for use as a parenteral vaccine. A series of deletion mutants were prepared with knockouts of one or more of thelpxL1,lpxL2, orsynXgenes. The ΔlpxL2mutants had a reduced growth rate, reduced level of LOS expression, and increased sensitivity to surfactants. In addition, ΔsynXΔlpxL2double mutants had reduced viability in stationary phase. The ΔlpxL1ΔlpxL2double mutant behaved essentially the same as the ΔlpxL2single mutant. LOS from bothlpxLmutant strains exhibited altered migration on polyacrylamide gels. The LOS of ΔlpxL2mutants of L3,7 strains were fully sialylated. NOMV prepared fromlpxL2mutants was about 200-fold less active than wild-type NOMV in rabbit pyrogen tests and in tumor necrosis factor alpha release assays. Bactericidal titers induced in animals by ΔlpxL2mutant NOMV were lower than those induced by ΔlpxL1or wild-type NOMV. However, immunogenicity could be largely restored by use of an adjuvant. These results provide evidence that NOMV from ΔlpxL2mutant strains will be safe and immunogenic in humans when given parenterally.
Expression of the
nfa1
Gene Cloned from Pathogenic
Naegleria fowleri
in Nonpathogenic
N. gruberi
Enhances Cytotoxicity against CHO Target Cells In Vitro
Authors: Jeong Seok-Ryoul , Lee Sang-Chul , Song Kyoung-Ju , Park Sun , Kim Kyongmin , Kwon Myung-Hee , Im Kyung-il , Shin Ho-Joon 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT

The pathogenic amoeba
Naegleria fowleri
has a 360-bp
nfa1
gene that encodes the Nfa1 protein (13.1 kDa), which is located in the pseudopodia of the amoeba, and an anti-Nfa1 antibody reduces
N. fowleri
-induced mammalian-cell cytotoxicity in vitro. In contrast, an anti-Nfa1 antibody cannot detect Nfa1 protein expression in the nonpathogenic amoeba
Naegleria gruberi
, which also possesses the
nfa1
gene. In the present study, the
nfa1
gene cloned from pathogenic
N. fowleri
was transfected into nonpathogenic
N. gruberi
to determine whether it was related to pathogenicity. The
nfa1
gene was initially inserted into a eukaryotic transfection vector, pEGFP-C2, containing a cytomegalovirus promoter and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, and was designed as pEGFP-C2/
nfa1
UTR (
nfa1
UTR contains 5′ upstream regions, the
nfa1
open reading frame, and 3′ downstream regions). After transfection, the green fluorescence was observed in the cytoplasm of
N. gruberi
trophozoites. These transfectants were preserved for more than 9 months after selection. The transfected
nfa1
gene was observed by PCR using
nfa1
- and vector-specific primers in the genomic DNA of
N. gruberi
transfected with the pEGFP-C2/
nfa1
UTR vector. In addition, the
nfa1
and GFP genes were identified by reverse transcription-PCR in transgenic
N. gruberi
. The Nfa1 protein expressed in transgenic
N. gruberi
was identified as a 13.1-kDa band by Western blotting using an anti-Nfa1 antibody. Finally,
N. gruberi
transfected with the pEGFP-C2/
nfa1
UTR vector was found to have enhanced cytotoxicity against CHO cells compared with naïve
N. gruberi
.
Protective Properties of Rifampin-Resistant Rough Mutants ofBrucella melitensis
Authors: Adone R. , Ciuchini F. , Marianelli C. , Tarantino M. , Pistoia C. , Marcon G. , Petrucci P. , Francia M. , Riccardi G. , Pasquali P. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTVaccination againstBrucellainfections in animals is usually performed by administration of live attenuated smoothB. abortusstrain S19 andB. melitensisstrain Rev1. They are proven effective vaccines againstB. abortusin cattle and againstB. melitensisandB. ovisin sheep and goats, respectively. However, both vaccines have the main drawback of inducing O-polysaccharide-specific antibodies that interfere with serologic diagnosis of disease. In addition, they retain residual virulence, being a cause of abortion in pregnant animals and infection in humans. To overcome these problems, one approach is to develop defined rough mutantBrucellastrains lacking O antigen of lipopolysaccharide.B. abortusrough strain RB51, a rifampin-resistant mutant of virulent strainB. abortus2308, is used as a vaccine againstB. abortusinfection in cattle in some countries. However, RB51 is not effective in sheep, and there is only preliminary evidence that it is effective in goats. In this study, we tested the efficacies of six rifampin-resistant rough strains ofB. melitensisin protecting BALB/c mice exposed toB. melitensisinfection. The protective properties, as well as both humoral and cellular immune responses, were assessed in comparison with those provided byB. melitensisRev1 andB. abortusRB51 vaccines. The results indicated that these rough mutants were able to induce a very good level of protection againstB. melitensisinfection, similar to that provided by Rev1 and superior to that of RB51, without inducing antibodies to O antigen. In addition, allB. melitensismutants were able to stimulate good production of gamma interferon. The characteristics of these strains encourage further evaluation of them as alternative vaccines to Rev1 in primary host species.