bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol size properties at Armilla, Granada (Spain)
Authors: Alados‐arboledas L. , Lyamani H. , Olmo F. J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe size characteristics of atmospheric aerosol over a suburban environment on the outskirts of Granada, a non‐industrialized medium sized city in south‐eastern Spain, were investigated using five years of continuous spectral measurements in the range 368–778 nm. From these the aerosol optical depths at the corresponding wavelengths were derived. Aerosol columnar size distributions were then retrieved from the spectral optical depths. These, and a set of derived aerosol properties including columnar mass, columnar surface or columnar number of particles, were then examined. For the analysed series two different periods were observed, one with a prevalence towards Junge type distributions and a second where bimodal log–normal distributions were favoured; these coincided with periods of atypical severe drought and typical meteorological conditions, respectively, that affected the measurement area. The bimodal distributions present a clearly defined mode in the range 0.4–0.8 µm radius, with a less well‐defined mode for smaller radii. For periods typifying normal conditions the behaviour of the lower and higher modes were analysed. The higher mode is slightly sharper with a consistent position compared to the lower mode. The relationships among the different aerosol size properties and the aerosol optical properties were also analysed. A good correlation was found between the Angstr öm exponent, that measures the aerosol optical‐depth's spectral dependence, and the ratio of columnar particle density for large and small particle sizes in the accumulation mode. It is also shown that the aerosol optical depth at 500 nm is a good predictor of columnar aerosol properties such as the aerosol mass or surface area. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Scavenging efficiencies of aerosol particles in marine stratocumulus and cumulus clouds
Authors: Glantz Paul , Noone Kevin J. , Osborne Simon R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractScavenging efficiencies of aerosol particles in marine stratocumulus and cumulus clouds obtained using Counterflow Virtual Impactors mounted on aircraft are presented as a function of pollution level. The greatest accumulation‐mode particle number and mass‐scavenging fractions were found for clean conditions, and are consistent with (but slightly lower than) previous studies. Vertical gradients in the concentrations of coarse‐mode particles observed in shallow and decoupled marine boundary layers reduced the influence of sea‐salt particles, in terms of broadening the cloud droplet spectra and as a possible mechanism to oxidize SO2 to non‐sea‐salt sulphate in the marine stratiform cloud layer. For supersaturations typical for marine stratocumulus clouds, particles smaller than 0.1µm in diameter dominated the formation of cloud droplets for several of the cases analysed here. For larger supersaturations, in stratocumulus clouds inside an area of cumulus penetration, the concentration of residual particles smaller than 0.1µm in diameter was nearly a factor of three higher than the accumulation‐mode number. Poor correlation was found between accumulation‐mode residual particle number and mass with cloud droplet number for the clean‐condition category. This suggests that the particles determining the cloud droplet number populations in clean conditions and for polluted situations with relatively large updraughts were below the accumulation‐mode size range. Additionally, it seems that the droplet numbers were insensitive to changes in the accumulation‐mode mass for these conditions. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2003. S. R. Osborne's contribution is Crown copyright
Synthesis and characterization of styrenic‐based polymerized toner and its composite for electrophotographic printing
Authors: Kiatkamjornwong Suda , Pomsanam Pisnu 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSuspension polymerization in an aqueous medium was applied to the syntheses of styrenic‐based polymerized toner particles. Poly(vinyl alcohol) and benzoyl peroxide were used as a dispersant and an initiator, respectively. The resulting polymerized toners were found to be smooth on their spherical surfaces, and the particle sizes were 4–10 μm with a coefficient of variation of 20–30%. In most cases, a correlation between small particle sizes with high weight‐average molecular weights was observed. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the polymerized toner could be controlled by the molar ratio of the comonomer between styrene and n‐butyl acrylate (nBA). Tg decreased when the content of nBA in copolymer increased, due to its rubbery state along with the increasing carbon black feed level, because the surface functional groups of the carbon black pigment inhibited the rate of polymerization and decreased the molecular weight of the resulting polymerized toners. The Tg's of the resulting polymerized toners were 66–70°C. Triboelectricity [the charge‐to‐mass ratio (q/m)] of the resulting polymerized toners was 7–20 μCg−1 in the presence of borobis(1,1‐diphenyl‐1‐oxo‐acetyl)potassium salt. An analysis of print quality showed high background fog, low maximum density, and a small amount of image raggedness. The print result correlated with the q/m values. This article elucidates the polymerization technique, charging properties, and image qualities. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 238–248, 2003
Hydration of hyaluronan polysaccharide observed by IR spectrometry. III. Structure and mechanism of hydration
Authors: Maréchal Y. , Milas M. , Rinaudo M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe results of the analysis of hydration spectra of Na+ hyaluronan (HA) performed in a companion study are translated in terms of chemical mechanisms. We find that dried HA is characterized by chains having ordered parts of at least 6 disaccharide repeat units that extend over 60 Å. The order is mainly due to C3O3H…O5 and C4O4H…O5 hydrogen bonds that hinder rotations around β1–4 and β1–3 glycoside bonds. Along one chain there are two‐thirds of the NH amide groups and carboxyl groups that are directly hydrogen bonded, with no water intermediate, to form NH…−OCO hydrogen bonds, which are collateral to C3O3H…O5 hydrogen bonds. The existence of these NH…−OCO bonds is somewhat in opposition to literature descriptions. In this dry state a “water wire” of 4–5 H2O molecules, which are anchored on CO carboxyl groups and hydrating the Na+ CO− ionic group, establishes hydrogen bonds on other hydrophilic groups of the same chain or other chains and remains embedded in HA, even at 104°C. Hydration occurs at low hygrometry around the remaining one‐third of the NH and −OCO pairs that are not hydrogen bonded. Each of these NH and −OCO groups is hydrated by a nanodroplet of some 25 H2O molecules that finds other sites for binding and hydrates 2 disaccharide repeat units. At higher hygrometry bigger nanodroplets hydrate all hydrophilic sites. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 72: 162–173, 2003
Fourier transform IR spectroscopy study for new insights into molecular properties and activation mechanisms of visual pigment rhodopsin
Authors: Vogel Reiner , Siebert Friedrich 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied in recent years to examine the functional and structural properties of the membrane protein rhodopsin, a prototype G protein coupled receptor. Unlike UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy is structurally sensitive. It may give us both global information about the conformation of the protein and very detailed information about the retinal chromophore and all other functional groups, even when these are not directly related to the chromophore. Furthermore, it can be successfully applied to the photointermediates of rhodopsin, including the active receptor species, metarhodopsin II, and its decay products, which is not expected presently or even in the near future from crystallographic approaches. In this review we show how FTIR spectroscopy has significantly contributed to the understanding of very different aspects of rhodopsin, comprising both structural properties and the mechanisms leading to receptor activation and deactivation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 72: 133–148, 2003
A review of catfish genomics: progress and perspectives
Authors: Liu Zhanjiang 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCatfish is one of the lower teleosts whose genome research is important for evolutionary genomics. As the major aquaculture species in the USA, its genome research also has practical and economical implications. Much progress has been made in recent years, including the development of large numbers of molecular markers, the construction of framework genetic linkage maps, the identification of putative markers involved in performance traits, and the development of genomic resources. Repetitive elements have been identified and characterized in the catfish genome that should facilitate physical analysis of the catfish genome. A large number of genes or full‐length cDNAs have been analysed using genomic approaches, providing information on gene structure, gene evolution and gene expression in relation to functions. Catfish genome research has come to a stage when physical mapping through BAC contig construction is greatly demanded, in order to develop regional markers for QTL analysis and for large‐scale comparative mapping. The current effort in large‐scale EST analysis and type I marker mapping should further enhance research efficiency through comparative mapping. Candidate gene identification is being accelerated through the use of cDNA microarrays. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of the Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger transcripts and proteins in rat brain regions
Authors: Papa Michele , Canitano Adriana , Boscia Francesca , Castaldo Pasqualina , Sellitti Stefania , Porzig Hartmut , Taglialatela Maurizio , Annunziato Lucio 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn the central nervous system (CNS), the Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger plays a fundamental role in controlling the changes in the intracellular concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+ ions. These cations are known to regulate neurotransmitter release, cell migration and differentiation, gene expression, and neurodegenerative processes. In the present study, nonradioactive in situ hybridization and light immunohistochemistry were carried out to map the regional and cellular distribution for both transcripts and proteins encoded by the three known Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger genes NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3. NCX1 transcripts were particularly expressed in layers III‐V of the motor cortex, in the thalamus, in CA3 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, in several hypothalamic nuclei, and in the cerebellum. NCX2 transcripts were strongly expressed in all hippocampal subregions, in the striatum, and in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. NCX3 mRNAs were mainly detected in the hippocampus, in the thalamus, in the amygdala, and in the cerebellum. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that NCX1 protein was mainly expressed in the supragranular layers of the cerebral cortex, in the hippocampus, in the hypothalamus, in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, and in the granular layer of the cerebellum. The NCX2 protein was predominantly expressed in the hippocampus, in the striatum, in the thalamus, and in the hypothalamus. The NCX3 protein was particularly found in the CA3 subregion, and in the oriens, radiatum, and lacunoso‐moleculare layers of the hippocampus, in the ventral striatum, and in the cerebellar molecular layer. Collectively, these results suggest that the different Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger isoforms appear to be selectively expressed in several CNS regions where they might underlie different functional roles. J. Comp. Neurol. 461:31–48, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroepithelial cells and associated innervation of the zebrafish gill: A confocal immunofluorescence study
Authors: Jonz Michael G. , Nurse Colin A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPeripheral chemoreceptors responsive to hypoxia have been well characterized in air‐breathing vertebrates, but poorly in water‐breathers. The present study examined the distribution of five populations of neuroepithelial cells (NECs), putative O2 chemoreceptors, and innervation patterns in the zebrafish gill using whole‐mounts and confocal immunofluorescence. Nerve bundles and fibers of the gill were labeled with zn‐12 (a zebrafish‐specific neuronal marker) and SV2 antisera and NECs were characterized by serotonin (5‐HT) immunoreactivity (IR), SV2‐IR and the purinoceptor P2X3‐IR. A zn‐12‐IR nerve bundle extended the length of the gill filament and gave rise to a nerve plexus surrounding the efferent filament artery (eFA) and a rich network of fibers that innervated both serotonergic and nonserotonergic NECs of the filament and lamellar epithelium. Three populations of serotonergic, SV2‐IR neurons intrinsic to the gill filaments are described, one of which provided innervation to NECs of the filament epithelium. Degeneration of nerve fibers in gill arches maintained in explant culture for 2 days revealed the extrinsic origin of nerve fibers of the plexus and lamellae and the innervation of filament NECs by both intrinsic and extrinsic fibers. Intrinsic innervation surrounding the eFA survived in explant cultures, suggesting a mechanism of local vascular control within the gill. In addition, NECs survived in explants after degeneration of extrinsic nerve fibers. Thus, NECs of the zebrafish gill are organized in a manner reminiscent of O2 chemoreceptors of mammalian vertebrates, suggesting a role in respiratory regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 461:1–17, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodesulfurization of 2,4‐diaryl‐1,2, 4‐triazole‐3‐thiones
Authors: Senthilvelan A. , Ramakrishnan V. T. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIrradiation of triazole thiones in thin‐film reactor furnished the corresponding desulfurized triazoles in good yield. The required triazole thiones were synthesized from the respective acid hydrazide and isothiocyanate. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:269–272, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10140
Third look surgery and beyond for appendiceal malignancy with peritoneal dissemination
Authors: Mohamed Faheez , Chang David , Sugarbaker Paul H. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSecond look surgery has been previously studied in patients with recurrent peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal malignancy. However, selection criteria for third, fourth, and subsequent reoperations are not available.MethodsFive hundred and one patients with epithelial peritoneal surface malignancy of appendiceal origin underwent treatment with cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy during an 18‐year period. Forty‐five of these patients (8.9%) underwent three or more operative interventions. A critical statistical analysis of the impact of selected clinical features on survival was performed from a prospective database.ResultsOverall 5‐year survival of these 45 patients was 70%. Five‐ and ten‐year survival rates for patients with three interventions were 60 and 48%, for four interventions were 78 and 36%, and for five or more interventions were 100 and 80%. Sites of recurrent disease, histopathologic type of tumor, and lymph node status had no impact on survival. A complete second and third cytoreduction was associated with an improved 5‐year survival rate.ConclusionsProlonged survival in patients with three or more reoperations was significantly associated with a complete cytoreduction. However, after four or more interventions, the effects of tumor biology may predominate. Although 5‐year survival is likely with multiple reoperations, prolonged follow‐up shows that cancer cure is a rare event. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;83:5–13. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term outcome of quetiapine use for psychosis among parkinsonian patients
Authors: Fernandez Hubert H. , Trieschmann Martha E. , Burke Monica A. , Jacques Carol , Friedman Joseph H. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTo evaluate the long‐term efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine for psychosis among parkinsonian patients, a retrospective analysis of all parkinsonian patients taking quetiapine for psychosis in a single movement disorders center was carried out. Demographic data, including type and severity of psychosis, presence of dementia, treatment response, before and after Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)‐motor scores and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale were obtained. One hundred six parkinsonian patients with a mean age of 76.6 years were on an average levodopa (L‐dopa) dose of 415 mg/d. Seventy‐eight of 106 (74%) remained on quetiapine for a mean duration of 15 months at an average dose of 60 mg per day. Eighty‐seven (82%) patients had partial or complete resolution of their psychosis whereas 19 (18%) patients had no improvement on quetiapine. Motor worsening was noted in 34 (32%) patients but was uncommonly sufficient to warrant quetiapine discontinuation. More quetiapine non‐responders were noted to be demented, delusional, and experienced threatening psychosis but only the presence of dementia remained significant on multivariate analysis (OR = 11.6; 95% CI = 1.4–92.9). Also, patients who developed motor worsening while on quetiapine tended to be more demented (P = 0.07). © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease by subthalamotomy: One‐year results
Authors: Su Philip C. , Tseng Ham‐Min , Liu Hon‐Man , Yen Ruoh‐Fang , Liou Horng‐Huei 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe studied effects on parkinsonian features at 6 and 12 months in 12 patients who underwent unilateral ablation of subthalamic nucleus (STN). Microelectrode mapping was used, and a lesion was created in the STN using thermal coagulation and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging. At 6 months postoperatively, improvements were seen in several areas: 1) Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scales II and III (UPDRS II and III) scores, 30% in off period, 38% in on period; 2) Schwab and England Scale (S&E) score, 21%; and 3) on dyskinesia, 85%. Contralateral rigidity, bradykinesia, UPDRS II and III scores, and S&E scores remained improved at 12 months. Daily dosage of levodopa requirement was reduced by 42%. Axial motor features, gait, postural stability, off period tremor, and motor fluctuation improved at 6 and 12 months but showed a decline in benefits at 18 months. Complications include 3 cases of hemiballism, of whom 2 patients recovered spontaneously but 1 died from aspiration pneumonia. One patient had asymptomatic hematoma, and 2 suffered transient postural asymmetries. We conclude that unilateral subthalamotomy results in moderate improvement in all aspects of parkinsonian features, allows reduction in the dose of levodopa required, and ameliorates drug‐induced complications throughout 12‐month assessments. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Phenotypic presentation of frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism‐chromosome 17 type P301S in a patient of Jewish‐Algerian origin
Authors: Werber Edith , Klein Colin , Grünfeld Jonathan , Rabey José Martin 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA 39‐year‐old old Jewish woman of Algerian origin developed a rapidly progressive neurocognitive disorder characterized by asymmetric rigidity, spasticity with bilateral Babinski's sign, bradykinesia, altered speech that progressed to mutism, and severe bradyphrenia. She partially responded to levodopa. The family history revealed 4 affected first‐degree relatives (3 had already died). Genetic studies carried out in the proband and her living affected sister showed a P301S mutation in chromosome 17. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Viscosity and ultrasonic studies of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)–water solutions
Authors: Milewska Anna , Szydlowski Jerzy , Rebelo Luis P. N. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe viscosity and speed of sound were measured in a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)–water system that exhibited a lower critical solution temperature. The measurements were performed in a polymer concentration range of 0.9–10 wt % and at temperatures ranging from 295 K to the demixing temperatures. The temperature dependence of the viscosity showed an unusual behavior in which three parts could be distinguished. Far from the demixing temperatures, the viscosity decreased with the temperature according to an Arrhenius relation. As the demixing points were approached, an intermediate region, weakly dependent on the temperature, was observed, and this was followed by a strong increase in the viscosity ending abruptly at a higher temperature. These breakdown points were identified with the demixing points and agreed very well with the cloud points determined by the optical method. The behavior of the viscosity close to the demixing points was believed to be determined by the strong critical effects. The concentration dependence showed an anomaly centered around 3%. Furthermore, the relative change of the viscosity with the temperature as a function of the concentration also showed an anomaly close to a concentration of 3%. The description of the critical behavior of the viscosity in terms of power laws gave a critical viscosity exponent equal to 0.056, which was much higher than what was theoretically expected. The use of a more general equation suggested a weak power divergence. The temperature dependencies of the speed of sound exhibited abrupt changes at temperatures corresponding to the phase transition. The agreement with optical cloud points and viscometric demixing points was very good. An exceptionally large isotope effect on the viscosity was observed, whereas that for the speed of sound was markedly lower and was in agreement with the expected value. These findings were qualitatively examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1219–1233, 2003
Free‐radical trapping in the precipitation polymerization of acrylamide
Authors: Guha Suparna , Rao T. R. Gundu , Mandal Broja M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractElectron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed that some free radicals were trapped in the precipitated polymer during the precipitation polymerization of acrylamide conducted in nonsolvents of the polymer [t‐butyl alcohol (TBA), acetone and methanol]. The trapped radical concentration decreased with an increase in the chain‐transfer activity of the aforementioned liquids. A 100% polymerized acrylamide in TBA prepared with a 10% monomer concentration and a 3 × 10−3 mol/dm3 azobisisobutyronitrile concentration at 50 °C contained approximately 2 radicals per 100 polymer molecules. The trapped radicals on exposure to air decayed with time according to second‐order kinetics. The rate constant was evaluated and found to be in reasonably good agreement with the rate constant evaluated from data published long ago for the decay of trapped polyacrylonitrile radicals following their exposure to air. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1192–1197, 2003