bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geography
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having named the main varieties of modern Jewish politics, my next task is to give them a local habitation, that is, to make the connection between politics and geography. Jewish politics was international in character. How was it influenced by the very different surroundings in which it operated? Which environments, both general and Jewish, were most supportive of which sorts of Jewish politics? Where were the ideal environments, the core areas of the major Jewish political camps located? How did the character of a given Jewish political orientation differ from one country to another? Where, for example, is one most likely to find a strong Jewish integrationist movement? What was the core area ofJewish nationalism, of Orthodoxy, of the Jewish left? Why was Polish Zionism so different from American Zionism?
Conclusions: Then and Now
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the more than fifty years since the beginning of World War II the Jewish world and Jewish politics have undergone a sea change. Two dramatic and unexpected events, one horrific, the other miraculous (at least in the eyes of many Jews) have much to do with this change. I refer, of course, to the Holocaust and to the establishment of the Jewish state. The Nazis and their local allies destroyed forever the Yiddish-speaking Jewish nation that had inhabited Poland, Romania, parts of Czechoslovakia, and the Baltic states. As a result several pieces fell out of the Jewish political puzzle. Those political movements based exclusively or largely on this nation were doomed. As I have already pointed out, Yiddish-oriented Diaspora nationalism, championed by the Bund, the Folkists, and the Zionists of Eastern Europe, was already a doctrine in decline before the war. It could not survive the war, and is today only a memory. The Bund itself—of all the major East European Jewish political parties the one most closely linked to doikeyt (hereness), to the Yiddish-speaking East European “masses,”—was shattered forever.
The Armed Forces Draft Baseball
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America entered the war in April, 1917, woefully unprepared to engage in such a formidable undertaking. The Army was pitifully small. The previous year it had been increased, but only to less than a quarter million. Conscription seemed essential, for entrance into the war necessitated mobilization of a vast force of millions. A draft was undertaken with some trepidation, however, in view of memory of the Civil War draft riots. But this time conscription, conducted on a much fairer basis, proceeded without any serious opposition. Even so, poor physical condition caused rejection of about 35 percent of those registered.*
The Armed Forces After World War I
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The signing of the armistice left about 1,800,000 men longing to return home. Manifestly, they could not all be transported back to the States at once, so to keep the troops occupied while they awaited passage home, General Pershing resorted to an intensive program of military instruction, drill, and busywork. As a result the men became bored, disgruntled and embittered to the point that in some parts of France mutiny broke out. to ease the situation, Pershing substituted a program of athletics and amusements, a change of policy that had a palliative impact. As Stars and Stripes stated in June of 1919, after the armistice baseball and other sports “proved a boon to the Yanks,”; diverting the soldiers’ minds at a time when “the call of home was strong”
Women touch All the Bases
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in the pre-World War I years of the twentieth century women’s passivity continued to fade. Changes in women’s status made slow headway in the face of tenacious prejudices and practices, but old attitudes steadily lost force and credence. The plainest sign of women’s growing self-determination was the enlarging scale on which they participated in the burgeoning, swirling economic life outside the home. From about 20 percent of the work force in 1900, by 1910 the percentage of women working had risen above 25. After 1910 women also became increasingly prominent in white collar jobs. A 1913 report revealed widening opportunities for them in schools, businesses, hospitals, publishing firms, libraries, department stores, and government service.
Politics and the Social Milieu
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1857, amid the optimistic forecasts of northern conservatives, Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, the militant antislavery editor of the Republican Washington National Era, voiced a sharp dissent. After the recent exciting campaign he thought it natural that people should long for a respite from political agitation. But he cautioned them not to expect the present calm to be more than a lull in a political storm whose end was not in sight. “The well-organized Slave Interest has elected its President,” he warned, and Buchanan, a veteran politician, could not be expected to “falsify the record of his life.
The President, the Chief Justice, and a Slave Named Scott
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unfortunately, Buchanan’s White House entourage and official advisers included no diarists to record, day by day, his domestic life, personal relationships, and shifting moods, or to discuss and interpret the formal business transacted at Cabinet meetings, his conferences with individual department heads, and the complex manner in which policies evolved during his presidential years. The voluminous correspondence of the President and some of those close to him, notably Black and Cobb, the facts and rumors served up by friendly and unfriendly reporters, and the recollections, more or less reliable, of his associates tell us much about life behind the White House doors.
Politics as Tragedy: Buchanan’s Decision
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late autumn of 1857, news of the new crisis in Kansas filled the columns of the press, troubled state and national politicians, and seemed to arouse strong feelings among much of the electorate. Kansas deserved the public attention it received, for the manner in which Congress and the administration dealt with the Lecompton issue ultimately would affect the lives of everyone. Yet, at that time, many regarded this political controversy as less important than various con current events that touched their lives more immediately and directly.
“There Is Meat Ye Know Not Of” Feeding a Family
Authors: Ross Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the chronically hungry London population, providing meals was, more than any other kind of maternal activity, the source of the enormous positive charge that the word muvver and its cognates (mammy, mam, mum) carried in cockney dialect. Much of the “awesome responsibility” of motherhood in the years before World War I was played out around a woman’s shopping for and preparing food on sums of money over which she had little control.1 Meals signified maternal servic the safety and comfort it brought-and also, if the food was served and eaten properly, respectability for everyone at the table. Food was obviously also a matter of life or death, for starvation deaths continued to be a regular occurrence even in the kinder years after I 870.
“What Is Fated Must Be” Having Babies
Authors: Ross Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music-hall jocularity about being “in a family way,” the sing-song of children’s street chants, and even women’s matter-of-fact stories of the material strains of pregnancy represent the dominant “mustn’t grumble” version of continual maternity. In the 1910s and 1920s, though, birth control and maternal health advocates began to ask women new questions about gynecological health, about sex, and about “wanting” babies. When they did, they heard a less-told story of childbearing-of fear, pain, and resentment.
“The Value of Babies”Transforming Motherhood, 1900-1918
Authors: Ross Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first two decades of the twentieth century, London working-class mothers were the objects of an unprecedented attempt by a cluster of governmental bodies and private associations to transform the way in which they cared for their infants and children. Collectively, these efforts comprise what contemporaries called the Infant Welfare movement. Some of these programs offered mothers help, some threats. Some began with sympathy and admiration for London’s “working women”; others accused them of ignorant, even vicious, child care practices. But they all added up to a reconfiguration of their motherhood. Women of the middle classes had much earlier embraced child nurturing as a private identity and a public duty. The Infant Welfare reformers sought to generate this consciousness in the majority of British women who were poor and who regarded material survival and daily household management as more central charges than the motherly supervision of their children’s development. Although much maternal passion and interest went into keeping the children fed and well, and mothers’ relationships with their children could be intimate and satisfying, women’s principal identity during this period remained that of managers of their households rather than nurturers of their children. The “maternalist” Infant Welfare reformers, on the other hand, thought that mothering as child nurture should require new kinds of work, some of it defined by doctors, and should occupy a more central position in an adult woman’s identity.
From the Turkish Wars to the Revolutions of 1848: An Early History
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European standing armies originated from such motley forces as feudal levies, mercenary companies, town and peasant militias, and princely body guards, none of which was permanent in character. The levies and militias went home, the mercenaries turned into bandits, the standing armies of the Renaissance princes had to be disbanded because of lack of money as well as the unwillingness of noble estates to tolerate their presence. The Habsburg possessions were no exception to this rule; they even provided a perfect example of reckless princely ambition, estate hostility, and desperate shortage of funds. The sixteenth-century Habsburgs were obliged to dissipate their energies in fighting simultaneously against the Ottomans, the French, the German Protestant princes, the unruly nobles in their own domains, and often their own troops.
The Gunfighter: The Reality Behind the Myth
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
President Eisenhower is no isolated example, for Americans have always been fascinated by fiction and film purveying the image of Western gunfighters like Wild Bill Hickok. (In an aside to his audience in the 1953 speech, Ike chided those who might have been unfamiliar with Wild Bill: “If you don ‘t know about him, read your Westerns more.”)1 Yet historians and critics have tended to denigrate the significance of Western gunfighters, con tending that there were relatively few of them and that they were unimportant in real historical terms. This chapter departs from the common wisdom of scholars and holds instead that there were a great many gunfighters-not just a few famous ones like Hickok-and that the noted (as well as other) gunfighters were important in objective terms, not merely for their powerful impact on the American imagination.
The Persistence of No Duty to Retreat: Crime, Law, and Society in America from the 1850s to the Present
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 22, 1984, on a Manhattan subway train, a slight electronics specialist bearing some resemblance to Woody Allen shot four young blacks in what was a no-duty-to-retreat confron station. The event was front-page news in the next day ‘s Sunday New York Times and soon became not just a New York but a national media sensation. The massive show of support for Bern hard H. Goetz, the young white man who fired the shots and whom the media soon labeled the “subway vigilante,” was the most significant aspect of the episode, which attracted strong public interest for three months, a relatively long period in a media-sated nation. The case generated heavy newspaper reporting, national newsmagazine cover stories, featured attention by the major television networks, a congressional hearing, and statements by the president, the governor of New York, and the mayor of New York City. More than ten months later, the occasional stories about the aftermath of the Goetz episode were relegated to the inside pages, and the public had largely forgotten the whole thing. Yet the case was one of those news events From the Industrial Society of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century to the Information Society of our own time, the factor of values has been crucial in regard to American violence and crime.
Introduction “the shiniest fish th at ever came out of the sea”
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the immediate aftermath of World War II, leaders of the victors had little sense of where they now stood. At first, it was unclear if new quarrels among the allies were transitory or the first round of a new conflict. It became clear soon enough. With the United States armed with nuclear weapons and the Soviet Union about to develop its own, with European empires crumbling and sharp disputes erupting in Iran, Greece, and Germany, tensions between east and west worsened. By 1950, armies again fired on one another, in Asia, thousands of miles from Washington and Moscow. The cold war was well under way, to last nearly a half century.
The inner and outer acheson
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acheson’s most conspicuous personal qualities—intellectual brilliance, moral courage, and elegant style—usually served him well as secretary of state, but not always, for these properties are not the norm in any society, let alone a popular democracy, where they are as likely to be resented as much as admired. By 1949, Acheson had buffed these qualities to such a high gleam, they bordered on the prodigious, and they often stirred indignation. The fact is, his personality was so glaring, it is nearly impossible to imagine his being appointed to high office in our own times. In his time, he had offended, or overpowered, enough people to guarantee at least some tension in his confirmation hearings.
Other early encounters with asia and the middle east
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Truman administration, a great deal of drama occurred in China and Korea, both of which officials first approached with little understanding. With the exception of Japan, this was even more the case elsewhere in Asia and certainly so in the Middle East, where American diplomacy before 1945 was close to virginal. Lack of experience in these areas reflected limited prewar conceptions of America’s international interests, views challenged by World War II and its aftermath. Equally important in causing Americans to approach much of Asia and all the Middle East with uncertainty was Britain’s traditionally leading role in these areas. But as London’s postwar decline became evident, Washington moved into its place, if at first with little grace.
Words: nsc-68 , public opinion, and total diplomacy
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Usually when the two men disagreed on policy, Dean Acheson either quietly submitted to President Truman’s wishes or worked hard to change his mind through persuasion and conversation, sometimes extended over many months. There were exceptions, however. At times, especially with respect to China, Truman took preemptive actions that did not necessarily reverse Acheson’s goals but sharply restricted his ability to reach them. As we will see later, the president also worked behind Acheson’s back in an ill-fated effort to overthrow the government of Guatemala.
Testing ground—korea
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Never has fate been secreted in so unlikely a receptacle as Korea appeared to be in 1943 in Cairo, or in 1945 at the Japanese surrender,” Dean Acheson said in 1954. Viewing even that as “an understatement,” he expressed wonder “that so much of the fate of the rest of the world was going to arise out of this place.”1 At the end of the war against Japan, U.S. and Soviet armies moved into Korea, the former below and the latter above the 38th parallel, an abstract line that would critically intersect with Acheson’s career. The first Korean War, which began with North Korean tanks rolling over the parallel, caused basic changes in U.S. cold war policies. In the second Korean War, U.S. forces threw back the invaders and headed north, above the 38th parallel. The third, which started with Chinese forces smashing the U.S. army and marines above the parallel, plunged the administration into crisis, stirred noxious new effusions of McCarthyism, and put Acheson’s leadership powers to the test. For a year, he labored to prevent the crisis from derailing larger strategic goals. He also seized the occasion to establish new situations of strength by arming NATO and converting NSC-68’s prescriptions to realities. Setbacks lay ahead, but, within the administration, no one seriously contested his foreign policy supremacy after June 1950.
Acceler action from a running start
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pedal to the Metal Everything changed after Korea. This is a hoary interpretive truism. The most prominent example usually given is Washington’s hip-deep, first immersion in the Big Muddy of Indochina. The U.S. government brought a new urgency to the cold war. It was stimulated to rearm Germany. It supplanted economic with military aid, launched a large buildup of nuclear and conventional forces, enrolled Turkey and Greece in NATO, intensified economic warfare against its foes, shelved hopes for normal relations with China, and scurried to complete a peace treaty with Japan. Soon it made defense commitments to South Korea, Formosa, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand. It pressed cold war views on hemispheric governments and moved toward a military alliance with Pakistan. It became “increasingly necessary,” wrote the state department’s Jack McFall, to “pursue the cold war on all fronts.
Razor edge sensibilities: anzus and india
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accommodating Kangaroos and Kiwi The drive to make peace with Japan reflected the sole Asian priority Acheson took on willingly and with conviction. He was also an early proponent of a significant American role in South Korea, of course, but with no premonitions of how events there would dominate U.S. foreign policy. His preference would have been to pursue a fundamentally passive approach to China and Formosa. The fateful plunge into Indochina, as we have just seen, resulted partly from the growing Asian crisis but stemmed mainly from views of France’s role in Europe, not Southeast Asia, and secondarily from his concern for the future economic development of Japan. With issues related to foreign aid dominating, the United States tried to accommodate Indonesian ruler Sukarno’s nationalism while keeping him out of the communist camp, but Acheson mostly oversaw rather than conducted that diplomacy.
Falling between two stools: the middle east, north africa, and africa
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sources of Discontent At first, the United States in the early cold war period preferred avoiding any major Middle Eastern involvement, but as time passed, Washington decided it wanted the area on its side in the contest against the Soviet Union. Americans, therefore, would have to do what they could to resolve area disputes between Arabs and Israelis, between the British and Egyptians, and between the British again and Iranians.
Apples of discord: germany and the soviet union, 1952
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A “Spoiling Operation”
Many early cold war events might have happened differently, and leaders might have made different decisions. What if FDR had not died in 1945? What if U.S. armies in 1950 had called a halt at the 38th parallel in Korea? And what would have happened if the western powers had given a true test to the Soviet diplomatic proposals on Germany in March 1952 instead of deflecting them? Did they abort a chance to remove Germany as the center of east-west conflict? Did their aversion to a hazardous negotiation consign East Germans to forty more years of repression? Might a different course have enhanced U.S. security? Would the next decades have produced a more prosperous and democratic Europe? Even if we could know what Josef Stalin’s intentions were, we could not definitively answer these questions, but available evidence strongly indicates that a comprehensive negotiation on Germany in 1952 would have ended in failure. Stalin was not serious, as soon became clear. And in 1955 Moscow itself, though technically holding its offer open, categorically repudiated the very idea of German reunification proposed in 1952.
Growth Liberalism Comes a Cropper, 1968
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideology driving the Kennedy and Johnson presidencies was an amalgam of growth economics and government activism at home and abroad. Growth liberalism sought to update the nation’s still potent reform tradition for the era of affluence, influence, and optimism well captured in Henry Luce’s prescient conceit, the “American Century.” But, by the late 1960s, growth liberalism’s combination of growth-inducing tax cuts, an escalating war in Vietnam, and increased social spending at home had overstrained economic institutions and capabilities. The economic crisis that resulted in 1968 provided irrefutable proof of that strain and figured prominently in the decisions to cap U.S. escalation in Vietnam and rein in the Great Society initiatives at the top of LBJs presidential agenda. Those decisions—and the problems that elicited them—left growth liberalism in disarray and the American Century in retreat.
Richard Nixon’s Whig Growthmanship
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eclipse of growth liberalism signaled the end of both the distinctive era of the 1960s and America’s postwar boom. The economic stagnation, stubborn inflation, and widespread pessimism that marked the 1970s contrasted sharply with the prosperity and confidence of the earlier postwar years. The loss of optimism was manifested in a growing distrust of established institutions and a widespread loss of faith in the curative powers of economic growth.1 The uncertainty and ambivalence about growth that had earlier appeared as an undercurrent took on a new scope and stridency in the 1970s, causing many to doubt whether future growth was either possible or desirable.