bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleus isthmi, pars semilunaris as a key component of the tectofugal visual system in pigeons
Authors: Hellmann Burkhard , Manns Martina , Güntürkün Onur 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe avian isthmic nuclei are constituted by a group of structures reciprocally connected with the tectum opticum and considered to play a role in the modulation of intratectal processes. Although the two larger isthmic nuclei, the n. isthmi pars parvocellularis (Ipc) and the n. isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc), have been studied in detail previously, the third and smallest of this group, the n. isthmi pars semilunaris (SLu), has been largely neglected. The present study demonstrates this isthmic component to be characterized by a unique connectivity and immunohistochemical pattern: 1) SLu receives tectal afferents and projects back onto the outer retinorecipient tectal layers; 2) it projects bilaterally onto the nucleus rotundus and thus modulates the ascending tectofugal system; 3) in addition, previous studies have demonstrated SLu projections onto the lateral spiriform nucleus (SpL), which mediates basal ganglia output onto the tectum. In that SpL projects onto the deep layers of the tectum, SLu indirectly modulates descending tectal output patterns. Taken together, the role of SLu goes far beyond a local modulation of intratectal processes. Instead, this isthmic structure is likely to play a key role in the topographically organized modulation of the ascending and, at least indirectly, also the descending projections of the optic tectum. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:153–166, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palladin is expressed preferentially in excitatory terminals in the rat central nervous system
Authors: Hwang Se Jin , Pagliardini Silvia , Boukhelifa Malika , Parast Mana M. , Otey Carol A. , Rustioni Aldo , Valtschanoff Juli G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPalladin is a recently described intracellular protein associated with the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in fibroblasts. In Western and Northern blot analyses, palladin expression is ubiquitous in embryonic mice, but it is down‐regulated dramatically in most adult tissues. Significant amounts of palladin persist in the brain of adult rodents, as assessed by Western blot analysis. With this work, we extend preliminary observations and determine the overall distribution and subcellular location of palladin throughout the rat brain. In sagittal and coronal sections of the central nervous system, immunostain for palladin is present throughout the brain and spinal cord, but not uniformly. The densest regions of immunostain include the olfactory bulb, cerebral and cerebellar cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, superior colliculus, and superficial laminae of the spinal dorsal horn. Because immunostain characteristically is punctate, we performed double staining for palladin and the presynaptic marker synaptophysin. Confocal microscopy showed that palladin‐immunopositive puncta are also immunopositive for synaptophysin; the proportion of synaptophysin‐immunopositive puncta that also stained for palladin ranged from 100% of mossy fiber terminals in field CA3 of the hippocampus and in the cerebellar cortex to 60–70% of terminals in the cerebral cortex, striatum, and spinal dorsal horn. The presence of palladin in synaptic terminals was confirmed by electron microscopy. Because immunostained terminals commonly establish asymmetric synapses, the selectivity of palladin expression in synaptic terminals was tested by double staining for palladin and γ‐aminobutyric acid. The modest level of colocalization in this material at both the light microscopic and electron microscopic levels suggests a selectivity of palladin for terminals that release excitatory neurotransmitters. As concomitant work in cell cultures has shown that palladin participates in axonal development and migration, the present results suggest that palladin persists at excitatory synapses of the adult nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:211–224, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and reorganization of corticospinal projections in EphA4 deficient mice
Authors: Coonan Jason R. , Greferath Ursula , Messenger Jonathan , Hartley Lynne , Murphy Mark , Boyd Andrew W. , Dottori Mirella , Galea Mary P. , Bartlett Perry F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, are important regulators of axon guidance and cell migration in the developing nervous system. Inactivation of the EphA4 gene results in axon guidance defects of the corticospinal tract, a major descending motor pathway that originates in the cortex and terminates at all levels of the spinal cord. In this investigation, we report that although the initial development of the corticospinal projection is normal through the cortex, internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, and medulla in the brain of EphA4 deficient animals, corticospinal axons exhibit gross abnormalities when they enter the gray matter of the spinal cord. Notably, many corticospinal axons fail to remain confined to one side of the spinal cord during development and instead, aberrantly project across the midline, terminating ipsilateral to their cells of origin. Given the possible repulsive interactions between EphA4 and one of its ligands, ephrinB3, this defect could be consistent with a loss of responsiveness by corticospinal axons to ephrinB3 that is expressed at the spinal cord midline. Furthermore, we show that EphA4 deficient animals exhibit ventral displacement of the mature corticospinal termination pattern, suggesting that developing corticospinal axons, which may also express ephrinB3, fail to be repelled from areas of high EphA4 expression in the intermediate zone of the normal spinal cord. Taken together, these results suggest that the dual expression of EphA4 on corticospinal axons and also within the surrounding gray matter is very important for the correct development and termination of the corticospinal projection within the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:248–262, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization and quantification of 5‐hydroxytryptophan and serotonin in the central nervous systems of Tritonia and Aplysia
Authors: Fickbohm David J. , Lynn‐Bullock, Christina P. , Spitzer Nadja , Caldwell Heather K. , Katz Paul S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSerotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) plays a central role in several behaviors in marine molluscs and other species. In an effort to better understand the regulation of 5‐HT synthesis, we used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection and immunohistochemistry to measure and map the distribution of the immediate precursor of 5‐HT, 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP), in two model opisthobranch molluscs, the nudibranch Tritonia diomedea and the anaspid Aplysia californica. HPLC measurements showed that 5‐HTP is present at approximately the same level as the 5‐HT metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid (5‐HIAA) but is more than 100 times lower in concentration than either 5‐HT or dopamine in the same tissue. Specific 5‐HTP immunoreactivity was colocalized with serotonin in both species. The overall intensity of 5‐HTP immunoreactivity in individual ganglia agreed with HPLC measurements for those ganglia. The intensity of 5‐HTP immunolabeling varied between cell types and was correlated with the intensity of 5‐HT immunolabeling. In particular, differences in staining intensity were consistently seen among the three dorsal swim interneurons of the Tritonia swim central pattern generator circuit. Some nonserotonergic neurons also displayed low levels of 5‐HTP immunolabeling that were above background levels. Together, these results support the notion that production of 5‐HTP is a rate‐limiting step in serotonin synthesis and suggest that there may be additional regulation that allows 5‐HTP to accumulate to varying levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:91–105, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology and differential diagnoses of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the mediastinum: Case report
Authors: Sarode Venetia R. , Castellani Rudy , Post Anthony 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe report a case of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL‐HCC) that metastasized to the posterior mediastinum. The diagnosis was made on fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The cytologic features were characterized by the presence of large, dishesive, polygonal cells with granular cytoplasm and well‐defined cell outlines resembling oncocytes. Groups of neoplastic hepatocytes containing bile pigment were also noted. The diagnosis of FL‐HCC in a metastatic site can pose diagnostic challenges on FNAB. The cytologic features overlap with a variety of tumors that have oncocytic features and also with melanoma and paraganglioma. Recognition of specific cytologic features of FL‐HCC can facilitate accurate diagnosis in a metastatic site. The cytologic findings and differential diagnoses of FL‐HCC that metastasized to the posterior mediastinum are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:95–98; DOI 10.1002/dc.10047 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wilms' tumor in adults: Aspiration cytology and cytogenetics
Authors: Li Peng , Perle Mary Ann , Scholes John V. , Yang Grace C.H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe fine‐needle aspiration cytologic findings of Wilms' tumor occurring in a 20‐yr‐old female patient and a 35‐yr‐old male patient showing blastemal, spindled sarcomatous and rare epithelial components are reported. The male patient had the typical presentation of renal mass with metastasis to lung and pleura, whereas the female patient had an unusual presentation with the tumor originated from the subcapsular nephrogenic zone of the kidney, extending into the liver without invasion into the renal cortex. Cytogenetic analysis of this case identified: 90, XXXX, +2x3∼4, ‐5, ‐15, ‐16, ‐17, ‐17, i (17)(q10) x2. This finding may represent a genetic change associated with Wilms' tumor of older pediatric and young adult patients. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the sixth case with cytogenetic study and the first case revealing isochromosome 17q of an adult Wilms' tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:99–103; DOI 10.1002/dc.10048 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative cytological study of lymph node tuberculosis in HIV‐infected individuals and in patients with diabetes in a developing country
Authors: Sridhar C.B. , Kini Usha , Subhash Kavitha 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is a common infection affecting patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and diabetes mellitus (DM). With the increasing incidence of HIV infection and DM in a developing country like India, TB is definitely on the rise. In a given population, one expects to see these three diseases in varying combinations, such as HIV and TB, DM and TB, HIV and DM with TB. In such combinations TB may lack the characteristic clinical and histological picture due to the associated depressed cell‐mediated immunity seen in both diseases and TB may have an unusual clinical presentation and cytology picture. In this retrospective study of 36 months, from January 1997 to December 1999, 109 cases diagnosed cytologically as tuberculous lymphadenitis and tested for HIV infection and investigated as well for DM were selected. Forty‐six (42%) were nondiabetic HIV patients, 13 (12%) were non‐HIV DM patients, and 50 (46%) had TB without HIV infection or DM. The coexistence of both HIV and DM was not noted. The cytomorphological characteristics supplemented by culture studies of each of these three groups were compared in detail and based on these four cytological patterns, Pattern 1, Pattern 2, Pattern 3, and Pattern 4 emerged and were characterized. This study highlights the usefulness of cytomorphology of the lymph nodes to characterize the cytopathological profile of TB in both HIV and DM, which have many clinical and immunological similarities, and indirectly postulate the extent of immune suppression and evolve effective strategies in the management of coexisting diseases. Such a comparative study has not been carried out in the past. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:75–80; DOI 10.1002/dc.10059 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endometrial‐type cells in cervico‐vaginal smears: Clinical significance and cytopathologic correlates
Authors: Karim Baktiar O. , Burroughs Frances H. , Rosenthal Dorothy L. , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study assessed the significance of endometrial‐type cells (ETC) in cervico‐vaginal (CV) smears in patients 45 yr and older by evaluating quantitatively and qualitatively the relationship of ETC to subsequent endometrial pathology. In a 3‐yr period (1997–1999) at the Johns Hopkins Cytopathology Laboratory, 1,162 CV smears with ETC were found in patients 45 yr and older. In all cases with positive follow‐up by tissue biopsy/resection, i.e., endometrial hyperplasia (EHP) and endometrial adenocarcinoma (EACA), the CV smears were reevaluated and compared to the control group (i.e., patients with normal endometrial biopsies). The following cytologic characteristics were recorded: quantity of ETC, type of ETC (epithelial, stromal/histiocyte‐type, or mixed), cellular atypism, presence of inflammation, smear background, and associated estrogen effect. Of the 1,162 patients with ETC, 432 cases (37%) had tissue follow‐up as follows: EACA, 18 (4.2%); EHP, 20 (4.6%); leiomyomata, 17 (3.9%); endometrial polyp, 21 (4.9%); benign/within normal limits (WNL), 339 (78.5%); nondiagnostic, 17 (3.9%). Cytologic characteristics of ETC showed subtle but definite quantitative and qualitative differences in the major pathologic groups examined. All instances of cancers and hyperplasia occurred in postmenopausal (PM) women. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was the presenting complaint in 66.7% of EACA, 45% of EHP, and 28.6% of benign endometrium. ETC in PM CV smears are associated with significant endometrial lesions (carcinoma, hyperplasia) in less than 9% of the patients. It is concluded that the distinction between EACA and EHP can be difficult. The presence of a large number of ETC, predominantly of epithelial or a mixed (epithelial and stromal) type, is more often associated with EACA or EHP than with benign endometrium. The presence of cytologic atypia and/or diathesis is additionally helpful for the diagnosis of EACA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:123–127; DOI 10.1002/dc.10062 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breast masses in males: Multi‐institutional experience on fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Siddiqui Momin T. , Zakowski Maureen F. , Ashfaq Raheela , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMale breast masses are uncommon pathologic findings. They are rarely aspirated, resulting in limited cytopathologic experience. The following study describes the cytopathology of male breast lesions from data collected for a period of 10 yr from three large institutions. A total of 14,026 breast aspirations were performed of which 614 were from male patients. All cases were reviewed and correlated with the appropriate clinicopathologic follow‐up. The FNA diagnoses were as follows: benign, 427 cases (gynecomastia 353, fat necrosis 21, miscellaneous 53); malignant, 32 cases (ductal carcinoma nos 15, metastatic tumors 17); and atypical/suspicious, 61 cases. Ninety‐four cases were nondiagnostic due to scant cellularity. Male breast aspirates accounted for 4.3% of the total breast FNAs performed. The clinicopathologic follow‐up in both the benign and malignant categories showed 100% correlation. The overall sensitivity was 95.3%, specificity was 100%, and diagnostic accuracy was 98%. A relatively high specimen unsatisfactory rate was seen (>15%). The commonest cytopathologic diagnosis was gynecomastia, followed by ductal carcinoma. Florid duct atypia in gynecomastia may mimic adenocarcinoma, necessitating a higher threshold for cytopathologic interpretation for malignancy in males. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:87–91; DOI 10.1002/dc.10066 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of two distinct retinoic acid response elements in the homeobox gene Hoxb1 in transgenic mice
Authors: Huang Danyang , Chen Siming W. , Gudas Lorraine J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractExpression of vertebrate Hox genes is regulated by retinoids such as retinoic acid (RA) in cell culture and in early embryonic development. Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) have been identified in Hox gene regulatory regions, suggesting that endogenous retinoids may be involved in the direct control of Hox gene patterning functions. Previously, two RAREs located 3′ of the murine Hoxb1 gene, a DR2 RARE and a DR5 RARE, have been shown to regulate Hoxb1 mRNA expression in the neural epithelium and the foregut region, respectively; the foregut develops into the esophagus, liver, pancreas, lungs, and stomach. We have now examined the functional roles of these two types of 3′ RAREs in regulating Hoxb1 expression at different stages of gestation, from embryonic day 7.5 to 13.5, in transgenic mice carrying specific RARE mutations. We demonstrate that the DR5 RARE is required for the regulation of Hoxb‐1 transgene region‐specific expression in the gut and extraembryonic tissues, as well as for the RA‐induced anteriorization of Hoxb‐1 transgene expression in the gut. In contrast, expression of the Hoxb1 transgene in the neural epithelium requires only the DR2 RARE. By in situ hybridization, we have identified a new site of Hoxb1 expression in the developing forelimbs at approximately day 12.5, and we show that, in transgenic embryos, expression in the forelimb buds requires that either the DR2 or the DR5 RARE is functional. Attainment of a high level of Hoxb1 transgene expression in other regions, such as in rhombomere 4 (r4) and in the somites, requires that both the DR2 and DR5 RAREs are functional. In addition, our transgenic data indicate that the Hoxb1 gene is expressed in other tissues such as the hernia gut, genital eminence, and lung. Our analysis shows that endogenous retinoids act through individual DR2 and DR5 RAREs to regulate Hoxb1 expression in different regions of the embryo and that functional redundancy between these DR2 and DR5 RAREs does not exist with respect to neural epithelium and the gut Hoxb1 expression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broadband and low‐profile Yagi–Uda antenna composed of inverted‐F and inverted‐L shaped elements
Authors: Taguchi Yujiro , Chen Qiang , Sawaya Kunio 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA broadband Yagi–Uda antenna composed of an excited inverted‐F element and two parasitic inverter‐L elements, which is used for the antennas of the SSR (secondary surveillance radar) and equipped on an airplane, is proposed. By locating a director close to the excited inverted‐F element, such as about 0.05λ0 for the array space between these elements, an antenna having a performance of the bandwidth of 18.8% and unidirectional pattern in this bandwidth is obtained with a total dimension of about 0.1λ0 (height) × 0.4λ0 (length). The validity of the calculated values is experimentally confirmed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 43–48, 2002
Response speed and optical investigation of inGaN/gaN multiple quantum well light‐emitting diodes (LED)
Authors: Morita Yosuke , Wakita Koichi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTransmission experiments for a local area network (LAN) using blue‐light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) and plastic optical fibers (POFs) have been conducted. Audio analog signals have been transmitted up to 1800 kHz, which corresponds to an optical 1.5 dB bandwidth of LED response. The response speed of these diodes has been investigated by varying the operating conditions: dc bias, pulse amplitude, and pulse shape. The LED rise time is reduced from 0.26 μs to 0.19 μs by changing the electrical pulse amplitude from 0.5 V to 1.2 V, whereas the fall time (0.20 μs) does not change. On the other hand, the fall time is reduced from 0.20 μs to 0.14 μs by adding negative pulses after the applied positive pulses. It is shown that the direct‐modulation speed of these diodes is limited by the time constant associated with device capacitance. Electroluminescence and photocurrent spectra of the LEDs were also investigated; blueshifts were observed for both peaks in the spectra. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(3): 47–51, 2001
Expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1, during acute and chronic inflammation in the rodent CNS
Authors: Hughes Paula Marie , Botham Michelle Sandra , Frentzel Stefan , Mir Anis , Perry Victor Hugh 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in the naive rat and mouse central nervous system (CNS). We determine if the expression of this chemokine and its receptor are altered during chronic or acute inflammation in the CNS. In addition, we determine if CX3CL1, which has been reported to be chemoattractant to leukocytes in vitro, is capable of acting as a chemoattractant in the CNS in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was performed using primary antibodies recognizing soluble and membrane‐bound CX3CL1 and the N‐terminus of the CX3CR1. We found that neurons in the naive rodent brain are immunoreactive for CX3CL1 and CX3CR1, both showing a perinuclear staining pattern. Resident microglia associated with the parenchyma and macrophages in the meninges and choroid plexus constituitively express CX3CR1. In a prion model of chronic neurodegeneration and inflammation, CX3CL1 immunoreactivity is upregulated in astrocytes and CX3CR1 expression is elevated on microglia. In surviving neurons, expression of CX3CL1 appears unaltered relative to normal neurons. There is a decrease in neuronal CX3CR1 expression. Acute inflammatory responses in the CNS, induced by stereotaxic injections of lipopolysaccharide or kainic acid, results in activation of microglia and astrocytes but no detectable changes in the glial expression of CX3CL1 or CX3CR1. The expression of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 by glial cells during inflammation in the CNS may be influenced by the surrounding cytokine milieu, which has been shown to differ in acute and chronic neuroinflammation. GLIA 37:314–327, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient recolonisation of progenitor‐depleted areas of the CNS by adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
Authors: Chari Divya M. , Blakemore William F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA widely quoted hypothesis for the failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) is the exhaustion of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) pool that is strongly implicated as the source of remyelinating oligodendrocytes in demyelinating lesions. Despite this, little is known about the responses of adult OPCs to adjacent areas of the CNS from which their numbers are depleted. We have developed an experimental model to study the pattern and rate of repopulation of OPC‐depleted zones, by endogenous OPCs in the adult rat spinal cord. By X‐irradiating short lengths of the spinal cord with 40 Gy of X‐irradiation, we were able to produce a highly localised depletion of OPCs that allowed us to study the responses of cells located in adjacent normal areas, to this local depletion. Using both NG2 immunohistochemistry and PDGFαR in situ hybridisation to identify OPCs, we demonstrate that endogenous OPCs repopulated the depleted areas slowly, but completely. This repopulation occurred at the rate of approximately 0.5 mm/week in the first month. Most cells at the leading edge of repopulation had complex, branching morphologies. The repopulation process was capable of restoring the density of progenitors in repopulated areas to that of normal tissue and was not associated with a secondary progenitor loss in tissue from which progenitor cells were generated. These findings indicate that depletion of the OPC population around lesions is not likely to be the primary explanation for remyelination failure in MS. GLIA 37:307–313, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.