bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enrique Granados
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enrique Granados (1867-1916) is one of the most compelling figures of the late-Romantic period in music. During his return voyage to Spain after the premiere of his opera Goyescas at New York’s Metropolitan Opera in 1916, a German submarine torpedoed the ship on which he and his wife were sailing, and they perished in the waters of the English Channel. His death was mourned on both sides of the Atlantic as a stunning loss to the music world, for he had died at the pinnacle of his career, and his late works held the promise of greater things to come. Granados was among the leading pianists of his time, and his eloquence at the keyboard inspired critics to dub him the “poet of the piano.” In Enrique Granados: Poet of the Piano, Walter Aaron Clark offers the first substantive study in English of this virtuoso pianist, composer, and music pedagogue. While providing detailed analyses of his major works for voice, piano, and the stage, Clark argues that Granados’s art represented a unifying presence on the cultural landscape of Spain during a period of imperial decline, political unrest, and economic transformation. Drawing on newly discovered documents, Clark explores the cultural spheres in which Granados moved, particularly of Castile and Catalonia. Granados’s best-known music was inspired by the art of Francisco Goya, especially the Goyescas suite for solo piano that became the basis for the opera. These pieces evoked the colorful and dramatic world that Goya inhabited and depicted in his art. Granados’s fascination with Goya’s Madrid set him apart from fellow nationalists Albéniz and Falla, who drew their principal inspiration from Andalusia. Though he was resolutely apolitical, Granados’s attraction to Castile antagonized some Catalan nationalists, who resented Castilian domination. Yet Granados also made important contributions to Catalan musical theater and was a prominent figure in the modernist movement in Barcelona. Clark also explores the personal pressures that shaped Granados’s music. His passionate affair with a wealthy socialite created domestic tensions, but it was also a source of inspiration for Goyescas. Persistent financial difficulties forced him to devote time to teaching at the expense of composition, though as a result Granados made considerable contributions to piano pedagogy and music education in Barcelona through the music academy he founded there. While Granados’s tragic and early demise casts a pall over his life story, Clark ultimately reveals an artist of remarkable versatility and individuality and sheds new light on his enduring significance.
From Medical Cultism to Alternative Medicine
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last three chapters have painted a picture of irregular medicine in the early twentieth century very different from the one that future historians will paint of the early twenty-first. Clearly an extraordinary transformation of unorthodox practice and of mainstream medicine’s view of unorthodoxy occurred over the course of the 1900s. The change became starkly apparent only during the last decade of the century, but progress toward the new order began in the 1930s and reached a first-stage culmination in the 1970s, the decade during which the term “alternative medicine” began to be used. Quietly but steadily unconventional medicine redefined itself during the middle decades of the twentieth century.
From Alternative Medicine to Complementary Medicine
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acupuncture Works,” proclaimed the headline of a 1997 article in Time magazine. That was the judgment, it was explained, of a panel of international experts appointed by the National Institutes of Health to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture therapy in a range of complaints. The procedure was “clearly effective,” the panel had determined, in relieving post-operative pain and the nausea produced by anesthesia and chemotherapy, and it had been judged “may be effective” in treating the discomforts of migraine, arthritis, and several other common ailments. Best of all, the article suggested, was that acupuncture “has virtually no side effects.” Finally, the NIH Consensus Development Panel on Acupuncture had concluded that “further research is likely to uncover additional areas where acupuncture interventions will be useful.”
Metarepresentation in Linguistic Communication
Authors: Wilson Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several strands of research on metarepresentation have a bearing on the study of linguistic communication. On the whole, there has been little interaction among them, and the possibility of integrating them with an empirically plausible pragmatic theory has not been much explored. This chapter has two main aims: to illustrate the depth and variety of metarepresentational abilities deployed in linguistic communication, and to argue that a pragmatic account of these abilities can both benefit from, and provide useful evidence for, the study of more general metarepresentational abilities.
Nontextual Sonic Vocabularies
Authors: Mabry Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These reactions and others like them have been uttered by singers when confronted with contemporary music built around the use of nontextual sonic vocabularies (texts based only on individual vowels, consonants, or non-language combinations of the two). As twentieth-century composers began to think of the voice as “just another instrument,” capable of creating a multitude of extraordinary and contrasting colors, textures, and articulations, they reorganized the realm of text settings into novel configurations.
The Abyss of Reason Rochester, Dryden, and the Skeptical Origins of Sublimity
Authors: Noggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rochester’s Satyr [Against Reason and Mankind] (before 23 March 1675–76)1 and Dryden’s opera The State of Innocence, and Fall of Man ‘ (written 1674[?], published with preface 1677)2 both demonstrate how the ambiguous epistemological conditions in England in the 1670s are poised to receive the idea of the sublime appearing with Boileau’s Longinus (1674) in that decade. Both Rochester and Dryden say, at least, that they are epistemological moderates: they distance themselves from rationalistic excesses, from overconfidence in the mind’s ability to reach transcendent truths, which they think will lead only to excessive confusion, a miserable uncertainty, and intellectual darkness. When Dryden declares later in his career that he is “naturally inclin’d to Scepticism in philosophy,”3 he means the mitigated skepticism, common in English intellectual society of the Restoration, that guards against more radical doubts inadvertently engendered by philosophers’ and enthusiasts’ dogmatic, self-exalting delusions.
Syracuse 415-413 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first Peloponnesian War pitted Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian League against Athens and its allies in the Delian League. Since the defeat of the Persian invaders at Salamis and Plataea in 480 and 479 B.C., Athens had risen to the top in Greek politics. As the leading naval power, Athens had made itself the strongest member of the Delian League, a grouping of Greek poleis (city-states) dedicated to stopping Persian expansion and carrying the war to Persian possessions in Asia Minor. No polis could challenge Athenian dominance, and Athens reached the point where it could demand virtually any dues to the League from the member poleis and did not have to account for the money sent to the League treasury. Rather than focus on defense spending, the Athenians spent much of that money turning their city into a cultural and architectural showplace. Not surprisingly, this did not please the poleis contributing the money.
Gaugamela (Arbela) I October 331 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 350s B.C., Philip I assumed the throne of Macedon, a relatively poor province north of Greece. He developed a first-class army and, tak­ing advantage of the temporary weakness of Ath­ens (Greece’s dominant city-state) after the Social War (358-355), began conquering Athenian dominated provinces on the Greco-Macedonian frontier. While the Greek poleis continued their almost constant squabbling, Philip extended Macedonian control over areas to Macedon’s north, and then he attacked Greece itself In 338 B.C., Philip’s army defeated an Athenian-Theban alliance at Chaeronea, giving him mastery of the Greek peninsula. He established the Hellenic League the following year, uniting almost all the Greek poleis into an alliance aimed at defeating the Persian Empire. As the forces of the Hellenic League prepared to cross the Hellespont into Asia Minor in 336, Philip was assassinated and suc­ceeded by his son Alexander.
Teutoburger Wald (Teutoburg Forest) A.D. 9
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Julius Caesar conquered Gaul for Rome in the 50s B.C., he did little more than establish some garrisons along the eastern frontier to try to keep the German tribes at bay. The Germanic tribes were seminomadic and warlike, occasionally raiding across the Rhine River into Gaul. From the Marcommani in the area of modern Austria to the Frisians on the North Sea coast, the tribes called no one other than the strongest military leader master. This situation persisted until 12 B.C., when Caesar Augustus ordered forces across the Rhine to protect Gaul and establish Roman hegemony. Under the leadership of Tiberius, Romans managed to cross the Rhine and stay the winter in A.O. 4, but they were in no way secure.
Adrianople 9August 378
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the death of Constantine in 337, the Roman Empire saw the return of sibling struggles for total control. Constantine had hoped that his three surviving sons would be satisfied with one-third of the empire each (western Europe, southeastern Europe, and the east), but such was not to be. Who fought and killed whom, and who succeeded whom, in the three major regions of the Roman Empire istoo convoluted to follow. Suffice it to say that, as soon as his three sons were killed (none died of old age), they were followed not by blood relations but by generals from their armies. The general who finally rose to the top, in 364, was Valentian I, a man of humble birth but well above average military skill.
Tricameron Mid-December 533
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Justinian came to the throne of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire in 527. A soldier like his uncle Justin, whom he succeeded, he did not command in the field once he assumed the throne, but had the services of one of history’s outstanding generals, Belisarius. He first came to notice when, as a general of only 24 years of age, he carried out a successful campaign against the Persian Empire during 529-530. Belisarius was back in Constantinople in 532 when Justinian faced his greatest domestic challenge, the Nika riots, which perhaps were the original model of all successive public disorders concerned with sporting events.
Tours (Poitiers) October 732
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During 717-718, Moslem forces tried and failed to capture Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. That was a major setback for the Moslems, whose forces (intent on spreading their faith) had been virtually unstoppable in conquests that spread Islam from India to Spain. Although that defeat kept the followers of Mohammed out of eastern Europe for another seven centuries, it must have motivated other Moslems to attempt to spread the faith into Europe via another route: North Africa into Spain into western Europe.
Orleans 12 October 1428-7 May 1429
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the course of the Hundred Years’ War, the momentum shifted back and forth between the combatants. Edward Ill’s victories at Sluys and Crecy gave England the early advantage, but during the middle part of the fourteenth century the spread of the bubonic plague halted fighting and robbed either side of any advantage. For the several years that the Black Death ravaged France and England, major societal changes occurred. As farmers either died from the plague or fled the countryside for the cities, feudal lords saw their incomes fall rapidly. The cities, on the other hand, began to enjoy a blossoming economy. The fear of death encouraged many citizens to pay for extravagant sundries to enjoy their last days on earth, and merchants and artisans grew rich. As the cities gained in wealth and the manors declined, the king began courting the financial support of the townspeople for his royal projects, including warfare. Soldiers thus became paid employees rather than feudal pawns, and the aristocrats’ fortunes further waned.
Blenheim 13 August 1704
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through the latter decades of the seventeenth century, King Louis XIV of France was che dominant figure in European political and military affairs. He created the best-organized and equipped army of its day and wielded it with brilliant insight, expanding France’s borders, slowly but surely, at the expense of Italy, the Holy Roman Empire (Austria), the United Provinces (Netherlands), and various German principalities. Blessed with vision, daring, and good generals, Louis’s France was the envy and bane of western Europe.
Plassey 23june 1757
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighteenth century was an active time in India. Domestically, the Mughal Empire was disintegrating because of a succession of weak kings and stronger nobles. Although the capital at Delhi was the putative capital, local princes (nawabs) ruled their own lands and ignored or cooperated with the Delhi government as they saw fit. Arriving in this time of uncertain local rule were both the French and British. The Honorable East India Company represented British trading interests with trading centers, called factories, at Calcutta on the northeastern coast, Madras on the southeastern coast, and Bombay on the northwestern coast. The French operated the French East India Company out of Pondicherry, just down the coast from Madras. Both European powers entered into agreements with local nawabs, primarily for trade contacts, but also hoping to gain influence with whatever government may arise from the Mughal ashes. Not surprisingly, as England and France were rivals in Europe, they supported rival nawabs in India.
Saratoga September-17 October 1777
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After George Washington’s stunning victories at Trenton and Princeton the previous winter, the revolutionary army was rebuilding in the spring of 1777. As was necessary with a force primarily comprised of militia, each spring the ranks had to be refilled because many had ended their short-term enlistments and spent the winter at home with their families. Washington remained in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, awaiting General Sir William Howe’s moves out of New York City.
Borodino 7 September 1812
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1807, Emperor Napoleon had defeated every major power on the Continent at least once. His authority stretched from Spain to Poland, and only Great Britain remained untouchable. Russia was as yet unconquered, but Czar Alexander signed the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 and that made him an ally, albeit unwilling, of Napoleon’s France. Under the terms of the treaty, the Russian monarch was to have his country join Napoleon’s Continental System, which was designed to hurt Britain the only way France could, chat is, economically. By denying European markets to British merchants, Napoleon hoped to put economic pressure on the British government, much as the American colonists had done to Britain before the American Revolution. In place of British manufactured goods, Russians were to buy products from France, even though they were rather more expensive.
Waterloo 18 June 1815
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Napoleon fought brilliantly in defense of France after his defeat at Leipzig in 1814, he was too badly outnumbered to stay in power. The victorious allied powers of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia restored the French monarchy by placing Louis XVIII on the throne and removed Napoleon from the scene by exiling him to the small island of Elba in the Mediterranean. Louis immediately began to undo many of the reforms instituted by the French Revolution and Napoleon, and that made him immediately unpopular with the French population.
Ayacucho 9 December 1824
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Spain had enjoyed dominance over Central and South America. Other than the Portuguese colony of Brazil, all of Latin America was exploited by Spain for its natural wealth. Until the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, the Spanish kings had grown amazingly wealthy on the riches of the Americas with no competition at all; after that time, they still maintained a stranglehold on the trade with the colonies. Not until the rise of British and French maritime power in the seventeenth century, displayed in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico via piracy, did any outside nation have the chance to enter Latin American markets. Although Spanish economic dominance remained, it dwindled through the eighteenth century, reflecting the relative shifts in international power displayed by Spain and Britain.
Tsushima 27 May 1905
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During 1894-1895, Japan had made the world sit up and take notice when it easily defeated the nation of China in a war over Korea and the Liaotung Peninsula, which juts southward into the Sea of Japan west of Korea. Because of intense European diplomatic pressure, however, Japan was forced to give up almost all the territory it had conquered, including the strategic harbor at Port Arthur on the tip of the Liaotung Peninsula. Immediately after Japan was forced to cede the conquests, Russia leapt in and extorted from the Chinese government the right to build a railroad, the last extension of the Trans-Siberia Railway, through Manchuria to Port Arthur. Russia also gained control of Port Arthur as a naval base for the bulk of its Pacific Squadron, the remainder based farther north at Vladivostok. The Japanese government and population were humiliated by this treatment at European hands and held the greatest grudge against Russia.
Marne, Second Battle(1918) 15-17July 1918
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“How apt, if how strange, the historical coincidence by which, as the Marne had been the first high-water mark and witnessed the first ebb of the tide of invasion in 1914, so four years later it was destined to be the final highwater mark from which the decisive ebb began” (Liddell Harr, The Real Wtir, p. 419). Also 1ike the events of 1914, the battle that rook place at the Marne River in July 1918 had results that were more accidental than planned. Indeed, it began as merely a diversion for a larger offensive elsewhere, but through circumstance it rook on a life of its own.
Dunkirk 24 May-4 June 1940
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starting with the Nazi invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, German armies had had everything their own way. Poland fell in less than a month, and then, after waiting out the winter, German forces swept over Denmark and occupied Norway in April and May 1940. Starting on 10 May, German forces attacked Holland and Belgium on their way toward France. As in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and World War I in 1914, the Germans had plans to paralyze the French and defeat them quickly. The French, however, believed that this rime they had the answer to German aggression in a series of fortifications called the Maginot line. This line of interlocking fortresses and strongpoints stretched from the Swiss border along the Franco-German frontier to Belgium. Therein lay the problem: the defenses stopped at Belgium. The Belgian government between the wars had nor wanted to spend the money to cooperate with the French in this venture and were sure that after the German fiasco of World War I that they would never violate Belgian neutrality a second time. France could not extend the Maginot line to the coast, for to do so would point guns at its Belgian ally. Thus, the route chat Germany used in 1914 to outflank the massed French armies in the Ardennes lay open once again in 1940.
Singapore 31 January-15 February 1942
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great Britain took control of Singapore in che early 1800s, using it as their primary trading pose to compete with the Dutch merchants of Southeast Asia. The island city served as the major British defensive position in the region as well, coming to be called che “Gibraltar of the East.” The huge artillery protecting the city from invasion gave chose stationed there, as well as those viewing the outpost from London, the impression of impregnability.
Tet Offensive 31 January 2 February 1968
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the French withdrew from Southeast Asia in 1956, the United States stepped up its support for an anti-Communist government in South Vietnam. Although the Geneva Accords signed in 1954 called for national elections, U.S. certainty that North Vietnams Ho Chi Minh would win those elections and usher in a Communist regime brought about a withdrawal from participation in those elections. The South Vietnamese government that was left behind upon France’s withdrawal was at first under the direction of Bao Dai. He was soon succeeded by Ngo Dinh Diem, who welcomed the economic and military support the United States supplied. The French-trained and -educated Diem was a Catholic, who appointed other Catholics (as well as family members) to key positions in the government, where they proved to be less than tolerant of the predominantly Buddhist population.
Judgments and Trust: Improving Your Concentration
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since audiences read whatever you are consciously thinking as your character’s thoughts, controlling the object of your concentration is an essential component of creating a believable character. Although it is difficult, you don’t want to concentrate on your own personal internal dialogue or vocal technique, because that is not what is on your character’s mind. (Even Cherubino nervously singing his love song to the Countess in the second act of The Marriage of Figaro is worrying about his voice, not yours.) Rather, you want the object of your concentration to be your character’s thoughts as they unfold in his internal dialogue (or at least you need to create that impression).
Your Character’s World: Fashioning a Theme Statement
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme is the central issue or question that a piece explores. It is the big idea that holds the music, words, and actions together. The theme may revolve around any topic of human interest, from love, hatred, and jealousy to power, family, politics, money, religion, health, homelessness, mercy killing, or aging.