bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microglial ectonucleotidases: Identification and functional roles
Authors: Braun Norbert , Zimmermann Herbert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicroglial cells represent resident macrophages of the central nervous system where they resume a resting state of unknown physiological function. They are rapidly transformed into an activated state by acute pathological events affecting the nervous system. Activated microglia function in tissue repair and regeneration but may also enhance tissue damage. Cultured microglial cells express both P2Y and P2X receptors. Activation of the microglial P2X7 receptor can result in the release of cytokines or also mediate cytotoxicity in microglial cells. Microglial cells have developed mechanisms for controlling the surrounding concentrations of free extracellular ATP via a surface‐expressed ectonucleotidase chain. We analyzed the expression of the ectonucleotidases associated with resting microglia and microglia activated by two models of cerebral ischemia. Out of a plethora of enzymes with the potential to hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides, the major ectonucleotidases associated with microglia are NTPDase1, which hydrolyzes ATP and ADP, and ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine. This is shown by enzyme histochemical analysis, immunocytochemistry, Northern hybridization, and the analysis of NTPDase1‐deficient mice. Our results suggest that a major function of resting microglia could be in the lowering of interstitial levels of ATP acting either via autocrine pathways or in the ATP‐involving signaling pathways between adjacent neurons and astrocytes. Enhanced activity of NTPDase1 may protect microglia, activated by various pathological settings, from overstimulation by ATP released from the injured tissue. The parallel increase in activity of ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase would facilitate the formation of the final hydrolysis product adenosine that exerts neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory actions and contributes to the protection of neurons. Drug Dev. Res. 53:208–217, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐phenylethylidenehydrazine, a novel inhibitor of GABA transaminase
Authors: Paslawski T. , Knaus E. , Iqbal N. , Coutts R.T. , Baker G.B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH), a proposed metabolite of phenelzine (PLZ), was synthesized in our laboratories and administered to rats in a series of time‐ and dose–response studies. Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibiting antidepressant/antipanic drug that also causes marked elevations of brain levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter (γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Like PLZ, PEH inhibited GABA transaminase (GABA‐T) and caused marked, long‐lasting increases in rat brain levels of GABA. The addition of the double bond in PEH caused a marked decrease in its ability to inhibit MAO compared to PLZ. Given the ability of PEH to elevate GABA levels and its lack of significant effect on MAO, it may be a very effective and safe tool with which to study the role of GABA in anxiety disorders and may be a potentially useful compound to test against seizures, ischemia, mania, and stroke. Drug Dev. Res. 54:35–39, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish yolk‐specific not really started (nrs) gene is a vertebrate homolog of the Drosophila spinster gene and is essential for embryogenesis
Authors: Young Rodrigo M. , Marty Scott , Nakano Yoshiro , Wang Han , Yamamoto Daisuke , Lin Shuo , Allende Miguel L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBy using retroviral insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish, we have identified a recessive lethal mutation in the not really started (nrs) gene. The nrs mutation disrupts a gene located in linkage group 3 that is highly homologous to the spinster gene identified in Drosophila and to spinster orthologs identified in mammals. In flies, spinster encodes a membrane protein involved in lysosomal metabolism and programmed cell death in the central nervous system and in the ovary. In nrs mutant fish embryos, we detect an opaque substance in the posterior yolk cell extension at approximately 1 day after fertilization. This material progressively accumulates and by 48 hr after fertilization fills the entire yolk. By day 3 of embryogenesis, mutant embryos are severely reduced in size compared with their wild‐type siblings and they die a few hours later. By in situ hybridization, we show that the nrs mRNA is expressed in the yolk cell at the time the mutant phenotype becomes apparent. In wild‐type embryos, nrs message is present maternally and zygotically throughout embryogenesis and is also detected in adult animals. In nrs homozygous mutant embryos, nrs transcripts are undetectable at the time the phenotype becomes apparent, indicating that the retroviral insertion has most likely abolished expression of the nrs gene. Finally, the nrs phenotype can be partially rescued by microinjection of nrs encoding DNA. These results suggest that the nrs mutation affects an essential gene encoding a putative membrane‐bound protein expressed specifically in the yolk cell during zebrafish embryogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementation of the European Municipal Waste Incineration Directive (89/429/EEC): lessons from four member states
Authors: Schucht Simone , Bültmann Alexandra , Eames Malcolm , Lulofs Kris 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResearchers and policy‐makers accept that implementation decisively influences the effectiveness of European (EU) environmental policy. Member states follow a variety of compliance (or non‐compliance) paths. Whilst in a few leading states domestic legislation tends to pre‐empt EU controls, implementation gaps and policy failures are also prevalent. What are the reasons for these differences? Why do member states follow different compliance paths? Why do implementation gaps and policy failures occur? What factors can explain the different policy outcomes achieved? What lessons can be drawn for the future? This paper addresses these questions through a comparative analysis of the implementation of the European Directive on the Reduction of Air Pollution from Existing Municipal Waste Incineration Plants (89/429/EEC) in four Member States: Germany, the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom. Monitoring and enforcement are found to have only limited explanatory power. National contextual variables, such as public and political environmental awareness, interactions both with environmental and non‐environmental policies, regulatory anticipation and uncertainty, the degree of autonomy and scope of regulatory agencies and the industrial and market structure of the regulated industry, must also be considered. On the basis of this analysis a number of conclusions are derived for the future design of environmental policies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Environmental and economic development issues in the Polish motorway programme: a review and an analysis of the public debate
Authors: Judge E. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the development of the Polish motorway programme, though the lessons apply generally throughout the central and east European (CEE) region. This has particular significance for European transport policy as three major corridors of the Polish motorway network also form crucial links of the Trans European Network (TEN). Thus, until recently, motorways have been presented on the one hand (by the Polish government and its supporters) as a boost to national and regional development, and on the other (by its detractors, principally the environmental lobby) as a threat that will suck development out of the country, while saddling it with substantial environmental costs. Environmental pressure groups have sought to refute economic development arguments using Western research, and have seen such research as influential in public debate and decision making.Based on evidence drawn from official reports and documents and a content analysis of the public debate on motorway development using the media archive of the Polish Motorways Agency, this paper suggests that these arguments have so far in fact been overshadowed by environmental considerations, and even more by financing issues. However, the future direction of policy is uncertain because of political changes after the September 2001 election. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The problem of testing the goodness‐of‐fit of stochastic resource apportionment models
Authors: Cassey Phillip , King Robert A. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a Monte Carlo test to distinguish among a general class of stochastic resource apportionment models using replicated species abundance data. In this test, the stochastic nature of resource apportionment models is used to carry out a large number of simulations and thus calculate a p‐value describing how well the model fits the data. We clarify an existing method and present a necessary modification to reduce the computing time required without affecting the reliability of the test. The use of the method is demonstrated with regional data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). The example we present shows that the method provides a good level of discrimination between models that match the data and those that don't. An algorithm to implement our test, written for the application SAS, is freely available from the authors upon request. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐site gas chromatographic determination of explosives in soils
Authors: Hewitt Alan D. , Jenkins Thomas F. , Ranney Thomas A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOn‐site determination of nitroaromatic and nitramine residues in soils was performed using a field‐portable gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a thermionic ionization detector selective for compounds with nitro functional groups. Soil samples were extracted with acetone. A 1‐μl volume of the filtered extract was manually injected into the GC, allowing for the rapid determination of the suite of explosives that often coexist in explosives‐contaminated soils at military training facilities and other defense‐related sites. Good agreement was established for the concentrations of several explosives when results obtained using this method of analysis were compared with those from either high‐performance liquid chromatography (Method 8330) or GC electron capture (Method 8095) analysis. Comparisons were performed for sample extracts and for soil subsample replicates distributed for on‐site analysis during a field verification test performed under the auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Technology Verification Program. This on‐site GC method for the determination of explosives residues in soils is well suited for dynamic site characterization activities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 228–238, 2001
Finite volume scheme for the solution of fluid flow problems on unstructured non‐staggered grids
Authors: Barton I. E. , Markham‐Smith D. , Bressloff N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA recently developed non‐staggered methodology which uses the principle of applying fourth‐order dissipation to the governing pressure‐correction equation is developed so it can be applied to unstructured grids. A finite volume methodology is used for discretization. The fourth‐order dissipation term is found using second‐order gradient operators. This makes it straightforward to incorporate the dissipation term on unstructured grids. The new methodology is compared with solutions from a standard finite volume second‐order flow solver and is also tested for a standard laminar driven‐lid flow problem with grids systems that do not have a uniform structure. Finally, we demonstrate how the new methodology can be used to predict flow over a wavy boundary. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromorphological studies of Greek prehistoric sites: New insights in the interpretation of the archaeological record
Authors: Karkanas Panagiotis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOngoing micromorphological studies in several prehistoric sites of Greece (Theopetra cave, Boila rockshelter, Alonnisos, Drakaina cave, Kouveleiki cave, Lakonis cave complex, and Dispilio lake dwelling) provide new information on the relationship between environmental changes and the cultural history of the sites. The frequent climatic oscillations during the last glacial directly influenced the occupational mode of Theopetra cave and Boila rockshelter in northern Greece. Soil micromorphology may be a promising tool in unraveling differences in the occupational history due to climatic changes among diverse areas of Greece. Some preliminary observations from the Lakonis cave complex, in southern coastal Greece, support the existence of such differences. Evidence brought forward with the micromorphological study of Dispilio lake dwelling and Theopetra cave suggests that during the Holocene, aridification phases evident in the Mediterranean region might have also played a role in the Greek prehistoric settlement pattern. So far, evidence for aridification phases is present for the end of the Mesolithic and probably for part of the Final Neolithic. In several cases, micromorphology has revealed details of the cultural nature of the sites. Questions related to occupational intensity (Theopetra, Lakonis, Kouveleiki, and Drakaina caves), post‐depositional changes and cultural modification of the sediments (Alonnisos, Theopetra, and Drakaina caves), constructions (Theopetra and Drakaina caves), and stratigraphic correlation (Boila) have been satisfactorily addressed along with the analysis of the microstructure of the sediments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taphonomic analysis, associational integrity, and depositional history of the Fetterman Mammoth, eastern Wyoming, U.S.A.
Authors: Byers David A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Fetterman Mammoth locality, eastern Wyoming, U.S.A., produced the remains of a single subadult mammoth and a small lithic assemblage. This paper employs a fine‐grained taphonomic approach to investigate the events responsible for the deposit's creation. No cultural modifications were noted on any of the specimens. Long axis orientations plotted against a reconstruction of the depositional surface suggest limited postdepositional movement of individual disarticulated elements. Weathering patterns based on in situ upside and downside positioning document two discrete episodes of sedimentation. These results suggest that the mammoth remains and the cultural assemblage may be separated by at least one depositional event and, as such, their association is considered equivocal. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uses of 2‐diazo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives in the synthesis of azoles, azines, and their fused derivatives
Authors: Wardakhan Wagnat W. , Fleita Daisy H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reactions of 2‐diazo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives with dimeric adducts 2a and 2b gave the hydrazone derivatives 3a and 3b, respectively. The reactivity of the latter products towards various chemical reagents was studied in order to provide azole and azine derivatives incorporating the thiophene ring, and most of them showed high antimicrobial activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:108–115, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10003
NMR studies of the bishydroxy bisphosphonate synthesis from o‐phthalic aldehyde and diethyl phosphite
Authors: Deron Agnieszka , Milewska Małgorzata , Barycki Józef , Sawka‐Dobrowolska Wanda , Gancarz Roman 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reaction of the o‐phthalic aldehyde with diethyl phosphite leading to the bishydroxy bisphosphonate has been studied. It was found that the reaction is complex and a cyclic acetal formed from the monohydroxyphosphonate is the first relatively stable product. It slowly transforms to the bishydroxy bisphosphonate. The latter compound undergoes intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of the phosphorus atom by the hydroxy group which results in a cyclic structure, a phosphonate‐hydroxyphosphate compound. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:157–164, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10014
Improving performance with clinical standards: the impact of feedback on compliance with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness algorithm in Niger, West Africa
Authors: Kelley Edward , Geslin Colette , Djibrina Sabou , Boucar Maina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe joint BASICS/Quality Assurance Project tested several research‐based interventions in three districts in Niger, West Africa to improve case management of sick children. The research design was a non‐concurrent, prospective case control design. Quality of care was determined as the degree of compliance of health care workers with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) standards of assessment, treatment and counselling of sick children and their caretakers. The interventions tested were (1) structured feedback of health worker performance data and (2) formal IMCI training and (3) team‐based quality improvement. Performance feedback had a significant effect on compliance. Performance feedback alone created a significant short‐term impact on health care worker compliance, which improved between 34% and 85% in areas of assessment of sick children (p < 0.05). In addition, performance feedback was significantly cheaper than formal training ($108 per health worker versus $430 per worker for IMCI training). However, this impact was not universal over all areas of compliance following each feedback. Instead, performance feedback had the greatest effect in areas in which health care workers performed poorly, while areas in which compliance was high eventually saw declines. In settings such as Niger, which has the highest child mortality in the world according to UNICEF figures, low‐cost techniques for supporting health workers once they have been trained in clinical standards are sorely needed. Performance feedback shows promise as a technique for improving quality of care with clinical algorithms such as IMCI. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melting on glaciers: environmental controls examined with orbiting radar
Authors: Cogley J. Graham , Ecclestone M. A. , Andersen D. T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDirect, in situ measurements of glacier mass balance are expensive. Remote sensing would be an attractive alternative if remotely observable quantities could be interpreted in terms of mass gain or loss. A system developed recently for the analysis of Radarsat browse images is used here to explore temporal and environmental controls of melting on glaciers on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. The browse images have an effective spatial resolution of 2 km, are georeferenced to single‐pixel accuracy, and number about 200 over the two study years, 1998 and 1999. Surface melting in the accumulation zone is readily recognized by the contrast between bright frozen firn, which exhibits a microwave signal dominated by volume scattering from ice lenses and pipes, and dark wet firn, the signal from which is muted by either absorption or near‐specular reflection at the surface. In the ablation zone, radar images, apart from showing the brief spring period of snowmelt, contain little information about the intensity or even the fact of melting. However, in the accumulation zone there is a definite dependence of brightness on temperature: at temperatures above freezing, the hotter it is the darker is the appearance of the glacier. This is most naturally (and encouragingly) interpreted as a relation between brightness and melting rate. Analysis of same‐day image pairs shows that, as expected, the terrain slope and the aspect influence the radar brightness strongly and must therefore be allowed for in future modelling of the hydrology of ablation on glaciers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐dimensional analytical solution for groundwater flow in a leaky confined aquifer system near open tidal water
Authors: Tang Zhonghua , Jiao Jiu J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGroundwater in coastal areas is commonly disturbed by tidal fluctuations. A two‐dimensional analytical solution is derived to describe the groundwater fluctuation in a leaky confined aquifer system near open tidal water under the assumption that the groundwater head in the confined aquifer fluctuates in response to sea tide whereas that of the overlying unconfined aquifer remains constant. The analytical solution presented here is an extension of the solution by Sun for two‐dimensional groundwater flow in a confined aquifer and the solution by Jiao and Tang for one‐dimensional groundwater flow in a leaky confined aquifer. The analytical solution is compared with a two‐dimensional finite difference solution. On the basis of the analytical solution, the groundwater head distribution in a leaky confined aquifer in response to tidal boundaries is examined and the influence of leakage on groundwater fluctuation is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model identification by space–time disaggregation: a case study from eastern Australia
Authors: Wooldridge S. A. , Kalma J. D. , Franks S. W. , Kuczera G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a disaggregation approach is suggested for the task of modelling hydrological responses within a spatially and temporally variable environment. With such an approach, large‐scale environmental characteristics are tested for their ability to provide insight into the dominant physical mechanisms responsible for observed catchment responses. Using a regional‐scale catchment in eastern Australia as a case study, the approach is firstly used to determine the utility of physical catchment data, and its organization in space, to provide insight into the compartmentalization of soil water storage within the catchment. In a second application, temporal disaggregation of the rainfall‐runoff record into the cold‐wet and warm‐dry phases of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is utilized to provide an objective comparison between alternative model structures, based on the ‘consistency’ of model parameters in describing the effect of ENSO phase on water yield. Finally, combining the improved spatial representation of hydrological response with the model structure identified by temporal analysis is shown to result in a predictive framework whose level of uncertainty is lower than either of the individual strategies, and whose responses are consistent with the available evidence. It is noted that such modelling insight is unlikely to have been gained with traditional modelling strategies that seek to force a predetermined model structure to ‘fit’ the observed data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.