bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of parvovirus B19 in coagulation factor concentrates by UVC radiation: assessment by an in vitro infectivity assay using CFU–E derived from peripheral blood CD34+ cells
Authors: Sugawara Hiroyuki , Motokawa Reiko , Abe Hideki , Yamaguchi Miki , Yamada‐Ohnishi Yoshiko , Hirayama Junichi , Sakata Hidekatsu , Sato Shinichiro , Kamo Naoki , Ikebuchi Kenji , Ikeda Hisami 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Nonenveloped and thermostable viruses such as parvovirus B19 (B19) can be transmitted to patients who are receiving plasma‐derived coagulation factor concentrates treated by the S/D method for inactivating enveloped viruses. Therefore, it is important to develop and validate new methods for the inactivation of nonenveloped viruses.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Suspensions of B19 in coagulation factor concentrates (FVIII) were irradiated with UVC light. B19 infectivity was determined by an indirect immunofluorescence assay using CFU–E, as a host cell, derived from peripheral blood CD34+ cells. The effects of catechins on B19 infectivity and on FVIII activity after UVC illumination were also examined.RESULTS: The indirect immunofluorescence assay estimated the B19 infectivity of samples containing virus copies of 105 to 1011 per 10 μL to be a median tissue culture‐infectious dose of 100.3 to 105.4 per 10 μL. B19 was inactivated by 3 log at 750 J per m2 of UVC radiation and was undetectable after 1000 or 2000 J per m2 of irradiation. However, FVIII activity decreased to 55 to 60 percent of pretreatment activity after 2000 J per m2 of UVC radiation. This was inhibited in the presence of rutin or catechins. Epigallocatechin gallate could maintain FVIII activity at almost 100 percent of pretreatment activity after 2000 J per m2 of UVC radiation, while B19 infectivity was decreased to undetectable levels, which resulted in >3.9 log inactivation.CONCLUSION: UVC radiation in the presence of catechins, especially epigallocatechin gallate, appears to be an effective method of increasing the viral safety of FVIII concentrates without the loss of coagulation activity.
Monitoring for underutilization of RBC components and platelets
Authors: Saxena Sunita , Wehrli Gail , Makarewicz Kathleen , Sartorelli Jennifer , Shulman Ira A. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Monitoring blood transfusion for overutilization is standard practice at most institutions.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study monitored for underutilization of blood transfusion over a 14‐month period, by evaluating patients who had Hb levels that were reported to be <5 g per dL or platelet counts <10 × 109 per L and who did not receive an RBC or platelet transfusion within 24 hours of the reported results.RESULTS: During the study period, 24,004 units of RBCs and 3,967 units of apheresis platelets were transfused. There were 148 patients who had a Hb level that was reported to be <5 g per dL or a platelet count reported to be <10 × 109 per L and who did not receive a transfusion during the 24 hours after the reporting of these results. In 5 cases, the patients died before the reporting of the low Hb or platelet counts, which precluded the low Hb or low platelet count reports from triggering transfusion therapy. In 8 cases, an underutilization review investigation could not be done, because of the unavailability of patient charts. Of the remaining 135 cases, investigation revealed justifiable reasons for withholding transfusion in 133. In 2 cases, the withholding of transfusion was deemed by peer review to be inappropriate, as the patients should have received a transfusion. Overall, there was one documented underutilization of RBC transfusion therapy during a period when 24,004 units were transfused and one underutilization of platelet transfusion therapy during a period when 3,967 units of apheresis platelets were transfused.CONCLUSION: Monitoring for underutilization of transfusion therapy fulfills the requirements of the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. While the underutilization of transfusion therapy did not appear to be a significant problem at this medical center, determining the reasons for withholding transfusions shed light on important patient care‐related issues, including preexisting causes of falsely low platelet counts and Hb levels, delays in investigating critical laboratory values, and the need for policies for the treatment of patients who refuse transfusion for personal or religious reasons.
Effects of colloidal resuscitation fluids on the neutrophil respiratory burst
Authors: Jaeger Karsten , Heine Joern , Ruschulte Heiner , Jüttner Björn , Scheinichen Dirk , Kuse Ernst R. , Piepenbrock Siegfried 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have revealed that gelatin and HES produce increased neutrophil respiratory burst activity. It was investigated whether 3‐percent gelatin (MW 35,000) and three types of 6‐percent HES (MW 70,000; degree of substitution, 0.5; 200,000/0.5; 450,000/0.7) preparations can influence superoxide anion production during respiratory burst under clinical conditions.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 40 patients before and 1 hour after the infusion, before anesthesia and surgical treatment. After stimulation with bacteria (Escherichia coli), the respiratory burst was measured by oxidation of nonfluorescent dihydrorhodamine 123 to the fluorescent rhodamine 123 by the use of flow cytometry.RESULTS: Respiratory burst activity decreased significantly (p = 0.004) from the baseline (60.0 ± 6.5%) to 1 hour after the administration of the low‐molecular‐weight HES preparation (55.0 ± 6.8%). No significant differences in respiratory burst activity could be found after the administration of gelatin or medium‐molecular‐weight or high‐ molecular‐weight HES solution.CONCLUSION: The investigated administration of gelatin and medium‐ and high‐molecular‐weight HES preparations did not influence respiratory burst activity under clinical conditions. However, the neutrophil respiratory burst was impaired after the administration of low‐molecular‐weight HES. Neutrophil respiratory burst activity may vary according to the type of colloidal plasma substitutes administered.
Duck hepatitis B photoinactivation bydimethylmethylene blue in RBC suspensions
Authors: Wagner Stephen J. , Skripchenko Andrey , Pugh John C. , Suchmann Donna B. , Ijaz M. Khalid 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) has been used to photoinactivate a number of model viruses, including VSV, in RBC suspensions under conditions that preserve in vitro RBC properties during storage.23 The relative sensitivity of duck HBV (DHBV) and VSV to photoinactivation by DMMB was investigated by performing an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using primary duck hepatocyte (PDH) cultures or a standard plaque assay for the respective viruses.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: DMMB was added to 45‐percent Hct, WBC‐reduced, oxygenated AS‐3 RBCs at 10‐, 1‐, and 0.1‐μM concentrations. Samples (1‐mm thick) were illuminated with 5.4‐mW per cm2 of red light for 2 or 9 seconds. Unilluminated samples without DMMB or with 10 μM DMMB served as control.RESULTS: DHBV and VSV were rapidly photoinactivated by DMMB in a concentration and light‐dose‐dependent fashion. Neither virus was substantially inactivated by incubation with DMMB in the dark. For a given light exposure, DHBV required a concentration of DMMB one‐one hundredth that of VSV to achieve approximately the same level of inactivation.CONCLUSION: DHBV appears to be considerably more sensitive than VSV to DMMB photoinactivation. Photoinactivation in 45‐percent Hct RBCs can be achieved in seconds by using micromolar quantities of dye.
UV‐visible spectrophotometric approach to blood typing II: phenotyping of subtype A2 and weak D and whole blood analysis
Authors: Narayanan Smita , Galloway Lamar , Nonoyama Akihisa , Leparc German F. , Garcia‐Rubio Luis H. , Potter Robert L. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: A recently introduced quantitative blood typing approach uses antibody‐induced changes in the UV‐visible spectra of blood. Changes in the blood spectra's slope, caused by RBC agglutination, are translated into a numerical agglutination index (AI). Comparing the AI value against an established threshold yields a “yes and/or no” output from which to determine the phenotype. The efficacy and flexibility of this approach with whole blood use and the ability to analyze weak D, A2, and A2B were examined. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two hundred randomly selected blood bank donor samples were coded and forward typed directly from whole blood by using the spectrophotometric analysis. Reverse grouping on plasma from each sample was carried out with a new modified procedure by using higher ratios of plasma to RBCs. Results were compared to typing by an FDA‐cleared automated typing system. Twenty‐seven weak D samples, 15 A2 and 12 A2B, were similarly analyzed from whole blood. PEG improved detection of weak D, A2 and A2B subtypes. RESULTS: All two hundred coded samples were accurately typed, yielding identical results to the blood bank analysis in both forward and reverse grouping. All the weak D samples and A2 and A2B samples were clearly identified, having AIs above the type threshold indicator value. CONCLUSION: Spectrophotometric blood typing successfully phenotyped ABO and D in 200 whole blood samples. Reverse grouping of plasma was equally successful. The same method can identify weak D and A2 and A2B subtypes.
A randomized controlled trial comparing the frequency of acute reactions to plasma‐removed platelets and prestorage WBC‐reduced platelets
Authors: Heddle Nancy M. , Blajchman Morris A. , Meyer Ralph M. , Lipton Jeff H. , Walker Irwin R. , Sher Graham D. , Constantini Lorrie A. , Patterson Bruce , Roberts Robin S. , Thorpe Kevin E. , Levine Mark N. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Removal of the plasma supernatant from platelets before transfusion is effective in preventing acute reactions to platelets caused by cytokines. Prestorage WBC reduction of platelets may be even more effective at preventing reactions as the WBCs are removed and WBC‐derived cytokines do not accumulate in this component. This study evaluates the effectiveness of plasma removal and two methods of prestorage WBC reduction for preventing acute reactions to platelets. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Platelets given to adults with hematologic malignancies were randomly allocated to one of three types: plasma supernatant removed and a platelet storage solution added, whole blood‐derived platelets that are prestorage WBC reduced by filtration before storage, and prestorage WBC‐reduced apheresis platelets. Patients were monitored before, during, and after transfusion, and the severity of reactions was graded on a Likert scale. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients from four centers were given 1190 platelet transfusions. The overall frequency of reactions was 13.6 percent (162 of 1190), 21.3 percent (36 of 169) for the plasma‐removed platelets, 11.4 percent (59 of 517) for random donor WBC‐reduced platelets, and 13.3 percent (67 of 504) for apheresis WBC‐reduced platelets (p = 0.384). The overall frequency of severe reactions was 4.1 percent with plasma‐removed platelets, 1.7 percent for whole blood‐derived, prestorage WBC‐reduced platelets, and 1.4 percent for prestorage WBC‐reduced apheresis platelets. CONCLUSION: The frequency of reactions to plasma‐removed platelets and prestorage WBC‐reduced platelets was not significantly different; however, the power of the study for this comparison was low. There was no difference in the frequency of reactions to the two types of prestorage WBC‐reduced platelets. The frequency of severe reactions to prestorage WBC‐reduced platelets is low, occurring in only 1 to 2 percent of transfusions.
Strategies for diagnosis of HTLV‐I and ‐II
Authors: Thorstensson Rigmor , Albert Jon , Andersson Sören 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : No gold standard exists for diagnosis of HTLV infection. The aim of thus study was to compare the accuracy of a combination of two sensitive ELISAs with Western blot (WB), a line immunoassay, and PCR for diagnosis of HTLV infection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Nine hundred eighty‐five specimens were tested for the presence of HTLV antibodies by HTLV‐I and/or HTLV‐II EIAs (Murex and Ortho), WB (Diagnostic Biotechnology), line immunoassay (INNO‐LIA, Innogenetics), and/or presence of HTLV DNA by PCR. The results were compared with the probable HTLV infection status of each subject, as determined by detailed review of all available laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic data. RESULTS : The sensitivity for diagnosis of HTLV‐I infection was high for all assays evaluated, but both PCR and WB had a lower sensitivity rate (approx., 80%) for confirmation of HTLV‐II. INNO‐LIA detected 94 percent of the HTLV‐II‐positive samples. However, Murex EIA in combination with Ortho EIA was 100‐percent sensitive for the detection of both HTLV‐I and HTLV‐II antibodies. Furthermore, the number of samples giving indeterminate results in the ELISA combination was much lower as compared with WB (2.5% vs. 50%). CONCLUSION : Based on these findings, a new, more sensitive and specific test strategy for HTLV diagnosis than the current algorithm, which includes WB, is proposed. Thereby, both the direct and indirect costs can be substantially reduced.
Inactivation of parvovirus B19 during pasteurization of human serum albumin
Authors: Blümel Johannes , Schmidt Ivo , Willkommen Hannelore , Löwer Johannes 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : It has been shown that HSA may be contaminated with parvovirus B19 (B19) DNA. However, the presence of B19 DNA does not necessarily indicate infectious virus. HSA is pasteurized at 60°C for 10 hours and it remains unclear whether this procedure inactivates B19. Studies with animal parvoviruses indicate considerable heat resistance at 60°C. However, due to the lack of a suitable cell culture system, the pasteurization process has not been investigated in the past. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The recently described cell clone KU812Ep6 was used to establish a system for investigation of B19 inactivation during pasteurization. Virus‐infected cells were detected by immunofluorescent staining of viral capsid antigen and by RT‐PCR assay of virus‐specific capsid mRNA. RESULTS
: B19 was inactivated after 10 minutes at 60°C for ≥4 log
. In contrast, porcine parvovirus was widely resistant at 60°C. Inactivation of B19 was independent of the analyzed albumin products (5, 20, and 25% albumin from three manufacturers) and from the specific virus source used for the inactivation experiments. Degradation of B19 DNA by deoxyribonuclease I treatment after pasteurization indicated that the virus capsid is destroyed during heat treatment. CONCLUSION : Heat resistance of B19 markedly differs from heat resistance of animal parvoviruses. While animal parvoviruses widely withstand pasteurization of albumin, B19 was rapidly inactivated. These results confirm the safety of pasteurized albumin and are in line with its good clinical safety record with respect to B19 infection. However, conclusions regarding the safety of other blood‐derived medicinal products should not be derived from B19 inactivation in albumin, because different processes or different composition of product intermediates may significantly influence B19 stability during heat treatment.
Comparative yield of HCV RNA testing in blood donors screened by 2.0 versus 3.0 antibody assays
Authors: Galel Susan A. , Strong D. Michael , Tegtmeier Gary E. , Holland Paul V. , Kuramoto Isamu K. , Kemper Marti , Pietrelli Larry , Gallarda James 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Two HCV antibody tests (EIA 2.0 [EIA2], Abbott; and the Version 3.0 ELISA [EIA3], Ortho) are currently licensed for screening of US blood donors. Testing of donors for HCV RNA allows comparison of the sensitivities of the two antibody‐screening assays. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All allogeneic blood donations at 13 US test sites were screened for HCV RNA by testing plasma minipools using an investigational assay (COBAS AmpliScreen HCV test, v2.0, Roche Molecular Systems). Some sites screened for HCV antibody by EIA2 and some used EIA3. The frequency of RNA‐positive and antibody‐negative (RNA‐pos and Ab‐neg) donations among donors screened by each antibody assay was compared. Antibody appearance was assessed in a donor follow‐up study. RESULTS: A total of 5.51 × 106 donations were screened for HCV RNA. Of these, 2.27 million were screened for antibody by EIA2, and 3.24 million by EIA3. Twenty‐three donations were HCV RNA‐pos and Ab‐neg. The frequency of RNA‐pos and Ab‐neg donations was higher among donations screened by EIA2 (1 in 134,000), compared to those screened by EIA3 (1 in 540,000) (p = 0.001). Of the 17 RNA‐pos and Ab‐neg donations identified by test sites that used EIA2, 14 were retested by EIA3 and 10 (71%) were reactive. Most RNA‐pos and Ab‐neg donors appear to be in the process of seroconversion. Donors that were initially EIA2‐negative and EIA3‐reactive showed a more prolonged pattern of seroconversion compared to those that were initially nonreactive by both antibody assays. Four donors were EIA2‐negative, EIA3‐reactive, and RIBA‐indeterminate (c33c) for at least 90 days, 1 for more than 317 days. CONCLUSION: EIA3 would have detected the majority of RNA‐positive donations missed by EIA2. Some RNA‐positive donors are EIA2‐negative and EIA3‐reactive for a prolonged period of time.
Prevention ofYersinia enterocolitica,Pseudomonas fluorescens, andPseudomonas putidaoutgrowth in deliberately inoculated blood by a novel pathogen‐reduction process
Authors: Zavizion Boris , Serebryanik Diana , Serebryanik Irina , Chapman John , Purmal Andrei 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND:Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas fluorescens,andP. putidaare responsible for a significant amount of the bacterial sepsis cases attributed to RBC transfusions. INACTINE is a pathogen‐reduction process for RBCs, which consists of incubation of RBCs with PEN110 (proprietary compound) followed by automated washing of the RBCs. INACTINE is an electrophilic agent, which inactivates a wide range of viruses and WBCs by disruption of nucleic acid replication. The present study investigated the effect of the PEN110 process onY. enterocolitica, P. fluorescens,andP. putida.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Identical units of reduced CPD/ADSOL additive solution (AS‐1) or CP2D/Nutricel additive solution (AS‐3) RBCs were inoculated with 10 to 100 CFU per mL of either>Y. enterocolitica, P. fluorescens,orP. putida.The control units were put on storage immediately after the bacterial spike. The test units were subjected to the PEN110 process and then stored. Sham control units were processed the same way as test units without addition of PEN110. Bacterial titer in all units was monitored during the 6‐week storage period.RESULTS: No bacteria were detected in any of the RBC units (n = 9 for each microorganism) prepared using the PEN110 process throughout 6 weeks of storage. Substantial bacterial growth occurred in all control and in a majority of sham control units (11 out of 15 experiments). The bacterial inactivation by the INACTINE process was found to be equally effective in CPD/AS‐1 and CP2D/AS‐3 RBC units.CONCLUSION: The INACTINE process effectively prevented the outgrowth ofY. enterocolitica, P. fluores‐ cens,andP. putidadeliberately inoculated into WBC‐reduced CPD/AS‐1 and CP2D/AS‐3 RBCs. The results demonstrated the crucial bactericidal role of PEN110 in the INACTINE process.
Hedging and Coordinated Risk Management: Evidence from Thrift Conversions
Authors: Schrand Catherine , Unal Haluk 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe provide an explanation for hedging as a means of allocating rather than reducing risk. We argue that when increases in total risk are costly, firms optimally allocate risk by reducing (increasing) exposure to risks that provide zero (positive) economic rents. Our evidence shows that mutual thrifts that convert to stock institutions increase total risk following conversion, consistent with their increased abilities and incentives for risk taking. They achieve this increase by hedging interest‐rate risk and increasing credit risk. We provide some evidence that risk‐management activities are related to growth capacity and management compensation structure attained at conversion.
Value versus Growth: The International Evidence
Authors: Fama Eugene F. , French Kenneth R. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTValue stocks have higher returns than growth stocks in markets around the world. For the period 1975 through 1995, the difference between the average returns on global portfolios of high and low book‐to‐market stocks is 7.68 percent per year, and value stocks outperform growth stocks in twelve of thirteen major markets. An international capital asset pricing model cannot explain the value premium, but a two‐factor model that includes a risk factor for relative distress captures the value premium in international returns.
The Delisting Bias in CRSP's Nasdaq Data and Its Implications for the Size Effect
Authors: Shumway Tyler , Warther Vincent A. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe investigate the bias in CRSP's Nasdaq data due to missing returns for delisted stocks. We find that the missing returns are large and negative on average, and that delisted stocks experience a substantial decrease in liquidity. We estimate that using a corrected return of −55 percent for missing performance‐related delisting returns corrects the bias. We revisit previous work which finds a size effect among Nasdaq stocks. After correcting for the delisting bias, there is no evidence that there ever was a size effect on Nasdaq. Our results are inconsistent with most risk‐based explanations of the size effect.
What Makes Investors Trade?
Authors: Grinblatt Mark , Keloharju Matti 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTA unique data set allows us to monitor the buys, sells, and holds of individuals and institutions in the Finnish stock market on a daily basis. With this data set, we employ Logit regressions to identify the determinants of buying and selling activity over a two‐year period. We find evidence that investors are reluctant to realize losses, that they engage in tax‐loss selling activity, and that past returns and historical price patterns, such as being at a monthly high or low, affect trading. There also is modest evidence that life‐cycle trading plays a role in the pattern of buys and sells.
Information Production and Capital Allocation: Decentralized versus Hierarchical Firms
Authors: Stein Jeremy C. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper asks how well different organizational structures perform in terms of generating information about investment projects and allocating capital to these projects. A decentralized approach‐with small, single‐manager firms‐is most likely to be attractive when information about projects is “soft” and cannot be credibly transmitted. In contrast, large hierarchies perform better when information can be costlessly “hardened” and passed along inside the firm. The model can be used to think about the consequences of consolidation in the banking industry, particularly the documented tendency for mergers to lead to declines in small‐business lending.
Analogue, Analytical and Digital Photogrammetric Workstations: Practical Investigations of Peformance
Authors: Walker A. S. 
Published: March 2003

Prospective customers often request information on the accuracy of digital photogrammetry. Suitable data have been scarce, so Leica has begun a programme of internal tests. These are neither comprehensive nor necessarily representative of other suppliers' equipment, but several experienced operators and sets of imagery are being used and the results do provide general guidelines. A selection of analogue, analytical and digital workstations is being tested, together with scanners giving different pixel sizes.The early stages of the work are reported here. The tests include interior and exterior orientation of individual stereomodels followed by measurement of check points. Subsequent stages, covering DTMs, orthophotographs, mosaics and aerial triangulation, are planned.