bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficiency and productivity growth in u. S. Banking
Authors: Bauer Paul W , Berger, Allen N , Humphrey David B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until recently, bank cost studies focused almost exclusively on scale and product mix (scope) economies. While this has been useful, a potentially more important dimension of bank cost economies appears to be differences in efficiency. Recent studies have estimated inefficiencies of 20 percent or more of costs, even for banks of similar scale and product mix. These inefficiencies appear to dominate scale and product mix effects, which usually average 5 percent or less. Our purposes in this chapter are twofold. First, we apply two methods of ef­ ficiency measurement that have been employed in extant efficiency literature and contrast the results across methodologies. Specifically, we compare the stochastic econometric frontier approach, first proposed by Aigner, Lovell, and Schmidt (1977), Meeusen and van den Broeck (1977), and Battese and Corra (1977), with the thick frontier approach of Berger and Humphrey (1991, 1992a). These methods are applied to a panel data set of 683 U.S. banks with over $100 million in assets in states that allow branch banking that were continuously in existence during 1977 to 1988. As these banks account for two-thirds of total banking assets, and all U.S. states allow some form of branching as of August 1991, our results may be considered reasonably representative of the industry as a whole.
The Emergence of Romanticism
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although he is primarily known as a historian of Russia, Nicholas Riasanovsky has long been a student of European Romanticism. The Emergence of Romanticism examines the origins of the Romantic movement in England and Germany and offers a new interpretation of the Romantics’ goals and influence. Riasanovsky searches for the origins of the dazzling vision that made the great early Romantic poets in England and Germany—Wordsworth, Coleridge, Novalis and Friedrich Schlegel—look at the world in a new way. He stresses that Romanticism was produced only by Western Christian civilization, with its unique view of man’s relationship to God. The Romantics’ frantic and heroic striving after unreachable goals mirrors Christian beliefs in human inability adequately to address God, speak to God, or praise God. Further, Riasanovsky argues that Romantic thought played a key role in the rise of nationalism in Europe.
Some Observations on the Emergence of Romanticism
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is an enormous scholarly literature on the nature and definition of romanticism. Nor does it exhibit consensus. In fact, some specialists denied the legitimacy of the generic term romanticism, arguing that one could effectively examine only different romanticisms. Others, while not proscribing in principle the search for a unifying concept, pointed pessimistically to literally dozens and dozens of definitions, often mutually incompatible and even directly contradictory. Under the circumstances, certain experts resorted to purely external and formal classifications, designating the writers and the artists of a particular time period as romanticists and whatever they produced as romanticism.
The Political Role of the Family
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first place to look for ideas about the political role of the family is the writings of political theorists. Such ideas existed in greater abundance in the period we are considering than in present-day political theory. There were also widely held ideas that were not in perfect harmony with formal theories. Today, too, there are discrepancies between the deceptive neatness of theories and the often unconscious, contradictory, and subversive principles on which people act, even though what is now called political science relies heaily on surveys, polls, and statistics.
The Making of Saudi Arabia 1916—1936
Authors: Kostine Joseph 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The period covered in this book saw Saudi Arabia emerge as the state we know today. With British backing, the Saudi state expanded from its Najdi origins eastweard, westward, northward and southward, embracing at the end of the period, the greater part of the Arabian peninsula. Kostiner focuses in particular on the development of the political role of the chieftaincy into a more centralized political structure. Ibn Saud emerged as the most prominent of the tribal leaders, shrewdly exploiting the revolts of religious zealots to gain supremacy over his rivals. Drawing on an impressive range of materials, The Making of Saudi Arabia is the most complete study of the creation of the Saudi state to date.
The Image of Peter the Great in the Soviet Union, 191 7-1984
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The historical significance of Peter I’s reforms was very great. Their total result was the creation of a mighty Russian empire, firmly entrenched on the shores of the Baltic Sea and of the Pacific Ocean. That striking condition of backwardness in the economic, political, and cultural fields, which had been charac­teristic of the Russian state at the end of the seventeenth century, was overcome to the extent that Russia was no longer immediately threatened with the danger of becoming a colony or a semicolony of any more powerful neighboring Western European state. Russia was transformed, as a result of Peter’s reform, into one of the most significant and mighty European states. The Petrine reforms, which had a progressive meaning in the strength­ening of the national state of landlords and of the emerging merchant class, came as a strong push toward a further growth of the productive forces of the country, and for that reason they played a major role in the preparation of those conditions within the framework of which there began to appear toward the end of the eighteenth century elements of the capitalist mode of production.
Environmental Diplomacy
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lawrence Susskind looks at the weaknesses of the existing system of environmental treaty-making and the increasing role of non-governmental interests in environmental diplomacy. He argues for ‘nearly self-enforcing’ agreements that ensure compliance without threatening sovereignty and maintains that new institutional arrangements are within reach. Susskind builds on the work of the Program on Negotiation at the Harvard Law School and the International Environmental Negotiation Network to offer guidelines for more effecitve global agreements that provide for sustainable development.
Brain Repair
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Here is a book that anyone interested in how the brain works will find fascinating and enjoyable. Written in a highly readable style, the book looks at how the damaged brain can be repaired and reconstructed. The key to neuroscience’s most exciting discoveries to date is the theory that is rapidly gaining adherents in the scientific community - the theory of neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity stresses that cells throughout the brain can not only regenerate, but can adapt their function to assume critical roles once performed by damaged tissue. The author explains how the brain manufactures complex chemicals that foster growth in damaged brain cells, and how misguided ideas can adversely affect how physicians treat patients. A best-selling volume in France and Spain, Brain Repair provides a vividly written, wide-ranging look at the leading edge of one of science’s most exciting frontiers.
Charcot and the Artistry of Neurological Practice
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charcot was not only a scientific researcher; he was also a prominent practicing physician. As a clinician, Charcot developed aspects of the modern neurological examination, introduced diagnostic tools and strategies, and treated numerous neurological conditions with traditional as well as innovative, even controversial therapies. This chapter examines Charcot, the practitioner, diagnostician, and therapist, with emphasis on “artistic” or applied medicine.
The Imperial Harem
Authors: Peirce Leslie P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rise to power of the imperial harem is one of the most dramatic developments in the history of the Ottoman empire. From the beginning of the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent in 1520 until the mid-17th century, high-ranking women of the Ottoman dynasty enjoyed a degree of political power greater than ever before or after. Leslie Peirce challenges the notion that the gender segregation of traditional Islamic society precluded women from playing anything more than a subordinate role within the household. In part one, Peirce examines the dynasty’s reproduction policies and argues that the decisions about reproduction and the training or princes was tied to an ideology of power. Part two, examines the sources of women’s direct and indirect political power. Peirce discusses how women participated in diplomacy, negotiating treaties and corresponding with figures such as Elizabeth I and Catherine de Medicis. Of equal importance, was women’s participation in what Peirce terms ‘the public culture of sovereignty’ by which is meant royal ceremonies and the patronage of artists. This book reinterprets definitions of sovereignty and political action to show the centrality of women. It makes an important contribution to the study both of the history of Turkey in the 16th and 17th centuries and to the study of women and politics.
The Politics of Diplomacy
Authors: Peirce Leslie P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1593 Elizabeth I, queen of England, sent the valide sultan Safiye a jewelled portrait of herself. Six years later Safiye asked the English ambassador Henry Lello if she might have another likeness of the queen.1 Inquiring what she might give Elizabeth in return that would most please her, Safiye was told to send an outfit such as she herself might wear. Her gift included “two garments of cloth of silver, one girdle of cloth of silver, two handekerchers wrought with massy gould.”2 Here was an intimate yet serious moment in the business of diplomacy among monarchs in the early modern world. Particularly prominent in the diplomatic activities of the empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were four Ottoman women: Hurrem, Nurbanu, Safiye, and Kosem.
Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter: History between Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry
Authors: Porter Roy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Collaborative writing in the history of psychiatry is not unknown-one thinks of Franz G. Alexander and Sheldon T. Selesnick’s The History of Psychiatry: An Evaluation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present (1967), discussed by George Mora in the preceding chapter; but Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter constitute easily the most productive collaboration and certainly the only mother-and son team. Psychobiographical questions of a Freudian hue are naturally raised by this scholarly liaison and its prolific progeny, which I shall not attempt to resolve in this paper.1 Nevertheless, any understanding of the changing interpretative framework adopted in their work must hinge upon biographical elements, and so it may be useful here to sketch their careers.2
Michel Foucault’s Phänomenologie des Krankengeistes
Authors: Gutting Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reactions of professional historians to Foucault’s Histoire de la folie 2 seem, at first reading, ambivalent, not to say polarized.3 There are many acknowledgments of its seminal role, beginning with Robert Mandrou’s early review in Annales, characterizing it as a “beautiful book” that will be “of central importance for our understanding of the Classical period.”4 Twenty years later, Michael MacDonald confirmed Mandrou’s prophecy: “Anyone who writes about the history of insanity in early modern Europe must travel in the spreading wake of Michel Foucault’s famous book, Madness and Civilization. 5 Later endorsements have been even stronger. Jan Goldstein: “For both their empirical content and their powerful theoretical perspectives, the works of Michel Foucault occupy a special and central place in the historiography of psychiatry.”6 Roy Porter: “Time has proved Madness and Civilization far the most penetrating work ever written on the history of madness.”7 More specifically, Foucault has recently been heralded as a prophet of “the new cultural history.”8
Dirty Politics
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jamieson exposes the methods and meaning of today’s attack campaigns, exploring the subtle and devious techniques of recent political ads. and suggesting ways in which the impact of deception can be minimised. Highlighting controversial tactics such as the 1988 Willie Horton ad., Jamieson argues that debates about “negative campaigning” are fundamentally misdirected. Attacking opponents’ weaknesses is a legitimate part of political discourse, and barefaced lies have a long tradition in American politicking. New is the surge of powerful ads that invite false inferences about the facts or that covertly pander to prejudice, evoking anti-black, anti-feminist, and anti-gay responses. At the same time, modern media coverage is reinforcing instead of undercutting campaign deception, while PAC-sponsored ads eliminate the candidates’ accountability for their attacks. Building on Jamieson’s compelling studies of political advertising, speechmaking, and debates, this book will be a timely companion to the 1992 elections, helping to make sense of the debates over what’s fair and what’s foul in today’s political campaigns.
A Unitarian Project for Moral Guidance
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
He [Pericles] did not seek lo control, but rather yielded lo and regulated the irresistible current of the popular desire. No Athenian ever possessed so many qualities for obtaining great and lasting influence over the various classes of the citizens. Never has Alger been viewed as an author implementing a political project, steeped in the classics and the religion of the Harvard Unitarian moralists. Chapters and 3 establish the linkage between Alger s work in the classics, his religious training, and the agenda of his juvenilefiction. These connections illuminate his project for moral guidance through fiction in a way that has eluded supporters and critic salik en those who recognize his role as genteel moralist. The interests, values, and themes articulated in Alger s prize-winning essays at Harvard pervade his literary career.
Technology, Organizations, Corporations, and Capitalists
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The corporate or semi-corporate organizations of society are so numerous and so pervasive of all kinds of social activity that the individual citizen, trying to attain the ideal of personal independence venerated in the theory of the political institutions of his country, finds every avenue under the control of some kind of an association in which he must acquire membership or to whose regulations he must submit ... John P. Davis, Corporations As Alger s career drew to a close, one could proclaim the advent of the centralized, bureaucratized, industrial state. Corporations, trusts, pooling arrangements, labor unions, professional and voluntary organizations, and bureaucracies were incontrovertible features of the late-century landscape. In 897, a leading scholar on corporate form pronounced that “the growth of corporations in western Europe and the United States signifies nothing less than a social revolution. Specialization invaded politics, business, and charitable activities; the amateur was being replaced by university-trained professionals. They brought their new conceptual tools-and great confidence in their new expertise-to bear on such problems as industrial liability laws, railroad regulation, child labor, tax reform, and transit franchises. As organization and administration pervaded life, “all but the most exceptional individual seemed reduced to impotence and insignificance.
Natural Aristocracy in a Democracy: Authority, Power, and Politics
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That American citizen who has original manhood and lives a fresh, honest life of his own, regardless of the dictation of King Caucus or Queen Average,-the most heartless and vulgar despots that ever reigned,-sets the bravest of examples and teaches the most needed of lessons William Rounseville Alger, Life of Edwin Forrest, Vol. Although the Civil War served as backdrop for several early tales, Alger s fiction is other wise almost de void of explicit reference to political figures and conflicts. There are no “party men” and few politicians. Rarely does the author route a hero to a career in politics.
Cold War Criticism
Authors: Siebers Tobin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The cold war era began officially with Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech in March 1946, and until recently it was believed to have ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. The failed Soviet coup of August 1991 revised this history, but the events confirmed for many what had been the unspoken truth of the cold war era: the history of the cold war is in part a history of false endings. When Gorbachev was temporarily deposed on the morning of the nineteenth, every conservative politician in Washington and some of the liberal ones found themselves thinking that glasnost and arms reduction had proceeded too swiftly, and after the coup failed the experts debated over whether nuclear forces had for sixty-three hours fallen into the hands of the communist hard-liners.
Introduction: Who Represents Elizabeth?
Authors: Frye Susan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Five years ago I began worrying about whether Queen Elizabeth had actually worn armor when she addressed her troops at Tilbury in 1588 when she and her advisers expected a Spanish invasion momentarily. Biographer Alison Plowden confidently asserts that she was "bare-headed and wearing a breastplate"; Elizabeth Jenkins assures us that "a steel corselet was found for her to wear and a helmet with white plumes was given to a page to carry"; and Carolly Erickson concludes-in a description that parallels Garrett Mattingly's-that she was "armed like a queen out of antique mythology in a silver cuirass and silver truncheon. Her gown was white velvet, and there were plumes in her hair like those that waved from the helmets of the mounted soldiers.
Parasitic Protozoa and Helminths
Authors: Mahmoud Adel A F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Parasitic protozoa and helminths constitute two of the larger groups of infectious agents that cause human morbidity and mortality (Table 5.1). In spite of the major biological, epidemiological, and clinical differences between these two groups of infectious agents, they have been traditionally identified as parasites. The acceptable definition of the phenomenon of parasitism, however, is a specialized, dependent, and obligatory mode of life. It, therefore, applies to all infectious agents and not particularly to any specific group whether it is viruses or helminths. The rationale for grouping protozoa and helminths together is therefore unclear except that both belong to the animal kingdom.
Epidemiology in Clinical Infectious Diseases
Authors: Goodman Richard A , Hughes James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The role of clinically based health care providers in diagnosing and treating their patients’ problems uniquely positions clinicians to recognize new infectious agents and outbreaks. The detection of new disease agents and the recognition of outbreaks usually have broad implications for the public’s health. Even though this book emphasizes clinical aspects of infectious diseases, the astute clinician can, by combining clinical skills with basic principles of epidemiology, simultaneously maximize the treatment of the individual patient and facilitate the proper public health response to an infectious-disease problem involving the community.
Clinical Parasitology
Authors: Plorde James J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The majority of parasitic infections are diagnosed by the recovery and morphologic identification of the etiologic agent in the excreta, blood, body fluids, or tissues of the host (see Table 19.1, Figs. 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6). In intestinal infections, this is accomplished by examining wet amounts and/or stained smears of fecal material. Wet mounts and smears of peripheral blood are employed for the diagnosis of malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and filariasis, while examination of sputum or urine can yield the diagnosis of paragonimiasis and schistosomiasis haematobium, respectively.
Antiparasitic Drugs and Therapy
Authors: Armitage Keith B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While therapy of many infections due to parasitic protozoa and helminths has improved in the past 10 years, many problems remain, including development of resistance to previously effective agents, toxic side effects of some of the currently recommended agents, and unavailability of certain drugs in the United States. In this chapter the mechanism of action, route of administration, major toxicities, and other pharmacological parameters of antiparasitic drugs are reviewed. Antiparasitic agents can be divided by the class of organism they primarily target (e.g., protozoa, or subgroups of helminths, e.g., nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes) or by whether they are systemic agents or primarily act locally.
Specific Vaccines
Authors: Heath Paul T , Moxon E Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although improved socioeconomic circumstances, especially clean water and sanitation, must be credited as a major reason for drastic reductions in mortality from many infectious diseases, vaccination has been decisive in the control of at least 10 microbial diseases-smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, yellow fever, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and most recently Haemophilus influenzae B.
Fever of Unknown Origin
Authors: Root Richard K , Petersdorf Robert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a cardinal manifestation of the inflammatory process that accompanies infection, fever is often the major symptom that causes patients to seek medical attention. The majority of febrile disorders are short-lived and produced by intercurrent viral respiratory infections. Less commonly fever may be prolonged and last for weeks or months as part of a chronic infectious disease, a diffuse inflammatory disorder or an occult neoplasm. If initial evaluation fails to disclose a cause the disorder is stated to be a “fever of unknown origin (FUO)”.
Chile: Truth and Justice under the Democratic Government
Authors: Mera Jorge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chile returned to democratic government in March 1990 when President Patricio Aylwin was elected after seventeen years of military rule. The process of transition was designed by the military, which allowed elections in exchange for agreement by the political parties to respect the constitutional structure put in place by the military. Despite the election of a civilian president, the ex-head of government, General Augusto Pinochet, remained head of the Army, and the military structure remained intact. These were the circumstances in which the new president was faced with the problem of human rights violations—summary executions, forced disappearances, widespread torture, and clandestine detention—committed during the military regime. The coherence of the Aylwin government’s policy in dealing with this problem is the subject of this chapter.