bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in reproduction in captive, female great apes: Value of biotechniques
Authors: Loskutoff N. M. , Kraemer D. C. , Raphael B. L. , Huntress S. L. , Wildt D. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMost of the progress in female great ape reproduction has focused on monitoring ovarian and endocrine activity. Perhaps of more importance has been the gradually evolving interest and willingness to consider biotechnology as a potential, viable approach for enhancing reproductive performance. Artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and embryo transfer offer an array of possibilities for combating infertility and understanding the fundamental differences and similarities among great ape species. Multidisciplinary efforts have assessed reproductive competence, from the simple (i.e., perineal tumescence and urinary occult blood in chimpanzees) to the complex (i.e., ovum recovery and IVF following exogenous hormone treatment in chimpanzees and gorillas). Hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy have been used to determine uterotubal patency and to identify pathological conditions in gorillas. Assays for steroid metabolites in serial urine samples, to permit accurate assessments of ovarian cyclicity, have been developed and validated for all great apes species. Stimulation of follicular recruitment and maturation has been achieved following administration of clomiphene citrate (chimpanzees and gorillas) and human menopausal gonadotropin (gorillas). Clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin have been used to regulate ovulation for the AI of chimpanzees. Pregnancies have resulted in chimpanzees and gorillas following AI using fresh and cryopreserved/thawed semen; however, conception rates vary. Embryos have been nonsurgically recovered from chimpanzees after timed matings and follicular oocytes have been recovered from chimpanzees and gorillas by transabdominal laparoscopy after exogenous hormone treatment. To date, although in vivo matured ova have been fertilized in vitro using homologous sperm in chimpanzees and gorillas, no great ape offspring have been born from transferred embryos produced by in vitro or in vivo fertilization. A review of the many remaining problems suggests the need for more basic studies of ovulation induction, ovum and sperm requirements in vivo and in vitro, and the effects of animal manipulation (anesthesia, surgery, and other stressors) on the ability of the female to ovulate and sustain pregnancy. Especially important are more assessments to identify reproductively competent individuals so that these females can be placed with breeding males while subfertile or infertile animals are designated for intensive artificial breeding research.
Cyclic changes in hormonal, physical, behavioral, and linguistic measures in a female lowland gorilla
Authors: Patterson Francine G. P. , Holts Candace L. , Saphire Lisa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSince 1972, Koko, a captive‐born female lowland gorilla, has been the subject of longitudinal linguistic and behavioral research. Data on behavioral and physical concomitants of Koko's estrous cycle have been gathered since her cycles began at the age of 5 years, 9 months. This study presents evidence of endocrinological influence on cognitive functioning: It demonstrates that frequency of sign‐language use by Koko is greater in the follicular phase of her reproductive cycle. This finding supports an earlier report on Koko and is in agreement with recent studies correlating human menstrual‐cycle phases with patterns of manual sequencing and verbal fluency. This study also confirms that nonlaboratory hormone tests designed for human female urine samples appear to be useful for detecting luteinizing hormone (LH) in gorilla urine and establishes the applicability of such tests for determining pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) levels in gorilla urine. Analyses of preliminary test results indicate that these enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests match earlier radioimmunoassay (RIA) findings on the relationship between reproductive hormones and variables such as genital swelling and proceptivity in female gorillas.
Mountain gorilla reproduction and sexual behavior
Authors: Watts David P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on mountain gorilla reproductive behavior, demography, and sexual behavior are reviewed and compared with earlier reviews of reproduction by wild gorillas and with data on captive gorillas. Topics covered include maturation, female transfer patterns and reproductive histories, reproductive intervals, influences on fertility, infant mortality, sex ratios at birth, birth seasonality, copulatory behavior, and estrus cyclicity. Most of the results of the updated analyses presented here corroborate those from previous studies of the same population. Newer information shows that responsibility for the initiation of copulations varies in association with female fertility and sexual state; that infant mortality in the first year is higher than reported earlier; that the sex ratio at birth is 1:1; and that, on a population level, interbirth intervals following the birth of males are the same length as those after female births. Data on reproductive intervals, sexual cyclicity, and copulatory behavior are generally similar to data from many captive situations. Two findings are particularly relevant to the problem of cessation of reproduction by captive females. First, fertility does not obviously decline with age in the wild. Second, a high proportion of females have reproduced in their natal groups and some have had multiple births there.
Reproductive intervals in captive female western lowland gorillas with a comparison to wild mountain gorillas
Authors: Sievert Judy , Karesh William B. , Sunde Violet 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA wide disparity between parturition and the resumption of sexual behavior in two captive female western lowland gorillas prompted an investigation of interbirth intervals (IBIs) in captive western lowland gorillas that had reared their infants. To determine reproductive intervals, a questionnaire was sent to 30 institutions (19 in North America and 11 in Europe) that maintained captive females who had previously reared or were currently rearing their offspring. Information compiled relates to the length of reproductive intervals, including lactational anestrus, estrous behavior to conception and from parturition to conception, and IBIs. These data are compared with studies published on wild mountain gorillas. The median IBI for 16 mothers still rearing infants when their next conception occurred was 4 years (range 2.33–6.42 years, N = 16). Twenty‐one percent of the 52 mothers in this study are no longer reproducing. The mean time without reproduction since separation from their last offspring was 5.43 years. This study indicates that the length of IBIs, lactational anestrus, and intervals from parturition, separation, and estrous behavior to conception compare closely with findings for wild populations. Incompatibility between partners may be a factor limiting further reproduction in some captive mothers in this study.
Morphometric analyses of Ateles: systematic and biogeographic implications
Authors: Froehlich J. W. , Supriatna J. , Froehlich P. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the cranial and dental morphometric patterns among South American spider monkey taxa (Ateles), using various multivariate data reduction techniques to corroborate or falsify the predictions of alternative vicariance or parapatric models for explaining neotropical biodiversity. Data from 284 specimens were standardized to eliminate sex differences and then transformed by factor analysis to obviate the effects of body size on shape relationships. We found the independent discriminant analyses of dental and cranial data to be not at all dissimilar, nor did body size appear to distort geographical relationships. Thus a pooled data set of 50 measurements was further reduced by cluster analysis to produce a dendrogram of taxonomic relationships that is discordant with current classification. Three independent taxa are indicated, with the Guianan samples being most distinct, followed by the animals of northwest Venezuela and adjacent Colombia. Elsewhere, the samples describe a cline of relationships around Amazonia that resembles a ring species. Of particular interest is the apparent clinal intergradation across major tributaries of the Amazon, which is inconsistent with the concept of these rivers as barriers in their present form. Instead these observations, and the congruence between the multivariate clusters and previously identified centers of endemism, support both tierra firme and forest refugia models of historical biogeography. However, the latter model is somewhat falsified within Amazonia by character stability for alternative pelage patterns on opposite sides of the same major rivers that showed morphometric intergradation, but not as predicted within the refugia. This parapatric enhancement of pelage differences, which originated presumably in allopatry, suggests a mechanism of incipient speciation by frequency‐dependent assortative mating with no apparent hybrid disadvantage or disruption of widespread gene flow.
Suppression of luteinizing hormone release by the α1‐adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin in the ovariectomized female rhesus monkey
Authors: Gearing Marla , Terasawa Ei 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of adrenergic antagonists on LH release were examined in ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys implanted with indwelling jugular catheters. While the α2‐adrenergic antagonist rauwolscine and the vehicle were without effect, the α1‐antagonist prazosin suppressed LH release. In 5 of the 8 monkeys tested, LH pulses were completely arrested; in the remaining 3 monkeys, small LH pulses were detectable after the administration of 0.2 mg/kg prazosin. In a second series of experiments, the effects of three different doses of prazosin were examined. Doses of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg suppressed LH release in a manner indistinguishable from that of the 0.2 mg/kg dose. Finally, the ability of the pituitary to respond to a bolus of LHRH during the prazosin‐induced suppression was tested. In all 6 animals, the injection of LHRH during the time when LH was suppressed by prazosin resulted in a marked increase in LH release. These results indicate 1) that α1‐adrenergic receptors but not α2 receptors are important for pulsatile LH secretion, 2) that varying the dose of prazosin administered does not alter the effect of the drug or LH release within the range of doses tested, and 3) the pituitary is able to respond to LHRH with an increase in LH release during the prazosin‐induced suppression period.
Axial skeleton of Cebupithecia sarmientoi (Pitheciinae, Platyrrhini) from the middle miocene of La Venta, Colombia
Authors: Meldrum D. Jeffrey , Lemelin Pierre 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe axial skeleton of Cebupithecia sarmientoi is described and analyzed for its functional and phylogenetic implications. The vertebrae of the holotype of C. sarmientoi (UCMP 38762) most closely resemble those of the extant pitheciine genus Pithecia and display features associated with adaptations for clinging and leaping as in that genus. Cebupithecia has a relatively long non‐prehensile tail, which is most similar in absolute dimensions and proportions to Pithecia monachus. It also shares with P. monachus a distinctive morphology of the thoracic vertebrae, specifically the presence of a bony pillar spanning the vertebral lamina and body, caudal to the pedicle, herein designated the vinculum laminum. It is proposed that many of these features are shared primitive retentions from the last common ancestor of the Cebupithecia‐pitheciine clade.
Factors in the rejection and survival of captive cotton top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Johnson Lorna D. , Petto Andrew J. , Sehgal Prabhat K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive colonies of cotton top tamarins experience a high rate of rejection of infants within the 1st week of life. The rates of rejection and survival to maturity (2 or more years) among 659 live colony‐born infants were correlated with rearing, birth group, litter size, season of birth, gender, origin of parents, experience of parents raising siblings, parity and age of parents, and experience of parent pairs. The most important factors associated with low rejection rates were family life and parental experience raising infants. Infants born into family groups or reared in families were rejected at a significantly lower rate. Rejection of infants whose sires were raised with siblings was significantly lower. Paternal experience was more important than maternal experience. Litter size had no effect on rejection of infants born to family groups, whereas, rejection of triplets was significantly higher than twins or singles among those born to parents alone. Rejection was significantly higher among primiparous births than multiparous birth. The combined experience of colony‐born parents was not related to rejection if there were no sibling helpers in the cage at the time of birth. Rejection was significantly lower if sibling helpers were present. High survival of infants who were not rejected was correlated with rearing by or being born into family groups and higher parity and older age of the sires.
ACTH and glucocorticoid responses under two conditions of stress in macaques
Authors: Clarke A. Susan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFemale macaques were tested under two different psychologically stressful situations in which plasma ACTH and glucocorticoid concentrations were measured. In the first, animals were operantly trained to enter a small transport cage over a four‐week period, and plasma ACTH and glucocorticoids were measured in response to brief confinement in the cage before and after training. ACTH values were significantly lower in the pre‐test (stress) condition when compared to those for the post‐test, whereas the opposite result was found for glucocorticoid values. In the second experiment, blood samples were collected before and one hour after exposure to more acute and severe stress (restraint, venipuncture, handcapture, transport). Both ACTH and glucocorticoid values were significantly elevated from baseline at the post‐test sample. The differential relationship between the two hormones among the two experiments was likely the result of the specific timing and magnitude of the stress imposed by each test situation.
The relationship of agonistic and affiliative behavior patterns to cellular immune function among cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) living in unstable social groups
Authors: Kaplan Jay R. , Heise Eugene R. , Manuck Stephen B. , Shively Carol A. , Cohen Sheldon , Rabin Bruce S. , Kasprowicz Alfred L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConsiderable recent interest has focused on the possibility that behavioral factors may influence immune competence, and hence, potentially, patterns of disease. We report here the relationship between the aggressive and affiliative behavior and the cellular immune responses of 30 adult male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) living in small (n = 5) social groups whose members were periodically redistributed over 26 months. Animals also were subjected to behavioral observation, allowing them to be categorized as either high or low in aggressiveness and affiliation. At the end of the 26 months, lymphocyte proliferation tests were performed on blood samples from all monkeys, using both concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 ug/ml. Two‐by‐two (Aggressiveness [high, low] X Affiliation [high, low]) analyses of variance performed on these data showed lymphocyte proliferation in response to both ConA and PHA to be greatest (at 1 ug/ml) among highly affiliative animals, albeit only if they were also low in aggressiveness (ConA: Affiliation x Aggression, P < 0.02; PHA: Affiliation x Aggression, P < 0.03). An additional finding was that natural killer cell activity (at an effector to target ratio of 100:1) was highest among highly affiliative animals, regardless of their aggressiveness (P < 0.05). These results indicate that immune competence may be enhanced among monkeys which, in response to a disrupted social environment, spend large amounts of time in affiliation with other animals. Social status, a phenomenon known to influence many aspects of nonhuman primate physiology, was unassociated with nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis or natural killer cell activity in this experiment.
Population ecology of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at Nanwan Nature Reserve, Hainan, China
Authors: Jiang Haisheng , Liu Zhenhe , Zhang Yongzu , Southwick Charles 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at the Nanwan peninsula of Hainan Island, China, have been observed in the field for 25 years, and have been studied intensively for eight years, beginning in 1981. There were about 115 monkeys in 5 natural groups when the Nanwan Reserve was founded in 1965. From 1965 to 1984, the number of groups increased from 5 to 19, and the total population increased from 115 to 930 individuals, an annual population increase of 12.7%. From 1984 to 1987, the population continued a slower rate of increase (8.9%) to approximately 1200 monkeys in 20 groups. The home ranges of each monkey group at Nanwan varied from 0.16 to 0.72 km2, with a mean and standard deviation of 0.37 ± 0.18. The size of the home range of the rhesus was affected by the quality of vegetation and rhesus population density. The average birth rate per year was 77.8 ± 13.9%, varying from 53.8% to 100% since 1978. From 1978, the birth rates of two food provisioned groups were higher in alternate years (x̄ = 91.7%) and lower in intervening years (x̄ = 68.8%; P = <0.01). A minority (26.5%) of females have given birth at 4 years of age, most at 5 years. The sex ratio of newborns in any one year varied from 0.3 to 3.5 males to females, with a mean and standard error of 1.09 ± 0.37 males to females.
Some contrasting effects of surgical and “chemical” castration on the behavior of male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Zumpe Doris , Bonsall Robert W. , Michael Richard P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn nonhuman primates, surgical castration reduces plasma testosterone levels and male sexual behavior, and testosterone replacement restores them. Chemical castration with compounds that lower plasma testosterone levels is used clinically in the treatment of certain forms of cancer and to reduce aberrant sexual behavior in male sex offenders. In the United States, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is the drug most used to help reduce serious sexual behavioral problems in men. We were therefore interested in comparing the behavioral effects of MPA treatment (40 mg once a week) in 4 intact male cynomolgus monkeys (4 pairs, 120 tests) with data from an earlier study in our laboratory on 4 males observed before and after surgical castration (16 pairs, 192 tests). Both MPA treatment and surgical castration reduced plasma testosterone to very low levels and decreased ejaculatory activity, but MPA treatment additionally affected measures of male sexual motivation (decreased numbers of male mounting attempts and increased mounting attempt latencies) which were not primarily affected by surgical astration. However, surgical castration decreased intromission ability (percentage of intromitted thrusts per test) and male yawning behavior more rapidly than did MPA treatment. This suggested a hypothesis that different mechanisms could be involved in the behavioral effects—namely, that surgical castration may act primarily via testosterone‐dependent peripheral mechanisms, while chemical castration with MPA does so primarily via central mechanisms regulating sexual motivation.
The stimulatory effect of males on the initiation but not the maintenance of ovarian cycling in cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Widowski Tina M. , Porter Teresa A. , Ziegler Toni E. , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrior studies have shown that female cotton‐top tamarins usually do not ovulate while living with natal groups, and most females do not ovulate until they are paired with an unfamiliar adult male. To examine the role of unfamiliar adult males on stimulating ovarian function, four cotton‐top females were studied during three conditions: females living with their natal group for six weeks, living alone but exposed to a single unfamiliar adult male located 15 cm away from the female's cage for four weeks, and living with an unfamiliar adult male for six weeks. Behavior and urinary hormonal concentrations were measured during the three conditions. Exposure to the male consisted of visual, auditory, and airborne olfactory contact. First ovulation occurred during exposure to the unfamiliar male in three of the four females indicating that direct physical or sexual contact with the male is not required for onset of ovarian cycling. The fourth female did not ovulate even during six weeks of direct contact with the unfamiliar adult male. In addition, four parous females in either family groups (3) or singly caged (1) were examined for ovarian function 4–6 months after the death or removal of their mates. All femals continued to cycle in the absence of the male indicating that the male was not needed to continue ovarian cycling. In fact, two of the females were pregnant at the time their males died and both delivered normal infants and resumed cycling. The results of this study indicate that an unfamiliar adult male may facilitate the onset of ovarian cycling without being in direct contact with the female and visual, auditory, or airborne olfactory cues may be involved. Once repeated ovarian cycling occurs the male is not required to maintain ovarian function.
Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) social organization: Nature and possible functions of intergroup patterns of association
Authors: Yeager Carey P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) socioecology was studied at the Natai Lengkuas Station, Tanjung Puting National Park, in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. Data on the nature of intergroup interactions were collected on ten one‐male groups and two all‐male groups using event sampling during follows and also through evening census surveys. Proboscis monkeys form stable one‐male groups, with specific groups regularly associating at their sleeping sites (band members). Both intraband and interband high‐intensity agonistic displays (slapping, chasing, biting) were rare. Lower intensity agonistic displays (vocalizations, leaping‐branch shaking, and erect penis and open‐mouth displays) occurred frequently. Temporal avoidance between bands may have been mediated by early morning vocalizations and branch shaking displays by the adult males. Associations between groups may play a role in displacement avoidance and/or predation avoidance.
Variability in nuclear DNA among nonhuman primates: Application of molecular genetic techniques to intra‐ and inter‐species genetic analyses
Authors: Rogers J. , Ruano G. , Kidd K. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNuclear DNA clones and sequence information derived from human genetic analyses were used to detect and characterize intra‐ and inter‐species DNA variation at several nuclear loci in hominoids and cercopithecoids. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found at five loci among captive rhesus monkeys. Cross‐species polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification detected an insertion within the beta‐globin gene cluster in hylobatids. The combined use of cross‐species PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis detected both species differences and intra‐species polymorphism in the homeobox cluster 2 of hominoids. These results a) demonstrate that DNA clones and nucleotide sequence information from human molecular genetics can be used to facilitate studies of the molecular genetics of nonhuman primates, and b) document specific examples of intra‐ and inter‐species molecular variability at several loci. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.