bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do open flame ignition resistance treatments for cellulosic and cellulosic blend fabrics also reduce cigarette ignitions?
Authors: Wakelyn P. J. , Adair P. K. , Barker R. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMattresses/bedding and upholstered furniture are subject to ignition by cigarettes (smoulder) and open flames leading to injuries, fatalities and property damage. There are mandatory and voluntary cigarette ignition standards in the USA for mattresses (16 CFR 1632) and upholstered furniture (UFAC voluntary standards) as well as open flame ignition standards in California (TB 117) and the UK (BS 5852). Open flame ignition standards are being considered/developed for these products. Some suggest that fire retardant (FR) treatments to prevent/reduce open flame ignitions also reduce cigarette ignitions. Some reports suggest that the smoulder ignition propensity of some cellulosic fabrics can be affected adversely by open flame ignition resistance treatments. Ignitions caused by cigarettes and open flames result from different types of combustion that are retarded by different mechanisms. Flaming combustion is a gas phase reaction and occurs when heat causes degradation of the polymer releasing volatile products that undergo rapid oxidation in the air, whereas smouldering combustion is a direct oxidation of either the polymer or its char. The results of textile/fibre industry studies with FR treated upholstery fabrics and a critical review of the available published literature indicate that cigarette ignition propensity of cellulose fabrics is complicated and affected by many factors and that smoulder ignition resistance of these fabrics can be affected adversely by open flame ignition resistance treatments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DOD conservation conference highlights the value of integrating natural and cultural resources conservation with military readiness
Authors: Boice L. Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment sponsored a Department‐wide conservation conference in Savannah, Georgia, from August 22–27, 2004. The conference included a series of workshops, technical sessions, poster presentations, computer‐based demonstrations, and field trips. In addition, top environmental officials from the Departments of Defense and Interior, including Judge Craig Manson, Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish, Wildlife, and Parks and Alex A. Beehler, Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Environment, Safety, and Occupational Health, spoke at the conference plenary. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experiences with a space–time multigrid method for the optimal control of a chemical turbulence model
Authors: Borzì Alfio , Griesse R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLambda–omega systems provide a universal model to investigate two‐species reaction diffusion problems. In the case of fast reaction kinetics and small diffusion, these systems evolve to turbulent behaviour. A class of open‐loop optimal control problems governed by lambda–omega systems in the turbulent regime is investigated. Optimal solutions are characterized by optimality systems consisting of two pairs of reaction diffusion equations with opposite time orientation. These systems are solved by a space–time multigrid scheme suitable for the turbulent setting. Numerical examples are given where the control drives the chaotic system to form regular patterns. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the adjoint solution of the quasi‐1D Euler equations: the effect of boundary conditions and the numerical flux function
Authors: Duivesteijn G. F. , Bijl H. , Koren B. , van Brummelen E. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis work compares a numerical and analytical adjoint equation method with respect to boundary condition treatments applied to the quasi‐1D Euler equations. The effect of strong and weak boundary conditions and the effect of flux evaluators on the numerical adjoint solution near the boundaries are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of highly magnetic chitosan particles and their use for affinity purification of enzymes
Authors: An Xiaoning , Su Zhixing , Zeng Hanmin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel protocol for preparation of highly magnetic chitosan particles, with a coercive force as high as 3500 Oe, has been developed. The surface of the particles was functionalized with aldehyde groups to facilitate the attachment of affinity ligands. The optimum conditions for the preparation of highly magnetic chitosan particles and immobilization of trypsin on magnetic particles were obtained; these particles were then used for affinity purification of aprotinin, and the conditions of affinity purification are discussed in detail. The proposed method was successfully applied to the affinity purification of aprotinin. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Elimination of chlorobenzene vapors from air in a compost‐based biofilter
Authors: Delhoménie Marie‐Caroline , Heitz Michèle 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this work, the removal of monochlorobenzene (CB) vapors from air was studied, for the first time, in a non‐inoculated, laboratory‐scale, aerobic biofilter. The influence of three parameters on the bioprocess has been evaluated: the rate of nitrogen supplied to the bed, the inlet concentration of CB, and the flow rate. The CB inlet concentration was varied between 0.3 and 3.2 g m−3, at a constant flow rate of 1.0 m3 h−1. Removal rates of greater than 90% were achieved for CB inlet concentrations of up to 1.2 g m−3. Then the flow rate was varied from 0.5 to 3.0 m3 h−1 with a constant inlet concentration (1.2 g m−3). Maximum elimination capacities (70 g m−3 h−1) were reached for contact times of greater than 60 s. The study of varying flow rates also permitted evaluation of a first order macrokinetic constant (1.1 × 10−2 s−1) for the CB biodegradation. Finally, the optimum nitrogen input value was found to lie between 0.3 and 0.4 g N h−1 and gave rise to elimination capacities as high as 70 g m−3 h−1 for an inlet load of near 80 g m−3 h−1. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Active silicas obtained by precipitation from mixtures of sodium metasilicate and ammonium chloride solutions
Authors: Żurawska Jolanta , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej , Jesionowski Teofil 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStudies were conducted on the production of highly dispersed silicas using the technique of precipitation from solutions of sodium metasilicate and ammonium chloride. Parameters of the precipitation process were optimised in order to obtain highly dispersed as well as uniform and stable silicas. The silicas obtained were subjected to elementary physicochemical analysis, the tendency of the silica particles to form aggregates and agglomerates was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), and surface analysis was performed using the BET technique. The silicas obtained manifested exceptionally low bulk density and a high capacity to absorb paraffin oil. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic analysis of the sorption of copper(II) ions on chitosan
Authors: Cheung WH , Ng JCY , Mckay G 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe removal of copper ions from aqueous effluents by chitosan was studied in equilibrium and agitated batch contacting systems. The sorption capacities of chitosan for copper ions are 1.26 and 1.12 mmol g−1 at pH 3.5 and 4.5, respectively. The equilibrium experimental data were best correlated by the Langmuir equation. The kinetics of sorption were studied at an initial solution pH of 4.5 and a chitosan particle size of 355–500 µm. The kinetics were analyzed using four models: the pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, modified second‐order and Elovich equations. The rate parameters for the four models were determined and the Elovich equation provided the best correlation of the experimental kinetic data. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by London plane leaves
Authors: Aoyama Masakazu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of initial metal concentration, contact time and solution temperature on the removal of Cr(VI) from solution by waste London plane leaves, generated by the pruning of street trees, was investigated in batch mode conditions. The removal of Cr(VI) was highly concentration‐dependent and mainly governed by physico‐chemical adsorption under the weak acidic conditions studied. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir constants were calculated at different temperatures and both the adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity increased with rising temperature. The endothermic nature of the Cr(VI) adsorption was confirmed by the thermodynamic parameters. The study has shown that the waste leaves can be used as an effective adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Estradiol‐17β content in developing eggs and induced sex reversal of the medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Iwamatsu Takashi , Kobayashi Hirokuni , Hamaguchi Satoshi , Sagegami Reiko , Shuo Takuya 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo clarify the effect of exogenous estradiol‐17β (E2) on sex differentiation, the E2 content of developing eggs of Oryzias latipes was measured by radioimmunoassay. Endogenous E2 was present in lower concentrations in ovulated, mature eggs in the ovarian cavity than in intrafollicular oocytes. The E2 content of eggs precipitously declined to a minimum level by 2 days post‐fertilization. The E2 content of eggs was affected by 24 hr of incubation in medium containing exogenous E2 at concentrations above 10 ng/ml. Short (24 hr) exposure of fertilized eggs in the early developmental stage to exogenous E2 at concentrations of 10 ng/ml induced sex reversal of some genotypic males to functional females. However, endogenous E2 levels in fertilized eggs might not influence sexual differentiation in embryogenesis. The present results suggest the possibility that concentrations of exogenous E2 higher than that of endogenous E2 triggers a priming step in the cascade of sex differentiation toward the female, and this effect is maintained. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:161–167, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortisol receptor blockade and seawater adaptation in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Marshall W.S. , Cozzi R.R.F. , Pelis R.M. , Mccormick S.D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo examine the role of cortisol in seawater osmoregulation in a euryhaline teleost, adult killifish were acclimated to brackish water (10‰) and RU486 or vehicle was administered orally in peanut oil daily for five days at low (40 mg.kg−1) or high dose (200 mg.kg−1). Fish were transferred to 1.5 × seawater (45‰) or to brackish water (control) and sampled at 24 h and 48 h after transfer, when Cl− secretion is upregulated. At 24 h, opercular membrane Cl− secretion rate, as Isc, was increased only in the high dose RU486 group. Stimulation of membranes by 3–isobutyl–1–methylxanthine and cAMP increased Isc in vehicle treated controls but those from RU486–treated animals were unchanged and membranes from brackish water animals showed a decrease in Isc. At 48 h, Isc increased and transepithelial resistance decreased in vehicle and RU486 groups, compared to brackish water controls. Plasma cortisol increased in all groups transferred to high salinity, compared to brackish water controls. RU486 treated animals had higher cortisol levels compared to vehicle controls. Vehicle treated controls had lower cortisol levels than untreated or RU486 treated animals, higher stimulation of Isc, and lower hematocrit at 24 h, beneficial effects attributed to increased caloric intake from the peanut oil vehicle. Chloride cell density was significantly increased in the high dose RU486 group at 48 hours, yet Isc was unchanged, suggesting a decrease in Cl− secretion per cell. Thus cortisol enhances NaCl secretion capacity in chloride cells, likely via glucocorticoid type receptors. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:132–142, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucocorticoid metabolism and Na+ transport in chicken intestine
Authors: Mazancová Karla , Kučka Marek , Mikšík Ivan , Pácha Jiří 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe role of aldosterone in regulation of electrogenic Na+ transport is well established, though mineralocorticoid receptors bind glucocorticoids with similar binding affinity as aldosterone and plasma concentration of aldosterone is much lower than glucocorticoids. In mammals, the aldosterone specificity is conferred on the low‐selective mineralocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoid inactivating enzyme 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD) that converts cortisol or corticosterone into metabolites (cortisone, 11–dehydrocorticosterone) with lower affinity for these receptors. The present study examined the chicken intestine, whether changes in 11HSD activity are able to modulate the effect of corticosterone on Na+ transport, and how the metabolism of this hormone is distributed within the intestinal wall. This study shows that not only aldosterone, but also corticosterone (B), was able to increase the electrogenic Na+ transport in chicken caecum in vitro. The effect of corticosterone was higher in the presence of carbenoxolone, an inhibitor of steroid dehydrogenases, and was comparable to the effect of aldosterone. The metabolism of B in the intestine was studied; results showed oxidation of this steroid to 11–dehydrocorticosterone (A) and reduction to 11–dehydro–20β–dihydrocorticosterone (20diA) as the main metabolic products at low nanomolar concentration of the substrate. In contrast, 20β–dihydrocorticosterone and 20diA were the major products at micromolar concentration of B. Progesterone was converted to 20β‐dihydroprogesterone. The metabolism of corticosterone was localized predominantly in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes). In conclusion, the oxidation at position C11 and reduction at position C20 suggest that both 11HSD and 20β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20HSD) operate in the chicken intestine and that the mucosa of avian intestine possesses a partly different system of modulation of corticosteroid signals than mammals. This system seems to protect the aldosterone target tissue against excessive concentration of corticosterone and progesterone. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:113–122, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of capacitative Ca2+ entry by prothoracicotropic hormone in the prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Dedos Skarlatos G. , Wicher Dieter , Fugo Hajime , Birkenbeil Heiner 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMeasurements of Ca2+ influx in Fura‐2/AM loaded steroidogenic cells (prothoracic glands; PGs) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori showed that application of the neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) can increase the intracellular [Ca2+]i. This PTTH‐mediated Ca2+ influx in PG cells had kinetic patterns and pharmacological characteristics similar to those induced by thapsigargin. Namely, it produced increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels only in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, it was blocked by Gd3+ and 2‐Aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2‐APB), and it was unaffected by several toxins or compounds that block voltage‐activated Ca2+ channels. Moreover, the PTTH‐stimulated increase of Ca2+ levels was eliminated in the presence of heparin (an IP3 receptor blocker), and by TMB‐8 which also blocked any PTTH‐dependent increase of ecdysteroid secretion. The PTTH‐mediated increase of Ca2+ levels was not affected by the non‐hydrolysable GDP analogue, GDPβS, an indication that a G protein is not downstream of the PTTH receptor. These results argue strongly in favor of gating by the PTTH receptor of capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) channels (or store‐operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs)) by a mechanism that does not involve any G proteins but requires the presence of functional IP3 receptors. Because the ability of PTTH to stimulate the [Ca2+]i levels of PG cells was completely mimicked by thapsigargin and exhibited a pharmacological profile similar to CCE mechanisms, we believe that PTTH directly regulates a CCE pathway in PG cells thereby activating a plethora of downstream regulators responsible for ecdysteroid secretion by the PGs of Bombyx mori. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:101–112, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric Oxide (NO) in normal and hypoxic vascular regulation of the spiny dogfish,Squalus acanthias
Authors: Swenson Kai E. , Eveland Randy L. , Gladwin Mark T. , Swenson Erik R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator in terrestrial vertebrates, but whether vascular endothelial‐derived NO plays a role in vascular regulation in fish remains controversial. To explore this issue, a study was made of spiny dogfish sharks (Squalus acanthias) in normoxia and acute hypoxia (60 min exposure to seawater equilibrated with 3% oxygen) with various agents known to alter NO metabolism or availability. In normoxia, nitroprusside (a NO donor) reduced blood pressure by 20%, establishing that vascular smooth muscle responds to NO. L‐arginine, the substrate for NO synthase, had no hemodynamic effect. Acetylcholine, which stimulates endothelial NO and prostaglandin production in mammals, reduced blood pressure, but also caused marked bradycardia. L‐NAME, an inhibitor of all NO synthases, caused a small 10% rise in blood pressure, but cell‐free hemoglobin (a potent NO scavenger and hypertensive agent in mammals) had no effect. Acute hypoxia caused a 15% fall in blood pressure, which was blocked by L‐NAME and cell‐free hemoglobin. Serum nitrite, a marker of NO production, rose with hypoxia, but not with L‐NAME. Results suggest that NO is not an endothelial‐derived vasodilator in the normoxic elasmobranch. The hypertensive effect of L‐NAME may represent inhibition of NO production in the CNS and nerves regulating blood pressure. In acute hypoxia, there is a rapid up‐regulation of vascular NO production that appears to be responsible for hypoxic vasodilation.J. Exp. Zool. 303A:154–160, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of newly evolved wheat cultivars
Authors: Khattak Amal Badshah , Jabbar Abdul , Khan Maazullah , Bibi Nizakat , Chaudry M Ashraf , Khattak M Saeed 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEvaluation of quality characteristics of wheat provides significant feedback to breeders for selection/evolution of the most suitable varieties. Seven advanced wheat cultivars and two commercial varieties were studied for 11 physicochemical characteristics. These cultivars showed significant differences for all parameters except ash content, which showed no significant variation. Test weight ranged between 75.6 kg hl−1 (NRL‐2005) and 80.5 kg hl−1 (NRL‐2017). Kernel weight and volume were highest (4.0 g and 3.2 ml) for NRL‐9822 and lowest (3.3 g and 2.6 ml) for NRL‐2005. Biological yield was highest (14 040 kg ha−1) for NRL‐9822 and lowest (12 380 kg ha−1) for Takbeer variety. Grain yield varied between 4717 kg ha−1 (NRL‐01‐7) and 4042 kg ha−1 (NRL‐9736), non‐grain biomass between 9708 and 8083 kg ha−1, protein yield between 614.3 and 480.8 kg ha−1 and harvest index between 34.8 and 30.8%. Moisture content ranged from 7.46 to 9.07%. Gluten and protein contents were highest (39.69 and 13.81%) in NRL‐9736 and lowest (29.78 and 12.70%) in NRL‐9822. Test weight was positively correlated with kernel weight and volume and negatively associated with moisture, protein and gluten contents. Protein and gluten contents had a negative association with kernel weight and volume. Gluten content had a highly positive correlation with protein content. Grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield. Protein yield had a positive relationship with biological and grain yields and a negative association with harvest index. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The Role of Functional Group on the Exfoliation of Clay in Poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Chen Guang‐Xin , Choi Jai Bok , Yoon Jin San 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: A new method was attempted to improve the interaction between poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) with a commercially available organoclay, Cloisite 25A (C25A), which was functionalized with (glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane to introduce epoxy groups, and is referred to as twice‐functionalized organoclay (TFC). Tethering PLLA molecules to the epoxy groups on the surface of the TFC was attempted by melt compounding. X‐Ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy images showed that fully exfoliated PLLA/TFC nanocomposites were prepared successfully.Transmission electron micrographs of the PLLA composites of the three clays used here.imageTransmission electron micrographs of the PLLA composites of the three clays used here.
Polyurethane Networks Nanoreinforced by Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
Authors: Liu Hongzhi , Zheng Sixun 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: Octaaminophenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OapPOSS) was used as a crosslinking agent together with 4,4′‐methylenebis‐(2‐chloroaniline) to prepare polyurethane networks containing POSS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to characterize the POSS‐reinforced polyurethane. The POSS‐containing PU networks displayed enhanced glass transition temperatures (Tgs) and the storage moduli of the networks of the glassy state and rubber plateaus were also observed to be significantly higher than that of the control polyurethane although only a small amount of POSS was incorporated into the systems. The results can be ascribed to the significant nanoscale reinforcement effect of POSS cages on the polyurethane matrix. TGA results showed the thermal stability was also improved with incorporation of POSS into the system.Dynamic mechanical spectra of PU and PU nanocomposites containing POSS.imageDynamic mechanical spectra of PU and PU nanocomposites containing POSS.
Microwave Accelerated Polymerization of 2‐Phenyl‐2‐oxazoline
Authors: Sinnwell Sebastian , Ritter Helmut 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: We studied the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline under microwave irradiation. A comparison with thermal heating shows a great enhancement in the reaction rates while the living character of the polymerization is conserved. The polymerizations were performed at the temperature of boiling butyronitrile (123 °C). The polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline under microwave conditions, described herein for the first time, is shown to be a rapid and environmentally friendly alternative to the classical methods.Schematic of the activation of the reactive site by microwave irradiation.imageSchematic of the activation of the reactive site by microwave irradiation.
Unusual Multilayered Structures in Poly(ethylene oxide)/Laponite Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Dundigalla Avinash , Lin‐Gibson Sheng , Ferreiro Vincent , Malwitz Matthew M. , Schmidt Gudrun 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: The unusual structure of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and Laponite clay in transparent nanocomposite films was investigated using scanning electron, atomic force, and optical microscopy, and X‐ray scattering. Each method is sensitive to different aspects of structural features and together they measure the resulting morphology and shear‐induced orientation. On nanometer length scales, clay platelets were found to orient in bundles while polymer crystallinity was suppressed. Microscopy led to the observation of unexpected and highly oriented multilayers on the micron length scale.Scanning electron microscopy image of the freeze‐fractured surface of a poly(ethylene oxide)–Laponite film: the view on top of the x–y plane.imageScanning electron microscopy image of the freeze‐fractured surface of a poly(ethylene oxide)–Laponite film: the view on top of the x–y plane.