bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The United States and the International Financial Institutions: Power and Influence Within the World Bank and the IMF
Authors: Woods Ngaire 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the role of the US in international financial institutions with particular reference to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Describes the extraordinary influence of the US on these institutions as a function of both formal means (e.g., US financial contributions) and informal practices and conventions that have developed over time, with the informal mechanisms of influence often being more important than the formal ones. However, it is also argued that, notwithstanding the weight of US influence, it would be inaccurate to consider the World Bank and the IMF as mere instruments of US power and policy, and that their remaining credibility and legitimacy rest in part on their ability to create some political distance between themselves and their most powerful state patron. US domestic political conditions are also important. Within the country, the division of authority between Executive and Congress sometimes enhances and at other times constrains US influence; the effective exercise of US power also requires interlocutors in host governments who share the technical mind‐set and ideological predispositions of the US and international financial institutions. The different sections of the chapter: analyse the formal and informal structures of power in the World Bank and IMF; look at the US in relation to the financing, lending decisions, staffing and management of these institutions; and discuss formal power structures and informal exercises of influence.
US Approaches to Multilateral Security and Economic Organizations in the Asia‐Pacific
Authors: Cossa Ralph A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn examination is made of US policy towards and participation in several key regional multilateral organizations in the Asia–Pacific area, with the aim of establishing how central these organizations are to the overall development of US policy and the extent to which, and how, they influence or constrain US behaviour. The first section of the chapter reviews US strategic goals and briefly discusses some of the domestic and external factors that have led to the development and implementation of these goals in East Asia. The next section discusses multilateral security cooperation in the region, and gives an overview of regional multilateral security organizations, focusing primarily on the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Regional Forum (ARF), given its all‐encompassing nature and relatively advanced (by Asian standards) stage of development; other US‐instigated multilateral institutions and initiatives (the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), and the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD) are touched upon briefly to assess how these more narrowly focused approaches also serve American interests. The third section looks at Asia–Pacific multilateral economic cooperation, and here the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) provides the centrepiece of the discussion; its role both in creating an Asia–Pacific economic community and, more recently, as a vehicle for political cooperation through the institutionalization of the US‐instigated Leaders’ Meetings, which bring many of the region's heads of state and government together annually, ostensibly for economic discussions. The conclusion to the chapter briefly evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of these organizations from a US perspective in order to understand better how security and economic multilateralism fits with the largely bilaterally oriented US national security strategy.
Power Multiplied or Power Restrained? the United States and Multilateral Institutions in the Americas
Authors: Klepak Hal 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe central argument is that US power, once established as predominant in the hemisphere, has been nothing short of decisive in the founding, nature, and functioning of the regional multilateral institutions/organizations in the Americas in which it has taken part. The examples of the Pan American Union (PAU) Organization of American States (OAS) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are used to show this state of affairs in play; the most attention is paid to the OAS because of the lessons that can be derived from the very long history of US membership of this organization. In another case, that of Mercado Comun del Sur (Mercosur, or the Common Market of the South), it is shown how, even where the US is not a member of a multilateral organization in the hemisphere, its weight is still felt in terms of the aims and behaviour of that body. At the same time, it is seen that such organizations may on occasion be useful for the smaller states in restraining to at least some extent US behaviour, although in general such a restraining role is reserved for moments when US vital interests tend not to be involved and where Latin American, or more recently Canadian, actions to limit US unilateralism do not negatively affect goals perceived to be key by Washington. The first section gives an overview of the US and the hemisphere over the more than two centuries of its diplomatic and related action therein, the next looks at the specific experience of the PAU and the OAS, and the following two at NAFTA and Mercosur.
Jewish and Christian Responses to Suffering
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traditionally, Judaism and Christianity were thought to have very different understandings of suffering. This is not the case. Whilst traditional answers to do with punishment or suffering as character‐building are rejected, there is in both religions an emphasis upon human responsibility, a sharing by God in human suffering, and a call to bring good out of evil. The concept of an afterlife cannot simply be dismissed. But a sense of protest against suffering, which is strong in Judaism, remains an important moral pointer.
Forgive and Forget?
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traditionally, Christianity has been thought of as a religion of forgiveness and Judaism has been stereotyped as reluctant to forgive. But there is an emphasis on the importance of forgiveness, with repentance, in Judaism and it is possible for Christians to speak too easily of forgiveness. In what way at all, if any, is it possible to seek forgiveness on behalf of others? Can the Catholic Church, e.g., express sorrow for what its past members did to Jews and what validity has this? Is there such thing as collective guilt and can there be collective forgiveness?
The Covenant With Humanity
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a debate about whether there is one covenant, with Judaism, onto which Christianity is grafted or whether there are two covenants, one with Judaism, which is primarily social, and one with Christianity, which is primarily with individuals. In fact, the primal covenant, the Noahide covenant, is with humanity, and Judaism and Christianity, like other religions, have their own distinctive voices in response to this. However formulated, it is vital for the church to overcome supersessionism, and the work of scholars such as Pawlikowski are discussed in this connection. It is argued that if we are to think of a difference between the two religions, it may be that Judaism is a religion of the Torah and Christianity is a religion of participation.
Should Christians Try to Convert Jews?
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Mission is fundamental to the life of the Christian church and there has been much controversy in recent decades about whether Christians should continue to try to convert Jews. Christianity needs to create a new relationship with Judaism and dialogue offers an appropriate expression of this. The role of Messianic Jews is particularly controversial. Jewish Christians have brought many gifts to the church, but a Christian prayer for Jews should primarily be one of thankfulness.
Israel in Christian Thought
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The best case for Israel was put by an Anglican scholar, James Parkes, who put forward reasons that were little understood even by Jews at the time. Nevertheless, he acknowledged Palestinian suffering and believed it would need to be recognized and righted. After World War II, churches were slow to recognize the state of Israel but ‘Disregard for its safety and welfare is incompatible with concern for the Jewish people’. How far it is possible to go beyond a recognition in terms of international law to a theological basis is a disputed issue.
Emotional perception and neuroendocrine changes
Authors: Codispoti Maurizio , Gerra Gilberto , Montebarocci Ornella , Zaimovic Amir , Augusta Raggi Maria , Baldaro Bruno 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate the neuroendocrine modifications during affective states. In particular, we investigate if the pleasantness of the stimuli has a different effect on neuroendocrine responses. To address this issue, we compared the effects of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures on catecholamine, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and prolactin plasma levels. Ten male participants were submitted to three experimental sessions, each on one of the three experimental days, a week apart in a counterbalanced order. Although in the subjective arousal rating, pleasant (erotic pictures) and unpleasant stimuli (pictures of mutilated bodies) receive the same high score, a different neuroendocrine pattern was obtained: unpleasant stimuli elicited a decrease in prolactin concentration and increases in noradrenaline, cortisol, and ACTH levels, whereas pleasant slide set viewing induced an increase in prolactin levels. The results suggest that the neuroendocrine system responds selectively to affective motivationally relevant pictures.
The influence of semantic and phonological factors on syntactic decisions: An event‐related brain potential study
Authors: Schiller Niels O. , Münte Thomas F. , Horemans Iemke , Jansma Bernadette M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDuring language production and comprehension, information about a word's syntactic properties is sometimes needed. While the decision about the grammatical gender of a word requires access to syntactic knowledge, it has also been hypothesized that semantic (i.e., biological gender) or phonological information (i.e., sound regularities) may influence this decision. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were measured while native speakers of German processed written words that were or were not semantically and/or phonologically marked for gender. Behavioral and ERP results showed that participants were faster in making a gender decision when words were semantically and/or phonologically gender marked than when this was not the case, although the phonological effects were less clear. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that even though participants performed a grammatical gender decision, this task can be influenced by semantic and phonological factors.
Cortical sources of event‐related potentials in the prosaccade and antisaccade task
Authors: Richards John E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe cortical sources of event‐related potentials (ERP) were examined in a prosaccade and antisaccade task in college‐age participants. The task included a cue that indicated the spatial location of the target, a cue that indicated the type of eye movement, or no cue. A principal component analysis and equivalent current dipole analysis showed that a peripheral spatial cue resulted in extrastriate activity localized in Brodmann's area 19 whereas a central cue results in activity in areas 19 or 37. This extrastriate activity reflects an enhanced response to the target when attention was directed to that location. The presaccadic ERP activity primarily consisted of a contralateral positive potential and ipsilateral negative potential, localized in Brodmann's areas 8, 10, and 11. The temporal proximity of this cortical activity and its relation to movement cueing suggests it reflects eye movement planning processes.
To err is autonomic: Error‐related brain potentials, ANS activity, and post‐error compensatory behavior
Authors: Hajcak Greg , McDonald Nicole , Simons Robert F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA two‐component event‐related brain potential consisting of an error‐related negativity (ERN/Ne) and positivity (Pe) has been associated with response monitoring and error detection. Both the ERN and Pe have been source‐localized to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)—a frontal structure implicated in both cognitive and affective processing, as well as autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation. The current study sought to examine the relationships among the ERN, the Pe, two autonomic measures, and behavior. Electroencephalogram (EEG), heart rate (HR), and skin conductance (SC) were recorded while subjects performed a two‐choice reaction‐time task. In addition to the characteristic ERN‐Pe complex, errors were associated with larger SCRs and greater HR deceleration. The ERN correlated with the number of errors, but was unrelated to ANS activity and compensatory behavior. Pe, on the other hand, was correlated significantly with SCR, and both SCR and Pe were significantly correlated with post‐error slowing.
Anterior and posterior attentional control systems use different spatial reference frames: ERP evidence from covert tactile‐spatial orienting
Authors: Eimer Martin , Forster Bettina , Van Velzen José 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTo investigate whether processes controlling preparatory covert shifts of spatial attention operate within external and anatomically defined spatial coordinates, lateralized event‐related potentials components sensitive to the direction of attentional shifts were measured in response to visual precues directing attention to the relevant location of tactile events. Participants had to detect infrequent tactile targets delivered to the hand located on the cued side. In different blocks, hands were uncrossed or crossed, so that external and anatomical codes specifying task‐relevant locations were either congruent or incongruent. With uncrossed hands, an anterior directing attention negativity and a posterior directing attention positivity were elicited in the cue‐target interval contralateral to the side of a cued attentional shift. Although the posterior effect was unaffected by hand posture, the anterior effect was delayed and reversed polarity with crossed relative to uncrossed hands. This pattern of results provides new evidence that different spatial coordinate systems may be used by separable attentional control processes. It is suggested that a posterior process operates on the basis of external spatial coordinates, whereas an anterior process is based primarily on anatomically defined spatial codes.
Attention to external stimuli during wakefulness and sleep: Evoked 40‐Hz response and N350
Authors: Kállai Ibolya , Harsh John , Voss Ursula 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChanges of two components of the auditory event‐related potential, the evoked 40‐Hz response and the N350, were studied during different stages of wakefulness and sleep. The evoked 40‐Hz response has been proposed to represent an attention‐modulating mechanism; the N350 seems to reflect an inhibitory process associated with reduced information processing. Because recent literature suggests that both components reflect opposite mechanisms, an inverse relationship was expected. Ten participants were presented with tone pips while reading, lying awake in bed, and during light sleep, slow wave sleep, and REM sleep. A significant evoked 40‐Hz response was observed during reading and lying awake in bed. N350 was evident in all conditions and, as expected, peaked during light sleep. The hypothesized inverse relationship was confirmed. These findings support former proposals that relate both components to attention. Possibly, the N350 is most pronounced during the sleep transition period because its inhibitory processes have to prevail over the attentional mechanisms (40‐Hz response) to permit sleep onset.
Turn that frown upside down: ERP effects of thatcherization of misorientated faces
Authors: Milivojevic B. , Clapp W. C. , Johnson B. W. , Corballis M. C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhen inverted, thatcherized faces appear normal. This may be due to a decrease in configural and an increase in featural processing. It is not known whether this processing is continuous or reflects two distinct processing systems. Using event‐related potentials (ERPs), we investigated the Thatcher effect on thatcherized and normal faces at varying orientations. The ERPs paralleled the perceptual illusion. The effect of thatcherization on upright faces was visible in P1 and N170 ERP components, possibly reflecting attentional engagement due to unpleasantness of thatcherized faces. Effects were also found over two later components, the P250 component, which has been related to configural recognition, and a late parietal component possibly reflecting featural processing. The effect of thatcherization on the two later components decreased gradually (for the P250 component) and abruptly (for the late parietal component) as the faces were rotated away from the upright.
Effects of trial order and differential conditioning on acquisition of differential shock expectancy and skin conductance conditioning to masked stimuli
Authors: Wiens Stefan , Katkin Edward S. , Öhman Arne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractResearch suggests that when people are fear conditioned to masked spiders and snakes (electric shocks are contingent on only spiders or snakes), they acquire a conditional skin conductance response and can predict the occurrence of shocks even though they are unable to identify the masked spiders and snakes. Because in prior studies trial order was not completely random, it is unclear if findings were due to the contingencies from differential conditioning or a restricted trial order or both. When participants were assigned to four groups to disentangle effects of trial order and differential conditioning to masked pictures in acquisition, effects were obtained only for trial order. These findings demonstrate that trial order can result in conditioning. However, because effects were observed even for participants who reported unawareness of the contingency from trial order, results are consistent with the notion of hunches or gut feelings.
Clarifying the emotive functions of asymmetrical frontal cortical activity
Authors: Harmon‐Jones Eddie 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAsymmetrical activity over the frontal cortex has been implicated in the experience and expression of emotions and motivations. Explanations of the research have suggested that relatively greater left frontal activity is associated with positive affect and/or approach motivation, and that relatively greater right frontal activity is associated with negative affect and/or withdrawal motivation. In past research, affective valence and motivational direction were confounded, as only positive (negative) affects that were associated with approach (withdrawal) motivation were examined. Consequently, this research is unable to address whether asymmetrical frontal activity is associated with affective valence, motivational direction, or some combination of valence and motivation. In this article, I review research on the emotion of anger, a negative emotion often associated with approach motivation, that suggests that asymmetrical frontal cortical activity is due to motivational direction and not affective valence. Methodological and theoretical implications for the study of the frontal asymmetry specifically, and for emotion and motivation more generally, are discussed.
The Gunn–Peterson Effect: A Test for a Black-Hole-Induced Photoionization of the Intergalactic Medium
Authors: Gibilisco Marina 
Published: October 2003

There are many experimental evidences of the presence of an ionizing background radiation flux at large redshifts, whose nature is doubtful. A lot of information about the characteristics of such a background can be obtained both from the study of the Gunn–Peterson effect and from the so-called "proximity effect." In some previous works I suggested the possibility that this ionizing flux comes from the quantum evaporation of primordial black holes (PBH's); here, I discuss the constraints that the experimental measurements put upon the free parameters of this reionization model and I try to verify its reliability. In particular, the radiation intensity of the background at the hydrogen Lyman edge, as inferred from the proximity effect, enables me to determine an upper limit to the PBH's average relic mass; due to our poor knowledge of the ultimate fate of the evaporating black holes, this limit represents an important theoretical information. In the second part of this paper I study the absorption of the ionizing background due to Lyα clouds: in particular, I discuss this phenomenon in the presence of different absorption levels and I calculate the HI Gunn–Peterson optical depth τ GP (z); from a comparison with the experimental data of Giallongo et al.(τ GP, HI < 0.02 ± 0.03) I obtain a constraint on the intergalactic medium density parameter, namely Ω IGM < 0.020. A study of the characteristics of the absorbers is also performed: I determine the hydrogen gas density nH,c and the column density N HI for Lyα clouds; a satisfactory agreement with the available experimental data is obtained in the case of expanding, adiabatically cooled clouds. Finally, the same kind of analysis is performed for He II: in this case, the theoretical optical depth I obtain is smaller than the preliminary experimental lower limit of Jakobsen et al.(τ GP > 1.7).
Euclidean Quantum Wormholes with Scalar Fields
Authors: Carlini A. , Coule D. H. , Solomons D. M. 
Published: October 2003

We consider the quantum analogs of Euclidean wormholes obtained by Carlini and Mijić (CM), who analytically continued recollapsing closed universe models. Using a perfect fluid matter source, we obtain asymptotically Euclidean (AE) wormholes when the strong energy condition is satisfied. Such wormholes are found to be consistent with the Hawking–Page (HP) conjecture for quantum wormholes as solutions of the Wheeler–DeWitt (WDW) equation. By simulating the equation of state of a perfect fluid with a real scalar field, quantum wormholes are also found when the strong energy condition is violated, although generally not AE. The non-AE solutions are interpreted as excited states of the quantum wormhole spectrum. Our results give support to the claim of HP that quantum wormhole solutions are a fairly general property of the WDW equation for various matter sources. Matter sources giving quantum wormholes could now include those expected in low energy effective string theory: a dilaton scalar field with exponential potential. This is unlike the classical case where such matter sources do not allow wormhole solutions. We finally contrast quantum wormhole solutions with other boundary conditions of quantum cosmology describing an inflationary earlier behavior and a resulting large Lorentzian universe phase.