bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frozen Glory
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Samuel Hearne’s Report on his astonishing journey across the Barren Grounds put an end to lingering hopes that a commercially viable Northwest Passage existed across the top of the American continent. The rumoured fabulous deposits of yellow metal in the distant northwest had turned out not to be gold, but scattered useless chunks of native copper. As in Siberia, any wealth that was to be obtained in the northern regions of North America would still come from the fur-bearing animals of the great snowforests that spanned the continent. Fur continued to drive the exploration of the Subarctic. In 1789, the same year that Russian merchants finally established a trade-fair in the lands of the fiercely independent Chukchi, the fur trader Alexander Mackenzie reached the coast of the western Canadian Arctic a few hundred kilometres to the east of Chukotka. Four years later, when he penetrated as far as Russian territory on the northern Pacific coast of Canada, the fur trade had spanned the world.
Postcolonialism and Beyond
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Postcolonial literatures are proliferating and changing, as are critical approaches to them. Though this chapter occupies the final position in this book, it does not speak with any sort of finality about the future of postcolonial literatures. All it can do is outline, in most cases quite generally, recent significant developments in the area, in particular with respect to the growing prominence of two constituencies of postcolonial writers neglected at the time of independence and into the r97os-women and Indigenous peoples. A third group, the so-called migrant writers, also demand attention, as their situation is increasingly regarded as representative of postcolonial writing generally.
Power and Freedom
Authors: Fitzpatrick David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Revolution and civil conflict had left each Irish state with a dual political legacy. The institutions and forms of parliamentary government had survived the initial armed challenge, at the cost of relying on the instruments of terror to subdue terrorism. There- after, both states were governed in accordance with one fundamental tenet of parliamentary democracy, the granting of political power to the party securing greatest support in free elections. In Northern Ireland, the electoral predominance of Unionism was never seriously challenged, so that power reposed with a single party for half a century.
The Chaotic Path to Relative Stabilization July 1919-March 1920
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whether Wissell and Moellendorff could have prevented the developments in the months which followed their departure from office is an open question. In any case, they were able to stand on the sidelines and, with more than a touch of Schadenfreude, watch the economy virtually run amok as a great inflationary wave rolled over the country. If this inflationary surge cast a certain pall over the Bauer government during its first nine months (between July 1919 and March 1920), it is nevertheless important to recognize that it could also claim important accomplishments in the realms of financial, economic, and social policy. A balanced assessment of these complex and politically fateful months is in order, especially since they are justifiably tainted by the decisive shift to the right politically that found its most extreme expression in the Kapp Putsch of March 1920. This turn to the right was not simply a reaction to the Treaty, and it must be understood in terms of a complicated undercurrent of social protest and political conflict arising from the upsurge of inflation. The Bauer government sought both to respond to the social unrest and political pressures that pulled them in conflicting directions and to develop effective policies lo deal with the unhappy situation they had inherited. The task of reconstructing the nation’s economy and finances under such conditions was not an easy one, and German politics ensured that it would be thankless as well.
For Love or Money: Jewish Marriage Strategies
Authors: Kaplan Marion A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The customs surrounding the arrangement of Jewish marriages in Imperial Germany reflected ancient Jewish traditions, but also mirrored prevailing practices among the German bourgeoisie. Jewish attitudes toward love, marriage, financial security, and parental control were in many ways quite typical. A predominantly middle-class Jewry, like its non-Jewish counterparts in an industrializing capitalist economy, sought to concentrate capital through dowries and to create economic and social alliances through marriage. Jewish expectations and habits revealed the tensions between the commonplace reality of arranged marriages of convenience and the emerging ideal of romantic, companionate marriage. By the beginning of the twen tieth century, Jews and other Germans increasingly acknowledged a more sentimen tal interpretation of the marital relationship. Yet it was only after World War I that the confluence of structural and postwar economic conditions-not the least of which were the entry of middle-class women into the labor force, and the damage to middle-class savings caused by the inflation-successfully challenged the control middle-class parents had over their children’s decisions and permitted young people to “fall in love.”
Conquering the Plantation Frontier
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many Delta planters had blamed Reconstruction, with its military supervision and Republican rule, for their inability to secure an adequate, dependable supply of controllable labor. Even in the wake of Redemption, however, Delta planters were unable to rely simply on coercion and intimidation as a solution to their labor problems. Instead, they continued their struggle to regain control of their labor and searched for a labor system that would guarantee them a stable, dependable work force of the size and type they needed. Beyond that, they faced the ongoing challenge of restoring and expanding the region’s flood-control system and establishing a transportation network that would facilitate the clearing and development of the Delta’s interior wilderness while connecting all of its planters more directly and efficiently to the world cotton market. Only when all these goals had been achieved would the Delta be in a position to fulfill the economic promise it had shown in the antebellum years.
To the Brink and Over
Authors: Schoenbaum David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Europeans, Mideasterners, and Americans alike learned something from the Suez campaign, but it was practically inevitable that the lessons would be different. For at least three of the protagonists, what the United States was believed to have done and not done was still among the basic lessons of the affair. No less ambivalent about Nasser, no less apprehensive of Krushchev’s adventurism than their European allies, Americans had nonetheless ended up saving the former and voting with the latter, and in the face of nuclear blackmail at that. Given the number of weapons in its arsenal, not to mention the technology available for delivering them, the Soviet threat was dubiously credible. Like all nuclear threats, it nonetheless got people’s attention, and not only in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, with its reference to a “question mark against the very existence of Israel as a state.” At least symbolically, the threat was seen as a first potential test of the will of the United States to risk New York for Paris. Had the Soviet Union, in fact, hit Britain or France, it would have been destroyed “as night follows day,” General Alfred Gruenther, the Allied supreme commander in Europe, made clear. But as Guy Mollet, the French prime minister, warned Ben-Gurion before the action even began, the Americans had taken years to get to Europe, despite the impending threat of two world wars. All subsequent experience only confirmed that U.S. support, like fire insurance, commanded a stiff premium—assuming, as the Israelis themselves might have added, that the Americans were even prepared to sell.
Perpetuum Stabile?
Authors: Schoenbaum David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By now, events and Menahem Begin too were in the saddle, and gravity was taking over. Successive presidential envoys did their best to keep things moving Carter’s way—or at least to cushion the blow if things went wrong.’ The first, Robert Strauss, a former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, who was later to become U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union under a Republican president, was renowned as a master of political ways and means. The second, Sol Linowitz, had recently piloted the Panama Canal treaties into port after a voyage begun under Lyndon Johnson. It was hardly an accident that both men were Jews, Democrats, and highly regarded in Washington, but these were qualities that now cut little ice in Jerusalem. On the contrary, both men’s frustrations were just a measure of the growing distance not only between Jerusalem and Washington but within Jerusalem itself. Although Palestinian autonomy was still high priority in Washington, peace for Begin’s men began and ended with Egypt. More and more impatient with his government’s inertia, Moshe Dayan resigned as foreign minister in October 1979. He was succeeded by the hard-line Yitzhak Shamir. A half year later, an equally frustrated Ezer Weizman left the Defense Ministry, where Begin himself replaced him. Before the year was over, he was then thrown out of Herut after supporting a close no-confidence motion on economic policy.
Un-American Activities
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1948, William W. Remington was one of the bright young men in the Truman administration. He was tall and handsome, a product of Dartmouth and Columbia. From 1940 on, he had risen through government ranks, serving on wartime boards, the President’s Council of Economic Advisors, and eventually as a major official in the Department of Commerce, with a promising future ahead. By 1954, however, Remington was dead--assassinated in his cell by a team of inmates in a high-security Federal prison. In Un-American Activities, historian Gary May tells the fascinating story of William Remington--a story of intrigue, injustice, government corruption, and anti-Communist hysteria. May labored for eight years in reconstructing Remington’s case, searching through FBI files, government documents, and waging an epic battle against then-U.S. Attorney Rudy Guiliani to become the first historian to obtain access to grand jury records. The result is a brilliant account of one man’s tragic odyssey and a government run amok. Remington’s future collapsed in 1948, when he was charged with being a Communist and a Soviet spy. The accuser was Elizabeth Bentley, an admitted ex-Communist herself and a former courier for Soviet spymasters. Remington’s life fell into a whirlpool, as he fought government improprieties, illegalities, and the assumption he was guilty. Cleared by government loyalty boards, he was indicted by a grand jury--whose foreman was secretly helping Elizabeth Bentley prepare her memoirs. Remington suffered through two trials for perjury, and the chief witness against him was his own embittered ex-wife. He was convicted and sentenced to the federal penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, where his reputation as a Communist preceded him. But May’s account also offers fascinating insight into the depth of Soviet penetration into wartime America: As he follows Remington’s life, from the radical circles at Dartmouth and the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930s through his Washington career, he finds that Remington may well have been guilty of the charges against him. Gary May is one of the leading historians writing about postwar America. His first book, China Scapegoat, won the Allan Nevins Prize and was hailed as "as well as a novel, as powerful as a good film" by the The Los Angeles Times. Here he brings his analytical and narrative skills to bear on one of the forgotten stories of the McCarthy era, uncovering a gripping tale of espionage, corruption, and personal tragedy.
Purity or Pragmatism: Principles and Practice of Public-Service Broadcasting
Authors: Barnett Steven , Docherty David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With one or two exceptions (most notably Brazil) every country in the world with a developed broadcasting system has a public broadcaster-that is, a broadcasting body which is financed wholly or partially from some kind of government grant or licence fee with a national mandate. The public duty and responsibility of these broadcasters is typically enshrined in some kind of public charter or, more commonly, in explicit legislation. These charters and laws are designed to embody what has conventionally become known as the “public-service ethos “ in broadcasting.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews Glenna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the night of December 6, 1895, the police of New York City arrested Lizzie Schauer, a young working-class woman, on a charge of disorderly conduct. She had, according to her own account, been looking for the house of her aunt and had stopped to ask directions of two men. This behavior-as well as the fact that an unaccompanied woman was out at night-was presumptive evidence that she was soliciting prostitution in the eyes of the arresting police officers and of the judge who sent her to the work house. They assumed that no “respectable” woman would be unescorted at night, hence that Schauer was a “public woman,” or prostitute. Fortunately for Schauer, the New York World undertook a successful crusade to secure her release from the work house-but only after a doctor’s examination had shown her to be a “good girl.” This episode provides dramatic evidence of the tenuous nature of American womanhood’s claim on public space, even in the late nineteenth century and even after, decades of political organizing by women.
Back To The Asylum
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Back to the Asylum explains why American mental health law and policy now emphasize “law and order” rather than individualized justice and civil liberties, and why mental health law is currently being reshaped to protect society rather than the mentally ill. The authors convincingly demonstrate how rapidly changing American values gave shape to two very different visions of justice for the mentally ill. They argue that from about 1960 to 1980—what they call the Liberal era—Americans staunchly supported civil liberties for all, particularly for disadvantaged citizens like the mentally ill. In fact, criminal law itself provided ample opportunities for mentally ill offenders to escape punishment for their crimes. Moreover, deinstitutionalization and restrictive civil commitment laws made it difficult to hospitalize the mentally disabled against their will. However, from 1980 on—what the authors call the Neoconservative era—Americans, fearful of rising crime and the increasing number of homeless in their communities, demanded new laws to restore law and order. Today, it is much harder for mentally ill offenders to escape criminal blame and far easier to put other disturbed citizens into hospitals against their will. Back to the Asylum masterfully explains how this abrupt shift in mental health law and policy—a shift from protecting individual civil rights to protecting the community—impacted the mentally ill. It examines these legal changes in their broader social context and offers a provocative analysis of whether these law reforms had their intended effect. Finally it forecasts the future of mental health law and policy as America enters the twenty-first century.
Involuntary Commitment in the Liberal Era
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even when the mentally ill have not committed crimes, they are often viewed as “deranged” or “insane” and regarded as irresponsible or dangerous. Al though fear of the mentally ill has remained fairly constant over time, strategies for caring for and controlling them have varied significantly. One such strategy has been involuntary commitment to hospitalize individuals against their will.
The End Of Hidden Ireland
Authors: Scally Robert James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many thousands of Irish peasants fled from the country in the terrible famine winter of 1847-48, following the road to the ports and the Liverpool ferries to make the dangerous passage across the Atlantic. The human toll of “Black ‘47,” the worst year of the famine, is notorious, but the lives of the emigrants themselves have remained largely hidden, untold because of their previous obscurity and deep poverty. In The End of Hidden Ireland, Scally brings their lives to light. Focusing on the townland of Ballykilcline in Roscommon, Scally offers a richly detailed portrait of Irish rural life on the eve of the catastrophe. From their internal lives and values, to their violent conflict with the English Crown, from rent strikes to the potato blight, he takes the emigrants on each stage of their journey out of Ireland to New York. Along the way, he offers rare insights into the character and mentality of the immigrants as they arrived in America in their millions during the famine years. Hailed as a distinguished work of social history, this book also is a tale of adventure and human survival, one that does justice to a tragic generation with sympathy but without sentiment.
Eviction
Authors: Scally Robert James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tenants were to leave Strokestown in five “batches,” the first four in groups just over one hundred in number and the last made up of stragglers, those who had at first refused the offer of a free passage to America or who could not make up their minds until all the rest had left. Refusal to emigrate would still mean eviction, however; the Commissioners’ orders were “to serve Notice upon each of these persons that, in the event of their not accepting the offer of Emigration, they will be summarily dispossessed and their Houses demolished except such of them as Mr. Knox may certify as being proper to be retained upon the lands-.”1 There would be a great deal of stalling and changing of minds among the tenants and many futile efforts to persuade and plead exemption as each group saw the cabins begin to come down. At least some of them must have witnessed this final ceremony before they set out on the familiar hour’s walk to Strokestown on the morning of their appointed day.
Knowledge and Isolation
Authors: Scally Robert James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The famine emigrants’ understanding and visualization of the outside world is not well understood. Even their conception oflreland itself on the eve of their departure is uncertain. It can be safely assumed that even the farremoved cottiers of Kerry or Donegal had some perceptions of their place on the globe. Among these would be a precise knowledge of the local distances and topography encompassed by experience as well as an elaborate and deeply disseminated oral and religious tradition that located more distant places of historical and religious significance and linked them with the history of the people. But a consciousness and acceptance of unity on the part of the peasantry or a sense of identity with national symbols and institutions cannot be taken for granted. In other European countries where a national culture was thought to have extended its influence far more widely than that in Ireland, the peripheral peasantries remained only marginally integrated into the nation by the end of the century.
The Way Out
Authors: Scally Robert James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After years of struggle to remain, it is still likely that some of the Ballykilcline tenants shared the sentiments of the merry Mr. Dermody when the time came for them to leave. If not all of the defeated ringleaders, at least some of the children and almost surely many of the women would not mourn the place that had become the scene of their misery and dread in the past two years. Those who left first, in the batches of September and October of 1847, would have included the most willing. Some of the last to go had pleaded sickness or old age in the family or simply could not make up their minds till the last moment. Those who waited through another winter had seen their close relatives leave in the earlier batches, although the Clerk of the Quit Rents took pains to see that families left together as far as possible. For the rest, the gradual emptying of the townland between the fall and spring and the prospect of a lonely eviction must have acted as a powerful inducement to abandon any thought of staying.
Audacious Words: Sui Sin Far’s Mrs. Spring Fragrance
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
They tell me that if I wish to succeed in literature in America I should dress in Chinese costume, carry a fan in my hand, wear a pair of scarlet beaded slippers, live in New York, and come of high birth. Instead of making myself familiar with the Chinese-Americans around me, I should discourse on my spirit acquaintance with Chinese ancestors and quote in between the “Good mornings” and “How d’ye dos” of editors,
Ruiz: A Struggle over Legitimacy
Authors: Ekland-Olson Sheldon , Martin Steve J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have discussed our view of litigated prison reform in Texas in a number of places.1 In this chapter our primary objective is to present what we see as the more general conclusions to be drawn from prison conditions litigation in Texas. Although we see our accounts as largely consistent with other “faces” of Ruiz presented in chapters 2 and 4 of this volume, we will discuss some important exceptions.
Ruiz: Intervention and Emergent Order in Texas Prisons
Authors: Crouch Ben M , Marquart James W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1972 a prisoner named David Ruiz filed a petition arguing that the Texas Department of Corrections (TDC) and its director, W. J. Estelle, Jr., unconstitutionally exposed prisoners to physically deteriorated, dangerous, and overcrowded conditions. The resulting suit, Ruiz v. Estelle, became the most comprehensive civil action in correctional law history. After years of legal conflict and a lengthy trial, Federal District Judge William W. Justice ruled in favor of the prisoner plaintiffs.
The Justice Broker
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Commissioned by the US Department of Justice, this is the first comprehensive national study of the US civil justice system. Kritzer examines the background, experiences, day-to-day activities, and outlook of civil lawyers, and argues that lawyers' behaviour must be understood in part as a form of brokerage, or mediation, between the client and the legal system. He suggests that brokers and professional lawyers fulfil complementary, rather than alternative, roles, and recommends that lawyers' monopoly on advocacy in civil litigation be restricted.
The Work of the Litigator in Ordinary Cases
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In distinguishing between the professional and the broker, one of the major differences is in the nature of the expertise used in the day-to-day work of the litigating lawyer. The professional’s special knowledge is based on formal training associated with a university education which, in turn, is closely related to the type of research associated with an academic discipline. The broker’s special knowledge, while possibly technical, is not centered on a formal discipline; it is gained from experience in the work setting. Obviously, this distinction does not allow for easily defined boundaries.