bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and Concurrence
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For giving pleasure to the reader, several means are available: you can be lifelike, surprising, witty. But two ways of pleasing stand out, which are commonly neglected: concurrence, or multiple expression simultaneously, and performance, or enactment of meaning rather than merely stating it. Both are common devices, used in many jokes, like the one about a customer who says to the bookseller ‘I want a book about chutzpah—and you’re paying.’
Reducing
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So, you thought you could ignore everything said about drafts above; you went straight ahead and wrote the piece without giving any thought to scale. Or else vital new material came to hand late on. Or you went into denial and ‘forgot’ to give the word count command. So now your penultimate draft is far over the word limit, and all that work of composition has turned out to be wasted effort— work spent making occasion for more work. It’s no use pretending the excess wordage won’t be noticed, no use trying to disguise the extra pages by single spacing or a minute font size.
How Novels Work
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Never has contemporary fiction been more widely discussed and passionately analysed; recent years have seen a huge growth in the number of reading groups and in the interest of a non-academic readership in the discussion of how novels work. Drawing on his weekly Guardian column, 'Elements of Fiction', John Mullan examines novels mostly of the last ten years, many of which have become firm favourites with reading groups. He reveals the rich resources of novelistic technique, setting recent fiction alongside classics of the past. Nick Hornby's adoption of a female narrator is compared to Daniel Defoe's; Ian McEwan's use of weather is set against Austen's and Hardy's; Carole Shield's chapter divisions are likened to Fanny Burney's. Each section shows how some basic element of fiction is used. Some topics (like plot, dialogue, or location) will appear familiar to most novel readers; others (metanarrative, prolepsis, amplification) will open readers' eyes to new ways of understanding and appreciating the writer's craft. How Novels Work explains how the pleasures of novel reading often come from the formal ingenuity of the novelist. It is an entertaining and stimulating exploration of that ingenuity. Addressed to anyone who is interested in the close reading of fiction, it makes visible techniques and effects we are often only half-aware of as we read. It shows that literary criticism is something that all fiction enthusiasts can do. Contemporary novels discussed include: Monica Ali's Brick Lane; Martin Amis's Money; Margaret Atwood's The Blind Assassin; A.S. Byatt's Possession; Jonathan Coe's The Rotters' Club; J.M. Coetzee's Disgrace; Michael Cunningham's The Hours; Don DeLillo's Underworld; Michel Faber's The Crimson Petal and the White; Ian Fleming's From Russia with Love; Jonathan Franzen's The Corrections; Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time; Patricia Highsmith's Ripley under Ground; Alan Hollinghurst's The Spell; Nick Hornby's How to Be Good; Ian McEwan's Atonement; John le Carré's The Constant Gardener; Andrea Levy's Small Island; David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas; Andrew O'Hagan's Personality; Orhan Pamuk's My Name Is Red; Ann Patchett's Bel Canto; Ruth Rendell's Adam and Eve and Pinch Me; Philip Roth's The Human Stain; Jonathan Safran Foer's Everything Is Illuminated; Carol Shields's Unless; Zadie Smith's White Teeth; Muriel Spark's Aiding and Abetting; Graham Swift's Last Orders; Donna Tartt's The Secret History; William Trevor's The Hill Bachelors; and Richard Yates's Revolutionary Road
Literariness
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literariness: it is a clumsy word, but a useful label for the ways in which novels display their attachment to other works of literature. Books remember other books. Listen to a reader describe a striking new novel and you are likely to hear comparison with other novels. Writers are themselves readers and often invite their own readers to hear, if they can, echoes from other books in their novels. In academic discussion, the commonest word for this has, for some time, been ‘intertextuality’, the first of the topics treated below. The relative novelty of the term has sometimes persuaded the unsuspecting that it names a new tendency of fication. In fact, as I try to show, it is a new name for a variety of traditional techniques.
Kenotic Christology and the Nature of God
Authors: Evans C Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christians have traditionally believed that God is most fully revealed in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, understood as both fully human and divine. Because Jesus is fully human, we can attain some understanding of his life; because he is fully divine, this understanding gives us insight into the heart of God. If this line of thought is sound, it follows that our understanding of God’s nature must be closely related to our Christology.
Empson and the Gifts of China
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Empson cherished ‘our strong and critical curiosity about alien modes of feeling, our need for the flying buttress of sympathy with systems other than our own’ ( EG 32). It was a belief that fuelled a sustained attempt to foster deeper understanding between the cultural traditions of Europe and Asia. However, after seven years as a university professor in China, Empson did not underestimate the difficulties of a rapprochement between two civilizations separated by what he conceived of as a profound difference of theology. John Haffenden’s narrative of the extraordinary years Empson spent in China during the turbulent upheaval of the Sino-Japanese War (1937 – 9) and throughout the Civil War and the Communist takeover (1947 – 52) has transformed the context in which scholars and critics approach the worldliness of the later poetry and criticism, peppered with anecdote and offhand personal testimony. And yet, a decade of ‘attending’ to Asian cultures had taught Empson a tough CP 55, 101.
Coleridge, Christ, and Contradiction in Empson
Authors: Perry Seamus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the questions that most interests admirers of Empson is the continuity, or otherwise, of his career. What does the intricate textual analysis of Seven Types for which Empson quickly became known (and in some quarters notorious: ‘merely early William Empsonism’ was not a term of praise in R. S. Crane’s book)1 have to do with the boisterous, sometimes knockabout, pugnacity of Milton’s God and the essays on Donne and Marlowe and others, polemically preoccupied by the wickedness of the Christian God and the pernicious effects of neo-Christianity? Empson was quite aware that admirers of the early work thought his later stuff regrettably off-track, as though betraying some loss of due purpose or even magnanimity. Denis Donoghue shook his head (‘an indisputable grandeur of spirit denies itself and becomes, when the theme is Christianity, pinched and nasty’) and scolded the scion of Yokefleet Hall: ‘Undermining a man’s faith is not the work of a gentleman.’² Empson disputed any charge of gifts going to waste, needless to say: a breezy exasperation with such unenlightened times became a hallmark.
Scapegoats
Authors: Eagleton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE idea of sacrifice is not in the least glamorous these days. It is what mothers do for their loutish sons, harassed wives for their imperious husbands, and working-class soldiers for pampered politicians. Sacrifice is the clarion call of the fascist Fatherland, with its necrophiliac rites and ceremonials of self-oblation. In religious cultures, it is a violent procedure for placating a savage god, offering him bribes in the hope that you will be spared his wrath. It smacks of a morbid cult of self-abnegation, as its victims come to revel in their own powerlessness and rub their meekness aggressively in others ‘ faces.
John Milton
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book re-examines scrupulously the writings and the life records of John Milton, in the context of a proper understanding of the recent developments in seventeenth-century historiography. Milton’s thought has often been too simply described. The approach here is to interrogate more sceptically notions like puritanism, republicanism, radicalism, and dissent. A more complex story emerges, of Milton’s culturally rich but ideologically conformist early decades, and of his radicalisation during the later years of Laudianism. We track the internal dynamics of English puritanism in the 1640s and the impact that has on his own convictions. In the 1650s Milton’s thought and beliefs were reconciled to the role as public servant. In the 1660s a renewed confidence carried him towards the completion of his greatest project, Paradise Lost, and his final years were ones of creative fulfilment and renewed political engagement. Amid the discontinuities occasioned by shifting political circumstance, by the exigencies of polemical context, and the diversity of genres in which he wrote, Milton emerged as a major political thinker and significant systematic theologian, as well as the most eloquent prose writer and most accomplished poet of the age. A more human Milton appears in these pages, flawed, self-contractory, self-serving, arrogant, passionate, ruthless, ambitious, and cunning, as well as the literary genius who achieved so much.
The Protectorate
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period from 20 April 1653 to 3 September 1658 witnessed significant changes in the governance of England, each redefining the republican-ism of successive regimes, marking the rise or fall of groups and individuals, and challenging the integrity of its public servants. Milton remained in the employment of the state throughout, evidently accommodating himself to Cromwell’s ever-more-powerful control. However, his role shifted as the extent of his incapacity became clearer.
Plague, Fire, and Paradise Lost
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two people of considerable significance to Milton’s life and well-being were drawn to his attention sometime around late 1661 or very early 1662 by Nathan Paget. He was a singularly well-connected man of radical and speculative inclination. His uncle, Thomas Paget, had been prominent in shaping the Amsterdam Presbyterian church, serving as minister from 1607 to 1639, and his father was also a puritan divine of moderate inclination. Nathan himself was a physician, who had studied at Leiden. His circle and Milton’s overlapped at several points.
W. S. Graham: In the Mind’s Ear
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
W. S. Graham has been, until recently, nearly invisible as a poet. A Glaswegian who lived in Cornwall for most of his life, a Scot who rejected the nationalist ideals of the Scottish Renaissance, a modernist born too late, a post-modernist born too early, a Forties’ poet out of tune with the plain-speaking ‘Movement’, an experimentalist too formal and romantic for the avant-garde, Graham has never fitted into any of the movements or canons of literary history. He is a reminder, not only of the accidents and prejudices that drive such movements, but also of the exclusions and distortions created by them. Certainly, he cannot easily be sidelined into any one camp: romantic, modernist, formal, experimental, mainstream, avant-garde. Instead, his is a voice around which literary history itself might have to reshape.
Nothing, but: An Afterword
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If ‘form’ is a word which has left its legacy on two centuries and more of aestheticist and post-aestheticist writing, there is another word which has often seemed to shadow it, and that is the word ‘nothing’. Nothing, which has appeared here and there in the works of all the writers in this book, seems to carry a special resonance when it comes to understanding what poetry is for. Like ‘form’, it is a word which already toys with its own content, enjoying the hologram effect of being a thing and an absence, a sound and an emptiness, there and not there. The nineteenth-century aesthetes invoke it frequently as a (perhaps false) modesty trope, in order to advocate the insignificance of content and the importance of form and style. Thus the poet who ‘has ‘‘nothing to say’’ ‘, as Wilde puts it, is the true poet, the one who ‘gains his inspiration from form, and from form purely’.1
Introduction: criticism, theory, and anti-theory
Authors: Waugh Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the theory of literature to the theory revolution In 1936, the comparativist scholar-critic René Wellek called for a sustained and systematic effort to clarify the basic theoretical problems underpinning the relatively new, but expanding, academic profession of criticism. Wellek had grown up in a Czech family in Vienna speaking German; he wrote his first book on Kant, became a member of the Prague Linguistic Circle, moved to London in 1935, and then to Yale, and in 1949, with Austin Warren, wrote the first systematic theoretical book on literary studies, The Theory of Literature. He was better placed than any other literary scholar of his time to comment on the state of criticism immediately before World War II.
Value: criticism, canons, and evaluation
Authors: Waugh Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the eighteenth century, critical debates about the value of individual writers and literary texts have been underpinned by a philosophical concern with the more fundamental problem of whether objective grounds may be established for aesthetic judgements. Within contemporary literary studies, however, the focus of debate has shifted away from considerations of aesthetic value per se to a much more anxious and conflicted engagement with the perception of canon formation as an arena for the exercise of political power and social exclusion. Whereas eighteenth-century critics might (if erroneously) assume a common culture of ‘taste’, contemporary controversies reflect a sense of the pluralism and fragmentariness of culture and a concomitant concern with the retrieval or construction of cultural unities.
Postcolonialism
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past couple of decades have seen the publication of a vast number of cultural critiques of empire and its aftermath designated with the label ‘postcolonial’. Despite their many disparities of perspective and subject-matter, what the critical texts and studies which make up this body of discourse share, is a single common reference point. They are all broadly concerned with experiences of exclusion, denigration, and resistance under systems of colonial control. Thus the term postcolonialism addresses itself to the historical, political, cultural, and textual ramifications of the colonial encounter between the West and the non-West, dating from the sixteenth century to the present day. It considers how this encounter shaped all those who were party to it: the colonizers as well as the colonized. In particular, studies of postcolonial cultures, texts, and politics are interested in responses to colonial oppression which were (and are) oppositional or contestatory, and not only openly so, but those which were subtle, sly, oblique, and apparently underhand in their protests.
Performing literary interpretation
Authors: Newton K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the best-known critical encounters of the 1970s was that between M. H. Abrams, a major figure in historical criticism both as practitioner and theorist, and J. Hillis Miller, a leading exponent of Derridean deconstruction, on the question of the limits of literary interpretation. Abrams claimed that Jacques Derrida ‘puts out of play, before the game even begins, every source of norms, controls, or indications which, in the ordinary use and experience of language, set a limit to what we can mean and what we can be understood to mean’, in favour of ‘a free participation in the infinite free-play of signification opened out by the signs in a text’. He went on to attack Miller for ‘exclud[-ing] by his elected premises any control or limit of signification by reference to the uses of a word or phrase that are current at the time an author writes, or to an author’s intention, or to the verbal or generic context in which a word occurs’.
Environmentalism and ecocriticism
Authors: Kerridge Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecocriticism is literary and cultural criticism from an environmentalist viewpoint. Texts are evaluated in terms of their environmentally harmful or helpful effects. Beliefs and ideologies are assessed for their environmental implications. Ecocritics analyse the history of concepts such as ‘nature’, in an attempt to understand the cultural developments that have led to the present global ecological crisis. Direct representations of environmental damage or political struggle are of obvious interest to ecocritics, but so is the whole array of cultural and daily life, for what it reveals about implicit attitudes that have environmental consequences.
Cognitive literary criticism
Authors: Richardson Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive literary criticism represents a fairly recent and rapidly growing attempt on the part of scholars with many different aims and methods to bring literary studies into dialogue with the new sciences of mind and brain. In telling contrast to critics of many other theoretical persuasions, cognitive critics develop their models for understanding subjectivity, agency, consciousness, language, and psychosocial development through critical engagement with the best contemporary work being produced in leading university departments of psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind. Like most researchers and theorists in these fields, they begin by acknowledging the momentous impact on recent intellectual life of the ‘cognitive revolution’, well described by psychologist Howard Gardner as a period, dating from the 1950s, of fundamental change and converging interests among linguists led by Noam Chomsky, artificial intelligence researchers like John Newell and Herbert Simon, and early cognitive psychologists such as Jerome Bruner.
Values and Virtues
Authors: Chappell Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After 25 centuries, Aristotle's influence on our society's moral thinking remains profound even when subterranean. Typical members of our society can often be made to see that their moral thought and action are, in crucial ways, unwittingly Aristotelian. No one in contemporary philosophical ethics can afford to ignore Aristotle. Much of the finest work in recent moral philosophy has been overtly and professedly Aristotelian in inspiration. And many writers who would officially distance themselves from Aristotle and his contemporary followers are nonetheless indebted to him, sometimes in ways that they do not realise. Values and Virtues provides a platform for some notable writers in the area to present and discuss their new ideas about Aristotelian ethics in a way that will advance the academic debate and engage the interest of a broad range of philosophical readers.
Opera and Drama: Bernard Shaw and ‘The Brandy of the Damned’
Authors: White Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Will you think me very ungrateful and unkind if I tell you that though you cannot possibly applaud my plays too much at each fall of the curtain to please me, yet the more applause there is during the performance the angrier I feel with you for spoiling your enjoyment and my own? Would you dream of stopping the performance of a piece of music to applaud every bar that happened to please you? And do you not know that an act of a play is intended, just like a piece of music, to be heard without interruption from beginning to end?
The ‘Thought-Tormented Music’ of James Joyce
Authors: White Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be difficult to imagine a greater intimacy between music and language than the one which James Joyce espouses both within and beyond the domain of the Irish literary imagination. Stanislaus Joyce’s early recognition of his brother’s ability ‘to write general noise on paper, a kind of comic chorus, and to balance it against solo and silence’ is prophetic of a formidable legacy of scholarship and commentary on music in Joyce which has been notably increased in recent years. The nature and significance of literature so radically inflected by music remains high, it would appear, on the agenda of Joyce studies.
Words Alone: Seamus Heaney, Music, and the Jurisdiction of Literary Forms
Authors: White Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poetry cannot afford to lose its fundamentally self-delighting inventiveness, its joy in being a process of language as well as a representation of things in the world. And while this may seem something of a truism, it is nevertheless worth repeating in a late twentieth-century context of politically approved themes, postcolonial backlash and ‘silence-breaking’ writing of all kinds. In these circumstances, poetry is understandably pressed to give voice to so much that has hitherto been denied expression in the ethnic, social, sexual and political life. Which is to say that its power as a mode of redress in the first sense—as agent for proclaiming and correcting injustices—is being appealed to constantly. But in discharging this function, poets are in danger of slighting another imperative, namely, to redress poetry as poetry, to set it up as its own category, an eminence established and a pressure exercised by distinctly linguistic means.
Darwin’s Lost World
Authors: Brasier Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Darwin made a powerful argument for evolution in the Origin of Species, based on all the evidence available to him. But a few things puzzled him. One was how inheritance works - he did not know about genes. This book concerns another of Darwin's Dilemmas, and the efforts of modern palaeontologists to solve it. What puzzled Darwin is that the most very ancient rocks, before the Cambrian, seemed to be barren, when he would expect them to be teeming with life. Darwin speculated that this was probably because the fossils had not been found yet. Decades of work by modern palaeontologists have indeed brought us amazing fossils from far beyond the Cambrian, from the depths of the Precambrian, so life was certainly around. Yet the fossils are enigmatic, and something does seem to happen around the Cambrian to speed up evolution drastically and produce many of the early forms of animals we know today. In this book, Martin Brasier, a leading palaeontologist working on early life, takes us into the deep, dark ages of the Precambrian to explore Darwin's Lost World. Decoding the evidence in these ancient rocks, piecing together the puzzle of what happened over 540 million years ago to drive what is known as the Cambrian Explosion, is very difficult. The world was vastly different then from the one we know now, and we are in terrain with few familiar landmarks. Brasier is a master storyteller, and combines the account of what we now know of the strange creatures of these ancient times with engaging and amusing anecdotes from his expeditions to Siberia, Outer Mongolia, Barbuda, and other places, giving a vivid impression of the people, places, and challenges involved in such work. He ends by presenting his own take on the Cambrian Explosion, based on the picture emerging from this very active field of research. A vital clue involves worms - burrowing worms are one of the key signs of the start of the Cambrian. This is fitting: Darwin was inordinately fond of worms.