bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Types of Relationship Closeness and Their Influence on People’s Emotional Lives
Authors: Clark Margaret S , Brissette Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To date, psychologists’ efforts to understand emotion have focused almost entirely on processes that occur within a single individual. In this chapter we break with that intrapersonal tradition and discuss emotion from an interpersonal perspective. After all, emotion appears to be most often experienced and expressed within the context of interpersonal relationships (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984; DeRivera, 1984; Larson, Csikszentmihalyi, & Graef, 1982; Scherer, Wallbott, & Summerfield, 1986; Schwartz & Shaver, 1987; Trevarthen, 1984). There must be something about interpersonal relationships that accounts for this. What are we to make of the fact that emotion occurs most frequently in the context of our interpersonal relationships? Perhaps the answer is simple. Perhaps other people’s actions (more often than other factors) produce our emotions by facilitating attainment of our goals or by impeding attainment of them. A person might throw a rock at us, endangering our safety and eliciting our anger. Alternatively, a person might give us some money, facilitating our ability to purchase something we have been wanting and eliciting happiness. If so, perhaps the processes through which other people elicit our emotions are no different from the processes through which inanimate objects elicit our emotions. For instance, a rock might slide from a hillside and hit us, making us angry. A slot machine may spew out coins, making us happy. Emotion may be more frequent within relationships than outside relationships only because people more frequently facilitate or impede our goals than do inanimate entities. If, indeed, the processes through which other people elicit emotions are not so different from the ways in which noninterpersonal events elicit emotions, then there would seem to be nothing special, theoretically, that relationship researchers could contribute to understanding people’s emotional lives. We do believe that other people facilitating or impeding our goals is a large part of why emotion is more frequently experienced within than outside relationships. However, we also firmly believe that relationship researchers do have some special knowledge that will prove very useful to emotion researchers in their efforts to understand people’s day-to-day emotional lives. Relationship context does make a difference. Winning a gift certificate to a good bookstore in a raffle may elicit moderate happiness. It facilitates your goal of getting a particular book. But what if another person gives you that certificate as a gift? Will you always feel moderately happy? No. Your emotional reactions will depend on who gives it to you. If it comes from your mother (who routinely gives you lots of gifts), you may feel mildly happy. If it comes from your brother (who has never given you a gift in the past and with whom you would love to have a better relationship), you may feel much happier. And what of expressing emotions? Imagine you lose a job and feel depressed. Will you express your depression?
Stress and Affect: Applicability of the Concepts of Allostasis and Allostatic Load
Authors: McEwen Bruce S , Seeman Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affective and anxiety disorders are estimated to account for half of the more than $74 billion cost burden of diagnosable mental disorders in the United States (Rupp, Gause, & Regier, 1998). Stressful life experiences play a significant role in mental disorders, not only as a causal or precipitating factor but also as an outcome of disordered thought and disrupted interpersonal relationships that lead to further stress on the individual and additional exacerbation of symptoms (e.g., see Kessler, 1997). Because of this and other connections between life experiences and health, medical science has been struggling for decades to understand the relationship between stress and disease. Stress may be defined as a threat, real or implied, to the psychological or physiological integrity of an individual. Yet the widespread use of the term stress in popular culture makes this word an imprecise and ambiguous means of describing how the body copes with psychosocial, environmental, and physical challenges. For example, the subjective experience of stress does not always predict the elevation of the physiological “stress mediators,” particularly cortisol and catecholamines (Kirschbaum, Kudielka, Gaab, Schommer, Hellhammer, 1999), and this leads into another aspect of the problem— namely, the tendency to dichotomize and separate “mind” from “body.” Indeed, we do need multiple levels of explanation and must often separately measure psychological and biological processes. Yet an integrated view of psychobiology maintains that there is no such thing as a purely psychological process and that the activity and structural and chemical plasticity of nerve cells underlies all forms of experience, thought, and action (Cacioppo et al., 2000). Moreover, these two levels of analysis feed into each other and interact in a reciprocal fashion—that is, behavior and experience regulate biological processes and the biological state of the brain determines behavior and reactions to situations. Furthermore, there are three principal ways that these interactions can affect health. The first is through overt acts, like aggression, substance abuse, risky behavior, eating the wrong things, drinking, exercising or not exercising, and so on. The second is via the neural regulation of autonomic and endocrine function that leads to a long-term cost to the body (defined below as “allostatic load”). The third involves the interactions between the first two—for example, how eating a rich diet, or not exercising, or being sleep deprived increases the metabolic allostatic load and enhances insulin resistance and the processes that lead to abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease. Thus, with the exception of behaviors that directly damage the body, the physiological mediators such as cortisol and catecholamines, but also including many other hormones and neurochemicals, provide the final common path connecting experience with both adaptation and pathophysiology.
Psychodynamic Perspectives on Hypochondriasis
Authors: Lipsitt Don R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a time when therapeutic paradigms focus largely on prompt, expeditious, limited, and (it its hoped) inexpensive intervention, attention to psychodynamics in this compendium of contemporary approaches to hypochondriasis may seem of only passing interest. Indeed, in many psychiatric training programs, educational observers have noted a dramatic shift of emphasis away from the study of psychodynamics toward the biological and neuro scientific (Jacobs et al., 1997).
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Warwick Hilary M C , Salkovskis Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although medicine has been aware of the problem of severe health anxiety and hypochondriasis for centuries, treatment attempts have been largely futile. Most commonly, doctors have resorted to reassurance as the primary approach. By modem definitions (such as the one found in the DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), such strategies are doomed to failure, given that hypochondriasis is only identified in individuals in whom preoccupation persists despite medical reassurance. Until recently, attempts to understand the nature of hypochondriasis were confined to theories derived from basic psychoanalytic and quasi-neurological approaches such as so-called alexithymia (Kellner, 1986).
Surfing Through Hyperspace Understanding Higher Universes in Six Easy Lessons
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do a little armchair time-travel, rub elbows with a four-dimensional intelligent life form, or stretch your mind to the furthest corner of an uncharted universe. With this astonishing guidebook, Surfing Through Hyperspace, you need not be a mathematician or an astrophysicist to explore the all-but-unfathomable concepts of hyperspace and higher-dimensional geometry. No subject in mathematics has intrigued both children and adults as much as the idea of a fourth dimension. Philosophers and parapsychologists have meditated on this mysterious space that no one can point to but may be all around us. Yet this extra dimension has a very real, practical value to mathematicians and physicists who use it every day in their calculations. In the tradition of Flatland, and with an infectious enthusiasm, Clifford Pickover tackles the problems inherent in our 3-D brains trying to visualize a 4-D world, muses on the religious implications of the existence of higher-dimensional consciousness, and urges all curious readers to venture into "the unexplored territory lying beyond the prison of the obvious." Pickover alternates sections that explain the science of hyperspace with sections that dramatize mind-expanding concepts through a fictional dialogue between two futuristic FBI agents who dabble in the fourth dimension as a matter of national security. This highly accessible and entertaining approach turns an intimidating subject into a scientific game open to all dreamers. Surfing Through Hyperspace concludes with a number of puzzles, computer experiments and formulas for further exploration, inviting readers to extend their minds across this inexhaustibly intriguing scientific terrain.
The Gods Of Hyperspace
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The White House, Washington, D.C., 9:00 A.M.
You are back in the White House at the exact location the president was last seen alive. A large Persian carpet decorates the floor; along the wall are potted plants and a few chairs. Nothing has changed, except for a large bronze replica of a Liberty Bell someone has moved to a corner of the room for refurbishing. Perhaps Vice President Chelsea Clinton is readying the bell as a gift to Sadaam Hussein who recently renewed his commitment to world peace.
Applications of Appraisal Theory to Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Emotional Pathology
Authors: Roseman Ira J , Kaiser Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotional pathologies, such as mood disorders and anxiety disorders, are among the most prevalent of psychopathologies (Robins et al., 1984). Many clinicians, researchers, and laypersons are interested in understanding their determinants and ameliorating them.
The Conduct of the Study: Sample and Procedures
Authors: Robinson Joann L , McGrath Jude , Corley Robin P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Same-sex twin pairs born in the state of Colorado between 1986 and 1990 were recruited as participants. Parents of the twins were initially contacted through a mailing from the Colorado Department of Health. Those parents who ex pressed a willingness to be contacted were sent additional information and enrolled if their twins met health criteria and if they lived within a 2-hr driving radius of the testing site in Boulder, Colorado. More than 50% of the eligible families agreed to participate. Fifty-six percent of the sample of 408 twin pairs had participated in an earlier infant twin study of development in the first year of life but were initially recruited as described above.
Temperament, Mental Development, and Language in the Transition from Infancy to Early Childhood
Authors: Kubicek Lorraine F , Emde Robert N , Schmitz Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Specific temperamental characteristics such as shyness or activity level may affect children’s experiences in ways that contribute to differential outcomes in language and cognitive development. For example, shy children may avoid initiating interactions with unfamiliar peers, thereby limiting the frequency and variety of their social and linguistic experiences. Very active children, on the other hand, may not focus on complex tasks long enough to learn how to complete them successfully.
Early Predictors of Problem Behavior at Age Four
Authors: Schmitz Stephanie , Fulker David W , Emde Robert N , Zahn-Waxler Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the antecedents of problem behavior in the MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study, as indicated by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4–18; Achenbach, 1991) at age four. Specifically, we examined several antece dent characteristics of the child and the measured environment during the second and third years that may impose a risk for the later development of problem behavior. Because the assessment of problem behavior also depends on the rater, mother’s and father’s CBCL ratings were used separately in relationship to the child’s earlier assessments. There is growing interest in clinical and develop mental psychology in the antecedents and correlates of problem behavior in young children. This chapter covers a number of associations previously re ported in the literature and examines them with a young twin sample.
Sensory and Attentional Mediation of Covert Orienting
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a new object appears in our visual field, different types of analysis are carried out as we orient toward, inspect, and identify it. The initial stages of this analysis are sensory. Retinal signals about the object’s presence and approximate location are sent via the optic nerves to the midbrain collicular area and to the occipital lobe for further processing. Only then does attentional analysis of the object occur. Unlike sensory analysis, however, attentional analysis is not mandatory. As Yantis and Jonides (1990) demonstrated, when attention is actively engaged at another location, it will not always be captured by the appearance of a new object. But the object will trigger sensory operations that provide crude shape and location information to higher level processes.
The Magnitudes Of Astronomical Quantities
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before continuing on the physics of astronomical winds, bubbles, and explosions, we look briefly at the ranges of sizes and properties of astronomical sources, and in the next chapter at the evolution of stars, which are common sources of winds. Our comprehension of the magnitudes of measurable quantities is largely governed by our everyday experiences. A mile-long stroll is a “short” trip; a flight to Australia from England is a “long” trip. We shiver in a temperature of 0°C; we bask in a temperature of 30°C. A minute goes quickly; a half century passes slowly (at least to begin with).
Regions Of High-Mass Star Formation
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A high-mass star contains more than about eight solar masses of material. Regions where such stars form differ significantly from those in which only low-mass stars form. High-mass stars are thought to be born in clumps that are magnetically supercritical, whereas clumps in which only low-mass stars appear are probably magnetically subcritical (cf. section 5.3). High-mass stars have more powerful winds than low-mass stars and they evolve into supernovae; consequently they affect much larger volumes of the environments surrounding them. Low-mass stars emit negligible amounts of ultraviolet radiation during their youth and main-sequence phases, whereas high-mass stars ionize large amounts of material and drive motions with the ultraviolet radiation that they emit.
Mood Genes
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know that the likelihood of developing many physical diseases, such as diabetes, is determined by genes. But can abnormalities in specific genes also play a part in the development of mental disorders? And, if so, can these genes actually be identified and their discovery put to use in prevention and treatment? In Mood Genes, leading psychiatrist and biological researcher Samuel Barondes answers these questions in a way that renders a complex subject both exciting and understandable. Focusing on manic depressive illness, which affects about one percent of the population and has long been known to run in families, Barondes describes the fascinating hunt for genes--called mood genes--that influence the inherited vulnerability to severe mood disorders. He builds the compelling story of this hunt on the histories of two families riddled with manic-depression, explaining what it means to have an inherited predisposition to a severe mood disorder, how to find the mood genes that are responsible, and what will happen as mood genes are found. Not long ago, saying that a behavioral tendency was genetic was generally taken to mean that it was unchangeable. Now we know that finding genes that influence particular behavioral variations may not just be used to foretell our destinies--but also to forestall them.
Some Tools for the Hunt
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gregor Mendel, Archibald Garrod, and Francis Galton, the three main characters in the story of medical genetics whose contributions I have described so far, lived in that glorious period when great discoveries could be made by amateur scientists working alone and in their spare time. A priest who discovered the basic principles of heredity while spending his summers breeding peas. A physician with a busy practice and an interest in the chemical composition of urine who applied those principles to human diseases. A gentleman-scholar with a passion for counting who developed statistical techniques for estimating the extent to which heredity contributes to complex human traits. Each of them brilliant. All of them amateurs. Once this foundation was laid the next steps required a new breed of scientists: professionals in universities, with access to students, assistants, and specialized instrum1ents. Among them was another great pioneer, Linus Pauling, once described as “the most brilliantly versatile and productive physical chemist of the [twentieth] century; more than a scientist, a force of nature ”.
Grappling With Fate
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biggest practical consequence of the widely publicized hunt for mood genes is a heightened awareness that there is an inherited vulnerability to manic-depressive illness. As a re sult, many people like Michael or Ana who have relatives with manic-depression are concerned about what this means to themselves and their families. Are they, or their children, also fated to develop a mood disorder? Were manic-depressive illness a simple Mendelian disorder with a known genetic basis-like Huntington’s disease-this question could be answered very precisely on a case-by-case basis. All that would be needed is a sample of a person’s DNA, which could be directly examined to determine whether or not the abnormal allele had been inherited. If it had been, the disease could be confidently expected, provided the person lived long enough for it to make its appearance. If it had not been, there would be no risk of developing the disease.
The Dog-Eat-Dog World of Carnivores: A Review of Past and Present Carnivore Community Dynamics
Authors: Van Valkenburgh Blaire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 2 million years ago, individuals of early Homo began to incorporate meat in their diets, and within 1 million years, they were likely active hunters (cf. Foley 1987; Bunn and Ezzo 1993; Potts 1996; Walker and Shipman 1996). The shift to omnivory with a greater reliance on vertebrate prey placed Homo partially within a dangerous and highly competitive guild, that of large carnivores. Because guilds are groups of coexisting species that share a similar resource, members of the same guild are expected to compete more intensely than those of separate guilds. Predatory guilds, whether invertebrate or vertebrate, often are characterized by both competition and intraguild predation, most often by larger species on smaller (Polis and Holt 1992). Indeed, among mammalian carnivores, intraguild killing might be a more appropriate term, as the victims are often uneaten, suggesting the motivation was competition rather than hunger. Consequently, when Homo took up carnivory, sympatric predators might have expanded their view of Homo from prey item to competitor as well, adding a new incentive for killing them.
VSO and Left-Conjunct Agreement
Authors: Doron Edit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
VSO word order may on principle be the reflection of very different clause structures. This chapter argues that for many languages where VSO order is attested (Semitic, Celtic, Romance, Greek), it reflects a particular clause structure, which I will call a “VSO clause,” where the subject does not raise out of the c-command domain of the tense head of the clause:
VSO clauses exhibit the pattern of “left-conjunct agreement” observed in Irish by McCloskey (1986), and in Arabic by Aoun, Benmamoun, and Sportiche (1994), where the verb agrees with the leftmost conjunct of a postverbal conjoined subject, rather than with the full conjoined subject.
Mark Twain and Gender
Authors: Harris Susan K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers have rarely felt as strongly about the issue of gender in Mark Twain's works as they have about, say, issues of gender in Hemingway or D. H. Lawrence's writings. As Shelley Fisher Fishkin notes, most disputes that touch on gender issues have focused on Twain and women, especially on whether or not he created interesting female characters or whether he had deleterious effects on the female family members and women writers with whom he came in contact.
Introduction
Authors: Weiss Robert S , Bass Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post-retirement years are, for many, a time when there is no longer responsibility for childcare nor need for paid employment, the two obligations that would have structured much of preceding life. Many in these retirement years have available to them pensions and savings adequate to maintain middle income styles of life and, in addition, health and energy not much diminished from their later years of employment. Their freedom and resources permit them to enter into any of a very wide range of activities. To an extent remarkable outside the realm of the very rich, they can fashion lives to suit themselves.
The Third Age
Authors: Rubinstein Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
editors’ introduction Rubinstein focuses his attention on the interval of the Third Age, the span of years between retirement age and the advent of age-imposed limitations. This is a time when adequate resources, adequate health, and few responsibilities provide a context for self-fulfillment, freedom, and purposeful engagement. How long the Third Age lasts varies among individuals, but it is likely to last several years and can extend for two decades or even longer. To be sure, not everyone who is an appropriate age has the health and the financial security that make the Third Age’s freedoms possible. But those who had stable careers, even in blue-collar work, are very likely to meet the financial requisites of Third Age membership.
Dr. Googol’s Prime Plaid
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was walking down a back road in the beautiful Scottish countryside, wearing a dapper plaid kilt, when he started contemplating various patterns produced by prime numbers. He sat down on a bench at Ardoe House, his hotel, which was a few miles outside Aberdeen. As he gazed longingly at the Scottish baronial hall with turrets, heraldic inscriptions, and ornate ceilings, he began to draw dots on a piece of paper.
The Dudley Triangle
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After studying Pascal’s triangle in Chapter 54, Dr. Googol became interested in other infinite triangular arrays. He spent many hours contemplating the beauty and intricacy of the less-known and less-understood Dudley triangular array, proposed in 1987 and represented as follows:Can any of you figure how this triangle was generated? Study it before reading further.