bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Intelligent Design Arguments
Authors: Shanks Niall 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo versions of the argument from design are distinguished: first, the argument that organisms exhibit design (biological design); and second, the argument that the universe as a whole does (cosmological design). The history of the argument is traced from its roots in pre-Christian times with Aristotle, through its medieval expression by Aquinas to its heyday in the early modern period with the rise of modern science. Paley’s presentation of the argument is discussed in the light of the scientific knowledge of the time. The criticisms of Kant, who argued that the argument establishes at best the existence of a demiurge working with preexisting materials, and Hume, who argued that other equally plausible explanations of apparent design in nature are available, are noted.
Males, Females, and Households
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines gender differences in satisfactions, based on surveys of British and German household panels. It is shown that differences in answers to subjective questions are very similar between males and females in the same household. This is particularly true for satisfactions with respect to health, leisure, and jobs. Error correlations between husbands and wives are not very strong. It is also argued that the unobservable characteristics that influence one domain satisfaction are correlated with the ones that influence another domain satisfaction.
Health And Subjective Well‐Being
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the possibility of measuring the effects of specific diseases on health and quality of life. Two methods have made this possible. The first is the satisfaction model developed in Chapter 4, which allows the assessment of money values equivalent to the losses in well-being caused by illness. The second method is a new quality adjusted life year concept, which provides an intuitively plausible concept that is easy and cheap to collect the basic data for.
The Unregulated Common Property: The Prisoner's Dilemma Revisited
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses the pessimistic view implied by the ‘tragedy of commons’, that uncoordinated human behaviour leads to the destruction of the commons. It identifies the limitations of Ronald Coase’s theory that agents may get involved in voluntary exchanges of their rights to impose externalities on the others. The possibility of spontaneous cooperative behaviour in a strategic framework is examined based on recent developments in non-cooperative game theory. It is argued that many of the problems encountered in unregulated common property are problems of coordination and leadership, thus not adequately represented by the prisoner’s dilemma.
Recent Changes Affecting Collective Action at Village Level
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact of economic and social environment changes on collective action in village societies with respect to the management of common property resources (CPRs). It is divided into two sections. The first section draws lessons from the centralized approach to environmental management followed by governments in the Third World. In the second section, it is argued that village arrangements for solving problems of access to, and/or conservation of local level CPRs have evolved under the joint impact of several factors.
Women's Capabilities and Social Justice
Authors: Nussbaum Martha 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter proposes a capabilities approach to international development that can recognize and address the special problems women face. It focuses on human capabilities, i.e., what people are able to do and be, based on the idea that a life is worthy of the dignity of the human being. A list of central human capabilities are identified, and set within the context of a type of political liberalism that makes them specific political goals and free from any specific metaphysical grounding. This way, capabilities become the object of an overlapping consensus among people who would otherwise have different conceptions of the good.
Multiculturalism, Universalism, and the Claims Of Democracy
Authors: Phillips Anne 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores the theory that liberal universalism “erases difference” in regards to women and other cultures, and considers the conflict and agreement between feminist and multicultural agendas. It identifies a “close family relationship” between the two opposing ideas of feminism and multiculturalism. Both share a critique of universalism for falsely generalizing one sex or one culture, both address oppressions that have a common structure, and tackle issues of inequality.
Encounters Between Feminism, Democracy and Reformism In Contemporary Iran
Authors: Paidar Parvin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the interface between the women’s rights movement and the reform movement in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It begins with an overview of the nature of democratic rights and institutions in Iran, the ways women have played their citizenship role, and the recent social and political trends that have strengthened democratisation and women’s rights movements. It then analyses the gender emancipatory potential and limitations of the most influential current Islamist reformist strands, and the feminist contribution to Islamic reformism. Finally, recent debates within the feminist movements are described, presenting the two categories of secularist and Islamist feminisms and the emergence of pragmatic feminism.
The ‘Devil's Deal’: Women's Political Participation and Authoritarianism In Peru
Authors: Blondet Cecilia 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways women from different social and political groups gained national prominence in Peru during the Fujimori administration. It argues that the political interests of the President led to increased contact with a wide range of professional women and social leaders, whose interests overlapped with his. These women learned to operate within the confines of the authoritarian regime, and became important players in a political arena characterized by disorder and weak institutions.
In and Against the Party: Women's Representation and Constituency‐Building In Uganda and South Africa
Authors: Goetz Anne Marie , Hassim Shireen 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines women’s relationship to political parties and how they gained access to representative institutions in South Africa and Uganda. It is shown that women in South Africa were ready at the right moment to make an impact, and were able to introduce notions of women’s rights to participation on the grounds of their equal citizenship. In Uganda, women were pre-empted by a powerful political association that obtained significant electoral mileage from stressing women’s difference as a group.
The Politics Of Gender, Ethnicity, and Democratization In Malaysia: Shifting Interests and Identities
Authors: Mohamad Maznah 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the three phases of political development in Malaysia, and the changing features of women’s movements as they interface with the politics of ethnicity and democratisation. Gender politics evolved by taking three main facets: political sponsorship, political division, and political inclusion. It is argued that under Malaysia’s current phase of political reconstruction, conflicting gender interests are at risk for being coalesced as ethnic identities and interests are being de-emphasized. However, this process can only be sustained if autonomous feminist movements can withstand pressures to succumb to the agendas of opposition and ruling political parties that exploit the gender discourse for their legitimacy.
The Politics Of Women's Rights and Cultural Diversity In Uganda
Authors: Tripp Aili Mari 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the women’s movement in Uganda to illustrate how the debate over multiculturalism and women’s rights has created a false dichotomy between the North and South. Much the debate focuses on culture, avoiding the material conditions that shape people’s lives and underpinning cultural justifications for women’s subordination. The debate should be viewed as a global struggle between those supporting women’s political, economic, and social advancement and those opposed to such change. It is argued that those who defend practices that are harmful to women in the name of preserving their religious, ethnic, or other cultural identity are also seeking to protect certain political and/or economic interests.
Gregory of Nyssa and the Grasp of Faith
Authors: Laird Martin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Discusses Gregory’s understanding of faith (pistis) as a faculty of apophatic union with God. After presenting an overview of important work done on Gregory’s understanding of faith and announcing the lines of argument the will pursue, we analyse how Gregory views the mind and its varying cognitive states, and how the mind responds to scripture, baptism, and the presence of God. This is followed by a detailed examination of Gregory’s use of the word ‘faith’ as a technical term for apophatic union with God. This apophatic union, however, is only one side of this coin: at the apex of an apophatic ascent, faith unites with God the Word, but by virtue of this union the believer takes on the qualities of the Word, who speaks (logophasis) in the deeds and discourse of the believer. Finally, this study redresses Gregory’s over-identification with a ‘mysticism of darkness’ and shows that he proposes no less a ‘mysticism of light’.
Inequality and the State
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDescribes and analyses one of the biggest social changes in Britain since the Second World War: the dramatic widening of the income distribution since the end of the 1970s, the growth of poverty, and the factors that have driven them. Examines how government intervention through social spending and the taxes that pay for it affect this distribution, and why they take the forms they do. Each part of the discussion is set in the context of public attitudes as revealed by the long-running British Social Attitudes survey. Analyses changes in policy since New Labour came to government in the UK in 1997, evidence on their impacts, and the constraints and pressures on future policies.Brings together new analysis carried out by the author and colleagues at the Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion (CASE) at the London School of Economics. Includes material on income dynamics, the relationship between public and private welfare provision and finance, the distributional effect of government spending, public attitudes to inequality and social security, and the impact of recent reforms. Covers topics that are often analysed separately, such as income distribution, social spending, and taxation, but which are best understood together.Concludes with a discussion of the dilemmas facing policy-makers as they try to meet competing aims in terms of reducing poverty and inequality, growing demands on social spending, and the constraints and opportunities created by public attitudes. There are few easy ways out, but better public understanding of precisely that may be one of the crucial ingredients of any resolution.
Targeting and Informal Insurance
Authors: Ligon Ethan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter provides a cardinal measure of risk consistent with the ordinal notion of risk developed by Rothschild and Stiglitz (1970). It presents a simple method for decomposing this measure of risk into risks due to aggregate shocks, observable idiosyncratic shocks, and unobservable shocks. It develops an estimator for risk-sharing regressions. The techniques are applied to analyse data from the Indian ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) village studies. It is shown that Aurepalle has the best intra-village insurance, but the least access to mechanisms for smoothing aggregate consumption.
Can Financial Markets be Tapped to Help Poor People Cope with Weather Risks?
Authors: Skees Jerry , Varangis Panos , Larson Donald , Siegel Paul 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines private and public mechanisms for managing natural disasters. It focuses on weather-related risks that impact rural incomes. It argues that the basic information and analysis needed to design and value index insurance can also be used to develop a spatial mapping of weather-related risks. It discusses ways of structuring disaster assistance so that it facilitates other forms of risk management, and presents a solution that involves segmenting and layering the natural disaster risk.
Incidence and outcome of critical illness amongst hospitalised patients with haematological malignancy: a prospective observational study of ward and intensive care unit based care*
Authors: Gordon A. C. , Oakervee H. E. , Kaya B. , Thomas J. M. , Barnett M. J. , Rohatiner A. Z. S. , Lister T. A. , Cavenagh J. D. , Hinds C. J. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryTo determine the incidence and outcome of critical illness amongst the total population of hospital patients with haematological malignancy (including patients treated on the ward as well as those admitted to the intensive care unit), consecutive patients with haematological malignancy were prospectively studied. One hundred and one of the 1437 haemato‐oncology admissions (7%) in 2001 were complicated by critical illness (26% of all new referrals). Fifty‐four (53%) of these critically ill patients survived to leave hospital and 33 (34%) were still alive after 6 months. The majority (77/101) were not admitted to the intensive care unit but were managed on the ward, often with the assistance of the intensive care team. Independent risk factors for dying in hospital included hepatic failure (odds ratio 5.3, 95% confidence intervals 1.3–21.2) and central nervous system failure (odds ratio 14.5, 95% confidence intervals 1.7–120.5). No patient with four or more organ failures or a Simplified Acute Physiology Score II ≥ 65 survived to leave hospital. There was close agreement between actual and predicted mortality with increasing Simplified Acute Physiology Score II for all patients, including those not admitted to intensive care.
Understanding the workplace culture of a special care nursery
Authors: Wilson Valerie J. , McCormack Brendan G. , Ives Glenice 
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper presents findings from the first phase of a research study focusing on implementation and evaluation of emancipatory practice development strategies.Background.  Understanding the culture of practice is essential to undertaking effective developments in practice. Culture is a dominant feature of discussions about modernizing health care, yet few studies have been undertaken that systematically evaluate the development of effective practice cultures.Method.  The study intervention is that of emancipatory practice development with an integrated evaluation approach based on Realistic Evaluation. The aim of Realistic Evaluation is to evaluate relationships between Context (setting), Mechanism (process characteristics) and Outcome (arising from the context‐mechanism configuration). This first phase of the study focuses on uncovering the context (in particular the culture) of the Special Care Nursery in order to evaluate the emancipatory practice development processes and outcomes. Data collection methods included survey, participant observation and interview. Cognitive mapping, constant comparative method and coding were used to analyse the data.Findings.  Four key categories were identified: Teamwork, Learning in Practice, Inevitability of Change and Family‐Centred Care and collectively these formed a central category of Core Values and Beliefs. A number of themes were identified in each category, and reflected tensions that existed between differing values and beliefs within the culture of the unit.Conclusion.  Understanding values and beliefs is an important part of understanding a workplace culture. Whilst survey methods are capable of outlining espoused workplace characteristics, observation of staff interactions and perceptions gives an understanding of culture as a living entity manifested through interpersonal relationships. Attempts at changing workplace cultures should start from the clarification of values held among staff in that culture.
Nutritional screening and assessment tools for use by nurses: literature review
Authors: Green Sue M. , Watson Roger 
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a literature review describing the range of published tools available for use by nurses to screen or assess nutritional status of patients/clients, and to examine whether the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity and acceptability of the tool have been investigated. Tools developed specifically for use with older adults are not considered in this review. A screening/assessment tool is described as a tool that uses a questionnaire‐type format, contains more than one risk factor for malnutrition and gives an assessment of risk.Background.  The incidence of malnutrition in people cared for by nurses is high and screening or assessment tools are often used to identify those with, or at risk of, malnutrition.Methods.  A comprehensive literature review methodology was employed. A range of electronic databases was searched from 1982 to 2002. Search terms incorporating ‘nutrition’, ‘screening’, assessment, feeding, instrument, tool, validity, reliability, sensitivity and specificity were combined. Manual searches were also conducted.Results.  Seventy‐one nutritional screening/assessment tools were identified of which 35 were reviewed. Tools not reviewed included those which incorporated significant use of biochemical measures (8), included complex anthropometric measures (3), were concerned specifically with ingestion (4) or were designated for use with an older population (21). The tools reviewed use a wide variety of risk factors for malnutrition, varying from anthropometric measurements to socio‐cultural aspects of eating behaviour. Some identify an action plan based on the score obtained. Many have not been subjected to validity and/or reliability testing and yet appear to be in use in clinical practice. The sensitivity, specificity and acceptability of the tools are often not investigated.Conclusion.  There are many published nutritional screening/assessment tools available for use by nurses to screen or assess the nutritional status of patients/clients. Many have not been subject to rigorous testing. Future work should consider a more standardized approach to the use of these tools.
The Nurse Educator's clinical role
Authors: Griscti Odette , Jacono Brenda , Jacono John 
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a two‐phase descriptive study exploring the clinical role of the nurse educator in Malta.Background.  Previous studies indicate a number of similarities and differences in the clinical role of nurse educators by country of practice. These include importance assigned to the role, factors inhibiting/facilitating the role, means to eliminate barriers to the role, and perceptions of the ideal role.Design and methods.  Data were collected using both quantitative and qualitative strategies. The quantitative phase involved asking all educators to fill in a time log of their academic and clinical activities for a 2‐week period. In the qualitative phase, the first author interviewed five educators, five nurses and five students about their perceptions of factors which impact the nurse educator's clinical role, as well as what the ideal clinical role of the nurse educator should be.Findings.  Maltese nurse educators allot minimal time to their clinical role. Main reasons cited included workload, perceived lack of control over the clinical area, and diminished clinical competence. Nurse educators who frequented the clinical settings (who were either university or joint university and health service employees) where the study took place perceived that employment inequities among the various categories of nurse educators played an important role in the amount of time dedicated by each group to their clinical roles, and the importance individuals in these groups assigned to that role. The majority of interviewees saw the current role of nurse educators in Malta as preparing students for successful completion of the didactic sections of their programme, rather than preparing them with all the knowledge and clinical skills necessary to be competent practitioners. Participants considered that, when in clinical areas, nurse educators did focus on their students, as they should. However, they also thought that they often did not take the opportunity to forge links with professional staff.Conclusion.  The clinical role of the Maltese nurse educator needs to be more multifaceted in approach.
Dietary habits and children's family lives
Authors: Sweeting H. , West P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurpose  To investigate associations between ‘less healthy eating’ and ‘unhealthy snacking’ at age 11, and family life (family structure, meals and maternal employment status) together with potential socio‐economic confounders and gender.Methods  Children participated in a school‐based survey, questionnaires also being completed by parents. Analyses were based on those with complete data, weighted to account for bias in return of parental questionnaires (N = 2146). Data from a dietary inventory, questions on food choice and snacks were used to classify ‘less healthy eating’ and ‘unhealthy snacking’.Results  ‘Less healthy eating’ (57%) and ‘unhealthy snacking’ (32%) were associated with greater deprivation, fewer maternal qualifications and being male. Compared with children of full‐time homemakers, the likelihood of ‘less healthy eating’ was reduced among those whose mothers worked part‐time (this effect remaining after socio‐economic adjustment), full‐time (effect removed after adjustment), or were unemployed, sick or disabled (effect emerging after adjustment). ‘Unhealthy snacking’ was not related to maternal employment, and neither measure was associated with family structure or daily meals.Conclusions  There was no evidence that family structure or meals were associated with children's diets, although maternal employment had a positive association. Contrasting with the size of these effects, relationships between diet and socio‐economic status were strong.
An English Assessment of Scotland's Education Spending Needs
Authors: KING DAVID , PASHLEY MATTHEW , BALL ROB 
Published: March 2005

AbstractScotland has much higher public expenditure per head than England, but little work has been done to compare Scottish and English needs. We compare their needs for school education, and we show that if the Formula Spending Share approach that is used to estimate English local authorities' needs were applied in Scotland, then Scotland would be found to need about 3 per cent more per pupil than England; however, this English approach may slightly underestimate Scotland's needs. We also show that the Grant Aided Expenditure approach that is actually used to estimate Scottish local authorities' needs may be about 7 per cent more generous than the English approach. Finally, we find that the correlation between the relative education needs for different authorities as assessed by the Scottish approach and their relative needs as assessed by the English approach is only modest; this implies that there may be serious shortcomings in at least one approach.