bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biology and establishment of mountain shrubs on mining disturbances in the Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Paschke M. W. , Redente E. F. , Brown S. L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe Rocky Mountains of the western United States contain many economically important natural resources. Increasing development of these resources has lead to land degradation, which often requires restoration efforts. A common type of disturbance in this region is mineral extraction and these activities often occur in zones of vegetation dominated by shrubs. These mined lands have proven to be particularly challenging to restore to native shrub cover. Mountain shrubland species such as big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), black chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), and snowberry (Symphoricarpos sp.) are crucial species for wildlife in this region due to the seasonal dependence of many wildlife species on the mountain shrubland zones. The development of successful restoration techniques for these key shrub species is therefore important for the continued and sustainable utilization of natural resources in the Rocky Mountains.The purpose of this literature review is to provide a reference to land managers working on woody plant establishment on mining disturbances in mountain shrublands in the Rocky Mountains. This review covers the biology, ecology, and propagation of six shrub species that are of primary importance for meeting regulatory compliance in this region. Based upon this survey of the published literature, we conclude that successful establishment of these species has most often involved: (1) utilization of local shrub ecotypes, varieties or subspecies in reclamation efforts, (2) protection from browsing during the establishment phase, (3) strategies for avoiding herbaceous competition, and (4) providing a source of mutualistic soil organisms. Additional specific recommendations for each of these species are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shifting cultivation in the mountains of South and Southeast Asia: regional patterns and factors influencing the change
Authors: Rasul G. , Thapa G. B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractShifting cultivation, which long provided the subsistence requirements of a large number of people in the mountains of South and Southeast Asia under a situation of low population, has been shown to be an environmentally and economically unsuitable practice. Efforts have been made throughout the region to replace it with more productive and sustainable land‐use systems. Experiences have been mixed. Shifting cultivation has been almost entirely replaced by sedentary agriculture in Nepal, a considerable change has taken place in Thailand, and moderate changes have taken place in Indonesia and Malaysia. However, shifting cultivation is still being widely practised in the mountains of Bangladesh and Laos, and northeastern India. Such interregional variations are explained by several socio‐economic, institutional and policy factors, including population growth, government control of common property resources, the land tenure system, physical infrastructure, technology and necessary support services. This paper concludes that the change from shifting to permanent cultivation does not take place automatically with increasing population pressure as postulated by Boserüp (1965). It takes place when the favourable condition created by population growth is reinforced by other appropriate measures, including ownership rights to land, development of infrastructure and provision of necessary support services and facilities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palliative therapy for lung cancer
Authors: Bezjak Andrea 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAttention to palliation is imperative in the management of patients with lung cancer, given the burden of symptoms and the incurable nature of the illness in a large proportion of patients. Focus on symptom control and enhancing quality of life can and should coexist with active treatment of the cancer process and attempts at prolongation of life. This article reviews some of the methodological issues in assessing palliation, and presents the evidence for the role of various therapeutic modalities in palliation of thoracic symptoms, including external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and vascular stents. Palliation of metastatic disease, particularly bone and brain metastases, is also reviewed. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:138–147, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PET scanning in lung cancer: Current status and future directions
Authors: Mac Manus Michael P. , Hicks Rodney J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPositron emission tomography (PET) represents a dramatic advance in the imaging of lung cancer. It is valuable for the diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and restaging of disease, and is most useful in patients considered for potentially curative therapy for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this work the current status and potential future applications of PET scanning in lung cancer are discussed. The relevant literature is also discussed, with an emphasis on studies with clinical applicability. Most of these studies involved the use of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Numerous studies of the use of PET to assess undiagnosed pulmonary nodules have reported significant improvements in accurate diagnosis or exclusion of malignancy compared to conventional structural imaging alone. All of these studies, including metaanalysis, have shown that PET is more accurate than CT‐based structural imaging in staging the mediastinum in surgical candidates. PET may have value in radiotherapy planning, and PET‐based staging more accurately predicts survival in radiotherapy‐treated patients than conventional staging. The rate of unsuspected distant metastasis detection in stage III disease exceeds 20%. PET also facilitates an accurate assessment of response in patients treated with radical chemoradiation or neoadjuvant therapy prior to surgery. PET has rapidly become an indispensable part of the evaluation of patients with potentially curable lung cancer; however, more work is required to define its role. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:149–155, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Translational research in lung cancer
Authors: Chen Yuhchyau , Okunieff Paul , Ahrendt Steven A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRecent research advances in cancer and molecular biology have furthered our understanding of the etiology and natural history of lung cancer. Through translational research, a growing understanding of the molecular changes that underlie cancer progression has contributed to the development of novel molecular approaches for early detection, further defining prognosis, refining treatment schedules, identifying new therapeutic targets, and identifying patients at risk for treatment‐related toxicity from aggressive therapy, such as pneumonitis and esophagitis. In this article, we review progress in molecular/gene screening and prognosis, and we present a clinical study, based on preclinical research, in which we apply low‐dose radiosensitizing paclitaxel for locally advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC); this resulted in superior local tumor control while keeping treatment toxicity low. We also review progress made in identifying cytokines: interleukin [IL]‐1α, IL‐6, and transforming growth factor [TGF] β as markers for lung cancer treatment–related radiation pneumonitis. Finally, we summarize different targeted therapy approaches and discuss their application to clinical trials. Irrespective of the slow progress toward clinical improvements, we have gained much knowledge through translational research using new molecular and biologic technology. We believe that knowledge of lung cancer biology will continue to provide the foundation for future improvements in lung cancer treatment. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:205–219, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tunicate feeding filters
Authors: Bone Q. , Carré C. , Chang P. 
Published: September 2003

This review discusses the structure and operation of the fine mesh ‘mucous’ feeding filters of tunicates. The function of the endostyle in producing the feeding filter and the different ways in which the filter is deployed are also described.The fine structure of the filter includes new data, and the ultrastructural dimensions of the filter mesh and filament thickness are tabulated for the different tunicate groups. Histochemical data suggest that a peptide core is surrounded by a mucopolysaccharide sheath, and endostyle gland cell histochemistry and ultrastructure indicates protein synthesis. The construction of the filter by the endostyle was first considered in ascidians, and has been updated by observations on the simpler endostyle in salps, where there is evidence that secretions of gland cells pass to the bases of a fence of cilia, there to fuse and pass off the ciliary tips as fine filaments composing the filter net. Although all filters that have been examined when deployed have a rectangular mesh, reasons are given for supposing that when formed in the endostyle they have a square mesh in which both longitudinal and transverse filaments are of similar thickness and that the transverse filaments are stretched as the filter is deployed, so becoming thinner.Finally, some ecological consequences of the filter parameters in the different tunicate groups are considered.
Moult cycle and growth ofMaja squinado(Decapoda: Majidae) in coastal habitats of Galicia, north-west Spain
Authors: Sampedro María-Paz , González-Gurriarán Eduardo , Freire Juan 
Published: September 2003

Over the course of the moult cycle ofMaja squinado, the spider crab changes in the hardness and colour of the carapace were assessed and used as methods to identify the intermoult stage in each individual. This intermoult staging was later verified by means of the microscopic observation of the maxilla. These staging techniques made it possible for the prompt identification of the principal intermoult stages—postmoult, intermoult and premoult. In 90% of the cases analysed, there was a correlation between the presence of an underlying carapace and a pink colour of the abdominal vein in crabs in advanced premoult stages.The seasonality of the moult was studied based on the number of specimens in the postmoult stage. There were two main moulting periods—the first occurring in April, and the second, longer period was between July and November. A hypothetical growth model was established and growth rates were determined by length–frequency distribution analyses. Three groups of juveniles and one group of adults were identified. The adults were only found among the population between July and October. In both males and females, the moult increment rate was lower in terminal moults (mean=22%) than in juvenile or prepubertal moults (mean=27%).
Epitope mapping on E1α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex with autoantibodies of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Mori Tsutomu , Ono Kazuo , Hakozaki Masatoshi , Kochi Hideo 
Published: September 2003

Abstract:Background: A major mitochondrial autoantigen recognized by sera of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). The α subunit of pyruvate decarboxylase (E1α) of PDH is also recognized in some E2‐reactive PBC sera, suggesting that the occurrence of autoimmunity against E1α is subsequent to that against E2.Methods: To investigate the mechanism inducing autoimmunity against E1α, we surveyed immunoreactive sequences of E1α by ELISA with synthesized oligopeptides, and determined minimum amino acid residues for each determinant.Results: The major determinants of E1α appeared to reside in its N‐terminal region, apparently forming ‘nested epitopes’, and all E1α‐reactive PBC sera tested recognized these regions. Minor epitopes were also found scattered throughout the entire sequence. The reactivities of these minor epitopes to individual PBC sera were proportional to those of the major epitopes. All the epitopes were located in hydrophilic regions of E1α, and many of them were out of the known functional domains (TPP‐binding domain, subunit interaction site, and phosphorylation sites) whose structures are phylogenically well conserved. Furthermore, the sequences of many epitopes appeared to be specific to humans.Conclusion: These observations suggest that determinant spreading might underlie the autoimmunity against E1α.
The hemodynamic effects of ATP in retrograde perfusion of the bivascularly perfused rat liver
Authors: Fernandes Talma R. L. , Suzuki‐Kemmelmeier Fumie , Bracht Adelar 
Published: September 2003

Abstract:Aims/Background: In the sinusoidal bed the distribution of water is flow‐limited, but it becomes partly barrier‐limited when adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is introduced. This effect could be exerted either directly by ATP or by substances released from presinusoidal regions. Furthermore, portally infused ATP seems to be able to diffuse in the direction of the arterial bed. It is not known if this diffusion route is specific. Answers to these questions can be obtained from indicator‐dilution experiments in retrograde perfusion.Methods: Indicator‐dilution experiments, using [14C]sucrose and [3H]water, were conducted. Rat livers were perfused in the retrograde mode (hepatic vein+hepatic artery→portal vein).Results: When ATP was infused into the hepatic vein, the distribution of [3H]water remained essentially flow‐limited. The infusion of ATP into the hepatic artery increased the sucrose and extra‐sucrose spaces of the arterial bed, but infusion into the hepatic vein was without effect.Conclusions: The results indicate that the induction of barrier‐limited distribution of [3H]water is not a direct effect of ATP. Furthermore, if the transhepatic diffusion of ATP can occur from presinusoidal regions to the arterial bed, as shown by previous work, a similar diffusion does not occur from postsinusoidal regions.
Effect of apoE/ATP‐containing liposomes on hepatic energy state
Authors: Chaïb S. , Charrueau C. , Neveux N. , Nakib S. , Chaumeil J.‐C. , Cynober L. , De Bandt J.‐P. 
Published: September 2003

Abstract:Background/Aims: ATP‐containing liposomes partially prevent ATP depletion in the cold‐stored liver. As hepatocytes can specifically bind apoE, we investigated whether the addition of apoE to large (200 nm) ATP‐containing liposomes increases their uptake by the liver and further improves hepatic energy stores.Methods: Livers from fasted male Hartley guinea‐pigs (231±3 g) were perfused for 90 min under our standard conditions (Control, n=6) or after a single bolus addition of plain liposomes (Lip, n=6), ATP (5 μmol)‐containing liposomes (ATP‐Lip, n=6) or apoE/ATP‐containing liposomes (0.8 or 8 mg apoE/g phospholipids; apoE1‐Lip and apoE10‐Lip, respectively, n=6 in each group). Liposome uptake and its impact on energy and nitrogen metabolism were studied.Results: At its highest concentration, apoE significantly increased liposome uptake (apoE10‐Lip:−9.17±0.69 vs apoE1‐Lip:−6.18±0.44 vs ATP‐Lip:−6.40±0.88 nmol min−1 g−1; P<0.05). This was associated with a significant increase in intrahepatic ATP (apoE10‐Lip: 1033±137 vs apoE1‐Lip: 811±98 and ATP‐Lip: 648±36 nmol g−1; P<0.05), which was restored to its level in non‐perfused livers. Hepatic viability and nitrogen metabolism were not affected.Conclusions: Hepatic ATP content being a key factor in the maintenance of liver graft function, apoE/ATP‐containing liposomes should be useful in liver preservation for transplantation.
Local antigen‐driven oligoclonal expansion of B cells in the liver portal areas of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Sugimura Takashi , Shiokawa Satoshi , Haraoka Seiji , Fujimoto Kyoko , Ohshima Koichi , Nakamuta Makoto , Nishimura Junji 
Published: September 2003

Abstract:Background/aims: The antigen‐driven clonal proliferation of B cells within target tissue has been reported in some autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the clonal characteristics of B cells in the liver portal area of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).Methods: The liver portal area was microdissected from liver biopsy sections from two PBC patients. Genomic DNA was extracted and rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (VH) genes were amplified and sequence analyzed.Results: Sixteen VH sequences from portal area 1A of patient 1 had three different rearrangements. Nineteen VH sequences from portal area 1B of this patient had three different rearrangements. In three sequences from the portal area 1B, a stepwise accumulation of somatic mutations was observed. Between the sequences from the two portal areas, no common VH sequence was observed. In patient 2, 15 VH sequences from portal area 2A had three different rearrangements. Fourteen VH sequences from portal area 2B had two different rearrangements. One rearrangement was present both in the portal area 2A and portal area 2B.Conclusion: The oligoclonal B cell proliferation and stepwise accumulation of somatic mutations suggested that an antigen‐driven B cell response had occurred in the portal area of PBC.
Three–way interactions between Acacia, large mammalian herbivores and bruchid beetles ‐ a review
Authors: Or K. , Ward D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractLarge mammalian herbivores are both predators and dispersers of Acacia seeds. While some of the seeds are destroyed during passage through the herbivore's digestive tract, others are defecated unharmed. Ingestion by large herbivores facilitates germination by scarification of the seed coat. The extent of the influence of herbivores on seed dispersal and germination depends on seed retention time and tooth size, which are both positively correlated with body size. Infestation by bruchid beetles (Bruchidae) reduces Acacia germination. Herbivores may reduce bruchid infestation in several ways. Larvae in recently infested seeds are killed by stomach acids penetrating the seed through the larval entry hole. Seeds that are partly excavated by burrowing larvae in more advanced stages may be crushed by the herbivore's teeth. Lastly, but probably most crucially, herbivores simply remove seeds from the natal tree prior to infestation or at least prior to reinfestation. The timing and magnitude of herbivory is crucial for both the reduction of bruchid infestation and Acacia seedling establishment. Although it is widely agreed that a three–way interaction exists between bruchid beetles, Acacia trees and large mammalian herbivores, it is also apparent that the relationship is highly complex and is not yet completely understood.
Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the fatty acid profile of rabbit longissimus dorsi muscle (preliminary report)
Authors: Szabó A. , Husvéth F. , Szendrǫ Zs. , Repa I. , Romvári R. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThis study was designed to investigate whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of the longissimus dorsi muscle (MLD) of rabbits induces specific proportional changes in the muscle fatty acid composition. Ten 4‐week‐old Pannon White rabbits were exposed to TENS treatment two times a day, with the following settings: 30 Hz, 20 μs impulse length, 10 mA, 2 × 20 min. After a treatment period of 50 days rabbits were slaughtered and the fatty acid composition of the MLD was determined by gas chromatography. The TENS treatment increased the proportions of linoleic (C18:2 n‐6), linolenic (C18:3 n‐3) and gondoic acids (C20:1 n‐9), compared with the control group. The level of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1 n‐9) and eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n‐3) acids significantly decreased. The proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids significantly increased. On the basis of the results obtained, TENS may have similar effects on the muscle fatty acid profile like physical training. Based on the supposal that the composition of membrane structure was also affected, the electrical stimulation of muscles may have further consequences, e.g. on membrane properties.
Nährstoffgehalte von Muskel‐, Fett‐ und Knochengewebe des Schlachtkörpers im Wachstumsverlauf von Lämmern der Rasse Merinolandschaf bei unterschiedlicher Fütterungsintensität
Authors: Bellof G. , Wolf A. , Schuster M. , Hollwich W. 
Published: September 2003

ZusammenfassungIn einem Wachstumsversuch mit 108 Schaflämmern (Rasse Merinolandschaf) sollte untersucht werden, wie sich der Einfluss von Geschlecht, Mastendgewicht und Fütterungsintensität auf die Nährstoffgehalte der Schlachtkörper bzw. deren Gewebe auswirkt. Die Lämmer (jeweils 50% weibliche und männliche Tiere) wurden in drei Fütterungsintensitätsstufen (,,hoch“, ,,mittel“ und ,,niedrig“; variierte Kraftfutter‐ und Heutagesmengen) gemästet und bei unterschiedlichen Mastendgewichten (30, 45 oder 55 kg) geschlachtet. Jeweils sechs männliche und weibliche Tiere wurden bereits mit einem Gewicht von 18 kg geschlachtet, welches das Anfangsgewicht der Masttiere darstellte. Von jedem Schlachttier wurde die linke Schlachthälfte nach der DLG‐Schnittführung in Teilstücke zerlegt. Für jedes Teilstück erfolgte anschließend die grobgewebliche Zerlegung in Muskelfleisch, Fettgewebe und Knochen/Sehnen sowie die Ermittlung des prozentualen Anteils zum Teilstück. Das Probenmaterial der Gewebe bzw. Teilstücke wurde auf Trockenmasse, Rohprotein, Gesamtfett und Rohasche analysiert.Zwischen weiblichen und männlichen Tieren bestanden erhebliche Unterschiede bezüglich des Trockenmasse‐, Rohprotein‐ und Fettgehaltes im Schlachtkörper. Schlachtkörper von Bocklämmern wiesen höhere Protein‐ und niedrigere Fettgehalte auf. Mit zunehmender Fütterungsintensität und steigendem Mastendgewicht vergrößerten sich die geschlechtsbedingten Unterschiede für diese Nährstoffe.Das Muskelgewebe von Lämmerschlachtkörpern wies bei marktüblichen Schlachtgewichten (45 kg) relativ geringe Fettgehalte auf (weniger als 10%). Dies galt insbesondere für Schlachtkörper von Bocklämmern (weniger als 8%).
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaein Thai Pig Herds. Prevalence of Serum Antibodies and Relation to Performance
Authors: Assavacheep P. , Persson M. , Luengyosluechakul S. , Watanaphansak S. , Laohasinnarong D. , Pungkhun P. , Wallgren P. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThe aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeinfections in market weight pigs in Thailand. ELISA systems employing purified lipopolysaccharide antigens were used to detect antibodies in 549 serum samples collected from pigs of 22 herds. Relevant cut‐off values were established from three herds defined seronegative. Serum antibodies were detected to all serotypes except serotype 10. Almost 60% of the samples were seropositive to at least one serotype and 45% of the pigs were seropositive to more than one serotype. Antibodies to the cross‐reacting serotypes 1, 9 or 11 were found in 29% of the pigs. Other common serotypes included the cross‐reacting serotypes 3, 6 or 8 (26% seropositive pigs) and serotype 5a (also 26%). Antibodies to serotypes 2, 5b and 12 were low in prevalence (<10%). Three herds were regarded to be seronegative and six to have a low pathogen load with respect to the prevalence of seropositive pigs. The remaining 13 herds had a high incidence of pigs with antibodies toA. pleuropneumoniae, dominated by serotypes 1‐9‐11 and 5a (n = 6), serotypes 3‐6‐8, and 5a (n = 4) or 1‐9‐11, 3‐6‐8, 5a and 4‐7 (n = 3). A low pathogen load with respect toA. pleuropneumoniae, as well as small herd size and age‐segregated rearing, tended to improve the performance of growers.