bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC.) of Natural Products. III [1]. Isolation of New Tripeptides from the Fermentation Broth of P. Chrysogenum
Authors: Neuss N. , Miller R. D. , Affolder C. A. , Nakatsukasa W. , Mabe J. , Huckstep L. L. , De Higuera N. La , Hunt A. H. , Occolowitz J. L. , Gilliam J. H. 
Published: December 2004

Abstractα‐Aminoadipoyl‐alanyl‐valine, α‐aminoadipoyl‐serinyl‐valine and α‐aminoadipoyl‐serinyl‐isodehydrovaline have been isolated from the fermentation broth of P. chrysogenum. The configuration of α‐aminoadipoyl‐serinyl‐valine has been shown to be L, L, D.
Synthesis of [Sar1, Val5, (4′‐Azido‐3′,5′‐ditritio)Phe8] Angiotensin II, a Photoaffinity Label for the Isolation of Angiotensin II Receptors Communication 1
Authors: Bernier Michel , Escher Emannuel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of [Sar1, Val5, (4′‐azido‐3′,5′‐ditritio)Phe8] angiotensin II from a iodinated precursor peptide is described. The principal problems of this synthesis and their resolution are discussed: (i) The β‐induced autophotolysis of the highly tritiated (73 Ci/mmol) and photosensitive label, and (ii) the absorption problems encountered during the purification of microgramm quantities. Such photoaffinity labels are being used for specific labeling and isolation of peptide hormone receptors.
Oxcarbazepine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Dogra Sunil , Beydoun Said , Mazzola Jennifer , Hopwood Margaret , Wan Ying 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this multicentre, placebo‐controlled, 16‐week trial, the efficacy and safety of oxcarbazepine monotherapy in patients with neuropathic pain of diabetic origin was evaluated. Eligible patients had a 6‐month to 5‐year history of neuropathic pain symptoms of diabetic origin and a pain rating of ≥50 units on the visual analogue scale (VAS). Oxcarbazepine was initiated at a dose of 300 mg/day and titrated to a maximum dose of 1800 mg/day. In total, 146 patients (oxcarbazepine, n = 69; placebo, n = 77) were randomized. After 16 weeks, oxcarbazepine‐treated patients experienced a significantly larger decrease in the average change in VAS score from baseline compared with placebo (‐24.3 vs. −14.7 units, respectively; p = 0.01). The reduction from baseline in mean VAS score for oxcarbazepine‐treated patients was of a greater magnitude than placebo as early as week 2 (‐8.0 vs. −4.7; p < 0.05). A significantly greater proportion of oxcarbazepine‐treated patients experienced a >50% reduction from baseline in VAS score at the end of treatment compared with placebo (35.2% vs. 18.4%, respectively; p = 0.0156; number needed to treat = 6.0). Global assessment of therapeutic effect rating was improved in more oxcarbazepine patients than placebo patients (48% vs. 22%, respectively; p = 0.0025). Patients on oxcarbazepine were awakened less frequently due to pain than patients on placebo. Most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity, transient, and in line with the known tolerability profile of oxcarbazepine. These observations suggest that oxcarbazepine monotherapy, pending additional trials, may be efficacious and may provide clinically meaningful pain relief in patients with neuropathic pain of diabetic origin.
Mechanisms of action of second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: insights from brain imaging studies
Authors: Abi-Dargham Anissa , Laruelle Marc 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMultiple lines of evidence including recent imaging studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance of the dopaminergic system, entailing hyperstimulation of striatal dopamine (DA) D2receptors and understimulation of cortical DA D1receptors. This DA endophenotype presumably emerges from the background of a more general synaptic dysconnectivity, involving alterations inN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamatergic (GLU) functions. Equally important is the fact that this DA dysregulation might further impair NMDA transmission. The first generation antipsychotic (FGA) drugs are characterized by high affinity to and generally high occupancy of D2receptors. The efficacy of FGAs is limited by a high incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs display reduced EPS liability and modest but clinically significant enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Compared to FGAs, the improved therapeutic action of SGAs probably derives from a more moderate D2receptor blockade. We will review the effects of SGAs on other neurotransmitter systems and conclude by highlighting the importance of therapeutic strategies aimed at directly increasing prefrontal DA, D1receptor transmission or NMDA transmission to enhance the therapeutic effect of moderate D2receptor antagonism.
Molecular, isotopic and in situ analytical approaches to the study of meteoritic organic material
Authors: Watson Jonathan S. , Pearson Victoria K. , Sephton Mark A. , Gilmour Iain 
Published: December 2004

Organic materials isolated from carbonaceous meteorites provide us with a record of pre-biotic chemistry in the early Solar System. Molecular, isotopic and in situ studies of these materials suggest that a number of extraterrestrial environments have contributed to the inventory of organic matter in the early Solar System including interstellar space, the Solar nebula and meteorite parent bodies.There are several difficulties that have to be overcome in the study of the organic constituents of meteorites. Contamination by terrestrial biogenic organic matter is an ever-present concern and a wide variety of contaminant molecules have been isolated and identified including essential plant oils, derived from either biological sources or common cleaning products, and aliphatic hydrocarbons, most probably derived from petroleum-derived pollutants. Only 25% of the organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites is amenable to extraction with organic solvents; the remainder is present as a complex macromolecular aromatic network that has required the development of analytical approaches that can yield structural and isotopic information on this highly complex material.Stable isotopic studies have been of paramount importance in understanding the origins of meteoritic organic matter and have provided evidence for the incorporation of interstellar molecules within meteoritic material. Extending isotopic studies to the molecular level is yielding new insights into both the sources of meteoritic organic matter and the processes that have modified it.Organic matter in meteorites is intimately associated with silicate minerals and the in situ examination of the relationships between organic and inorganic components is crucial to our understanding of the role of asteroidal processes in the modification of organic matter and, in particular, the role of water as both a solvent and a reactant on meteorite parent bodies.
The effect of nutrient enrichment on growth, photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance of dwarf mangroves in Panamá
Authors: Lovelock C. E. , Feller I. C. , Mckee K. L. , Engelbrecht B. M. J. , Ball M. C. 
Published: December 2004

Summary

Dwarf stands of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. are extensive in the Caribbean. We fertilized dwarf trees in Almirante Bay, Bocas del Toro Province, north‐eastern Panamá with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to determine (1) if growth limitations are due to nutrient deficiency; and (2) what morphological and/or physiological factors underlie nutrient limitations to growth.
Shoot growth was 10‐fold when fertilized with P and twofold with N fertilization, indicating that stunted growth of these mangroves is partially due to nutrient deficiency.
Growth enhancements caused by N or P enrichment could not be attributed to increases in photosynthesis on a leaf area basis, although photosynthetic nutrient‐use efficiency was improved. The most dramatic effect was on stem hydraulic conductance, which was increased sixfold by P and 2·5‐fold with N enrichment. Fertilization with P enhanced leaf and stem P concentrations and reduced C : N ratio, but did not alter leaf damage by herbivores.
Our findings indicate that addition of N and P significantly alter tree growth and internal nutrient dynamics of mangroves at Bocas del Toro, but also that the magnitude, pattern and mechanisms of change will be differentially affected by each nutrient.
Prescribing antibiotics in odontology and stomatology. Recommendations by the French Health Products Safety Agency
Authors:   French Health Products Safety Agency (Afssaps)
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn order to limit the onset of adverse effects and the increasing emergence of bacterial resistance, the prescription of antibiotics must be reserved strictly for situations where their efficacy has been demonstrated. The French Health Products Safety Agency (Afssaps) has updated recommendations concerning the use of antibiotic treatment in odontology and stomatology. The general strategy for the prescription of antibiotics proposed by the present recommendations relies on a professional consensus. The full‐length, discussed and referenced text is available at the web site of Afssaps (http://www.afssaps.sante.fr) in the ‘Documentation et publications’ rubric.
Undocumented drug utilization and drug waste increase costs of pediatric anesthesia care
Authors: Nava‐Ocampo Alejandro A. , Alarcón‐Almanza Juan M. , Moyao‐García Diana , Ramírez‐Mora Juan Carlos , Salmerón Jorge 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe present study was performed in order to identify the cost of drugs used without documenting them in the patients’ file and the wastage of drugs in a pediatric anesthesiology ward. In a prospective, blinded, observational design, drug utilization of 610 consecutive patients, undergoing an elective or emergency surgical procedure was evaluated. The number of undocumented drugs per 100 requested units and the number of wasted drugs per 100 requested units were computed and multiplied by its corresponding unitary cost. The median undocumented cost was US$92.4 (95% CI $17.2–$216.6) per 100 requested units. Succinylcholine (40 mg/2 mL) was the main undocumented drug; its use was not documented in approximately 50% cases in which this neuromuscular blocking agent was requested. However, rocuronium and nalbuphine had the highest unjustified cost, $770.6 and $847.0 per 100 requested units, respectively. Ketorolac, diclofenac, metamizol, furosemide, methylprednisolone, sodium bicarbonate, and cisatracurium were requested and documented. The median cost of wasted drug was $141.8 (95% CI $55.8–$448.2) per 100 requested drugs. More than 80% of adrenaline, naloxone, flunitrazepam, ephedrine, and cisatracurium were wasted. However, the highest cost of wasted drugs was for ondansetron, cisatracurium, methylprednisolone, and rocuronium. The uncontrolled availability and use of drugs may represent an important amount of resources wasted without any awareness of the staff in a department of pediatric anesthesia.
Carboxy‐terminal region of the yeast heat shock factor contains two domains that make transcription independent of the TFIIH protein kinase
Authors: Sakurai Hiroshi , Hashikawa Naoya , Imazu Hiromi , Fukasawa Toshio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground:  Phosphorylation of the carboxy‐terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II is implicated in transition from initiation to elongation in the transcription cycle. In yeast cells, Kin28, a subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH, is responsible for the CTD phosphorylation. Although Kin28 is indispensable for transcription of many genes, its requirement is bypassed in certain genes such as SSA4 or CUP1, whose transcription is activated by the heat shock factor Hsf1.Results:  We show that C‐terminal region of Hsf1, which consists of an activation domain AR2 and a regulatory domain CTM, mediates the Kin28‐independent transcription. The AR2 domain, when fused to the DNA‐binding domain of Gal4 and recruited to the GAL7 gene via the Gal4‐binding sequence, is sufficient for activating GAL7 in the absence of Kin28. We have further found that AR2 has an ability to recruit TATA box‐binding protein‐associated factors (TAFs) to the promoter. Consistently, transcription from promoters occupied naturally or artificially with TAFs is sustained in the absence of Kin28 function.Conclusions:  These results show that CTM modulates activation function of AR2 in the Hsf1 molecule. We also suggest that recruitment of TAFs to a promoter is involved in the Kin28‐independent transcription.
Recovery and re‐establishment of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in limed Norwegian rivers
Authors: Hesthagen T. , Larsen B. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA total of 21 acidified Norwegian rivers are now being limed to re‐establish or restore Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., stocks. Natural reproduction of Atlantic salmon was evident 1 year after the first year of liming in all rivers that had lost their native stocks (n = 9) except for one river. The density of fry (age 0+) developed significantly more rapidly in rivers that supported remnant stocks than in rivers that had lost their stocks, based on data 5 years after treatment. Nine of the study rivers were supplied with hatchery‐reared salmon, mainly unfed fry. Of the rivers with lost stocks, those which were supplied with fish had significantly higher densities than those that were not enhanced. On the other hand, rivers with remnant stocks that were supplied with fish had significantly lower densities of salmon fry than those that did not undergo such mitigation measures. In 2001, all limed rivers yielded 41.9 t of salmon.
Stocking of sea trout,Salmo trutta, in Lake Veere, south‐west Netherlands
Authors: Raat A. J. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLake Veere (1750–2050 ha), a brackish water lake in south‐west Netherlands, is a former branch of the Oosterschelde. The lake was closed off by the construction of two dams in 1961. Since the early 1970s Lake Veere has been regularly stocked for recreational and commercial fisheries with rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum), brown trout,Salmo truttaL., and glass eel,Anguilla anguilla(L.). Between May and September 1996 an experimental stocking of 18 054 trout of sea trout parentage (15–16 cm; 776 kg) was carried out to study their potential for recreational fisheries. The growth and mortality of the stocked trout were estimated from recaptures in eel fyke nets. The production and consumption of the stocked trout were estimated with a bioenergetics model. After 3.5 years (May 1996–November 1999) the stocked trout measured between 50 and 70 cm. The estimated annual total mortality was 84%. During the winter of 1996–1997, the biomass of the stocked trout reached a maximum of about 1800 kg. By November 1999 the biomass was estimated to be 100 kg. The maximum daily consumption by the trout population was 60 g ha−1in October 1996 and in June 1997. The total consumption of the stocked trout population over the 3.5‐year period was estimated as 54 244 kg. The analysis suggested that the stocked trout used about 0.2% of the average annual primary production of the lake system. Although the growth and initial production of the population are attractive from the perspective of a recreational fishery, the high mortality and infestation with the salmon louse,Lepeophtheirus salmonis(Krøyer), are serious drawbacks for a future stocking programme with trout in Lake Veere.
Impact of the timing of stocking on growth and allometric index in aquaculture‐based fisheries
Authors: Ibáñez A. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe impact of tilapia stocking on fisheries production in Lake Metztitlán was determined through progression analysis of modes obtained from (Gaussian) kernel density estimators (KDEs) of size frequency distributions of juvenile tilapia stocked after a period of total desiccation. The relationship between the allometric index of four cohorts and water temperature and variation in the volume of the basin was analysed. The use of KDEs was found to be a useful technique for the recognition and progression analysis of modes. The reasons for the low yields from the tilapia fishery of Lake Metztitlán are poor growth rate, low water temperature, which is manifest in low allometric indices, and the use of small mesh size nets. Yields can be sustained by improving fishery management; otherwise it is necessary to continue stocking.
Variation in larval fish communities: implications for management and sampling designs in reservoir systems
Authors: Quist M. C. , Pember K. R. , Guy C. S. , Stephen J. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUnderstanding spatial and temporal patterns in larval fish distributions is important for investigating factors related to recruitment variability and for developing sampling methodologies. Variation in species diversity (Shannon index) and density (number 100 m−3) of larval fishes from nearshore and pelagic habitats in Glen Elder Reservoir, KS, USA, was assessed during 1999 and 2000. Species diversity and densities of individual taxa were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in nearshore habitats than pelagic habitats during both years. Larval fish densities were generally higher in the year 1999 with higher spring water levels. Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur) was the most abundant taxon in nearshore and pelagic habitats during both years. In addition, larval gizzard shad was sampled for the longest duration in the upper water column and overlapped with all taxa collected. High densities of gizzard shad in both habitats suggested that the potential for competitive interactions was high, especially given the lack of aquatic vegetation and habitat heterogeneity in littoral habitats. Most of the variation in larval fish diversity and density was because of temporal variation. If sampling effort must be limited and the purpose of sampling is to monitor larval diversity or density, attention should focus on sampling the same location over long time periods rather than across a variety of sampling locations.
Assessment of year class strength in freshwater recreational fish populations
Authors: Cowx I. G. , Frear P. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA method for determining relative year class strength (YCS) in unexploited freshwater fish populations from individual surveys, based on reconstruction of the mortality schedule of the target population, is described. The method was tested against traditional approaches of assessment of YCS and the limitations and applicability discussed. The method is useful for analysing the factors regulating YCS in freshwater fisheries.
Forage and migration habitat of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles in the central North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Polovina Jeffrey J. , Balazs George H. , Howell Evan A. , Parker Denise M. , Seki Michael P. , Dutton Peter H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSatellite telemetry from 26 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 10 olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles captured and released from pelagic longline fishing gear provided information on the turtles’ position and movement in the central North Pacific. These data together with environmental data from satellite remote sensing are used to describe the oceanic habitat used by these turtles. The results indicate that loggerheads travel westward, move seasonally north and south primarily through the region 28–40°N, and occupy sea surface temperatures (SST) of 15–25°C. Their dive depth distribution indicated that they spend 40% of their time at the surface and 90% of their time at depths <40 m. Loggerheads are found in association with fronts, eddies, and geostrophic currents. Specifically, the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF) and the southern edge of the Kuroshio Extension Current (KEC) appear to be important forage and migration habitats for loggerheads. In contrast, olive ridleys were found primarily south of loggerhead habitat in the region 8–31°N latitude, occupying warmer water with SSTs of 23–28°C. They have a deeper dive pattern than loggerheads, spending only 20% of their time at the surface and 60% shallower than 40 m. However, the three olive ridleys identified from genetics to be of western Pacific origin spent some time associated with major ocean currents, specifically the southern edge of the KEC, the North Equatorial Current (NEC), and the Equatorial Counter Current (ECC). These habitats were not used by any olive ridleys of eastern Pacific origin suggesting that olive ridleys from different populations may occupy different oceanic habitats.
An evaluation of the potential influence of SST and currents on the oceanic migration of juvenile and immature chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) by a simulation model
Authors: Azumaya Tomonori , Ishida Yukimasa 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUsing a salmon migration model based on the assumption that swimming orientation is temperature dependent, we investigated the determining factors of the migration of juvenile and immature chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the North Pacific. We compared the predictions of the model with catch data of immature and juvenile chum salmon collected by Japanese research vessels from 1972 to 1999. The salmon migration model reproduced the observed distributions of immature chum salmon and indicates that passive transport by wind‐driven and geostrophic currents plays an important role in the eastward migration of Asian salmon. These factors result in a non‐symmetric distribution of Asian and North American chum salmon in the open ocean. The directional swimming component contributes to the northward migration in summer. The model results indicate that during the first winter Asian chum salmon swim northward against the southward wind‐driven currents to stay in the western North Pacific. This suggests that Asian chum salmon require more energy to migrate than other stocks during the first winter of their ocean life.
Greenland cod (Gadus morhua): modeling recruitment variation during the second half of the 20th century
Authors: Stein M. , Borovkov V.A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwo approaches were used to qualify observed variability in Greenland cod (Gadus morhua) recruitment. In the first analysis, we used the linear trend of the Greenland cod recruitment time series and climatic variables, such as air temperatures from the Denmark Strait and wind conditions off East Greenland and Southwest Greenland, to explain the interannual variation in cod recruitment off Greenland. The model resulting from this ‘trend/environmental approach’, explained 79% of the interannual variation in cod recruitment off Greenland. In the second, analytical approach, the ‘regime approach’, multiple linear regression models were used, with the input data being the time series of cod recruitment and spawning stock biomass (SSB) from Iceland and Greenland, sea surface and air temperatures around Greenland, and zonal wind components between Iceland and Greenland. Model results indicated that, during the decades between 1950 and 1990, there were three different cause–effect regimes which significantly influenced the variability of cod recruitment. The three regimes included: (a) the 1950s and 1960s, a regime with favorable sea surface temperatures and a self‐sustaining cod stock off Greenland with high SSB that produced a series of above‐average, strong year classes; (b) the 1970s and 1980s, a regime of declining SSB and recruitment, with recruitment dependent on advection from Iceland; and (c) the 1990s, when the advective potential for recruitment from the Icelandic cod stock was the only available source for replenishment of the Greenland cod stocks, because cod recruitment in Greenland waters was negligible. The three models explained 76–77% of the observed interannual variation in cod recruitment off Greenland. Both approaches suggested that advective factors were the dominant influences for cod recruitment in the ‘Iceland–Greenland System’.