bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accusative
Authors: könig Christa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter an overview of languages with accusative systems is given. So far thirty languages with an accusative system have been discovered in Africa. A selection of different types is presented here. A complete list is given in figure 2.1 in genealogical order. As the genealogical overview of accusative languages in figure 2.1 illustrates, most of the accusative languages belong to the Nilo-Saharan phylum. Among them are genetically fairly isolated languages like Fur, Maba, Masalit, Kunama, and Ik, a Kuliak language. In addition, there are languages belonging to larger groups, like the Saharan languages Kanuri and Tubu, and some Eastern Sudanic languages, like Nobiin, Mararit, Tama, and Nyimang. In the Afroasiatic phylum, accusative languages are found in particular within the Semitic languages, such as Amharic, Argobba, Gafat, Tigre, Tigrinya, Harari, and Gurage; the Central Cushitic languages, such as Awngi, Xamtanga, Bilin, and Kemantney; and some Omotic languages such as Masketo, Hamar, Dime, and Aari also belong here. In addition, it can be argued that the Khoisan language Khoekhoe (Nama) and the Central Heiban language of the Kordofanian phylum are accusative languages. (For Khoekhoe see section 5.4.2).
Making sense of what we know about the causes of CFS/ME: who gets it, what triggers it, and why don’t people get better?
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We want facts, but unfortunately this chapter is going to be full of &#x91;maybes&#x92;. In spite of all the research that has been done, there are few definite facts. No one single cause for CFS/ME has been identified. In fact, most experts think that there are probably several routes into the illness and that yet other factors keeping it going once it has begun. Over the years, many researchers have enthusiastically pursued theories that they have hoped would be &#x91;thecause&#x92;. To date, none of these has achieved general acceptance.
Getting the best from your food
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you are feeling very tired and unwell it can be all too easy to neglect yourself, by going for easy meals and eating at odd hours. Regular, good quality meals should be part of your plan for giving yourself the best chance of improvement. Try to get back into the habit of having good-quality meals at consistent, normal times—breakfast, lunch, and supper. Some people feel better if they do not go for too long between meals. If you are one of them, then including small, healthy snacks between meals can be a good idea.
Coping with pain
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many people, pain is one of the most difficult and distressing symptoms of CFS/ME. We often hear patients say &#x91;I could cope with just being tired. It’s the pain that makes life so difficult&#x91;. It may be a constant background to your life or it may be intermittent, perhaps made worse by over activity. Being in pain can be tiring and can often interfere with sleep, so anything you can do to manage your pain—to reduce it or to lessen its impact—will be a help to both your body and your mind. Different people experience different kinds of pain. The most common in CFS/ME are widespread muscle and joint pains, but pain can occur anywhere. We can offer you some suggestions for strategies for managing your own pain, but, as with most of what we suggest, you will have to experiment to find what works for you.
Difficulties with memory and concentration
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the symptoms of CFS/ME that can cause great distress and be very worrying is that of difficulties with memory and concentration. This is something that is very often reported by patients. It is quite normal to have these problems. They do not mean that there is any permanent brain damage. These problems will get less as your health improves. Research has shown that the degree of difficulty in things such as short-term memory and concentration vary to some extent with your level of fatigue, and with how ill you are feeling. Though these problems can be infuriating (and at times extremely inconvenient), they are not something to fear.
Managing anxiety, panic, and depression
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some people with CFS/ME also suffer from anxiety, panic, or depression, and you are certainly not alone if you do experience this sort of thing. You may perhaps have had a tendency for this kind of problem before you got ill, or it may be a new and unwelcome burden. Anxiety and panic are very unpleasant to experience, and produce physical symptoms; anything you can do to control these emotional states will be of benefit to your general well-being. Feeling really anxious most of the time will certainly put added pressure on your body. Panic attacks can be exhausting, leaving you feeling really ill afterwards. Depression can also cause physical symptoms, make fatigue worse, and reduce your motivation, making managing your illness harder.
Better communication
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the things that can add to the difficulty of managing any long-term illness is poor communication between you and the people around you— family, friends, doctors, officials, employers, etc. Getting a message across clearly and calmly can do a lot to make a difficult situation easier and reduce stress, so it should definitely be part of your plan for helping yourself. Good communication is a skill that can be improved with practice.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Perry James L , Hondeghem Annie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The motivation of public servants has long been a topic of public concern, debate, and scholarly interest. To be reminded of its longevity, one needs to look no further than Woodrow Wilson’s (1887) essay, ‘The Study of Administration’. Wilson, a future president and civil service reform leader in the United States, was centrally concerned about the performance of civil servants and how they could be more purposive. Paul Van Riper (1958) reminds us in his History of the U.S. Civil Service System that the concern for motivations was hardly new.
Interdisciplinary Foundations of Public Service Motivation
Authors: Koehler Michael , Rainey Hal G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of motivation to engage in public service has received attention in the public administration literature for years, but often unsystematically. Because the topic should be central to theory and practice of public management, as well as management in other settings, it needed more careful analysis. The work of Perry and colleagues (Perry, 1996, 1997, 2000; Perry & Wise, 1990) began this process, and recent articles in major journals have continued it (e.g. Moynihan & Pandey, 2007; Wright, 2007). In addition to these contributions, social scientists from fields other than public administration have analyzed topics relevant to public service motivation, so the review reported here consults these other sources and their concepts. Much of the work from public administration has centered on Perry’s scale, has supported the viability and value of the scale, and has reported meaningful relations to other important variables. In developing the scale, Perry and colleagues reviewed literature from fields other than public administration.
Recruitment, Attraction, and Selection
Authors: Leisink Peter , Steijn Bram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attraction of appropriate applicants is vital for the success of an organization and thus adequate recruitment and selection procedures are an essential element of every good system of human resource management. This is a prevalent view. Cole (2002, p. 172) states, ‘If organizations are able to find and employ staff who consistently fulfill their roles and are capable of taking on increased responsibilities, they are immeasurably better placed to deal with the opportunities and threats arising from their operating environment than competitors who are always struggling to build and maintain their workforce’. The importance of recruitment and selection is also underscored by authors who include ‘selective hiring’ in the bundle of best human resource practices (Pfeffer, 1998). In the synthesis of Delery and Shaw (2001), the performance of an organization is influenced by three employee characteristics: ability, motivation, and empowerment. Recruitment and selection can contribute to providing for the first two of these.
From Theory to Practice: Strategies for Applying Public Service Motivation
Authors: Paarlberg Laurie E , Perry James L , Hondeghem Annie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite growing evidence of the existence of public service motivation (Perry & Wise, 1990) and its effects on employee performance, we have little under-standing of what that means for management practices. How do we harness the positive effects of public service motivation to enhance employee and organizational performance? This chapter bridges the gap between our theoretical understanding of the motivational potential of public service and our applied understanding of how to ‘manage’ employee motivations. We propose that in order to create high performing government organizations, leaders should adopt strategies that incorporate public service values across all levels of the organization’s management systems.
Directions for Future Theory and Research
Authors: Perry James L , Hondeghem Annie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume has reviewed theory and research about public service motivation. The contributors have collectively woven a rich tapestry about history, antecedents, outcomes, and variations across countries and sectors. In this concluding chapter, we seek to synthesize major ideas developed here. We are particularly interested in summarizing and elaborating the directions the contributors offer for future theory and research.
Tests of Character Earning Respect
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The caustic social critic H. L. Mencken once deﬁned a judge as “a law student who marks his own examination papers. “1 The bite of the remark draws on widespread public perception that judges make the rules for themselves as well as for everyone else. As young and fragile institutions, the international courts depend even more than other legal institutions on the ethical standards and the perceived integrity of their judges. Issues of judicial accountability have been prominent in the United States in recent years, as interest groups from across the political spectrum have accused judges of putting personal opinions and/or political motives before ﬁdelity to the law.
Geography and Industrial Relations
Authors: Herod Andrew , Peck Jamie , Wills Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the most part, the engagement between economic geography and industrial relations is an engagement waiting to happen. At least until relatively recently, the degree of cross-fertilization between IR and economic geography has been extremely limited, though there has been a growing awareness of the potential benefits of such an interchange (see Herod 1998; Ellem and Shields 1999; Martin et al. 1996; Waterman and Wills 2001). Thus, while a growing number of industrial relations theorists have recently sought to capture more effective ways of understanding the ‘contextual factors’ within which plant-level capital-labour relations are situated (see Kelly 1998), for their part geographers have been in pursuit of a more active and finely grained analysis of the roles of labour in the process of economic restructuring and, more generally, in remaking the geographies of capitalism (see Storper and Walker 1989)
The Political Economy of Institutional Change in Colombia and Chile
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decentralization is a relatively new development in Latin America-long the home of the centralized state-and is closely associated with the adoption of free-market rather than state-centred economic models. It has won enthusiastic approval from many quarters-technocrats, academics, politicians and the international financial institutions. The adoption of decentralization of government activities has been given urgency by the need to design political structures appropriate for the new freemarket economic model. But as the process has developed, so have the criticisms and the controversies. For some, decentralization is a panacea for overburdened and impoverished states, the answer to corruption and inefficiency, and a way of increasing accountability through the involvement of civil society. Others claim that it has resulted in a further handing of control to clientelistic local elites, with associated corruption and the misuse of resources. It is also dear that the motives for decentralization can be as mixed as the outcomes. Limited decentralization-more properly called administrative deconcentration-can be intended to strengthen the administrative control of the centre, rather than empower the region or municipality .
Municipal and Regional Government in Chile: the Persistence of the Centre
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can sub-national government achieve in Chile? This chapter will provide contrasting examples of competence at both the municipal and regional levels. Unlike Colombia, we give equal importance to the regional level, given its far greater importance in the structure of decentralization in Chile. Even a determined and dynamic leadership at the municipal level faces frustrations when they attempt to implement local development initiatives, given the ever-present need to co-ordinate with the other and more powerful levels of government. The limited autonomy of the municipalities undermines the potential for the emergence of effective local political leaders.
Central Governn1ent Reform or Local Autonomy? The Case of Education
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Education plays a crucial role in economic and human development. Under the right conditions it can contribute to equity, and to reducing poverty. It can act as a catalyst for community involvement with local matters. It plays a role in the development of social capital. It is, in other words, at the heart of the development process. There is no simple and universal blueprint for the right educational system and structure. Every country necessarily proceeds through a process of trial and error, and through experiment, some failures and some successti.11. Decentralizing education is not a risk-free strategy, but it is essential to realize the full potential of positive educational change-as long as it takes place within an overall supportive national structure.
The Changing Relationship between Management Consulting and Academia: Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Engwall Lars , Furusten Staffan , Wallerstedt Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not uncommon for management scholars to question the work of consultants (e.g. Kieser (2002) and Chapter 10 in this volume). Consultants and practitioners also tend to adopt a similar attitude towards management researchers. Needless to say, these attitudes create problems for the development and diffusion of management research and its findings, since the ultimate justification of management studies lies in their usefulness in helping us to understand and interpret reality.
The Burden of Otherness: Limits of Consultancy Interventions in Historical Case Studies
Authors: Kipping Matthias , Armbruster Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on management consulting has recently put the focus on difficulties between consultants and their clients (e.g. Shapiro et al. 1993; Bloomfield and Danieli 1995; O’Shea and Madigan 1997; HBR 1997; Fincham 1999; Kieser 2001). Two recent empirical studies also present a rather ambiguous picture of the benefits client organizations can derive from consulting advice. In a survey among alumni of the London Business School, 68 per cent of those who had used external advice believed that consultancy projects made a valuable contribution to their business, but less than 30 per cent of them thought that consultants provided good value for money (Ashford 1998: 267, 270). And in interviews with the CEOs of the ten largest Swedish companies, Engwall and Eriksson (1999) obtained highly critical responses about consultants, although all of the companies actually employed at least one, usually several consultancies at the time of the interviews.
Interdisciplinary Taxation Research—An Introduction
Authors: Lamb Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces ‘an interdisciplinary research approach’ and comments upon how disciplinary-based approaches to tax research have developed in law, economics, accounting, political science, and social policy. Topical studies provide bibliographic surveys of speciﬁc areas of tax research. In this introductory chapter I explain the objectives of this book, the background in which it was developed, its approach, and its outline content.
Taxation in an Electronic World
Authors: Lymer Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of global communications media, such as the Internet, is revolutionizing the lives of many people. The ways in which business is con- ducted has been affected by these changes. While this revolution has not had signiﬁcant effects on everyone and every business, it has now reached a critical mass in most developed economies and also has had a signiﬁcant impact on many developing countries.
Introduction
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudipto , Boot Arnaud W A , Thakor Anjan V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For little more than a quarter of a century, a flourishing literature on modeling imperfect capital markets with informational asymmetries and moral hazard regarding agents’ choices has yielded many insights regarding the nature of market equilibrium, corporate financial policies, and the roles of ownership and control rights in characterizing institutions in these settings; see, for example, Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976), Jensen and Meckling (1976), Stiglitz and Weiss (1981), and Grossman and Hart (1986). In particular, our understanding of quantity-constrained financial (cum insurance) contracts, of managerial incentive schemes, and of signaling (Spence 1973) via choices of financing and pay out policies were vastly improved and helped refine explanations of phenomena such as dividend payments (Bhattacharya 1979), “under-pricing” of new equity issues (Rock 1986) and complex capital structures (Constantinides and Grundy 1989).
Monitoring, Liquidation, and Security Design
Authors: Repullo Rafael , Suarez Javier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a model of how entrepreneurial firms source their financing needs. There are three alternatives for raising finance: uninformed, informed, and a mixture of both. Under informed finance the lender observes at a certain cost the entrepreneur’ s level of effort, which determines the probability of success of his project. Although this information cannot be used to enforce a contingent contract, it enables the lender to liquidate the project (and recover part of the investment) if the observed effort does not guarantee her a sufficient continuation payoff.
Liquidity, Banks, and Markets
Authors: Diamond Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Financial markets and banks are competing mechanisms that provide investors with liquidity by providing access to their capital, at good terms, on short notice. This chapter examines the impact of banks on the liquidity provided to investors and, in addition, on the liquidity provided by markets. Markets can provide too little liquidity when some potential investors are not continuously available for trade. If there is this limited participation in the market, banks lower the cost of giving investors rapid access to their capital. Banks hold assets to finance demand deposits offered to those who deposit, and they divert some demand for liquidity away from markets. This chapter characterizes the effects of increased participation in financial markets on the structure of banks, the maturity structure of real and financial assets, and the fraction of capital invested through banks.
Long-term Contracts, Short-term Investment, and Monitoring
Authors: Thadden Ernst-Ludwig van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important question in the literature on corporate finance in the recent years has been whether the dependence on outside finance can force firms to undertake inefficient amounts of investment. Little work has been done, however, on the impact of outside finance on the quality of investment. The present chapter studies this issue in the context of a question which has attracted considerable attention in the financial press and in the economic policy debate: can the dependence on outside finance lead a firm to undertake inefficient myopic investment? To do this, the chapter studies a dynamic model of financial contracting that allows one to characterize the choice of a firm’ s investment horizon.
Financial Contracting and Interbank Competition: A Discussion
Authors: Winton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many financial institutions connect borrowers and investors, not by brokering transactions between the two groups, but rather by entering into contracts with each group separately. Indeed, although the growth of securities markets is often seen as superseding such contractual intermediation, it would be more accurate to say that the mix of contractual forms is changing, with “equity-financed” institutions like mutual funds and defined-contribution pension funds increasing in importance relative to “debt-financed” institutions such as commercial banks and insurance firms. It follows that understanding how contracting issues influence relations between financial institutions and their customers is critical to the theory of intermediation.
Endogenous Cycles in a Stiglitz-Weiss Economy
Authors: Suarez Javier , Sussman Oren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic research in recent years has revitalized the idea that financial factors should play a central role in business-cycle theory. On the one hand, there exists a growing body of empirical work showing that financial imperfections affect real economic decisions2 in a way which varies systematically along the business-cycle. On the other hand, theoretical work-Bernanke and Gertler [2] and more recently Kiyotaki and Moore[20]-shows how transitory shocks are propagated via imperfections in financial markets. The novel contribution of this chapter is the modeling of an endogenuous reversion mechanism, such that the economy may converge to a two-period equilibrium cycle. The model is kept deliberately simple so as to allow a transparent exposition of the mechanism.
The Base Model
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we analyse a reference situation that we will compare with the results of the following chapters in order properly to understand the consequences of the existence of asymmetric information. We consider a relationship between two individuals (or institutions) in which one works for the other, and in which a random result, depending in part on the effort supplied by the agent who is responsible for the activity in question, is obtained. Both participants have the same information, both before establishing the relationship and during it.