bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral decreases in opioid receptor binding in patients with central neuropathic pain measured by [11C]diprenorphine binding and PET
Authors: Jones Anthony K.P. , Watabe Hiroshi , Cunningham Vin J. , Jones Terry 
Published: January 2004

AbstractCentral neuropathic pain (CNP) is pain resulting from damage to the central nervous system. Up till now, it has not been possible to identify a common lesion or pharmacological deficit in these patients. This preliminary study in a group of patients with CNP with predominantly post‐stroke pain, demonstrates that there is significantly less opioid receptor binding in a number of cortical and sub‐cortical structures that are mostly, but not exclusively, within the medial pain system in patients compared to age‐matched pain‐free controls. The reductions in opioid receptor binding within the medial system were observed mainly in the dorsolateral (Brodman area 10) and anterior cingulate (Brodman area 24 with some extension into area 23) and insula cortices and the thalamus. There were also reductions in the lateral pain system within the inferior parietal cortex (Brodman area 40). These changes in binding could not be accounted for by the cerebral lesions shown by CT or MRI, which were outside the areas of reduced binding and the human pain system. To our knowledge this is the first systematic demonstration of a reduction in opioid receptor‐binding capacity in neurones within the human nociceptive system in patients with CNP. This may be a key common factor resulting in undamped nociceptor activity within some of the structures that are predominantly within the medial nociceptive system. If confirmed, these findings may explain why certain patients with CNP require high doses of synthetic opiates to achieve optimum analgesia. The findings also raise the possibility of new pharmacological approaches to treatment.
Cognitive bias in back pain patients attending osteopathy: testing the enmeshment model in reference to future thinking
Authors: Read Jessica , Pincus Tamar 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground: Depressive symptoms are common in chronic pain. Previous research has found differences in information‐processing biases in depressed pain patients and depressed people without pain. The schema enmeshment model of pain (SEMP) has been proposed to explain chronic pain patients' information‐processing biases. Negative future thinking is common in depression but has not been explored in relation to chronic pain and information‐processing models.Objectives: The study aimed to test the SEMP with reference to future thinking.Methods: An information‐processing paradigm compared endorsement and recall bias between depressed and non‐depressed chronic low back pain patients and control participants.Twenty‐five depressed and 35 non‐depressed chronic low back pain patients and 25 control participants (student osteopaths) were recruited from an osteopathy practice. Participants were asked to endorse positive and negative ill‐health, depression‐related, and neutral (control) adjectives, encoded in reference to either current or future time‐frame. Incidental recall of the adjectives was then tested.Results: While the expected hypothesis of a recall bias by depressed pain patients towards ill‐health stimuli in the current condition was confirmed, the recall bias was not present in the future condition. Additionally, patterns of endorsement and recall bias differed.Discussion: Results extend understanding of future thinking in chronic pain within the context of the SEMP.
The influence of temperament and character on functioning and aspects of psychological health among people with schizophrenia
Authors: Eklund Mona , Hansson Lars , Bengtsson-Tops Anita 
Published: January 2004

AbstractResearch findings that link personality factors to functioning and symptoms in schizophrenia are inconsistent, and further studies are needed within the area. The purpose of this study was to investigate how personality, as measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), was related to demographic factors, subtypes of diagnoses, level of functioning, and aspects of psychological health, including sense of coherence, perceived control, and self-esteem, among people with schizophrenia. Subjects were 104 individuals, aged 20–55 years, in psychiatric outpatient care. The results indicated that personality was not related to subtypes of diagnoses or demographic characteristics of the respondents, but to level of functioning and all aspects of psychological health. Especially self-directedness distinguished three groups of functioning and was highly correlated with the different aspects of psychological health. The article discusses how knowledge of schizophrenic patients’ personality structure might be used for tailoring psychiatric treatments.
Combination of amisulpride and olanzapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenic psychoses
Authors: Zink Mathias , Henn Fritz A. , Thome Johannes 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTreatment-resistant schizophrenia often leads to combined application of antipsychotic drugs. We report first experience with the combination of olanzapine and amisulpride. Improvement of psychopathological state and side effects could be achieved, and drug doses were lower than under monotherapy. We thus conclude that this approach represents a useful therapeutic option.
Inhibition of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity in rat striatum by the metabolites accumulated in Lesch–Nyhan disease
Authors: Bavaresco Caren S. , Zugno Alexandra I. , Tagliari Bárbara , Wannmacher Clóvis M.D. , Wajner Moacir , Wyse Angela T.S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the in vitro effect of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid, metabolites accumulating in tissue of patients with Lesch–Nyhan disease, on Na+, K+‐ATPase activity in striatum of neonate rats. Results showed that all compounds significantly inhibited Na+, K+‐ATPase activity. We also studied the kinetics of the inhibition of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity caused by hypoxanthine. The apparent Km and Vmax of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity for ATP as the substrate and hypoxanthine as the inhibitor were 0.97 mM and 0.69 nmol inorganic phosphate (Pi) released per min per mg of protein, respectively. Ki‐value was 1.9 μM, and the inhibition was of the non‐competitive type. We also observed that the inhibitory effects of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid probably occur through the same mechanism, suggesting a common binding site for these oxypurines on Na+, K+‐ATPase. Therefore, it is conceivable that inhibition of brain Na+, K+‐ATPase activity may be involved at least in part in the neuronal dysfunction characteristic of patients with Lesch–Nyhan disease.
Predicting shoulder strength using allometry: Implications for shoulder outcome assessments
Authors: Placzek Jeffrey D. , Freeman D. Carl , Lukens Steven C. , Badalamenti Sabrina , Roubal Paul J. , Wiater J. Michael 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIntroduction: Shoulder strength is an integral component of shoulder function. In assessing shoulder function many functional scales rely on direct or indirect measures of strength. Strength, and thus these scales, is often highly correlated with age. We propose an allometric method for assessing shoulder strength. Allometric modeling has provided accurate predictions of biologic growth and physiologic function in both human and animal studies. Allometry utilizes the relationship between the two homologous structures on the left and right sides of the body, providing in effect an internal control and thus eliminating many confounding effects, e.g. age and level of activity.Methods: Twenty patients with unilateral shoulder dysfunction underwent strength testing of their affected and unaffected shoulder. Strength testing of the bilateral shoulders was also assessed in twenty people without shoulder pain in order to delineate the effect of hand dominance on strength in those without shoulder pain. Absolute and predicted strength deficits of the involved shoulder were calculated via regression analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficients were computed between age and strength.Results: Utilizing the contralateral extremity as an internal control eliminates age as a confounding variable in predicting strength outcomes (r = 0.093).Conclusion: Allometric concepts, applied to shoulder strength assessment, eliminates age as a confounding variable. Strength testing of both shoulders should be considered in the development of future shoulder outcome scales in order to eliminate the strong influence of age. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mutual fund characteristics, managerial attributes, and fund performance
Authors: Prather Laurie , Bertin William J. , Henker Thomas 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis study provides a comprehensive examination of recent mutual fund performance by analyzing a large set of both mutual funds and fund attributes in an effort to link performance to fund‐specific characteristics. The results indicate that the hypothesized relationships between performance and the explanatory variables are generally upheld. After taking into consideration general market conditions and fund investment objective, the characteristic variables that relate to fund popularity, growth, cost, and management also explain performance. Finally, after controlling for survivorship and benchmark error as well as fund‐specific factors, the results refute the performance persistence phenomenon.
Relationship between morphometric and genetic variation in pure and hybrid populations of the smooth and Montandon's newt (Triturus vulgaris and T. montandoni)
Authors: Babik W. , Rafiński J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe variation in 10 morphometric characters and the degree of sexual dimorphism in size and shape was studied in pure and hybrid populations of smooth Triturus vulgaris and Montandon's T. montandoni newts. Multivariate analyses showed pronounced interspecific differences in both sexes. Females differed mainly in traits related to general size, whereas males differed mainly in body proportions. Triturus vulgaris males possessed a relatively longer trunk and tail. Sexual size dimorphism was much stronger in T. montandoni, the females being the larger sex. In hybrid zone populations a general correlation between morphometric traits and nuclear genotypes was found. This does not, however, fully explain the variation in size and shape. Whereas the majority of genetically identified hybrids fell into the range of morphologically pure species, many genetically pure individuals were classified as morphometric intermediates. The linear relationship between the morphometric and genetic variation suggested no strong differential selection on the molecular markers and loci responsible for morphometric differences between species. The differences in the level of sexual size and shape dimorphism, however, suggest that females of both species show dissimilar mate preferences, and thus hybrid males may experience reduced fitness resulting from lower mating success.
The reproductive ecology of the European bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus)
Authors: Smith Carl , Reichard Martin , Jurajda Pavel , Przybylski Mirosław 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe European bitterling Rhodeus sericeus Pallas is a freshwater fish belonging to the Acheilognathinae, a subfamily that has an unusual spawning symbiosis with freshwater mussels. Female bitterling possess long ovipositors that they use to place their eggs onto the gills of a mussel through the mussels' exhalant siphon. Males fertilize the eggs by releasing sperm into the inhalant siphon of the mussel. The embryos develop inside the mussel for approximately a month, eventually leaving the mussel as actively swimming larvae. Because they use a discrete spawning site that can be readily manipulated they have recently been used in studies to understand oviposition choice with respect to mate and spawning site quality, host–parasite coevolution, alternative male mating tactics, and linking behavioural decisions with population dynamics. The current state of knowledge of bitterling reproductive ecology is reviewed and synthesized, and future directions for research on this species are proposed.
Nocturnal activity of the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis)
Authors: Murray S. W. , Kurta A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAcoustic monitoring and radio‐tracking were used to study the nocturnal activity of adult female Indiana bats Myotis sodalis at a maternity site in Michigan, U.S.A. Pregnant bats did not use the day roost at night, but lactating females returned 2–4 times/night for 32±7 (se) min/visit, presumably to feed their young. Both pregnant and lactating females night roosted as solitary individuals in trees within their foraging areas; night roosting occurred 0–6 times/night for 14±1 min each time. Bats foraged for most of the night, with the total duration of flight equalling 375±16 min/night. The bats used 13 different foraging areas that were located 0.5–4.2 km from the day roost. Bats did not fly over open fields but travelled along wooded corridors, even though such behaviour increased commuting distance by 55±11%. Current models of habitat suitability for this endangered species should be modified, taking into account the use of wooded commuting corridors and the large home range of these bats.
Guild structure, foraging space use, and distribution in a community of insectivorous bats in the Negev Desert
Authors: Korine Carmi , Pinshow Berry 
Published: January 2004

AbstractLarge‐scale anthropogenic habitat degradation is taking place in the Negev Desert and such degradation is considered to be the primary cause of population decline in many bat species. A study of bat community structure in the central Negev Desert Highlands was undertaken to examine habitat associations, activity patterns and the distribution of bats in relation to landscape structure. During 1999 and 2000, mist‐nets and bat detectors were used to capture bats and to monitor their presence in natural and artificial sites. In total, 12 species of insectivorous bats were found. Communities of insectivorous bats were divided into three guilds based on foraging space: open space foragers, background‐cluttered space foragers, and highly cluttered space foragers. Bats of the background‐cluttered space guild foraged over a variety of habitats while bats from the other guilds were more restricted with regard to their foraging spaces. In both years, season had a significant effect on bat activity. Despite there being significantly more bat activity in artificial sites than in natural sites, bat species richness was least in the artificial sites. For most species of desert‐dwelling bats, areas that are typified by dense vegetation cover and have a perennial water source are of primary importance.
Prey selection by African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in southern Zimbabwe
Authors: Pole Alistair , Gordon Iain J. , Gorman Martyn L. , MacAskill Mairi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis study was an investigation of the diet and of prey selection by a population of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus in the Savé Valley Conservancy (SVC) in the south‐east lowveld of Zimbabwe. The diet of the dogs, based on the number of kills for each species located, consisted almost entirely of impala Aepyceras melampus (74%) and kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (22%), the two most abundant medium‐sized antelope in the area. The level of selection for different prey classes killed by the wild dogs was investigated and it was found that the wild dogs: (1) exhibited strong selection for a number of prey classes on a seasonal basis; (2) selected kudu throughout the year but showed little selection between the other prey species; (3) selected the young of both impala and kudu and selected males at times of the rut. Bone marrow analysis showed that prey killed by the wild dogs on SVC were in poorer condition than unselectively culled individuals suggesting the selection of the weaker individuals in the prey populations.
Women and music technology: pioneers, precedents and issues in the United States
Authors: Hinkle-Turner Elizabeth 
Published: January 2004

The origins of women's pioneering contributions to the repertoire and history of electroacoustic music can often be
linked to the growth of academic and commercial electronic and computer music studios in North America. A signific
ant number of early female composers in the medium received their initial training and experience in the United States
and their accomplishments begin in the earliest decades of the twentieth century. Women's achievements in the
educational and entertainment sectors have laid the foundation for subsequent generations who have influenced the
aesthetic and technical path of electroacoustic music.Excerpted from several chapters of the author's historical series on women composers and music technology, the article outlines the contributions of several of the earliest women in the United States to the utilisation of music technology in creative work. Also discussed are research precedents in this area and issues regarding women and music technology in the United States today. With the creation of her book series outlining the achievements of women working with music technology, the author hopes to offer a valuable contribution to research on the history of electroacoustic music in general and women's representation in the genre in particular.
Project Lovelace: unprecedented opportunities for music education
Authors: Simoni Mary 
Published: January 2004

Project Lovelace is a school-based programme for students aged twelve to eighteen years interested in learning about making music by using technology. The programme is designed to encourage equal and equitable participation by male and female students through instruction in technology-enhanced music performance, improvisation, composition, analysis and notation. Project Lovelace is named in honour of the contributions of the female mathematician Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace, who in 1842 predicted that computers could be used for musical composition (Roads 1996).The goals of Project Lovelace are to develop collaborative-based methods for gender-balanced school music technology programmes, amass a gender-balanced repertoire suitable for school music technology programmes, nurture creativity and analytical skills in music technology, and conduct a longitudinal study that documents the changing attitudes and perceived competencies of participating students and teachers.The motivation to initiate Project Lovelace was the timely convergence of two vexing issues perennially facing music technology programmes in higher education, specifically at the University of Michigan: the proportionally small number of female applicants to university music technology programmes and the need to continually upgrade or replace laboratory equipment. Why not allocate second-generation university laboratory equipment to the schools with the intent of building school-based music technology curricula that lead to a gender-balanced university applicant pool?
Acute columnaris infection in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque): efficacy of practical treatments for warmwater aquaculture ponds
Authors: Thomas‐Jinu S , Goodwin A E 
Published: January 2004

AbstractColumnaris disease was induced in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), by bath exposure to four highly virulent isolates of Flavobacterium columnare. In untreated controls, mortality began 20 h after exposure and reached 100% by 48 h. Mortality in channel catfish given antibiotic treatments with oxytetracycline or a combination of sulphadimethoxine and ormetoprim in feed prior to bacterial challenge was zero with all four strains of F. columnare. Diquat® (Zeneca Agricultural Products, Wilmington, DE, USA) was the most effective bath treatment; mortality with all four strains was zero. With potassium permanganate, chloramine‐T, hydrogen peroxide and copper sulphate, bath treatment efficacy varied significantly among strains (P = 0.0346) and among treatments (P = 0.0033). Bath treatments with chloramine‐T and potassium permanganate significantly reduced (P < 0.05) mortality from 100 to 75 and 69%, respectively, but copper sulphate and hydrogen peroxide treatments were not effective. Based on our results, oral antibiotics prevented columnaris disease but, of the bath treatments, only Diquat® produced a dramatic reduction in the mortality of acutely infected fish. Diquat® is labelled for aquatic use as an herbicide in the USA but in large ponds it is prohibitively expensive.
Morphological and genetic characteristics of Flavobacterium columnare isolates: correlations with virulence in fish
Authors: Thomas‐Jinu S , Goodwin A E 
Published: January 2004

AbstractVariability in pathogenicity of Flavobacterium columnare makes disease treatment difficult because there is currently no way to easily recognize those strains that warrant aggressive treatments. In order to identify suitable virulence markers, 17 isolates of F. columnare were cultured from six different fish species. The DNA from all isolates was analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Bootstrap analysis of the RAPD data produced a tree with three major groups supported by bootstrap scores of 80–100%. Virulence of the isolates was determined by bath exposure of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), and golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill), to broth cultures of F. columnare. In channel catfish, 13 of 17 isolates produced 100% mortality within 48 h post‐exposure. All isolates of cyprinid fish origin clustered in a single RAPD group. At least two of the four isolates that were not virulent in channel catfish were of cyprinid fish origin. There was a wide variation in cell morphology between isolates with lengths of cells or cell chains ranging from 3 to 11 μm, even under identical culture conditions. Most of the shorter or single cell isolates fell into a single RAPD group. No clear association was identified between virulence and any other characteristic, including RAPD group.
A synthetic antibacterial peptide from Mytilus galloprovincialis reduces mortality due to white spot syndrome virus in palaemonid shrimp
Authors: Dupuy J‐W , Bonami J‐R , Roch Ph 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV) isolated from Penaeus monodon was found to be highly infective for the western Mediterranean shrimp, Palaemon sp. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it was demonstrated that such shrimp are not naturally carriers of WSSV. Following challenge with virus, mortality reached 100% 3.5–4 days after injection at 22 °C. Incubation of infected shrimp at 10 °C totally suppressed the mortality which rapidly developed when shrimp were returned to 18 or 22 °C. Preincubation of WSSV with mature synthetic mytilin significantly reduced shrimp mortality with a 50% efficient dose of about 5 μm. Survival of shrimp was not due to the development of an active mechanism of defence as re‐injection of WSSV produced the same mortality pattern. Mortality was probably due to WSSV replication as dot blot failed to detect viral DNA in the injection sample but was positive 1 day post‐injection. Protection by mytilin was by interaction at the virus level, preventing replication as no WSSV nucleic acid was detected by PCR even after 7 days in shrimp injected with WSSV preincubated with 10 or 50 μm mytilin.