bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigration Reform in the 1960s
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was not surprising that immigration reform should reach the agenda of the civil rights coalition in the 1960s. American immigration policy since the 1920s had rested on a system of national origins quotas that favored immigration from northern and western Europe and that largely excluded Asians. The liberal reformers who dominated the heavily Democratic 89th Congress in 1965 deplored racial and ethnic quotas and banned them in the civil rights legislation of 1964 and 1965. The quota laws of the 1920s, however, had themselves been reform achievements, supported by a broad coalition that included middle-class “Progressives” (both Republicans and Democrats), organized labor, and the most prominent African-American leaders of the day. Immigration restrictionists from the left side of the political spectrum included leaders of organized labor, prominent spokesmen for black Americans, social justice Progressives, and conservationists. They argued that uncontrolled immigration, encouraged by industrial employers seeking docile low-wage workers, flooded the national labor pool, depressed wages, worsened working conditions and tenement housing, weakened organized labor, provided the basis for the corrupt city political machines, and threatened overpopulation.
The immigration restriction coalition also included patrician conservatives such as Theodore Roosevelt and Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who sought to maintain the dominance in America of Anglo-Saxon stock. Madison Grant, a Park Avenue patrician, ardent student of the natural sciences and eugenics, and founder of the New York Zoological Society, in 1916 published The Passing of the Great Race, a popular text for “nativist” intellectuals.
Origins and Development of Race-Conscious Affirmative Action
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the great puzzles of modern American history is the speed with which race-conscious implementation policies in the 1970s followed the triumph of liberal nondiscrimination in the 1960s. As sociologist John David Skrentny pointed out in his 1996 book, The Ironies of Affirmative Action, so powerful was the American belief in the principle of color-blind law by the 1970s that advocacy of racial preference became one of the “third rails” of American politics: Touch it and you die. Race-conscious affirmative action is a familiar term of journalistic convenience. It identifies unambiguously the controversial element of minority preferences in distributing benefits. But it also conflates racially targeted civil rights remedies with affirmative action preferences for groups, such as Hispanics and women, given protected class status irrespective of race. For this reason, editors of The New Republic substituted the term hard affirmative action. It includes nonracial as well as racial preferences, and it distinguishes such remedies, available only to officially designated protected classes, from the soft affirmative action of the Kennedy-Johnson administrations, which emphasized special outreach programs for recruiting minorities but did so within a traditional liberal framework of equal individual rights for all Americans. In these pages, the descriptors race-conscious and hard affirmative action will be used interchangeably.
Developmental Instability as a Research Tool: Using Patterns of Fluctuating Asymmetry to Infer the Developmental Origins of Morphological Integration
Authors: Klingenberg Christian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most of the research concerning developmental instability, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) has been used as a measure of stress in populations or of individual quality (e.g., Palmer and Strobeck 1986; Parsons 1990; Graham et al. 1993; M0ller and Swaddle 1997). Developmental considerations have entered these studies primarily to account for the relationships of FA with stress or quality (e.g.,Hallgrimsson 1993, 1998; Palmer 1996). In this chapter, I will introduce a fundamentally different approach. Rather than giving a developmental account for FA (e.g., Klingenberg, chapter 2, this volume), here, I will demonstrate the use of FA as a research tool to address a central issue in evolutionary developmental biology: the developmental origin of morphological integration and modularity (e.g., Olson and Miller 1958; Riska 1986; Cheverud 1996; Raff 1996; Wagner 1996; Wagner and Altenberg 1996; Arthur 1997; Kirschner and Gerhart 1998; von Dassow and Munro 1999; Mezey et al. 2000; Davidson 2001; Wilkins 2002). Modules are integrated assemblages that are internally coherent and relatively autonomous from the remainder of the system. One example of a module is a group of genes tightly interconnected by many regulatory interactions, but which is linked to other parts of the overall gene network only by relatively few regulatory inputs and outputs (e.g., von Dassow et al. 2000).
Introduction: The Salmonid Contribution to Key Issues in Evolution
Authors: Stearns Stephen C , Hendry Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In designing a biology book, two approaches are common. The first, question-oriented, organizes the book around a series of related questions and surveys the data, perhaps from many taxa, relevant to each question. Examples include books on sexual selection (Andersson 1994), adaptation (Rose and Lauder 1996), and life history evolution (Roff 2002). The second, taxon-oriented, organizes the book around a single taxon, and surveys many aspects of its biology. Examples include books on amphibians (Duellman and Trueb 1986), mammals (Eisenberg 1981), orchids (Dressler 1990), brown trout (Elliott 1994), and Pacific salmon (Groot and Margolis 1991; Groot et al. 1995). Here we take a hybrid approach, asking what one taxonomic group, the salmonids, contributes to our understanding of key questions in evolutionary biology. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and each contains an implicit focus strong enough to color an entire research program. The strategy used here is not common but is potentially very informative (e.g., sticklebacks: Bell and Foster 1994). We chose it for two reasons: We want to inform evolutionary biologists about the wealth of information on salmonids that bears directly on evolutionary questions. We want to increase awareness among salmon biologists of the relevance of their data for key issues in evolutionary biology. Through improved communication we hope to advance both fields. Because some salmonid species have considerable value in recreational and commercial fisheries, they have been intensively studied for practical reasons. They have also been the subject of intensive aquaculture, a byproduct of which has been negative interactions between feral and wild fish in nature.
To Sea or Not to Sea? Anadromy Versus Non-Anadromy in Salmon ids
Authors: Hendry Andrew P , Bohlin Torgny , Jonsson Bror , Berg Ole K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Migration” has been defined in many ways that have a variety of connotations (Endler 1977; Dingle 1996). Here we follow Endler (1977) in considering migration to be “relatively long-distance movements made by large numbers of individuals in approximately the same direction at approximately the same time ...usually followed by a regular return migration.” This definition is useful because it corresponds to salmonid migrations, and because it excludes dispersal, which is the subject of another chapter (Hendry et al. 2003a-this volume). Breeding often takes place at one terminus of the migration but not the other, and migrations may sometimes be undertaken multiple times over the course of an individual’s life. Moreover migratory tendency varies at multiple levels: among species, populations, sexes, individuals, and years. In this chapter, we use salmonids (primarily salmon, trout, and charr) as a model system for examining evolutionary factors that may generate and maintain this variation. Variation in migratory tendency is present at many levels in salmonids, making them a good system for examining how, when, and why migration will evolve, as well as how other traits will evolve in parallel. Salmonid migrations take place between a variety of contrasting environments (small streams vs. large rivers, streams vs. lakes, fresh water vs. the ocean) but we focus our analysis on migrations between fresh water and the ocean (“anadromy”; McDowall 1988). In salmonids, anadromy takes the form of individuals that hatched in fresh water migrating to the ocean, and later returning to breed in fresh water. In some instances, individuals may move back and forth between fresh water and the ocean several times in their life, and may enter and leave fresh water without breeding.
From Macro- to MicroEvolution Tempo and Mode in Salmonid Evolution
Authors: Kinnison Michael T , Hendry Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the salient features of salmonid evolution? “Diversity” is perhaps the most obvious, as evidenced by many of the contributions to this book. Moreover, an appreciation of the prevalence and importance of salmonid diversity is reflected in the emphasis placed on protection and management at subspecific levels (Waples 1991a; Ford 2003-this volume). However, diversity without pattern can give the impression of chaotic evolution. The aim of this chapter is therefore to interpret the great diversity of salmonids in the context of the evolutionary patterns and processes through which it is generated. This is the domain of tempo (i.e., rate) and mode (i.e., pattern) in salmonid evolution. G.G. Simpson’s Tempo and Mode in Evolution (Simpson 1944) provided the inspiration for this chapter’s title and subject. Although investigations of rate and pattern preceded Simpson’s treatise, his integration of paleontological patterns with genetic principles was a landmark exploration of evolutionary patterns and their driving mechanisms. Simpson, as a paleontologist, focused heavily on apparent discontinuities at higher taxonomic levels (e.g., orders), which he referred to as mega-evolution. Most subsequent studies of tempo and mode have retained this focus on higher taxonomic levels and paleontological data (e.g., Fitch and Ayala 1995). This approach is not as tractable for salmon and their closest kin, owing to their close phylogenetic affinities (within the family Salmonidae or subfamily Salmoninae) and poor fossil record. Our chapter will therefore focus on lower phylogenetic scales (genera, species, and populations) and on extant evolutionary patterns and processes.
Goodness-of-Fit
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To review Gregor Mendel’s observations made on ornamental garden peas [Pisum sativum), particularly the correspondence to two specific ratios (3:1 and 2:1). In addition, to explore the question: do Mendel’s data correspond to these ratios too closely, indicating a bias in recording his experimental results? DATA In 1866, Mendel reported on 14 now famous experiments.10 Using ornamen­ tal plants, he observed characteristics of the seeds and plants in the offspring from specific parental generations. Two properties of the seeds were observed (shape and color), and observations on five properties of the plants were also made (plant color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, and stem length). These experiments were conducted under two conditions yielding two sets of seven experiments, and each experiment produced two outcomes.
Analysis of a Two-Way Table
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To describe the relationship between marital status and the incidence of cancer of the rectum among white and African-American males. DATA Incident cases of rectal cancer were abstracted from the Third National Cancer Survey data and classified by gender, age, and marital status for whites and African-Americans for ages ranging from 35 to 64 years. The Third National Cancer Survey consists of data collected from nine selected areas (21 million population) over a three year period (1969-71). Cancer incidence rates were calculated using population counts derived from 1970 U.S. Cen­ sus Bureau enumerations. A total of 2,905,825 white and 294,940 black males yielded 569 and 60 cancer cases, respectively. The data were classified into three 10-year age groups (35-44, 45-54, and 55-64 years). Grouping disease or mortality data generally reduces the heterogeneity of risk of disease and is particularly important for cancer incidence data, where considerable het­ erogeneity is typically found associated with age. Furthermore, rectal cancer in individuals under the age of 35 is extremely rare. Five marital status groups were used: single, married, separated, divorced, and widowed.
Poisson Regression
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Counts of brain cancer incidence cases and deaths were recorded as part of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the Bio­ metry Branch of the National Cancer Institute. The SEER program acquired these incidence data from a number of surveyed areas in the United States (for example, the state of Connecticut, the city of Detroit, the state of New Mexico, and the San Francisco Bay Area). The brain cancer incidence cases and deaths were extracted from the SEER public use data for the 10 years 1985-1994 for all participating regions. Using these data, white incidence cases were selected and tabulated by gender and age (age intervals: 20 to 24 years, 25 to 29 years, 30 to 34 years, ... , 80 to 84 years, more than 84 years). Additionally, the corresponding populations at risk were abstracted from the
Log-Linear Model (Poisson Model Applied to Tabular Data)
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collected data are from 386 women who delivered infants or fetuses with neural tube defects (primarily anencephaly and spina bifida) ascertained by reviewing medical records from hospitals in a large number of California counties (June 1989-May 1991). Controls were randomly selected from the same areas, producing 384 singleton infants born alive without a reportable congenital anomaly. In-person interviews were conducted in English (74%) and Spanish (26%) within four or five months after delivery. Women who spoke only other languages were not included in the study. Information on race and vitamin use was obtained as part of these personal interviews. A woman was considered a vitamin user if she took single or multiple vitamin supplements in the period three months before conception and continued to take them during pregnancy (present users). Women who took vitamins only during pregnancy were classified as new users, and the remaining women
Multivariate Comparison of Two Groups
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maternal weights recorded over a period including two pregnancies were abstracted from a birth records database maintained by the University of Cal­ ifornia Moffit Hospital (1980-1990). Data were collected from healthy adult white (non-Hispanic) women (age&gt; 18) who gave birth to two consecutive single, live-born infants free of congenital anomalies. Each woman’s weight was recorded prior to pregnancy (two self-reported measurements). In addi­ tion, each woman’s weight was measured at or near delivery and then at about six weeks postpartum for each of the two consecutive live births (four mea­ surements), for a total of six weight measurements on each sampled mother. Because the postpartum weights were measured at about six-weeks, six-week weight measurements were created by statistically adjusting each mother’s recorded weight to estimate her weight at exactly six weeks. Maternal weight gained during pregnancy is net weight, that is, the mother’s weight gain after the infant’s birth weight was subtracted from the total recorded weight
Smoothing Sequential Data
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental indication of the risk of disease within a population is an incidence rate (rate of new cases). A mortality rate is related to an incidence rate, and comparison reflects the survival of individuals with the disease. Using both the number of new cases of Hodgkin’s disease and the number of deaths collected from 1973 to 1990 allow the calculation of annual age­ adjusted incidence and mortality rates over this eight year period. The cal­ culated rates refer to the U.S. male and female populations of African­ Americans, and age adjustment was based on the U.S. 1970 age distribution. These data were collected as part of an extensive National Cancer Institute program entitled Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER). Inci­ dence rates were calculated from all cases reported in the SEER areas where population-based cancer reporting systems are maintained with almost 100% completeness. The mortality data obtained from local and state vital records systems were classified by the underlying cause of death. The corresponding yearly populations at risk came from intercensus estimates based primarily
Non parametric Regression Analysis
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Health at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) maintains a comprehensive database containing data on mothers and their newborn infants. To begin to understand the problems associated with mothers who fail to gain normal amounts of weight during pregnancy, a specific cohort of mothers and new­ born infants was abstracted from this database. These women were healthy white women who gained less than 13 kilograms (25th percentile) during a term pregnancy and delivered a live-born single infant with no major con­ genital abnormalities. The infant’s birth weight at delivery was also obtained from the UCSF database. The abstracted maternal variables, prepregnancy weight, height, smoking history, and age were self-reported during the first prenatal visit. A total 184 mother-infant pairs make up the study cohort.
Appoggiatura
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of two slurred notes, the second is almost always less intense than the first, because in general the first one is an appoggiatura (from the Italian appoggiare). The word means “to lean upon,” either because the note is outside the harmony (1) or part of a dissonant chord (2), creating tension, or because it is leading to (3) or longing for resolution and release (4). From the point of view of instrumental playing, it must be kept in mind that a lifting finger (A2 to B 2, or E2 to F2) will resolve naturally. But falling fingers (B 2 to A2, or F2 to E2) have an organic tendency to reinforce the resolution. This is one more reason to avoid slam-and-squeeze. The fingers must also take part in phrasing. Sonority is vital, but try to play without the hands. An appoggiatura may be indicated as a grace note (1) or written out (2). Identify it in your discovery of the piece. The release of an appoggiatura can be very long and diluted, sometimes comically, in rococo or flute romantic repertoire such as Boehm or Doppler. Still, the harmonic tension (1) must live through it, until the release point is found (2). None of the ornamental notes (3) should have more energy than the appoggiatura and no less than the release note (4).
Appoggio
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appoggio is an air-management technique used by singers of the Italian school. The English “breath support” is not an adequate translation. Appoggio is a system of combining and isometrically balancing the abdominal and chest muscles’ action in the inhaling procedure as well as in the exhaling and tone-producing phenomenon. “To sustain a given note, the air should be expelled slowly; to attain this end, the respiratory (inspiratory) muscles, by continuing their action, strive to retain the air in the lungs, and oppose their action to that of the expiratory muscles, which is called lotta vocale or vocal struggle.” Upon blowing, the technique of appoggio,meaning the act of leaning in Italian, is the process that would come closest to what is mistakenly meant by diaphragmatic support. If the intercostalmuscles did not isometrically balance it, the support of the abdominal muscles, without opposition, would lead to a rapid deflation of the lungs. Appoggio prevents the collapse of the chest. Schematically, the singer or flutist’s effort is to not blow but to realize this inner balance. “After breathing in as far as possible, we must use considerable inspiratory force to keep the air from going out with a sigh. You have to brake your exhaling, using inspiratory muscles to hold back, to keep the chest volume from decreasing too rapidly because of its own elasticity.”
Breathing3: Where Not To Breathe
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My basic philosophy about breathing is simple: if you don’t need a big breath, don’t take one. When you say: “Cool!” you only need a sip of air. But when you tell someone, “I just did not have time to open my flute case since my last lesson,” you need a lot of air, and a lot of nerve. Breathe more than you need in practice. In actual performance, it will be easy to stretch your air if you feel good. But if you stretch it too thin, you might be forced to make catastrophic breaks. I learned long ago from my own experience that stage fright affects the breath first. Something technical is often easier.
Breathing4: Where To Breathe
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gasps reinforce the tension build-up or release of the syncopations. You can almost breathe on each syncopation. It helps you and the music too. In other words, the rhythmic character of a piece lends itself to many little breaths. Rampal gave magnificent examples of this in many of his recordings (the Bolling suite and post-baroque concertos by Stamitz and Benda, among others). It is said that Gaubert was also a master at stealing gasps here and there without being heard. The problem is compounded when the passage is slurred or fast. If it must be interrupted for a biological reason, here are a few ideas: Chose a place where the music is not offended too much and match the tone on either side of the breath, for instance in the Sarabande of Bach’s Partita in A Minor, BWV 1013, or in the opening bars of the second movement of the Martinu Sonata. Breathe with your ears. If you must interrupt the line, your ears should tell you how to deal with the sound and the phrase just before and just after the breath, especially if is not a musically obvious place. Do not systematically taper off on the release before the breath. Think of matching the dynamics in the very recent past and in the very near future. Do not to hit the following note just because you filled up and are no longer threatened by immediate asphyxiation.