bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capacity of Bembidion lampros and Tachyporus hypnorum to survive periods of starvation in early spring
Authors: Petersen Mette K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe capacity of the polyphagous predators Bembidion lampros Herbst (Coleoptera; Carabidae) and Tachyporus hypnorum F. (Coleoptera; Staphylinidae) to survive starvation in early spring was investigated. The two species are of similar size and live in the same habitat. They have similar life cycles; where adults emerge in autumn, hibernate during winter and disperse during spring into arable fields where they reproduce and then die. Both species showed an ability to survive long periods of starvation after hibernation. However, B. lampros could live without food several weeks longer than T. hypnorum.Fat content was measured to estimate the energy reserves of beetles in the field. The fat content of B. lampros was at a constant level of 23% both when fed ad libitum in the laboratory and when collected in the field during spring. The fat content of B. lampros was reduced to a level of 7% when they died by starvation. Fat content of T. hypnorum was more variable both when fed ad libitum in the laboratory (17–33%), when collected in the field during the spring (20—26%) and when they died by starvation (10–20%).Neither the mean longevity of starved beetles nor the fat content of specimens collected in the field indicated that the beetles suffered high mortality due to a food shortage in early spring before movement into arable fields.
Predation, behavior, and attachment by Chrysoperla plorabunda larvae on Brassica oleracea with different surface waxblooms
Authors: Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Kabalo Nelson N. , Stoner Kimberly A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPredation by Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch) (Chrysopidae) first instars on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) neonates was measured on nine Brassica oleracea L. types with different surface wax crystal morphology. Forty‐eight‐hour survival of P. xylostella caged on leaves was significantly reduced by C. plorabunda on plants expressing ‘glossy’ mutations that reduce surface waxbloom, but not on plants with normal waxbloom. During 5‐min observations, C. plorabunda spent more time walking and less time ‘scrambling’ (moving the legs with no locomotion) on glossy types than on the normal‐wax types. Adhesive force produced by C. plorabunda on plant surfaces was 20 to 200‐fold greater on glossy types than on normal‐wax types. All the glossy types provided an advantage to C. plorabunda over normal‐wax types by increasing the force of attachment to the leaf suface by the larvae, which in turn increased time allocated to walking, leading to greater predation of P. xylostella larvae. Among glossy and normal wax types together, attachment force and time allocated to walking were significantly correlated with predation by C. plorabunda. Within glossy or normal‐wax types, however, these correlations were not significant. Neither time allocated to walking, nor attachment to the leaf surface was a predictor of predation by C. plorabunda within glossy or normal‐wax types. Although diverse mechanisms therefore contribute to differences in predation, the results show that reduction in waxbloom can substantially affect the mobility and effectiveness of this generalist predator.
Quantitative genetic analysis of biotypes of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens: heritability of virulence to resistant rice varieties
Authors: Tanaka Koichi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe virulence of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homoptera: Delphacidae) to a resistant variety of rice, Oryza sativa L., is suggested to be under polygenic control. To determine whether the virulence of N. lugens is a quantitative character that has continuous distribution or a threshold character that has a few discontinuous phenotypic forms and is determined by some underlying continuous variable, I examined the frequency distribution of honeydew excretion that has been used as a measure of ability of attacking the rice plants, and the relationship between honeydew excretion and the oviposition rate of N. lugens females using a japonica rice line Saikai 190 which has a resistance gene Bph 1. The frequency distribution in honeydew excretion significantly differed from the normal distribution, but two distributions below and above 10 mg honeydew excretion for two days did not significantly deviate from normality, suggesting a bimodal distribution. There were significant differences in the proportion of females ovipositing and the number of eggs deposited between the female groups that excreted 0–10 mg honeydew and more than 20 mg honeydew. Within these female groups, however, the reproductive performances were not different. Thus, virulence of N. lugens can be analyzed as a threshold character that has two distinct phenotypes, virulent and avirulent. I estimated the heritabilities of the virulence of N. lugens by parent‐offspring regression using the percentage of virulent females in a full‐sib family. The estimates of heritability were 0.41 on Saikai 190 and 0.55 on ASD7, carrying the bph 2 gene. These results show that the N. lugens population has substantial genetic variation in virulence. The regression coefficients on female and male parents were similar, suggesting similar genetic contributions by both parents. When the parental families were examined on Saikai 190 and the progeny on ASD7, the regression coefficient approached zero. There may be a low genetic correlation between virulences to the two varieties.
Effects of Brassica oleracea waxblooms on predation and attachment by Hippodamia convergens
Authors: Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Kabalo Nelson N. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFour mutations that reduce waxbloom in Brassica oleracea L. were examined for their effects on predation, mobility, and adhesion to the plant surface by the general predator Hippodamia convergens (Guérin‐Menéville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The mutations reduce waxbloom to different degrees, but all produce a ‘glossy’ phenotype. Plants tested were inbred lines, near isogenic lines, or segregating F2 populations, depending on the mutation. In an experiment on caged leaves, predation of Plutella xylostella L. larvae by H. convergens adult females was significantly greater on glossy types as compared with ‘normal‐wax’ or wild‐type counterparts. Although the trend was the same for each mutation, individual comparisons between glossy and normal‐wax lines or segregants were only significant for two of them, those producing mutant alleles gla and gld. Individual H. convergens were observed to spend more time walking on leaf edges and less time walking on leaf surfaces of normal‐wax plants than glossy plants. Hippodamia convergens also obtained better adhesion to the surfaces of glossy plants than to normal‐wax plants when tested using a centrifugal device. Two of the mutations produced similarly strong effects on predation, behaviour, and adhesion by H. convergens. These two are the same previously determined by us to provide the strongest similar effects on another generalist predator, Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch). The results indicate that waxbloom variation in nature could affect herbivore populations through its effects on generalist predators.
The population ecology of Amorbus Dallas (Hemiptera: Coreidae) species in Australia
Authors: Steinbauer Martin J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSpecies of Amorbus Dallas (Hemiptera: Coreidae) appear to exhibit a tight link between oviposition preference and nymphal performance: females apparently select vigorous plant modules to facilitate the development of their offspring. Such behaviour suggests that these insects should exhibit population dynamics consistent with the latent classification proposed by Price et al. (1990). While this empirical hypothesis is intuitively appealing it does not appear to incorporate current population dynamics theory. Berryman's ecodynamics (1992) offers the potential to describe a species' population dynamics which is grounded in a quantitative theoretical framework. The population ecology of Amorbus species from Australia is considered in relation to these hypotheses.
Behavioural correlates of genetic divergence due to host specialization in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Caillaud Marina C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHost specialization plays a central role in the diversification of herbivorous insects and yet we know very little about the evolution of this trait. Populations of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), are specialized and locally adapted to either alfalfa or clover. Preference for either plant produces assortative mating, and gene flow between alfalfa and clover populations is consistently restricted (Via, 1991a,b, 1994). Behavioural studies of freely‐moving aphids on the plant surface for 30 min suggest that host preference is chemically mediated, involves chemoreception, and is most likely due to secondary compounds located in the epidermal or mesophyll cells. Pea aphids do not distinguish between hosts and non‐hosts at a distance but determine whether the plant is suitable or not after only a short probe. Thirty‐minute recordings of the activities of aphid stylets using an electrical monitoring system (EPG), where aphids are attached to a gold wire with silver paint, provide a different picture, suggesting that EPG experiments do not accurately reflect natural behaviour during the first 30 min of the aphid‐plant interaction.
The Making of a Reformist General Secretary
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter traces Gorbachev's progress from birth in March 1931 in a peasant family in southern Russia to his appointment as the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party with responsibility for agriculture in 1978. The impact of Stalin's terror on the older generation of Gorbachev's family and his childhood wartime experiences are noted, as is the importance of his study for five years in the Law Faculty of Moscow University. There he met his wife, Raisa, and their relationship was to remain exceptionally close, both intellectually and emotionally. Upon graduation, Gorbachev returned to his native Stavropol region and began a rapid ascent through the ranks of the Komsomol and Communist Party, becoming party chief of the whole region in 1970. As such, he had the opportunity to greet such senior party figures as Yury Andropov and Mikhail Suslov on their visits to this spa territory. Their good opinion of Gorbachev, as well as that of Fedor Kulakov, a former Stavropol party secretary who, by the 1970s, was a member of the Politburo, helped facilitate Gorbachev's move to Moscow when Kulakov, who had been the overseer of agriculture, died in 1978.
In the Portals of Power
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
When Gorbachev moved to Moscow in November 1978, he became – at the age of 47 – the youngest member of the predominantly elderly Soviet top leadership team. He received rapid promotion, becoming a candidate member of the Politburo in 1979 and a full member in 1980, while retaining the Secretaryship of the Central Committee he had been accorded in 1978. It was only after the death of Leonid Brezhnev in November 1982, however, and the choice of Andropov to succeed him, that Gorbachev entered the inner circle of the leadership. He was unusual for a Politburo member in consulting widely among social scientists and in taking full advantage of Moscow's cultural life. Andropov, when he was dying, tried to elevate Gorbachev above Konstantin Chernenko and make him his heir apparent, but the old guard in the Soviet leadership prevented this. There was also an attempt to prevent Gorbachev becoming de facto ‘second secretary’ after Chernenko succeeded Andropov in March 1984, but Gorbachev eventually became the clear number two within the party hierarchy and the obvious, and in the end unanimous, choice to succeed Chernenko as General Secretary when the latter died in March 1985. Meantime, Gorbachev had begun to show that he was a potential leader of a different kind by impressing Margaret Thatcher and the British public on a visit to the UK in December 1984 and, in the same month, making a speech in Moscow which castigated Soviet stereotypical thinking and introduced some of the new ideas that were to become so important during his years as General Secretary.
Gorbachev and Economic Reform
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Gorbachev's two major failures were in economic reform and in resolution of the ‘national question’, although that statement has to be qualified by the observation that the problems involved were so intractable that the idea that a new leader could have come along and ‘solved’ them would be the height of naivety. The tension between two contradictory aims – improving the system and constructing the system on different principles – was especially acute in the economic sphere. It was in the attempted radical reconstruction of the economic system that Gorbachev encountered the most effective resistance on the part of agencies whose co‐operation was necessary both for the everyday running of the economy and the implementation of reform. As in other spheres of policy, Gorbachev's own views became more radical over time, and by 1990, partly under the influence of economist Nikolay Petrakov, he accepted that an essentially market economy (albeit one closer to a West European social democratic variant than to capitalism American‐style) was desirable. When a team of economists jointly appointed by Gorbachev and by Boris Yeltsin produced in 1990 a ‘500 Hundred Days Programme’ that would allegedly have created a market economy in the Soviet Union within that short time period, Gorbachev hesitated, at first supporting the proposals and then, partly under pressure from within the system, retreating from them. During 1991, Gorbachev attempted to keep in play several economic options; indecision and inconsistency in this area left the economy in limbo and weakened Gorbachev's authority.
Gorbachev and Foreign Policy
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Gorbachev was able to have a decisive impact on the development of ideas concerning the Soviet Union's relationship with the outside world and on the actual conduct of Soviet foreign policy by virtue of half a dozen key appointments. These were the elevation of Eduard Shevardnadze to the post of Foreign Minister, in succession to Andrey Gromyko, in the summer of 1985; the replacement of Boris Ponomarev as head of the International Department of the Central Committee by Anatoly Dobrynin in 1986; the promotion of Alexander Yakovlev to Politburo and Secretariat membership (with oversight of international affairs from the autumn of 1988); the replacement of Konstantin Rusakov by Vadim Medvedev as head of the Socialist Countries Department of the Central Committee in 1986; the appointment of Anatoly Chernyaev as Gorbachev's principal foreign policy aide in 1986; and the appointment of Georgy Shakhnazarov as another close aide two years later. These appointments both reflected and facilitated Gorbachev's adoption of new thinking in the foreign policy sphere with, for example, a concern for mutual security and an emphasis on interdependence taking the place of an antagonistic ‘class approach’ to international relations; a novel emphasis on universal interests and values that undercut the traditional ‘two camps’ approach; and ‘reasonable sufficiency’ becoming the criterion for justifying Soviet military expenditure. The sources of the new thinking are discussed, and in the conduct of state‐to‐state relations, particular attention is paid to the Soviet‐United States relationship and to relations with Europe, both West and East. The changes Gorbachev introduced in Soviet foreign policy made possible the transformation of the East European political landscape and it is especially notable that he refused to attempt to stem the democratic tide that flowed across the Eastern part of the continent even when it threatened to overwhelm him.
The National Question, and the Coup, the Collapse of the Soviet Union
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter concentrates on one of the four transformations identified in Ch. 6 as necessary if the Soviet Union were to make a transition from authoritarianism to democracy – the need to transform national and centre‐periphery relations. The unintended consequences of democratization and of reform in the area of inter‐ethnic and federal relations led to the attempted coup of August 1991 to prevent the signing of a new and voluntary Union Treaty, which would have legitimized greatly decentralized power within the Soviet Union. The chapter discusses the general issue of state boundaries and democratic transitions and pays attention to various national hotspots in the Soviet Union of the perestroika years, among them Alma‐Ata (Almaty), Nagorno‐Karabakh, Tbilisi, and the Baltic states. Gorbachev's tactical retreat in the winter of 1990‐91 in the face of a conservative backlash is analysed, as is his break with the conservative forces in the spring of 1991 and his launch of the Novo‐Ogarevo process, designed to preserve the Union on the basis of a pacted settlement. The chapter concludes with discussion of the extremely damaging effects of the August coup on Mikhail Gorbachev's authority and on his prospects of preserving any kind of Union. On 25th December 1991, Gorbachev signed a decree divesting himself of his authority as President of the USSR and transferring his powers as Commander‐in‐Chief of the armed forces to Boris Yeltsin who had been elected President of Russia in June of that year. Control of nuclear weapons, together with the Soviet seat at the United Nations, passed to Russia as the largest successor state to the USSR and its ‘continuer state’.
Philosophical Papers Volume I
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book contains 15 papers by the influential American philosopher, David Lewis. All previously published (between 1966 and 80), these papers are divided into three groups: ontology, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. Lewis supplements eight of the fifteen papers with postscripts in which he amends claims, answers objections, and introduces later reflections. Topics discussed include possible worlds, counterpart theory, modality, personal identity, radical interpretation, language, propositional attitudes, the mind, and intensional semantics. Among the positions Lewis defends are modal realism, materialism, socially contextualized formal semantics, and functionalism of the mind. The volume begins with an introduction in which Lewis discusses his philosophical method.
Counterparts of Persons and Their Bodies
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The possibility of a person switching bodies presents a challenge to Lewis's conviction that necessarily, a person occupies a body at a time if and only if that person is identical with that body at that time. In order to meet this challenge, Lewis modifies his counterpart theory to allow for multiple counterpart relations (e.g., one's personal counterpart, one's bodily counterpart). The wider significance of this modification lies in the general scheme it offers for translating any modal predication in which referential transparency fails (because the sense of the subject term is used in a way that extends beyond a determination of its denotation) into sentences of counterpart theory with multiple counterpart relations.
Survival and Identity
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Prompted by Derek Parfit's early work on personal identity, Lewis advances the view that persons are best regarded as suitably related aggregates of person‐stages. Parfit argues that what matters in survival is either identity or mental continuity and connectedness; that the two cannot both be what matters in survival (because the former is a one‐one relation and does not admit of degree, whereas the latter can admit of degree and may be a one‐many or many‐one relation); and that what matters in survival is not identity. Contra Parfit, Lewis contends that the opposition is a false one, since it obscures the fact that mental continuity and connectedness is a relation between two person‐stages (i.e., time‐slices of continuant persons), whereas identity is a relation between temporally extended continuant persons with stages at different times. The postscript includes both Lewis’ rejoinder to Parfit's objections, as well as a further defense of person‐stages.
Radical Interpretation
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
As Lewis formulates it, the challenge of radical interpretation is the challenge of specifying how the totality of facts about a subject qua physical system determine that subject's beliefs, desires, and meanings. Lewis proposes six constraints for any proposed solution to the problem of radical interpretation; included among these constraints are the principles of charity (i.e., a subject should be represented as believing and desiring what he or she ought to believe and desire), rationalization (i.e., subjects should be represented as rational agents), and truthfulness (i.e., subjects should be interpreted as operating within a convention of truthfulness). Invoking these constraints, Lewis then considers several methods (one of which he advocates) for solving the problem of radical interpretation. Notably, the Davidsonian method is found to be inadequate because it flouts the principles of truthfulness and rationalization.
General Semantics
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This paper presents Lewis's intensional semantics, on the basis of which he aims to answer two questions: “What sort of thing is a meaning?” and “What is the form of semantic rules whereby meanings of compounds are built from the meanings of their constituent parts?” To this end, Lewis develops a categorically based transformational grammar. The paper provides formal treatments of such topics as intensions (for both basic and derived categories), nondeclarative sentences, quantification, and noun‐phrases.
Scorekeeping in a Language Game
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sparked by the work of Robert Stalnaker, this paper integrates some of Lewis's views in formal semantics and formal pragmatics. Drawing an analogy with the practice of scorekeeping in baseball, Lewis proposes the notion of a “conversational score” that varies depending on the semantic vicissitudes arising from the contexts in which context‐sensitive terms (e.g. “flat”) are used. In such cases, Lewis argues, certain “rules of accommodation” inform the practice of natural discourse. Lewis demonstrates this phenomenon at work in a number of examples, including presupposition, permissibility, definite descriptions, reference, vagueness, modality, performatives, and making plans.
’Tensions
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this paper, Lewis introduces a problem that he cannot solve. He begins by describing, in general outline, two idealized languages: one richly intensional, the other purely extensional. The problem arises when we imagine two field linguists – one an intensionalist (like Lewis), the other an extensionalist – faced with the task of interpreting a tribe that speaks a previously unknown language. When the intensionalist interprets the tribesmen as using an intensional language, the extensionalist disagrees, claiming it “gratuitous of [the intensionalist] to ascribe to them a language that requires the notoriously obscure apparatus of intensional semantics.” Lewis dismisses several unsatisfactory rejoinders to this challenge and concludes by drawing several morals from the unresolved dialectical situation.