bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of size variations within fish cohorts in competition, responses to predation, and apparent mutualisms
Authors: DeAngelis Donald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of community organization involves a number of basic questions and controversies that are far from settled. One question is whether communities are structured largely by what may be called deterministic processes (based on such phenomena as niche partitioning) or largely by stochastic processes. Fish community ecologists have supported both the deterministic view (Gorman and Karr 1978; Gatz 1979; Moyle and Vondracek 1985) and the stochastic view (Sale 1978, Grossman et al. 1982, 1985). A second question is whether, and to what extent, density dependence occurs within and between populations and has effects in regulating populations. Nicholson (1933), Hairston et al. (1960), and many others have stressed the importance of density dependence, but the alternative view that density dependence plays only a relatively small role has also been defended (Andrewartha and Birch 1954; Ehrlich and Birch 1967; Strong 1984). A third question involves the relative importance of indirect versus direct effect in communities. Much work on this theme is cited in other chapters in this volume.
Volatile allelochemicals that mediate interactions in a tritrophic system consisting of predatory mites, spider mites, and plants
Authors: Takabayashi Junji , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the significant aspects of plant growth and reproduction is the defence against herbivores. Apart from the well-documented direct defence aimed at herbivores by, for example, toxins, digestibility reducers, or repellents (Rhoades and Cates 1976; Schoonhoven 1981; Gibson and Pickett 1983), there are several examples of indirect defence by promotion of the effectiveness of natural enemies of herbivores (Price et al. 1980; Dicke and Sabelis 1988b). Indirect defence was only thought to have a constitutive nature, although it was known that many natural enemies of herbivores distinguish between odours of herbivore-infested plants and uninfested plants. Initial indications for the involvement of the plant in the production and emission of these odours (Roth et al. 1982; Loke et al. 1983; Sabelis and Van de Baan 1983) have led to chemical evidence that supports an active role of the plant in attracting natural enemies upon infestation by herbivores, and thus for induction of indirect defence by herbivore attack (Dicke and Sabelis 1988b, 1989; Dicke et al. 1990a, c; Turlings et al. 1990). The first of these examples relates to the induction of indirect defence in a tritrophic system consisting of Lima bean plants, spider mites, and predatory mites (Dicke and Sabelis 1988b; Dicke et al. 1990a).
Discussion: promoted coexistence through indirect effects: need for a new ecology of complexity
Authors: Patten Bernard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century is just about over. During it, a whole new era of postindustrial man-nature relationships was ushered in. All present indicators point to a continuance of current trends toward a deteriorating planetary capacity to sustain a high standard of human life. Decimation of resources, social and economic disruptions, and regional and international strife will be widespread as a result. We are seeing it now in instability and unrest around the world. Ecological knowledge will continue to be ignored by policymakers.
Ecological complexity-first acknowledge, then unravel
Authors: Rossiter Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complexity is an inherent property of most ecological phenomena, yet it is often completely ignored. The most common approach, to facilitate ease of treatment and analysis, has been to make biologically unrealistic simplifications. These circumvent the difficulties associated with complexity-solving a problem by ignoring it. Likewise, scale, whether at the temporal, spatial, or organizational level, is of major importance to the general validity of any ecological study, yet is also too often disregarded. It is essential that these shortcomings are acknowledged and a more comprehensive investigative approach is adopted, irrespective of the hierarchical level studied. For example, ecosystems are collections of communities, all biotic components of which are products of evolution. Evolution occurs at the level of the individual, and the nature of species and speciation is the ultimate process upon which all ecological diversity depends. Unless an awareness is shown of differences at least at the species level, the analysis of many ecological ideas concerning food web structure, niche partitioning, and other population processes may be partly or completely erroneous. But even at the population level, the complexity and diversity of interactions can be overwhelming. Until very recently, ecologists have shied away from addressing these problems.
Introduction
Authors: Hayward P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Shetland to Scilly, the British Isles extend through 11 degrees of latitude, a distance of about 1250 km. Between eastern England and western Ireland they range through 13 degrees of longitude, about 900 km. The northern and western boundaries of this region face the open Atlantic; oceanic influences, locally modified by geographical and topographical factors, largely modulate the character of the marine environment. The eastern side of the British Isles bounds a shallow epicontinental sea; oceanic influences in the North Sea decrease towards the south, where the proximity of the European landmass has a different modifying effect. In the south, the complex hydrography of the Channel results in rapidly changing physical characteristics along its length, again with discernible environmental consequences.
Sponges
Authors: Dyrynda P E J , Dyrynda Elisabeth. A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sponges (Phylum Porifera) are sedentary, aquatic, fundamentally radially symmetrical invertebrates. They possess a minimal diversity of cells and the simplest grade of metazoan organization. They are filter feeders characterized by an internal monolayer of flagellated choanocytes collectively circulating one or more unidirectional water streams through the aquiferous system, a network of pores, canals, and chambers perforating the body.
Fish
Authors: Ryland J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fish (Subphylum Euchordata (vertebrata): Pisces) are sufficiently familiar to need little general introduction. It should be realized, however, that ‘Pisces’ does not represent a natural group but, corresponding to the word ‘fish’, embraces the jawless cyclostomes, the cartilaginous sharks and their allies (Chondrichthyes), and the bony fishes (Osteichthyes); each of these groupings constituting a separate and distinctive vertebrate class. Many of the technical terms refer primarily to bony fishes, but the names of fins and parts of the body apply equally to cartilaginous fishes.
Mutualistic viruses and the evolution of host ranges in endoparasitoid Hymenoptera
Authors: Whitfield James B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parasitoids, by their very nature, must confront a wide array of risks and difficulties in their struggle for survival and reproduction. It is in the evolutionary ‘best interest’ of their hosts to evade attacks by parasitoids, and to direct whatever defences they have available towards any parasitoids that do manage to attack them. These reciprocal responses ensure that the nature of the interactions between parasitoids and host organisms is not static over evolutionary time, but instead changes, even if only in detail. One of the most basic aspects of the host-parasitoid interaction that can be influenced in this way is the spectrum of host organisms a parasitoid is able to attack, or, in other words, its host range.
Urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes):food acquisition, time and energy budgeting of a generalized predator
Authors: Saunders Glen , White Piran C L , Harris Stephen , Rayner Jeremy M V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seven hundred and forty-nine fox stomachs were examined to determine dietary habits of foxes living in Bristol. Scavenged items accounted for a yearly average of 64% of the total diet by volume, with most of the remaining items varying with seasonal availability. The energy values of different food categories were estimated from the literature. A generalized model was constructed to estimate the total daily energy expenditure of urban foxes, incorporating seasonal variations in mass, activity and movement parameters obtained from radio tracking, but omitting the direct energy costs of reproduction. Mean body masses of both males and females were lowest in spring. Mean adult male body mass was highest in autumn and winter, 12.8% higher than in spring. Mean adult female body mass was highest in autumn, 22.3% higher than in spring. Mean total distance travelled per day was 8.77 km for males and 6.65 km for females. Mean daily time spent active was 8.8 h for males and 7.6 h for females.
Prey apportionment and related ecological relationships between large carnivores in Kruger National Park
Authors: Mills M G L , Biggs H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the five large carnivores in the Kruger National Park, spotted hyaenas have the widest diet, eating more non-mammal food items than the others. They also scavenge more than the others, about half the biomass of food they consume. The diets of lions, leopards, cheetahs and African wild dogs overlap strikingly with regard to medium-sized and small mammals, particularly impala. Lions removed over 50% of the biomass of prey killed by the large predators in the main study area, having a particularly heavy influence on the wildebeest population. They may also deprive the smaller predators of impala. Hyaenas scavenged a substantial amount of food from lions, but only after the lions had finished eating. Hyaenas chased cheetahs off 14% of their kills, but were not seen to steal food from wild dogs. Lions were observed to kill wild dogs. Hyaenas and lions showed a preference for thickets and plains, leopards for thickets, hills and river banks, cheetahs for plains and wild dogs for thickets and hills. Impala had their highest preference ratio for thickets, followed by hills and plains. Hyaenas, lions and leopards are predominantly nocturnal, wild dogs are crepuscular and cheetahs kill mainly during the middle of the day. The large number of resident prey in the system favours lions and hyaenas. Leopards, with a wide diet and the ability to utilize habitats not favoured by most of the others, outnumber cheetahs and wild dogs. Cheetahs have to cope with sub optimal hunting conditions and pressure from spotted hyaenas. It is unclear why wild dogs, which are such efficient hunters in this area, are not more abundant.
Introduction
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental modes among marine invertebrates range from the production of a few large offspring brooded by a protective mother, to the broadcast spawning of millions of tiny planktonic larvae that must fend for themselves as currents disperse them over a vast ocean. Both the existence of such dispersal capabilities and the dramatic differences between even similar taxa contrast conspicuously with most land and freshwater animals, and they must profoundly impact broad patterns of life history, geographic distribution, species longevity, and speciation rates.
Case histories in petroleum exploration I: elastic systems
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with applications of micropalaeontology in petroleum exploration in elastic systems. The examples are selected so as to give as wide a geographic, geologic and stratigraphic coverage as possible and include Eastern Paratethys (Late Palaeogene to Pleisto-gene), the Niger Delta (Neogene to Pleistogene), the Mackenzie Delta, Arctic Canada (Palaeogene), the Gulf of Mexico (Neogene to Pleistogene), the Central and Northern North Sea ( Jurassic, Cretaceous and Palaeogene) and the South Atlantic (Mesozoic and Cenozoic).
Practical steps
Authors: Aitken M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This and the next chapter indicate the basic steps and procedures involved in obtaining a date; Fig. 3.1 gives an overall outline of the practical stages. Before the sediment of any context is sampled, and the substantial effort of age determination put in motion, it is prudent to be certain that the sample has a meaningful relationship to the stratigraphy and/or geomorphology of the site, as indeed for any technique; likewise, consideration should be given to the degree of importance that the results would have and to whether the likely precision/accuracy would be adequate for the application concerned. But above all there is the question of whether the depositional bleaching is likely to have been adequate.
Cellular mechanisms of cholinergic control of neocortical and thalamic neuronal excitability
Authors: Mccormick D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central cholinergic systems have been implicated in the physiological processes which underlie a number of important behaviours and behavioural deficits including learning and memory, sleep-wake cycles, arousal and attentiveness, and Alzheimer’s disease (Steriade 1970; Krnjevic 1975; Singer 1977; Squire and Davis 1981; Coyle et al. 1983; Sakai 1985; Hobson and Steriade 1986; Richardson and DeLong l986a,b; Salamone 1986; Rasmussen and Dykes 1988). These, and other, studies have shown that certain groups of cholinergic neurons in the brain possess the ideal electrophysiological and anatomical properties to allow them to control the excitability of neurons in large portions of the central nervous system (CNS) including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. The possibility that these cholinergic mechanisms may be involved in the ascending control of arousal is the subject of the present chapter.
Functional properties of septo-hippocampal neurons
Authors: Lamour Y , Senut M C , Bassant M H , Dutar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medial septal area contains neurons which innervate several structures in the central nervous system, including the hippocampal formation (through the fimbriafornix (Fi-Fx)) the olfactory bulb, the cingulate cortex, and the interpeduncular nucleus (De Olmos et al. 1978; Lamour et al. 1984a; Meibach and Siegel 1977; Price and Powell 1970; Raisman 1966; Swanson and Cowan 1979). The neurons of origin of these various pathways have a different topography within the medial septa! area. A significant proportion of these projection neurons are immunoreactive for ChAT, the synthesizing enzyme of ACh and are thus cholinergic.
Acetylcholine and neuronal plasticity in somatosensory cortex
Authors: Dykes R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the phenomena referred to as neuronal plasticity are long-lasting changes in function that come about through changes in the effectiveness of communication between neurons. Although some cases of neuronal plasticity have been shown to be due to sprouting of axons to establish new connections (Cotman and Nieto-Sampedro 1984), many changes in excitability appear to involve pre-existing synapses that are uncovered or strengthened in some way (Wall 1985; Merzenich et al. 1983a,b; Dykes and Metherate 1988). This chapter discusses processes to strengthen these pre-existing connections.
Kew Index For 1989 Ames At Generic Rank And Below
Authors: Davies R A , Lloyd K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ABELIOPHYLLUM (Oleac.). distichum f eburneum T.B. Lee in J. Korean Pl. Taxon., 7(1-2): 22 (1976), without type— Korea. var. obtusicarpum T.B. Lee in J. Korean Pl. Taxon., 7(1–2): 22 (1976)—Korea. f viridicalycinum T.B. Lee in J. Korean Pl. Taxon., 7(1-2): 22 (1976), without type—Korea.
Perceptual and automatic aspects of the postural body scheme
Authors: Gurfinkel V S , Levick Yu. S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Posture can be defined as a body position that an animal or human being maintains for a relatively long time. Posture is characterized by a definite set of joint angles, the maintenance of which is provided by a number of reflex mechanisms. Nevertheless, it should be stressed that, in addition to the relative position of the body parts, the definite orientation of the body with respect to external space is also important. Special systems must exist to provide the capability for orientating the body with respect to a solid supporting surface, to the flow of air or water, to the gravitational field, or to the visual environment. Such spatial orientation is necessary not only for the maintenance of basic postural attitude but also for the performance of locomotor, manipulatory, and orientational movements. Our systematic thinking about the maintenance of the relative position of body parts must be supplemented by an analysis of the physiological mechanisms required for forming the basis of spatial orientation. The notion of spatial orientation apparently includes a set of different properties, such as the ability to form the concepts of verticality and horizontality, and to determine, for example, the directions of different objects in external space, their relative positions, and the distances to them. These aspects of spatial orientation are considered in other chapters. We are going to discuss only those aspects that are connected with the maintenance of posture.
Molecular biology
Authors: Nicholas F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular biology is a general term encompassing the manipulation of DNA and RNA in the laboratory. As well as providing powerful research tools, molecular biology is already being applied in vaccine production, veterinary diagnosis, manufacture of therapeutic proteins, detection of carriers of harmful genes, and in gene therapy. In the future, it will be increasingly difficult to find areas of animal health and production that are not substantially affected by this technology. In the following account, we shall review the most important features of this rapidly expanding field.
Single genes in populations
Authors: Nicholas F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most single-gene disorders are rare and consequently are not cause for great concern. Occasionally, however, a disorder due to a single gene reaches a high frequency among the animals belonging to one or a few breeders, or sometimes within a breed as a whole. The economic consequences of such an increase in frequency are sometimes quite severe, and breeders often ask how the disorder can be decreased in frequency, if not eliminated. In order to give useful advice, we need to know more than just simple Mendelian genetics; we must also understand the way in which genes behave within a herd or flock or kennel or cattery, or within a breed as a whole. In other words, we need to understand the basic principles of population genetics. The aim of this chapter is to explain those basic principles.
lmmunogenetics
Authors: Nicholas F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a foreign substance enters an animal or sometimes even if it just touches the animal’s skin, that animal automatically and unconsciously responds to the ‘attack’ by attempting to inactivate or destroy the foreign substance. Such a response is called an immune response, and the protection it provides is called immunity. There are two main types of immune response, each of which is brought about primarily by the action of a different type of lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell). Lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow stem cells. Those that migrate to the thymus become T lymphocytes (often called T cells), while those that migrate to the Bursa of Fabricius in chickens, or remain in the bone marrow in mammals, become B lymphocytes (B cells).
Infectious Diseases of Humans
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book combines mathematical models with extensive use of epidemiological and other data, to achieve a better understanding of the overall dynamics of populations of pathogens or parasites and their human hosts. The authors thus provide an analytical framework for evaluating public health strategies aimed at controlling or eradicating particular infections. With rising concern for programmes of primary health care against such diseases as measles, malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness, and schistosomiasis in developing countries, and the advent of HIV/AIDS and other `emerging viruses', such a framework is increasingly important. Throughout, the mathematics is used as a tool for thinking clearly about fundamental and applied problems relating to infectious diseases. The book is divided into two major parts, one dealing with microparasites (viruses, bacteria, and protozoans) and the other with macroparasites (helminths and parasitic arthropods). Each part begins with simple models, developed in a biologically intuitive way, and then goes on to develop more complicated and realistic models as tools for public health planning. A major contribution by two of the leaders in the field, this book synthesizes previous work in this rapidly growing area with much new material, combining work scattered between the ecological and medical literature.
Biology of host-microparasite associations
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our operational definition of a microparasite encompasses a wide variety of different organisms ranging from simple viruses to ontogenetically complex organisms such as the malarial parasites. Their life cycles may be simple with transmission from person to person being direct, through contact with infective stages that are free-living in the environment, or through intimate contact between hosts such that no free-living phase occurs (e.g. the sexually transmitted infections), or through vectors or intermediate hosts within which parasite development or reproduction may or may not occur. Development during the life cycle may again be simple, as in the case of viral replication within a host cell and transmission between cells, or highly complex as in the alternate phases of asexual and sexual reproduction in the life cycles of the malarial or trypanosome protozoan parasites. We do not discuss here the recondite details that make each parasite life cycle distinct since this approach is well covered by other texts (see Fenner and White 1975; Cox 1982). Instead we focus on two areas: the first concerns immune responses to microparasitic infection and their consequences for population growth of a parasite within an individual host; and the second concerns the epidemiological data that are available (or can in practice be acquired) both to estimate model parameters and to test theoretical predictions.
Static aspects of eradication and control
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important consequence of these indirect effects is that it is not necessary to immunize everyone in order to eradicate an infection. Once the vaccination coverage has reached some critical level, the microparasite will be unable to maintain its reproductive rate above unity. As it will never be possible to immunize every last individual, such indirect effects of ‘herd immunity’ are crucial in eradication programmes.
The ecology and genetics of host-parasite associations
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our interest in the work described in this book originally grew out of our attempts to understand the extent to which parasites—broadly defined to include viral, bacterial, protozoan, and fungal pathogens along with the more conventionally defined helminth parasites—regulate the numerical abundance or geographical distribution of non-human animal populations. This is an area that ecologists have tended to neglect. A growing number of field, laboratory, and theoretical studies have focused on the possibility that predators may influence animal numbers or affect the geographical distribution of species, but only very recently have the ‘predatory’ effects of parasites begun to receive similar attention.