bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why the Events Matter: 2. God's Atoning Work
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt was argued in the previous chapter that viewing the incarnational narrative as non-historical myth is a great loss, since without historicity, the narrative cannot be seen as a record of the divine actions whereby a historical relationship between humans and God is established. Nor proposals to view the narrative as myth take seriously the problem traditionally described by theologians under the concept of human sinfulness. It is only when it is seen how difficult it is to establish a proper relation with God that the significance of the narrative that tells how such a relation is made possible gains its full power. It is in the doctrine of atonement that the Christian faith has traditionally expressed its view of how Jesus made it possible for this relation to be healed, and classical theories of atonement are attempts to articulate how God’s actions in history make salvation possible (although the idea that Jesus atoned for humans by his life, death and resurrection is regarded by many as raising more difficulties than it solves). This chapter attempts to show that the need for atonement is still evident in human experience, and that versions of this doctrine are possible that are not vulnerable to standard, popular objections.
Awareness of the Narrative: Do We Need to Know?
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of whether historical awareness of the incarnational narrative is necessary for salvation or not; in other words, the belief that although the salvation of the human race depends on the career of Jesus, this does not necessarily mean that it is crucial for anyone to be aware of the incarnational narrative. The various arguments and views on this subject, and the problems raised by it are explored, in particular the fact that if, historical awareness of the narrative is necessary, then many people are excluded from the possibility of salvation for reasons that appear morally unacceptable. The different sections of the chapter are: the dilemma of historical particularity; how egalitarian is God?; and election and particularity. The author concludes that it is possible to take seriously the idea that the historical knowledge of Jesus is of tremendous value without holding that those who are blocked from conscious faith are permanently excluded from God’s kingdom.
Miracles: Their Possibility and Knowability
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
As explained in the previous chapter, there are substantial arguments that knowledge of the events of the incarnational narrative is not even possible. Several of these centre around the notion of special acts of God in history, and the incarnational narrative as traditionally understood includes such acts. This chapter examines a cluster of objections to such acts of God, the first of which is that such special acts of God are problematic – either such acts are impossible, or they are epistemologically unrecognizable. Another objection examined is the claim that belief in such special acts is religiously or theologically objectionable. The different sections of the chapter are: special acts of God; could God perform miracles?; can a miracle be conceived?; is it possible to have good evidence for miracles?; must we be methodological naturalists (objections to miracles from methodological naturalism)?; and, are miracles theologically objectionable?
Introduction. The Role of Scribes in the Transmission of Biblical Literature
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Scribal practice provides the most concrete evidence for the transmission of a body of tradition, and of its elucidation and clarification. The nature and institution of scribal practice in ancient Israel is considered. Various features of the scribal guilds of ancient Israel are presented, and numerous examples provided from diverse genres. Evidence for textual transmission in the form of colophons and title‐lines; of references to gathering and selecting materials; and the clarification and correction of texts is provided. Comparisons with related materials from the ancient Near East and various versions of Scripture (e.g. the Septuagint and Samaritan Pentateuch) are made.
Pious Revisions and Theological Addenda
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An explication of pious revisions and theological additions is offered. Scribes corrected or transformed elements, which they found problematic or contradictory. This includes hints of myth or polytheism; pagan practices; or ambiguous theological formulations. Changes range from changing letters to revising words and formulations. Comparisons of parallel formulations within the Hebrew Bible, as well as of the Hebrew Bible (Masoretic text) and the Septuagint or Qumran scrolls are made.
Introduction. The Scope and Content of Biblical Law as a Factor in the Emergence of Exegesis
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduction to the unit on legal exegesis begins with a presentation of the scope and content of Biblical law as a factor in the emergence of exegesis. Such factors as verbal, semantic, and syntactic ambiguity of legal formulations; the feature of legal ellipses and gaps in the legal codes; the occurrence of repetitions and contradictions in the various legal corpora; and the phenomenon of ad hoc cases that do not clearly relate to existing rules and practices, are all noted as elements that sponsor interpretation among ongoing inheritors of the legal tradition in ancient Israel. Introductory comments on the various legal genres and types are offered.
Legal Exegesis With Covert Citations in Historical Sources
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTreats legal exegesis with covert citations in the historical sources. A detailed methodology is developed to show how ambiguous or unclear rules were taken up and revised in the later legal tradition of ancient Israel. In many cases, this involves comparison of the later legal formulations with those in the Pentateuch, with close attention being given to stylistics, nuances, and interpolations. Numerous rules that were reinterpreted with the Hebrew Bible (like the onset of counting of weeks to Pentacost; the scope of the second Passover), were still subject to interpretation in the diverse exegetical traditions of early Judaism.
Legal Exegesis and Explication in the Pentateuchal Legal Corpora
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProvides a detailed consideration of legal exegesis and explication in the pentateuchal legal corpora. It begins with an exposition of these corpora and the conditions that are condition interpretation. The types of exegesis found in these sources are explications and glosses; legal expansions with introductory formulas indicating analogy or similarity (e.g. ‘like’ or ‘also’); without introductory formulas (but involving interpolations and explications in parallel sources); legal restrictions with introductory formulas (e.g. ‘however’). A broad range of types from the civil and religious law are adduced. Also considered are types of legal comparisons, introduced with formulas (e.g. ‘like the rule’ or ‘just as...so’); as well as comparison of cases without formulas (involving the careful comparison of similar rules). Finally, the exegetical recombination of legal rules is considered. Altogether, a vast exegetical enterprise of revision and analysis is documented.
Conclusions
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA broad and comprehensive summary of this part emphasizes the forms of the ancient Israelite legal traditum and the types and content of its exegetical traditio. This phenomenon is placed within the context of ancient Near Eastern legal codes. Also considered are the types of legal reasoning and rationality that may be discerned in the biblical sources, and a careful evaluation of the evidence. These are related to the issue of lawmaking, lawfinding, and the role of exegesis. Modalities of analogical, synthetic, and qualifying exegesis are considered, as well as the different roles that revelation and tradition play in the different types of legal exegesis. Form‐critical analyses are also undertaken, and the whole is correlated to the emergence of ancient Jewish legal exegesis.
Aggadic Transformations of Non‐Legal Pentateuchal Traditions
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTakes up the topic of the aggadic transformation of non‐legal pentateuchal traditions. In this category are such matters as the theological treatment of topics in the Genesis narratives (e.g. the notion of the divine image of mankind; or later reflections on perceived mythic features); the manna tradition; the priestly blessing; and the varieties of reuse of the formulary of divine attributes in the diverse genres of Scripture. Also taken up is the topic of typologies, and various sub‐types are dealt with (e.g. typologies of a cosmological–historical nature; of a spatial nature; and of a biographical nature). By this means, the broad range of analogies and correlations drawn by early and later tradition are considered—both explicit and implicit.
Introduction. The Shape and Nature of Mantological Material as Factors for Exegesis
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIntroduces the topic of mantological exegesis, this being the interpretation and reinterpretation of prophecies, oracles, and other prognostications over time. The discussion begins with a consideration of those factors in the mantological materials that make for exegesis, like the ambiguity or absence of a time for the actualization of the forecast, as well as cases of failure of the prophecy to materialize and the need to determine its proper meaning. The mantological materials are also part of the traditum or ancient Israel, and their reinterpretation is part of its ongoing traditio and reception.
The Mantological Exegesis of Dreams, Visions, and Omens
Authors: Fishbane Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTreats the mantological exegesis of dreams, visions, and omens. It begins with a form‐critical presentation of their related types and terms; it also discusses some of the technical means and modes of this exegesis. Continuities and comparisons with related types of interpretation in ancient Near Eastern and Qumran sources are presented. This establishes the phenomenon within a broad professional and cultural context.
The Popes and European Revolution
Authors: Chadwick Owen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The effects of the European Revolution of 1789 to 1815 are described on the papacy and the Catholic Church of the ancient regime compared with that of the early nineteenth century. The book shows how strongly the Counter‐Reformation still worked in Italy during the eighteenth century, how it was the constitutional development of states, rather than the incoming of new ideas that forced change, and how traditional the Catholic world was even in the age of the Enlightenment. It shows reform at work, and the fierce pressure on the papacy that was marked first in the forced suppression of the Jesuits, and afterwards in the kidnapping of two successive popes by French governments. It also shows how revolution in Italy affected Church structures and brought on peasant war, yet encouraged, in a radical form, some improvements of Church life towards which the earlier reformers had striven. Finally, it shows the political swing of the Restoration after the fall of Napoleon, the way in which the Church was already associated with the political right, the great difficulties of restoring church life after the evolutionary years, and the persistence, half unnoticed, of earlier reforming ideas among Catholics. The book is arranged in two main parts (The Church of the old regime, four chapters; and Reform and revolution, four chapters), and there is a brief conclusion.
The Clergy
Authors: Chadwick Owen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An account is given of the position of the clergy in the Catholic Church in Europe in the eighteenth century, before the Enlightenment. The following aspects are covered: numbers of clergy, private masses, the exemption of priests from taxation, dress, celibacy, training, examination before appointment to a parish, the ordination of coloured priests, confession, the residence of priests in their parishes, church repairs, the receptiva church in Italy (a form of parish administered by a college of priests and sometimes by laymen also), patronage and election, a priest's books, the clergy and secular work, missions, the sermon, the cathedral chapter, retirement and pension, the bishop, the residence of bishops (the requirement for a bishop to remain in his see), visitations, diocesan synods, and the bishop's powers.
The Papal Monarchy
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Papal monarchy is a paradox, not a fact. Christianity has always drawn a firm line between church and state; yet the language of papal monarchy is inescapable in the high Middle Ages. It was also a time of fierce rivalry between the authority of kings and of popes and bishops. This book studies the way in which papal initiatives shaped the growth of church and society between 1050 and 1250, and the other elements which were shaping medieval ideas. The period was one that saw an increasingly international culture: religious orders such as Cluny, the Cistercians, Franciscans, and Dominicans spread far beyond local limits, and the crusades helped to define the culture of Christendom. The period also saw the clearer definition of the canon law of the church, the formulation of catholic theology in its later form, and thought about new social problems. The church also had to confront the threat of dissent and heresy. The year 1250 marks the stage when the French Capetian monarchy was replacing the previous influence of the German Hohenstaufen in Italy and when the great papal initiatives were coming to an end.
Monastic Growth and Change
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The century after 1050 has been called ‘the monastic crisis’, but a crisis, which lasts for a century appears to be a misnomer. It was a time of monastic growth and change: the number of monks increased rapidly, and the great abbey of Cluny acquired new houses throughout France and in neighbouring countries. There were numerous experiments at living the life of hermits, and regular canons were founded to live a new form of the communal life.
The Discord of Empire and Papacy 1073–1099
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Their relations were led from tension to violent conflict by Gregory VII, whose name has (wrongly) been given to the whole transformation of the government of the church, called the Gregorian reform. The issue began over the appointment of bishops and led to sentences of mutual deposition by pope and emperor. The whole period was one of fierce dispute over ideology between radicals and supporters of the old order.
The Government of the Church in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An enriched vocabulary of papal power was becoming evident. The right of the curia to hear appeals from all church courts was extended. At the same time the effective control of the local churches was put increasingly into the hand of the bishops. The power of the bishops and the intervention of the popes led to conflicts over the crown's attempts to control the national churches, illustrated in an extreme form in the Becket affair.
Dissent
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Signs of heretical protest are evident in the period from 1050–1140, although it is hard to be sure whether they are the result of outside influences or are protests against the new clericalization of society. From 1140, the Balkan influence is clear in the Cathar movement, while the Waldensians were a clear example of a reform movement of an ‘evangelical’ kind. Magic was thought of as relying on the power of the devil, and Jews, heresy and magic were often linked in a pattern of dissent.
Property, Privilege, and Law
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In principle, bishops were responsible for ecclesiastical revenues, but in practice other powers had secured vested rights over them. Tithes formed a basic part of the income of the church, while efficient bishops were committed to the restoration of alienated estates. The exemption of clergy from royal or civil courts was an issue of vigorous dispute. The formulation of canon law proceeded rapidly: a development against which some critics strongly protested.
Reason and Hope in a Changing World.
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Disciplined intellectual endeavour developed in the universities such as Paris and Oxford, whence masters (magistri) came to take part in church administration. The Paris theology of about 1200 had been dominant by concerns of pastoral care, but now it became increasingly speculative in character, influenced by the ideas of Aristotle conveyed through Arabic philosophers. The thought of Joachim of Fiore embodied a sharpened conviction of stages within history and the hope of its culmination in a Third Age.
The Sermons of Charles Wesley
Authors: Wesley Charles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCharles Wesley was a man with real hymnographic genius, and not surprisingly it is chiefly for his poetic legacy that he is remembered. However, he was much more than just a hymn‐writer, and along with his brother John, played a huge part in the birth and early growth of Methodism. To enable him to be assessed at his proper worth, major scholarship is required to bring all his prose works before a wider audience. Only twenty‐three sermons survive of the thousands he preached in his long life as a travelling evangelist, and as a more settled preacher. This volume collects together all these sermons, and presents a detailed text‐critical reading of them, with notes and indexes—including an index of the scripture quotations and allusions with which Wesley's work was totally saturated.There are four substantial introductory chapters, together making up a quarter of the book (90 pages out of 390). The first three examine in some depth the issues of Wesley and early Methodism; his preaching; and the theological characteristics and use of sources in his sermons. The fourth scrutinizes the sermon corpus in detail, considering the provenance and history of each of the twenty‐three sermons.
An Annotated Anthology of Hymns
Authors: Dudley-Smith Timothy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is an anthology of 250 hymns plus one, with a foreword by Timothy Dudley‐Smith, one of the greatest living hymn writers (the two hundred and fifty‐first hymn, which is a postscript to the anthology, is by him). It is intended in part as a sequel to the editor's The English Hymn (1997): some of the ideas in that book are here exemplified in hymns taken from the earliest Christian times to the present day. Each of the 250 hymns has a textual, critical, and historical annotation, indicating the circumstances of publication, the church history of the time, and the development of the text, and then drawing attention to special features of the work. The hymns are divided into sections, beginning with ‘Ancient and Medieval Hymns’ (in translation) and continuing through the centuries to the final section, ‘The Mid‐Twentieth Century, and the Hymn Explosion’. Some attention is also paid to the tunes to which each hymn has been set, and their composers, although the tunes are not printed. The foreword and the preface introduce the subject of hymns and hymn singing as a part of worship, and discuss hymns as sacred poetry. The conclusion of the introduction is that hymns are a valuable and underrated art form. The 250 hymns that follow attempt to demonstrate the truth of that argument.
The Development of an Ecclesiastical Rule of Law
Authors: Hess Hamilton 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Abundant evidence exists for the adaptation of civil practices, inclusive of the taking of minutes, for use in church councils. The minutes of the Council of Carthage held under Cyprian in September 256, the canons of the Council of Serdica, and of the Councils of Carthage in 345/8 and 390 bear clear witness to the employment of standard Roman parliamentary procedure in the presentation of topics, the mode of discussion, and the manner of reaching conclusions. It is also clear from the same evidence and from the models employed that the agreements were accepted for observance by the bishops who enacted them and were not normally, and certainly not widely, regarded at the time as universally binding regulations; they reflected instead the morally suasive conventions in Roman culture: consensus and the personal auctoritas of the decision makers. The concept and employment of church law, or canon law, as a code of universally or regionally binding statutes grew slowly, and in so doing it was largely inspired by the Roman civil code. This influence and the parallels in character between the ecclesiastical and civil codes can be observed in the shaping of the late‐fourth‐ to sixth‐century canonical collections that are discussed in Ch. 2.
Historical and Textual Problems
Authors: Hess Hamilton 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The canons of the Council of Serdica have presented three major problems to those who have studied them in modern times: their genuineness, their numbering, and the priority of original composition between the Greek and the Latin texts. Their genuineness, first questioned in 1846, was established by several scholars after considerable debate early in the twentieth century. The numbering of the canons is complicated by the absence of two from the Latin text that are present in the Greek, and two from the Greek text that are found in the Latin, but the various numbering systems that have been employed are, in fact, arbitrary, for the canons were not originally numbered, and in their present form they represent extracts from several flowing discussions. The problem of the priority between the Greek and the Latin is the most difficult to address, for strong arguments have been advanced for the priority of each, with the other being seen as a translation. The solution provided by the present author is that both the Latin and Greek texts originated at the council itself as minutes taken by bilingual scribes, or by scribes assisted by translators.
Early Textual Transmission and Development
Authors: Hess Hamilton 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Addresses three textual problems: the transmission of the Latin text of the Serdican canons, the early history of the Greek text and its differences from the Latin, and the derivation of a third textual version of the canons known as the version of Theodosius Diaconus. All evidence points towards the probability that the Latin text of the canons arrived in Rome shortly after the Serdican council and that they were soon mistakenly identified as acts of the Council of Nicaea. It seems likely that the Greek text was first taken to Thessalonica and remained unknown elsewhere for over half a century. It is demonstrated in this chapter that by the use of the textual analyses in the chapters to follow the several instances of different meanings between the Greek and Latin texts in parallel passages were probably caused by later scribal or editorial changes, some accidental and others purposeful, in both the Greek and the Latin. The version of Theodosius Diaconus is an early Latin translation from the Greek text, which provides valuable evidence for the relationship between the Greek and the Latin.