bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New anisotropic models from isotropic solutions
Authors: Maharaj S. D. , Chaisi M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe establish an algorithm that produces a new solution to the Einstein field equations, with an anisotropic matter distribution, from a given seed isotropic solution. The new solution is expressed in terms of integrals of known functions, and the integration can be completed in principle. The applicability of this technique is demonstrated by generating anisotropic isothermal spheres and anisotropic constant density Schwarzschild spheres. Both of these solutions are expressed in closed form in terms of elementary functions, and this facilitates physical analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H NMR assignment and secondary structure of recombinant RGD‐hirudin
Authors: Liu Xingang , Yan Xiaomin , Mo Wei , Song Houyan , Dai Linsen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe conformation of a new recombinant RGD‐hirudin, which has the activities of anti‐thrombin and anti‐platelet aggregation, was investigated by multi‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The 1H NMR spectra of this protein are assigned in a sequential manner by using a combination of 2D NMR techniques to demonstrate through‐bond and through‐space (<5 Å) connectivities. The secondary structure of recombinant RGD‐hirudin was deduced from chemical shift indices, sequential NOEs and 3JHNα coupling constants. The results show that the recombinant RGD‐hirudin has two anti‐parallel β‐sheets and no α‐helix, and also that the Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) binding motif of this protein is located at the end of a long arm, which consists of two anti‐parallel β‐strands (residues 26–31 and 36–41). As the strands are connected by a β‐turn, the recombinant RGD‐hirudin acquires high flexibility and inhibits platelet aggregation more effectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective elastic properties of the double‐periodically cracked plates
Authors: Wang G. S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this paper, the interaction of double‐periodical cracks is accurately solved based on the isolating analysis procedure, superposition principle, pseudo‐traction method, Chebyshev polynomial expansion and crack‐surface collocation technique. The jump displacement crossing crack faces, the average additional strain and therefore the effective compliance of the double‐periodically cracked plate are directly determined. The numerical results for axial‐symmetrically distributed double‐periodical cracks, general double‐periodical cracks with one collinear direction as well as two sets of double‐periodical cracks with same size and square distribution are given in this paper. And the partial typical numerical results are compared with the previous works. The analysis shows that the anisotropy induced by the general double‐periodical cracks is generally not orthogonal anisotropy. Only when the double‐periodical cracks are axial‐symmetrically distributed, is the anisotropy orthogonal. In this special cases, the effective engineering constants (consist of effective elastic modulus, the effective Poisson's ratio, the effective shear modulus) of cracked plate versus crack spacing, in the plane stress and plane strain conditions, respectively, are analysed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal harvesting in an integrodifference population model
Authors: Joshi Hem Raj , Lenhart Suzanne , Gaff Holly 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe consider the harvest of a certain proportion of a population that is modelled by an integrodifference equation. This model is discrete in time and continuous in the space variable. The dispersal of the population is modelled by an integral of the population density against a kernel function. The control is the harvest, and the goal is to maximize the profit. The optimal control is characterized by introducing an adjoint function. This paper gives the first optimal control result in integrodifference equations. Numerical results and interpretations are given for four different kernels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and functional characterization of a 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Mycoplasma pneumoniae (GI: 13508087)
Authors: Chen Shengfeng , Yakunin Alexander F. , Proudfoot Michael , Kim Rosalind , Kim Sung‐Hou 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMycoplasma pneumoniae 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase [MTHFS; also known as 5‐formyltetrahydrofolate cycloligase; Enzyme Commission (EC) 6.3.3.2] belongs to a large cycloligase protein family with 97 sequence homologues from bacteria to human. To help define the molecular (biochemical and biophysical) function of the M. pneumoniae MTHFS, we have previously determined its crystal structure at 2.2 Å resolution (Chen et al., Proteins 2004;56:839–843). In this current study, activity assays confirmed the functionality of the recombinant protein, with Km = 165 μM for 5‐formyltetrahydrofolate (5‐FTHF) and Km = 166 μM for MgATP. The methenyltetrahydrofolate activity of M. pneumoniae MTHFS has a requirement for divalent metal ions with Mg2+ being most effective, and an absolute requirement for nucleoside 5′‐triphosphates with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) being most effective. Crystallization in the presence of substrates (MgATP, with or without 5‐FTHF) produced the complex structures of the protein with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate at 2.2 Å resolution; with ADP, phosphate, and 5‐FTHF at 2.5 Å resolution. These structures directly demonstrated that the role of Mg2+ in the reaction is to form the ATPMg2+–enzyme complex. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structures of vertebrate hyaluronidases and their unique enzymatic mechanism of hydrolysis
Authors: Jedrzejas Mark J. , Stern Robert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHuman hyaluronidases (Hyals) are a group of five endo‐β‐acetyl‐hexosaminidase enzymes, Hyal‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐4, and PH‐20, which degrade hyaluronan using a hydrolytic mechanism of action. Catalysis by these Hyals has been shown to follow a double‐displacement scheme. This involves a single Glu residue within the enzyme, the only catalytic residue, as the proton donor (acid). Also involved is a carbonyl group of the hyaluronan (HA) N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine as a unique type of nucleophile. Thus the substrate participates in the mechanism of action of its own catalysis. An oxocarbonium ion transition state is postulated, but there is no formation of a covalent enzyme–glycan intermediate, as found in most such reactions. The major domain is catalytic and has a distorted (β/α)8 triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel fold. The C‐terminal domain is separated by a peptide linker. Each Hyal has a different C‐terminal sequence and structure, the function of which is unknown. These unique C‐termini may participate in the additional function(s) associated with these multifunctional enzymes. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does secondary structure determine tertiary structure in proteins?
Authors: Gong Haipeng , Rose George D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIs highly approximate knowledge of a protein's backbone structure sufficient to successfully identify its family, superfamily, and tertiary fold? To explore this question, backbone dihedral angles were extracted from the known three‐dimensional structure of 2,439 proteins and mapped into 36 labeled, 60° × 60° bins, called mesostates. Using this coarse‐grained mapping, protein conformation can be approximated by a linear sequence of mesostates. These linear strings can then be aligned and assessed by conventional sequence‐comparison methods. We report that the mesostate sequence is sufficient to recognize a protein's family, superfamily, and fold with good fidelity. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small peptides, big world: biotechnological potential in neglected bioactive peptides from arthropod venoms
Authors: Pimenta Adriano M. C. , De Lima Maria Elena 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUntil recently, a toxinologist's tasks involved the search for highly toxic or lethal toxins in animal venoms that could explain the harmful effects in clinically observed symptoms. Most of these toxins were put on evidence using a function to structure approach, in which a biological phenomena observation usually guided the isolation and characterization of the causative molecule. Paving this way, many toxins were promptly purified because of their readily observed effect. Nevertheless, small molecules with micro‐effects that are not easily visualized can be relatively neglected or poorly studied. This situation has changed now with the advent of the sensitivity, resolution and accuracy of techniques such as mass spectrometry and proteomic approaches used in toxinology. Taking advantage of these methodologies, small peptides with ‘newly exploited’ biological activities such as vasoactive, hormone‐like, antimicrobial and others have been recently given much more attention, enlarging the known repertoire of bioactive molecules found in animal venoms. This article aims to review current knowledge on small biologically active peptides (<3 kDa) found in arthropod venoms and discuss their potentialities as new drug candidates or therapeutic lead compounds. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Function and therapeutic potential of host defence peptides
Authors: Mcphee Joseph B. , Hancock Robert E. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCationic host defence (antimicrobial) peptides are an important component of the innate immune systems of a wide variety of plants, animals, and bacteria. Although most of these compounds have direct antimicrobial activities under specific conditions, a greater appreciation for the diversity of functions of these molecules is beginning to develop in the field. In addition to their directly antimicrobial activities, they also have a broad spectrum of activity on the host immune system, with both pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory effects being invoked. Increasingly sophisticated approaches to understand the role of host defence peptides in modulating innate immunity are already serving to guide the development of novel therapeutics. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature evolution of the local order parameter in relaxor ferroelectrics (1 – x)PMN–xPZT
Authors: Gridnev S. A. , Glazunov A. A. , Tsotsorin A. N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the local order parameter and relaxation time distribution function have been determined in (1 – x)PMN–xPZT ceramic samples via dielectric permittivity. Above the Burns temperature, the permittivity was found to follow the Currie–Weiss law, and with temperature decreasing the deviation was observed to increase. A local order parameter was calculated from the dielectric data using a modified Landau–Devonshire approach. These results are compared to the distribution function of relaxation times. It was found that a glasslike freezing of reorientable polar clusters occurs in the temperature range of diffuse relaxor transition. The evolution of the studied system to more ordered state arises from the increased PZT content. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultra‐low energy SIMS study of ultra‐shallow boron implants in HPHT diamond
Authors: Guzmán de la Mata B. , Dowsett M. G. , Palitsin V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe primary beam energy and species (Cs+, Ar+) dependence of ultra low energy SIMS depth profiles of ultra‐shallow boron implants into CVD grown diamond is investigated in this paper. The data are compared with TRIM simulation of the 5 keV 11B+ implant. Cs+ profiles (1 keV, 30°) appear to be seriously distorted by atomic mixing and recoil implantation due to the high mass of the probe. Ar+ profiles (300 eV–1 keV, 0°) are less distorted, but both Cs+ and Ar+ tend to produce significant tails. The Ar+ SIMS profiles produce implants which appear to be shallower than the TRIM simulation. We show that profiling using Ar+ with energies between 0.3 and 1 keV can be used to extrapolate a profile to zero beam energy. The extrapolated data indicate a centroid between 5 and 10 nm from the surface, whereas TRIM predicts 11 nm. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Matrix rounding with respect to small submatrices
Authors: Doerr Benjamin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe show that any real valued matrix A can be rounded to an integer one B such that the error in all 2 × 2 (geometric) submatrices is less than 1.5, that is, we have |aij − bij| < 1 and $|\sum_{k = i}^{i+1}\sum_{\ell = j}^{j+1} (a_{k\ell} - b_{k\ell})| < 1.5$ for all i,j. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2006
XPS studies of octadecylphosphonic acid (OPA) monolayer interactions with some metal and mineral surfaces
Authors: McIntyre N. S. , Nie H. ‐ Y. , Grosvenor A. P. , Davidson R. D. , Briggs D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPartial and complete self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of octadecylphosphonic acid (OPA) have been deposited onto air‐exposed surfaces of the metals copper, silver, gold, iron, silicon and aluminium, as well as onto freshly cleaved, air‐exposed surfaces of the minerals muscovite and biotite. The line width of the C(1s) signal in the XPS spectra of the surface narrowed, as the extent of coverage increased to 100%, to a half‐width of 0.9 eV. Moreover, the line widths associated with the insulating muscovite substrate also became substantially narrower as OPA coverage increased. Binding energy differences on this charge‐shifted surface were found to be more consistent when OPA was used as a charge reference, compared to using adventitious carbon as a reference. OPA coverage of the air‐exposed metals copper, silver, gold and iron also produced narrow C(1s) spectra whose binding energies were consistently close to 284.9 eV. The C(1s) binding energy positions on Al and Si samples were charge‐shifted by the insulating nature of the thin oxide formed on air exposure, or by the insulating nature of the substrate in the case of the minerals. Correction of the observed C(1s) energy position to 284.9 eV gave sets of elemental binding energies for the substrate materials that were reproducible. Thus, OPA coverage could be a possible alternative candidate for use in charge correction of binding energies of insulating materials. The OPA coverage cases were modelled using the software QUASES™ Analyse. For the substrates copper, silver, gold, iron and aluminium, analyses of the metal core line spectra gave OPA overlayer thicknesses close to those measured by AFM (1.6 nm). However, QUASES™ analyses of the C(1s) extrinsic backgrounds for the same surfaces required the use of an attenuation length of only 0.4 nm to derive a comparable thickness—much lower than literature values for carbon. This discrepancy is ascribed to the structured nature of the SAM. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audit of Anaesthetic Chart Documentation in Major Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Davis S. 
Published: August 2005

Objective: To investigate the completeness of documentation of anaesthetic charts in elective orthopaedic anaesthesia.Design: Data collection from medical records.Setting: Orthopaedic department, teaching hospital.Participants: Anonymous anaesthetic consultants participating in orthopaedic surgery.Intervention: E-mail and verbal message regarding 2nd data collection to anaesthetic colleagues.Main outcome measures: Documentation of data of variables on anaesthetic chart.Results: Good documentation of most variables. An average improvement of 5.7% in data documentation, range of −2.7% to 24.7%. Poor documentation of blood loss and urinary output.Conclusions: The importance of the anaesthetic chart cannot be underestimated. A close working relationship with ones colleagues in anaesthesia promotes a fuller use of the chart and contributes to its continued development as a source of information.
Inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase reduce carrageenan‐induced hind paw inflammation in pentobarbital‐treated mice: comparison with indomethacin and possible involvement of cannabinoid receptors
Authors: Holt Sandra , Comelli Francesca , Costa Barbara , Fowler Christopher J 
Published: August 2005

The in vivo effect of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) upon oedema volume and FAAH activity was evaluated in the carrageenan induced hind paw inflammation model in the mouse. Oedema was measured at two time points, 2 and 4 h, after intraplantar injection of carrageenan to anaesthetised mice.
Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg kg−1) 30 min prior to carrageenan administration, dose‐dependently reduced oedema formation. At the 4 h time point, the ED50 for URB597 was ∼0.3 mg kg−1. Indomethacin (5 mg kg−1 i.p.) completely prevented the oedema response to carrageenan.
The antioedema effects of indomethacin and URB597 were blocked by 3 mg kg−1 i.p. of the CB2 receptor antagonist SR144528. The effect of URB597 was not affected by pretreatment with the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (30 mg kg−1 i.p.) or the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (10 mg kg−1 i.p.), when oedema was assessed 4 h after carrageenan administration. The CB1 receptor antagonists AM251 (3 mg kg−1 i.p.) and rimonabant (0.5 mg kg−1 i.p.) gave inconsistent effects upon the antioedema effect of URB597.
FAAH measurements were conducted ex vivo in the paws, spinal cords and brains of the mice. The activities of FAAH in the paws and spinal cords of the inflamed vehicle‐treated mice were significantly lower than the corresponding activities in the noninflamed mice. PMSF treatment almost completely inhibited the FAAH activity in all three tissues, as did the highest dose of URB597 (3 mg kg−1) in spinal cord samples, whereas no obvious changes were seen ex vivo for the other treatments.
In conclusion, the results show that in mice, treatment with indomethacin and URB597 produce SR144528‐sensitive anti‐inflammatory effects in the carrageenan model of acute inflammation.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 467–476. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706348
Functional characterisation of the S512Y mutant vanilloid human TRPV1 receptor
Authors: Sutton Kathy G , Garrett Elizabeth M , Rutter A Richard , Bonnert Timothy P , Jarolimek Wolfgang , Seabrook Guy R 
Published: August 2005

Mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channels include the nonselective cation channel TRPV1, which is activated by a range of stimuli including low pH, vanilloids and heat. Previously, selective mutagenesis experiments identified an intracellular residue (S512Y) critical to discriminating between pH and vanilloid (capsaicin) gating of the rat TRPV1 receptor.
In this study, switching the equivalent residue in the human TRPV1 (which has some significant differences with the rat TRPV1) also rendered this channel relatively insensitive to activation by capsaicin and proved critical in determining the receptor's sensitivity to the putative endovanilloid N‐arachidonoyl‐dopamine (NADA), suggesting a similar mode of activation for these two agonists.
Potency of pH gating was reduced; however, voltage‐dependent outward rectification properties of the pH‐dependent current and gating by heat and pH sensitisation of the S512Y heat response remained unaffected.
Surprisingly, residual capsaicin gating was detected and could be sensitised by pH even in the presence of a competitive antagonist. Taken together, these findings indicate that effective functional interaction of capsaicin with the S512Y channel still occurred, although the vanilloid‐dependent gating per se was severely compromised.
This observation provides additional evidence for capsaicin interacting at multiple sites, distinct from the S512 residue located close to the intracellular face of the pore.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 702–711. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706356
Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide formation reduces the organ injury caused by endotoxemia
Authors: Collin Marika , Anuar Farhana B M , Murch Oliver , Bhatia Madhav , Moore Philip K , Thiemermann Christoph 
Published: August 2005

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gaseous transmitter, which may play important roles in normal physiology and disease. Here, we investigated the role of H2S in the organ injury caused by severe endotoxemia in the rat.
Male Wistar rats were subjected to acute endotoxemia (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 6 mg kg−1 intravenously (i.v.) for 6 h) and treated with vehicle (saline, 1 ml kg−1 i.v.) or DL‐propargylglycine (PAG, 10–100 mg kg−1 i.v.), an inhibitor of the H2S‐synthesizing enzyme cystathionine‐γ‐lyase (CSE). PAG was administered either 30 min prior to or 60 min after the induction of endotoxemia.
Endotoxemia resulted in circulatory failure (hypotension and tachycardia) and an increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (markers for hepatic injury), lipase (indicator of pancreatic injury) and creatine kinase (indicator of neuromuscular injury). In the liver, endotoxemia induced a significant increase in the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and in the expression and activity of the H2S‐synthesizing enzymes CSE and cystathionine‐β‐synthase.
Administration of PAG either prior to or after the injection of LPS dose‐dependently reduced the hepatocellular, pancreatic and neuromuscular injury caused by endotoxemia, but not the circulatory failure. Pretreatment of rats with PAG abolished the LPS‐induced increase in the MPO activity and in the formation of H2S and in the liver.
These findings support the view that an enhanced formation of H2S contributes to the pathophysiology of the organ injury in endotoxemia. We propose that inhibition of H2S synthesis may be a useful therapeutic strategy against the organ injury associated with sepsis and shock.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 498–505. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706367