bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of azeotropic mixtures using hyperbranched polymers or ionic liquids
Authors: Seiler Matthias , Jork Carsten , Kavarnou Asimina , Arlt Wolfgang , Hirsch Rolf 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn this work the suitability of selected commercially available hyperbranched polymers and ionic liquids as entrainers for the extractive distillation and as extraction solvents for the liquid–liquid extraction is investigated. Based on thermodynamic studies on the influence of hyperbranched polymers and ionic liquids on the vapor–liquid and liquid–liquid equilibrium of the azeotropic ethanol–water and THF–water systems, process simulations are carried out, which allow evaluating the potential of hyperbranched polymers and ionic liquids as selective components for the mentioned applications in terms of feasibility and energetic efficiency. Both hyperbranched polymers and ionic liquids break a variety of azeotropic systems. Since their selectivity, capacity, viscosity, and thermal stability can be customized, they appear superior to many conventional entrainers and extraction solvents. For the ethanol–water separation, the nonvolatile substances hyperbranched polyglycerol and [EMIM]+[BF4]− show a remarkable entrainer performance and therefore enable extractive distillation processes, which require less energy than the conventional process using 1,2‐ethanediol as an entrainer. Evaluation of a new THF–water separation process indicates the competitiveness of the suggested process and a considerable potential of using hyperbranched polymers as extraction solvents. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 50: 2439–2454, 2004
A case of Kabuki (Niikawa‐Kuroki) syndrome associated with manifestations resembling C‐trigonocephaly syndrome
Authors: David Grace , Sillence David , Hardwick Robert , Opitz John M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe report a 2‐year‐old boy with overlapping manifestations of the Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) and Opitz trigonocephaly syndromes. The proband was initially diagnosed with Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome on the basis of metopic craniosynostosis, upslanting palpebral fissures, high arched palate, redundant skin folds at the back of the neck, ventricular septal defect, broad flat thumbs, bilateral single palmar creases, left talipes equinovarus, eventration of right hemidiaphragm, and bilateral inguinal hernia. However, as he grew older, his facial profile changed to that typical of Kabuki syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supernumerary ring chromosome 8: Clinical and molecular cytogenetic characterization in a case report
Authors: Demori Eliana , Devescovi Raffaella , Benussi Daniela Gambel , Dolce Silvia , Carrozzi Marco , Villa Nicoletta , Miertus Jan , Amoroso Antonio , Pecile Vanna 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe report on a 3‐year‐old male with developmental delay, autistic behavior, and minor abnormalities consistent with trisomy 8 syndrome whose cytogenetic analysis revealed mosaicism for a supernumerary ring chromosome (SRC). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies, using centromeric and yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) probes, were performed to characterize further the supernumerary chromosome. The ring origin has been detected from the short arm of chromosome 8, resulting in r(8)(p10p23.1). Moreover, uniparental disomy (UPD) using microsatellite analysis was excluded. To our knowledge a total of 25 cases, confirmed by FISH, have been reported with either supernumerary marker or ring chromosome 8. We present a detailed clinical and molecular cytogenetic characterization of this additional case in order to better define the genotype–phenotype correlation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism with severe microdontia and skin anomalies: Confirmation of a new syndrome
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Tanpaiboon Pranoot , Unachak Kevalee , Praphanphoj Verayuth 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe report two related Thai children having a new syndrome of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD). The findings which classify them as having MOPD include IUGR, microcephaly, prominent nose and nasal bridge, small pinnae, short stature, cone‐shaped and ivory‐epiphyses, delayed bone age, slender long bones, and abnormal pelvis. The findings that distinguish them as having newly recognized syndrome consist of severe microdontia, malformed teeth, single‐rooted or rootless teeth, severely hypoplastic alveolar bone, café au lait spots, acanthosis nigricans, and areas of hypo‐ and hyperpigmented skin. The reported patients appear to have the same condition as the family reported by Kantaputra [2002: Am J Med Genet 111:420–428]. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148‐7299/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mosaic ring 12p and total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Authors: Harris Darren L. , Siu Benjamin L. , Hummel Marybeth , Harbert Kerry , Senft Jamie , Sargent Linda , Wenger Sharon L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAn infant born with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) was found to have an extra chromosome present as a small ring. Spectral karyotyping and FISH analysis identified the material as a duplication involving the short arm of chromosome 12. Previous cases describing a variety of cytogenetic abnormalities that have been associated with TAPVR are reviewed along with prior cases of duplication 12p with their associated findings. We believe ours is the first case to report the occurrence of mosaic ring 12p and its association with TAPVR. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual communication between breeding male and female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), and its relationship to infant care
Authors: Ziegler Toni E. , Jacoris Steve , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMale cotton‐top tamarins have been shown to be responsive to female scent cues of ovulation, and are known to actively participate in infant care during the time when their mates are fertile. We measured urinary androgen levels and glucocorticoids in seven father tamarins for the first month following the birth of infants to determine 1) whether male tamarins showed an androgen response to their mate's postpartum ovulation, 2) when androgens rise relative to ovulation, 3) whether there is a glucocorticoid response, and 4) whether males alter their parenting behavior during their mate's receptive period. All of the males showed a significant increase in urinary androgens prior to the female's postpartum LH peak, which indicated ovulation. The hormonal increase, which included estradiol, occurred 3–7 days prior to the female's LH peak at a time that coincided with the female's follicular period. Corticosterone levels also peaked during that time, but did not correlate with androgen changes. Fathers did not alter their daily infant‐carrying patterns relative to the androgen increase or at the time of the mate's LH peak. We conclude that male cotton‐top tamarins experience an increase in androgens that coincides with their mate's postpartum ovulation, which ensures optimal fertility. However, this sexual communication does not alter father–infant interactions, which already occur at a high rate in this species. Am. J. Primatol. 64:57–69, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance rank and fecal testosterone levels in adult male Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Muehlenbein Michael P. , Watts David P. , Whitten Patricia L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn an attempt to describe hormone–behavior interactions in a sample of wild male chimpanzees, we quantified testosterone in 67 fecal samples obtained from 22 adult male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. A mixed‐model methodology that controlled for age‐class identified a significant positive association between testosterone levels and dominance rank. The results are consistent with those reported from a separate, smaller chimpanzee community in the same population in a study that analyzed testosterone levels in urine [Muller & Wrangham, 2004]. As in that earlier study, our results held during a period of social stability, which is not consistent with predictions of the “challenge hypothesis.” We concur with Muller and Wrangham [2004] that the challenge hypothesis requires modification to explain the chimpanzee data, because fission‐fusion sociality in chimpanzees makes challenges unpredictable. We also discuss the utility of fecal samples and a mixed‐model statistical method for behavioral endocrinology studies. Am. J. Primatol. 64:71–82, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative data on training new world primates to urinate
Authors: Smith Tessa E. , Mccallister Josephine M. , Gordon Stephen J. , Whittikar Melanie 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis study assessed the effectiveness of operant conditioning in training three species of captive callitrichid primates (Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix geoffroyi, and Saguinus imperator) to urinate on demand. There were three goals to the study: 1) to develop a system for quantitatively assessing positive reinforcement training; 2) to ascertain whether or not positive reinforcement techniques can be used to train callitrichid monkeys to urinate on demand, and if so, how many training sessions are required; and 3) to determine the effect on urination behavior of the trainer entering the cage to collect a urine sample. Positive reinforcement with a continuous reinforcement schedule was used to capture a natural behavior: urination. Training sessions (30 min each) were conducted at dawn thrice weekly during five consecutive phases: habituation, control, training (animals were rewarded for urinating), maintenance (animals had reached a defined training criteria and continued to be rewarded for urinating), and collection (animals were rewarded for urinating, and the trainer entered the cage to collect the sample). The numbers of 30‐min training sessions required to train the three monkey species (L. rosalia, C. geoffroyi, and S. imperator) were five, six, and eight, respectively. For the three species, the mean number of urinations per animal was significantly greater during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. However, the three species differed significantly in the manner in which the rates of urination changed across the five phases. A higher proportion of subjects urinated during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. Latency to first urination varied significantly across the five phases, with significantly reduced latencies to urinate during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. The entry of the trainer into the cage to collect the urine sample did not appear to alter urination behavior. We demonstrate that operant conditioning techniques, which typically incur minimal cost, time investment, and disturbance, can be used to increase the quantity of urine samples collected for physiological analysis, the proportion of animals that urinate, and the speed of sample collection. Am. J. Primatol. 64:83–93, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life‐history correlates of steroid concentrations in wild peripartum baboons
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Lynch Jessica Ward , Nguyen Nga , Alberts Susan C. , Gesquiere Laurence R. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSteroid concentrations during late pregnancy and early lactation may be affected by both a female's reproductive history and her current condition, and may in turn predict subsequent life‐history events, such as offspring survival. This study investigated these relationships in a wild primate population through the use of fecal steroid analysis in repeated sampling of peripartum baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Fecal samples were collected from 32 females in five groups within the Amboseli basin during 8 weeks prior to parturition and 13 weeks postpartum. From December 1999 through February 2002, 176 fecal samples were collected from individuals representing 39 peripartum periods. Fecal concentrations of progestins (fP), estrogen metabolites (fE), glucocorticoids (fGC), and testosterone metabolites (fT) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Steroid concentrations declined from late pregnancy to lactation, and the decline was greatest and most precipitous for fE and fP. Primiparous females had significantly higher mean fE concentrations in each of the last 2 months of pregnancy compared to multiparous females. Among multiparous females, fE and fT were significantly higher during late pregnancy in females carrying a male fetus compared to those carrying a female fetus. During early lactation, high fT in young mothers predicted subsequent infant death during the first year of life. These findings illustrate the potential power of repeated fecal‐steroid sampling to elucidate mechanisms of life‐history variability in natural populations. They also document significant differences in hormone profiles among subgroups, and highlight that such normative subgroup information is essential for interpreting individual variability in hormone–behavior associations. Am. J. Primatol. 64:95–106;, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining interferon β response status in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Rudick Richard A. , Lee Jar‐Chi , Simon Jack , Ransohoff Richard M. , Fisher Elizabeth 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIFN‐β is effective in reducing relapses and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). It is assumed that individual therapeutic responses vary, but methods to identify IFN‐β responsiveness have not been validated. Our objective was to evaluate methods to classify IFN‐β responder status using relapses and MRI lesions. Data was analyzed from 172 patients who were followed up in a placebo‐controlled clinical trial of IFN‐β1a for 2 years. Patients were classified as responders or nonresponders using (1) the number of relapses during the 2‐year trial; (2) the number of new T2 lesions after 2 years; and (3) the number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions at year 1 and year 2 on study. Outcomes included 2‐year change in the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite, and brain parenchymal fraction. We found that subgroups with high on‐study relapse numbers had more disease progression, differences between responder subgroups were similar in the IFN‐β1a and placebo arms. In contrast, subgroups with high numbers of new MRI lesions had significantly more disease progression only in the IFN‐β1a arm. Baseline characteristics failed to account for differential outcome. New MRI lesion activity during IFN‐β1a treatment correlates with poor response to IFN‐β1a. MRI classification may facilitate rational therapeutic decisions, better clinical trial designs, and studies correlating biomarkers with therapeutic response. Ann Neurol 2004
Deficient auditory interhemispheric transfer in patients with PAX6 mutations
Authors: Bamiou Doris‐Eva , Musiek Frank E. , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Free Samantha L. , Davies Rosalyn A. , Moore Anthony , van Heyningen Veronica , Luxon Linda M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPAX6 mutations are associated with absence/hypoplasia of the anterior commissure and reduction in the callosal area in humans. Both of these structures contain auditory interhemispheric fibers. The aim of this study was to characterize central auditory function in patients with a PAX6 mutation. We conducted central auditory tests (dichotic speech, pattern, and gaps in noise tests) on eight subjects with a PAX6 mutation and eight age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed absent/hypoplastic anterior commissure in six and a hypoplastic corpus callosum in three PAX6 subjects. The control group gave normal central auditory tests results. All the PAX6 subjects gave abnormal results in at least two tests that require interhemispheric transfer, and all but one gave normal results in a test not requiring interhemispheric transfer. The left ear scores in the dichotic speech tests was significantly lower in the PAX6 than in the control group. These results are consistent with deficient auditory interhemispheric transfer in patients with a PAX6 mutation, which may be attributable to structural and/or functional abnormalities of the anterior commisure and corpus callosum, although the exact contribution of these two formations to our findings remains unclear. Our unique findings broaden the possible functions of PAX6 to include neurodevelopmental roles in higher order auditory processing. Ann Neurol 2004
Structure and properties of flame‐sprayed poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) copolymer coatings
Authors: Öksüz Mustafa , Yıldırım Hüseyin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPowder coatings formed by flame spraying are being used in industrial applications. The resistance of plastics and their composite materials to chemicals, solvents, and atmospheric conditions and their high impact strength even at low service temperatures increase the importance of plastic and plastic‐based coatings. In this study, an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer powder was coated via flame spraying with gases of oxygen and acetylene. The bond strengths and microstructures of the coatings were determined with tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared. The bond strengths of the coatings were determined according to ASTM C 633. Oxidizing, carburizing, and neutral flames were used. The bond strengths were lower for the oxidizing and carburizing coatings than for the neutral flame coatings. The results indicated that during the flame‐spraying process, the composition, gas, spraying distance, and coating thickness were important factors in the coating bond strength. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1357–1364, 2004
Offbeat mice
Authors: Gaussin Vinciane 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the development and function of the cardiac conduction system using genetically modified mice. Null mice for different cardiac connexins confirmed their suspected roles in cardiac conduction and, in addition, unraveled unexpected roles in cardiac morphogenesis. Genetically modified mice with LacZ‐labeled conduction system cells are indispensable tools to the further understanding of the mechanisms governing the development of this system in the mammalian heart. Mouse models also addressed the role and contribution of specific signaling molecules, such as PRKAG2, Nkx2.5, ALK3, and Tbx5, in the development of the cardiac conduction system and the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction in humans. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional regulation of cardiac conduction system development: 2004 FASEB cardiac conduction system minimeeting, Washington, DC
Authors: Harris Brett S. , Jay Patrick Y. , Rackley Mary S. , Izumo Seigo , O'Brien Terrence X. , Gourdie Robert G. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe development of the complex network of specialized cells that form the atrioventricular conduction system (AVCS) during cardiac morphogenesis occurs by progressive recruitment within a multipotent cardiomyogenic lineage. Understanding the molecular control of this developmental process has been the focus of recent research. Transcription factors representative of multiple subfamilies have been identified and include members of zinc‐finger subfamilies (GATA4, GATA6 HF‐1b), skeletal muscle transcription factors (MyoD), T‐box genes (Tbx5), and also homeodomain transcription factors (Msx2 and Nkx2.5). Mutations in some of these transcription factors cause congenital heart disease and are associated with cardiac abnormalities, including deficits within the AVCS. Mouse models that closely phenocopy known human heart disease provide powerful tools for the study of molecular effectors of AVCS development. Indeed, investigations of the Nkx2.5 haploinsufficient mouse have shown that peripheral Purkinje fibers are significantly underrepresented. This piece of data corroborates our previous work showing in chick, mouse, and humans that Nkx2.5 is elevated in the differentiating AVCS relative to adjacent working ventricular myocardial tissues. Using the chick embryo as a model, we show that this elevation of Nkx2.5 is transient in the network of conduction cells comprising the peripheral Purkinje fiber system. Functional studies using defective adenoviral constructs, which disrupt the normal variation in level of this gene, result in perturbations of Purkinje fiber phenotype. Thus, the precise spatiotemporal regulation of Nkx2.5 levels during development may be required for the progressive emergence of gene expression patterns specific to differentiated Purkinje fiber cells. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empfehlung Nr.19 des Arbeitskreises 3.3 – Versuchstechnik Fels – der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V.: Messung der Spannungsänderung im Fels und an Felsbauwerken mit Druckkissen
Authors: Paul Axel , Walter Fritz 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFelsbaumaßnahmen ändern die Spannungen im umgebenden Gebirge. Zur Sicherung der Felsbauwerke werden diese Spannungsänderungen mit Druckkissen gemessen. Diese Empfehlung beschreibt den festen Einbau von Spannungsgebern in Fels oder Bauwerke und die Messung der Spannungsänderungen. Die Spannungsgeber bestehen aus dem Druckkissen und der Druckmeßeinheit die vollständig mit einer Druckflüssigkeit gefüllt sind. Gemessen wird entweder die nderung des Kissenvolumens (Deformationsprinzip) oder der Kissendruck (Kompensationsprinzip). Druckkissen stören die Gebirgsspannungen am wenigsten, wenn ihre Steifigkeit der des umgebenden Gesteins entspricht. Die Konzentration von Spannungen können Druckkissen auch durch geeignetes Design und geringes Höhen‐ zu Breitenverhältnis mindern. Die erzielbare Meßgenauigkeit wird durch die Auswahl und Kalibrierung des Spannungsgebers, die Qualität des Einbaus und den Meßbetrag bestimmt. Die Empfehlung schließt mit der Planung und Ausführung von Tunnelquerschnitten zur Messung von Spannungsänderungen, der Datenerfassung und Auswertung, der Darstellung der Meßergebnisse sowie der Dokumentation ab.
Exenatide: NMR/CD evaluation of the medium dependence of conformation and aggregation state
Authors: Hudson F. Michael , Andersen Niels H. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractExenatide, synthetic exendin‐4, is the first member of the incretin mimetic class of potential therapeutic agents. It has been the subject of extensive clinical trials in people with Type 2 diabetes. Results to date indicate that exenatide decreases postmeal blood glucose concentrations and that this effect is associated with weight loss. Prior NMR studies of exendin‐4 utilized 30% trifluoroethanol because this medium affords sharp, high‐resolution NMR spectra. These studies defined its three‐dimensional structure in this medium. The NMR‐derived ensemble included a novel tertiary structure motif that has subsequently been optimized, yielding water‐soluble Trp‐cage miniproteins. Prior to the present study, the structuring propensities (and aggregation/association state) of exendin‐4 in strictly aqueous media had not been established. Studies of exendin‐4 and N‐terminally truncated analogs of exendin have established that the structuring propensities of these species are highly medium dependent. This study extends knowledge of the medium dependence of exendin structure to DMSO–water mixtures and to aqueous media mimicking the formulation conditions for this investigational drug. Exenatide retains a substantial helical propensity from residues 9–27 even in 98% DMSO. The addition of water leads to the appearance of NMR diagnostics of the Trp‐cage formation. In strictly aqueous media (pH 4–4.4), exenatide is monomeric only at <10 μM peptide concentrations. Under these conditions the Trp cage is partially formed. NMR and CD data indicate that higher concentrations lead to helix bundle formation and that the helix/helix interactions involve residues 11–26. Both the N‐ and C‐termini of the helix bundle state display rapid segmental motion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004