bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rod pathway of the macaque monkey retina: Identification of AII‐amacrine cells with antibodies against calretinin
Authors: Wässle Heinz , Grüunert Ulrike , Chun Myung‐Noon , Boycott Brian B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAII‐amacrine cells were characterized from Golgi‐stained sections and wholemounts of the macaque monkey retina. Similar to other mammalian retinae, they are narrow‐field, bistratified amacrine cells with lobular appendages in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and a bushy, smoother dendritic tree in the inner half. AII cells of the monkey retina were stained immunocytochemically with antibodies against the calcium‐binding protein Calretinin. Their retinal mosaic was elaborated, and their density distribution across the retina was measured. Convergence within the rod pathway was calculated. Electron microscopy of Calretinin‐immunolabelled sections was used to study the synaptic connections of the AII cells. They receive a major input from rod bipolar cells, and their output is largely onto cone bipolar cells. Thus, the rod pathway of the primate retina follows the general mammalian scheme as it is known from the cat, the rabbit, and the rat retina. The spatial sampling properties of macaque AII‐amacrine cells are discussed and related to human scotopic visual acuity.© 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subdivisions of macaque monkey auditory cortex revealed by calcium‐binding protein immunoreactivity
Authors: Jones E. G. , Dell'Anna M. E. , Molinari M. , Rausell E. , Hashikawa T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to characterize auditory areas of the primate cerebral cortex on the basis of chemoarchitecture. Cortical areas of the supratemporal plane were delineated in Macaca fuscata (M. fuscata) by immunocytochemical staining for parvalbumin, staining for cytochrome oxidase, examination of cyto‐ and myeloarchitecture, and retrograde tracing of corticocortical connections. Comparative observations were made on Macaca fascicularis (M. fascicularis).Differential staining of fiber plexuses, probably of thalamic origin, identifies a central core zone of dense iznmunostaining and a surrounding zone of moderate‐to‐dense immunostaining composed of anteromedial, lateral, and posteromedial fields. Outside the second zone, there is a third anterolateral zone of weaker immunoreactivity, and, outside that zone, there is a fourth zone in which immunoreactivity is virtually absent. Differences in parvalbumin immunostaining in the auditory fields may reflect differences in relative contributions of thalamic inputs from parvalbumin‐immunoreactive cells in the medial geniculate complex.The central core zone and the surrounding three fields can be correlated with major auditory fields previously defined by multiunit mapping and thalamocortical connectivity. The core zone contains a large principal field and an anterior extension. The pattern of corticocortical connections between thse and adjoining fields suggests that the anteromedial, lateral, and posteromedial fields represent first steps in three streams of connections passing outward from auditory into association cortex.M. fuscata has an unusually large auditory cortex that is more deeply placed in the lateral sulcus in comparison to that of M. fascicularis. A small annectant gyrus provides a guide to the position of the primary auditory area. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of growth‐associated class I α‐tubulin and class II β‐tubulin mrnas in adult rat brain
Authors: Paden Charles M. , Zhou Xinrong , Watt John A. , Burton Rebecca , Pickett Judith , Oblinger Monica M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA comprehensive survey of class I α‐tubulin (αl) and class II β‐tubulin (βII) mRNAs was performed using in situ hybridization in order to determine the extent of continued expression of these immature tubulin isotype mRNAs in the adult rat brain. Qualitatively similar distributions of the two isotype mRNAs were observed, with marked variations in hybridization intensity of both probes apparent across different brain regions. Neurons in a wide variety of structures throughout the brain exhibited intense hybridization signals. While the presence of large numbers of neurons with a moderate hybridization intensity could account for the relatively high level of total binding in some regions such as the cerebellar and dentate granule layers, in most cases higher regional mRNA levels reflected greater hybridization intensity per neuron. Little variability in hybridization intensity was typically seen between individual cells within specific nuclei throughout the brain. The presence of occasional intensely labeled neurons scattered throughout the basal ganglia provided the most striking exception to this pattern. While no qualitative differences between the distributions of αl‐tubulin and βII‐tubulin mRNAs were observed, consistent differences in the relative intensity of hybridization for α1‐tubulin versus βII‐tubulin mRNA were apparent in a few brain regions. Expression by glia did not appear to contribute significantly to detectable levels of either α1‐tubulin or βII‐tubulin mRNA. These findings suggest that continued expression of growth‐associated tubulin isotype mRNAs may have functional significance in specific neuronal populations of the adult brain. Partial overlap between the distributions of α1‐ and βII‐tubulin mRNAs and that of GAP‐43 mRNA is discussed, as are potential roles for growth‐associated tubulin gene expression in supporting cytoskeletal turnover, reactive axonal growth, and dendritic remodeling in the adult brain. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Fate of GABAergic septohippocampal neurons after fimbria‐fornix transection as revealed by in situ hybridization for glutamate decarboxylase mRNA and parvalbumin immunocytochemistry
Authors: Kermer P. , Naumann T. , Bender R. , Frotscher M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMany septohippocampal neurons are GABAergic and are affected by transection of the fimbria‐fornix, like the septohippocampal cholinergic cells. Here we have studied the changes that occur in GABAergic septohippocampal neurons following fimbria‐fornix transection. For labeling of septohippocampal projection neurons, adult Sprague‐Dawley rats received injections of the fluorescent tracer Fluoro‐Gold into the hippocampus 1 week prior to bilateral transection of the fimbria‐fornix. After axotomy, rats were allowed to survive for varying periods ranging from 3 weeks to 18 months. Following fixation of the animals, sections through the septal region were either stained by in situ hybridization for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA or immunostained for parvalbumin (PARV) which is known to be present in GABAergic septohippocampal neurons.In situ hybridization for GAD mRNA revealed no statistically significant changes in cell number 3 weeks and 6 months postlesion. In contrast, PARV‐immunoreactive neurons were reduced to 35% of control 3 weeks postlesion. This value increased to 66% after 6 months of survival. As seen in the electron microscope, axotomized PARV‐positive neurons exhibited characteristics of vital cells. Most neurons contained lysosomes associated with Fluoro‐Gold, resulting from retrograde labeling prior to fimbria‐fornix transection.We conclude that mainly PARV‐containing GABAergic neurons in the medial septal nucleus (MS) project to the hippocampus and are thus heavily affected by the lesion but are able to survive and restore the synthesis of PARV. The lack of significant changes in the number of GAD mRNA‐expressing cells is explained by the presence of numerous GABAergic MS neurons not projecting to the hippocampus. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Subsets of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in monkeys are distinguished by different levels of mRNA for the dopamine transporter: Comparison with the mRNA for the D2 receptor, tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin immunoreactivity
Authors: Haber S. N. , Ryoo H. , Cox C. , Lu W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe midbrain dopamine system can be divided into two groups of cells based on chemical characteristics and connectivity. The dorsal tier neurons, which include the dorsal pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, are calbindin positive, and project to the shell of the nucleus accumbens. The ventral tier neurons are calbindin‐negative and project to the sensonmotor striatum. This study examined the distribution of the mRNAs for the dopamine transporter molecule (DAT) and the D2 receptor in the midbrain of monkeys by using in situ hybridization. The distribution patterns were compared to that of tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin immunohistochemistry. The results show that high levels of hybridization for DAT and the D2 receptor mRNA are found in the ventral tier, calbindin‐negative neurons and relatively low levels are found in the dorsal, calbindin‐positive tier. Within the dorsal tier, the dorsal substantia nigra pars compacta has the least amount of both messages. These results show that in monkeys, the ventral tegmental area and the dorsal pars compacta form a dorsal continuum of dopamine neurons which express lower levels of mRNA for DAT and D2 receptor than the ventral tier. DAT has been shown to be involved in the selective neurotoxicity of N‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Different levels of DAT mRNA and calbindin may explain the differential effects of MPTP neurotoxicity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Interdigitation of nitric oxide synthase‐, tyrosine hydroxylase‐, and serotonin‐containing neurons in and around the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei of the guinea pig
Authors: Leonard C. S. , Kerman I. , Blaha G. , Taveras E. , Taylor B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe topography of neurons containing nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and monoamines was investigated in the guinea pig mesopontine tegmentum. NOS‐containing neurons were identified with NADPH‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) histochemistry, and monoamine‐containing neurons were identified with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5‐HT) immunocytochemistry. The distribution of NADPH‐d positive cells was centered on the laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) and pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nuclei. Diaphorase‐containing cells had a mean soma diameter of 23.0 ± 4.1 μm (n = 160) and were distributed inhomogeneously, with numerous cells found within densely packed clusters. A nearest‐neighbor analysis revealed that these cells were closely spaced, with up to 20% within one cell diameter and more than 50% within two cell diameters of a neighboring NADPH‐d cell. Within the LDT and PPT, NADPH‐d positive cells were mixed with smaller, diaphorase‐negative cells (diam: 12.8 ± 3.3 μm; n = 182;P< 0.01). TH‐containing cells were not organized into a compact LC as in rat and their distribution more closely resembled that observed in cat. On average, TH‐containing cells (diam: 21.2 ± 4.8 μm;n =160) were smaller than NADPH‐d cells (P< 0.01). 5‐HT‐containing cells were mainly located in the raphe nuclei, as in other species. 5‐HT‐containing cells (diam: 18.2 ± 4.4 μm; n = 161) were smaller on average than both the NADPH‐d (P< 0.01) and TH‐containing cells (P< 0.01). An analysis of the overlap in soma distributions revealed that TH‐containing cells were largely interdigitated with NADPH‐d‐containing cells. As much as 78% of the area occupied by the NADPH‐d cells of LDT was contained within the area occupied by TH cells. Substantial numbers of TH and 5‐HT immunoreactive processes were seen in both LDT and PPT. Varicose 5‐HP and TH‐containing fibers, as well as thicker, possibly dendritic processes containing TH were often seen in close apposition to NADPH‐d containing somata and proximal dendrites. These results support the hypothesis that NADPH‐d cells of both the PPT and LDT receive input from TH and 5‐HT cells. Moreover, the clustered substructure of LDT and PPT and the extensive overlap of NADPH‐d and TH‐containing somata raise the possibility that the membrane permeable messenger nitric oxide plays a role in modulating TH‐containing somata and their processes as well as 5‐HT‐containing processes in the LDT and PPT. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Developmental expression of glycine immunoreactivity and its colocalization with gaba in the embryonic chick lumbosacral spinal cord
Authors: Berki Ágnes Cs. , O'Donovan Michael J. , Antal Miklós 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of immunoreactivity for the putative inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter glycine was investigated in the embryonic and posthatched chick lumbosacral spinal cord by using postembedding immunocytochemical methods. Glycine immunoreactive perikarya were first observed at embryonic day 8 (E8) both in the dorsal and ventral gray matters. The number of immunostained neurons sharply increased by ElO and was gradually augmented further at later developmental stages. The general pattern of glycine immunoreactivity characteristic of mature animals had been achieved by E12 and was only slightly altered afterward. Most of the immunostained neurons ware located in the presumptive deep dorsal horn (laminae IV‐VI) and lamina VII, although glycine‐imrnunoreactive neurons were scattered throughout the entire extent of the spinal gray matter. By using some of our previously obtained and published data concerning the development of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic neurons in the embryonic chick lumbosacral spinal cord, we have compared the numbers, sizes, and distribution of glycine‐ and GABA‐immunoreactive spinal neurons at various develomental stages and found the following marked differences in the developmental characteristics of these two populations of putative inhibitory interneurons. (i) GABA immunoreactivity was expressed very early (E4), whereas immunoreactivity for glycine appeared relatively late (ES) in embryonic development. (ii) In the ventral horn, GABA immunoreactivity declined, whereas immunoreactivity for glycine gradually increased from ES onward in such a manner that the sum of glycinergic and GABAergic perikarya remained constant during the second half of embryonic development. (iii) Glycinergic and GABAergic neurons showed different distribution patterns in the spinal gray matter throughout the entire course of embryogenesis as well as in the posthatched animal. When investigating the colocalization of glycine and GABA immunoreactivities, perikarya immunostained for both amino acids were revealed at all developmental stages from E8 onward, and the proportions of glycine‐ and GABA‐immunoreactive neurons that were also immunostained for the other amino acid were remarkably constant during development. The characteristic features of the development of the investigated putative inhibitory spinal interneuroris are discussed and correlated with previous neuroanatomical and physiological studies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
In situ hybridization analysis of vasopressin gene transcription in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat: Regulation by stress and glucocorticoids
Authors: Herman James P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHypothalamic arginine vasopressin‐containing neurons are prime elements in central circuits regulating the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenocortical stress response. It is known that release and synthesis of vasopressin are cued by stressful stimuli. The present study was designed to assess effects of stress on vasopressin transcription and mRNA expression in defined populations of vasopressin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei. Intron‐ and exon‐directed in situ hybridization analyses were used to examine stress regulation cf vasopressin heteronuclear (hn) gene transcription and mRNA levels. Actions of glucocorticoids on vasopressin induction were tested using adrenalectomized rats implanted with subcutaneous pellets delivering a constant, physiological dose of corticoste rone. Pellet implantation into adrenalectomized rats allows for normal pituitary‐adrenal tone in the absence of the ability to mount glucocorticoid stress responses. Elevation of vasopressin heteronuclear (hn) RNA in the medial parvicellular PVN was observed in both normal and adrenaleetomized‐corticosterone replaced rats as early as 30 minutes after stress initiation. In control rats, vasopressin hnRNA levels returned to baseline by 120 minutes. In contrast, vasopressin hnRNA remained elevated 120 minutes post‐restraint in adrenalectomized corticosterone replaced rats, indicating that the glucocorticoid stress response acts to rapidly inhibit vasopressin transcription. Significant changes in post‐stress vasopressin mRNA levels were observed in the parvicellular PVN of control rats 90 minutes following restraint induction, returning to normal expression profiles by 120 minutes. Adrenalectomized‐replaced rats showed elevated vasopressin mRNA expression at all time points examined. No changes were observed in magnocellular vasopressin‐containing nuclei at any time point, suggesting that magnocellular vasopressin is not induced by this particular stress paradigm. Thus, in parvicellular paraventricular nucleus neurons the vasopressin gene is rapidly induced by stress. Restraint‐induced up‐regulation of vasopressin transcription is limited by glucocorticoid secretion, consistent with direct actions of glucocorticoid negative feedback on the vasopressin gene in parvicellular neurons. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nerve‐mast cell interaction in normal guinea pig urinary bladder
Authors: Keith Ingegerd M. , Jin J. , Saban R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUrinary bladders of normal adult female guinea pigs were analyzed for anatomical evidence of nerve‐mast cell interaction using light microscopy and electron microscopy. Nerves, ganglia, and individual nerve fibers were visualized on paraffin sections using immunohistochemistry with antisera against the neural antigens neurofilament protein and protein gene product 9.5, and sections were also immunoreacted with antisera against the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide. Separate mast cell populations were identified by counterstain ing with toluidine blue and alcian blue; Mast cells of both types were found within nerves and intramural ganglia and were in close contact with individual nerve fibers displaying substance P‐ and calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐like immunoreactivity. Moreover, serotonin‐immunoreactive mast cells were innervated with nerve fibers that reacted with antiserum against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. At the ultrastructural level, these fibers were almost exclusively identified as unmyelinated primary sensory afferents. Mast cells contacted these fibers with lamellipodia that wrapped around and enclosed the fibers deeply within the cell. Close association between mast cells, nerves, and vessels was common. Ultrastructural evidence suggests that bidirectional communication occurs between nerve fibers and mast cells. These structures may participate in axon reflexes that regulate normal vascular and detrusor smooth muscle function and cause vasodilation, edema, inflammation, and bladder hyperreactivity. In summary, a close relationship exists between mast cells and peptidergic nerve fibers, including primary sensory afferents. Results suggest that bidirectional interaction could occur between nerves and mast cells. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of microglial topography in human retina
Authors: Diaz‐Araya Claudia M. , Provis Jan M. , Penfold Philip L. , Billson Francis A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of microglial topography in wholemounts of human retina has been examined in the age range 10–25 weeks gestation (WG) using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for CD45 and major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. Microglia were present in three planes corresponding to the developing nerve fibre layer/ganglion cell layer, the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer. Distribution patterns of cells through the retinal thickness and across the retinal surface area varied with gestational age. Microglia were elongated in superficial retina, large and ramified in the middle plane, and small, rounded and less ramified in deep retina. Intensely labeled, rounded profiles seen at the pars caeca of the ciliary processes, the retinal margin and at the optic disc may represent precursors of some retinal microglia. At 10 WG, the highest densities of microglia were present in middle and deep retina in the far periphery and at the retinal margin, with few superficial microglia evident centrally at the optic disc. At 14 WG, high densities of microglia were apparent superficially at the optic disc; microglia of middle and deep retina were distributed at more central locations although continuing to concentrate in the retinal periphery. Microglia appear to migrate into the developing human retina from two mains sources, the retinal margin and the optic disc, most likely originating from the blood vessels of the ciliary body and iris, and the retinal vasculature, respectively. The data suggest that the development of microglial topography occurs in two phases, an early phase occurring prior to vascularization, and a late phase associated with the development of the retinal vasculature. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone neurons express estrogen receptors in the rainbow trout? A double immunohistochemical study
Authors: Navas José María , Anglade Isabelle , Bailhache Thierry , Pakdel Farzad , Breton Bernard , Jégo Patrick , Kah Olivier 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA double immunocytochemical procedure, with two different chromogens, was used to compare the respective distributions of estrogen receptor‐immunoreactive cells and gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone‐immunoreactive neurons on the same sections of the brains of adult male and female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Estrogen receptor‐immunoreactive cells were observed in the ventral and lateral telencephalon, the preoptic region, the mediobasal hypothalamus, and the ventromedial thalamic nucleus. Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone immunoreactive perikarya were detected in the olfactory bulbs, the ventral telencephalon, the preoptic area, and the mediobasal hypothalamus. Double‐staining studies showed that, although some estrogen receptor‐positive cells were in close proximity to gonadotrophin releasing hormone‐immunoreactive perikarya, careful examination of 550 gonadotrophinreleasing hormone‐positive cells from five adult females and two adult males failed to demonstrate any evidence that gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone neurons coexpress estrogen receptor in the brain of the rainbow trout.The present study provides, for the first time in teleosts, morphological evidence that gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone neurons do not represent major direct targets for estradiol, suggesting that the positive feedback effects of estradiol onto the gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone system are likely to be conveyed via other cell populations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.