bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anti-Logical Movement in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Ierodiakonou Katerina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate among Byzantine philosophers and theologians about the proper attitude towards ancient logic is just one episode in the turbulent history of the reception of ancient philosophy in Byzantine thought, but it certainly raises one of the most complicated and intriguing issues in the study of the intellectual life in Byzantium. For there are many Byzantine authors who explicitly praise and themselves make use of, to a lesser or greater extent, the ancient logical traditions; yet, at the same time, there are also many others who fiercely reject the logical doctrines of pagan philosophers and their use, especially in theology. What I am particularly interested in, here, is to examine how the Byzantine attitude towards ancient logic differs from one author to another and from one period to another, what exactly the arguments presented in favour and against relying on these ancient theories are, and to what extent ancient logic, or some more developed form of it, actually is used by Byzantine thinkers.
The Tsar Emancipator
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the possible exceptions of Khrushchev and Gorbachev, no Russian ruler brought so much relief to so many of his people as did Alexander II, autocratic and conservative though he was. Born in 1818, bombed in1881, Alexander II at his accession was 36, and was destined to reign for twenty-six years. Nicholas I had ensured that his son and heir was better prepared than he had been for the high office which awaited him. From the age of 6 to 16, Alexander’s education was supervised by a broad-minded army general.
Reformers and revolutionaries
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimistic and relaxed decade which followed Alexander’s accession could well be described as a thaw following Nicholas’s winter. Although discussions about serfdom dominated the early years, time was found for other matters; Russians were even permitted to smoke on the streets of St Petersburg. After the question of serf emancipation had been settled, other major reforms followed which did not, however, fully satisfy the optimists. Especially over-optimistic were those landowners who, envying the political rights and responsibilities of the English squire, sought to popularize in Russia the ideas of British liberalism.
Alexander III
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coming of railways and of the telegraph alarmed custodians of law and order, fearful of how these technological innovations could make work easier for criminals. As things turned out, railways and telegraphy made things easier for the police, too. There was no such consolation with the invention of dynamite in the 1860s; it was a godsend for terrorists. No longer was an assassination dependent on a lucky revolver shot, or on a knife-man evading the bodyguards. As the murder of Alexander II had shown, all that was needed was a couple of bomb-throwers, each accompanied by a ‘spotter’ to signal the target’s approach. The new technology did, perhaps, demand a new kind of assassin, who was prepared to kill a score or so of innocents in order to make sure of the target.
Russia in 1914
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russia’s first really comprehensive census was undertaken only in 1897, and it was not perfect. According to this, the Empire contained 125 million inhabitants (excluding Finland, which had about 2.5 million). Both the birth rate and the death rate were higher than in most other parts of Europe, and the fourteen per thousand excess of births over deaths promised a fast population growth. What this increase amounted to by 1914 is disputed, but a conservative estimate for the 1914 population is 155 million,1 of whom 125 million were in European Russia, 13 million in Central Asia, 13 million in Siberia and the Far East, and 10 million in Transcaucasia.
Disputes and decisions
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An indication that Lenin was willing to abandon the economic practices of War Communism had come in February 1921, when he accepted the idea of a tax-in-kind to replace grain requisitions. With a tax-in-kind fixed in advance, peasants would know that they could dispose of any surplus over the tax in their own most profitable way, and would therefore increase production and sown area. Such a change was long overdue. If it had occurred a year earlier both the peasant revolts and the famines would have been moderated.
Introduction
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of course, these quotes can only convey three parts of a far more complex story. This book will examine all of the key figures and events in the modern history of cannabis and British government. The story starts in Chapter 2, which shows how information about cannabis drugs and medicines was slowly gathered in Asia by Europeans from the sixteenth century onwards. The men responsible for this were the Iberian doctors that accompanied the Portuguese empire-builders into India and their observations, together with those of the ancient authorities like Dioscorides, remained the basis of British writing on the subject of cannabis into the eighteenth century. In that century accounts of cannabis were embellished by British travellers returning from Asia who were eager to sell their stories of journeys abroad by filling them with lurid tales of exotic vices. It was not until the nineteenth century that scientists and doctors serving in the empire began to turn their systematic attention to the subject. While some viewed cannabis medicines and drugs through their own prejudices others seemed to have been determined to light up the subject with the full glare of Victorian science. Of the latter, perhaps William Brooke O’Shaughnessy was the most thorough and the most remarkable.
‘I Must Live within Stories’: Narratives of the Self
Authors: Tookey Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nin’s prose poem ‘The Labyrinth’, first published in 1938, begins with the words ‘I was eleven years old when I walked into the labyrinth of my diary’ (in Under a Glass Bell, 66). Her sense of life and writing as inextricably woven together is apparent even in her earliest diaries, in which she envisages herself and her life as ‘a book without an Epilogue, an unfinished book’ (13 June 1919 [Early Diary, I, 251] ), and the future as the unwritten text which will come to fill the blank pages of her diary (1 February 1920 [Early Diary, I, 427] ).
Sphinxes and Scheherezades: The Actress and the Femme Fatale
Authors: Tookey Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting, in his preface to the1921 edition of The Tragic Muse (first published in serial form in 1889-90), on the novel’s origins and in particular on his creation of the actress protagonist, Miriam Rooth, Henry James wrote: ‘I had desired for her, I remember, all manageable vividness-so ineluctable had it long appeared to “do the actress” ‘. Twenty years later, in June 1941, Nin wrote in her diary, in the context of her friendship with Hollywood actress Luise Rainer, ‘Nothing fascinates me more than the actress’ (Journals, Ill, 122).
Strachey Childhoods
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ten children of Richard and Jane Strachey enjoyed the privileged world of upper middle-class family life. Their world was large and varied one, with many homes and an extensive cast of characters. The extended family who were so important to their parents figured largely in their lives too, and their parents’ friends and interests were often incorporated into their early lives. Theirs was not the most settled of childhoods, however, as Richard and Jane Strachey did not establish a permanent family home until their oldest children were almost in their teens. Hence the four oldest children moved around frequently between temporary rented accommodation and the homes of relatives.
Rabbit-Pots and Supernovas: On the Relevance of Psychological Data to Linguistic Theory
Authors: Antony Louise M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of philosophers remonstrate against the ‘psychologizing’ of linguistics: in particular, Jerrold Katz (Katz 1984), Scott Soames (Soames 1984), and Michael Devitt and Kim Sterelny (Devitt and Sterelny 1987; 1989). All of them have argued against the view, due to Chomsky, that linguistics ought properly to be conceived as a branch of psychology. On the Chomskian model, linguistic theories aim at describing the internalized grammars of native speakers of particular languages, in a way that reveals universal principles of grammatical structure natively present in all human beings.
Foraging versus Social Intelligence in the Evolution of Protolanguage
Authors: Bickerton Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
his volume ... takes as its starting-point the view of human intelligence as social, concerned with one’s own and others’ desires and motives, and of language as a device for forming alliances, making friends, and thus achieving successful feeding and mating through a complex social network. From this perspective, phonologists and syntacticians may explore the origins of the sound patterns and formal structures that characterize all language.
Methodological Issues in Simulating the Emergence of Language
Authors: Tonkes Bradley , Wiles Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the features that differentiates language from other forms of communication is the ability to communicate a greater number of meanings than there are basic signals in the repertoire of the speaker. In human languages syntactic and morphosyntactic constructions allow combinations of simpler elements to express complex meanings. With advances in computational techniques it has become possible to model some of the processes by which populations of communicating agents come to agree on a convention for combining smaller linguistic elements into larger ones.
Linguistic Adaptation without Linguistic Constraints: The Role of Sequential Learning in Language Evolution
Authors: Christiansen Morten H , Ellefson Michelle R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The acquisition and processing of language is governed by a number of universal constraints, many of which undoubtedly derive from innate properties of the human brain. These constraints lead to certain universal tendencies in how languages are structured and used. More generally, the constraints help explain why the languages of the world take up only a small part of the considerably larger space defined by the logically possible linguistic subpatterns. Although there is broad consensus about the existence of innate constraints on the way language is acquired and processed, there is much disagreement over whether these constraints are linguistic or cognitive in nature. Determining the nature of these constraints is important not only for theories of language acquisition and processing, but also for theories of language evolution. Indeed, these issues are theoretically intertwined because the constraints on language define the endpoints for evolutionary explanations: theories about how the constraints evolved in the hominid lin-eage are thus strongly determined by what the nature of these constraints is taken to be.
Creations of the Mind
Authors: Margolis Eric , Laurence Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creations of the Mind presents sixteen original essays by theorists from a wide variety of disciplines who have a shared interest in the nature of artifacts and their implications for the human mind. All the papers are written specially for this volume, and they cover a broad range of topics concerned with the metaphysics of artifacts, our concepts of artifacts and the categories that they represent, the emergence of an understanding of artifacts in infants’ cognitive development, as well as the evolution of artifacts and the use of tools by non-human animals. This volume will be a fascinating resource for philosophers, cognitive scientists, and psychologists, and the starting point for future research in the study of artifacts and their role in human understanding, development, and behaviour. Contributors: John R. Searle, Richard E. Grandy, Crawford L. Elder, Amie L. Thomasson, Jerrold Levinson, Barbara C. Malt, Steven A. Sloman, Dan Sperber, Hilary Kornblith, Paul Bloom, Bradford Z. Mahon, Alfonso Caramazza, Jean M. Mandler, Deborah Kelemen, Susan Carey, Frank C. Keil, Marissa L. Greif, Rebekkah S. Kerner, James L. Gould, Marc D. Hauser, Laurie R. Santos, Steven Mithen
Artworks as Artifacts
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What kind of artifact is an artwork? The answer to that question depends, clearly enough, on the conception of art that one is inclined to adopt. Past conceptions of art, according to which art was essentially a mode of representation, or a vehicle of emotional expression, or a display of skill in fashioning, or an exploration of form as such, or the pursuit of the beautiful, no longer seem remotely adequate to the nature and range of what have been accounted artworks in the past hundred years or so.
Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich Bavaria 1933–1945
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now updated with a new introduction and bibliography Ian Kershaw's classic study of popular responses to Nazi policy and ideology explores the political mentality of 'ordinary Germans' in one part of Hitler's Reich. Basing his account on many unpublished sources, the author analyses socio-economic discontent and the popular reaction to the anti-Church and anti-Jewish policies of the Nazis, and reveals the bitter divisions and dissent of everyday reality in the Third Reich, in stark contrast to the propaganda image of a 'National Community' united behind its leaders. The focus on one particular region makes possible a depth of analysis that takes full account of local and social variations, and avoids easy generalization; but the findings of this study of ordinary behaviour in a police state have implications extending far beyond the confines of Bavaria or indeed Germany in this period.
Deadly Embrace
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Combining military, political, cultural, social, and oral history, Sebastian Balfour narrates for the first time the development of a brutalised, interventionist army that played a crucial role in the victory of the Francoists in the Spanish Civil War. Spain's new colonial venture in Morocco in the early twentieth-century turned into a bloody war against the tribes resisting the Spanish invasion of their lands. After suffering a succession of heavy military disasters against some of the most accomplished guerrillas in the world, the Spanish army turned to chemical warfare and dropped massive quantities of mustard gas on civilians. Dr Balfour exposes this previously closely guarded secret using evidence from Spanish military archives and from survivors in Morocco. He also narrates the daily life of soldiers in the war as well as the self-images and tensions among the colonial officers. After looking at the motives that drove Moroccans to resist or cooperate with Spain, the author describes the contradictory pictures among Spaniards of Moroccan collaborators and foes. Finally, he examines the Spanish colonial army's response to the Second Republic of 1931-1936 and its brutal march through Spain in the Civil War. QUOTES FROM PAUL PRESTON'S READERS REPORT: 'This is a book of very considerable significance, the work of a first rate historian working at his peak...This is the most complete and wide-ranging account to date of the Spanish involvement in Morocco and of the consequences of that involvement inside Spain itself...written with a compelling blend of elegance and immediacy...this is a major work, one of which any historian would be proud.'
The Invasion of Morocco
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last stage in the colonization of Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, otherwise known as the Scramble for Africa, transformed not just the new subjects of colonial rule but the colonizers themselves. Colonial expansion was not a one-sided affair. While Africans individually and collectively attempted to resist the invaders, many others collaborated in the invasion. Some sought to share power with the colonizers; others hoped to achieve the modernization of their countries by co-operating with the new powers.
Calm Sea and Furious Wind
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scramble for African possessions among European colonial powers followed a competitive logic that overtook previous rationalizations of colonial- ism, such as the generation of growth in Third World dependencies or the protection of weak client states. By the end of the ﬁrst decade of the twentieth century, most of Africa had been carved up. Under the impact of this colonial expansion, the Sultanate began to disintegrate and France and Spain were positioning themselves to take it over by one means or another in order to secure or assert their international status. Outright resistance against European penetration in Africa became less common at the beginning of the new century, although there were sporadic revolts in the ﬁrst decade against the British, Germans, and Portuguese in different parts of the continent. The same people who had first resisted colonial invasion continued to work for their independence even as they collaborated with the invaders and learnt from the technology the Europeans brought with them.1 This chapter will look at the contradictory responses of local leaders to this invasion in Morocco in the second decade, as well as the changing culture within the Spanish colonial army in its continuing efforts to grapple with indigenous resistance.
Fraternity, Solidarity, Sociability: The Grass Roots of the Grand Orient de France (1900-1926)
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FOR much of its existence, Fraternity was the neglected Third Person of the republican Trinity: it was the Jacobin equivalent of the Holy Spirit. Historians largely concentrated their attention on the creative and redemptive work of the other two persons of the trinity, Liberty and Equality, especially in those periods of social upheaval when Equality accused Liberty of ignoring its sufferings. Yet, like its divine counterpart, Fraternity inspired a steady if less spectacular devotion as the tangible expression of the bond between Liberty and Equality. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, however, nomenclature became increasingly a problem. Just as devout but statusstarved women looked to Mariology and eventually to metaphors of ‘ the Motherhood of God’ as antidotes to a male-dominated realm of concepts, so their secular counterparts claimed that ‘Fraternity’ would no longer do. ‘ Solidarity’ slowly took its place; and then ‘Sociability’ made a belated entry in an untidy attempt to cover the issues that had somehow got lost in the change of names.
General de Gaulle and the Restoration of the Republic
Authors: Johnson Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THOSE historians for whom General de Gaulle has been the center of their preoccupations have concentrated their studies on certain periods of his life. The creation of La France Libre in London and the broadcast of 18 June 1940; his entry into a Paris that had been liberated by the Resistance and by General Leclerc’s 2nd Armoured Division; his triumphal progress down the Champs Elysees on 26 August 1944; the return to power in 1958 and the creation of the Fifth Republic; the ending of the war in Algeria; the influence of de Gaulle in Europe and in the world. It is as if the historians of de Gaulle and Gaullism have themselves become Gaullist. The part played by de Gaulle in the Liberation of France has also been told many times and it is seen as another Gaullist triumph. This is undoubtedly true in so far as de Gaulle succeeded in overcoming certain considerable difficulties. He had to face the hostility of the British and American leaders and the danger of an Allied military government being installed in France; it was widely believed that there was the possibility of a Communist revolution which could well have led to civil war. But once de Gaulle had established himself in France and had been accepted as the head of government this hostility declined, and at times disappeared.
The Republic and its Territory: The Persistence and the Adaptation of Founding Myths
Authors: Mény Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN his classic The Government and Politics of France (1989), writing in almost Tocquevillian style, Vincent Wright presented young students from the English-speaking world with the specific features and intricacies of ‘Provincial Pressures in a Jacobin State’. In this fine and balanced analysis Wright, as was his habit, took pleasure in emphasizing the paradoxes and contradictions of French political practice. The theory and practice of French territorial organization was presented successively from the contrasting viewpoints of the Jacobins on the one hand and the provincials hostile to the capital on the other. These two opposing, antagonistic, sometimes caricatured visions enabled Wright to reveal to his readers the excesses of the positions held by the protagonists. It also allowed him to sketch with impressionist brushstrokes a portrait of a France that was, and indeed remains, more complex than it seems: neither completely centralized, as the Ancien Regime monarchs and their Jacobin successors wished, nor totally enslaved as the aristocrats subjected to royal power and the court complained-as did, after the Revolution, all those frightened by the power and the blood-letting in the capital. ‘Traditionally’, wrote Wright, ‘the capital was depicted as the malevolent center of Revolution which, in 1789, 1814-15, 1830, 1848 and 1871 disturbed the contented and peace-loving provincials.’ On the contrary, the Jacobins saw the capital ‘as an island of culture, a city of enlightenment, a torchbearer of the progress assailed by oafish-and reactionary-rural clods, the ignorant troops of the church and the chateau.
Oxford and London
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1842, when Tom Arnold arrived in Oxford as a scholar of University College, reminders of Rugby lay all around. Matthew was starting his second year at Balliol, and Clough was back in Oxford, having successfully competed for an Oriel fellowship. Tom’s tutor was Arthur Stanley, a new fellow of the college; Stanley was a brilliant, delicate, sweet-natured young clergyman who had been one of Arnold’s favourites and had become a close friend of the family. William Lake believed that Stanley ‘never was a boy; he left school as he entered it, something between a girl and a man’. When Tom entered the college Stanley was already at work on his life of the headmaster.
New Zealand
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the passengers on the John Wickliffe were Scots, members of a dissident Free Church faction. Under the leadership of a Peninsular veteran, Capatain William Cargill, they were headed for the new Presbyterian settlement at Otago, on the South Island of New Zealand. Tom Arnold did not have a lot in common with them, but maintained friendly relations. He shared a cabin with a young Londoner named Cutten, who was going to Otago to take up work as an auctioneer. When Arnold was laid low with sea-sickness as the ship plunged through heavy seas in the Bay of Biscay, Cutten recommended a glass of Bass. ‘The composing and invigorating effect of this was wonderful’, Arnold recalled, in the accents of one offering a testimonial; ‘I lost all feeling of sea-sickness, and have seldom been troubled by it ever since.’