bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORGANIZATIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL COMMITMENT: KNOWLEDGE WORKERS IN LARGE CORPORATIONS*
Authors: MAY TAM YEUK‐MUI , KORCZYNSKI MAREK , FRENKEL STEPHEN J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevious discussion of knowledge work and workers tends to overlook the importance of contextual knowledge in shaping the organizational form of knowledge workers who are employees in large corporations. This paper proposes a model to understand the way knowledge base and organizational form are related to the work commitment, effort and job satisfaction of knowledge workers. The model is derived from (1) a critical examination of the market model of knowledge work organization, and (2) the results of empirical research conducted in two large corporations. We argue that contextual knowledge is important in the relationships between the corporation and knowledge workers. A dualistic model and an enclave organizational form are suggested to examine the relationships between the commitment, work effort and job satisfaction of knowledge workers. We noted from our empirical cases that enclave‐like work teams enhanced the expertise and job autonomy of knowledge workers vis‐à‐vis management. These work teams together with the performance‐based pay system, however, led to unmet job expectations including limited employee influence over decision‐making and careers, and communication gaps with senior management. Under these circumstances, and in contrast to the impact of occupational commitment, organizational commitment did not contribute to work effort. The study highlights the importance of management’s strategy in shaping the organizational form of knowledge work. The paper concludes by noting general implications of our study for the management of expertise and for further research.
Oakeshott's Claims of Politics
Authors: Worthington Glenn 
Published: March 2003

Michael Oakeshott is most commonly thought of as a political philosopher. Thinking of his work in these terms can distract attention from his main arguments in which he outlines his conception of civil association. Civil association is a much broader idea than Oakeshott's idea of politics. But in refocusing attention away from politics and towards civil association it is important that we do not forget Oakeshott's positive account of politics. Politics, as Oakeshott understands it, is an activity which is indispensable to the practice of civil association. Politics considers civil rules, neither as authoritative conditions nor in the deliberative or injunctive idioms of adjudication or ruling, but in the persuasive idiom of their desirability. This paper explores the character of Oakeshott's conception of politics and the relation of this activity, both positive and negative, to the practice of civil association.
Dancing To Whose Tune? Change And Investigations In Hm Customs And Excise
Authors: Doig Alan , Graham Mike 
Published: March 2003

The public sector has been subject to significant organizational and cultural change in the past two decades. The purpose of change has been the cost‐efficient and cost‐effective delivery of public services and functions. The process of change has been concerned with the best means to do this, whether in structural, cultural and procedural terms. Without careful determination of the services and functions from the onset, the process, however, can become an end in itself, reflecting the comments of the Head of the Civil Service when he said that he did not know the final shape of the civil service on the grounds that ‘it is not unusual . . . for an organisation in the process of evolution not to know what its final state will be’ (Dynes and Walker 1995, p. 99).Where an organization has assumed its core functions are clearly defined and understood but where they are not explicitly used to provide the purpose to shape and direct the process of change, that process may be influenced more by generic external imperatives on structural, cultural and managerial reform that developed from the 1988 Next Steps report than by the organization’s core functions. The article questions assumptions that, by itself, an emphasis on the former will facilitate the performance of the latter. It suggests that the process of challenging culture and structure may have adverse consequences until the purpose of change and the functions of the organization are used to shape and inform the process. It looks at the impact of the process of change on a core organizational function in one large government department that has undergone significant change – major investigations within HM Customs and Excise. It considers that change may be, to use the idiom of earlier research into change and the department, partly about teaching organizations to dance the Next Steps, and partly about ensuring that they keep dancing, but it is also about teaching departments that dancing is best done to tunes that inform the steps.
Food Safety Regulation and the Conflict of Interest: The Case of MeatSafety and E. Coli 0157
Authors: Schofield Richard , Shaoul Jean 
Published: March 2003

The Food Standards Agency (FSA) aims to remove the longstanding conflict of interest between producers and consumers which is thought to lie at the heart of the rising number of food safety problems of recent years, to restore consumer confidence, and to protect public health. This paper sets out firstly to understand what the conflicts are, how they arise and their implications for food safety, and secondly to provide some means of evaluating the proposals for the Food Standards Agency. It does this by examining the current food safety regulatory regime as it relates to e. coli 0157, one of the problems that gave rise to the FSA and an exemplar of the problems of meat safety, and places it in its wider economic context.The results show that the financial pressures on the food industry were such that food hygiene was largely dependent upon external regulation and enforcement. But the deficiencies in the conception, design and implementation of the Food Safety Act, which was fundamentally deregulatory and privileged producer interests, permitted the food safety problems to grow. The case also, by illustrating how the interests of big business predominate in the formulation of public policy at the expense of the public, reveals how the class nature of the state affects public policy and social relations. Without addressing these issues, the problems they give rise to will remain. While the case is based on experiences in Britain, the problem of food safety and the issues raised have an international significance.
Privatization, Chinese‐style: economic reform and the state‐owned enterprises
Authors: Morris Jonathan , Hassard John , Sheehan Jackie 
Published: March 2003

This article reviews ‘corporatization’ and ‘marketization’, shorthands for privatization, in the Chinese economy. In particular it concentrates upon the most recent round of state‐owned enterprise reforms, the Modern Enterprise System and Group Company System, aimed at transforming China’s largest state‐owned enterprises into internationally competitive corporations. This represents a partial privatization, given that the state will retain majority ownership, while acquiring domestic and foreign capital via sharelistings and foreign and domestic joint ventures.Drawing upon interview material from a five‐year study of state‐owned enterprises, the authors will indicate that such part privatization has been pragmatic and relatively slow. It has been constrained and circumscribed by broader economic and social reform programmes and accompanied by political decentralization and reforms. Ultimately, the reform and pace of reform is shaped by the desire to avoid political and social unrest which could, potentially, threaten the harmony of the Chinese central state apparatus.
Quality measurement as a basis for resource allocation: research assessment exercises in United Kingdom universities
Authors: Ball Derrick F. 
Published: March 2003

The research assessment exercises covering universities in the United Kingdom aim to produce quality ratings as a basis for the allocation of much of the research funding from central government. For each subject area a panel drawn from higher education and research users awards a grade to each university department. Each subject is allocated a predetermined share of the total research fund. The sum each university then receives is determined by the number of active research workers and the grades awarded.The first research assessment exercises were carried out in 1986 and 1989. By the time of the 1992 exercise the number of universities in the United Kingdom had increased dramatically with the conferment of university status on all the former polytechnics and a small number of other institutions. This paper describes the way in which quality was assessed and the results of the 1992 exercise together with the changes made for the next exercise taking place in March 1996.The research assessment exercises have required the new universities (principally the former polytechnics) to compete on an equal footing with the established universities for research funding and thus for their staff to engage more fully in research. The result is a major change in the environment, particularly in the new universities. This paper offers a preliminary examination of the attempts by universities to this change with the consequential effect upon the labour market.
Membership and management of a ‘virtual’ team: the perspectives of a research manager
Authors: Lewis Robert 
Published: March 2003

Many sectors of human activity are growing increasingly dependent on information and its contextual processing in the creation of knowledge. Nowhere is this process more crucial than in distributed R&D communities. This paper draws on experience of working in such communities and on investigations into the role of information and communications technologies. This work may have begun to uncover a framework on which to base the effective application of IT in this context.A recent research study, supported by the EC Human Capital and Mobility Programme, was undertaken by a team which was itself distributed and comprised those with background disciplines in management science, developmental psychology and information technology. It focused on the communications channels (the media) used by international R&D communities and an analysis of the case study data revealed three significant dimensions:• individuals and their engagement in the community;• the nature and stages of R&D tasks;• management and organization of distributed teams.This paper focuses on the last of these themes whilst drawing upon the others. It reviews the dynamics of R&D tasks and the way that this requires changing organizational styles which establish, support and maintain each individual's contribution to the collective goal as the task passes through the phases of intention, procedure and operation. It begins to address the issue concerned with capitalizing on diversity rather than the more usual approach of always seeking a unifying consensus.
The needs of R&D professionals in their first and second managerial appointments: are they being met?
Authors: Ball Derrick F. 
Published: March 2003

This study sets out to examine the practices of research professionals who are undertaking a research management role for the first or second time. Most of these managers are in their late twenties to middle thirties and are usually employed as team leaders.R&D personnel early in their managerial career are served badly by the innovation literature. Much of this literature focuses on describing the behaviour of the participants rather than providing information with the potential to contribute to their managerial practice. A major objective of this study is to provide some messages for academics and others of how they may contribute better to the managerial function of first and second time R&D managers in the 21st century.
Managing ‘green’ product innovation in small firms
Authors: Noci Giuliano , Verganti Roberto 
Published: March 2003

The growing social and regulatory concern for the environment is leading an increasing number of companies to considering ‘green’ issues as a major source of strategic change. In particular, this trend has major and complex implications on the technological strategy of a company and on its product innovations. Indeed, most authors acknowledge that eco‐efficiency will be one of the major challenges for R&D practice and theory in the next decade. Unfortunately, studies usually focus on large corporations. There is a debate as to whether this factor will affect R&D practices and product innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). A superficial glimpse at the problem could lead one to think that SMEs will not be major green innovators, especially as far as product technologies are concerned, and that they will simply try to comply with environmental regulations (mainly on production processes).This paper shows that ‘green’ product innovation may occur and may also have strategic implications in SMEs. Starting from the analysis of four selected case studies and using a Precursors Events methodology, this paper illustrates why ‘green’ product innovation cannot be considered a marginal issue for most SMEs, even for those that are not directly affected by environmental regulations. Hence, the paper suggests a contingent framework to support SMEs in the analysis of the drivers of ‘green’ product innovation and in the choice of a proper R&D strategy that explicitly accounts for the eco‐efficiency of product technologies.
The International Division of Industries: Clustering and Comparative Advantage in a Multi‐industry Model
Authors: Venables Anthony J. 
Published: March 2003

We consider a model with a large number of industries and agglomeration forces which cause each industry to concentrate in a single country. We show that the division of industries between countries is not unique, and that identical countries might have different numbers of industries and different wages and real incomes. Countries may gain by using policy to grab a higher proportion of world industry. Bounds on the set of equilibrium divisions of industry are found and we show how, with Ricardian differences in technology, there are equilibria with industries locating in the country where they have a comparative disadvantage.JEL classification: F12, R3
Publicly Provided Private Goods and Redistribution: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Pirttilä Jukka , Tuomala Matti 
Published: March 2003

Public provision of private goods is examined within a self‐selection framework where production depends on labour supply of different households and the level of public provision. It is shown that productivity and wage‐structure effects can create a role for public provision, even if preferences are weakly separable between goods and leisure. Public provision of education may offer an intuitively appealing case for the production‐side impacts. We also address the reasons for public provision in a dynamic, overlapping generations economy, whereby public provision may affect efficiency and social costs of redistribution of future generations as well. JEL classification: H23; H42
Gender and Grade Differences in Latent Ability Variables
Authors: Härnqvist Kjell 
Published: March 2003

Scores in ability tests administered to students in grades 4–9 were simultaneously factor‐analyzed within twelve gender by grade groups. Gender and grade differences in means and variances were studied for five latent ability factors according to a hierarchical model and compared with means and variances in the observed scores.Girls had higher means than boys in a general ability factor (G), in a residual general speed factor (Gs′) and in a residual factor of numerical facility (N′). Boys were higher in a residual vocabulary factor (V′) and most of all in a residual spatial visualization factor (Vz′). Boys had larger variances than girls in N′ and Gs′. In general the differences in means and variances were in the same direction for the closest corresponding observed scores, but some striking discrepancies between latent and observed scores were found. As a rule, the discrepancies were due to the complexity of the tests where one factor could compensate for another.In the discussion it was pointed out that some of the differences found were likely to have changed between the testing in the late 1950s and the present. Nevertheless the demonstration of the divergence between analyses of latent vs. observed scores remains valid.
Common pathways in mental imagery and pain perception: An fMRI study of a subject with an amputated arm
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth , Rosén Gunnar , Ersland Lars , Lundervold Arvid , Smievoll Alf Inge , Barndon Roger , Thomsen Tormod 
Published: March 2003

The present paper reviews data from two previous studies in our laboratory, as well as some additional new data, on the neuronal representation of movement and pain imagery in a subject with an amputated right arm. The subject imagined painful and non‐painful finger movements in the amputated stump while being in a MRI scanner, acquiring EPI‐images for fMRI analysis. In Study I (Ersland et al., 1996) the Subject alternated tapping with his intact left hand fingers and imagining “tapping” with the fingers of his amputated right arm. The results showed increased neuronal activation in the right motor cortex (precentral gyrus) when tapping with the fingers of the left hand, and a corresponding activation in the left motor cortex when imagining tapping with the fingers of the amputated right arm. Finger tappings of the intact left hand fingers also resulted in a larger activated precentral area than imagery “finger tapping” of the amputated right arm fingers. In Study II (Rosen et al., 2001 in press) the same subject imagining painful and pleasurable finger movements, and still positions of the fingers of the amputated arm. The results showed larger activations over the motor cortex for movement imagining versus imagining the hand being in a still position, and larger activations over the sensory cortex when imagining painful experiences. It can therefore be concluded that not only does imagery activate the same motor areas as real finger movements, but also that adding instructions of pain together with imaging moving the fingers intensified the activation compared with adding instructions about non‐painful experiences. From these studies, it is clear that areas activated during actual motor execution to a large extent also are activated during mental imagery of the same motor commands. In this respect the present studies add to studies of visual imagery that have shown a similar correspondence in activation between actual object perception and imagery of the same object.
A Home‐based Description of Attachment in Physically Disabled Infants
Authors: Tessier Réjean , Tarabulsy George M. , Larin Stéphanie , Laganière Josée , Gagnon Marie‐France , Trahan Johanne 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This study investigated attachment security and behavior in 34 physically disabled
infants and 26 non‐disabled infants by using convergent, categorical (secure, avoidant
and ambivalent) and continuous (Attachment Behavior Q‐Set) measures of the relationship,
based on the same set of home observations. Proportions of attachment classifications
were not different for disabled and non‐disabled infants, but insecure infants in
the disabled group scored consistently lower on the AQS security score than non‐disabled
insecure infants. This result suggests that while proportions of attachment classifications
may not vary as a function of infant status, insecure disabled infants are more insecure
than insecure non‐disabled infants. An analysis of 5 behavioral dimensions of the
AQS showed that secure infants emitted the same kinds of attachment behaviors without
regard for infant status. Insecure disabled infants, however, showed lower levels
of secure base behavior and physical contact with mother than their non‐disabled
counterparts, and showed a marginal tendency to fuss more as well. Discussion focuses
on the potential benefits of using convergent, categorical and continuous measures
of attachment in the study of both typical and atypical groups of infants.
Durkheim's Dilemma: Toward a Sociology of Emergence
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith 
Published: March 2003

The concept of emergence is a central thread uniting Durkheim's theoretical and empirical work, yet this aspect of Durkheim's work has been neglected. I reinterpret Durkheim in light of theories of emergence developed by contemporary philosophers of mind, and I show that Durkheim's writings prefigure many elements of these contemporary theories. Reading Durkheim as an emergentist helps to clarify several difficult and confusing aspects of his work, and reveals a range of unresolved issues. I identify five such issues, and I show how Durkheim's writings on emergence suggest potential responses. There can be no sociology unless societies exist, and … societies cannot exist if there are only individuals.
Standards and Emerging Linguistic Realities in the Malaysian Workplace
Authors: Gill Saran Kaur 
Published: March 2003

Malaysia, like many other countries belonging to the Outer Circle, is in a position where she has to grapple with notions of English language standards. With the medium of education having been Bahasa Malaysia since 1970, there has emerged in the workforce educated speakers who speak sub‐varieties of formal Malaysian English. These make up the executives who contribute to various organisations, whose businesses depend on both intranational and international connections. One of the essential skills required of these executives is that of delivering business presentations both internally to colleagues and superiors and externally to customers of the organisation.This research investigates: how Malaysian linguists perceive and categorise the sub‐varieties of Malaysian English, as spoken by select speakers, along the lectal continuum; whether gatekeepers (those who possess decision‐making powers in the respective organisations) regard the same select speakers acceptable for delivering business presentations to different audiences, both internal and external to the organisation.The dynamics of the perspectives of both the linguists and the gatekeepers will throw essential light on what is acceptable and what is not acceptable in relation to standards and the emerging linguistic realities in the workplace.
Missing Data in the Forensic Context
Authors: Kadane J. B. , Terrin N. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Missing survey data are difficult to present in court. This paper reflects testimony prepared and given by the authors in a case alleging that the New Jersey State Police were differentially stopping and arresting blacks at the southern end of the New Jersey turnpike. A Bayesian technique with informative priors is used to examine the sensitivity of the inference to the missing data.