bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of social subjugation across adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Ferris Craig F , Messenger Tara , Sullivan Ross 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Social subjugation is a very significant and natural stressor in the animal kingdom. Adult animals defeated and subjugated during establishment of dominance hierarchies or territorial encounters can be highly submissive in future agonistic interactions. While much is know about the biological and behavioral consequences of winning and losing fights in adulthood, little is known about adolescence; a developmental period noted for impulsivity and heightened agonistic behavior. The present studies were undertaken to determine if the behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of social subjugation are comparable in adolescent versus adult Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Male siblings were studied from adolescence into adulthood following exposure to counterbalanced episodes of either a benign stressor, i.e., isolation in a novel cage, or the more severe stressor of social subjugation.

Results
As adults, hamsters with a history of social subjugation in adolescence show high levels of aggression toward intruders as compared to siblings subjugated in adulthood. Sibling controls subjugated in adulthood are highly submissive with little or no aggressive behavior. However, when subjugated in adulthood, hamsters with the earlier history of subjugation are no different than their sibling controls, i.e., adult subjugation promotes submissive behavior. Sexual motivation is high in adult hamsters with adolescent subjugation and testosterone levels remained stable over adulthood. In contrast, sibling controls subjugated in adulthood show lower levels of sexual motivation and reduced levels of testosterone. Release of cortisol during agonistic encounters is blunted in animals subjugated in adolescence but not adulthood. Measures of anxiety are reduced in hamsters with adolescent subjugation as compared to their sibling controls.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate a pronounced difference in behavior and neuroendocrinology between adolescent and adult hamsters in their response to social subjugation and suggest adolescence is a resilient period in development.
Globalization and Health
Authors: Martin Greg 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This debut editorial of Globalization and Health introduces the journal, briefly delineating its goals and objectives and outlines its scope of subject matter. 'Open Access' publishing is expected to become an increasingly important format for peer reviewed academic journals and that Globalization and Health is 'Open Access' is appropriate. The rationale behind starting a journal dedicated to globalization and health is three fold:
Firstly: Globalization is reshaping the social geography within which we might strive to create health or prevent disease. The determinants of health – be they a SARS virus or a predilection for fatty foods – have joined us in our global mobility. Driven by economic liberalization and changing technologies, the phenomenon of 'access' is likely to dominate to an increasing extent the unfolding experience of human disease and wellbeing.
Secondly: Understanding globalization as a subject matter itself needs certain benchmarks and barometers of its successes and failings. Health is one such barometer. It is a marker of social infrastructure and social welfare and as such can be used to either sound an alarm or give a victory cheer as our interconnectedness hurts and heals the populations we serve.
And lastly: In as much as globalization can have an effect on health, it is also true that health and disease has an effect on globalization as exemplified by the existence of quarantine laws and the devastating economic effects of the AIDS pandemic.
A balanced view would propose that the effects of globalization on health (and health systems) are neither universally good nor bad, but rather context specific. If the dialogue pertaining to globalization is to be directed or biased in any direction, then it must be this: that we consider the poor first.
Globalization and Health: Exploring the opportunities and constraints for health arising from globalization
Authors: Yach Derek 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The tremendous benefits which have been conferred to almost 5 billion people through improved technologies and knowledge highlights the concomitant challenge of bringing these changes to the 1 billion people living mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia who are yet to benefit. There is a growing awareness of the need to reduce human suffering and of the necessary participation of governments, non-government organizations and industry within this process. This awareness has recently translated into new funding mechanisms to address HIV/Aids and vaccines, a global push for debt relief and better trade opportunities for the poorest countries, and recognition of how global norms that address food safety, infectious diseases and tobacco benefit all. 'Globalization and Health' will encourage an exchange of views on how the global architecture for health governance needs to changes in the light of global threats and opportunities.
Trade related infections: farther, faster, quieter
Authors: Kimball Ann Marie , Arima Yuzo , Hodges Jill R 
Published: April 2005

AbstractModern global trading traffics large volumes of diverse products rapidly to a broad geographic area of the world. When emergent infections enter this system in traded products their transmission is amplified. With truly novel emergent infections with long incubation periods, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or variant Creutzfeld Jacob Disease (vCJD), this transmission may silently disseminate infection to far distant populations prior to detection. We describe the chronology of two such "stealth infections," vCJD and HIV, and the production, processing, and distribution changes that coincided with their emergence. The concept of "vector products" is introduced. A brief case study of HIV incursion in Japan is presented in illustration. Careful "multisectoral" analysis of such events can suggest ecologically critical pathways of emergence for further research. Such analyses emphasize the urgency of implementing safety measures when pathogens enter globally traded products.
The global diet: trade and novel infections
Authors: Hodges Jill R , Kimball Ann Marie 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Practices designed to meet the demands of global trade can amplify food safety problems. Ever-increasing pressure to churn out more product and better sides of beef has generated processes that compromise existing safety measures. Among the concerns are intensified food production, use of antimicrobials and hormones as growth promoters, and poor sanitary infrastructure in some food producing countries. Accompanying the innovations designed to serve the diversifying global palate are emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, or "trade-related infections." The joint efforts of international public health and industry are required to effectively address these growing health challenges.
The evolution of the Global Burden of Disease framework for disease, injury and risk factor quantification: developing the evidence base for national, regional and global public health action
Authors: Lopez Alan D 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Reliable, comparable information about the main causes of disease and injury in populations, and how these are changing, is a critical input for debates about priorities in the health sector. Traditional sources of information about the descriptive epidemiology of diseases, injuries and risk factors are generally incomplete, fragmented and of uncertain reliability and comparability. Lack of a standardized measurement framework to permit comparisons across diseases and injuries, as well as risk factors, and failure to systematically evaluate data quality have impeded comparative analyses of the true public health importance of various conditions and risk factors. As a consequence the impact of major conditions and hazards on population health has been poorly appreciated, often leading to a lack of public health investment. Global disease and risk factor quantification improved dramatically in the early 1990s with the completion of the first Global Burden of Disease Study. For the first time, the comparative importance of over 100 diseases and injuries, and ten major risk factors, for global and regional health status could be assessed using a common metric (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) which simultaneously accounted for both premature mortality and the prevalence, duration and severity of the non-fatal consequences of disease and injury. As a consequence, mental health conditions and injuries, for which non-fatal outcomes are of particular significance, were identified as being among the leading causes of disease/injury burden worldwide, with clear implications for policy, particularly prevention. A major achievement of the Study was the complete global descriptive epidemiology, including incidence, prevalence and mortality, by age, sex and Region, of over 100 diseases and injuries. National applications, further methodological research and an increase in data availability have led to improved national, regional and global estimates for 2000, but substantial uncertainty around the disease burden caused by major conditions, including, HIV, remains. The rapid implementation of cost-effective data collection systems in developing countries is a key priority if global public policy to promote health is to be more effectively informed.
International nurse recruitment and NHS vacancies: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Batata Amber S 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Foreign-trained nurse recruits exceeded the number of new British-trained recruits on the UK nurse register for the first time in 2001. As the nursing shortage continues, health care service providers rely increasingly on overseas nurses to fill the void. Which areas benefit the most? And where would the NHS be without them?

Methods
Using cross-sectional data from the 2004 Nursing and Midwifery Council register, nurse resident postcodes are mapped to Strategic Health Authorities to see where foreign recruits locate and how they affect nurse shortages throughout the UK.

Results
Areas with the highest vacancy rates also have the highest representation of foreign recruits, with 24% of foreign-trained nurses in the UK residing in the London area and another 16% in the SouthEast (comparable numbers for British-trained nurses are 11% and 13%, respectively). Without foreign recruitment, vacancy rates could be up to five times higher (three times higher if only Filipino recruits remained).

Conclusion
The UK heavily relies on foreign recruitment to fill vacancies, without which the staffing crisis would be far worse, particularly in high vacancy areas.
Behavioral and Brain Functions. A new journal
Authors: Sagvolden Terje 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Behavioral and Brain Functions (BBF) is an Open Access, peer-reviewed, online journal considering original research, review, and modeling articles in all aspects of neurobiology or behavior, favoring research that relates to both domains. Behavioral and Brain Functions is published by BioMed Central. The greatest challenge for empirical science is to understand human behavior; how human behavior arises from the myriad functions such as attention, language, memory and emotion; how these functions are reflected in brain structures and functions; and how the brain and behavior are altered in disease. Behavioral and Brain Functions covers the entire area of behavioral and cognitive neuroscience – an area where animal studies traditionally play a prominent role. Behavioral and Brain Functions is published online, allowing unlimited space for figures, extensive datasets to allow readers to study the data for themselves, and moving pictures, which are important qualities assisting communication in modern science.
Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Arnsten Amy FT , Dudley Anne G 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Methylphenidate (MPH) is the classic treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), yet the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic actions remain unclear. Recent studies have identified an oral, MPH dose regimen which when given to rats produces drug plasma levels similar to those measured in humans. The current study examined the effects of these low, orally-administered doses of MPH in rats performing a delayed alternation task dependent on prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region that is dysfunctional in ADHD, and is highly sensitive to levels of catecholamines. The receptor mechanisms underlying the enhancing effects of MPH were explored by challenging the MPH response with the noradrenergic α2 adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan, and the dopamine D1 antagonist, SCH23390.

Results
MPH produced an inverted U dose response whereby moderate doses (1.0–2.0 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved delayed alternation performance, while higher doses (2.0–3.0 mg/kg, p.o.) produced perseverative errors in many animals. The enhancing effects of MPH were blocked by co-administration of either the α2 adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan, or the dopamine D1 antagonist, SCH23390, in doses that had no effect on their own.

Conclusion
The administration of low, oral doses of MPH to rats has effects on PFC cognitive function similar to those seen in humans and patients with ADHD. The rat can thus be used as a model for examination of neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of MPH on executive functions in humans. The efficacy of idazoxan and SCH23390 in reversing the beneficial effects of MPH indicate that both noradrenergic α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor stimulation contribute to cognitive-enhancing effects of MPH.
Learning spatial orientation tasks in the radial-maze and structural variation in the hippocampus in inbred mice
Authors: Crusio Wim E , Schwegler Herbert 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In the present paper we review a series of experiments showing that heritable variations in the size of the hippocampal intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber (IIPMF) terminal fields correlate with performance in spatial, but not non-spatial radial-maze tasks. Experimental manipulation of the size of this projection by means of early postnatal hyperthyroidism produces the effects predicted from the correlations obtained with inbred mouse strains. Although the physiological mechanisms behind these correlations are unknown as yet, several lines of evidence indicate that these correlations are causal.
Dishabituation of the BOLD response to speech sounds
Authors: Zevin Jason D , McCandliss Bruce D 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Neural systems show habituation responses at multiple levels, including relatively abstract language categories. Dishabituation – responses to non-habituated stimuli – can provide a window into the structure of these categories, without requiring an overt task.

Methods
We used an event-related fMRI design with short interval habituation trials, in which trains of stimuli were presented passively during 1.5 second intervals of relative silence between clustered scans. Trains of four identical stimuli (standard trials) and trains of three identical stimuli followed by a stimulus from a different phonetic category (deviant trials) were presented. This paradigm allowed us to measure and compare the time course of overall responses to speech, and responses to phonetic change.

Results
Comparisons between responses to speech and silence revealed strong responses throughout the extent of superior temporal gyrus (STG) bilaterally. Comparisons between deviant and standard trials revealed dishabituation responses in a restricted region of left posterior STG, near the border with supramarginal gyrus (SMG). Novelty responses to deviant trials were also observed in right frontal regions and hippocampus.

Conclusion
A passive, dishabituation paradigm provides results similar to studies requiring overt responses. This paradigm can readily be extended for the study of pre-attentive processing of speech in populations such as children and second-language learners whose overt behavior is often difficult to interpret because of ancillary task demands.
Mycobacterium bovisBacillus Calmette-Guérin infects DC-SIGN– dendritic cell and causes the inhibition of IL-12 and the enhancement of IL-10 production
Authors: Gagliardi Maria Cristina , Teloni Raffaela , Giannoni Federico , Pardini Manuela , Sargentini Valeria , Brunori Lara , Fattorini Lanfranco , Nisini Roberto 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe only available vaccine against tuberculosis is Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG), although its efficacy in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis is controversial. Early interactions between dendritic cells (DC) and BCG or Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are thought to be critical for mounting a protective antimycobacterial immune response. Recent studies have shown that BCG and Mtb target the DC-specific C-type lectin intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) to infect DC and inhibit their immunostimulatory function. This would occur through the interaction of the mycobacterial mannosylated lipoarabinomannan to DC-SIGN, which would prevent DC maturation and induce the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 synthesis. Here, we confirm that DC-SIGN is expressed in DC derived from monocytes cultured in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4 and show that it is not expressed in DC derived from monocytes cultured in GM-CSF and interferon-α (IFN-α). We also demonstrate that DC-SIGN– DC cultured in GM-CSF and IFN-α are able to phagocytose BCG and to undergo a maturation program as well as DC-SIGN+ DC cultured in IL-4 and GM-CSF. We also show that BCG causes the impairment of IL-12 and the induction of IL-10 secretion by DC, irrespective of DC-SIGN expression. Finally, we demonstrate that the capacity to stimulate a mixed leukocyte reaction of naïve T lymphocytes is not altered by the treatment of both DC populations with BCG. These data suggest that DC-SIGN cannot be considered as the unique DC receptor for BCG internalization, and it is more interesting that the mycobacteria-induced immunosuppression cannot be attributed to the engagement of a single receptor.
Reduced endocannabinoid immune modulation by a common cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor gene polymorphism: possible risk for autoimmune disorders
Authors: Sipe Jack C , Arbour Nathalie , Gerber Alexandra , Beutler Ernest 
Published: April 2005

AbstractImmune system responsiveness results from numerous factors, including endogenous cannabinoid signaling in immunocytes termed the “immunocannabinoid” system. This system can be an important signaling pathway for immune modulation. To assess the immunomodulating role of the cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor, we sought polymorphisms in the human gene, identified a common dinucleotide polymorphism, and investigated its effect on endocannabinoid-induced inhibition of T lymphocyte proliferation. The CB2 cDNA 188–189 GG/GG polymorphism predicts the substitution of glutamine at amino acid position 63 by arginine. T lymphocytes from CB2 188–189 GG/GG homozygotes had approximately twofold reduction of endocannabinoid-induced inhibition of proliferation compared with cells from CB2 188–189 AA/AA homozygotes. In GG/GG subjects, the reduced endocannabinoid inhibitory response was highly significant for N-arachidonylglycine and nearly significant for 2-arachidonylglycerol, and a specific CB2 receptor antagonist partially blocked these effects. Also, patients with autoimmune diseases had an increased prevalence of the homozygous GG/GG genotype. Collectively, these results demonstrate reduced endogenous fatty acid amide immunomodulatory responses in individuals with the CB2 188–189 GG/GG genotype and suggest that this CB2 gene variation may be a risk factor for autoimmunity. The results also support the proposition that the CB2 receptor may represent a novel pharmacological target for selective agonists designed to suppress autoreactive immune responses while avoiding CB1 receptor-mediated cannabinoid adverse effects.
Leptin Modulates both Resorption and Formation while Preventing Disuse-Induced Bone Loss in Tail-Suspended Female Rats
Authors: Martin Aline , de Vittoris Raphaël , David Valentin , Moraes Ricardo , Bégeot Martine , Lafage-Proust Marie-Hélène , Alexandre Christian , Vico Laurence , Thomas Thierry 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In vitro studies have demonstrated leptin-positive effects on the osteoblast lineage and negative effects on osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that leptin may prevent tail-suspension-induced bone loss characterized by an uncoupling pattern of bone remodeling, through both mechanisms. Female rats were randomly tail-suspended or not and treated either with ip administration of leptin or vehicle for 3, 7, and 14 d. As measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, tail-suspension induced a progressive decrease in tibia-metaphysis bone mineral density, which was prevented by leptin. Histomorphometry showed that this was related to the prevention of the transient increase in osteoclast number observed with suspension at d 7. These effects could be mediated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB-ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway since we observed using direct RT-PCR, a suspension-induced increase in RANKL gene expression in proximal tibia at d 3, which was counterbalanced by leptin administration with a similar 3-fold increase in OPG expression and a RANKL to OPG ratio close to nonsuspended conditions. In addition, leptin prevented the decrease in bone formation rate induced by tail-suspension at d 14. The latter could be related to the role of leptin in mediating the reciprocal differentiation between adipocytes and osteoblasts, because leptin concurrently blunted the disuse-induced increase in bone marrow adipogenesis. In summary, these data suggest that peripheral administration of leptin could prevent disuse-induced bone loss through, first, a major inhibitory effect on bone resorption and, second, a delayed effect preventing the decrease in bone formation.