bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Darkness of Enlightenment
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the “Enlightenment myth” that is a foundation of scientific atheism’s critique and understanding of religion and its decline. This involves the view that there was an historical rupture in the modern period, ushered in chiefly by the Scientific Revolution, that marked the transition from a world governed by religion and superstition to one guided by reason and science, which is characterized by freedom, prosperity, and peace. While presented by its proponents as indicative of science-driven social progress, there was a dark side to the Enlightenment, which constructed a vision of Western cultural superiority that lent legitimacy to the violent project of colonialism. In adopting the Enlightenment myth as the basis of its critique of religion—as well as its overarching ideology—scientific atheism effectively endorses its racist and Orientalist features.
The Causes of Religious Decline
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws on the most recent scholarship on secularization to explain the decline of religious affiliation, belief, and practice. It first addresses the conflict myth: the idea that religion and science are inherently incompatible perspectives on reality and that education in science tends to lead to abandoning religious beliefs. On the contrary, research on practicing scientists demonstrates that, for the most part, they see no conflict between religion and science. Alternatively, the “existential security” theory of secularization is proposed to explain current developments. It suggests that religious belief and activity declines when people are safe from existential risks (like war, violence, famine, etc.) and that greater overall socioeconomic equality and security is a precondition for questioning, and eventually abandoning religion.
Crescas and Spinoza on Modality
Authors: Melamed Yitzhak Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The primary aim of this chapter it to provide a survey and outline of the chief elements of Spinoza’s modal philosophy, and its medieval Jewish philosophical background. The first section focuses on Hasdai Crescas, a bold and original, anti-Aristotelian philosopher. The rest of the chapter focuses on Spinoza’s main modal concepts, his understanding of contingency, and the extent of his commitment to necessitarianism. In addition, the chapter argues that Spinoza makes a distinction between two notions of contingency, which in turn shows how his various assertions about contingency can be rendered consistent. Second, the chapter shows how one central text in Spinoza, which is commonly taken to be the strongest and most stubborn proof against the reading of Spinoza as strict necessitarianism, has been widely misunderstood, and how it is perfectly compatible with reading Spinoza as a strict necessitarian.
Hume on Modal Discourse
Authors: Holden Thomas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Hume’s science of human nature dictates a genealogical approach to the phenomena of modal language and judgment. Ultimately Hume arrives at an account of talk about causal necessity as a systematic expression of our habit-induced inferential dispositions. This chapter argues that in a similar manner, Hume also arrives at an account of talk about absolute or metaphysical necessity as a systematic expression of the fact that we find certain propositions inconceivable. The chapter makes the case for this anti-realist reading of Hume on absolute necessity and situates Hume’s treatment of modal discourse in the context of his wider philosophy of language.
Models with migration
Authors: Barthelemy Marc , Verbavatz Vincent 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Interestingly, models of urban growth seen so far do not explain where the growth comes from. They focus on explaining how cities grow but not why. Without loss of generality, there are only two possible sources of population: natural growth (births minus deaths) and migrations, including migrations between cities. These migrations represent some sort of interactions and exchanges between cities and have been addressed in a small number of papers that we will discuss in this chapter.
The generalized central limit theorem and Lévy stable laws
Authors: Barthelemy Marc , Verbavatz Vincent 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Before developing other models of urban growth that include interurban migration flows, a few more mathematical results are necessary. In this chapter, we will start with a very common probabilistic result, the central limit theorem, and introduce its generalization. This will help us to define the so-called Lévy stable laws, which are typical “broad laws”: laws that describe large but rare events. These laws obey their own rules and will be paramount in the further description of migrations flows. Indeed, we will see in Chapter 9 that interurban migrations flows are actually dominated by rare, but large events.
Social procurement to promote social problem solving
Authors: Varga Eva , Hayday Malcolm 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter defines socially responsible public procurement (SRPP) and examines its potential to solve societal problems while engaging social economy enterprises in order to deliver innovative solutions. In focus are practices in the European Union, looking at SRPP legislation and its implementation, challenges, and opportunities. Various examples illustrate how different approaches have evolved to deliver on social policy agendas at national and local level and contribute to the sustainability of the social economy at the same time. The analysis points to what needs to change in the procurement world to harness more of the existing legislative framework and to allow new models to be employed for greater impact. The chapter identifies four main areas of challenge: (1) social value definition and measurement; (2) implementation obstacles; (3) legislation; and (4) lack of capacity of social economy enterprises. It recommends policy measures to address these challenges, as well as the opportunities identified for SRPP and social economy. It suggests that future focus should be on encouraging a collaborative and outcomes-oriented approach to public and private procurement, on taking advantage of existing SRPP legislation, and on building the capacities of public authorities and social economy enterprises. Finally, it recommends directions for further research to gauge what social value is actually delivered by socially responsible public procurement and what role it can play in scaling impactful solutions.
The New Industrial World
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The book argues that the logic of the industrialization process in the course of the Globalization Age—linking together the Global North and South on productive grounds—has been hinging upon quite exceptional conditions and that the gradual vanishing of such conditions asks for a rethinking of that logic. In the years following the great financial crisis, major changes relate to the slowdown in world output growth and in the return of distance as a key determinant of firms’ strategic decisions. In this connection the book pays attention in particular to the following issues: (1) the structural reasons behind the worldwide slowdown of manufacturing growth; (2) the fall of external demand as a driver of manufacturing development; (3) the decoupling of Chinese productions from global sourcing (as well as some evidence of supply-side disengagement coming from advanced economies in terms of back-shoring); (4) the resurgence of regionalism in international trade; (5) the economic consequences of the advancements of the digital and green transitions.
Bottled
Authors: Byala Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Travel to virtually any African country and you are likely to find a Coca-Cola, often a cold one at that. Bottled asks how this carbonated drink became ubiquitous across the continent, and what this reveals about the realities of globalisation, development and capitalism.Bottled is the first assessment of the social, commercial and environmental impact of one of the planet’s biggest brands and largest corporations, in Africa. Sara Byala charts the company’s century-long involvement in everything from recycling and education to the anti-apartheid struggle, showing that Africans have harnessed Coca-Cola in varied expressions of modernity and self-determination: this is not a story of American capitalism running amok, but rather of a company becoming African, bending to consumer power in ways big and small.In late capitalism, everyone’s fates are bound together. A beverage in Atlanta and a beverage in Johannesburg pull us all towards the same end narrative. This story matters for more than just the local reasons, enhancing our understanding of our globalised, integrated world. Drawing on fieldwork and research in company archives, Byala asks a question for our time: does Coca-Cola’s generative work offset the human and planetary costs associated with its growth in the twenty-first century?
The Bottom Line
Authors: Byala Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter Seven explores Coca-Cola’s twenty-first-century sustainability efforts, highlighting those around water, women, and energy. This chapter draws heavily from fieldwork to show what on-the-ground sustainability efforts look like in at least eight countries on the continent. It explores Coca-Cola’s convening power and its Golden Triangle collaborations, where Coca-Cola brings an international NGO, a local NGO, and a government to the table, all in the service of betterment. This chapter demonstrates some of the ways that Coca-Cola does work that no one else either can or will do in Africa while querying the implications of such activities. It also suggests that Coca-Cola’s sustainability work might best be thought of as a new kind of missionary endeavor.
Conservation and Geometry
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the geometric structure of theories with regular nomic structure within the framework of Hamiltonian mechanics. In this context, broad symmetries facilitate the identification of dynamically isolated substructures of a theory. In particular, the space of conserved charges and the Poisson sub-algebras of this space give representations of the interesting dynamically stable structures of a theory. However, there are good reasons to avoid a naïve reductionism in which the isolated structures of a theory are removed. Rather, once the broad symmetries are parameterized so that the isolated structures and conserved charges are identified, one can then proceed to identify the narrow symmetries in a second step based upon physical reasoning. The preliminary stance, that narrow symmetries are all broad symmetries which are variational symmetries of the full system under study are narrow symmetries, is the basic starting point in this approach.
Implementing the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement in UK Law
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the impact of the domestic implementation of UK withdrawal from the EU on the four components of the Northern Ireland constitution: the principle of consent, devolved government, the North–South and the East–West dimensions. Findings can be summarised as follows: (1) there are discrepancies between existing UK legal definitions of the 1998 Agreement and territory of Northern Ireland and those introduced onto the UK statute book by Brexit-implementing legislation; (2) the ‘democratic consent mechanism’ is constitutionally novel in the UK; (3) lack of requirement for Northern Ireland input to the implementation of the Protocol strengthened UK central government powers; (4) discrepancies between international and domestic provisions for North–South cooperation creates some uncertainty regarding its post-Brexit development; (5) the ‘power-hoarding’ effect of UK internal market legislation poses a challenge to the operation of the British-Irish Council; (6) events during the transition period suggest British-Irish relations will remain strained in the aftermath of Brexit.
City of Equals
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de Shalit Avner 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
When we think about equality in the city, we are very likely to think first of the wide and growing divide between rich and poor, in material terms. Yet when we think more about a ‘city of equals’ it becomes apparent that how people feel treated by the city and those around them, and whether they can live according to their values, are much more central. Accordingly, based on the authors’ reflections, a multi-disciplinary literature review, and, distinctively, more than 180 interviews in ten cities in six countries, the book offers an account of a city of equals based on the idea that it should give each of its city-zens a secure sense of place or belonging. Four underlying values structure this account. First, access to the goods and services of the city should not be based purely on the market. Second, each city-zen should be able to live a life they find meaningful. Third, there should be diversity and wide social mixing. Fourth, there should be ‘non-deferential inclusion’, that is, each person in the city should be able to get access to what they are entitled to without being treated as less worthy than others. They should be able to enjoy their rights without bowing and scraping, waiting longer than others, or going through special bureaucratic hurdles. In sum, in a city of equals each person is proud of their city and has the (justified) feeling that their city is proud of (people like) them.
Robotic-Assisted In-Bed Mobilization in Ventilated ICU Patients With COVID-19: An Interventional, Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study (ROBEM II Study)*
Authors: Lorenz Marco , Baum Felix , Kloss Philipp , Langer Nadine , Arsene Vanessa , Warner Linus , Panelli Alessandro , Hartmann Frederike V. , Fuest Kristina , Grunow Julius J. , Enghard Philipp , Schaller Stefan J. 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVES:
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted global healthcare systems, particularly in managing critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. This study aims to assess the feasibility of robotic-assisted mobilization in COVID-19 patients.

DESIGN:
Randomized controlled pilot study.

SETTING:
Four COVID-19 specialized ICUs at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (March 2021 to February 2022).

PATIENTS:
Twenty critically ill COVID-19 patients expected to require greater than 24 hours of ventilation.

INTERVENTIONS:
A 5-day intervention phase with bid robotic-assisted mobilization greater than or equal to 20 minutes and follow-up at day 180, compared with standard care.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Intervention sessions were conducted in 98.9% according to protocol, with one session missing due to staff shortage. Primary outcome was the mobilization level measured with the ICU Mobility Scale (IMS) and Surgical ICU Optimal Mobilization Score (SOMS), assessed until day 5 or extubation. Safety events were recorded during mobilization. The median IMS and SOMS were 0 (0–0.16) and 1 (1–1.03) in the intervention group, and 0 (0–0.15) (p = 0.77) and 0.8 (0.65–1.20) (p = 0.08) in the standard care group, respectively. Significant secondary outcomes included average number of mobilization sessions (intervention: 8.5 [7.75–10] vs. standard care: 4.5 [3.5–5]; p = 0.001), total mobilization time (intervention: 232.5 min [187.25–266.5 min] vs. standard care: 147.5 min [107.5–167.5 min]; p = 0.011), and healthcare providers per session (intervention: 2 [2–2] vs. standard care: 1 [1–1.4]; p = 0.001) during intervention. Four safety events (hypertension and agitation, n = 2 each) in the intervention group and none in the standard care group were reported.

CONCLUSIONS:
Robotic-assisted mobilization in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients appears to be safe and feasible.
The Intersection of Gender and Occupational Roles in Agriculture
Authors: Proctor Christina , Hopkins Noah , Reece Chase 
Published: January 2024

Objectives
The purposes of this study were to explore behavioral and mental health outcomes among a sample of farmers living in the United States and to compare differences between male and female farmers.

Methods
An online cross-sectional survey was distributed within the farming community by researchers, farming consultants, and community partners. χ2 and analysis or variance analyses were used to explore relationships between variables of interest.

Results
Female survey respondents reported significantly higher perceived stress and significantly lower resilience than their male counterparts. A significant interaction effect was observed between gender and farm roles on alcohol consumption patterns, with female farm owners and managers reporting binge drinking behavior most frequently.

Conclusions
This study identified distinct differences between respondents in terms of stress, resilience, and alcohol consumption patterns, based on both gender and occupational roles.
Multicenter benchmarking of short and long read wet lab protocols for clinical viral metagenomics
Authors: Lopez-Labrador F. Xavier , Huber Michael , Sidorov Igor A. , Brown Julianne R. , Cuypers Lize , Laenen Lies , Vanmechelen Bert , Maes Piet , Fischer Nicole , Pichler Ian , Storey Nathaniel , Schmutz Stefan , Kufner Verena , van Boheemen Sander , Mulders Claudia E. , Grundhoff Adam , Blümke Patrick , Robitaille Alexis , Cinek Ondrej , Hubáčková Klára , Mourik Kees , Boers Stefan A. , Stauber Lea , Salmona Maud , Cappy Pierre , Ramette Alban , Franze’ Alessandra , LeGoff Jerome , Claas Eric C.J. , Rodriguez Christophe , de Vries Jutte J.C. ,   European Society of Clinical Virology (ESCV) Network on Next-Generation Sequencing (ENNGS)
Published: January 2024

AbstractMetagenomics is gradually being implemented for diagnosing infectious diseases. However, in-depth protocol comparisons for viral detection have been limited to individual sets of experimental workflows and laboratories. In this study, we present a benchmark of metagenomics protocols used in clinical diagnostic laboratories initiated by the European Society for Clinical Virology (ESCV) Network on NGS (ENNGS).A mock viral reference panel was designed to mimic low biomass clinical specimens. The panel was used to assess the performance of twelve metagenomic wet-lab protocols in use in the diagnostic laboratories of participating ENNGS member institutions. Both Illumina and Nanopore, shotgun and targeted capture probe protocols were included. Performance metrics sensitivity, specificity, and quantitative potential were assessed using a central bioinformatics pipeline.Overall, viral pathogens with loads down to 104copies/ml (corresponding to C values of 31 in our assays) were detected by all the evaluated metagenomic wet-lab protocols. In contrast, lower abundant mixed viruses of CTvalues of 35 and higher were detected only by a minority of the protocols. Considering the reference panel as the gold standard, optimal thresholds to define a positive result were determined per protocol, based on the horizontal genome coverage. Implementing these thresholds, sensitivity and specificity of the protocols ranged from 67 to 100% and 87 to 100%, respectively.A variety of metagenomic protocols are currently in use in clinical diagnostic laboratories. Detection of low abundant viral pathogens and mixed infections remains a challenge, implying the need for standardization of metagenomic analysis for use in clinical settings.
ImmCellTyper: an integrated computational pipeline for systematic mining of Mass Cytometry data to assist deep immune profiling
Authors: Sun Jing , Choy Desmond , Sompairac Nicolas , Jamshidi Shirin , Mishto Michele , Kordasti Shahram 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMass cytometry, also known as Cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), is a cutting-edge high-dimensional technology for profiling marker expression at the single-cell level. This technology significantly advances clinical research in immune monitoring and the interrogation of immune cell populations. Nevertheless, the vast amount of data generated by CyTOF poses a daunting challenge for analysis. To address this, we describe ImmCellTyper (https://github.com/JingAnyaSun/ImmCellTyper), a novel and robust toolkit designed for CyTOF data analysis. The analytical framework incorporates an in-house developed semi-supervised clustering tool named BinaryClust, which first characterises main cell lineages, followed by in-depth interrogation for population of interest using unsupervised methods.BinaryClust was benchmarked with existing clustering tools and demonstrated superior accuracy and speed across two datasets comprising around 4 million cells, performing as good as manual gating by human experts. Furthermore, this computational pipeline provides a variety of visualization and analytical tools spanning from quality control to differential analysis, which can be tailored to user’s specific needs, aiming to provide a one-stop solution for CyTOF data analysis. The general workflow consists of five key steps: 1) Batch effect evaluation and correction, 2) Data quality control and pre-processing, 3) Main cell lineage characterisation and quantification, 4) Extraction and in-depth investigation of cell type of interest; 5) Differential analysis of cell abundance and functional marker expression (supporting multiple study groups). Overall, ImmCellTyper integrates expert’s biological knowledge in a semi-supervised fashion to accurately deconvolute well-defined main cell lineages, while also preserving the potential of unsupervised approaches to discover novel cell subsets and providing a user-friendly toolset to remove the analytical barrier for high-dimensional immune profiling.
Subfamily evolution analysis using nuclear and chloroplast data from the same reads
Authors: Witharana Eranga Pawani , Iwasaki Takaya , San Myat Htoo , Jayawardana Nadeeka U. , Kotoda Nobuhiro , Yamamoto Masashi , Nagano Yukio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe chloroplast (cp) genome is a widely used tool for exploring plant evolutionary relationships, yet its effectiveness in fully resolving these relationships remains uncertain. Integrating cp genome data with nuclear DNA information offers a more comprehensive view but often requires separate datasets. In response, we employed the same raw read sequencing data to construct cp genome-based trees and nuclear DNA phylogenetic trees using Read2Tree, a cost-efficient method for extracting conserved nuclear gene sequences from raw read data, focusing on the Aurantioideae subfamily, which includesCitrusand its relatives. The resulting nuclear DNA trees were consistent with existing nuclear evolutionary relationships derived from high-throughput sequencing, but diverged from cp genome-based trees. To elucidate the underlying complex evolutionary processes causing these discordances, we implemented an integrative workflow that utilized multiple alignments of each gene generated by Read2Tree, in conjunction with other phylogenomic methods. Our analysis revealed that incomplete lineage sorting predominantly drives these discordances, while introgression and ancient introgression also contribute to topological discrepancies within certain clades. This study underscores the cost-effectiveness of using the same raw sequencing data for both cp and nuclear DNA analyses in understanding plant evolutionary relationships.