bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
David Hackett Souter
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the first President Bush chose David Hackett Souter for the Supreme Court in 1990, the slender New Englander with the shy demeanor and ambiguous past was quickly dubbed a "stealth candidate". Determined to avoid a repeat of the firestorm surrounding President Reagan's nomination of the controversial Robert Bork, Bush opted for Souter, who had, remarkably, produced only one law review article in his legal career. Souter, an obscure but well-respected New Hampshire conservative, seemed unlikely to arouse the kind of passionate opposition that defined the Bork confirmation process. And, indeed, Souter was accepted onto the Court with little fuss. Today, fifteen years into his tenure, Souter remains as enigmatic and unpredictable as ever, a mystery even to avid Court watchers. Who is David Hackett Souter and what will be his legacy on the Supreme Court? Sifting through Souter's opinions, papers of the Justice's contemporaries and other relevant records and interviews, esteemed Supreme Court biographer Tinsley Yarbrough here gives us the real David Souter, crafting a fascinating account of one of the heretofore most elusive Justices in the history of the Court. Though Souter's record on legal issues was generally conservative before his arrival on the Court, his mixed views caused some concern among both the left and the right during the appointment process. His reclusive lifestyle and frugality added to his mystique, making him even more difficult to peg. His penchant for solitude and his seemingly narrow circle of close friends convinced some that the middle-aged bachelor was out of touch with the sort of "real world" problems the nation's highest court regularly confronts. Court watchers soon realized--to their delight or dismay--that President Bush's "stealth" justice was a traditional New England Republican deeply tied to the party's historic roots in the union and civil rights--in stark contrast to most Reagan-Bush I appointees. On the bench, Souter has embraced a flexible, evolving, and highly pragmatic judicial style that embraces a high regard for precedent--even liberal decisions of the Warren and Burger Courts with which he may have personally disagreed. Even more significantly, Souter has become a regular and very effective critic of the set of rulings via which his ostensible political brethren--Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas--have abandoned precedent to assert their conservative vision. Ultimately, Yarbrough contends, Souter has become the principal Rehnquist Court opponent of the originalist, text-bound jurisprudence that many of the more conservative Justices profess to champion.
An Outpost of Progress
Authors: conrad joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There were two white men in charge of the trading station. Kayerts, the chief, was short and fat; Carlier, the assistant, was tall, with a large head and a very broad trunk perched upon a long pair of thin legs. The third man on the staff was a Sierra Leone nigger, who maintained that his name was Henry Price. However, for some reason or other, the natives down the river had given him the name of Makola, and it stuck to him through all his wanderings about the country.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Authors: Stowe Harriet Beecher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The utter inefficiency of the law to protect the slave in any respect has been shown. But it is claimed that, precisely because the law affords the slave no protection, therefore public opinion is the more strenuous in his behalf.
Nothing more frequently strikes the eye, in running over judicial proceedings in the Courts of slave States, than announcements of the utter inutility of the law to rectify some glaring injustice towards this unhappy race, coupled with congratulatory remarks on that beneficent state of public sentiment which is to supply entirely this acknowledged deficiency of the law.
“The Age of the Sestina”
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in july 1937, elizabeth bishop published her recently completed poem, “A Miracle for Breakfast.” I quote it in full: At six o’clock we were waiting for coffee, waiting for coffee and the charitable crumb That was going to be served from a certain balcony, —like kings of old, or like a miracle. It was still dark. One foot of the sun steadied itself on a long ripple in the river. The first ferry of the day had just crossed the river. It was so cold we hoped that the coffee would be very hot, seeing that the sunn was not going to warm us; and that the crumb would be a loaf each, buttered, by a miracle. At seven a man stepped out on the balcony. He stood for a minute alone on the balcony looking over our heads towards the river. A servant handed him the makings of the miracle, consisting of one lone cup of coffee and one roll, which he proceeded to crumb, his head, so to speak, in the clouds—along with the sun.
Why Not the Heroic Couplet?
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the [English major] requirements was a course in the eighteenth century. I hated the very idea of the eighteenth century, with all those smug men writing tight little couplets and being so dead keen on reason. So I’d skipped it. Set in the mid-1790s, the years immediately preceding both the Irish Rebellion and the first edition of Lyrical Ballads, Eavan Boland’s aptly titled “The Death of Reason” (1994) depicts the eighteenth century’s fiery passing. Flames overtake a catalogue of the century’s gentle arts and delicate goods, “the curve and pout / of supple dancing and the couplet rhyming”: And the dictates of reason and the blended sensibility of tact and proportion—yes the eighteenth century ends here as her hem scorches and the satin decoration catches fire. She is burning down. As a house might. As a candle will. She is ash and tallow. It is over.
Letters
Authors: Brooks Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seventy-six letters by Samson Occom provide a remarkable window onto Occom’s personal and public lives, including his family relationships and friendships, as well as his position within indigenous, domestic, and transatlantic networks of religious and political aﬃliation. More than in any other genre of his writing, in his letters we hear the voice of Samson Occom across a full expressive range: he is aﬀectionate, humorous, sorrowful, searching, earnest, honest, critical, righteously indignant, sarcastic, and contemptuous. To his close friends and mentors, Occom confesses vulnerabilities, hurts, and disappointments and expresses a deep and personal faith. He wrote to Eleazar Wheelock on the eve of his departure for England, December 6, 1765:
‘Fragment Of A ‘Fantastic Story, Anterior To The ‘Eighteenth ‘Dynasty
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Berlin Papyrus No. 3 includes the fragments of two works: a philosophical dialogue between an Egyptian and his soul, and a fantastic story. It appears that the story began at line 156, and it occupied the last thirty-six lines of the manuscript as it exists at present (11. 156-191); it is impossible to estimate exactly what is missing from the end; all that can be said now is that the lines with which the narrative opens were anciently effaced. A second edition of the text has been given in phototype by Alan H. Gardiner, Die Erziihlung des Sinuhe und die Hirtengischichte, in vol. iv. of Hieratische Texten des Mittleren Reiches by Erman, folio, Leipzig, 1909, pl. xvi, xvii. It was translated for the first time into French by Maspero, itudes igyptiennes, vol. i, p. 73 et seq., then into German by Erman, Aus den Papyrus der Koniglichen Museen, 1899, pp. 20-30, and by Alan H. Gardiner, Die Erziihlung des Sinuhe und die Hirtengeschichte, pp. 14, 15. Now behold, as I went down to the marsh which adjoins that wadi, I saw there a woman who had not the appearance of a mortal; my hair rose up when I perceived her tresses, by the variety of their colour. I could make nothing of that which she spake to me, so much had the terror of her penetrated my limbs.
Sterne and Irregular Oratory
Authors: Lamb Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laurence Sterne has always been considered the least rulebound of the British eighteenth-century novelists, and his Tristram Shandy is generally cited as the most eccentric production within the already varied collection of narrative types of eighteenth-century fiction. The common method of assimilating his work to the new province of novel writing is to assume that the digressions, apostrophes, typographical outrages and zany time scheme that make it so unaccountable are the result of a thoroughgoing parody of the conventions of realism established during the previous decade by Richardson and Fielding.
Brown v. Board of Education
Authors: Klarman Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1951, black students at segregated Moton High School in Prince Edward County, Virginia, commenced a strike against over-crowding and other unequal conditions in their school. This sort of youthful black militancy, though it was not uncommon in the postwar South, was a stunning departure from white expectations of black subservience in rural Southside, Virginia. Local leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People initially tried to discourage the protest because Prince Edward County seemed like such an inhospitable environment in which to challenge Jim Crow education. When the students would not be dissuaded, however, the association’s lawyers agreed to sponsor a law-suit, but only on the condition that the students and their parents directly attack segregation, which had not been their initial intention. This lawsuit became one of the five consolidated cases that became known to history as Brown v. Board of Education.
Looking At Sterling A. Brown’s South: An Introduction
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From their humble beginnings with Lucy Terry’s earliest poem to Rita Dove’s Pulitzer Prize–winning verse and Toni Morrison’s Nobel Prize–winning prose, African American letters have laid claim, either implicitly or explicitly, to the same Enlightenment values and ideals shaping the founding documents of the American Republic: freedom, equality, justice, and, above all, universal personhood. Indeed, in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century contexts, where letters and the literary tradition often served as the demarcation between human and animal, free and slave, subject and object, the very assertion of literary ability was the assertion of being, citizenship, and democratic inclusion.1 Thus a poor eighteenth-century black woman’s chronicle of her community in Deerfield, Massachusetts, and a contemporary black woman’s epic tale of slavery’s (and emancipation’s) trauma may serve as bookends to a tradition shaped by the African American struggle for full democratic access.
“Bus Station”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bus for Macon was due to leave at 2:45 P.M. I had been unable to get a cab; Frank finally picked me up and by driving his Pontiac like a red ball through hell through all the back streets and alleys, he had got me to the depot at 2:43. The station was white, new and cheaply imposing. I ran up the steep incline to the colored entrance, swung through the glass door with its chromium bars, and wove through a crowd of folks to the barred off ticket window. There were two lines ahead of me, one of Negro employees of the company, and the other of passengers. A lanky, ruddy-faced clerk was taking his time, cashing the checks of the employees. When the fellow abreast of me came up, the clerk scrutinized him with gimlet eyes. “What’s the matter, James?” “I been sick, Mr. Doyle. That’s the reason I didn’t make much time. I had to lay off two days.” Doyle grunted suspiciously, looked at the back of the check, and paid out a few dollars. The white woman waited on the last customer before me, and then was long gone. I don’t know why; maybe it was because I had a suit and a tie and was smoking a cigarette. But she turned away as I got there, and rushed to the white folks’ window which we could see through the office.
“Roommate”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The director of the Negro USO at Columbus, Ga., had called up the Y.M.C.A. and arranged for me to get a room. The old decaying shambles of a building seemed deserted. There was a dim light over the counter, but nobody to check me in. I waited awhile, then started exploring. One door led to a pitch-dark, damp smelling hole; I learned the next morning with a postponed scare, that the swimming pool, full of green water, was just a few yards from where I had groped in the blackness. Finally, the old man who was in charge came in. As we mounted the steps he told me that he was really looking out for me, that my room had a bath. We climbed the shaky stairs, and then he knocked on a door. I heard a grumbling “Who’s there?” and a click. Through the transom I saw a light come on. I was surprised at having a roommate; I was more surprised when he flung the door open and stood there. He was a little old fellow, reddish bronze, with walrus moustaches, looking mean and mad. He resented being aroused from his sleep. From his looks and speech I suspected that he was a down-home farmer, but he was wearing the latest style jockey shirts and shorts. He looked funny standing there, a bandylegged little old farmer, caricaturing the magazine advertisements.
“Return Of The Native”
Authors: Tidwell John Edgar , Sanders Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I got out of the car that had brought me there from Baton Rouge, Gus and Abe and Alan ran down to the gate to greet me. They all talked at once: Abe about the hunting I had missed, Alan about his new family, and Gus about the gatherings and sports that had been his welcome home. The yard was full of children of all sizes and ages. Near the porch, in barrel-stave swings and comfortable chairs, on benches, on the steps, were the grown-ups, and every now and then another would appear out of the rambling old house. I asked Gus later how many of his kinsfolk had been at this gathering; he was never certain, but counted up near to forty. All close relations were there except two sisters and their families. The clan had gathered because Gus, the second son, the junior, had come home. Over a score of years ago, a tall, green youngster, their hope, he had left Frilot Cove for Tuskegee. He returned home after his graduation, but had been away now for over fifteen years. Most of the relatives, his young nieces and nephews and cousins, he had of course never seen, but they had heard all about him. The youngsters tumbling around and yelling, the older sisters and brothers and cousins and in-laws chattering away, were mostly fair in complexion; nearly all of them would have been taken for white; some were olive-colored, some blonde, one in-law was a fiery red-head. A few were light tan—French, Spanish looking; only two were what could be called brownskin: Gus’s stepmother, Indian-like, with coal-black straight hair, and Abe’s wife, a recent addition to the family. Gus himself looks like a Frenchman.
The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leading historian of the early church, Bart Ehrman offers the first comprehensive account of the newly discovered Gospel of Judas, revealing what this legendary lost gospel contains and why it is so important for our understanding of Christianity. Ehrman describes how he first saw the Gospel of Judas--surprisingly, in a small room above a pizza parlor in a Swiss town near Lake Geneva--and he recounts the fascinating story of where and how this ancient papyrus document was discovered, how it moved around among antiquities dealers in Egypt, the United States, and Switzerland, and how it came to be restored and translated. More important, Ehrman gives the reader a complete and clear account of what the book teaches and he shows how it relates to other Gospel texts--both those inside the New Testament and those outside of it, most notably, the Gnostic texts of early Christianity. Finally, he describes what we now can say about the historical Judas himself as well as his relationship with Jesus, suggesting that one needs to read between the lines of the early Gospels to see exactly what Judas did and why he did it. The Gospel of Judas presents an entirely new view of Jesus, his disciples, and the man who allegedly betrayed him. It raises many questions and Bart Ehrman provides illuminating and authoritative answers, in a book that will interest anyone curious about the New Testament, the life of Jesus, and the history of Christianity after his death.
Sentiment without Tears
Authors: Hochman Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was an unprecedented success when first published in 1852, but by the 1860s interest in the book had diminished; it was infrequently reprinted either during the war or the postwar years (Winship; Parfait). Stowe’s novel gained a new lease on life in the 1880s and especially the 1890s, however; new editions appeared, and there is good evidence for saying that the book was, once again, widely read.1 This essay explores the renewed appeal of Uncle Tom’s Cabin for commentators, editors, publishers, and other readers of this period. The essay also addresses two methodological issues: How can attention to the paratextual materials of individual editions (prefaces, introductions, illustrations) serve as a basis for general claims about the way a text was read and used at a particular historical moment? To what extent can we see the comments and editorial choices of literary professionals as evidence of culturally typical reading practices and as factors in shaping the responses of others?
Garland
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judy Garland represents the extreme case of extradiegetic knowledge affecting the response to a star’s performance. Almost everyone now encountering Meet Me in St. Louis for the first time has some awareness of what happened to her: the calamitous marriages, the persistent addictions, the increasingly mannered performances, the premature death. She had the misfortune to live through the studio system’s own cycles: the all-powerful maturity that determined her roles and exacerbated her anxieties, and the abrupt senescence that left her unprotected. Garland’s image was unmoored to any central, stable personality: hence the wigs, the fluctuating weight, the constructed features, edited and revised over and over again by a long stream of uncredited contributors.
Halloween
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the Halloween sequence’s production history has become common knowledge: how Benson’s version had immediately struck Minnelli (“The scene was the reason I wanted to do the picture”); how he labored over its execution, requiring late hours of the children, especially Margaret O’Brien; and finally, how producer Arthur Freed wanted to cut it because “[i]t’s the only scene that doesn’t have anything to do with the plot.” (Freed ran the film without the Halloween sequence and blithely changed his mind: “It’s not the same picture,” he admitted. “Let’s put it back.”) As with Tootie’s other big moment, in the snow, the Halloween sequence represents a shift in register: when the camera comes upon the bonfire, the movie changes tone, becoming suddenly intense and mysterious.
Ketchup
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meet Me in St. Louis portrays ketchup making as a communal, oral practice (the Smiths don’t follow a written recipe), whose results issue from trial and error or family tradition. As such, it represents the kind of activity transformed by what Walter Benjamin called “mechanical reproduction,” or by what Taylor and Ford termed “standardization.” As Benjamin noted, a photograph can be reproduced endlessly, without modification, and Ford’s Model T’s were identical, made to an exact plan. Soon after Meet Me in St. Louis’s time, Heinz ketchup would become the same ketchup, no matter where you bought it. The great celebrant of this kind of mechanical reproduction was Andy Warhol: What’s great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca- Cola, and you know the President drinks Coke, Liz Taylor drinks Coke, and just think, you can drink Coke, too. A Coke is a Coke and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the Cokes are the same and all the Cokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it.
Questions (Irrational Enlargement)
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who lives at 5134 Kensington Avenue? What case did Mr. Smith lose? What did Grandpa do for a living? What happened to Grandma? What song would the characters sing if they didn’t live in St. Louis? When Tootie cuts her lip, the doctor asks, “What is it this time, Tootie?” What was it the last time? What is Lon’s major at Princeton? What is the unoccupied horse and carriage doing on Kensington Avenue during the Halloween sequence? What is Mr. Braukoff reading when Tootie knocks on his door? What was in the bag that Esther accidentally drops from the trolley? Where did John Truitt find a tuxedo?.
Window Dressers
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although that roster betrays an obvious surrealist connection, the origins of window dressing date back to the mid-nineteenth century and the confluence of the museum, world’s fair, and department store. Aristide Bouciaut’s Bon Marché, the first department store, opened in Paris in 1852, only a year after London’s Crystal Palace Exhibition. Although its rival Le Louvre arrived three years later, this marketing innovation accelerated only when Bouciaut hired M. A. Laplance and Gustave Eiffel to build a store that would occupy an entire block. Eiffel had been involved with the 1867 Exposition; another Parisian fair, the Universal Exposition of 1889, which commissioned the tower bearing his name, would ensure his immortality. That fair would also inspire Frantz Jourdain, the architect of yet another major Parisian store, La Samaritaine, itself influenced by Zola’s fictional Au Bonheur des Dames. Zola’s famous opening describes the young provincial Denise standing awestruck before the store’s windows, “displaying symphonies of window-dressing . . . an orgy of colours.” Like the museum and world expositions, the department store depended on displaying merchandise in a style that Rosalind Williams has called “the chaotic-exotic”: “syncretism, anachronism, illogicality, flamboyance, childishness . . . an attempt to express visions of distant places in concrete terms.” With its mixture of 1940s slang and Victorian sets, its stuffed rooms and sudden plot turns, its child’s perspective on the world, Meet Me in St. Louis resembles a series of carefully designed shop windows.
The Decree On Ecumenism, Unitatis Redintegratio
Authors: Morerod Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to grasp some understanding of Unitatis redintegratio’s continuity with tradition, one might of course consider how Church unity has been understood for two millennia. That would be too broad for our purpose. The ecumenical question is actually rather recent. First of all, the consciousness of a somehow permanent division, after both the Eastern schism of 1054 and the Reformation of the sixteenth century, appeared only some time after the divisions themselves. Such a consciousness was certainly clear by the end of the sixteenth century: From then on to be a Christian has implied belonging to one particular denomination.