bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communicating With Deaf Children
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To this point, I have described several similarities and differences observed between deaf children and hearing children. Throughout, I have been careful to emphasize that these differences are natural and normal consequences of differences in their early environments and should not be seen as problems to be corrected. Deaf children are not “hearing children who cannot hear,” and trying to make them more like hearing children is unlikely to be the best way to support their development and learning. Instead, we have to accommodate their needs and perhaps alter our approaches to education and childrearing. In this regard, it would not be an exaggeration to suggest that most of the ways in which deaf and hearing children are different and the factors on which their success depend revolve around the availability and effectiveness of early communication. Indeed, language is an essential component of normal development for all humans.
Early Interactions: The Roots of Childhood
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descriptions of deaf children written in the 1950s and 1960s often painted a bleak picture of them as living isolated and empty lives filled with emotional troubles and behavioral problems. Since then, investigations have provided a much better understanding of the psychological functioning of deaf children and deaf adults, and many of the earlier misconceptions and biases have been swept away. Newborn hearing screening and early intervention programs have been developed to provide young deaf children with a variety of social and educational experiences and to provide their parents with much needed information and support. Such programs now begin early and play a much more proactive role in preparing children for schooling, with particular emphasis on the importance of early exposure to language. Thanks in part to the Deaf community and to research into the psychological development of deaf children, many hearing people now have come to realize that once one gets beyond the appearances of sign language, deaf and hearing children are much the same, and in the end they grow up to have comparable roles and responsibilities in society.
“There Ain’T No Daylight”: Lyndon Johnson and the Politics of Escalation
Authors: Logevall Fredrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a man who led his country into what is widely seen as a disastrous war, Lyndon Baines Johnson has enjoyed surprisingly gentle treatment from historians. He has had his detractors over the years, to be sure, but most authors have been at once critical of his Vietnam policy and sympathetic to his plight. Johnson made the wrong decision in 1965, they in essence argue, but how can you blame him? After all, with the exception of poor old George Ball, the undersecretary of state, all of the president’s senior advisors advocated a military solution in the key months of decision, while in the broader foreign policy bureaucracy, the pressure was all in the direction of escalation. On Capitol Hill and in elite public opinion generally, so it is implied, the mood in the same period was likewise hawkish, or at least unquestioning. An all-powerful “Cold War consensus”—never much analyzed in this literature—reigned supreme in American opinion and dictated that the commitment to South Vietnam had to be maintained, through major military escalation if necessary. In real political terms, therefore, so the argument goes, LBJ had no choice but to expand the war. (To the extent that he had a choice, it was whether or not to move faster and harder militarily, along the lines suggested by a few military analysts.) He was thus not really personally responsible, he cannot fairly be held accountable, for his “nonchoice” to escalate the fighting. No one else in his position would have done differently.
Taking Notice Of The Everyday
Authors: Hunt David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it has long been obvious that Vietnam was caught up in the international politics of the Cold War, the place of the Vietnamese in the social history of the period has received less attention. Summing up the global significance of the moment, Eric Hobsbawm declares that the mid-twentieth century witnessed “the greatest and most dramatic, rapid, and universal social transformation in human history.” Literacy spread, advances in communication technology overcame constraints in time and space, and commodities generated by “a single, increasingly integrated and universal world economy” found buyers everywhere. The “disintegration of the old patterns of social relationships” opened new possibilities and created new dangers for women and young people. In many regions, shifts in agricultural practice and outmigration from the countryside led to the “death of the peasantry.” “For 80% of humanity,” Hobsbawm concludes, “the Middle Ages ended suddenly in the 1950s.”
Co So Cach Mang And The Social Network Of War
Authors: Kwon Heonik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Vietnam War was a complex reality for the Vietnamese. One way to explore this complexity is to consider a set of organizational and social networks that proliferated during the war, particularly in the urban areas of the southern region. This chapter continues David Hunt’s “history from below” approach to the subject and investigates further the movement and displacement of the people highlighted in Hunt’s essay. My discussion will focus on two analytically distinct types of network: the purposeful, political organizational network and the crosscutting, informal social network of human actors existing within and across defined political groups. These two different types of human network were both integral to the grassroots experience of the Vietnam War and were interconnected in a myriad of ways. This chapter will describe their historical connectedness and the contemporary meanings of this history based on my research in a peripheral urban neighborhood near Danang, the wartime commercial and strategic center of Central Vietnam. I call this neighborhood the community of Tiger Temple, taking note of the central symbolic importance of this animist temple for the identity of the place.
Official History, Revisionist History, And Wild History
Authors: Elliott David W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of many years of research and writing on the Vietnam War, I have become increasingly aware of the pitfalls of writing a “winner’s history” that mainly examines the actions of the victors of a conflict. Most of the writings on the Vietnam War have examined in detail the plans, strategies, motivations, and perceptions of the revolutionary side of the conflict.1 This chapter does not address in detail the related but separate question of American centered histories of the war (which privilege a “loser’s” perspective) but concentrates on the way the Vietnamese dimension of the “Vietnam War” is depicted by foreigners writing on the war and the way Vietnamese sources on the war have been employed by them. We should also take note of recent attempts in American scholarship to portray the US effort in Vietnam as a “should-have-been” victory in which the war was fundamentally won before political factors turned success into failure, which has produced a kind of hypothetical or fictional “winner’s history” that reduces the importance of taking the revolutionary side and its own accounts of the war seriously.
Nixon Shocks Japan, Inc.
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The present U.S. balance-of-payments position is very precarious,” began the report of a task force tapped by President-elect Richard Nixon to pro- vide guidance on foreign economic problems. By the time he took office, the multilateral, market-oriented regime that permitted the United States to spend expansively at home and abroad had reached a crisis point marked by the payments deficit, or the net loss suffered by America from its trade, investment, and monetary exchanges with the rest of the world. Nixon accepted that U.S. power had entered a new era of constraints. No longer did the “American Century” promise outright hegemony.
Conceptualizing U.S. Women’s History through the History of Sexuality
Authors: Regenhardt Christy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you say that you teach the history of sexuality, people usually laugh and make a joke. Even among historians, the study of sexuality is generally marginalized. Discussing this topic is not always easy, but the things that make it so difficult are the same things that make it so interesting. Because sexuality is so personal for most people, it helps students understand how much historical context shapes even the most seemingly private experiences. Students can generally learn to put aside questions of whether sexual orientation is natural or learned and instead learn to interrogate those questions in historical context.
Redesigning the U.S. Women’s History Survey Course Using Feminist Pedagogy, Educational Research, and New Technologies
Authors: Goldberg Michael Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last fifteen years, advances in educational technology and research on learning have provided historians with new approaches and methods for deepening students ‘ historical understanding. With an ever-expanding choice of digital communication tools, we have a variety of new ways to engage students and assess their work. This potent combination enables instructors to enhance key feminist pedagogical goals. Recent scholarship has begun to explore the challenges of combining traditional feminist pedagogical objectives with scholarly rigor and promoting student agency. The advances in educational technology and learning offer instructors interested in introducing feminist pedagogical goals into their course the means for producing more complex understandings of women’s multicultural history.
The British Atlantic
Authors: Burnard Trevor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the Atlantic from the fifteenth century to the present has been more than just an ocean, that it has also been a particular zone of exchange and interchange, circulation and transmission, is not only true, in the sense that these exchanges and interchanges shaped life on four continents over a very long period of time. It is also a conceptual leap forward, allowing historians to make links among places, peoples, and periods that enrich our under- standing about how societies were formed. The receptiveness of colonial British Americanists to Atlantic history can be seen in the titles of recent books, the enthusiasm for conferences incorporating an Atlantic theme, the reorientation of research institutes with an early British American focus toward Atlantic studies, and the proliferation of courses on aspects of Atlantic history. But Atlantic history also has limitations. Those limitations, increasingly apparent, have the potential to limit the usefulness of the Atlantic perspective as an exciting historical frame of reference.
Listening, Engagement, and Collaboration Skills
Authors: Romanelli Lisa Hunter , Ramos Belinda , Burton Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the 1999 Surgeon General report, research has shown that when parents are actively engaged in their children’s mental health service planning and treatment, their children have better outcomes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). Yet, for a variety of reasons, parents may be reluctant to be involved in their children’s mental health care. Or they may be somehow prevented from being active, informed participants. Even in this enlightened age, mental illness still carries a stigma. Parents often feel blamed (sometimes by care providers themselves) or at fault for their children’s emotional and behavioral difficulties. Parents’ help-seeking attitudes can be influenced by social and cultural beliefs and their own perceptions and beliefs about mental illness. In addition, their expectations about the benefits of mental health services may affect their willingness to seek help.
Boundary-Setting Skills
Authors: Ramos James Rodriguez Belinda , Romanelli Lisa Hunter , Burton Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parents share extremely sensitive and personal information with parent advisors. In order to develop a trusting and strong working relationship with parents, it is critical to discuss privacy and confidentiality with them. Parents need to know what information can be kept completely confidential and the limits of confidentiality. Information that indicates that someone is in danger of harm to himor herself or others must be reported—in some cases to the proper authorities. The limits to confidentiality are clear when abuse is suspected or occurring or when someone is threatening or being threatened with physical harm.
Making Home and School Partnerships Work
Authors: Rodriguez RueZalia Watkins James , Romanelli Lisa Hunter , Gipson Polly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schools play an essential role in the lives of all children. In some areas of the country, schools provide several levels of support for today’s busy, working families. There are school communities that have health services and/ or mental health services right inside the school. There are also schools that house social service or juvenile justice offices as well. Whether or not the families you work with have comprehensive schools such as these, a school is still a community in itself with many great resources for families.
Descartes on Misrepresentation
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any adequate theory of mental representation must include an account of how sensory experience is capable of misrepresenting the world. Misrepresentation occurs, for example, when we look at a straight stick in a glass of water and see it as bent. In order for our visual experience to misrepresent the stick, it must represent the stick, but it must represent the stick as other than it is, as bent rather than straight. To account for misrepresentation, an adequate theory of representation must therefore explain how our sensory experience can represent an object as other than it is. Many philosophers have offered accounts of representation according to which sense experience cannot or at least does not misrepresent the world in optimal conditions or even in normal conditions.1 Descartes, however, thinks otherwise. In optimal conditions, our visual experiences represent physical objects as colored. Descartes maintains that this, too, counts as misrepresentation, on the ground that color is not a property of physical objects.
Direct Realism, Intentionality, and the Objective Being of Ideas
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this essay is to understand the contrast between two philosophical theories of perception: direct realism and representationalism. In rough formulation, direct realism is the view that when we perceive mind-independent physical objects we are directly or immediately aware of them. Representationalism or indirect realism agrees that we perceive mind-independent physical objects, but denies that we are immediately aware of them. Rather, we perceive physical objects by being immediately aware of ideas that represent them.
Who is a baritone? Who a bass-baritone? Who a bass?
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voice category is largely determined by the dimensions of the larynx, the construction of the vocal tract, the structure of the respiratory and resonance systems (comprising the nostrils, the nasal cavities, the pharyngeal cavities, the oral cavity, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi), and by overall body build. Most males are baritones. Tenors and basses are deviations from the norm. Baritones may feel relieved to learn that they are not departures from the standard, but their satisfaction may be short-lived when they recognize that performance competition is greater within the baritone fach than in any other male category. The average male is a potential baritone. In addition to the general SATB (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) designations, every major voice category has its subdivisions. Shades of demarcation among baritones are based on what may at first blush seem to be minimal physical and psychological variants. Lack of recognition of subtle attributes may lead to the establishment of false subcategory designations.
The Agility Factor
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although I have made oblique reference to the usefulness of agility, this important aspect of technical mastery has not yet been fully considered. Many of the exercises and the musical excerpts encountered thus far were proposed to increase the singer’s sustaining ability. Of equal importance is the capability to move the voice. Sostenuto and agility are equivalent poles of the art of bel canto. A cavatina/cabaletta structure is characteristic of many nineteenth-century arias, for both male and female voices. This twofold compositional form contrasts sustained and melismatic bravura passages. Baritones, bass-baritones, and basses must have as great a facility to execute both fioriture (ornaments, embellishments, and cadenzas) and sostenuto passages as do the higher voices. The agility factor grows directly out of the brief onset, to which it is closely related. Agility is present in laughter or panting (see chapter 2). I have already suggested that brief agility patterns can serve as liberating pilot approaches in high, sustained singing. It is time to consider agility in general.
Voice Viruses ⁽Dealing With Some Common Problems Of Male Low Voices⁾
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several problems for male low voices that have received passing attention need further elaboration. These “voice viruses” invade chiaroscuro balance, and damage interpretive artistry. A few anti-viral prescriptions may prove useful, particularly in dealing with the young male voice. These descriptive titles are not to be found in historic voice pedagogy! Forty years ago, it was common for an immature male singer to bring excessive energy and tension to the onset and to the phrase. Today, there is more likely to be a lack of physical involvement. An unformed “peeping sound” pervades many young male voices. This curious change has to do with the musical environment that surrounds today’s youthful singer. His listening experiences are chiefly those of popular TV, radio, and rock. (American Idol is at the moment the most watched entertainment.) The omnipresence of the microphone in the commercial entertainment world has contributed markedly to under singing (as well as to yelling). Whatever the appropriateness of most current popular vocalism to the “show” world, it remains disadvantageous to the cultivated singing voice.
Performance Preparation And Enhancement
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In writing this book, I have tried to distinguish between the needs of young artists who are engaged in the demanding professional world, and those of courageous young singers who are hoping for a performance career. In both cases, it is essential to keep in mind the developmental continuum for all of them. The events of puberty are far more decisive for a male than for a female. If a youth has undergone puberty at age fourteen and he is now eighteen, his voice is essentially four years old. On that account, it is rare to find a young man of conservatory or university age who can compete on a technical level equal to that of a woman of the same age. The larger the instrument, the later its maturation. Whereas the soubrette may be ready by her mid-twenties to take on professional demands, most male voices require additional time. It is traditionally and logically thought that the lyric tenor voice is the first of the male instruments to reach its fullest potential, followed in order by the baritone, the bass-baritone, and the bass.
Success and Failure in Milan
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in his ‘storia di milano dal 1836 al 1848’ antonio ghislan-zoni, future librettist of Aida, gives a pungent description of the city at the time of Verdi’s arrival there. Capital of the Austrian province of Lombardy-Venetia, it had become an Italian Vienna, a walled city of some 150,000 inhabitants marked by hedonism, political torpor and—until the hygienic reforms of 1844–5—dirt. Bread and circuses were the order of the day. The coronation of the Emperor Ferdinand I in September 1838 had provided the occasion for a round of public entertainments, open-air balls lasting far into the night, equestrian and acrobatic displays—all referred to by Verdi as a ‘bordello’. Austrian soldiery was everywhere in evidence; police vigilance unceasing. But in general the lives of ordinary citizens were rarely interfered with. From the safety of exile Mazzini might preach rebellion; the romantically minded might nourish their dreams of Italian unity on the writings of Pellico, Guerrazzi, Tommaso Grossi and Manzoni; intellectuals might glance with envy across the border to the Kingdom of Piedmont where, through the activities of Massimo D’Azeglio, Carlo Alberto had granted a constitution. But, says Ghislanzoni, ‘men who chafed at the foreign yoke were few. Most people were not aware
The Journeyman
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
of medium height; not unprepossessing but not good-looking either; solemn and haughty.’ This vignette of 1845 by an anonymous correspondent of the Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung gives a fair idea of the view of himself that Verdi presented to the world, and would continue to present until mellowed by age. Fortunately we have a more sympathetic witness to the real man.
The Last Years
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
so fresh, so apparently effortless had been the miracle of Falstaff that Boito had little doubt that it could be repeated. His biographer, Nardi, relates an anecdote to the effect that one day in the company of some friends Boito approached Verdi and said, ‘Now dear Maestro, we must set to work on King Lear, only to see a look of desperate alarm on Giuseppina’s face. Later she drew him aside: ‘For Heaven’s sake, Boito! Verdi is too old, too tired.’ That was the end of that.
Verdi as Man and Artist
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
great artists rarely live up to their best work. the more they put into their art, the more they are likely to be found wanting in the prosaic dealings of everyday life. The ruthless egotism of a Wagner or a Bellini can be seen as a necessary protection of their genius. While Beethoven the composer rose to ever greater heights, the man, beset by growing deafness, became ever more difficult and disagreeable. Mozart was feckless and often undignified. Schubert was an impractical Bohemian, Bruckner pathetically naïve, Mahler a neurotic, and so on.
From Oberto to Ernani
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
for his first opera verdi characteristically chose a subject out of the common run. The provenance of Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio has never been established; nor can we be sure how much of it was carried over from Rocester. The hero is an outraged father who returns to the land of which he has been dispossessed to find his daughter, Leonora, seduced and abandoned by the usurper, Riccardo. Together they present themselves to Cuniza, the bride-to-be; then having enlisted her sympathy they confront Riccardo in the presence of his followers (the usual concertato-finale). The wedding is broken off; but this does not prevent Oberto from challenging Riccardo to a duel and being killed by him. Riccardo, remorseful, goes into exile bequeathing his possessions to Leonora, who concludes the opera with the prima donna’s traditional ‘rondò-finale’ of grief and delirium.