bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Interhemispheric Difference in Atmospheric Gaseous Elemental Mercury Isotopes Reveals a New Insight in Oceanic Mercury Emissions
Authors: Tang Kaihui , Song Zhengcheng , Fu Xuewu , Zhang Yanxu , Zhang Hui , Sun Ye , Zhang Hui , Wu Xian , Deng Qianwen , Zhang Leiming , Suratman Suhaimi , Seng Tan Hock , Feng Xinbin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOceanic emission of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0 or GEM) is an important source for atmospheric mercury (Hg), but existing estimates of global gross oceanic Hg0 emissions are highly variable (800–7,220 Mg yr−1). This study measured atmospheric GEM concentrations and isotopic compositions at two coastal sites in Terengganu, Malaysia, a region that receives air masses from both hemispheres, during 2019–2021 to diagnose the amount of oceanic Hg0 emissions. Significantly lower mean (±1sd) concentration (1.28 ± 0.20 ng m−3), Δ199Hg (−0.23 ± 0.03‰), and Δ200Hg (−0.066 ± 0.018‰) and significantly higher δ202Hg (0.43 ± 0.12‰) were observed during the wet season when air masses were predominantly from the Southern Hemisphere, compared with those (mean concentration, Δ199Hg, Δ200Hg, and δ202Hg of 1.77 ± 0.09 ng m−3, −0.17 ± 0.03‰, −0.045 ± 0.023‰, and 0.25 ± 0.11‰, respectively) during the dry season when air masses were predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting interhemispheric difference in GEM concentrations and its isotopic compositions. Using a Δ200Hg mass balance model, we estimated that the oceanic Hg0 emissions from HgII reduction should be below 2,250 ± 891 Mg yr−1 (±1sd), which is at the low‐end range of the literature reported values. We then used the constrained value as emission input to a three‐dimensional atmospheric Hg isotope model and reproduced well the global distributions and interhemispheric gradient of atmospheric GEM Δ200Hg. The findings from the present study will help to better understand Hg0 emissions from global oceans and their roles in global atmospheric Hg cycling.
Spatiotemporal Variability of Saturn's Zonal Winds Observed by Cassini
Authors: Wang Xinyue , Li Liming , Guan Larry , Jiang Xun , Fry Patrick M. , Dyudina Ulyana A. , Fletcher Leigh N. , García‐Melendo Enrique , Hueso Ricardo , Morales‐Juberías Raúl , Sánchez‐Lavega Agustin , Simon Amy A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe strong zonal winds on giant planets are among the most interesting phenomena in our solar system. Observations recorded by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), and the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) on the Cassini spacecraft are utilized to investigate spatiotemporal variations in Saturn's zonal winds. A general thermal wind equation works for investigating the vertical structure of zonal winds at all latitudes, but it has integration gaps near the equator caused by the cylindrical integration path. Here, we develop an algorithm to address this limitation, which is validated by the observed zonal winds. The algorithm is combined with the CIRS‐retrieved temperature and the ISS‐measured winds to generate a complete picture of the vertical structure of Saturn's zonal winds for the upper troposphere (i.e., 50–500 mbar), which suggests that the equatorial zonal winds have complicated vertical structures. The zonal winds from 10°S to 10°N initially decrease with altitude and then increase. Additionally, the intense narrow equatorial jet between 3°S and 3°N widens with altitude. The zonal winds are further used to examine the atmospheric stability, which implies some unstable regions. Finally, the analysis of Cassini multi‐instrument observations reveals different temporal behaviors of zonal winds in the vertical direction, which suggests that seasonally varying solar flux is one of the drivers of temporal variations in zonal winds.
Limited Influence of Hydrogen on the Sound Velocity of the Martian Core: Constraints From First‐Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Fe‐S‐H Liquids
Authors: Liu Tao , Jing Zhicheng 
Published: January 2025

AbstractRecent seismic observations from the InSight mission have provided new constraints to the structure, density, and sound velocity of the martian core. Despite these advancements, the precise compositional makeup of the martian core remains largely uncertain, partly due to the poorly constrained equations of state for Fe‐light element alloying liquids. Here we performed first‐principles molecular dynamics simulations of Fe‐S and Fe‐S‐H liquids under pressures of 16–58 GPa and temperatures of 1,700–3,200 K, covering the martian core conditions. The effects of hydrogen on the density and sound velocity of Fe‐S liquids were investigated based on the calculated pressure‐density‐temperature data. Our results show that the calculated density of an Fe‐S‐H core can match that of the martian core, depending on the core sulfur and hydrogen contents and the seismic model used, but the corresponding sound velocity is always lower than the seismically observed P‐wave velocity of the core. This implies that an additional light element, likely carbon, that can elevate the sound velocity of Fe‐S liquids, must be present in the martian core.
Inner Core Composition of the Moon and Ganymede Constrained by Thermal Equation of State of Fe0.99C0.01
Authors: Su Xiaowan , Liu Jin , Zhou Yongsheng , Man Lianjie , Hou Mingqiang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCore composition is essential for understanding the state, structure and evolution of terrestrial planets and satellites. Here we present synchrotron energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction measurements on Fe0.99C0.01 alloy, a possible candidate inner‐core component, in a Paris‐Edinburgh press up to 8.0 GPa and 1773 K. The thermal equation of state of face‐centered cubic (fcc or γ) Fe0.99C0.01 was established at 0.8–8.0 GPa and 973–1773 K (V0 = 48.3(3) Å3, K0 = 143(35) GPa, = 4, (∂K/∂T)P = −0.02(9) GPa K−1, and thermal expansion αT = a + bT with a = 7(2) × 10−5 K−1 and b = −0(7) × 10−8 K−2). In particular, adding 1 at.% carbon decreases the density of fcc Fe by ∼0.09 g/cm3 at 8.0 GPa and 1773 K. Comparison with geophysical observations suggests that the density of Fe‐C alloy (0.2–6.7 wt.% C) could not account for the inner core density of the Moon and Ganymede. The γ‐Fe0.99C0.01 also displays a higher velocity by ∼1.45–1.59 km/s than the lunar inner core. This result implies that carbon should be not the sole light element in the inner core of the Moon and Ganymede.
Precession Controls on Climate and Water Isotope Signals in Northern Africa
Authors: Shi Xiaoxu , Werner Martin , Yang Hu , Gao Qinggang , Liu Jiping , Lohmann Gerrit 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPrecessional forcing is a key driver of quaternary climate change. Based on 24 experiments covering a full precession cycle, this study explores spatio‐temporal variations of both climate and isotope signals in Northern Africa. We find a synchronous phasing of precipitation variations with solar radiation levels and an asynchronous timing of surface air temperature changes across different sub‐regions of Northern Africa. Based on daily precipitation, our results reveal earlier onset and withdrawal, as well as a shorter duration of the West Africa summer monsoon (WASM) at minimum precession compared to maximum precession. The onset of the WASM is controlled by the intensity of the Sahara Heat Low, while the monsoon termination is linked to subtropical solar radiation and interhemispheric thermo contrast. Using a novel scale‐flux tracing technique, we find that, precipitation during minimum precession is more influenced by evaporation from warmer and more humid regions compared to maximum precession. Additionally, certain inland areas of Northern Africa exhibit positive temporal isotope‐precipitation gradients, violating the “amount effect.” This phenomenon mainly occurs during precession phases associated with Green Sahara periods. The isotope composition changes in such places primarily reflect changes in upstream rainfall quantity, rather than changes in local precipitation as is inferred from present day analogs. Conversely, the “amount effect” remains applicable during dry periods in Africa when the Sahara desert is present. This suggests that isotope‐based reconstruction of past precipitation variations during Green Sahara periods over Northern Africa needs to be taken with caution.
Cell-free DNA release following psychosocial and physical stress in women and men
Authors: Limberg A. S. , Berg F. , Köper E. , Lindgraf C. , Gevers C. , Kumsta R. , Hummel E. M. , Moser D. A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is continuously shed by all cells in the body, but the regulation of this process and its physiological functions are still largely unknown. Previous research has demonstrated that both nuclear (cf-nDNA) and mitochondrial (cf-mtDNA) cfDNA levels increase in plasma in response to acute psychosocial and physical stress in males. This study further investigated these findings by testing 31 female participants (16 using oral hormonal contraception and 15 not using oral hormonal contraception), and the results were subsequently compared with those of 16 male participants. In addition, cf-nDNA and cf-mtDNA were comparatively quantified in both plasma and saliva at four time points, 2 min before and 2, 15, and 45 min after stress induction. A novel method was implemented to facilitate the straightforward collection of capillary blood by non-medical personnel for plasma analysis. While cf-mtDNA is readily detectable in body fluids due to its high copy number, the quantification of cf-nDNA is challenging due to its low abundance. To overcome this, a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol targeting L1PA2 elements, which are prevalent in the human genome, was utilized. The analysis indicated significantly elevated levels of cf-nDNA in both plasma and saliva in all participants, irrespective of gender, following psychosocial and physical stress. Conversely, neither plasma nor saliva exhibited a consistent or stress-induced release pattern for cf-mtDNA. CfDNA is a promising biomarker that is consistently released after stress in both men and women and can be detected in both plasma and saliva. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of cfDNA release from specific cells and to understand its biological function in the body.
The transcriptional response of cortical neurons to concussion reveals divergent fates after injury
Authors: Alkaslasi Mor R. , Lloyd Eliza Y. H. , Gable Austin S. , Silberberg Hanna , Yarur Hector E. , Tsai Valerie S. , Sohn Mira , Margolin Gennady , Tejeda Hugo A. , Le Pichon Claire E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for neurodegeneration, however little is known about how this kind of injury alters neuron subtypes. In this study, we follow neuronal populations over time after a single mild TBI (mTBI) to assess long ranging consequences of injury at the level of single, transcriptionally defined neuronal classes. We find that the stress-responsive Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) defines a population of cortical neurons after mTBI. Using an inducible reporter linked to ATF3, we genetically mark these damaged cells to track them over time. We find that a population in layer V undergoes cell death acutely after injury, while another in layer II/III survives long term and remains electrically active. To investigate the mechanism controlling layer V neuron death, we genetically silenced candidate stress response pathways. We found that the axon injury responsive dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) is required for the layer V neuron death. This work provides a rationale for targeting the DLK signaling pathway as a therapeutic intervention for traumatic brain injury. Beyond this, our approach to track neurons after a mild, subclinical injury can inform our understanding of neuronal susceptibility to repeated impacts.
Clinical and biochemical factors associated with amygdalar metabolic activity
Authors: Tahara Atsuko , Tahara Nobuhiro , Honda Akihiro , Igata Sachiyo , Bekki Munehisa , Maeda-Ogata Shoko , Koga Yuki , Nonaka Ruiko , Murotani Kenta , Tanoue Shuichi , Yamagishi Sho-ichi , Fukumoto Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We investigated clinical factors and biochemical markers associated with amygdalar metabolic activity evaluated by [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in 346 subjects without a history of malignant neoplasms. Univariate regression analysis revealed significant relationships between amygdalar metabolic activity and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin, coronary artery disease (CAD) history, aspirin use, oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) use, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). In multiple stepwise regression analysis, FPG and CAD history were independently associated with amygdalar metabolic activity. Moreover, in 36 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), additional OHAs treatment significantly improved glycemic and metabolic parameters, and decreased ADMA concentrations. Baseline and Δpigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a marker of insulin resistance, was a significant associate with Δamygdalar metabolic activity. Our study demonstrates that FPG and CAD history were independently associated with amygdalar metabolic activity in subjects without a history of malignant neoplasms. In T2DM patients, PEDF might regulate amygdala metabolic activity.
Land system changes of terrestrial tipping elements on Earth under global climate pledges: 2000–2100
Authors: Lv Jiaying , Gao Yifan , Song Changqing , Chen Li , Ye Sijing , Gao Peichao 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Tipping elements on Earth are components that undergo rapid and irreversible changes when climate change reaches a tipping point. They are highly sensitive to climate variations and serve as early warning signs of global change. Human activities, including global climate pledges, significantly influence the climate and the state of tipping elements. Land changes serve as the external and intuitive response of tipping elements to climate change, making it essential to identify shifts in the land system. We produced a 1-km land system dataset for terrestrial tipping elements on Earth for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2100 under global climate pledges by integrating the GCAM with a modified version of CLUMondo. Our dataset includes 30 thematic categories, combining three density types and ten land cover types. The dataset illustrates potential land system changes under global climate pledges, contrasting with common SSP and RCP scenarios. Our simulations demonstrate high accuracy, offering valuable insights into tipping elements and the assessment of the impacts of global climate pledges on Earth.
$$\hbox {H}_2$$-roaming dynamics in the formation of $$\hbox {H}_{3}^{+}$$ following two-photon double ionization of ethanol and aminoethanol
Authors: Ngai Aaron , Hartweg Sebastian , Asmussen Jakob D. , Bastian Björn , Bonanomi Matteo , Callegari Carlo , Danailov Miltcho , di Fraia Michele , Feifel Raimund , Ganeshamandiram Sarang Dev , Krishnan Sivarama , LaForge Aaron , Landmesser Friedemann , Ltaief Ltaief Ben , Michelbach Moritz , Pal Nitish , Plekan Oksana , Rendler Nicolas , Raimondi Lorenzo , Richter Fabian , Scognamiglio Audrey , Sixt Tobias , Squibb Richard J. , Dulitz Katrin , Stienkemeier Frank , Mudrich Marcel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Roaming reactions involving a neutral fragment of a molecule that transiently wanders around another fragment before forming a new bond are intriguing and peculiar pathways for molecular rearrangement. Such reactions can occur for example upon double ionization of small organic molecules, and have recently sparked much scientific interest. We have studied the dynamics of the
$$\hbox {H}_2$$
-roaming reaction leading to the formation of
$$\hbox {H}_3^+$$
after two-photon double ionization of ethanol and 2-aminoethanol, using an XUV-UV pump-probe scheme. For ethanol, we find dynamics similar to previous studies employing different pump-probe schemes, indicating the independence of the observed dynamics from the method of ionization and the photon energy of the disruptive probe pulse. Surprisingly, we do not observe a kinetic isotope effect in ethanol-
$$\hbox {D}_6$$
, in contrast to previous experiments on methanol where such an effect was observed. This distinction indicates fundamental differences in the energetics of the reaction pathways as compared to the methanol molecule. The larger number of possible roaming pathways compared to methanol complicates the analysis considerably. In contrast to previous studies, we additionally analyze a broad range of dissociative ionization products, which feature distinct dynamics from that of
$$\hbox {H}_{3}^{+}$$
and allow initial insight into the action of the disruptive UV-probe pulse.
Hybrid clustering strategies for effective oversampling and undersampling in multiclass classification
Authors: Salehi Amirreza , Khedmati Majid 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Multiclass imbalance is a challenging problem in real-world datasets, where certain classes may have a low number of samples because they correspond to rare occurrences. To address the challenge of multiclass imbalance, this paper introduces a novel hybrid cluster-based oversampling and undersampling (HCBOU) technique. By clustering and separating classes into majority and minority categories, this algorithm retains the most information during undersampling while generating efficient data in the minority class. The classification is carried out using one-vs-one and one-vs-all decomposition schemes. Extensive experimentation was carried out on 30 datasets to evaluate the proposed algorithm's performance. The results were subsequently compared with those of several state-of-the-art algorithms. Based on the results, the proposed algorithm outperforms the competing algorithms under different scenarios. Finally, The HCBOU algorithm demonstrated robust performance across varying class imbalance levels, highlighting its effectiveness in handling imbalanced datasets.
Spatial variations in urban woodland cooling between background climates
Authors: J Liu , M Dennis , S. J Lindley 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Urban woodland composition and configuration have strong associations with land surface temperatures (LST), but the evidence is contradictory due to different spatial scales, regional climate zones, woodland types and urban contexts. In this study, we analyse associations between urban woodland and LST within and between five cities in different Köppen climate zones. Our consistent methodology is framed around local climate zones and conducted at a fine spatial scale. We find that urban woodland fragmentation, connectedness, and shape complexity all influence LST, though much less than overall cover. The importance of cover holds for all climates except for hot-desert (Cairo). Otherwise, every 1% increase in woodland cover corresponds to a reduction of LST of around 0.07 °C to 0.02 °C (London-Cfb > Toronto-Dfa > Nanjing-Cfa > Shenyang-Dwa). Within cities, increasing urban woodland cover generally reduces LST more in built-up compared to vegetated zones. Nevertheless, associations between local LST and urban woodland composition and configuration are highly heterogeneous across cities, especially in cooler climates. Thus, to unravel the complexities of urban woodland cooling, systematic analysis of contemporaneous local and regional factors is required.
Adsorption of Acid Yellow 36 and direct blue 86 dyes to Delonix regia biochar-sulphur
Authors: Eleryan Ahmed , Aigbe Uyiosa Osagie , Ukhurebor Kingsley Eghonghon , Hassaan Mohamed A. , Ragab Safaa , Osibote Otolorin Adelaja , Hossain Ismail , El Nemr Ahmed 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study aims to investigate a new approach to removing hazardous dyes like Direct Blue 86 (DB86) and Acid Yellow 36 (AY36) from aqueous environments. Delonix regia biochar-sulphur (DRB-S), made from Delonix regia seed pods (DPSPs), is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent. Different characterization investigations using BJH, BET, FTIR, SEM, DSC, TGA, and EDX were utilized in the descriptions of the DRB-S biosorbent. The optimal pH for AY36 dye and DB86 dye adsorption to the DRB-S adsorvbent was at pH 1.5. For the adsorption of AY36 and DB86 to DRB-S, equilibrium was attained at 30 and 90 min of reaction time interaction. The Langmuir model (LGM) and pseudo-second-order-model (PSOM) best describe the biosorption of both dye molecules to the biosorbent owing to the equal and homogeneous spread of the dye molecules over the biosorbent porous surface and a chemisorption process which involved the valency force through the exchange of electrons between the dye molecules and the prepared biosorbent. The determined biosorption capacities for both dyes (AY36 and DB86) were found to be 270.27 mg/g and 36.23 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, this recently synthesised DRB-S adsorbent exhibited an impressive sorption capacity and successfully removed AY36 and DB86 dyes. This suggests that the biosorbent has potential applications in wastewater treatment and can be recycled without affecting its adsorption effectiveness.
Optimal frequency bands for pupillography for maximal correlation with HRV
Authors: Medeiros Júlio , Bernardes André , Couceiro Ricardo , Oliveira Paulo , Madeira Henrique , Teixeira César , Carvalho Paulo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Assessing cognitive load using pupillography frequency features presents a persistent challenge due to the lack of consensus on optimal frequency limits. This study aims to address this challenge by exploring pupillography frequency bands and seeking clarity in defining the most effective ranges for cognitive load assessment. From a controlled experiment involving 21 programmers performing software bug inspection, our study pinpoints the optimal low-frequency (0.06-0.29 Hz) and high-frequency (0.29-0.49 Hz) bands. Correlation analysis yielded a geometric mean of 0.238 compared to Heart Rate Variability features, with individual correlations for low-frequency, high-frequency, and their ratio at 0.279, 0.168, and 0.286, respectively. Extending the study to 51 participants, including a different experiment focusing on mental arithmetic tasks, validated the previous findings and further refined bands, maintaining effectiveness with a geometric mean correlation of 0.236 and surpassing common frequency bands reported in the existing literature. This study represents a pivotal step toward converging and establishing a coherent framework for frequency band definition to be used in pupillography analysis. Furthermore, based on this, it also contributes insights into the importance of more integration and adoption of eye-tracking with pupillography technology into authentic software development contexts for cognitive load assessment at a very fine level of granularity.