bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS AND X-RAYS ON ENZYMES
Authors: Hussey Raymond G. , Thompson William R. 
Published: May 2004

The radiochemical inactivation of invertase by beta radiation from the radioactive products in equilibrium with radium emanation can be explained quantitatively on the same basis as that of trypsin and pepsin previously reported; namely, the rate of change in the logarithm of the concentration of the active enzyme with respect to the variable, W, is constant, under the conditions of irradiation described, when the volume of solution exposed is constant. When, within the limits stated in this paper, this volume (V) is varied, the rate of radiochemical change is inversely proportional to V; i.e.,
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THE PENETRATION OF CO2 INTO LIVING PROTOPLASM
Authors: Osterhout W. J. V. , Dorcas M. J. 
Published: May 2004

The experiments indicate that little or no CO2 enters normal cells of Valonia except in the form of undissociated molecules.
Whenever the interior of a cell is more acid than the surrounding medium (excess base being the same in both) we may expect that at equilibrium the internal concentration of total CO2 will be less than the external.
CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION AND DURATION OF LIFE OF DROSOPHILA CULTURES
Authors: Northrop John H. 
Published: May 2004

The total CO2 produced by aseptic Drosophila cultures during the entire duration of life has been determined at 15°, 26°, and 30°C. in the dark and at 22–26°C. in the light.
The total amount of CO2 produced is not constant but is greater at 15° than at 26° or 30°, and is much greater in the light than in the dark.
The total duration of life, therefore, is not determined by the time required to produce a limiting amount of CO2.
THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF RACEMIC PROLINE AND CERTAIN RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: McCay C. M. , Schmidt Carl L. A. 
Published: May 2004

1. It has been experimentally shown that breaking of the pyrrolidine ring of proline by nitrous acid is not a factor of sufficient magnitude to account for the amino nitrogen which is usually found in proline preparations.
2. A method for the preparation of racemic proline is described. The product was found to be free from amino nitrogen.
3. The dissociation constants of racemic proline and of certain structurally related compounds were determined.
ELECTROENDOSMOSIS THROUGH MAMMALIAN SEROUS MEMBRANES
Authors: Mudd Stuart 
Published: May 2004

The rate of electroendosmotic flow through dog and cat pericardia is found to be proportional to the current strength. The plots of current strengths against volumes of liquid transported in unit time are, in the better experiments, straight lines passing through the origin; the slopes of the lines are characteristic of the several systems.
Data on transport rate with buffers of different specific resistances showed the following phenomena:
1. Decrease of the observed transport rate to a minimum between σ values of 95 and 60 ohms.
2. Changes in the membrane markedly affecting transport rate, at conductivities and osmotic pressures close to those of the blood.
3. Polarization of the membrane during the passage of current. The mean rate found for electroendosmotic transport across dog and cat serous membranes bathed in serum has been 0.19 to 0.30 (average, 0.25) c.mm. per minute per milliampere. The best experiments with dog serum and the living mesenteries of dogs under ether gave a mean rate of 0.29 c.mm. per minute per milliampere.
These data, together with data from other sources, are believed to indicate a probability approaching certainty that electroendosmotic effects are a factor in glandular secretion.
GALVANIC STIMULATION OF LUMINESCENCE IN PELAGIA NOCTILUCA
Authors: Moore A. R. 
Published: May 2004

1. Pelagia noctiluca responds to galvanic stimulation by a luminescent glow at the anode. If placed near the cathode a secondary glow occurs also on the cathodal side.
2. The luminescent slime of Pelagia when subjected to the galvanic current glows around the cathode. This is referred partly to the movement of hydrogen bubbles, but in the main to the alkali formed at the cathode.
3. The cause of galvanic stimulation in Pelagia is ionic. (1) Anodal stimulation is referred to the blocking of positive ions by the tissue on that side. (2) Cathodal stimulation, when the animal lies near the cathode, is due to the diffusion of alkali outward from a region of high concentration (the cathode).
4. Only the margin of the bell is excited to luminescence by the galvanic current. It is therefore concluded that nervous elements are the seat of excitation.
5. Luminescence is not a result of muscular contraction, since K ion causes relaxation of musculature but a continuous luminescent glow in Pelagia. The galvanic current causes pulsations of the bell (contraction and relaxation of the musculature) but a continuous glow.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY
Authors: Murray Henry A. 
Published: May 2004

1. The water, ash, glycogen, nitrogen, and ether extract content of the tissues of chicken embryos were determined between the 5th and the 19th days of incubation.
2. It was found that the concentration of solid substance changed from approximately 5 to 17 per cent during this interval. The chief change in the organic substances involved a relative decrease in the nitrogen as compared with the fat.
3. Bomb calorimetric estimations confirmed these findings. It was shown that the calorific value of the dried substance increased with age.
4. The rate of growth of the total solids, and of the potential energy of the tissues was estimated.
5 Various theoretical considerations were brought forward dealing chiefly with the order in which the chief organic substances, carbohydrate, protein, and fat could be ranged when judged by various criteria.
SPEED OF TOXIC ACTION OF ARSENIC IN THE SILKWORM
Authors: Campbell F. L. 
Published: May 2004

A micro burette, micro pipette, and methods for their use in quantitative toxicological investigations on mandibulate insects are described.
It is suggested that the form of curves relating speed of toxic action to dosage may be explained by postulating suitable changes in rate of distribution, excretion, and cell penetration of poison as dosage varies.
The speed of toxic action of pentavalent arsenic in the silkworm is proportional to an integral power of the dosage at lower concentrations, and to a fractional power of the dosage at higher concentrations.
THE SALT ERROR OF INDICATORS CAUSED BY STANDARD ALKALINE BUFFERS THEMSELVES
Authors: McBain James W. , Dubois Olive E. , Hay Kathleen G. 
Published: May 2004

1. It is found that with many indicators there is a big discrepancy between the true alkalinities or pH values of solutions of pure sodium hydroxide and of standard alkaline buffers which give the same actual colour. This discrepancy must be ascribed to salt error caused by the buffer itself and exceeds in the most extreme case two whole units of pH; that is, an error of 100 fold in determining alkalinity. In only three cases, namely alizarin yellow G, tropeolin O, and thymol violet, was this error inappreciable. Most of the thirty indicators tested were found for various reasons unsatisfactory in the alkaline range studied.
2. Several indicators show a maximum depth of colour after sufficient indicator has been added, but above a certain concentration further addition of indicator diminishes the colour again.
A SYNTHETIC FOOD MEDIUM FOR THE CULTIVATION OF DROSOPHILA
Authors: Pearl Raymond 
Published: May 2004

In this paper is described the composition and method of making a standard synthetic medium for the laboratory cultivation of Drosophila melanogaster.
It is shown that this medium is greatly superior to the banana medium commonly used for this purpose in respect of both the fertility and the mortality of flies kept on it. The range of superiority in respect of fertility is at different densities of population from about 48 per cent at the lowest, to 98 per cent at the highest densities experimentally reported here. The general experience of the laboratory with this medium, which frees experimental work on Drosophila from the incubus of the highly variable banana, shows it to have other points of superiority besides those discussed here.
THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN HEAVY METALS ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Cook S. F. 
Published: May 2004

1. The effect of the heavy metals on the respiration of Aspergillus niger is to cause the rate of carbon dioxide production to decrease from the first or to increase and subsequently diminish.
2. The speed of the toxic action varies as a constant power of the concentration.
3. The temperature coefficient of the toxic action is between 1.5 and 2.
4. An hypothesis is advanced to account for the action of the heavy metals, by means of which the experimental results may be accounted for. It is assumed that the metal is activated by a chemical combination with a cell constituent. This active compound alters the velocity constants of the normal respiratory reactions, and thus causes the observed changes in the rate of carbon dioxide production.
A LATENT PERIOD IN THE ACTION OF COPPER ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Cook S. F. 
Published: May 2004

1. When copper chloride is allowed to act on Aspergillus niger there is at first a period during which there is no change in the rate of the production of carbon dioxide, following which the rate of respiration falls. The interval of no change is called the latent period.
2. When the copper is removed from the external solution before the end of the latent period this interval is prolonged. The rate of respiration then falls to a new level below the normal level.
3. Experiments on Nitella and on Valonia indicate that the copper penetrates the cell almost immediately.
4. The length of the latent period varies inversely as a constant power of the concentration of the copper.
5. These results are explained by assuming that the copper is made active in the respiration system by means of a reversible reaction. By using appropriate velocity constants the experimental curves can be duplicated by calculated curves.
STUDIES ON ENZYME ACTION
Authors: Noyes Helen Miller , Falk K. George , Baumann Emil J. 
Published: May 2004

The ester-hydrolyzing actions of extracts of a number of tissues of rabbits of different ages were studied under comparable conditions.
The ages of the rabbits ranged from 8 days before birth to 2162 days. The esters used included phenyl acetate, glyceryl triacetate, methyl butyrate, benzyl acetate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, and isobutyl acetate. The following tissues were studied: kidney, liver, lung, skin, leg muscle, heart muscle, brain, spleen, stomach, and small intestine.
The results, as in previous communications, are presented in the form of plots for the relative enzyme actions, and in tables for the absolute actions.
The changes in the curves of the relative actions as the rabbits became older are considered in some detail. The relations between the embryonic state of certain tissues, as shown by their enzyme actions, and the adult state, are described, and compared with their physiological behavior. The probable reversion to a type approaching the embryonic for the oldest rabbits studied is indicated with some of the tissues. The changes in the absolute enzyme actions of the tissues as the rabbits became older are also discussed. The absolute actions do not form as regular a progression as do the relative actions but, at the same time, show marked regularities with increasing age of the rabbits.
THE KINETICS OF OSMOTIC SWELLING IN LIVING CELLS
Authors: McCutcheon Morton , Lucke Baldwin 
Published: May 2004

The rate of swelling of unfertilized sea urchin eggs in hypotonic sea water was investigated. Analysis of curves leads to the following conclusions.
1. The rate of swelling follows the equation,
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where Veq., V0, and Vt stand for volume at equilibrium, at first instant, and at time t, respectively, the other symbols having their usual significance. This equation is found to hold over a wide range of temperatures and osmotic pressures. This relation is the one expected in a diffusion process.
2. The rate of swelling is found to have a high temperature coefficient (Q10 = 2 to 3, or µ = 13,000 to 19,000). This deviation from the usual effect of temperature on diffusion processes is thought to be associated with changes in cell permeability to water. The possible influence of changes in viscosity is discussed.
3. The lower the osmotic pressure of the solution, the longer it takes for swelling of the cell. Thus at 15° in 80 per cent sea water, the velocity constant has a value of 0.072, in 20 per cent sea water, of 0.006.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY
Authors: Murray Henry A. ,   With the Assistance of Yetta Porosowsky.
Published: May 2004

1. The Arrhenius equation giving the relationship between the velocity of chemical reaction and temperature, was found suitable for the special case of the contraction rate of embryonic heart muscle fragments.
2. There was no constancy in the values of µ for the rate of contraction in culture, nor was the scattering evenly distributed around certain (more than one) points.
3. There seemed to be no correlation between µ and other functions such as the contraction rate, the site from which the piece was removed, the age of the embryo, etc.
ULTRAFILTRATION THROUGH COLLODION MEMBRANES
Authors: Grollman Arthur 
Published: May 2004

It is obvious that the factors considered in this paper render data obtained by ultrafiltration open to criticism unless they are checked by other methods and precautions are taken for the elimination of the vitiating effects which have been described.
As regards the mechanism of ultrafiltration, the view of a sieve-like action as most experimental evidence indicates, is adequate, if all the factors are considered which might modify the effective pore size. The behaviors of collodion membranes which seem contrary to a mechanism of ultrafiltration based on the existence of a system of pores, can be explained on the basis of a variable layer of adsorbed fluid on the walls of the pores. It is, therefore, unsound to make any deductions about living tissues from the demonstration of changes produced in the behavior of collodion membranes. Thus, the increase in the rate of filtration of water through collodion by diuretics (29) or the change of permeability due to the presence of surface-active materials, gives us no information about their action in the living organism. The effect of these substances on a sieve-like membrane of the type of collodion would not necessarily bear any analogy to that exerted on the emulsion type of membrane of living cells. The mechanisms of the reactions necessary to produce the same effects in such widely differing systems may be entirely unrelated.
Serum Ceruloplasmin and Ferroxidase Activity Are Not Decreased in Hepatic Failure Related to Alcoholic Cirrhosis: Clinical and Pathophysiological Implications
Authors: Le Lan Caroline , Ropert Martine , Lainé Fabrice , Medevielle Muriel , Jard Christine , Pouchard Michel , Le Treut André , Moirand Romain , Loréal Olivier , Brissot Pierre 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: A decrease in serum ceruloplasmin (Cp), a protein involved in iron metabolism through its ferroxidase activity, is classically claimed to be observed in severe hepatic failure of non‐wilsonian chronic liver disease and therefore to be a confounding factor for the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Moreover, a simultaneous decrease in ferroxidase activity could be hypothesized as playing a role in the development of the hepatic siderosis frequently observed in advanced chronic liver diseases. The aim of this study was to test the validity of these two statements.Methods: This study investigated Cp, determined by immunonephelometry, and its ferroxidase 1 activity determined by Erel's method in 33 male patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis compared with 66 healthy male volunteers, selected on strict criteria. Each patient was age‐matched with two controls. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis.Results: The mean values of Cp were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients as compared with control subjects. A significant elevation of Cp was also observed in the subgroup of 11 cirrhotic patients who had normal serum C‐reactive protein levels. The mean values of ferroxidase 1 activity were similar to those obtained in control subjects.Conclusions: Low serum Cp should not be expected in severe hepatic cirrhosis of non‐wilsonian origin. Hepatic siderosis in advanced chronic liver disease is likely to be unrelated to decreased ferroxidase activity.
Prenatal Maternal Alcohol Consumption and Hospitalization With Asthma in Childhood: A Population‐Based Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Yuan Wei , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Basso Olga , Olsen Jørn 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: Asthma may have a prenatal origin. We examined whether maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases the risk of hospitalization with asthma in children.Methods: We conducted a follow‐up study on 10,440 singletons born at approximately 36 weeks of gestation or later to mothers attending midwife centers between April 1984 and April 1987 in Denmark. The mothers completed a questionnaire regarding lifestyle and socioeconomic factors, including alcohol consumption. The children were followed up through the Danish Hospital Discharge Registry. We determined the first hospitalization with a discharge diagnosis of asthma as recorded in the Danish Hospital Discharge Registry.Results: Most pregnant women (81.5%) drank at least some alcohol during pregnancy, but only a few (2.1%) consumed 120 g or more per week. In total, 307 children were hospitalized at least once with a discharge diagnosis of asthma during follow‐up (the cumulative incidence risk was 3.5% from birth to 12 years of age or the end of follow‐up). After adjusting for maternal socioeconomic factors, dietary components, and other lifestyle factors, children whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy did not have an increased risk of hospitalization with asthma compared with the children of mothers who reported no alcohol consumption during pregnancy (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–1.29). Further analyses showed no association with the dose and type of alcohol or with binge drinking.Conclusions: The study provides no support for a causal link between maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy and asthma in childhood.
Effect of Dealcoholized Beer (Bitburger Drive®) Consumption on Hemostasis in Humans
Authors: Bassus S. , Mahnel R. , Scholz T. , Wegert W. , Westrup D. , Kirchmaier C. M. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: The beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease has been shown in several epidemiologic studies. Such studies have also shown, however, that the protective effect of alcoholic beverages like wine and beer is not only due to the ethanol content but also to the presence of nonalcoholic constituents. The positive effect of alcoholic beverages has been attributed to changes in lipoprotein metabolism, but there is substantial evidence that effects on hemostasis play an important role. Whether the effects of alcoholic beverages on hemostasis are due exclusively to ethanol or are due, in part, to nonalcoholic components, is still under debate.Methods: We have examined the hemostatic effects of 3 liters of beer, dealcoholized beer, and ethanol/water (v/v 4%), consumed over a period of 3 hr, in 12 young healthy volunteers. Platelet parameters CD62, PAC‐1, and monocyte platelet aggregates were analyzed using flow cytometric measurements. The activity of factor VII was determined with a prothrombin time (PT) assay and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity using a chromogenic substrate. Thrombin generation was determined according to the method of Hemker.Results: All three fluids administered, dealcoholized beer, beer, and ethanol, reduced the expression of activated fibrinogen receptor, the platelet activation marker CD62, and the formation of monocyte‐platelet‐aggregate. In addition, dealcoholized beer also showed significant inhibitory effects on thrombin generation, whereas beer and ethanol showed procoagulatory effects.Conclusions: This study has shown that the acute consumption of dealcoholized beer inhibits thrombogenic activity in young adults. This action could have a beneficial effect on the development of coronary artery disease. Thus, the consumption of dealcoholized beer could provide cardiovascular benefit without the negative effects of alcohol.
Alcohol Acutely Down‐Regulates Urea Synthesis in Normal Men
Authors: Aagaard Niels Kristian , Thøgersen Thøger , Grøfte Thorbjørn , Greisen Jacob , Vilstrup Hendrik 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: Human nitrogen balance studies suggest that alcohol up‐regulates urea synthesis and promotes nitrogen catabolism, whereas animal studies conversely indicate that alcohol down‐regulates urea synthesis, possibly via a redox effect. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of alcohol exposure at a plasma concentration of about 10 mmol/liter on urea synthesis in healthy volunteers and to investigate whether methylene blue alleviates the effect of alcohol.Methods: Eleven males were studied three times in a randomized sequence crossover design. They received either alanine infusion to control the rate of urea synthesis (control), alanine + alcohol, or alanine + alcohol + methylene blue. The substrate independent regulation of urea synthesis was studied by means of the functional hepatic nitrogen clearance, that is, the slope of the linear relation between blood amino nitrogen concentrations and rates of urea synthesis.Results: Alcohol reduced functional hepatic nitrogen clearance to 37% and 51% during alcohol and alcohol + methylene blue infusion, respectively (p= 0.007). Accordingly, whole body nitrogen retention was higher during alcohol infusion. Glucagon, which up‐regulates urea synthesis, increased during alcohol infusion. There was no change in insulin. Blood glucose was slightly lower at the end of the experiment when alcohol was infused.Conclusion: Low‐dose infusion of alcohol acutely down‐regulated urea synthesis in healthy volunteers, transiently favoring nitrogen preservation. The effect seemed not to depend on hormonal changes. It remains to be explored how the present results can be reconciled with the reported nitrogen wasting of chronic alcoholics.