bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consciousness and Its Expression
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Half a century ago it was often held that the emotions lack the intentional content that characterizes cognitive states. Logical empiricism had made popular the idea that certain sentences lack cognitive significance altogether and have only emotive meaning. Such sentences, it was held, simply express feelings, not cognitive states. And, since the content of speech acts reflects that of the mental states they express, if sentences that express emotions have no cognitive significance, those emotions themselves must lack the intentional content characteristic of propositional attitudes.
Unity of Consciousness and the Self
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most central and important phenomena a theory of consciousness must explain is the sense of unity we have in respect of our conscious mental states. It seems that, for mental representations to be mine, they must, as Kant put it, “all belong to one self-consciousness” (KdR.V., B132). Indeed, it was just such mental unity to which Descartes appealed in Meditation VI in arguing for the real distinction between mind and body. Whereas the geometrical essence of body guarantees its divisibility, the unity of consciousness ensures that mind is indivisible.
Subject Pronouns and the Expletive Construction
Authors: Willis Dayid W E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I investigate the development of preverbal subject pronouns, arguing that in the course of Middle Welsh they became clitics. This had repercussions for the whole pronominal system. and in particular for the expletive subject construction. It is suggested that phonological reduction of preverbal subject pronouns led to a number of exceptions to the verb-second rule. At first these exceptions could be incorporated into the peripheral grammar. In Chapter 6, I argue that these exceptions, along with other features of the grammar beyond the pronominal system. led to a switch in the V2-parameter and the innovation of VSO word order in Modem Welsh.
Introduction
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Metaphysics as it has come down to us clearly is not a treatise written in one piece. It is a compilation of rather heterogeneous materials. How and when it came to have the form in which we now read it has been the object of much study. This study has shed a great deal of light on the question of the composition of the Metaphysics as a text without, though, entirely resolving it.
Fungu la kumi na saba Jamaa — The family Matamshi: Mkazo — Pronunciation: stress
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From this point on in the course, new vocabulary will be listed fotlowing the text, not preceding it. The learner should try to understand the text, guessing the meaning of the new words from the context as far as possible, before checking them below.
Fungu la kumi na tisa Kudanganywal — Cheated! Matamshi — Pronunciation
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You will have noticed the forms mna and hamna, as in mfukoni hamna machungwa In the bag there are no oranges’. Place nouns can be subjects of the ma copula, like any others. In Unit 13 we had kuna and hakuna mahindi. We have also had pana in hapa pana starehe (unit 16), and in this text pana starehe zaidi huko ‘there is more peace there’.
Fungu la ishirini na tano Kuazima na kuazimia — Borrowing and lending
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
kalamu ya Joan means ‘Joan’s pencil (pen)’; to use a possessive pronoun plus a possessor is to emphasise the idea of possession. This might best be done in English by stress, ‘Joan’s pencil’, or by a different grammatical structure ‘that pencil of Joan’s’. So Toon in the second dialogue says:
Fungu la ishirini na tisa Kukata umeme — Electricity cut off
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Swahili themselves have long been accustomed to town life, as is historically attested from outside sources. Many present—day towns are on ancient sites, and at least one long—abandoned town, Gedi, some 35 miles north of Mombasa, has been partly excavated and is well worth a visit. The remains of large mosques, a ‘palace’ and private houses built of coral with walls remaining to a considerable height can be seen.
Fungu la thelathini na mbili Ziara — A visit
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relative clauses are of two kinds. The first kind, dealt with in Unit 27, serve to define the item to which they refer, are often called ‘defining’ relatives, and in Swahili are normally expressed by a relative affix to the verb. In the text in section I, Bibi Maw responds to Sh. Yahya’s question as to which branch of the Mazrui family she means by saying:
Parallels between Norninal and Verbal Projections
Authors: Hoekstra Teun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines nominal structures in which of-insertion has taken place. It is argued that such structures involve movement of the predicate to the specifier of of, which is itself a complementizer in the nominal structure. The analysis is an extension of some of the proposals of Kayne (1994). The main argument in favour of the particular analysis is based on properties of infinitival nominalizations in Dutch. However, there is no reason why the analysis should be limited to of-insertion in these nominalizations, and it is therefore argued that the analysis extends to other nominal constructions, both basic noun and derived nominal constructions. I will then argue that an inversion analysis may shed light on an as yet ill-understood property of nominal constructions, viz. the fact that they are so limited in their argument structure possibilities when compared to verbal constructions.
Wh-Movement, Licensing, and the Locality of Feature Checking
Authors: Simpson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chomsky (1995) suggests that the phenomenon of movement in language is a direct result of the existence of strict locality conditions on the licensing of dependencies referred to as feature-checking relations. If feature checking may only be effected when elements co-occur locally in Spec-head or head-adjoined configurations, then raising of a feature-bearing X˚/XP to a higher checking head will be necessary to establish such a relation. Where overt movement of an element with features to check is not attested, this Strict Locality Condition (SLC) forces one to assume that covert raising to a checking position must take place, resulting in a post-Spellout level of LF. The SLC thus in large part dictates the general architecture of the Minimalist model, with covert movement operations giving rise to a discrete syntactic level of LF and the further adoption of a global economy principle of Procrastinate, invoked to account for why covert/LP movement would always seem to be the preferred option for feature checking.
Summa Theologiae I
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In following the chronological order of St Thomas’ writings, we have now reached the time when he wrote the work through which most readers will have made their acquaintance with his theory of being, the Summa Theologiae. This massive work, of over two million words, is divided into three parts, of which the first, which is the most informative for our purposes, was written during the latter part of his period as regent master at the convent of Santa Sabina in Rome. In style, the Summa falls between the Summa contra Gentiles and the Disputed Questions: it is not a record of live scholastic disputation, but it is, like a disputation, divided into questions and articles, not into chapters. However, the multiple arguments for and against a particular thesis that introduce a genuine disputation are replaced by an introductory triad of difficulties against the position that Aquinas intends to take up in the body of the article. These objections are followed, usually, by a single, almost ceremonial, argument for the other side, beginning with the words ‘But on the other hand’ (sed contra) and usually consisting of the citation of an authoritative text. It is after this, in the main body of the article, that Aquinas sets out his own position with the reasons that support it. Each article then concludes with the solution of the difficulties set out in the introductory objections.
Conclusion: Twelve Types of Being
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of our close study of the principal texts in which Aquinas addresses the topic of being, we are forced to conclude that it is not possible to extract from his writings a consistent and coherent theory. None the less, we have encountered, over and over again, examples of his extra-ordinary analytical ability as a philosopher, exercised above all in the skill with which he can draw distinctions in order to solve antinomies. We find, in fact, that, in the course of the texts we have considered, no less than twelve different senses of esse have been identified and contrasted with each other.
The New Alphabet
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turkish writers on dil devrimi (language reform) do not usually deal with the change of alphabet, which for them is a separate topic, harf devrimi (letter reform). A brief account of it is given here for the sake of completeness, since the two reforms are obviously linked, arising as they did from the same frame of mind. The purpose of the change of alphabet was to break Turkey’s ties with the Islamic east and to facilitate communication domestically as well as with the Western world. One may imagine the difficulty of applying the Morse Code to telegraphing in Ottoman.
Reflections of Language Planning
Authors: Spolsky Bernard , Cooper Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
INTERGROUP conflict over scarce resources leads to the use of whatever ammunition lies at hand. Language is a potentially powerful missile, and language planning is the weapon through which that missile is fired. Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the language behaviour of others. The promotion of Hebrew as an all-purpose vernacular in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Palestine is a notable example. Other well-known instances include efforts to cleanse modern Turkish of Arabic and Persian loan words, the successive switches from Arabic to Latin to Cyrillic script for writing Turkic languages in Soviet Central Asia, the feminist campaign against sex-bias in language usage, the Arabicization movement in North Africa and the Sudan, and the American bilingual-education movement.
Bases for a New Approach
Authors: Spector Horacio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that in the context of a maximizing conception of practical rationality the recognition that positive freedom is a non-moral good leads the negative liberal fatally into the field of positive liberalism. This aspect of negative liberalism not only deprives it of its identity in the face of positive liberalism but disqualifies it from justifying pre-eminent negative rights, at least in the natural and straightforward shape that I expounded at the commencement of the previous chapter. One possible way of saving negative liberalism would be to present an argument purporting to prove that positive freedom is not a value on the same footing as negative freedom. But, since negative and positive freedom do not appear to be significantly distinguishable and negative freedom may even be considered a part of positive freedom, it seems inevitable to think that, if negative freedom and positive freedom are valuable, they are of similar importance. Once one is embarked on the task of justifying libertarianism on the basis of a distinctively liberal value, it seems to me futile to go on insisting that negative freedom, but not positive freedom, is valuable, or that positive freedom is less important than negative freedom.
Aristotle’S Treatment Of The Doctrine Of Parmenides
Authors: Kerferd George B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the first question for consideration is whether generation is a fact or not. Earlier searchers after wisdom concerning reality differed both from the accounts which we are now offering and from one another. Some of them abolished generation and destruction completely. Nothing that is, they declare, is either generated or destroyed, it merely seems to us that it is so. Such were Melissus and Parmenides and their followers, and these men, although in other respects their doctrines are excellent, are not to be regarded as speaking from the point of view of natural science. For the existence of certain entities that are neither generated nor subject to any kind of change is a matter not for natural science but for a different and higher study.
Expository Proofs In Aristotle’S Syllogistic
Authors: Mignucci Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
which exposition appears to be a perfectly admissible way of proving logical theses. Nowadays two interpretations seem to have a following among scholars. One is the Lukasiewicz interpretation, which has been considerably improved by Patzig. The other view is shared by a rather heterogeneous group of scholars, some of them pure logicians rather than historians of logic.
On A Book-Title By Chrysippus: ‘On The Fact That The Ancients Admitted Dialectic Along With Demonstrations’
Authors: Brunschwig Jacql’Es 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although sadly incomplete, the catalogue of book-titles by Chrysippus, at the end of Diogenes Laertius 7, is a fascinating document. Taken as a whole, it might feed endless meditations about the gaps in our information and the distortion of the picture which ancient times have left us to work with. Its detailed contents are no less exciting. Most of the titles listed are so precisely worded and described (with the number of books of the treatise, and often the name of an addressee) that they can hardly have any other source than Chrysippus himself. The same cannot be said of the carefully articulated order of the list; but this order, if perplexing in some respects, is fundamentally faithful to the original teaching method explicitly advocated by Chrysippus (more on this later), so that we can surmise that the list, if not made by him, was at least compiled and put into order by somebody who had some definite knowledge about his view of the matter.
The Harmonics Of Stoic Virtue
Authors: Long A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This technicality, one may suspect, is a rather laboured explanation of the longer formula. 'Living harmoniously' is perfectly intelligible grammatically and semantically, especially in light of the observation that those who live in conflict are unhappy. Still, harmony is a relational notion, and Zeno must have intended his formula to be understood accordingly. It implies that the life so characterized has an orderly structure, that its constituents are in agreement with one another and in agreement with everything else to which they are related.
Nouspathētikos In Later Greek Philosophy
Authors: Blumenthal Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1911 H. Kurfess obtained a doctorate from the University of Tübingen with a dissertation on the history of the interpretation of nous poiētikos and nous pathētikos .1 Notoriously the expression nous poiētikos never occurs in the text of Aristotle, but its derivation from De anim. 43o”rr-12 is an easy step, and when philosophers and commentators subsequently discuss it, we know what it is that they are talking about, even if its nature and status remained, and remain, controversial. Similarly nous pathētikos, or rather ho pathētikos nous, occurs only once in the pages of Aristotle, but appears often, if less frequently than nous poiētikos, in the texts of his successors and interpreters. In its case, however, though the expression occurs in Aristotle’s De anima, its reference is unclear. To aggravate matters, nous pathētikos quite often appears in his successors in contexts which seem to have nothing to do with the intellect.
‘Like breathing, only quieter’
Authors: Williams C J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Pamela tells me that white jasmine has a gorgeous scent, I know exactly what to do if I want to check that her information is correct: I first find a white jasmine that is in flower, and then take a good sniff. When she tells me that yellow jasmine hasn’t any scent, I do much the same. Perhaps I shall feel obliged to examine several yellow jasmine plants before I feel confident in claiming that I know from my own researches that yellow jasmine as a species has no scent; but sniffing, or inviting my friends to sniff, is undoubtedly the proper method of establishing these claims.
Being, Ontology, And Reality
Authors: Williams C J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have treated the words ‘be’ and ‘exist’ as though they were synonymous. Certainly it is often possible to substitute ‘exist’ for ‘be’ or vice versa in a sentence without altering the meaning of the sentence. Instead of ‘There are academics who own word processors’ one could just as well say ‘There exist academics who own word processors’, or with a little more adjustment ‘Academics who own word processors exist’.
When does Potentiality Count?
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
6.1 This paper started life as a comment on a highly original, provocative and clear paper by Michael Lockwood (1988). In it, he addressed the question, raised by the reports of the Warnock and of several other committees (7.7 ff., 8.4), of what it is morally legitimate to do, or to allow to be done, to embryos. After some criticism of other views, he gave his own solution. This is to find a point, or at least rough boundary in time, after which it becomes possible to say that the embryo or the foetus has interests, and therefore rights, and that therefore we have duties towards it. He finds this point at the stage at which the embryo develops an at least rudimentary brain. His argument can be summarized, I hope not too unfairly, as follows.
Prediction and Moral Appraisal
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
13.1 An apology is perhaps needed for writing a simple paper about the freedom of the will. There has been no lack of subtle and sophisticated writing on this subject in recent times; but most of the easy pieces about it are now quite old, and as a result the standard postures are often rehearsed by students in forms that make the problem appear either more intractable than it is, or more simple. Two of these postures, Determinism and its opposite Indeterminism or Libertarianism, are still thought by many to be locked in a conflict which philosophers have been unable to resolve; and it is also thought that the conflict is of great practical significance, so that, for example, important policy decisions about the punishment of offenders or the education of children hang upon its solution. But in fact I do not think that many of those who have come down decisively on one of what they think are the two sides of the so-called Tree will controversy’ have been caused thereby to alter their opinions on any important practical question—or if they have, they have lacked reason. For as soon as we ask, what an extreme determinist or an extreme libertarian would have to say about practical issues as a result of embracing their doctrines, both are faced with the same dilemma. Either they say that the consequences of their views are something so utterly absurd as to cast doubt on the seriousness of anybody who maintains them; or they say that the consequences are no different from what the rest of us think— in which case they are left, in spite of their alleged dispute, in substantial agreement with one another and with the ordinary man.
Why I am only a Demi-Vegetarian
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then, when we were sent up for eight months to work as coolies on the Burma Railway, we got very little food altogether, and suffered from a lot of all kinds of diseases owing to our debilitated state and the numerous infections that were going around. Between 20 and 40 per cent of the groups I was in died (I do not know the exact figure, but there is relevant information in Dunlop 1987). When we got back to Singapore, we had for the first time larger vegetable gardens, and grew sweet potatoes, of which we ate mainly the leaves, Ceylon or Malabar spinach, kangkong (a kind of water convolvulus), tapioca (or cassava), and small quantities of other vegetables.
Slovak Phonology: Background
Authors: Rubach Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we give background information about Slovak phonology. After a general introduction in sections 2.1 and 2.2, we discuss the inventory of underlying segments in section 2.3, and then present an informal summary of the most important phonological rules. These rules are discussed in detail in later chapters, but it is necessary to introduce them briefly now since they form a closely knit system and a discussion of any one of them relies to a large extent on a knowledge of them all.
Melody-Skeleton Interaction: The Yers
Authors: Rubach Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claim that the skeleton is a separate tier of representation from the melody is justified by the fact that the relationship between the skeleton and the melody need not be one-to-one (see 1.3). Thus, three-dimensional theory permits, among others, analyses that postulate floating melodies, that is, melody segments without associated X slots. In fact, it is to be expected that languages should make use of floating matrices. If it had been discovered that no language used this type of representation, the motivation for keeping the skeleton as a separate tier would have been weakened.
Skeleton-Syllable Interaction
Authors: Rubach Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the interaction between the skeletal and the syllabic tiers. On the descriptive side we deal with various lengthening and shortening rules. We conclude that these rules must be stated in terms of the relations between the X slots and the nucleus (N) and that they are independent of the melodic tier. This provides strong motivation for three-dimensional representations. We also demonstrate the superiority of Lexical Phonology over the traditional SPE paradigm. Evidence comes from the classic syndrome of behavior: derived-environment application, reference to lexical information, and cyclic derivation. The latter property is illustrated most clearly by the Rhythmic Law and its interaction with Yer Vocalization. The analysis shows how ordering paradoxes can be resolved and how lexical properties of rules can be derived from ordering, a result that can be obtained in the version of Lexical Phonology which assumes the sub theory of blocks of rules.
Postcyclic Rules
Authors: Rubach Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this part we look at non-cyclic rules. Following Booij and Rubach (1987) a claim is made that non-cyclic rules are of two types: post cyclic and post lexical. The former are lexical; that is, they apply in the lexicon. It follows therefore that they apply only within the domain of words. The latter are outside the lexicon and hence they may apply to strings larger than words.
Conclusion
Authors: Rubach Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book has been, on the one hand, to provide a comprehensive description of Slovak phonology in generative terms and, on the other hand, to investigate how Slovak can contribute to the theory of Lexical Phonology and the associated theory of auto segmental representations. In conclusion we wish to draw attention to some of the most salient results which are of significance for theoretical studies.