bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socratic Wisdom
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the early Platonic dialogues have often been explored and appreciated for their ethical content, this is the first book devoted solely to the epistemology of Plato's early dialogues. Author Hugh H. Benson argues that the characteristic features of these dialogues--Socrates' method of questions and answers ( elenchos), his fascination with definition, his professions of ignorance, and his thesis that virtue is knowledge--are decidedly epistemological. In this thoughtful study, Benson uncovers the model of knowledge that underlies these distinctively Socratic views. What emerges is unfamiliar, yet closer to a contemporary conception of scientific understanding than ordinary knowledge.
Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals and Polymers
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first edition of Pope and Swenberg’s Electronic Processes of Organic Crystals, published in 1982, became the classic reference in the field. It provides a tutorial on the experimental and related theoretical properties of aromatic hydrocarbon crystals and includes emerging work on polymers and superconductivity. This new edition has been expanded to cover the major theoretical and experimental advances over the last fifteen years. It contains a unified description of what is known in almost every aspect of the field. The basic phenomena covered in the first edition included fluorescence, exciton and charge carrier generation, transport, recombination, and photoemission; the new edition adds solitons, polarons, bipolarons, spin waves, and charge density waves. It provides in-depth coverage of such model polymers such as polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, poly (phenylene-vinylene), polyanilines, polysilanes, and fullerenes. It also provides detailed treatments of the expanding areas of electroluminescence, non-linear optics, organic magnets, organic superconductors, and Langmuir-Blodgett films. In addition, it contains a chapter on major applications, including LED’s, photocopiers, photoconductors, batteries, transistors, liquid crystals, photorefractive devices, and sensors. As in the first volume, the authors take informed positions in controversial areas. This book will be an essential reference for organic material scientists, whether they are experienced researchers or just entering the field. It will also be a reliable guide to anyone interested in this rapidly growing field
Optical properties of organic molecules and crystals
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book deals with electronic processes, as distinct from ionic processes, in organic crystals. By organic, one customarily means a compound containing carbon. Of the almost two million compounds known, approximately 90% are organic, and it is obvious that severe limitations must be placed on the choice of subject matter. Thus, the organic compounds considered here will be chiefly conjugated aromatic hydrocarbons as exemplified by anthracene, the molecular formula of which is shown in Fig. I.A. I.
Electronic processes in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polymer poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV for short) is an important polymer from theoretical and practical viewpoints and is one of the polymers to be considered as a model. PPV and its derivatives can be prepared in the form of thin films, many of which have been found to be functional as the luminescent layer in an electroluminescent light emitting diode (LED) configuration. By suitable chemical modification of the basic polymer, it is possible to prepare films that will luminesce in colors that range from red to blue (Burroughes et al. 1990). The polymer is also relatively stable in air, unlike polyacetylene; however, it too suffers by exposure to light in the presence of moisture and oxygen (Greenham et al. 1995), and therefore must be rigorously protected from these reagents for extended use. The commercial potential for such films is obvious. It follows that improvements in the efficiency of LEDs based on the PPVs will depend to a considerable extent on a knowledge of the nature of the electronically excited states, the dynamics of their motion and decay, the physical and chemical structure and state of aggregation of the polymer, and the relationship of all of the above to the state that fluoresces. In addition, other factors are critical to the development of successful LEDs, such as the requirement that the holes and electrons be present in high concentration (space-chargelimited currents) and that they recombine rapidly and with high efficiency, preferably in a manner to maximize the formation of luminescent excitons. Finally, and of major practical importance, is the requirement of chemical stability in the operating ambiance. These will be discussed in Chapter XX dealing with applications.
Applications
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of potential applications of semiconducting and conducting polymeric and molecular systems that have already been put into practice is large and growing rapidly. A worldwide market for these systems of about one billion dollars has been predicted by the year 2000 (Heeger 1993). For polyaniline alone, there are more than 20 potential applications (see review by Trivedi 1997). Only one of its applications, a rechargeable battery that is already in production, will be described. The applications selected for description are few in number and reflect the imperatives of space economy.
From Social Justice to Criminal Justice
Authors: Heffernan William C , Kleinig John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economically deprived come into contact with the criminal court system in disproportionate numbers. This collection of original, interactive essays, written from a variety of ideological perspectives, explores some of the more troubling questions and ethical dilemmas inherent in this situation. The contributors, including well-known legal and political philosophers Philip Pettit, George Fletcher, and Jeremy Waldron, examine issues such as heightened vulnerability, indigent representation, and rotten social background defences.
Aid without Egalitarianism: Assisting Indigent Defendants
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For egalitarians the plight of indigent defendants to a criminal action poses no special theoretical difficulties (although, of course, problems of practice may be vexing). That in a society blessed with general affluence some are allowed an impoverished subsistence is itself a moral failing that demands redress. The preferred response is elimination of the wealth disparities that generate the problem case. Failing this, attentiveness to considerations of second-best dictate that legal assistance be provided to the defendant that is of a quality no less effective than that which more economically fortunate citizens are able to afford through deployment of private means. Indeed, because egalitarians will deem the antecedent condition of indigence to be an injustice that supports a claim for compensation, it can plausibly be argued that the most appropriate form such redress can take for one in the docket is provision of additional in-kind legal benefits, including a degree of access to counsel superior to that which the average citizen might be able to secure.
Consequences of Size Change During Ontogeny and Evolution
Authors: Koehl M A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in body size can occur during the lifetime of an individual organism as it grows, or can occur over many generations during the evolution of a lineage. Most studies of body size either explore how function is maintained at different sizes, or seek mechanistic explanations for the patterns we see in how features such as shape, metabolic rate, or life history vary with body size [7, 40, 52] (e.g., Brown this volume; Biewener this volume). My purpose here is to complement this literature about the consequences of being one size or another with an exploration of some of the functional consequences of changing size.
Socrates, Politics, and Religion
Authors: Kraut Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two problems about the trial and conviction of Socrates that I would like to discuss here, one of them historical, the other philosophical. The historical question is whether we can give a satisfactory explanation of why Socrates was tried and convicted. The philosophical question is what lessons we ought to draw from this historical event. The trial of Socrates is a landmark in our cultural history; it seems alive with significance for us. But precisely what is its meaning? We cannot intelligently discuss that philosophical question unless we first address the historical question and try to understand why he was condemned to death.
Socrates and the Irrational
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socrates is the hero who established in the place of the Delphic oracle the principle that man must look within himself to know what is Truth. Now, seeing that Pythia herself pronounced that utterance, we find in it a complete revolution in the Greek mind, and the fact that in the place of the oracle, the personal self-consciousness of every thinking man has come into play. This inward certainty, however, is undoubtedly another new god, and not the god of the Athenians existing hitherto, and thus the accusation of Socrates was quite just.
Socrates and His Daimonion
Authors: Vlastos Gregory , Brickhouse Thomas C , McPherran Mark L , Smith Nicholas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even as he approached the end of his life, while he was working overtime to complete his book on Socrates, Gregory Vlastos took time to hash out issues meticulously with younger colleagues who were in a sense his students. The letters that follow are a fascinating illustration of the way Vlastos worked. They are valuable also as a dialogue which displays thoughtful competing views of Socrates’ attitudes towards religion.
Neuroimaging Studies of ADHD
Authors: castellanos F Xavier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The attempt to understand the pathophysiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) must include a multitude of perspectives and approaches. Perhaps the one that captured the greatest interest during the 1990s was the use of a variety of neuroimaging techniques. Because no particular neuroimaging technique is sufficient to answer all pertinent questions, a number of approaches have been pursued, often in parallel. Thus, a strictly historical review will be avoided. I will first focus on studies of brain anatomy, followed by a summary of recent func-tional imaging reports, and touch briefly on electrophysiological approaches.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Methylphenidate in Humans
Authors: Swanson James , Volkow Nora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stimulant drug methylphenidate (MPH) has been available for use in the United States since the 1960s, but approval for use was granted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before the establishment of the current guidelines that require pharmacokinetic (PK) information on the intended patient population. Therefore, in the United States there was widespread use of MPH to treat children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Committee Report, 1971) before the PK properties of MPH were well defined in humans.
The Melancholy of Race
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this groundbreaking, interdisciplinary study Anne A. Cheng argues that we have to understand racial grief not only as the result of racism but also as a foundation for racial identity. She proposes that racial identification is itself already a melancholy act – a social category that is imaginatively supported through a dynamic of loss and compensation, by which the racial other is at once rejected and retained, denigrated and idealized. Drawing upon history, literature and theatre – the book ranges from Rodgers and Hammerstein to David Henry Whang, Brown v. Board of Education to Anne Deveare Smith, Ralph Ellison to Maxine Hong Kingston – Cheng demonstrates that racial melancholia permeates our fantasies of citizenship, assimilation, and social health. A provocative look at a timely cultural dilemma, this study is essential reading for anyone interested in race studies, critical theory, or psychoanalysis.
A (almost) Comprehensible Cell
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is more than one way to seek the secret of life, and many places where it may be found—or, at least, looked for. Loren Eiseley, naturalist and poet, musing in a suburban field among “seeds and beetle shells and abandoned grasshopper legs” found “something that is not accounted for very clearly in the dissections to the ultimate virus or crystal or protein particle;” and surmised that “life is not what it is purported to be” (1). About the same time, half a century ago, microbiologists became persuaded that if we would discover the nature of life, we should concentrate our efforts on the bacterial world, Escherichia coli in particular. Our quest and Eiseley’s are the same, but in the simplest unicellular organisms the secret presents itself in its most elemental form, and the outlook is correspondingly more hopeful.
It Takes a Cell to Make a Cell
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rudolph Virchow (1821–1902) stood tall in the medicine and science of his day. He held the Chair of pathology in Berlin, wrote a major textbook and founded the Archiv für Pathologie, Anatomie und Physiologie, which he ran with an iron hand for more than fifty years. His specialty was cancer, and he was among the first to realize that cancer represents the malfunctioning, not of bodies or tissues, but of particular cells. But he is best remembered today for his succinct proclamation (1858) of one of biology’s universal laws: Omnis cellula e cellula, (every cell comes from a preexistent cell).
The Behavioral Neurology Of White Matter
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This unique book examines the role of the brain's white matter in the organization of human mental function. In contrast to standard textbooks of behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry that emphasize the cortical and subcortical gray matter in brain-behavior relationships, this text specifically considers the white matter as a vital contributor to cognition and emotion. Written from a clinical perspective, this book is founded on the study of patients with neurobehavioral syndromes resulting from disorders primarily affecting the brain's white matter. These syndromes include white matter dementia, focal neurobehavioral syndromes, and a variety of neuropsychiatric syndromes. In the first part of the book, fundamental aspects of myelinated systems are covered to introduce white matter as an important structural and functional component of the brain. In Part II, a thorough review of white matter disorders at all ages is provided, particularly regarding their impact on normal mentation. Finally, Part III synthesizes the collected information into a coherent summary that presents a behavioral neurology of white matter. Throughout the book a major emphasis is placed on distributed neural networks, in which connecting white matter tracts complement the operations of gray matter structures in the production of the human behavioral repertoire.
Localized Process
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a summary of focal peripheral lesions. It is meant to serve as a reference source for the second portion of this book. Each subsection is organized from several points of view: (J) The individual clinical syndromes are described; (2) possible underlying causes are reviewed; and (3) a survey is given of present-day electrodiagnostic tools that may help in the evaluation. Most localized nerve lesions are secondary to trauma, compression (microtrauma) or repetitive stress syndrome. There are several possible mechanisms for damage to occur. Transient pressure may cause mild physiologic changes, probably caused by transient ischemia, with rapid resolution of all findings. Microvascular injury may cause epineurial microbleeding, edema, or abnormality of the blood-nerve barrier. At the other extreme, severe crush injuries cause Wallerian degeneration, progressive myelin thinning, and thickening of the epineurium and perineurium. Intermediate in severity is chronic compression, or so-called tourniquet paralysis.
The Modern Apocalypse
Authors: Kermode Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this point I want to take up the patterns of apocalypse, as I sketched them in the first talk, and consider their relevance to our own times. It may be recalled that I spoke of certain arbitrarily chosen aspects of apocalyptic thinking and feeling: of the Terrors, of Decadence and Renovation, of Transition, and of Clerkly Scepticism. I shall be referring once more to these. Once again the context in which I shall talk about it is primarily a literary context; one of the purposes of the talk will be to provide hints towards what A. 0. Lovejoy might have called ‘the discrimination of modernisms.’ This is possible, I think, because of the admittedly apocalyptic tenor of much radical thinking about the arts in our century, and because, given this interest common to the modernisms, one may distinguish between them in terms of their different treatments of the paradigm.
Democratic Rights at the National Level
Authors: Arneson Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Democratic rights are protective. Their primary function is to safeguard other, more fundamental rights. Democratic rights are justified in a given institutional setting just to the extent that they serve this function better than do alternative feasible arrangements. Or at any rate, so I shall claim in this essay.
By “democratic rights” I refer to rights held by each member of an association to vote and stand for office in free elections in which a majority-rule procedure determines the composition of a body that by majority-rule procedure settles the rules by which the association is governed. Many phrases of this definition are variously interpretable, but for purposes of this essay the rough idea it conveys before interpretation will suffice. I am especially interested in the case of democratic rights at the level of the modern nation-state, which is not a voluntary association but nonetheless coercively enforces its rules as law across its entire territory.
The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory
Authors: Elster Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to compare three views of politics generally, and of the democratic system more specifically. I shall first look at social choice theory, as an instance of a wider class of theories with certain common features. In particular, they share the conception that the political process is instrumental rather than an end in itself, and the view that the decisive political act is a private rather than a public action, namely the individual and secret vote. With these usually goes the idea that the goal of politics is the optimal compromise between given, and irreducibly opposed, private interests. The other two views arise when one denies, first, the private character of political behavior and then, secondly, goes on also to deny the instrumental nature of politics. According to the theory of Jiirgen Habermas, the goal of politics should be rational agreement rather than compromise, and the decisive political act is that of engaging in public debate with a view to the emergence of a consensus. According to the theorists of participatory democracy, from John Stuart Mill to Carole Pateman, the goal of politics is the transformation and education of the participants. Politics, on this view, is an end in itself—indeed many have argued that it represents the good life for man. I shall discuss these views in the order indicated. I shall present them in a somewhat stylized form, but my critical comments will not I hope, be directed to strawmen.
Motion Sickness in Space: Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Buckey Jay C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motion sickness can spoil a weekend outing or turn a pleasure cruise into an ordeal, but in most cases it is just a nuisance. In some settings, however, motion sickness can be hazardous. During World War II, troops involved in amphibious landings in high seas and other naval operations suffered an alarmingly high rate of incapacitation due to motion sickness. This spurred intensive research into motion sickness remedies. But even effective remedies can create problems. On D-Day, soldiers on landing boats were issued scopolamine to prevent motion sickness. Some took twice the recommended dose, leading an observer in one area to note, “by noon all the Army personnel were in a drugged stupor” [1, p. 18].
Physiology of Respiration
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concise, lucid textbook provides a basis for understanding the function of the respiratory system and a framework for the treatment of many respiratory diseases. It was developed as a working text with problem-solving exercises for the student's use in reviewing each chapter. The writing style flows easily from one topic to another. Mathematical relationships are presented in a simple way and are clearly explained. The illustrations are carefully designed to convey ideas in an easy-to-understand format. The book's scope is comprehensive, encompassing all aspects of respiratory physiology, including pulmonary anatomy and microstructure, mechanics, gas exchange, acid-base balance and control mechanisms. Unlike many texts, this one strikes a good balance between the principles of pulmonary gas exchange (ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange efficiency) and the neural control of respiration (central and chemical mechanisms and reflexes). It emphasizes integrative aspects of respiration such as the system's response to altitude, hyperbaric environments, exercise, sleep, and the in utero and early postnatal period. The second edition has been reorganized to make the book more approachable by students, and it has been updated throughout, including many new ideas about the distribution of lung blood flow and respiratory rhythm generation.
Ventilation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Efficient transfer of gases in the lung requires that blood and inspired air be brought into close proximity. Ventilation is described as the movement of fresh air from outside the body to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs, and the subsequent movement of alveolar gas back to the outside. Outside air consists of gases (see Chapter 1) in a ratio of approximately 21% 02 and 79% nitrogen with varying water vapor, depending on temperature and humidity, that dilutes the gases accordingly. How to deal with dry gas mixtures using fractions and partial pressures and taking into account the influence of water vapor is covered in Chapter I.