bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
[1879-1905), William Winter (1836-1919) on Henry Irving as Shylock, from his Shakespeare on the Stage (1912), pp. 179-97.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winter was theatre critic of the New York Tribune from 1865 to 1909. He prepared acting versions of plays by Shakespeare for Edwin Booth and Augustin Daly, and published extensively on the theatre of his time. Irving first played Shylock in 1879 and is said to have given over 1,000 performances of the role in England and America. He used a severely shortened text, sometimes omitting character and broken, ruined power, whether that character and that power be malignant or benign. Irving’s dress, for Shylock, comprised a brown gabardine, girdled by a parti-colored shawl, a black, flat-topped cap with a yellow band across it, and square-toed shoes, of soft leather. He dressed the head with gray hair, long behind, the crown of the skull being bald. One lock of hair, being brushed forward, appeared on the brow, projecting from beneath the hat.
8 November 1880, anonymous review from The Times on Edwin Booth (1833-93) as Hamlet at the Princess’s Theatre, London, reprinted in Shakespearean Criticism, vol. 21, ed. Joseph C. Tardiff (Detroit, Gale Research, 1993), pp. 69-70.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Booth, member of a famous American acting family, was the finest American tragedian of his time. He toured extensively, and was to alternate the roles of Othello and Iago with Irving at the Lyceum in 1881. I omit the opening para¬ graphs of the review, which include the information that Booth ‘first essayed Hamlet in 1853 in San Francisco’, that he had played the role ‘in Australia, after the gold-rushes, and in the Sandwich Islands, where for two .months Mr Booth “ran” the Hawaiian Theatre Royal, under the patronage of His Majesty King Kameeyah IV’, and that ‘In New York Mr Booth played Hamlet for mo nights at the Winter Garden.’
1898, William Archer (1856-1924) on julius Caesar, produced by Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1853-1917) at Her Majesty’s Theatre, London, from The World; reprinted in his Study and Stage (1899), pp. 77-82.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
M.R. Tree’S revival of Julius Caesar is a triumphant success. The play, as I have said any time the last eighteen years, is one of the greatest acting plays in the world; and it is superbly staged, and more than adequately rendered. Mr. Tree assures me that every one prophesied failure for his venture, and thought him mad to attempt it. ‘Every one’ is a large word; but there is no doubt that the wiseacres were sceptical and discouraging. Oh, these wiseacres! Oh, these sapient meddlers and muddlers in theatrical affairs, who go about wrangling over snippets of ‘exclusive’ and generally delusive news, which they serve up in a hotchpotch of comment, compounded, in equal proportions, of servility and stupidity! Julius Caesar, they said, had never had a long run; true, for it had never been revived since the long run came in, or under conditions which made a long run possible.
30 September 1899, Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) on Beerbohm Tree’s production of King John at Her Majesty’s Theatre, London, from The Saturday Review, reprinted in his More Theatres (1969), PP· 191-3.
Authors: Shakespeare Critics Theatre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Max Beerbohm succeeded Shaw as theatre critic of The Saturday Review in May 1898, and held the post for twelve years in spite of his distaste for the task: this was the only regular work he ever did. His half-brother, Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1853-1917), controlled the Haymarket Theatre from 1887 to 1897, when he moved to Her (later His) Majesty’s. His production of King]ohn (from which the death scene forms the basis of the first ever Shakespeare film, made in 1899 and lasting two minutes) was characteristically elaborate, including a spectacular interpolated tableau of the granting of Magna Carta, which Shakespeare had failed even to mention. Beerbohm’s review is exceptional in its use of ‘disjointed sentences’ to convey his impression of the production.
Androtion and the Atthis
Authors: Harding Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atthis was the name given to the local history of Attica. This genre of historiography was invented in the fifth century by Hellanikos of Lesbos. Written in chronicle form, based upon kings and archons, it covered all aspects of Attic affairs from their mythical beginnings to the contemporary history of the individual author. It was a fascinating blend of patriotic fiction and historical fact. Though there were at least seven men who wrote Atthides, none of their works has survived intact. This volume presents in translation for the first time all the fragments of the Atthis of the fourth-century Athenian politician and historian, Androtion, and the testimonia for his life and career. Androtion was one of the most respected Atthidographers. His work was the basis of the Atthis of Philochoros, the last and greatest product of this genre. Androtion's Atthis was also a source for Aristotle's Constitution of the Athenians, though not it is argued, to the extent and in the manner usually believed. The genre and the individual Atthidographers, and Androtion and his career are discussed in the extensive Introduction. The inidividual fragments are analysed in detail in the Commentary. Throughout particular attention is devoted to Jacoby's theory of the political bias of the Atthidographers, which is shown to be unfounded.
Cavour and Piedmont
Authors: Cardoza Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extraordinary wave of revolution that had raised patriotic hopes on the Italian peninsula in 1848 concluded the following year in bitter disillusionment, defeat, and disarray for both moderate and democratic proponents of reform and national independence. The defeat of the Piedmontese army by Austrian forces at Custoza and the abandonment of the national war by the princes in the summer of 1848 drove moderate political forces everywhere into retreat.
Economy, society, and the state
Authors: Davis John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economists were among the first to extol the advantages of Italy’s political independence, yet at the time of unification Italy had little economic unity. Every Italian state depended primarily on agriculture (which remained the largest source of employment down to the First World War) although the forms of agriculture and the organization of rural society varied enormously from region to region and from state to state.
The Pattern of Politics, 1946-1954
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE mid-1940s and the late 1950s were dominated by the six-foot-four figure of General de Gaulle. The interval was filled by the brief life of the Fourth Republic, when it was hard to associate events and developments with specific individuals. The politics of these years seemed like a crowd-scene viewed from an upstairs window, in which one knew that the participants were life-size figures, cumulatively capable of far greater thoughts, actions, and perceptions than any single man; and yet by comparison they seemed Lilliputian and ineffective. Ironically, these were years of great economic achievement, characterized by more adventurous attitudes to growth and a greater readiness to engage in co-operative enterprise; together they laid the foundations of future French prosperity. Yet politically it was a period of disintegration, when the hopes and ideals of the Resistance parties evaporated, and parliamentary government rapidly returned to the immobilisme of the inter-war years.
France Overseas, 1944-1954
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EMPIRE in the 1950s had lost something of its pre-war glamour. Admittedly, it took a dyspeptic, land-locked Swiss to describe its development in these terms: ‘The empire was something with which the French people had nothing whatever to do, and its story was that of machinations of high finance, the Church, and the military caste, which tirelessly re-erected overseas the Bastilles which had been overthrown in France.’ And then, turning specifically to the European settlers in Tunisia, Liithy referred to them as ‘people who have settled like rats in the cheese of the protectorate and have populated every office building, down to the last post office, bank, and tax-office counter, with members of their clan. After the second or third generation nothing European is left about them except their trousers.’.
‘La République des Dupes’
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WRITING four years before de Gaulle came to power in 1958, Herbert Liithy declared in a political obituary: ‘General de Gaulle was and remained a politician of catastrophe; he thought in terms of catastrophe, he judged men and institutions by their behaviour in catastrophe, and apocalyptics like Malraux who formed his entourage did nothing to counter this mental bias based on his profession and his experience.’ In 1958 it seemed that France was approaching just such a catastrophe. While de Gaulle was to be the ultimate victor of this situation, his victory was by no means an obvious likelihood in the spring of 1958. Although an opinion poll in January had put de Gaulle as first choice for Prime Minister in a wide field, this was with a mere 13 per cent of the opinions expressed. And when, during the ministerial crisis of that spring, President Coty privately sounded out de Gaulle on whether he would be willing to try to form a government, de Gaulle wearily replied that the people did not want him (5 May 1958). Nor did his candid comments to journalists about the likelihood of Algerian independence suggest someone who counted on coming to power on the backs of settler and military discontent.
De Gaulle’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is often assumed that de Gaulle’s advent to power represented a major change in the aims of French foreign policy; and in some ways it did. But in substance de Gaulle’s policy remained consistent with the traditions of French post-war policy, and it was mainly in its range and style that it differed. His period of office coincided with a growing nuclear balance in the world, when American predominance was not as absolute as it had been during much of the Fourth Republic. It also coincided with the relatively flexible attitudes of the Khrushchev and Kennedy era, which seemed to offer middle-sized nations some opportunity of wriggling out of the vice-like grip of the bipolarized world of the superpowers and of establishing some freedom of manreuvre. It is arguable that any French government would have attempted to take some advantage of this. Yet de Gaulle was especially disposed to do so.
Further Trials From Rocard to Juppé, 1988-1996
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armed with a lead of two and a half million voters, Mitterrand saw every reason to repeat the victorious formula of 1981 and go for a general election. His long-suffering rival, Michel Rocard, was at last rewarded with the task of forming a caretaker government, even if its composition unmistakably reflected who was master. Of its forty-two members, only six were clear Rocardians. Most of the others belonged to the Mitterrand camp, with the key ministries going to men who had already held substantial office in the Socialist governments of the early eighties. Despite appeals to repeat the double coup of 1981, the legislative elections of 1988 aroused less enthusiasm. Satisfaction with Mitterrand did not necessarily extend to his party, while the blurring of the basic differences between the two sides may have inclined marginal or indifferent voters to stay at home. The return to the two-ballot system may also have increased ‘voter-fatigue’, following so hard on the heels of the two-ballot presidential election. Whatever the reasons, the abstention rate on the first ballot was 34.26 per cent, as compared with 29.11 per cent on the first ballot in 1981-or 21.5 per cent in the one ballot election of 1986. The elections were extremely close-run (Table 21.1).
Travels in Four Dimensions
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Space and time are the most fundamental features of our experience of the world, and yet they are also the most perplexing. Does time really flow, or is that simply an illusion? Did time have a beginning? What does it mean to say that time has a direction? Does space have boundaries, or is it infinite? Is change really possible? Could space and time exist in the absence of any objects or events? Are our space and time unique, or could there be other, parallel worlds with their own space and time? What, in the end, are space and time? Do they really exist, or are they simply the constructions of our minds? Robin Le Poidevin provides a clear, witty, and stimulating introduction to these deep questions, and many other mind-boggling puzzles and paradoxes. He gives a vivid sense of the difficulties raised by our ordinary ideas about space and time, but he also gives us the basis to think about these problems independently, avoiding large amounts of jargon and technicality. His book is an invitation to think philosophically rather than a sustained argument for particular conclusions, but Le Poidevin does advance and defend a number of controversial views. He argues, for example, that time does not actually flow, that it is possible for space and time to be both finite and yet be without boundaries, and that causation is the key to an understanding of one of the deepest mysteries of time: its direction. Travels in Four Dimensions draws on a variety of vivid examples and stories from science, history, and literature to bring its questions to life. No prior knowledge of philosophy is required to enjoy this book. The universe might seem very different after reading it.
Change
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Stop all the clocks; writes W H. Auden, in a poem lamenting the death of a (real? imaginary?) friend. Grief brings time to a standstill, or rather brings with it a desire to stop time taking us further and further away from the person we loved. A different kind of grief, and one that blights her embittered existence, is suffered by Miss Havisham, the elderly lady whom Pip visits in Dickens’s Great Expectations.
Curves and Dimensions
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin with a puzzle. Imagine you are sitting inside a room with no window and whose only door is both shut and locked. There are no holes in the walls, floor, or ceiling. In what circumstances would you be able to leave that room without either opening the door, digging a tunnel, or knocking a hole in the ceiling or any of the walls? To see a way out of this uncompromising situation, we need to rethink some of our ordinary ideas about space. Let us first consider straight lines and their properties. A straight line we will define as that which marks the shortest distance between two points.
The Arrows of Time
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Could time run backwards? When we try to visualize this, we imagine something like a film being shown in reverse. But to imagine this is to imagine being outside the process we are observing. As an observer, we are not ourselves in the film (even if we are watching a film of ourselves, for the person we are watching on the screen is not, whilst been filmed, watching the film). So there is no conflict in thinking of the order in which we view the film as the reverse of the order in which the events I am watching were originally filmed. But, in imagining seeing time running backwards, we cannot absent our selves in this way. We are not outside the time we are imagining.
Postcolonial Criticism And Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this stimulating study, R. S. Sugirtharajah explores the implications of postcolonial criticism for biblical studies. He provides a comprehensive overview of the origins, definitions, and procedures of postcolonial criticism, followed by a discussion of the significance of postcolonial criticism in biblical interpretation. He reveals how postcolonial criticism can offer an alternative perspective to our understanding of the Bible, and how, when the Bible has been deployed as a Western cultural icon, it has come to be questioned in new ways.
God Is Love
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reasons which people have for believing there to be a God which I described in Chapter 1 are, I claimed there, reasons for believing that there is (at least) one divine person; that is, a person who is essentially omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly free, and eternal. I called that person in Chapter 1 ‘God ‘; but the use of that word (with a capital ‘G ‘) suggests that there is only one such person. In this chapter I wish to explore the issue of whether there is more than one divine person.
Forward look and conclusions
Authors: Allison Wade 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of almost unlimited computational power and communication is changing the methods that we use to carry out tasks, although the fundamentals on which these are based are not changed. This revolution has only just begun. The timing of its progress is determined as much by the speed at which trust can be established in new procedures as by the appearance of new technical opportunities. This trust grows as a result of positive experience and education. Computational power itself will grow and new generations at all levels of society will grow up with it.
Grimoires
Authors: Davies Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is a grimoire? The word has a familiar ring to many people, particularly as a consequence of such popular television dramas as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Charmed. But few people are sure exactly what it means. Put simply, grimoires are books of spells that were first recorded in the Ancient Middle East and which have developed and spread across much of the Western Hemisphere and beyond over the ensuing millennia. At their most benign, they contain charms and remedies for natural and supernatural ailments and advice on contacting spirits to help find treasures and protect from evil. But at their most sinister they provide instructions on how to manipulate people for corrupt purposes and, worst of all, to call up and make a pact with the Devil. Both types have proven remarkably resilient and adaptable and retain much of their relevance and fascination to this day. But the grimoire represents much more than just magic. To understand the history of grimoires is to understand the spread of Christianity, the development of early science, the cultural influence of the print revolution, the growth of literacy, the impact of colonialism, and the expansion of western cultures across the oceans. As this book richly demonstrates, the history of grimoires illuminates many of the most important developments in European history over the last two thousand years.
Reductionism: How Did We Fall Into It and Can We Emerge From It?
Authors: Murphy Nancey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay has two purposes. One is to trace some of the history of debates between reductionists and emergentists, aiming to shed light on the grip reductionist ideas have had on modern thinkers. The second is to suggest in a preliminary way how the concept of emergence is best understood and to indicate factors that go into explaining how emergent causal capacities can be reconciled with our best understanding of science.
Reduction, Emergence, and the Mind/Body Problem: A Philosophic Overview
Authors: Gulick Robert Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim in this chapter is to give an overview of the recent discussion in the philosophy of mind that will serve as a map in locating issues and options. I will focus in particular on three central and interrelated ideas: those of emergence, reduction, and nonreductive physicalism. The third of these, which has emerged as more or less the majority view among current philosophers of mind, combines a pluralist view about the diversity of what needs to be explained by science with an underlying metaphysical commitment to the physical as the ultimate basis of all that is real.
Three Levels of Emergent Phenomena
Authors: Deacon Terrence W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term most often used by scientists to describe the spontaneous appearance of novel fitted orderliness is ‘emergence.’ This usage has been around for over a century (see G. H. Lewes’s Problems of Life and Mind 1), and pretty much characterizes the same troublesome explanatory ‘gaps’ in the same scientific discussions currently as it did over a century ago. How does life arise from non-living molecules, how does a mind arise from electro-chemical processes in material brains? The term connotes something coming out of hiding, coming into view for the first time, something without precedent and perhaps a bit surprising. But it is not applicable to the common everyday novelty of contingent history. Though each new event stands out as idiosyncratic in various ways with respect to all preceding events, what most people mean when they talk of something being an emergent phenomenon isn’t merely something different than before. In nontechnical discussions the phrase ‘the whole is more than the sum of the parts’ is often quoted to convey this sort of novelty. It captures two aspects of the concept: the distinction between a mere quantitative difference and a qualitative one, and an ascent in scale, involving combination of elements in which their interactions become relevant.
Nonlinear Science and the Cognitive Hierarchy
Authors: Scott Alwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The activity of a human brain is organized into many levels, from the dynamics of individual membrane proteins, through the switching of isolated patches of membrane and collisions among propagating nerve impulses, to the complex interactions of the neocortex with human culture. A key concept in understanding these dynamics is that of a cell assembly of neurons, which was defined by Donald Hebb as follows: Any frequently repeated, particular stimulation will lead to the slow development of a ‘cell-assembly,’ a diffuse structure comprising cells . . . capable of acting briefly as a closed system, delivering facilitation to other such systems and usually having a specific motor facilitation.
Reductionism and Emergence: Implications for the Interaction of Theology with the Natural Sciences
Authors: Stoeger SJ William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nancey Murphy and Robert Van Gulick have critically surveyed and presented various types of both reductionist and emergentist theses, indicating implications for various focal problems in philosophy and philosophy of science. In this essay, I shall presume those discussions and concentrate on setting out key relationships between reductionism and emergence on the one hand and issues central to relating theology with the natural sciences on the other.
Emergence, Scientific Naturalism, and Theology
Authors: Haught John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The renowned scientist and writer Carl Sagan began his popular Cosmos TV series by stating that ‘the universe is all there is, all there ever was and all there ever will be.’ Sagan, now deceased, was a devotee of naturalism, by which I mean the belief that ‘nature is all there is.’ According to naturalism, there is no need to look beyond the physical world for a divine creator or source of meaning. Nature is selfcontained and self-sufficient. And according to scientific naturalism, which I shall be highlighting here, science is the best way to understand it. The universe alone is life’s ultimate creator and designer. The Darwinian recipe for evolution, consisting of random genetic changes, natural selection and an enormous depth of time, is enough to account for all the diversity and complexity of life, including beings endowed with minds.