bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Voluntary Blood Donor Organizations to Voluntary Blood Donation
Authors: Henry Nittin , Nirmal C. , Pullangodan Anu , Raj K. Ajay , Arun V. J. 
Published: November 2023

Background and Objectives:
An ideal model for the foundation of a safe blood supply is a committed group of healthy, altruistic voluntary blood donors (VBDs) recruited by a well-organized, dynamic VBD organization (VBDO). We address the data deficiency on VBDOs in strengthening the voluntary blood donation program. The aims of the study are to assess the part played by VBDO in strengthening VBDs, regular repeat blood donor (RRBD), and regular repeat VBD (RRVBD), classifying the VBDOs on their functional realm, and analyzing the variables affecting blood donations based on their association with VBDOs.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional observational study from September 2019 to December 2019. All donors provided a questionnaire in “Google Forms” with a consent form through social media. Modified Kuppuswamy score 2019 was used to classify donors based on occupation, education, and socioeconomic classification (SEC). Pearson's Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.

Results:
Eight hundred and thirty-four responses were obtained from 960 donors. 78.7% responses belonged to VBDs, 62.6% belonged to donors not associated with VBDOs and there was no statistically sifnificant difference between VBDs and replacement donors based on their association with VBDOs. 46.9% and 55.6% of VBDO donors are RRBD and vice versa, respectively, showing statistical significance. Majority of RRVBDs, i.e., 97 (52.2%), belong to VBDO showing statistical significance. Site of donation and gender showed statistical significance unlike age, education, occupation, and SEC. 61.25% of VBDO donors were associated with nongovernmental organizations.

Conclusions:
VBDOs contribute more toward the regularity of donation rather than donating blood voluntarily and retaining blood donors.
Comparison of four different techniques of i-gel insertion by anaesthesia trainees in children undergoing daycare surgery: A single-blind, randomised, comparative study
Authors: Priyadarshi Priya , Behera Bikram Kishore , Misra Satyajeet 
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims:
Different techniques of i-gel insertion have been described with variable success rates. This study aimed to assess the incidence of malposition of i-gel in children with 90° rotation, 180° rotation, jaw thrust–assisted and standard insertion techniques.

Methods:
The study included 132 children undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia without neuromuscular blockade after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The i-gel was inserted using one of the four randomised techniques (90° rotation, 180° rotation, jaw thrust–assisted insertion or standard insertion technique) by anaesthesia trainees. The primary objective of this study was to assess device malposition using three alternative techniques compared to the standard insertion technique by flexible video bronchoscopy.

Results:
The incidence of malposition was the least in the 180° rotation technique group (27%) versus 39% in the standard and 90° rotation technique groups and 70% in the jaw thrust technique group (P = 0.004). Oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP) was highest in the 180° rotation technique group, that is, 27.1 (5.3) cm H2O in the 180° rotation technique group versus 23 (4.3), 25.8 (4.1) and 24.7 (5.6) cm H2O in the standard, 90° rotation and assisted jaw thrust groups, respectively (P = 0.006). The time to i-gel insertion was the least with the standard insertion technique, that is, 16.9 (3.3) s, compared to 18.4 (3.1) s in the 90° rotation group, 19.5 (3.2) s in the180° rotation group and 20.1 (3.4) s in the assisted jaw thrust technique group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The 180° rotation technique for i-gel placement in children by anaesthesia trainees has the lowest incidence of malposition and the best OLP versus other techniques but lacks any clear advantage in clinical performance and ventilation.
Comparison of clinical performance of Baska mask and Ambu AuraGain in patients undergoing surgery: A single-blinded, randomised comparative trial
Authors: Raman Rajesh , Prabha Rati , Rampal Surbhi , Tiwari Tanmay , Gautam Shefali , Prakash Ravi 
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims:
The Baska mask (BM) and the Ambu AuraGain (AAG) have shown promising results in recent trials but have not been compared. Therefore, we aimed to compare the clinical performance of the BM and the AAG for airway management of adult patients.

Methods:
In this randomised comparative study, patients aged 18–60 years and with an expected surgical duration of less than 2 h were enroled. Patients were randomly allocated to AAG (Group A, n = 37) and BM (Group B, n = 37) for airway management. After induction of anaesthesia, an allocated supraglottic airway device (SAD) was inserted. Oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP), time taken to insert SAD, number of insertion attempts, leak fraction (LF), first-attempt success rate, overall success rate, ease of insertion, fiberoptic view of the glottis, and complications were compared. The data were analysed using Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Fisher’s exact tests.

Results:
Baseline and demographic characteristics were comparable. OLP (31.32 ± 2.59 versus 27.54 ± 1.32 cmH2O) was higher (P < 0.001), and LF (6.19% ± 1.20% versus 7.24% ± 1.72%) was lower (P = 0.003) in the BM group. First-attempt and overall success rate, time taken to insert, number of insertion attempts, ease of insertion, and fibreoptic view of glottis through the SADs were statistically similar between groups. However, the incidence of sore throat (P = 0.007) and cough (P = 0.028) was higher with AAG.

Conclusion:
Clinical performance of BM was better than AAG as the former had higher OLP, lower LF and complications.
Evaluation of age-based local anaesthetic dosing of bupivacaine for popliteal sciatic nerve block in children undergoing foot and ankle surgery: A prospective single arm interventional study
Authors: Parthasarathy Srinivasan , Venkatesh T. Kumar , Saravanan Balachandar 
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims:
Recommendations on paediatric single-injection local anaesthetic (LA) dosing for peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are based on the children’s weight and limited by weight-based toxicity concerns. In this study, we assessed the extent of circumferential spread and block characteristics following the injection of an age-based volume (age in years = LA volume) of 0.25% bupivacaine following popliteal sciatic nerve block (PSNB).

Methods:
Thirty children aged between 2 and 12 years with the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II and undergoing foot and ankle surgical procedures were given single-injection ultrasound-guided subparaneural PSNB using 0.25% bupivacaine at age-based LA volume after the administration of anaesthesia. The circumferential pattern of LA spread (primary objective) was assessed along the nerve (both cephalad and caudal) using ultrasound from the point of administration and the block characteristics in terms of duration of sensory block.

Results:
The mean [standard deviation (SD)] cephalic circumferential LA spread distance was 2.52 (0.68) [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.27–2.76] cm. The mean (SD) caudal circumferential LA spread distance was 2.27 (0.48) [95% CI: 2.09–2.44] cm. The mean (SD) duration of the sensory block was 9.03 (0.97) [95% CI: 8.67–9.38] h.

Conclusion:
The age-based LA volume of bupivacaine for ultrasound-guided PSNB resulted in a longitudinal circumferential spread of around 4.7 cm (adding both cephalic and caudal spread) and provided adequate analgesia for nine postoperative hours.
Comparison of oropharyngeal leak pressure of LMA Protector and LMA ProSeal in anaesthetised paralysed patients – A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bhardwaj Mamta , Dhania Sunny , Kaur Kiranpreet , Lal Jatin , Priya  , Singhal Suresh K. 
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims:
In the present study, we hypothesised that the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Protector would provide higher oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP) than LMA ProSeal. Thus, we planned this study to compare the clinical performance of LMA Protector and LMA ProSeal in terms of OLP as a primary objective and insertion characteristics as secondary objectives.

Methods:
Ninety patients of either gender, aged 18–70 years, were randomised into groups PS (LMA ProSeal) and P (LMA Protector). Following anaesthetic induction, the device was inserted as per group allocation. OLP of both devices was taken as a primary objective. Secondary objectives such as insertion time, ease of insertion, number of attempts required, fibre-optic view grading, amount of air (mL) required to get a cuff pressure (CP) of 60 cm H2O, and CP adjustment required and complications, if any, were also noted. Data were analysed using coGuide statistics software, Version 1 (BDSS Corp. Bangalore, Karnataka, India).

Results:
The median (interquartile range) OLP was significantly higher with LMA protector than with LMA ProSeal [33.00 (27.0, 36.0) versus [29.50 (26.0, 32.0) (P = 0.009)]. First-attempt success rate was 95.4% (42/44) in group PS and 93% (40/43) in group P. Insertion time, ease of insertion, and fibre-optic view grading were not different between the groups. Gastric tube placement failed in one patient in group PS and in three patients in group P (P = 0.606). The median amount of air (mL) required to get a CP of 60 cm H2O was 26.5 (20, 28) in group PS and 12 (8,13) in group P (95% confidence interval [CI] =10.808–14.575) (P < 0.001). At all time points, CP was significantly higher, and more CP adjustments were needed in group PS than in group P (P < 0.001). Incidence of blood staining and post-operative sore throat at 1 and 24 h were not different between the groups.

Conclusion:
LMA Protector provided a significantly higher OLP and less requirement of CP adjustments but comparable first-attempt success rate, mean insertion time, fibre-optic view, and gastric tube insertion as compared to LMA ProSeal.
Assessment of airway parameters in obstetric patients and comparing them at different phases in the perinatal period: A prospective observational study
Authors: Kaur Kiranpreet , Vaishali  , Dahiya Pushpa , Kaur Svareen , Bhardwaj Mamta , Singhal Suresh K. 
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims:
Airway changes occur in different stages of pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the changes in the upper airway in obstetric patients during pregnancy, labour and after delivery using multiple airway indices and identify the predictive factors of these changes.

Methods:
This observational study was conducted on 90 parturients aged >20 years, having monofoetal pregnancy. The patient’s weight was noted, airway assessment including Mallampati grading (MPG), and thyromental distance (TMD), sternomental distance (SMD), neck circumference (NC) and Wilson’s risk score were measured in the second trimester of pregnancy (T0), between 32 and 34 weeks of gestation (T1), at the time of admission for safe confinement, between 38 and 40 weeks of gestation (T2), 2 h after delivery of baby (T3) and, 24 h after delivery (T4). Unpaired t-test and analysis of variance test were applied.

Results:
Changes in mean (standard deviation [SD]) weight, recorded from T0 to T2, were from 56.96 (10.77) to 65.322 (11.49) kg (P = 0.001). A rise of one or two grades in MPG was detected as the pregnancy progressed, and a decrease of one grade was noted after delivery. A significant decrease in mean (SD) TMD was noted from 6.88 (0.65) to 6.36 (0.62) cm from T0 to T2 (P = 0.001). SMD also decreased in a similar manner as TMD. NC increased from T0 to T3 and then decreased at T4 (P = 0.004).

Conclusion:
Following the second trimester of pregnancy, MPG increased by either one or two grades, with a decrease in TMD and SMD and an increase in NC.
Comparison of cycloplegia with atropine 1% versus cyclopentolate 1%
Authors: Singh Ram P , Amitava Abadan K , Sharma Nikita , Gupta Yogesh , Raza Syed A , Bose Aparna , Meena Ganga S 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
Cycloplegic refraction is mandatory for children to know the eye's refractive status. In this study, we compared cycloplegia induced by cyclopentolate 1% to that induced by atropine 1% by means of retinoscopy.

Methods:
In this parallel-designed interventional study, we included 67 children aged between 4 and 17 years. After the initial retinoscopy under cyclopentolate 1% (used twice in each eye), we repeated it a week later under atropine ointment 1% (used twice a day for 3 days); both were done by the same trained optometrist masked to the drug. Each eye's refraction was converted to spherical equivalents (SEs), and the values averaged between the two eyes of each child under each drug. We compared SE with paired t-test (JASP 16.4). In addition, we performed correlational analysis, and looked for agreement using the Bland–Altman plot. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Wherever possible, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are quoted.

Results:
The mean SE with atropine was +1.93 ± 2.0 D, compared to +1.75 ± 1.95 D under cyclopentolate. On average, atropine induced greater cycloplegia by a mere 0.18 D (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.29 D, P value 0.002). The two cycloplegic refractions correlated significantly (Pearson's r: 0.975, P < 0.001). The Bland–Altman plot revealed the limits of agreement as 1.06 and −0.71 D.

Conclusion:
Our study suggests that cyclopentolate works for the most part as well as atropine to attain cycloplegia. Atropine may be considered for children less than 15 years of age with greater than 5.0 D of hyperopia. Cycloplentolate, with its advantages of quick action and short duration, should form the first go-to topical cycloplegic in busy outpatient clinics.
Mobile battery blast injuries: An emerging ocular health hazard in children
Authors: Shah Chintan , Goyal Anand , Sen Pradhnya , Peeush Parimal , Sen Alok , More Amruta , Jain Elesh 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
To assess clinical features, visual outcomes, and setting of mobile battery blast-induced eye injuries in children.

Methods:
Retrospective case sheets of children with mobile battery blast injuries were reviewed at a tertiary eye care center from January 2015 to March 2022. We noted the mode of injury, battery status, and clinical presentation and analyzed the treatment outcomes.

Results:
The study included 14 eyes of 11 patients. Three patients (27%) had bilateral ocular injuries. The most common reasons for the blast were wiring a bulb to the battery or charging the battery with a universal mobile charger, seen in four cases each. Three eyes had closed-globe injuries (CGIs), whereas 11 had open-globe injuries (OGIs). Of the 11 eyes with OGI, four also had a retained intraocular foreign body (IOFB). Only four (36%) eyes having OGI could achieve vision better than 6/60. All three eyes with CGIs developed secondary glaucoma, and two underwent trabeculectomy. However, the visual prognosis was better (>6/36) in eyes with CGI. Overall, mean visual acuity at the final follow-up was improved to 1.41 ± 1.14 logMAR from 2.32 ± 0.76 logMAR at presentation. This was also found to be statistically significant with a P value of 0.02.

Conclusion:
Battery blast-induced ocular injuries, although rare, often lead to poor outcomes. Apart from charging, playing with discarded or damaged batteries was a common reason for battery blasts in our series.
Pterygium surgery using inferior rotational conjunctival autograft versus conventional conjunctival autograft with sutures – A comparative study
Authors: Gudimetla Jayamadhury , Potti Sudhakar , Shivaprasad Shyam , Bhide Milind , Prabhakar Venkat 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
To compare the outcomes of pterygium surgery by using an inferior rotational autograft and a conventional superior conjunctival autograft.

Methods:
This was a prospective interventional comparative study of 85 eyes of patients who were divided into two groups of 45 and 40. Standard techniques of both procedures were performed by a single surgeon. Astigmatism, recurrence rates, time taken, and other complications were compared.

Results:
All the subjects were in the age group 53 ± 7.56 (40–74) years. Demographic data and type of pterygium were comparable in the two groups. In the rotational group, the preoperative astigmatism was − 2.14 ± 1.36 D, which decreased in 1 week to 1.42 ± 1.11 D, in 1 month to − 1.13 ± 0.99 D, in 3 months to 0.91 ± 0.72 D, and in 6 months to 0.81 ± 0.85 D (P < 0.05 each). Preoperative astigmatism in the conventional group was − 2.63 ± 1.47 D, which decreased to − 1.43 ± 1.04 D in 1 week, −1.18 ± 0.85 D in 1 month, −1.07 ± 0.81 D in 3 months, and − 1.01 ± 0.78 D in 6 months (P < 0.05 each). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of astigmatism at any follow-up visit (P < 0.05). Complications like dellen, graft edema, and superficial vascularization were seen in both groups. The rotational group had one recurrence (2.86%). No recurrence was noted in the conventional group. None of the complication rates was significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Inferior rotational conjunctival autografting is a good technique for management of pterygium. It has a profile similar to that of conventional conjunctival autograft.
Transmittance characteristics of transparent hydrophobic acrylic foldable intraocular lenses that were in vivo for a prolonged period of time: A UV visible spectrophotometric study
Authors: Bhattacharjee Harsha , Das Dipankar , Bhattacharjee Kasturi , Buragohain Suklengmung , Javeri Henal 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
To record experimental data on the spectral transmittance characteristics of transparent hydrophobic acrylic foldable IOLs, which were in vivo for a prolonged period of time and explanted under clinical indications and also to compare the data with that of corresponding control and crystalline lens along with review of the relevant literature.

Method:
Material and make of each of the explanted intraocular lenses (IOLs) as well as pre-explantation clinical status of the eyes were confirmed from the medical record. The transmittance of wavelength from 185 to 900 nm of each of the selected IOLs was measured using Shimadzu UV 2600 UV visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer in double-beam configuration and probe version 2.16 software. The data obtained were statistically analyzed.

Results:
The mean transmittance of 12 clinically explanted IOLs at spectral range 300–700 nm was 49.5% ± SD 6.9%. This value was 10% and 38% less than the corresponding clear (59% ± SD 0.4%) and yellow (87.5% ± SD 0.4%) control, respectively. The mean transmittance of the analytes in the UV range was 43.3 ± SD 6.9%, and it was almost similar to the control. The data showed wide variations without good correlation, and it matches with the human crystalline lens at the age range of 50–60 years. All eyes were otherwise healthy, and none had age-related macular degeneration.

Conclusion:
In comparison with fresh IOL with a yellow filter, light transmittance at the spectral range 300–700 nm was found decreased in all the IOLs, which were in vivo for an average period of 12.25 ± 4.4 years. All IOLs transmitted variable amounts of UV radiation. More data are required for further analysis on the subject.
Post-COVID-19 endogenous endophthalmitis case series and review of literature
Authors: Samanta Ramanuj , Jayaraj Sreeram , Mittal Sanjeev K , Kumari Jyoti , Naharwal Aarshi , Agrawal Ajai 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
To describe a series of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) patients from a multispecialty tertiary hospital in North India.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review including all consecutive cases with EE following confirmed COVID-19 disease from July 2020 to June 2021.

Results:
Seven eyes of four patients (three female and one male) were included. Two patients had confirmed bilateral fungal (Aspergillus sp.) EE and two patients had presumed fungal EE (one bilateral and one unilateral). Three of these four patients received systemic steroids as part of COVID-19 treatment previously. Five eyes were managed with initial intravitreal injection (IVI), followed by pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and two eyes were managed with only IVI. All patients received systemic antifungal agents. Intraocular inflammation resolved in all eyes with treatment. One patient of EE also developed voriconazole-induced transient visual hallucination, which resolved on discontinuing the medication.

Conclusion:
This case series represents a series of EE cases following COVID-19 disease or its sequelae or as a result of prior treatment for COVID-19. Ophthalmologists and physicians must be vigilant about these complications and initiate prompt management at the earliest.
Efficacy of preserved Tafluprost 0.0015% in lowering intraocular pressure
Authors: Paul Chandrima 
Published: November 2023

Objective:
To investigate the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of topical preserved tafluprost 0.0015% in a tertiary hospital setting in India.

Methods:
This is a retrospective chart review of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) attending regular outpatient visits in December 2019 and January 2021, and treated with topical preserved tafluprost 0.0015%. Based on their medication history, patients were divided into two groups, the “treatment naïve” group and the “switched” group, which included patients switched to tafluprost monotherapy after treatment with at least one prior drug.

Results:
The mean IOP of the study population reduced significantly from baseline level by 20.6% and 25.5% at 1 month and 3 months after preserved tafluprost 0.0015% treatment (P < 0.001 for both). The mean IOP in patients with only OHT reduced significantly from baseline level by 21% and 26% at 1 month and 3 months after preserved tafluprost 0.0015% treatment (P < 0.001 for both). The mean IOP in patients with POAG reduced significantly from baseline level by 19% and 24% at 1 month and 3 months after preserved tafluprost 0.0015% treatment (P < 0.001 for both). The baseline IOP ± SD in POAG treatment naïve patients was 25.3 ± 0.3 mmHg, which reduced significantly by 24% and 28% at 1 month and 3 months after preserved tafluprost 0.0015% treatment (P < 0.001 for both). The baseline IOP ± SD in POAG switched patients was 24.3 ± 0.1 mmHg, which reduced significantly by 18% and 22% at 1 month and 3 months after preserved tafluprost 0.0015% treatment (P < 0.001 for both). In the POAG switch group, the percent reduction in IOP at 3 months after preserved tafluprost 0.0015% treatment was 23% with timolol as first line, 22% with bimatoprost as first line, 20% with latanoprost as first line, and 19% with travoprost as first line (P < 0.001 for all).

Conclusions:
We show significant IOP reduction with preserved tafluprost 0.0015% in a real-world setting. As first-line monotherapy in patients with OHT and in POAG–naïve patients, preserved tafluprost 0.0015% significantly reduced IOP at 3 months. Even as second-line therapy in nonresponders (POAG-Switched) to various drugs (same class [PGAs] versus different class), treatment with preserved tafluprost 0.0015% resulted in significant IOP reduction at 3 months.