bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New approaches in application of differential quadrature method to fourth‐order differential equations
Authors: Wang Xinwei , Liu Feng , Wang Xinfeng , Gan Lifei 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVarious methods to apply multiple boundary conditions in the differential quadrature method are summarized and discussed. Two of them are new approaches appearing for the first time. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy of the new methods in applying multiple boundary conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind power, discourse coalitions and climate change: breaking the stalemate?
Authors: Szarka Joseph 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn order to analyse the discourse coalitions existing within the wind sector in Britain, Denmark and France, this article first outlines a theoretical framework for policy analysis in terms of four discourse ‘ideal types’ and two categories of coalition behaviour. After examination of European and national energy policies, it goes on to map the main discourse coalitions in the wind sector and considers why their interaction often leads to conflict. The conclusion invites reassessment of the uses to which the policy arguments – particularly those related to climate change – have been put, and offers tentative proposals for reducing blockages. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Calcium and 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 target the TNF‐α pathway to suppress experimental inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Zhu Yan , Mahon Brett D. , Froicu Monica , Cantorna Margherita T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVitamin D‐deficient IL‐10 knockout (KO) mice develop accelerated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Removing dietary calcium from the diets of vitamin D‐deficient IL‐10 KO mice increased the severity of IBD. The mice fed either calcium or active vitamin D (1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25D3), developed an intermediate form of IBD, while the mice fed both calcium and 1,25D3 had the mildest form of IBD. TNF‐α secretion from Con A‐stimulated splenocytes was reduced by dietary calcium or 1,25D3 treatment. The IL‐10 KO mice that received both high calcium diets and 1,25D3 treatments had the lowest TNF‐α production. In the colons, a TNF‐α‐inducing transcription factor, LPS‐induced TNF‐α factor (LITAF), was inhibited by 1,25D3, but not by calcium. The inhibition of several TNF‐α‐related genes was associated with the decreased colitis in 1,25D3‐treated IL‐10 KO mice. Furthermore, fulminating IBD in vitamin D receptor/IL‐10 double‐KO mice corresponded with the increased expression of TNF‐α and LITAF in the colon. Our results suggest that dietary calcium has independent effects on IBD severity and that 1,25D3 and high calcium together result in the maximal suppression of experimental IBD. The data support a model where dietary calcium and 1,25D3 treatment directly and indirectly inhibit the TNF‐α pathway and suppress IBD.
Dendritic cells respond to influenza virus through TLR7‐ and PKR‐independent pathways
Authors: Barchet Winfried , Krug Anne , Cella Marina , Newby Celeste , Fischer Jens A. A. , Dzionek Andrzej , Pekosz Andrew , Colonna Marco 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNatural interferon‐producing cells (IPC) secrete type I IFN (IFN‐α and ‐β) in response to influenza virus. This process is independent of viral replication and is mediated by Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7), which recognizes single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA). DC also express TLR7 but its function in DC response to influenza virus is unknown. To address this, we compared the DC and IPC responses to influenza virus and ssRNA oligoribonucleotides (ORN) that activate TLR7. When stimulated by ORN in vitro and in vivo, DC matured and produced inflammatory cytokines but not IFN‐α. DC did secrete IFN‐α in response to influenza virus. However, this response was independent of TLR7 signaling and required viral replication but not dsRNA‐activated protein kinase (PKR). We conclude that DC and IPC are hard‐wired to secrete IFN‐α via different pathways, reflecting their complementary but distinct roles in anti‐viral immunity.
Learning in different modes: the interaction between incremental and radical change
Authors: Petersen Anders H. , Boer Harry , Gertsen Frank 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe objective of the study presented in this article is to contribute to the development of theory on continuous innovation, i.e. the combination of operationally effective exploitation and strategically flexible exploration. A longitudinal case study is presented of the interaction between incremental and radical change in Danish company, observed through the lens of organizational learning. The radical change process is described in five phases, each of which had its own effects on incremental change initiatives in the company. The research identified four factors explaining these effects, all of which are related to the timely availability of key competencies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid formulation of eddy current problems
Authors: Rodríguez Ana Alonso , Hiptmair Ralf , Valli Alberto 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this article we examine the well‐known magneto‐quasistatic eddy current model for the behavior of low‐frequency electromagnetic fields. We restrict ourselves to formulations in the frequency domain and linear materials, but admit rather general topological arrangements. The generic eddy current model allows two dual formulations, which may be dubbed E‐based and H‐based. We investigate the so‐called hybrid approach that combines both formulations by means of coupling conditions across the boundaries of conducting regions. The resulting continuous and discrete variational formulations will be discussed, and an optimal error estimate for edge finite elements will be proved. It is worthy to note that for this approach no difficulties arise from the topology of the conducting regions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
White spirit permeation resistance of polyethylene, polyethylene/modified polyamide, and polyethylene/blends of modified polyamide and ethylene vinyl alcohol bottles
Authors: Yeh Jen‐Taut , Huang Shyh‐Shiuan , Chen Heng‐Yi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to investigate the barrier properties of polyethylene (PE), PE/modified polyamide (MPA), and PE/blends of modified polyamide and ethylene vinyl alcohol (MPAEVOH) bottles against white spirit permeation. After MPAEVOH barrier resins were blended with PE, the resistance of the PE/MPAEVOH bottles against white spirit permeation was significantly improved compared to the PE bottle. Surprisingly, with proper compositions of MPAEVOH resins, the white spirit permeation resistance of PE/MPAEVOH bottles at 40°C improved by more than 3000 times compared to the PE bottle, wherein the best permeation resistance (4200 times barrier improvement) of the PE/MPAEVOH bottles was found as the weight ratio of MPA : EVOH reached 4:1. These interesting permeation properties of PE/MPAEVOH bottles were investigated in terms of the barrier and free‐volume properties of the base resins and their corresponding morphologies in blow‐molded bottles. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:25–32, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Microstructure and crystallography in microcellular injection‐molded polyamide‐6 nanocomposite and neat resin
Authors: Chandra Alexander , Gong Shaoqin , Yuan Mingjun , Turng Lih‐Sheng , Gramann Paul , Cordes Holger 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effects of adding nanoclay to polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) neat resin, and the effects of processing parameters on cell density and size in microcellular injection‐molded components were investigated. In addition, the crystal sizes, structures, and orientation were analyzed with the use of x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and a polarized optical microscope. The standard ASTM D 638‐02 tensile bars for the analyses were molded according to a fractional four‐factor, three‐level, L9 Taguchi design of experiment (DOE) with varying melt temperature, injection speed, supercritical fluid (SCF) concentration, and shot size. It was found that the presence of montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay greatly reduced the size of the cells and crystals, but increased their density in comparison with neat resin processed under identical molding conditions. In addition, at the sprue section downstream of the machine nozzle, cell size gradually decreased from the part center toward the skin for both the neat resin and the nanocomposite. It was also found that shot size was the most important processing parameter for both the neat resin and nanocomposite in affecting cell density and size in microcellular injection molding components. Weakly preferred crystal orientations were observed on the surface of microcellular injection‐molded PA‐6/MMT tensile bars. Finally, the addition of nanoclay in PA‐6 neat resin facilitated the formation of γ‐phase crystals in the molded components. Polym. Eng. Sci. 45:52–61, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Spherulitic crystallization behavior of linear low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Feng L. , Kamal M.R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study the crystallization behavior of linear low‐density polyethylenes (LLDPEs) (ethylene‐α‐olefin copolymers) was studied by polarized light microscopy. A modified Hoffman‐Lauritzen (MHL) expression is proposed whereby the equilibrium melting temperature, T (T), is replaced with the melting temperature of the crystal stem is replaced with the maximum possible stem length, T. It successfully describes the crystalline spherulitic growth kinetics for both homogeneous and heterogeneous LLDPEs. In addition to regimes III and II, another regime (IM) was found in the high crystallization temperature range. Linear growth behavior of crystalline spherulites was observed in regime III, and nonlinear growth behavior was found in regimes II and IM. The basal surface free energy can be estimated from the short chain branching polydispersity (SCBP) for LLDPEs with excluded comonomers. Polym. Eng. Sci. 45:74–83, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Relationship between the rheology and morphology of dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers based on EPDM/PP
Authors: Goharpey F. , Nazockdast H. , Katbab A.A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRelationship between the rheological properties and morphology of dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers (TPVs) based on Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) and Polypropylene (PP) blends containing 20, 40 and 60% of EPDM were studied. The samples were prepared in a laboratory internal mixer at a rotor speed of 60 rpm. We performed morphological studies on the cryogenically fractured samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rheological behavior and melt viscoelastic properties of the samples were studied by rheometric mechanical spectrometry (RMS) at a temperature of 220°C. The TPV samples showed a significant viscosity upturn and a strong storage modulus that tended to plateau at low shear rates, with the highest extent for the sample containing 60% of EPDM. These results were attributed to a network structure resulting from agglomerates formed between the cured rubber particles, as evidenced by the morphological features of the samples. The multiple elastic response, expressed in terms of relaxation time distribution, H(λ), exhibited by the molten TPV sample containing 60% of EPDM suggests that apart from the contribution of flow‐induced molecular orientation of the PP matrix, there may also exist some elastic response induced by agglomerates formed between the cured rubber particles. The results predicted from the linear viscoelastic model proposed in the present work were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:84–94, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Cyclic deformation behavior of an epoxy polymer. Part II: Predictions of viscoelastic constitutive models
Authors: Xia Zihui , Shen Xinghe , Ellyin Fernand 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe experimental results presented in Part I of this study were used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of two viscoelastic constitutive models. One of the models, developed by Xia and Ellyin, is in a differential form. The other, which is a modified Schapery model by Lai and Bakker, is in an integral form. The results of the comparison indicate that the Xia‐Ellyin constitutive model simulated the experimental observations well. This was attributed to the existence of a general rule that delineates the loading and unloading parts of the cyclic response. The modified Schapery model was able to predict the general trends of the deformation behavior; however, it was unable to correctly simulate the unloading behavior. This difference became more pronounced when the applied cyclic stress/strain was high. At high applied loads, the material response became more nonlinear. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:103–113, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers
Study of the molecular configuration and the dipole moment in fluorinated liquid crystals
Authors: Liu Yufang , Ma Heng , Xu Houju , Sun Jinfeng , Han Keli 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe have investigated the relationship between the molecular configuration and dipole moment of some fluorinated liquid crystals (LCs). The geometries of the molecules were preliminarily optimized at empirical AM1 and then were further optimized at B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. The dipole moment has been calculated. It is strongly influenced by the position and number of fluorine substituents in the benzene ring of the molecule. The polarizability, mean polarizabilities, and anisotropic polarizability of the phenylbicyclohexane (PBC) fluorine substituents are also given and discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Study of Starch Granules Swelling by the Blue Dextran Method and by Microscopy
Authors: Contreras López Elizabeth , Rolée Arnaud , Le Meste Martine 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe evolution of corn and wheat starch granules swelling at different temperatures was determined by two techniques: the blue dextran method (which measures the swelling factor) and by optical (light) microscopy. The graphical results obtained using the blue dextran technique showed curves indicating the swelling of corn and wheat starch dispersions (at 64%, w/w, moisture content) characterized by an initial phase of slight swelling, a second phase of fast swelling and a final phase of maximum swelling. The concentrated solutions (42% and 47%, w/w, moisture content) showed a slight swelling with the increase in temperature. The effect of temperature on the shape of the granules was evaluated by the optical microscopy. The shape of the type A wheat starch granules was deformed at high temperatures. The corn and type B wheat granules had a spherical form. In the case of corn starch, a good correlation (r2= 0.929) was obtained between the results of optical microscopy and blue dextran techniques.
Build to order supply chains in developed and developing countries
Authors: Prasad Sameer , Tata Jasmine , Madan Manu 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe new competitive environment requires firms to produce products with greater specificity to customer needs. Traditional approaches historically employed by manufacturers, such as the use of planning bills and standard interactions among suppliers and buyers, may not prove to be as effective in this new environment. In our research, we first seek to differentiate the traditional Made to Stock (MTS) environment from the emerging Build to Order (BTO) one. In addition, given the global nature of supply chains today, we also compare BTO operations in developed countries with those in the developing world. The results from this study can be useful to practicing managers because we provide specific directions on aligning supply chains for the BTO environment across the globe. In addition, this research adds to the theoretical development of postponement strategies in manufacturing, and establishes empirical links between the international operations, build to order environment, and supply chain literatures.
Otherwise than Becoming: Jean Rouch and the Ethics of
Les Maîtres fous
Authors: Cooper Sarah 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

This article focuses on Jean Rouch's celebrated documentary
Les Maîtres fous
. Rouch's commentary to the film encourages us to view the performances we witness as 'le reflet de notre civilisation'. Following Rouch, many critics of this film have focused on the imitative, reflective aspects of the relationship between colonizer and colonized that it lays bare. In its willed conflation of positions, however, I argue that the mimetic relations that Rouch encourages us to see are problematic in a way that the film more generally, when read against the logic he proposes, is not. Gilles Deleuze is one commentator who has sought to move beyond mimesis when discussing Rouch's filmmaking, yet in his analysis Deleuze's non-imitative approach shades into its opposite, requiring us to look elsewhere in order to describe the filmic logic that moves us beyond imitation. In his attention to marking out a space for alterity that lies outside the sphere of the self-same, it is Emmanuel Levinas's work that enables us ultimately to account for a non-imitative ethics in
Les Maîtres fous
.
THE
LAI DE L’OISELET
, THE
PROVERBES AU VILAIN
AND THE PARABLE OF THE SOWER
Authors: Burch Sally L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

The
Lai de l’oiselet
is an expanded version of a tale from the
Disciplina clericalis
, in which the protagonists are a peasant and a bird. The
lai
differs from the
Disciplina
in interpreting the narrative as a contest between
courtoisie
and
vilenie
. The peasant is no longer a simple
rusticus
, but an embodiment of the coarseness and stupidity associated with the
vilain
. A particular thrust of the narrative attack on the
vilain
is connected with the
Proverbes au vilain
. The
Lai
signals the thematic importance of proverbs by its remarkably high concentration of proverbial material. The text demonstrates to its courtly audience that a
vilain
has no entitlement to be considered a source of proverbial wisdom. The
vilain
is textually dispossessed of ‘his’ proverbs. A further intertext is the gospel commentary on the Parable of the Sower, which authorizes the dispossession of ‘him who has not’. Thus an intertextual reading of the
Lai de l’oiselet
reveals the full scope of the work’s attack on
vilenie
, and its attempt to reclaim for
courtoisie
the territory of proverbial wisdom, attributed to the
vilain
by such texts as the
Proverbes au vilain
.
The Specific Plurality of Assia Djebar
Authors: Hiddleston Jane 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Recent postcolonial criticism suffers from a sense of anxiety regarding the appropriate balance between cultural specificity and post-identitarian hybridity or ‘creolisation’. Thinkers differ in their understanding of the importance of identity, at times advocating that the affirmation of a particular subject position is the only means of resisting (neo)colonial domination, and at others asserting that a celebration of relationality and cultural plurality can serve to critique entrenched power relations. Conceptions of postcolonial resistance waver between the urge to privilege an alternative, monologic identity on the one hand, and liberation through the dissolution of all specified identity categories on the other. The apparently stark opposition between these two modes of thought demands, however, to be unsettled and rendered more subtle. I want to use the texts of Assia Djebar, with reference also to the theories of Jean-Luc Nancy and Peter Hallward, to rework the terms of this debate. Rather than championing exclusively either cultural specificity or trans-culturation, Djebar’s work incorporates a continued struggle between the specific, the singular and the plural. First, Djebar’s texts set out to unveil or conceive a feminine Algerian identity, rescuing Algerian women from occlusion both by colonialism and by Islamic law and giving voice to their repressed specificity. Despite her belief in the necessity of this project, however, she finds that it is troubled on two levels. On the one hand, the desire to retrieve some particular essence results in the continual retreat of that essence, and the more the texts hope to uncover, the more they inadvertently mask or hide. Algerian identity is replaced, therefore, with a sense of the intractable singularity of the occluded ‘self’. Furthermore, this singularity turns out to be not absolute but composite, as the erasure of the subject is coupled with a proliferation of diverse traces and echoes. The quest for identity intermittently dissolves, and Djebar displays postcolonial experience in Algeria instead as a curious coalescence of intractable singularity and ongoing intercultural plurality.
Clobazam as a New Antiepileptic Drug and Clorazepate Dipotassium as an Alternative Antiepileptic Drug in Japan
Authors: Sugai Kenji 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: To confirm the efficacy and to clarify the problems of clobazam (CLB) as a new antiepileptic drug (AED) and clorazepate (CLP) as an alternative AED in Japan. Methods: CLB and CLP were added on or replaced with conventional AEDs in 55 and 170 patients with refractory epilepsies, respectively. Short‐term efficacy was studied after at least 2 months of CLB administration and at least 4 weeks of CLP administration. Long‐term efficacy was examined in 31 cases with CLB for ≥6 months and in 86 cases with CLP for ≥6 months. CLB was initiated at 0.15–0.40 mg/kg and increased by 0.1–0.2 mg/kg every 1–2 weeks up to 0.28–1.25 mg/kg. CLP was started at 0.3–0.7 mg/kg and increased by 0.2–0.3 mg/kg every 1–2 weeks up to 2.5 mg/kg. Tolerance was examined in 42 cases with CLB for ≥3 months and 112 cases with CLP for ≥4 weeks. Results: CLB was effective, defined as ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency, in 71% of the short‐term subjects and 81% of the long‐term subjects. Short‐term efficacy was better in symptomatic localization‐related epilepsies, but long‐term efficacy did not differ according to seizure classification. Short‐term efficacy was not different by seizure types or EEG findings. CLP was effective in 70% of the short‐term subjects and 80% of the long‐term subjects. CLP was more effective in patients with localization‐related epilepsies or in patients with partial seizures or focal epileptiform discharges on EEG. Adverse effects developed in 47% of CLB cases and 31% of CLP cases, but the incidence was reduced by lower initial doses and slow dose titration. Tolerance occurred in 24% of CLB cases and 48% of CLP cases, half within 3–4 months after the initiation of CLB and half by 2 months after the start of CLP. Upon rechallenge, 70% of CLB‐tolerant cases and 50% of CLP‐tolerant cases responded to each drug again by increasing or maintaining the dosage. Conclusions: Excellent efficacy of CLB and excellent and prolonged efficacy of CLP for refractory epilepsies were confirmed. Frequent tolerance and adverse effects were major problems, but were manageable.