bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Childhood of Jesus
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Except for one story in Luke ‘s Gospel (the episode of Jesus in the Temple at the age of 12 in Luke 2: 41-50) the New Testament writings leave a tantalizing gap in the life of Jesus between his birth and his baptism at the beginning of the public ministry. Inevitably, the developing literary tradition, taking its cue from the childhood story in Luke, created a series of incidents that tell of events in Jesus ‘ boyhood. Their main theme is to show Jesus ‘ precocious awareness of his supernatural origin and his power over life, death, and nature. Such belief in Jesus ‘ divinity is clearly orthodox in Christian doctrine, but the often sensational manifestations of his supernatural abilities displayed in the numerous childhood stories in apocryphal Gospels tend to distort that belief. Extracts below from the second-third-century Infancy Gospel of Thomas, given under (1), have the effect of portraying the child Jesus as an enfant terrible. Modem readers are struck less by the piety underlying the stories than by the destructiveness of many of Jesus ‘ actions. Such a negative theme may be paralleled in the New Testament story of Jesus ‘ blasting the fig-tree (Mark 11: 12-14, 20-4), but the recurrence of the theme makes it the dominant feature of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, as well as other apocryphal texts, such as the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew. Several of the stories in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas are reproduced below. Among them we read the episode of the schoolteacher, which was a particularly popular theme that recurs in different places.
Pilate
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Visitors to Lucerne in Switzerland may wonder why one of the nearby mountains is Mount Pilatus. The reason is that Pontius Pilate is said to be buried under it, according to an apocryphal text. Pilate is a New Testament character whose role in the trial of Jesus and whose subsequent career figure extensively in the apocryphal literature. Reasons for this interest in the Roman governor ‘s place in the Jesus story are not hard to find. The same motives lie behind the earlier, New Testament, interest in him. Crucifixion was known as a distinctively Roman form of capital punishment. In any telling of Jesus ‘ story his manner of death could not be avoided, and, as it was a death by crucifixion, Roman involvement at some stage in the judicial process had to be explained. Hence all the New Testament accounts tell how Pontius Pilate, the Procurator of Judaea, was the Roman official who passed the death sentence on Jesus. If one reads those accounts in the likeliest chronological sequence, first Mark, then Matthew, Luke, and finally John, one can discern a developing tradition regarding Pilate. The evangelists ‘ differing emphases reflect the early church ‘s sensitivity in handling Pilate ‘s involvement in the trial of Jesus at a time when a growing number of converts to Christianity were coming from a non-Jewish background, when the church was spreading throughout the Empire, and when Christianity was becoming increasingly dependent on the goodwill of the Roman authorities. Basically, the evangelists were embarrassed or reluctant to blame Pilate for the death of Jesus.
John
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The John of the stories in this chapter is the son of Zebedee, one of the inner core of Jesus ‘ twelve disciples, the other two being John ‘s brother, James, and Simon Peter. The New Testament has John present at some of the most poignant moments in Jesus ‘ ministry, the raising of Jairus ‘ daughter (Mark 5: 37), the Transfiguration (Mark 9: 2-8), and the agony in the Garden of Gethsemane (Mark 14: 33). From the second century onwards he has been commonly accepted as the author of the Fourth Gospel (the Gospel of John) and identified as the anonymous ‘beloved disciple ‘ who appears several times in that Gospel. If this is a correct identification, then it is John to whom Jesus entrusts his mother at his death. For that reason, the figures at the foot of Jesus ‘ cross on rood screens in churches, and in other representations of the death of Jesus, are named as John, and the Virgin Mary. Some modem scholars accept that this John is the author of the first, if not all three, of the letters of John in the New Testament. Tradition also has this same John the author of the Book of Revelation-the John of Patmos-but many critical problems make such an identification unlikely. In the rest of the New Testament John appears in the Acts of the Apostles as a companion of Peter in Jerusalem; and Paul in his Epistle to the Galatians 2 knows John as one of the pillars of the church. Beyond the New Testament it is to the Acts of John that we tum for many of the later traditions about this apostle. The remains of the ancient Acts of John, which dates from the second century, have had to be reconstructed from several later sources, as is the case with most of the other apocryphal Acts.
Andrew
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Andrew, the brother of Simon Peter and one of Jesus ‘ twelve disciples, is named as a participant in a couple of New Testament narratives. He is a spokesman in the Feeding of the Five Thousand (John 6: 8) and in the episode in John 12: 20-2 when some Greeks wish to meet Jesus. But he is not one of the prominent disciples, nor does he figure in the stories in the Acts of the Apostles. But in the Christian literature of the following centuries legends about his exploits became popular. Of the five major apocryphal Acts the Acts of Andrew is the one whose original contents are most widely dispersed in later documents. Much of the original story has, however, been lost. The famous sixth-century bishop and historian, Gregory of Tours, produced an abstract of the Acts of Andrew from which he claims to have eliminated tedious speeches. Gregory ‘s Epitome, concentrating on the miracles of Andrew, has survived and it gives a useful guide to the scale and contents of the original Acts of Andrew. We are, however, not dependent entirely on Gregory ‘s later, censored, version of the second-century original. Some manuscripts, of varying dates, have enabled scholars to reconstruct at least parts of the earlier, original, Acts.
Khamr, Nasīb, and Ghazal
Authors: Kennedy Philip F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is against this background that this chapter will demonstrate an important characteristic of AbūNuwās in the celebration of wine: the fusion of elements of nasīb and ghazal into single poems of a composite but cohesive texture. This itself breaks down into two features: (i) the contrast of emotions, and (ii) the narrative focal point of seduction. Both features impart to his poems a tighter structure than is discernible in either his predecessors or contemporaries. In the extent of his achievement he is unique, and can be seen to synthesize possibilities in pre-existing poetry.
Hij ā’, the Bacchic Naq ā’icj,, and the Rhetorical Wine Poem
Authors: Kennedy Philip F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the broad possibilities of generic transformation already demonstrated in various ways in Chapter r, it remains for us to examine a development of hij ā’, from the J āhiliyya to the early ‘Abbasid period. Elements of lampoon, argument, and discourse in Ab ū Nuw ās’ wine poetry constitute, in part, a development from what may be termed the naq ā’ir.j, al-khamr of the Umayyad period.
The Compatibility of Industrial and Competition Policy: The Case of Telecommunications
Authors: Sauter Wolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After almost three decades of stagnation, the telecommunications policy of the European Community has seen a dramatic expansion over the past years. EC telecommunications policy has aimed at joint liberalisation of the industry and harmonisation of the regulatory framework. First, the use of the Commission’s competition policy powers has been instrumental in forcing liberalisation and deregulation at the national level. As a result, public ownership and monopoly are making way for privatisation and competition. Second, the Community has pursued a programme of harmonisation of national legislation, which aims to enable competition to unfold, and has introduced regulations to replace state ownership as a means of protecting the public interest.
Provisional and Protective Measures in International Litigation
Authors: Collins Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the text of a series of lectures delivered at the Hague Academy of International Law in 1991. The lectures were delivered in that part of the programme of the Academy which is primarily devoted to private international law. But the lectures are not limited to that field, particularly because research into related problems in public international law and European law revealed some interesting parallels.
The Difference That Rules Make
Authors: Shapiro1 Scott j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not every time we act on a general view about what ought to be done are we being guided by a rule. Consider Jim, who hates alcohol so much that he knows never to order it when in a bar. By acting on this general judgment, Jim is not thereby following an abstention rule; he has no need for such a rule, given his natural aversion. We might say that as a rule, Jim does not drink. But this simply means that Jim does not usually drink alcohol, which is not the same as saying that he is being guided by a rule to that effect. John, on the other hand, is a recovering alcoholic and has committed himself not to drink alcohol ever again. In such a case, it makes sense to talk of rule-guidance.
Positivism Through Thick and Thin
Authors: 1 Frederick Schauer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jurisprudential and philosophical theories are often characterized as strong or weak, simple or complex, robust or sparse, broad or narrow, thick or thin. And as might be expected, it is usually the larger member of the pair that is taken by the theorist as preferable. Strong is better than weak, complex is better than simple, thick is better than thin.
Is Coleman Hobbes or Hume (or Perhaps Locke)?
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early chapters of Jules Coleman’s book, Risks and Wrongs1 are devoted to a general discussion of the market paradigm lying at the heart of the Law and Economics movement. The market paradigm presents economic competition as the basic or primal form of human interaction, and holds that cooperative interaction—that is, social decision-making through political processes yielding legal rules—is necessary only in circumstances where market competition fails.
The Distributive Turn: Mischief, Misfortune and Tort Law
Authors: Perry Stephen r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jules Coleman has, over the last twenty-five years or so, produced one of the most interesting and important bodies of work in the field of tort theory. Indeed the emergence of this field as a recognized and respectable subject of study in its own right is due in no small part to Coleman’s efforts. He is best known, of course, as a key figure in the development of modern theories of corrective justice. But he has also been one of the most lucid and sympathetic expositors of the economic analysis of tort law, not to mention one of that approach’s most incisive critics. Coleman’s work, in short, has had a powerful and pervasive influence on all aspects of con¬ temporary theorizing about tort law. It has also been one of the strongest influences on my own thinking on the subject.
Of Aristotle and Ice Cream Cones: Reflections on Jules Coleman’s Theory of Corrective Justice
Authors: Kramer Matthew H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a number of well-known writings over the course of two decades, Jules Coleman has developed an important theory of corrective justice. Although there has been a good deal of overlapping and repetition among those writings, there have also occurred some major shifts in Coleman’s positions. One of the aims of the present essay is to determine whether the transformations in Coleman’s thinking have been entirely salutary.
Contract, Marriage and Background Rules
Authors: Fineman Martha Albertson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One complaint about mainstream treatments of law often made by feminist legal theorists is that much theoretical work fails to take into account institutions of intimacy such as the family. Discussions focusing on the market, for example, typically treat the family as separate, governed by an independent set of expectations and rules. The family may be viewed as a unit of consumption, even as a unit of production, but it is analytically detachable from the essential structure of the market. Jurisprudential work, reflecting on theories of justice, autonomy and constructing the individual, assume the availability and competency of the family as the societal institution that takes care of dependency. Even many feminist works often proceed with the assumption that the family can be easily manipulated and transformed so as to serve the interests of gender equality.
Choice, White Supremacy, and Coleman: Philosophy of Economics, Race, and the Law
Authors: Culp Jerome Mccristal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I started my legal education, after completing the course work for a Ph.D. in economics, before the surge in the 1980s and 1990s toward that Janus¬ faced concoction that Law and Economics has become. As a law student, and then subsequently as a law professor, I was aided by the clear and concise prose of Professor Jules Coleman on the assumptions that underlie the theoretical prescriptions of Law and Economics.
The Meaning of the Verbal Aspects in New Testament Greek
Authors: Fanning Buist M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter verbal aspect in Greek as a general category was discussed and defined. In this chapter the particular aspects of NT Greek will be examined to define the meaning which they communicate. There is no presumption that all of the forms to be covered here are in fact ‘aspects’ in the sense described in the first chapter; instead what will be done is to study the meaning of all of the forms sometimes labelled 'aspects' in NT grammar, to see whether they are 'viewpoint' aspects or some combination of aspect, Aktionsart, tense, and so forth. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the verbal forms in NT Greek which are labelled 'aspects', in order to define their individual meanings and relationships to each other.
The Aspects In The Other Non-Indicative Forms of The Verb
Authors: Fanning Buist M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the meanings which the aspects display in the large number of non-indicative forms not covered in the preceding chapter on commands and prohibitions. This will include aspect-usage in the participle, infinitive, optative, and subjunctive (excluding uses in direct and indirect commands, treated in Chapter 5).
Thomistic Practical Reason
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Aquinas consciously appropriated much of Aristotle’s philosophy not only for his own system of metaphysics, logic, and epistemology, but also for his ethics. The teaching of Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics, very influential in the early thirteenth century generally, formed the basic ideas and structure of Thomas’s thinking right from his period of study with Albert the Great.
Liberum Arbitrium, Principle of Action
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the focus of the Summa Theologiae shifts from God and creation to human morality, the link Aquinas offers is that God is the exemplar of the human, that human beings are constituted in the image of God. The essence of this image is stated clearly in the prologue: ‘a human being is the principle of his own actions, having as it were liberum arbitrium and power over his own acts.’ Mastery over actions comes through both reason and will, and thus liberum arbitrium (which distinguishes human action from that of irrational animals) is said to be a power both of the will and of reason.
Deliberation
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deliberation is perhaps the easiest of the different stages of action to grasp, as to its function; yet: its relationship to the rest of the process of action has not been well understood. This is partly due to a misunderstanding of the Ethica Nicomachea itself, because Aristotle takes pains to indicate the close link between deliberation and the rational nature of human action; and this is misleading if one goes on to deduce that deliberation is necessary for rational action. Further, if deliberation is rest1icted to a consideration only of means and not of ends, and prudence to excellence in deliberation, as is often done, then both Aristotle and Aquinas will be misunderstood on the scope of practical reason. For Aquinas, prudence is more a matter of wise judgement, and even more of right execution, than of good deliberation.
Making and Remaking in the Ministry of the Church
Authors: Chadwick Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent discussions of the ordination of women to the priesthood and/ or the episcopate in some provinces of the Anglican communion have raised in particularly sharp form much wider issues of authority. In a body which understands itself to be part of the orthodox catholic tradition, and not to embody any breach of continuity with the Church built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, is it possible for unilateral decisions to be taken in indifference to other communions which, in Anglican eyes, unambiguously represent the same continuity of visible communion? Unilateral action has consequences not only for the internal coherence and interchangeability of ministry within the provinces of the Anglican communion but also for the progress of ecumenical dialogue and rapprochement between Canterbury and Rome or Constantinople and Moscow. The problem has a bearing, though in a different way, on conversations between Canterbury and Wittenberg.
Why Three? Some Further Reflections on the Origins of the Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: Coakley Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a justly famous article, ‘Some Reflections on the Origins of the Doctrine of the Trinity’, Maurice Wiles sets out to foil attempts to give a rational defense to the doctrine of the Trinity based on religious (Christian) experience. His conclusion is that once the triadic baptismal formula became fixed, quite early in the church’s life, it exercised a strongly authoritative-but ultimately ‘arbitrary’-clamp on more properly critical reflection. Attempts in the modern period, then, to provide ex post facto justifications for the doctrine of the Trinity out of the church’s early experience are in Wiles’s view fatally flawed: we find in the ante-Nicene Fathers, he shows, neither any consistent allocation of different activities to the three ‘persons’, nor (the epistemological correlate of this) any distinctive set of experiences associated with each of the three. And indeed-for here Wiles produces his Cappadocian coup de grace to look for such would, from the perspective of achieved fourth-century ‘orthodoxy’, be intrinsically suspect. The homoousion principle should debar any such possibility, since only ‘internal relations’ distinguish the divine hypostases; in their experiential effects all arc found to work together co-operatively.
Interpretation and Reinterpretation in Religion
Authors: Hick John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maurice Wiles has for a generation occupied both the Regus Chair of Divinity at Oxford and the position of Britain’s leading ‘liberal’ or-according to one’s relative vantage point-’radical’ theologian. He has dealt with central issues, being in the forefront of the Myth of God Incarnate debate, and of the current discussions of divine action, as well as touching upon most other aspects of Christian doctrine. His treatments of these topics have been so challenging because he has never concealed his meaning in learned obscurity. The meaning has been evident and has called cumulatively for a development of Christian theological understanding. Thus his work has been a continuous exercise in the interpretation and reinterpretation of the Christian message.
Reconstructing the Concept of God: De-reifying the Anthropomorphisms
Authors: Kaufman Gordon D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maurice Wiles is at once a historical theologian and a constructive theologian. He understands-and he shows effectively in his work-how important it is for theological reflection today to maintain significant continuity with the traditions from which it has grown; and he understands equally well, and shows in his work, how important it is for contemporary theologians to feel free, indeed obligated, to reconstruct (sometimes drastically) traditional theological understandings, concepts, and points of view in face of the enormous problems confronted by Christian faith today. He is right on both counts, and I salute him for his theological achievements. I am pleased to offer Professor Wiles this essay dealing with one small aspect of the reconstructive task to which theologians must address themselves today, as a contribution to this volume honoring him and his work.
The Theologian as Advocate
Authors: Mcfague Sallie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maurice Wiles writes in a deceptively simple sentence, one that underlies both the radical and the creative character of his own work: ‘We have no other starting-point than our ordinary experience of the world’ (Wiles 1974: 25). The ‘making’ and ‘remaking’ of Christian doctrine, which summarizes Wilcs’s lifelong concern, focuses on the dialectic between experience and change. It is the premiss of the present essay that ‘our ordinary experience of the world’ has changed profoundly during this century; hence, theology must change as well. I will be particularly concerned with the changed stance of the theologian; specifically, towards one of advocacy for the well-being of our planet.
Doctrinal Development: Searching for Criteria
Authors: Macquarrie John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was teaching theology in the United States in the 1960s I often felt bewildered by the sheer multiplicity of options that were competing for allegiance in the theological world of those days. As well as the mainstreams of opinion, new fashions had arisen, and one heard of the death of God, the secular city, black theology, and many other ‘new theologies’ that claimed to show the way forward. I had to wonder how one could judge among the competing claims.