bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision science
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Man’s strength has always been his ability to change his environment to suit himself. He observes the ways things work, and controls disturbances to maintain consistent results, or experiments to improve them. In some instances the risks may be life threatening, but they can be lessened with proper controls. The greater the danger, the greater the need for protection! Business enterprises operate similarly, except the mechanisms involved are more formalised. Control can be viewed as having the following dimensions:
Measures of separation/ divergence
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These measures of goodness of fit have a fatal attraction. Although it is generally conceded among insiders that they do not mean a thing, high values are still a source of pride and satisfaction to their authors, however hard they may try to conceal these feelings.
J.S. Cramer (1987)
On a recent visit to Paris, my partner and I visited the Eiffel Tower, and opted to go to the top, level 3. This is 295 metres above the ground, and once at the top, I automatically felt slightly giddy, as though there were a slight sway in the tower. I had never felt this way before though, in spite of having looked over precipices of more than a kilometre on hiking trips in South Africa. When I mentioned the sway to my partner, she said, ‘Nonsense!’ I insisted that there must be some sway in the tower, whether because of wind (it was a calm day), the movement of lifts up and down its centre or legs, or the shifting of the many and gawking tourists on any of the three observation platforms. She conceded that there might be some sway, but thought it imperceptible, and insisted I was suffering from vertigo. I swore the contrary, but had no means of proving my point. No doubt it can be measured, but we had neither the tools nor access to information to settle the argument.
Information sharing
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many competitive environments, people play with cards very close to their chests, and any evidence of collusion is considered cheating. In a game like credit however, there are risks that can cause all players to lose, which can be reduced if lenders show at least some of their cards. The real antagonist is not the competing lender, but the borrower; and the information being shared relates not to one’s own strategies, but the customers’. In explaining the emergence of the credit bureaux, and their ability to lower the cost of collecting and evaluating data, Barron and Staten (2003) state:
Lending markets almost always display an information asymmetry between borrowers and lenders. Borrowers typically have more accurate information than lenders about their likelihood of repaying a loan. Lenders have an obvious incentive to evaluate a borrower’s creditworthiness, and the outcome will affect whether to approve the loan, as well as its price. Borrowers have an incentive to signal their true risk (if it is low), or disguise it (if it is high). Given the amount of loan principal at stake, both parties have incentives to incur costs (often large ones) to reduce the information asymmetry.
Characteristic selection
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The product of the transformation process is a set of transformed variables, which are potential candidates for inclusion in a model. These may represent about 40 characteristics for a simple application scorecard, and increase to 200 or more if data is used from other internal sources (existing product holding and performance) and/or external sources (credit bureaux). For behavioural scorecards, there may be 60 or more for simple fixed-term repayment products and over 120 for transaction products. Obviously, the number has to be cut down; otherwise, the task can be overwhelming. This is especially true if: (i) numerous iterations are required to finalise a model; or (ii) the predictive modelling technique is calculation intensive. According to Thomas et al. (2002), the latter applies especially to logistic regression and decision trees. Thus, this is another instance where the complexity needs to be reduced. This chapter covers several aspects of characteristic selection, or reduction:
Scorecard calibration
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A scorecard has now been developed for each of the identified segments, but the job is not yet done. Like any measuring instrument (e.g. a weigh scale), scores must be calibrated, to give readings in the appropriate units. This ensures consistency of meaning across scorecards, and provides an opportunity to determine probability estimates for use in finance and elsewhere. It can be done not only as part of the scorecard development, but also at various points thereafter (recalibration). Calibration is required whenever the scores cannot be directly associated with the required probability estimates, whether as the result of: (i) the statistical modelling technique used; (ii) the passing of time, or (iii) differences between the model’s target variable and the metric to be estimated. The latter can arise from differences between the definitions (like good/bad versus default) or time frames (short-versus long-term).
Implementation
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How will the scorecards be applied? How will the results be monitored? How will the customer be advised? These questions should have been considered before the scorecard development started, but if not, the answers are now critical, and will involve varying degrees of technical complexity. This chapter covers some of the primary considerations, under the headings of:
When lenders use credit scoring for the first time, it brings about a profound change in the way they do business, to the extent that it influences the corporate culture and relationships with customers. This section covers several aspects relating to decision automation, and although they apply primarily to greenfield developments, some of them must also be considered for brownfields:
A Historical Greek Reader
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Historical Greek Reader provides an introduction to the history of the ancient Greek language by means of a series of texts with linguistic commentary, cross-referenced to each other and to a reference grammar at the front. It offers a selection of epigraphic and literary texts from the Mycenaean period (roughly the fourteenth century BC) to the koiné (the latest text dates to the second century AD), and includes a wide range of Greek dialect texts. The epigraphic section balances a number of well-known inscriptions with recent discoveries that may not be easily available elsewhere; a selection of literary texts traces major developments in the language of Greek poetry and literary prose. The book finishes with an account of the linguistic and sociolinguistic background of koiné Greek. The commentary assumes no prior knowledge of Greek historical linguistics, but provides a basic amount of up-to-date bibliography so that advanced students and others can pursue linguistic issues at greater depth where necessary.
Brain-builders
Authors: Taylor Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1967 the Pakistan government built the world’s twelfth biggest dam across the Jhelum river, south of Islamabad, to create vast reservoir and hydro-electric power generation project. The resulting 100 square miles of lake engulfed two major towns, Mirpur and Dadyal, and some 280 villages. Over 100,000 people were displaced from their homes. Many of them were given work permits to come to the United Kingdom, with the result, today, that most of the Pakistani communities in big, former mill towns, like Bradford in Yorkshire, are composed of extended families from the Mirpur area of Pakistan-controlled Kashmir.
Chimps Aren’t Us
Authors: Taylor Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our relationship with the chimpanzee is in need of drastic revision. It has become dysfunctional thanks to a staple diet of popular science articles and television programmes about chimps, and the other great apes, which take a simplistic view of the science available to us and use it to stress their ‘extraordinary’ similarity to us, in terms of both genetics and cognition, often with the active connivance of senior figures in the world of primatology, who should know better.
Minstrels and Moderns
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Yeats–Farr engagement with the Imagists, Yeats became increasingly caught up in theatre business and saw the Abbey Theatre weather some momentous events—the death of Synge, the fight with Dublin Castle over censorship, the withdrawal and arbitration of Annie Horniman’s subsidy, and the necessity of securing a new Patent. By the end of 1910, as these distracting events approached resolution, Yeats had become fascinated with Gordon Craig’s new system of screens and lighting, proclaiming the importance of the new decorative effects to the press before he employed them in productions of The Hour Glass and Lady Gregory’s The Deliverer on January 12, 1911.
The Things That Move: Early Film and Literature
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primordial basis of the enjoyment of moving pictures was not an objective interest in a specific subject matter, much less an aesthetic interest in the formal presentation of subject matter, but the sheer delight in the fact that things seemed to move, no matter what things they were. As regards the content of vision which are placed before us by the motion picture, we are therefore faced here with a peculiar world which is both more restricted and more expanded than the one we are habitually confronting in our daily life.
The Shadow on the Screen: Virginia Woolf and the Cinema
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is, at first sight, surprising that there is relatively limited written evidence of the Bloomsbury Group ‘s intellectual engagement with film in its first decades. The art critic Clive Bell wrote two brief articles on cinema in the 1920s. The first, published in 1922, was highly critical of the medium, while suggesting that the German expressionist film The Cabinet of Dr Caligari had brought about some change in his attitudes; the second, which appeared in 1929, celebrated surrealist films, as anti-commercial projects which could present the unfamiliar and marvellous aspects of everyday reality, and explore the aesthetic possibilities of the unexpected. Some years earlier, Roger Fry had incorporated brief discussion of the ‘Cinematograph‖ in ‘An Essay in Aesthetics’, reprinted in Vision and Design (1920).
Britain
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The Critic in Film History ‘, an article by the writer, film critic, and cultural commentator Alistair Cooke, was published in Charles Davy ‘s 1938 collection Footnotes to the Film. By the late 1930s, film in Britain was extensively integrated into intellectual and cultural life, and film criticism was to a significant extent an established form of writing. Nonetheless, Cooke argued that the film critic (by which he meant ‘not a writer on the theory of film, but a practising reviewer ‘)¹ continued to be confronted by difficulties particular to the nature of the medium.
Coda: The Coming of Sound
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the demise of Close Up almost certainly resulted from the changing political situation in Europe, as well as Macpherson ‘s loss of interest in the journal and in film-making and the death of Bryher ‘s father, Bryher later represented it in her memoir Heart to Artemis as a direct result of ‘the collapse of the silent film ‘
The identification between the ‘small picture’ and the ‘little review’, Borderline and Close Up, was thus made explicit.
Some special-purpose designs
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cohort and case-control designs and their hybrids—nested casecontrol and case-cohort—are the work-horses of environmental epidemiology. There are circumstances, however, where special purpose designs are appropriate, either to control biases or improve statistical efficiency. Here, we review six such designs: two-phase case-control designs; counter-matched case-control designs; case-crossover designs; case-specular designs; case-parent triad and case-only designs for gene– environment interactions. One additional design, a hybrid of ecologic and individual-level designs, we defer to Chapter 10, after discussing the fundamental capabilities and limitations of ecologic inference.
Time-series models for acute effects
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although most of this book is concerned with the long-term health effects of environmental exposures, there are also short-term effects for some outcomes. Obviously not for cancer, which is the result of a long accumulation of carcinogenic exposures (combined with underlying genetic susceptibility), nor for such outcomes as asthma incidence or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Short-term elevations in disease rates following major population exposure events, like the London Fog that led to a doubling of all-cause mortality (Figure 8.1) (Logan 1953; Waller et al. 1973; Bell and Davis 2001), may be obvious and do not need sophisticated statistical methods to detect them. (Although perhaps the best known, it was not the first such epidemic of air pollution-related health effects to be recognized. Earlier events occurred in the Meuse Valley of Belgium in 1930 (Firket 1931; Nemery et al. 2001) and in Donora, PA in 1948 (Ciocco and Thompson 1961).) However, very small relative risks that are consistently manifest over many such episodes and many locations can also be highly informative about acute effects, but require sensitive statistical methods to overcome potential confounding and other problems. These methods are the subject of this chapter.
Under Western Eyes: Into the Heart of Africa, Colonial Ethnographic Display, and the Politics of Multiculturalism
Authors: Thakkar Sonali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1980s, museums in liberal democracies have increasingly been understood as powerful but troubled sites of identity formation and political contestation. In part, this is because of the heightened selfrefiexivity of museum professionals and theorists informed by practices of institutional critique and anthropology’s disciplinary self-examinations. The more profound basis for these changes—particularly in Western states that self-identify as ‘multicultural’, such as the settler societies of Canada, the United States, and Australia—has been heightened scrutiny of the museum institution by a changing constituency, as well as claims for historical and political accountability. The burgeoning presence of immigrant populations in these states in the post-war period, and especially since the 1970s, has resulted in the adoption of ofcial or quasiofcial policies of multiculturalism. Via the proliferation of multicultural discourse and the dissemination of its norms and language into diverse aspects of public culture, the rhetoric of multiculturalism is now refiected
Voices
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yeats was addicted to talk. For all his youthful fantasies of life alone in a bee-loud glade on Innisfree, he knew he could not exist without the stimulus of gossip, chat, and argument. ‘Nature made me a gregarious man, going hither and thither looking for conversation’ (A 171). This was the poet who kept his Monday evenings in Woburn Buildings, his salon in Merrion Square, the clubman of the Arts Club in Dublin, the Savile and eventually the Athenaeum in London, a man who thrived on public debate in every forum, political, theatrical, or cultural, who enjoyed long, intimate conversations with women, combative exchanges with men.
Bitter/Sweet
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The symbolists sought, in the terms of Mallarme´’s much re-cycled line, ‘to purify the dialect of the tribe’, to create a poetry purged of the banalities of commonplace usage. Whatever his affinities with symbolism, this was not Yeats’s way with words. At times at least he was prepared to let ordinary language do ordinary work without inhibitions about its conventionality. So it was with ‘sweet’ and ‘bitter’. The king in ‘The Madness of King Goll’ recalls the comfort of his former life at court: ‘I sat and mused and drank sweet wine’ (VP 82).
Pension Fund Trustee Decision Making
Authors: Clark Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pension funds invest the vast bulk of their assets in stocks and bonds, hence their significance for Western stock markets and emerging markets. Even so, the allocation of assets between asset classes (stocks, bonds, property, etc.) as well as the choice of investment managers and products within classes are important decisions, repeatedly evaluated and revised by fund trustees in accordance with past and expected investment performance. In fact, the apparent stability of funds’ asset allocations to stocks and bonds at any point in time hides an enormous flow of funds over time between asset classes and between investment managers and investment products.
Allocating Social Housing Subsidies
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Housing differs from education and health services in that social land-lords charge for their services through rents, so that their funding is only partly based on central government grants (although the majority of their rental income is, in fact, derived from central government indirectly via the housing benefit system). When they have been free to vary these rents, they have not therefore had to operate within fixed budgets in the same way as schools or health authorities (at times, however, their ability to set rents has been constrained, as explained below).
Floodwater and Irrigated Cultivation
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On first inspection, the role of irrigated cultivation in pre-Hispanic Middle America appears under-whelming. No known irrigation network in this realm matches the spatial scale of those in the American Southwest (Doolittle J 984), Jet alone those supporting the ‘hydraulic’ civilizations of Eurasia (Wittfogel 1957). Nor did Middle Americans undertake long distance transport of water comparable to the canals constructed by their brethren in the Andean realm (e.g., Ort]off, Mosley, and Feldman 1982; Treacy 1994; Denevan 2001).
Inventing Histories? Themes and Implications
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History or the telling of it, as some would caution, is a reinvention of the past by those who hold the power to do so. The history of land use and cultivation in the New World is no exception. This work documents cultivation in Middle America on the eve of European conquest. It does so by an examination of sixteenth-century testimony, relic landscapes, ethno history, analogs in the contemporary landscapes, and common sense, each of which carries particular biases and assumptions. These problems notwithstanding, the documentation provides a rich empirical base for addressing a wide range of conceptual and substantive themes, the interpretations of which inform and even constitute the history in question. We now tum to select a few of these themes, however briefly.
A
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
acceptance (of a rule) The idea of ‘acceptance ’ of a rule plays a key role in H. L.A. Hart ’s (1907-92) theory of law (elaborated most fully in The Concept of Law (1961)). According to Hart, a social rule can be distinguished from a mere habit by the actor ‘s ‘accepting ‘ the rule as a standard for behaviour-a basis for justifying the actor ‘s own behaviour, and for criticizing deviations. Within Hart ’s practice theory of rules, the existence of a rule was equated with that rule ’s being accepted by some as a standard for behaviour.
The Nature of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is primarily an historical geography of poliomyelitis. However, an understanding of the nature of the disease is necessary to underpin succeeding chapters; these examine the geographical patterns and processes of spread of a disease which has been associated with humans for most of their 5,000-year history of living in large urban agglomerations. Our description of the virus and its effects draws upon the definitive accounts of Krug- man et al. (1977), Christie (1987), Melnick (1997), and Mandell et al. (2000).
Epidemic Trends: An International Perspective
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1921 and the mass administration of the first safe and effective poliovirus vaccines in 1955, poliomyelitis entered a period which we have termed its global expansion phase. Two overarching trends in the geographical incidence of epidemic poliomyelitis characterized this period. In those regions where poliomyelitis had already exerted a significant epidemic force—notably, the temperate latitudes of Europe (Ch. 4) and North America (Ch. 5)— the disease pattern was marked by a progressive increase in the magnitude of recorded epidemics (Freyche and Nielsen, 1955). Elsewhere, in the tropical and sub-tropical lands of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and parts of Oceania— areas that, by and large, had remained free of substantial epidemics of poliomyelitis in the early years of the twentieth century—large-scale outbreaks of the disease were recognized for the first time (Gear, 1955).
Mainland Europe
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we saw in the previous chapter, a prominent feature of poliomyelitis outbreaks in North America from the end of World War I until the beginning of mass vaccination in the mid-1950s was the seemingly relentless rise in the size and frequency of epidemics. In this chapter, we examine European evidence at continental, regional, and local scales to determine the extent to which the trends and patterns witnessed in North America were replicated in Europe. The continental scale and major regional subdivisions are studied in Section 8.2.
The Deserts of South America
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deserts of South America lie in a diagonal swathe from southern Ecuador in the north-west to Patagonia in the south-east. They run from the subtropical Pacific Coast, across the high country of the Altiplano-Puna to the temperate latitudes of the Atlantic coast (Fig. 3.1). The west coast arid zone comprises the Peruvian and Atacama deserts. These lie to the west of the Andean cordillera between latitudes 5°S to 30°S and form the largest west coast desert in the world. The Monte and Patagonian deserts lie to the east of the Andes, though the former is effectively contiguous with the Atacama (Berger, 1997). Desert conditions may have been more extensive in certain phases of the Quaternary than they are today, however, and ancient dune fields have been described from the Pampas of Argentina, the Pantanal of Brazil, the Sao Francisco Valley of north-east Brazil, and the Llanos plains of Venezuela (Clapperton, 1993a; De Oliveira et al., 1999), the Chaco of Bolivia (Horton and DeCelles, 2001), Guyana and Brazil (Latrubesse and Nelson, 2001).