bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When The Brain Came out of The Skull
Authors: Martensen Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1660s and early 1670s, publishers with close personal ties to Thomas Willis published under his name the first comprehensive European texts on the structure and function of the human brain and nerves and their diseases and treatments. They included, in order of their appearance, the book commonly known then and now by its short title, Cerebri Anatome (The Anatomy of the Brain or Cerebral Anatomy, abbreviated hence forth as Anatomy). Among the learned, Anatomy was popular from the outset, the expensive quarto first edition being knocked-off in three less expensive octavo versions in 1664 alone. Subsequently, it appeared in five more Latin versions between 1666 and 1683. As Willis noted in the text, Anatomy was just the first book of a planned sequence of texts on nervous diseases, the place of man in the animal kingdom, and rational treatments for nervous and other diseases. Subsequently, in 1667 his Pathologiae Cerebri, et Nervosi Generis Specimen (Diseases of the Brain and Nerves, abbreviated hence as Pathology) appeared, and in 1670 Affectionum quae Dicuntur Hystericae et Hypochondriachae, a treatise on hysteria and hypochondria, which were common diagnoses then. In 1672 Willis published a text he alluded to in Anatomy, De Anima Brutorum (On the Soul of Brutes), and finally in 1674 and 1675, his two volumes on “rational” therapies for many illnesses, the Phannaceutice Rationalis, appeared, the second volume shortly after his death.
Introduction
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection brings together nineteen of the leading women philosophers in ethics who have contributed to setting the compass in moral philosophy over the past two or three decades. The result is a set of essays that collectively display the sorts of powerful and innovative contributions to ethics that women moral philosophers have made and continue to make. It is a collection that makes visible women moral philosophers’ varied conceptions of the proper subjects, texts, methods, audiences, and purposes of moral philosophy. It also invites the reader to rethink the boundaries between non feminist and feminist moral philosophy.
Taking Care: Care as Practice and Value
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last words I spoke to my older brother after a brief visit and with special feeling were “take care.” He had not been taking good care of himself, and I hoped he would do better; not many days later he died, of problems quite possibly unrelated to those to which I had been referring. We often say “take care” as routinely as “goodbye” or some abbreviation and with as little emotion. But even then it does convey some sense of connectedness. More often, when said with some feeling, it means something like “take care of yourself because I care about you.”
Globalizing Feminist Ethics
Authors: Jaggar Alison M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global trade and interaction are not new, but their current intensification is unprecedented. Local communities have never been completely closed, but now their boundaries have become so porous that people speak of community disintegration. Economies have never been entirely self-sufficient, but never before has international trade been so crucial to the prosperity and even the survival of local economies. These developments have raised new problems for moral and political philosophy and so for feminist ethics.
The setting
Authors: Crosby Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Captain Smith’s ‘‘Ivie’’ was well known to his Powhatan Indian neighbors. For centuries, they and other Native Americans had used it for medicine. Navajos made arrow poison from this native plant, and California’s Miwoks made the Western version, it-tum in their language, into black dye for baskets (Balls, 1962). They were very aware of its harmful character—in Mexico, it was called mala mujer, the wicked woman—but to unwary European settlers, the attractive weeds became familiar as ‘‘poison ivy’’ and ‘‘poison oak.’’
Poison Oaks, Poison Ivies, And Relatives
Authors: Crosby Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To best understand and appreciate plants, one must relate them in some logical order. This is the function of taxonomy (table 2.1). For example, poi- son oak, poison ivy, and poison sumac all belong to the same large group or family of plants related to mango and cashew: the Anacardiaceae. Members of this family, some 70 genera representing 600 species (Mitchell and Mori, 1987), occur in tropical and temperate areas of the world except for New Zealand and the deserts of Asia, Africa, and Australia (Mitchell, 1990). Some of the familiar ornamental and economic species are discussed in chapter 3.
Adverse Effects
Authors: Crosby Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intoxication means poisoning, and it is not restricted to alcohol. In the usual intoxication process (section 1.6), a substance absorbed through a body sur- face enters the bloodstream, circulates to a distant site of action, often metabolically activated or deactivated along the way, and finally interacts with some specific biochemical target to elicit an effect considered adverse.
Philosophical Papers
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While well-known for his book-length work, philosopher Peter Unger’s articles have been less widely accessible. These two volumes of Unger’s Philosophical Papers include articles spanning more than 35 years of Unger’s long and fruitful career. Dividing the articles thematically, this first volume collects work in epistemology and ethics, among other topics, while the second volume focuses on metaphysics. Unger’s work has advanced the full spectrum of topics at the heart of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of language and philosophy of mind, and ethics. Unger advances radical positions, going against the so-called “commonsense philosophy” that has dominated the analytic tradition since its beginnings early in the twentieth century. In epistemology, his articles advance the view that nobody ever knows anything and, beyond that, argue that nobody has any reason to believe anything—and even beyond that, they argue that nobody has any reason to do anything, or even want anything. In metaphysics, his work argues that people do not really exist—and neither do puddles, plants, poodles, and planets. But, as Unger has often changed his favored positions, from one decade to the next, his work also advances the opposite, “commonsense” positions: that there are in fact plenty of people, puddles, plants and planets and, quite beyond that, we know it all to be true. On most major philosophical questions, both of these sides of Unger’s significant work are well represented in this major two volume collection. Unger’s vivid writing style, intellectual vitality, and fearlessness in the face of our largest philosophical questions, make these volumes of great interest not only to the philosophical community but to others who might otherwise find contemporary philosophy dry and technical.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, self-limiting, inflammatory, demyelinating polyneuropathy. The incidence has remained fairly constant at 1 per 100,000, but outbreaks, often of unknown cause, continue to occur. Guillain-Barré syndrome is commonly precipitated by an infection, often a trivial viral respiratory infection. Certain pathogens predominate as triggers in GBS, mainly Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.32,42 Other, less robust, associations are vaccinations, surgery, and cancer.43,64 A puzzling finding is that no preceding illness can be identified in one-third of the patients.
Intentionality
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of intentionality is second only to the problem of consciousness as a supposedly difficult, perhaps impossibly difficult, problem in the philosophy of mind. Indeed, the problem of intentionality is something of a mirror image of the problem of consciousness. Just as it is supposed to be extremely difficult to fathom how mere bits of matter inside the skull could be conscious, or could through their interactions create consciousness, so it is difficult to imagine how mere bits of matter inside the skull could “refer to” or be about something in the world beyond themselves, or could through their interactions create such a reference. To take an example, I am now thinking that the sun is 93 million miles from the Earth. My thoughts definitely refer to, or are about, the sun. They are not about the moon, my car in the garage, my dog Gilbert, or my next-door neighbor. Now what is it about the thought that enables it to reach as far as the sun? Do I send mental rays all the way to the sun, just as the sun sends light rays all the way to the Earth? Unless there is some sort of connection between me and the sun, it is hard to imagine how my thoughts could reach the sun. And what goes for the sun, goes for just about any object that I can represent in my beliefs, desires, and other intentional states. So for example, if I think that Caesar crossed the Rubicon, then my thought is about Caesar, and it has the content that he crossed the Rubicon. But now, what fact about the stuff inside my skull makes it refer all the way back in history to a specific individual, and a specific river, and ascribe the specific action of the individual crossing the river?
Anaximander and the Riddle of Origin
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So goes one of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophical jokes. A beginningless individual borders on contradiction. Yet philosophy itself may have begun by embracing this absurdity. For this is Anaximander’s (ca. 610 B.C.–585 B.C.) solution to the first paradox in recorded history. People are interested in tracing their ancestral lines. Anaximander generalized this curiosity. He notes that each human being begins as a baby who survives only if nurtured. Anaximander infers that the first human beings were cared for by animals. The Greeks knew of sharks that gave birth to live, autonomous young. Anaximander conjectured that the first human beings were born from aquatic creatures who then reared them.
Socrates: The Paradox of Inquiry
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient riddle sessions form the trunk of a tree with many branches: Hindu Vedic hymns, acrostic poetry, crossword puzzles. The Socratic method of questioning is another branch. A full understanding of what counts as solving a paradox requires an appreciation of the rules of the game Socrates defined. The Delphic oracle said that no man is wiser than Socrates (ca. 470–399 B.C.). Socrates cited this as a license to question anyone who was reputed to be knowledgeable. If the esteemed individual had knowledge to impart, Socrates would help fulfill the oracle by becoming enlightened. If the wise man did not have knowledge, Socrates would help fulfill the oracle by showing that the examinee was no wiser than he.
The Megarian Identity Crisis
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euclides and his friend Terspion are mentioned as among those who kept company with Socrates on the day he drank hemlock. After Socrates’ death, Plato stayed with Euclides in Megara, which is a day’s walk from Athens. Euclides had learned the art of disputation from the writings of Parmenides. After hearing about Socrates, Euclides moved from Megara to Athens and became one of his most zealous disciples. When Athens and Megara fell into one of their periodic conflicts, the Athenians passed a decree forbidding any Megarian from entering Athens on pain of death. Euclides prudently returned to Megara. However, he still came frequently to Athens to visit Socrates. Euclides traveled at night concealed in a long female cloak and veil.
Pascal’s Improbable Calculations
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inventors put paradoxes into practice. Horseless carriage and wireless telephone were oxymorons before they became terms for commonplace artifacts. These wonders subtract some essential feature. At nineteen, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) subtracted thought from subtraction. In 1651 Pascal built an arithmetic machine to ease his father’s work as tax commissioner. This was a historic feat of engineering. For years, Pascal labored closely with carpenters and experts at gear assembly.
Growing Up With Jazz
Authors: Stokes W Royal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A jazz writer for three decades, W. Royal Stokes has a special talent for capturing the initial spark that launches a musician’s career. In Growing Up With Jazz, he has interviewed twenty-four instrumentalists and singers who talk candidly about the early influences that started them on the road to jazz and where that road has taken them. Stokes offers a kaleidoscopic look at the jazz scene, featuring musicians from a dazzling array of backgrounds. Ray Gelato recalls the life of a working class youth in London, Patrizia Scascitelli recounts being a child prodigy in Rome who became the first woman of Italian jazz, and Billy Taylor tells about his childhood in Washington, DC, where his grandfather was a Baptist minister and his father a dentist--and everyone in the family seemed well trained in music. Perhaps most exotic is Luluk Purwanto, an Indonesian violinist who as a child listened to gamelan music in the morning and took violin lessons in the afternoon (on an instrument so expensive she didn’t dare quit). For some, the flame burned bright at an early age. Jane Monheit sang before she could speak and was set on a musical career by age eight. Lisa Sokolov played classical piano, sang opera and choral music, and was in a jazz band--all by high school. But Carol Sudhalter, though born into a very musical family (“a Bix Beiderbecke family”), was a botany major at Smith, and only became a serious musician after college, quitting a government job to study the flute and saxophone in Italy. From Art Blakey to Claire Daly to Don Byron, here are the compelling stories of two dozen top musicians finding their way in the world of jazz.
Modernists
Authors: Stokes W Royal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last of the many times I caught Art Blakey’s Jazz Messengers in action was at the 1987 Jazzfest Berlin, a four-day event that annually began at the end of October. The then sixty-eight-year-old drummer and bandleader would die three years later in that very month. At that booking, the Jazz Messengers’ other members were each about one-third the age of their leader. Blakey estimated toward the end of his life that about two hundred young musicians had passed through his band during the three decades of its existence. Most had gone on to lead their own groups. On that Berlin evening Philip Harper was on trumpet, Javon Jackson was on tenor saxophone, and Benny Green was at the piano.
Stress Testing Principles and Practice
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the general format of Stress Testing has not been changed in the Fifth Edition, the chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated. ‘Take Home’ messages are sprinkled throughout the book to emphasize major concepts. The chapter on electrocardiographic changes has been completely reorganized to highlight the importance of unconventional markers of ischemia. Two new chapters cover the role of exercise echocardiography and exercise testing in congestive heart failure.
Stress Echocardiography
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it was recognized by Berberich, Zager, and others, as early as 1981, that observing the M-Mode Echocardiogram before and after exercise had diagnostic potential, it was only widely accepted after digitalized 2-dimensional images came into common usage. Development of a system that could digitize a single cardiac cycle at rest and display the rest and exercise images side by side simultaneously immediately after exercise resulted in the general acceptance of this technology.
Recent technical advances in imaging have improved the accuracy of stress echocardiography. Among the most significant of these is the development of tissue harmonic imaging. Tissue harmonic imaging is an echocardiographic image technique where the ultrasound beam is sent out at one frequency and received back at twice the initial frequency, resulting in a reduction of noise, thus allowing us to use the power or amplitude signal from the myocardial Doppler. Image segmentation techniques now being generated off line may soon add to the ability to better understand myocardial function such as diastolic stiffness. These techniques allow for increased endocardial border section and thereby provide better visualization of wall motion of the various segments of the heart.
Memorial Heart Institute Protocol
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The description of the methodology used in our laboratory can be used as a lesson in “How to do it.” For this reason, it will be described in considerable detail.
The protocol has been structured to obtain a maximum amount of information in as short a time as possible. It is used for testing normal subjects who have a sedentary lifestyle or for the evaluation of cardiac patients. By extending the time and the exercise load, one can evaluate trained athletes. By establishing a standard protocol for almost all patients, we have been able to compare the responses of individuals with their previous tests and with the tests of other subjects. Although this has been a practical and useful routine, there is nothing absolute about its design. Most laboratory staffs doing stress testing today use some type of graded continuous system, Bruce being the most popular. The advantages of using an already established protocol will be obvious as we review the procedure.
Exercise Testing in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of exercise testing in congestive heart failure has become fairly common in the last few years and it seems appropriate to include a chapter reviewing the concepts and the practical applications now being applied. It has now become apparent that the usual indices of ventricular function such as ejection fraction, stroke volume or pulmonary wedge pressure do not correlate with the patient’s capacity for exercise. Naughton was one of the first to use exercise testing to obtain an objective measurement of exercise capacity in heart failure, correlating it with total body oxygen consumption. He reported that when a patient’s maximum oxygen consumption was less than 20 milliliters per kilogram per minute they invariably had symptoms that limited their performance (Table 16–1).
Previously, patients with heart failure were classified according to the criteria of the New York Heart Association based on the amount of activity they could sustain without exercise symptoms.
Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the performances of the fit athlete and the cardiac patient needing rehabilitation lie at opposite ends of the spectrum, many of the concepts in exercise physiology apply to both. Each person is involved in an attempt to improve function using the same basic mechanisms. Coronary patients under the supervision of Kavanaugh and colleagues in Toronto were able to train vigorously enough to complete the Boston Marathon, which dramatically demonstrates that sports and coronary artery disease (CAD) are no longer incompatible.
The use of exercise testing in each case provides us with a way of detecting dysfunction if present as well as a measure of conditioning and a tool for prescribing a subsequent exercise program in evaluating progress. This chapter presents some of the special problems that arise when dealing with each group and suggests guidelines that we have found useful.
Is Consciousness a Brain Process?
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The view that there exists a separate class of events, mental events, that cannot be described in terms of the concepts employed by the physical sciences no longer commands the universal and unquestioning acceptance among philosophers and psychologists that it once did. Modem physicalism, however, unlike the materialism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, is behavioristic. Consciousness on this view is either a special type of behavior, “sampling” or “running-back-and-forth” behavior, as Tolman (1932, p. 206) has it, or a disposition to behave in a certain way, an itch for example being a temporary propensity to scratch. In the case of cognitive concepts like ‘knowing’, ‘believing’, ‘under­ standing’, and ‘remembering’, and volitional concepts like ‘wanting’ and ‘intending’, there can be little doubt, I think, that an analysis in terms of dispositions to behave (Wittgenstein, 1953; Ryle, 1949) is fundamentally sound. On the other hand, there would seem to be an intractable residue of concepts clustering around the notions of consciousness, experience, sensation, and mental imagery, where some sort of inner process story is unavoidable (Place, 1954). It is possible, of course, that a satisfactory behavioristic account of this conceptual residuum will ultimately be found. For our present purposes, however, I shall assume that this cannot be done and that statements about pains and twinges, about how things look, sound, and feel, about things dreamed of or pictured in the mind’s eye are statements referring to events and processes that are in some sense private or internal to the individual of whom they are predicated. The question I wish to raise is whether in making this assumption we are inevitably committed to a dualist position in which sensations and mental images form a separate category of processes over and above the physical and physiological processes with which they are known to be correlated.
Applying Ecology: italic&gt;Experts, Pseudoexperts, and How to Tell Them Apart
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many kinds of practical ecological problems. Clearly solutions suggested to protect rare species differ from those suggested to alleviate global warming or pollution. However, there are some common features to all good attempts at solutions. Each solution must take into account the full consequences of action or inaction, as far as possible. For example, plans for the use of river water for agriculture must not destroy the usefulness of the same river for shipping, swimming, or drinking. Good applied ecology takes into account all externalities.
Rationality, Imitation, and Tradition
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the quality of information is poor, people often rely on tradition in making economic decisions. What is the best retail markup percentage? When should one refinance one’s home? What is the right safety factor in designing a building? Retailers, homeowners, and engineers typically make such decisions using traditionally acquired rules-of-thumb. This tactic has both advantages and disadvantages. It can be useful because solving problems from scratch is difficult and costly. On the other hand, the uncritical adoption of traditional solutions to problems can lead people to acquire outmoded or even completely unfounded beliefs. Peasants sometimes resist beneficial innovations proffered by development agencies and retain traditional agricultural practices; many contemporary Americans maintain the unfounded belief that there are innate differences between the members of different ethnic groups.