bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of poly(o‐toluidine) doped with organic sulfonic acid by solid‐state polymerization
Authors: Abdiryim Tursun , Xiao‐Gang Zhang , Jamal Ruxangul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPoly (o‐toluidine) (POT) salts doped with organic sulfonic acids (β‐naphthalene sulfonic acid, camphor sulfonic acid, and p‐toluene sulfonic acid) were directly synthesized by using a new solid‐state polymerization method. The FTIR spectra, ultraviolet visibility (UV–vis) absorption spectra, and X‐ray diffraction patterns were used to characterize the molecular structures of the POT salts. Voltammetric study was done to investigate the electrochemical behaviors of all these POT salts. The FTIR and UV–vis absorption spectra revealed that the POT salts were composed of mixed oxidation state phases. All POT salts contained the conducting emeraldine salt (half‐oxidized and protonated form) phase; the pernigraniline (fully oxidized form) phase is predominant in POT doped with β‐naphthalene sulfonic acid, and POT doped with p‐toluene sulfonic acid had the highest doping level. The X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that the obtained POT doped with organic sulfonic acids were lower at crystallinity. The conductivity of the POT salts were found to be of the order 10−3‐10−4 S/cm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1630–1634, 2005
Effect of long‐chain branches of polypropylene on rheological properties and foam‐extrusion performances
Authors: Nam G. J. , Yoo J. H. , Lee J. W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe effect of modifying polypropylene by the addition of long‐chain branches on the rheological properties and performance of foam extrusion was studied. Three polypropylenes, two long‐chain‐branched polypropylenes and a linear polypropylene, were compared in this study. The modification was performed with a reactive‐extrusion process with the addition of a multifunctional monomer and peroxide. The rheological properties were measured with a parallel‐plate and elongational rheometer to characterize the branching degree. The change from a linear structure to a long‐chain‐branched nonlinear structure increased the melt strength and elasticity of polypropylene. Also, there was a significant improvement in the melt tension and sag resistance for branched polypropylenes. Foaming extrusion was performed, and the effect of the process variables on the foam density was analyzed with Taguchi's experimental design method. For this study, an L18(2135) orthogonal array was used on six parameters at two or three levels of variation. The considered parameters were the polypropylene type, the blowing agent type, the blowing agent content, the die temperature, the screw speed (rpm), and the capillary die length/diameter ratio. As a result, the most significant factor that influenced the foam density was the degree of long‐chain branching of polypropylene. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1793–1800, 2005
Investigation of acetyl ferrocene migration from hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene based elastomers by means of ultraviolet–visible and atomic absorption spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Ünver Alper , Dilsiz Nursel , Volkan Mürvet , Akovalı Güneri 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMigration and leakage of some mobile components in rocket propellant produces an inhomogeneous composition region at which migration takes place, which can lead to premature detonation, changes in ballistic characteristics, and so on. It is, therefore, important to be able to predict the behavior of low‐molecular‐weight mobile additives and to control the leakage of them from the propellant. At this point, our chief interest was to study the magnitude of the migration and to understand the factors that influence the migration process. In this study, the migration of a ferrocene‐based burning‐rate catalyst [acetyl ferrocene (AcF)] a from hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based elastomer in the presence of a plasticizer (dioctyl adipate) was examined in accelerated aging conditions at 60°C for various time intervals. We also tried to minimize the migration of AcF from the loaded to the unloaded part by using an extra barrier layer consisting of polyfunctional aziridine (AST D45+) in addition to the HTPB–toluene diisocyanate composition. The migration enhanced with aging of the AcF and the barrier effects of the layer with intensified crosslink density to this migration were studied extensively. The migration was monitored by both ultraviolet–visible and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) methods. A comparison of the data obtained from both of these methods was also done. The two techniques were found to be in agreement, and the Fe determinations from both methods were highly correlated, suggesting that the data were reliable, although the AAS data were found to be symmetrically somewhat higher. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1654–1661, 2005
Competing effect between filled glass bead and induced β crystal on the tensile properties of polypropylene/glass bead blends
Authors: Yuan Qiang , Jiang Wei , An Lijia , Christiansen Jesper Declaville , Li R. K. Y. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe blends of the polypropylene (PP‐1) with various glass bead contents were prepared via melt blending. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) results indicated that the β crystal existed in PP‐1 and increased with increasing glass bead content up to 6 wt %. It was generally known that the stiffness of a polymer increased with introducing rigid particles, and the stiffness of the β crystal was less than that of the α crystal. This competing effect thus leads to the tensile modulus of PP‐1/glass bead blend decreasing with increasing glass bead content up to 6 wt %; thereafter, it increased with increasing glass bead content. For the purpose of comparison, the polypropylene (PP‐2) without the β crystal was employed to blend with glass bead. The tensile tests showed that the modulus of the PP‐2/glass bead blend increased continuously with increasing glass bead content. This result further supported that the tensile modulus behavior of PP‐1/glass bead blends resulted from the competing between the filled glass bead and the induced β crystal. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1729–1733, 2005
Thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel for refolding of recombinant bovine prethrombin‐2 from E. coli inclusion bodies
Authors: Cui Zhi‐Fang , Guan Yi‐Xin , Chen Jian‐Liang , Yao Shan‐Jing 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogel, which is a kind of temperature‐sensitive polymer, was synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization. The microscopy and scan electron microscopy (SEM) of PNIPA hydrogel were studied. The microscope photograph showed that the particles were in the range of 0.2–0.5mm in diameter, with numerous conjoint pores about 1–2μm spreading all over the surface of the beads. The swelling properties of PNIPA gel beads indicated that the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the gel was 33°C. The PNIPA prepared was applied to the renaturation of bovine prethrombin‐2 (pThr‐2) from inclusion bodies produced in E. coli. It was observed that PNIPA was quite efficient in assisting protein renaturation at high protein concentration. When mixing with 105mg/mL PNIPA hydrogel during the refolding, the total activity of the thrombin was about 6222U/mL, compared with only 2800U/mL by simple dilution refolding. The kinetics of pThr‐2 refolding with the absence or the presence of PNIPA was also studied respectively. The time required for the refolding with PNIPA gel was a little bit longer than that by the dilution method owing to the diffusion resistance of the protein into the network of the gel and the hydrophobic interaction between the protein and the polymer. The mechanism of the enhancement for the PNIPA gel to the refolding was further discussed. The porosity of the PNIPA hydrogel allows penetration of the unfolded protein into the inside of the polymer with a hydrophobic side chain, which can facilitate the formation of intermediate via hydrophobic interaction with the unfolded protein and the folding intermediate that are liable to re‐aggregation. About 1.2mg of purified active thrombin could be recovered from 1 L of cells, which greatly facilitated the scale‐up to the quantities of protein necessary for further functional and structural studies. A novel protein renaturation method mediated by PNIPA hydrogel beads, which highly increases the refolding efficiency with easy handling, recycling, and low cost, was proposed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1734–1740, 2005
Numerical modeling and experimental study of the frontal polymerization of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/diethylenetriamine epoxy system
Authors: Frulloni E. , Salinas M. M. , Torre L. , Mariani A. , Kenny J. M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFrontal polymerization is a process in which a spatially localized reaction zone propagates through a monomer by converting it into a polymer. In particular, the heat produced during the curing process is exploited to promote the reaction of the monomer lying next to the propagating front, making this latter able to self‐sustain. This approach represents an alternative solution to traditional polymerization methods and can be successfully applied to the preparation of many polymeric materials. In this study, frontal polymerization was numerically modeled to better understand it and to provide the basis for processing simulation. A finite‐difference method was used to solve the thermal problem coupled with the equation describing the cure evolution for a reactor with a cylindrical geometry. The implicit backward time–centered space method was used. First, a one‐dimensional model, able to describe the process in an adiabatic tube, was developed. The front ignition was simulated as if it were a hot surface warming one end of the reactor to trigger reactant polymerization. The model was able to predict the formation of a reactive front advancing in the unreacted zone with a constant speed. The influence of the chemical and physical properties of the resin on process evolution was also investigated. By applying the alternate direction implicit method, a more detailed two‐dimensional model able to describe a three‐dimensional problem for a cylindrical reactor was also developed. With this model, it was possible to study the influence of boundary conditions on process evolution, considering a convective heat exchange with the environment through the reactor walls. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, cured with diethylenetriamine (DETA), was used as the model system. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to produce a phenomenological model able to describe the cure process and to determine the physical properties of the resin. The validity of the approach was confirmed experimentally using a small cylindrical reactor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1756–1766, 2005
GPCR Antitarget Modeling: Pharmacophore Models for Biogenic Amine Binding GPCRs to Avoid GPCR‐Mediated Side Effects
Authors: Klabunde Thomas , Evers Andreas 
Published: March 2005

AbstractG protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a large protein family that plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the central role that the biogenic amine binding GPCRs and their ligands play in cell signaling poses a risk in new drug candidates that reveal side affinities towards these receptor sites. These candidates have the potential to interfere with the physiological signaling processes and to cause undesired effects in preclinical or clinical studies. Here, we present 3D cross‐chemotype pharmacophore models for three biogenic amine antitargets: the α1A adrenergic, the 5‐HT2A serotonin, and the D2 dopamine receptors. These pharmacophores describe the key chemical features present within these biogenic amine antagonists and rationalize the biogenic amine side affinities found for numerous new drug candidates. First applications of the α1A adrenergic receptor model reveal that these in silico tools can be used to guide the chemical optimization towards development candidates with fewer α1A‐mediated side effects (for example, orthostatic hypotension) and, thus, with an improved clinical safety profile.
Mycotic aneurysm of left anterior descending artery after sirolimus‐eluting stent implantation: A case report
Authors: Singh Harminder , Singh Charanjit , Aggarwal N. , Dugal J.S. , Kumar A. , Luthra M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe report a case of mycotic aneurysms due to Staphylococcus aureus infection in the left anterior descending coronary artery in a 56‐year‐old male after implantation of a sirolimus‐eluting stent. This is an unreported complication of a drug‐eluting stent. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma‐1 (OEATC‐1) as a novel gene responsible for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Mizutani Kazunori , Onda Masamitsu , Asaka Shinichi , Akaishi Junko , Miyamoto Shizuyo , Yoshida Akira , Nagahama Mitsuji , Ito Kouichi , Emi Mitsuru 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most fulminant human malignancies. However, the molecular carcinogenic mechanisms of ATC are understood poorly. Recently, the authors performed a cyclic DNA (cDNA) microarray analysis with 11 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines (ACLs) and discovered several novel responsible genes for ACLs and ATC. From the extended list, they focused on hypothetical and anonymous genes and investigated a novel gene, named the overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma‐1 (OEATC‐1) gene.METHODSTo investigate the role of the OEATC‐1 gene in ATC carcinogenesis, first, the expression levels of OEATC‐1 in ACLs, in various types of carcinoma cell lines, and in normal human tissues were examined with reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis. To explore the effect of OEATC‐1 in ATC development, a cell‐growth assay was performed with KTA2 cells under OEATC‐1 gene silencing using small‐interfering RNA (siRNA).RESULTSOEATC‐1 was overexpressed significantly in ACLs and in other types of carcinoma cell lines with various expression levels. Conversely, in normal human tissues, OEATC‐1 was expressed weakly in placenta, kidney, spleen, thymus, small intestine, and thyroid gland. To evaluate the effects of OEATC‐1 on tumor cell growth, gene silencing was caused by transfecting the plasmid‐generating siRNA effect to KTA2 cells. Consequently, the silencing of OEATC‐1 significantly suppressed the cell growth compared with controls.CONCLUSIONSThe current results indicated that OEATC‐1 may have some oncogenic or cell growth‐promoting function in ACL. OEATC‐1 is considered a novel responsible gene in ATC. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Fostering coping and nurturing hope when discussing the future with terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers
Authors: Clayton Josephine M. , Butow Phyllis N. , Arnold Robert M. , Tattersall Martin H. N. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt is challenging for clinicians to foster coping and allow hope when discussing prognosis and end‐of‐life (EOL) issues with terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers. To the authors' knowledge, little research evidence is currently available to guide clinical practice.METHODSThe authors conducted focus groups and individual interviews with 19 patients with far advanced cancer and 24 caregivers from 3 palliative care (PC) services in Sydney, and 22 PC health professionals (HPs) from around Australia. The focus groups and individual interviews were audiotaped and fully transcribed. Additional focus groups or individual interviews were conducted until no additional topics were raised. The participants' narratives were analyzed using qualitative methodology.RESULTSAll participant groups believed there were ways of fostering coping and nurturing hope when discussing prognosis and EOL issues. Themes identified from the transcripts regarding ways of helping patients with a limited life expectancy to cope were: 1) emphasize what can be done (namely: a) control of physical symptoms; b) emotional support, care, and dignity; and c) practical support), 2) explore realistic goals, and 3) discuss day‐to‐day living. Two additional themes were identified regarding ways of fostering hope: the balance between truth telling and nurturing hope, and the spectrum of hope. All these themes were raised by the patients, caregivers, and HPs. However, there were some differences of opinion within the three participant groups.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study demonstrated that most participants believed there were ways of fostering coping and maintaining hope and that HPs have a role in facilitating this with terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Pathway sampling by regenerating peripheral axons
Authors: Witzel Christian , Rohde Charles , Brushart Thomas M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA century ago, Ramon y Cajal described the generalized response of regenerating peripheral axons to their environment. By using mice that express fluorescent proteins in their axons, we are now able to quantify the response of individual axons to nerve transection and repair. Sciatic nerves from nonexpressing mice were grafted into those expressing a yellow variant of green fluorescent protein, then examined at 5, 7, or 10 days after repair. Regeneration was found to be a staggered process, with only 25% of axons crossing the repair in the first week. In the setting of Wallerian degeneration, this stagger will expose growth cones to an evolving menu of molecular cues upon which to base pathway decisions. Many axons arborize, allowing them to interact simultaneously with several pathways. Arborization could serve as the anatomical substrate for specificity generation through collateral pruning. Axons often travel laterally across the face of the distal stump before choosing a pathway. As a result, the average unbranched axon has access to over 100 distal Schwann cell tubes. This extensive access, however, does not ensure correct matching of axon and end organ, suggesting that pathway choice is made on the basis of factors other than end organ identity. These observations explain the failure of refined surgical techniques to restore normal function after nerve injury. The apparent wandering of axons across the repair defies surgical control and mandates a biological approach to reuniting severed axons with appropriate distal pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:183–190, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architecture and neurocytology of monkey cingulate gyrus
Authors: Vogt Brent A. , Vogt Leslie , Farber Nuri B. , Bush George 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHuman functional imaging and neurocytology have produced important revisions to the organization of the cingulate gyrus and demonstrate four structure/function regions: anterior, midcingulate (MCC), posterior (PCC), and retrosplenial. This study evaluates the brain of a rhesus and 11 cynomolgus monkeys with Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry for neuron‐specific nuclear binding protein, intermediate neurofilament proteins, and parvalbumin. The MCC region was identified along with its two subdivisions (a24′ and p24′). The transition between areas 24 and 23 does not involve a simple increase in the number of neurons in layer IV but includes an increase in neuron density in layer Va of p24′, a dysgranular layer IV in area 23d, granular area 23, with a neuron‐dense layer Va and area 31. Each area on the dorsal bank of the cingulate gyrus has an extension around the fundus of the cingulate sulcus (f 24c, f 24c′, f 24d, f 23c), whereas most cortex on the dorsal bank is composed of frontal motor areas. The PCC is composed of a dysgranular area 23d, area 23c in the caudal cingulate sulcus, a dorsal cingulate gyral area 23a/b, and a ventral area 23a/b. Finally, a dysgranular transition zone includes both area 23d and retrosplenial area 30. The distribution of areas was plotted onto flat maps to show the extent of each and their relationships to the vertical plane at the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and cingulate sulcus. This major revision of the architectural organization of monkey cingulate cortex provides a new context for connection studies and for devising models of neuron diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:218–239, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HSV induces an early primary Th1 CD4 T cell response in neonatal mice, but reduced CTL activity at the time of the peak adult response
Authors: Evans Ingrid A. C. , Jones Cheryl A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNeonates are highly susceptible to HSV. In this study, we analyzed the primary neonatal cell‐mediated response to HSV at the site of T cell activation, the draining lymph nodes (LN), and examined the effects of dose and the ability of HSV to replicate on the strength and character of this response. Neonatal mice mounted a predominantly Th1 cytokine (IFN‐γ) response at all doses of a replication‐competent thymidine kinase‐negative HSV‐2 strain (186ΔKpn) and at high doses of a replication‐defective HSV‐2 virus (dl5–29, UL5–/UL29–). Both neonates and adults showed increased production of Th2 cytokines (IL‐4 and/or IL‐5) at high doses of the replication‐defective or inactivated HSV strains. An age‐dependent difference in the strength of the Th1 response was noted, with neonates mounting adult‐like responses at low but not high doses of HSV. Neonatal mice also showed impaired CD8+ T cell activation and reduced HSV‐specific CTL effector function at the time of the peak adult response. These studies are the first to highlight the impaired primary neonatal T cell response to HSV in the LN.
Polymerase μ is up‐regulated during the T cell‐dependent immune response and its deficiency alters developmental dynamics of spleen centroblasts
Authors: Lucas Daniel , Laín de Lera Teresa , González Manuel A. , Ruiz Jose F. , Domínguez Orlando , Casanova Jesús C. , Martínez‐A Carlos , Blanco Luis , Bernad Antonio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMammalian DNA polymerase μ (Polμ), preferentially expressed in secondary lymphoid organs, is shown here to be up‐regulated in germinal centers after immunization. Alternative splicing appears to be part of Polμ regulation during an immune response. We generated Polμ‐deficient mice that are viable and show no anatomical malformation or serious alteration in lymphoid populations, with the exception of an underrepresentation of the B cell compartment. Young and aged homozygous Polμ–/– mice generated similar immune responses after immunization with the hapten (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) coupled to chicken gammaglobulin (CGG), compared with their wild‐type littermates. Nonetheless, the kinetics of development of the centroblast population showed significant differences. Hypermutation analysis of the rearranged heavy chain intron region in centroblasts isolated from NP‐CGG‐immunized Polμ–/– mice showed a similar quantitative and qualitative somatic mutation spectrum, but a lower representation of heavily mutated clones. These results suggest that although it is not a critical partner, Polμ modulates the in vivo somatic hypermutation process.
Inequality decomposition and geographic targeting with applications to China and Vietnam
Authors: Wagstaff Adam 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHow far are income‐related inequalities in the health sector due to gaps between poor and less poor areas, rather than due to differences between poor and less poor people within areas? This note sets out a method for answering this question, and illustrates it with two empirical examples. The disproportionate accrual of health subsidies to Vietnam's better‐off is found to be largely due to the fact that richer provinces have larger per capita subsidies, while pro‐rich inequalities in health insurance coverage in rural China are found to be largely due to the fact that better‐off villages have been more successful at preventing the collapse of their insurance schemes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.