bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The architecture of cooperation: the role of network resources in managing coordination costs and appropriation concerns in strategic alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter detailed how choice of governance structures in alliances is influenced not only by appropriation concerns and moral hazards arising from the attributes of the specific transactions to be consummated within a particular alliance partnership but also by the network resources available to participating firms. It showed that the network of prior alliances pro- vides firms with a valuable network resource in the form of familiarity with prior alliance partners that engenders interorganizational trust, which in turn reduces uncertainty and the need for hierarchical controls in new alliances between previously allied parties. In other words, trust produced by network resources is a distinct factor that obviates the need for hierarchical controls in alliances.
Conspiracy To Defraud
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This common law offence is one of the most controversial in English criminal law, and there has been sustained pressure for its abolition. It is incredibly broad, vague, and criminalizes conduct by two or more that would not be criminal or even involve a civil wrong when performed by an individual. It has been repeatedly suggested that it offends against the principles of legality, certainty, and fair warning. The most recent calls for abolition come from academic commentators, the Law Commission, Liberty, Customs and Excise, and even by Law Lords in the course of debates in the House of Lords.
Going Equipped and Possession of Articles To Commit Fraud
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the offences in the Theft Acts and Fraud Act have been criticized for their considerable breadth particularly in view of the generally wide interpretations that have been adopted by the courts. Thus, for example, it is possible for D to be convicted of theft from the moment that he touches an item or acts in a way that assumes any single right of an owner, provided he has the proscribed state of mind.
From the Tractarians to the Executive Commission, 1845-1854
Authors: WARD W R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1845, when pressure for reform began to revive, events had demonstrated that the constitution of the University, designed (so far as it had been designed at all) to stop changes being made, was indeed incapable of satisfying the new demand. It followed that those whose concern was with university extension or the reform of studies could not fail to be constitutional reformers, and were always likely to be linked with those outside the University like James Heywood, MP for North Lancashire from 1847 to 1857, who wanted to repeal the tests’ or apply German models of university organization.2 These three themes, constitution, studies, and outside intervention, were to preoccupy Oxford for a decade.
Out Of Darkness
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For those of us fortunate enough to live in the industrially developed countries of the twenty-first century western world it is hard to envisage the all-pervading fear of infection that has existed through most of mankind ‘s urban history—and still dominates many poor communities excluded from or unable to afford the benefits of modern medicine. Before the therapeutic revolution of the twentieth century, grieving parents regularly buried young infants who had succumbed to infectious diseases such as measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough, and dysentery in the very dawn of their life. Unhappily they still do in some parts of the world: even now around 10 million children a year scandalously die from preventable diseases (2). Similarly, until the last century, the death of bread-winners and young mothers in the prime of life from pneumonia, tuberculosis, childbed fever, and other infections was a common experience, mirrored today by the death toll from HIV-related illness in many countries. A visitation of the plague could decimate whole communities within a few weeks; cholera could kill in a day.
From Quinine To Sulphonamides (By Way Of Serendip)
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to its formidable reputation as a specific for the treatment of intermittent fevers, Cinchona bark was fated to play a vital part in several unconnected events that were to have far-reaching consequences. As is well known (I assume) to practitioners of homeopathy, its founder Samuel Hahnemann formulated his controversial therapeutic theories after dosing himself with Cinchona bark and suffering symptoms reminiscent of the ague (the popular name for malarial fevers), possibly engendered by an idiosyncratic allergy to the drug. Whether this chance observation represented the major insight that Hahnemann proposed is a moot point, but Lady Luck was not to stake her reputation on this event; she was busy forming liaisons with quinine that were to revolutionize fashion, medicine, the pharmaceutical industry, and ultimately—as though she were just weaving a convoluted thread to lead humankind from one effective antimicrobial drug to another— the treatment of infectious disease.
The Spectre At The Feast
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1969, the United States Surgeon General, William H. Stewart, famously told the US Congress that it was ‘time to close the books on infectious diseases. ‘ Stewart had, in 1965, been the surprise nomination for the Surgeon General ‘s office (2). He resigned in 1969 shortly after making his controversial statement, though there seems to be no suggestion that the two events were connected. Stewart ‘s intention had been to contrast the stunning success of antibiotics, vaccines, and public health measures in the fight against infectious diseases, with the unsolved problems of heart disease and cancer. Still, he must have lived to regret the statement about infection, for it has been repeated ad nauseam by those wishing to stress misplaced optimism as a contributory factor to the problem of antimicrobial drug resistance.
The Dictionary Of Dialectal Fiords – The Beginnings Of Dialect Dictionaries In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociolinguistics, as an interdisciplinary branch of learning, emerged in the 1960s in America. Its principles and research methodology have been gradually established over the past fefi decades. In terms of regional dialect studies, however, there is still much virgin territory to be cultivated. The Dictionary of Dialectal words (hereinafter abbreviated to DDFI) is the first dialect dictionary in the history of Chinese lexicography and is thought to be the first of its kind in the history of world lexicography. This dictionary will definitely provide new insights into dialect studies, the compilation of dialect dictionaries and other types of language dictionaries, and also the general study of sociolinguistics.
Ethnic Minority Languages And Their Bilingual Dictionaries
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Translation of the Buddhist sutras was beginning to decline with Buddhism dwindling in the Later Tang Dynasty (923–936). A typical feature of this transition was the increased communications and strengthened ties between the Han people and the neighbouring minorities and other nationalities of the Eastern world. As a matter of fact, the Kitans Tartar, Mongolians and Manchurians established the Liao Dynasty (907–1125), the Yuan Dynasty (1260–1368), and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) in Chinese history. As the ruling classes, their languages became culturally, politically, and economically important and were naturally the official languages used in historical documents. They were also given special prominence and received unusual treatment in Chinese-minority language bilingual dictionaries. It is not hard to figure out why almost all these minority languages occupied the position of source language in those early Chinese bilingual dictionaries.
Easeful Death
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Easeful Death sets out in straightforward terms the main arguments both for and against the legalization of assisted suicide and euthanasia. The legal choices confronting those caring for the terminally ill, and indeed those patients themselves who may be facing intolerable suffering towards the end of their lives, have been the cause of fierce public debate in recent years. The book takes as its starting point attempts in Britain and other countries to bring compassion into the rules governing the end of a patient ‘s life. Drawing on experience in the Netherlands, Belgium, and the US state of Oregon, where either assisted dying or euthanasia have been legalized, the authors explore the philosophical and ethical views on both sides of the debate, and examine how different legislative proposals would affect different members of society, from the very young to the very old. They describe the practical, medical processes of palliative care, self-denial of food and water, and assisted dying and euthanasia, and ultimately conclude that the public is ready to embrace a more compassionate approach to assisted dying. This sensitive and authoritative short volume is informed throughout by a strong sense that, whatever the results of the legislative argument, compassion for one another must be both the guide and the restraint upon the way we treat people who are dying or who want to die.
Falls
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people see falling as an inevitable part of growing older, and falls can result in serious injuries. As we age, deterioration in our ability to maintain balance, underlying illnesses, or disabilities can result in falls. Currently, one in eight patients in hospital are admitted due to a fall, and 50% of people over 80 years old fall every year. It is almost always possible to minimize the chances of falling, and to make our personal environment safer for when falls do occur. This book covers all aspects of falls, explaining why they happen, the common consequences, and what can be done to prevent them. It is intended for patients and their families, but will also be of value for health professionals at all levels. Falls: The Facts is an informative and practical guide, containing advice on what to do and how to cope when falls occur. It includes personal accounts of patients and their relatives to illustrate true experiences, and the positive outcomes that treatment can produce.
Police Misconduct, Complaints, and public Regulation
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Police Misconduct, Complaints and Public Regulation provides comprehensive coverage of the law and procedure relating to the regulation of the police - setting out comprehensive guidance on practice in relation to complaints, misconduct and performance procedures, as well as detailed analysis of the powers of the IPCC and of its statutory guidance. Dedicated chapters address events from recording the complaint through to Police Appeals Tribunals; specific criminal offences (misconduct in public office; manslaughter; driving); inquests (including modern developments on narrative verdicts); and associated guidance on abuse of process and judicial review. The content reflects the substantial developments in the law and practice in these inter-related proceedings since the implementation of the Police Reform Act 2002 in April 2004, as well as the radical reforms introduced by the radical change of regime introduced by performance and misconduct regulations in 2008. . The authors - recognized as market leaders in these fields of work - bring together, in a detailed and practical narrative, the relevant statutory powers, secondary legislation, statutory guidance and increasing body of Administrative Court jurisprudence. They include user-friendly diagrams and process maps to illustrate and explain the narrative and legislation. Appendices include - in full - all relevant performance and misconduct regulations between 1999 - 2008, the 2008 Home Office Guidance, and both the 1999 and 2008 Police Appeals Tribunals Rules. Written by two barristers with extensive experience representing and advising police forces and accused officers in all forms of proceedings, this book is an essential text for all supervising officers and managers that must seek to apply the procedures correctly, as well as solicitors and barristers instructed in these matters and other tribunals. It also represents the single most authoritative modern treatment of Coronial law as applied to police related deaths, and to contemporary developments in criminal offences including misconduct in public office and police-related homicide.
Arbitrating Mass Investor Claims: Lessons of International Claims Commissions
Authors: Heiskanen Veijo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last twenty years or so, international claims commissions and claims tribunals have become a standard tool to deal with international mass claims. More than fifteen international claims programs have been established during this period to address the consequences of major international crises such as wars, revolutions, and other extraordinary incidents. These commissions and tribunals can appropriately be characterized as “mass claims” programs in view of the number of claims they are typically dealing with, which may range from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands, even millions.
The Administration of Class Action Arbitrations
Authors: Tuchmann Eric P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very fact that class action arbitrations are taking place in the United States continues to take many by surprise. This is so despite the fact that this type of arbitration has been in existence in some manner for a number of years, and in a substantially more pronounced way since 2003 when the Supreme Court of the United States decided Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle. Since Bazzle was decided, the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) has spent considerable time and energy considering the most suitable manner in which to administer class action arbitrations. To ensure an understanding of how class action arbitrations work, however, it is necessary to have some understanding of the legal framework for class action litigation in the United States.
Class-Wide Arbitration in California
Authors: Chernick Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
California courts have a significant history of dealing with class-wide arbitration that predates Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle. The California Arbitration Act gives California courts authority to consolidate arbitrations; on that authority, California courts routinely certified class-wide arbitrations and then sent them to arbitrators for adjudication of the merits of the dispute.
Criminal Cartel Investigations In The Uk
Authors: O’Kane Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Office of Fair Trading (‘OFT’) is the UK law enforcement agency with primary responsibility for investigating the Enterprise Act (‘EA’) 2002 cartel offence.1 This role was envisaged in the Government White Paper which stated that:
The Government believes there are good reasons for the OFT to be the main prose- cuting authority for the offence. The OFT has primary responsibility in the UK for uncovering cartels and has developed the necessary expertise.2
Criminal Cartel Regimes In Other Jurisdictions
Authors: O’Kane Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulation of cartel activity has, particularly in more recent years, become a major priority for competition authorities worldwide. In keeping with a general shift towards increasing corporate and individual accountability in other areas of the law, competition authorities around the world have implemented detailed anti-cartel regulation. As an additional and forceful deterrent, many jurisdictions have coupled their civil/administrative cartel regimes with scope for criminal liability and consequent criminal sanctions upon a finding of guilt. In conjunction with a fully operating leniency policy, prosecutorial activity in launching and conducting wide-reaching investigations has greatly increased and often with great success. This is especially the case where there are real incentives to enter a plea bargain.
Grammatical Word and Phonological Word
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two parts of grammar—syntax and morphology—are linked together through the unit ‘word’.As described in §3.13, on morphology, the basis of a word is a lexical root (or roots) to which may be applied various morphological processes: compounding, reduplication, shift of stress or change of tone, internal change, subtraction, and—most common of all—affixation. Once all relevant morphological processes have applied, we have produced a word. The discipline of syntax deals with the organization and interrelation of grammatical elements. A clause will have a predicate, which selects a number of arguments. Corresponding to predicate will be a verb phrase, which typically has a verb as head. An argument may be realized by a bound pronoun and/or by a noun phrase, which typically has a noun as head (and optionally also adjective(s) as modifiers). Thus, words are created by morphological processes, and—alone or in combination—provide realizations for syntactic elements. As stated in §3.1, ‘word’ is the central unit, the intersection of syntax and morphology. But ‘word’ is not infrequently defined, at least in part, on phonological criteria.
Pronouns and Demonstratives
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with two of the varieties of shifters which were introduced in §3.7—pronouns, whose shifting reference relates to participants in the speech act, and demonstratives, whose shifting reference relates to spatial location. In each case, the reference is deictic, effectively ‘pointing’ at some person or thing. (The third type of shifter covers temporal terms such as ‘today’ and ‘now’; see §3.8.) In §15.3 there is discussion of anaphora and cataphora, which can involve 3rd person pronouns and demonstratives.
Complement Clauses and Complementation Strategies
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A complement clause is a type of clause which fills an argument slot in the structure of another clause. Most languages have a restricted set of complement-taking verbs (CTVs) which may have either an NP—as in (i) and (3) from English—or a complement clause—as in (2) and (4)—corresponding to a core argument slot.
A Man Called Henri: Truth, Reconciliation, and Justice
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was in my chambers when I received a message from reception that somebody calling himself ‘Henri’ had arrived to see me. I went to the security entrance with a measure of anticipation. Henri had telephoned a few days earlier to say that he was going to testify to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission about the bomb which had exploded in my car and caused the loss of my right arm. Naturally I was keen to see the person who had the courage, or the foolhardiness, or just the interest, to want to see me.
Closed-loop control of anesthetic state in nonhuman primates
Authors: Chakravarty Sourish , Donoghue Jacob , Waite Ayan S , Mahnke Meredith , Garwood Indie C , Gallo Sebastian , Miller Earl K , Brown Emery N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research in human volunteers and surgical patients has shown that unconsciousness under general anesthesia can be reliably tracked using real-time electroencephalogram processing. Hence, a closed-loop anesthesia delivery (CLAD) system that maintains precisely specified levels of unconsciousness is feasible and would greatly aid intraoperative patient management. The US Federal Drug Administration has approved no CLAD system for human use due partly to a lack of testing in appropriate animal models. To address this key roadblock, we implement a nonhuman primate (NHP) CLAD system that controls the level of unconsciousness using the anesthetic propofol. The key system components are a local field potential (LFP) recording system; propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic models; the control variable (LFP power between 20 and 30 Hz), a programmable infusion system and a linear quadratic integral controller. Our CLAD system accurately controlled the level of unconsciousness along two different 125-min dynamic target trajectories for 18 h and 45 min in nine experiments in two NHPs. System performance measures were comparable or superior to those in previous CLAD reports. We demonstrate that an NHP CLAD system can reliably and accurately control in real-time unconsciousness maintained by anesthesia. Our findings establish critical steps for CLAD systems’ design and testing prior to human testing.
Online conspiracy communities are more resilient to deplatforming
Authors: Monti Corrado , Cinelli Matteo , Valensise Carlo , Quattrociocchi Walter , Starnini Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Online social media foster the creation of active communities around shared narratives. Such communities may turn into incubators for conspiracy theories—some spreading violent messages that could sharpen the debate and potentially harm society. To face these phenomena, most social media platforms implemented moderation policies, ranging from posting warning labels up to deplatforming, i.e. permanently banning users. Assessing the effectiveness of content moderation is crucial for balancing societal safety while preserving the right to free speech. In this article, we compare the shift in behavior of users affected by the ban of two large communities on Reddit, GreatAwakening and FatPeopleHate, which were dedicated to spreading the QAnon conspiracy and body-shaming individuals, respectively. Following the ban, both communities partially migrated to Voat, an unmoderated Reddit clone. We estimate how many users migrate, finding that users in the conspiracy community are much more likely to leave Reddit altogether and join Voat. Then, we quantify the behavioral shift within Reddit and across Reddit and Voat by matching common users. While in general the activity of users is lower on the new platform, GreatAwakening users who decided to completely leave Reddit maintain a similar level of activity on Voat. Toxicity strongly increases on Voat in both communities. Finally, conspiracy users migrating from Reddit tend to recreate their previous social network on Voat. Our findings suggest that banning conspiracy communities hosting violent content should be carefully designed, as these communities may be more resilient to deplatforming.