bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF THE LYMPHATIC TISSUE
Authors: Ehrich Wilhelm 
Published: June 2004

In 87 rabbits, some of which received intravenously at various intervals small, and some large, doses of killed staphylococci, the following findings were obtained.
1. There occurred a hyperplasia of lymph nodes, spleen and thymus, that is to say, a status thymicolymphaticus. This phenomenon is explained as due to immediate local irritation caused by bacteria and their products and by certain "toxins" partly of exogenous, partly of endogenous, origin.
2. The lymphocytosis which appeared was parallel in time and degree with the hyperplasia of the peripheral lymph nodes (axillary, popliteal and cervical lymph nodes) and probably originated in the pseudo-secondary nodules of these nodes.
3. There occurred intense mesenchymal reaction in the vascular connective tissue of the lungs, liver and spleen and after large doses slighter ones in adrenals, kidneys and heart. These reactions correspond with Oeller's adventitial reactions and Siegmund's intima proliferations. In the interstitial tissue of these organs as well as in the walls of the minor vessels proliferations of cells, partly of the type of lymphocytes and plasma cells, partly of that of histiocytes and reticulo-endothelial cells, appeared, which, after large doses, were mixed with many giant cells of Langerhans' type. After small doses lymphocytes and plasma cells predominated, after large doses histiocytes and reticulo-endothelial cells. Because these reactions occurred immediately after the first injection, they can be regarded as primary reactions of the organism to bacteria and their products.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHRONIC NEPHRITIS INDUCED IN THE DOG BY URANIUM NITRATE. A FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE FORMATION OF URINE BY THE ALTERED KIDNEYS
Authors: MacNider William deB. 
Published: June 2004

1. A chronic nephritis was produced in the dog which involves all of the histological elements of the kidney by the use of one subcutaneous injection of 4 mg. of uranium nitrate per kilo. In such animals the sequence of the histological changes in the kidneys in correlation with their functional expression has been studied in dogs from the commencement of the; injury until the chronic nehritis has existed for 5 years and 2 months.
2. As early as the 2nd day following the development of an acute nephritis, the animals became polyuric with an albuminous urine containing granular casts. There was a marked reduction in the elimination of phenolsulphonephthalein, or it failed to appear in the urine in a 2 hour period. The reserve alkali of the blood was reduced to as low as 7.8 and a retention occurred in urea nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen and creatinine. At such periods of renal functional depression there was slight evidence of structural glomerular injury but marked evidence of proximal convoluted tubule degeneration and necrosis.
THE SEPARATION OF TYPES AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI HITHERTO CALLED GROUP IV AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC ANTISERUMS FOR THESE TYPES
Authors: Cooper Georgia , Edwards Marguerite , Rosenstein Carolyn 
Published: June 2004

The pneumococci hitherto known as Group IV have been separated into ten types which have been designated by Roman numerals from IV to XIII. These have been correlated as far as possible with the types described by others. The prevalence and mortality of cases due to each type have been estimated in the limited number of cases studied.
Laboratory tests indicated that therapeutic antiserums for Types I, II and III have very little protective power against the recently separated types.
Monovalent antiserums of high agglutinative and protective power were prepared in rabbits for each type.
Several monovalent antiserums each specific for a type, which are suitable for agglutination and experimental therapeutic use, have been obtained by immunizing horses.
An antiserum prepared for one type had very little cross-protective power against other types.
THE NATURE OF THE HYPERGLYCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN THE DOG
Authors: Zeckwer Isolde T. , Nadler J. Ernest 
Published: June 2004

1. Nine unoperated dogs snowed a rise of blood sugar dunng anaphylactic shock. In six of these dogs the rise was 60 mg. or over.
2. Six dogs in which one adrenal had long previously been extirpated and the opposite splanchnic nerve cut, showed a low preliminary level of blood sugar, and a relative rise of blood sugar during anaphylaxis, but of less degree than in the unoperated animals. In no case was it greater than 52 mg.
3. Anoxemia did not appear to be a complicating factor, as evidenced by determination of the oxygen content of the arterial blood before and during shock.
4. The rise in blood sugar, which occurs in spite of the loss of adrenal activity, is probably due to the venous stasis of the liver seen in anaphylaxis in the dog, because this rise in blood sugar can be simulated in a normal non-sensitized dog by mechanically constricting the hepatic veins for a brief interval.
5. There are, therefore, probably two factors responsible for the hyperglycemia associated with anaphylaxis in the dog, sympathetic stimulation by way of the splanchnic nerves involving the activity of the adrenals, and glycogenolysis resulting directly from venous stasis of the liver.
THE TOXICITY OF HUMAN SERUM FOR THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith , Davidsohn I. 
Published: June 2004

From the foregoing study there are indications:
1. Of toxicity in all fresh human serum for the guinea pig; this toxicity tends to disappear after 48 hours after bleeding, and its manifestations are strikingly similar to those of the heterophilic antibody in immune rabbit serum.
2. Of an increased toxicity in the serum of antisera-treated human cases; this is usually coexistant with the production of other antibodies; it tends likewise to disappear in time after treatment; differential absorption experiments indicate that its character is heterophilic, and its manifestations differ from those of anaphylaxis in that certain circulatory effects—hemorrhage and increased edema in the lungs and distension of the right heart—are added to the usual findings in true anaphylactic deaths.
TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GENERAL PERITONITIS IN THE DOG WITH ILEOSTOMY AND SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
Authors: Orr Thomas G. , Haden Russell L. 
Published: June 2004

1. In experimentally produced general peritonitis drainage of the gut by ileostomy 6 inches above the cecum has no beneficial effect.
2. Animals with experimentally produced general peritonitis treated with ileostomy plus 1 per cent sodium chloride solution live three times as long as those not given the salt solution.
THE RAPID SHALLOW BREATHING RESULTING FROM PULMONARY CONGESTION AND EDEMA
Authors: Churchill Edward D. , Cope Oliver 
Published: June 2004

These experiments record the effects of the experimental production of pulmonary congestion and edema in a lung completely isolated from the general circulation, but with an intact nerve supply. The resulting changes are: a slowing of the heart rate, a fall in systemic blood pressure and a temporary inhibition of respiration succeeded by rapid shallow breathing. The pulse rate and blood pressure show a rapid and spontaneous return to initial conditions. The respirations show a partial but not a complete return to their former rate and depth. The effects on respiration are similar to those described by Dunn and Binger and Moore which follow multiple embolism of the pulmonary circuit with starch granules. The alterations in the pulse rate and blood pressure are characteristic of the effects of vagal stimulation. A chemical effect on the respiratory center is excluded by the nature of the preparation.
These results, therefore, add further evidence to support the hypothesis that the rapid shallow breathing attending congestion and edema of the lungs is due to the stimulation of nerve endings in the lungs.
THE INITIATION OF GROWTH OF CERTAIN FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES AS RELATED TO OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES IN THE MEDIUM
Authors: Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

The growth of many pathogenic organisms in plain meat infusion broth is possible only when a large inoculum is used. This requirement is much less strict when the broth cultures are incubated (a) under anaerobic conditions, (b) in fresh media very recently boiled or autoclaved, (c) in fresh media reduced by means of hydrogen, or to which small amounts of cysteine or of blood have been added.
It is suggested that these findings can be accounted for by assuming that the bacterial species under consideration can multiply only in media the oxidation potential of which is below a critical value.
The favorable growth conditions obtained by the procedures enumerated above may be attributed to the establishment of a proper reduction potential in the medium; the same result is obtained by using a large inoculum, owing to the reducing properties of bacterial cells.
THE RELATION OF THE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF CERTAIN DYES TO OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES
Authors: Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

Oxidized indophenols and methylene blue are bacteriostatic for Pneumococcus and hemolytic streptococci of human and bovine origin, while the indigoes, malachite green and litmus are not toxic.
2-Chloroindophenol, the most positive of the indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials used, is also the only one to have a bacteriostatic action on cheese strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus.
Methylene blue and the indophenols are no longer bacteriostatic when present in a reduced form in a medium capable of maintaining them in such a condition.
A comparison of these results with the growth in plain broth of the organisms studied suggests that the "inhibiting" dyes "poise" the medium at an oxidation potential outside the range in which the inhibited organisms can grow.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hitchcock C. H. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

The indifferent streptococci are remarkably efficient allergizing agents when inoculated intradermally into rabbits.
This is revealed by the high percentage of secondary reactions which occur in the lesions resulting from the inoculation of small doses of these organisms, and by the relative frequency with which positive ophthalmic reactions are obtained following sensitization with relatively small doses.
This allergizing capacity is most marked in the organisms of Type I and least marked in the non-inulin-fermenting strains of Group X.
The different resultants emerging from variations in allergizing capacity of streptococci and reactivity of host are clearly demonstrated in this series of experiments.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN SOME TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN ANAEROBICALLY PRODUCED AUTOLYSATES OF PNEUMOCOCCI (TYPES I AND II)
Authors: Parker Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

The necrotizing and lung-toxic principles present in certain anaerobically prepared autolysates of Pneumococcus Types I and II are similar in respect to extreme sensitiveness to heat and to oxidation, and to their ability to be neutralized by the same anti-autolysate serums.
These two poisons differ, however, in their ability to be adsorbed or inactivated by red cells; the lung-toxic principle being adsorbed or inactivated by such procedure while the necrotizing principle is not.
Since pneumococcus hemotoxin is present in the anaerobic autolysates and is also adsorbed by red cells, it seemed possible that it was this substance in the autolysates which caused the diffuse lung lesions and death of guinea pigs. However, it was found that the intratracheal injection of pneumococcus hemotoxin prepared by the method of Avery and Neill only occasionally produced the characteristic reaction caused by the intratracheal injection of the anaerobic autolysates.
OXIDATION-REDUCTION EQUILIBRIA IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Coulter Calvin B. , Isaacs Moses L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The reduction potentials of B. typhosus in culture in bouillon which is given access to atmospheric oxygen show a negative drift that attains the values found in sterile bouillon when deaerated with nitrogen: Eh –0.085 to –0.095 volt at pH 7.6. The potential reaches this level after 6 to 8 hours incubation, and is maintained at this point for several hours. A slow decline to more negative values is then observed and continues for at least 48 hours, when a potential of –0.145 volt may be attained.
2. The bacteria influence the potentials in the first period of their growth by exhaustion of oxygen from the culture, thus permitting the characteristic potential of the culture medium to become manifest, and do not contribute the substances responsible for the observed potentials. The decline in potential to values more negative than those of the culture medium occurs during the time that the rate of dying of the bacteria approaches and exceeds the rate of multiplication; it is suggested that dissolution of bacteria liberates reductive substances.
3. Cultures in 0.5 per cent dextrose medium show a somewhat more , negative potential after 18 hours growth than cultures in medium without dextrose. This may be due to the more rapid "turn-over" of the bacteria and the liberation of larger amounts of reductive material from dissolution of larger numbers of bacteria.
4. The potential of cultures through which oxygen is passed continuously does not show a negative drift at any time. This indicates that reductive substances of bacterial origin in the case at least of the typhoid bacillus do not influence the electrode potentials in the presence of oxygen and confirms the importance of bacterial respiration as the means for the removal of oxygen and the consequent establishment of characteristic reduction potentials in cultures.
STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITABLE SUBSTANCES OF BACILLI OF THE SALMONELLA GROUP
Authors: Furth J. , Landsteiner K. 
Published: June 2004

Specific precipitable substances rich in carbohydrates, containing very little protein and small amounts of a material apparently of fatty nature, have been prepared from the main serological types of the typhoid-paratyphoid groups. The preparations in their present state of purity do not exhibit very pronounced chemical differences in spite of serological dissimilarity. In this respect the results differ from those observed with the polysaccharides of pneumococci.
The specificity of the precipitin reactions of these substances parallels in a general way the so called small flaking agglutination.
Attempts to separate different fractions from the active substance serologically by means of precipitation with antibody solutions were on the whole unsuccessful.
The differences in resistance to the action of acid and alkali were found to be characteristic for various specific carbohydrates.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: McCutcheon Morton , Strumia Max , Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H. , Lucké Balduin 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits infected intravenously with virulent mammalian tubercle bacilli have in a majority of cases developed circulating antibodies to a slight but appreciable degree. The increase in titer was detected in one group of rabbits within the 2nd or 3rd week, in others during the 2nd month of infection.
Rabbits with residual pulmonary foci, resulting from infection 6 months or more previously with human tubercle bacilli, on reinfection with bovine tubercle bacilli promptly developed circulating antibodies strikingly in excess of those found during the course of primary infection. Such antibodies were present 6 or 7 days after reinfection.
The changes in titer during tuberculous infection as detected by the bacterial surface reactions and by phagocytosis were again, within the experimental error, in quantitative correspondence. The loss of phagocytosis-promoting power in heated normal serum involves an exception to this correspondence between surface and phagocytosis effects. This exception has already been discussed in an earlier paper (8).
A "SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE" DERIVED FROM GUM ARABIC
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Avery Oswald T. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. By partial acid hydrolysis a specific carbohydrate may be isolated from gum arabic (gum acacia). This carbohydrate is comparable in its precipitating activity for Type II (and Type III) antipneumococcus serum with the bacterial soluble specific substances themselves.
2. On hydrolysis this fraction yields galactose and two or more complex sugar acids, one of which appears to be a disaccharide add comparable with those isolated from the specific polysaccharides of the Type III pneumococcus and the Type A Friedländer bacillus.
3. The significance of these findings is discussed.
BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LIPOID PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Harnes Alvin R. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which it was shown that the calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, and lecithin in the blood of normal rabbits were influenced by 4 types of light environment. The results of the experiments seem to warrant the following conclusions:
1. Animals exposed to the ultra-violet light for a brief period each day give results which are diametrical to those obtained for animals living in total darkness.
2. The results obtained for animals exposed to the Cooper Hewitt light and for those living in the open laboratory are somewhat similar but occupy a position between those of the dark and ultra-violet groups.
3. Animals do not develop immediately the characteristic effects of a particular environmental condition, but pass through a period of accommodation which varies somewhat with different environmental conditions.
IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS WITH TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: Purdy Helen A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Antisera were produced, separately, in rabbits to normal sap from healthy Turkish tobacco plants and to irus-sap from tobacco plants, affected with mosaic disease.
2. The immunologic reactions of the antisera were studied by means of:
(a) Alexin-fixation tests.
(b) Precipitation experiments, including: Precipitin-absorption tests with the same tobacco virus multiplied in tobacco, tomato, pepper, and petunia plants.
(c) Experiments with the inactivation properties of both antisera and normal serum on virus-sap.
3. From the results obtained from the above experiments, the following conclusions were drawn:
(a) Normal-tobacco-sap and virus-tobacco-sap possess antigenic substances in common.
(b) Normal sap and virus-sap of tomato, pepper, and petunia plants contain antigenic substances in common with normal sap of tobacco.
(c) Virus-saps of tomato, pepper, and petunia plants, have antigenic substances in common with virus-sap of tobacco, that are either not present in the normal tobacco sap or present only in small amounts.
(d) The two antisera possess alexin-fixing antibodies and precipitins in common.
(e) All of the precipitins to normal tobacco sap may be removed from either antiserum by absorption with virus-sap of tobacco.
(f) Specific precipitins for virus-sap of tobacco, tomato, pepper, and petunia are present in the antiserum to tobacco virus-sap and cannot be removed by complete absorption with normal sap of tobacco.
(g) Antiserum to virus-sap of tobacco, when used in an appropriate amount, has the power of completely inactivating virus-sap.
A corresponding quantity of antiserum to normal tobacco sap, or normal rabbit or guinea-pig serum, does not exhibit the same preventive action on virus-sap.
(h) There is some evidence that a specific antibody to virus-sap, lytic in nature, is present in the homologous antiserum.
THE RELATION OF CHROMATIN TO HEMOGLOBIN AND BILIRUBIN
Authors: Riecker Herman H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Attention is directed to the diversity of opinion among investigators regarding the site and manner of hemoglobin formation in the body and its relation to bile pigment metabolism.
2. It is probable that in forming new hypotheses on this subject the earlier work of A. B. Macallum on the relation of chromatin to hemoglobin formation has not received sufficient consideration.
3. It has been shown by means of microchemical iron stains of the bone marrow cells, that the iron content of the hematoblast is increased during rapid hemoglobin production in simple anemia.
4. This fact is compatible with the work of Macallum who believed that hemoglobin is derived from the chromatin of the hematoblast. It does not support a theory that hemoglobin is formed as a part of a circulating pigment.
5. It is suggested that bilirubin is derived from the chromatin of body cells through the intermediary stages of the respiratory pigments, hemoglobin and cytochrome, from erythrocytes and other cells, respectively.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Shannon Raymond C. , Tilden Evelyn B. , Tyler Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

With a view to determining the mode of infection in Carrion's disease, a study of the blood-sucking insects found in the districts of Peru where the disease prevails has been carried out, through the cooperation of The Rockefeller Institute and the Rockefeller Foundation. The material studied included ticks, mites, midges, lice, fleas, bedbugs, mosquitoes, buffalo gnats, horse-flies, "sheep ticks," 3 species of Streblidae, and 3 species of Phlebotomus, including Phlebotomus verrucarum Townsend and two new species which have been named Phlebotomus noguchii and Phlebotomus peruensis. The insects were collected without the use of chemicals, were prepared for transportation in such a manner as to prevent drying, and were shipped under conditions of refrigeration to New York, where they were inoculated into monkeys. The plan followed was to inject saline suspensions of the crushed insects intradermally into rhesus monkeys and to make cultures of the blood of the animals at intervals of 1 to 6 weeks after inoculation.
The only class of insects in which the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis could be detected were phlebotomi. No cutaneous lesions were induced in monkeys injected with the crushed insects, but in the case of four different lots of phlebotomi the blood of the animals so injected yielded cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis which produced typical verrucous lesions on inoculation into other monkeys.
The morphology and cultural characteristics of the Bartonella strains obtained from phlebotomi proved identical with those of strains isolated from human blood and skin lesions. Monkeys which had recovered from infection with the phlebotomus strains resisted inoculation with a human strain of Bartonella bacilliformis, and, conversely, monkeys which had passed through an infection induced by the human strain resisted inoculation with the strains obtained from phlebotomi.
The experimental observations described in this paper lead us to conclude that certain phlebotomi act as insect vectors of Oroya fever and verruga peruana. The phlebotomi which have been shown quite certainly to carry the Bartonella bacilliformis are those of the species Phlebotomus noguchii. Phlebotomus verrucarum is also probably a vector, while Phlebotomus peruensis remains doubtful in this respect.
A COMPARISON OF THE MANNER OF EXCRETION OF NEUTRAL RED AND PHENOL RED BY THE FROG'S KIDNEY
Authors: Oliver Jean , Shevky Eshref 
Published: June 2004

1. Phenol red and neutral red are excreted by the perfused frog's kidney by different routes.
2. Phenol red is excreted chiefly through the glomerulus, neutral red through the tubules.
3. Some slight excretion of each of these dyes by the converse mechanism is possible, though there is no evidence in our experiments that necessitates such a conclusion.
4. The importance of methods leading to the production of a normal volume of urine by the perfused kidney is emphasized.