bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacy and neighborhood-level variation in cash price of diabetes medications in the United States
Authors: Warraich Haider J. , Siddiqi Hasan K. , Li Diane G. , van Meijgaard Jeroen , Vaduganathan Muthiah 
Published: December 2023

Background
Diabetes medications place significant financial burden on patients but less is known about factors affecting cost variation.

Objective
To examine pharmacy and neighborhood factors associated with cost variation for diabetes drugs in the US.

Research design, subjects and measures
We used all-payer US pharmacy data from 45,874 chain and independent pharmacies reflecting 7,073,909 deidentified claims. We divided diabetes drugs into insulins, non-insulin generic medications, and brand name medications. Generalized linear models, stratified by pharmacy type, identified pharmacy and neighborhood factors associated with higher or lower cash price-per-unit (PPU) for each set of drugs.

Results
Cash PPU was highest for brand name therapies ($149.4±203.2), followed by insulins ($42.4±25.0), and generic therapies ($1.3±4.4). Pharmacy-level price variation was greater for non-insulin generic therapies than insulins or brand name therapies. Chain pharmacies had both lower prices and lesser variation compared with independent pharmacies.

Conclusions
Cash prices for diabetes medications in the US can vary considerably and that the greatest degree of price variation occurs in non-insulin generic therapies.
Cervical cancer screening in Brazilian Amazon Indigenous women: Towards the intensification of public policies for prevention
Authors: Novais Iria Ribeiro , Coelho Camila Olegario , Machado Helymar Costa , Surita Fernanda , Zeferino Luiz Carlos , Vale Diama Bhadra 
Published: December 2023

BackgroundIndigenous women are vulnerable to cervical cancer. Screening is a strategy to reduce the burden of the disease.ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence profile of cervical cancer screening cytological results in Brazilian indigenous women by age and frequency of tests compared to non-indigenous women.MethodsA cross-sectional study evaluating the prevalences of screening test results in indigenous women assisted in the Brazilian Amazon from 2007 to 2019 (3,231 tests), compared to non-indigenous women (698,415 tests). The main outcome was the cytological result. Other variables were frequency, age groups, and population. The frequency was categorized as "1sttest", the first test performed by the women in their lifetime, or "screening test," tests from women who had previously participated in screening. Analyzes were based on prevalences by age group and population. We used Prevalence Ratios (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals for risks and linear regression for trends.ResultsData from the 1sttest showed a higher prevalence of Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) in indigenous women. Peaks were observed in indigenous under 25, 35 to 39, 45 to 49, and 60 to 64. The prevalence of High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion or more severe (HSIL+) was low in both groups in women younger than 25. The indigenous HSIL+ prevalence curve showed a rapid increase, reaching peaks in women from 25 to 34 years, following a slight decrease and a plateau. In screening tests, HSIL+ was more prevalent in indigenous from 25 to 39 (PR 4.0,2.3;6.8) and 40 to 64 (PR 3.8,1.6;9.0). In indigenous, the PR of HSIL+ results in screening tests over 1sttests showed no screening effect in all age groups. In non-indigenous, there was a significant effect toward protection in the age groups over 25.ConclusionThis screening study of indigenous women from diverse ethnicities showed a higher prevalence of cytological LSIL and HSIl+ than in non-indigenous women. The protective screening effect in reducing HSIL+ prevalence was not observed in indigenous.
Development of an internet-based intervention to improve health professionals’ counseling skills around adolescent weight management in Indonesia
Authors: Agung Fransisca Handy , Sekartini Rini , Sudarsono Nani , Hendarto Aryono , Werdhani Retno Asti , Dhamayanti Meita , Pudjiati Retno , Hanum Lathifah , Naufal Affan , Sawyer Susan M. 
Published: December 2023

Background
Obesity is a growing public health and clinical concern, worldwide. In many countries, including Indonesia, health professionals lack the capacity to promote behavior change around obesity prevention and management, especially with adolescents for whom a wider set of communication skills are required. This study describes the theoretical basis, approach to development of content, use and satisfaction of an internet-based educational intervention designed to improve the quality of health professional weight management counseling with adolescents in Indonesia.

Methods
This study is part of an exploratory sequential mixed methods design which was undertaken from 2020 to 2022. Following a needs analysis, an internet-based training resource was developed, informed by constructive alignment theory and active learning principles. Using both synchronous and asynchronous approaches over a four-week pilot study, a weekly interactive session was held online, using multifaceted training materials housed on a website (https://ramahremaja.id). The training resource was then tested in a two-arm study involving health professionals from 17 of 34 provinces across Indonesia.

Results
Sixty-four primary health professionals were recruited for the two-arm study. The completion rate for reviewing all materials and assignments on the website was 72% and the online meeting participation rate was 78%. Participants were highly positive about the clarity of the training material and the appropriateness of the delivery methods. The main challenges related to poor internet literacy and interrupted internet connectivity.

Conclusion
Designed to support weight management in adolescents, this internet-based training program shows potential for enhancing Indonesian health professional behavior-change counseling skills.
Scanning electron microscopic features of lacrimal drainage silastic stents: Comparison of various Crawford and large-diameter stents
Authors: Boniao Emmanuel Lee Ong , Gungab Alexander Gerard Nino L. , Lim Blanche Xiao Hong , Sundar Gangadhara , Ali Mohammad Javed 
Published: December 2023

Purpose
This study aimed to examine the differences in the biofilms and physical deposits on Crawford stents compared to large-diameter stents.

Methods
A prospective interventional study was performed on a series of patients undergoing external or endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and endoluminal lacrimal duct recanalization (ELDR) with either Crawford or large-diameter stents. All the Crawford stents were retrieved at six weeks and the large-diameter ones at eight weeks following the surgical intervention. There was no evidence of post-operative infection in any of the patients. Following extubation, standard protocols of scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the biofilms and physical deposits on the stents.

Results
A total of 15 stents were studied. Of these, twelve were Crawford, and three were large-diameter stents. The Crawford stents were from two different manufacturers. All the stents demonstrated evidence of biofilm formation and physical deposits. The Crawford stents showed thin biofilms and sparse physical deposits, but there were no demonstrable differences amongst stents from different manufacturers. However, the deposits and biofilms were thicker and more extensive in the large-diameter stents than the Crawford ones. The biofilms from all stents showed the presence of polymicrobial communities within the exopolysaccharide matrix.

Conclusions
The present study found differences in biofilms and physical deposits between Crawford and large-diameter stents. These differences can be partly explained by stent duration, size, and their tissue interactions.
Mitochondrial‐targeted antioxidant ingestion acutely blunts VO2max in physically inactive females
Authors: Hughes Ryan P. , Carlini Nicholas A. , Fleenor Bradley S. , Harber Matthew P. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPurposeTo determine the acute effects of a mitochondrial targeting antioxidant (MitoQ) on the metabolic response during exercise.MethodsNine (n = 9) physically inactive females (age 47 ± 22 years) performed two trials (Placebo and MitoQ) in a double‐blind randomized cross‐over design. In both trials, participants performed an exercise protocol consisting of 3‐min stages at submaximal workloads followed by a ramp protocol to volitional exhaustion. Participants received either Placebo or MitoQ (80 mg) 1 h prior to exercise. Indirect calorimetry and cardiovascular measurements were collected throughout the duration of the exercise bout.ResultsSubmaximal metabolic and cardiovascular variables were not different between trials (p > 0.05). VO2max was higher (p = 0.03) during Placebo (23.5 ± 5.7 mL kg min−1) compared to MitoQ (21.0 ± 6.6 mL kg min−1). Maximal ventilation was also higher (p = 0.02) in Placebo (82.4 ± 17.7 L/min) compared to MitoQ (75.0 ± 16.8 L/min). Maximal cardiovascular variables and blood lactate were not different between trials (p > 0.05).ConclusionAn acute dose of MitoQ blunted VO2max, which was primarily mediated by impairment of ventilatory function. These data suggest that the acute accumulation of exercise‐induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are necessary for maximal aerobic capacity. Further research is warranted on mtROS‐antioxidant cell signaling cascades, and how they relate to mitochondrial function during exercise.
Biological variation of inflammatory and iron metabolism markers in high-endurance recreational athletes; are these markers useful for athlete monitoring?
Authors: Diaz-Garzon Jorge , Itkonen Outi , Aarsand Aasne K. , Sandberg Sverre , Coskun Abdurrahman , Carobene Anna , Jonker Niels , Bartlett William A. , Buño Antonio , Fernandez-Calle Pilar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
To deliver biological variation (BV) data for serum hepcidin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), erythropoietin (EPO) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in a population of well-characterized high-endurance athletes, and to evaluate the potential influence of exercise and health-related factors on the BV.

Methods
Thirty triathletes (15 females) were sampled monthly (11 months). All samples were analyzed in duplicate and BV estimates were delivered by Bayesian and ANOVA methods. A linear mixed model was applied to study the effect of factors related to exercise, health, and sampling intervals on the BV estimates.

Results
Within-subject BV estimates (CVI) were for hepcidin 51.9 % (95 % credibility interval 46.9–58.1), sTfR 10.3 % (8.8–12) and EPO 27.3 % (24.8–30.3). The mean concentrations were significantly different between sex, but CVI estimates were similar and not influenced by exercise, health-related factors, or sampling intervals. The data were homogeneously distributed for EPO but not for hepcidin or sTfR. IL-6 results were mostly below the limit of detection. Factors related to exercise, health, and sampling intervals did not influence the BV estimates.

Conclusions
This study provides, for the first time, BV data for EPO, derived from a cohort of well-characterized endurance athletes and indicates that EPO is a good candidate for athlete follow-up. The application of the Bayesian method to deliver BV data illustrates that for hepcidin and sTfR, BV data are heterogeneously distributed and using a mean BV estimate may not be appropriate when using BV data for laboratory and clinical applications.
One Hundred Years of Chinese Literature Translation in Bulgaria
Authors: Chen Ying 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The translation of Chinese literature in Bulgaria had a relatively late start. This can be attributed to the five centuries of foreign domination that constrained Bulgaria’s political, economic, and social development, as well as its interactions with external civilizations. These circumstances significantly influenced the dissemination of foreign cultures within Bulgaria. In the mid-19th century, Bulgarian scholars began to show interest in China and its culture, leading to an increasing presence of Chinese literary works in Bulgarian newspapers and magazines. Chinese literature’s journey in Bulgaria over the past century and a half has seen both prosperous periods in the 20th century, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s, as well as less vibrant decades in the 1970s. This is an encouraging sign that the Bulgarian readers’ interest in Chinese literature has remained unwavering. Since the adoption of the Belt and Road Initiative, the translation and publication of Chinese literary works in Bulgaria have experienced rapid growth in terms of both quantity and quality. Currently, Chinese literature in Bulgaria has matured over the course of long-term development, gradually becoming more systematic, and yielding increasingly abundant translation achievements.
Prevalence of atypical presentations among outpatients and associations with diagnostic error
Authors: Harada Yukinori , Otaka Yumi , Katsukura Shinichi , Shimizu Taro 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of atypical presentations and their association with diagnostic errors in various diseases.

Methods
This retrospective observational study was conducted using cohort data between January 1 and December 31, 2019. Consecutive outpatients consulted by physicians from the Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine at a university hospital in Japan were included. Patients for whom the final diagnosis was not confirmed were excluded. Primary outcomes were the prevalence of atypical presentations, and the prevalence of diagnostic errors in groups with typical and atypical presentations. Diagnostic errors and atypical presentations were assessed using the Revised Safer Dx Instrument. We performed primary analyses using a criterion; the average score of less than five to item 12 of two independent reviewers was an atypical presentation (liberal criterion). We also performed additional analyses using another criterion; the average score of three or less to item 12 was an atypical presentation (conservative criterion).

Results
A total of 930 patients were included out of a total of 2022 eligible. The prevalence of atypical presentation was 21.7 and 6.7 % when using liberal and conservative criteria for atypical presentation, respectively. Diagnostic errors (2.8 %) were most commonly observed in the cases with slight to moderate atypical presentation. Atypical presentation was associated with diagnostic errors with the liberal criterion for atypical presentation; however, this diminished with the conservative criterion.

Conclusions
An atypical presentation was observed in up to 20 % of outpatients with a confirmed diagnosis, and slight to moderate atypical presentation may be the highest risk population for diagnostic errors.
Serum VEGF, high-sensitivity CRP, and cystatin-C assist in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetic retinopathy complicated with hyperuricemia
Authors: Wei Jing , Zhang Jincheng , Shi Yanan , Zhang Huiqin , Wu Yan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Elevated serum uric acid (UA) level is related to type 2 diabetic retinopathy (DR). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and cystatin C (Cys-C) have involvement in type 2 DR complicated with hyperuricemia (HUA) (HUDR), and we explored their clinical values in HUDR. Type 2 DR patients were allocated into HUDR/DR groups, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients as the control group. Serum VEGF and inflammation markers hs-CRP, and Cys-C levels were assessed by ELISA and immunoturbidimetry. The correlations between serum UA level and VEGF/hs-CRP/Cys-C were analyzed by Pearson tests, diagnostic values of VEGF/hs-CRP/Cys-C were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curves, and the independent risk factors in HUDR were analyzed by logistic multivariate regression. Serum VEGF/hs-CRP/Cys-C level differences among the T2DM/DR/HUDR groups were statistically significant, with the levels in HUDR > DR > T2DM. Serum UA level in HUDR patients was positively correlated with serum VEGF/hs-CRP/Cys-C. Serum VEGF/hs-CRP/Cys-C assisted in HUDR diagnosis, with their combination showing the greatest diagnostic value. UA/FPG/HbA1C/VEGF/hs-CRP/Cys-C were independent risk factors for HUDR. The incidence of proliferative DR was increased in HUDR patients. Collectively, serum VEGF, hs-CRP, and Cys-C levels in HUDR patients were increased, and HUA might promote DR progression.
Parental involvement in online education during Covid-19 lockdown: a netnographic case study of Chinese language teaching in the UK
Authors: Li Luyao , Liu Xiaoli , Curdt-Christiansen Xiao Lan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper reports on a study of Chinese parents’ involvement in their children’s heritage language (HL) development during the COVID-19 lockdowns in the UK. Involving seven transnational families, we examined the roles parents played during the online learning sessions and the factors shaping their involvement. Employing a netnographic approach, this study incorporates online classroom observations, semi-structured and focus group interviews with parents, and analysis of their Instagram posts. The study underscores the critical role of parental involvement (PI) in enhancing children’s HL education, offering insights into distinct parental roles, including as emotional supporters, co-educators, teaching assistants, and technical supporters. The study introduces a three-dimensional PI model within the framework of family language policy (FLP), enhancing our understanding of FLP by concretely manifesting what, how and why parents get involved in their children’s HL development. This study contributes to the discourse on PI and FLP, shedding light on the evolving roles of parents and the complexity of their involvement during the unique circumstances of the pandemic.
Morphologies, structures, and properties on blends of triblock copolymers and linear low-density polyethylene
Authors: Wang Ying , Wu Shangfeng , Liu Li-Zhi , Chen Hao , Wang Yuanxia , Song Lixin , Shi Ying 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Focusing on the study of the phase separation behavior of triblock copolymer and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) systems helps to understand the influence of microstructure on the properties of poly(vinylcyclohexane)-b- poly(ethylene)-b-poly(vinylcyclohexane) (PVCH-PE-PVCH/LLDPE) blends. We prepared a series of blends of LLDPE and PVCH-PE-PVCH and explained their compatibility from the microstructure. The research findings indicate that despite having similar block compositions, PVCH-PE-PVCH with a higher molecular weight exhibits significantly stronger phase separation and crystallization ability compared to PVCH-PE-PVCH with lower molecular weight. In PVCH-PE-PVCH/LLDPE blends, the addition of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % LLDPE induces earlier crystallization and crystal phase separation of polyethylene (PE) fragments. In addition, compared to the lower molecular weight of PVCH-PE-PVCH, the higher molecular weight of PVCH-PE-PVCH exhibits a higher tendency for independent crystallization and shows significant crystal phase separation during the cooling crystallization process when blended with LLDPE. The PE segments in the lower molecular weight of PVCH-PE-PVCH can more easily enter the nanoscale domain of LLDPE. Impact fracture electron microscopy also reveals better compatibility between the lower molecular weight of PVCH-PE-PVCH and LLDPE compared to the higher molecular weight of PVCH-PE-PVCH. Furthermore, the blends of lower molecular weight of PVCH-PE-PVCH and LLDPE exhibit a greater growth rate in elongation at break.
Análise da evolução temporal e da dinâmica da lotação penitenciária na região Sudeste do Brasil: perfil do preso e levantamento dos agravos transmissíveis mais prevalentes
Authors: Guilherme Bonfioli Maysa , França Figueredo Coelho Júlia , Nascimento de Melo Saulo , De Moura Costa Anna Carolina , Silva Belo Vinícius , Drumond Chequer Farah Maria 
Published: December 2023

A realidade penitenciária e o mercado de drogas são problemas importantes ao se considerarem a criminalidade e a segurança pública brasileira, com grande impacto econômico e na saúde. O presente estudo descreve o perfil da população privada de liberdade na região Sudeste do Brasil entre 2009 e 2019, o perfil da população carcerária condenada por crimes relacionados a drogas, conforme a Lei n° 11.343/2006, e as doenças transmissíveis que acometem essa população. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo documental, com base em dados secundários dos relatórios emitidos pelo Sistema de Informação do Departamento Penitenciário Nacional (SISDEPEN) e pela Polícia Federal sobre a estatística de drogas apreendidas no Brasil. As variáveis estudadas foram sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade, cor, doenças transmissíveis prevalentes no meio penitenciário e a quantidade drogas apreendidas. O Sudeste é a região do país com o maior número de crimes relacionados a drogas e a terceira região com maior taxa de encarceramentos. Nessa região, a população privada de liberdade é majoritariamente do sexo masculino (92,4%), entre 18 e 24 anos (30,0%), de cor parda (41,5%) e com ensino fundamental incompleto (47,0%). A tuberculose foi a doença predominante no ambiente carcerário (30,4%). Destaca-se o aumento da população carcerária de indivíduos condenados por crimes relacionados a drogas e à quantidade de drogas ilícitas apreendidas, com maior proporção a maconha (29,5%), seguida pela cocaína (15,6%). Este estudo contribui para um melhor planejamento de políticas públicas voltadas a essa população, a fim de reduzir problemas sociais associados e evitar maiores danos à comunidade como um todo.
MicroRNA-146b negatively affects bovine embryo development and quality
Authors: Pavani Krishna Chaitanya , XueFeng Guan , Chunduru Jayendra , Meese Tim , Peelman Luc J , Van Nieuwerburgh Filip , Deforce Dieter , Hendrix An , Tilleman Kelly , Van Soom Ann , Smits Katrien 
Published: December 2023

In brief
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) carried in extracellular vesicles are one of the essential factors for embryo development. This study demonstrates that miRNA-146 b has negative impacts on the quality and development of bovine embryos and also shows its higher expression in non-blastocyst embryos and related EVs.

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which can be carried inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), play a crucial role in regulating embryo development up to the blastocyst stage. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying blastocyst development and quality are largely unknown. Recently, our group identified 69 differentially expressed miRNAs in extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from culture medium conditioned by bovine embryos that either developed to the blastocyst stage or did not (non-blastocysts). We found miR-146b to be more abundant in the EVs derived from media conditioned by non-blastocyst embryos. Using RT-qPCR, we here confirmed the upregulation of miR-146b in non-blastocyst (arrested at two- to four-cell and morula stage) embryos compared to blastocysts (P < 0.005), which coincides with the upregulation of miR-146b in EVs derived from the medium of these non-blastocysts. To evaluate a functional effect, bovine embryo culture media were supplemented with miR-146b mimics, resulting in significantly decreased embryo quality, with lower blastocyst rates at day 7 and lower total cell numbers, while the opposite was found after supplementation with miR-146b inhibitors, which resulted in reduced apoptosis rates (P < 0.01). Transcriptomic analysis of embryos treated with miR-146b mimics or inhibitors showed differential expression (P < 0.01) of genes associated with apoptosis, cell differentiation, and the RNA Pol II transcription complex, including WDR36, MBNL2, ERCC6l2, PYGO1, and SNIP1. Overall, miR-146b is overexpressed in non-blastocyst embryos and in EVs secreted by these embryos, and it regulates genes involved in embryo development and apoptosis, resulting in decreased embryo quality.