bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANIMAL RIGHTS AND THEORIES OF ORIGINS: A PLEA FOR UNITY
Authors: Thornhill Richard , Morris Michael 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA useful philosophical case against vivisection influential with the general public rests on the following three premises: (1) animals have interests as conscious beings; (2) it is unethical to cause pain and suffering to conscious beings for trivial reasons; and (3) animal models cannot be extrapolated to human beings, so vivisection is a trivial reason. Darwinian arguments have been used to back up each of the three premises above, and, furthermore it has been asserted by animal liberationists that those who do not hold to the evolutionary paradigm are more likely to support vivisection. Here, we present arguments that show why a belief in Darwinism (or in evolution generally) neither strengthens nor weakens the three anti-vivisectionist premises above. We also argue that there is no evidence to suggest that Darwinists are any less (or more) likely to support vivisection than those who hold views on biological origin that are further from the scientific mainstream. By leaving out arguments on origins, we hope that Darwinists, non-Darwinist evolutionists and creationists of all types can work together to make the world a better place for non-human animals.
Our Master's Voice: F. Max Müller after A Hundred Years of Solitude
Authors: Masuzawa Tomoko 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAlthough recognized as a nineteenth-century champion of comparative methods and leading figure in the founding of the science of religion, F. Max Müller has been paid surprisingly little attention since his death a century ago. In 2002, a substantial scholarly biography by Lourens P. van den Bosch and an anthology of Müller's representative works edited by Jon Stone were published. Through a review of these two publications, this article first retraces the familiar contour of the "life and work" of Müller as a progenitor of Religionswissenschaft, an image that both these texts help resuscitate. In the second part of the article it is suggested that, when the voluminous extant material is viewed from another angle, a considerably different portrait of Müller comes to the foreground, especially if his life-long engagement in comparative philology is taken more seriously, rather than treated as a merely preliminary or technical aspect of his scholarly profile. In this alternative perspective, it appears that Müller was generally indifferent to theology, and that he saw religious concerns and worries more as a propensity of other people around him that continually came to disturb his scholarship from without, rather than as something that motivated his own work from within.
Sacred Capital: Pierre Bourdieu and the Study of Religion
Authors: Urban Hugh 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article offers a critical analysis of Pierre Bourdieu's work and its importance for the study of religion. Analysis and criticim of Bourdieu's theories with reference to the example of the Bāuls, a loose, eclectic tradition of wandering minstrels and self-proclaimed spiritual "madmen", which has flourished throughout Bengal (northeast India and Bangladesh) since at least the late nineteenth century, was chosen for two reasons: first, because much like Bourdieu, the Bāuls make frequent use of a "marketplace" metaphor to describe the larger realms of social interaction and religious discourse; second, because the Bāuls offer a powerful challenge to Bourdieu's work, demonstrating that there is perhaps far more room for subversion and critique of the dominant "social marketplace" than his model of society and culture seems to allow.
Fatal and non‐fatal machine‐related injuries suffered by children in Alberta, Canada, 1990–1997
Authors: Lim Gerald W. , Belton Kathy L. , Pickett William , Schopflocher Donald P. , Voaklander Donald C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundChildren raised on farms are exposed to many hazardous types of machinery. The objective of this study was to describe the magnitude of non‐fatal and fatal farm machinery injuries in Alberta children and adolescents (0–17 years) for the years 1990–1997. To date, there have been no published studies of pediatric farm injuries in Western Canada.MethodsData were collected through the Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance Program (CAISP). Death certificates and hospital charts were audited to provide enhanced information about the circumstances of injuries related to farm machinery for farm persons aged 17 years and younger.ResultsA total of 302 farm machinery injuries were recorded for the years 1990–1997. Of these, 14 resulted in death. All‐terrain vehicles (ATVs) were the most common cause of injury (n = 76), followed by tractors (n = 72), and power take‐offs (n = 15). The predominant injury mechanism was entanglement (n = 69), followed by falls from machines (n = 57), and being pinned/struck by a machine (n = 49). The median length of hospital stay for injuries was 2.0 days. Males (median = 2.0 days) had significantly longer hospital stays than females (median = 1.0 days). There were significantly more injuries reported during the summer and autumn than during the winter and spring. Those injured in the autumn were significantly older (median = 13.0 years) than children injured in the spring (median = 9.0 years). Injury rates dropped significantly during the study period from 119.9/100,000 per year in 1990 to 50.7/100,000 in 1997.ConclusionsWhile injury rates have dropped, the number of injuries occurring to children on Alberta farms is of concern. The large number of ATV related injuries suggests that preventative strategies need to be focused in this area. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:177–185, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Work‐related carpal tunnel syndrome (WR‐CTS) in Massachusetts, 1992–1997: Source of WR‐CTS, outcomes, and employer intervention practices
Authors: Wellman Helen , Davis Letitia , Punnett Laura , Dewey Robin 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe Massachusetts Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (MASS SENSOR) receives reports of work‐related carpal tunnel syndrome (WR‐CTS) cases from (1) workers' compensation (WC) disability claims for 5 or more lost work days; and (2) physician reports (PR).MethodsFrom 1992 through 1997, 1,330 WC cases and 571 PR cases completed follow‐back surveys to provide information on industry, occupation, attributed source of WR‐CTS, outcomes, and employer intervention practices.ResultsSixty‐four percent of the respondents had bilateral CTS and 61% had surgery, both of which were proportionally more frequent among WC cases. Office and business machinery was the leading source of WR‐CTS (42% of classifiable sources) in every economic sector except construction, followed by hand tools (20%). Managers and professional specialty workers were the most likely to report employers' interventions and were up to four times more likely to report equipment or work environment changes than higher risk groups.ConclusionsState‐based surveillance data on the source of WR‐CTS provided valuable information on how and where to implement interventions. New occurrences of WR‐CTS are likely, especially in the highest risk industries where very few cases reported primary prevention measures (e.g., changes to equipment or work environment) implemented by their employers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:139–152, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of the Federal Child Labor Regulations: Updating hazardous and prohibited occupations
Authors: Miller Mary E. , Bush Diane 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundChild labor regulations are intended to protect our young and most vulnerable workers. While regulations are not the only strategy for providing a safe and healthy work environment for young workers, they are the first step in setting the community standard to protect them. The world of work has changed since the first child labor laws were issued in 1939. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) enlisted assistance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to evaluate the current list of hazardous and prohibited occupations and to make recommendations for changes to the regulations.MethodsA group of national experts reviewed the recommendations made by NIOSH. The consensus review process identified areas of agreement, disagreement, and priorities for the DOL's Wage and Hour Division. Gaps in the hazardous orders not addressed in the recommendations were also identified.ResultsThis commentary describes the background of the Hazardous Orders under the Fair Labor Standards Act, the evaluation by NIOSH, the process used to review it, and recommendations for further action.ConclusionsThe NIOSH report is a valuable resource for anyone working to prevent occupational injuries—among adult and young workers alike. It is crucial that the DOL use the guidance provided by NIOSH and the Young Workers Safety and Health Network to improve the protections for young workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:218–221, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteoarthritis of the hip joint and farm work
Authors: Thelin Anders , Vingård Eva , Holmberg Sara 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundDifferent types of farming and farm work were studied in relation to the occurrence of osteoarthritis of the hip joint in a cohort of farmers.MethodsA group of 427 farmers with hip joint osteoarthritis were identified together with a matched control group of farmers without hip or knee problems. All were invited to an interview and physical examination. After a dropout of 10%, and removing those who had had predisposing diseases or trauma, the observations for 369 pairs were available for analyses.ResultsFarmers with larger dairy and swine confinement operations (sows) had an increased risk of acquiring osteoarthritis of the hip. In a logistic regression multivariate model, those who milked more than 40 cows daily had an increase in risk (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 1.9–11.0) in relation to those who did not work in dairy production. Those who had worked more than 5 hr daily in animal barns over a long period of time also had an increase in risk (OR = 13.3, 95% CI 1.2–145.0) in relation to those who did not work with animals. In another model, those who had large farm areas (>100 ha) had a significantly decreased risk (OR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.05–0.43) in relation to those who had smaller farm areas.ConclusionsFarmers operating farms with large plant production area and few animal contacts had a significantly lower risk of incurring osteoarthritis of the hip than did farmers in general. The presence of animal production showed a significant positive relationship to the risk of developing hip joint osteoarthritis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:202–209, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence of silicosis among stone carvers in Brazil
Authors: Antão Vinícius Cavalcanti dos Santos , Pinheiro Germania Araujo , Kavakama Jorge , Terra‐Filho Mário 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackgroundIn the city of Petrópolis, Brazil, artisans carve souvenirs from a variety of silica‐containing minerals. The finding of pulmonary massive fibrosis in one of the workers motivated an investigation of the prevalence of silicosis in this group.MethodsBetween January 2000 and June 2002, a cross‐sectional study was performed. We obtained clinical and occupational histories, spirometry, lung volumes, and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity measurements. Chest radiographs and high‐resolution computed tomographies (HRCT) were evaluated. Personal air samples were analyzed.ResultsForty‐two stone carvers were examined. The prevalence of silicosis was 53.7%. HRCT better characterized silicotic lesions compared to chest radiographs. Early coalescence of small opacities was associated with lung function impairment. The concentration of dust exceeded permissible limits in 91% of the workplaces.ConclusionsExposure to high levels of silica dust was associated with an increased prevalence of silicosis among stone carvers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:194–201, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of phenolic polymer properties by use of ethylene glycol as diluent
Authors: Singh K. P. , Palmese G. R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractOne application of phenolic resins is for the inner lining of multilayered composites in fire critical applications. Typically such resins contain water as a diluent to facilitate injection and mold filling. Although water is effective in controlling the viscosity, its evaporation from the resin during cure has been found to cause microvoids in the cured resin that are 8–10 μm in size. These voids are believed to affect the properties of the final product. In addition to the initial water content, evolution of water also takes place as a result of cure. In this study, we investigated the effects of processing parameters such as cure temperature, postcure temperature, catalyst concentration, and the use of ethylene glycol as a replacement diluent on water loss, microvoid distribution, and consequently, the mechanical properties. Weight loss during cure was followed by using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to obtain images of cured resin showing the microvoids. The properties that have been obtained for comparison are density, flexural modulus and strength, and fracture toughness. It has been shown that modification of the resin by removing the initial water of a commercial resin system and adding ethylene glycol as a replacement has the most significant effect on the microvoids as well as the properties of the polymer. A decrease in void content and increase in density along with a significant improvement in flexural modulus and fracture toughness have been observed upon replacement of water with ethylene glycol. This is significant because of the importance of the phenolic layer to the overall mechanical performance of a hybrid composite. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3096–3106, 2004
Effect of surface treatment on the mechanical properties of glass fiber/vinylester composites
Authors: Park Rohchoon , Jang Jyongsik 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTo study the effect of surface treatment on the mechanical properties of glass fiber/vinylester composites, glass fiber was surface‐treated with polybutadiene (PB), γ−methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ‐MPS), and γ‐MPS‐modified polybutadiene (PB/γ‐MPS). The relationship between the interfacial strength and the impact strength of glass fiber/vinylester composites was also examined. PB/γ‐MPS was synthesized as a new surface modifier. PB/γ‐MPS‐treated composites exhibited the optimum concentration at which the flexural strength and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) were maximized. This was related to the role of PB/γ‐MPS in three interphase regions between the fiber and the matrix. Considering the relationship between the interfacial strength and the impact strength of the composites, the propagation energy and total energy showed a different trend in three regions. In region A, the propagation energy and total energy increased with an increasing shear strength, indicating that the adequate interfacial strength was required for improving the impact strength of the composites. In region B, the propagation energy and total energy decreased with an increasing shear strength. Most of impact energy was absorbed through fiber pullout and delamination. In region C, the fiber breakage was the dominant failure mode of the composites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3730–3736, 2004
Modification of non‐Newtonian flow behavior of aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) by conducting polypyrrole prepared by in situ polymerization of pyrrole
Authors: Ghosh Premamoy , Kar Swarnendu B. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe rheological behavior of an aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polypyrrole (PPY) dispersions prepared by ferric chloride (FeCl3)‐catalyzed polymerization of pyrrole was investigated at 12°C using a coaxial rotational viscometer. The results show that the addition of a low dose of FeCl3 to the PVA solution greatly influences its rheology. The prominent shear‐thickening (dilatant) nature of PVA turns significantly pseudoplastic (shear thinning) in the presence of FeCl3. Polypyrrole‐loaded PVA was obtained in a stable, optically clear dispersion by in situ polymerization of pyrrole in an aqueous PVA solution (5%) using FeCl3 as the oxidative catalyst at 12°C. The PPY dispersions in aqueous PVA systems having a low loading of PPY and low Fe+3 content retain the dilatant character of an aqueous PVA solution; however, for an aqueous PVA system having a relatively high PPY loading and also a high Fe+3 content, prominent pseudoplastic (shear thinning) behavior is exhibited. The odd novel rheological patterns exhibited by a PVA solution in the absence and presence of FeCl3 and the PVA–PPY dispersions containing FeCl3 under different sets of conditions are explained on the basis of the complexation of PVA by Fe+3 and related ions and also as a consequence of some degree of H‐bonding and chemical grafting between the support polymer PVA and the PPY formed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3737–3741, 2004
Friction welding of similar materials: Polypropylene, high‐density polyethylene, and nylon‐6
Authors: Lin Ching‐Bin , Wu Li Cheng , Chen Yu Yao 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe effects of spin‐friction pressure and timing on the friction welding between parts of the same materials, PP, HDPE, and nylon‐6, are discussed. The heat‐affected zone is divided into three regions: the plasticized region (Zpl), the partly plasticized region (Zpd), and the undeformed region (Zud). The tensile fracture morphology has three main sections: the nonplasticized central section (Fud), the plasticized peripheral section (Fpl), and the partly plasticized section between Fud and Fpl (Fpd). Friction pressures (spinning timing) of 1.17 MPa (16 s) in PP–PP welding, 1.77 MPa (8 s) in HDPE–HDPE welding, and 0.98 MPa (8, 10, and 12 s) in nylon‐6–nylon‐6 welding attains better bonding strength because their components have larger Fpd and Fpl regions, which have no Fud in the central part. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2771–2780, 2004
Fractal kinetics of radical polymerization of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride
Authors: Koslov G. V. , Malkanduev Yu A. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe proposed technique allows determination of variation in a macromolecular coil structure of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, characterized by its fractal dimension, during polymerization. It is shown that this one factor, unaccounted for in conventional theories, determines the most important characteristics of a polymerization process: rate, output of a finite product, and molecular weight. Further, the methods of fractal kinetics allow the quantitative description of synthesis of polymers and, in particular, give the correct shape of the conversion degree–time kinetic curve. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3140–3143, 2004
Reaction kinetics modeling and thermal properties of epoxy–amines as measured by modulated‐temperature DSC. I. Linear step‐growth polymerization of DGEBA + aniline
Authors: Swier Steven , Van Assche Guy , Van Mele Bruno 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA mechanistic approach including both reactive and nonreactive complexes can successfully simulate both nonreversing (NR) heat flow and heat capacity (Cp) signals from modulated‐temperature DSC in isothermal and nonisothermal reaction conditions for different mixtures of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A + aniline. The reaction of the primary amine with an epoxy–amine complex initiates cure (E1A1 = 80 kJ mol−1), whereas the reactions of the primary amine (E1OH = 48 kJ mol−1) and secondary amine (E2OH = 48 kJ mol−1) with an epoxy–hydroxyl complex are rate determining from about 2% epoxy conversion on. The reliability of the proposed mechanistic model was verified by experimental concentration profiles from Raman spectroscopy. When cure temperatures are chosen inside or below the full cure glass‐transition region, vitrification takes place partially or completely, respectively, as can be concluded from the magnitude of the stepwise decrease in Cp. The effect of the epoxy conversion (x) and mixture composition on thermal properties such as the glass‐transition temperature (Tg), the change in heat capacity at Tg [ΔCp(Tg)], and the width of the glass transition region (ΔTg) are considered. The Couchman relationship, in which only Tg and ΔCp(Tg) of both the unreacted and the fully reacted systems are needed, was evaluated to predict the Tg– x relation by using simulated concentration profiles. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91:2798–2813, 2004
Novel method of preparing microporous membrane by selective dissolution of chitosan/polyethylene glycol blend membrane
Authors: Zeng Minfeng , Fang Zhengping , Xu Chengwei 
Published: January 2004

AbstractChitosan membranes with high porosity and good mechanical properties were prepared by selective dissolution of the blend membranes of chitosan (CS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The morphology of the obtained porous membranes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The pore size changed from 500 nm to several micrometers, depending on the molecular weight of the PEG used. The water permeability of the porous membrane depends on both the pore size and the porosity, except in the case of PEG2000, in which a higher molecular weight of PEG was used, producing greater water permeability. The tensile strength of the porous membranes obtained by this method was higher in both the wet and the dry state than that of the porous chitosan membranes prepared by using silica particles as porogen. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2840–2847, 2004
Aluminum powder filled nitrile rubber composites
Authors: Vinod V. S. , Varghese Siby , Kuriakose Baby 
Published: January 2004

AbstractEffect of aluminum powder on the properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) composites and the role of bonding agent viz. hexamethylene tetramine‐resorcinol has been investigated. Shore A hardness of the aluminum powder filled composites is lower than that of high abrasion furnace (HAF) and acetylene black (ACB) filled nitrile rubber composites and can be increased by the addition of bonding agent. Equilibrium swelling decreased considerably by the use of hexamethylene tetramine‐resorcinol, suggesting an improved nitrile rubber–aluminum powder adhesion. A marked increase in thermal conductivity is obtained with the incorporation of aluminum powder. Increased thermal conductivity reduced the additional time needed for the vulcanization of thick rubber articles and imparted uniform curing throughout the material. In nitrile rubber, the modulus and tensile strength followed the order HAF > ACB > aluminum powder. Combination of HAF and aluminum powder in NBR gave composites with good thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3156–3161, 2004
Synthesis and kinetic studies of UV‐curable urethane‐acrylates
Authors: Hsieh K. H. , Kuo C. H. , Dai C. A. , Chen W. C. , Peng T. C. , Ho G. H. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe UV‐curable urethane‐acrylates based on 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)‐terminated polyurethane (PU) for lithographic and coating applications are investigated in this study. Series of PU prepolymers were made from 4,4‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI), poly(propylene oxide) glycol (PPG 400), poly(butylene adipate)glycol (PBA 500), or poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol (PTMO 1000) and are terminated with HEMA. The 2,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as a UV‐initiator under air atmosphere. The curing kinetics of HEMA‐terminated PU film were studied. The curing analysis, using FTIR and reaction kinetics, indicate the reaction rate equation correlates well with the film thickness [T], initiator concentration [I], unreacted double bond concentration [CC], and exposed energy [E] of the reaction system. The kinetic rate equation for the UV‐curable reaction can be written as

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© 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3162–3166, 2004