bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on the imaging of complex furcation forms in upper and lower molars
Authors: Plagmann Hans‐Christian , Holtorf Sven , Kocher Thomas 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The form of the molar roots and their furcated region influence both the pathogenesis of periodontal destruction and therapeutic attempts.Method: Using a specially‐constructed measuring device, 359 1st and 2nd molars, both upper and lower, were analysed 3‐dimensionally. The parameters measured were horizontal furcation concavity, height of root trunk, degree of root taper, the distance between the root prominences adjacent to the furcation entrances and the angle of root separation.Results: The mean horizontal furcation concavity in lower molars was 0.5 mm at a distance of 1 mm apical to the cemento‐enamel‐junction (CEJ) and 3 mm at the distance of 4 mm apical to the CEJ. The angle of root separation was between 16° (lower jaw molars lingual) and 29° (upper jaw molars distal). The vertical distance from root separation to CEJ averaged 3.3 mm in lower jaw molars and 4.8 mm in upper jaw molars.Conclusions: Our findings underline the variability of furcation morphology.
Untreated periodontal disease in Indonesian adolescents
Authors: Timmerman M. F. , Van der Weijden G. A. , Abbas F. , Arief E. M. , Armand S. , Winkel E. G. , Van Winkelhoff A. J. , Van der Velden U. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: In order to investigate the rôle of various putative clinical and microbiological risk markers, a longitudinal study was initiated in a young population deprived of regular dental care. In 1987 all inhabitants in the age range 15–25 years living in a village with approximately 2000 inhabitants at a tea estate on Western Java, Indonesia, were examined clinically and microbiologically. In total, 167 subjects of the original group of 255 adolescents were re‐examined in 1994. The material presented in this paper describes the clinical periodontal condition at baseline (1987) and at follow‐up (1994), 7 years later. Furthermore, the relationship between progression of the disease and baseline clinical and microbiological data was assessed.Methods: Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth (PD), and attachment loss (AL) were scored at the approximal surfaces of the vestibular aspects of all teeth. The number of approximal surfaces of the Ramfjord teeth showing subgingival calculus was recorded. At baseline, the dorsum of the tongue, the buccal gingiva in the upper jaw, the saliva and the deepest bleeding pocket without clinical loss of attachment were sampled for microbiological examination with phase contrast microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence.Results: Mean values at baseline and at follow‐up were PI: 1.01 and 1.15, BOP: 0.80 and 1.16, PD 3.26 mm and 3.32 mm, AL: 0.33 mm and 0.73 mm, respectively. All parameters except PD showed a statistically significant increase over the 7‐year period. The prevalence of the studied bacteria irrespective of the sample site was: A. actinomycetemcomitans 53%, P. gingivalis 88%, P. intermedia 100%, spirochetes 89% and motile micro‐organisms 100%. At the full mouth level, logistic regression showed significant odds ratios for progressive disease with age (1.15), subgingival calculus (1.20) and subgingival presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (4.61). Presence of any of the selected micro‐organisms on the mucous membranes was not related with progressive disease. In order to study local factors to explain local disease activity, each subject was characterized using the sampled pocket, which was the deepest bleeding pocket without LA at baseline, as a single response site per patient. In this constrained design, the main statistical factors associated with progressive disease were presence of motile micro‐organisms and the plaque score.Conclusions: This study identified 3 main risk markers for disease progression at the full mouth level: age, amount of subgingival calculus and subgingival presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Isolation and genotyping of black‐pigmented anaerobes from periodontal sites of HIV‐positive and non‐infected subjects in Thailand
Authors: Teanpaisan R. , Douglas C. W. I. , Nittayananta W. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background, aims: The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of periodontitis, the prevalence of black‐pigmented anaerobes and the genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia present in HIV‐infected and control subjects in a heterosexual Thai population.Method: 50 AIDS patients and 50 control subjects were included in the study. Their periodontal condition was examined by assessment of bleeding on probing, attachment loss and probing depth, and presence of erythema around 6 teeth (16, 21, 24, 36, 41, 44). Subgingival plaque was collected from the mesiobuccal sites of these teeth and was cultured anaerobically for black‐pigmented bacteria. Species were characterised using biochemical profiles and total protein profiles. Genotyping of each isolate was performed using PCR techniques.Results: There was little clinical evidence of HIV‐associated periodontitis in the HIV‐positive subjects and no difference was found in the prevalence or genotype distribution of black‐pigmented anaerobes between HIV‐infected and control subjects.Conclusions: These data suggest lack of severe periodontal destruction due to HIV‐infection in Thailand and that these subjects are not colonised by more numerous or characteristic clones of certain putative periodontal pathogens.
Effects of carrier release kinetics on bone morphogenetic protein‐2‐induced periodontal regeneration in vivo
Authors: Talwar Richard , Di Silvio Lucy , Hughes Francis J. , King Gaston N. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have shown considerable promise as a therapeutic agent to enhance periodontal regeneration although the optimal characterisitics of a suitable release system are not known.Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of slow and fast degrading gelatin carriers on BMP‐2‐induced periodontal healing.Method: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) was incorporated into gelatin and subsequently differentially cross‐linked to produce slow and fast release carrier systems. Release kinetics were confirmed in vitro, by measuring release of 125I‐growth hormone from similar gelatin plugs. Effects of BMP were evaluated in surgically created rat periodontal fenestration defects which were processed for histology 10 days post‐operatively. The rats were divided into 4 groups and the control defects were treated with either slow or fast degrading gelatin (CONs or CONf respectively), whilst test groups were treated with 1.25 μg rhBMP‐2 in the slow or fast degrading gelatin (BMPs or BMPf respectively).Results: BMPf greatly increased bone formation compared with the control (CONf) (1.67±0.65 versus 0.34±0.11×10−4 m2), but no significant differences were observed with BMPs and CONs. In contrast, new cementum formation was significantly greater in the BMPs group compared with all other groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: Release kinetics of BMP may have important effects on the outcome of BMP‐induced periodontal regeneration. New bone formation may be affected by rapid‐release kinetics although further investigation is necessary to confirm this. In contrast, new cementum formation is promoted by slow release of BMP.
Interleukin‐4 polymorphisms in early onset periodontitis
Authors: Michel J. , Gonzáles J. R. , Wunderlich D. , Diete A. , Herrmann J. M. , Meyle J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Periodontitis is the result of a complex interplay between oral bacteria and the host response, often modulated by behavioral factors. Early‐onset periodontitis (EOP) is defined by the age of onset, the distribution of lesions and specific microbial pathogens.Method: Studies in twins suggested a genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. EOP heritable factors may be related to immune mechanisms which could enhance the pathogenic potential of plaque bacteria in susceptible individuals. Among others, Interleukin 4 (IL‐4) is a potent cytokine in the immune response and is a potent down regulator of macrophage function. In the present study, we report a specific genotype of the IL‐4 gene, which was detected by specific primers and PCR analysis.Results: In the EOP‐group 27.8% were IL‐4 promotor‐ and intron polymorphism positive (PP+ and IP+). None of the age‐matched healthy controls or patients with adult periodontitis (n=25) carried the markers. Moreover, serum IL‐4 levels of PP+ and IP+ patients were below the detection limit and significantly different (p<0.01) from the IL‐4 concentrations of healthy controls and PP− and IP− patients.
Interleukin‐10 gene promoter polymorphism in Japanese patients with adult and early‐onset periodontitis
Authors: Yamazaki Kazuhisa , Tabeta Kouichi , Nakajima Takako , Ohsawa Yutaka , Ueki Kaoru , Itoh Harue , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: IL‐10 is an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, which may modulate disease expression in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. 3 dimorphic polymorphisms within the IL‐10 gene promoter have recently been identified and appear to influence regulation of its expression.Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the promoter polymorphisms are associated with adult periodontitis (AP) and generalized early‐onset periodontitis (G‐EOP).Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from 34 AP patients, 18 G‐EOP patients and 52 controls. The promoter region between −506 and −1140 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and polymorphisms were detected by nucleotide sequencing.Results: The haplotype frequencies in Japanese were quite different from those of Caucasian and were even slightly different from those of southern Chinese with systemic lupus erythematosus. We found no significant difference in allele or haplotype frequencies between patients and controls.Conclusions: IL‐10 production may be regulated within the complex cytokine network in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, rather than the gene polymorphisms.
Periodontitis in smokers and non‐smokers: intra‐oral distribution of pockets
Authors: Van Der Weijden G. A. , De Slegte C. , Timmerman M. F. , Van Der Velden U. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The purpose of the present study was to establish retrospectively whether the disease severity differs between smokers and non‐smokers.Methods: The study population consisted of 183 periodontitis patients, 79 smokers and 104 non‐smokers. These subjects had been referred by general dentists to the Clinic for Periodontology, Utrecht, because of periodontal problems and were selected on the basis of the clinical diagnosis: adult periodontitis. The proportion of bleeding sites and the intra‐oral distribution of probing pocket depth was evaluated.Results: No statistically‐significant differences between smokers (SM) and non‐smokers (NSM) were found regarding the mean % of sites that bled upon probing (SM=76%, NSM=72%). Overall differences in the prevalence of probing depths 5 mm between smokers and non‐smokers were found (SM=44%, NSM=34%). The proportion of sites with a probing pocket depth of 5 mm was consistently higher in smokers in the anterior, premolar and molar regions. The data also show that in the upper jaw at the anterior and premolar teeth, the largest differences are found between smokers and non‐smokers. Smokers have more sites with a pocket depth 5 mm, especially on the lingual surfaces of these teeth.Conclusions: The present study indicates that cigarette smoking is a factor associated with deeper periodontal pockets and an intra‐oral distribution that is suggestive of a local effect.
Comparison of the bleeding on marginal probing index and the Eastman interdental bleeding index as indicators of gingivitis
Authors: Barendregt D. S. , Timmerman M. F. , Van Der Velden U. , Van Der Weijden G. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The purpose of the present study was to compare 2 indices, i.e., the Eastman interdental bleeding (EIB) index and the bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP) index. The comparison was made (a) in terms of the degree of bleeding provoked and the relationship with plaque in natural gingivitis and (b) for the ability of these 2 methods to detect differences between the development of experimental gingivitis in a control group and a group in which the development of gingival inflammation was suppressed by treatment. For the present studies, subjects were selected without interdental recession of the gingival tissues.Methods experiment 1: In this experiment, 43 subjects having established moderate gingivitis were assessed using a random splitmouth design (1st and 3rd/2nd and 4th quadrant). Plaque was scored on all approximal sites after which the BOMP index was assessed in one half of the mouth and the EIB index in the other.Results experiment 1: The BOMP index showed a bleeding score of 84% and the EIB index of 87%. The significant correlation between plaque and gingival bleeding for the BOMP index (0.55) was higher than for the EIB index (0.44).Methods experiment 2: For this experiment, 25 subjects participated in an experimental gingivitis trial of the lower jaw. At baseline, first the BOMP index and immediately thereafter the EIB index were assessed at all approximal sites. Experimental gingivitis (EG) was carried out in one randomly assigned quadrant and as a treatment modality only floss was used in the other (FL). Results experiment 2: In the EG quadrant, the BOMP index increased to 69% and the EIB index to 73%. Both indices showed a significant correlation with plaque; 0.60 and 0.64 respectively. In the FL quadrant, the BOMP index increased to 38% and the EIB index to 30%. No significant correlation between both gingivitis indices and the amount of plaque was present in the FL quadrant. Conclusion: The ability of the BOMP index and the EIB index to assess the level gingival inflammation appears to be comparable.
Effect of an amine‐fluoride‐triclosan mouthrinse on plaque regrowth and biofilm vitality
Authors: Arweiler Nicole B. , Henning G. , Reich E. , Netuschil L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: The purpose of this double‐blind, prospective, latin‐square crossover randomised study was to examine the efficacy of a mouthrinse solution containing a combination of triclosan, amine fluoride and sodium fluoride on supragingival plaque regrowth compared to a placebo and a chlorhexidine solution.Methods: 12 volunteers refrained after professional oral prophylaxis from all mechanical hygiene measures for the following 96 h and rinsed instead cross‐over in a randomised order with either chlorhexidine dicluconate (0.2%, positive control), a verum solution (0.5% amine fluoride, 0.028% sodium fluoride, 0.03% triclosan) or a placebo solution. The plaque index was assessed after 24 and 96 h (PI 1, PI 2) and the plaque area (PA) photographed and calculated after 96 h of undisturbed plaque regrowth. Moreover plaque samples were taken after 24 and 96 h and examined with the vital fluorescence technique to assess the vitality of the biofilm microbiota (VF 1, VF 2).Results: The amine‐fluoride‐triclosan solution reduced the clinical parameters (PI and PA) as well as the vitality of the plaque flora (VF) significantly when compared to the placebo solution. The verum reached a 36.5% (p<0.05) and a 39.8% reduction (p<0.0001) in PI 1 and PI 2, respectively, concomittant with a reduction of 23.8% and 32.2% (p<0.001) in VF 1 and VF 2 and of 46.9% (p<0.0001) in PA at day 4. This was less than the reductions found with the positive control, i.e., the 0.2% chlorhexidine solution (54.2% and 71.1% reduction in PI 1 and PI 2, 40.0% and 53.4% in VF 1 and VF 2 and 71.5% in PA). However, significant differences between both active solutions were only established for PI 2 and PA.Conclusion: During 4‐day plaque regrowth the amine‐fluoride‐triclosan product displayed a significant antibacterial and plaque‐reducing action in comparison to the control.
Associations of serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM and interleukin‐1β with early‐onset periodontitis classification and race
Authors: Albandar Jasim M. , DeNardin Ann M. , Adesanya Margo R. , Winn Deborah M. , Diehl Scott R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: The significance of serum concentrations of various antibodies and cytokines in the pathogenesis of early‐onset periodontitis (EOP) is not well understood. Recent reports suggest differences between young blacks and whites in certain humoral responses, regardless of periodontal status. This study was undertaken to compare the serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IL‐1β in EOP subjects with that of healthy controls, and to study the effect of race on these levels.Material and Methods: This case‐control study included 228 individuals, 19–25 years old who were selected from a larger population examined in the National Survey of Oral Health of United States Children in 1986/1987. The subjects were classified by their EOP status and they included 166 subjects with EOP and 62 healthy controls. Blood samples were used to assess the serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgG subclass, and IL‐1β.Results: The serum concentrations of IgG, IgG subclasses, IgA, and IgM in blacks were not significantly different in the generalized, localized and incidental EOP groups as compared to the healthy controls. The serum IL‐1β concentration was slightly and uniformly lower in the EOP groups than in the control group, although not statistically significant. Blacks had significantly higher serum concentrations of total IgG, and of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 than whites and Hispanics. Hispanics had significantly higher serum concentrations of IgM and IgG4 than whites and blacks. Hispanics also had a significantly higher serum concentration of IL‐1β than blacks.Conclusions: Total antibody response in blacks is not associated with EOP classification. Race has a significant effect on serum antibody concentrations irrespective of disease classification, with blacks having significantly higher serum concentrations of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 than whites and Hispanics.
Relationship between oral health and mortality rate
Authors: Jansson Leif , Lavstedt Stig , Frithiof Lars 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/Aims: Some symptoms of diseases or causes of death are often related to oral health, especially cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between poor oral health and mortality risk, especially when cases of fatal cardiovascular diseases were excluded.Material and methods:  An odontological investigation was made on a sample of 1393 individuals, aged 18–65 years, in 1970 in the County of Stockholm with a follow‐up in 1997, when the mortality rate and causes of death in the sample during the time period 1971–1996 were registered. Oral health was defined as a sum of scores for number of missing teeth, apical lesions, caries lesions and marginal bone loss.Results:  A significant correlation was found between poor oral health and an increased mortality risk even when persons dying from cardiovascular diseases were excluded from the analyses.Conclusion:  Poor oral health was found to be a risk indicator of all‐cause mortality. The lack of specificity of the associations between oral health and mortality strengthens the hypothesis that the significant correlations could be explained by not identified confounding factors.
Healing of intrabony defects following treatment with a bovine‐derived xenograft and collagen membrane
Authors: Sculean Anton , Berakdar Mohammad , Chiantella Giovanni C. , Donos Nikolaos , Arweiler Nicole B. , Brecx Michel 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The purpose of the present study was to compare clinically the treatment of deep intrabony defects with a combination of a bovine‐derived xenograft (BDX) and a bioresorbable collagen membrane to access flap surgery.Methods: Twenty‐eight patients suffering from chronic periodontitis, and each of whom displayed one intrabony defect, were randomly treated with BDX + collagen membrane (test) or with access flap surgery (control). Soft tissue measurements were made at baseline and at 1 year following therapy.Results: No differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed at baseline between the two groups. Healing was uneventful in all patients. At 1 year after therapy, the test group showed a reduction in mean probing depth (PD) from 9.2±1.3 to 3.9±0.7 mm (p<0.001) and a change in mean clinical attachment level (CAL) from 10.2±1.5 to 6.2±0.5 mm (p<0.0001). In the control group, the mean PD was reduced from 9.0±1.2 to 5.2±1.8 mm (p<0.001) and the mean CAL changed from 10.5±1.5 to 8.4±2.1 mm (p<0.01). The test treatment resulted in statistically higher PD reductions (p≤0.05) and CAL gains (p<0.001) than the control one. In the test group all sites (100%) gained at least 3 mm of CAL. In the control group no CAL gain occurred in four sites (29%), whereas at six sites (43%) the CAL gain was 2 mm. A CAL gain of 3 mm or more was measured in four defects (29%).Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that: (i) at 1 year after surgery both therapies resulted in significant PD reductions and CAL gains, and (ii) treatment with BDX+collagen membrane resulted in significantly higher CAL gains than treatment with access flap surgery.
Clinical significance of non‐surgical periodontal therapy: an evidence‐based perspective of scaling and root planing
Authors: Cobb Charles M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAnalysis of Egyptian hieroglyphics and medical papyri indicate that non‐surgical periodontal treatment was common 3000‐4000 years ago. Even today, scaling and root planing (SRP) remains an essential part of successful periodontal therapy. The collective evidence from numerous clinical trials reveals a consistency of clinical response in the treatment of chronic periodontitis by SRP using manual, sonic, or ultrasonic instrumentation. Thus, SRP remains the ‘gold standard’ to which more recently developed therapeutic modalities must be compared. Inherent to the clinical evaluation of SRP are such concerns as manual versus sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation, control of sub‐gingival bacterial populations, removal of calculus, root smoothness and changes in various clinical parameters, e.g. probing depth, attachment levels, bleeding on probing and gingival inflammation. Lastly, an abbreviated discussion is presented on a relatively new paradigm of complete mouth ‘disinfection’ in a compressed time‐frame that includes SRP as a significant component of the treatment regimen.