bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repetition in Latin Poetry
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first comprehensive treatment of Latin figures of repetition, this poetic handbook includes over ten thousand quotations from Ennius to Juvenal, with numerous examples from Latin prose and Greek literature for comparison. Long relegated to commentary notes, the figures of gemination, epanalepsis, polyptotn, anaphora etc. are finally treated systematically as distinct stylistic markers. Under each topic, Professor Wills studies extensively the authorial preferences and traditions of the various genres, with figures arising from the positional and framing structures of repetitions collected at the end. A section on formal means of allusion and the special attention given throughout the book to the use of figures for intertextual reference also makes the work a major contribution to the Latin poetics of allusion. Literary critics, textual critics, and commentators should all find this volume indispensable in different ways.
Allusion
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Underlying the Aeneid are the Homeric poems and other texts: Vergil made extensive use of the Iliad, the Odyssey, Apollonius’ Argonautica, other epic poems, tragedies, and so on. All this is known and demonstrable. But to what extent does Vergil allude to, as well as borrow from, these sources? To what extent are the underlying texts part of the new, the Vergilian, fabrication? And with what effect? These are difficult questions, to which far from unanimous answers are available. The general concept of allusion in ancient literature has been tackled, but still awaits completely satisfactory treatment. Meanwhile, individual authors' practices must be assessed by their own interpreters. Vergil is, I think, the poet potentially most amenable to generalization, and Vergilian allusion is the subject' of this chapter. My intention first of all is simply to advance certain wide-ranging theses, and then to proceed to examples.
Further Voices
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hope that I have now given practical demonstration of Vergil's modes of communication in the Aeneid, of the ways in which he insinuates unexpected material and opinions. In particular I have shown that unexpected political material is insinuated: the Aeneid probes, questions, and occasionally subverts the simple Augustanism that it may appear to project; and it does this by means of its further voices. It is now time to pick up and expound more fully this idea of voices, the epic voice and further voices, and show how they relate to each other, and to other more familiar topics in epic narrative technique.
Review of Tuilier, Étude compariée du texte et des scholies d’Eunpide
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1968 M. Tuilier published a book entitled Recherches critiques sur la tradition du texte dEurip1de, in which he attempted to trace the transmission of the text of Euripides from the earliest times down to the fourteenth century. The first part of the book, after a remarkable series of arguments, culminated in a demonstration that the ‘select’ plays were chosen by a professorial committee in the University of Constantinople about AD 450; and the second part attempted to establish a stemma of the manuscripts issuing from the alleged fifth-century archetype.
Elis
Authors: Roy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early Eleian expansion, and in particular the struggle with Pisa for control of Olympia, is obscure (RE v. 2373–91, xx. 1747–53). Surviving accounts are distorted by a desire to identify people and places mentioned by Homer (see especially the material from Apollodoros in Strabo book 8), and by the influence of later political interests (see Sordi (1994); Ulf (1997); Bilik (1998–99); and Nafissi (2001) on the historiography of Olympia and Elis).
Thessalia And Adjacent Regions
Authors: Decourt Jean-Claude , Nielsen Thomas Heine , Helly Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a geographical term, Thessalia was used with a wide variety of meanings in Antiquity.¹ In the narrow sense it designated simply the four tetrades of the Thessalian Confederacy (Pelasgiotis, Hestiaiotis, Thessaliotis and Phthiotis (Arist. fr. 497, Rose; Andron (FGrHist 10) fr. 16a)); whereas in a broader sense it came to include areas such as Ainis, which supplied the Thessalian Confederacy of the Roman era with at least one strategos (cf. IG ix.2 p. xxv; see also infra on Strabo’s conception of the region).
Thrace From Strymon To Nestos
Authors: Loukopoulou Louisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The region bounded by the lower courses of the rivers Strymon and Nestos consists of two extensively marshy plains, well watered by the river Strymon and by its tributary, the Angites, dominated by imposing richly wooded mountains—Mt. Pangaion to the south-west, Mt. Lekane to the east, Mt. Kerkine and the Rhodope range to the north. A third plain, rich in agricultural lands, extends between Mt. Pangaion and Mt. Symbolon to the south-east. The latter mountain range and Mt. Lekane further north-east together define a narrow coastal strip, whose easternmost part was considerably extended through the centuries by the massive alluvial deposits of the river Nestos.
Inland Thrace
Authors: Archibald Zofia Halina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reaction of most students of Classical Antiquity to the subject of this chapter might well be: were there any poleis in inland Thrace? Most of the sites marked on Barr. Maps 22, 51 and 52 are coastal, and most of the inland ones seem to be of Roman date. There are some strange exceptions in the central (Thracian) plain of modern Bulgaria, but these are cemetery sites, not the locations of known settlements, however designated. We may assume that the cemeteries were connected with communities nearby, but there is no hint on the maps of what these agglomerations may have been.
The Cavalry of Classical Greece
Authors: Spence I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first to examine how classical Greek cavalry actually operated on the battlefield. It looks at the prime characteristices of Greek cavalry, including mobility, protection, armament, training, leadership, flexibility, and motivation. Up to now, it has usually been assumed that ancient Greek cavalry was subordinated to the infantry because it was less effective in battle. This book challenges this assumption, analysing the position of Greek cavalry, and especially the Athenian arm, not only in the battlefield but in society as a whole. It concludes that, like many modern societies, Greek states produced military arms which were moulded more by social and economic influences than by purely military considerations. Classical Greek cavalry had a high combat potential, but this was reduced by the attitudes of the rest of society towards the cavalry class - the wealthiest and most aristocratic group in most states.
Gentleman
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central Anatolian plateau is not a hospitable place. Not only does Basil the Great complain of being buried under snow for months on end,but Gregory Nazianzen could regard even his friend’s removal to Pontus as an escape from the Cappa-docian mud and cold. At an average elevation of two to four thousand feet and sealed off from the sea by mountains, Cappa-docia exhibits all the extremes of climate. Largely treeless,in ancient times the country was divided into landed estates, imperial, senatorial, or priestly, and given over to pasturage and some farming.
Exile
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any change of times and states is bound to unsettle, and for Christians in particular it was difficult to say what the new reign might bring. Some, indeed, rejoiced that ‘the beast’ (Constantius) was dead,and looked forward to the new ruler’s justifiable reputation for mildness. It is not clear how soon they realized he was a committed pagan. In hindsight they said that Julian had been dissembling for years, and that his youthful piety was a fraud. But while it is certainly true that he later celebrated a childish fascination with the sun-god’s rays,the reality is that he was baptized as an infant,educated in the Church, and like his brother, had been a lector in the church at Nicomedia. Indeed, as a teenager he is said to have dressed (a little ambiguously) as an ascetic,and helped, with his brother, to build a martyrium.
The Natural History
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Greece, the Sophists had been the first to claim to impart to their pupils such knowledge as they might need in daily life.1 Hippias of Elis (Pl. Hp. mi. 368b ff.) mastered all the subjects of instruction later referred to by Aristotle (Pol. 1337b15) as the branches of knowledge necessary for a freeman: these included astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, music, and grammar. Quintilian (Inst. 1. 10. 1) writes: ‘orbis ille doctrinae
Conceptions Of Genre: Criticism in Prose Poetry
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genre is an evident fact of this literature. If we contemplate the literature as from the air, we must immediately be struck by stark and primary divisions and chasms, between poetry and prose, philosophy and history, epic and epigram. What these divisions of genre entail is a more complicated question; the book as a whole will only try to illuminate some of the differences and likenesses between some of the genres. In the first two chapters we will seek some preliminary orientation in this landscape, and in doing so will introduce the book’s principal themes of greatness (sublimity, grandeur) and reality (truth). (Cf. pp. r f) Our attention will be devoted almost exclusively to the Latin literature of this period, in the generic scene that it displays and in the comments on genre that it offers. This path has been chosen as one of special and immediate interest for this book, not as the only valid route. It will not be possible to consider either ancient literary criticism in general or the history of the individual genres; these topics, fundamental but enormous, would not lead us to very different conclusions.
The Evolution of the Urban Hierarchy
Authors: Grainger. John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three sizes of city which were apparent in Syria by 280 BC have been called large, medium, and small. Neither the constituents of those groups nor the classification itself remained unaltered for long. Nor did the actual number of cities remain constant. Seleukos himself had founded two more, Nikopolis and Hierapolis, to add to his original eight, and there were always Arados and Marathos and the rest of the Aradian peraia. Change and development continued all through the Hellenistic period—and, of course, after.
The Survival of the Cities
Authors: Grainger. John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long period of civil warfare between 153 and 138 had been accompanied by invasions from outside the Seleukid kingdom, and by rebellions within, and gradually more territory had been lost. Asia Minor had gone already, in 188, and now the eastern provinces were taken by the Parthians. Two Seleukid armies were destroyed, in 139 and 129, and the Parthian king conquered as far as Babylonia and Mesopotamia. The Ptolemies invaded, but failed to annex any territory permanently. Inside the kingdom, the Jewish rebellion which began in 166 eventually organized itself into a state and was accorded a semi-independent status by the Seleukid kings; other areas more quietly detached themselves, Osrhoene and Kommagene as kingdoms under the rule of self-promoted former satraps, Arados as an independent city.
Bes
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written evidence is scarce. It consists mostly of captions giving the names and epithets of the god. Bes seems to have featured in legends of Re, Horus, and Hathor, but these are never fully narrated; we must be content with scattered allusions to his mythical role in magical, votive and ritual texts of different periods. NAME The identity of the god is complex. Bes seems to have been employed as a generic name for different dwarf deities with the same physical appearance.
Ptah-Pataikoi
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the late New Kingdom, another dwarf god is commonly found in Egypt. He is clearly differentiated from Bes. He represents an achondroplastic dwarf, usually naked, with short bent limbs, a long trunk and a big flat-topped head; he is fully human, without foreign attributes, and does not carry weapons. Representations of this god are numerous, principally in amulets, and it is still unclear whether they depict various forms of one and the same god, or a group of dwarf gods, as with Bes.
Terminology
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in Egypt, the two terms do not seem to have defined a specific pathology; they were interchangeable and could both refer to ethnic or pathological short stature, proportionate or disproportionate. In the works of Aristotle, for example, nvypaioi is found describing pathological dwarfs deformed in their parts, proportionately reduced in size, and African pygmies;4 when analysing the origin of stunted growth in mules, yivvoi, and pigs, pezayoipa, Aristotle names human dwarfs vavoi in the Historia Animalium, and nuypaioi in the De Generatione Animalium.
Conclusion
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The condition of dwarfs in archaic and classical Greece is very ambivalent. A few Greek myths, which have left only scanty traces in literature and iconography, involve dwarf creatures. These stories express forms of rejection: they transmit the image of liminal beings with comical, wily, and disquieting aspects. As robbers, the Cercopes brothers stand outside the ordered world; they are associated with both wit and fraud, as stressed by their names, Sillos (‘wag’) and Tryballos (‘sycophant’). The ludicrous pygmies, who are relegated to the end of the known world, appear as primitive and impious beings. Deities associated to smithcraft may have a grotesque, risible appearance, like the Kabeiroi; they may also be slanderous and malevolent, like the Telchines, who can cast the evil eye.
E: Egypt
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The monuments are grouped chronologically, according to location, moving south of Alexandria, and within each site in PM order: Giza: WF (West Field), EF (East Field), GIS (cemetery GIS), CF (Central Field). Saqqara: NSP (North of Step Pyramid), ESP (East of Step Pyramid), WSP (West of Step Pyramid), NTP (North of Teti Pyramid), UPC (Uni Pyramid Cemetery).
Divina Natura: The Roots of Pliny’s Thought
Authors: Beagon Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world … is fitly believed to be a deity, eternal and immeasurable, a being that was never born and will never perish. What lies outside it does not concern men to explore and is beyond the capability of the human mind to guess. It is sacred, eternal, immeasurable, wholly within the whole, or rather itself the whole, finite and resembling the infinite, certain of all things and resembling the uncertain, holding in its embrace all things that are within and without, at once the work of nature and nature herself (HN 2. 1).
Jerome, Greek Scholarship, and the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Kamesar Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jerome (c. 345-420) was one of the greatest Bibilical scholars of antiquity. Among his achievements was his Latin translations of the Bible `according to the Hebrew', or iuxta Hebraeos. This translation came to constitute the major part of the Vulgate, the standard Bible of Latin Christendom. The author here considers the origin of this project through an analysis of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim, a commentary on the book of Genesis published at approximately the same time as the first instalments of the translation. The primary focus of the book is the question of Jerome's dependence on Greek scholarship both before and during his own time.
Introduction
Authors: Kamesar Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jerome, one of the greatest biblical scholars of antiquity, was born probably sometime in the 340s in the town of Stridon, which seems to have been located in what was until recently western Yugoslavia. He was sent to Rome for his secondary education, where he studied under the grammarian Aelius Donatus. After spending some time in Trier and Aquileia, he set out for the East in the early 370s. He had developed an interest in ascetic living at Aquileia, and sought to pursue this form of life in the great centres of eastern monasticism. He lived for a few years as a hermit in the desert of Chalcis in Syria, but spent much of this period at Antioch, where he deepened his knowledge of Greek and was also ordained as a priest. He was in Constantinople during the years 380-1, and at this time published Latin translations of some works of Eusebius and Origen. He returned to Rome in 382, where he served for about three years as a sort of unofficial assistant to Pope Damasus. He left Rome for good in 385, and after a period of travel in the East, settled in Bethlehem in 386. He founded a monastic community there, and lived out his life as its director. He died in 420.
Essence and Nature of the Homeric Similes
Authors: FräNkel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘He spun like a top ‘; ‘he fought like a lion ‘; ‘you are like a flower ‘-it would not be easy to define ‘the ‘ purpose common to all of these three very simple comparisons. So it is unlikely that we will be able to demonstrate a uniform purpose for the Homeric simile, which was refined to the limits and developed in many very different ways. Attempts to do so have been too narrowly or too broadly conceived to say anything definite. The opinion which is probably put forward most frequently is that the function of the simile is illustration, i.e. to make the unknown clear through juxtaposition with the known, or the invisible clear through the visible. Many a scholar has succumbed to the temptation to make the degree of vividness the yardstick of the simile. We probably do not need to refute this opinion in detail; the three modest examples we have just given do it conclusively enough.
Landowners and Tenants in Roman Egypt
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxyrhynchus in Egypt is the best documented city of the Roman Empire. This book uses the thousands of papyrus documents found there to examine how its urban landowning class derived its wealth from the rural hinterland. After an introductory chapter discussing the topography and agricultural conditions of the region, the book analyses the conditions of tenure under which land was held; the social composition of landholders (who included both men and women) and the nature of their holdings; the transmission of ownership by inheritance and sale; and finally the role of short-term leasing among methods of land management. The system of land tenure, rules of inheritance, and law of sale and lease, together with social convention formed a complex web articulating the social relationships between landowners and tenants. The papyri from Oxyrhynchus, by illustrating in detail how individuals negotiated their way throug this web, provide unparalleled insight into the character of landownership in a Roman province.
Cicero’s Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Long A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to approach Cicero’s philosophical work by studying his assessments and use of Plato and Aristotle. That could, of course, be a topic for a whole book.1 As assessed by Cicero, Plato and Aristotle constitute between them all that is best in philosophy, both in their own right and by the traditions they established via their successors in the Academy and the Lyceum. Merely translating their ‘superhuman talents’ (‘divina ingenia’), he says, would be a patriotic service (Fin. I. 7). Cicero even called the two gymnasia of his Tusculan villa by these names.2 So an adequate account of Cicero’s Plato and Aristotle, it might seem, would have to incorporate the main part of Cicero’s philosophical writings. In fact, those works are primarily concerned with postAristotelian or Hellenistic philosophy. Aristotle, and especially Plato, were more to Cicero than great names from the past, but their philosophies per se were not major talking-points during his lifetime. By including Plato and Aristotle in his philosophical corpus, Cicero was less concerned with their individual doctrines than with the general impetus they had given to the subject, their diffused influence as expressed by the terms Academici and Peripatetici, and their literary distinction.
Probabile, Veri Simile, and Related Terms
Authors: Glucker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is usually assumed that probabile and ueri simile are alternative Latin terms employed by Cicero to translate the Carneadean πθɑ𝒗ó𝒗 This seems to be the case in the first appearance of these two concepts, and together, in an extant philosophical work of Cicero: ‘Volunt enim ... probabile aliquid esse et quasi ueri simile, eaque se uti regula et in agenda uita et in quaerendo ac disserendo’ (Luc. 32).
Caesar’s Heritage: Hellenistic Kings and their Roman Equals
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 44 bc Caesar, newly declared dictator perpetuo, told a crowd hailing him half-heartedly as king that they were mistaken: he was ‘not Rex but Caesar’; but he punished the tribunes who removed the diadems placed on his statues, and who arrested a man for putting them there. Not long after, at the Lupercalia, the consul Mark Antony thrice offered a diadem to Caesar, who was sitting, as Cicero, doubtless an eye-witness, describes him, ‘amictus toga purpurca, in sella aurea, coronatus ‘; Caesar refused it, sending it to Jupiter on the Capitol, and had inscribed in the Fasti a notice that he had been offered the diadem populi iussu (which was certainly not true), but had not accepted it. But would he have accepted had the people been more enthusiastic? Thus began a controversy as to Caesar’s final intentions that has still not been resolved. I have no dogmatic answer to the question and I do not wish to go through all the old arguments, though I would like to suggest that there is good contemporary evidence for believing that Caesar was willing to be worshipped as a god, but did not wish to take the name of king; and I would also like to suggest that there might have been more logic than appears at first sight in accepting a number of honours that suggested kingship (as well as divinity, which so often in the East went with it), and yet refusing the name. For on the usual interpretations of Caesar’s last actions we are in a dilemma: if he simply wanted to avoid the name of king and the hatred which, as a practical proposition at least, it still aroused in Rome, then he did, or permitted, a lot of incredibly foolish things.