bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Domestic Sources of Multilateral Preferences: Varieties of Capitalism in the European Community
Authors: Fioretos Orfeo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplains how variations in the structure of a country's economic system shape their preferences over other forms of multilateral international organizations. It specifically answers why Britain and Germany advocated different regulatory structures in the European Union's monetary, social, and industrial policies in the context of negotiating the content of the Maastricht Treaty. Theoretically, the paper explores ways in which the varieties of capitalism framework can be extended to the domain of international relations.
Employers, Public Policy, and the Politics of Decentralized Cooperation in Germany and France
Authors: Culpepper Pepper D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReforms of public policy often require governments to convince private actors to cooperate with each other. Through a comparison of vocational training reforms undertaken in France and Germany, this chapter demonstrates the conditions under which governments can succeed in such an economic reform. Lacking the information necessary to design policies that can solve these problems of coordination, governments must work with private associations that have access to this information in order to design policies that convince private actors to begin cooperating with each other.
Varieties of Corporate Governance: Comparing Germany and the UK
Authors: Vitols Sigurt 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter compares the systems for corporate governance of Germany and the UK as systems typical of liberal and coordinated market economies with attention to the relationship between markets for corporate governance and corporate finance and managerial structure. It traces recent changes in both systems concluding that each remains distinctive. It explores the impact of these differences on recent firm strategies in the sectors of financial services and the chemicals and pharmaceutical industry.
Macro‐varieties of Capitalism and Micro‐varieties of Strategic Management in European Airlines
Authors: Lehrer Mark 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe relevance of the varieties‐of‐capitalism approach to strategic management is demonstrated by the evolution of competition in the European air‐transport sector. In the highly regulated environment that prevailed until the mid‐1980s, the German carrier, Lufthansa, was highly successful in a setting that rewarded incremental innovation, especially in engineering. After deregulation in the European airline industry began, rapidly evolving areas such as selling systems, distribution channels, and marketing techniques acquired central strategic importance. In this altered context, British Airways, benefiting from its LME home institutional environment, surpassed Lufthansa in its capacity to adopt radical innovation in its commercial systems.
Legal Irritants: How Unifying Law Ends up in New Divergences
Authors: Teubner Gunther 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRecent attempts at institutional transfer of legal rules from one production regime to the other seem to produce a double irritation in the new context. As the case of transfer of continental rules on ‘good faith’ demonstrates, foreign rules are irritants not only in relation to the domestic legal discourse itself but also in relation to the economic institutions to which law is closely coupled. They force the domestic law to a reconstruction in the network of its distinctions, while provoking the economic institutions to a reconstruction of their own. Thus, they trigger two different series of events whose interaction leads to an evolutionary dynamics, which may find a new equilibrium in the eigenvalues of the legal and economic institutions involved. The result of such a complex and turbulent process is rarely a convergence of the participating legal orders, rather the creation of new cleavages in the interrelation of legal and economic institutions.
National Varieties of Standardization
Authors: Tate Jay 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBoth liberal and coordinated market economies engage in standardization, but the ease of ‘exit’ and the character of ‘voice’ differ. In a liberal market economy, firms tend to use standards opportunistically, whether in low‐end price competition or high‐end competition over intellectual property rights to radical innovations. Standards institutions compete for customers and operate for profit, and state actors are more likely to intervene directly to secure particular standards than to promote economy‐wide coordination. In a coordinated market economy, where defections and reliance upon market‐based de facto standardization are less common, firms rely on formal, pre‐competitive standards to weed out technically inferior solutions, minimize opportunities for price‐based competition, and facilitate relatively redictable strategies of incremental innovation. Standards institutions are run less like a profit centre and more like a shared economic infrastructure, which even state actors tend to utilize and extend.
On Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOn Virtue Ethics is an exposition and defence of neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics. The first part discusses the ways in which it can provide action guidance and action assessment, which are usually given by the v‐rules—rules generated from the names of the virtues and vices such as ‘Do what is honest’, ‘Do not do what is dishonest’. That such rules may (apparently) conflict, leads to an exploration of the virtue ethics approach to resolvable, irresolvable, and tragic dilemmas. The second part is about the role of the emotions in virtue and vice, since it examines the inculcation of racism through the miseducation of the emotions. Kant and Aristotle are compared on the question of moral motivation, and a virtue ethics’ account of acting ‘from a sense of duty’ provided. The third part is on ‘the rationality of morality’ in relation to virtue ethics, the question of whether there is any ‘objective’ criterion for a certain character trait being a virtue. The standard neo‐Aristotelian premise that ‘A virtue is a character trait a human being needs for eudaimonia, to flourish or live well’ should be regarded as encapsulating two interrelated claims, namely, that the virtues benefit their possessor, and that the virtues make their possessor good qua human being (human beings need the virtues in order to live a characteristically good human life.) The second claim is defended in terms of a form of ethical naturalism—the enterprise of basing ethics in some way on considerations of human nature—but a form that explicitly disavows any pretensions to being purely scientific.
Resolvable Dilemmas
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
V‐ rules may seem to fall foul of ‘the conflict problem’, failing to give us action guidance, when the requirements of different virtues conflict. Where hard cases or dilemmas are, ex hypothesi, resolvable, virtue ethics in fact employs a strategy similar to that of some forms of deontology: it argues that the putative conflicts are merely apparent. That recognizing a conflict as merely apparent may call for moral wisdom or phronesis is explicitly acknowledged in virtue ethics, which takes seriously Aristotle's point that moral knowledge, unlike mathematical knowledge, cannot be acquired merely by attending lectures, and is not characteristically to be found in people too young to have much experience of life. A normative ethics should not aim to provide a decision procedure that any reasonably clever adolescent could apply.
Irresolvable and Tragic Dilemmas
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAre there any irresolvable dilemmas? If there are any, then action guidance, in such cases, is not possible. However, action assessment is still not only possible, but needed—and virtue ethics can provide a particularly satisfying account of the differences between unworrying, distressing, and genuinely tragic irresolvable dilemmas, the latter being those from which even the most virtuous agent cannot emerge with her life unmarred. Resolvable dilemmas may also be tragic in this sense.
Aristotle and Kant
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractVirtue ethics is often praised, especially at the expense of Kant's deontology, for giving a better account of the moral significance of the emotions than the other ethical approaches, and, in particular, for giving a more attractive account than Kant of ‘moral motivation’. However, a careful consideration of Aristotle's enkrateia/arete distinction ( the distinction between strength of will or ‘continence’ and full virtue) and the famous passage in Kant's Grundlegung in which he discusses moral worth, reveals that, in many ways, Aristotle and Kant are much closer than is usually supposed. In so far as Aristotle has a notion of ‘motivation’, the continent and the fully virtuous agent have the same motivation—they both act from reason (logos) in the form of ‘choice’ (prohairesis.)
Virtue and the Emotions
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle is arguably superior to Kant in his account of human rationality, an account that allows the emotions to participate in reason, rather than being mere animal, non‐rational impulses, and thereby play their proper role in the specification of full virtue. The virtues are concerned with actions and feelings, and the moral education needed to develop them involves the education of the emotions. The full significance of this fact can be fruitfully illustrated through an example of moral miseducation, viz. the inculcation of racism.
Moral Motivation
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMoreover, acting from virtue, from a settled state of character, sets the standard for acting from duty, or because one thinks it is right. Whatever their sincerely avowed reasons for acting, people act ‘from duty’ to the extent that their character resembles that of the ideally virtuous agent. Hence moral motivation can be a matter of degree, and is not introspectible.
The Virtues Benefit Their Possessor
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSome familiar objections to the very idea that the virtues benefit their possessor can be quickly cleared away. When we consider the claim in the context of bringing up our own children or reflexion on our own lives, rather than in the context of trying to convince the wicked or the moral sceptic, we believe it. According to Phillips and McDowell, we believe it in so far as we are virtuous, because we have special conceptions of eudaimonia, benefit, harm, and loss, which guarantees its truth. But we also believe it on the basis of the sort of ethical, but non‐evaluative beliefs about human nature cited by Hare and Foot.
Naturalism for Rational Animals
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEthical naturalism is not to be construed as the attempt to ground ethical evaluations in a scientific account of human nature; ethical evaluations are disanalogous to non‐ethical ones in various ways. Both depend upon our identifying what is characteristic of the species in question. But the other animals’ characteristic ways of going on are many, and ours is just one—a rational way—which introduces a normative aspect.
Objectivity
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe two different interpretations of the premise that ‘a virtue is a character trait a human being needs for eudaimonia’ can ultimately be seen as interdependent, for both rely on the idea that our nature is such that the virtues, as we know them, suit human beings. The rival view, that human nature is not harmonious is not a new idea arriving with Darwinism, but as old as misanthropy and amounts to global moral scepticism.
Human Nature and the Limits of Science
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book applies to the study of human nature the generally pluralistic metaphysics and methodology developed in the author's earlier work. It begins with detailed criticism of two popular projects for understanding human nature, evolutionary psychology, and rational‐choice theory. The argument shows how the flaws in these projects reflect deep misconceptions about the nature and the legitimate ambitions of science. Such scientific theories necessarily provide highly simplified accounts of a phenomenon as complex as human nature and can provide only a small part of the total picture of such a phenomenon. Only a pluralistic approach, an approach that combines insights from a variety of perspectives not limited to the scientific, can hope to provide anything close to an adequate account of human nature. In addition to a variety of partial perspectives from science, the humanities, and, not least, common human experience, it is argued that there is also room for a conception of human autonomy. The details of this conception, including a sketch of a novel voluntarist theory of freedom of the will, are provided in a concluding chapter.
The Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReviews the emergence of evolutionary psychology from an earlier sociobiology, and examines the general arguments for seeing evolution as the key to human nature. Separate sections discuss the atavism that these arguments imply, the mental modules that evolutionary psychologists claim the mind is composed of, and the relationships between genes, brains, and behaviour that their theories assume. Concludes with a discussion of the perennial dichotomy of nature and nurture.
Kinds of People
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRejects the attempt of evolutionary psychology to deny or minimize the importance of human cultural diversity, and argues for the importance of such diversity. This involves an attempt to understand the causal power of culture and the processes of cultural evolution. Compares human cultural diversity with the diversity found among non‐human species. Finally argues that, despite obvious dangers, cultural diversity should, like biological diversity, be valued. Concludes with some reflections on the so‐called Science Wars.
Rational Choice Theory
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Develops a critique of important aspects of rational‐choice theory, parallel in part to the critique of evolutionary psychology. Whereas rational choice informs some potentially useful models of market phenomena, the attempt to conceive all human life as market based is unpromising and provides a paradigm of scientific imperialism. Using as an example the concept of work, criticism of scientific imperialism leads into a more detailed defence of a pluralistic approach to human behaviour. Concludes with a discussion of the distinction between positive and normative economics and a further attack on the fact/value distinction.
Freedom of the Will
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractConcludes with an elaboration of the conception of autonomy, which, it is argued, is needed to complete a properly pluralistic account of human behaviour. An incompatibilist account of free will grounded in a novel way on the radical indeterminism and causal incompleteness defended in the author's The Disorder of Thingsis introduced. Argues that genuine autonomy can be found in the dialectical relation between the individual and society.
Globalization and Knowledge Flows: An Industrial Geographer's Perspective
Authors: Storper Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first part of this chapter argues that the geographical origin, destinations, and mastery of economically useful knowledge have more profound impacts on the changing shape of development than do the issues of location and specialization used in the usual economic analysis. The rest of the chapter discusses standard approaches to the question of globalization and territory, the four levels of globalization, the internationalization of productivity, and price norms in routine contestable production.
Multinational Enterprises and the Knowledge Economy: Leveraging Global Practices
Authors: Sölvell Örjan , Birkinshaw Julian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAfter an introduction, this chapter has five main sections. Sections (2) and (3) provide a brief review of the existing literature on the knowledge‐based economy, and on the forces for globalization and localization, with the purpose of explaining why the nature of the competitive challenge facing multinational enterprises (MNEs) is changing. Section (4) introduces the concept of global practices as a key driver of firm competitiveness in a knowledge economy. Sections (5) and (6) consider the implications of global practices, first in terms of the evolution of the MNE, and then in terms of the theory of the MNE.
Regional Integration and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Globerman Steven , Kokko Ari 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt is suggested that the most serious challenge facing a study of the relationship between regional integration and foreign direct investment is the multidimensional nature of the issue. In particular, there is reason to believe that the relevant linkages will vary between different integration agreements, and between countries and industries participating in any specific agreement. This chapter therefore sets out some broad theoretical considerations surrounding the linkages between regional integration agreements and foreign direct investment. It then refines these broad considerations into a more focused framework that accounts for some indirect linkages that have, hitherto, been largely ignored in the relevant literature. A brief examination is then made of three recent, and very distinct, cases of regional integration in North and South America with reference to the framework already discussed: Canada joining CUSFTA (the Canada–USA Free Trade Agreement); Mexico's accession to NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement); and the first stage of integration in MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Sur).
Regional Integration: NAFTA and the Reconfiguration of North American Industry
Authors: Eden Lorraine , Monteils Antoine 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show changes in the stock of North American inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the 1985–97 period. Second, two‐way FDI stock data from the OECD (1997) provide a snapshot of intraregional and extraregional North American integration in 1989 and 1994. Third, using US inward FDI data for the 1989–94 period, investment patterns are compared of insider firms (Canada and Mexico) with outsider firms (all others) along four dimensions: timing of FDI, mode of entry, state location, and industry choice. Since NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect on 1 January 1994, the data should be seen as more reflective of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, but some interesting patterns of responses to regional integration are found that suggest the regional integration process in North America is significantly affecting plant location decisions.
Policy Partnership in the Development of Knowledge Industries in Scotland
Authors: Peters Ewen , Hood Neil , Young Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores ways in which policy partnerships between the public and private sectors in economic development have devolved within one region of the UK (Scotland) over an extended period of time. It concentrates on two elements of the knowledge industries, namely, software and semiconductors, in a context where the majority of leading actors are multinational enterprises (MNEs), which are being progressively shaped by the globalization process. The chapter highlights both processes and challenges facing partnerships that are essentially designed to stimulate economic development within a particular part of the economy, yet where most of the businesses involved are pursuing strategies for Europe and beyond.
Large Firms and Industrial Districts in Europe: Deregionalization, Re‐Regionalization, and the Transformation of Manufacturing Flexibility
Authors: Herrigel Gary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The current challenges to industrial districts in Europe are examined, and a range of possible scenarios is outlined for dealing with the situation. The main sections of the chapter address the following: varieties of industrial flexibility; deregionalization and re‐regionalization of production led by large firms; the long‐term viability of industrial districts such as Baden–Württemberg in Germany; and the role of regional governments and policy makers in offering assistance.
Firms, Regions, and Strategy in a Diverging World: The Australian Case
Authors: Sheehan Peter , Grewal Bhajan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Many countries distant from the mainstream of knowledge‐based wealth creation have a number of related concerns: whether it can be ensured that, as nations, they will participate fully in emerging global growth processes; what policies, in respect of both multinational enterprises (MNEs) and local firms, will best secure this participation; and whether this participation, if it is achieved, will generate growing divergence on a regional basis within the nation. The objective of this chapter is to explore the reality of these phenomena, and the diversity of policy responses to them, for the case of one small, open economy far removed from the main sources of knowledge generation—Australia. After briefly reviewing some recent relevant developments in economic theory, the analysis focuses particularly on the roles of foreign direct investment (FDI) and of both local firms and MNEs within Australia, and on some of the regional aspects of this involvement.
Innovation Systems, Networks, and the Knowledge‐Based Economy in Korea
Authors: Park Sam Ock 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Innovation systems and local global networks of high‐technology industry in Korea are examined with regard to the evolution of the knowledge‐based economy. Major data for the study are derived from a recent questionnaire survey of SMEs (small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises) conducted for the IMF in 1997, and from an interview survey conducted in 1995 for the high‐technology industries in Korea. Changes are outlined in Korean industry since the rapid industrialization period of the 1970s, when chaebols (conglomerate business groups) rather than SMEs emerged as the leading actors in industrial development; the chaebol system was broken up following the foreign exchange crisis of November 1997. The main sections of the chapter cover regional variation of innovation performance, local innovation networks of SMEs, and local and global networks of high‐technology clusters in Kyonggi and Kumi.
Singapore: Destination for Multinationals
Authors: Yue Chia Siow 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Singapore has made the region and the world its economic hinterland and is a favoured destination for multinational corporations. This chapter addresses three main issues: Singapore as a manufacturing base and services hub; the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational corporations (MNCs [or multinational enterprises, MNEs]) in Singapore's economic development; and regionalization and the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore (IMS) growth triangle. It is concluded that the crucial feature in Singapore's success has been to plug into the global and regional economies to gain access to resources for consumption and production, and markets for its goods and services, and to secure the assistance of foreign MNCs.