bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early vertebrates and their extant relatives
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phylogenetic and systematic framework of extant craniates given in the preceding chapter is based on characteristics of all kinds, although morphological ones are still by far the most reliable, in the absence of the methodological stability of molecular systematics. The source of information represented by these neontological characteristics is not unlimited but it is far from thoroughly explored. Although great weight is given now to molecular sequence data, the anatomy of many of the best-known extant craniates still reveals features that had gone unnoticed by zoologists for two centuries. Our interpretation of the phylogeny of extant craniates can be expected to become more stable, and better and better corroborated, as knowledge of their structure grows.
Ore Elements in Arc Lavas
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the world's great volcanic massive sulphide ore deposits, most of its porphyry copper ores, and many of its richest gold deposits occur in association with basalt-andesite-dactite-rhyolite laval suites that have been erupted from the volcanoes of ancient volcanic island arcs and their Precambrian equivalents. The volcanic arc and related aquatic-volcanic environments are now recognized as critical to an understanding of the evolution of the earth's crust, to the unravelling of the petrogenesis of many important ore types, and to the planning of much mineral exploration. This book is concerned with the behaviour of the `ore elements' - copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, nickel, barium, and other - in young, unmetamorphosed volcanic arc suites ranging from high-magnesium basalts to dactites and rhyolites. Using principally the Late Tertiary to Recent lavas of the Solomon Islands Younger Volcanic Suite, the author considers the patterns of abundance of these elements both in the `whole rocks' and their constituent minerals, and the way in which the metals may be enriched or impoverished in the residual melt as an arc lava series evolves from basalt to rhyolite.
Barium
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barium occurring as barite, BaSO4, is one of the principal components of many exhalative ores of volcanic affiliation. It shows a strong tendency to occur in those deposits containing lead as a significant constituent and hence in those associated with rhyodacitic to rhyolitic volcanic rocks. Where, as noted in Chapter 2, the relevant orebody exhibits chemical stratification, the barite-rich layer usually constitutes the stratigraphic top of the succession. The barite may simply constitute a component of the upper, galena-rich ore layers, or it may appear as the dominant constituent, in which case it may contain little more than disseminated, usually conspicuously argentiferous, galena.
Vanadium
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like titanium, vanadium is conspicuous by its absence or near-absence from exhalative ore deposits. Although I. and W. Noddack (1931) recorded vanadium in quantities up to several hundred parts per million in a variety of primary sulphides and although the vanadium sulphide patronite [VS4] and the copper vanadium sulphide sulvanite [3Cu2S.V2S5] are well known, vanadium is barely recorded in, or in association with, exhalative ores.
Abundance patterns in the crystallizing melt
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 6-20 we have considered the geochemical behaviour of a number of elements, some of them well known as important components of exhalative ores, in the lavas, principal minerals, and associated residual melts of the Solomon Islands Younger Volcanic Suite. Some of these elements appear to have been rapidly abstracted from the melt in early formed olivine and spine!, others to have been incorporated in somewhat later phases such as the pyroxenes and hornblende, and yet others have remained principally in the melt even at the latest stages of evolution. We may now tum to consider the ways in which these different patterns of behaviour influence the emichment of impoverishment of the relevant elements in the melt, and hence their availability for incorporation – and escape from the melt - in any late-stage volatile phase.
The ore elements in volcanic exhalations
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If some of the ore elements are indeed lost from the melt in the volatile phase, evidence of this should appear in areas of present-day volcanism. That is, these elements should be seen to be emitted as gas, vapour, or aerosol either from lavas themselves or from orifices clearly connected with lava in a molten, active state. Such emission should also be seen to occur in association with a wide variety of lava compositions: as we saw in Chapter 3, important exhalative orebodies occur in association with a full spectrum of lava types from basalts to rhyolites. And such emission should be seen to be capable of occurring on land, with a minimum of potential for the supply of metals by processes such as sub-sea-floor convection and leaching.
Parasitoid community structure: effects of host abundance, phylogeny, and ecology
Authors: Sheehan William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species richness and host range are fundamental properties of parasitoid community structure. A central theme of parasitoid community ecology is elucidation of ecological predictors of parasitoid species richness and host range, as many of the chapters of this volume attest. However, two aspects of host biology, host abundance and phylogeny, typically confound efforts to understand the ecological basis of parasitoid community structure. To be sure, both host abundance and phylogeny are, to some degree, ecological factors and may be crucial to understanding parasitoid community structure. But few broad parasitoid data sets are available that allow distinguishing sampling bias from true host abundance, and few host cladograms exist for which there are plentiful parasitoid rearings, that allow separation effects due to phylogenetic inertia from those due to ecological adaptation.
Life history characteristics of Tachinidae (Diptera) and their effect on polyphagy
Authors: Belshaw Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When most biologists think of parasitoids it is the parasitic Hymenoptera which come to mind, and the rest of this book deals almost exclusively with them. There is, however, a great diversity of non-hymenopteran parasitoids, mostly in the Coleoptera and Diptera, which account for approximately one-quarter of all described insect parasitoid species (Eggleton and Belshaw 1992). The largest of these families is the Tachinidae (Diptera), with 8200 species described world-wide (Cantrell and Crosskey 1989).
Effects of intraspecific plant variation on parasitoid communities
Authors: Craig Timothy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of tritrophic interactions was first brought to the attention of ecologists by the work of Price et al. (1980). Since that time a plethora of studies in a wide range of plant-herbivore-parasitoid systems have confirmed the importance of tritrophic interactions in shaping the population dynamics of these systems (Barbosa and Letourneau 1988; Hare 1992). Since tritrophic interactions can influence the population biology of individual parasitoids it is logical that tritrophic level interactions can structure parasitoid communities, but this possibility has not been extensively studied. The simplest system in which to examine the effect of tritrophic interactions on community structure is to look at the parasitoids of a monophagous herbivore.
The Levins Model and its Variants
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental idea of metapopulation persistence in a stochastic balance between local extinctions and recolonizations of empty habitat patches is captured in the Levins (1969, 1970) metapopulation model. Considering the metapopulation as a population of local populations inhabiting an infinitely large patch network, Levins modelled the rate of change in metapopulation size, P(t), measured by the fraction of patches occupied at time t. In the spirit of other simple population models, such as the logistic model, the Levins model assumes that all existing basic entities, which are here the local populations, are identical and hence have the same behaviour. Extinctions occur completely independently in different habitat patches, in other words the Levins model assumes completely asynchronous local dynamics
The incidence function model—applications
Authors: Hanski llkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has a dual aim, to describe the dynamics in the Glanville fritillary metapopulation and to illustrate, with this and a few other examples, the application of the incidence function model (IFM) to real metapopulations. The Glanville fritillary metapopulation in Aland, SW Finland, is exceptional in terms of the quantity and quality of data available, a great advantage when parameterizing and testing models. Fortunately, the IFM can also be used to study metapopulations for which much less information is available, as Section 12.4 will demonstrate. My hope is that this chapter will stimulate others to explore the dynamics of other metapopulations using the IFM and related modelling approaches. Below, I first describe how the model is parameterized and how the estimated parameter values can be used to simulate metapopulation dynamics in real and hypothetical patch networks. .
The effects of changes in prey availability on lion predation in a large natural ecosystem in northern Botswana
Authors: Viljoen P C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Results of a 36-month field study on lion predation in the Savuti area of the Chobe National Park in Botswana are described. The influence of variability in prey availability on lion predation is examined. The available biomass of potential prey species showed marked variation as a result of the seasonal movements of migratory herbivores, varying between an estimated 2000 and 27 000 kg km-2 in the dry and rainy seasons respectively. The average lion density was 0.17 km-2 Intensive radio tracking of the lion prides indicated that an average of 88.3% of the lions were in seven resident prides with some ranges exceeding 350 km2 Lion range sizes varied seasonally, with dry-season ranges being on the average 1.7 times larger than rainy season ranges. Lion ranges overlapped considerably on the open floodplain where the highest potential prey biomass was present.
Post-dispersal seed predation by small mammals
Authors: Hulme Philip Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foraging of myomorphic rodents for seeds provides a suitable model for the study of mammalian predation of sessile prey. Using an extensive literature base drawn from laboratory studies of rodent foraging behaviour, a mechanistic sequence of rodent seed predation is developed. The predation sequence has five components: seed detection, identification, acquisition, manipulation and consumption. The various seed attributes which determine the probability of being predated, the behavioural traits of rodents in relation to these attributes and the environmental factors which mediate this interaction are discussed. The parameters derived from laboratory studies are compared to data drawn from 40 field studies. Although field results are consistent with laboratory findings with respect to the influence of seed density, seed size and burial on rates of seed removal, the influence of habitat, microhabitat and season on rodent foraging have to be incorporated into the predation sequence. The biological basis of these additional sources of variation is examined. Contrary to the belief that rodent seed predation is too variable to be a significant selection pressure on seed attributes, examination from a mechanistic perspective reveals rodent seed predation to be a predictable and directional component of natural selection.
The control of canid populations
Authors: Harris Stephen , Saunders Glen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foxes, coyotes, wolves and dingoes have had a great historical impact on human culture. They still pose some of the most complex wildlife management problems and, worldwide, considerable amounts of money are spent on their control, usually without success. The need for, and success of, canid control programmes are reviewed and gaps in our knowledge of how to plan effective control operations are highlighted. In particular the costs and benefits of control and/or alternative management strategies are rarely evaluated, nor do we know why canid depredations on livestock can be significant in some areas but negligible in others. The impact of control operations on canid populations is also poorly understood; changes in population size are rarely measured because there are few effective methods to monitor such changes. However, population perturbations invariably result in an increased productivity, usually by an increase in the proportion of females breeding and the post-natal survival of young. The impact of canids on selected prey (usually game) species has now been quantified, but integrated analyses of the ecological impact of changes in canid numbers on all their major prey species are needed. The direct and indirect impact of canid control operations on non-target species are also rarely documented.
Implications of DNA fingerprinting for mating systems and reproductive strategies of pinnipeds
Authors: Boness O J , Bowen W D , Francis J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two areas of research on reproductive strategies where DNA fingerprinting is proving most useful include providing direct measures of parentage, to validate observational estimates of mating success, and of relatedness among individuals in a group, to assess the possible influence of kin selection on behaviour. Analysis of nuclear DNA with single- or multi-locus probes is the most widely used technique for investigating questions in these areas. A major gap in our knowledge of pinniped mating strategies is the lack of estimates of mating success among aquatically mating species, in which males are least able to monopolize females, and which thus represent one end of the continuum of potential monopoly. Determining paternity through fingerprinting will not only provide the sole estimates of variance in mating success in these species, but, given our limited ability to observe behaviour underwater, it may help us to discern the strategies by which males achieve success. Among terrestrially mating species, estimates of individual success exist for only a few species and these may be inaccurate. In many species female movements may occur for various reasons so that females associate with more than one male and we cannot infer paternity from observed associations.
Social organization of humpback whales on a North Atlantic feeding ground
Authors: Clapham Phillip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data from a long-term study of individually identified humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, were used to describe patterns of association and grouping of this species on one of its principal North Atlantic feeding grounds in the southern Gulf of Maine. Most groups were small and unstable, and individual whales of both sexes and all age classes associated with many conspecifics. Only six instances of stable associations were recorded. Analysis of the class composition of singles and pairs showed that: (1) among singles, juveniles of both sexes were significantly over represented and mature females significantly under-represented; (2) male-female adult pairs were over-represented; (3) adult-juvenile pairs of any gender combination were under-represented; and (4) pairings between adult males were under represented except during feeding. Only 12 of 2690 pairs consisted of animals that were known to be related. It is suggested that the fission-fusion sociality that characterized the study population represents a response to two ecological factors. Firstly, absence of predation nullifies the need for large groups for predator detection or communal defence. Secondly, the spatial characteristics of piscine prey favour a foraging strategy involving frequent changes in group size. In this system, kinship and dominance probably play reduced roles, while the apparent lack of territoriality is typical of taxa confronted by heterogeneously distributed and mobile resources. The apparent preference by mature males for associations with mature females may represent an attempt to establish bonds with potential future mates.
The neural encoding of the location of targets for saccadic eye movements
Authors: Sparks David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spatial perception and sensory-guided movements are thought to depend upon several different neural representations of the environment (see Howard 1982; Jeannerod 1982; Paillard 1987, for references). These include representations of the positions of the various body components, representations of the spatial location of objects in the external environment, and representations of the location of objects with respect to the body. Information about the organization of these neural representations and where they might reside in the central nervous system (CNS) comes from a variety of sources. Sensory and cognitive psychologists have a longstanding interest in the question of how changing patterns of sensory stimulation produced by object movement or by movements of the observer are integrated into a coherent, stable, perceptual representation (see, for example, Neisser 1967; Treisman 1977: Hochberg 1978; Treisman and Gelade 1980). Other researchers focusing on motor behaviour hypothesize that the neural control of limb movements is based upon an abstract code of the location of objects in space (see MacNeilage 1970; Larish and Stelmach 1982).
Extinction and neglect: same or different?
Authors: Bisiach Edoardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will start with two concise, albeit imperfect, definitions for the benefit of those who are not familiar with neurological jargon. The term ‘extinction’ refers to a phenomenon discovered by Loeb in 1884 (see Loeb 1885): a stimulus addressed to an area which projects to a disordered component of the central nervous system may, in some instances, be adequately perceived if single, whereas it is not perceived in conditions of double simultaneous stimulation, that is when it is given in association with a concurrent stimulus addressed to unimpaired neural structures. The term ‘unilateral neglect’ describes the amazing behaviour shown by many individuals suffering from a unilateral brain lesion. Severely affected patients behave as if the side of egocentric space contralateral to the lesion had never existed (see Bisiach and Vallar 1988 for a recent review).
The hippocampal cognitive map and navigational strategies
Authors: O’Keefe John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1978, Nadel and I identified a set of spatial behaviours which, following Tolman, we suggested would require the existence of an allocentric mapping system (O’Keefe and Nadel 1978). In particular, we emphasized exploration of a novel environment, detection of changes (especially spatial alterations) of a familiar environment, navigation to a goal from different starting locations (in particular when these required movement in different directions), and detour behaviour – the adoption of a novel path when the usual route is blocked or otherwise unavailable. We suggested several properties of the mapping system, detailed evidence that the hippocampus was an important region of the brain involved in it, and sketched some ideas of how the map might be built from the known anatomy and physiology of this part of the limbic system. In particular, we emphasized the fact that the new information could be incorporated into the mapping system on the basis of single experiences, and that the motivation for originally constructing, and subsequently modifying, these spatial representations was not based on biological needs or desires but on the cognitive motivation of curiosity.
Interaction of multiple representations of space in the brain
Authors: Arbib Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My concern in this presentation is with the space of everyday action. The representation of this quotidian space in the brain is not one absolute space, but rather a patchwork of approximate spaces (partial representations) that link sensation to action. I mean ‘partial’ and ‘approximate’ in two senses: a representation will be partial because it represents only one small sample of space (that within reaching distance, that within sight, the features of an object relevant to grasping it, or more abstract ‘allocentric’ or cognitive representations), and it will be approximate in that it will be based on an incomplete sample of sensory date and may be of limited accuracy and reliability. I will suggest that our behaviour is mediated by the interaction of these partial representations: both through their integration to map ever larger portions of the territory relevant to behaviour, and through their mutual calibration to yield a shared representation more reliable than that obtainable by any one alone with its limited sample of sensory data.
Conservation in a variable environment: the optimal size of reserves
Authors: Wright S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Populations protected by nature reserves remain vulnerable to natural extinction. Possible causes include natural catastrophes, long-term environmental change and, for small populations, random fluctuations with occasional periods of infrequent births or too frequent deaths. The problem posed by extinction in nature reserves has attracted biologists from many disciplines (Soulé and Wilcox 1980; Shaffer 1981; and see Chapter 10 in this volume). Biogeographers, in particular, have extrapolated from their experience with patchy and insular habitats to propose design guidelines to minimize extinctions in nature reserves.
The Fourier transform
Authors: Hastings Harold M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 introduced the use of Fourier transform techniques in the calculation of fractal exponents. This chapter describes the mathematical details. The Fourier transform of a time series shows how that series is built up from simple periodic functions. Similarly, the Fourier transform of spatial data describes spatial periodicity. We shall show that the Fourier coefficients associated with Brownian and fractal processes satisfy power law scaling rules corresponding to the scaling rules which characterize their self-similar behaviour. The scaling rules of the Fourier coefficients are easily used to calculate the corresponding fractal exponents. Conversely, the most common class of random fractal curves and surfaces, the Mandelbrot–Weierstrass fractals (Berry and Lewis 1980; Mandelbrot 1982), is constructed by applying the inverse Fourier transform to appropriately scaled ‘Fourier coefficients’ with random phases. This construction builds up complex patterns from waves upon waves, recalling an intuitive picture of the surface of the ocean.
Modelling spatial and temporal patterns
Authors: Hastings Harold M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organization of this chapter follows these steps, beginning with a summary of fractal exponents in Section 6.2 and a review of linear regression in Section 6.3. Fractal behaviour can be at least partially tested by evaluating the goodness of fit in linear regression: both visually and with the use of the coefficient of correlation. Simulation methods can also be used; see Section 6.4. However, there are other useful tests and important deviations from fractal behaviour. These are discussed in Sections 6.5 and 6.6.