bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Applications of the Projectivist Theory
Authors: Logue James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS chapter considers some of the implications, for some wider issues, of a projectivist theory of probability. The first two sections advocate caution as to the scope of the theory’s application. § 4.1 looks at, and rejects, the claim that Bayesian convergence mechanisms alone dispose of the problems of induction; to focus the discussion, I consider those claims principally as exemplified by Dorling in a [1981] symposium with Miller. §4.2 looks at, and rejects, the claims of zealously Bayesian philoso phers of science that strong subjectivism is adequate of itself to account for theory choice or, indeed, scientific method generally: a position most recently exemplified in Howson and Urbach [1989]. The last two sections deal with areas where the theory can, I believe, be applied to resolve outstanding problems. §4.3 explores the links between probability, explanation, and conditionals; I advocate a refined version of a statistical-relevance contrast-class account of explanation, argue that many conditionals are best seen as condensed explanations, show how these claims permit the resolution of various parallel difficulties for adequate accounts of explanations and of conditionals, and point up the role of probability within these accounts.
Reading the Laws
Authors: Bobonich Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Laws has often been thought to be one of the most arid and, from a literary point of view, least sophisticated of Plato’s dialogues. Aristotle dismissively notes that ‘it is for the most part a collection of laws’ and in Lucian’s Icaromenippus Zeus complains that the increasing popularity of other gods has left his own altars ‘more frigid than the Laws of Plato or the Syllogisms of Chrysippus’ .1 In this century, the Laws has fared little better. Ernest Barker thought that its style ‘suggests the declining years of the writer. There is something of garrulity ... there is less artistic power. Plato preserves the form, but not the spirit of the dialogue.... [T]he defects of the Laws seem to me to be largely defects of literary form.’
Linguistic Variation And Varieties In The Grand Duchy Of Luxembourg
Authors: Hoffmann Fernand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inner divisions of Lëtzebuergesch still show a great amount of diversity. In this, the situation with Lëtzebuergesch differs greatly from that of minor local and regional dialects on the other side of our eastern river boundaries, in Germany. There the dialects have been receding in favour of the major regional varieties since at least the early part of this century in a way which would suggest that all the dialects of Germany will ultimately be fused into wide-spread regional colloquials showing only slight local colouring. Lëtzebuergesch on the other hand has differences not only from north to south and from east to west, but also at the local level.
Imagination and the Highest Good
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, we have considered the ways in which reason and imagination interact to make possible the exhibition of ideas which are themselves at least partially the deliverances of reason. Thus, the aesthetic ideas presented in fine art through genius are grounded in subjective rational principles and sensibly exhibit ideas which cannot be known through determinant judgement. Similarly, judgements of sublimity involve the imaginative expression of the idea of infinity, or totality, and the supersensible transcendence of man’s rational nature over phenomonal nature. Finally, the idea of purposiveness, which discursively rational beings employ to discover the systematicity and necessity of objects and laws in the natural world, is an idea which guides speculation through practices of reflective judgement.
Intellectual Autobiography
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been three major influences on my thinking. In order both of increasing time and of decreasing importance, they are the Christian religion, Western philosophy, and theoretical science. As far back as my memory stretches, I recall having thought in Christian terms. Since neither of my parents was a religious believer, any human contribution to this process must be attributed to my earliest schooling at a time I can no longer recall. By the time I had passed through a British public school (spending most of my time learning Latin and Greek), done my military service (becoming a Russian interpreter), and come up as an undergraduate to Oxford University in 1954, being a Christian was, I claimed to myself, the most important thing in my life.
The Nature of Reason: Locke, Swinburne, and Edwards
Authors: Kretzmann Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke defines reason as ‘the discovery of the certainty or probability of such propositions or truths, which the mind arrives at by deduction made from such ideas, which it has got by the use of its natural faculties; viz. by sensation or reflection’ (iv. 18. 2).1Rational belief is proportionate to the strength of the evidence at one’s disposal. ‘The mind, if it will proceed rationally, ought to examine all the grounds of probability, and see how they make more or less for or against any proposition, before it assents to or dissents from it; and upon a due balancing of the whole, reject or receive it, with more or less firm assent, proportionally to the preponderancy of the greater grounds of probability on one side or the other’ (iv. 15. 5). What is true of beliefs in general is true of religious beliefs in particular. They are rational only if (1) they are properly basic (immediately grounded in the mind’s intuitive awareness of its own ideas), or (2) inferred from those ideas by sound deductive or inductive standards, or (3) are the content of a revelation whose credentials are certified by beliefs meeting the first or second condition. While modem intellectuals may doubt whether religious beliefs meet these standards, Locke did not. God’s existence can be demonstrated, and the evidence at our disposal makes it probable that the Bible is God’s revelation.
Did Revelation Cease?
Authors: Brown David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second work of his tetralogy devoted to philosophical issues raised by Christian doctrine, Richard Swinburne has written persuasively on the theme of revelation.1 The middle section of this book considers what evidence we might use to justify belief in such a revelation, while its two outer sections concentrate on rules governing its interpretation. Thus part I is devoted to general issues of meaning, and in particular draws our attention to the way in which truth conditions are affected not only by how the language is employed (literal, metaphorical, analogical, and so on), but also by its wider context, the genre to which it belongs, the presuppositions of the audience or society, and so forth. This implies, he argues, that poetic licence should not be seen as undermining truth (different standards apply), nor should false cultural assumptions. The latter sounds more controversial, but in support Swinburne invites us to consider the case of a man drinking sherry, of whom we declare ‘That man drinking a Martini seems very cheerful’. Russell would have declared the sentence false, Strawson neither true nor false, whereas Swinburne argues plausibly (following Donnellan) that the sentence should be taken as true, provided the context makes it clear to whom we wished to refer.2 The relevance of this to the Bible, which seeks to convey truth through long-discarded scientific presuppositions, should be obvious.
Reflections on the Atonement
Authors: Lucas J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cross claims to speak to everyone, but different people have different needs, and therefore different ideas of salvation, and hence different understandings of what Jesus’ death signifies. As they try to explain what happened at Calvary they naturally make sense of it in accordance with their own needs and own idea of what was effected for them by Jesus’ coming down for us and our salvation and dying a criminal’s death. The Doctrine of the Atonement is therefore articulated in many various ways, which to some Christians seem profoundly true, but often are reckoned deeply unsatisfactory by others, also moved by the cross, but to whom it speaks in some very different way, answering to different needs, and offering a different sort of salvation.
Body And Soul: Physical Properties and Cartesian Mind
Authors: é Rom Harr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a special pleasure to contribute to a volume honouring the work of Richard Swinburne. As our most recent joint venture, we gave a university class in which we explored a wide variety of very fundamental concepts, fundamental to any physical theory. These included the concepts involved in space, time, causality, thinghood, and property. Though we are poles apart over the question of the viability of the notion of the Cartesian mind (soul), we are generally of similar opinions about many of the concepts involved in the physical sciences, in particular about the necessity to treat the physical properties of material things and substances as grounded dispositions, and thus as powers and liabilities. This idea has been around since the time of Aristotle. It was the dominant doctrine during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Revived by a number of authors, including Madden and myself in 1977, it has since been taken up by both Shoemaker and Cartwright.1 Heisenberg and Popper have used something akin to a causal powers notion to explicate their interpretations of quantum mechanics.2 In this chapter I want to situate the discussion in a sequence of proposals, beginning with that of Locke, for treating physical properties as powers.
Ammonius on Future Contingent Propositions
Authors: Mignucci Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle‘s De interpretatione chapter 9 is a crucial text well known to scholars, and I would not like to be trapped in a discussion of its complexities. My aim is more modest and commensurate with my capacities: to consider, on its own, Ammonius’ solution to the problem of future contingent propositions, without feeling commit ted to evaluate his view as an interpretation of Aristotle. The problems raised by future contingent propositions are many and some of them have to do with the question of determinism. If it is now true that a sea-battle will take place tomorrow, it cannot be the case that the sea-battle does not occur tomorrow, otherwise it would not be true today that there will be a sea-battle tomorrow. That there will be a sea-battle tomorrow has for ever been fixed and determined. The future in this way appears to be un preventable and necessary.
John Locke and the Greek Intellectual Tradition: An Episode in Locke’s Reception in South-East Europe
Authors: Kitromilides Paschalis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Locke’s first teaching appointment in 1661 at Christ Olurch, Ox¬ ford was to a lectureship in Greek. Although the meticulous care with which he preserved his papers has not brought down to us any evidence that he ever attempted to compose anything in Greek or-like Hobbes¬ to translate from Greek sources, his intimate familiarity with the language of classical philosophy and literature is attested in many ways. It is first of all reflected in the standard practice of quoting from Greek authors in his writings such as the quotations from Aristotle in the Essays on the Law of Nature. It is also illustrated by the extensive allusions to Greek literary sources in the same text and in other works, including the Two Treatises of Government. A special dimension of Locke’s Greek scholarship was his application of the terms 4&gt;txnK’1l, llpamK’1}, and I11µewmK’ft in designating the three branches of knowledge in his threefold typology of the sciences in the Essay concerning Human Understanding. Locke’s sensitivity to the Greek language was not exhausted with these rather formal expressions. His surviving papers include one piece of evidence-unfortunately not in his own hand-which indicates that at least at some stage in his life he possessed an interest in the structure and diversity of Greek, its
Introduction: Plus una vice agendum: Cartesian Metaphysics Three and a Half Centuries On
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has often been observed that the relationship of philosophy to its history is uniquely problematic. Some subjects, notably the scientific disciplines, are what could be termed ‘progress driven’; they regard the systems of the past largely as curiosities. The ideas of previous ages, however great and original, are thought of as having held pride of place only until they were refuted or superseded, and the original texts in which they appeared are certainly not regarded as essential reading for modem practitioners.
Descartes’s Modernity
Authors: Sorell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter can be understood as a defence of the clich é that Descartes is the father of modern philosophy. The clich é needs defending, because a growing body of revisionist commentary on seventeenth-century philosophy and science in general, and on Descartes in particular, suggests that the sharp break with the past conveyed by the phrase ‘modern philosophy’ is probably not to be found in seventeenth-century thought, and that Descartes, notwithstanding his modernist rhetoric, was significantly influenced by traditional philosophy, that is, significantly influenced by Aristotle, by Augustine, and by the authors of scholastic textbooks, particularly those used at La Flèche.
Descartes’s Denial of the Autonomy of Reason
Authors: Wickes Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is always a temptation to treat the texts of the philosophical canon as complete historical entities in their own right. Celebrating the anniversary of the publication of the Meditationes invites a reading of this work as representing a definitive, self-contained, and fixed position. Yet we know that Descartes had engaged in metaphysical speculations long before 1641 and even before the familiar discussions in the fourth part of the Discours de la méthode (1637). The correspondence refers more than once (letters to Mersenne of 25 November 1630: AT I 182; 15 April 1630: AT I 144, etc) to a ‘Traitte de Metaphysique’ composed during the first months of Descartes’s residence in the United Provinces in 1629.1 Although the ‘Traitte’ is lost, the 1630 letters on the ‘eternal truths of mathematics’ and the natural philosophy of Le Monde (1629-33?) clearly reveal something of Descartes’s metaphysical concerns. Scholarly discussions of these early writings have generally assimilated them into the ‘mature’ metaphysics of the Meditationes, as ‘rough drafts’ or telling ‘anticipations’.
Descartes on Sense and ‘Resemblance’
Authors: Wilson Margaret D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descartes begins the Meditations with the stated purpose of over throwing those of his ‘former beliefs’ that allow of doubt, in the hope of erecting in their place a ‘firm and permanent’ scientific structure. His first step is to withdraw his ‘trust’ from the senses, on the grounds that they have sometimes ‘deceived’ him. ‘Whatever I have up to now accepted as most true, I have received either from the senses or through the senses; however, I have sometimes found these to deceive; and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once’ (AT VII 18).’ In the Sixth Meditation, tracing his progress from naive ‘faith’ in the senses to scepticism concerning their deliverances, he writes: afterwards many experiences gradually destroyed all the faith that I had in my senses; for I from time to time observed that towers which from a distance looked round, appeared square from close up, and that enormous statues standing on their pediments did not seem large when viewed from the ground; and in these and countless other such cases I found that judgements of the external senses were mistaken.
The Reconfiguration of Sensory Experience
Authors: Mackenzie Ann Wilbur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no question that Descartes’s philosophy makes provision for the intellectual apprehension of the object of geometry, and, given the identification (in his mature writings) of this object with the object studied by physics, none that Descartes’s philosophy makes provision for the intellectual apprehension of the geometrical structure of physical reality. There is question, however, about what provision it makes for sense perception of determinate geometrical properties of middle-sized local portions of matter: their determinate size and shape, their spatial location with respect to the perceiver and each other, and their change in location (i.e. motion). The project here is to ascertain how Descartes construes sense perception of primary properties.
Names
Authors: Hughes Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If names simply refer to their referents, it would seem, then names directly refer to their referents. In particular, names do not refer to their referents by specifying a condition which their referent uniquely satisfies. By contrast, if definite descriptions refer, they refer to their referents indirectly, by specifying a condition which their referent uniquely satisfies. If, for example, ‘the man who saved Venice from the Genoese’ refers to Vettore Pisani, it does so by specifying a condition (saving Venice from the Genoese) that only Vettore Pisani satisfies. If some other man had saved Venice from the Genoese, then ‘the man who saved Venice from the Genoese’ would not have referred to Pisani.
Vowel Patterns in Mind and Sound
Authors: Harris John , Lindsey Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sound aspect of a linguistic sign provides the information that enables listeners and speakers to access the sign’s lexical and grammatical meaning. The channel for this information is the speech signal, through which speakers transmit and monitor the information and listeners receive it. On the basis of this rather obvious point, it would be natural to conclude that phonological features—the code in terms of which the information is compiled—should be defined in terms of auditory imagery.
Yet for a generation the most influential brand of feature theory has been centred almost wholly on articulation. This is surprising; for, while articulations constitute a delivery system for linguistic information, they are not of themselves information-bearing. To echo Sapir: the perceptible form of a linguistic sign is essential and primary, the means by which it is produced secondary.
Introduction
Authors: Schulte Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from his Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (better known under the title of its English translation, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus) the only philosophical writings by Wittgenstein which appeared during his lifetime were a brief review, which he wrote as a student, and the article ‘Some Remarks on Logical Form’ of 1929. All the other philosophical writings which have been published under his name are posthumous. They are taken from the vast body of material which he left to his literary executors, who edited them in the years since Wittgenstein’s death in 1951.
Transcendental Arguments Against Physicalism
Authors: Walker Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant believed transcendental arguments cannot establish the immateriality of the soul. He may have been right. But at least transcendental arguments can help us establish certain things which are incompatible with a thoroughgoing materialism. One of these is that there are in the universe certain objective laws, which cannot themselves be material (in any plausible sense of that word) or reducible to anything material. Another is that there are persons, beings who are capable of following these laws or of failing to follow them. Such persons may be material entities in the sense that they are made of matter, but their behaviour in following laws cannot adequately be accounted for in materialistic terms.
The Metaphysics Of Quantum Theory
Authors: Krips Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book outlines the contours of the various debates on quantum theory, and presents an interpretation of it which, while metaphysically realist, resolves most of the paradoxes that have arisen. It aims to make these issues of interest not only to the specialist philosopher and physicist but also to readers who do not have a background in physics. A set of technical appendices provides a graduated series of proofs which introduce the quantum theory of continuous-valued quantities.
Realism
Authors: Krips Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Already in this book one substantial issue has been discussed under the rubric of’realism’ in connection with QT, viz. the issue of whether the state-vectors and density operators of QT represent ‘real’ properties of q-systems. For the purposes of this chapter I take this particular issue to have been settled in favour of realism. But more generally what does it mean to adopt a ‘realist interpretation’of QT? I shall take it to mean accepting that QT is true, that the objects QT refers to (electrons, protons, etc.) exist, that the properties it refers to are ‘real’, and in particular that the physical quantities it refers to are ‘real’; in short it also means that we can interpret QT ‘literally’ in the sense that we can take all its referential terms as genuinely referring and not just as convenient fictions or metaphors for the real.
Stapp and Eberhard
Authors: Krips Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we explain the results of measurement in QT? Two ways suggest themselves within a broadly realist framework. We could assume determinate possessed values for the q-quantities, which are then reflected by (an implicitly idealized) measurement process. In other words we have the traditional ‘hard’ realist position consisting of the combination of (Det Q) and (Pass Q). In addition it is usually assumed that these possessed values do not just come into existence when the measurements are made (contra Feyerabend’s explication of Bohr), but are independent features of an otherwise hidden level of reality which are displayed whenever measurements happen to take place.
Realism and Divine Philosophy
Authors: Clark Stephen R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Truth, to begin at the beginning, may either be that real world which ‘loves to hide’, or else the sum of what ‘we’ seriously say. True science and true religion, so I think, require us to follow ‘where nature leads’, to consent-cordially, perhaps to Being. But there is this much truth in recent insistence on the second sort of ‘truth’ that even the real world is only known to us through reasoned speech, through what ‘we’ properly endorse. It is easy to conclude, with anti-realists of many kinds, that ‘true’ can only mean ‘what we endorse’ (as ‘good’ means, so moderns often say, ‘what we approve’). When we find ourselves half-inclined to believe things inconsistent with the central truths or axioms that define reality for us, we must either endure the shattering of the world we live in, or purge ourselves of inconsistency. To be thought ‘true’ at all is indeed to be consistent with-or, better still, required by-those world-defining dogmas which are themselves not subject to further authority or test. The chains that bind us are those that tie our tongues, and few of us can turn to look the master of those chains in the face: obviously not, since to do so would be to recognize the possibility of other gods, and of some radical dismemberment. To walk away from Plato’s shadow-show, or to be transformed into a shaman’s animal-self, or to break free from the God of this world are all ways of seeking freedom from the web of language, a freedom that cannot last if it is to bear fruit. Every successful rebellion reconstitutes authority.