bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Logical form and semantic form: an argument against Geach †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Right from the first beginnings of linguistic studies, in Greek and Roman antiquity, it was realized that the meanings of words and sentences stand in a defective relationship to their perceptible forms. As regards words, to the extent that they are irreducible elements, they are also considered to embody an arbitrary (using de Saussure’s famous term) link between their form and their meaning. Sentences, as is well known, hardly ever allow for a semantic analysis uniquely in terms of the elements actually present as their constituents: more is needed. The Greek philosopher Cratylus, in Plato’s dialogue of that name, does not accept the arbitrary nature of lexical form at face value. He seeks more primitive semantic elements. In the footsteps of the great Heraclitus, for whom physical nature is nothing but change covering up a hidden reality which ‘likes to hide behind appearances’, Cratylus applies his master’s dictum to language and proceeds to postulate semantic analyses for lexical items (mostly of a somewhat fantastic nature, so much so that Plato, apparently, is not entirely prepared to take them seriously). Cratylus, and with him tribes of philosophers and linguists, have postulated, or anyway accepted into their theories, the notion of a semantic form distinct from the perceptible surface structure of a sentence with its grammatical relations.
Presupposition and negation †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Strawson proposed (1950, 1952, 1954) to regard the negation operator in natural language as presupposition-preserving, there has been unclarity, in most of the literature, about the logical consequences of such a proposal. There was, and is, moreover, great unclarity regarding the relation between the semantics and the logic of this operator, and pragmatics, mainly of Gricean stock, has frequently been draughted to help out on dilemmas in the logical or semantic analyses of presupposition and negation. It is the purpose of this chapter to provide greater clarity in the problems concerning the logic and the semantics of presupposition and negation in natural language, and to spell out what solutions are viable, given the empirical facts on the one hand and the constraints of logic on the other.
Why does 2 mean ‘2’? Grist to the anti-Grice mill †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normally, when one says Jack has two children, one means, and is taken to intend to convey, that Jack has precisely two children, and not, as standard logico- semantic analyses have it, that Jack has at least two children. Under the standard logical interpretation, the sentence is simply true when Jack has more than two children, and false only in those cases where Jack has fewer than two children. The problem addressed in this chapter is: why should the normal interpretation of such a sentence entail that Jack does not have more than two children?
This problem is not new. It and similar problems were discussed by Grice, who proposed, in the late 1960s, that linguistic communicative processes are subject to a set of conditions, the so-called ‘maxims’, whose functional purpose is further to streamline the flow of information conveyed in virtue of the logico-semantic properties of the sentences uttered. These maxims are presented as a set of tacitly agreed expectations between speaker and listener, some kind of silent covenant to be overridden only in non-default circumstances. One of these maxims is the ‘maxim of quantity’, which says that the information presented should be taken to encompass the whole relevant truth so far, and to be complete in the sense that no subsequent corrections are needed that could have been built into the message as transmitted so far without extra effort or cost. For the case at hand this means that the utterance of Jack has two children will be taken to convey, beyond its logico-semantic content, also the implicature that there are no more than two children in Jack’s family, since if there were, the speaker should have made that clear without extra effort by specifying the exact number, thus avoiding the
Towards a discourse-semantic account of donkey anaphora †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donkey anaphora is a form of pronominal or nominal anaphora which cannot be adequately rendered in the language of modern predicate calculus as devised by Russell at the start of this century. The problem of donkey anaphora consists precisely in the inability of modern predicate calculus to account for it, and is thus entirely theory-dependent. Sentences containing such anaphoric expressions are known as donkey sentences, after Geach’s little but influential book Reference and Generality of 1962, where the relevant example sentences all involve mention of donkeys.
Introduction
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 2000, Londoners went to the polls-in disappointingly small numbers-to vote for the first time for a directly elected executive mayor and assembly to represent and govern them. So began the latest episode in the recurrent experiment that is the government of London. The novelty of the new arrangements lay in the attempt to provide a concentrated focus, and above all a single voice, for the British capital.
The Virtual University: The Learner’s Perspective
Authors: Crook Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons given for developing virtual universities. Those most frequently heard concern the ambition of greater social inclusion and the promise of greater cost-effectiveness. It is not so common to hear arguments based upon advancing the quality of the learning experience itself. Nevertheless, some advocates of virtualization indicate high expectations about that experience. For example, it is frequently claimed that virtual learning offers to students a new intellectual independence; it does so by providing them with greater freedom in the management of their studies. Yet, there is little sense that such promises are based upon any principled consideration of how people learn. The academic discipline of psychology is expected to offer insight into these matters. Accordingly, one aim of the present chapter is to consider how our thinking about virtualization might be informed by psychological perspectives. I shall note what these have had to say about the issue of learning, and how this, in turn, has influenced the design of educational technology.
Germany
Authors: Boehmer Ekkbhart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate governance is currently a topic of great worldwide interest to academics, legislators, and practitioners. In addition to several academic articles, it has prompted active involvement of the OECD, the EU, the German Monopolkommission, the Bundestag, and several other institutions. Especially in comparison to the Anglo American system, German corporate governance is characterized by lesser reliance on capital markets and outside investors, but a stronger reliance on large inside investors and financial institutions to achieve efficiency in the corporate sector.3 Since data on German corporations have become more easily available in recent years, the discussion has lately become more scientific and started to focus on studying the benefits and costs of the German system.
The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the Law of Libel
Authors: Barendt* Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the protection of privacy has been much discussed in both the press and legal commentary. In particular, the question whether the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 compels recognition of a privacy right against the media has been exhaustively analysed.1 This is rather odd, since the European Human Rights Court in Strasbourg has never pronounced on the scope of a privacy right against the media, let alone balanced it against the right to freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 of the ECHR. In contrast, the repercussions of incorporation for libel law have largely been ignored, although several major rulings of the Strasbourg Court have concerned defamation. It will be argued in this article that some of them, notably the recent rulings in Bladet Tromso 2 and in Bergens Tidende ,3 may carry significant implications for libel law.
Napster, DVD and All That: Developing a Coherent Copyright Grid for Internet Entertainment
Authors: Suthersanen* Uma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musical and film works in the current global context are industrial products within a market economy. In this industrial sector, the entertainment industry acts as a modern day impresario, whose aim, as producers and rightsowners of musical and film works, is to transform these industrial products, often romantically termed ‘cultural or creative industries’, into financial rewards. The impresario is concerned, to some extent, with the well-being of the artiste, in so far as it relates to the financial value of her output. The consumer does not overly concern the impresario except as a potential source of revenue to the cause. Nevertheless, the relationship between all three is vital. Just as the classical market economy paradigm revolves around the tripartite acts of Production—Circulation—Exchange, so the entertainment industry revolves around the sacrosanct link of Artiste—Entertainment Industry—Consumer.
The European Convention on Human Rights and Media Law
Authors: Qc Lord Lester Of Herne Hill , Wang Mariann Meier , Jayawardena* Kishali pinto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights have the force of domestic law in the United Kingdom, due to the Human Rights Act 1998, which came into effect on 2 October 2000. The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights has accordingly become a more significant tool for the media here in English and Scottish courts, even as the European Court itself remains open to those who find domestic remedies ineffective. Understanding and examining the European Court’s decisions is thus more pertinent today for the UK media lawyer than it has ever been.
Ian Loveland, Political Libels , Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999, xviii + 190 pp. (£22.50).
Authors: Spilsbury Sallie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preface to this illuminating book, Ian Loveland explains that his aim is to advance the thesis that English law to date has been too jealous of defending the reputations of politicians and insufficiently alert to the legitimate interest of the electorate in receiving information about those who govern.
Introduction
Authors: Borca Grainne De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons to reflect anew on the role and position of the European judicial branch. When attention focuses on the profound and vital developments confronting the EU both at present and over the next decade including the prospect of substantial enlargement, and the existence of new and growing areas of highly significant EC and EU policy competence such as in the monetary sphere and in immigration and policing-it is curious how little reflection there tends to be on the possible implications for the European Court of Justice. The spotlight is firmly on the Commission, the Council, the Parliament, on the political and diplomatic structures for policy-making; insofar as attention is paid to the Court, it tends to be on the question of case load and to be couched in fairly technical and abstract terms. And yet the exponential growth and expansion of the EU in terms of size, substance, and complexity profoundly affects the judicial branch as it does all others. The central relationship of the Court of Justice with national courts, including the constitutional and other courts of future Member States with their diverse constitutional traditions and histories, will undoubtedly undergo change and encounter new challenges. And the significant developments which have taken place within the EU, including the increasing differentiation, diffusion, and complexity of its legal and political forms and structures, inevitably must affect the values and methodology of the Court which defines and mediates the legal relations within that system.
Focus
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem addressed in this chapter is the analysis of the construction exemplified in (1). (1) met’in-al burim sa yärävgä q’ozol-le this. ERG-AND apparently one bag. ABSL gold. ABSL-3SG aq’sa [J 170: 4 –5] take ‘ She also apparently takes a bag of gold.’ In this chapter it is argued that in the construction illustrated in (1), (2) a. the PM attaches to a constituent that is in focus, and b. the complex composed of focused constituent + PM generally occurs immediately before the verb. (2b) is stated here in a preliminary version and is modified below in §3.4. In §3.2, focus marking in Udi is identified in a general sense; it is argued that sentences such as (1) involve the formal marking of focus. In §3.3, universal types of information structure are explored in relation to their realization in Udi grammar.
Complex Verbs
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to state the synchronic rules that place person markers in Udi, it is essential that we understand the full variety of the structure of the verb. We must similarly understand this in order to reconstruct the morphosyntax of focus and of the complex verb in Udi and to explain their development. Thus, the goal of this chapter is to describe the internal structure of the Udi verb. As part of this goal, we must develop some criteria that will enable us to distinguish between complex and simplex verbs and diagnostics to differentiate between complex verbs and constructions that closely resemble them. The finite verb (referred to here as the ‘verb form’) consists minimally of a verbstem and a tense – aspect – mood (TAM) suffix. For example, the verb form buq’-sa consists just of the stem buq’- ‘love, want’ and the present tense marker, -sa; the verb form ak’-e consists of the stem ak’- ‘see’ and the aorist II marker, -e. (In predicate- and sentence-focus structures, verbs also contain a PM.) These examples are simplex verbs, that is, they are based on a verbstem consisting of a single morpheme; most of the verbs in the language are complex. A complex verb is understood here to be one based on a stem that consists of two or more morphemes.
Nutrition and Reproduction: The Socio-cultural Context of Food Behaviour in Rural South India
Authors: Hutter Inge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the social and cultural context of nutritional behaviour of women in rural South India. It focuses on women’s nutrition during pregnancy, delivery, and the first month after delivery, and makes a comparison between biomedical recommendations and the practices and explanations of Indian women.
Research on women’s food behaviour during pregnancy has found that in many developing countries’ women reduce their food intake at the end of pregnancy contrary to prevalent biomedical recommendations. Quantitative evidence of a reduction in food intake during the last trimester of pregnancy has, however, been limited. A number of studies have argued that the reason behind this custom is that women hope to have a small child and thus an easy delivery (cf. Hytten 1980; Ministry of National Planning and UNICEF 1984; Kusin et al. 1984; de Vries 1987; Djazayery et al. 1992), while other studies (Pool 1983; Nichter and Nichter 1983) have explored other more complex reasons.
From Airlines to Telecommunications: The Wide Ranging Nature of the PLA’s Business Activities
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At its zenith in the late 1990s, the tentacles of the military business complex reached out to virtually every part of the Chinese economy. Commercial activities extended from ice cream parlours in Beijing to coalmining on the Tibetan Plateau, although the core areas were in light manufacturing and the tertiary sector. While they did not dominate any single industry, PLA firms carved out lucrative niches in many of the fastest-growing and most profitable areas of the economy. Large numbers were found in industries such as telecommunications, health care, commercial real estate, and automobile manufacturing.
Introduction: Recent Developments in Corporate Governance
Authors: Mccahery Joseph A , Renneboog Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, policymakers have taken a keen interest in the economic function of corporate governance systems. The impact of globalization and the recent finance-driven troubles in East Asia and elsewhere have spurred this drive toward policies and institutions that address defects in corporate performance and propose comprehensive reforms said to foster higher firm productivity, more entrepreneurship, and better developed capital markets. In the corporate world today there is a lively debate about how to design an effective corporate governance system that promotes economic efficiency.
Who Controls German Corporations?
Authors: Boehmer Ekkehart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that German corporations are characterized by highly concentrated ownership and that banks and other financial institutions play an important role. Large shareholders dominate most listed corporations and financial institutions exert control via direct ownership, interlocking directorships, and proxy votes. In addition, retail investors typically delegate their voting rights to their financial institutions. As a consequence, banks control a large fraction of voting rights associated with widely held shares.1 Detailed knowledge of who controls German corporations is essential to evaluate the German system of corporate governance, which continues to attract academic and political interest. Before 1995, publicly available information on block holdings was limited, because there were no ongoing reporting requirements. Only the 1995 (WpHG) made the immediate disclosure of large voting blocks mandatory for firms trading in official markets. I use these filings in the empirical description below.2
Share Price Reactions to CEO Resignations and Large Shareholder Monitoring in Listed French Companies
Authors: Dherment-Ferere Isabelle , Renneboog Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managerial quality is maintained by the intervention of internal and external corporate governance mechanisms. Yet, when insufficient monitoring or when managerial entrenchment has insulated management, markets will tend to react favorably to the CEO departures. In this chapter, we investigate whether forced CEO dismissal triggers positive abnormal returns in listed French companies. Voluntary CEO departures or unexpected deaths of CEOs may entail a loss of human capital to the firm. We analyses whether negative abnormal returns are generated in these cases. However, these market reactions may be dimmed or intensified depending on the qualities of the CEO’s successor and corporate characteristics.
How do Financial Systems Affect Economic Performance?
Authors: Carlin Wendy , Mayer Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been debates about the role of financial systems in corporate activity for the best part of a century. A consensus view is yet to emerge as to whether -country differences in the structure of financial, corporate and legal systems have any causal influence on cross-country economic performance. But interest in this question has stimulated attempts to assemble data bankson financial and corporate systems that allow international comparisons to be performed. The objective of this chapter is to review these debates, to present additional empirical evidence and to put forward some new interpretations of this evidence.
Five Rules of Virtuality
Authors: Woolgar Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are continuing to witness the burgeoning growth of new electronic informa tion and communications technologies (ICTs). These include interactive and multimedia communications, Internet and World Wide Web, video conferen cing, virtual realities, computer-aided design, the information superhighway, and the technologies of electronic surveillance and consumer profiling. These new electronic technologies have been widely regarded as the impetus for radical changes. All these technologies are set to modify the nature and experience of interpersonal relations and communications across a vast range of human activities.
New Public Places for Internet Access: Networks for Practice-Based Learning and Social Inclusion
Authors: Liff Sonia , Steward Fred , Watts Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rate of growth in the numbers of people with access to the internet makes any estimate out of date before publication. What does seem remarkably per sistent, and a cause of continuing policy concern, is the uneven pattern of take up across social groups both within and across national boundaries.1 The digital divide has become the shorthand term to capture this concern, which was first discussed in the USA in the mid-199os. Attention has focused on data such as that documented in the Falling through the Net reports (most recently NTIA 2002), which showed significant inequalities of access based on income, gender, ethnicity, urban/rural location, and age. Surveys of internet use in the UK have revealed similar patterns (Boaz, Allen & Hamilton 2000). Initially the US public policy approach to the issue of equitable access was framed solely in terms of infrastructural regulation to ensure ‘universal’ opportunity to connect to the information superhighway (Information Infrastructure Task Force 1993). Similar sentiments could be seen in Europe in the Bangemann Report (Bangemann 1994).
Real and Virtual Connectivity: New Media in London
Authors: Wittel Andreas , Lury Celia , Lash Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that processes going on in the virtual society(?) are to a large extent continuations of those going on in the real society. It thus exem plifies the fourth rule of virtuality (Woolgar, this volume): ‘the more virtual, the more real’. It argues that social processes in ‘the real’ and ‘the virtual’ are increas ingly characterized by the phenomenon of ‘connectivity’. We base this argument on a discussion of case studies of real and virtual connectivity drawn from a largely ethnographic study of the new media sector in London. We have observed this sector more or less from its inception in the mid 1990s, conducting intensive ethnographic work from 1998 through the first half of 2000. More particularly, we mapped the ‘biographies’ of a number of virtual products, as they were con ceived, developed, and distributed, moving between new media producers, their clients, and end-users.1 We continued less intensive study of the sector up until mid-2001.
French
Authors: Humbley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This conference was called by Quebec linguists and lexicographers who were concerned by the phenomenon of anglicisms which had been replaced in Quebec coming through the ‘back door’ in the form of entries in dictionaries, those published in France in particular. The theme of the conference was thus how to present linguistic reality objectively in dictionaries without inciting the use of anglicisms. It contains a most complete bibliography on anglicisms and borrowings from English in both European and North American French.
Russian
Authors: Maximova Tamara , Pelikh Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author investigates English loanwords which first appeared in the sixteenth to twentieth centuries, taking into account the history and culture of the two nations. She gives a detailed semantic classification and then considers different semantic changes that cause the adoption of anglicisms in Russian: I) they enlarge synonymic groups; 2) they often replace long word combinations or compound words; 3) they are sometimes more specific than Russian synonyms; and 4) they either make Russian synonyms archaic or become archaic themselves.