bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Session 34: Schubert and Song
Authors: Badura-Skoda Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of formerly unknown portraits of Schubert have come to light since the death of 0. E. Deutsch. The most interesting discovery has been that the authenticity of a death-mask could be fully established with the help of anthropological (forensic) measurements, comparing the mask with an extant plaster copy of Schubert’s skull (Badura-Skoda). Recently developed forcibly appeal to the feelings. Because this important aspect of singing was left ‘to the singer’s sagacity and discretion’, little information on delivery was normally included in published scores. However, editions by Corri and Greatorex teach us where singers employed legato, staccato, portamento, soft and loud, ornaments, etc., as well as how breathing articulated the sense of the text. Continua realizations demonstrate how accompanists reinforced expressive vocal delivery.
Session 1: Analytical Applications
Authors: Borders James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on manuscripts and critical editions of medieval pontificals (books of chants, prayers, and liturgical directions for rituals over which only a bishop could preside) this session focused on changes in the selection, number, and order of antiphons in the principal redactions of the service for the consecration of nuns. Based on a comparison of sources compiled between c.950 and the end of the thirteenth century, the case was made that the prevailing view of chant as musical accompaniment to ritual came into being relatively late in the Middle Ages, replacing a prior conception in which the sung texts were elements of narratives that intersected with ceremonial. The narrative of the consecration service was traced back to the vita and Office of St Agnes, a Roman virgin martyr, in which her progress from trial to torture and death moved the saint ever closer to a mystical marriage with Christ.
Session 2: New Computer Applications in Musicology
Authors: Desain Peter , Honing Henkjan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musical performance data often require a lot of pre-processing, matching performances and scores, adding musical structure, filtering, and tabulation before further analyses can be made or performance expression can be manipulated. For the generation of musical stimuli (for example, of manipulated or artificially generated performances), some kind of flexible support is very useful. POCO is a workbench for analysing, modifying, and generating expression in music. It is aimed to be used in a research context. It is based on a consistent and flexible representation of musical objects and musical structure. Tools are made available in a modular form, all based on a shared representation of musical data in textual and MIDI file formats. A lot of attention has been given to the openness, integration, and extendibility of the system. Recent additions include better support for matching performances and scores, manipulation of audio and spectral data, and graphical editors. The system is freely available to researchers.
A Conflict of Interests
Authors: Sasportes Jose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the birth of melodramma in Italy and opera in France, the relationship of musical drama with the art of dance has been that of a conflict of interests: the poet and the composer complain that dance and dancers destroy the attention of the audience, who because of the intrusion of ballet become unable to follow the plot; choreographers and dancers fight to find an independent space for their art, if possible outside the framework of opera and opera houses. I believe that our subject, Verdi and the ballet, belongs to the story of this conflict.
World History on Horseback
Authors: Prendergast Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hegel is memorably, though inaccuratsely, alleged to have described Napo leon as ‘world-history on horseback’ , the equestrian embodiment of the ‘higher universal’ (Taine adapted the same idea as a metaphor for Napoleonic rule, though his drift was quite different). He would also have thought of Napoleon as blind, in the sense that for Hegel a condition of possibility for the emergence of the world-historical hero is that he cannot know precisely where he is going; he may be the incarnation and instrument of a grand historical telos, but the rational shape of futurity cannot be a fully intentional object of the actor’s consciousness, for the reason that reflective consciousness destroys the essentially unselfconscious basis of the actor’s deed; the search for rational grounds undermines the efficient ground of action itself.
Introduction
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In revising what was originally presented as a doctoral thesis at the University of Essex in 1989 I have largely preserved the shape and flavour of the original but sharpened certain historical points and updated the notes as far as possible. If I tackled the same project now I would no doubt produce a very different book, but what has struck me is that even as the social construction of gender and postmodern theory ceases to have the methodological novelty it once had, it remains an absolutely appropriate model for rethinking the material with which I deal. This said, I hope the reader will approach the book as an extended discussion, or a series of interwoven discussions, which is deliberately contentious in places. The Duchamp chapters can be read as a self-contained entity, but the Ernst material relies heavily on the first half of the book. It should be stressed, however, that the project was conceived from the outset asan argument to be read from start to finish. The subsections within chapters provide thematic signposts, but the overall effect is intended to be cumulative.
Identity, Taxonomy, Narrative: Geometry in Ernst’s Vax Angelica and Related Works
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the hybridization of source materials in La Toilette de la mariée appears to make manifest the ‘structurality’ of belief systems and the lack of any order of priority amongst them, it is possible to show that this was in itself a powerful reaction to aspects of Ernst’s earlier works which Norris and Lascault’s ‘relativist’ arguments of the last section cannot account for. It has been asserted that the coexistence of psychoanalytic and alchemical allusions in Les Hommes n’en saurontrien oh923 were symptomatic of a desire for a non-personal ‘archetypal’ dimension of symbolism, relating to Silberer’s contention that alchemical/Rosicrucian imagery possessed precisely this quality. Such a concern in Ernst’s work can be examined by looking at the dialogue, or sometimes tension, between abstract geometrical devices and figurative imagery in certain works of the 1920s and 1930s.
Conclusion: Loplop and Rrose Sélavy
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arguments in this book have been marshalled not only to establish thematic links between Duchamp and Ernst but also to get to the roots of fundamental divergences of outlook roughly corresponding to differences between Dada and Surrealism. I have avoided any overt insistence on a guiding theoretical rationale but the repeated emphasis on patterns of structuration in relation to gender and (apparently incommensurate) belief systems will hopefully alert the reader to analogies with areas of theoretical interest currently, although increasingly circumspectly, subsumed under the label ‘postmodernism’.
Wagnerites en masse:The Audience as Spectacle
Authors: Sutton Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether perceived from the perspective of observer or participant, audiences juxtapose, happily or problematically, the subjective and the public. They invite the individual to consider, for example, to what extent their own responses are indeed unique and personal; to what extent and in what ways they are representative of those of their peers; and whether they are of a nature to be comfortably experienced in public.
The North-East in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Pollard A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 24 September r 48s Henry VII offered a pardon to all those of the north parts of his land who had of late done him great displeasure by being in the field in the company of his adversary, ‘the enemy of nature’. The north parts were specified by him as including the counties of Nottingham, York, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland, the city of York, the bishopric of Durham, and the town of Hull. Henry no doubt excluded the duchy of Lancaster and the county of Chester because the knights, esquires, and gentlemen of those north-western shires had demonstrated their loyalty in the service of the Stanley brothers on the field of Bosworth. Presumably the enemy of nature himself, Richard III, had had a similar region in mind when two years earlier he appealed for help to the city of Yark. In a letter of ro June 1483 he claimed that Queen Elizabeth Woodville was threatening ‘the final distruction and disinher disinheritance of you and all other the inheritors and men of honour, as well of the north parts as other countries that belongen us [are our dependants]’.2 The north clearly formed a recognizable, if imprecisely defined, ‘country’ in fifteenth-century England.
3 [L] The Structure of Politics
Authors: Connolly S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are Irish politics in the eighteenth century about? Historians have found it difficult to decide. The theme which most immediately seems to offer itself is the conflict between English government and Irish patriotism. Yet this way of looking at it has obvious limitations. Even in the last decades of the eighteenth century, the era of Grattan, the Volunteers, and the ‘constitution’ of 1782, an analysis focused on patriotism and its opposite must exclude from consideration much that was central to Irish political life. Applied to earlier decades, it becomes even more the arbitrary highlighting of what was at best a subsidiary theme. Yet what is to take its place? For the most part, the answer has been a reductionist interpretation, in which politics is seen as essentially the pursuit of private gain: the competition of individuals and factions, operating in an ideological vacuum, for the benefits to be gained from office or government favour. To present a more rounded picture, it is necessary, not to deny the importance of patronage and profit, but rather to recreate something of the cultural context within which they were pursued. First, however, we must say something about an earlier period still, one in which politics did in fact revolve around serious conflicts of political and religious principle.
5 [L]The Inventions of Men in the Worship of God: Religion and the Churches
Authors: Connolly S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unlikely that we will ever know with certainty the absolute, or even the relative, size of the different religious denominations in late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Ireland. Contemporaries offered widely varying estimates. Sir William Petty, in 1672, suggested that there were 300,000 Protestants in Ireland and 800,000 Catholics. Oliver Plunkett, two years earlier, had claimed that there were twenty Catholics for every Protestant. Sir Richard Cox, arguing in 1706 that the Catholics no longer constituted a serious threat, maintained that they outnumbered Protestants only by two to one or less. Lord Coningsby, in the course of a more pessimistic review of the state of Ireland in 1714, put the Catholic superiority at eight to one; while in 1708 the Whig Lord Chancellor Richard Freeman maintained that it was ‘by the best information I can get ... at least ten to one through the whole kingdom’. Archbishop Boulter in 173 1 believed that Catholics outnumbered Protestants by at least five to one; others, he noted, put the figure as high as seven to one.
Introduction
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is intended as a contribution to the intellectual history of modem Britain. It attempts to bring to life and to explore in sometimes unusual ways certain central themes in the development of English moral and cultural attitudes, and their bearing upon political argument from the mid-nineteenth to the early-twentieth century. In practice, the book largely concentrates on reconstructing the thought and sensibility of some of the leading members of the educated class of this period.
Their Master’s Voice: John Stuart Mill as a Public Moralist
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any discussion of Victorian political and intellectual life, especially one primarily concerned with the relation between the moral assumptions exhibited in public debate and the kinds of voice available for addressing the relevant audience, must accord a special degree of attention to John Stuart Mill. It would be an exaggeration to say that he ‘dominated’ the higher reaches of political argument in the mid-nineteenth century; no one writer did that, though Mill’s was as inescapable a presence at the intellectual level as Gladstone’s was in the practical sphere. More particularly, Mill was, especially in the later part of his life, an adroit and conspicuous controversialist, vigorously exploiting his special role and the opportunities it offered to tax his opponents with their failure to measure up to the moral values to which allegiance was so frequently, at times piously, expressed in the public discourse of the Victorian educated classes. There is still a tendency among historians and political theorists to treat Mill as a detached, Olympian figure, who held himself above the fray of current politics, a tendency easily encouraged by the equable serenity of his prose in his larger treatises and by his unusually strenuous commitment to an ideal of open-mindedness. There is, of course, an element of truth in this picture, but it needs to be complemented by an exploration of the ways in which Mill engaged more directly in public debate on topical issues, where he revealed himself to be avowedly partisan and, when roused to a pitch of moral outrage, violently polemical.
Manly Fellows: Fawcett, Stephen, and the Liberal Temper
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What in Mr Mill is but a yielding to a spirit of irritable injustice, goes on and worsens in some of his disciples, till it becomes a sort of mere blatancy and truculent hardness in Professor Fawcett.’ Matthew Arnold may not always have exhibited enough of his own cherished quality of ‘disinterestedness’ when speaking of the leaders of radical Liberalism, but as we move on to consider some of those who lived under Mill’s shadow, this judgement provides a useful, if teasing, starting-point. It is not, it has to be said, immediately obvious what is meant by the phrase ‘a sort of mere blatancy and truculent hardness’, yet anyone who has read much of Fawcett’s writing would be bound, I think, to come to find these words uncannily apt. They are not, needless to say, at all similar to the theoretical labels which historians of political thought conventionally use when referring to those who might be considered in some sense Mill’s followers. But an essential part of the argument of the present chapter is that we shall not understand the political attitudes of someone like Henry Fawcett, still less Leslie Stephen, if we confine ourselves to the abstract propositions of Utilitarianism or classical political economy. Rather, we need to attend once more to what may seem the un- or pre-political predispositions and allegiances which animated the otherwise dry bones of their political creed.
An Exclusively Professional Subject The Jurist as Public Moralist
Authors: Collini Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The connection between law and political science’, lamented Ernest Barker in 1934, ‘is far closer on the Continent than it is in England. With us, the subjects have generally tended towards a divorce; and there has been little study of political science in terms of law.’ His elaboration of this contrast was suggestive. ‘Few of our lawyers’, he continued, ‘have turned their attention to the fundamental questions of politics On the whole our law has been a close and empirical preserve of the legal profession; and our political science has proceeded not from lawyers or professors of law, but from politicians with a philosophic gift or philosophers with a practical interest.’ This, he fairly conceded, had had its merits as well as its drawbacks, and ‘the English system of political science, so far as we can speak of such a thing, has combined an instinct for actual fact with some sense of the moral foundations on which the action of states, like all human action, must necessarily rest’. The strong presence of classical humanism in the English universities, he further speculated, had reinforced ‘a native sense of the moral foundations of politics.’
Finance and Trade under Richard II
Authors: Ormrod W M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kingdom of England was probably more dependent on the revenue derived from the taxation of international trade than any other monarchical state in later medieval Europe. The intimate connection between the financial (and therefore also the political) fortunes of the Crown on the one hand and the volume and value of overseas trade (above all, of English wool exports) on the other had its origins in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, when the Crown first established a permanent system for raising customs duties on exports and imports. It was not until the opening of Edward Ill ‘s wars with France, however, that the taxation of overseas trade became a major, indeed after 1350 the principal, element in the finances of the state as a result of the long serit--s of supplementary subsidies on wool exports which the Crown negotiated first with the merchant community and later with Parliament. It has long been appreciated that there was a fundamental flaw, not to mention a certain irony, in the Crown ‘s use of the customs and subsidies as a means of raising the financial resources it needed to fight the Hundred Years War, for while the rhetoric of strategy often presented the war as a necessary means by which to maintain England ‘s trading interests, the subordination of economic policy to financial exigency had the effect of creating structures and conditions that were fundamentally hostile to the English trading economy as a whole.
Richard II and the Visual Arts
Authors: Scheifele Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Richard H ‘s beleaguered reign was silenced in 1399, his image of kingship has not only endured but prevailed. As the patron of the Westminster hall roof and the Wilton Diptych, Richard has been accorded a stature beyond which even his own ambitions might have conceived. Recently, though, scholars have begun to diminish this acclaim by questioning the presumption of a distinct Ricardian court style. A call has since been made to determine the degree of continuity between Richard ‘s court and that of his grandfather Edward III, especially concerning the number of commissions, formal types, expenditures, and artists employed. Under this revision, the splendour once attributed to Richard ‘s patronage has somewhat dimmed. New large-scale architectural construction and sculptural projects were rare, and now fewer illuminated manuscripts can be ascribed with certainty to his direct commission or even to his private collection.
Richelieu As Chief Minister
Authors: Moote A Lloyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the roles that Cardinal Richelieu played, that of chief minister to Louis XIII astounded contemporaries and posterity the most by its success. Generation after generation of scholars have sought to understand Richelieu’s ‘system’ by categorizing it as a ministériat, and his function as that of premier ministre. Ministériat or ‘ministerial government’ is a useful term in so far as it suggests that Louis XIII ruled primarily with ministers, working individually and collaboratively in and out of the royal council; and the complementary term ‘chief minister’ surely captures the reality that from 1624 to 1642 Richelieu was the mediator between king and council, acting both as intimate adviser to the king (in a maître--serviteur relationship, in the language of the day) and powerful controller of his fellow ministers (a protector-creature relationship).
Introduction the Paradise Lost of Liberalism
Authors: Taylor M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing in the Fabian Essays in Socialism, Sidney Webb saw fit to berate ‘Mr Herbert Spencer and those who agree in his worship of lndividual ism’ for wanting to ‘bring back the legal position which made possible the “white slavery” of which the “sins of legislators” have deprived us.’ Despite the fact that the writings of Fabians, New Liberals, and even Conservative Tariff Reformers abound with disparaging references to ‘Individualism”, this political theory has been hitherto neglected by historians of late Victorian and Edwardian political thought. In the absence of a sustained examination, the doctrines of the Individualists, like those of the sophists, stand in danger of being known only through the mouths of their partisan critics. It is the objective of the present work to remedy this deficiency and to demonstrate the importance of Individualism for an adequate understanding, not only of the nature of late Victorian political argument, but of the transformation of the doctrine of the limited State and free market from a radical creed into one which became an instrument of the defenders of the status quo.
Progress and the Struggle for Existence
Authors: Taylor M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary theories appealed to the Individualists because they appeared to make possible the reconciliation of two conflicting theoretical commitments. On the one hand, as former Radicals, the Individualists were reluctant to renounce the old liberal belief in progress, and the dream of a human millenium founded on the emancipation of the individual. On the other hand, however, the Individualists were also the defenders of the late Victorian status quo. They were able to square the political circle by insisting that the millenium would arrive, but that it would be brought about only over many generations, by the slow processes of natural evolution, and there was little or nothing political action could do to speed its arrival, although it could do much to hinder it. The present chapter will be concerned accordingly with the Individualists’ use of evolutionary theory, and in particular with their appropriation of the Darwinian notion of the struggle for existence as the motive force behind evolutionary processes.
The Formation Of Character
Authors: Taylor M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter it was shown that Spencer’s theory of evolution incorporated both Darwinian and Lamarckian elements. Having examined the role which the Darwinian notion of the struggle for existence played in Individualist political thought, the focus of the present chapter will be on the political implications of the Lamarckian theory of use inheritance, and in particular its role in developing an account of character formation which underpinned the Individualists’ fears that a substantial sphere of State activity would be antithetical to the virtues of self-reliance, independence, and respect for the rights of others. It will be argued that Spencer used Lamarckianism to support his view that the virtues of character were not to be promoted by the conscious design of the legislator, but only by the individual being prepared to develop inherited ‘natural’ faculties of the mind. As part of his attempt to confer scientific credibility on this theory of the formation of individual character, Spencer also transformed the classical associationist psycho logy in a direction which provides additional confirmation for our central contention that Individualism represented a conservative adaptation of the liberal tradition.