bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Effacement
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the least popular virtues of our time in medicine must be the virtue of self effacement. Because of the tremendous narcissism of our age and the power of medicine we discussed in Chapter 10, putting others and their needs first is a difficult task. The professions today are afflicted with a species of moral malaise that may prove fatal to their moral identities and perilous to our whole society. The malaise is manifest in a growing conviction, even among conscientious doctors, that it is no longer possible to practice their professions within traditional ethical constraints. For reasons that are explained below, this discussion focuses on medicine and obliquely considers the other learned professions, law and ministry. More specifically, the belief is taking hold that unless they look out for their own interests, professionals will be crushed by the forces of commercialization, competition, government regulation, malpractice, advertising, public and media hostility, and a host of other inimical socio-economic forces.
Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the night of August 17, 1823, the distinctly African sounds of blaring shell-horns and beating drums signalled the start of one of the most massive slave rebellions in the history of the Western Hemisphere, the uprising in the British colony of Demerara (now Guyana). That evening, nine to twelve thousand slaves surrounded the main houses of about sixty plantations, armed with cutlasses, knives fastened on poles, and guns. They broke down doors, smashed windows, commandeered arms and ammunition, and put their masters and overseers in the stocks. Intent on avoiding a blood bath (over three days of fighting, colonial forces took the lives of more than 255 slaves, while only two or three white men were killed), the rebels spoke of “rights,” and planned to present their grievances to the governor. For a few days, the slaves succeeded in turning the world upside down, treating masters the way masters had always treated slaves. Retaliation from colonial officials would be swift, bloody, and brutal. In Crowns of Glory, Emilia Viotti da Costa tells the riveting story of a pivotal moment in the history of slavery. Studying the complaints brought by slaves to the office of the Protector of Slaves, she reconstructs the experience of slavery through the eyes of the Demerara slaves themselves. Da Costa also draws on eyewitness accounts, official records, and private journals (most notably the diary of John Smith, one of four ministers sent by the London Missionary Society to convert Demerara’s “heathen”), to paint a vivid portrait of a society in transition, shaken to its foundations by the recent revolutions in America, France, and Haiti. Smith and his wife, Jane, the planters and colonial politicians, and the leaders of the rebellion emerge as flesh-and-blood individuals, players trapped in a complex political game none of them could fully understand. Unravelling the complex web of events leading up to the climactic rebellion, Da Costa explains how Smith, a dedicated but inexperienced minister who arrived at the Le Resouvenir plantation confident that all faithful missionaries would win “a crown of glory that fadeth not away,” could seven years later find himself convicted by court martial of fostering rebellion amongst the slaves, and sentenced to be hanged by the neck until dead. She details the colonials’ orgy of repression following the rebellion--scores of slaves were sentenced more or less at random to grisly public executions and ritualistic floggings, and Smith died in his cell before news arrived that the Crown had granted him mercy--and shows how it fueled the anti-slavery movement in Britain, leading to the abolishment of slavery in the colonies ten years later. Casting new light on the nuances of racial relations in the colonies, the inevitable clash between the missionaries’ message of Christian brotherhood and a social order based on masters and slaves, and the larger historical forces that were profoundly eroding the institution of slavery itself, Crowns of Glory is an original and unforgettable book.
Contradictory Worlds: Planters and Missionaries
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every time is a time of change-but some are more so than others. Every time is a time of conflict-but there are historical moments when the scattered and individual conflicts and tensions that characterize day-to-day experience suddenly coalesce into a wider and encompassing phenomenon that threatens the “social order.” At such moments, long-standing individual grievances are transformed into an overall critique of the system of power. Elites’ assumptions about the world are challenged. What was once moral becomes immoral; what was right becomes wrong; what was fair becomes unfair. New discourses about society give consistency and organization to once-fragmented “revolutionary” notions, and claim the status of truth. These are dangerous times; these are exciting times: times of heroes and martyrs, of heresies and orthodoxies, of revolution and repression. Some will risk their lives in the name of the world being born, others to defend the world that is dying. Such are times of revolution. But when ruling groups appropriate radical discourses, purge them of their radical content, and manage through reform, cooptation, and repression to release some of the pressures from below-while creating new power blocs or coalitions-social revolutions are sometimes averted.
A Man Is Never Safe
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rebellion caught the whites by surprise. They had lived so long with the fear that the slaves might rise that they had learned to dismiss it. To reassure themselves, they had created rituals of domination that spoke of total power. They had ignored the signs of tension and discontent among slaves and had convinced themselves that the slaves had no reason to rebel. Regarding their slaves as tools, masters had become blind to their humanity. Yet the threat of rebellion was always there. And the cutlasses that cut the cane could easily become weapons.
Soviet Socialism. in Translation
Authors: Kaple Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1949, a self-proclaimed socialist government took control of China. It was a country so unprepared for socialism that its working class was almost nonexistent. Therefore, one of its first tasks was to begin the process of socialist industrialization and, with it, to cre­ ate a working class. In order to accomplish this, the Chinese Communist Party turned to the Soviet model of 1946-1950 for methods and techniques. As recounted in previous chapters, the CCP embarked on a major translation program, and soon thousands of Soviet text­ books, handbooks, and journals were available in Chinese.
From Out the Shadows: Background on Psychotherapy
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be helpful to explain further the benefits of looking at psychotherapy as a speech event by providing background on how the speech event differs from other more familiar activities such as conversation, confession, or doctor-patient discourse. I likewise want to add some information about the history and development of psychotherapy and discuss its practitioners’ status in the community. A speech event is a recognized activity centered in discourse, which is known to and often labeled by members of a speech community. I insist on the distinction between “known about” by a community and “known to” a community, because recognizing a labeled speech event as one that helps comprise the total linguistic resources of one’s own community does not entail complete familiarity with that speech event. For example, Protestants may have little knowledge of a Catholic mass, although they are aware of its existence. Likewise, Catholics may have heard of a Bar Mitzvah but might not be able to describe one, and Jews may be only slightly familiar with a Protestant baptism. When I began this research, for instance, I was unaware of the distinction therapists regularly make between client and patient.
Visions Through a Prism: Dream Telling and Interpretation
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental premise of psychotherapy is that perceptions can be mediated through the filter of words and that talking to another about those perceptions can bring about an enhancement in mental health. Nowhere is the essence of this belief more activated than in the telling and interpretation of dreams, for dreams are a highly personal, quasi-visual experience, which can only occur to an individual. When they occur, they do so in ,a medium that is little understood. In order to be transmitted to another at all, dreams must be framed in language. Language thus serves as the prism through which the light shed by dreams is directed onto a new ground. When a psychotherapy client relates a dream, he or she transforms the experience into a new medium. The process of transforming a dream into a relatable narrative is similar to that of catching a ray of sun and redirecting it through a prism. As an example of the prism like distortions that can occur when this process is followed, one thera pist who makes a practice of recording his own dreams in writing remarked to me that a short dream can take pages of writing to capture.
A Professional in Toledo
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toledo In the 1920s had no shortage of local talent, and it was also on the circuit for touring musicians. Art almost certainly took in all the touring musical acts, since age was no barrier to going into a theater. He was apparently looking for chances to play in clubs at as early an age as they would let him in. At first he simply asked for permission to sit in during intermissions, and one can easily imagine him wanting to measure himself against the professionals. Exactly when and where he played his earliest paid appearances has not been documented. He was probably being booked by club owners as early as fifteen or sixteen (1924-25), but he was certainly being paid for playing at social functions even before that, including appearances at prominent local sites such as the Toledo Club and the Rotary Club.
1950-1956
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime in the early 1950s Art and Ruby’s marriage collapsed in a nasty heap. They had set up house in Los Angeles in the late 1930s and had been married for more than fifteen years, but almost no one knows anything about Art’s life at home. Whatever his domestic arrangements were, Art was absent from them for much if not most of those fifteen years. Karl, Art’s younger brother who traveled with him between 1939 and 1942, has said that Art generally got back to Los Angeles at least twice a year, for anything from two to five weeks at a time.
A Cotton County Comes of Age
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
sides, a Greek revival guest house and library nearby, all surrounded not by wilderness but by grand lawns and gardens, represented a level of affluence and gentility only just emerging in Warren County. Social distinctions, in other words, while they had always been present in the minds of some, had not been so readily apparent in earlier years. Moreover, economic and social mobility formerly had blurred the relatively small differences between the richer and poorer elements. In the 1790s Don Rapalje, for all his pretentions to the contrary, lived like a simple farmer. By 1860 there could be no mistaking a gentleman planter, owner of a grand home and several hundred slaves, for a simple man who actually dirtied his own hands in the soil. The Natchez Weekly Courier estimated that a 2000-acre plantation capable of producing 1000 bales of cotton annually required a capital investment of nearly $200,000, a sum well out of reach of any small farmer in Warren County.16
An End and a Beginning
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He compared him unfavorably to a slave: “He does not write as well as old Racheal. “ Perhaps worst of all, the boy was a Baptist. Furious, Kiger promised his wife Carrie that he would never forgive her “for leaving Bettie among such a people. “ “I do not dislike him, “ he protested, unconvincingly. “I only dislike him as a Husband for Bettie. “ After a six-month battle Bettie succumbed to her brother-in-law’s will and let go of the boy from Tennessee.17
Environmental Health Science
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a broad, in-depth introduction to a scientific field that is becoming ever more central to human health. Environmental exposures to a bewildering array of chemical and physical agents result from our individual and collective activities, and can cause effects ranging from discomfort through loss of function, illness, chronic diseases, and premature death. Their concomitant effects on quality of life, productivity, and need for clinical services can be costly. The book covers the terminology used in environmental health; the sources of chemical and physical agents in the environment; how they disperse and transform throughout the environment; their effects on environmental quality and human health; how levels and exposures are quantified; how standards are established; how levels, exposures, and risks can be controlled; and what technological opportunities and trends are likely to influence our environmental future. It includes chapters on noise, ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, risk assessment, and risk management. Written in a clear and systematic way, this text will be an invaluable resource for students of environmental health. An earlier version of the book, Chemical Contamination in the Human Environment (OUP 1979), was called by one teacher "visionary...easily the most useful textbook in environmental health science for entry-level graduate students.
Risk Assessment
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human race has always faced certain dangers. Risk is an inescapable fact of life. At the same time, enlightened societies have traditionally sought to minimize avoidable risks. The greatly increased life expectancy now enjoyed by populations in the industrialized world attests to the success with which modern civilization has been able to reduce some environmental risks to human health and safety.
Risk Management
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk management is a process by which responsible authorities take actions to reduce or eliminate risk factors. It is carried out at many different levels. Individuals make risk management decisions every day through their dietary choices, use of medications, personal habits and types and levels of exercise, use of personal and mass forms of transportation, crafts and hobbies, household maintenance, and, to some extent, in the ways that they perform their tasks at work or school. Their choices in each of these activities are likely to involve exposures to chemicals or physical agents that could affect their health. Individuals have only limited control over some aspects of factors that affect their exposures, dependent as they are on the contents of the foods, beverages, and consumer products that they buy and use, and on the concentrations of some of the pollutants in the air they breathe. However, through their attention to product labels and other forms of public health and consumer product information, they can make choices that can minimize their exposures.
Cohort Studies: Statistical Analysis Il
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 described Poisson regression methods for analysing cohort data, implemented by stratifying counts of death and person-years of observation into a two-dimensional table of exposure levels (rows) and covariates (columns), and examining death rates in the cells of the table. In this chapter we consider an alternative to Poisson regression, called Cox regression (Cox, 1972), and other methods useful in special situations when the methods of Chapter 6 are inappropriate or impractical. The first of these special situations occurs when information on the exposures and/or potential con founding variables of interest are readily available only at great expense, relative to the disease or death data. For example, in a retrospective cohort study of the relation between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and subsequent incidence of prostate cancer, the “exposures” were PSA levels in sera drawn and stored at the time of repeated medical examinations (White more et al., 1995). Because of the expense of retrieving and analyzing the large number of serum samples, PSA levels were assayed for only two small subsets of cohort members: men who subsequently developed prostate cancer and a sample of men who did not. The analytic methods appropriate here are based on nested case-control and case-cohort designs. These designs were described in Chapter 5.
If Death Approaches
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There may come a time when most patients and their families start doubting the benefits of further treatment or intervention, wondering whether it will do more harm than good. At some point, it may be necessary to accept the fact that the cancer can no longer be treated or arrested, and that a loved one is dying. If so, this is an appropriate time for the family or other loved ones to shift their focus from trying to beat the cancer, from hoping for a cure or prolongation of life, to doing what they can to enhance the quality of life for whatever precious time is left. The overriding goal becomes trying to free the patient from discomfort and pain. Called palliativecare, the objective of this phase of treatment is to make the patient as comfortable as possible and to satisfy his physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual needs.
Dual Attraction
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past two generations, extensive research has been conducted on the determinants of homosexuality. But, until now, scant attention has been paid to what is perhaps the most mysterious--and potentially illuminating--variation of human sexual expression, bisexuality. Today, as ignorance and fear of AIDS make greater awareness of all forms of sexual behaviour an urgent matter of private and public consequence, leading sex researchers Martin Weinberg, Colin Williams, and Douglas Pryor provide us with the first major study of bisexuality. Weinberg, Williams, and Pryor explore the riddle of dual attraction in their study of 800 bisexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals living in the San Francisco Bay area. Fieldwork, intensive interviews, and surveys provided a wealth of data about the nature of bisexual attraction, the steps that lead people to become bisexual, and how sexual preference can change over time. They found that bisexual men and women differ markedly in their sexual behaviour and romantic feelings; that most bisexuals maintain long-term relationships which continuing sexual activity outside those relationships; and why trans-sexuals often become bisexual. Further, this is the first study to compare directly large samples of bisexuals, homosexuals, and heterosexuals. Among the differences: bisexuals were the most fluid in their sexuality--changing most over time--and in the composition of their feelings, attractions, and behaviours. The authors also found some interesting similarities between the groups: for example, bisexuals and homosexuals showed the same degree of confusion in the development of their sexual preference and for similar reasons; also heterosexuals were not immune from such confusion. Bisexuals, heterosexuals, and homosexuals all reported same-sex erotic desires, but to different degrees. Finally, the authors studied the social and sexual effects of AIDS. For example, they discovered that as the AIDS crisis unfolded, many bisexual men entered into monogamous relationships with women, and bisexual women into more lesbian relationships. Recent media accounts attest that a growing number of researchers and writers are narrowing the fundamental cause of sexual preference to a single factor: biology. But if, as this study shows, learning plays a significant part in helping people traverse the boundaries of gender, if past and present intimate relationships influence their changing preferences, and if bisexual activity is inseparable from a social environment which provides distinctive sexual opportunities, then a mosaic of factors far more complex than those previously considered must be entertained in explaining the fuller spectrum of sexual preference. Dual Attraction is one of the most significant contributions to our understanding of sexuality since the original Kinsey reports and Bell and Weinberg's 1978 international bestseller Homosexualities. It is must reading for all those interested in the study of sexual behaviour--especially now, since the onset of AIDS.
Transsexual Bisexuals
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we argued that people become bisexual by developing an “open gender schema” that allows for the eroticization of both sexes. Further, for some persons, this form of sexual attraction can be organized around an identity-”bisexual.” But the links between the gender schema, sexual preference, and sexual identity are still not completely clear. In helping us to understand these connections, we were fortunate to have among the people we interviewed a number of transsexual bisexuals, people for whom gender is a major life concern. They had dealt with gender in ways that most people had not. Because of their transsexuality they could more clearly articulate the relationships between gender, sexual preference, and sexual identity, illuminating how the open gender schema operates.
Sexual Activities
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how bisexuals give meaning to their dual attractions. In this chapter, we examine how this relates to their sexual behaviors. We look at a variety of issues. First, what is the mix of opposite and same-sex patterns in bisexuals’ sexual lives. This will tell us just how loose the link between sex and gender is for them. Also, by looking at the types of partners they have (from significant to impersonal relationships), we can learn something about the opportunities they have for sex. Moving from types of partners to the incidence and frequency of particular sexual acts can illuminate what the boundaries of eroticism are for them. Just how adventurous is our group? We then look at the sexual problems that can be attendant on a lifestyle that often seems to center on pursuing the purely erotic.
Marriage
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under what circumstances can marriage and bisexuality coexist? How can the bisexual partner sustain a marriage without compromising on his/her sexual preference? Can disclosing bisexuality have positive consequences for a marriage or only negative ones? These are important questions, as many of the bisexuals we interviewed were married. Even among those who were divorced, a substantial number expressed a desire to be married again if they could find a suitable partner. In 1983, around half of the bisexuals we interviewed were, or had been, married. Of these, 14 percent had been married more than once. Approximately a fifth were married at the time they were interviewed (Table 9.1). The lengths of the current marriages were about evenly distributed between less than four years, five to nine years, and ten or more years.