bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of gene flow and logging history on the local genetic structure of a scattered tree species,Sorbus torminalisL. Crantz
Authors: ODDOU‐MURATORIO SYLVIE , DEMESURE‐MUSCH BRIGITTE , PÉLISSIER RAPHAËL , GOUYON PIERRE‐HENRI 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSorbus torminalisL. Crantz is a colonizing tree species usually found at low density in managed European forests. Using six microsatellite markers, we investigated spatial and temporal patterns of genetic structure within a 472‐ha population of 185 individuals to infer processes shaping the distribution of genetic diversity. Only eight young stems were found to be the result of vegetative reproduction. Despite high levels of gene flow (standard deviation of gene dispersal = 360 m), marked patterns of isolation by distance were detected, associated with an aggregated distribution of individuals in ∼100‐m patches. This spatial structure of both genes and individuals is likely to result from patterns of seedling recruitment combined with low tree density. Our results suggest that landscape factors and logging cycles markedly shape the distribution of favourable sites for seedling establishment, which are then colonized by sibling cohorts as a result of joint seed transportation by frugivores. These combined genetic and demographic processes result in similar genetic structure both within and among logging units. However, conversion to high forest may enhance genetic structuring.
Long‐distance gene flow and cross‐Andean dispersal of lowland rainforest bees (Apidae: Euglossini) revealed by comparative mitochondrial DNA phylogeography
Authors: DICK CHRISTOPHER W. , ROUBIK DAVID W. , GRUBER KARL F. , BERMINGHAM ELDREDGE 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEuglossine bees (Apidae; Euglossini) exclusively pollinate hundreds of orchid species and comprise up to 25% of bee species richness in neotropical rainforests. As one of the first studies of comparative phylogeography in a neotropical insect group, we performed a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)‐based analysis of 14 euglossine species represented by populations sampled across the Andes and/or across the Amazon basin. The mtDNA divergences within species were consistently low; across the 12 monophyletic species the mean intraspecific divergence among haplotypes was 0.9% (range of means, 0–1.9%). The cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) divergence among populations separated by the Andes (N = 11 species) averaged 1.1% (range 0.0–2.0%). The mtDNA CO1 data set displayed homogeneous rates of nucleotide substitution, permitting us to infer dispersal across the cordillera long after the final Andean uplift based on arthropod molecular clocks of 1.2–1.5% divergence per million years. Gene flow across the 3000‐km breadth of the Amazon basin was inferred from identical cross‐Amazon haplotypes found in five species. Although mtDNA haplotypes for 12 of the 14 euglossine species were monophyletic, a reticulate CO1 phylogeny was recovered in Euglossa cognata and E. mixta, suggesting large ancestral populations and recent speciation. Reference to closely related outgroups suggested recent speciation for the majority of species. Phylogeographical structure across a broad spatial scale is weaker in euglossine bees than in any neotropical group previously examined, and may derive from a combination of Quaternary speciation, population expansion and/or long‐distance gene flow.
Testing geographical pathways of speciation in a recent island radiation
Authors: MENDELSON TAMRA C. , SIEGEL ALEX M. , SHAW KERRY L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDetermining the mode, or geographical context, of speciation is a critical first step to understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that cause new species to arise. In this study, we estimated phylogenetic relationships in thecerasinaspecies group of the Hawaiian cricket genusLaupala(Orthoptera: Gryllidae) to test competing phylogeographical hypotheses and thus infer the mode of speciation. A previous phylogenetic result based on nuclear sequence data suggested that populations ofL. cerasinaon the Big Island of Hawaii are the result of two independent colonizations from Maui, implying parallel speciation and convergent song evolution, and contradicting systematic hypotheses based on behavioural and morphological data. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms to investigate further the relationships among species and populations in thecerasinaspecies group. Results of these analyses provide a robust estimate of phylogenetic relationships and support the phylogeographical history indicated by behavioural and morphological data.
DEET mosquito repellent provides personal protection against malaria: a household randomized trial in an Afghan refugee camp in Pakistan
Authors: Rowland Mark , Downey Gerald , Rab Abdur , Freeman Tim , Mohammad Nasir , Rehman Hamid , Durrani Naeem , Reyburn Hugh , Curtis Chris , Lines Jo , Fayaz Mohammad 
Published: November 2004

SummarySynthetic repellents based on di‐ethyl 3‐methyl benzamide (DEET) are a popular method of obtaining protection from mosquitoes and yet clear evidence for a protective effect against malaria has hitherto never been convincingly demonstrated. A household randomized trial was undertaken among a study population of 127 families (25%) in an Afghan refugee village in Pakistan to compare the efficacy of repellent soap (MosbarTM containing 20% DEET and 0.5% permethrin) vs. a placebo lotion. Cases of falciparum and vivax malaria were detected by passive case detection at the camp's clinic. At the end of the 6 month trial 3.7% (23 of 618) of individuals in the Mosbar group had presented with one or more episodes of falciparum malaria compared with 8.9% (47 of 530) of the placebo group (odds ratio 0.44, 95% CI 0.25–0.76). 16.7% of the Mosbar group (103 of 618) presented with vivax malaria compared with 11.7% (62 of 530) of the placebo group, and thus no effect was shown against vivax malaria (odds ratio 1.29, 95% CI 0.86–1.94). A considerable proportion of individuals (22%) had presented with vivax malaria during the 7 months leading up to the trial and thus any intervention effect would be partially masked by relapsed infections. The distribution of mosquitoes among households was broadly similar between Mosbar and placebo groups. The repellent was popularly received and very few side‐effects were reported. There is a case for giving repellents more prominence in public health as a preventive measure in regions where vectors bite in the early evening or in emergency situations such as epidemics or newly established refugee camps.
Short Communication: Prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to atovaquone and to the antifolate effect of proguanil in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from northern Ghana
Authors: Muehlen Marion , Schreiber Jonas , Ehrhardt Stephan , Otchwemah Rowland , Jelinek Tomas , Bienzle Ulrich , Mockenhaupt Frank P. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryAtovaquone‐proguanil has recently been introduced for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. However, resistance of Plasmodium falciparum is increasingly reported. We assessed P. falciparum polymorphisms associated with resistance to atovaquone (cytochrome b, cytb) and to cycloguanil, the active compound of proguanil (dihydrofolate reductase, dhfr) in 100 isolates from northern Ghana. None of these exhibited cytb codon 268 mutations. Moreover, no dhfr V16A, S108T or I164L mutations linked with cycloguanil resistance were detected. However, dhfr triple mutants (S108N‐I51L‐C59R) conferring resistance to proguanil and sulphadoxine‐pyrimethamine were seen in 51% of the isolates. In northern Ghana, P. falciparum cytb codon 268 mutations associated with atovaquone resistance are absent. Although proguanil appears to act synergistically with atovaquone in a way different from its antifolate property, the abundance of dhfr polymorphisms will likely compromise the prevention of dissemination of atovaquone‐resistant parasites once emerged.
Split‐drug regimens for the treatment of patients with sputum smear‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis – a unique approach
Authors:   Tuberculosis Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
Published: November 2004

SummaryObjective  To evaluate the efficacy of split‐drug regimens for treatment of patients with sputum smear‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis in south India.Design  Randomized controlled clinical trial where eligible patients were randomly allocated to: (i) 2RE3HZ3(alt)/4RH2 (split I): rifampicin plus ethambutol given on one day and isoniazid plus pyrazinamide the next day for first 2 months followed by rifampicin plus isoniazid twice weekly for 4 months, or (ii) 3RE3HZ3(alt)/3RH2 (split II): similar to regimen 1, except duration was 3 months in each phase, or (iii) 2REHZ3/4RH2 (control): rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide, given thrice weekly for 2 months followed by isoniazid and rifampicin twice weekly for 4 months. All patients were followed up clinically and bacteriologically every month up to 2 years and every 6 months for up to 5 years.Results  A favourable response (cultures negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the last 2 months of treatment) was observed in 91% of 407 patients in split I, 94% of 415 in split II and 89% of 418 in the control regimen. Ninety‐one per cent of 370 patients in split I, 93% of 389 in split II and 90% of 370 in control regimens had quiescent disease at the end of 60 months. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more frequent under the control regimen (P = 0.01).Conclusion  Split‐drug regimens were as effective as the control regimen in terms of favourable response at the end of treatment and quiescent disease at 5 years, and caused fewer gastrointestinal side‐effects.
A community study using specified and unspecified scenarios to investigate men's views about PSA screening
Authors: Gattellari Melina , Ward Jeanette E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective  We explored the influence of different but factual scenarios about prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening on men's interest in having PSA screening to detect early prostate cancer.Design  Cross‐sectional, representative community survey.Setting and participants  A total of 514 men (89% response fraction) aged 50–70 years randomly selected from a telephone directory database in Sydney, Australia.Main variables studied  Demographic, health and psychological variables.Main outcome variables  Interest in undergoing screening in response to five unspecified scenarios and, elsewhere in our interview, a specified scenario in which PSA screening was mentioned explicitly.Results  When presented with a scenario describing a lack of evidence underpinning the efficacy of screening for an unspecified cancer, 61.2% of men reported that they ‘probably’ or ‘definitely’ wanted to undergo screening for an unspecified cancer. Similar proportions reported that they ‘probably’ or ‘definitely’ wanted to undergo screening even at the risk of unmasking indolent cancer (60.9%) or without expert consensus about the value of screening (62.8%). Greatest interest in screening was elicited in that scenario describing life‐time risk of dying from prostate cancer (72.6%) (P < 0.001). Significantly fewer indicated they would ‘probably’ or ‘definitely’ want to undergo screening for a cancer for which there was uncertainty about treatment efficacy and known side‐effects (46.1%) (P < 0.001). Increasing age was a consistent predictor of positive interest in screening. When asked later in our survey specifically about PSA screening, 68.1%‘probably’ or definitely’ wanted PSA screening.Conclusion  Public health policy makers need to ensure that men are provided with the scope of medical evidence germane to prostate cancer screening and treatment, thereby potentially improving prostate cancer screening decisions.
Cardiovascular disease in renal allograft recipients is associated with elevated sialic acid or markers of inflammation
Authors: Bakri Rashed S , Afzali Behdad , Covic Adrian , Sriskantharan Rajaventhan , Bharma‐Ariza Paul , Park Won‐Ho , Sriharan Mohanaluxmi , Dalton Neil , Wierzbicki Anthony S , Crook Martin A , Goldsmith David JA 
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Background:  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is more common in patients with renal failure, even after renal transplantation. We wished to examine the relationship between markers of inflammation and CVD in stable renal transplant patients.Methods:  Ninety stable renal transplant outpatients with no recent illnesses or rejection were invited for study. Blood was drawn for a variety of inflammatory markers including total plasma sialic acid (SA) levels.Results:  Patients with CVD were significantly older than patients without (54 ± 12 vs. 42 ± 14 yr, p < 0.01) and had significantly lower total cholesterol (4.5 ± 1.6 vs. 5.1 ± 1.0 mmol/L, p < 0.01). Time from transplantation, present creatinine and blood pressure, smoking history were similar in both groups. Patients with CVD had significantly higher levels of SA (89.2 ± 22.3 vs. 77.4 ± 13.9 mg/dL, p = 0.01); fibrinogen [4.6 (2.2–6.7) vs. 3.6(1.9–5.7) g/L; p = 0.05); and C‐reactive protein (CRP) [2.2 (1.5–8.0) vs 1.5 (0.7–3.0) μg/dL] than those without CVD. A logistic multiple linear regression analysis of the data with CVD as the dependent variable, and all the other parameters as independent variables, showed significant associations (F = 16.9; p < 0.001) with diastolic blood pressure (β = 5.6; p = 0.02) and CRP (β = 4.4; p = 0.04).Conclusions:  This study suggests that inflammation is associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with renal allografts. The measurement of sialic acid as a risk factor may be superior to that of CRP in this group as its concentration is independent of renal function.
Relative effects of GAL+ and GALlow/− porcine hematopoietic cells on primate platelet aggregation and endothelial cell activation: implications for the induction of mixed hematopoietic chimerism in the pig‐to‐primate model
Authors: Knosalla Christoph , Giovino Maria A. , Harper David , Kaczmarek Elzbieta , Gollackner Bernd , Cooper David K. C. , Robson Simon C. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Background:  The induction of porcine hematopoietic cell chimerism in preconditioned baboons has been hampered by the development of thrombotic microangiopathy. As pigs that lack expression of Galα1,3 Gal (Gal) may become available in the near future, we have explored the effects of porcine hematopoietic cells that express low or no Gal (Gallow/−) on baboon platelet aggregation and on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) activation.Methods:  Porcine mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC; Gal+) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM; Gal+ or Gallow/−) were investigated for their potential to (i) induce aggregation of baboon platelets, and (ii) to activate endothelial cells as measured by increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), and E‐selectin on HUVEC. α‐Galactosidase‐treated PBPC were also investigated for their effect on platelet aggregation.Results:  Gal+ PBPC and Gal+ BM cells (107) induced aggregation of baboon platelets by 42 and 31%, respectively, whereas Gallow/− BM cells did not induce any platelet aggregation. α‐Galactosidase‐treated PBPC induced less platelet aggregation than untreated PBPC. Gal+ PBPC and Gal+ BM cells (107) increased expression of VCAM‐1, ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin on HUVEC, whereas Gallow/− BM cells did not.Conclusions:  In contrast to Gal+ PBPC or BM, Gallow/− BM cells do not induce aggregation of baboon platelets or activate HUVEC. The induction of tolerance through mixed hematopoietic cell chimerism may be facilitated when α‐galactosyltransferase‐knockout pigs become available.
Clinical nurse specialist care managers’ time commitments in a disease‐management program for bipolar disorder
Authors: Glick Henry A , Kinosian Bruce , McBride Linda , Williford William O , Bauer Mark S ,   the CSP #430 Study Team
Published: November 2004

Objectives:  As part of a cost‐effectiveness analysis for Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program #430, ‘Reducing the Efficacy‐Effectiveness Gap in Bipolar Disorder,’ we conducted a time and motion study to quantify the time psychiatric clinical nurse specialist (CNS) care managers spent providing care for patients.Methods:  Clinical nurse specialist care managers completed activity logs in which they recorded time spent implementing the Bipolar Disorders Program (BDP) during a 1‐week period in spring, summer, fall and winter over a 1‐year period when caseloads were at steady state. Mean service time was estimated by use of univariate analysis of means and by multivariable regression analysis.Results:  On average CNS care managers spent 40% of their clinical time in activities that typically are reimbursed (e.g. clinic visits) and spent the remaining 60% of their time in activities that are typically unreimbursed. Total clinic time increased as the number of visits per day increased; however, this increase got smaller with each additional visit per day.Conclusions:  As with other chronic illness management programs, CNS care managers expend a substantial portion of their clinical effort for the BDP in activities that are typically unreimbursed. Their activities have a fixed component per day as well as a component that systematically varies with the number of visits per day. These findings should be considered when costing out and disseminating psychiatric and other medical chronic illness management programs.
The Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on in vitro Embryonic Heart Development in Rats
Authors: Ülger H. , Özdamar S. , Unur E. , Pratten M. K. 
Published: November 2004

Summary In vitro effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on heart development and total embryonic growth were investigated in 84 rat embryos (obtained from nine pregnant females) at 9.5 days of gestation that were cultured in whole rat serum (WRS), in <30 kDa + >50 kDa serum fractions [retenate (R)], and in R + VEGF. After 24‐h culture, the embryos from each group were harvested and divided into two groups. One group was analysed morphologically and biochemically to obtain embryo protein content, the second group was serially sectioned and examined by light microscopy. Morphological score, embryo protein content, somite number and crown‐rump length of embryos indicated that embryos cultured in R had significant embryonic retardation, whereas the addition of VEGF to R increased embryonic growth and development. The morphological scores for WRS, R and R + VEGF were 57.7 ± 0.87, 46.6 ± 1.90 and 52.1 ± 0.97, somite numbers were 26.5 ± 0.47, 20.1 ± 0.63 and 24.4 ± 0.46, crown‐rump lengths were 3 ± 0.07, 2.4 ± 0.06 and 2.7 ± 0.06 mm, and embryo protein contents were 160.5 ± 7.41, 98.2 ± 4.81 and 141.1 ± 10.96 μg per embryo, respectively. The results of histological examination of heart development were similar. The hearts of embryos grown in R were unseptated and tubular. The atrioventricular endocardial cushions were incompletely developed. The addition of VEGF to R improved heart development. There were no gross morphological differences in the cardiac development between embryos grown in WRS and R + VEGF. In both groups, development of the muscular interventricular septum had begun. Development of the atrioventricular cushions was also similar in both groups and had caused narrowing of the atrioventricular canals, but the atrial septation was not observed.
Decrease of Nuclear Reactivity to Growth‐regulatory Galectin‐1 in Senescent Human Keratinocytes and Detection of Non‐uniform Staining Profile Alterations upon Prolonged Culture for Galectin‐1 and ‐3
Authors: Chovanec M. , Smetana K. , Dvořánková B. , Plzáková Z. , André S. , Gabius H.‐J. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryMultipotent stem cells (source for interfollicular epidermis, hairs and sebaceous glands) are localized in the bulge region of the outer root sheath of hair follicles, while stem cells giving rise to interfollicular epidermis reside in its basal. Using the multifunctional lectin galectin‐1 as a marker to localize accessible binding sites in situ as a step to figure out galectin functionality in stem cells, we studied hair follicle‐derived keratinocytes. Specific nuclear binding of galectin‐1 associated with expression of ΔNp63α, a potential marker of epidermal stem cells, was detected. Binding of chimera‐type galectin‐3 to a nuclear site was not found in parallel assays. During the process of ageing in culture when cells acquire properties of senescence, disappearance of the nuclear signal for galectin‐1 binding was accompanied by a similar decrease of nuclear ΔNp63α expression and increased binding of galectin‐3 to the cell membrane, namely in regions of intercellular contacts. Expression of cytokeratin 10, a marker of the terminal differentiation was seen only in a small fraction of the cell population. These data extend the evidence for nuclear sites with galectin‐1 reactivity in squamous epithelial cells, the expression of which is modulated upon senescence. Moreover, the results document the divergence of galectin‐1 and ‐3 on the level of ligand selection in this cell type, underscoring the importance of the technical aspect to employ tissue lectins as probe and to perform a fingerprinting with several markers of the galectin family in parallel.
Immunohistochemical Localization of S‐100 Protein in the Pig Pituitary Gland
Authors: Marettová E. , Maretta M. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryImmunohistochemical localization of S‐100 protein was studied in anterior, intermediate and posterior lobe of the pig pituitary gland. Two immunopositive cells for S‐100 protein were identified: the folliculo‐stellate cells (FSc) in the glandular lobes and the pituicytes in the neural lobe. In the anterior lobe, immunoreactive folliculo‐stellate cells were scattered among secretory cells. In the area where the secretory cells form strands and follicle‐like groups the positive cells were concentrated in groups. In the intermediate lobe, S‐100 protein‐positive cells were located sparsely among secretory cells and next to secretory follicles and the pituitary cleft. These FSc were more voluminous and displayed fewer cytoplasmic processes. In the neurohypophysis, positive reaction for S‐100 protein was seen in the pituicytes. These cells were distributed singly or concentrated in groups. The distribution, and morphologic characteristics of the FSc in the glandular lobes and the pituicytes in the neural lobe in the pig indicate different origin of both S‐100 protein‐positive cells.