bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra on the Central Nervous System in Mice
Authors: Öztürk Nilgün , Can Başer K Hüsnü , Aydin Süleyman , Öztürk Yusuf , Çaliş Ihsan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA methanolic extact of Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra roots has been investigated for its possible effects on the central nervous system of mice. At doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg (i.p.), the methanol extract of Gentiana roots caused a significant increase in the swimming endurance test and exhibited slight analgesic activity, but no lethality in mice suggesting some activity on the central nervous system. However, there was no indication of sedation or muscular fatigue at the doses employed. HPLC analysis showed that three secoiridoid compounds, gentiopicroside, swertiamarine and sweroside were present and may have been responsible for the CNS effects of the methanol extract of Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra roots. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of eight alkaloids and ten flavonoids isolated from four species of the genus Boronia (Rutaceae) for antimicrobial activities against seventeen clinical microbial strains
Authors: Nazrul Islam S. K. , Gray Alexander I. , Waterman Peter G. , Ahasan M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEight alkaloids and ten flavonoids isolated from four species of Boronia of the Rutaceae were screened against 17 clinical microbial strains. Of the test compounds, three acridone and one quinolone alkaloids and eight flavonoids were reported as novel natural products. Screening was carried out by the standard disc diffusion method. Of the tested compounds, six alkaloids and seven flavonoids including the novel products were active against six clinical strains. The active compounds showed mild to moderate activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, exterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella sp. Of the active flavonoids, some exhibited fairly significant activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella sp. The flavonoids were observed to have higher spectrum and magnitude of activity than those of the alkaloids. A standard ampicillin disc was used to compare the results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIV viral load: the myth of the undetectable?
Authors: Pillay Deenan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere is a wealth of data supporting the use of viral load measurements to monitor therapy. Indeed, clinical drug trial endpoints routinely include the proportion of patients with a plasma viral load reduction of greater than 0.5 log10, or greater than 1 log10. Since a higher viral load reflects increased amounts of virus replication, it would seem desirable to reduce this replication as far as possible, so that the goal of therapy has become one of viral undetectability in plasma. However, virological suppression to undetectable levels is not an absolute determinant of outcome because recent observational cohort data suggest that any significant reduction of viral load is associated with clinical benefit. There are also technical problems when attempting to measure undetectability, with lower limits of detection of 400 or 50 RNA copies/ml of plasma being driven more by the performance of commercial assays than by any inherent cut‐off value with proven prognostic significance. Furthermore, the obsession with undetectability has created the concept of the ‘viral blip’, or ‘intermittent viraemia’ commonly defined as a single viral load measurement of between 50 and 400 copies/ml, preceded and followed by consistent measurements of less than 50 copies/ml, in a patient receiving therapy. Such blips should be considered in the context of frequent transient changes in viral load which occur below the lower limit of detection by existing laboratory assays. In my view, there remains a misunderstanding about the importance ascribed to these relatively minor changes in lower detection limits, when considered against the background of virus within the body as a whole. I also consider other possible uses of HIV‐1 quantification in clinical practice, such as identifying the inherent potency of antiviral regimens. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental, economic and social effects caused by NAFTA in the fishery food companies of Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: Beltrán L. F. , Ortega‐Rubio A. , Lagunas M. , González H. , Soto M. , Acevedo M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEven though the international trade system was originally developed without considering environmental protection, efforts are being made to join environmental and political aims. In Mexico, Baja California Sur (BCS) is the most arid state and that with the longest coastline. Efforts to insert BCS into the international market have usually reflected the environmental topic. The purpose of this work was to identify environmental, economic and social impacts caused by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in BCS. We analysed, from 1994 to the present, the main fishery companies for growth in production, increases in the quantities and value of export products, the participation of personnel in environmental aspects, changes in pollution prevention and control, new technology, increase of investments and generation of employment. We find that in the short and medium term, NAFTA in the fishery sector has had no significant effects on the environmental, economic and social variables studied. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Development beyond markets, and bioregionalism
Authors: Rajeswar Jonnalagadda 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFar more than technology‐oriented resource economics, development also involves ecological, institutional, cultural, traditional, intellectual, ethical and spiritual dimensions. Conventional economic indicators fail to even measure economic sustainability, let alone accurately reflect social and ecological aspects of sustainable development. Hence, it is highly essential to standardize the human and social development indicators, rather than, or in addition to, the integrated accounting framework in monetary and physical terms. Given the growth fixation in global economy, and the resulting environmental breakdown, the real battleground on which the ecological future of the planet will be decided is clearly a social one.There has been an increasing ideological support for ‘bioregionalism’. The densely forested Eastern Ghats region of Andhra Pradesh in India, with its obvious eco‐political potential, offers a typical case for ‘bioregionalism’. The author has conducted extensive ethno‐ecological studies in the high altitude tribal area zone of the Eastern Ghats. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Community strategies: mainstreaming sustainable development and strategic planning?
Authors: Williams Paul M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNew legislation places a statutory duty on all local authorities in England and Wales to prepare ‘community strategies’ for promoting the economic, social and environmental well‐being of their areas, and contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in the U.K. This paper suggests that community strategies herald the demise of the frequently marginalized Local Agenda 21 strategies and offers the prospect of mainstreaming the principles of sustainable development into the core of local governance.However, the author argues that community strategies are unlikely to be effective if their preparation is grounded on the use of the rational or classical model of strategic management. A critical review is undertaken of this model and attention is especially drawn to a number of key inherent fallacies including spurious rationality, linear as opposed to nonlinear thinking, over‐formalization and a separation of the planning and operational elements of the process. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the potential contribution of alternative strategic management paradigms, and their implications for the preparation of community strategies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Relating functional requirements and software architecture: separation and consistency of concerns
Authors: Heckel R. , Engels G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the early stages of most software processes, functional and non‐functional (such as architectural, performance, or security) requirements are expressed separately in different sub‐models. Later these requirements have to be integrated into one overall system design. The integration raises consistency issues between different sub‐models, which have to be resolved in the process.If requirements evolve over time, this leads to changes to the sub‐models concerned. Thus, new consistency issues arise between changed and unchanged sub‐models. In this case, a clear separation of concerns between different sub‐models is required to keep the effect of changes as local as possible.In this paper, we use a relational approach to couple functional and architectural models while keeping them separated in order to simplify change. The approach uses meta modeling to support the static integration and concepts from the theory of graph transformation to formalize the semantic consistency of the dynamic aspects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vesicovaginal fistula treated with fibrin glue
Authors: Kanaoka Y , Hirai K , Ishiko O , Ogita S 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report here a case of vesicovaginal fistula, following radiation therapy and intensive local chemotherapy for recurrent endometrial cancer of the vaginal stump, which was ameliorated with fibrin glue. The procedure temporarily postponed urinary diversion until the recurrence of irreparable fistula more than 4 years after the development of the first vesicovaginal fistula.
Evaluation of fetal femur length to detect Down syndrome in a Thai population
Authors: Tannirandorn Y. , Manotaya S. , Uerpairojkit B. , Tanawattanacharoen S. , Wacharaprechanont T. , Charoenvidhya D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective: To assess the value of femur length shortening for prenatal detection of Down syndrome in a Thai population. Method: A prospective study was performed by experienced perinatologists on 3137 women undergoing second‐trimester amniocentesis, between 16 and 24 weeks of gestation, for the indications of advanced maternal age and past history of chromosomal abnormality. Biparietal diameter and femur length measurements were obtained before the procedures. Regression equations relating biparietal diameter to femur length were used to calculate observed femur length/expected femur length ratio in the chromosomally normal and Down syndrome fetuses. Sensitivity, specificity, false‐positive rate and likelihood ratio of a positive test result at various observed femur length/expected femur length ratios for detection of Down syndrome were calculated. A receiver–operator characteristic curve was used to determine threshold screening ratio. Results: There were 3084 chromosomally normal pregnancies, 26 fetuses with Down syndrome (1:118), and 27 other chromosomal abnormalities. The relationship between femur length and biparietal diameter (BPD) was: expected femur length=−7.631+0.814 BPD, R2=0.78, P<0.001). Femur length in Down syndrome fetuses was significantly shorter than in normal fetuses (P<0.001). A ratio of 0.91 for observed femur length/expected femur length yielded a sensitivity of 42.3%, specificity of 86.2%, false positive rate of 13.8% and likelihood ratio of a positive test result of 3.07 (95% CI 1.94–4.84) for detection of Down syndrome. Conclusions: In this study, femur length shortening in the second trimester appears to be a useful screening parameter for fetal Down syndrome in a Thai population.
Spectral analysis of fetal heart rate variability as a predictor of intrapartum fetal distress
Authors: Chung D.Y. , Sim Y.B. , Park K.T. , Yi S.H. , Shin J.C. , Kim S.P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the usefulness of power spectral analysis on fetal heart rate variability as a new diagnostic method of fetal distress. Study design: Among 76 pregnant women who underwent computerized electronic fetal monitoring and cord blood gas analysis, we divided them into three groups: normal fetus group (36); presumed distress group (26); and acidemic distress group (14). In order to perform linear analysis on the raw data of the fetal heart rate, after resampling, we performed Fourier transformation and investigated power distributions among very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) bands, and autonomic balance (LF/HF). Results: The results of the spectral analysis showed that in normal fetus group, the difference in the distribution of power spectrums of VLF, LF and HF was significantly higher than in presumed distress group and acidemic distress group. In fetal distress, the LF and VLF value (≤0.0023, ≥0.0437) were good predictors (sensitivity 97.5%, 75.0% and specificity 86.1%, 94.4%). The LF value (≤0.0013) was a good predictor in fetal acidemia (sensitivity 97.5% and specificity 86.1%). Conclusions: A computerized spectral analysis of fetal heart rate variation is a good predictor of fetal distress, which is made automatically and objectively.
The management of severely malformed newborn infants: the case of conjoined twins
Authors: Dickens B.M , Cook R.J 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe birth of ‘Siamese’ twins in August 2000 whose parents refused to consent to surgery for separation required English courts to decide whether the twins could lawfully be separated despite that refusal when one twin would certainly die as a direct surgical result. The Court of Appeal unanimously upheld the trial judge's decision to authorize surgery, taking account of principles of family law, criminal law and human rights law. Parental duties to the viable twin were found consistent with the justification of allowing, without intending, natural death of the non‐viable twin. The right to human dignity of both twins supported the justification of separation surgery. The decision did not elevate physicians’ choices over parents’, but subjected both to the law. The hospital was found entitled to bring the case to court, but not obliged; it could have declined surgery in conformity with the parents’ wishes.
Electroencephalographic Activity in a Flanker Interference Task Using Japanese Orthography
Authors: Yamaguchi Shuhei , Toyoda Genya , Xu Jiang , Kobayashi Shotai , Henik Avishai 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The neural activities for color word interference effects were investigated using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded in a flanker-type interference task. Kanji words (Japanese morphograms) and kana words (Japanese phono-grams) were used as the flanker stimuli to obtain insights about hemispheric specialization for processing two types of Japanese orthographies. Interference effects in reaction time were larger when kanji words were presented in the left visual field and when kana words were in the right visual field. ERPs were modulated by the incongruent flankers, which generated a negative ERP component with the different onset and offset depending on flanker attributes. Consistent with the behavioral data, the interference-related negativity was observed for kanji words presented in the left visual field and for kana words in the right visual field. The negativity distributed maximally over the fronto-central site. The early part of the negativity distributed strongly over the frontal midline area, whereas it extended bilaterally over the frontal area in the late phase. The present results support the view of preferential processing of kanji in the right hemisphere and that of kana in the left hemisphere. The temporal profile of scalp topographies for the interference-related neural activity suggests that the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal regions may be involved in maintaining attentional set and conflict resolution.
Electrophysiological Measures of Language Processing in Bilinguals
Authors: Proverbio Alice Mado , Čok Barbara , Zani Alberto 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate how multiple languages are represented in the human brain. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from right-handed polyglots and monolinguals during a task involving silent reading. The participants in the experiment were nine Italian monolinguals and nine Italian/Slovenian bilinguals of a Slovenian minority in Trieste; the bilinguals, highly fluent in both languages, had spoken both languages since birth. The stimuli were terminal words that would correctly complete a short, meaningful, previously shown sentence, or else were semantically or syntactically incorrect. The task consisted in deciding whether the sentences were well formed or not, giving the response by pressing a button. Both groups read the same set of 200 Italian sentences to compare the linguistic processing, while the bilinguals also received a set of 200 Slovenian sentences, comparable in complexity and length, to compare the processing of the two languages within the group. For the bilinguals, the ERP results revealed a strong, left-sided activation, reflected by the N1 component, of the occipito-temporal regions dedicated to orthographic processing, with a latency of about 150 msec for Slovenian words, but bilateral activation of the same areas for Italian words, which was also displayed by topographical mapping. In monolinguals, semantic error produced a long-lasting negative response (N2 and N4) that was greater over the right hemisphere, whereas syntactic error activated mostly the left hemisphere. Conversely, in the bilinguals, semantic incongruence resulted in greater response over the left hemisphere than over the right. In this group, the P615 syntactical error responses were of equal amplitude on both hemispheres for Italian words and greater on the right side for Slovenian words.
The present findings support the view that there are inter- and intrahemispheric brain activation asymmetries when monolingual and bilingual speakers comprehend written language. The fact that the bilingual speakers in the present study were highly fluent and had acquired both languages in early infancy suggests that the brain activation patterns do not depend on the age of acquisition or the fluency level, as in the case of late, not-so-proficient L2 language learners, but on the functional organization of the bilinguals' brain due to polyglotism and based on brain plasticity.
Auditory Peripersonal Space in Humans
Authors: Farnè Alessandro , Làdavas Elisabetta 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
In the present study we report neuropsychological evidence of the existence of an auditory peripersonal space representation around the head in humans and its characteristics. In a group of right brain-damaged patients with tactile extinction, we found that a sound delivered near the ipsilesional side of the head (20 cm) strongly extinguished a tactile stimulus delivered to the contralesional side of the head (cross-modal auditory-tactile extinction). By contrast, when an auditory stimulus was presented far from the head (70 cm), cross-modal extinction was dramatically reduced. This spatially specific cross-modal extinction was most consistently found (i.e., both in the front and back spaces) when a complex sound was presented, like a white noise burst. Pure tones produced spatially specific cross-modal extinction when presented in the back space, but not in the front space. In addition, the most severe cross-modal extinction emerged when sounds came from behind the head, thus showing that the back space is more sensitive than the front space to the sensory interaction of auditory-tactile inputs. Finally, when cross-modal effects were investigated by reversing the spatial arrangement of cross-modal stimuli (i.e., touch on the right and sound on the left), we found that an ipsilesional tactile stimulus, although inducing a small amount of cross-modal tactile-auditory extinction, did not produce any spatial-specific effect. Therefore, the selective aspects of cross-modal interaction found near the head cannot be explained by a competition between a damaged left spatial representation and an intact right spatial representation. Thus, consistent with neurophysiological evidence from monkeys, our findings strongly support the existence, in humans, of an integrated cross-modal system coding auditory and tactile stimuli near the body, that is, in the peripersonal space.
THE PERSONAL IS POLITICAL: COVENANTAL AND AFFECTIONATE LOVE ('ĀHĒB, 'AHĂBÂ) IN THE HEBREW BIBLE
Authors: Ackerman Susan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper explores points of connection between texts describing Yahweh's covenantal love for Israel and texts concerning the interpersonal loving relationships of men and women and parents and children. Although these covenantal and interpersonal relationships are to be distinguished in many ways, they do hold certain features in common: both are construed in a way that is very one-sided, and, in both, it is typically
SOME HEBREW MISREADINGS IN THE SEPTUAGINT OF AMOS
Authors: Gelston  
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne of the many different possible reasons for variations between the MT and the LXX is misreading of the Hebrew text by the LXX translator. Such misreading often extends to only one or two letters, and provides a ready explanation for renderings otherwise difficult to understand. There is an unusual concentration of such apparent misreadings in the LXX of Amos, 23 particular cases being briefly examined and classified in this communication. Three cases are of more than usual interest and are examined in greater detail. The cumulative effect of the occurence of a number of probable cases of misreading in a comparatively short text, where the translation of the LXX is generally accurate, is most probably to be explained by indistinct writing or damage to the Hebrew Vorlage of the LXX translator.
International differences in home treatment for mental health problems
Authors: Burns Tom , Catty Jocelyn , Watt Hilary , Wright Christine , Knapp Martin , Henderson Juliet 
Published: October 2002

BackgroundIt is perceived that North American home treatment studies reveal greater success in reducing days in hospital than do European studies. There are difficulties in extrapolating findings internationally.AimsWe aimed to determine whether North American studies find greater reductions in days in hospital and whether experimental service patients in North American studies spend less time in hospital.MethodThe results of a systematic review were analysed with respect to study location. Service components ascertained through follow-up were utilised to interpret the meta-analyses conducted.ResultsMost of the 91 studies found were from the USA and UK. North American studies found a difference of one hospital day (per patient per month) more than European studies but there was no difference in experimental data between the two locations.ConclusionsNorth American studies demonstrate greater differences in days in hospital but patients in their experimental services seem to spend no fewer days in hospital, implying a disparity in control services.