bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tubular Thermosyphon
Authors: Lock G S H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tubular thermosyphon is a very simple idea for transferring heat. Fluid inside a tube is circulated by buoyancy forces and thus carries thermal energy from the hot end to the cold end with great efficiency. The device has many uses: freezing ground, cooling equipment and machinery, waste heat recovery, and energy conservation. The operating details of the thermosyphon are, however, very complex and change dramatically with the circumstances. The length and diameter of the tube, the nature and state of the fluid, the strength and variation of the body force field, etc., all influence the internal circulation pattern and thus create different operating characteristics - variations on a basic theme. The book deals with each of these variations thoroughly and systematically. Emphasis is placed on the physical principles underlying thermal behaviour: under single-phase or evaporative conditions; whether the tube is stationary or rotating; and whether it is straight or bent. Consideration is also given to other devices having a similar purpose.
Low Temperatures
Authors: Eremets M I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many interesting phenomena connected with quantum effects and low-energy excitations can be investigated at low temperatures. This represents a large field of the physics of superconductors and semiconductors and solid-state physics in general. At low temperature the fine structure of the energy spectrum is developed and even a low pressure produces sufficient shift in energy peaks. Determination of the derivatives of characteristic peaks in the energy spectrum in respect to volume (pressure) is very important because it helps to identify the observed peaks correctly. For example, determination of dTc/dP for superconductors helps to check different theories of HT superconductivity. In many theoretical calculations the volume derivatives are calculated more accurately than absolute values.
Nano-lithography or two-dimensional patterning systems
Authors: Taniguchi Norio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general method used today for the manufacture of semiconductor devices involves the formation of the device pattern by electron beam exposure, followed by reproduction of this pattern by optical exposure system. Resist films are used to generate patterns in electron beam exposure and to replicate patterns in optical exposure. The common method of inspecting patterns made by electron beam or optical exposure systems is direct observation of the resulting resist image. Patterns are delineated on chrome-coated glass plates (photomasks) by electron beam exposure systems and reproduced on silicon wafers by optical exposure systems.
Principles of Metal Refining
Authors: Engh T Abel , Simensen Christian J , Wijk Olle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book covers the field between extractive metallurgy and solidification and subsequent processing. An important point the book stresses is that the principles are the same in the treatment of various different metals. Someone concerned with the purification of one metal may learn from results and experiences gained on other metals and alloys. The specifics of metals such as iron and steel, aluminium, and copper are discussed in examples and in problems at the end of each chapter. The book is self-contained and covers the basic thermodynamics and fluid mechanics required.
Thermodynamics And Transport Properties
Authors: Engh T Abel , Simensen Christian J , Wijk Olle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thermodynamics and kinetics are the tools we use to describe how impurities enter the melt and how they can be removed. Refining metallurgy is a neverending battle of trying to remove impurities and inclusions from the molten metal. These impurities come from various sources. Partly, they stem from the raw materials (ores) used in extractive metallurgy, and partly they enter the melt during the alloying and refining treatment. The melt picks up impurities from the containing walls (refractories), from the atmosphere, and even from the phase used to extract the impurities (slag). The slag and the walls must stand up to the high temperatures and chemical attack from the melt. The walls are therefore composed of refractory materials such as Al2O3 or MgO in the case of steelmaking. These refractory materials must be relatively inexpensive; they are therefore never ‘pure’. They also contain binding materials such as SiO2, B203, carbon-based binders, and so on.
Stainless Steelmaking In Converters
Authors: Wijk Olle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In converter steelmaking, a pig iron produced in a blast furnace or a raw steel with a high carbon content, usually melted in an electric arc furnace, is oxidized with gaseous oxygen in order to remove various dissolved elements. The oxygen is added to the molten metal through a water-cooled lance from the top or through two yeres placed under the bath surface in the converter. Combinations of these two techniques supplemented by inert gas are also commonly used.
Two-Component Velocity Measurements
Authors: Bruun H H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes hot-wire/film-probe methods used for measuring two components of the velocity vector at a point. It will be assumed in this chapter that the selected plane of the two velocity components contains the mean-flow direction. Two-component velocity measurements are carried out either with a probe with a single wire inclined relative to the mean-flow direction or with a probe with two wires placed in an X-configuration. The related hot-film probes are discussed in Section 5.6. An X-probe enables simultaneous measurements of two velocity components to be made, whilst a single inclined wire can only provide statistical information about the velocity field. The geometry of a typical single yawed (SY) hot-wire probe with a parallel-stem orientation is shown in Fig. 5.l(a-b), unplated and plated, respectively. To minimize the probe-disturbance effects on the hot-wire signal, the plated configuration (Fig. 5.1(b)) is recommended. In certain flow situations it may be necessary to place the probe-stem perpendicular to the mean-flow direction, and with this support orientation a single normal (SN) probe can also be used for two-component velocity measurements by rotating the
Introduction to AC Drives
Authors: Novotny D W , Lipo T A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important factor in worldwide industrial progress during the past several decades has been the increasing sophistication of factory automation. Manufacturing lines in an industrial plant typically involve one or more variable speed motor drives which serve to power conveyor belts, robot arms, overhead cranes, steel process lines, paper mills and plastic and fiber processing lines to name a few. Prior to the 1950s all such applications required the use of a de motor drive since ac motors were not capable of true adjustable or smoothly varying speed since they inherently operated synchronously or nearly synchronously with the frequency of electrical input. The inherent disadvantages of de drives, however, have prompted continual attempts to find better solutions to the problem. To a large extent, applications which require only a gradual change in speed are now being replaced by what can be called general purpose ac drives. In general, such ac drives often feature a cost advantage over their de counterparts and, in addition, offer lower maintenance, smaller motor size, and improved reliability. However, the control flexibility available with these drives is very limited and their application is, in the main, restricted to fan, pump and compressor types of application where the speed need be regulated only roughly and where transient response and low speed performance are not critical.
Population approaches to promote healthful eating behaviors
Authors: French Simone A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A substantial body of research supports the role of diet in contributing to secular increases in population-wide obesity prevalence (1-3). Both dietary composition (4-7) and energy availability (7-13) are implicated in the etiology of weight gain and obesity at the population level. In addition to its role in obesity, dietary intake plays an important role in the etiology and prevention of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, stroke, and osteoporosis (14, 15). Effective community-based interventions to improve dietary quality and food choices could promote populationwide health and substantially reduce the population burden of chronic disease.
Stand Still, Ever Moving Sun
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The astronomical and epochal revolution of the heliocentric system. In three letters—the best-known being the one addressed to his pupil Father Benedetto Castelli—Galileo, prompted by objections that had been raised by the ecclesiastical authorities, proposes an honorable compromise which would permit the coexistence of the Copernican theory and the words of the Bible.
Wax Balls and Dew Drops*
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problems concerning bodies in contact with water. How do fish manage to stay suspended in mid water? To study this problem Galileo uses wax balls, which he gradually makes heavier by weighting them with grains of sand. Another question regards dew drops, which do not wet the leaves on which they form. Galileo does not have the right answer, nor could he have it, but amidst the conceptual mistakes, he is still capable of coming up with a brilliant intuition.
The Dark Labyrinth of the Senses
Authors: Frova Andrea , Marenzana Mariapiera , Mcmanus Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here Galileo’s famous statement that mathematics is the cardinal point of science, shedding light on Nature, is examined. So are the controversial statements about secondary properties of bodies—odors, tastes, etc.— which, according to Galileo, are not inherent to bodies themselves, but exist solely insomuch as they are the objects of our perception. The discussion closes with two insights: first, the correspondence between the movement of particles and the sensation of heat, and second, the relationship between light and matter.
The climate system
Authors: Taylor F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The climate ‘system’ consists primarily of the land, ocean, and ice on the surface of the Earth; the atmosphere that overlies it; and the radiation from the Sun that provides energy. All of these interact, to produce the conditions on and around the surface of our planet that we call the climate. While the term can refer to the mean state of the whole system, averaged in space and time, the emphasis is usually on the parameters that most affect life on the planet, especially the surface temperature, and its global and seasonal variation. Just as important as temperature, although probably more stable at the present time, are the oxygen abundance in the atmosphere, and the mean surface pressure.
Climate on other planets
Authors: Taylor F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Climate systems analogous to that which concerns us on the Earth are found on the other planets of the Solar System. The processes are the same or similar, and the physical laws identical; it is the different boundary conditions, especially distance from the Sun, that give rise to different histories and present-day solutions to the equations governing climate. Not surprisingly, the regimes on the nearby, and similarly sized planets Mars and Venus, bear the closest resemblance to the Earth. However, instructive parallels can be drawn with the giant planets and Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, as well, despite their more extreme contrasts with the terrestrial environment.
Photoelastic Properties of Rubbers
Authors: Treloar L R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is well known that many crystals are optically anisotropic, being characterized by different values of refractive index for different directions of propagation of light through them, or, more precisely, for different directions of polarization of the transmitted light. This optical anisotropy, which gives rise to the phenomenon of double refraction, has its origin in the different polarizabilities of the medium for different directions of the electric field or electric vector in the electromagnetic wave. Generally there is a close connection between the optical anisotropy and the mechanical or elastic anisotropy, since both are directly related to the type of symmetry exhibited by the molecular structure of the crystal.
Combinatorial counting
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we are going to consider problems concerning the number of various configurations, such as “How many ways are there to send n distinct postcards to n friends?”, “How many mappings of an n-element set to an m-element set are there?”, and so on. We begin with simple examples that can usually be solved with common sense (plus, maybe, some cleverness) and require no special knowledge. Later on, we will come to somewhat more advanced techniques.
Pollinator responses to plant communities and implications for reproductive character evolution
Authors: Geber Monica A , Moeller David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproduction by most plant species occurs in a community of other flowering species and a diverse fauna of potential pollinators. This community context shapes both pollinator behaviour and ecology and the outcome and evolution of plant reproduction. We consider the effects of communities of pollinator-sharing plant species on three pollinator responses, behaviour (functional response, preference and constancy), demography (numerical and aggregative responses), and community structure (diversity and relative abundance of pollinator taxa). Pollinator responses may differ between multi-species plant communities and single-species populations and these differences can alter patterns of selection on, and evolution of, plant reproductive traits.
Effects of colonization and metapopulation dynamics on the evolution of plant sexual systems
Authors: Pannell John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The colonization of unoccupied habitat has unique effects on the evolution of plant sexual systems. Viewed broadly, colonization encompasses both single-event, long-distance dispersal and the recurrent colonizations by which species persist in a metapopulation. ın both cases, colonization acts as a selective sieve, favouring some genotypes or phenotypes over others. ın addition, colonization alters the balance between selection and drift, and disrupts the biotic interactions among individuals. However, the two scenarios differ in the opportunity for newly colonized populations to evolve in the absence of gene flow from the source population. ı review current understanding of the evolution of sexual systems during and after long-distance dispersal, focusing on sex allocation and sexual-system polymorphisms maintained by frequency-dependent selection.
Floral characters and species diversification
Authors: Kay Kathleen M , Voelckel Claudia , Yang Ji Y , Hufford Kristina M , Kaska Debora D , Hodges Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The burgeoning of phylogenetic information during the past 15 years has focused much interest on whether specific features of clades enhance or hinder the evolution of species diversity. ın the angiosperms many of the traits thought to affect clade diversity are floral in nature, because of their association with reproduction and thus species isolation. Therefore, we briefly review mechanisms by which floral traits can affect diversification. We then consider the possible influences of four specific traits by comparing the species diversity of a clade possessing a trait with that of its sister clade that lacks the trait.
The Interaction Of Cortex And Basal Ganglia In The Control Of Voluntary Actions
Authors: Roth Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voluntary actions are accompanied by the feeling that they come from within ourselves— as opposed to being reflexes. When I am reaching for a cup of coffee, I have the strong impression that it is me who planned and executed this action, and even when I did this while concentrating on the interesting talk going on, I nevertheless attribute the action to me and I will feel responsible for the possible consequences of the action (e.g. when I failed to grasp the cup and the coffee spills over the table). However, when my body executes reflexes (e.g. eye blink reflex, knee-jerk reflex), I will usually say that this was not me, but my eyelid or my knee, and usually I do not feel and am not regarded as responsible for such reflex actions.
Voluntary Action And Criminal Responsibility
Authors: GÜNther Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discourses on voluntary action often lead to a point where the arguments turn towards possible practical consequences. Among these consequences, one of them seems to make people more upset than others: What follows for crime and punishment from accepting a certain argument within the discourse on voluntary action? If a theory that explains human behaviour denies the possibility of voluntary action because human behaviour is completely determined, then it seems to follow that punishment for having committed a crime does not make any sense because it would mean to punish a person for a behaviour he or she could not have avoided. Such an argument is often based on two unexplained premises: that punishment requires individual responsibility, and that individual responsibility requires voluntary action or, even more, freedom of the will.
Demography of Passerines in the temperate southern hemisphere
Authors: Rowley Ian , Russell Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most ecological theory has evolved in the northern hemisphere, largely because that is where most ecologists live, learn, and look. Although some of these theories have tended to achieve the status of universally applicable dogmas, they appear to be inadequate in southern hemisphere situations which differ in many important aspects. This paper attempts to review the ecological patterns found in temperate parts of the southern hemisphere, and to contrast these with patterns found elsewhere.
Estimation of demographic parameters in bird populations
Authors: Clobert J , Lebreton J -D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Describing the population dynamics of a group of individuals requires some knowledge of its density, the number of births and deaths, and the number of individuals moving in or out (Lack 1954; Von Haartman 1971; Ricklefs 1973; Eberhardt 1985). Population biologists who wish to measure these processes must focus part of their attention on how to estimate demographic parameters (Lincoln 1930; Jackson 1933, 1939; Ricker 1956; De Lury 1947; Deevey 1947; Bailey 1951). However, it is extremely difficult to obtain comprehensive data on all aspects of the demography of a population. Usually only partial information about the life and death of a variable proportion of the population can be gathered. Thus in practice, demographic parameters are often estimated by sampling the population (involving some assumptions) and using appropriate statistical techniques.
The importance of migration mortality in non-passerine birds
Authors: Owen Myrfyn , Black Jeffrey M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The migratory flight itself has long been regarded as one of the most hazardous stages of the life cycle of migratory birds. In their review of the importance of migration in shorebird populations, Pienkowski and Evans (1985) recognized that mass deaths probably occurred frequently, though there were great difficulties in quantifying such mortality. They also recognized that these most often related to young birds, and pointed out that this could be for two reasons: failure to grow and lay down sufficient fat reserves to complete migration in the short Arctic summer and possible competition with adults on the staging areas.
Responses of North American duck populations to exploitation
Authors: Nichols James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goals of managing any population of birds can usually be expressed in terms of a desired population size (number of birds) and, in the case of exploited species, a desired harvest (number taken via exploitation). Informed management of exploited species should thus be based on some knowledge of the effects of exploitation on population size. All changes in population size are determined by the four so-called fundamental demographic variables, survival, reproduction, immigration, and emigration, and any effects of exploitation (hunting) on population size must come about through changes in these variables. Hunting can certainly influence movement and distribution patterns of migratory birds. However, if we restrict our attention to sufficiently large geographic areas (e.g. North America), then we can effectively ignore immigration and emigration and focus on survival and reproduction. In this paper are reviewed studies on the effects of exploitation on North American duck populations.
The direct and indirect effects of the caecal nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis on red grouse
Authors: Hudson Peter J , Dobson Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently it has generally been accepted that a successful parasite maintains a harmless level of infection and lives in a symbiotic relationship with its host. Epidemics were considered the exception where density-independent factors perturbed the relationship between host and parasite and led to massive host mortality. An alternative view is now held by many evolutionary biologists, who realize that, since parasite fitness depends heavily on transmission, the individual parasite that successfully transmits its offspring to other hosts will be at a selective advantage, even if the parasite kills both itself and the host. Moreover, through the synthesis of epidemiology and ecology, empirical treatments suggest that parasites may act in a density-dependent manner and can regulate the size of the host population (Anderson and May 1978; May and Anderson 1978).
The effects of ectoparasites on cliff swallow growth and survival
Authors: Chapman Brian R , George John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are many selective advantages associated with membership in an avian nesting colony, there are numerous disadvantages as well (Witten berger and Hunt 1985). Among the 'costs' of coloniality is the inevitable increase of ectoparasite populations at a regularly reused colony site (Alexander 1974). Colonial aggregations of birds provide dense, reliable concentrations of hosts for ectoparasites (Rothschild and Clay 1952), which can affect development rates and mortality levels of nestling birds (Foster 1968; Moss and Camin 1970; Hoogland and Sherman 1976; Brown and Brown 1987). High ectoparasite populations have also resulted in nest abandonment and total colony desertion in a variety of species (Moss and Camin 1970; Chapman 1973; Converse et al. 1975; Feare 1976; King et al. 1977a,b; Samuel et al. 1982; Duffy 1983;