bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Better Performing Dryable Insulation System for Low-Slope Roofs
Authors: Rudbeck Claus 
Published: August 2002

Low-slope roofs are widely used but they are often vulnerable to water damage. As removal of water is difficult and expensive, low-slope roofs often have short service life and poor cost-performance ratio. To improve the durability of low-slope roofs, a dryable-on-demand roofing system has been proposed. The design, which includes a mechanism for moisture detection, was evaluated by means of numerical modeling and laboratory measurements. Compared to traditional low-slope roofs, the suggested design offers several advantages including better cost-effectiveness, lower replacement costs, and lower use of resources. The paper shows that building envelope components that are prepared for repair and maintenance may be cost-effective.
TOTAL CURVATURES OF HOLONOMIC LINKS
Authors: EKHOLM TOBIAS , WEISTRAND OLA 
Published: August 2002

A differential geometric characterization of the braid-index of a link is found. After multiplication by 2π, it equals the infimum of the sum of total curvature and total absolute torsion over holonomic representatives of the link. Upper and lower bounds for the infimum of the total curvature over holonomic representatives of a link are given in terms of its braid- and bridge-index. Examples showing that these bounds are sharp are constructed.
Cardiovascular effect of almotriptan in treated hypertensive patients
Authors: Fleishaker Joseph C. , McEnroe Janet D. , Azie Nkechi E. , Francom Steven F. , Carel Barbara J. 
Published: August 2002

ObjectiveOur objective was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of almotriptan, a 5‐hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D agonist, in treated patients with hypertension.MethodsTwenty patients with hypertension controlled by medication received the following treatments in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover design: one placebo tablet, one 12.5‐mg almotriptan tablet, and one 25‐mg almotriptan tablet. Serial blood samples for analysis of almotriptan were obtained through 24 hours after administration. Serial measurements of supine blood pressure, 12‐lead electrocardiograms, and Holter electrocardiographic recordings were also obtained. Plasma almotriptan concentrations were measured with use of a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry assay. Differences between treatments in pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed with an ANOVA model appropriate for a crossover design. Blood pressure measures and QTc intervals were analyzed for treatment effects with use of a similar model. Analyses were performed on weighted mean and maximal changes from baseline for intervals from 0 to 4 and 0 to 12 hours after administration.ResultsSignificant linear effects of dose were observed for the maximal change in diastolic blood pressure and for the maximal and mean changes in systolic blood pressure. These effects were consistent for both the 4‐ and 12‐hour periods after dosing. Mean changes from baseline during the interval from 0 to 4 hours were 1.59 ± 3.88, 1.85 ± 5.94, and 4.84 ± 5.99 mm Hg for systolic pressure and 1.38 ± 6.95, 6.25 ± 9.54, and 11.0 ± 10.6 mm Hg for diastolic pressure for placebo, 12.5 mg almotriptan, and 25 mg almotriptan, respectively. No instances of hypertensive crisis were observed. No QTc interval prolongation was observed.ConclusionsAlmotriptan has effects on blood pressure in subjects with controlled hypertension that are consistent with those of other members of the pharmalogic class.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 169–175; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121372
A BAYESIAN METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE FAILURE RATE OF SOFTWARE
Authors: JESKE DANIEL R. , QURESHI M. AKBER , MULDOON EUNAN 
Published: August 2002

When software is tested according to the customer's operational profile, many techniques exist in the literature for using the resulting failure data to estimate the customer-perceived failure rate. Unfortunately, the overhead associated with defining and using the customer's operational profile during a system test can be significant. As a compromise, many projects test the software by executing it over a sustained period of time using simulated load scenarios that represent informed judgments of what the customer environment is likely to be. By itself, the load test data is suspect for estimating the customer-perceived failure rate since the load scenarios may not be accurate representations of the customer's usage patterns. Moreover, the load test data is limited by the relatively small amount of time that is set aside for load testing. In some cases the release being tested is an evolution of a previous release already in the field. The field experience with the previous release along with a characterization of the difference between the two releases are natural sources of information for building a prior distribution of the failure rate of the new release. The load test data can then be used to obtain a posterior distribution of the failure rate of the new release. The posterior distribution inherently reflects the customer's operational profile through its dependence on the field data, and effectively enlarges the set of data from which inference about the failure rate of the new release is to be made. In this paper, we develop a model for the prior distribution of the failure rate, and obtain the corresponding posterior distribution. We illustrate our modeling approach using real data collected from one of our software products.
ISOLATED DORSAL DISLOCATION OF THE 5TH CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT
Authors: Vijayasekaran Vijith Sujeevan , Briggs Patrick 
Published: August 2002

Injuries to the carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are uncommon injuries and isolated dislocation of these joints occurs very infrequently. The 4th and 5th CMC joints are predominantly involved in CMC joint injuries. The detection of CMC joint injuries requires a high index of suspicion and often depends on special radiographic views.This article present a case report of a mid-shaft fracture of the 4th metacarpal which was associated with an isolated dislocation of the 5th CMC joint. An overview of the incidence, mechanism of injury, anatomy, clinical and radiological assessment of injuries involving dorsal dislocation of the 5th carpometacarpal joint is presented.
Analgesic efficacy of rectal versus oral acetaminophen in children after major craniofacial surgery
Authors: van der Marel Caroline D. , van Lingen Richard A. , Pluim Marien A.L. , Scoones Gail , van Dijk Monique , Vaandrager J.Michael , Tibboel Dick 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundAnalgesic acetaminophen (INN, paracetamol) plasma concentrations after major surgery in neonates and infants have not yet been established in the literature. We therefore conducted a study in our intensive care unit.MethodsForty children, mean (standard deviation) age, 10.3 (2.3) months, received 20 mg/kg acetaminophen either orally (n = 20) or rectally (n = 20) every 6 hours after a rectal loading dose (40 mg/kg) during elective craniofacial correction. Blood samples were taken 1 hour before and 2 hours after administration of acetaminophen maintenance doses; pain scores were obtained every 3 hours.ResultsAcetaminophen plasma concentrations were higher in patients receiving rectal acetaminophen (mean area under the concentration‐time curve [AUC], 171.2 mg · h/L) than in patients receiving oral acetaminophen (mean AUC, 111.9 mg · h/L). Pain scores were higher in patients receiving oral acetaminophen. However, after exclusion of the patients who vomited from the group receiving oral acetaminophen, acetaminophen plasma concentrations and pain scores did not differ between the groups. There was no relation between acetaminophen plasma concentrations and pain scores. Although 9 of all 40 patients (22.5%) did not reach the expected analgesic acetaminophen plasma concentrations of 10‐ to 20 mg/L, <7.5% of the visual analog scale pain scores exceeded 4 cm, which was considered as a cutoff point.ConclusionThese are the first data showing that the analgesic acetaminophen plasma concentration after major surgery in this age group does not always reach the 10 to 20 mg/L level. These data also show that, after a rectal loading dose of 40 mg/kg has been given during surgery, the best way of administering acetaminophen after craniofacial surgery is the rectal route.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 82–90; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116794
CD4 response is correlated with peak plasma concentrations of indinavir in adults with undetectable human immunodeficiency virus ribonucleic acid
Authors: Anderson Peter L. , Brundage Richard C. , Kakuda Thomas N. , Fletcher Courtney V. 
Published: August 2002

We retrospectively evaluated correlates of increases in CD4 cell count in antiretroviral agent‐naive subjects with fewer than 50 copies per milliliter of plasma human immunodeficiency virus ribonucleic acid who were participating in a study of indinavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine therapy. Pharmacologic data from intensive pharmacokinetic studies and baseline patient characteristics were evaluated as predictors of the increase in CD4 count from baseline to weeks 24, 56, and 80. Relations were investigated with regression analysis. Of all covariates, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of indinavir was significantly and uniquely associated with increases in CD4 count from baseline to all end points (P = .002 at week 80; n = 20). At week 80, subjects with a Cmax greater than the overall group median value of 7 μg/ml had an increase in CD4 count of 358 cells/μl versus 197 cells/μl for those with a Cmax less than 7 μg/ml (P = .006). These data suggest distinct pharmacodynamic relations exist for immune reconstitution and suppression of plasma human immunodeficiency virus ribonucleic acid. We hypothesize this new finding may be associated with expression of P‐glycoprotein.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 280–285; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121910
Use of a spontaneous adverse drug events database for identification of unanticipated drug benefits
Authors: Brinker Allen , Beitz Julie 
Published: August 2002

We describe an examination of a spontaneous adverse events database in an effort to identify agents with possible hitherto unknown antiangiogenic properties. The surrogate end point was abnormal wound healing. This analysis represents use of this database for identification of a possibly useful in vivo side effect. Through thoughtful choice of end points, we believe spontaneous adverse events databases have the capacity for hypothesis generation in a search for unanticipated beneficial drug properties.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 99–102; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.120677
Shed human enterocytes as a tool for the study of expression and function of intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters
Authors: Glaeser Hartmut , Drescher Siegfried , van der Kuip Heiko , Behrens Christoph , Geick Anke , Burk Oliver , Dent John , Somogyi Andrew , von Richter Oliver , Griese Ernst‐Ulrich , Eichelbaum Michel , Fromm Martin F. 
Published: August 2002

ObjectivesIntestinal metabolism and transport are now recognized as protective barriers against orally ingested xenobiotics, including drugs. However, in vitro studies of the expression and function of intestinal proteins are hampered by the limited availability of human intestinal tissues. Because enterocytes are constantly shed in large numbers into the gut lumen, this study investigated whether these cells could be collected with a multilumen perfusion catheter and whether they are functionally active.MethodsIn healthy volunteers, a 20‐cm isolated jejunal segment was generated with the perfusion catheter by inflating 2 balloons with air. Shed cells were characterized by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis for leukocyte‐specific CD45 and enterocyte‐specific villin, as well as for apoptosis. Homogenates of the cells were used for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity was determined with the calcium channel blocker verapamil as a substrate.ResultsOn average, 4.83 mg protein and 56.23 million cells were collected from a 20‐cm segment during 2 hours. A total of 84.2% of the cells were positive for enterocyte‐specific villin, and only 1.6% of the collected cells were positive for CD45. The majority of cells (65.3%) were not in early or late apoptosis or necrosis. In all volunteers, drug‐metabolizing enzymes (such as members of the cytochrome P450 family) could be detected as both messenger ribonucleic acid and proteins. Consistent with expression data, formation of verapamil metabolites catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP2C was shown.ConclusionsThe majority of shed human enterocytes collected with a multilumen perfusion catheter were still functionally active and not apoptotic. Harvesting of spontaneously shed enterocytes provides a new tool for studies on expression and function of intestinal proteins.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 131–140; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121370
Time course of 8‐methoxypsoralen concentrations in skin and plasma after topical (bath and cream) and oral administration of 8‐methoxypsoralen
Authors: Tegeder Irmgard , Bräutigam Lutz , Podda Maurizio , Meier Silke , Kaufmann Roland , Geisslinger Gerd , Grundmann‐Kollmann Marcella 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundThe combination of 8‐methoxypsoralen with ultraviolet A exposure (PUVA therapy) is a standard treatment for a variety of dermatoses. The following three variants have been described: oral, bath, or cream PUVA. To achieve optimal therapeutic effects, ultraviolet A irradiation should be performed at the time of maximum photosensitivity, that is, at the time of maximum 8‐methoxypsoralen tissue concentrations.MethodsTo further specify this point of time, we assessed the concentration–time courses of 8‐methoxypsoralen in the skin after oral, bath, and cream administration of 8‐methoxypsoralen in a 3‐way crossover microdialysis study of 8 healthy subjects.ResultsTissue concentrations after oral administration of 0.6 or 1 mg/kg 8‐methoxypsoralen were low (peak plasma concentration range, 1.7–6.6 ng/ml) compared with topical administration for which maximum concentrations of 200 to 520 ng/ml and 720 to 970 ng/ml were achieved with 0.1% 8‐methoxypsoralen cream and 3 mg/L 8‐methoxypsoralen bath, respectively. Plasma concentrations after oral 8‐methoxypsoralen, however, were up to 1000‐fold higher than those found after topical application. With both topical applications, the tissue peak concentration uniformly occurred in the first 20 minutes after the end of the application time. In contrast, the time to reach the tissue peak concentration after oral administration ranged from 1 to 4 hours.ConclusionsThe time course of tissue concentrations corresponds closely with the time course of minimal phototoxic doses found in previous studies. Because tissue concentrations after topical administration of 8‐methoxypsoralen (bath and cream) were high compared with plasma concentrations and because they were less variable and occurred at better predictable time points than those after oral administration, we suggest that topical PUVA is superior to systemic PUVA, at least from a pharmacokinetic point of view.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 153–161; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121908
The effects of probenecid on the disposition of risperidone and olanzapine in healthy volunteers
Authors: Markowitz John S. , DeVane C. Lindsay , Liston Heidi L. , Boulton David W. , Risch S. Craig 
Published: August 2002

Study DesignThe metabolic pathways of most xenobiotics and endogenous compounds can be divided into phase 1 (oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic) and phase 2 (glucuronidation, sulfate conjugation, glycine and glutathione conjugation, and acetylation and methylation) processes. Oxidative metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system has been intensively investigated compared with glucuronidation and other conjugation pathways. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the disposition of olanzapine or risperidone in healthy volunteers with and without coadministration of the uridine diphosphoglucuronate–glucuronosyltransferase inhibitor probenecid. We hypothesized that olanzapine disposition would be altered as a result of decreased glucuronidation, whereas risperidone disposition would be relatively unaffected.MethodsOur objective was to investigate whether this interaction would occur in 12 healthy volunteers, aged 22 to 42 years, who participated in a single‐dose, randomized, 4‐period, double‐blind, crossover study receiving a single dose of either 5 mg olanzapine or 1 mg risperidone with and without 500 mg probenecid (8 doses over 4 days). Multiple blood samples were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry or HPLC to assess the 48‐hour time course of risperidone and olanzapine. Urine was assayed for free and glucuronidated drugs.ResultsWhen olanzapine was administered with probenecid, statistically significant differences were observed between plasma pharmacokinetic parameters compared with olanzapine administered alone (maximum concentration, P < .05; area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to 24 hours, P < .01). Clearance was not significantly different between the treatment phases. Risperidone pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different (all parameters, P > .05).ConclusionInhibition of uridine diphosphoglucuronate–glucuronosyltransferase appeared to influence the disposition of olanzapine but not risperidone. Phase 2 metabolism may significantly influence the disposition of antipsychotic drugs and may be an important aspect of the variability in metabolism, participation in drug‐drug interactions, and clinical response to some antipsychotic agents.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 30–38; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.119815
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of saquinavir in pediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Grub Sibylle , DeLora Patricia , Lüdin Eric , Duff Frank , Fletcher Courtney V. , Brundage Richard C. , Kline Mark W. , Calles Nancy R. , Schwarzwald Heidi , Jorga Karin 
Published: August 2002

ObjectiveOur objective was to investigate the clinical pharmacologic characteristics of saquinavir given as a soft gelatin capsule, either alone or in combination with nelfinavir, to children and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus infection.MethodsThe pharmacokinetics of 50 mg/kg saquinavir 3 times a day (tid) alone versus 33 mg/kg saquinavir tid plus 30 mg/kg nelfinavir tid was assessed after single‐dose administration and after short‐ and long‐term administration. The single‐dose pharmacokinetics of fixed (1200 mg) versus unrestricted weight‐adjusted dosing (50 mg/kg) was also investigated.ResultsSaquinavir as the sole protease inhibitor resulted in lower saquinavir exposure in children (steady‐state geometric mean area under the concentration–time curve from time zero to 24 hours [AUC (0–24 h)], 5790 ng · h/ml; steady‐state concentration 8 hours after drug administration [C8h,SS], 65 ng/ml) and adolescents [steady‐state geometric mean AUC(0–24 h), 5914 ng · h/ml] than that reported in adults treated with 1200 mg tid [steady‐state geometric mean AUC(0–24 h), 21,700 ng · h/ml; C8h,SS, 223 ng/ml]. This finding appeared to be attributable to markedly higher apparent oral clearance, potentially as a result of increased systemic clearance and reduced oral bioavailability. Nelfinavir combined with saquinavir reduced apparent oral clearance, increasing saquinavir exposure in children [steady‐state geometric mean AUC(0–24 h), 11,070 ng · h/ml; C8h,SS, 380 ng/ml] to levels that approach those observed in adults. A significant correlation between average trough concentration and sustained viral load suppression was observed in children. The apparent threshold for maintaining viral load suppression was a mean trough saquinavir concentration above 200 ng/ml.ConclusionsThe pharmacokinetics of saquinavir in children is different from that of adults, and administration of saquinavir alone will not give consistently efficacious plasma levels. The best way of improving saquinavir exposure in children is through combination therapy with other protease inhibitors that inhibit saquinavir metabolism.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 122–130; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121423
Relationships Between Psychiatric Clinical Assessment Scores and Patients’ Daily Activities
Authors: Cronin Joan , Nash Virginia , Ray-Mihm Rita , Tucker Sharon 
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND: Because of the increasing demands in the mental health care environment, providers are called upon to demonstrate the efficacy of treatment. Few studies have examined the relationship between symptoms at admission and level of functioning, involvement in treatment, and rehospitalization rates. OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to: (a) examine the relationship between symptoms at admission, level of functioning, and exposure to activities for inpatients with depression and anxiety disorders; and (b) examine the association between inpatient exposure to activities and rehospitalization rates. DESIGN: This study was a secondary analysis of a nonprobability convenience sampling of 67 patients, ages 18 to 80 years, who were admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit. The Global Assessment Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess functioning and symptoms. The Nursing Record of Patient Daily Activities was used to record patient activities. RESULTS: Global Assessment Scores at time of admission were positively related to independent patient activities. Readmitted patients were more likely to have a diagnosis of depression and be taking anxiolytics at the time of admission. CONCLUSIONS: More studies are needed to examine the relationship between admission and posthospitalization symptoms, level of functioning in patients, and treatment components to ascertain which aspects of treatment are most effective for patients with specific symptoms, levels of functioning, and diagnoses. Patients’ symptoms and level of functioning at the time of admission should help guide the development of appropriate treatment plans.
Swelling Properties of Various Polymers Used in Controlled Release Systems
Authors: Vlachou M. , Naseef H. , Efentakis M. , Tarantili P. A. , Andreopoulos A. G. 
Published: August 2002

The effect of powder packing and porosity of specimens on the swelling properties of polymeric materials was studied, in various swelling liquids, such as distilled water and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution. Capsules, tablets and films of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, poly(ethylene oxide) and sodium alginate were prepared, and their weight uptake after immersion into the above solutions was recorded as a function of time, in order to assess the swelling process. Measurements of some characteristics of the as-received powders were also performed in an attempt to classify the specimens prepared according to their porosity. Within the experimental conditions of this work, it was shown that the porosity of polymeric specimens is a dominant factor that controls their swelling behaviour. Increased porosity leads to fast initial rates of weight uptake and high extent of equilibrium swelling. On the other hand, dissolution and possible degradation of polymers susceptible to acid hydrolysis results in some variations from the above mentioned behaviour. With respect to the application in controlled release systems, theoverall delivery rate from a polymeric specimen is expected to be a function of both swelling and disintegration characteristics of a specimen, and therefore, the weight uptake can be considered a measure of the release only in the case of polymers with low water solubility and increased stability to hydrolysis.