bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilizing PBL Height Data from Multiple Observing Systems in the GEOS System (I): Assimilation Framework
Authors: Zhu Y. , Arnold N. P. , Yang E.-G. , Ganeshan M. , Salmun H. , Palm S. , Santanello J. , McGrath-Spangler E. L. , Lewis J. , Molod A. , Wu D. , Lei T. , El Akkraoui A. , Sienkiewicz M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this study, a strategy and framework are developed to build a global Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height (PBLH) analysis and monitoring capability from multiple observing systems in the NASA Global Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation system. To facilitate this effort, PBLH are derived from radiosonde and Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) refractivity data. As PBLH can be sensitive to potentially disparate observables and retrieval algorithms, new model PBLH definitions consistent with each observation type are added to the forecast model for the calculation of first guess departures from observations (OmF). These model definitions are augmented to the control variable vector, interacting with other control variables through flow-dependent ensemble background error covariance component. Moreover, to capture capping inversions, methods are explored using PBLH data to improve background error covariance through inflation of ensemble spread and adjustment of vertical localization length scale for virtual temperature and relative humidity variables. Experiments are conducted to assess the separate and combined impacts of these methods and the correlation relationships between PBLH and other control variables in the background error covariance. Preliminary results show that these changes are beneficial to the assimilation of other observations to improve the PBL thermodynamic structure.
The Effects of Collaborative Practice Testing on Memory for Course Content in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Imundo Megan N. , Clark Courtney M. , Bjork Elizabeth Ligon , Paquette-Smith Melissa 
Published: January 2025

Background The benefit of collaborative testing to learning has been examined via two-stage exams (individual then group) for high-stakes tests. However, group testing might be particularly beneficial to students when implemented during the earlier stages of learning (i.e., collaborative practice testing). Objective In a large Introductory Psychology course, we investigated whether low-stakes collaborative practice testing enhanced learning compared to individual practice testing. Methods Students completed collaborative and individual practice tests followed by two delayed retention tests. Across sections of the course, some students also engaged in group-building exercises prior to practice testing. Results Collaborative practice testing improved performance on surprise individual retention tests administered approximately one and two weeks later ( n = 569). The addition of group-building exercises did not affect the benefits of collaborative testing. Conclusion The present research suggests that collaborative practice testing can enhance long-term retention of course material. Teaching Implications This work provides a potential model for implementing collaborative practice testing in large undergraduate psychology classes and suggests that group-building exercises may not be necessary to produce durable learning from collaborative practice testing.
Analysis of multiple physical fields and the study of optimal design method for PCA
Authors: Liu Xiaolan , Su Mingmin , Zhang Junliang , Wang Hongzhi , Sun Jinhai 
Published: January 2025

Terahertz waves with large absolute bandwidth resources have a wide range of potential applications in communications, but low incident field strengths limit its radiation efficiency. Extraordinary Optical Transmission (EOT) causes the transmittance spectrum of light to show transmission peaks at some specific wavelengths that are inconsistent with classical theory. The electric field strength at the photoconductive antenna (PCA) electrode can be enhanced by EOT, thereby improving the radiation efficiency of photoelectric conversion. In this work, we etched rectangular grooves and small hole structures at appropriate locations on the grating electrodes, and investigated the effects of the size and location of the small holes on the transmittance. The simulation results show that the peak electric field of the metal electrode structure based on the EOT design reaches 1.67 × 107 V/m, and the localized electric field is increased by a factor of 4.05 compared with that of the non-slotted grating electrodes. The peak electric field values are input into the developed multi-physics model, and the results show that the peak photocurrent of the improved terahertz PCA is 7.1 times higher than that of the conventional one. By designing and analyzing the effect of the grating electrode structure of an EOT-based metal on the local electric field on the semiconductor surface, a method for the radiation efficiency of photocarrier generation is proposed. This is of great significance to promote the further application of terahertz PCA.
Factors influencing China youth’s watch intentions for animated film adaptations of Chinese traditional literature based on the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Wu Jiewei 
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this study is to examine how the demographic factors of gender, income, and educational background, as well as attitude (ATT), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), influence China youth intention to watch animated films adapted from traditional literature. The study was conducted in two major cities in China, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, and valid data were collected from 464 people aged between 18 and 40 years through questionnaires and snowball sampling methods. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software. It was found that gender had no significant effect on watch intention, while educational background and income level made a significant difference in watch intention. Meanwhile, Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) had the greatest effect on watch intention under the TPB framework (β = 0.313, p < 0.001), followed by attitude (β = 0.23, p < 0.001), and finally subjective norm (β = 0.143, p = 0.009). Based on these results, this study provides strategic recommendations for the production and marketing of animated films adapted from traditional Chinese literature, aiming to enhance the marketing and performance of such films.
Optimized design and energy consumption analysis of an improved feeding equipment structure based on numerical simulation
Authors: Wang Yizhi , Huang Tao , Tian Xiaomin , Chen Weina , Xiao Maohua 
Published: January 2025

The development of unmanned feeding equipment for use in pond feeding is constrained, primarily by serious infrastructure inadequacies, limitations in the mechanisms used to dispense pellet feed, and feeding equipment designs that cannot perform advanced feeding strategies, such as uniform feeding, precise feeding, and on-demand feeding. In particular, existing unmanned feeding equipment structures are difficult to use when feeding iced trash fish, which is a type of feed that can significantly improve the flavor and protein content of carnivorous and omnivorous aquatic products. Therefore, to facilitate the feeding of iced trash fish, a hydraulic pushing rod was added to the structural design of a feeding mechanism during this study to achieve precise feeding. Additionally, a pre-treatment method for the iced trash fish was designed to achieve uniform feeding. Meanwhile, after an electromagnetic heating design was added to achieve on-demand feeding, the energy consumption was simulated for three different conditions as a comparison: one condition had no heat source, while the other two featured electromagnetic heating with two different heating power values. The results indicate that, for the proposed structural design and pre-treatment method, using an electromagnetic heating power of 19 kW enabled a full load of iced trash to be thawed in 10 min; thus, the unmanned feeding equipment could perform the heating and feeding processes simultaneously.
Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Yang Xiongwen , Xiao Yi , Zhou Yubin , Hu Hao , Deng Huiyin , Huang Jian , Liang Maoli , Yuan Zihao , Dong Longyan , Huang Shaohong 
Published: January 2025

Background: Pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (pLELC) is a rare subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer that predominantly affects younger, non-smoking individuals in southern and southeast Asia, where Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) prevalence is high. The efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in pLELC, especially in second-line settings, remain inadequately explored. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, in improving progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced pLELC. Design: This was a multicenter retrospective study. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 252 patients with stage IIIB–IV pLELC treated across six centers. Patients received chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of both (chemoimmunotherapy). The primary outcomes measured were PFS and OS across different treatment regimens. Results: Chemoimmunotherapy significantly improved both PFS and OS compared to chemotherapy alone, in both first- and second-line settings. In first-line treatment, chemoimmunotherapy resulted in a median PFS of 17.6 months and OS of 26.1 months, compared to chemotherapy alone (PFS 8.7 months, OS 19.2 months). In the second-line setting, chemoimmunotherapy achieved a median PFS of 5.1 months and OS of 13.5 months, surpassing the outcomes with chemotherapy alone (PFS 3.3 months, OS 8.9 months). High baseline EBV-DNA levels (>2000 copies/mL) and low programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (<50%) were associated with poorer outcomes. In addition, patients with high baseline serum tumor markers (STMs) and a dynamic reduction of ⩽20% in STMs exhibited significantly worse PFS and OS. Conclusion: The study suggests that immunotherapy, particularly when combined with chemotherapy, offers significant survival benefits for patients with advanced pLELC. Baseline EBV-DNA levels, PD-L1 expression, and both baseline and dynamic STM changes serve as important predictors of treatment response, highlighting the need for personalized therapeutic approaches in this unique subtype of lung cancer.
Rethinking Sustainability from a Gandhian Perspective: A Discourse on Cognitive Justice
Authors: Khattri Prashant 
Published: January 2025

It was Gandhi who gave centrality to plural ways of thinking and knowing. His entire life and work are directed against the hegemonic order of knowledge production and dissemination. The hegemonic forms of knowledge spearheaded by scientism produce hierarchies between those who possess and profess it and those who do not. Other forms of knowing and acting upon, with and within the environment are rendered illegitimate and unscientific. It is within this context that we need to rethink the concept of sustainability that has emerged as another form of bio-power. Those ontologies that result in unsustainable activities and damage to the environment are also the ones through which sustainability is understood. It is now time to rethink and reimagine the entire discourse on sustainability from a Gandhian perspective that provides an antithesis to the dominant ideologies. The alternative ways of connecting with the environment and a need for a ‘politics’ that brings these alternative debates to the centre of our consciousness are something where Gandhian philosophy shows us the way. This article tries to understand the concept of sustainability as bio-power and how the Gandhian perspective re-centres this debate around issues of relational ontology, pluriverse and cognitive justice. The utilitarian conception and an occupying ontology towards the environment led to a concept of sustainability powered by scientism. Opposed to this conception is the Gandhian perspective that gives ample space to the locals and the idea of ‘self’ in order to bring about sustainable development. The article also argues that the criticism directed against Gandhi regarding bringing up the issue of ‘moral politics’ through his idea of self is also unfounded and needs to be rejected. Gandhian ideas do not absolve the state from its responsibilities towards its people and the environment, but they bring in the active agency of the people and the ‘self’ in the process of bringing about change in the society.
“They Don’t Give You No Note If It’s Got Fentanyl”: Using Cognitive Interviews to Understand Self-report and Urine Drug Screen Discrepancies
Authors: Watson Dennis P , Clark Katie , Dennis Michael L , Grella Christine E , Hart M. Kate 
Published: January 2025

Background: Fentanyl, a highly potent synthetic opioid, is now involved in the majority of drug overdose deaths in the United States. Discrepancies between substance use self-reports and urine drug screens (UDS) are common, especially when users are unaware of fentanyl adulteration. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the cognitive processes underlying discrepancies between self-reported fentanyl use and UDS results, specifically focusing on participants unaware of their fentanyl exposure. Design: This was a cross-sectional qualitative study. Methods: This study conducted cognitive interviews with 10 participants from a larger clinical trial who tested positive for fentanyl in a UDS but reported no fentanyl use. The interviews explored participants’ understanding of survey questions about fentanyl use and their interpretation of UDS results. Responses were analyzed to identify themes related to self-report discrepancies. Results: Participants often underreported fentanyl use, not due to social desirability bias, but because they interpreted survey questions as asking about known, rather than suspected, fentanyl use. Many acknowledged their drugs were likely adulterated but only reported use when they were certain of fentanyl’s presence. Conclusion: The findings suggest that refining survey questions to capture both intentional and unintentional fentanyl exposure could improve the accuracy of self-reported data. These adjustments are critical to improve the accuracy of data collected to inform surveillance strategies, effective public health policies, and clinical interventions.
Interleukin-6 related signaling pathways as the intersection between chronic diseases and sepsis
Authors: Yang Jie , Yang Lin , Wang Yanjiao , Huai Lu , Shi Bohan , Zhang Di , Xu Wei , Cui Di 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sepsis is associated with immune dysregulated and organ dysfunction due to severe infection. Clinicians aim to restore organ function, rather than prevent diseases that are prone to sepsis, resulting in high mortality and a heavy public health burden. Some chronic diseases can induce sepsis through inflammation cascade reaction and Cytokine Storm (CS). Interleukin (IL)-6, the core of CS, and its related signaling pathways have been considered as contributors to sepsis. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between IL-6 and its related pathways in sepsis-related chronic diseases. This review generalized the mechanism of sepsis-related chronic diseases via IL-6 related pathways with the purpose to take rational management for these diseases. IL-6 related signaling pathways were sought in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and retrieved protein-protein interaction in the Search for Interaction Genes tool (STRING). In PubMed and Google Scholar, the studies were searched out, which correlating to IL-6 related pathways and associating with the pathological process of sepsis. Focused on the interactions of sepsis and IL-6 related pathways, some chronic diseases have been studied for association with sepsis, containing insulin resistance, Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), Alzheimer disease (AD), and atherosclerosis. This article summarized the inflammatory mechanisms of IL-6 cross-talked with other mediators of some chronic diseases in vitro, animal models, and human experiments, leading to the activation of pathways and accelerating the progression of sepsis. The clinicians should be highlight to this kind of diseases and more clinical trials are needed to provide more reliable theoretical basis for health policy formulation.
Flexible analysis of spatial transcriptomics data (FAST): a deconvolution approach
Authors: Zhang Meng , Parker Joel , An Lingling , Liu Yiwen , Sun Xiaoxiao 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Motivation
Spatial transcriptomics is a state-of-art technique that allows researchers to study gene expression patterns in tissues over the spatial domain. As a result of technical limitations, the majority of spatial transcriptomics techniques provide bulk data for each sequencing spot. Consequently, in order to obtain high-resolution spatial transcriptomics data, performing deconvolution becomes essential. Most existing deconvolution methods rely on reference data (e.g., single-cell data), which may not be available in real applications. Current reference-free methods encounter limitations due to their dependence on distribution assumptions, reliance on marker genes, or the absence of leveraging histology and spatial information. Consequently, there is a critical need for the development of highly flexible, robust, and user-friendly reference-free deconvolution methods capable of unifying or leveraging case-specific information in the analysis of spatial transcriptomics data.

Results
We propose a novel reference-free method based on regularized non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), named Flexible Analysis of Spatial Transcriptomics (FAST), that can effectively incorporate gene expression data, spatial, and histology information into a unified deconvolution framework. Compared to existing methods, FAST imposes fewer distribution assumptions, utilizes the spatial structure information of tissues, and encourages interpretable factorization results. These features enable greater flexibility and accuracy, making FAST an effective tool for deciphering the complex cell-type composition of tissues and advancing our understanding of various biological processes and diseases. Extensive simulation studies have shown that FAST outperforms other existing reference-free methods. In real data applications, FAST is able to uncover the underlying tissue structures and identify the corresponding marker genes.
Assessment of XCI skewing and demonstration of XCI escape region based on single-cell RNA sequencing: comparison between female Grave’s disease and control
Authors: Baek In-Cheol , Sim Soo Yeun , Suh Byung-Kyu , Kim Tai-Gyu , Cho Won Kyoung 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The reactivation and loss of mosaicism hypothesis due to X chromosome inactivation (XCI) skewing and escape could influence gender differences in autoimmune diseases. XCI selectively inactivates one of the two X chromosomes in females.

Methods
To estimate XCI skewing and the occurrence of XCI escape, we conducted a normal female (NF) without a history of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and a patient with Grave’s disease (GD) based on a thyroid diagnosis. After single-cell RNA sequencing, heterozygous variants were converted and transformed. XCI skewing was calculated using the formula and the skewing degree was defined. NF/GD genes were compared using correction methods. Positions are heterozygous within a single cell as indicated by a unique barcode.

Results
XCI skewing showed 45.8%/48.9% relatively random, 29.4%/27.0% skewing, 24.6%/23.7% severe skewing, and 0.2%/0.4% extreme severe skewing. 24.8%/24.1% in NF/GD exhibited severe skewing or higher. A total of 13 genes were significantly associated with XCI skewing ratios in NF/GD cells. In total, 371/250 nucleotide positions with only one barcode (representing a unique cell) were identified for XCI escape. A total of 143/52 nucleotide positions spanned 20/6 genes, and 12/1 genes were identified as XCI escapes.

Conclusions
These results could aid in understanding the immunogenetics of gender differences in various autoimmune disease pathophysiologies.
The prevalence and 6-year incidence of myopic tessellation in a Chinese rural adult population: the Handan Eye Study
Authors: Lin Caixia , Wu Jian , Cao Kai , Wang Bingsong , Fang Yuxin , Kyoko Ohno-Matsui , Sun Yunyun , Hao Jie , Ma Lixia , Zhang Ye , Zhang Qing , Wang Ningli ,   the Handan Eye Study Group
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose
To describe the prevalence and the cumulative 6-year incidence of fundus tessellation in a rural Chinese adult population.

Methods
The Handan Eye Study was a population-based longitudinal study, with 6830 eligible subjects included in the baseline period, and 5394 subjects (follow-up rate: 85.3%) took part in the follow-up study. Participants had detailed eye examinations and physical examinations; a detailed questionnaire was also well administered. Fundus tessellation was defined as well-defined choroidal vessels that can be observed clearly around the fovea as well as around the arcade vessels.

Results
Among 6830 subjects who participated in the baseline study, the prevalence of fundus tessellation was 9.89% (95%CI: 9.22-10.58%). The prevalence of fundus tessellation increased with age; that of subjects aged younger than 50 years and those aged 50 years or older was 2.5% and 14.5%, respectively. Six years later, the cumulative 6-year incidence of fundus tessellation was 1.21% (95%CI: 1.03-1.40%). Similarly, the incidence of fundus tessellation also increased with age; that of participants aged younger than 50 years and those aged 50 years or older was 0.20% and 1.86%, respectively. The progression rate of fundus tessellation in those with fundus tessellation at baseline was 1.5% (95% CI: 0.82%, 2.38%). By multivariable analysis, subjects being older (OR: 1.079, P < 0.001) and havingβ-parapapillary atrophy at baseline (OR: 2.657, P = 0.002) were associated with a higher risk of incidence of fundus tessellation.

Conclusions
The prevalence and 6-year incidence of fundus tessellation were 9.89% and 1.21% in rural Chinese adults aged 30 + years, respectively. The progression rate in participants with fundus tessellation indicates the importance of regular follow-up for these patients.