bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Essay review: Recognizing the gauntlet: Anti‐developmentalism in developmental psychology
Authors: FORRESTER MICHAEL A. 
Published: February 2003

Book reviewed in this article:Developmental social psychology: From infancy to old age. By Kevin Durkin.Agency: Its role in mental development. By James Russell.Deconstructing developmental psychology. By Erica Burman.Growing critical: Alternatives to developmental psychology. By John Morss.
Role of memorization conditions in the haptic processing of orientations and the ‘oblique effect’
Authors: Gentaz Edouard , Hatwell Yvette 
Published: February 2003

The haptic processing of vertical, horizontal, 45° and 135° oblique orientations was studied in blindfolded sighted adults in an exploration‐reproduction task. The purpose was to determine whether the variations of the memorization conditions between the exploration and reproduction phases would influence the global performance and the oblique effect (lower performance in oblique orientations than in vertical‐horizontal orientations). If orientation coding depended on attentional resources, the increase in memory constraints would affect the haptic processing of orientations and the oblique effect. Memory constraints were therefore varied by changing the length and the nature of the delay in two tasks in which previous research has shown that the availability of gravitational cues affected orientation coding.Blindfolded adults were asked to explore haptically a rod with minimal (Expt 1) or natural (Expt 2) gravitational cues and then to reproduce the orientation of this rod ipsilaterally after one of four memorization conditions: with 5 s or 30 s unfilled delays, and 30 s delays filled with verbal or haptic interpolated tasks. When the delay was unfilled, whatever its length (5 s or 30 s), the performance depended on the conditions of manual exploration: the oblique effect was absent when the gravitational cues were minimal (Expt 1) and was present when these cues were natural (Expt 2). By contrast, when the delay was filled with interpolated tasks, the haptic oblique effect was present whatever the conditions of manual exploration. Taken together, these results showed that memorization conditions played a role in the haptic processing of orientations and in the oblique effect when the gravitational cues were minimal during manual exploration.
The timing, triggers and qualities of recovered memories in therapy
Authors: Andrews Bernice , Brewin Chris R. , Ochera Jenny , Morton John , Bekerian Debra A. , Davies Graham M. , Mollon Phil 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To report descriptive data on memory recovery of traumatic material including: degree of prior amnesia, triggers to recovery, qualities of the memory and length of time taken to recover different types of memory.Design. British Psychological Society practitioners who reported having clients with recovered memories in a previous large‐scale survey were contacted for an indepth interview. They each provided information on up to three such clients.Methods. From telephone interviews with 108 therapists, we elicited 236 detailed accounts of clients recovering a traumatic memory. Interviews were semistructured with investigator‐based ratings.Results. The degree of amnesia varied widely according to therapists: some clients had prior total amnesia, others a prior vague sense or suspicion, and others prior partial memories. Time in therapy before first recall was longer for memories involving child sexual abuse than for memories of other traumas. The majority of the memories, but not all, were similar to those reported by patients with post‐traumatic stress disorder: they were fragmented, accompanied by high levels of emotion, and experienced as a reliving of the original event.Conclusions. On the basis of current understanding of memory processes, several mechanisms may be needed to explain all the data, including disruptions to the encoding and retrieval of traumatic events and errors in the attribution of the source of specific memories. It will be important to confirm these findings by interviewing clients themselves.
Prevalence and predictors of post‐traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth
Authors: Czarnocka Jo , Slade Pauline 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To identify the prevalence and potential predictors of post‐traumatic stress type symptoms following labour.Design. A large sample, within‐participants design with initial assessment and postal follow‐up was utilized.Method. Two hundred and sixty‐four women who had ‘normal’ births were assessed within 72 hours on potential predictive measures and at 6 weeks post‐partum for levels of symptoms of intrusions, avoidance and hyperarousal on a questionnaire derived from DSM‐IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were also assessed.Results. Three per cent showed questionnaire responses suggesting clinically significant levels on all three post‐traumatic stress dimensions and a further 24 on at least one of these dimensions. Forward stepwise regression analysis yielded models for predicting outcome variables. Perceptions of low levels of support from partner and staff, patterns of blame and low perceived control in labour were found to be particularly related to experience of post‐traumatic stress symptoms. Personal vulnerability factors such as previous mental health difficulties and trait anxiety were also related to such symptoms as well as being relevant predictors for anxiety and depression.Conclusions. A proportion of women reports all three aspects of post‐traumatic stress type symptoms following childbirth with many more reporting some components. A broader conceptualization of post‐partum distress which takes account of the impact of labour is required. There may be opportunities for prevention through providing care in labour that enhances perceptions of control and support.
Psychological management of post‐stroke depression
Authors: Kneebone Ian I. , Dunmore Emma 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. To evaluate existing research literature on psychological interventions to manage post‐stroke depression (PSD).Method. First, the particular nature of post‐stroke depression (PSD) was established. Then, relevant published material was identified through computerized literature searches (to May 1999) and via the first author's clinical experience in the area. This material was critically reviewed against recommended standards for the empirical validation of treatment effectiveness.Results. Methodological limitations in existing research prevent a conclusion as any one psychological intervention has empirical support for its effectiveness. However, cognitive behaviour therapy in particular was identified as worthy of further investigation.Conclusions. It is recommended that future research investigates treatments for PSD appropriate for those with cognitive impairment and communication difficulties, younger versus older stroke victims and those in institutional settings. Studies should also consider the necessity of specialist assessment strategies and allow for possible subtypes of PSD for which psychological treatments might be differentially effective.
Cognitive factors in predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations
Authors: Morrison Anthony P. , Wells Adrian , Nothard Sarah 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. This study adapted the Launay Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS) to measure predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations and examine the relationship between meta‐cognition and predisposition in a non‐psychiatric population. It also tested the hypothesis that individuals highly predisposed to hallucination would show positive and negative meta‐cognitive beliefs and report the use of different thought control strategies.Design. A within participants correlational design was employed.Methods. A revised LSHS was administered to 105 normal participants who were also asked to complete questionnaires assessing paranoia, meta‐cognitive beliefs, thought control strategies, anxiety, depression and beliefs about unusual perceptual experiences.Results. Two empirically distinct but correlated hallucinatory traits (auditory and visual) were measured by the modified LSHS. Consistent with predictions, it was found that positive beliefs about unusual perceptual experiences were the best predictor of predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations and that those participants who scored higher on predisposition to hallucination used different thought control strategies and had different negative meta‐cognitive beliefs in comparison with participants of low predisposition.Conclusions. Meta‐cognitive beliefs about thoughts and hallucinatory phenomena appear to be implicated in predisposition to hallucination. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale: Comparing empirically and theoretically derived structures
Authors: Dunbar Martin , Ford Graeme , Hunt Kate , Der Geoff 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To compare the fit of various factor solutions for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983).Design. A cross‐sectional postal survey was used to collect the data from community‐based participants in the West of Scotland Twenty‐07 study.Methods. The HAD scale, a 14‐item self‐administered measure of anxiety and depression, was completed by 2547 participants from three age cohorts (aged approximately 18, 39 and 58 years). Using confirmatory factor analyses four models suggested by prior exploratory factor analyses were compared to a model derived from Clark and Watson's (1991) tripartite theory of anxiety and depression.Results. The model derived from the tripartite theory of anxiety and depression (with factors labelled negative affectivity, anhedonic depression and autonomic anxiety) produced the closest fit to the data. This model produced a good fit in all three cohorts although group comparisons suggested that there were variations in the strength of some factor loadings across the three age groups. A model that had a hierarchical arrangement of the three factors in the tripartite model was also produced. This model fit the data equally as well as did the ‘flat’ tripartite model.Conclusions. Three factors appear to underlie the HAD scale. Research is needed that examines whether or not using sub‐scales based on these factors increases the ability of the HAD scale to detect cases of anxiety and depression.
A systematic review of effective cognitive‐behavioural supervision
Authors: Milne Derek , James Ian 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. A systematic review was undertaken of studies that have assessed objectively the impact of supervision and consultancy. As well as gauging effectiveness, we examined the methodological rigour of these studies.Method. Twenty‐eight empirical studies of the change processes occurring between participants within the educational pyramid, ‘consultant → supervisor’, ‘supervisor → supervisee’ and ‘supervisee → patient’, were analysed. The inclusion criteria also required that supervision was analysed under field conditions and there were objective measures of learning outcomes. Each study was analysed by reference to an evaluation manual, with two independent raters obtaining satisfactory reliability.Results. Studies meeting the above criteria came mainly from the intellectual disability specialty and included many studies using cognitive‐behavioural methodologies. The studies included in this sample had more rigorous methodologies than those reviewed by Ellis, Ladany, Krengel, and Schult (1996). The findings of the review suggested that the pyramid approach benefited patients. Closely monitoring the supervisee, modelling competence, providing specific instructions, goal setting and providing contingent feedback on performance were the dominant methods of supervision and were associated with benefits to supervisees.Conclusion. Despite the large body of literature on supervision, there have been relatively few empirical investigations of the educational pyramid. This work identified a number of studies with good methodological rigour, although these too often failed to provide adequate background and assessment details regarding each of the members of the pyramid, particularly the consultant. The results of cognitivebehavioural supervision were found to be positive.
The effect of extended family living on the mental health of three generations within two Asian communities
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. S. , Mistry Minal 
Published: February 2003

Background. A study by Shah & Sonuga‐Barke (1995) identified a relationship between family structure and the mental health of Pakistani Muslim mothers and their children. Children in extended families fared better, but their mothers fared worse than their nuclear family counterparts. The present study replicates and extends this study by exploring the impact of nuclear and extended family living on the mental health of three generations (children, mothers and grandmothers) in British Hindu as well as Muslim communities.Method. 44 Muslim and 42 Hindu families participated in the study. The mental health of mothers and grandmothers and the behavioural problems of children (aged 5‐11) were examined. Both mothers and grandmothers completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The children s behavioural adjustment was rated by their teachers using the Rutter Scale. Other relevant variables such as acculturation levels were also measured.Results. Children and grandmothers were better adjusted in extended families than nuclear families. In contrast, mothers were better adjusted in nuclear families. This interaction between family type and generation was evident in both Muslim and Hindu families and did not appear to be mediated by other variables such as acculturation. Furthermore, mothers and childrens adjustment was significantly correlated with grandmothers, but not mothers, mental health in extended families (although not in nuclear families).Discussion. These results provide further evidence for the link between family structure and mental health in Asian communities. They also challenge some of the assumptions about maternal mental health, its effects on child adjustment and its links to systems of social support. In extended families where social support was likely to be most available mothers were at greatest risk, while their children profited and this advantage seemed to be linked to the grandmaternal presence.
Associations between primary appraisals and life‐events while controlling for depression
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn , Lawrence Claire , Matthews Gerald 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The main objective of this paper was to explore the associations between life‐events and primary appraisals (threat, challenge and loss) controlling for depression. It was predicted that specific associations between life‐events and primary appraisals would remain once depression had been partialled. A subgoal of this paper was to develop a content analytic coding frame for student life‐events.Design. This study was a retrospective survey in which participants provided accounts of recent stressful encounters, and completed indices of primary appraisals and depression.Method. The participants were 979 undergraduates who provided descriptions of life‐events. A subsample of 391 provided additional information on primary appraisals and depression. The primary outcomes were the partial correlations between life‐events and primary appraisals.Results. There were significant associations between life‐events and primary appraisals above and beyond variance explained by depression. Results also indicated that the definition of loss appraisals could be extended to include events that were related to anticipated future loss, especially if the event was also perceived as threatening. Also certain self‐defined negative life‐events were appraised as positive. Life‐events were shown to vary systematically as a function of external constraints (e.g. stage of the academic year).Conclusions. A variety of events were associated with loss appraisals and this may have implications for risk factors in depression.
Carers' attributions for challenging behaviour
Authors: Stanley Brian , Standen Penny J. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to apply Weiner s (1986) attributional model of helping to the care of clients presenting with challenging behaviour. A number of predictions were tested: (a) that aggressive, destructive, and selfinjurious behaviours would differentially affect carers ratings of attributional dimensions; (b) that carers propensity to help would be mediated by positive affect rather than optimism; (c) that optimism would be reduced by a perceived stable cause, such as client s level of dependency.Design and method. The participants were 50 care staff working in challenging behaviour day services, who were presented with six case studies to rate. A twofactor repeated measures design was employed to examine the effects of challenging behaviour and dependency on carers ratings of attributional dimensions, affects, optimism and helping. Correlational analysis was employed to examine the relative effects of positive affect, negative affect and optimism on carers propensity to help.Results. All three predictions were confirmed. The more independent and outer directed the challenging behaviour, the greater the carers attributions of control and negative affect, and the less the propensity to help. The more self‐directed and dependent the client s challenging behaviour, the greater the carers attribution of stability, positive affect and propensity to help.Conclusions. The results are discussed in relation to the concept of helping and the experience of carers coping with challenging behaviours.
Factor analysis of three standardized tests of memory in a clinical population
Authors: Hunkin N. M. , Stone J. V. , Isaac C. L. , Holdstock J. S. , Butterfield R. , Wallis L. I. , Mayes A. R. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the factor structure of three standardized memory tests: Wechsler Memory Scale‐Revised (WMS‐R), Warrington Recognition Memory Test (WRMT), Doors and People Test (D&P). We investigated whether these different standardized tests of memory are consistent in their evaluation of memory function, and the extent to which these tests} discriminate between different memory functions (e.g. recall/recognition and verbal/non‐verbal memory).Design. Fifty patients with selective memory impairment were tested on the WMS‐R, WRMT and D&P.Methods. Age‐scaled scores from selective measures of these tests (WMS‐R‐verbal, WMS‐R‐visual, WMS‐R‐delay, WRMT‐words, WRMT‐faces, D&P‐people, D&P‐doors, D&P‐shapes, D&P‐names) were used as input to a factor analysis.Results. Maximum likelihood factor analysis yielded a three‐factor solution consistent with a theoretically motivated fractionation of memory function into recall and recognition components. Recognition performance, but not recall performance, showed dissociation into visual and verbal components.Conclusions. The WMS‐R, WRMT and D&P are highly consistent in their assessment of memory function. The results of the factor analysis are consistent with a theoretically motivated fractionation of recall and recognition memory. They are also partially consistent with a dissociation between visual and verbal memory function.
Short test of semantic and phonological fluency: Normal performance, validity and test‐retest reliability
Authors: Harrison John E. , Buxton Pauline , Husain Masud , Wise Richard 
Published: February 2003

Tests of verbal fluency, whether of Semantic Fluency (SF) or Phonological Fluency (PF), are often used as a standard method of neuropsychological assessment. However, very little normative data, standardized on a UK sample, is available, and little is known about the utility of popularly used 'short‐forms of these tasks. Additionally, very little is known about verbal fluency test‐retest reliability.In this report we describe the performance of N = 365 normal participants on a version of SF requiring the generation of exemplars of the category 'animals and a version of the PF task requiring participants to generate words beginning with the letter 'B. From this data we have derived a percentile distribution for both tasks.We also addressed the impact of sex, age, years of education and IQ upon both SF and PF performance. No sex differences were found on either the PF or the SF tasks. A significant but small correlation between age and SF, but not PF, was observed. Modest correlations between both years of education and IQ and PF and SF performance were also seen. We also report test‐retest reliability scores for performance on both SF and PF tasks. Performance on the longer 'FAS version was found to correlate highly with scores obtained using just the letter 'B. This suggests that little additional advantage obtains from administering three‐letter versions of PF. An extremely high degree of correlation between SF tasks in which participants are given 1 minute and scores obtained when participants are given 1 minute 30 seconds was also observed.Finally, in order to assist users in deciding whether a changed retest score is due to error measurement or a real effect, we calculated Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) scores.
Differential environmental factors in anorexia nervosa: A sibling pair study
Authors: Murphy Fay , Troop Nicholas A. , Treasure Janet L. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. Previous studies have explored differences in psychosocial and familial factors between women who develop anorexia nervosa and those who do not. However, these studies have generally used between‐group comparisons. This study looks at the environmental factors which may be antecedents of anorexia nervosa looking at sister pairs where one had anorexia nervosa and the other did not.Design. A paired design was used to compare anorexic women with an unaffected sister on a number of background variables, including sibling interaction, parental care, peer group characteristics and other events unique to the individual.Methods. The Sibling Inventory of Differential Experience (SIDE) was used to determine non‐shared environment. Out of an initial sample of 148 women with past or current anorexia nervosa, 28 were identified who had sisters with no reported history of eating disorders and who also consented to complete the questionnaire.Results. Anorexic sisters perceived more maternal control and reported more antagonism towards and jealousy of their sisters than did unaffected sisters. In addition, anorexic women reported having had fewer friends and boyfriends than their sisters.Conclusions. These results confirm the perceived differences in background environment between women with and women without anorexia nervosa. These issues are discussed in relation to behavioural genetics, family dynamics and psychosexual development.