bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coexistence of cryptic species
Authors: Zhang Da‐Yong , Lin Kui , Hanski Ilkka 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRecent discovery of cryptic species in fig‐pollinating wasps creates a puzzle for the ecological competition theory: how do two or more apparently identical species coexist? Conventional theory predicts that they should not. Chesson (Trends Ecol. Evol., 1991, 6, 26–28) identified one exception which he considered unlikely to occur in reality: coexistence might be possible if appropriate social behaviour was discriminately directed towards conspecifics and heterospecifics. Here we present an example of the exception by showing that two identical species with local mate competition and population size‐dependent sex ratio adjustment may coexist. The new findings about fig‐pollinating wasps provide a putative example of unexpected coexistence of identical competitors via this mechanism.
A new species of the genus Microbunodon (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla) from the Miocene of Pakistan: genus revision, phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiogeography
Authors: Lihoreau Fabrice , Blondel Cécile , Barry John , Brunet Michel 
Published: February 2004

Lihoreau, F., Blondel, C., Barry, J. & Brunet, M. (2004). A new species of the genus Microbunodon (Anthracotheriidae, Artiodactyla) from the Miocene of Pakistan: genus revision, phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiogeography. — Zoologica Scripta, 33, 97–115.New unpublished remains of small Anthracotheriinae are described. First, materials from the upper Oligocene (MP 30) locality of La Milloque, southwest France, permit a review of the species Microbunodon minimum. Thereafter, fossils from the middle and late Miocene of the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan are attributed to the European genus Microbunodon. Microbunodon milaensis sp. n. from the Nagri Formation (between 10.3 and 9.2 Ma), Pakistan, is described and the species M. silistrensis from the Lower Manchar Formation (between 16 and 15 Ma) and from the Chinji Formation (between 12.7 and 11.5 Ma), Pakistan, is reviewed. The new species represents the last occurrence of the subfamily Anthracotheriinae, around 9.3 Ma. Similar materials from the Bugti and Siwalik Hills were previously considered as a small Anthracotherium. Comparisons with M. minimum from the European late Oligocene lead to a complete revision of the genus and permit definition of a new set of characters, which separate Microbunodon from Anthracotherium. A cladistic analysis reconsiders phylogenetic relationships among Anthracotheriinae, separating an Anthracothema–Anthracotherium clade and an Anthracokeryx–Microbunodon clade. Microbunodon appears to stem from the Asian late Eocene–lower Oligocene genus Anthracokeryx. These results imply a new distribution of the genus Microbunodon showing exchanges between Europe and Asia during the late Oligocene and probably the lower Miocene.
First molecular evidence for reassessing phylogenetic affinities between genets (Genetta) and the enigmatic genet‐like taxa Osbornictis, Poiana and Prionodon (Carnivora, Viverridae)
Authors: Gaubert Philippe , Tranier Michel , Delmas Anne‐Sophie , Colyn Marc , Veron Geraldine 
Published: February 2004

Gaubert, P., Tranier, M., Delmas, A.‐S., Colyn, M. & Veron, G. (2004). First molecular evidence for reassessing phylogenetic affinities between genets (Genetta) and the enigmatic genet‐like taxa Osbornictis, Poiana and Prionodon (Carnivora, Viverridae). —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 117–129.The subfamily Viverrinae is a composite group of carnivores comprising the large and plantigrade terrestrial civets (Civettictis, Viverricula and Viverra) and the slender and generally more arboreal genets and genet‐like taxa (Genetta, Prionodon, Poiana, Osbornictis), both having Asiatic and African representatives. The problematic phylogenetic relationships between genets and genet‐like taxa are addressed for the first time from a molecular perspective through complete cytochrome b gene sequences. We used a large taxonomic sample set including some very rare and crucial species such as Osbornictis piscivora, Poiana richardsonii (museum specimen material) and Genetta johnstoni. The results from parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood analyses do not support the monophyly of the Viverrinae and contradict previous morphological hypotheses. The Asiatic linsangs (Prionodon spp.) are excluded from the Viverrinae and represent either a basal Feliformia or Viverridae. The other genet‐like taxa constitute a strongly supported monophyletic African group, in which the African linsang (represented by Poiana richardsonii) is a sister group to the genets. The aquatic genet Osbornictis piscivora is included within the latter clade, and the genus Osbornictis should be considered a junior synonym of Genetta. African and Asiatic terrestrial civets are monophyletic, but their phylogenetic affinities with the genet‐like clade are inconclusive using our data set. On the basis of our molecular results, morphological convergences and adaptations to peculiar habitats and ways of life within genets and genet‐like taxa are discussed.
Elementary school teachers’ strategies to handle externalizing classroom behavior: A study of relations between perceived control, teacher orientation and strategy preferences
Authors: Rydell Ann‐Margret , Henricsson Lisbeth 
Published: February 2004

Rydell, A.‐M. & Henricsson, L. (2004). Elementary school teachers’ strategies to handle externalizing classroom behavior: A study of relations between perceived control, teacher orientation and strategy preferences. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 93–102.Strategies for dealing with problematic student behavior are an important part of the teacher role. Relations between teachers’ perceptions of control over children's classroom behavior, teacher orientation and teachers’ strategy preferences when confronted with externalizing child behaviors were investigated. Eighty‐six primary school teachers, 91% of all first grade teachers in one municipality in Sweden, completed a questionnaire. Disciplinary strategy preferences were measured through vignettes describing externalizing child behaviors, with response alternatives modeled after the Parental Discipline Interview (Scarr, Pinkerton & Eisenberg, 1991). Perceived control was measured with a subscale applied to teachers from the Parental Locus of Control Scale (Campis, Lyman & Prentice‐Dunn, 1986). Newly constructed measures of teacher orientation were used. The results indicated that perceived low control over one's classroom situation and a custodial teacher orientation were associated with preferences for authoritarian strategies (firm verbal reprimands, physical restraint) and perceived high control and a humanistic teacher orientation were associated with non‐authoritarian strategies (e.g. reasoning with students). Teachers’ strategy preferences and associations between perceived control, teacher orientation and strategy preferences were to some extent validated in relations to observed teacher behavior in a subsample of the classrooms.
Mental health, life stress and social support among young Norwegian adolescents with immigrant and host national background
Authors: Oppedal Brit , Røysamb Espen 
Published: February 2004

Oppedal, B. & Røysamb, E. (2004). Mental health, life stress and social support among young Norwegian adolescents with immigrant and host national background.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,45, 131–144.The first aim of the study was to investigate differences in level of mental health, life stress and social support among adolescents with immigrant and domestic background. A second aim was to identify culture group and gender specific sources of risk and protective factors and their relation to mental health. Questionnaire data were collected from 633 students, aged 13, in Oslo, Norway. Immigrant adolescents reported higher level of psychological distress and lower social support than host students. Of the four gender‐culture groups, immigrant boys reported the highest level of problems, with a 28% prevalence of anxiety/depression. There were no significant differences in prevalence among the girls. Specific patterns of relationships between life stress, support, and mental health were found across gender and culture. The results were discussed within a framework of culture differences in values and gender role expectancies, underscoring the importance of studying each gender/culture group separately.
Impairment and coping in children and adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparative study with other paediatric disorders
Authors: Elena Garralda M. , Rangel Luiza 
Published: February 2004

Background: Functional impairment is a key feature of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) of childhood.Aim: To compare impairment, illness attitudes and coping mechanisms in childhood CFS and in other paediatric disorders.Method: Participants were 28 children and adolescents with CFS, 30 with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and 27 with emotional disorders (ED). The measures used were interviews with children and parents, with detailed enquiry on impairment, including the Functional Disability Inventory (FDI), Illness Attitudes Scales (IAS), and Kidcope to measure coping styles in relation to common problems, illness and disability.Results: Children with CFS reported significantly more illness impairment, especially in school attendance, than those with JIA and ED. They had higher ‘worry about illness’ scores on the IAS. On the Kidcope they named school issues (work, expectations, attendance) as illness‐ or disability‐related problems more than the other two groups. Fewer CFS participants reported using problem solving as a strategy to cope with illness and disability than with other problems in their lives. More in the CFS than in the JIA group used emotional regulation to cope with illness and disability. Fewer in the CFS than in the ED groups used social withdrawal to cope with illness and self‐criticism for disability, but more used resignation to cope with disability.Conclusion: Severe illness‐related impairment, particularly through school non‐attendance, and high levels of illness‐related school concerns appear specific to CFS. CFS may also have characteristically high levels of generalised illness worry and particular styles of coping with illness and disability.
Child and parent attributions in chronic pediatric conditions: phenylketonuria (PKU) as an exemplar
Authors: Antshel Kevin M. , Brewster Scott , Waisbren Susan E. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  Attribution theory, self‐regulation, self‐handicapping and sick role theories all suggest that children with chronic disease may be held to different standards. This study assesses child and parent attributions in pediatric chronic health conditions and addresses how attributional style may be related to treatment adherence.Methods:  Four different vignettes were utilized to compare the attributional style of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) and parents of children with PKU to two comparison groups: children with other chronic medical conditions and medically healthy children. In addition, the relationship between metabolic control and attribution ratings was assessed in the PKU sample.Results:  Parents of children with medical conditions provided attributions of less child control and more stability as well as more positive affective reactions when compared to parents of healthy children. Children without a medical condition viewed childhood problems as less controllable and more stable. Mothers were more disturbed affectively by behavioral dysregulation and fathers were more disturbed by academic difficulties. In the PKU sample, the higher the phenylalanine level in the child, the more likely the parent and child alike were to attribute childhood problems to external loci of control.Conclusions:  Attributional styles appear not to be diagnosis‐specific in pediatric populations. Attributional style may be an important variable to consider when targeting treatment adherence.
Language and phonological skills in children at high risk of reading difficulties
Authors: Carroll Julia M. , Snowling Margaret J. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  Dyslexia is now generally acknowledged to involve difficulties in phonological processing. However, the links between reading difficulties and speech difficulties remain unclear.Method:  In the present study, 17 children with speech difficulties between the ages of four and six were compared to children with a family history of dyslexia and normally developing controls on phonological processing, phonological learning, phonological awareness and literacy tasks.Results:  The two groups of children at risk of reading difficulties showed very similar patterns of impairment, with average vocabulary but poor input and output speech processing, phonological learning, phonological awareness and reading development.Conclusions:  It is concluded that the antecedents of reading difficulty are similar in these two groups of children, with both groups showing deficits in the development of phonological representations.
Effects of Various Anesthetic Agents on Laryngeal Motion During Laryngoscopy in Normal Dogs
Authors: Jackson Aaron M. , Tobias Karen , Long Cassie , Bartges Joseph , Harvey Ralph 
Published: February 2004

Objective—To evaluate the effects of various drugs and drug combinations conventionally used for anesthesia on arytenoid cartilage motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs.Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Six large breed healthy dogs with no previous history of respiratory dysfunction.Methods—Each dog was randomly assigned to a different injectable anesthetic protocol once weekly for 6 weeks, then in the 7th week all dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane. Videolaryngoscopy was performed and recorded starting immediately after induction until dogs could no longer be safely restrained for endoscopy. Video was digitized and 3 still images ofmaximalinspiration and expiration from the first 15 seconds (induction) and the last 15 seconds (recovery) were captured and imported into an image analysis software program. The height andarea of the laryngeal ostium were measured in pixels. Normalization of the glottal gap areawasperformed using the formula (normalized glottal gap area (NGGA)=area in pixels/height2). ANOVA was performed on the NGGA of images collected at inspiration and expiration during induction and recovery. Fischer's exact test was performed when significance (P<.05) wasfound.Results—Within each protocol, laryngeal motion (defined as change in NGGA) at induction was not significantly different from laryngeal motion measured at recovery. Additionally, no significant differences were found in arytenoid motion immediately after induction when anesthetic protocols were compared. Arytenoid motion before recovery was significantly greater with thiopental when compared with propofol (P=.046), ketamine+diazepam (P=.0098), acepromazine+thiopental (P=.0021), and acepromazine+propofol (P=.0065). No significant difference in arytenoid motion was seen immediately after induction or before recovery when acepromazine+butorphanol+ isoflurane and thiopental were compared.Conclusion—We concluded that intravenous thiopental given to effect is the best choice for assessing laryngeal function in dogs. Dogs premedicated with acepromazine with or without opioids that require further anesthetic restraint for laryngoscopy should be anesthetized with isoflurane administered by mask.Clinical Relevance—Misdiagnosis of laryngeal paralysis during laryngoscopy can be avoided by selecting the anesthetic regimens with the least effect on arytenoid motion.
Mandibular Reconstruction of a Partial Hemimandibulectomy in a Dog with Severe Malocclusion
Authors: Boudrieau Randy J. , Mitchell Susan L. , Seeherman Howard 
Published: February 2004

Objective—To report treatment of severe mandibular malocclusion (after left partial hemimandibulectomy, ∼7 cm gap).Study Design—Clinical report.Animals—A 14‐month‐old golden retriever.Methods—After corrective osteotomy of the right horizontal mandibular ramus, normal occlusion was reestablished and temporarily maintained while both mandibles were stabilized by miniplates on the lateral alveolar surface spanning the bilateral mandibular defects (right=1.5 cm, left=7 cm). A fenestrated, monocortical rib graft was positioned beneath the left gingival surface to protect the synthetic graft, which was secured to the miniplate. A mandibular reconstruction plate (right) and a locking mandibular reconstruction plate (left) were secured to the ventral borders of the mandibles. Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein‐2 delivered in collagen tricalcium phosphate sponges (rhBMP‐2 collagen‐TCP sponge) was inserted into both mandibular defects.Results—New bone formation was identified at 3 months and bony remodeling was evident at recheck examinations up to 4 years. Scintigraphy (6 months, 1 year) confirmed graft revascularization and viability. Bone collected (1 year) from the left defect site had robust new bone formation and evidence of continued remodeling. Only minor complications were encountered during the postoperative period and were easily resolved.Conclusions—Reconstruction of a large mandibular defect was facilitated by use of an osteoinductive factor (rhBMP‐2 collagen‐TCP sponge) as a graft substitute.Clinical Relevance—One‐step salvage and reconstruction facilitated by use of an osteoinductive factor, as a graft substitute, may be an alternative strategy for repair of large mandibular defects.
Femur Fractures Associated with Canine Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Liska William D. 
Published: February 2004

Objective— To report femur fracture as a complication of canine t0otal hip replacement (THR) and to report the incidence, predisposing factors, treatment options, and outcome.Study Design— Prospective clinical study.Animals— Twenty‐two client‐owned dogs with 24 femoral fractures occurring during or after THR.Methods— Cemented THR (BioMedtrix, Boonton, NJ) was performed. Medical records and radiographs were used to identify dogs that had femur fracture and to identify risk factors. Follow‐up was obtained until dog death or study end.Results— The overall incidence of femur fracture after THR was 2.9%. Femoral fractures occurred intraoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and up to 2196 days after THR. In 17 dogs, fractures resulted from a traumatic event. Osteopathy was present at THR in 5 dogs; all developed femoral fissures during reaming. Three dogs had fractures associated with cortical thinning secondary to aseptic loosening. Fracture treatment included euthanasia (1 dog), strict confinement (3 dogs), full cerclage wires on long oblique fractures (3 dogs), or plate and screw fixation (10 with, and 7 without, cerclage wires). All fractures extended near the distal tip of the femoral stem and all aggressively treated fractures healed.Conclusions— Predisposing risk factors for femur fracture after THR include osteopathy and iatrogenic fissures created during reaming. Trauma, excessive load concentration, and increased torque can lead to mid‐diaphyseal fracture near the end of the femoral stem. Fracture did not disrupt THR implants. Cement fracture exposing the tip of the femoral stem did not affect fracture healing or rehabilitation. Immediate plate and screw fixation resulted in the most favorable outcome; healing occurred in 6–10 weeks.Clinical Relevance— Femur fractures that occur after THR should be repaired using plate and screw fixation augmented with cerclage wire when needed. Forces on fissures should be neutralized to prevent propagation and fracture. Owners of high‐risk patients (old dogs with osteopathies or previous hip surgery) should be counseled before THR. The prognosis is excellent when fractures are treated correctly.
A Mechanical Comparison of 4.5 mm Narrow and 3.5 mm Broad Plating Systems for Stabilization of Gapped Fracture Models
Authors: Silbernagel John T. , Johnson Ann L. , Pijanowski Gerald J. , Ehrhart Nichole , Schaeffer David J. 
Published: February 2004

Objective— To evaluate and compare the mechanical properties of 4.5 narrow and 3.5 broad plating systems using their respective cortical and cancellous screws in unstable, central, and eccentric gap fracture models.Study Design— Mechanical evaluation and comparison of 2 dynamic compression plate (DCP) systems.Sample population— Eighteen cortical and 30 cancellous gapped fracture models.Methods— DCP (4.5 mm narrow, 3.5 mm broad) with their respective cortical screws were applied to cortical bone density polyurethane foam blocks to construct center gap cortical fracture models that were tested in gap closing monotonic 4‐point bending. DCP (4.5 mm narrow, 3.5 mm broad) with their respective cancellous screws were applied to cancellous bone density polyurethane foam blocks to construct eccentric gap cancellous fracture models. The cancellous constructs were tested in monotonic gap opening and gap closing cantilever bending and in cyclic axial loading. Univariate and multivariate repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare the maximum loads at failure of the 4.5 mm constructs and 3.5 mm constructs.Results— The 4.5 mm narrow plating system withstood significantly higher loads at failure than the 3.5 mm broad plating system in 4‐point bending (P<.0001) and gap opening cantilever bending (P<.0001). The 4.5 mm system failed in gap closing cantilever bending by plastic deformation of the plate, whereas the 3.5 mm system failed by screw pullout. There was no difference between the 2 systems in cyclic axial loading.Conclusion— Results indicate that the 4.5 mm narrow plating system has a mechanical advantage over the 3.5 mm broad plating system for stabilization of gapped fracture models.Clinical Relevance— The 4.5 mm narrow plating system may be mechanically advantageous compared with the 3.5 mm broad plating system for stabilizing unreconstructed comminuted long bone fractures in large dogs.
In Vitro Activity of Daptomycin against Gram-Positive European Clinical Isolates with Defined Resistance Determinants
Authors: Fluit Ad C. , Schmitz Franz-Josef , Verhoef Jan , Milatovic Dana 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activity of daptomycin against 337 gram-positive European clinical isolates with known resistance genes was determined. The MIC ranges for
Staphylococcus aureus
, enterococci, pneunococci, and streptococci were 0.03 to 1, 0.25 to 8, 0.12 to 1, and 0.06 to 8 μg/ml, respectively. For only one streptococcus isolate and seven enterococcus isolates was the MIC 8 μg/ml.
Quantitative Analysis of a Parasitic Antiviral Strategy
Authors: Kim Hwijin , Yin John 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTWe extended a computer simulation of viral intracellular growth to study a parasitic antiviral strategy that diverts the viral replicase toward parasite growth. This strategy inhibited virus growth over a wide range of conditions, while minimizing host cell perturbations. Such parasitic strategies may inhibit the development of drug-resistant virus strains.
In Vitro Activities of Tigecycline against the
Bacteroides fragilis
Group
Authors: Jacobus N. V. , McDermott L. A. , Ruthazer R. , Snydman D. R. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activities of tigecycline were tested against 831 isolates of the
Bacteroides fragilis
group representing all of the species within the group. On a weight-to-weight basis (8 μg/ml), tigecycline was more active than clindamycin, minocycline, trovafloxacin, and cefoxitin and less active than imipenem or piperacillin-tazobactam against all isolates of the
B. fragilis
group. Tigecycline geometric mean MICs were statistically higher against
B. distasonis
than other
Bacteroides
species (
P
value of 0.0001).