bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Era of United Fronts
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While most of continental Europe was deeply affected by the ravages of the Great Depression and the accompanying social unrest, no country experienced the process of political polarization quite like Spain. Whereas the volatility of Spanish politics in the 1930s became most visible through the protracted civil war at the end of that decade, in actuality the outbreak of that conflagration can only be understood as a corollary to intense social and political conflicts in the five years preceding Franco’s coup d’etat of 17 July 1936. Indeed, it is appropriate to characterize Spanish society in the years 1931-37, particularly 1933-34 and 1936, as experiencing an open, prerevolutionary crisis. After eight years of a moderate dictatorship, the inauguration of Spain’s second republic, with the accompanying broadening of civil liberties and rights, ushered in a period of tremendous hopes and illusions for the population, roughly half of which still depended on employment in agriculture. The ruling coalition of liberal republicans and moderate social democrats provided the political environment in which the laboring population felt at least partially protected from the exactions of predominantly Basque and Catalan industrial and commercial capitalists and Andalusian latifundistas. According to Gabriel Jackson, industrial wages generally rose between 1931 and 1935, and agricultural workers’ income doubled “ between the summers of 1931 and 1932.” Yet, at the same time, more fundamental problems of social in equality remained untouched. Measures aiming at land reform were weak and ineffective. And the rapidly rising self-confidence of the Spanish working class found no other social outlet than its manifestation in occasional bloody revolts and ever more radical political demands-demands which the agricultural and industrial elite, handicapped by structural inefficiency and conjunctural decline, could never have fulfilled, even had they wanted to.
The Promise of the Plan
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Sunday evening, 23 August 1931, an extraordinary assembly of men and women gathered in the Amsterdam Koloniaal lnstituut for a conference which was to last until Friday morning, 29 August 1931. Economic experts arrived from all five continents to participate in the deliberations of the meeting, called to debate “World Social Economic Planning: The Necessity for Planned Adjustment of Productive Capacity and Standards of Living.” While the topic was certainly not a standard theme for international congresses at the time, and whereas the geographic spectrum rep resented lent an unusual dimension to this gathering, what was perhaps most remark able was the breadth of social and professional interests represented at this meeting. Economists and industrialists, statesmen and trade unionists, journalists and architects, factory inspectors and factory owners, engineers and communists; a remarkable assortment of individuals hailing from every imaginable social and professional background assembled in the Koloniaal Instituut for what became known as the 1931 World Social Economic Planning Congress. Among the well-known per sonalities present were RudolfWissell, the former German secretary of labor; Fritz Naphtali, the head of the German trade union research association; Friedrich Pol lock, a leading member of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research; French jour nalist and politician Bertrand de Jouvenel; Dutch social democrat F. M. Wibaut, the eminencegrise behind Amsterdam’s exemplary municipal housing development project; Albert Thomas, the director of the Geneva International Labor Bureau; the Brookings Institute economist Lewis L. Lorwin; Valeri V. Ossinsky, the leading Soviet economic expert; H.S. Person, the managing director of the American Frederick Taylor Society; and leading industrialists from many countries. It was an unprecedented meeting of minds concerned about the state of disarray of economies and societies in 1931. Person formulated the concerns of the participants in the following manner: “We have come to the conclusion that individualistic enterprise has in deed constructed a magnificent and efficient economic machine, but that it has finally reached a stage of evolution in which individualistic industry is unable to keep it in order and operate it properly.
Text and Act
Authors: Taruskin Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Text and Act, a collection of essays and reviews published over the last dozen years, offers a brilliant evaluation of the early music movement, transforming the debate about `early music' and `authenticity'. Taking a wide-ranging cultural view of the phenomenon, Taruskin shows that the movement, far from reviving ancient traditions, in fact represents the only truly modern style of performance on offer today, and is therefore far more valuable and authentic than the historical verisimilitude it ostensibly aims at could ever be.
What-or Where-Is the Original?
Authors: Taruskin Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So what‘s to review? The music? That would be an impertinence. The scribes? Impertinent again, and gratuitous: they‘ve been taking their lumps for centuries (besides, with every passing year they look smarter). There aren‘t even any editors to kick around. True, Howard Mayer Brown, Frank D‘Accone, and Jessie Ann Owens are listed as editors in the publisher‘s brochure, but all they have done is choose the items to be photographed, write the introductions to some of them, and farm out the rest. Indeed, in their general introduction to the series they hint at the Death of the Editor. That will be something to return to, perhaps,- but to cavil, in the presence of such bounty, either with the concept of this series or with the way it has been implemented would be most impertinent of all.
The Crooked Straight, and the Rough Places Plain
Authors: Taruskin Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the bonniest postconcert mots ever to reach my ears was uttered after a performance by a touring English early-music group, by the leader of one of its best-known American counterparts. ‘‘They’re one of the best straight groups I’ve heard,” he said. After his listeners had recovered from the apparent sexual innuendo, he continued: ‘‘It’s like this: There are the straight players and the crooked players. I can respect the straight players, but my heart is with the crooked players.” That is how I feel about this release, and for the same reason, I can (and do) respect it, but my heart is not with it.
Ethnographic Background and Post-Contact History of the Area
Authors: Hensel Chase 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a cold day in early March-ten degrees Fahrenheit, but with only a light breeze. My wife (Phyllis Morrow) and I have been invited to go pike fishing with a friend. The night before he had gassed up the snow machine and we had checked our lures and tackle. While we were talking he also gave his ice chisel a few licks with a file. Now, after breakfast, we help load the sled with the chisel, a shovel, a small axe, the lures and twine, some jigging sticks, a box of shells for the shotgun, less a Jew in his pockets, some extra clothing, a gunnysack, some dried fish, buttered pilot crackers, and a half-gallon thermos of tea. My wife climbs on top of this load, and I ride behind on the runners.
Yup’ik Gourmands: Food and Ethnicity
Authors: Hensel Chase 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This year there was an early freeze-up. By the second week in November the most adventuresome are driving small cars on the river. The real go-getters have already had their nets in for a week or more, but I prefer to wait and take fewer risks. There is little snow, and getting to the river is a slow, bumpy process, but once there the going is smooth and fast. In the sled are the two ice chisels, a shovel, an axe, numerous pieces of rope, the nets, a curved pole with two large blunt hooks attached to the end, and the wooden pieces used to move the rope from hole to hole under the ice. This piece consists of a ten foot piece of one-by-six-inch pine with a hole drilled through it at either end. To one hole is attached a four foot piece of heavy twine with a white salmon net float at the end. The other hole serves as a pivot point, with a bolt holding it between the two forks of a wishbone-shaped piece. This is made from three one-by-sixes, with the outside pieces about five feet long, and the middle one a foot and a half shorter to form a space for the longer piece with the float. My fishing partner and I drive carefully along the river, but I am still almost passed by my sled, which tips over once. Nothing is lost however. We head to our usual spot, a shallow eddy which has been productive in the past. When we arrive there is one other net about one hundred yards away, but otherwise the spot is empty. We begin with a discussion of where we have set in
Subsistence Discourse as Practice
Authors: Hensel Chase 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a bright day in March, sunny and windy. I snow-machine over to my partner’s house and arrive just as he is finishing getting ready. We put our daypacks around the snow-machine handlebars, our shotguns in our laps, and take off There is some new snow, which makes the ride easier in spots, but also promises the possibility of bogging down where it has settled deeply. We decide to hunt along the Gweek River (kuik means “river”) above Bethel, and head out along the line of bluffs parallel to the Akiachuk trail. My friend spots the first flock of ptarmigan, and gets one before they spook. We follow them, hoping to get another chance when they land, but they eventually fly out of sight. Our general approach is to ride along the ridges and rims of little valleys and cul-de-sacs, or travel with one of us on each side of the brush lining a waterway. Often it is possible to ride in the drifted snow along the edges of the brush, but sometimes the only option is to bump along on the tundra.
Introduction
Authors: Shubert Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So begins the “Lament for the Death of Ignacio Sanchez Mejias,” by the great Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca. Sanchez Mejias was a close friend of Lorca’s and a literary figure in his own right as well as a bullfighter, and Lorca cast his death in the ring in August 1934 as much more than just a tragic accident, investing it with a broader, even mythical, significance. Lorca had long seen the bullfight as bearing some deep meaning. In a letter to the Italian writer Giovanni Papini he had described it as “a religious mystery . . . the public and solemn enactment of the victory of virtue over the lower interests . . . the superiority of spirit over matter, of intelligence over instinct, of the smiling hero over the frothing monster.”1 With this interpretation Lorca joined a long line of people, foreigners and Spaniards alike, who have found the bullfight a mine of meaning about Spain and its people, a privileged window on the Spanish character, if not the Spanish soul. This window has produced a kaleidoscope of revelations, and it is worthwhile having a brief look at a few of them.
Regulation
Authors: Shubert Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the opposition to the corrida is almost as long as that of the bullfight itself. The arguments against it have been primarily religious, economic, and moral, although their relative importance has changed over time. Until the eighteenth century the religious argument, that bullfighting was un-Christian, was the most prominent. This was the basis of the prohibition contained in Pius V’s bull of 1567, De salutisgregis domini (On the Health of the Lord’s Flock).
Epilogue: The Death of Manolete
Authors: Shubert Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 6:42 in the afternoon of August 28,1947, a Miura bull named Islero gored Manuel Rodriguez, “Manolete,” in the ring at Linares. The matador died early the next morning. The death of the undisputed star of the moment shocked the nation and dominated the press for days afterward. Some papers even brought out special editions. His house in Cordoba was surrounded by an immense crowd, and more than twenty thousand people filed through to view the corpse. The family received thousands of telegrams, including one from Generalisimo Franco himself.
The Rotulus
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arotulus, or roll, or scroll, is a length of papyrus, leather, or parchment, on which writing is preserved, and which is stored in a rolled form. These are most often made by fastening together, with glue, thread, or thongs, several separate pieces to make a scroll of some length. Rolls are often, but not always, written on one side only, for reasons of convenience and concern for the text being written. An opisthographic roll is one written on both sides, either originally or in the process of reusing the blank outer side of an older scroll. Rolls are usually wound around a central baton, the umbilicus. The papyrus, leather, or parchment nearest the center, although it might bear the weight of the length of the scroll, generally receives far less wear than the outer portions, since the outer membranes must be handled at every use in reaching the center. In order to be read, a roll must be unrolled (explicitus), and thus the explicit of medieval books and the explication of their texts derive from the process of unrolling such a document.
Divorce and How Parents Lose Contact
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Rachel left her husband, her daughter Mindy never for gave her. Mindy began splitting time between her parents’ homes but became increasingly recalcitrant when she was with Rachel. Rachel tried to forge a closer relationship with her but felt her ex-husband was turning Mindy against her. The defining moment in the relationship came one evening when Rachel was reprimanding Mindy about her rejecting behavior. Fourteen years old at the time, Mindy became incensed, pushed Rachel off her bed, and told her to get out of her room. Rachel admonished Mindy by saying that if she couldn’t treat her with respect, she would have to leave. Mindy packed up her things immediately, called her father who lived nearby, and left. They have not spoken for the past six years.
When Mothers and Children No Longer Visit
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enormous attention has been paid to fathers who leave. What happens to mothers in the same situation? We know mothers are stigmatized if they do not have custody. The response to them is even more dramatic if they are not in contact with their children. Consider the reaction to a father in this situation. Then, consider if a mother is held to a higher, or at least a different standard. Gender differences come into play. Fathers (men) can leave relationships and, until recently, still be seen as masculine, though perhaps irresponsible.
Behavior and Health
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the discovery of the specific infectious agents (bacteria and parasites) that cause acute diseases so preempted medical attention that the role of behavior as a mediator between disease risk and host exposure largely disappeared from view. The demographic transition has brought renewed attention to the behavioral link between risk and exposure. Industrialized nations have shifted from an era of death from pestilence and famine to an era of sickness from degenerative diseases and behavioral pathology. When mortality was very high and life expectancy at birth was low, population increase was held in check by the death rate. Now that death rates have declined sharply (life expectancy at birth is twice what it was at the turn of the century), fertility has become the principal determinant of population growth.1 Degenerative diseases (heart disease, stroke, cancer, dementia) have become the main public health problems.2 In contrast, low-income countries are in the midst of a protracted epidemiologic transition. Citizens suffer from a triple burden of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, degenerative diseases, and behavioral problems (substance abuse, violence, etc.). In addition, there are ever-sharper differences between the health status of the upper and lower social classes in many societies; that is, the health of the upper classes has begun to resemble that of today’s industrialized populations, whereas the lower class suffers from chronic disease as well as infection and parasitism.
Sexual Politics: The Gender Gap in the Bedroom, the Cupboard, and the Cabinet
Authors: Pratto Felicia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are no human societies in which women dominate men. Instead, societies in which men dominate women are so common that male dominance has been considered a human universal (e.g., Goldberg, 1973; Millet, 1970; Rosaldo, 1974; but see Eisler, 1987; Leacock, 1981; Lepowsky, 1990; Sacks, 1979; Sanday, 1981; Schlegel, 1990; Schwendinger & Schwendinger, 1983). This makes the question of sexual dominance special in intergroup relations for there is no other "grouping" besides sex in which, when there is inequality, one group is always subordinate. Yet, the variability that exists from society to society in the means and degree of sexual inequality indicates that simplistic explanations of male dominance will not suffice.
Court Responses to Battered Women
Authors: Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have come a long way during the past two decades as responsive prosecutors, judges and legislators have begun to recognize family violence as a serious crime. All fifty states have passed civil and/or criminal statutes to protect battered women, and prosecutors’ offices are beginning to implement efficient systems of screening and prosecuting cases. Police and courts in a small yet growing number of jurisdictions have set up a round-the-clock method of issuing temporary restraining orders and providing advocacy as the cases move through court.
Introducing Spacetime Singularities and Acausalities
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is simultaneously an essay in the philosophy of science and the foundations of physics. It seeks to assess the implications of spacetime singularities and acausal features of relativistic spacetimes for the general theory of relativity and the philosophy of space and time. To the extent that it succeeds, it should succeed in convincing the reader that for the constellation of issues to be studied, physics, foundations of physics, and the philosophy of science are all of a piece. Before trying to describe the issues, it may be helpful to begin by setting them in context.
Defining, Characterizing, and Proving the Existence of Spacetime Singularities
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in chapter 1 that shortly after GTR was put in its final form, attempts were made by Hilbert (1917) and Einstein (1918) to specify the conditions under which a spacetime is singular. Some small amount of progress was made on the problem over the next four decades. But as late as 1960 Gyorgy Szekeres could accurately state that “an exact definition of what should be regarded as a true singularity of a [pseudo] Riemannian manifold has, to my knowledge, never been proposed” (Szekeres 1960, p. 285). Over the following years rapid strides were made in proving the existence of singularities in solutions to EFE and in understanding what these singularities involved in terms of spacetime structure. But towards the end of the 1960s there were still major uncertainties in how to pin down the elusive notion of spacetime singularity. Some of these uncertainties were summarized in an important paper by Robert Geroch (1968a), part of which was cast as a Galilean dialogue, a form nicely chosen to reflect the unsettled state of the subject. In the intervening years our knowledge about these matters has increased tremendously, but uncertainties still remain. The account which follows does not attempt to trace the historical development over recent decades but rather is aimed at providing an accessible introduction to these issues, issues which remain among the most exciting and difficult in the foundations of spacetime theories.
Cosmic Censorship
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of cosmic censorship was introduced over twenty years ago by Roger Penrose (1969). About a decade later Penrose noted that it was not then known “whether some form of cosmic censorship principle is actually a consequence of general relativity.” To which he added: “In fact, we may regard this as possibly the most important unsolved problem of classical general relativity theory” (Penrose 1978, p. 230). This sentiment has been echoed by Stephen Hawking (1979, p. 1047), Werner Israel (1984, p. 1049), Robert Wald (1984a, p. 303), Frank Tipler (1985, p. 499), Douglas Eardley (1987, p. 229), Stuart Shapiro and Saul Teukolsky (1991b, p. 330), Pankay Joshi (1993, p. 204), and many others. Thus, ifan “important problem” in physics is one which is deemed to be important by leading research workers in the field, then the problem of cosmic censorship is undoubtedly near the top of the list for classical GTR. One of my goals here is to show why it is important in a more substantive sense. I also want to indicate why it is that, despite the intense effort that has been devoted to this problem, it remains unsolved. Indeed, the very statement of the problem remains open to debate.
Eternal Recurrence, Cyclic Time, and All That
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of a cyclic or repeating time finds an astonishingly broad acceptance in the history of thought, being found among such diverse and widely separated peoples as the Stoics of ancient Greece, the Hindus of India, the Taoists of China, and the Mayans of Central America. Christianity was generally hostile to the idea since it clashed with the doctrine of the uniqueness of Christ. The scientific revolution produced a decidedly ambivalent stance. On the one hand, Newtonian mechanics seemed to hold out the possibility of a “clockwork” universe. But on the other hand Newton himself worried that because of the instability of the solar system God would from time to time have to wind up the clock. Nineteenth and early twentieth century physics produced another tension. Poincare ‘s recurrence theorem showed that a closed mechanical system will almost surely return to approximately the same state; but the second law of thermodynamics seemed to indicate that the universe is destined to wind down to a heat death.
Afterword
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems to me, however, that as regards self-destruction there is an important difference between QM and GTR. The measurement problem in QM shows, prima facie, that the theory is empirically inadequate in the worst way: it cannot account for the fact that measurement procedures yield definite outcomes. As hope fades that some clever interpretational ploy will resolve this problem, it becomes more likely that some overhaul of quantum dynamics will be needed and, thus, that Bell and Nauenberg’s moral is correct. By contrast, there is no correspondingly blatant failure of classical GTR to save the phenomena in connection with its prediction of singularities in the gravitational collapse of stars and in the big bang origin of the universe. In the former case, GTR’s predictions about black holes appear to be gaining empirical successes. In the latter case, there are puzzles connected with the particle horizons of the standard big bang model. But as argued in chapter 5, these puzzles are to a large extent concerned not with empirical adequacy but with the nature of scientific explanation; and in any case, the most popular fixes for the horizon problem do not banish the initial singularity.