bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liability for Breach of Contract
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We saw earlier why the parties may have wished the promisee to have a right to full performance. In those cases, he should be able to demand it. The promisor could have at least three good reasons for binding himself to make a gift. First, he may rightly believe that his present decision to make the gift is more likely to be a good one than a future decision not to make it. His present decision is generous and sensible, he may believe, and the future decision is more likely to reflect greed than good sense. Second, he may rightly believe that conferring a right on the promisee is more consistent with the kind of relationship he wants with him. Eisenberg has noted that to confer such a right may be inconsistent with a relationship of love and trust between the parties. But the converse may be true. Parents might give their adult children a house or bonds rather than merely letting them live in a house or endorsing over interest payments seriatim because they want the children to be independent rather than always beholden to them. Sometimes parents can effectuate such a purpose only if the law permits them to create a right in the children which does not depend on whether the parents have changed their mind or the children have relied. Third, though less likely, the promisor might know the promisee does not trust him to perform absent a legal obligation and may wish to set his mind at rest. In an exchange, as Melvin Eisenberg has noted, the promisee may want the right to require performance, or a sum reflecting the value to him of performance, in order to lock in a favorable bargain. As we have seen, he might want to do so for three reasons, each of which the law should respect. First, he might regard the performance he is to receive as unique, as one he is not likely to receive elsewhere at the same price. Second, even if the performance is not unique, he may wish to lock in a price for fear of receiving a less favorable price if he waits or shops around. Third, there may be some uncertainty about the characteristics of the performance in the minds of the parties. The parties may wish to agree on a price that discounts that uncertainty. In the end, one party will have paid either more or less than he would if the truth had been known in advance, but each is willing to take his chances. Such an arrangement requires that the loser cannot renege if he happens to lose.
Remedies in Restitution
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, Roman law recognized particular cases of what we now call unjust enrichment. But historically, the idea that there is a general law of unjust enrichment, coeval with contract and tort, originated in the 16th century when a group of jurists known to historians as the ‘ late scholastics’ considered the implications of Aristotle’ s idea of commutative justice. As we have seen, these earlier jurists followed Thomas Aquinas. He observed that, as a matter of commutative justice, a person who had another’ s property might be liable for two different reasons: because of the way in which he initially acquired it (acceptio rei) or simply because he still has it (ipsa rei acceptio). The way in which he acquired it might have been wtaerongful, in which case he was liable even if he no longer had the property. Ir might have been rightful and with the owner’ s consent, in which case whether he was liable depended on the type of agreement he had with the owner.
Political Culture and Political Change
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Shin Doh Chull 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
East Asia covers a vast territory endowed with few natural resources while being home to more than 2 billion people, nearly one-third of the world’s population. Having always faced the problem of feeding too many people with too limited resources, East Asia was never expected to make rapid economic growth. During the 1950s, when this region and others were finally freed from colonial rule, resource-rich Africa was often favored as the place to experience high and steady economic growth. Contrary to these expectations in the scholarly community and policy circles, East Asia has achieved unprecedented economic growth and social development in the past three decades (World Bank 1993; Terry 2002).
Pan-European Law Enforcement Strategic Analysis: Trends And Concerns
Authors: Ridley Nick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The events of 1989—2001—the break up of the former Soviet Union, the Balkan civil wars, the emergence of and the reaction to new manifestations of fundamentalist religious terrorism—resulted in new and more complex problems of organized crime afflicting Europe. These cataclysmic international events influenced criminality and defined developments in law enforcement strategic analysis in the EU.
Introduction to Part III: Case Studies—Intelligence and Partnership
Authors: Harfield Clive 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 above, Frank Gregory’s exposition of the evolving relationship between British national security structures and the domestic police service coincidentally offered a study of inter-agency partnership. Within the context of failed intelligence-sharing between partners, as highlighted in the murders of Victoria Climbié, Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells, and Naomi Bryant (Laming, 2003; Bichard, 2004; HMIP, 2006), the themes of partnership and intelligence run throughout the government’s current vision for community safety (Home Office, 2004): there are 81 references to partnership and 80 to intelligence. To ensure increased effectiveness in neighbourhood policing and community safety, the government proposed the following seven measures, the outcome of which is annotated in italics at the end of each proposal.
Open-Source Intelligence —A Case Study
Authors: Juett Laura , Smith, Rebecca , Grieve John GD 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers intelligent policing in its widest sense. It describes the approach and methodology used by the Greater London Alcohol and Drug Alliance (GLADA) to develop robust evidence-based reports in relation to the impact of drug and alcohol use in London. It provides detailed discussion on the challenges and benefits of partnership-working as a route to intelligent policing. The factors that contribute to crime and disorder are complex and therefore the police must have tools at their disposal that do justice to that complexity, bringing together a wide range of perspectives on the same set of issues, and melding them to create a complete picture. These tools support intelligent policing which is empathetic and proactive, rather than reactionary.
1605–1609
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
John Hales (1584–1656), who in his later years would be praised by Andrew Marvell as “one of the clearest heads ... in Christendom,” was in his youth an admirable scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was graduated B.A. (1603), entered holy orders, and proceeded M.A. (1609), and in the time between his two degrees, while still quite young, he was chosen by Sir Thomas Bodley to tend to the recording of gifts presented to Bodley’s then new library at Oxford.
1610–1619
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is noteworthy that registration not only of Jonson’s Alchemist but also of his Epicoene (see next entry) is officially recorded in 1610, apparently indicating the playwright’s awareness of Don Quixote about two years prior to the publication of Thomas Shelton’s translation. Notable also is the fact that according to Shelton’s dedicatory words in 1612, his Don Quixote was “Translated some five or sixe yeares ago” (sig. ¶2r)—that is, as early as 1607. No one can be sure just when the passages referring to Don Quixote were written (they could have been added later), but if Jonson wrote them as early as 1610, that fact would seem to add substance to the conjecture of Peter E. Medine that one of the two voyagers in Jonson’s long, mock-heroic poem “On the Famous Voyage” (i.e., “Epigram 133,” c.1610) was indeed Thomas Shelton.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Miranda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study asks what it meant to call someone ‘eccentric’ in Paris between the July Monarchy and the fin de siècle, and investigates why eccentricity aroused such intensely ambivalent responses in bourgeois readers, writers, and spectators. Originating in the terminology of astronomy and geometry, the terms excentrique and excentricité were used figuratively in France from the early nineteenth century to denote people, acts, or objects that broke with convention. In sources as diverse as etiquette manuals, fashion magazines, newspapers, novels, plays, political pamphlets, and scientiﬁc and psychiatric treatises, eccentricity elicited sharply divergent opinions.
Monsters
Authors: Gill Miranda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the nineteenth century, the concepts of eccentricity and monstrosity were closely intertwined. The former represented departure from the norms of convention and custom, and the latter, departure from the norms of nature. The distinction between custom and nature was often blurred: in polite society and the salon, unconventional behaviour and female self-assertion were branded ‘monstrous’ and ‘unnatural’ departures from tradition; in the demi-monde, monstrosity was associated with the femme excentrique and the confusion of social categories for which she was held responsible; in the fairground, the term ‘monstre’ denoted the deformed bodies of the sideshow; and in Bohemia, imagery of monstrosity was used to suggest social marginality, madness, and the experimentations of the avant-garde.
Nested contests
Authors: Konrad Kai A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Conflict often takes place between groups, and examples of this have been discussed in section 5.5 on inter-group contests for public goods. Such conflict ends once the inter-group contest has determined a winner if the prize that is awarded to the winning group is a good that all group members can consume or if the allocation of the good within the group cannot be influenced by group members. In many cases, the inter-group contest is about private goods, and the conflict does not necessarily end once the contest prize is allocated to one of the groups, or once its shares are allocated to the different groups.
The Least Worst Place
Authors: Greenberg Karen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ever since its foundation in 2002, the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility has become the symbol for many people around the world of all that is wrong with the 'war on terror'. Secretive, inhumane, and illegal by most international standards, it has been seen by many as a testament to American hubris in the post-9/11 era. Yet until now no one has written about the most revealing part of the story - the prison's first 100 days. It was during this time that a group of career military men and women tried to uphold the traditional military codes of honour and justice that informed their training in the face of a far more ruthless, less rule-bound, civilian leadership in the Pentagon. They were defeated. This book tells their story for the first time. It is a tale of how individual officers on the ground at Guantanamo, along with their direct superiors, struggled with their assignment from Washington, only to be unwittingly co-opted into the Pentagon's plan to turn the prison into an interrogation facility operating at the margins of the law and beyond.
Richardson’s First Novel
Authors: Shepherd Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The illustration of novels has become rather a fashionable subject for literary criticism in recent years, with a number of lengthy studies devoted to the complex and intricate relationship between word and image both inside and outside the physical book. Pamela has been an obvious focus of critical scrutiny, since (as The ‘Pamela’ Controversy makes clear) the Pamela phenomenon was a visual as much as a verbal one: the novel inspired a huge number of contemporary images in a wide range of different styles and media, from the enthusiastic assortment of popular and pirated images produced for books, plays, fans, and waxworks, to Joseph Highmore’s ‘novel in pictures’, to the twenty-nine Hayman and Gravelot illustrations for the 1742 sixth edition.2 All three artists used the conventions of contemporary portraiture to express the relationships within the text, and I believe this had a profound influence on Richardson’s understanding of what Margaret Anne Doody has called the ‘shapes and groupings’ in his novels.3 It is this three-dimensionality, more than anything else, that distinguishes the writer of Pamela from the writer of Clarissa and Grandison.
‘I am a Painter, Madam’
Authors: Shepherd Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
But what was more valuable to him than all the rest, the ladies said, was a miniature picture of his mother, set in gold; an admirable likeness, they told me; and they would get their brother to let me see it. Neglecting all the rest, he eagerly took it out of the shagreen case; gazed at it in silence; kissed it; a tear falling from his eye. He then put it to his heart. (Grandison, I, 368–9) Can my dear Harriet, thought I, exquisitely lovely as she is in any dress, be ornamented by richer silks than common, by costly laces, by jewels? Can dress add grace to that admirable proportion, and those fine features, to which no painter yet has ever done justice, tho’ every family related to her has a picture of her, drawn by a different hand of eminence? (III, 251)
Central-bank oversight of payment and settlement systems in practice
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As private-sector involvement in the provision of core payment and settle- ment services has expanded, central banks have increasingly sought to exercise control and influence via assumption of an oversight role. This is defined by CPSS (2005b) in terms of the promotion of safety and efficiency by ‘monitoring existing and planned systems, assessing them against these objectives and, where necessary, inducing change.’ Over time, this role has become more formalized.
Competition And Efficiency
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objectives of competition policy considered so far have been introduced in a rather general manner. Below, the role of competition in the economic process and how it can contribute to achieve efficiency are explained and the economic concepts necessary to address these issues are introduced. Different market structures (perfect competition, monopoly, and oligopoly) are analysed and the cases of monopsony and oligopsony are discussed briefly.
Jersey
Authors: swan Matthew , mackereth edward , passmore oliver 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All jurisdictions have to strike a balance between the freedom to dispose of one’s property and the interests of creditors. Jurisdictions vary as to where the balance should be struck …
Most jurisdictions settle somewhere in between these two extreme positions. In Jersey, customary law, drawing on the civil law, has developed the Pauline action for many centuries with its closely defined requirements. In addition, bankruptcy legislation has in recent years provided additional remedies where gifts or transactions at an undervalue have been undertaken within a certain period before bankruptcy. Furthermore, there are of course proprietary claims (i.e. where the asset never belonged to the debtor) and restitutionary claims (where there has been unjust enrichment).
Guernsey
Authors: davies Simon , gamble nick , newman1 mathew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Guernsey, that is to say the Bailiwick of Guernsey (which comprises the islands of Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, together with smaller islands and islets), has for many years been seen as a leading financial centre. So much so that at the time this book went to press, figures produced by the Guernsey Financial Services Commission (the GFSC)2 indicate that the deposits held with Guernsey banks were well in excess of £140 billion and that there were nearly 900 separate investment funds in the Island (some established as companies, but others as unit trusts or partnerships or other, more esoteric, vehicles) which had collectively a total of £135 billion under management. Guernsey is also home to the Channel Islands Stock Exchange (opened in 1998) which over its life has approved more than 3,000 individual securities for listing with a total market capitalization of over US$17 billion, the exchange having significant international recognition (including, importantly, under the UK’s Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 as a ‘Designated Investment Exchange’). These official numbers, however significant in their own right, cannot fully reflect all of the international economic activity in Guernsey (and in particular the many private structures which exist) though they do give some indication of the Island’s importance.
Practical examples
Authors: Mawer Kevin , Haynes Steven , Cassell Penny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tools available to an office holder for asset tracing and recovery under the law of the local jurisdiction have been dealt with in other chapters in this book. This chapter deals with more practical approaches to information gathering and addresses some practical examples where the law and practice can be dovetailed with a view to maximizing realizations for the benefit of creditors. For present purposes, the law that is used is the law of England and Wales, but it could just as well be substituted with the law of other jurisdictions.
DNMT1 determines osteosarcoma cell resistance to apoptosis by associatively modulating DNA and mRNA cytosine‐5 methylation
Authors: Shao Dongxing , Liu Cihang , Wang Yingying , Lin Jing , Cheng Xiaolei , Han Pei , Li Zhen , Jian Dongdong , Nie Junwei , Jiang Mingyang , Wei Yuanzhi , Xing Junyue , Guo Zhiping , Wang Wengong , Yi Xia , Tang Hao 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCellular apoptosis is a central mechanism leveraged by chemotherapy to treat human cancers. 5‐Methylcytosine (m5C) modifications installed on both DNA and mRNA are documented to regulate apoptosis independently. However, the interplay or crosstalk between them in cellular apoptosis has not yet been explored. Here, we reported that promoter methylation by DNMT1 coordinated with mRNA methylation by NSun2 to regulate osteosarcoma cell apoptosis. DNMT1 was induced during osteosarcoma cell apoptosis triggered by chemotherapeutic drugs, whereas NSun2 expression was suppressed. DNMT1 was found to repress NSun2 expression by methylating the NSun2 promoter. Moreover, DNMT1 and NSun2 regulate the anti‐apoptotic genes AXL, NOTCH2, and YAP1 through DNA and mRNA methylation, respectively. Upon exposure to cisplatin or doxorubicin, DNMT1 elevation drastically reduced the expression of these anti‐apoptotic genes via enhanced promoter methylation coupled with NSun2 ablation‐mediated attenuation of mRNA methylation, thus rendering osteosarcoma cells to apoptosis. Collectively, our findings establish crosstalk of importance between DNA and RNA cytosine methylations in determining osteosarcoma resistance to apoptosis during chemotherapy, shedding new light on future treatment of osteosarcoma, and adding additional layers to the control of gene expression at different epigenetic levels.
A case for the health welfare of Texans—A nurse practitioner state regulation policy analysis
Authors: Ivey Laura A. , Flavin Patrick , Vogelaar Katy , Peck Jessica L. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Restrictive nurse practitioner (NP) practice regulation at the state level continues to obstruct patient access to quality affordable care because primary care provider shortages heighten across the nation. Evidence-based research supports NPs as cost-effective providers without conceding quality of care. A patchwork of highly variable state policies subjectively determines the degree of collaborative oversight required for NPs to practice in each state. An objective review of policies influencing NP capacity to deliver care promotes evidence-informed policy adaptation. A policy analysis was completed using Bardach and Patashnik's framework to evaluate policy options for NP practice regulation in Texas. Full practice authority (FPA) policy effect was quantitively evaluated through difference-in-differences regression models using selected measures of all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Health welfare outcomes were calculated using emergency department utilization, average household health expenditures, poor physical health days, and NP-specific adverse action reports (AAR). Overall, FPA policy did not have a statistically significant effect on state-clustered emergency department utilization, average household health expenditures, or poor physical health days. Full practice authority was associated with decreased NP AAR. The analysis supports FPA as a viable policy option for states such as Texas and counters claims FPA policy adoption results in detrimental sequalae in the health of the population.
A randomised controlled trial of the effect of intra-articular lidocaine on pain scores in inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Rutter-Locher Z. , Norton S. , Denk F. , McMahon S. , Taams L.S. , Bannister K. , Kirkham B. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundChronic pain in inflammatory arthritis (IA) reflects a complex interplay between active disease in a peripheral joint and central pro-nociceptive mechanisms. Since intra-articular lidocaine may be used to abolish joint-specific peripheral input to the central nervous system, we aimed to validate its use as a clinical tool to identify those IA patients whose pain likely incorporates centrally mediated mechanisms.MethodsIn this two-armed randomised placebo-controlled trial, IA patients requiring an intra-articular steroid injection were 1:1 randomised to additionally receive intra-articular lidocaine or control (0.9% saline). Pain numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were collected at baseline and 3, 5, and 10 minutes post injection. Between group differences in NRS scores at each post-randomisation assessment were estimated using linear mixed-models. Heterogeneity in lidocaine effect was evaluated by baseline painDETECT (grouped ‘high’ (>18) or ‘low’ (≤18)). Analysis in a second cohort validated the painDETECT analysis and included additional markers of centrally mediated pain.ResultsThe placebo effect of intra-articular injection was low. Post lidocaine injection, those in the high painDETECT group had an NRS score 2.2 points higher than those in the low painDETECT group (p=0.03). In the replication sample, post lidocaine NRS scores were significantly higher in those with a high painDETECT score, fibromyalgia, and low-pressure pain threshold at the trapezius (p=0.002, p=0.001, p=0.005 respectively).ConclusionPersistent high pain post intra-articular lidocaine injection could potentially be used as an indicator of pro-nociceptive mechanisms that are centrally mediated, informing centrally-targeted analgesic strategies.