bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hair colouring, permanent styling and hair structure
Authors: Harrison S , Sinclair R 
Published: October 2004

SummaryHair is an important component of body image and has immense psychological importance for both men and women. Women, in particular, over the ages have modified their appearance through changing their hair colour or style. Hair can be straight, wavy or curly, blonde, black, brown or red. These natural variations are an important part of our identity that can be manipulated according to the dictates of fashion, culture or society.Different types of hair have varying affinity for the different colouring and waving methods. Damaged hair also has a different affinity for hair products than normal healthy hair. The hair shaft is remarkably strong and resistant to the extremes of nature. Hair cosmetics are widely available and manipulate the structural properties of hair. Whilst most procedures are safe, there is considerable potential for damage to the hair and hair problems of acute onset, including hair breakage, hair loss and loss of condition, are frequently blamed on the last product used on the hair. Hair problems are particularly prevalent among people who repeatedly alter the natural style of their hair.
Laser therapy of spider leg veins
Authors: Wollina U , Schmidt W‐D , Hercogova J , Fassler D 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground  Spider leg veins are a common aesthetic problem in females. The standard treatment is sclerotherapy but lasers have been used for decades to solve this problem as well.Aim  To review recent advances in laser physics and its tissue interactions with skin vessels. The different laser types used to treat spider leg veins are discussed, including their advantages, limitations and possible adverse effects.Method  The international literature on laser therapy for spider leg veins has been reviewed with particular emphasis on the last decade.Results  Recent developments in laser technology allow a more selective and well‐tolerated therapy. Efficacy has also improved. Most studies report a greater than 75% improvement in spider leg veins as a realistic goal for laser therapy. Clinic response depends upon wavelength, fluence, pulse width and pulse duration, cooling and the diameter and colour of spider leg veins.Conclusions  Sclerotherapy remains the gold standard treatment for spider leg veins. Nevertheless, laser therapy has become increasingly efficacious and convenient. Laser selectivity has been improved by technological progress. The ideal laser, however, has yet to be invented.
Nail abrasion
Authors: Di Chiacchio N , Kadunc B V , De Almeida A R T , Madeira C L 
Published: October 2004

SummaryCertain diseases of the nail complex cause hyperkeratosis or alterations of the shape of the nail plate. These conditions may be painful, may decrease the penetration of topical medicaments and may be ugly. The nail plate abrasion, performed with dermabrader device or sandpaper, has application in patients suffering from onychomycosis, psoriasis, subnail infections and haematomas. The technique facilitates the collection of scales for mycological examination, decreases treatment time (of topical monotherapy) for onychomycosis and provides greater comfort for the patient by reducing nail plate thickness. It can also be useful for the partial removal of the nail plate in cases of haematomas and subnail infections. Nail abrasion is an effective and inexpensive method, easily applied in either nail pathologies with hyperkeratosis of the nail plate or in those requiring partial removal of the plate.
When Did Equality Become a Noneconomic Objective?
Authors: Persky Joseph 
Published: October 2004

Abstract.  This brief survey begins with a suggested procedure for determining whether a given economist viewed a particular goal as an economic or noneconomic objective. Roughly speaking, the approach rests on whether that economist attempted a serious analysis of the tradeoffs between the goal in question and some measure of value. In this view, noneconomic objectives, for any school, include all those objectives that, while recognized as potentially legitimate, are not analyzed in terms of commensurable value measures. Three points to notice about the definition: (1) For any economist, economic objectives should be distinguished from a class of intermediate goods valued largely for their predicted positive impact on production; (2) Some objectives may be altogether dismissed by a school, either as beyond the expertise of economic analysis or as downright harmful; (3) Simply acknowledging the existence of a “cost” to achieving a goal leaves that goal as noneconomic since no attempt at valuation has been made.The paper goes on to sketch three viewpoints toward income equality—that of the classical school as summarized in the work of J. S. Mill, that of the early neoclassicists as represented by Marshall and Pigou, and that of the “new welfare economics” as developed by Kaldor and Hicks. The classical economists valued the relief of poverty, but explicitly attacked anything but the most basic redistributional efforts because of expected dire effects on production. The early neoclassicists built equality implicitly into a utilitarian social welfare function. The “new welfare economics” doubted economists’ ability to assess the value of equality, although perhaps not their ability to measure its opportunity cost. Thus the basic argument: both the classicists and the early neoclassicists saw equality as an economic objective, while the new welfare economics was largely built on denying this status to equality.
Monitoring of Enoxaparin Level Using Citrated Clotting Time during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: DÍEZ JOSE G. , CHEONG BENJAMIN Y.C. , O'MEALLIE LAWRENCE P. , ALT ECKHARD U. 
Published: October 2004

Objectives: To evaluate the use of citrated clotting time (CCT) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in both emergent and elective scenarios and using intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) dosing.
Background: Monitoring of enoxaparin during PCI had limitations in the past due to lack of point‐of‐care testing. Introduction of the CCT enables the determination of the degree of anticoagulation by enoxaparin.
Methods and Results: An analysis on 51 consecutive patients revealed that after three SC doses (1 mg/kg twice a day) or a single IV bolus (1 mg/kg) of enoxaparin, the CCT was consistently in the therapeutic range of ≥260 seconds (475 ± 105 and 565 ± 151 sec, respectively). Patients who received <3 SC doses of enoxaparin were subtherapeutic for PCI. A supplemental IV bolus of 0.3 mg/kg was found always to raise the CCT to therapeutic level (499 ± 178 sec).
Conclusions: Enoxaparin was found to be effective and safe during PCI with low vascular complication rate (9.3%). Patients who received <3 SC doses of enoxaparin benefit most from using CCT monitoring. IV dosing consistently achieved adequate anticoagulation.
Anti‐thyroid Antibodies and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Evidence of Reduced Fecundity and of Poor Pregnancy Outcome in Recurrent Spontaneous Aborters
Authors: De Carolis Caterina , Greco Elisabetta , Guarino Maria D. , Perricone Carlo , Lago Alessandro Dal , Giacomelli Roberto , Fontana Luigi , Perricone Roberto 
Published: October 2004

Problem:  To determine the presence of anti‐thyroid antibodies in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) [antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) + recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA)], compare APS alone with APS and thyroid autoimmunity for fecundity and for pregnancy outcome.Method of Study:  A total of 203 non‐pregnant women affected with primary APS were evaluated for anti‐thyroid antibodies; 162 non‐pregnant women affected with RSA and thyroid autoimmunity alone served as controls.Results:  Anti‐thyroid antibodies were found in 27% of APS patients studied. Patients with aPL alone had higher percentages of spontaneous pregnancies (P < 0.0001) and live births (P = 0.0003), when compared with patients positive for anti‐thyroid antibodies alone or with aPL.Conclusions:  Thyroid autoimmunity is frequently present in APS recurrent aborters and is often associated with either reduced fecundity or with poor pregnancy outcome. Thyroid antibodies should always be evaluated in women with RSA including those with aPL.
The Effect of Testosterone on Cytokine Production in the Specific and Non‐specific Immune Response
Authors: Posma Elske , Moes Henk , Heineman Maas Jan , Faas Marijke M. 
Published: October 2004

Problem:  Cytokine production of monocytes and lymphocytes differs between males and females. This difference is characterized by a decreased percentage of interleukin (IL)‐2‐producing lymphocytes and an increased percentage of IL‐12, IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐producing monocytes in males compared with females. In the present study, we investigated whether testosterone may explain these differences.Method of study:  Stimulated whole blood of healthy woman was incubated with different concentrations of testosterone. Intracellular lymphocyte production of IL‐2 and interferon (IFN)‐γ, as well as intracellular monocyte production of IL‐12, IL‐1β and TNF‐α were measured using flow cytometry.Results:  A significant increased percentage of IL‐12‐ and IL‐1β‐producing monocytes was found after incubation with physiological concentrations of testosterone. No effect of testosterone was found on IL‐2‐ and IFN‐γ‐producing lymphocytes and TNF‐α‐producing monocytes.Conclusions:  The increased percentage of IL‐12‐ and IL‐1β‐producing monocytes in males compared with females in vivo may be induced by testosterone, as the in vitro percentage of IL‐12‐ and IL‐1β‐producing monocytes is increased after incubation with physiological concentrations of testosterone.
Effect of Estradiol on Mouse Uterine Epithelial Cell Transepithelial Resistance (TER)
Authors: Grant‐Tschudy Katherine S. , Wira Charles R. 
Published: October 2004

Problem:
The effects of estradiol on epithelial cell function in the uterus may either be direct or indirect through the paracrine effects of underlying stromal cells. The aim of this study was to test whether estradiol‐17β (E2) acts directly to regulate uterine epithelial cell monolayer integrity.Methods of Study:  Mouse uterine epithelial cells were isolated and grown on cell culture inserts to form confluent, polarized monolayers, as indicated by the development of high transepithelial resistance (TER).Results:  When polarized epithelial cells were treated with E2, TER was significantly decreased within 24 hr of exposure. Epithelial cells remained hormonally responsive in culture for at least 10 days. In contrast to estradiol, incubation with progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone, and DHT had no effect on uterine epithelial cell TER. The ability of E2 to decrease TER was inhibited following co‐incubation with ICI 182,780, a pure estrogen receptor antagonist. To further investigate the mechanism involved in estradiol‐induced decreases in TER, we tested the effect of TAPI‐0, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Our findings indicate that TAPI‐0 reversed the inhibitory effect of E2 on TER.Conclusions:  These studies demonstrate that epithelial monolayer integrity is directly influenced by E2 and ER mediated. Further, it suggests that the mechanism through which estradiol decreases TER is mediated by matrix metalloproteinases.
Affective Correlates of Occupational Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration
Authors: Abbate C. , Micali E. , Giorgianni C. , Munaò F. , Brecciaroli R. , Salmaso L. , Germanò D. 
Published: October 2004

<i>Background:</i> Exposure to whole-body vibrations (WBV) represents a highly diffuse occupational risk. Some studies report that chronic exposure to WBV induces a significant increment in the modifications of the cognitive and emotional area. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of WBV exposure on the neuropsychic and behavioural system. <i>Methods:</i> The study population consisted of 137 male subjects, mean age 45.7 years, working as drivers of mechanical trolleys and occupationally exposed to WBV of a frequency below 2 m/s<sup>2</sup>. The Profile of Mood States was administered to all subjects in a maximum time of 10 min and in the same operative conditions. The results were compared with those of a homogeneous control group by means of an innovative statistical technique. <i>Results:</i> The results show a significant difference in the response to the neurobehavioural test. The exposed group showed, in fact, a higher score compared with the controls for all 6 factors. In particular, the scores for factors F (fatigue-inertia), D (depression-dejection) and T (tension-anxiety) were more elevated, expressing a significant alteration of the psycho-affective status. Moreover, statistical analysis showed a correlation between exposure time and the score obtained for all factors in the exposed group. <i>Conclusion:</i> This study indicates that occupational exposure to WBV is associated with alterations of mood status and that these modifications are directly proportional to exposure time. Furthermore, our results show that psychological tests commonly used in psychopathologic diagnostics can be useful in monitoring alterations of psycho-emotional status determined by physical stressors.
Use of Stereo Duet Playback to Investigate Traditional Duet Playback Methods and Mechanisms of Cooperative Territorial Defence in Magpie-Larks
Authors: Harrington Helèna , Miller Audrey , Mcdowell Sarah , Rogers Amy , Panagos Joanne , Ferguson Jasmine 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDuets are precisely coordinated acoustic displays, usually involving members of a mated pair. Studies investigating avian duet function often employ a single speaker playback system to compare response of focal pairs to simulated territorial intrusion by duetting and solo birds. It has recently been suggested that a 'stereo duet playback', in which male and female duet components are separated and broadcast through two different speakers, would provide a more realistic duet stimulus. We conduct the first comparison of a traditional single speaker versus a new stereo duet playback design and provide evidence that Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca, make significantly more flights towards duet playback presented in a more realistic stereo context. Male and female magpie-lark pairs did not split up and attack one 'intruder' each when presented with a stereo duet playback. Instead they moved towards the same speaker together as a united pair, showing a tendency to approach the speaker initiating the duet intrusion. Distance between the two speakers in a stereo duet design did not have a significant effect on the response variables measured. We conclude that magpie-larks can distinguish between use of a single speaker or stereo duet playback to broadcast a duet and suggest that cooperative defence against duetting intruders in magpie-larks is a result of joint territorial defence rather than intraspecific aggression against same-sex intruders.
Behavioral Responses to 'Alarm Odors' In Potentially Invasive and Non-invasive Crayfish Species from Aquaculture Ponds
Authors: Daniels William , Gherardi Francesca , Acquistapace Patrizia 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTwo North American crayfish species, the Eastern white river crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus, and the red swamp crayfish, P. clarkii, were studied in the laboratory for their responses to food odors and to cues released by injured conspecifics and heterospecifics. The two species differ in that only P. clarkii is known to behave as an invasive species. All the test individuals were collected from aquaculture research ponds, in which they had had no prior contact with the other species and predation risks, excluding cannibalism, were reduced. The experimental design consisted in subjecting 20 crayfish per species to (1) a 3-min control phase after the injection of 20 ml of water and (2) a 3-min test phase after the injection of 20 ml of one of three test solutions (food odor, conspecific odor plus food odor, heterospecific odor plus food odor). We found that the two species differ on one hand for their background behavior and on the other for the intensity and quality of their responses to the three types of cues. Firstly, P. clarkii appeared more active than P. acutus acutus during the control phase and responded in a stronger fashion to the injection of the solutions. Secondly, we recorded an increased locomotion in P. acutus acutus with food and heterospecific cues (by moving crayfish maximize the chance of finding food), but not with conspecific odors (by not moving, crayfish reduce their exposure to visual predators). To the contrary, at the injection of the three test solutions P. clarkii displayed clear feeding-related activities (although less intense with conspecific odors) as opposed to the danger reactions shown in a previous study on individuals from a naturalized population of the same species. This result suggests that crayfish reared in an environment where predation risks are reduced (e. g. in aquaculture ponds) may respond differently to cues that in other, more risky habitats inform of a danger.
Discomfort and factual recollection in intensive care unit patients
Authors: van de Leur Johannes P , van der Schans Cees P , Loef Bert G , Deelman Betto G , Geertzen Jan HB , Zwaveling Jan H 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Introduction
A stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), although potentially life-saving, may cause considerable discomfort to patients. However, retrospective assessment of discomfort is difficult because recollection of stressful events may be impaired by sedation and severe illness during the ICU stay. This study addresses the following questions. What is the incidence of discomfort reported by patients recently discharged from an ICU? What were the sources of discomfort reported? What was the degree of factual recollection during patients' stay in the ICU? Finally, was discomfort reported more often in patients with good factual recollection?

Methods
All ICU patients older than 18 years who had needed prolonged (>24 hour) admission with tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were consecutively included. Within three days after discharge from the ICU, a structured, in-person interview was conducted with each individual patient. All patients were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 14 questions specifically concerning the environment of the ICU they had stayed in. Furthermore, they were asked whether they remembered any discomfort during their stay; if they did then they were asked to specify which sources of discomfort they could recall. A reference group of surgical ward patients, matched by sex and age to the ICU group, was studied to validate the questionnaire.

Results
A total of 125 patients discharged from the ICU were included in this study. Data for 123 ICU patients and 48 surgical ward patients were analyzed. The prevalence of recollection of any type of discomfort in the ICU patients was 54% (n = 66). These 66 patients were asked to identify the sources of discomfort, and presence of an endotracheal tube, hallucinations and medical activities were identified as such sources. The median (min–max) score for factual recollection in the ICU patients was 15 (0–28). The median (min–max) score for factual recollection in the reference group was 25 (19–28). Analysis revealed that discomfort was positively related to factual recollection (odds ratio 1.1; P < 0.001), especially discomfort caused by the presence of an endotracheal tube, medical activities and noise. Hallucinations were reported more often with increasing age. Pain as a source of discomfort was predominantly reported by younger patients.

Conclusion
Among postdischarge ICU patients, 54% recalled discomfort. However, memory was often impaired: the median factual recollection score of ICU patients was significantly lower than that of matched control patients. The presence of an endotracheal tube, hallucinations and medical activities were most frequently reported as sources of discomfort. Patients with a higher factual recollection score were at greater risk for remembering the stressful presence of an endotracheal tube, medical activities and noise. Younger patients were more likely to report pain as a source of discomfort.
Reconstruction of regulatory and metabolic pathways in metal-reducing δ-proteobacteria
Authors: Rodionov Dmitry A , Dubchak Inna , Arkin Adam , Alm Eric , Gelfand Mikhail S 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
Relatively little is known about the genetic basis for the unique physiology of metal-reducing genera in the delta subgroup of the proteobacteria. The recent availability of complete finished or draft-quality genome sequences for seven representatives allowed us to investigate the genetic and regulatory factors in a number of key pathways involved in the biosynthesis of building blocks and cofactors, metal-ion homeostasis, stress response, and energy metabolism using a combination of regulatory sequence detection and analysis of genomic context.

Results
In the genomes of δ-proteobacteria, we identified candidate binding sites for four regulators of known specificity (BirA, CooA, HrcA, sigma-32), four types of metabolite-binding riboswitches (RFN-, THI-, B12-elements and S-box), and new binding sites for the FUR, ModE, NikR, PerR, and ZUR transcription factors, as well as for the previously uncharacterized factors HcpR and LysX. After reconstruction of the corresponding metabolic pathways and regulatory interactions, we identified possible functions for a large number of previously uncharacterized genes covering a wide range of cellular functions.

Conclusions
Phylogenetically diverse δ-proteobacteria appear to have homologous regulatory components. This study for the first time demonstrates the adaptability of the comparative genomic approach to de novo reconstruction of a regulatory network in a poorly studied taxonomic group of bacteria. Recent efforts in large-scale functional genomic characterization of Desulfovibrio species will provide a unique opportunity to test and expand our predictions.
An Unprecedented Dimerization of 1,2,3-Butatriene Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes
Authors: Suzuki Noriyuki , Tezuka Hidekazu , Fukuda Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Hajime , Iwasaki Masakazu , Saburi Masahiko , Tezuka Meguru , Chihara Teiji , Wakatsuki Yasuo 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Dehydrogenative dimerization of (Z)-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,2,3-butatriene was catalyzed by Pd complexes in the presence of allyl halides to give predominantly an acyclic conjugated enyne, while addition of methylaluminoxane (MAO) instead of allyl halides produced an unprecedented dimer that has an alkynyl-substituted cyclopentadienyl structure.
Synthesis and Characterization of 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-Modified Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanoparticles
Authors: Shen Xing-Can , Fang Xiu-Zhong , Zhou Ying-Hua , Liang Hong 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The aminosilane-modified magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by the coprecipitation and surface modification with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTTS). The superparamagnetic APTTS/Fe3O4 nanospheres with an average diameter of 10 nm were characterized significantly with functional group, well dispersion and stabilization in aqueous fluids, as well as a maximized saturation magnetization of 63.54 emu/g.
Enhanced Swelling Behaviors of Polypyrrole Film Doped with Sulfonated Polyaniline
Authors: Tanaka Akihisa , Takashima Wataru , Kaneto Keiichi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPyDBS/PMAS) films partially doped with poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonate) (PMAS) have been deposited in dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid solutions. Both of the conductivity and water content of the film were found to show the strong dependence of PMAS contents, indicating that the PMAS was clearly incorporated and strongly affects the film characteristics. The obvious increase of cathodic expansion (4.5% in expansive strain) for PPyDBS/PMAS (5%) film elucidates that the PMAS additive contributes to improve the cathodic expansion, which can be attributed to the increased swelling capability of PPy with PMAS incorporation.