bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The External Dimension: Exports, Imports, and Quality
Authors: Amann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period since 1986 has seen substantial shifts in policy towards the Brazilian non-serial capital goods sector, which, as Chapter 3 revealed, resulted in substantial changes in productivity performance and the organization of production activity within enterprises. Such performance alterations, as the chapter demonstrated, were associated with changes in static and dynamic efficiencies. Part of the impetus underlying the identified alterations in static and dynamic efficiency resulted from the threat posed by increased penetration of imports and the increased importance of the export market.
Knowledge Management in the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Arvidsson Niklas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multinational enterprise (MNE) is glorified as one of the most successful phenomena of the modern era. No matter how you measure its importance¬ number of employees, shares of global trade and currency flows, wealth, etc.-the end result is the same. The MNE-as an institution-is very powerful. One reason why the MNE is so successful is its unique abilities to transfer resources across geography but inside its own organizational boundaries (Buckley and Casson 1976). In fact, the raison d’etre for the MNE is its ability to combine favourable location-specific advantages-such as inexpensive raw material or labour-with unique organization-specific advantages-such as brand names, technologies, or patents-by internalizing markets for input factors to the production processes (Dunning 1977, 1980). In this manner, the MNE takes the best parts from many different regions in the world at the same time, and combines them into powerful production processes and products. In short, the main advantage of the MNE when compared to national firms as well as over market transactions is its ability to internalize transfers of resources over geographical distances.
Governance: Towards the Patriotic Lawmaker
Authors: Blattberg Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That we should govern ourselves well remains a central mode of justification in modern politics. But what does it mean to do this? In this chapter, I want to explore two of the ways in which political thinkers in the West have answered this question. The first is classical republicanism, the ideology of an essentially pre-modern way of life, its two greatest proponents, Aristotle and Machiavelli, being located, respectively, at the beginning and end of this tradition of thought, though its principles largely reappeared in the last century in the works of Hannah Arendt. The second I will call ‘modern democracy’, an approach which emerged from those anti-absolutist doctrines of the seventeenth century, the foremost of which being unquestionably that of John Locke. For the classical republican, as I have shown, no boundary of any sort is to be recognized between the domains of civil society and the state since these two are considered one and the same, man being conceived of as a zoon politikon or ‘social/political animal’.
The Economics of Standards
Authors: Hanseth Ole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weill and Broadbent (1998: 7) see an organization’s collection of hardware, software, devices, data, and IT-related personnel as its IT infrastructure. They describe this as an IT portfolio, which should be regarded as any other investment portfolio. This investment-portfolio metaphor can certainly be useful for understanding some aspects of IT infrastructures. But it is a metaphor that can also be very misleading (see Chapter 2). Investment portfolios are usually very flexible and easy to change, manage, and control. Elements of such portfolios may be sold at almost any time, and individual elements might be sold or bought independently (although portfolios should be balanced to minimize risks, and so on). Infrastructures are different. The individual elements are very interdependent, and their size and complexity may make them extremely difficult to control and manage. In this chapter we will present basic findings and concepts from economic studies of infrastructures and standards. These studies are focused on public standards and infrastructures. But, as we will argue below, the results are equally valid for corporate IT infrastructures.
Valuing Expressive Organizations: Intellectual Capital and the Visualization of Value Creation
Authors: Mouritsen Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intellectual capital statements, which report on firms’ intellectual capital, combine digitization, visualization, and narration to account for organizational value creation. Such statements, which at the beginning of the twentieth century are published only by a limited set of companies, help explain the conditions for future value creation, rather than current financial results. They are difficult pieces of communication, however, because there is no generally accepted accounting formula that can generate an intellectual capital result, as is the case for the financial result in the financial accounting context. That is, there is no set logic behind the digits produced in intellectual capital statements. Regarding the financial accounting statement, this logic is found in generally accepted accounting and auditing principles, which are largely defined in practice by the auditing profession. The intellectual capital statement uses other means to craft a credible, cohesive, and ‘true-and-fair’ account.
Intercity Networks in a Globalizing Era
Authors: Friedmann John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although terms like “global” and “globalization” have become part of everyday speech, they are rarely used with precision. There are two schools which look at very different facets of globality. The first, represented most recently by George Soros in his popular The Crisis of Global Capitalism (1998), emphasizes finan cial markets that transfer trillions of dollars each day from one part of the globe to another in search of short-term gains in money markets, stocks, and hedge funds. Soros calls it the amoral world of market relations and seeks to separate it, categorically, from human society, where, he argues, moral relations prevail. Like a modern-day Robin Hood, Soros makes his billions in the aggressive, spe culative world of finance and gives away much of this amorally gotten wealth in the world of moral relations where he assumes the mantle of philanthropic citizen. Seemingly unable to reconcile this contradiction between amoral mar kets and moral society, he defends himself against critics by saying that each world is governed by a different set of rules: it would be financially ruinous, he says, to play the game in the first with the rules of the second.
Inequality in Global City-Regions
Authors: Fainstein Susan s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the developed countries, business and governmental leaders of large cities typically aspire to reach global-city status. Yet no convincing evidence shows that the inhabitants of global cities and their surrounding regions fare better than the residents ofiesser places. Indeed “the global-city hypothesis” argues that these metropolises are especially prone to extremes of inequality (Friedmann 1986). Despite being, in aggregate, the wealthiest areas of their respective nations, global city-regions tend to have large, dense groups of very poor people, often living in close juxtaposition with concentrations of the extraordinarily wealthy. According to Sassen (1991), the particular industrial and occupational structure of global cities produces a bifurcated earnings structure that in turn creates the outcome of the “disappearing middle.” This paper shows that global city-regions in wealthy countries do display high levels of income inequality (although not necessarily of class polarization) but that the explanation given by global-city theorists in terms of earnings is not wholly satisfactory. It further indicates that the five wealthy global city-regions of New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, and the Randstad (Netherlands) vary in terms of the extent of inequality. It concludes by examining the reasons for inequality in such regions and the effects of pub lic policy on it.
Urban Citizenship and Globalization
Authors: Holston James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What it means to be a rights-bearing member of a territorial nation-state has changed significantly over the last quarter of the twentieth century. After sev eral centuries of triumph over other forms of membership in the political com munity, the very notion of national citizenship appears unsettled. In a few of the world’s 191 sovereign states, processes of disintegration have advanced to the point that the nation-state is no longer the locus of primary affiliation. In some cases, more local and sometimes shifting memberships replace it; in others, more diasporic and deterritorialized affiliations seem paramount. In most nations, how ever, national citizenship is still the primary envelope of affiliation and loyalty. Yet, in the last several decades, global processes of change of unprecedented force have so affected the meaning and substance of many national citizenships that the resulting social morphologies seem unfamiliar even to their members.
Diplomatic Relations
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rules regulating the treatment to be accorded by representatives of one State or its monarch or other ruler to another arc of long standing: together with rules relating to agreements between States or their rulers, they arc probably the branches of international law whose roots go back furthest in the history of what is now referred to as international rclations.1 Both reflect the fundamental practical needs of any system for dealings between communities-in one case the need to be able to communicate by sending and receiving messengers, and in the other to be able to conclude agreements which can be relied upon. Both also originally shared a strong dement of rdigious sanction, with the proper treatment of messengers and the due fulfilment of promises and agreements being ensured by the threat of divine retribution in the event of default.
Internationally Protected Persons
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1960s was a decade during which terrorist activity of various sorts was an unhappily prominent feature of international relations. Some of that activity was directed against diplomats, whose official representative role was perceived by some terrorist organisations to make them suitable targets for attacks, including kidnap pings, as a way of raising international awareness of the terrorists’aims and of bringing pressure to bear on the sending State, or on the receiving State, and sometimes on both, to acknowledge the terrorists’demands. Existing law on diplomatic immunities, and in particular the 1961 and 1963 Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic Rc1ations1 and Consular Rc1ations respectively, provided for special protection to be accorded to a State’s diplomatic and consular representatives and for their inviolability,-’ but this was evidently inadequate to deal with the special threat posed by terrorist attacks.
Service of Documents
Authors: Kennett W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The service of documents plays a key role in the major phases of a civil claim and rapid and reliable mechanisms for service are essential in promoting effective free movement of judgments in Europe. Due and timely service of the document instituting the proceedings is necessary to ensure that the rights of the defence are preserved, which in turn is a prerequisite for trans frontier enforcement of the resulting judgment. Reliable service of documents during the course of the proceedings is also the only way of ensuring that the parties can present their cases effectively. Enforcement of the resulting judgment may not be permissible unless the judgment has been served, and also the order for exequatur. Finally, service of the various orders that form part of the procedure for execution may also need to be effected across borders in some cases.
Amnesty International’s 12-Point Programme for the Prevention of Torture: An Example of NGO Standard Setting
Authors: Prokoscii Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The setting of international standards on human rights is a complex affair. Various entities may set a standard—international or regional; political, expert, or treaty-monitoring bodies; individual experts or officials of an intergovernmental organization. Various processes involving various actors may lead to the setting of a standard. Once set, a standard should be implemented, and its implementation may give rise to the adoption of further standards.
Minority Rights Revisited: New Glimpses of an Old Issue
Authors: Leuprecht Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of minority rights is not only a highly topical one, it also raises fundamental issues, and not only of a legal nature; in particular, the question of how individuals, groups and societies deal with others, with otherness, with difference. Mahatma Ghani once said that our civilization will be judged by the way in which it treats its minorities. One of the most alarming phenomena of our time is the resurgence of aggressive nationalism, ethnocentrism, racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, religious fanaticism, intolerance and irrationality. At the root of these disruptive and destructive currents, in my view, is a twofold rejection: rejection of that which is universal in human beings and humanity, and rejection of the other, of otherness, of difference.
From units of account to the euro
Authors: Usher J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While a common currency for eleven of the Member States was only introduced in January 1999, the European Communities have from the outset required their own accounting units, and the euro is the direct descendant of the last version of the unit of account: Council Regulation 1103/971 provides that every reference in a legal instrument to the European Currency Unit (ECU) as defined under Community law is to be replaced by a reference to the euro at the rate of one euro to one ECU, and references in any legal instrument to the ECU are deemed to be references to the ECU as defined in Community law, subject to the intentions of the parties.2
The Familiarity of the Unknown
Authors: Markesinis Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreign implies unknown; and we often make the mistake of assuming that unknown means different, even bad and dangerous. One should not be afraid of differences. For real differences, be they in language, aesthetic values, or the law, provide the kind of contrasts and yardsticks which allow one to understand and rethink one’s own ideas, rules, and institutions and, on occasion, be converted to the alien ones. Take ancient Rome, medieval Granada, the Renaissance, nineteenth-century Britain. They all show that the quality of any civilization can be seen not only by its indigenous products but also by its ability to graft new shoots on its own trunk to stimulate new growth and achieve richer and more differentiated products.
Other Procedural Mechanisms
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part 19.111 on Group Litigation, discussed above, may be the preferred mechanism for making or handling multiple claims, at least on historical precedent, but it is not the only mechanism which might be available. The trigger for Part 19.III is the wide test of where there are common issues of fact or law in a number of claims, all of which have been commenced. In contrast, a more restrictive trigger, where more than one person has the same interest in a claim, is specified in Part19.11 on representative actions, discussed in the first part of this chapter. Here, one or more claimants may bring an action to represent all members of the same class. The latter rule effectively reproduces a previous rule which was not thought to be applicable in most multi-party situations.
Benzodiazepine Litigation
Authors: Hickinbottom Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This product liability litigation dominated consideration of group actions through out the first half of the 1990s. The case was vast by any standards. Over 15,000 claimants came forward, of whom 5,500 issued proceedings, represented by ap proximately 3,000 firms of solicitors. The Legal Aid Board spent £40 million, be fore the litigation collapsed.
Docklands Nuisance Class Actions
Authors: Evans John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes two groups of claims against different defendants arising out of similar circumstances based on differing allegations relating to environmental nuisance in the mid-1990s. The two groups were managed in similar fashion al though independently. There were orders in both for cut-off dates for claimants to join the group, and cost-sharing arrangements as between claimants.
Explaining Security Interests
Authors: Ali Pau 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal nature of security interests and the rationale for their privileged status. Despite the obvious importance of the concept of ‘security interest’ to the law of secured transactions, the concept continues to evade precise definition. In England and Wales, Australia, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, the inquiry into the legal nature of security interests has assumed a secondary role next to the inquiry into which of the four classes of recognised security interests a particular interest falls into. Likewise, in Canada and New Zealand, the inquiry into the legal nature of security interests is subordinate to the inquiry into the function or substance of the transaction said to give rise to a security interest. Nonetheless, clarifying the legal nature of security interests assists the classification of security interests in the first group of jurisdictions, as well as illuminating the scope of the Article 9-style regimes in the second group of jurisdictions.
Rules of Priority
Authors: Ali Pau 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the statutory and general law rules that dictate the out-comes of priority contests between secured parties, as well as contests involving special classes of claimants such as purchasers of the secured property and preferential creditors. The chapter also considers the application of the equitable doc-trine of marshalling-which operates to protect the secured status of the claims of junior-ranking secured parties-and the problems of circular priority that may arise out of priority arrangements and other reorderings of priority.
Transforming the Law
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Susskind is one of the world's leading experts on the application of information technology in the legal field, and an independent consultant to the government, private sector law firms and industry. His previous books, Expert Systems in Law (OUP, 1987) and The Future of Law (OUP, 1996), have both served to set the agenda for the serious discussion of the subject. This new volume features major new essays that analyse where the legal marketplace and community has now got to in applying and responding to the new technological possibilities, and examines the key issues that must now be tackled (in particular knowledge management and electronic commerce). It also includes eleven of Richard Susskind's most important past essays, on the legal application of IT, each updated to make clear their continued relevance to law and justice today.
Legal Electronic Commerce
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of my main purposes in writing The Future of Law, which was first published in 1996, was to suggest to the legal world that it was on the brink of a seismic shift. I claimed that information technology generally, and the Internet in particular, were about to precipitate huge changes in legal practice and in the administration of justice. I suggested that we were at the start of a 20-year period of upheaval, after which quite different forms of legal service and legal process would emerge. In the two years that followed the publication of the book, I had the opportunity to present my ideas in person to thousands of lawyers around the world—at seminars, workshops and conferences. The question-and-answer sessions that followed my talks were particularly illuminating for me. The running theme of those who offered views during that period was that of incredulity—not a denial that the Internet would have a substantial impact on the business and domestic lives of all, but a disbelief, or at least a considerable doubt, that the online revolution would really extend into the legal domain. To be sure, in every audience there were enthusiasts who were exasperated by their colleagues’ scepticism but, generally, lawyers expected adjustments at the periphery of their world rather than the fundamental transformations that I was predicting.
On the Application of Keck in the Field of Free Provision of Services
Authors: Vilça José Luís Da Cruz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The judgments of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Alpine Investments 1 and de Agostini 2 raised the controversial issue of the applicability of the principles laid down in Keck and Mithouard 3 to the field of the free provision of services. A number of articles and commentaries have been devoted by the doctrine to those judgments. Some of them are marked by the acceptance of the idea that the judgments in question are to be interpreted as meaning that the ECJ refused, once and for all, to transpose the Keck doctrine to the field of application of Article 49 (ex 59) of the EC Treaty.
On the Border of Abuse: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice on Circumvention, Fraud and Abuses of Community Law
Authors: Kjellgren Anders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is quite clear that the principle ‘Community law cannot be relied on for abusive or fraudulent ends’ is a consistent principle in the jurisprudence of the Court … To define the principle more precisely is, however, far from easy.
Contact-Induced Change in Oceanic Languages in North-West Melanesia
Authors: Ross Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oceanic language family forms a subgroup within the larger Austronesian family. The Austronesian family, with perhaps as many as 1,500 languages, embraces the large portion of the world shown in Map 1 and has been formally recognized by scholars since the 1840s (Ross 1996d). The Oceanic subgroup of Austronesian was first recognized by Dempwolff (1927, 1937), although the exact definition of its western boundary (Map 1) awaited the work of Grace (1971), Blust (1978), and Ross (1996b).
The mental health agenda from an educational perspective
Authors: Cole Ted , Daniels, Harry , Visser John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Potentially, teachers and their learning support colleagues have an extended daily opportunity to create school systems and cultures that foster children’s emotional well-being and are responsive to mental health difficulties. We will argue that this opportunity is sometimes not grasped by educators, nor supported by colleagues in the health services. When it is, improved mental health is promoted for all children and young people, including those with specific difficulties in this area. The chapter opens with a short historical account of educational interventions with pupils with EBD. Discussion then moves to contemporary issues as highlighted by recent literature (including: NHS Health Advisory Service 1995; Audit Commission 1999; Mental Health Foundation 1999) and the work of our Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties Research Team. The chapter ends with some suggestions for national, local, and institutional strategies for mental health promotion in schools.