bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Nizam 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Bangladesh since independence in 1971. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Bangladesh's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
India
Authors: Enskat Mike , Mitra Subrata K. , Singh Vijay Bahadur 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections held in India since its independence in 1947. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of India's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Myanmar (Burma)
Authors: Frasch Tilman 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Myanmar since its independence in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Myanmar's political history and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Pakistan
Authors: Zingel Wolfgang‐Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Pakistan since its independence in 1947. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Pakistan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Sri Lanka
Authors: Wagner Christian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Sri Lanka since its independence in 1947. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Sri Lanka's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and constituency level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Brunei
Authors: Grotz Florian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Cambodia since its independence in 1945. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Cambodia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Cambodia
Authors: Hartmann Christof 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Indonesia since its independence in 1945. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Indonesia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections at both national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Indonesia
Authors: Rüland Jürgen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Laos since its independence in 1945. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Laos’ political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Laos
Authors: Hartmann Christof 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Malaysia since its independence in 1957. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Malaysia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the national and regional distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Thailand
Authors: Nelson Michael H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held since 1946 in former South and North Vietnam and then in unified Vietnam. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Vietnam's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Korea (Democratic People's Republic/ North Korea)
Authors: Suh Mark B. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in South Korea since independence in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of South Korea's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the national and regional distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Australia
Authors: Hughes Colin A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Cook Islands since the establishment of self‐government in 1965. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Cook Islands’ political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Cook Islands
Authors: Hassall Graham 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in the Federated States of Micronesia since its establishment as a self‐governing entity in 1979. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Micronesia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast in parliamentary elections and referendums etc.).
Fiji Islands
Authors: Hartmann Christof 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Kiribati since its independence in 1979. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Kiribati's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Nauru
Authors: Reilly Benjamin , Gratschew Maria 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in New Zealand since 1890. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of New Zealand's political history and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
New Zealand
Authors: Roberts Nigel S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Palau since becoming a self‐governing territory in 1980. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Palau's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Papua New Guinea
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Samoa since its independence in 1962. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Samoan political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Solomon Islands
Authors: Steeves Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Tonga since 1987. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Tonga's political history and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary elections at both the national and constituency level, the electoral participation of political forces, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Tonga
Authors: Campbell Ian C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Tuvalu since 1974. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Tuvalu's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast in parliamentary elections and referendums, etc.).
The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book assesses European Union (EU) policies aimed at encouraging democratization in East Asia and the North African and Middle Eastern states within the Euro–Mediterranean partnership—these two regions being the source of some of the strongest conceptual challenges to ‘Western’ liberal democracy since the end of the cold war. The book addresses theoretical debates over the international dimensions of democratization and the EU's characteristics as an international actor, including in relation to the development of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The factors both driving and inhibiting European democracy promotion policies are explored. The book outlines the EU's distinctive bottom‐up philosophy, aimed at constructing the socio–economic and ideational foundations for political liberalization, but argues that the EU has, in practice, failed to develop a fully comprehensive and coherent democracy promotion strategy.
EU Democracy Promotion Instruments: Evolution and Shortcomings
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter outlines the nature of the instruments introduced by the EU pursuant to the democracy promotion commitment and examines the shortcomings and lacuna that remained in the range of policy tools available. The chapter describes the EU's new democracy aid provisions, its instruments of political conditionality, and the democracy‐related initiatives of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Different theories of integration are explored in relation to the development of the EU's presence as an international actor.
Conclusion: Conceptualizing the EU as a Promoter of Democracy
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe conclusions revisit the conceptual debates outlined in the first chapter in light of the study of EU democracy promotion in the Mediterranean and East Asia. The EU's efforts to develop deeply embedded institutionalized regimes based on democratic norms are conceptualized. The conclusion also examines the relationship between material interests and international norms in EU policies; the extent of internal EU coherence and coordination over democracy policies; and the implications of EU policies for theoretical explanations of the democratization's external dimensions.
Liberty
Authors: Berlin Isaiah 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Liberty is the new and expanded edition of Isaiah Berlin’s Four Essays on Liberty, a modern classic of liberalism. These essays, of which the best known is ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, do not offer a systematic account of liberalism, but instead deploy a view of being, knowledge, and value which was calculated by Berlin to rule totalitarian thinking out of court. The new edition adds to the four, ‘From Hope and Fear set free’, which reinforces Berlin’s argument and which he wanted to include in the original edition. Three further essays, and three autobiographical appendices have been included, so that all Berlin’s principal statements on liberty are gathered together. The whole is introduced by Berlin’s editor, Henry Hardy.
Historical Inevitability
Authors: Berlin Isaiah 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Berlin’s position in ‘Political Ideas’ postulated a human ability to make free choices. His lecture ‘Historical Inevitability’ attacked determinism as a foundation of the view that ‘the world has a direction’ and that society is governed by deterministic laws. Instead, Berlin suggested that determinism was implausible, because it would require radical changes in our ‘moral and psychological categories.’
Two Concepts of Liberty
Authors: Berlin Isaiah 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This lecture insisted upon negative liberty as the political complement to the human capacity for free choice, and made matching metaphysical claims: the nature of being, and especially the conflicts amongst values, were inconsistent with totalitarian claims. Berlin, arguing along this line, provided an account of the perversion of positive liberty into a warrant for such claims, discussed nationalism, and emphasized the value‐pluralism, now linked so frequently with his name.
Merchants to Multinationals
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book examines the history of British multinational trading companies from the eighteenth century to the present day. During the Industrial Revolution, British merchants established overseas branches that became major trade intermediaries and subsequently engaged in foreign direct investment. Complex multinational business groups emerged controlling large investments in natural resources, processing, and services in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. While theories of the firm predict the demise over time of merchant firms, this book identifies the continued resilience of British trading companies despite the changing political and business environments of the twentieth century. They ‘reinvented’ themselves in successive generations. The competences of the trading companies resided in their information‐gathering, relationship‐building, human resources, and corporate governance systems.
Trading in Crisis
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the revival of British trading companies between 1914 and 1945 in the face of the recession, including the Great Depression, the collapse of primary commodity prices, the disruption of trade caused by import substitution and world wars. There was a loss of entrepreneurial vigour, but some continued geographical and product diversification. The survival of British trading companies rested on robust organizational structures and management systems, family ownership, collusive cartels, and imperial protection.
Natural Resources
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the large direct investments made by trading companies in the ownership of natural resources, especially commodities such as tea, sugar, rubber, and tropical timber. Asset specificity, uncertainty, and opportunism provided incentives for this backward integration, and the companies were able to use their region‐specific information and contacts to identify profitable opportunities. There are case studies of investments in tea and tropical hardwoods, and also petroleum, in which merchants were initially important, but whose capital‐intensive nature led over time to their divestment.
Canon and Criterion in Christian Theology
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTraces a radical shift in the history of Christian theology from the canon of scripture as a list of books to that of a criterion of truth in theology. The argument takes the form of a narrative showing how epistemology won out over soteriology in the conception of the bible. Within this development, theologians were upstaged by philosophers when scripture as a criterion failed to resolve critical material issues in Christian theology. The middle section of the narrative shows that the epistemology of the Enlightenment was deeply indebted both historically and formally to the foundationalism first worked out within theology. The net result was the collapse of the internal content of Christian theology in the modern period and its ongoing replacement by speculative exercises in epistemology. The cure for this state of affairs is the retrieval of the canonical heritage of the patristic Church and a resolution to develop rigorous solutions to problems in the epistemology of theology. The Church needs a wider canon of materials, practices, and persons than that supplied by scripture for her spiritual health. All epistemological proposals related to theology need to be treated as significant Midrash that are deployed when appropriate, but that should not be canonized.
Orientation: Authority, Canon, and Criterion
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe critical problems for debates about the authority of scripture stem from confusing ecclesial canons with epistemic criteria. The slide from canon to criterion represents a category mistake that is natural but fatal for both theology and epistemology. The time is now ripe for reorientation in thinking about scripture, not least because of the wealth of new work in epistemology and philosophy of religion.
Canonical Division Between East and West
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe long, drawn‐out‐division between Eastern and Western Christianity, the Great Schism, arose, in part, because of the addition of the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. In and around this, the Western Church introduced radical changes in the status of the bishop of Rome and in the list of Fathers. Both these developments represent a move to bring epistemology into the very heart of the Church. Thus the division between East and West was more than a political operation; it involved subtle changes in the way the canonical heritage of the Church was identified and construed. In particular, the informal adoption of papal infallibility marked a radical shift in perspective within the life of the Church as a whole.