bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Axiomatic Theory of Cognition and Writing
Authors: Grunig James E. , Ramsey Shirley , Schneider Larissa A. 
Published: May 2005

A great deal of empirical research has been done in the past to test writing rules commonly taught in the classroom. To date, however, no one has constructed a deep theory of the relationship between cognition and writing that confirms the writing rules and explains why they work. Grunig, Ramsey, and Schneider construct a deep theory of the relationship between language, cognition, and writing — based upon theories and research in the fields of cognitive psychology, social psychology, philosophy of language, information theory, reading theory, rhetoric, and systems theory. The authors build a theory of writing that contains fifteen definitions, eleven premises, and eleven principles. The eleven axiomatic principles subsume practical writing rules, especially science writing rules, and offer a broad framework for research. The article concludes with results of several exploratory studies using the “signaled stopping technique” to observe the cognitive effects of writing.
Does CME Work? An Analysis of the Effect of Educational Activities on Physician Performance or Health Care Outcomes
Authors: Davis Dave 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To answer the question, “does CME work?” by reviewing the effectiveness of continuing medical education (CME) and other related educational methods on objectively-determined physician performance and/or health care outcomes. These interventions include educational materials, formal, planned CME activities or programs, outreach visits such as academic detailing, opinion leaders, patient-mediated strategies, audit and feedback, reminders, or a combination of these strategies. Methods: MEDLINE, ERIC, NTIS, the Research and Development Resource Base in CME and other relevant data sources including review articles were searched for relevant terms, from 1975 to 1994. Of those articles retrieved, randomized controlled trials of educational strategies or interventions which objectively assessed physician performance and/or health care outcomes were selected for review. Data were extracted from each article about the specialty of the physician targeted, the clinical subject of the intervention, the setting and the nature of the educational method, and the presence or degree of needs assessment or barriers to change. Results: More than two-thirds of the studies (70%) displayed a change in physician performance, while almost half (48%) of interventions produced a change in health care outcomes. Community-based strategies such as academic detailing (and to a lesser extent, opinion leaders), practice-based methods such as reminders and patient-mediated strategies, and multiple interventions appeared to be most effective activities. Mixed results and weaker outcomes were demonstrated by audit and educational materials, while formal CME conferences without enabling or practice-reinforcing strategies, had relatively little impact. Conclusion: Strategies which enable and/or reinforce appear to “work” in changing physician performance or health care outcomes, a finding which has significant impact on the delivery of CME, and the need for further research into physician learning and change.
Instructional Product Review: Procedure and Instrumentation
Authors: Poole Richard L. 
Published: May 2005

An instructional product review process is conceived and analyzed from a generic and systemic viewpoint. As conceived it is composed of the planning, implementation, and analysis stages, with each stage converging on a series of generic concerns. The review process is illustrated with materials which can be used to assess the quality of an instructional package or module. And includes a set of “Directions for Reviewers,” a list of module assessment or development criteria, and an instrument entitled “External Module Review Form.”
Religious Struggle: Prevalence, Correlates and Mental Health Risks in Diabetic, Congestive Heart Failure, and Oncology Patients
Authors: Fitchett George , Murphy Patricia E. , Kim Jo , Gibbons James L. , Cameron Jacqueline R. , Davis Judy A. 
Published: May 2005

Objectives: For some people, diagnosis with a serious illness or other adverse life events can precipitate a period of religious struggle. While evidence of the harmful effects of religious struggle is accumulating, less is known about its prevalence or correlates. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of religious struggle in three groups of medical patients. Methods: Study participants included diabetic outpatients ( N = 71), congestive heart failure outpatients ( N = 70), and oncology inpatients ( N = 97). Participants completed questionnaires which included several measures of religion, including religious struggle, emotional distress or well-being, and demographic characteristics. Results: Half of the total sample (52%) reported no religious struggle, while 15% reported moderate or high levels. In a multi-variate analysis, younger patients ( p < 0.001) and CHF patients ( p < 0.05) had higher levels of religious struggle. Those with higher levels of positive religious coping also reported higher levels of religious struggle ( p < 0.01), while those who attended worship most frequently had lower levels of religious struggle ( p < 0.05). Religious struggle was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and emotional distress in all three patient groups. Conclusions: While further research is needed to help clarify the sources, additional correlates, and course of religious struggle, the findings in this study confirm the association between religious struggle and emotional distress in these three groups of medical patients. Clinicians should be attentive to signs of religious struggle. Where patient's responses indicate possible religious struggle, clinicians should consider referral to a trained, professional chaplain or pastoral counselor.
Antidepressant Efficacy and Cardiovascular Safety of Venlafaxine in Young Vs Old Patients with Comorbid Medical Disorders
Authors: Zimmer Ben , Kant Ravi , Zeiler Debbie , Brilmyer Mary 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To determine whether venlafaxine exerts a differential effect on blood pressure in young versus old depressed patients. Method: We compared thirty-four consecutive patients treated with 50–250 mg/day venlafaxine for major depressive disorder or another major mood disorder at our medical college's ambulatory neuropsychiatry program. We obtained baseline and follow-up blood pressure measurements. Each patient also received a baseline and final Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) score; global improvement was determined by consensus of two clinicians. Results: Sixteen nongeriatric patients (age, 13 to 56 years) were compared with eighteen elderly patients (age, 65 to 86 years). Most patients (88%) had serious medical comorbidities or histories. Despite a higher mean daily venlafaxine dosage for patients in the young group, no significant changes in systolic blood pressure were noted in either group. For the older group, we found a non-statistically significant 4.7 mm Hg mean increase in diastolic blood pressure. No patient became hypertensive. We also found a negative correlation between baseline diastolic blood pressure and change in diastolic blood pressure during treatment with venlafaxine. This inverse relationship was statistically significant in the older patients. Conclusions: Venlafaxine was not associated with significant, sustained changes in blood pressure in any patient receiving dosages of 50–250 mg/day. Minimal changes in diastolic blood pressure were no more likely to occur in older venlafaxine-treated patients than in younger ones. Higher baseline diastolic blood pressure in older patients, but not in younger ones, seemed to protect against diastolic adrenergic blood pressure effects of venlafaxine.
Computer Literacy in Grades K-8
Authors: Hunter Beverly 
Published: May 2005

Computer literacy for students and teachers in grades K-8 is defined as the ability to: 1) use suitably programmed computers in appropriate ways to assist in accomplishing tasks and solving problems; and 2) make informed judgments about social and ethical issues involving computer and communications systems. Rationale is presented for an approach to computer literacy for K-8, in which computer-related objectives are integrated into the curricula in language arts, math, science and social studies. A set of objectives is described.
“For the Sake of the Children”: Trials and Tribulations of Child Psychiatry-Liaison Service
Authors: Naylor Kenneth A. , Mattsson Ake 
Published: May 2005

This paper describes the development of a child psychiatry liaison service to pediatrics in a university hospital setting and discusses the authors' preference for the liaison type of relationship over strictly consultative psychiatry. The success of the liaison service in promoting comprehensive pediatric care can be related to an effective team approach which includes a pediatric social worker and a child psychiatry nurse specialist. In addition to the usual methods of handling consultation requests for psychiatric services, weekly teaching conferences on the pediatric wards were established to draw the house officers' attention to a bio-psycho-social approach to pediatric care, to allow ventilation of intradepartmental conflicts, and to enable nurses and residents to express their feelings freely about difficult patient problems such as the chronically ill and the dying child. The common lack of continuity of house officers and attendings on the pediatric wards hampers efforts to provide well planned and coordinated child care, both during admission and after discharge. This difficulty often gets compounded by the extensive use of consulting “super-specialists,” leaving the young pediatrician uncertain about his functions as the child's primary physician. We propose that the liaison psychiatrist may assume the role of a coordinator of comprehensive child care in many of these “disintegrated” ward situations. Because of inherent difficulties in the acceptance of the coordinator role by the child psychiatrist, we suggest that this role can be adopted more easily by those psychiatrists who have had previous experience in pediatrics or general medicine.
Religious Coping, Health, and Health Service Use among Bereaved Adults
Authors: Pearce Michelle J. , Chen Joyce , Silverman Gabriel K. , Kasl Stanislav V. , Rosenheck Robert , Prigerson Holly G. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This report examined associations between religious coping, health, and health service use among a sample of 265 recently bereaved adults. Method: Participants were interviewed an average of 6.3 ( SD = 7.4) months after their loss and again 4 months later. Multivariate regression models and repeated measures ANOVA analyses estimated the influence of religious coping on health and health service use at baseline and follow-up, controlling for significant confounding influences, such as health promoting behaviors. Results: At baseline, those high on religious coping had significantly more functional disabilities than did those low on religious coping. Controlling for health status, participants with higher religious coping scores were significantly less likely to visit their doctor during the 60 days prior to the baseline interview. Despite worse health and less health service use at baseline, those high on religious coping had equivalent health status to those low on religious coping at follow-up. Conclusions: Greater use of religious coping is associated with more functional disabilities and fewer outpatient physical health care visits at baseline, but a lack of decline in health at 4-month follow-up among the bereaved, a sub-group at risk for numerous health impairments. Possible reasons for this association and its implications are discussed.
Evaluation and Treatment of Premature Ejaculation: A Critical Review
Authors: St. Lawrence Janet S. , Madakasira Sudhakar 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Premature ejaculation is the most prevalent male sexual dysfunction. The present article is a comprehensive review of the literature on premature ejaculation. Method: This critical discussion of the literature evaluates the definitional issues, theoretical conceptualizations, assessment strategies, and treatment alternatives for premature ejaculation. Results: The review integrates the most recent findings on the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation updating an earlier review with the addition of more than fifty recent articles and adding sections on treatment generalization and maintenance, medical evaluation, pharmacological intervention, and a discussion of methodological issues in the literature. Conclusions: The pause-squeeze technique remains the current treatment of choice for the disorder. However, this unitary treatment recommendation disguises a multidimensional disorder which has yet to evolve an operational definition, psychometrically sound assessment procedures, or clearly articulated etiology.
Microcomputer-Based Training in Business and Industry: Present Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Kearsley Greg P. , Hillelsohn Michael J. , Seidel Robert J. 
Published: May 2005

A survey of microcomputer-based training was conducted. Of fifty-six major corporations who responded, twenty-eight (50%) indicated that they were currently using computers for training, with another nine (16%) investigating their use. Of those using computers, 71 per cent were using microcomputers. The major training areas were technical skills, programming/computer concepts, management/sales training, administrative/clerical training, or training management. The major type of use was simulation, followed by problem presentation/tests. Most major brands of microcomputers were used as well as custom-designed hardware. Courseware was typically developed internally. Trends and developments in training which can be expected to affect the use of microcomputers in training include authoring systems, more powerful systems, videodiscs, videotext, videoconferencing, embedded training, and distributed education.
Development of a Web-Based Case Library
Authors: Colaric Susan M. , Turgeon A. J. , Jonassen David H. 
Published: May 2005

Case studies have been used for decades to bridge the gap between classroom learning and practical application [1]. Cases used in the classroom are often seen in two forms: decision cases and historical cases. Decision cases are incomplete narratives that take the student to the point at which a decision must be made and the student is then responsible for solving the problem and justifying that decision. Decision cases are often used to help students develop their analytical and problem-solving skills. But historical cases are also important as they can model the decision process of an experienced professional and provide learners with experiences they haven't yet had [2]. Historical cases are complete narratives that state a problem or problematic situation, the actions taken to solve the problem, and the results obtained. This article discusses the development of a web-based case library that organizes and presents historical cases of professionals involved in turfgrass management. CONCLUSION: The Turfgrass Case Library was developed to provide a structured resource consisting of numerous cases for students to use to learn about problem situations and solutions that, as novices, they have not yet had experience with. The cases were planned to model the thought process learners should follow when confronted with a problem and they represent the ambiguous and multi-facet nature of the problems encountered in turfgrass management. Developing the library on a public page on the Web also increases the reach of the cases. The library serves as a resource to professionals in the field who encounter a problem, read about similar cases, and are provided with “just-in-time” learning geared specifically to the problem they are facing. Both classroom use and professional use are areas of research that will be explored in the future.
Quetiapine in the Successful Treatment of Psychosis and Comorbid Brittle Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report
Authors: Balter Jordan , Mofsen Rick , Pinninti Narsimha 
Published: May 2005

Background: As evidence of a biologic determinant of schizophrenia has been elaborated, an interest in the relationship between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders has become increasingly more developed over the last decade. Pedigree analysis has shown that schizophrenia, like autoimmune disorders, is likely a heritable phenomenon, and a genetic liability in this disorder is hardly disputed. Research has indicated that physiologic connections between IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha are suggestive of a connection between the symptoms associated with schizophrenia and those of hypoglycemic events in IDDM. Autoimmune pathogeneses of schizophrenia have been hypothesized; however, the clinical delineation of a potentially corresponding subset of patients is rarely addressed. Case Report: We treated a 22-year-old white female who carried the concomitant diagnoses of Schizophrenia, IDDM, and Hypothyroidism with quetiapine and risperidone on an acute basis at our inpatient facility, and observed an apparent resolution of her brittle diabetes with the successful treatment of her psychotic disorder. Conclusions: The well documented link between antipsychotic agents and changes in blood glucose may be of benefit in a subset of patients who suffer from both psychotic and diabetic disorders.
EPRT—A New Tool in Technical Communication
Authors: Bergsma Stuart K. 
Published: May 2005

A great amount of a technical writer's time is spent in researching his subject. In many instances, that voluminous research can disrupt production and interrupt the personnel schedules of the client company. Creative Universal, Inc., provides a unique service for its staff of writers and producers. Through the use of portable television equipment, a permanent record of the technical task or process under analysis can be made. This Electronic Photography Research Technique ( EPRT) has application to several dimensions of the total communication process. Advantages accrued from the use of EPRT include: (1) significant savings in interviewing time, (2) substantial reduction of interference with the client's production schedules, (3) improved accuracy in data acquisition, and (4) extension of the researcher's perceptual field. The process brings to bear the unique contributions of the electronic age upon the world of technical writing.
Gender and Minor Psychiatric Morbidity: Results of a Case-Control Study in a Developing Country
Authors: Coutinho Evandro Da Silva Freire , De Almeida Filho Naomar , De Jesus Mari Jair , Rodrigues Laura C. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Women suffer from minor psychiatric disorders (MPM) more frequently than men. Most of the studies were conducted in England and in the United States and some reported the higher occurrence of MPM among women to be modified by marital status and others by sociodemographic variables. The present study intends to address this question in a developing country. Method: A population based case-control study was conducted in three important urban centers in Brazil. Two hundred seventy-six individuals diagnosed as new cases of MPM and 261 controls were selected to investigate the role of a set of sociodemographic variables in the association between gender and MPM using logistic regression models. Results: Univariate analysis showed that women were more likely than men to suffer from MPM (OR = 3.34; 2.27–4.91). After controlling for other sociodemographic variables, female gender was still positively associated with MPM, but not in a homogeneous way. A multiplicative interaction of gender with age group was found (LRT = 6.01; 2 df; p = 0.05) suggesting an increment in the magnitude of the association among those older than thirty years. Odds-ratios were 2.33 (1.19–4.55), 6.85 (2.86–16.41), and 7.47 (2.90–19.22) for age groups of fourteen to twenty-nine; thirty to forty-four; forty-five or more, respectively. There was no evidence of interaction of gender with marital status or other sociodemographic variables. Conclusions: The findings are consistent with the modification of the association between gender and MPM being mediated by social factors.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: MacIntosh Fred H. 
Published: May 2005

A number of points for improving writing and speaking necessary for the world's work are discussed. One of these is the expansion of technical writing courses for managers, administrators, and company officials. Another point is concerned with the fact that most technical writing texts focus too much upon engineers and too little upon scientists. A third point deals with the necessity for paying more attention to graduate and professional programs. Other suggestions range through traditional English graduate programs, ways to reward effective technical writing teaching, emphasis on professionalism, and allocation of funding for the improvement of technical writing teaching. The author closes with a call for definite action.
Treatment of Depression in Older Primary Care Patients in Health Maintenance Organizations
Authors: Bartels Stephen J. , Horn Susan , Sharkey Phoebe , Levine Kristin 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To examine whether older HMO patients with depression are treated differently than younger patients in terms of diagnosis, treatment by specialty provider, and pharmacotherapy. Design: Chart-review, Cross sectional study. Settings and Participants: Patients were selected from six HMOs in the United States who had one or more of five medical diagnoses: arthritis, asthma, otitis media, epigastric pain/ulcer, and hypertension, ( n = 9143). From this group, chart diagnoses and pharmacy records were used to identify patients who also had a diagnosis of depression ( n = 416) or who had a diagnosis of depression and/or treatment with antidepressant medication ( n = 1286). Measurements: Medical records and computerized service and pharmacy records were reviewed to obtain diagnoses, office visits by provider type, and psychiatric medication prescription counts. Results: Significant differences were found in treatment of depression for older versus younger patients. Although depression was identified at a similar rate for both groups, older patients received fewer mental health specialty visits and fewer prescriptions for SSRI antidepressants. Older patients with a diagnosis of depression were more likely to be treated with benzodiazepines (49.2% of older vs. 33.2% of younger) though they were less likely to receive long half-life benzodiazepines. Conclusions: Psychotropic medication management is an important target for improving quality of care for older patients with depression in HMOs. Decreasing inefficient minor tranquilizer use and increasing use of newer antidepressant medications may lead to improved outcomes for older depressed adults.