bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of the hydrolyzation film bed and biological aerated filter (HFB–BAF) combined system for the treatment of low‐concentration domestic sewage in south China
Authors: Ling Xiao , Hu Yong‐You , Wu Chun‐De , Hu Gui‐Ping 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe performance of the hydrolyzation film bed and biological aerated filter (HFB–BAF) combined system in pilot scale (with a daily treatment quantity of 600–1300 m3 d−1), operated for 234 days, for low‐strength domestic sewage was assessed using different amounts of aeration, reflux ratios and hydraulic loading rates (HLR). In steady state it was found that the average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand at 5 days (BOD5) were 82.0% and 82.2% and the average effluent concentrations were 15.8 mg L−1 and 9.4 mg L−1 respectively as the HFB was running at an HLR of 1.25–1.77 m3 m−2 h−1 and the BAF was running at an HLR of 1.56–2.21 m3 m−2 h−1. In general, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) fluctuated with the HLR, gas–water ratio and reflux ratio, so the ratio of gas to water should be controlled from 2:1 to 3:1 and the reflux ratio should be as high as possible. The effluent concentration of TN was 10.4 mg L−1 and the TN removal averaged 34.3% when the gas–water ratio was greater than 3:1 and the reflux ratio was 0.5. The effluent concentration and removal efficiency of NH4+‐N averaged respectively 2.3 mg L−1 and 78.5%. The overall reduction of total phosphorus (TP) was 30% and the average effluent concentration was 0.95 mg L−1. The removal efficiency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) reached 83.8% and the average effluent concentration was almost 0.9 mg L−1. The effluent concentration and removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 0.0654 µ g L−1 and 37.05% respectively when the influent concentration was 0.1039 µ g L−1. The excess sludge containing water (volume 15 m3) was discharged once every 3 months. The power consumption of aeration was 0.06–0.09 kWh of sewage treated. The results show that the HFB–BAF combined technology is suitable for the treatment of low‐concentration municipal sewage in south China. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of silk sericin peptides–L‐asparaginase bioconjugates and their characterization
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Qing , Tao Mei‐Lin , Shen Wei‐De , Mao Jian‐Ping , Chen Yu‐hua 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe natural silk sericin, recovered from Bombyx mori silk waste by degumming and degrading, is a water‐soluble peptide with different molecular masses, ranging from 20 to 60 kDa. It is composed of 15 sorts of amino acids, among which the polar amino acids with hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino groups such as aspartic acid, serine and lysine account for 72%. The covalent attachment of the silk sericin peptides to L‐asparaginase (ASNase) produces silk sericin peptides–L‐asparaginase (SS–ASNase) bioconjugates that are active, stable, have a lower immune response, and have extended half‐lives in vitro in human serum. The modified enzyme coupled with sericin protein retains 55.8% of the original activity of the native enzyme. The optimal pH of SS–ASNase derivatives shifts considerably, to 5.0 in comparison with pH 6.0–8.0 of the native form. The thermostability and resistance to trypsin digestion of the modified enzyme are greatly enhanced as compared with ASNase alone. The Michaelis constant (Km) of SS–ASNase is 65 times lower than that of the enzyme alone. This suggests that the affinity of the enzyme to its substrate L‐asparagine greatly increases when bioconjugated with silk sericin. The in vivo experiments also show that the silk sericin peptides have no immunogenicity, and the antigenicity of the enzyme is obviously decreased when coupled covalently with the silk sericin peptides. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of different procedures for the detoxification of eucalyptus hemicellulosic hydrolysate for use in fermentative processes
Authors: Carvalho Giovani BM , Mussatto Solange I , Cândido Elisângela J , Almeida e Silva João B 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) shavings were submitted to an acid hydrolysis process with the aim of obtaining a hemicellulosic hydrolysate rich in fermentable sugars. However, the hydrolysate obtained contained, in addition to sugars, several compounds that are toxic to microorganisms, namely furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, acetic acid and phenolics. In order to produce a hydrolysate suitable for use in fermentative processes, several procedures were evaluated for hydrolysate detoxification, including concentration by vacuum evaporation and adsorption on activated charcoal, diatomaceous earths, ion‐exchange resin or adsorbent resin. Hydrolysate concentration was especially effective for furfural removal, whereas the adsorbent resin was efficient in removing hydroxymethylfurfural, phenolics and acetic acid. Combination of this resin with activated charcoal was better than with diatomaceous earths for removal of acetic acid and phenolics. The best detoxification procedure evaluated was based on hydrolysate concentration followed by adsorption on activated charcoal and adsorbent resin. By this treatment, removal rates of 82.5, 100, 100 and 94% were attained for acetic acid, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural and phenolics, respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Decolourisation of dyes and dyehouse effluent in a bubble‐column reactor by ozonation in the presence of H2O2, KMnO4 or Ferral
Authors: Hassan Mohammad M , Hawkyard Christopher J , Barratt Peter A 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe decolourisation of aqueous solutions of dyes by ozonation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate or Ferral using a bubble column reactor was investigated. Addition of hydrogen peroxide in the ozonation reaction of dyes did not affect its decolourisation efficiency. The addition of potassium permanganate considerably increased the decolourisation efficiency during ozonation of all of the dyes studied. Ferral showed excellent catalytic activity under acidic conditions but in alkaline conditions its catalytic activity diminished. The effect of the ozonation on COD was also monitored and was found to be highly effective in reducing the COD of aqueous dye solutions. In addition to studying the effect of addition of hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate or Ferral on the ozonation of aqueous solutions of individual dyes, tests were carried out on effluent from a commercial dyeing unit. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved cultivation conditions for polysaccharide production by H. influenzae type b
Authors: Takagi Mickie , Cabrera‐Crespo Joaquin , Zangirolami Teresa Cristina , Raw Isaias , Tanizaki Martha Massako 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHaemophilus influenzae b (Hib), an encapsulated Gram‐negative cocco‐bacillus, is one of the most common agents of meningitis worldwide. The capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a carrier protein is the antigen of the vaccine against Hib. An optimized cultivation process that could lead to an increase in the polysaccharide production would be of great interest for mass vaccination programs. The aim of this work was to evaluate different culture conditions in attempt to improve the capsular polysaccharide yield. Hib was cultivated in a bioreactor with modified soy‐peptone and yeast‐extract (MP) medium and optimal hemin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) concentration in the culture medium was established at 30 mg L−1 and 15 mg L−1, respectively. The batch experiments were carried out as follows: (a) overlay aeration without pH control; (b) air‐sparged with dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) controlled at 10 and 30% air saturation, with and without pH control. The cultures with air‐sparged aeration, without pH control, showed values for the specific production (SPp/x) of 180–190 mg PRP g−1 dry cell weight (DCW) and overall polysaccharide productivity of 22–29 mg L−1 h−1, accounting for an increase of ca 47% over the polysaccharide production with overlay aeration. Batch cultivations with air sparged aeration led to an improvement in the poly(ribosylribitol phosphate) (PRP) production for both conditions (DOT at 10 and 30% air saturation) investigated upon pH control, achieving up to 980 PRP mg L−1. The SPp/x and overall polysaccharide productivity were 280–300 mg PRP g−1 DCW and 45–41 mg L−1h−1, respectively. The best production of capsular polysaccharide was obtained in the modified MP‐medium, with 30 mg L−1 hemin and 15 mg L−1 NAD, upon sparged aeration and pH control. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel method to prepare chitosan powder and its application in cellulase immobilization
Authors: Mao Xuepu , Guo Gangjun , Huang Jinfeng , Du Zhiyun , Huang Zhishu , Ma Lin , Li Pei , Gu Lianquan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this study, chitosan microspheres and sponges with uniform spherical and porous morphologies were prepared by coiling the stretched chains of chitosan with addition of salt and choosing different kinds of organic solvents as evaporation solvents. Cellulase was immobilized to the support by a covalent method. The enzyme exhibited a considerable affinity to the support, and the protein loading of 145.5 mg g−1 support was fairly high. The immobilized cellulase had a higher Km than free cellulase and had better stability with respect to pH, thermal stability, reuses and storage stability than free cellulase. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Kraft pulping of Drimys winteri wood chips biotreated with Ganoderma australe
Authors: Franco Heriberto , Freer Juanita , Rodríguez Jaime , Baeza Jaime , Elissetche Juan Pedro , Mendonça Régis 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDrimys winteri, a native hardwood from Chile, presents some interesting characteristics that make it suitable for the pulp and paper industry. In this work, the potential of D winteri for the conventional kraft and biokraft pulp production was evaluated. For biokraft pulping, wood chips were biotreated with the white‐rot fungus Ganoderma australe. During the biotreatment, a selective pattern of biodelignification was observed and the wood chips biotreated for 15, 30 and 45 days were submitted to kraft cooking. At low cooking severity (H‐factor below 1500 h−1, 15% active alkali and 25% sulfidity), all biopulps presented lower kappa numbers than control pulps and approximately the same screened pulp yield. Biopulps were easily refined in a PFI mill, requiring less PFI revolutions to achieve the same fibrillation degree. The strength properties of the biopulps were similar to those of the control pulps. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine as a coupling agent for β‐galactosidase immobilized on chitosan to produce galactooligosaccharides
Authors: Cheng Tzu‐Chien , Duan Kow‐Jen , Sheu Dey‐Chyi 
Published: September 2005

Abstractβ‐Galactosidase was immobilized on chitosan using tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) as a coupling agent to produce galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. Both the THP‐immobilized and the free enzymes were maximally achieved at pH 5.0 and the optimal temperature was 55 °C. The residual activities for the THP‐immobilized enzyme and the free enzyme were 75 and 25%, respectively, after being incubated in 0.1 mol dm−3 sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) at 55 °C for 13 days. The formation of GOS was catalyzed by free and THP‐immobilized β‐galactosidase from lactose. The yield of GOS produced by the free enzyme from the lactose solution (36%, w/v) at 55 °C was 43% on a dry weight basis, which was similar to the 41% GOS yield produced by the THP‐immobilized enzyme system. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and mineral content of herby cacik, a traditional Turkish dairy product
Authors: Kucukoner Erdogan , Tarakci Zekai , Sagdic Osman 
Published: September 2005

AbstractChanges in the physicochemical properties, mineral and heavy metal content and microbial flora of cacik samples were studied over a storage period of 30 d. The analysis results were in the ranges as follows: dry matter content 16.45–20.76%, fat 1.45–4.30%, protein 8.14–13.87%, total ash 0.96–4.19%, salt 0.25–3.15%. There were significant differences in dry matter, fat, salt, protein and ash content of the cacik samples (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in Ca, P, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn content of the cacik samples (P < 0.05). Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) and enterococci reached levels above 104 and 103 CFU g−1, respectively. Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any of the cacik samples during the storage period. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on MRS and M17 agars were the dominant bacteria. The cacik samples had LAB counts up to 104.4 CFU g−1. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Costing yield loss from acidity, sodicity and dryland salinity to Australian agriculture
Authors: Hajkowicz S. , Young M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSalinity, sodicity and acidity are three major soil constraints that limit crop and pasture yields in Australia. In this paper estimates are made of the potential benefits arising from their treatment by measuring and mapping their impact on agricultural profit. This is achieved by estimating the increase in profit for Australia's main commodities that would occur if the three soil constraints were costlessly ameliorated. These estimates reveal the upper achievable limit on investment returns. They are also indicative of each soil constraint's economic significance to Australian agriculture. It was found that costless removal of salinity would increase annual profits by A$187 million, sodicity by A$1034·6 million and acidity by A$1584·5 million. This equates to 2·9 per cent, 15·8 per cent and 24·2 per cent of total net economic return. It was also found that worsening salinity extent and severity over 2000–2020 has a present value of A$496–A$712 million. Although soil salinity is currently the focus of much public attention, this analysis suggests that from a production viewpoint the correction of sodic and acidic soils may create greater private economic benefit. Opportunities vary considerably among industries. In particular, there is considerable opportunity for the horticultural and viticultural sector to address acidity issues. Whether gross benefits translate into net benefits is a complex question requiring access to context and location‐specific information. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systems analysis of soil and forest degradation in a mid‐hill watershed of Nepal using a bio‐economic model
Authors: Sitaula B. K. , Sankhayan P. L. , Bajracharya R. M. , Singh B. R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractForest degradation, manifested through decline in forest cover, and the resulting soil erosion and organic carbon losses, is a serious problem caused by a complex coupling of bio‐physical, socio‐economic and technological factors in the Himalayan watersheds. Greater understanding of the linkages between these factors requires a systems approach. We have proposed such an approach using a bio‐economic model to explore the system behaviour of forest degradation, soil erosion, and soil C losses in the forest areas. The outcome of the model simulation over a 20‐year period indicates that soil erosion and C loss rates may increase more than four‐fold by the year 2020 under the existing socio‐economic and biophysical regime (the base scenario). Reductions in the population growth rate, introduction of improved agricultural technology and increase in the prices of major agricultural crops can help slow down the rates of forest decline, soil erosion and C loss or even stabilize or reverse them. The results suggest that economic incentives may be highly effective in the reduction of soil loss, as well as C release to the atmosphere. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental impacts of surface mining on mined lands, affected streams and agricultural lands in the Dabaoshan Mine region, southern China
Authors: Lin C. , Tong X. , Lu W. , Yan L. , Wu Y. , Nie C. , Chu C. , Long J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractImpacts of surface mining on ecosystems were investigated in the Guangdong Dabaoshan Mine region, southern China. Significant soil acidification has been induced by mining activities which cause oxidation of metal sulfides contained in the mine spoils. Natural colonization of vegetation in the mine site has been impeded and this has resulted in severe soil erosion. Acid mine drainage from this mine site has caused the degradation of the downstream aquatic ecosystems. Mine water with pH< 3·5 has been continuously flowing into a first‐order tributary of the Beijiang River and has destroyed all the aquatic life to a distance of at least 25 km downstream of the discharge point, even when the pH rose to above 6 in the Hengshishui River (a third‐order tributary of the Beijiang River). Further downstream, macroinvertebrates first occurred at about 30 km from the discharge point, and only one species was found. This is in contrast to a reference site that was not affected by acid mine drainage, where 36 macroinvertebrate taxa were found. Acidic mine water also had marked impacts on the agricultural lands irrigated with it. Severe contamination of the soils by mine drainage is responsible for the extremely high concentrations of some heavy metals in the edible portions of a variety of food crops grown on the agricultural lands. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe basin—3: soil treatment effects
Authors: Grismer M. E. , Hogan M. P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRevegetation, or other erosion control treatments of disturbed soil slopes in forested areas and along highways of the Lake Tahoe basin are directed at reduction of sediment loading to waterways reaching the lake. However, following treatment, little vegetation monitoring, or hydrologic evaluation has been conducted either to determine if the various treatments are successful or to assess the duration of erosion control anticipated in the field. Here, we build upon results from use of the portable rainfall simulator (RS) described in the first two papers of this series to evaluate cover and revegetation treatment effects on runoff rates and sediment concentrations and yields from disturbed granitic and volcanic soils in the basin. The effects of slope on rainfall runoff, infiltration and erosion rates were determined at several revegetated road cut and ski run sites. Rainfall simulation (∼60 mm h−1, approximating a 100‐year, 15‐minute storm) had a mean drop size of ∼2·1 mm and approximately 70 per cent of ‘natural’ rainfall kinetic energy. Measurements of: time to runoff; infiltration; runoff amount; sediment yield; and average sediment concentration were obtained. Runoff sediment concentrations and yields from sparsely covered volcanic and bare granitic soils can be correlated to slope. Sediment concentrations and yields from nearly bare volcanic soils exceeded those from granitic soils by an order of magnitude across slopes ranging from 30–70 per cent. Revegetation, or application of pine‐needle mulch covers to both soil types dramatically decreased sediment concentrations and yields. Incorporation of woodchips or soil rehabilitation that includes tillage, use of amendments (biosol, compost) and mulch covers together with plant seeding resulted in little or no runoff or sediment yield from both soils. Repeated measurements of sediment concentrations and yields in the subsequent two years following woodchip or soil rehabilitation treatments continued to result in little or no runoff. Revegetation treatments involving only use of grasses to cover the soils were largely ineffective due to sparse sustainable coverage (< 35 per cent) and inadequate infiltration rates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous reactions of electron‐accepting substituted quinodimethane with substituted styrenes: Inductive and steric effects on the formation of a zwitterionic intermediate
Authors: Mitsuda Yukihiro , Uno Takahiro , Kubo Masataka , Itoh Takahito 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSpontaneous reactions of an electron‐accepting substituted quinodimethane, 1‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione‐5‐ylidene)‐4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2,5‐cyclohexadiene, with p‐substituted, α‐substituted, and β‐substituted styrenes were investigated. When p‐substituted styrenes were used as comonomers, no spontaneous reactions took place for styrenes with an electron‐accepting p substituent such as COOMe and CN groups, and both terpolymers and cycloadducts were formed for the other p‐substituted styrenes. When α‐substituted and β‐substituted styrenes were used as comonomers, no reactions occurred for α‐ and β‐substituted styrenes with a bulky phenyl group, and spontaneous reactions took place for those with a smaller methyl group. The reaction products were an alternating copolymer for α‐substituted styrene and both terpolymers and 5‐ethylidene‐2,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione for β‐substituted styrenes. The position of the methyl group in the styrenes significantly affected the product formation. This behavior in the spontaneous reactions was discussed on the basis of the ability of formation of the zwitterionic tetramethylene intermediate and its conformation, determined by polar and steric effects of the substituents in the substituted styrenes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5195–5206, 2005
Synthesis of fluorinated oligomers for supercritical carbon dioxide applications
Authors: Bilgin N. , Baysal C. , Menceloglu Y. Z. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSyntheses of various fluorine‐based surfactants, namely fluorinated‐segment‐containing block co‐oligomers, were achieved by the radical polymerization of mainly acrylate‐based monomers. These types of surfactants serve as stabilizers for supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) media based applications, for which the effective solubilization of materials in the supercritical phase is generally not possible because of solubility problems faced when CO2 is involved. Initially, a difunctional fluorinated initiator was synthesized in two steps. First, 4,4′‐azobis‐4‐cyanovaleric acid was chlorinated with SOCl2, and then the product, 4,4′‐azobis‐4‐cyanovaleryl chloride, was reacted with a fluorinated alcohol to obtain the initiator for the polymerization reactions. The synthesized triblock co‐oligomers consisted of fluorinated side blocks and a hydrocarbon intermediate block. Efficient solubilization of the materials in scCO2 was observed. It was experimentally shown that the solubility efficiency was affected by specific interactions between CO2 and the oligomers, and these were determined by the nature and size of the inner block and by the chain length of the fluorinated side blocks in comparison with the inner block. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5312–5322, 2005