bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Voltammetry Examination for Effect of Counter Anion on Adsorptive Voltammetry of 11‐Ferrocenytrimethylundecylammonium at Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Hattori Toshiaki , Tanaka Shunitz 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe electrode oxidation of 11‐ferrocenyltrimethylundecylammonium (FeTMUA) at carbon paste electrode (CPE) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in order to reveal the adsorption nature of FeTMUA ion‐paired with anion. The voltammograms of FeTMUA were classified by the counter anion; hydrophilic and hydrophobic ions. The electric charge reflecting the adsorption isotherm increased gently with the FeTMUA concentration until a critical point (CP), which was independent of the sort of hydrophilic anion and comparable with the amount of the maximum surface coverage of FeTMUA at the air‐water interface. The voltammogram for hydrophobic anion had two oxidation waves. The electric charge for the first wave monotonously increased with the FeTMUA concentration without indicating CP. The second wave was not observed on the voltammogram at the glassy carbon electrode, thus the second wave was made from the pasting liquid. These results suggested that CPE adsorbed FeTMUA with hydrophilic anion behaved like serving a liquid surface, however, CPE adsorbed FeTMUA with hydrophobic anion was disordered and represented the heterogeneity.
Cost Comparison of Protein Capture from Cultivation Broths by Expanded and Packed Bed Adsorption
Authors: Curbelo D.R. , Garke G. , Guilarte R.C. , Anspach F.B. , Deckwer W.‐D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn the downstream processing of recombinant protein production, the reduction of unit operations required for product capture and purification, is of the utmost priority due to its cost diminishing effect. In this regard, target protein capture from cell suspensions in a fluidized bed of affinity particles with different sizes (expanded bed adsorption (EBA) with classified particles), presents an efficient tool since EBA may substitute cell disintegration, separation by centrifugation or filtration, and packed bed adsorption. However, as illustrated by experiments with the BSA/yeast cells system, the entire broth processing used in EBA also has detrimental influences due to the cell (or cell debris) binding on the affinity carrier. In particular, external mass transfer may become more dominant, and the lifetime of the affinity particles may reduce as a result of other cleaning procedures. Using simulations performed with a commercial software package, the cost superiority of alternate process routes (EBA or packed bed adsorption with preceding steps) can be evaluated. This elucidates the favorable application range for each route.
Temperature fluctuation under bubbles of pool boiling in decompression
Authors: Sekine Ikuhei 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExperiments on pool boiling of water were performed under decompression. Temperature fluctuation was measured with three thermocouples which were equipped on the copper block surface by plating. Rapid temperature drops in this fluctuation arise at the same times. This shows the existence of evaporation of the microlayer under bubbles. Evaluation of this evaporation of the microlayer and rapid temperature drops revealed the existence of a new evaporation factor in obedience to the liquid surface overheating. Temperature drops are of two types at decompression. One is rapid drop due to cavity existence and the other is slow drop due to generation in the superheated bulk liquid on the mirror surface. This rapid temperature drop is gradual at the first stage. For verification of gradual drops, we introduced an equation concerning micro film thickness under the bubble on the basis of the viscosity and the preservation of momentum. This equation has an exponential factor for microfilms. Numerical calculations showed good agreement with the experimental data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(7): 567–581, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10102
Laser‐assisted fabrication of monomode polymer waveguides and their optical characterization
Authors: Pfleging W. , Finke S. , Gaganidze E. , Litfin K. , Steinbock L. , Heidinger R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe local surface modification as well as the direct micro‐ablation of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with UV‐laser radiation was studied with respect to the fabrication of optical monomode waveguides. Different UV sources were applied with a focus on excimer lasers and frequency‐multiplied Nd:YAG lasers to investigate several concepts of integrated waveguides. One type of waveguides is realized by localized physical modification, which leads in one step to an integrated polymer waveguide with higher refractive index. A complementary type of waveguides includes the formation of small grooves, which are filled with index matched materials introducing a micro‐scaled increase or decrease of the refractive index into the original PMMA substrate. The different laser‐assisted fabrication techniques for polymer waveguide formation as well as the characterization of their local optical properties are discussed in detail.
Mikrotribometrie im Maschinenbau
Authors: Scherge M. , Gervé A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBei der mikrotribometrischen Analyse von Makrosystemen muß darauf geachtet werden, dass auf der Mikroskala gewonnene Werte für Reibungskoeffizient und Verschleiß nur bedingt auf die Makroskala skalierbar sind. Aufgrund fehlender Ähnlichkeit in energetischer Hinsicht sowie unzureichender Statistik durch die Beschränkung auf Einzelkontakte sollten mikrotribologische Verfahren bevorzugt zur Analyse von wichtigen Begleiteffekten, wie zum Beispiel der physikalisch‐chemischen Veränderung des oberflächennahen Bereichs, herangezogen werden. Das mikrotribologische Experiment muß dabei in ein Netzwerk von oberflächenphysikalischen Methoden und Verfahren der Mikrostrukturanalyse integriert sein.
Friction Behaviour and Wear Properties of Rail and Wheel Material
Authors: Deters L. , Proksch M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExperimental examinations of the friction behaviour and the wear properties of rail and wheel material are reported. The two roller contact is selected as the testing principle to simulate the wheel‐to‐rail contact. Wear tests were performed on a new designed test machine. The wear volume rise turned out to be proportional to the increase of the acting pressure and the creep between the rollers. Raising the circumferential speed of the test rollers caused a reduction in the wear volume. A significant wear decrease at the driven rail rollers could be achieved by periodically reversing the direction of the acting friction forces. Examinations as to the extent to which experimental results can be applied to practice, reveal a good correspondence.
Tribological Tayloring of Ceramic Composites
Authors: Wäsche R. , Klaffke D. , Yarim R. , Santner E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWith respect to their excellent material properties ceramics are of interest as candidate materials for tribological applications. The friction and wear behaviour of ceramics is often superior to that of metallic materials. Furthermore, an essential improvement of tribological performance will be possible by tailoring of ceramics in the process of powder preparation and sintering technique. Silicon Carbide (SiC) shows interesting friction and wear behaviour at room temperature, even under unlubricated running conditions but is very sensitive against effects of environmental humidity and shows high friction and high wear in the absence of water vapour. The tribological performance of SiC can be improved considerably by adding substantial amounts of TiC and TiB2 to the microstructure thus creating ceramic particulate composite materials.Various composites in the quasi ternary system SiC‐TiC‐TiB2 were prepared by a ceramic manufacturing process including sintering temperatures up to 2180 °C. Comparative tribo tests were performed under unlubricated oscillating sliding motion in dry, normal, and moist air and under water lubrication with SiC balls and Al2O3 balls as counter bodies. The friction is affected by the relative humidity (RH) but barely at all by the composition of the composites. The wear resistance of the composites was found to be improved considerably by addition of TiB2 in the range from 20 to 60 %. The highest wear resistance of the system wear was found when Al2O3 was used as counter body material.
Charge transport, injection, and photovoltaic phenomena in oligo(phenylenevinylene) based diodes
Authors: Melzer Christian , Krasnikov Victor V. , Hadziioannou Georges 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe report on the charge transport and injection phenomena of (E,E,E,E)‐1,4‐bis[(4‐styryl)styryl]‐2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexoxy)benzene (MEH‐OPV5) sandwiched between asymmetric contacts. The hole mobility of MEH‐OPV5 was determined by means of transient electroluminescence. The steady‐state current was injection‐limited. The electric field and temperature dependence of the current were quantitatively described by a phenomenological injection model of thermally assisted charge‐carrier tunneling in a one‐dimensional chain of hopping sites. Furthermore, we report on the photovoltaic properties of thin‐film photovoltaic cells on the basis of donor–acceptor heterojunctions. MEH‐OPV5 and buckminster fullerene were used as the donor and acceptor materials, respectively. The emphasis was on the role of morphology in such devices. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2665–2673, 2003
Charge‐carrier transport in disordered polymers
Authors: Novikov S. V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe general properties of charge‐carrier transport in disordered organic materials are discussed. The spatial correlation between energies of transport sites determined the form of drift‐mobility field dependence. The type of spatial correlation in a disordered material depends on its nature. Mobility field dependences must be different in polar and nonpolar materials. Different methods of mobility calculation from the shape of photocurrent transient were analyzed. A widely used method is very sensitive to the variation of the shape of the transient and sometimes produces results that effectively masquerade the true dependence of the mobility on the electric field or trap concentration. Arguments in favor of the better, more reliable method are suggested. Charge transport in materials containing charged traps was considered without using the isolated trap approximation, and this led to qualitatively different results. The results indicated that the effect of charged traps can hardly be responsible for the experimentally observed transport properties of disordered organic materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2584–2594, 2003
The ketamine model for schizophrenia
Authors: Alpert Murray , Angrist Burt 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis commentary compares clinical aspects of ketamine with the amphetamine model of schizophrenia. Hallucinations and loss of insight, associated with amphetamine, seem more schizophrenia-like. Flat affect encountered with ketamine is closer to the clinical presentation in schizophrenia. We argue that flat affect is not a sign of schizophrenia, but rather, arisk factorfor chronic schizophrenia.
Spatial integration in perception and cognition: An empirical approach to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia
Authors: Chen Yue 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEvidence for a dysfunction in cognitive coordination in schizophrenia is emerging, but it is not specific enough to prove (or disprove) this long-standing hypothesis. Many aspects of the external world are spatially mapped in the brain. A comprehensive internal representation relies on integration of information across space. Focus on spatial integration in the perceptual and cognitive processes will generate empirical data that shed light on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Inferring contextual field interactions from scalp EEG
Authors: Pflieger Mark E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis commentary highlights methods for using scalp EEG to make inferences about contextual field interactions, which, in view of the target article, may be specially relevant to the study of schizophrenia. Although scalp EEG has limited spatial resolution, prior knowledge combined with experimental manipulations may be used to strengthen inferences about underlying brain processes. Both spatial and temporal context are discussed within the framework of nonlinear interactions. Finally, results from a visual contour integration EEG pilot study are summarized in view of a hypothesis that relates receptive field and contextual field processing to evoked and induced activity, respectively.
Cortical connectivity in high-frequency beta-rhythm in schizophrenics with positive and negative symptoms
Authors: Strelets Valeria 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn chronic schizophrenic patients with both positive and negative symptoms (see Table 1), interhemispheric connections at the high frequency beta2-rhythm are absent during cognitive tasks, in contrast to normal controls, who have many interhemispheric connections at this frequency in the same situation. Connectivity is a fundamental brain feature, evidently greatly promoted by the NMDA system. It is a more reliable measure of brain function than the spectral power of this rhythm.
High-frequency synchronisation in schizophrenia: Too much or too little?
Authors: Williams Leanne M. , Lee Kwang-Hyuk , Haig Albert , Gordon Evian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPhillips & Silverstein's focus on schizophrenia as a failure of “cognitive coordination” is welcome. They note that a simple hypothesis of reduced Gamma synchronisation subserving impaired coordination does not fully account for recent observations. We suggest that schizophrenia reflects a dynamic compensation to a core deficit of coordination, expressed either as hyper- or hyposynchronisation, with neurotransmitter systems and arousal as modulatory mechanisms.
Cognitive coordination and its neurobiological bases: A new continent to explore
Authors: Silverstein Steven M. , Phillips William A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe additional arguments and evidence supplied by the commentaries strengthen the hypothesis that underactivity of NMDA receptors produces impaired cognitive coordination in schizophrenia. This encourages the hope that though the distance from molecules to mind is great, it can nevertheless be traversed. We therefore predict that in this decade or the next molecular psychology will be seen to be as fundamental to our understanding of mind as molecular biology is to our understanding of life.
Background rareness-based iterative multiple sequence alignment algorithm for regulatory element detection
Authors: Narasimhan Chandrasegaran , LoCascio Philip , Uberbacher Edward 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Motivation: Experimental methods capable of generating sets of co-regulated genes have become commonplace, however, recognizing the regulatory motifs responsible for this regulation remains difficult. As a result, computational detection of transcription factor binding sites in such data sets has been an active area of research. Most approaches have utilized either Gibbs sampling or greedy strategies to identify such elements in sets of sequences. These existing methods have varying degrees of success depending on the strength and length of the signals and the number of available sequences. We present a new deterministic iterative algorithm for regulatory element detection based on a Markov chain background. As in other methods, sequences in the entire genome and the training set are taken into account in order to discriminate against commonly occurring signals and produce patterns, which are significant in the training set.
Results: The results of the algorithm compare favorably with existing tools on previously known and newly compiled data sets. The iteration based search appears rather rigorous, not only finding the binding sites, but also showing how the binding site stands out from genomic background. The approach used to score the results is critical and a discussion of various scoring schemes and options is also presented. Benchmarking of several methods shows that while most tools are good at detecting strong signals, Gibbs sampling algorithms give inconsistent results when the regulatory element signal becomes weak. A Markov chain based background model alleviates the drawbacks of MAP (maximum a posteriori log likelihood) scores.
Availability: Available on request from the authors.
Supplementary information: Data and the results presented in this paper are available on the web at http://compbio.ornl.gov/mira/index.html
Global Instability, Limiting-State Selection and Nonlinear Pattern Formation
Authors: Xu Jian-Jun , Huang Yong-Nian 
Published: October 2003

Interfacial pattern formation in phase transition and crystal growth and material science is one of the most important subjects in the broad field of nonlinear science. This subject involves the concepts and issues, include the basic states, global stability, limiting-state selection, quantization conditions of eigenvalues, scaling law and free boundary problems of dynamic system far away from the equilibrium state. This talk attempts to explore these issues through the two prototype problems: (1). dendritic growth from melt; (2). disc-like crystal growth from melt. These problems are highly challenging fundamental problems in condensed matter physics and material science, which have preoccupied many investigators from various areas of science, including applied mathematics for a long period of time. We shall summarize the major results achieved in terms of a unified systematic asymptotic approach during the last decade. For the case of dendritic growth, these results described the wave-characteristics of interface evolution and led to the so-called interfacial wave (IFW) theory.
Different Behavior of Iron(III) and Aluminum(III) Salts To Coagulate Silica Particle Suspension
Authors: Zhang Panyue , Hahn Hermann H. , Hoffmann Erhard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe different coagulation‐flocculation behavior of iron(III) and aluminum(III) to coagulate silica particle suspension with four coagulants — FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, AlCl3, and in our laboratory produced polyaluminum chloride PACl‐2.0 — was investigated through studying particle property changes and coagulation efficiency, for example, variations in zeta potential of particles, particle number, average particle diameter, particle size distribution, and residual turbidity of the supernatant water. Influences of flocculation intensity and pH value on the coagulation‐flocculation process were also studied. The results suggest that, under the test conditions, among these four coagulants FeCl3 possesses an obviously stronger ability to form larger flocs and to remove turbidity, on the other hand, PACl‐2.0 obviously showed a better charge neutralization ability.
Osteoarthritis of the knee is associated with vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Bergink Arjan P. , Van Der Klift Marjolein , Hofman Albert , Verhaar Jan A. N. , Van Leeuwen Johannes P. T. M. , Uitterlinden André G. , Pols Huibert A. P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo study the association between prevalent radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) of the knee and incident vertebral and nonvertebral fractures.MethodsA sample of 2,773 subjects was drawn from the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population‐based cohort study of the elderly. Status on knee ROA was assessed at baseline using the Kellgren score. Incident nonvertebral fractures were scored for all subjects, and for 1,466 subjects additional data on incident vertebral fractures were available.ResultsAlthough people with ROA had a higher bone mineral density (BMD), their incident fracture risk was increased as compared with those without ROA. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, including parameters of postural stability, the relative risks for incident vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in the presence of knee ROA were 2.0 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.1–3.4) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–2.0), respectively.ConclusionsKnee ROA is associated with an increased risk of incident vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, independent of BMD and parameters of postural stability.
Performance of a generic health‐related quality of life measure in a clinic population with rheumatic disease
Authors: Currey Shannon S. , Rao Jaya K. , Winfield John B. , Callahan Leigh F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the performance of a generic health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) measure in a rheumatology clinic population.MethodsParticipants (n = 619) with fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis receiving care from rheumatologists completed mailed questionnaires that included the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) HRQOL measure and condition‐specific measures assessing disability, pain, fatigue, and helplessness. The BRFSS assesses global health and number of days in the past 30 of poor physical or mental health or activity limitation. The overall sample was described, followed by comparison of adjusted scores on all HRQOL measures by diagnosis.ResultsParticipants reported mild difficulty with activities of daily living, marked pain and fatigue, and moderate helplessness. Participants reported a mean of 8 or more days out of 30 of poor physical and mental health and activity limitations; more than 40% reported poor or fair health. Participants with fibromyalgia reported more ill health on condition‐specific measures and the BRFSS HRQOL measures than did participants with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.ConclusionThe BRFSS HRQOL measure is a brief, easily administered, generic health indicator that shows differences among rheumatic disease diagnoses.
Systemic sclerosis: Patients' perceptions of their condition
Authors: Richards Helen L. , Herrick Ariane L. , Griffin Kerry , Gwilliam Petra D. H. , Loukes Jonathan , Fortune Dónal G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo examine patients' beliefs about systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to investigate the relationship between these beliefs, symptom report, and clinical and demographic variables.MethodsA total of 49 patients (7 male, 42 female) with SSc underwent clinical examination and completed the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire. This measure assesses beliefs about symptoms, chronicity or recurrence of the condition, consequences, personal and treatment control, illness coherence, perceived causes of the condition, and patients' emotional response to their condition.ResultsThe symptoms patients most frequently associated with their SSc were stiff joints (79%), pain (75%), and fatigue (75%). The most commonly reported causes of SSc were stress (53%), altered immunity (49%), and chance or bad luck (46%). More than 96% of patients believed that their condition would be chronic and 78% believed that the condition had serious consequences on their lives. Patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc reported more significant consequences of the condition and less personal control of their SSc compared with patients with limited cutaneous disease. There were no significant differences in illness beliefs between patients with nonsevere and severe ischemia. Multiple regression analyses indicated that illness beliefs, in particular perceived consequences associated with the condition, accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in emotional response to the condition.ConclusionsThe beliefs held and symptoms experienced by patients with SSc are not ruled by disease subtype, skin score, functional ability, or severity of digital ischemia. This suggests patients' beliefs and emotional response are associated with the meaning they ascribe to their condition rather than its severity.