bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Have You Told Management About This?’: Bringing Witness Interviewing Into The Twenty-First Century
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Milne Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The witness statement, the police officer’s 2 edited representation of the witness’s dis-8.01 closures when interviewed, occupies a focal position in our criminal justice system. Investigating officers rely upon statements obtained by other officers, or themselves, to inform and to progress the investigation. For the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)— prior to and following charging decisions—and for the defence, statements critically determine the management of the case. Similarly the judiciary rely heavily upon statements to enable them to obtain a detailed grasp of the case.
Investigative Interviewing With Children: Progress And Pitfalls
Authors: Davies Graham , Westcott Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A generation ago, a chapter in a legal text on interviewing children would have been 9.01 based largely on anecdote, laced with a fair measure of opinion and prejudice. This, in part, rejected the infrequent appearance of minors in the witness box and the lack of rigorous research and practical experience of forensic interviewing of children. That situation has rapidly changed in the last 30 years. Due to changes in the criminal law in relation to the admissibility of children’s evidence and the availability of video technology in the courtroomchildren’s evidence is now heard more frequently in court, most notably in cases of alleged sexual or physical abuse, but also domestic violence or roadtraffic offences.
Improving Visual Identification Procedures Under Pace Code D
Authors: Wolchover David , Heaton-Armstrong Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the pursuit of criminal justice increasingly depends upon forensic science a 17.01 crucial instrument in the detection and prosecution of offenders remains that of establishing the identity of the culprit by visual, which is to say facial, recognition. The procedures regulating visual identification of suspects are contained in Code D, The Code of Practice for the identification of Persons by Police officers, issued under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) originally in 1985 and subsequently re-issued through a number of editions, most recently on 1 January 2006, although the latest version introduces changes to the much reworked, 2004, edition which are only of marginal relevance.
Ten Precepts for the Social Studies of Finance
Authors: MacKenzie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin with a crucial facet of the technicality of markets: the role in them of the production and circulation of facts. A ‘fact’ is ‘A thing known … to have occurred or to be true’, and facts are obviously a crucial topic of the social studies of science. That field does not ask whether claimed scientific facts are ‘really true’, which is a question only science, not sociology, can answer. Instead, the sociology of scientific knowledge is interested in questions such as how facts are produced and what secures their facticity, in other words their status as facts.
Measuring Profit
Authors: MacKenzie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinton, Mississippi, Friday, 20 April 2001. The Deep South: during the Civil War, Sherman based himself here when besieging the city of Jackson. Clinton’s streets are lined with historic buildings and shaded with old trees. Yet Clinton is also the New South, the site of the ultramodern corporate headquarters of a leading telecom company—a building that in the words of one reporter rises ‘like a dark steel mother ship’ (Ripley 2002).
Ordinary Anxieties and States of Emergency: Statecraft and Spectatorship in the New Politics of Insecurity
Authors: Sparks Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once, perhaps, the allegation that we live in an environment of culturally produced anxieties that are sometimes politically serviceable, may have been the more or less exclusive province of radical criminologists and similar malcontents. It is an idea that has lengthy and respectable antecedents, of course, and would have been by no means astonishing to Machiavelli or to Hobbes. In its latter-day guise, however, this mistrustful and dubious notion was for quite some time a fringe idea. It had a certain heady appeal to students (like me) attracted to the more oppositional reaches of criminology and the sociology of deviance.
Access to Justice in Environmental Matters at EU Member State Level-An Update on the UK
Authors: Razzaque Jona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Access to justice has been a topic of interest in the European Union (EU) even prior to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention). At the EU level, two separate directives deal with access to information and public participation in decision-making, respectively. The draft EU Directive on Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, which is discussed in this chapter, concentrates on the enforcement of legislation relating to the environment by members of the public. Access to environmental justice facilitates access to law to resolve environmental problems.
Human Rights, the Courts, and the Environment-The Decision of the House of Lords inMarcicv. Thames irater Utilities Ltd.
Authors: McEldowney john 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The possibility of environmental claims raising human rights issues in the United Kingdom (UK) appears as a consequence of the Human Rights Act 1998, which gives the UK courts the opportunity to give the Council of Europe (COE) Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) a limited form of domestic effect in the UK. To what extent has the 1998 Act influenced judicial attitudes in claims involving the environment? Four years have elapsed since the 1998 Act came into force, and it is timely to consider the state of development of environmental human rights within the UK. In a recent landmark decision of the House of Lords on flooding caused by sewerage in &lt;i&gt;Marcie &lt;/i&gt;v. &lt;i&gt;Thames ter Utilities Ltd.,&lt;/i&gt; overturning the Court of Appeal decision that concluded rights had been infringed, the House of Lords has adopted a restrictive approach to expanding human rights in litigation affecting the environment.
The ‘urban republic’
Authors: Bingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Germany’s great cities of the 1920s were internationally recognized symbols of civic achievement, innovative management, urban planning, and vibrant experimentalism in the arts— fundamental characteristics of modernity and the metropolis. In crisis-ridden post-war Germany, more prosaically, municipal governments were also the primary engines, spenders, and on-site managers of the new social state.
Distinctive character acquired through Use: establishing the facts
Authors: Carboni Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader will now be familiar with the legal concept of ‘acquired distinct- 5.01 iveness’. In this chapter, we turn to the practical steps which can be taken to persuade a doubting trade mark examiner that an inherently non-distinctive, descriptive or generic trade mark has been magically transformed into one which is acceptable to be registered as a Community trade mark (CTM) or national trade mark in the EU. In many cases, step one will be to argue with the examiner about whether he 5.02 or she is correct in rejecting a trade mark on absolute grounds, relying on
Use, Intent To Use And Registration In The Usa
Authors: Dinwoodie Graeme B , Janis Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of use pervades US trade mark law. Use doctrines manifest 17.01 themselves in rules governing jurisdiction, trade mark acquisition and trade mark enforcement. The use ‘in commerce’ requirement ensures that the federal trade mark system remains within the bounds of Congress’ legislative authority under the Commerce Clause.1 Actual or constructive use2 by the The requirement that the trade mark owner use (or intend to use) the mark in interstate commerce appears in various provisions of the Lanham Act. See eg 15 USC §§1051(a) and (b) (Lanham Act §§1(a) and (b)) (owners of marks ‘used in commerce’, or persons having a bona fide intention ‘to use a trade mark in commerce’, may apply for registration).
Tradable Permits for Climate Change: Implications for Compliance, Monitoring, and Enforcement
Authors: Johnstone Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the Kyoto Protocol (which encouraged the use of ‘flexible mechanisms’ to meet emission-reduction commitments) and the European Union's Emissions Trading Directive (CEC, 2003a), tradable permits have taken centre stage as a means to address global warming. While the theoretical case for their economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness is well-established (OECD, 2004), the implications of their use for compliance, monitoring, and enforcement is less well understood. In this chapter, an effort is made to review their likely implications in these areas, drawing upon existing experience with the use of tradable permits in the area of climate change (which remains limited), and other air and water pollutants and natural resources (for which there is much more extensive experience). Assessing the implications of tradable permits for compliance, monitoring, and enforcement must be undertaken relative to a policy counterfactual. In most cases, the most plausible policy alternative is likely to be direct regulations involving either performance standards or technology standards, and this is generally the assumption made in this chapter. All environmental policy instruments have implications for monitoring and enforcement, and thus the pertinent question is whether or not such implications are very different under tradable permits, relative to the most likely direct regulation policy alternatives.
Tradable Permits for Climate Change: Implications for Compliance, Monitoring, and Enforcement
Authors: Böhringer Christoph , Finus Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Climate change has emerged as one of the most important and complex issues facing the world over the next century. Concentration of so-called greenhouse-gas emissions has increased markedly during the past century owing to human activities such as fossil-fuel combustion which releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Scientific evidence suggests that a continued increase in the greenhouse-gas concentration is likely to have significant effects on the climate. Despite large uncertainties about the concrete impacts on the ecosystem, a global consensus exists that global climate change constitutes a serious potential threat. Concerns on climate change led more than 180 countries to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, which declares that serious action should be taken to reduce man-made greenhouse-gas emissions (UNFCCC, 1992). To this end, the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997 (UNFCCC, 1997). This treaty contains legally binding greenhouse-gas-emission targets for industrialized countries to be achieved in the target period 2008–12 (the so-called Kyoto commitment period). The proponents of the Kyoto Protocol celebrated it as a breakthrough in international climate policy because (i) it aimed at substantial emission reductions for industrialized countries vis-à-vis business-as-usual emissions, and (ii) it established a broad international mechanism for widening and deepening climate-protection activities in the future.
Foreign Trade Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the period of perestroika during the late years of the former Soviet Union was accompanied by the abolition of the State monopoly of foreign trade originally introduced in the Russian Federation in April 1918, the Russian Federation has found it difficult to disengage substantially from State intervention in foreign commerce. After some years of what specialists have described as an era of indecision in the domain of foreign trade, the Russian Federation sought to clarify the role of the State in foreign trade by enacting the 1995 Federal Law on the State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity. This enactment was superseded by the 2003 Federal Law on the Fundamental Principles of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity, as amended.
Foreign Investment Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreign natural and juridical persons who become foreign investors in the Russian Federation enjoy special rights, duties, and guarantees under Russian legislation. These comprise the subject of the present Chapter.
Although the principal legislative act regulating relations connected with State guarantees of the rights of foreign investors who make investments on the territory of the Russian Federation is the 1999 Federal Law on Foreign Investments in the Russian Federation, many subjects of the Russian Federation have adopted their own foreign investment laws to augment or elaborate the 1999 Federal Law. Depending upon the territory where the foreign investment is to be made, the investor will need to determine whether there is relevant applicable legislation of the subject of the Russian Federation. Also of relevance is the 1999 Federal Law on Investment Activity in the Russian Federation Effectuated in the Form of Capital Investments.
Duties and Procedural Rights of Foreigners
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal duty of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation is to comply with the 1993 Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation. This is a duty they share equally with Russian citizens. Nonetheless, there are duties of compliance that fall especially on foreigners and sanctions imposed for violations applicable solely to foreigners. They form the subject of the present Chapter, together with an account of the special concomitant procedural rights and duties that apply to foreigners in certain situations.
Territory of The Russian Federation
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The territory of the Russian Federation consists of land space within the State boundary of the Russian Federation, subjacent subsoil, superjacent airspace, internal sea waters and the territorial sea of the Russian Federation, navigable rivers which adjoin a neighbouring State along the thalweg, and as designated on non-navigable rivers, on lakes and other waters, water reservoirs of hydro- installations and other artificial water bodies, and on bridges, dams, and other installations. Historically speaking, these boundaries are those of the former RSFSR as consolidated by international treaties and legislative acts of the former Soviet Union as adjusted by international treaties of the Russian Federation. In some locations the adjustment by treaty remains to be accomplished.
Introduction
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to explore the implications for technology licensing 1.01 of the fundamental changes in the application of EU competition law that have occurred over the last 10 years. Not too long ago, applying EC competition law to an intellectual property licence was usually a relatively simple matter of identifying possible ‘restrictive’ clauses in an agreement and checking them against a block exemption regulation issued by the Commission. To perform this exercise, it was not necessary to understand competition policy or to follow developments in the broader law under Article 81.
The ‘Modernisation’ of Eu Competition Law Enforcement—The New Analytical Paradigm For Applying Article 81
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The entry of Regulation 1/2003 into force on 1 May 2004, concluded a revolution in the application of Article 81 EC Treaty. Regulation 1 marks the culmination of a series of regulatory initiatives and policy pronouncements, dismantling the elaborate structure for regulatory control over contracts that had been in place since the 1960s. In its place, the Commission has created a structure for control of agreements that is based on an economic assessment of both the benefits and the anticompetitive effects of agreements.
Grammatical Sketch
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the main points of English syntax which are necessary for an understanding of later chapters (it does not go into exhaustive detail on any issue).
On a fair number of analytical issues there is currently disagreement between grammarians; only some of the disagreements are mentioned here. In a book of this size it would be impracticable to discuss all alternative proposals. What I have tried to do is provide a single, internally consistent view of the syntax of English.
The pronoun system of English, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, is shown in Table 2.1. As mentioned in §1.5, pronouns in series I are likely to reduce to enclitics, while series II and possessor modifier forms are likely to reduce to proclitics.
Social Enterprise Models and Their Mission and Money Relationships
Authors: Alter Sutia Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hallmark of social entrepreneurship is its ability to combine social interests with business practices to effect social change. Its hybrid world—part business–part social—has spawned a new breed of practitioner, the social entrepreneur, as well as a new brand of organization, the revenue earning social enterprise. Traditionally people think of not-for-profits as being responsible for creating social value and for-profits for creating economic value; social entrepreneurship brings these dichotomies together, marrying social interest and market mechanisms to create both social and economic value with a new type of institution.
Dynamics of Corporate Responsibility
Authors: Shanahan Suzanne , Khagram Sanjeev 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
State retrenchment and scandals of corporate governance are just two of the more recent concerns that have fueled an almost thirty-year international debate over business-society relations. Is profit maximization the sole obligation of business or should private enterprise play a broader role in society? Should business be expected to more directly address pressing economic, social, and environmental issues? By 2000, public opinion, at least, was becoming increasingly dear: two in three individuals surveyed across twenty-three countries and six continents expected companies to play a significant part in the collective pursuit of societal goals (Environics 2000).
Turning the University into an Organizational Actor
Authors: Krucken Georg , Meier Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Universities worldwide have gone through a variety of changes over the last half-century. From the offspring of institutes for learning and teaching in higher education in the late 1960s to the current emphasis on e-learning, methodological and systematic approaches to academic teaching have more and more replaced the belief in the natural teaching abilities of university professors. Educating university students has come to be seen as something that can be taught like physics or languages, and the individual style and aura of the professor gives way to a more sober and rationalized image of academic teachers. Likewise, the societal conception of academic research has undergone profound transformations.
Introduction
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Moral rights’, as the words are understood in copyright law, are specialized legal devices that allow certain creators to control the treatment and presentation of their work by others. They thereby safeguard the non-economic int rests that arise from the creative act.
This, at any rate, is a broad and provisional definition of the rights. It must be admitted, however, that the details of any definition must change according to context. No single term can accurately encapsulate what ‘moral rights’ mean within different legal cultures, and no single national vision of the rights can be assumed to define, for the whole world, what the rights are. We may speak, in English, of the ‘moral rights’ of French, German and British authors and be referring to different sets of entitlements, positioned differently within the national laws and based on different theoretical postulates.
Moral Rights As Cultural Protection—A Deviation From The Norm
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been clear from the discussion to this point that the droit moral or author’s right of personality had been predominantly conceived of, through the late 19th century and into the 20th century, as protecting the human personality or personhood. This is evident in the writings of jurists and the decisions of courts. This individualist conception of the right had been buttressed by legislative provisions that, though drafted to protect the consumer and the trading environment, had the effect of authorial protection.
The Rome Revision Conference of The Berne Convention
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The territoriality of domestic copyright/authors’ rights legislation, based on the principle of state sovereignty, meant during the early 20th century that authors were not effectively protected from unacceptable treatments of their work committed abroad. Practically their only prospect of controlling the fate of their works rested on their capacity to invoke the protection of foreign laws. Given the political and legal independence of sovereign states, it could not be taken for granted that they would be able to do so.
Moral Rights In France
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral rights in France have been relatively little influenced by the Berne Convention. The older core provisions do not show the signs of Berne drafting, though some of the later provisions do. The theory of the rights comes down from the cases of the 19th century and the doctrine that grew up around them, as discussed in Chapters 1 and 2 above. The form of the rights is loosely expressed in the statute so that legal principle rather than statutory drafting will still determine most aspects of a case.
The United Kingdom: Developments Towards The Current Law
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain showed many of the same developments that we have seen in Europe. It shared with Europe a version of the privilege system. Here too concepts of authorial property evolved, based on natural law thinking. Even certain noneconomic prerogatives of the author were recognized. Indeed Strömholm asserts that English philosophy, especially that of Hobbes and Locke, was a necessary factor in the development of that attitude to individuality in Europe that enabled the development of the droit moral.
The United Kingdom: The Rights and Their Application
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United Kingdom a concern for authorial interests was expressed in the Fine Arts Copyright Act of 1862. In fact the United Kingdom was the first country under discussion here to have experienced this type of legislative development, a development that was instrumental in persuading Britain to sign the Rome Revision Act of the Berne Convention. This legislation, and the principles that underpinned it, helped to foster a belief in the adequacy of Britain’s regime of protection. It also provided a model whose influence can be seen in the UK formulation of moral rights today.