bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sick individuals, sick populations revisited: a test of the Rose hypothesis for type 2 diabetes disparities
Authors: Gupta Sonali , Jordan I King , Mariño-Ramírez Leonardo 
Published: December 2023

IntroductionThe Rose hypothesis predicts that since genetic variation is greater within than between populations, genetic risk factors will be associated with individuals’ risk of disease but not population disparities, and since socioenvironmental variation is greater between than within populations, socioenvironmental risk factors will be associated with population disparities but not individuals’ disease risk.MethodsWe used the UK Biobank to test the Rose hypothesis for type 2 diabetes (T2D) ethnic disparities in the UK. Our cohort consists of 26 912 participants from Asian, black and white ethnic groups. Participants were characterised as T2D cases or controls based on the presence or absence of T2D diagnosis codes in electronic health records. T2D genetic risk was measured using a polygenic risk score (PRS), and socioeconomic deprivation was measured with the Townsend Index (TI). The variation of genetic (PRS) and socioeconomic (TI) risk factors within and between ethnic groups was calculated using analysis of variance. Multivariable logistic regression was used to associate PRS and TI with T2D cases, and mediation analysis was used to analyse the effect of PRS and TI on T2D ethnic group disparities.ResultsT2D prevalence differs for Asian 23.34% (OR=5.14, CI=4.68 to 5.65), black 16.64% (OR=3.81, CI=3.44 to 4.22) and white 7.35% (reference) ethnic groups in the UK. Both genetic and socioenvironmental T2D risk factors show greater within (w) than between (b) ethnic group variation: PRS w=64.60%, b=35.40%; TI w=71.18%, b=28.19%. Nevertheless, both genetic risk (PRS OR=1.96, CI=1.87 to 2.07) and socioeconomic deprivation (TI OR=1.09, CI=1.08 to 1.10) are associated with T2D individual risk and mediate T2D ethnic disparities (Asian PRS=22.5%, TI=9.8%; black PRS=32.0%, TI=25.3%).ConclusionA relative excess of within-group versus between-group variation does not preclude T2D risk factors from contributing to T2D ethnic disparities. Our results support an integrative approach to health disparities research that includes both genetic and socioenvironmental risk factors.
Bronchial rheoplasty for chronic bronchitis: 2-year results from a US feasibility study with RheOx
Authors: Sciurba Frank C , Dransfield Mark T , Kim Victor , Marchetti Nathaniel , Comellas Alejandro , Hogarth Douglas Kyle , Majid Adnan 
Published: December 2023

IntroductionChronic bronchitis (CB), a phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterised by persistent cough and mucus hypersecretion, is associated with poor outcomes despite guideline-based treatment. Bronchial rheoplasty (BR) with the RheOx system delivers non-thermal pulsed electric fields to the lower airway epithelium and submucosa to reduce mucus producing cells. Early phase clinical trials including 1-year follow-up have demonstrated reduction in airway goblet cell hyperplasia and improvement in CB symptoms.MethodsThe current multicentre observational BR study enrolled 21 patients with CB at six centres in the USA, with bilateral treatment and 2-year follow-up. Entry criteria included elevated cough and sputum scores from COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and forced expiratory volume in one second<80% predicted. Safety was assessed by serious adverse event (SAE) incidence through 24 months. Clinical utility was evaluated using changes in the CAT, the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and by comparing exacerbation rates before and following intervention.ResultsNo procedure-related or device-related SAEs occurred. Mean (SD) changes from baseline in CAT at 12 and 24 months were −9.0 (6.7) (p<0.0001) and −5.6 (7.1) (p<0.0047) and in SGRQ were −16.6 (13.2) (p<0.0001) and −11.8 (19.2) (p<0.0227), respectively. There was a 34% reduction in moderate and a 64% reduction in severe COPD exacerbation events compared with the year prior to treatment.ConclusionsThis study extends the findings from previous feasibility studies, demonstrating that BR can be performed safely and may significantly improve symptoms and health-related quality of life for patients with CB through 24 months.Trail registration numberNCT03631472.
Predicting outcomes across treatment settings in patients with shoulder pain referred to physiotherapy: a secondary analysis of two comparable prospective cohort studies
Authors: Agger Nikolaj , Desmeules François , Christiansen David Høyrup 
Published: December 2023

ObjectivePrevious studies have examined factors that may contribute to predicting outcomes for patients with shoulder pain. However, there is still a lack of consensus on which factors predict the results and whether there are differences based on the treatment setting. Thus, this study aimed to analyse and compare how baseline variables are associated with future outcomes in patients with shoulder pain in primary and secondary care settings.MethodsThis study conducted a secondary analysis of two observational prospective cohort studies involving patients with shoulder pain in primary care (n=150) and secondary care (n=183). Multiple regression analyses were employed, with one interaction term at a time, to examine potential differences in association with baseline characteristics and future outcomes between the two settings.ResultsChanges in pain and function were statistically significant at 6 months for patients in primary care and secondary care. However, associations for most baseline variables and outcomes did not differ significantly across these two treatment settings. The only statistically significant interactions observed were for the associations between baseline level of pain, function and fear avoidance beliefs and change in pain scores at 6 months, with lower change scores observed among patients in the secondary care.ConclusionThis study revealed that the association with outcomes did not differ across settings for most baseline characteristics. These findings suggest that it could be feasible to generalise the prognostic value of most baseline variables for patients with shoulder, irrespective of the treatment setting.
Implementation of the European Society of Cardiology 0/3-hour accelerated diagnostic protocol, using high sensitive troponin T: a clinical practice evaluation of safety and effectiveness involving 3003 patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Hatherley James Daniel , Salmon Thomas , Collinson Paul O , Khand Aleem 
Published: December 2023

BackgroundThere have been relatively few studies detailing the real-world effectiveness and safety of accelerated diagnostic protocols (ADP), using high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn).ObjectiveTo analyse the safety and effectiveness of early emergency department (ED) discharge following implementation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 0/3-hour ADP for suspected acute coronary syndromes (ACS).MethodWe prospectively studied 2 cohorts of consecutive suspected ACS presentations to ED before (n=1642) and after (n=1376, 2 centres) implementation of the ESC 0/3-hour ADP incorporating limit of detection rule out. Safety was defined by MACE (major adverse cardiac events) inclusive of type 1 myocardial infarction (MI) in patients discharged from ED, and clinical effectiveness by percentage ED discharge. Continuous variables and categorical data were evaluated by independent t-test and χ2test, respectively. Time-to-event data were analysed as survival data and converted to Kaplan-Meier curves for interpretation.ResultsIn the preimplementation period, there was a higher prevalence of MI. Discharge from ED increased by >100% (from 27.1% to 56.5% of the cohort) with no safety signal (MACE rate 4/444 (0.9%) vs 4/769 (0.52%), p=0.430 for the 2011 and 2018 cohort, respectively). This correlated with a marked reduction in length of stay overall but a more modest reduction for those discharged from ED (6 hours 10 min vs 5 hours 25 min, p<0.001) for the 2011 and 2018 cohort, respectively. There were improvements in presentation to blood draw (163–90 min, p<0.001). Time from presentation to first ECG actually increased (16.2 vs 31.2 min, p<0.001). Analysis of hs-cTn values and ECGs revealed a maximum ED discharge rate of 69%, by applying the 0/3-hour protocol, implying potential for increasing safe ED discharge.ConclusionsImplementation of an ADP with hs-cTn is safe and effective for early rule-out and discharge of suspected ACS but require considerable resources and education to optimise maximal patient flow.
Differences in treatment and clinical outcomes in patients aged ≥75 years compared with those aged ≤74 years following acute coronary syndromes: a prospective multicentre study
Authors: Lawless Michael , Damluji Abdulla , Dirjayanto Valerie Josephine , Mills Gregory , Pompei Graziella , Rubino Francesca , Kunadian Vijay 
Published: December 2023

ObjectiveThis study describes the differences in treatment and clinical outcomes in patients aged ≥75 years compared with those aged ≤74 years presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and undergoing invasive management.MethodsA large-scale cohort study of patients with ST-elevation/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI)/unstable angina underwent coronary angiography (January 2015–December 2019). Patients were classified as older (≥75 years) and younger (≤74 years). Regression analysis was used to yield adjusted risks of mortality for older versus younger patients (adjusted for history of heart failure, hypercholesterolaemia, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, presence of ST-elevation MI on presenting ECG, female sex and cardiogenic shock at presentation).ResultsIn total, 11 763 patients were diagnosed with ACS, of which 39% were aged ≥75 years. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in fewer older patients than younger patients (81.2% vs 86.2%, p<0.001). At discharge, older patients were prescribed less secondary-prevention medications than younger patients. Median follow-up was 4.57 years. Older patients had a greater risk of in-hospital mortality than younger patients (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.12, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.78, p<0.001). Older patients diagnosed with ST-elevation MI had greater adjusted odds of dying in-hospital (aOR 2.47, 95% CI 1.79 to 3.41, p<0.001). Older age was not an independent prognostic factor of mortality at 1 year (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.95, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.09, p=0.460) and at longer term (aHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.10, p=0.684).ConclusionsOlder patients are discharged with less secondary prevention. Patients aged ≥75 years are more likely to die in-hospital than younger patients.
On the cohomology of NC(−2) in positive characteristic
Authors: Larson Eric 
Published: December 2023

Let [Formula: see text] be a general Brill–Noether curve. A classical problem is to determine when [Formula: see text], which controls the quadric section of [Formula: see text]. So far this problem has only been solved in characteristic zero, in which case [Formula: see text] with finitely many exceptions. In this paper, we extend these results to positive characteristic, uncovering a wealth of new exceptions in characteristic [Formula: see text].
Airborne Radar Quality Control with Machine Learning
Authors: DesRosiers Alexander J. , Bell Michael M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Airborne Doppler radar provides detailed and targeted observations of winds and precipitation in weather systems over remote or difficult-to-access regions that can help to improve scientific understanding and weather forecasts. Quality control (QC) is necessary to remove nonweather echoes from raw radar data for subsequent analysis. The complex decision-making ability of the machine learning random-forest technique is employed to create a generalized QC method for airborne radar data in convective weather systems. A manually QCed dataset was used to train the model containing data from the Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA) in mature and developing tropical cyclones, a tornadic supercell, and a bow echo. Successful classification of ∼96% and ∼93% of weather and nonweather radar gates, respectively, in withheld testing data indicate the generalizability of the method. Dual-Doppler analysis from the genesis phase of Hurricane Ophelia (2005) using data not previously seen by the model produced a comparable wind field to that from manual QC. The framework demonstrates a proof of concept that can be applied to newer airborne Doppler radars.

Significance Statement
Airborne Doppler radar is an invaluable tool for making detailed measurements of wind and precipitation in weather systems over remote or difficult to access regions, such as hurricanes over the ocean. Using the collected radar data depends strongly on quality control (QC) procedures to classify weather and nonweather radar echoes and to then remove the latter before subsequent analysis or assimilation into numerical weather prediction models. Prior QC techniques require interactive editing and subjective classification by trained researchers and can demand considerable time for even small amounts of data. We present a new machine learning algorithm that is trained on past QC efforts from radar experts, resulting in an accurate, fast technique with far less user input required that can greatly reduce the time required for QC. The new technique is based on the random forest, which is a machine learning model composed of decision trees, to classify weather and nonweather radar echoes. Continued efforts to build on this technique could benefit future weather forecasts by quickly and accurately quality-controlling data from other airborne radars for research or operational meteorology.
An Approximate Criterion for Morphological Transformations in Small Vapor Grown Ice Crystals
Authors: Harrington Jerry Y. , Pokrifka Gwenore F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Observations and measurements show that crystals remain relatively compact at low ice supersaturations, but become increasingly hollowed and complex as the ice supersaturation rises. Prior measurements at temperatures >−25°C indicate that the transition from compact, solid ice to morphologically complex crystals occurs when the excess vapor density exceeds a threshold value of about 0.05 g m−3. A comparable threshold is not available at low temperatures. A temperature-dependent criterion for the excess vapor density threshold (Δρthr) that defines morphological transformations to complex ice is derived from laboratory measurements of vapor grown ice at temperatures below −40°C. This criterion depends on the difference between the equilibrium vapor density of liquid () and ice (ρei) multiplied by a measurement-determined constant, . The new criterion is consistent with prior laboratory measurements, theoretical estimates, and it reproduces the classical result of about 0.05 g m−3 above −25°C. Since Δρthr defines the excess vapor density above which crystals transition to a morphologically complex (lower density) growth mode, we can estimate the critical supersaturation (scrit) for step nucleation during vapor growth. The derived values of scrit are consistent with previous measurements at temperatures above −20°C. No direct measurements of scrit are available for temperatures below −40°C; however, our derived values suggest some measurement-based estimates may be too high while estimates from molecular dynamics simulations may be too low.
The Important Role of Reduced Moisture Supplies from the Monsoon Region in the Formation of Spring and Summer Droughts over Northeast China
Authors: Zeng Dingwen , Yuan Xing 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Anomalies in atmospheric moisture transport are critical for drought formation, with East Asian monsoon anomalies identified as the primary driver of droughts in East Asia. However, the drought mechanism for the border region between monsoon and nonmonsoon land areas remains unclear due to complex interactions between latitudinal circulation patterns. Using a Lagrangian framework, we quantify moisture supply (MS) during spring and summer drought events within the border region, specifically Northeast China (NEC). Our results reveal that decreased MS from monsoon land areas is more crucial than nonmonsoon land areas and local areas for NEC droughts, with the local water recycling playing a more substantial role in summer than in spring. On average, summer droughts are 4 times more intense than spring droughts. Contributions to MS deficits from monsoon land areas, nonmonsoon land areas, and local areas during spring (summer) droughts are 43.2% (43.8%), 25.1% (19.2%), and 22% (33.8%), respectively. The weakened atmospheric circulation from source regions to NEC contributes to over 80% of MS deficits during droughts. Atmospheric wave trains triggered by North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) gradients, along with the weakening of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet in spring and a positive phase of the polar–Eurasian teleconnection in summer, contribute to spring and summer droughts, respectively. A sustained, record-breaking positive SSTA along the western European coast from the spring to summer excited a wave train, and resulted in the extreme 2017 spring–summer drought. These findings provide valuable insights into the drought mechanism within the interaction zone of circulation systems from different latitudes.

Significance Statement
The complex interactions between atmospheric circulation patterns at different latitudes have led to an insufficient understanding of the mechanisms causing extreme drought in the border region between the monsoon and nonmonsoon land areas. This study aims to investigate the drought mechanisms in the border region from the perspective of moisture tracking. Results indicate a moisture supply deficit from the monsoon region contributes the most (approximately half) to droughts, although the majority of air parcels reaching this region originate from the nonmonsoon region. The weakening of circulation contributes to more than 80% of the moisture supply deficit during droughts, far exceeding the impact of reduced evaporation from the moisture source regions. These findings are conducive to understanding the mechanisms of extreme drought.
The WHO QualityRights Initiative and its use worldwide: A literature review
Authors: Mion Ana Beatriz Zanardo , Ventura Carla Aparecida Arena 
Published: December 2023

Background: To subsidize and win the fight against the violation of the human rights of people with mental disorders, an international working group has built a toolkit of quality assurance services and the exercise of human rights by users, both in low-, middle, and high-income countries. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) QualityRights Initiative has been discussed and agreed upon by government entities in many countries in its use and implementation. The program includes a service assessment kit and training modules. Aims: In this context, this article aims to synthesize, from database searches, how the QualityRights Initiative is being used worldwide. Method: This is an integrative literature review, in which 354 articles were initially obtained. After analysis, 25 articles were included in this study. Results: The results show different ways of using the initiative: service evaluation; QualityRights Initiative service evaluation and training provision; innovations on how to use the QualityRights Initiative; and QualityRights Initiative trainings. Conclusions: As the first part of the initiative, the service assessment part, was launched before the training materials, most of the articles found (17) were using it. Despite the recent launch of the training part of the initiative, five articles were found to have already conducted the training. In addition, three articles reported on the use of the initiative in other ways, such as translation and cultural adaptation of the modules; updating the document in light of the QualityRights project; and assessing whether its implementation would be effective in reducing coercive practices.
Investigating the energy absorption properties of sandwich panels filled with shear thickening fluid with a weight fraction of 35% under low-velocity impact
Authors: Astaraki Sajjad , Zamani Ehsan , Pol Mohammad Hossein , Hasan-nezhad Hosein 
Published: December 2023

This research study the energy absorption performance of aluminum core honeycomb sandwich panel (ACHSP) with filled and empty cores subjected to low-velocity impact testing, with diverse skins; (i) aluminum sheets, (ii) 5-ply epoxy glass composite, and (iii) 5-ply shear thickening fluid (STF)-impregnated glass fabrics. The prepared STF was 35 wt% and the impactor heights was selected at 100 and 500 mm to assess the effect of different impact velocities on the energy absorption capability of STF. The specific energy absorption (SEA) of the STF-filled ACHSP with 5-ply STF-impregnated fabrics skin (height of 500 mm) compared to STF-filled ACHSP with aluminum sheets skin and 5-ply epoxy glass composite skin have increased by 28.38 and 21.79%, respectively. In a fact of truth, when the external force is applied to the STF-filled ACHSP, the fluid transitions from a low-velocity to a high-velocity state instantly. This transition exerts forces on the suspended particles within the fluid. Actually, during the impact, the particles come into close contact and form temporary particle networks or chains. These networks increase the viscosity of the fluid, making it resistant to flow. The energy of the impact is then absorbed by the formation and reformation of these particles’ networks. However, the SEA of STF-filled ACHSP at the height of 500 mm to empty ACHSP at the height of 100 mm have decreased significantly, and the energy absorption of STF-filled ACHSPs to corresponding empty ACHSPs have increased remarkably.
Living Arrangements Predict Frequent Alcohol Consumption Among University Students: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Matsumura Yuichiro , Yamamoto Ryohei , Shinzawa Maki , Otsuki Naoko , Mizui Masayuki , Matsui Isao , Sakaguchi Yusuke , Nishida Makoto , Nakanishi Kaori , Ide Seiko , Ishibashi Chisaki , Kudo Takashi , Yamauchi-Takihara Keiko , Nagatomo Izumi , Moriyama Toshiki 
Published: December 2023

Purpose This study aimed to confirm the clinical impact of living arrangements on incidence of frequent alcohol consumption in university students. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting A national university in Japan. Subjects 17,774 university students. Measures The association between living arrangements on admission and the incidence of frequent alcohol consumption (≥4 days/week) was assessed using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models. Results Among 5,685, 692, and 5,151 male students living with family, living in the dormitory, and living alone, 5.0%, 6.2%, and 5.8% reported frequent alcohol consumption during the median observational period of 3.0 years, respectively. Living in the dormitory and living alone were identified as significant predictors of frequent alcohol consumption (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios: 1.00 [reference], 1.39 [1.01-1.92], and 1.21 [1.03-1.42], respectively). On the contrary, living arrangements were not associated with the incidence of frequent alcohol consumption among of 6,091 female students, partly because of low incidence of frequent alcohol consumption (2.3%, 1.4%, and 2.6%, respectively). Conclusions Living arrangements predicted frequent alcohol consumption among male university students, whereas not among female university students.