bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N‐cadherin is regulated by gonadal steroids in adult sexually dimorphic spinal motoneurons
Authors: Monks Douglas A. , Getsios Spiro , MacCalman Colin D. , Watson Neil V. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGonadal steroids influence the morphology and function of neurons in the adult spinal cord through cellular and molecular mechanisms that are largely unknown. The cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that participate in the formation and organization of the CNS during embryonic development, and recent evidence suggests that the cadherins continue to regulate neural structure and function in adulthood. Using degenerate oligonucleotides coding conserved regions of the catenin‐binding domain of classical cadherins in a RT‐PCR cloning strategy, we identified several cadherin subtypes, the most frequently cloned being N‐, E‐, and R‐cadherin, suggesting that these are the major classical cadherin subtypes present in the adult male rat lumbosacral spinal cord. We then examined cadherin expression levels of these cadherin subtypes under steroid conditions known to induce plastic changes in spinal motoneurons. Semiquantitative PCR revealed that mRNA levels of N‐cadherin, but not E‐cadherin or R‐cadherin, are elevated in castrated rats treated with testosterone, 17β‐estradiol, or dihydrotestosterone relative to castrate rats not treated with steroids. Immunolocalization of N‐cadherin revealed that steroid treatment increased N‐cadherin expression levels in functionally related neural populations whose morphology and function are regulated by steroids. These results suggest a role for N‐cadherin in steroid‐induced neuroplastic change in the adult lumbar spinal cord. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 255–264, 2001
Solving dynamic macroeconomic policy games using the algorithm OPTGAME 1.0
Authors: Hager Manfred , Neck Reinhard , Behrens Doris A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper we briefly summarise the OPTGAME 1.0 algorithm, which has been developed to determine equilibrium solutions of dynamic games in discrete time. It can be applied to obtain approximate numerical solutions for two‐player difference games where the objective functions are quadratic and the dynamic system is non‐linear. The non‐linear system equations are linearized numerically, substituting a linear time‐varying system for the non‐linear time‐invariant system. OPTGAME 1.0 delivers open‐loop and feedback Nash equilibrium solutions, open‐loop and feedback Stackelberg equilibrium solutions, and Pareto‐optimal solutions. The algorithm has been implemented in the statistical programming system GAUSS. We report about tentative applications of OPTGAME 1.0 to a small macroeconometric model for Austria, AUSTRIA1, to show the feasibility of the calculations and to give examples of how to interpret their results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outsourcing in the public services: a comparative analysis of practice, capability and impact
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew , Kakabadse Nada 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article analyses thinking and practice concerning privatization and outsourcing in the public services and compares recent trends with the findings of an extensive comparative survey of outsourcing conducted at Cranfield School of Management. Particular attention is paid to the systems and processes being outsourced, their importance to the organization and the impact of outsourcing on public service organizations. The results of the survey suggest that public service managers are more skilful than managers from the private sector at handling the transactional aspects of outsourcing. However, managers from public service organizations, unlike managers from the private sector, assert that outsourcing is damaging the running of public service enterprises. It is concluded that until the political and administrative processes are more closely aligned public service managers will continue to hold a more negative view of outsourcing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Mandatory Waiting Periods and Parental Consent Laws on the Timing of Abortion and State of Occurrence among Adolescents in Mississippi and South Carolina
Authors: Joyce Ted , Kaestner Robert 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIndividual data on induced abortions from Mississippi and South Carolina are used to examine the effect of parental consent laws and mandatory delay statutes on two outcomes among teens: the point in pregnancy at which the abortion occurs and whether teens obtain abortions in or outside their state of residence. No effect of either law was found on the timing and location of abortion among minors relative to older teens in South Carolina. In Mississippi, however, both laws are associated with an increase in the proportion of abortions performed out of the state and the parental consent statute with later abortions. The conclusion is that Mississippi's 24‐hour as compared with South Carolina's one‐hour delay requirement, and Mississippi's two‐parent as contrasted with South Carolina's one‐parent consent statute explain the stronger behavioral response in Mississippi. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Management and Ananlysis.
Terpolymerization monitoring with ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Hua Hong , Dubé Marc A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractButyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate solution and emulsion terpolymerizations were conducted. Attenuated total relflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipped with conduit and diamond‐composite sensor technology was used to monitor solution terpolymerizations off‐line and emulsion terpolymerizations in‐line. Monomer conversion and terpolymer composition changes as a function of time were calculated by monitoring the peak height of characteristic absorbances of each monomer. Results obtained from the ReactIR™ 1000 reaction‐analysis system agreed well with those determined by traditional gravimetry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. For the solution terpolymerizations, improved models developed previously to incorporate solvent effects on solution polymerizations of butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate monomers were applied to predict monomer conversion, copolymer composition, and molecular weight averages. Comparisons between experimental data and model predictions are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1860–1876, 2001
Anomalous thermochromic transition of poly(di‐n‐octylsilane)
Authors: Kanai Toshinobu , Ishibashi. Hiroki , Hayashi Yoshikazu , Oka Kunio , Dohmaru Takaaki , Ogawa Tatsuo , Furukawa Shoji , West Robert 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe thermochromic behavior of poly(di‐n‐octylsilane) {[Si(C8H17)2]n; PDOS} was studied by ultraviolet (UV) absorption, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The structure of PDOS in the low‐temperature phase strongly depended on not only the temperature but also the rate of cooling, that is, the thermal history. Temperature‐dependent UV absorption spectra were highly dependent on thermal hysteresis. Cooled rapidly (10 K/min), PDOS showed two absorption peaks at 3.32 and 3.51 eV in low‐temperature‐ordered phases, whereas a single absorption peak at 3.32 eV became predominant with slow cooling (0.3 K/min). The appearance of the two peaks at low temperatures suggested that a mixture of different conformations was introduced by rapid cooling. A fiber diffraction pattern measured at 240 K after rapid cooling also showed evidence of the existence of novel conformation. A temperature‐dependent powder X‐ray diffraction pattern changed significantly between 270 and 280 K. Rapid cooling reduced the intensity of the X‐ray diffraction peak in this temperature region. This intensity change was explained by the conformational mixture in the polymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 1085–1092, 2001
Proteomic analysis of normal and malignant prostate tissue to identify novel proteins lost in cancer
Authors: Meehan Katie L. , Holland John W. , Dawkins Hugh J.S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlterations of important protein pathways, including loss of prostate secretory granules, and disruption of the prostatic secretory pathway have been identified as early events in malignancy. In this study, proteomics was used to map the differences in protein expression between normal and malignant prostate tissues and to identify and analyze differentially expressed proteins in human prostate tissue with particular regard to the proteins lost in malignancy.METHODSSmall quantities of normal and malignant prostate tissue were taken fresh from 34 radical prostatectomy cases. After histological examination, proteins were solubilized from selected tissues and separated using two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Using image analysis, the proteome of normal and malignant tissues were mapped and differentially expressed proteins (present in normal and absent in malignant tissue) were identified and subsequently analyzed using peptide mass finger printing and N‐terminal sequencing. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine expression profiles and tissue localization of candidate proteins.RESULTSComparison of protein maps of normal and malignant prostate were used to identify 20 proteins which were lost in malignant transformation, including prostate specific antigen (PSA), alpha‐1 antichymotrypsin (ACT), haptoglobin, and lactoylglutathione lyase. Three of the 20 had not previously been reported in human prostate tissue (Ubiquitin‐like NEDD8, calponin, and a follistatin‐related protein). Western blotting confirmed differences in the expression profiles of NEDD8 and calponin, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated differences in the cellular localization of these two proteins in normal and malignant prostate glands.CONCLUSIONSThe expression of NEDD8, calponin, and the follistatin‐related protein in normal prostate tissues is a novel finding and the role of these important functional proteins in normal prostate and their loss or reduced expression in prostate malignancy warrants further investigations. Prostate 50: 54–63, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of mutations in the two‐component histidine kinase gene that confer fludioxonil resistance and osmotic sensitivity in the os‐1 mutants of Neurospora crassa
Authors: Ochiai Noriyuki , Fujimura Makoto , Motoyama Takayuki , Ichiishi Akihiko , Usami Ron , Horikoshi Koki , Yamaguchi Isamu 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOsmotic‐sensitive (os‐1) mutant alleles in Neurospora crassa exhibit resistance to dicarboximides, aromatic hydrocarbons and phenylpyrroles. We have previously reported that the os‐1 mutants can be classified into two groups based on their resistance to fungicides and osmotic stress: type I, which are highly resistant to iprodione and fludioxonil but moderately sensitive to osmotic stress, and type II, which are highly sensitive to osmotic stress but moderately resistant to fungicides. To explain the mechanism of resistance to these fungicides, we cloned and sequenced the mutant os‐1 genes that encode putative osmo‐sensing histidine kinase. Within the os‐1 gene product (Os1p), the type I strains, NM233t and Y256M209, carried a stop codon at amino acid position 308 and a frameshift at amino acid position 294, respectively. These mutation sites were located on the upstream of histidine kinase and the response regulator domains of Os1p, strongly suggesting that type I strains are null mutants. The null mutants, NM233t and Y256M209, were highly resistant to iprodione and fludioxonil; thus Os1p is essential for these fungicides to express their antifungal activity. The amino acid changes in Os1p, 625Pro from Leu, 578Val from Ala, and 580Arg from Gly were found in the type II strains, M16, M155‐1 and P5990, respectively. Os1p is novel in having six tandem repeats of 90 amino acids in the N terminal. Each amino acid change of the type II strains was located on the fifth unit of six tandem repeats. Type II strains with single amino acid changes were more sensitive to osmotic stress than the null mutants (type I), indicating that the amino acid repeats of Os1p were responsible for an important function in osmo‐regulation.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The ABC transporter BcatrB from Botrytis cinerea is a determinant of the activity of the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil
Authors: Vermeulen T , Schoonbeek H , De Waard Maarten A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study demonstrates that the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter BcatrB from Botrytis cinerea influences the activity of phenylpyrrole fungicides against the pathogen. This conclusion is based on toxicity assays and northern analysis experiments which show that BcatrB replacement mutants, which do not express the BcatrB gene, show an increased sensitivity to the phenylpyrrole fungicides fludioxonil and fenpiclonil. Mutants overexpressing BcatrB exhibit a decreased sensitivity to these fungicides. In addition, accumulation of fludioxonil by BcatrB replacement mutants was higher than by wild‐type isolates. For mutants overexpressing BcatrB the reverse was observed. Additional ABC and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter genes were identified in an expressed sequence tag (EST) database, suggesting that B cinerea has gene families of ABC and MFS transporters. Corresponding fragments of ten ABC (BcatrC–BcatrN) and three MFS transporter genes (Bcmfs1–4) were cloned and characterised. Fludioxonil affected the transcript level of some members of these gene families in germlings during a short treatment with the fungicide at sub‐lethal concentrations. Hence, other ABC and MFS transporters may affect the activity of phenylpyrrole fungicides as well. Other fungicides such as the anilinopyrimidine fungicide cyprodinil, the azole fungicide tebuconazole, the dicarboximide fungicide iprodione and the strobilurin fungicide trifloxystrobin also induced transcription of some of the ABC and MFS transporter genes identified. Therefore, we propose that various ABC and MFS transporters function in protection of the fungus against fungicides and are involved in multi‐drug resistance development.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Leaf surfaces and the bioavailability of pesticide residues
Authors: Chowdhury A B M Nasir U , Jepson Paul C , Howse Philip E , Ford Martyn G 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLaboratory bioassays were carried out to determine the toxicity to Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola: Isotomidae) of residues of a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, and an organophosphorus insecticide, dimethoate, on different leaf surfaces. The test leaves included a range of species and leaves of different ages. Dose‐response relationships were estimated for F candida walking over the various treated leaf substrates. Probit analysis was used to estimate the means and standard deviations of the associated tolerance distributions expressed as g AI ha−1. Parallelism tests were undertaken to compare the susceptibilities of F candida to the two compounds applied to the different leaf surfaces. On deltamethrin‐treated leaf surfaces, the LD50 values for F candida varied from 6.36 to 77.14 g AI ha−1. F candida was least susceptible to deltamethrin residues when applied to leaves of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgarus L) and the highest susceptibility was observed following application to leaves of seedlings of barley (Hordeum vulgare L). In contrast, the LD50 values observed for dimethoate treatments did not differ significantly between leaf types, ranging from 1.35 to 8.69 g AI ha−1. The laboratory data on susceptibility of F candida on different leaf types for different pesticides can be used to investigate the role of leaf surface properties in modifying the toxicity of applied pesticides to exposed invertebrates.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance‐based engineering concepts for unreinforced masonry building structures
Authors: Abrams Daniel P 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPerformance‐based concepts are discussed in terms of their application for seismic assessment, rehabilitation and design of unreinforced masonry buildings. Deviations from traditional design approaches for masonry are discussed in terms of new performance‐based engineering procedures recently introduced through the FEMA 273 Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation. Difficulties in characterizing performance states for unreinforced masonry structural systems are discussed to present the challenge of implementing performance‐based approaches for masonry buildings. Four analytical methods are described for estimating seismic demand on individual wall or pier components, based on linear or nonlinear behaviour and static or dynamic response. Expressions to estimate lateral strength of unreinforced masonry wall and pier components are given. Acceptable performance limits for masonry walls and piers are presented for components behaving in rocking, bed joint sliding, toe compression or diagonal tension. Future directions for performance‐based engineering of unreinforced masonry buildings are discussed as well as research needed for further development of these concepts.
Theoretical and computational aspects of extended wave functions
Authors: Carbó‐Dorca R. , Karwowski J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRelations between the extended wave functions defined by Carbó‐Dorca in connection with studies on quantum similarity problems and the wave functions of Schrödinger, Lévy‐Leblond, and Dirac equations are investigated. In particular, it is pointed out that solutions of the Lévy‐Leblond equation are equal to the appropriate extensions of the corresponding Schrödinger wave functions. The quantum mechanical continuity equation is applied to analyze the physical meaning of the extended wave functions. Finally, usefulness of the concept of the extended wave function in designing relativistic variational calculations in kinetically balanced basis sets is briefly discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 84: 331–337, 2001
Generalized spin orbital calculations of spin‐frustrated molecules
Authors: Yamaki D. , Shigeta Y. , Yamanaka S. , Nagao H. , Yamaguchi K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt is difficult to consider the closed chain which contains odd‐number spin sites under the UHF approximation because of the spin frustration. The generalized HF (GHF) method, which deals with generalized spin orbitals (GSO) of the form ϕαα+ϕββ, can provide a characteristic electronic state with noncollinear spin configuration. In this article, explicit expressions of effective exchange integrals ( Jab values) based on GHF solutions were derived for the closed chain which contains odd‐number spin sites. The Jab values were calculated for simple systems such as equilateral triangular H3, equilateral pentagonal H5, and so on. Furthermore, spin correlations and electron correlations of the H3 molecule are discussed by using visualization methods for electron correlations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Metal ion adducts in the structural analysis of ginsenosides by electrospray ionization with multi‐stage mass spectrometry
Authors: Cui Meng , Song Fengrui , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Shuying 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effect of metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Ag+) cationization on collision‐induced dissociation of ginsenosides was investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry combined with multi‐stage mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn). The fragments of sodiated and lithiated molecules give valuable structural information regarding the nature of the aglycone and the sequence and linkage information of sugar moieties. However, the number and relative abundances of fragment ions from lithiated ginsenosides are significantly greater than for the sodiated species. The K+ adducts undergo glycosidic cleavages and very limited cross‐ring reactions. The silver ion adducts fragment mainly through glycosidic cleavages. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of hexabromocyclododecane thermal degradation pathways by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Barontini Federica , Cozzani Valerio , Cuzzola Angela , Petarca Luigi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe decomposition products of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a widely used brominated flame retardant, were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). HBCD thermal degradation was conducted under a moderate heating rate (10 °C/min) in a batch reactor using both inert and oxidizing atmospheres. GC/MS analysis allowed the identification of substances derived from the primary pyrolysis process at the moderate heating rates used. The presence of oxygen seems to have a negligible influence on the degradation products obtained in HBCD decomposition, at least at moderate heating rates. Based on the identified products, the main pathways of HBCD thermal degradation were assessed and a mechanism for HBCD decomposition was proposed. The results obtained indicate that hexa‐, penta‐ and tetrabrominated polyaromatic structures seem not to be primary products of HBCD decomposition, and may only be obtained by secondary bromination reactions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on high‐solid polyester‐based polyurethane/tinned iron interface
Authors: Wu Limin , Chen Xichong , Hu Dongzhi , Zou Lijun 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHigh‐solid polyester polyol resins (low molecular weight) were synthesized and cured by isophorone diisocyanate on tinned iron panels at different temperatures for different times. The resins and polyurethane films were studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The polyurethane/tinned iron interfaces were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), the peel test and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). The results showed that the polyurethane obtained from a high‐solid resin had higher interfacial roughness and adhesion strength than those from a relatively low‐solid resin. As the curing temperature increased, adhesion strength and the interfacial roughness increased and polyurethane interfacial images changed from rough morphology when cured at room temperature to random hole morphology when cured at 100 °C. The ToF‐SIMS microanalysis showed that no polymeric or metallic groups or segments existed on either the metallic or the polyurethane side. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.