bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gillespie Raymond , Hadfield Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its invention, print has fascinated those interested in the Irish past. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries scholars such as Richard Stanihurst, James Ware, and James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh, all collected vast numbers of books, which they scoured for scraps of information. These were then pieced together to create narratives of Ireland ‘s histories that made their way through the printing press into the hands of readers. They were not alone in the world of print. Collectors on a grand scale such as Archbishop Narcissus Marsh of Dublin and his successor, Archbishop William King, assembled libraries, the contents of which spanned mathematics, science, philosophy, theology, music, and geography, among other areas of scholarly endeavour. Such men were often deeply attached to their collections.
Reading Print, 1550–1700
Authors: Gillespie Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the century and a half after 1550 printed books became a more common feature of Irish life. The output of the Dublin presses increased, provincial printing was established, and book imports soared. Perhaps most importantly the mechanisms by which those books were distributed into the hands of readers developed significantly. These followed both the enhanced lines of commercial activity and the communication routes created by the state and the church who wished to use the print medium to convey their ideas. Over time, books became part of the smart but casual furnishings of many houses and were objects of display in grand libraries.
Historical Writing, 1660–1750
Authors: Cunningham Bernadette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth in the availability of books on Irish history in the century after 1660 can be explained in a general way as being part of the expansion of print culture in both Britain and Ireland.¹ Many more printed works in English on Irish historical topics were available to readers in 1750 than had been the case in 1660. It seems clear that the growing market among the affluent gentry for Irish historical works was not limited to Ireland. Many of the historical works about Ireland published in English in this period had English as well as Irish subscribers, were distributed through English as well as Irish booksellers, or were printed in London rather than in Dublin. Yet, history writing about Ireland was distinctive, of course, not only in terms of the specifics of the subject matter but also because of particular Irish preoccupations about how the past was portrayed. These concerns about how the past should be presented owed their origins to political and cultural tensions not directly paralleled in England.
The Climate Change Regime: Can a Divided World Unite?
Authors: Gupta ]oyeeta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the second millennium marks the beginning of the trend towards globalization on the one hand and, possibly, marginalization and disempowermenton the other hand. Despite the hype of globalization and the illusion of one world with shared hopes and concerns, there is increasing fear of marginalization of the South via depressed commodity prices, export barriers for Third World commodities, high international interest rates (South Centre 1993), foreign debt (George 1992), disempowerment of those not connected to the World Wide Web, and monopoly positions held by companies belonging to rich countries (Amin 1993).
What is a Reading Group?
Authors: Hartley Jenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reading in groups has been around for as long as there has been reading. A history of it would fill a book, probably a shelf. The Romans did it, emigrants on board ship to Australia did it, Schubert and his friends meeting to read and discuss the poems of Heine were doing it. In the centuries before printing and cheap books, when books or manuscripts had to be shared and read aloud, there must have been some discussion or commentary, however brief. In fifteenth-century France a group of women who gathered to spin during the long winter evenings took turns to read aloud to each other.
Vincent Wright and the Jacobin Legacy in Historical and Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is still difficult, more than two years after his death, to come to terms with the fact that Vincent Wright is no longer with us. His departure has removed from our midst a dear friend, a wonderful colleague, a conscientious teacher and dedicated supervisor, and above all a scholar who was at the height of his intellectual powers and who still had huge contributions to make to the various academic fields with which he was engaged during his distinguished career. Indeed it is a tribute to the range, depth, and creativity of his scholarship that his passing will be marked by Oxford University Press by two commemorative volumes: Governing Europe, edited by Jack Hayward and Anand Menon, devoted to comparative and European politics,1 and the present collection of essays, centred on modern French political history.
Euroscepticism in Denmark
Authors: Knudsen Ann-Christina Lauring 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Eurobarometer, Danes generally cherish their European Union (EU) membership. In 2002, it showed that 68 per cent of Danes found EU membership to be advantageous, and only 17 per cent rejected this postulate (European Commission 2002d: 12). More than one-third of Danes believe that the EU has a neutral image, 32 per cent believe that the EU has a positive image, while 6 per cent estimate that the EU has a very positive image (see also Table 9.1).
Euroscepticism in Austrian Political Parties: Ideologically Rooted or Strategically Motivated?
Authors: Fallend Franz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Austria belongs to those members of the European Union (EU) where enthusiasm for European integration is comparatively low. For example, in the spring 2002 Eurobarometer survey only 37 per cent of the Austrians declared EU membership to be a ‘good thing’ compared with an EU average of 53 per cent, with only UK having a lower level of diffuse Euro-enthusiasm (European Commission 2002a: 21, Fig.3.1b).
Euroscepticism in the Hungarian Party System: Voices from the Wilderness
Authors: Batory Agnes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After its last enlargement, the European Union (EU) expanded again in 2004.1 Citizens of a number of post-communist countries participated in the European elections held in June of that year. On the level of international relations, the accession of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries in 1995 and the aspirations of Central and Eastern European governments for EU membership have common historical roots: they were both made possible, and to some extent triggered, by the end of the cold war.
The Slovak Republic: Eurosceptics and Phoney Europhiles
Authors: Henderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Slovak Republic presents one of the most convoluted case studies of Euroscepticism in contemporary Europe. In some respects, it has resembled many post-communist states that aspired to membership of the European Union (EU), as its relationship to ‘Europe’ underwent a transformation as membership drew nearer. Both earlier simplistic longings for a ‘return to Europe’ and communistera prejudices against Western capitalism were gradually replaced by a growing awareness of the complex realities of negotiating national and party interests within a highly sophisticated multinational framework. Yet, in the Slovak case, the trajectory of this learning process was complicated by other factors that have had a strong impact on the nature of Euroscepticism.
The European Question and the Norwegian Party System since 1961:The Freezing of a Modern Cleavage or Contingent Opposition?
Authors: Sitter Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Norwegian voters rejected membership of the European Union (EU)1 for the second time in November 1994 both party competition and voter alignments reflected, with few but significant exceptions, the patterns established two decades earlier. The distribution of voters was, if anything, slightly more polarized in 1994 than in 1972. It is tempting to see this as a modern cleavage, one that emerged and was politicized in the 1960s and has subsequently frozen into place.
Relaxation
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we considered what would happen if the external magnetic field were to be suddenly applied to a sample previously in zero field, and we concluded that the spin system would initially be saturated; both energy levels would be equally populated and no NMR signal would be observed. In a very loose sense the nuclear spins in zero field are ‘hot’ and need to cool down to the temperature of their environment, the ‘lattice’. (The term ‘lattice’ is now a misnomer, dating back to the early studies of relaxation processes in crystals, where the environment did indeed form a regular lattice.) The process by which some spins drop down from the upper to the lower energy level so as to attain the requisite population distribution is called spin-lattice relaxation.
Spin echoes
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a slow-motion movie of a wineglass falling onto a hard concrete floor and smashing into hundreds of small slivers. Now imagine the same film run in reverse so that the wineglass appears to reconstitute itself from its parts. Even small children recognize that this cannot represent the real world. All our experience confirms that large numbers of glass fragments never spontaneously converge with just the right timing and in the correct geometry to form a wineglass (Figure 9.1). Disorder does not lead to order, unless there is some deliberate outside intervention. We cannot reverse the direction of time.
The Holy Land in English Culture 1799–1917
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dream of building Jerusalem in England's green and pleasant land has long been a quintessential part of English identity and culture: but how did this vision shape the Victorian encounter with the actual Jerusalem in the Middle East? The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917 offers a new cultural history of the English fascination with Palestine in the long nineteenth century, from Napoleon‘s failed Mediterranean campaign of 1799, which marked a new era in the British involvement in the land, to Allenby‘s conquest of Jerusalem in 1917. Bar-Yosef argues that the Protestant tradition of internalizing Biblical vocabulary - ‘Promised Land’, ‘Chosen People’, ‘Jerusalem’ - and applying it to different, often contesting, visions of England and Englishness evoked a unique sense of ambivalence towards the imperial desire to possess the Holy Land. Popular religious culture, in other words, was crucial to the construction of the orientalist discourse: so crucial, in fact, that metaphorical appropriations of the ‘Holy Land’ played a much more dominant role in the English cultural imagination than the actual Holy Land itself. As it traces the diversity of ‘Holy Lands’ in the Victorian cultural landscape - literal and metaphorical, secular and sacred, radical and patriotic, visual and textual - this study joins the ongoing debate about the dissemination of imperial ideology. Drawing on a wide array of sources, from Sunday-school textbooks and popular exhibitions to penny magazines and soldiers‘ diaries, the book demonstrates how the Orientalist discourse functions - or, to be more precise, malfunctions - in those popular cultural spheres that are so markedly absent from Edward Said's work: it is only by exploring sources that go beyond the highbrow, the academic, or the official, that we can begin to grasp the limited currency of the orientalist discourse in the metropolitan centre, and the different meanings it could hold for different social groups. As such, The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917 provides a significant contribution to both postcolonial studies and English social history.
Hardys and Hands
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Hardy is unique among English writers in achieving recognition both as a major novelist and as a major poet. He is also exceptional in his combination of a self-consciously ‘modern ‘ cast of thought with an intense, apparently paradoxical, preoccupation with the personal, local, and national past. Born in 1840 to humble parents in an out of the way corner of the English countryside, he lived and wrote into his eighty-eighth year, registering with extraordinary sensitivity and precision, in both prose and verse, the historic changes that swept over England, and especially over his native Dorset, during the course of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. At the end of a life that had spanned the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, the South African War, and the First World War, it was still the Napoleonic period, prior to his own birth, that chiefly haunted his imagination. In 1919 he saw time as stretching back into the past ‘like a railway line covered with a blue haze, and it goes uphill till 1900 and then it goes over the hill and disappears till about the middle of the century, and then it rises again up to about 1800, and then it disappears altogether ‘.¹ Four years later T. E. Lawrence, writing to Robert Graves, described Hardy as being ‘so far-away. Napoleon is a real man to him, and the country of Dorsetshire echoes that name everywhere in Hardy ‘s ears. He lives in his period, and thinks of it as the great war. ‘²
London
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 21-year-old Thomas Hardy who took the train from Dorchester to London on 17 April 1862—a Thursday, as he meticulously recorded— was not an especially prepossessing young man.¹ His moustache had grown in size and dignity, his hair was swept across the top of his head in a slightly crested wave, and the face that looks, faintly smiling, out of photographs taken in 1861 has aspirations towards the kind of conventional Victorian handsomeness exemplified, not to say caricatured, in the figure of Alec d ‘Urberville. But Hardy was significantly below the Victorian average in height, and while altogether healthier and stronger than in childhood he remained lightly built and lacking in presence. Wide reading and exposure to the influence and example of the Moule brothers had taught him much that he could otherwise never have learned in Bockhampton or even in Dorchester, but he was still lacking in worldly experience and social assurance, and unmistakably countrified in his manners and his speech— matters of some importance at a time when (as Hardy himself later recalled) Londoners took such a supercilious view of rural newcomers that it was ‘the aim of every provincial, from the squire to the rustic, to get rid of his local articulation at the earliest moment ‘.²
The Poor Man and the Lady
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Hardy returned from London to Dorset in July of 1867 he had to face the scorn of friends and neighbours who interpreted his retreat as a sign that he had been defeated in the attempt to win his way in the larger world.¹ He of course knew that he had developed intellectually, accumulated experiences and memories, and learned how much his writing mattered to him, but it was obvious enough that he had neither made substantial progress in the architectural profession nor gained an alternative foothold in journalism. It was, even so, a situation with which he was for the time being perfectly content. The position at Blomfield ‘s was being kept open for him, but a brief trip to London in October to collect his belongings served only to confirm him in the decision he had made.² After his disappointments and indispositions he was ideally receptive to the restorative influences of Dorset in general and of Bockhampton in particular, and soon recovered health and spirits.
St Juliot
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hardy stayed on in Weymouth into the early weeks of 1870, but the town ‘s social life proved increasingly distracting and at the beginning of February he withdrew once again to ‘the seclusion of his mother ‘s house ‘ at Bockhampton in order to work more quietly, and more cheaply, on his manuscript. His responsibility for the restoration of Turnworth Church would end with its reopening in April 1870, and work on West Lulworth and Hinton Martel, the other churches Crickmay had taken over at Hicks ‘s death, was also well advanced.¹ There remained one Hicks restoration, out-side Dorset, that Crickmay had not yet dealt with, and on 11 February he wrote to ask Hardy if he would go to Cornwall and ‘take a plan and particulars ‘ of the dilapidated church in the hamlet of St Juliot, a short way inland from Boscastle. Hardy delayed his journey until he was ready, on 5 March, to send off to Alexander Macmillan the nearly completed manuscript of Desperate Remedies. Two days later he set off from Bockhampton in the small hours of the morning ( ‘starlight lit my lonesomeness ‘) and reached St Juliot by train and horse-drawn ‘conveyance ‘ after nightfall that same evening.²
Sturminster Newton
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1876, just as the Cornhill serialization of The Hand of Ethelberta had reached its conclusion, Leslie Stephen sought to steer Hardy back to the course he had seemed to be charting with Far from the Madding Crowd. Urging him not to allow his own ‘perfectly fresh & original vein ‘ to be cramped by an excessive respect for critical canons, Stephen recommended instead the reading of ‘the great writers, Shakespeare, Goethe, Scott &c &c, who give ideas & don ‘t prescribe rules ‘. Especially important, he thought, was George Sand, ‘whose country stories seem to me perfect & have a certain affinity to yours ‘.¹ Hardy did not of course know that he was never again to have a novel serialized in the Cornhill or to have the benefits—and occasional drawbacks—of Stephen ‘s editorial guidance. But writing and publishing Ethelberta had not been a satisfactory experience, other than in purely economic terms, and it seemed an appropriate moment for reconsidering and ultimately refining his literary options. The previous March he had told George Smith: ‘I do not wish to attempt any more original writing of any length for a few months, until I can learn the best line to take for the future. ‘²
The Writing of Tess
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If not much of the new novel had been written by the end of 1888, it had certainly been very much at the front of Hardy ‘s mind. An expedition into central Dorset on 30 September 1888—exactly a year before the first serial instalments would become due—was directly related to the process of thinking himself into the social as well as the emotional texture of his new story, of invoking that sense of historical time and visitable place on which he depended for the essential underpinning of his most ambitious imaginative enterprises. He took a train to Evershot station—actually located in the hamlet of Holywell, a mile or so east of Evershot itself—and walked the short distance northward to visit what remained of Woolcombe, an estate (so he had learned from John Hutchins ‘s History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset) formerly in the possession of one of those branches of ‘the Dorset Hardys ‘ to which he liked to think himself related. In his notes for the day he invoked for the first time ‘The Valley of the Little Dairies ‘ and ‘The Valley of the Great Dairies ‘, the fictional names he had given to the vales of Blackmore and Frome, recalled a childhood encounter with an impoverished remnant of the once-proud Woolcombe Hardys walking ‘beside a horse and common spring trap ‘, found ample evidence of ‘the decline and fall of the Hardys ‘, and concluded with the satisfactorily melancholy reflection: ‘So we go down, down, down. ‘¹
Tea at Max Gate
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hard ‘S fame and popularity, reinforced by the lure of Wessex itself, brought an ever-increasing stream of visitors to Max Gate, and it was at teatime that Hardy routinely made himself available to each day ‘s intake. As early as 1918 Florence could write in her diary: ‘No-one to tea—blessed relief. ‘ John Cowper Powys, during the following summer, found Hardy ready to talk ‘gaily and cheerfully ‘ about ‘all manner of little things ‘, from a punctured bicycle tyre to ‘the names in the cemetery near Portland Bill ‘. Recounting the visit to his brother Llewelyn, Powys described Florence as looking like ‘a grave ascetic art student or a Chelsea socialist, follower of William Morris ‘, with ‘her hair parted Madonna-wise and a very responsible air ‘.¹ Clement Shorter, though dignified in Florence ‘s eyes by the recent loss of his wife, forfeited her good opinion and confirmed himself in Hardy ‘s low one by arriving uninvited at Max Gate on its owner ‘s seventy-eighth birthday and behaving badly throughout his visit. When the literary journalist Arthur Compton Rickett came to tea, Hardy suspected him of biographical designs and delayed coming downstairs from his study for more than an hour.²
Afterwards
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once Hardy was dead, little remained for Dr Mann to do beyond certifying the cause of death as ‘cardiac syncope ‘, with old age itself as a contributory factor. A telephone call to Talbothays that evening received no reply, Kate and Henry, reassured by what they had been told at a quarter past eight, having seen no reason to depart from their usual custom of not answering calls after they had gone to bed. Eva Dugdale washed the body and prepared it for burial without the aid of an undertaker. She had also to remove a light growth of beard, Hardy not having been shaved since he had stopped shaving himself just a few days earlier.¹
The New China
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly before the Inauguration, from 21 to 28 September, Mao Tse-tung had convened the first Plenary Session of the Chinese People ‘s Political Consultative Conference, which was attended by 662 representatives from the CCP, the Democratic League, and other demo-cratic groups, labour, peasants, business and industry. ‘The Chinese people have stood up, ‘ Mao declared in his opening address. ‘China will never again be an insulted nation. ‘ One of the most brilliant strokes of statesmanship of the modern era, fusing the otherwise distinct concepts of cultural nation and political
Quitting Communist China
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American obsession with Communism, which Empson had observed while at the Kenyon summer school, and which was exempliWed by the bullying tactics of Senator Joe McCarthy at home, was every bit as virulent abroad in US foreign policy. But although the world waited—almost resignedly—for the Cold War to be transformed into violent conflagration, few anticipated that Korea would be the catalyst. General MacArthur had thrown down the gauntlet to the PRC in declaring for the nationalist cause over Taiwan: already incensed by this, the Chinese regarded American intervention in Korea as an act of blatant aggression.