bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of four antiepileptic drugs in serum by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Levert H. , Odou P. , Robert H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of oxcarbazepine, 10‐hydroxycarbamazepine, epoxycarbamazepine, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin. After protein precipitation by acetonitrile, the supernatant was analysed on a C18 reversed‐phase HPLC column. Antiepileptic drugs and oxazepam (internal standard) were detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 240 nm. Linearity was established for the whole concentration range ­for each compound. Quantitation limits of oxcarbazepine, 10‐hydroxycarbamazepine, epoxycarbamazepine, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin were 0.58, 3.5, 2.35, 0.66, 1.02 and 3.13 µg/mL, respectively, and mean recoveries added to serum were 105.15, 84.76, 94,45, 96.52, 98.62 and 95.08%, respectively. This method has been used for the simultaneous determination of steady‐state serum concentration of antiepileptic drugs in patients treated by one or more anticonvulsive treatment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation between isomeric oxidative metabolites of a piperidine‐containing drug by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with stable‐isotope tracer technique
Authors: Kato Koji , Jingu Shigeji , Ogawa Naoyoshi , Higuchi Shohei 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis report describes the application of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method to differentiation of hydroxylations and N‐oxidations and of two different aliphatic hydroxylations in the investigation of the metabolism of pibutidine hydrochloride, a novel H2 antagonist, the structure of which includes a piperidine ring. Pibutidine metabolites in urine samples from adult male volunteers after oral administration of pibutidine hydrochloride were separated by reversed‐phase LC and ionized using an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. A hydroxylated form of pibutidine was distinguished from the N‐oxide by comparison of their product ion spectra, although their mass‐to‐charge ratios of protonated molecules were identical. Further, two hydroxylated compounds were present in rat microsomal incubation mixtures with pibutidine. The distinction between their positions of hydroxylation (β‐ and γ‐carbon hydroxylation) on the piperidine ring was studied using [piperidine‐2H10] pibutidine as incubation substrate. The production of the β‐hydroxylated form was accompanied by the elimination of three 2H, resulting from a mechanism including the formation of iminium/enamine. The participation of the iminium ion intermediate in the β‐hydroxylation was confirmed by the observation that a cyanide adduct of pibutidine was formed instead of the β‐hydroxylated form when another incubation was performed in the presence of cyanide. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved high performance liquid chromatographic determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng‐based pharmaceuticals using a diol column
Authors: Bonfill Mercè , Casals Isidre , Palazón Javier , Mallol Anna , Morales Carmen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous quantitative determination of seven ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, Re and Rf in pharmaceutical preparations is described. Chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 20 min using a 250 × 4 mm Lichrospher, 5 µm, 100 Å diol column with detection at 203 nm. The method was validated over the range of 2.5–20 ng/µL using a 20 µL sample volume. The average accuracy at five concentrations was 90–100%, and the within‐day and between‐day precision ranged from 1 to 7% expressed as coefficient of variation. The detection limit and the quantitation limit of the method were 20 and 50 ng injected for each ginsenoside, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a rapid and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method to determine CYP2D6 phenotype in human liver microsomes
Authors: Rege Bhaskar , March Clark , Sarkar Mohamadi A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDextromethorphan is a probe substrate to determine CYP2D6 phenotype. The conversion of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan by CYP2D6 accounts for ∼60% of total metabolism. Most analytical methods utilize complicated labor‐ and time‐intensive sample processing methods with several liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) steps. Our goal was to develop a non‐LLE based rapid and sensitive HPLC method, to measure dextromethorphan metabolism in human liver microsomes. A solid‐phase filtration based reverse‐phase HPLC method with fluorescence detection was developed and validated. Human liver (n = 6) microsomal incubations were carried out with dextromethorphan, under optimum conditions. The analytes were separated by one‐step centrifugal filtration with Nanosep® separation units. The filtrate was injected (50 µL) into a Waters Alliance 2690 HPLC system. Metabolic incubations were also conducted to determine levels using LLE for comparisons. The Nanosep® separation step reduced the extraction time from 3 h to 40 min. The limit of quantitation was 23.8 nM (9.7 ng/mL), recovery was ∼98%, the mean precision values were <10% RSD for the controls (80, 320 and 640 nM) and mean percentage error was <5%. Michaelis–Menten parameters were determined to distinguish CYP2D6 phenotypes. A rapid and sensitive HPLC method is reported, which may be suitable for automation and allows phenotyping of human liver microsomes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of two variant Vero toxin genes in Escherichia coli by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Arakawa Hidetoshi , Watanabe Kazuyuki , Kashiwazaki Hiroyuki , Maeda Masako 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree methods [capillary electrophoresis (CE)‐allele‐specific PCR, CE‐single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and CE‐cleavase fragment length polymorphism (CFLP)] were developed in order to effect rapid and specific analysis of the vero toxin (VT)1 and VT2 genes of O157. The allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, which utilized specific duplex PCR with specific primers for VT1 and VT2, showed that VT1 and VT2 consisted of 174 and 128 bp, respectively. Subsequent CE analysis was carried out. Separation time was 4 min. SSCP, which utilized one primer set which reacted with both VT1 and VT2 in the PCR method, was followed by CE analysis of secondary structure of single‐strand DNA. Two genes could be analyzed in approximately 18 min. CFLP, like SSCP, is a method for detecting mutation‐induced changes in secondary structure of single‐stranded DNA. The endonuclease cleavase I recognizes and cleaves the 5′ side of hairpin loops in self‐annealed single‐strand DNA of PCR product 169 bp obtained from VT1 and VT2. The produced DNA fragments are analyzed by CE and the electrophelogram reveals a sequence‐specific CFLP. Separation time was 6 min. These techniques are suitable for the detection and the identification of O157. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A capillary zone electrophoresis method for determining N‐acetylneuraminic acid in glycoproteins and blood sera
Authors: Strousopoulou K. , Militsopoulou M. , Stagiannis K. , Lamari F. N. , Karamanos N. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA simple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the determination of the content of the major sialic acid form N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in glycoproteins was established. The present method utilizes a simplified hydrolysis‐purification procedure consisting of mild acid hydrolysis (25 mM trifluoroacetic acid for 2 h at 80°C) to release Neu5Ac and ultrafiltration on Centricon‐3 membrane to remove the obtained asialoglycoproteins and other macromolecules present in biologic samples. Derivatization with benzoic anhydride at 80°C for 20 min resulted in complete conversion of Neu5Ac to per‐O‐benzoylated Neu5Ac. CZE analysis was performed using the operating buffer 25 mM phosphate, pH 3.5, containing 50% (v/v) acetonitrile as organic modifier at 30 kV, and detection of the per‐O‐benzoylated Neu5Ac at 231 nm. The method showed excellent repeatability (RDS < 1.98%) and a linearity range from 5 µg/mL to 5 mg/mL with a detection limit of 2 µM. Application of the method to microanalysis of human α1‐acid glycoprotein and blood serum samples showed excellent agreement with previously published values, suggesting a high precision for the developed CZE method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of intact heparin by capillary electrophoresis using short end injection configuration
Authors: Duchemin V. , Potier I. Le , Troubat C. , Ferrier D. , Taverna M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of intact heparin was developed using a phosphate buffer and a fused silica capillary. Operational parameters such as pH and concentration of the running buffer were investigated. The short end injection configuration permitted a gain on peak efficiency, on the analysis time and on the repeatability of both migration times and peak areas, through a reduction of the migration distance. Moreover, the beneficial effect of the presence of sodium chloride in the heparin sample on the peak efficiency was demonstrated and the influence of the salts on the conformation of the heparin was discussed. The optimized method (short end injection configuration, 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 3, heparin sample prepared in 10 g/L NaCl solution) was validated in terms of linearity, reproducibility and specificity according to ICH requirements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ecological approach to child abuse: a creative use of scientific models in research and practice
Authors: Sidebotham Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOver the past 40 years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the aetiology and processes of child abuse. This understanding has been based within two scientific paradigms: the psychodynamic and sociological models. More recently, both strands have been incorporated in a more comprehensive ‘ecological’ paradigm. This presents child abuse as occurring within the context of the child's environment at different, nested levels. The ecological paradigm is currently the most comprehensive model we have for understanding child abuse, providing a systematic framework in which to conduct both research and child protection practice. This paper begins by describing the nature and use of scientific models in both research and practice. Three levels of models are outlined: working models, paradigms and worldviews. The paper then goes on to consider how models are used in our understanding of child abuse, focusing on three major paradigms (sociological, psychodynamic, ecological). The ecological model or paradigm is then described in detail, expounding the four different levels within it. The uses and limitations of the ecological model are discussed in relation to both research and practice. Finally, some practical suggestions are provided for the reader to creatively apply this understanding at a personal and professional level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment and intervention in cases of suspected ritual child sexual abuse
Authors: Gallagher Bernard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAgency workers have been heavily criticized over their handling of alleged ritual child sexual abuse cases, particularly in respect of their assessments and interventions. However, a study of referrals to police and social service departments revealed that agency workers raised suspicions of ritual abuse in respect of both child ‘victims’ and adult ‘survivors’ very rarely. Furthermore, they did this only after an assessment which showed the cases to possess a number of ‘troubling’ features. While agency workers believed that all the child ‘victims’ had been subject to serious sexual abuse, virtually all of them were circumspect as to whether this had occurred in a ‘ritual’ context. Initially, agency workers were generally open‐minded as to the experiences of adult ‘survivors’, but by the end of their assessments, they tended to be more concerned about their mental health and less concerned about issues of ritual abuse. Finally, agency workers appeared to act appropriately in terms of the types of intervention they used and the way in which they applied these. These results suggest that there should be more confidence in the ability of agency workers to respond to cases of alleged ritual abuse. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building community: a conceptual framework for child protection
Authors: Barter Ken 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes a community‐building framework as an innovative strategy to begin to re‐claim children and families at risk. It is a strategy that identifies a purpose, a value base, knowledge and theoretical dimensions, and methods of practice that present as an approach for child welfare systems to consider shifts in thinking in order to meet what is considered the most important challenge of the next century: that of rediscovering community. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No sign of harm: issues for disabled children communicating about abuse
Authors: Oosterhoorn Rebecca , Kendrick Andrew 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWhile all children may be the victims of abuse, disabled children are particularly vulnerable. This paper explores the views of professionals working with children using alternative/augmented communication systems on the issues relating to communication about abuse. Interviews were carried out with 20 staff from eight establishments for disabled children across Scotland. It describes the range of alternative/augmented communication systems used and the barriers to communication about abuse. Staff generally accepted the importance of providing the appropriate vocabulary in augmented communication systems, but systems that provide such vocabulary were not widely used. Staff considered that a major difficulty concerned the level of understanding disabled children might have about concepts of abuse. They were unsure how the appropriate vocabulary could be introduced in a natural way and how links could be made between the signs and their meanings. Staff saw themselves as those most able to protect the children, but it was felt that discovery of abuse was more likely to come from them noticing physical signs, behaviour or mood changes than from the child communicating explicitly about abuse. The need for appropriate training and increased coordination between social work, health and education is highlighted. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diary reports on emotional experiences in the onset of a psychosocial transition: becoming drug‐free
Authors: Ravenna Marcella , Hölzl Erik , Costarelli Sandro , Kirchler Erich , Palmonari Augusto 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe process of becoming drug free is viewed as a psychosocial transition in the life of drug addicts. A specific form of treatment of heroin addiction within residential communities is based on the importance of interpersonal relationships for change. Well‐being of 65 drug addicts during the first 2 weeks in a residential community is explored using a time‐sampling diary which was completed four times a day. The influence of subjects' history, situational context, and motive activation on well‐being and emotions is investigated. Results show that well‐being and emotions differ mainly according to subjects' history, but not — at least at the beginning of treatment within the community — according to situations. This is interpreted as a ‘state of shock’ in the new environment and highlights the necessity for special individual care for subjects with a long drug career. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary prevention of psychological difficulties in vulnerable mothers: pilot programme evaluation
Authors: Papworth Mark A. , Milne Derek L. , Taylor Katharine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis pilot study evaluated a primary prevention programme delivered to mothers who were considered to be vulnerable to the development of psychological difficulties (N = 11). Beneficial effects were noted in terms of mood and coping, as well as a reduction in the mothers' attendance at their general practitioners surgery. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovery from post‐traumatic stress disorder in children following road traffic accidents: the role of talking and feeling understood
Authors: Stallard Paul , Velleman Richard , Baldwin Sarah 
Published: January 2005

AbstractForty children were assessed 6 weeks and 8 months after involvement in a road traffic accident (RTA). Ten of the 21 children suffering post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 6 weeks continued to fulfil diagnostic criteria at 8 months. There was no evidence of delayed onset of PTSD in children who had not developed this condition at 6 weeks. Talking about the accident and feeling understood were associated with recovery. Providing children with opportunities to talk about their accident may be helpful in preventing or reducing psychological distress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De‐psychologizing community psychology
Authors: Smail David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDespite their welcome emphasis on the influence of environmental factors on the generation of distress, and on the central role in this of power, the contributors to this special issue still seem unable entirely to avoid ‘psychologizing’ the processes involved. It is suggested that a far more radical rejection of ‘interior’ psychological and moral concepts (e.g. ‘self‐esteem’, ‘responsibility’) could be undertaken without our having to abandon the project of psychology altogether. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pragmatic post‐structuralism (II): an outcomes evaluation of a stopping violence programme
Authors: Morgan Mandy , O'Neill Damian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper reports features of a distinctly post‐structuralist ‘outcome evaluation’ of a New Zealand stopping violence programme for men who have assaulted their spouses. Through analysis of pre‐ and post‐programme interviews it was found that the men's accounts of their violence shifted as a consequence of their participation in and exposure to the programme's discursive resources. Overall the men's accounts demonstrated movement towards taking greater ownership and responsibility for their actions. However this trend was not universal and was mitigated through other pre‐programme discursive resources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding body image disturbance in the promotion of mental health: a discourse analytic study
Authors: Moulding Nicole , Hepworth Julie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHealth care interventions in the area of body image disturbance and eating disorders largely involve individual treatment approaches, while prevention and health promotion are relatively underexplored. A review of health promotion activities in the area of body image in Australia revealed three programmes, the most extensive and longest standing having been established in 1992. The aims of this programme are to reduce body image dissatisfaction and inappropriate eating behaviour, especially among women. Because health promotion is concerned with the social aspects of health, it was hypothesized by the authors that a social understanding of body image and eating disorders might be advanced in a health promotion setting and reflected in the approach to practice. In order to examine approaches to body image in health promotion, 10 health professionals responsible for the design and management of this programme participated in a series of semi‐structured interviews between 1997 and 2000. Three discursive themes were evident in health workers' explanations of body image problems: (1) cognitive‐behavioural themes; (2) gender themes; and (3) socio‐cultural themes. While body image problems were constructed as psychological problems that are particularly experienced by women, their origins were largely conceived to be socio‐cultural. The implications of these constructions are critically discussed in terms of the approach to health promotion used in this programme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early impact of the BEST intervention for parents stressed by adolescent substance abuse
Authors: Toumbourou John W. , Blyth Anne , Bamberg John , Forer Danielle 
Published: January 2005

AbstractYouth involvement in substance abuse can be a source of considerable distress for their parents. Unilateral family interventions have been advocated as one means by which concerned family members can be supported to assist substance‐abusing family members. To date there has been little research examining the impact of unilateral family interventions on the directly participating family members. In this study the early impact of an 8‐week parent‐group programme known as Behavioural Exchange Systems Training (BEST) was evaluated using a quasi‐experimental, waiting list control design. The professionally led programme had been developed to support and assist parents in their efforts to cope with adolescent substance abuse. Subjects were 66 parents (48 families) accepted for entry into the programme between 1997 and 1998. Comparison was made between 46 parents offered immediate entry into the programme and 20 parents whose entry to the programme was delayed by an 8‐week waiting list. At the first assessment 87% of parents showed elevated mental health symptoms on the General Health Questionnaire. Evidence suggested exposure to the intervention had a positive impact on parents. Compared to parents on the waiting list, parents entered immediately into the intervention demonstrated greater reductions in mental health symptoms, increased parental satisfaction, and increased use of assertive parenting behaviours. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New approaches to the ‘crucial’ test of the causation and selection hypotheses in a Northern Irish sample
Authors: Mallett J. , Cairns ED. , Bunting B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between minority/majority status and psychological adjustment, as measured by the GHQ‐12. Rather than using religious labels in Northern Ireland to define minority/majority status, the authors hypothesized that such status is more contingent upon the local area context. Using a purer operationalization of minority/majority status, the authors found no evidence of an ‘ethnic density effect’. Implications for the questionable validity of the ‘crucial test’ of the selection and causation hypotheses are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.