bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATION TO THE BLOOD OF THE VIRUS OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Clark Paul F. , Fraser Francis R. , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

Specimens of human blood taken during the paralytic stage of poliomyelitis and post mortem have proved not to be capable of infecting Macacus monkeys.
Specimens of monkey blood taken at various stages of experimental poliomyelitis have not proved as a rule to be capable of infecting monkeys. In a single instance, among ten tests, infection was secured with a specimen of blood removed at the beginning of the paralysis on the seventh day following an intracerebral inoculation.
When suspensions of the spinal cord from a paralyzed monkey have been injected into the brain or simultaneously into the brain and spinal canal, the blood removed from one to forty-eight hours later failed to cause paralysis after intracerebral injection.
When large volumes of active filtrate are injected into the circulation the blood remains infective for seventy-two hours at least, but may be no longer infective after ten days when the paralytic symptoms first appear. When, however, the filtrate is injected in smaller amount or when a filtrate of a less active virus is employed in large quantity, the blood either fails to convey infection or conveys it irregularly.
It is only when overwhelming quantities of an active virus are injected into the blood that paralysis results. The injection of moderate doses is not followed by paralysis, although the virus may still be detected in a blood sample twenty-four hours after the injection. The existence of a mechanism capable of excluding the virus within the blood from the central nervous organs is therefore inferred.
Infection is accomplished far less readily through the circulation than by means of the more direct lymphatic and nervous channels of communication with the central nervous system.
Several series of feeding experiments conducted with the biting stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) resulted negatively.
SOAPS AS FERMENT-INHIBITING AGENTS
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William 
Published: June 2004

1. Sodium soaps prepared from olive oil, croton oil, cod-liver oil, linseed oil, etc., have the property of inhibiting the action of trypsin and leucoprotease.
2. The activity of these soaps is dependent upon the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids and is in proportion to their iodin value.
3. Saturation of the acids with a halogen (iodin) causes a loss of this property.
4. Soaps of the saturated fatty acids tested do not have this influence on ferments.
A NOTE ON THE SPECIFICITY OF CYTOTOXINS
Authors: Lambert Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The plasma of guinea pigs treated by injections of rat sarcoma exhibits a toxic action in tissue culture preparations on the cells of both rat sarcoma and rat embryo skin. Similarly, the plasma of guinea pigs immunized by injections of rat embryo skin is toxic for cells of both types.
2. Injection of rat blood immunizes against both sarcoma and embryo skin, although not so strongly as injections of the two tissues.
3. Guinea pigs receiving injections of either chick embryo heart or intestine develop cytotoxic substances for both of these tissues.
4. The preceding findings tend to show that cytotoxins formed after the injection of different body tissues into a foreign species are to no extent specific for the tissues injected.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RATE OF PROTEOLYSIS OF TISSUES OBTAINED FROM RABBITS INFECTED WITH PNEUMOCOCCI AND OF TISSUES FROM NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Medigreceanu Florentin 
Published: June 2004

Liver.—The amount of filterable nitrogen in the samples before autolysis is too variable, both in the normal livers and in the livers from pneumococcus infections in the rabbit, for a constant difference to be obtained.
The amino nitrogen before autolysis is generally slightly increased in the livers of the infected animals, especially in the perfused specimens.
Most of the experiments show an increased disintegration of the livers of the infected animals during the first stages of proteolysis (twenty to thirty hours), both in the non-perfused and the perfused specimens. This increased disintegration is generally more evident for the complex proteins (filterable nitrogen) than for the lower products (amino nitrogen).
In the later stages the proteolysis of the blood-containing livers of the normal and the infected rabbits tends to an equalization, or the relations reverse, the proteolysis of the normal samples becoming more advanced. In the perfused specimens the differences in the rate of proteolysis are the same as in the earlier stages.
Kidney.—The rate of proteolysis shows no constant differences in the normal and infected tissues.
ON THE NATURE OF THE OPSONIC SUBSTANCES OBNORMAL SERA
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Cary Edward G. 
Published: June 2004

Our experiments show that the albumen fraction, or end-piece, obtained by the dialysis of normal guinea pig serum possesses definite opsonic action. This action is often almost equal to that residing in the unfractionated alexin. It is evident, however, only if the reaction maintained during the experiments approximates that of the original serum. By the addition of small quantities of a weak sodium hydrate solution to the dialyzed serum we have been able to bring back opsonic action which was not evident in the same end-piece if simply rendered isotonic.
Although our attention was called to the question of reaction by the work of Bronfenbrenner and Noguchi, like Liefmann, we have been unable to reactivate the hemolytic function of end-piece by alteration of reaction. Our experiments suggest that the opsonic action of the albumen fraction is enhanced by preliminary sensitization of the bacteria with heated normal serum and by persensitization of such bacteria with the globulin fraction. However, we cannot be positive of this, since the slight differences of phagocytic counts upon which such an opinion can be based, fall within the limits of what we consider our experimental error.
The fact that the albumen fraction can exert opsonic activity upon bacteria but cannot hemolyze blood cells seems to us particularly interesting in the light of the fact that alexin can be absorbed by unsensitized bacteria but not by similarly untreated blood cells. The literature upon the relation of the alexin fractions to bacteria and the bactericidal effect is confusing in that contradictory results have been obtained by other workers. We are studying this phase of the problem with particular attention to the alkalinity or acidity under which the reactions are carried out.
We think that our experiments do not point to a differentiation of normal opsonin from alexin, but we believe they indicate that the so called end-piece can enter to a slight extent into non-specific relationship with unsensitized bacteria, and it is therefore active, whereas it cannot enter into a similar relation to unsensitized cells. This conception, however, is tentatively made, since we are studying further the non-specific absorption of alexin or complement by unsensitized bacteria.
A NOTE ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI
Authors: Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Some strains of Trypanosoma lewisi may, at times, produce rapidly fatal infections in a large percentage of the rats infected.
2. In such strains of Trypanosoma lewisi, a sufficient degree of pathogenicity may persist to warrant the designation of these strains as pathogenic.
3. The pathogenicity of a given strain of Trypanosoma lewisi is not constant, but is subject to marked and even sudden variations.
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SUBMILIARY MYOCARDIAL NODULES OF ASCHOFF IN RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Thalhimer William , Rothschild M. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. In rheumatic myocarditis, foci, termed submiliary nodules of Aschoff, are present which are characteristic of the rheumatic infection.
2. They are most frequently found in the walls of the left ventricle, the auricles usually escaping.
3. The nodules were found in three cases of chorea without joint manifestations, proving the close relation of this condition to rheumatism.
4. They were absent in fourteen cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus mitis.
5. They were not found in infections of the endocardium with the gonococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, or pneumococcus.
6. Even in the absence of a rheumatic history we believe, in accordance with Fraenkel, that the presence of Aschoff bodies signifies a previous rheumatic infection.
7. Aschoff bodies are not always found in rheumatic carditis, where the infection antedates death by a long period, but the healed remains, represented by sclerotic patches ("Schwielen"), are present.
8. We suggest that the cases of arthritis characterized by the presence of the submiliary nodules of Aschoff in the myocardium be placed in one group and called for the time being "rheumatism"; and the cases with articular manifestations, yielding positive bacteriological findings and no Aschoff bodies, should be classified according to the infecting microörganisms concerned, and not as rheumatism.
EXPERIMENTAL FOCALIZED MYOCARDIAL LESIONS PRODUCED WITH STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS
Authors: Thalhimer William , Rothschild M. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. By the intravenous injection into rabbits of Streptococcus mitis, we have produced focalized myocardial lesions which are identical with those caused by the injection of Streptococcus rheumaticus, and with those produced by Bracht and Wächter with Streptococcus viridans.
2. The lesions differ from those which we produced by injections of streptococci from the Chicago epidemic of sore throat (epidemic streptococcus).
3. The lesions are not identical with Aschoff bodies and are easily differentiated from them. They also differ from the foci produced by Jackson and Coombs, who describe their lesions as being either Aschoff bodies or similar formations.
4. The myocardial lesions of the rabbit appear to be caused by toxins liberated by the streptococci injected and not by the living organisms themselves.
5. The only point of similarity between the experimental lesions and those found in cases of rheumatic carditis in man is their focalized nature.
EXPERIMENTAL ARTHRITIS IN THE RABBIT, PRODUCED WITH STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS
Authors: Rothschild M. A. , Thalhimer William 
Published: June 2004

1. We have produced arthritis in 50 per cent. of the rabbits injected with Streptococcus mitis.
2. The character of the arthritis is identical with that produced by Micrococcus rheumaticus.
3. The exudate in and about the joints partakes of the same nature as that caused by Streptococcus rheumaticus.
4. Bacteriological studies show that Streptococcus mitis can be recovered from about one third of the affected joints.
5. Arthritis produced by other types of streptococci differs by reason of greater destruction of tissue, by being more permanent in character, and by the exudate containing large numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
6. The deduction of a distinct variety or species of streptococcus based upon the power to cause arthritis in rabbits is unwarranted.
THE NATURE OF SERUM ANTITRYPSIN
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William 
Published: June 2004

1. The ferment-inhibiting action of the serum is due to the presence of compounds of the unsaturated fatty acids.
2. These fatty acid compounds may be removed from the serum by means of chloroform or ether.
3. Soaps prepared by saponifying the chloroform or ether extracts inhibit the action of trypsin.
4. The anti-enzyme action of the serum can be removed by filtering acid serum through kaolin, and can in part be restored by extracting the kaolin.
5. The decrease in strength of anti-enzyme in old sera is probably due to the action of the serum lipase.
6. Iodin, potassium iodide, or hydrogen peroxide remove the inhibiting action of the serum.
7. Soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids lose their ferment-inhibiting action when heated with serum at 70° C.
SEROTOXIN
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William 
Published: June 2004

1. Sera from which the protective lipoids (unsaturated fatty acids) have been removed are toxic for the homologous animal.
2. The toxicity is due to three factors: (a) an alteration in the mechanism of coagulation, with resulting intravascular coagulation; (b) the exposure of the native serum proteins; (c) the formation of toxic split products (primary proteoses) by autolysis.
3. A definite maximum of toxicity can be determined, with a final stage of atoxicity due to continued autolysis.
4. Hirudin and sodium citrate do not protect animals.
5. Heating to 70° C. destroys, or greatly lessens, the toxicity of the serotoxin, although the isolated proteoses are toxic after boiling.
6. The return of the extracted lipoids (saponified) neutralizes the toxicity.
7. Unsaturated soaps also neutralize the toxicity.
8. Sublethal doses produce extreme prostration, marked fall in body temperature, no eosinophilia, and an increase of antitrypsin.
9. Sublethal doses of rapidly prepared chloroform sera cause a decrease in coagulation time; sublethal doses of autolyzed sera cause an increase in coagulation time.
10. Previously injected animals are more resistant (increased antiferments).
11. Iodized animals are less resistant (decreased antiferments).
MORPHOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF A PATHOGENIC STRAIN OF TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI AND THEIR RELATION TO ITS VIRULENCE
Authors: Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The morphological and developmental anomalies of a pathogenic strain of Trypanosoma lewisi have been described to show the unusual character of the strain.
2. Especial attention is called to the spontaneous occurrence of ablepharoplastic forms of Trypanosoma lewisi.
3. It is pointed out that morphological anomalies were most pronounced in infections that showed unusual conditions of multiplication, and that such infections usually proved severe.
4. Finally, an appreciable correlation between the morphological and developmental characteristics and the virulence as manifested in these examples of infection with Trypanosoma lewisi has been suggested.
ON THE CAUSE OF THE HEART BEAT
Authors: Porter W. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The cause of the rhythmic contraction of the ventricle lies within the ventricle itself.
2. The cause of the rhythmic contraction is not a single, localized, co-ordination centre; the co-ordination mechanism, whatever it may be, is present in all parts of the ventricle.
3. The integrity of the whole ventricle is not essential to the coordinated contractions of a part of the ventricle.
4. The apex of the mammalian heart possesses spontaneous, rhythmic contractility.
5. Assuming that the general belief in the absence of nerve cells from the apical part of the ventricle is correct, these experiments demonstrate that nerve cells are not essential to spontaneous, long-continued, co-ordinated contractions of the ventricle.
A STUDY OF THE ACTION OF ACONITIN ON THE MAMMALIAN HEART AND CIRCULATION
Authors: Matthews S. A. 
Published: June 2004

The action of aconitin on the dog's heart, therefore, seems to consist in:
1. A stimulation of the inhibitory mechanism, especially of the centres in the medulla oblongata.
2. An increase in the irritability of the muscle of the auricle and the ventricle, which leads to independent contractions of one or both of these divisions and culminates in fibrillary contractions in the ventricle.
The first of these is the only effect seen in the therapeutic use of the drug, and aconitin may, therefore, be considered to be indicated when it is desirable to stimulate the inhibitory centre without acting on the heart muscle. Of course it has a further effect on the circulation through the stimulation of the vaso-motor centre, but this would appear to be of minor importance.
CONCERNING A POLYVALENT ANTIGEN FOR THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST FOR STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS INFECTION
Authors: Hastings T. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Streptococcus viridans is of extremely low virulence for white mice and rabbits.
2. The serum of rabbits, after a series of intravenous injections of dead or living Streptococcus viridans, is poor in complement fixative substance (fixateur of Besredka) for Streptococcus viridans.
3. Antigens prepared from several strains of Streptococcus viridans are relatively poor in fixable substance.
4. The technique of complement fixation tests for infection with Streptococcus viridans is so laborious and difficult that the method will not be available for general clinical work.
THE EFFECT OF THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF SUBSTANCES AFFECTING TUMOR GROWTH ON THE CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE OVARIES AND ON PLACENTOMATA
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Loeb Leo 
Published: June 2004

If six to seven days after copulation incisions are made under ether anesthesia into the uterus, and on the day following this operation one or several injections of hirudin are given, changes set in in the ovaries which correspond to those found at the time of ovulation; namely, a degeneration of all the follicles with the exception of the small ones. These degenerative changes are followed by the same developmental changes as in the normal cycle. This represents a second method of altering experimentally the periodicity of the sexual cycle, the first consisting in the early extirpation of the corpora lutea described previously by one of us.
Under the same conditions intravenous injections of hirudin destroy in the large majority of cases the greater part of experimental placentomata through hemorrhages, and they prevent the remaining placentomatous areas from active proliferation, probably as a result of interference with the circulation. These injections may also cause abortion in pregnant animals.
Intravenous injections of hirudin produce a tendency to hemorrhage at various places in the body, and these hemorrhages are prone to occur, especially in rapidly growing tissues, where the blood vessels are less resistant, as in tumors and in placentomata, also in the neighborhood of necrotic areas. In the stomach the hemorrhages may be followed by digestion of the tissues through the gastric juice. It is probable that there is a connection between the action of hirudin on the blood (coagulability and viscosity) and the tendency to hemorrhage.
Withdrawal of blood, intravenous injections of distilled water, colloidal copper, nucleoproteid, or casein have no marked effect on the cyclic changes in the ovaries or on placentomata.
A STUDY OF THE METABOLISM OF CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, SULPHUR, PHOSPHORUS, AND NITROGEN IN ACROMEGALY
Authors: Bergeim Olaf , Stewart F. T. , Hawk P. B. 
Published: June 2004

A distinct retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus was noted, which was not accompanied by corresponding changes in general metabolism, as evidenced by a practical balance of nitrogen and sulphur.
It is concluded that there is a primary disturbance in the metabolism of the mineral elements mentioned, with the probable formation of new bony tissue.
The distribution of elements between urine and feces shows no abnormal variations.
A suggestion is made as to the reasons for variable calcium output in the urine on a uniform diet.
LOCALIZATION OF THE VIRUS AND PATHOGENESIS OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

The virus of poliomyelitis is capable of penetrating the retina without producing apparent injury, to reach the central nervous organs.
The virus injected into the blood is deposited promptly in the spleen and bone marrow, but not in the kidneys, spinal cord, or brain.
Notwithstanding the affinity which the nervous tissues possess for the virus, it is not removed from the blood by the spinal cord and brain until the choroid plexus and blood vessels have suffered injury.
The intervertebral ganglia remove the virus from the blood earlier than do the spinal cord and brain.
An aseptic inflammation produced by an intraspinous injection of horse serum facilitates and insures the passage of the virus to the central nervous organs, and the production of paralysis. The unaided virus, even when present in large amounts, passes inconstantly from the blood to the substance of the spinal cord and brain.
When the virus within the blood fails to gain access to the central nervous organs, and to set up paralysis, it is destroyed by the body, in course of which destruction it undergoes, as a result of the action of the spleen and, perhaps, other organs, diminution of virulence.
The histological lesions that follow the intravenous injections of the virus in some but not in all cases differ from those which result from intraneural modes of infection.
In escaping from the blood into the spinal cord and brain, the virus causes a lymphatic invasion of the choroid plexus and widespread perivascular infiltration, and from the latter cellular invasions enter the nervous tissues. A similar lymphoid infiltration of the choroid plexus may arise also from an intracerebral injection of the virus.
The histological lesions present in the central nervous organs in human cases of poliomyelitis correspond to those that arise from the intraneural method of infection in the monkey.
The virus in transit from the blood through the cerebrospinal fluid to the substance of the spinal cord and brain is capable of being neutralized by intraspinous injection of immune serum, whereby the production of paralysis is averted.
Carmin in a sterile and finely divided state introduced into the meninges and ventricles sets up an aseptic inflammation, but is quickly taken up by cells, including ependymal cells. When an aseptic inflammation has been previously established by means of horse serum, or when the nervous tissues are already injured by the poliomyelitic virus, the pigment appears to enter the ependymal cells more freely.
The experiments described support the view that infection in epidemic poliomyelitis in man is local and neural, and by way of the lymphatics, and not general and by way of the blood. Hence they uphold the belief that the infection atrium is the upper respiratory mucous membrane.
THE EXCRETION OF NITROGEN IN FEVER
Authors: Sharpe N. C. , Simon K. M. B. 
Published: June 2004

The rise of temperature following typhoid vaccination is accompanied by a marked increase in the output of total nitrogen, creatinin, and especially of uric acid.
The reaction to tuberculin is slower, but is also accompanied by an increased output of nitrogenous substances, that is, however, less uniform and generally less pronounced.
In a case of malaria there was a tendency for the rise of temperature to be accompanied by an increased output of total nitrogen and less uniformly of creatinin; on two days on which the fever was preceded by rigor the output of uric acid was increased.