bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body size and fatness of free‐living baboons reflect food availability and activity levels
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Schoeller Dale , Altmann Stuart A. , Muruthi Philip , Sapolsky Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe used morphometric techniques and isotope‐labeled water to investigate the influence of abundant, accessible food and resultant low activity levels on body size and fatness in free‐living adolescent and adult baboons as compared to animals in the same population that experienced more typical, wild‐feeding conditions. Females that had access to abundant food from a nearby garbage dump averaged 16.7 kg body mass, 50% more than their wild‐feeding counterparts in adjacent home ranges. Little of the difference was due to lean mass: the animals with an accessible abundance of food averaged 23.2% body fat in contrast to 1.9% for the wild‐feeding animals. Significant differences between feeding conditions were found for all measured skinfolds and for upper arm circumference but not for linear measurements. Differences between feeding conditions were less for males than for females, perhaps reflecting persistent effects of nutritional conditions during the first eight years of life before dispersal from the group of birth. The difference in fatness between feeding conditions was similar to the difference between humans with frank obesity and those that are considered lean, but in both cases the percentages of body fat in the baboons were considerably less than those observed in humans. In levels of fatness, the relatively sedentary animals resembled their counterparts in group‐housed captive conditions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testis size, epididymis weight, and sperm competition in rhesus macaques
Authors: Bercovitch Fred B. , Rodriguez Jose F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe intensity of sperm competition is often measured using the gonadosomatic index (testes/body weight). But sperm competition could be mediated more by size of the epididymis than by size of the testicles, and little information is available on the relationship between testicular and epididymal size. We found that both organs were positively correlated in size among male rhesus macaques. Body weight accounted for over 70% of the variance in testicle size and volumetric estimates of testicle size accurately reflected testicle weight. We conclude that methods for ascertaining testicle size are accurate, but the covariation in size between testicles and epididymis will hamper understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in sperm competition in primates. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further hormonal suppression of eldest daughter cotton‐top tamarins following birth of infants
Authors: Snowdon Charles T. , Ziegler Toni E. , Widowski Tina M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproductive suppression of females is found throughout the Callitrichids. However, in many species some evidence of ovarian activity is observed in subordinate females. Subordinate cotton‐top tamarin females in our colony have never been observed to ovulate in the presence of a reproductive female. However, ovarian follicular development does occur, and measurable levels of urinary estrogen and luteinizing hormone are frequently found in subordinate females. We studied 11 female tamarins living in family groups with a reproductive female. Each of the 8 eldest daughters had measurable urinary estrogen and LH levels and showed a reduction of hormonal levels when new infants were born. The 3 younger daughters showed barely detectable hormonal levels that did not change. Following the birth of infants the eldest daughters scent marked less frequently, increased time in contact with and grooming group members other than the mother, but they were more often targets of aggression than immediately prior to infant births. The eldest daughters were somewhat less involved in care of new infants than expected, although they spent much time in proximity to those carrying the infants. These results suggest that the further reduction of hormonal levels in subordinate females after the birth of infants may function to prevent these females from competing with mothers during the post‐partum estrus rather than recruiting the eldest daughters as helpers for infant care. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinship, association, and social relationships in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S. , Judge Peter G. , Ruehlmann Thomas E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on social interactions with matrilineal kin were collected from two groups of rhesus monkeys for 6 years. All behavioral states, including time within one meter of another, involved kin more often than would be expected by chance. Significant associations were also found between kinship and the frequencies of various forms of agonistic as well as affiliative acts. Frequency of social interaction, however, was not a simple function of time in proximity. Although animals spent more time with kin than nonkin they had more aggressive interactions with kin. Moreover, aggression was biased toward the more serious forms of expression in interactions with kin. Time spent in association was neither predictive of the rate of aggressive interaction nor reduced by high rates of aggressive interaction. Rather than association time influencing rates of interaction, association time may be the consequence of a history of aggressive and affiliative exchanges. Preferential association and high rates of aggressive interaction with kin may be possible due to the existence of compensating social mechanisms nullifying the negative influence of specific aggressive encounters. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circulating and excreted hormones during the ovarian cycle in the cotton‐top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus
Authors: Ziegler Toni E. , Wittwer Daniel J. , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive parous, cycling cotton‐top tamarin females were used to compare circulating and urinary profiles of the major reproductive hormones during the ovarian cycle. Blood samples were collected on unanesthetized, hand restrained females three times per week for 25 days and first morning void urine was collected daily for 30–40 days including the serum sampling period. Serum and urine samples were analyzed for estrone, estradiol, and bioactive LH. Additionally, serum was analyzed for progesterone and urine for estrone conjugates (E1G) and immunoreactive LH. Both serum and urinary hormonal profiles revealed ovarian cyclicity in four females; the fifth one stopped cycling during the study. All hormones were referenced to the urinary immunoreactive LH peak. Urinary estrone conjugates followed similar profiles to serum progesterone. Progesterone levels increased two‐ to threefold on the day of the urinary immunoreactive LH peak. Peak levels of circulating bioactive LH occurred on the same day or the day preceding the urinary bioactive and immunoreactive LH peak for all four cycling females. Serum estradiol levels rose during the follicular phase and peaked prior to or on the day of the urinary LH peak while urinary estradiol levels did not rise until the day of the urinary LH peak. Serum and urinary estrone levels did not rise until the day of the urinary LH peak and remained high throughout the luteal phase. The measurement of urinary LH corresponded well with serum LH, establishing urinary LH as an important hormone for monitoring the ovulation in the tamarin. The highest circulating estradiol concentrations were found in the follicular phase of the cycle, but estradiol did not appear in urine during the follicular phase of the cycle. Elevated estrone levels occur during the luteal phase following the progesterone pattern, and therefore elevated urinary concentrations of estrone and estrone conjugates may be indicative of luteal function. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notes on the ecology of buffy saki monkeys (Pithecia albicans, Gray 1860): A canopy seed‐predator
Authors: Peres Carlos A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on the ecology and diet of buffy sakis (Pithecia albicans) were obtained during a 20‐month study in an entirely undisturbed terra firme forest in the upper Urucu river, Amazonas, Brazil. Groups of 3–7 sakis found in a 900‐ha study plot used large home ranges (147–204 ha), which overlapped extensively with those of neighboring groups. Similar to other pitheciines, buffy sakis were primarily seed predators, relying heavily on young seeds of certain key plant families, such as the Sapotaceae and Leguminosae. Ripe fruits, ripe seeds, young leaves, flowers, and nectar were eaten to a lesser extent. Whether or not feeding, sakis spent most of their time in the canopy and subcanopy, a pattern similar to that of other southwestern Amazonian saki species, but sharply different from that of Guianan sakis (Pithecia pithecia), which use considerably lower levels of the forest. Comparisons are made between different Pithecia species to show whether and how P. albicans diverges ecologically from its congeners. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary analysis of drinking from seawater sources by free‐ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Lehman Shawn M. , Overdorff Deborah J. , Lessnau Robert G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRhesus macaques on Key Lois Island were observed drinking seawater that flowed into four holes they had excavated in the sand. Data were gathered to determine the salinity (TDS) and pH levels of the water and which animals were using the holes. Average TDS level (4,506.8 ± 1,750.8), but not pH (8.1 ± .30) level, of water from the holes differed from the surrounding seawater (TDS = 29,000, pH = 8.0). There were significant variations in TDS and pH levels of water between holes. A total of 249 drinking and 11 digging bouts were observed. Adult females drank and dug most often (46.9% of total bouts). Of the 260 total drinking and digging bouts, 76.1% (N = 198) were concentrated at one hole. This hole had the lowest average TDS level (3,714.2 ± 1,504.4) and one of the highest average pH levels (8.1 ± .29). Age/sex class differences in drinking bout frequencies may have been due to differential social status. We suggest that the holes were excavated to overcome a temporary shortage of provisioned water. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extended postpregnancy estrous cycles in fernale lion‐tailed macaques
Authors: Clarke A. S. , Harvey N. C. , Lindburg D. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPast studies of female primate reproduction have focused on regularly cycling females, and thus the reproductive characteristics of females in other reproductive states (e.g., pregnant, or lactating) have rarely been investigated. In this study, data were collected on estrous swellings and sexual and proceptive behavior in six female lion‐tailed macaques during recovery from lactational amenorrhea for the first three to five postpregnancy cycles. For these females, the length of the first lactational recovery swelling cycle averaged 81 days, nearly three times the length of cycles exhibited by nonparturient, isosexually housed females Actual swelling durations were also nearly three times the length of those seen in nonlactating females, and occupied a larger proportion of the cycle For most females, cycle duration and sexual and proceptive behavior declined progressively over successive cycles. The alpha female in each group accounted for the majority of copulations in the first three cycles, and this effect was pronounced in the first cycle. Extended postpregnancy cycles in this species may be related to female reproductive competition and /or a tactic to attract extra‐group males. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lethal territorial aggression in a white‐handed gibbon
Authors: Palombit Ryne A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring an intergroup conflict an adult male white‐handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) from one group was attacked and wounded by the adult male of a neighboring group. The wounded male's calling behavior, general activity level, feeding, and participation in territorial defense declined dramatically in the days following the injury as he instead spent long periods resting and tending the wound. The normal and healthy appearance of this male prior to injury, the circumstances of the fight that caused the injury, the resultant deterioration in normal maintenance and social behavior, and finally the apparent infection of the wound by insect larvae all suggested that his disappearance 24 days later was the result of death due directly or indirectly to the wound he had suffered. The observations reported here suggest that the ritualization of territorial aggression in this species has not eliminated risks of serious injury and death. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountain gorillas, II: Relatedness, residence, and relationships between females
Authors: Watts David P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFemale transfer is common in mountain gorillas, but most adult females reside with female relatives for at least some of their lives. In four mountain gorilla social groups, co‐resident relatives had higher rates of affiliative interaction and lower rates of aggressive interaction, and were more tolerant of each other, than non‐relatives. These differences were greater for maternal than for paternal relatives. Non‐relatives typically had few affiliative interactions, but some (mostly but not entirely long‐term co‐residents) had friendly relationships. Females showed reciprocity in affiliative behavior. Long‐term residents in two groups maintained less tolerant relationships with more recent immigrants than with each other and than did most pairs of immigrants. The effects of relatedness and residence status on relationships may sometimes be complementary because both factors can lead to similar reproductive interests. A potential exists for some resemblance between female‐female social relationships in mountain gorillas and those in female‐bonded primate species. However, even female relatives usually spend little time interacting socially with each other, and the benefits of relationships with males outweigh those of relationships with other females. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insights into ovarian function in wild muriqui monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides)
Authors: Strier Karen B. , Ziegler Toni E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFecal samples were collected systematically during a 6‐week period, from 13 September‐24 October, 1990, from four nonlactating female muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) inhabiting an 800 ha forest at Fazenda Montes Claros in Minas Gerais, Brazil. All four females were experienced mothers; one had most recently given birth in June 1988; the other three had most recently given birth in August 1988. Fecal assays measuring progesterone, estradiol, and estrone indicated consistently low levels in the one female who had given birth in June 1988 and in two of the three females who had given birth in August 1988. Elevated steroid levels did, however, appear in fecal samples from the fourth female on day 15 of the collection period. Steroid levels subsequently dropped and then began to rise again during what appeared to be a second cycle. The cycling female was the only one of the four females examined observed to copulate during the collection period. These preliminary data indicate that nonlactating female muriquis do not cycle year‐round, resumption of cycling is not tightly synchronized among females even when their prior parturitions were tightly synchronized, and resumed sexual activity appears to be associated with resumed cycling. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant abuse associated with psychosocial stress in a group‐living pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) Mother
Authors: Maestripieri Dario 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study reports a case of infant abuse by a pigtail macaque mother living in a captive social group. Patterns of abusive behavior appeared three weeks after the birth of the infant and were in strict temporal as sociation with the repeated kidnapping and severe harassment of the infant by the alpha‐female in the group. Before and after the period of social stress, the mother exhibited proper caregiving behavior towards her infant. The analysis of the abusive mother's style of interaction with her infant relative to three control mothers indicated that she was an extremely permissive mother. It is argued that the mother's failure to adapt her mothering style to better protect her infant during the period of repeated kidnappings and the resulting lack of control over the situation may be the mechanism by which stress precipitated infant abuse. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twinning in a colony of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)
Authors: Pollack Deborah B. , Raleigh Michael J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom 1975 through 1991, three sets of twins were born from a total of 693 live and stillborn births (0.43%) at the UCLA/Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center Nonhuman Primate Research Laboratory, CA. None of the twin's mothers were related. Positive patrilineal relationships have not been established; however, a brother (not a twin) of the first set of twins may have fathered the third set. All twins were born to multiparous females and, in each case, only one infant survived beyond 4 days. One set of twins was dizygotic; the genetic status of the others is unknown. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in compatibility of pair‐housed adult longtailed macaques
Authors: Crockett Carolyn M. , Bowers Charles L. , Bowden Douglas M. , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis research was designed to evaluate the effects of same‐sex pair housing on the psychological well‐being of adult wild‐born longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). We studied behavioral compatibility and stress as measured by urinary cortisol excretion in 15 pairs of each sex. Before they were housed together, the pairs were categorized by noncontact pairedpreference testing as preferred, nonpreferred, or randomly assigned partners. Every aspect of data analysis indicated that the success of pairing was strongly related to gender. Whereas 100% of female pairs were compatible, only eight of the 15 male pairs were still together after two weeks, and only five (33%) showed a degree of compatibility resembling that of females.The psychological well‐being of virtually all females seemed to be improved during the physical contact paired‐housing conditions; they spent more than one‐third of the day engaged in social grooming. Paired adult males had much lower interaction rates than adult females. On average, males were initially somewhat stressed by the introduction to a cagemate as indicated by increased urinary cortisol excretion.The noncontact preference testing procedure was no more predictive of pair success than random assignment. For males, the presence of fighting combined with the absence of grooming during the first 90 min opportunity for physical contact (“introduction”) was associated with pair incompatibility, but not to a statistically significant extent.For research protocols permitting social grouping of this species, the social contact requirement of the USDA Animal Welfare Rules usually can be met for adult females by pair housing. For males, pairing with other adult males often is unsuccessful; by our estimates, at least 20% of males cannot be pair‐housed with other males. These sex differences in response to same‐sex adults are consistent with the known socioecology of macaques. Further research is necessary to determine whether adult males have a lower need for social contact than females, or whether their needs are better met by other types of social contact. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rank‐related differences in cardiovascular function among wild baboons: Role of sensitivity to glucocorticoids
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M. , Share Lisa J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn a population of wild baboons living in East Africa, we have observed endocrine differences among individuals as a function of dominance rank. Among these differences, we previously observed indirect evidence for dominant males being more. responsive to sympathetic catecholamines than were subordinate males. The present report tests this explicitly. Male baboons of known rank were anesthetized, and sympathetic and parasympathetic activity was pharmacologically inhibited. In experiment I, males were challenged with epinephrine; over a wide dose range, dominant males had the largest and fastest rises in systolic pressure, the greatest peak systolic pressure, and the most rapid recovery from the epinephrine challenge. Similar rank‐related differences in heart rate response to epinephrine also occurred. Experiment II showed that this phenomenon probably reflects rank‐related differences at both the heart and vasculature. As evidence, the same rank differences in systolic blood pressure responsiveness occurred when males were challenged with the alpha receptor agonist phenylephrine (which predominantly constricts systemic veins and arterioles), while the same rank differences in heart rate responses occurred following stimulation with the beta receptor agonist isoproterenol (which selectively works at the heart).These data were obtained from animals stressed by anesthetization, known to cause considerable glucocorticoid secretion in this population. Such steroids are well known for their capacity to augment catecholamine action. In experiment III, we blocked endogenous glucocorticoid secretion with the steroidogenesis inhibitor metyrapone, and repeated the epinephrine challenge. Under these conditions, the rank differences in epinephrine responsiveness were eliminated. Thus, dominant males are not so much preferentially sensitive to catecholamine action, as much as to the potentiating effects of glucocorticoids upon such action. In agreement, we have observed previously that dominant males are also more sensitive to glucocorticoid negative feedback regulation. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dusk calling in barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus): Demand for social shelter
Authors: Hammerschmidt Kurt , Ansorge Viveka , Fischer Julia , Todt Dietmar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBarbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) show an increase in vocal activity at dusk. This investigation showed that these vocalizations were mainly produced by juveniles from six to 18 months of age, during their attempts to achieve body contact with their mothers, thereby building up a sleeping cluster. The “dusk calling” consisted of protracted sequences of variable vocal patterns which always ceased when the juvenile joined its preferred sleeping cluster. The length of the sequences corresponded to the time it took the juvenile to be accepted into a sleeping cluster. One‐year‐old juveniles exhibited the highest vocal activity. The similarity of the results obtained in two outdoor enclosures in France and of those in the field (Morocco) indicated that dusk calling is common to this species, and not a behavior unique to captive animals. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.