bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Experimental Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection in Goats
Authors: Kumar P. , Tripathi B. N. , Sharma A. K. , Kumar R. , Sreenivasa B. P. , Singh R. P. , Dhar P. , Bandyopadhyay S. K. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryPeste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an emerging, economically important viral disease of goats and sheep in the Indian subcontinent. In the present investigation, 15 hill goats were experimentally infected with 2 ml of 10% splenic suspension of a virulent isolate of PPR virus (PPR/Izatnagar/94) that had caused heavy mortality (>75%) in goats during 1994 outbreaks in northern India. More than 86% (13 of 15) animals died between 9 and 13 days post inoculation at the height of temperature or when temperatures were declining. Necropsy findings included congestion of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), nasal sinuses, consolidation of antero‐ventral lobes of lungs, engorged spleen, and occasionally oedematous lymph nodes. Histopathological examination of major organs of GIT revealed degeneration and necrosis of labial mucosa, severe mucosal and submucosal congestion, degeneration and necrosis of intestinal epithelium and lymphoid cell depletion from Peyer's patches along with presence of syncytia at times. Lungs showed broncho‐interstitial changes and presence of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in alveolar macrophages and syncytial cells. These changes in lungs were frequently complicated with serofibrinous pneumonia (57%, eight of 14). Lymphocytolysis and occasional syncytia formation were evident in the lymphoid tissues. Immunohistochemical (IHC) findings included presence of PPR virus antigen in the labial, intestinal, and bronchiolar epithelial cells, pneumocytes, macrophages and syncytial cells in lungs, and lymphoid (intact and necrotic) and reticular cells in lymphoid organs. The findings of the study indicated the highly virulent nature of the PPR virus isolate (PPR/Izatnagar/94), causing 100% mortality and characteristic pathological changes in the target organs such as lungs, intestines and lymphoid tissues. The results of the IHC study suggested that indirect immunoperoxidase could be an alternative method in the absence of more sophisticated methods of laboratory diagnosis of PPR virus infection in goats.
Effects of a Herbal Complex Against Eimeria tenella Infection in Chickens
Authors: Du A. , Hu S. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryA liquid and a powder made from a herbal complex consisting of Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis, Agrimoniae Herba, Sanguisorbae Radix, Eclipta Prostrate Herba, Pulsatillae Radix, Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, Rehmanniae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix were studied for their anticoccidial activities in chickens. Chickens were administered with herbal liquid, powder, diclazuril or without medication during the study and challenged with oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Results indicated that the birds medicated showed less bloody faeces than those without medication. The intestinal lesion was mild in the chicks medicated with herbal liquid without significantly different lesion score when compared with uninfected chicks. The birds with medication had significantly higher body weight gains than birds without medication. Therefore, the herbal complex used in this study was effective against E. tenella infection in chickens.
Experimental Inoculation of Pregnant Swine with Type 1 Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus
Authors: Walz P. H. , Baker J. C. , Mullaney T. P. , Maes R. K. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe ability of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV‐1) to induce transplacental infection in pigs was evaluated. Control pigs (n = 4) were sham‐inoculated while infected pigs (n = 4) were intranasally inoculated with BVDV‐1 on day 65 of gestation. Blood samples were tested throughout the study for BVDV and antibody to BVDV. On day 110 of gestation, a Caesarean section was performed. Serum was obtained for virus isolation and antibody determination from all piglets, and all experimental animals were killed. Tissues were collected for virus isolation and histopathology. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus was isolated on days 5 and 7 after infection and seroconversion was demonstrated in all infected gilts; however, BVDV was only isolated from one fetus from an infected pig. Viraemia and seroconversion were demonstrated in the pregnant gilts; however, transplacental infection at day 65 of gestation in the pig was not consistently demonstrated.
Comparative Studies of Experimental Oral Inoculation of Pigs with Ascaris suum Eggs or Third Stage Larvae
Authors: Eriksen L. , Bøgh H. O. , Loftager M. , Lind P. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThis experimental study was designed to compare the acquired resistance in pigs to Ascaris suum eggs following 4‐weekly oral immunizations with either 200 A. suum infective eggs or 50 A. suum third stage larvae (L3). The two immunized groups (n = 7) together with an unimmunized control group (n = 7) of pigs were challenged orally with 50 infective A. suum eggs per kilogram bodyweight on day 19 after the last immunization. Seven days post‐challenge the group immunized with eggs showed signs of resistance as evidenced by reduced lung larval counts compared with the challenge control group. Such significant resistance was not observed in the L3‐immunized group. However, a markedly increased inflammatory liver reaction and white spot formation was demonstrated in the L3‐immunized pigs after challenge compared with both control animals and egg‐immunized pigs. On the day of challenge only the egg‐immunized pigs mounted an anti‐Ascaris antibody response both in serum and in lung lavage fluid. Ascaris‐antigen induced increased histamine release from peripheral leucocytes following both immunization and challenge could only be demonstrated in the egg‐immunized pigs. On day 7 post‐challenge local IgA‐anti‐Ascaris antibodies were further demonstrated in bile of the egg‐immunized group and in the small intestine of both immunized groups. In conclusion, oral A. suum egg immunization of pigs induced a significant reduction in lung larval counts upon challenge. In contrast, oral L3 immunization seemed to prime the pigs as observed by the presence of stunted lung larval growth and increased liver reaction post‐challenge with A. suum eggs.
Spontaneous extraperitoneal haemorrhage: Computed tomography diagnosis and treatment by selective arterial embolization
Authors: Pathi Ramon , Voyvodic Frank , Thompson William R 
Published: July 2004

SummaryFour cases of extraperitoneal haemorrhage occurring in the setting of anticoagulation or coagulopathy are presented. Treatment of this condition has traditionally consisted of reversal of anticoagulation and supportive therapy. Diagnosis was made on contrast‐enhanced computed tomography. The finding of active contrast extravasation was found to be a factor predictive of failure of conservative therapy and, therefore, an indication for angiography and embolization. In all four cases presented in the present paper, the bleeding vessel(s) were identified and significant active bleeding arrested by transcatheter embolization.
Diagnosis of intraventricular cysticercosis by magnetic resonance imaging: Improved detection with three‐dimensional spoiled gradient recalled echo sequences
Authors: Robbani Irfan , Razdan Sushil , Pandita Kamal K 
Published: July 2004

SummaryNeurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused when the cysticercus larvae of Taenia solium infect the central nervous system. The larvae usually land in the parenchymal tissue, but quite rarely can lodge in the ventricles and cisterns of the brain. Unlike parenchymal NCC, it is not easy to demonstrate the cysticercus cysts within the cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Computed tomography and even conventional MR sequences can fail to detect such cysts. However, obtaining three‐dimensional spoiled gradient recalled echo imaging sequences can help in improving the detection of intraventricular NCC, as is borne out by a case described in the present report. The use of such special MR sequences is therefore strongly advocated in suspected cases of intraventricular NCC.
Bipartite parietal bone: A rare cause of plagiocephaly
Authors: Bessell‐Browne Richard J , Thonell Sven 
Published: July 2004

SummaryA case of an infant with an asymmetrical head is presented. On clinical assessment the patient displayed features of deformational plagiocephaly. With the aid of three‐dimensional CT imaging of the skull, a bipartite parietal bone was diagnosed. The prevalence and possible aetiology of a bipartite parietal bone is discussed as well as a brief overview of the common causes of plagiocephaly.
Intraductal papillary mucinous tumour of the pancreas: Imaging features
Authors: Trieu Lawrence , Thambugala Guyan M , Loh Y Han 
Published: July 2004

SummaryIntraductal papillary mucinous tumour of the pancreas is an uncommon distinctive pancreatic tumour characterized by dilatation of the main pancreatic duct or branch ducts as a result of excessive production and disturbance in the draining of mucin. The imaging characteristics of a case in an 82‐year‐old woman are compared.
Metaplastic breast cancer
Authors: Greenberg Darrilyn , McIntyre Heather , Bierre Tony 
Published: July 2004

SummaryMetaplastic breast carcinoma is uncommon and constitutes less than 5% of all breast cancers. The cancerous epithelium becomes non‐glandular through metaplastic differentiation. There are various subtypes and the extent to which this process occurs varies. A case of a 52‐year‐old female patient is reported and the published literature is reviewed.
Parotidectomy: review of treatment and outcomes
Authors: Bova Ronaldo , Saylor Alys , Coman William B. 
Published: July 2004

Background:  Parotidectomy is a common surgical procedure performed for a wide array of benign and malignant tumours. The aim of the present study was to review a single‐institution experience with parotidectomy over a 10 year period.Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed 170 patients who had parotidectomy performed. The preoperative investigations, clinicopathological parameters, perioperative morbidity and mortality were assessed.Results:  One hundred and six (62%) of the patients were men. The mean age was 54 years (range 21−80). Indications for parotidectomy included benign tumour (44%), malignant tumour (42%), inflammatory parotid disease (7%) and miscellaneous (5%). The most common benign tumour was pleomorphic adenoma (25%). The most common malignant tumour was metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (19%). Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed in 83% patients with a sensitivity and specificity for benign tumours of 76% and 97%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for malignant tumours was 90% and 99%, respectively. One (0.6%) patient died in the postoperative period. Postoperative complications included wound infection (2.3%), wound haematoma (3.5%) and seroma (6.6%). Six patients (3.5%) developed temporary complete facial paresis, while 33 patients (20%) developed temporary partial facial palsy in the immediate postoperative period. The 2‐year disease‐free and disease‐specific survival for those patients with metastatic cutaneous SCC were 75% and 76%, respectively.Conclusions:  The most common indications for parotidectomy were pleomorphic adenoma and metastatic cutaneous SCC. Our perioperative morbidity and survival for patients with malignant parotid disease compare favourably with other institutional series.
Treatment of advanced cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx with chemoradiation
Authors: Featherstone Carolyn J. , Clarke Stephen , Jackson Michael A. , Shannon Kerwin F. , McNeil Edward B. , Tin Mo M. , Clifford Anthony , O'Brien Christopher J. 
Published: July 2004

Aim:  To analyze the outcome of patients diagnosed with advanced cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx treated with combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy at Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.Methods:  Analysis of prospectively gathered data concerning patients treated between 1994 and 2000 in a multidisciplinary, tertiary referral head and neck service. Outcome measures were: treatment toxicity, locoregional tumour control, and disease specific survival.Results:  Among 54 eligible patients, cancer involved the larynx in 31 patients and hypopharynx in 23 and, of these, 38 (70%) completed all the scheduled treatment. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy were given sequentially in 39 patients and concurrently in 15. The median age of patients was 63 years (range 35−79 years) and all but three had clinical stage III or IV disease. There were two treatment related deaths. Disease persisted in five patients and 14 others relapsed. Overall, 11 (24%) patients have had a laryngectomy; five for persistent disease, three for local recurrence and three for treatment related complications in the absence of disease. There were 15 cancer‐related deaths. Cumulative disease specific survival at 2 years was 77% for the larynx cancer group and 72% for hypopharynx. The larynx was preserved in 26 of 30 patients alive at follow up.Conclusions:  Patients diagnosed with advanced cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx may be considered for organ preservation treatment with chemoradiation, reserving surgery for persistent or recurrent disease. Careful patient selection is recommended because of the potential for significant treatment related toxicity.
Biopsy of musculoskeletal tumours − beware
Authors: Pollock Robin C. , Stalley Paul D. 
Published: July 2004

Background:  Biopsy of musculoskeletal tumours is hazardous and, when poorly performed, can compromise limb salvage surgery and patient survival. The aim of the present paper is to examine the early management of such patients referred to the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia with particular reference to biopsy.Methods:  We conducted a prospective audit of all patients referred to our musculoskeletal tumour service during 2002. Inclusion criteria were: all patients with primary tumours of the musculoskeletal system. We compared the outcome of patients biopsied prior to referral with that of patients biopsied in a recognized treatment centre.Results:  One hundred and forty‐two patients were included. The referring surgeon performed biopsies in 29 cases, of which 20 were malignant lesions. The senior author biopsied the remaining 113 cases, of which 57 were malignant. Definitive treatment was hindered by a badly performed biopsy in 38% of patients biopsied by the referring surgeon. In 25% the definitive treatment had to be changed either to a more radical procedure than would have originally been necessary or to palliative rather than curative intent. Patients biopsied elsewhere were more likely to have an incomplete excision requiring re‐excision, more likely to require amputation, and more likely to require adjuvant radiotherapy.Conclusions:  There is a high complication rate when patients with musculoskeletal tumours are biopsied by surgeons inexperienced in their management. These patients are better served by early referral to a specialist centre where staging investigations including biopsy can be performed with minimal morbidity.
Mobile phone photo messaging assisted communication in the assessment of hand trauma
Authors: Lam Tai Khoa , Preketes Angelo , Gates Robert 
Published: July 2004

Background:  The aim of the present study was to incorporate the use of mobile phone photo‐messaging into clinical practice, in order to explore its potential advantages and limitations in the context of communication between the registrar and consultant for the assessment of hand trauma.Methods:  Two Nokia 7650 mobile phones (Nokia, Sydney, Australia) were obtained. These were used for correspondence between the registrar and the consultant for all hand trauma seen in the emergency department over a 2‐month period.Results:  There were 27 cases recorded. Deductions were drawn form the use of the phone and the collected data was qualitatively interpreted.Conclusion:  The present paper describes our findings and approval of the use of mobile phones with photo‐messaging capabilities for the purpose of enhancing communication in a clinical setting. Low cost and ease of use make the phones easily incorporated into clinical practice.
Guidelines for the management of haemodynamically unstable pelvic fracture patients
Authors: Heetveld Martin J. , Harris Ian , Schlaphoff Glen , Sugrue Michael 
Published: July 2004

Background:  Haemodynamically unstable pelvic fracture patients have a high mortality, and decision‐making is crucial. The present article discusses key clinical practice guidelines and options in the early management of these challenging patients.Methods:  A multidisciplinary consensus committee developed guidelines following standard scientific methodology, comprehensive Medline searches and level of evidence grading. Clinical practice guidelines and options addressed four key questions: (i) how to determine the source of haemorrhage?; (ii) how to control haemorrhage?; (iii) what is the optimal angiography and embolization technique?; and (iv) what is the optimal pelvic stabilization technique?Results:  The consensus best evidence recommends that the source of intra‐abdominal haemorrhage should be assessed using diagnostic peritoneal aspiration and/or focused abdominal sonography in trauma within 30 min of patient arrival. Immediate laparotomy and concomitant pelvic stabilization control intra‐abdominal haemorrhage and venous pelvic haemorrhage, followed by angiography if pelvic arterial bleeding is also present. If intra‐abdominal bleeding is absent, non‐invasive pelvic stabilization and transfer to angiography within 45 min of arrival is recommended to control venous and arterial pelvic haemorrhage. Optimal embolization is performed with steel coils or Gelfoam (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Peapack, NJ, USA) suspension. The optimal pelvic stabilization technique for rotationally unstable fractures with haemodynamic instability is non‐invasive.Conclusion:  The consensus committee successfully developed best evidence recommendations identifying the issues and providing guidelines and options for this challenging condition.
Laser shock peening on fatigue crack growth behaviour of aluminium alloy
Authors: TAN Y. , WU G. , YANG J.‐M. , PAN T. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTThe effect of laser shock peening (LPS) in the fatigue crack growth behaviour of a 2024‐T3 aluminium alloy with various notch geometries was investigated. LPS was performed under a ‘confined ablation mode’ using an Nd: glass laser at a laser power density of 5 GW cm−2. A black paint coating layer and water layer was used as a sacrificial and plasma confinement layer, respectively. The shock wave propagates into the material, causing the surface layer to deform plastically, and thereby, develop a residual compressive stress at the surface. The residual compressive stress as a function of depth was measured by X‐ray diffraction technique. The fatigue crack initiation life and fatigue crack growth rates of an Al alloy with different preexisting notch configurations were characterized and compared with those of the unpeened material. The results clearly show that LSP is an effective surface treatment technique for suppressing the fatigue crack growth of Al alloys with various preexisting notch configurations.
Surface crack growth of silicon nitride bearings under rolling contact fatigue
Authors: KIDA K. , URAKAMI T. , YAMAZAKI T. , KITAMURA K. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTSurface crack growth of silicone nitride ceramic bearings under rolling contact fatigue has been investigated from the viewpoints of contact stresses (ring crack model) and fluid pressure (wedge effect model). The mechanisms of these two models have been investigated independently; however, it was impossible to separate the effects of contact stresses and fluid pressure on surface crack growth. In this paper the effects of contact stresses (ring crack model) on surface crack growth are investigated. In the ring crack model the crack growth is caused by contact stresses around the circumference of the contact circle. The growth of surface cracks located inside and outside the contact track was observed in order to obtain data from which we could reexamine the ring crack model. The outside cracks under rolling contact fatigue were propagated by contact stresses alone and also the inside cracks grew as slowly as the outside cracks. We concluded that the cracks are propagated by the single effect of contact stresses. Preliminary observations of surface crack growth showed that the cracks were unaffected by wear and residual stresses.
Structural integrity in electronics
Authors: PLUMBRIDGE W. J. , KARIYA Y. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTWith continuing miniaturisation, increased performance demands and the requirement to remove lead from solder alloys, the challenges to structural integrity and reliability of electronic equipment are substantial and increasing. This paper outlines typical features in electronic equipment of which the structural integrity community may be generally unaware. Potential failure modes in service are described, and the problems of scale and material characteristics are considered. Progress in the application of fracture mechanics to the life prediction of interconnections is reviewed. The limited evidence available suggests that the crack growth resistance of silver‐containing lead‐free solders is superior to that of the traditional Sn‐37Pb under cycle‐controlled conditions but there is no difference when time‐dependent conditions prevail. In several respects, it is contended that the electronics sector is faced with challenges at least equivalent to those encountered in gas turbines and nuclear power generation.
Analysis of the murine 5‐HT1A receptor gene promoter in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ansorge Mark , Tanneberger Cornelia , Davies Benjamin , Theuring Franz , Kusserow Heike 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe expression level of the 5‐HT1A receptor gene (htr1a) in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated in the aetiology and treatment of anxiety disorders and depression. Previous studies of the murine htr1a have revealed that its proximal promoter is GC rich and TATA‐less. Several functional transcription factor binding sites, including MAZ and SP1 recognition sequences, have been identified. To further analyse the promoter of this receptor gene, additional upstream sequence information extending to −5.5 kb of the murine htr1a was generated and promoter fragments extending to −20 kb were analysed for activity in cell culture and transgenic animals. Promoter fragments greater than 4.5 kb in length were active in 5‐HT1A receptor mRNA positive cells and inactive in 5‐HT1A receptor mRNA negative cells. Smaller fragments were not able to confer this specificity. In agreement, using additive transgenesis to drive LacZ expression in vivo, CNS specific reporter gene expression was found with these longer constructs. Transgene expression in the 4.5‐ and 20‐kb mouse lines resembled the endogenous htr1a expression pattern, whereas the 5.5‐kb mouse lines surprisingly revealed strongly reduced expression. None of the three constructs was prone to confer ectopic expression, however, variation of expression between the transgenic lines was observed. Using colocalization studies we analysed the degree of concurrence of transgenic and endogenous htr1a expression brought about by these three different constructs. The highest degrees of colocalization were observed in mice harbouring the 20‐kb construct, suggesting a large promoter fragment is required to faithfully direct transgene expression in a 5‐HT1A receptor like pattern.