bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish Oil Dietary Supplement Modifies Inhaled Ozone‐Induced Vascular and Pulmonary Effects
Authors: Snow Samantha J. , Henriquez Andres , Hodge Myles , Schladweiler Mette , Richards Judy , Tong Haiyan , Gowdy Kymberly M. , Kodavanti Urmila P. 
Published: November 2023

The omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids present in fish oil supplements are proposed to offer cardioprotective benefits, but it is not established if these supplements can protect against the adverse health effects induced by exposure to air pollution. Ozone, an ubiquitous air pollutant and a component of smog, is associated with premature cardiovascular mortality. We hypothesized that fish oil dietary supplementation would attenuate ozone‐induced vascular and pulmonary impairments. Male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed either a normal diet or a diet enriched with fish oil (6% by weight) starting at 4 weeks of age. Eight weeks following the initial start of the diet, animals were exposed to filtered air or 0.8 ppm ozone, 4h/day for 2 days. Aortic segments were isolated for myograph assessment of vascular reactivity in response to pharmacological intervention. The phenylephrine‐induced vasoconstriction that was increased following ozone exposure in the animals fed the normal diet was completely abolished in the animals fed the fish oil diet, demonstrating vascular protection against this ozone‐induced effect. Contrary to the vasoprotective response, the fish oil supplementation exacerbated pulmonary injury and inflammation. The fish oil diet increased baseline levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) total protein, inflammatory cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils), inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and KC/GRO), as well as, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase, and n‐acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, but did not increase albumin leakage. Fish oil further exacerbated increases in NAG activity, TNF‐α and IL‐6 proteins following ozone exposure, but attenuated the ozone‐induced albumin leakage, neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation. Furthermore, fish oil supplementation regardless of exposure led to enlarged, foamy macrophages in the BALF that coincided with decreased mRNA expression of cholesterol transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1), cholesterol receptors (SR‐B1 and LDLR), and nuclear receptors (LXR‐α and PPAR‐α) in the lung. Collectively, these data indicate that while fish oil offered protection from ozone‐induced aortic vasoconstriction and vascular albumin leakage in the lung, it increased pulmonary injury/inflammation and impaired lipid transport mechanisms resulting in foamy macrophage accumulation. These data demonstrate the need to be cognizant of potential off‐target pulmonary effects that might offset the overall benefit of this vasoprotective dietary supplement. (Does not reflect the US EPA policy).Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by US EPA funds.
Postprandial Inflammation and Coagulation Responses to High‐Fat Meals rich in Saturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Kaviani Sepideh , Stevenson Jada L. , Paton Chad M , Cooper Jamie A 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveIt has been largely shown that high‐fat meals are pro‐thrombotic and pro‐inflammatory in animal models, especially high‐fat meals rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs). However, there is little evidence to support a clearly defined impact of a high‐fat meal on postprandial increases in fibrinolytic and inflammatory markers in healthy normal weight humans.PurposeTo test whether high‐fat meal consumption that is rich in SFAs leads to increases in markers of inflammation (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF‐α)) and coagulation (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1)) in normal weight adult men and women.MethodsTwenty‐five sedentary (perform < 3h/week of structured exercise), normal weight (BMI=18–24.9 kg/m2) adult men and women between the ages of 18–35 years were recruited for the study (13 men and 12 women). Prior to the meal challenge visit, all participants consumed a 3‐day lead‐in diet (50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, 15% protein) that was provided by research personnel. No other food or drink was permitted during the lead‐in diet period, and all diets were designed to keep subjects in energy balance. On the day of testing, participants were given 2 high‐fat meals rich in SFAs for breakfast and lunch. Each liquid meal contained Ensure®, butter, coconut oil and palm oil so that 70% of total energy was derived from fat with 45% of total energy being SFAs. Blood draws were taken at fasting, 2h and 4h post breakfast, and 2h and 4h post lunch. To look at coagulation potential, PAI‐1 was measured at all 5 time‐points of blood collection, and to study inflammation, TNF‐α was measured at the fasting and 2h postprandial time‐points.ResultsThere was no significant change in PAI‐1 from fasting to postprandial time‐points (35.06±5.86ng/mL to 30.11±5.39ng/mL for fasting and postprandial values, respectively; ns). Additionally, there was no change in TNF‐α from fasting to 2h postprandial (1.60±0.51pg/mL to 1.10±0.52pg/mL (log transformed) for fasting and postprandial values, respectively; ns). When analyzed by sex, women had significantly lower fasting TNF‐α levels than men (0.84±0.57pg/mL and 2.29±0.81pg/mL for women and men, respectively; p=0.02) but there was no difference in the postprandial TNF‐α response between sexes. Additionally, there was no difference between men and women for fasting or postprandial PAI‐1 concentrations. Finally, a correlation analysis between fasting PAI‐1 and TNF‐α values showed a significant positive relationship (R2=0.19, p=0.03); however, no relationship was found with postprandial PAI‐1 and TNF‐α concentrations (R2=0.02, ns).ConclusionTwo SFA‐rich, high‐fat meals did not lead to changes in select markers of coagulation or inflammation in either normal weight men or women.Support or Funding InformationThis research project has been funded by the California Walnut Commission.
Serum and Brain Fatty Acid Profile of Growing Rats Feed With High‐Dietary Lipid Concentration from Different Sources.
Authors: Perris Paula Daniela , Fernandez Inés , Mambrin María Cecilia , Pellegrino Néstor , Slobodianik Nora , Feliu María Susana 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionA balanced diet is important to maintain an optimal health status, to prevent chronic diseases. Diet lipid profile is important for the growth and development of the nervous system during the different stages of life. The central nervous system consists predominantly of lipids, much of them, they are composed of fatty acids, which cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied by diet. The ω3 and ω6 fatty acids are determinants in the development of the brain.Objetiveanalyze the effect of high dietary lipid concentration from different sources, on serum and brain fatty acid profile.MethodsWeanling Wistar rats were fed during 40 days diet containing 42Kcal of lipids% provided by: butter (B); Olive oil (O); high oleic acid sunflower oil (HO) and sunflower oil (S). Control group (C) received normocaloric diet (soy oil, 15Kcal of lipids%;) according to AIN'93. Serum and brain fatty acids profile were determined by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis: Dunnett (*p<0.01). Results, expressed as %Area±SD, were: PALMITIC SERUM B:20,63±2,54*▲ O:18,23±1,09 HO:12,96±2,99 S:15,83±1,48 C:16,08±2,15 BRAIN B:16,89±1,61 O:17,35±4,12 HO:20,94±1,87 S:19,35±1,32 C:18,69±1,44, OLEIC SERUM B:20,37±2,23*▲ O:21,03±2,41*▲ HO: 26,96±3,71*▲ S:11,46±3,86 C:11,29±2,27 BRAIN B:19,63±6,30 O:18,45±6,82 HO:15,53±1,26 S:14,31±0,99 C:13,00±1,76 LINOLEIC SERUM B:9,79±1,12*▼ O:14,59±1,09 HO:7,41±1,89*▼ S:30,87±2,58*▲ C:18,50±3,31 BRAIN B:0,96±0,40 O:1,26±0,43 HO:0,40±0,04 S:1,21±0,24 C:1,00±0,20 LINOLENIC SERUM B:0,44±0,14*▼ O:0,29±0,05*▼ HO:0,32±0,13*▼ S:0,28±0,05*▼ C:0,81±0,22 BRAIN B:0,24±0,09 O:0,24±0,05 HO:0,24±0,02 S:0,26±0,09 C:0,34±0,09.ConclusionsB, O y HO groups showed higher serum oleic acid levels with decrease of essential fatty acids levels compared to C. This fact would exacerbate the route of the ω9 family. On the other hand, S group presented in serum low linolenic acid values and high linoleic acid levels. In all groups the changes presented in serum were not observed in brain. These results suggest that the body tries to compensate the brain essential fatty acids needs at expense of its modification in serum. These changes observed were in response to differences in the sources of dietary lipids.Support or Funding InformationUBACyT 20020150100011BA
Differential Effects of Unsaturated Dietary Fatty Acids from a High Fat Diet on Metabolism
Authors: Polley Kristine , Paton Chad , Cooper Jamie 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundDietary fatty acid (FA) composition in a high fat diet may influence changes in metabolism, thus playing a role in the development of obesity.PurposeTo compare the effects of a diet rich in poly‐unsaturated FAs (PUFAs) to a diet rich in mono‐unsaturated FAs (MUFAs) on substrate oxidation and diet induced thermogenesis (DIT).MethodsThirteen normal weight men (18–45y), completed a randomized cross‐over study consisting of two feeding trials (3d lead‐in diet, baseline visit, 5‐day PUFA‐ or MUFA‐rich diet, post‐diet visit). The 5d diets (50% of energy from fat) were rich in either PUFAs (25% of total energy) or MUFAs (25% of total energy). There was a 2‐wk washout period between trials, and diets were designed to keep participants in energy balance. At baseline and post‐diet visits, subjects consumed 2 high‐fat test meals (breakfast, lunch; rich in the FA that coincided with that 5‐day diet). Indirect calorimetry was used for 8h to determine respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and DIT.ResultsFrom pre‐to post‐diet, there were no significant changes in fasting RER and energy expenditure for either the PUFA‐ or MUFA‐rich diets. When comparing the baseline to post‐diet test meals, there was a significant time effect (p< 0.001) and diet effect (p<0.05) in RER, carbohydrate oxidation and fat oxidation. For the diet effect, there was a significant decrease in RER from pre to post PUFA‐rich diet (area under the curve (AUC) ‐ 0.86±0.01 vs. 0.83±0.01, for pre vs. post, respectively; p< 0.01); however, AUC RER did not differ from pre to post MUFA diet (0.85±0.01 vs. 0.84±0.01, for pre vs. post, respectively, ns). There was also a significant decrease in AUC carbohydrate oxidation from pre to post PUFA‐rich diet (26.46±1.43 vs. 22.86±1.08 g/8h, for pre vs. post, respectively; p< 0.01); however, it did not differ from pre to post MUFA diet (23.62±1.51 vs. 23.68±1.24 g/8h, for pre vs. post, respectively, ns). There was a significant increase in AUC fat oxidation from pre to post PUFA‐rich diet (8.96±0.68 vs. 10.58±0.42 g/8h, for pre vs. post, respectively; p< 0.01); however, it did not differ from pre to post MUFA diet (10.00±0.70 vs. 10.56±0.68 g/8h, for pre vs. post, respectively, ns). No difference was found in DIT from pre to post diet in either trial.ConclusionChronic ingestion of a PUFA‐rich, high fat diet decreased postprandial RER (indicating greater fat oxidation) in normal weight men whereas a MUFA‐rich, high fat diet did not alter substrate oxidation. No differences in EE or DIT existed with either diet.Support or Funding InformationFunded by Cotton Incorporated.Research was also supported by a seed grant from the AU/UGA Medical Partnership and UGA Clinical and Translational Reseach Unit.
CHOP is indispensable for fatty acid‐driven NLRP3 inflammasome and IL‐1β secretion by gamma tocotrienol
Authors: Kim Yongeun , Chung Soonkyu 
Published: November 2023

Nod‐like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is the intracellular innate immunity sensor for IL‐1β secretion in response to microbial invasion or metabolic danger signals. Previously, we demonstrated that gamma tocotrienol (GT3), an unsaturated form of vitamin E, is effective in attenuating palmitate‐driven NLRP3 inflammasome and IL‐1β secretion via AMPK/autophagy axis activation. Here, we hypothesized that GT3 attenuates palmitate‐induced ER stress during NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS‐primed macrophages. To test this hypothesis, primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) were prepared from wild‐type and ER stress‐deficient mice due to CHOP deletion, a key transcription factor for ER stress responses. Chronic palmitate treatment induced NFκB activation and BiP/CHOP activation in LPS‐primed wild‐type BMDM, which was attenuated by GT3. In contrast, CHOP deletion not only abrogated palmitate‐induced ER stress, but also substantially inhibited palmitate‐induced NFκB activation and GT3‐mediated AMPK/autophagy activation. Despite the absence ER stress and NFkB activation, CHOP deletion failed to inhibit the secretion of IL‐1β and reversed GT3‐dependent attenuation of IL‐1β secretion. Intriguingly, CHOP deletion was associated with NF‐κB independent ERK activation, implicating that there exist alternative signaling pathways for inflammasome activation in the absence of ER stress, which is not modifiable by GT3. Collectively, these results suggest that prior CHOP activation is required for GT3‐mediated AMPK/autophagy axis activation to attenuate IL‐1β secretion.Support or Funding InformationSupported by American Heart Association
Effect of 12‐week tocotrienol supplementation on postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a serum metabolomics profile
Authors: Shen Chwan Li , Tomison Michael D , Romero Amanda W , Yang Shengping Reinoso , Mo Huanbiao , Watkins Bruce A. 
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis is a major health problem in postmenopausal women. This study evaluated the effects of 12‐week tocotrienol (TT) supplementation on serum metabolites in postmenopausal osteopenic women. Eighty nine participants (59.7±6.8 yr, BMI 28.7±5.7 kg/m2) were assigned to 3 treatments: placebo (860 mg olive oil/day), TT300 (300 mg TT/day), and TT600 (600 mg TT/day) for 12 weeks. TT consisted of 90% d‐TT and 10% g‐TT. After 12 weeks, 2 participants dropped out (3% attrition rate, one from placebo and one from TT600) due to non‐compliance. Pill compliance rates for placebo, TT300, and TT600 were 93%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. In this serum metabolomics study, we only evaluated the placebo and TT600 at baseline and 12 weeks. At baseline, there were no differences in any demographic parameters, comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), and oxidative stress biomarker (8‐OHdG) between the placebo and TT600 groups. At 12 weeks, the TT600 group had significantly lower 8‐OHdG than the placebo group, whereas no differences in any CMP parameters were observed. Metabolomics analysis of serum samples revealed that 48 biochemicals were higher and 65 biochemicals were lower in the TT600 group at 12 weeks, compared to baseline at 0 week. The results confirmed higher tocotrienols as expected, lower catabolites of tryptophan, and several changes in lysophospholipids and acylcarnitines in subjects given TT600. The results showed that 12‐week TT supplementation modulated serum metabolite profiles in postmenopausal, osteopenic women, a response potentially linked to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.Support or Funding InformationAmerican River Nutrition, Inc., Hadley, MA.
Anti‐oxidant and Anti‐inflammatory Effects of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Leaves Extracts
Authors: Wu Wen‐Tzu , Wu Yan‐Yi , Ou Yu‐Wen , Lan Xiang‐Zhen 
Published: November 2023

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) leaves are usually treated as worthless waste and little is still known about the biological activities. The aim of this study was to explore the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of C. quinoa leaf extracts using cold water, 95% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and methanol. The highest extraction yield was obtained by using cold water (26–37.5%). The crude 95% ethanol and methanol extracts at 50 mg/mL were found to harbor better quenching activity against DPPH radical (53% and 54%, respectively) than those at 10 and 100 mg/mL. Cold water and methanol extracts possessed higher ferrous ion‐chelating capacity (29% and 26%, respectively) at 10 mg/mL. Further, crude ethanol (95% and 50%) and methanol extracts significantly suppressed nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS (1 μg/mL) and the potentially inhibitory activity of NO production was showed in a concentration dependent manner. The results suggest that the biological activities of C. quinoa leaf extracts could be considered as natural antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory agents for functional food. Further in vitro experiments are necessary to clarify the effects of molecular mechanism involved in the process.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by the National Science Council Grant 105‐2320‐B‐468‐001 Taipei, Taiwan.
Determination of flaxseed and its health promoting compounds role in nuclear factor‐kB and its inhibitor gene expression
Authors: Wiltgen Ashton , Mann Michael , Silvernagel Kelsie , Rhee Yeong 
Published: November 2023

Obesity is a root cause behind nuclear factor (NF)‐kB activation, causing various health problems including inflammation and chronic diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Flaxseed and its health promoting compounds, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and alpha‐linolenic acid, have anti‐inflammatory effects. This study was to determine flaxseed and its health promoting compounds role in NF‐kB and its inhibitor (IκBα) and IkB kinase (IKK) gene expression. Sixty C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned into one of the following diet groups and fed for eight weeks: 1) 45% Kcal fat; 2) 45% Kcal fat, 10% whole flaxseed; 3) 45% Kcal fat, 6% defatted flaxseed; 4) 45% Kcal fat, 4% flaxseed oil; and 5) 16% Kcal fat. NF‐κB, IκBα, and IKKβ expressions in obese mouse liver and intestine samples were determined by real‐time quantitative PCR. The fold change in NF‐κB, IκBα, and IKKβ expression was calculated using 2‐ΔΔCT method. IκBα expression in liver or intestine samples was significantly decreased in flaxseed oil, defatted flaxseed, or whole flaxseed diet group compared to high fat diet group (p<0.0001). IKKβ expression in intestine samples were significantly decreased in defatted flaxseed, flaxseed oil, and whole flaxseed supplemented groups (p<0.005). Although no significant change was observed in NF‐kB expression, positive correlations between NF‐κB and IKKβ expressions were observed in liver and intestine samples. How flaxseed and its health promoting compounds down‐regulate selected gene expression and its relationship to inflammation regulation need further study.Support or Funding InformationNDSU HDE College and HNES Department
Anti‐melanogenic and Anti‐wrinkle Effects of Fermented Angelica tenuissima Extract
Authors: Lee Jin‐Woo , Park Yuna , Kim Youn Kyu , Park Myung Rye , Yoon Seung Won , Kang Se Chan , Koo Hyun Jung , Sohn Eun‐Hwa 
Published: November 2023

Angelica tenuissima Nakai (Umbelliferae) has been used as a traditional medicine in Korea. In this study, we investigated the anti‐melanogenic and anti‐wrinkle activities of Angelica tenuissima ethanol extract fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (FAT). Anti‐melanogenesis activity was determined by the regulation of melanin content and tyrosinase activity in α‐MSH (melanin stimulating hormone)‐stimulated B16F10 melanocytes. Anti‐wrinkle effect was assessed by the synthesis of type‐I procollagen in human fibroblast Hs68 cells. FAT significantly suppressed the melanin production and the tyrosinase activity in α‐MSH‐stimulated cells. In addition, FAT increased type‐I procollagen with and without exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. These results suggest that FAT could be used as a multifunctional cosmeceutical agent with whitening and anti‐wrinkle effects.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by the Ministry of Trade. Industry and Energy (MOTIE), Korea Insititute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region.
Garlic‐derived Compounds Increase Expression of ABCA1 mRNA in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages
Authors: Madden Abbie J. , Krehbiel Madison D. , Clarke Stephen L. 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveConsiderable interest remains in the role of bioactive components in garlic. While extensive studies have explored the potential of these compounds to initiate epigenetic modification beneficial in cancer treatment, mechanism(s) underlying the effects of garlic on cholesterol metabolism remain unclear. Of particular interest is the ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a protein that facilitates reverse cholesterol efflux from macrophages to high density lipoproteins (HDL). Efflux can prevent macrophages from becoming pro‐atherogenic foam cells, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects in mouse macrophages of garlic compounds allyl mercaptan (AM) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) on expression of ABCA1 compared with Trichostatin A (TSA), a drug known to induce ABCA1 via histone modification.MethodsRAW 264.7 cells were treated for 6 hours with 1.2 mM AM, 200 μM DADS, or 10 ng/mL TSA. Total RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed, and ABCA1 mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Analysis was done using the 2−ΔΔCt method, with cyclophilin B as the invariant control.ResultsqPCR analysis revealed a 11‐ and 7‐fold increase of ABCA1 mRNA expression compared to control after treatment of AM and DADS, respectively. In comparison, TSA induced expression by 3‐fold. Studies are ongoing to test effects of garlic treatment on cholesterol synthesis and efflux, as well as potential molecular mechanism(s) through which these compounds regulate ABCA1 expression.ConclusionAM and DADS induce mRNA expression of ABCA1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These compounds may play an important protective role in promoting reverse cholesterol efflux, which can subsequently benefit overall cholesterol homeostasis.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of RCTs on the effect of psyllium fiber on lipid targets for CVD risk reduction
Authors: Zurbau Andreea , Ho Hoang Vi Thanh , Jovanvoski Elena , Mejia Sonia Blanco , Sievenpiper John , Jenkins Alexandra , Vuksan Vlad 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundPsyllium fiber, while initially promoted for its digestive health benefits, is now known to moderately improve LDL cholesterol. However, it is less known whether psyllium fiber has an effect on two newer clinical lipid targets of cardiovascular disease, non‐HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the cholesterol‐lowering impact of psyllium fiber on LDL cholesterol, non‐HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction.DesignMEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane CENTRAL were searched. We included RCTs of 3‐week duration assessing the effect of psyllium fiber on LDL cholesterol, non‐HDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein B. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed study quality and risk of bias. Data were pooled using the generic inverse‐variance method with random effects models and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q‐statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic.ResultsSixteen studies (n = 1208) were included in the meta‐analysis. Psyllium fiber significantly reduced LDL cholesterol (MD = −0.26 [−0.33, −0.20] mmol/L), non‐HDL cholesterol (MD = −0.43 [−0.81, −0.05] mmol/L), and apolipoprotein B (MD = −0.06 [−0.10, −0.02] g/L).ConclusionPooled analyses show that psyllium fiber significantly improves LDL cholesterol and non‐HDL cholesterol. Inclusion of psyllium fiber may be a strategy for achieving targets in CVD risk reduction.