bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The long‐term effect of systemic tetracycline used as an adjunct to non‐surgical treatment of advanced periodontitis
Authors: Ramberg P. , Rosling B. , Serino G. , Hellström M.K. , Socransky S. S. , Lindhe J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: In the present study both the short‐ and the long‐term effects were evaluated of a treatment that, during the phase of basic therapy, included administration of systemic tetracycline and non‐surgical intervention.Material and Methods: 35 adult human subjects with advanced periodontitis, 19 females and 16 males, aged between 24 and 60 years, were included in a test group. 80 age‐ and sex‐matched adult periodontitis subjects were recruited for a control group (42 females and 38 males). A baseline examination included assessment of the following parameters: number of teeth, plaque, bleeding on probing, probing attachment level, probing pocket depth. In radiographs, the distance between the cemento‐enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest was determined at all interproximal sites. The subjects were given oral hygiene instruction. The members of the test group were provided with tablets with 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride and were instructed to take 1 tablet 4× per day for a period of 3 weeks. No antibiotic was given to the subjects in the control group. During the 3‐week interval, all participants received 4–6 sessions of non‐surgical periodontal therapy. All subjects were subsequently enrolled in a maintenance care program and were provided with supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) 3–4× per year. Clinical re‐examinations were performed after 1, 3, 5 and 13 years.Results: The present investigation demonstrated that tetracycline administered during a 3‐week period concomitant with non‐surgical treatment enhanced the outcome of mechanical therapy. At the re‐examination 1 year after active therapy, there was in the test group an average gain in probing attachment that was almost 3× higher than the gain that occurred in an age and sex matched Control group. Re‐examinations after 3, 5, and 13 years of SPT disclosed that this short‐term benefit was not maintained in the longer perspective.Conclusion: The beneficial effect of systemically administered tetracycline on probing attachment level occurred in the first year post‐therapy. Annual rates of probing attachment level change from 1 to 13 years did not differ between groups.
Effects of academic stress on oral hygiene – a potential link between stress and plaque‐associated disease?
Authors: Deinzer Renate , Hilpert Daniel , Bach Katharina , Schawacht Michael , Herforth Armin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: While there seems to be a common belief that psychosocial stress affects oral hygiene behavior, this assumption has rarely been proved. The present study thus aims to analyse stress effects on oral hygiene.Material and Methods: 16 matched pairs of medical students each consisting of 1 student participating in a major academic exam and 1 control without current academic stress, were formed on the basis of baseline plaque levels. At baseline, a professional tooth cleaning was performed. On the last day of exams, students answered questionnaires about oral hygiene during the exams and were afterwards asked to attend for a 2nd dental examination, of which they had no prior knowledge.Results: On the last day of exams, approximately 6 weeks after professional tooth cleaning, 20.9±18.3% of control students’ sites but only 10.5±9.3% of exam students’ sites were found to be free of any plaque (p=0.022). Differences were most obvious at oral, as compared to vestibular, sites. Exam students reported a reduction in thoroughness (p=0.019) but not of frequency of oral hygiene behavior.Conclusion: The study strongly supports the assumption that psychosocial stress may induce neglect of oral hygiene and increase of plaque accumulation.
Immunization to Porphyromonas gingivalis enhances the local pro‐inflammatory response to subcutaneous bacterial challenge
Authors: Houri‐Haddad Yael , Soskolne W. Aubrey , Shapira Lior 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Human and animal studies have suggested that immunization to P. gingivalis might be beneficial for controlling periodontitis, by the induction of protective antibody response. The present study was designed to examine the effect of immunization on the local cellular, cytokine and antibody response to P. gingivalis in mice.Methods: Subcutaneous chambers were implanted in 3 groups of mice. 2 groups were then immunized with P. gingivalis in either incomplete Freund’s (IFA) or an Alum‐based adjuvant. The 3rd group served as the control. At baseline, all mice were challenged with an intra‐chamber injection of P. gingivalis. Chamber exudates were sampled at baseline, 1 and 7 days post‐challenge, following by determination of leukocyte counts and the cytokines TNF‐α, IFNγ (pro‐inflammatory) and IL‐10 (anti‐inflammatory). IgG levels to P. gingivalis were analyzed in both the exudates and serum.Results: Leukocyte accumulation increased in the chambers over the study period and was more marked in the immunized groups. P. gingivalis challenge induced the expression of the tested cytokines in all groups. Levels of IFNγ showed a significantly greater increase in the immunized groups on day 1 post‐challenge. By day 7, the levels in the controls had reached those of the immunized groups. IL‐10 levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the immunized groups on day 1 and by day 7 they were reduced significantly in all groups to barely detectable levels. While there were no significant differences in TNF‐α levels between IFA and control groups, they were significantly higher in the Alum group on day 0 and 7. Both immunization protocols induced anti‐P. gingivalis IgG. The Alum group achieved the highest antibody levels, which were due to the increased expression of IgG1, a marker of a Th2‐response.Conclusions: The results suggest that immunization to P. gingivalis results in enhanced expression of pro‐inflammatory, tissue‐destructive cytokines in the inflammatory site. The nature of the adjuvant used for immunization allows manipulation of the T‐cell response, and alum was more effective in reducing the inflammatory response than IFA.
Nitric oxide synthesis is decreased in periodontitis
Authors: Aurer Andrej , Aleksić Jos˘ko , Ivić‐Kardum Marija , Aurer Jelena , Čulo Filip 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: In order to study the possible rôle of nitric oxide (NO) in the development of periodontitis, we measured the concentration of its stable metabolite nitrite (NO2−) in the saliva of patients with periodontitis and healthy subjects.Materials and methods:We have analysed salivary NO2− concentrations in 25 subjects with rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP), 25 with adult periodontitis (AP) and in 25 periodontally‐healthy persons. The concentrations of NO2− were determined by the Griess reaction in microtitration plates. Periodontal tissue destruction was determined by measuring the attachment level loss using standard methods.Results: Subjects with periodontitis had significantly less NO2− in saliva than healthy subjects. Subjects with RPP had lower NO2− concentrations than those with AP. Parotid gland saliva contained less NO2− than sublingual gland or total saliva.Conclusions: Local NO production is decreased in patients with periodontitis. This effect is more pronounced in those with severe types of disease.
Tobacco smoking and periodontal hemorrhagic responsiveness
Authors: Bergström Jan , Boström Lennart 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: The influence of smoking on the periodontal hemorrhagic responsiveness was investigated in 2 different populations, one exclusively consisting of patients with established periodontal disease, the other of dental hospital admissions in general.Material and Methods: The hemorrhagic responsiveness of the patient was clinically found from “bleeding on gentle probing” expressed as the relative frequency of bleeding sites (%). In the periodontal patient population, gingival bleeding was assessed by 1 examiner with known probing force, whereas in the dental hospital admissions population assessments were done by a great number of non‐calibrated examiners with unknown probing force.Results: Smokers exhibited a significantly lower hemorrhagic responsiveness than non‐smokers. This held principally true for both populations but the effect was much more clearly detectable in periodontal patients than in dental hospital patients in general. A dose‐reponse effect was typically evident in the periodontal patient population. Accounting for the periodontal disease severity, however, the effect of smoking became clearly detectable also in the general patient population.Conclusion: Tobacco smoking is associated with a clinically suppressed hemorrhagic responsiveness of the periodontium.
Lower numbers of erythrocytes and lower levels of hemoglobin in periodontitis patients compared to control subjects
Authors: Hutter J. W. , Velden U. van der , Varoufaki A. , Huffels R. A. M. , Hoek F. J. , Loos B. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is defined as the anemia occurring in chronic infections and inflammatory conditions, that is not due to marrow deficiencies or other diseases and in the presence of adequate iron stores and vitamins. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether periodontitis patients show signs of anemia.Method: 39 patients with severe periodontitis, 71 patients with moderate periodontitis and 42 controls, all with good general health, participated in this study. The mean age of all groups was 42 years. Several red blood cell parameters were determined from peripheral blood samples.Results: Overall data analysis indicated that periodontitis patients have a lower hematocrit, lower numbers of erythrocytes, lower hemoglobin levels and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rates. These results were adjusted for the following possible confounders: gender, age, smoking, ethnicity and level of education. Further, more periodontitis patients (23%) than controls (7%), had hemoglobin levels below the normal reference range.Conclusions: The present study provides further evidence that periodontitis has systemic effects and that periodontitis may tend towards anemia. This phenomenon may be explained by a depressed erythropoiesis.
Prevalence and extent of lifetime cumulative attachment loss (LCAL) at different thresholds and associations with clinical variables: changes in a population of young male military recruits over 3 years
Authors: Griffiths G. S. , Duffy S. , Eaton K. A. , Gilthorpe M. S. , Johnson N. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: The aims of this study were to monitor the prevalence and progression of lifetime cumulative attachment loss (LCAL) in a group of young British male military recruits over a 3‐year period, and to determine the relationship between signs of LCAL and selected periodontal variables.Methods: 100 subjects, aged 16–20 years (mean 17 years) at baseline, were examined at 0 (baseline), 12 and 30 months. LCAL, probing depth, plaque, bleeding on probing, gingival colour and supra‐ and subgingival calculus were assessed on the mesio‐buccal, disto‐buccal, mesio‐lingual and disto‐lingual surfaces of all teeth present, excluding third molars. Data were analysed cross‐sectionally at each examination.Results: Over the period of the study, the prevalence of LCAL 1 and 2 mm ranged from 95–100%, whereas LCAL 3 mm ranged from 40–47%. The extent of LCAL 1 mm ranged from 76–86%. However, the extent of LCAL 2 mm was dramatically lower (10.5–12.7%), and LCAL 3 mm was uncommon (0.5–0.9%). Examining the number of subjects according to the number of sites affected above a threshold, showed that a small number of subjects have a large number of sites above threshold. Using Pearson’s rank correlation coefficient a significant correlation (p<0.05) was found between LCAL and the periodontal variables of gingival bleeding and supra‐ and subgingival calculus.Conclusions: These data suggest that the onset and progression of chronic periodontitis can be seen in young adults, and in this group gingival bleeding and supra‐ and subgingival calculus are the variables most strongly associated with early periodontitis.
Salivary cystatin activity and cystatin C in natural and experimental gingivitis in smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Lie M. A. , Loos B. G. , Henskens Y. M. C. , Timmerman M. F. , Veerman E. C. I. , Velden U. van der , Weijden G. A. van der 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Recent studies show that subjects with natural gingivitis or periodontitis have elevated levels of salivary cystatins compared to periodontally healthy individuals. Increased glandular output of cystatins in inflammatory conditions suggests an active, most likely protective, rôle for these proteins in inflammatory processes. Furthermore, it has been shown that the development of gingival inflammation is suppressed in smokers during experimental gingivitis.Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether (i) the levels of salivary cystatins in natural gingivitis are related to smoking status, and (ii) to study whether experimentally induced gingivitis is associated with changes in salivary cystatin levels, in both smokers and non‐smokers.Material and Methods: Whole saliva samples were taken in relation to natural gingivitis, gingival health and 14‐day experimental gingivitis in 25 non‐dental students (14 non‐smokers and 11 smokers). The salivary flowrate was determined. Samples were analyzed for levels of protein, cystatin and cystatin‐C.Results: Salivary flow and protein concentrations in cleared human whole saliva samples of non‐smokers and smokers were not different from each other at any timepoint during the trial. With regard to cystatins, the results showed that in the state of natural gingivitis cystatin activity is lower in smokers as compared to non‐smokers. In smokers, the resolution of natural gingivitis to the state of gingival health did not result in a change of cystatin activity and levels of cystatin C. At the end of the 14‐day experimental gingivitis period, smokers showed a decrease in cystatin activity and cystatin C as well as lower outputs of cystatin activity and cystatin C.Conclusion: Smoking is associated with lower cystatin activity and output of cystatin C during gingival inflammation.
Subgingival polishing with a teflon‐coated sonic scaler insert in comparison to conventional instruments as assessed on extracted teeth
Authors: Kocher T. , Rosin M. , Langenbeck N. , Bernhardt O. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: To assess the root surface roughness and topography on extracted teeth using different instruments.Material and Methods: In the present study, laser profilometry was used to examine the 3‐D roughness values Ra and Rz and topography of root surfaces of periodontally‐involved teeth instrumented in vivo with curette, conventional ultrasonic device, conventional or teflon‐coated sonic scaler insert, or the Periotor instrument (12 teeth per instrument type), and compare these with uninstrumented cementum surfaces.Results: The roughness values Ra and Rz of the roots treated with the different instruments showed a similar pattern: curettes and the Periotor instrument produced the smoothest surfaces (Ra about 1.5 μm, Rz 30 μm); the 4 other instruments created similar Ra values of approximately 2–3 μm and Rz roughness of about 50–70 μm, which equals the untreated root surface. For Ra, the difference between the curette or the Periotor instrument and the teflon‐coated sonic insert or ultrasonic insert was significant, and for Rz, a significant difference was found between the curette or the Periotor instrument and ultrasonic insert. As opposed to surfaces debrided with the Periotor and teflon‐coated sonic scaler, it appears that hand instruments markedly reconfigure surfaces.Conclusion: The lowest root‐surface roughness values were obtained with hand instruments. The teflon tubing on the sonic scaler insert effected no change of topography or roughness as compared to uninstrumented, control surfaces. However, it must be pointed out that hard‐tissue removal was not investigated.
Some effects of enamel matrix proteins on wound healing in the dento‐gingival region
Authors: Wennström Jan L. , Lindhe Jan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate by clinical means the effect of enamel matrix proteins on the healing of a soft tissue wound produced by periodontal pocket instrumentation.Material and methods: The study was performed as an intra‐individual, longitudinal trial of 3 weeks duration with a double‐masked, split‐mouth, placebo‐controlled and randomized design. The patient material was comprised of 28 subjects with moderately advanced, chronic periodontitis. Each patient presented with 3 sites in each of 2 jaw quadrants with a probing pocket depth (PPD) of 5 mm and bleeding following pocket probing (BoP). Baseline examination, including assessments of plaque, gingival inflammation, PPD, BoP and root dentin sensitivity, was carried out one week after oral hygiene instruction and careful self‐performed plaque control. All experimental sites were scaled and root planed, and the soft tissue wall of the pocket was curetted to remove the pocket epithelium and adjacent granulation tissue. The site was carefully irrigated with saline. When the bleeding from the pocket had ceased, a 24% EDTA gel was applied in the site and retained for 2 min. This was followed by careful irrigation with saline. Left and right jaw quadrants were then randomized to subgingival application of enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) or vehicle‐control. All sites were re‐examined after 1, 2 and 3 weeks. In addition, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to score the degree of post‐treatment discomfort. The primary endpoints of treatment success were defined as (i) pocket closure (PPD 4 mm), (ii) no bleeding following pocket probing, (iii) no sign of gingival inflammation (GI score =0) and (iv) low degree of post‐treatment discomfort (VAS 20). Statistical analyzes of intra‐individual differences between the test and control treatments were performed by the use of Wilcoxon signed rank test. For comparison of the proportions of sites reaching the defined endpoints of treatment success, a site‐based analysis was performed using 2×2 tables and the Fisher exact test.Results: The endpoint “GI score =0” was reached at 16% of the sites subjected to application of Emdogain® at 1 week and at 2% of the control sites (p=0.001). At 2 weeks, the corresponding figures were 25% versus 12% (p=0.028). Absence of BoP was at 1 week 57% for the Emdogain® treated sites compared to 35% for the control sites (p=0.003). At 2 weeks, this endpoint was reached in 73% and 59% of the test and control sites, respectively (p=0.051). In terms of the endpoint defined for probing pocket depth, PPD 4 mm, no differences between test and control sites were found. At 1 week, the proportion of patients reporting a VAS score 20 was significantly higher for the Emdogain® treated quadrants than for controls (p=0.002).Conclusion: The results indicated that Emdogain® topically applied in instrumented pockets enhance the early healing of periodontal soft tissue wounds.
Comparative study of Emdogain® and coronally advanced flap technique in the treatment of human gingival recessions
Authors: Hägewald Stefan , Spahr Axel , Rompola Eirini , Haller Bernd , Heijl Lars , Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: Various surgical techniques have been proposed for coverage of denuded root surfaces. The aim of this study was to evaluate a comparison of coronally repositioned flap procedure with or without the use of enamel matrix proteins in the treatment of recession defects.Material and methods: This study was an intra‐individual longitudinal test of 12 months duration conducted as a blinded, split‐mouth, placebo‐controlled and randomised design. It was performed in 2 dental schools. 36 patients, aged 22–62 years, with 2 paired buccal recession defects of at least 3 mm participated. Surgical recession coverage was performed as coronally‐advanced flap technique at both sites in the same session. One site was additionally treated with commercially‐available enamel matrix proteins (Emdogain®) and the other site with placebo (propylene glycol alginate) in accordance with the randomisation list. A blinded examiner assessed pre‐ and post‐surgical measurements. Clinical measurements and photographs were taken pre‐surgically and after 1 week, 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months, postoperatively. Measurements comprised height and width of the gingival recession, height of keratinized tissue, probing attachment level, probing pocket depth and alveolar bone level by periodontal probe, Florida Probe® or caliper to the nearest 0.5 mm.Results: 12 months after therapy, both treatment modalities showed significant root coverage and probing attachment gain. Gingival recession decreased from 3.7 mm to 0.8 mm for the Emdogain® treated sites and from 3.9 mm to 1.0 mm for the control sites, corresponding to mean root coverages of 80% and 79%, respectively. This difference was not significant. With the exception of keratinized tissue gain, which was significantly higher (p=0.003) in the Emdogain® group, all other clinical variables were not different in the between‐group comparison.Conclusions: As the additional use of Emdogain® together with coronally advanced flap technique for recession coverage showed no difference in the overall clinical outcome, there is no clear benefit to combine Emdogain® with this surgical technique.
Effect of interleukin‐1 gene polymorphism in a periodontally healthy Hispanic population treated with mucogingival surgery
Authors: Caffesse Raul G. , De La Rosa R. M. , De La Rosa G. M. , Weltman Robin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: A genetic test for susceptibility of periodontal disease has been introduced. A positive test indicates a risk factor for more severe periodontal destruction. The prevalence of genotype positive subjects has been reported around 30%. In a Mexican population, we have found a 26% prevalence of genotype positive individuals. Few studies have reported the response to therapy in these individuals. The purpose of this study was to assess the response to mucogingival surgery in an otherwise periodontally healthy Hispanic population.Materials and methods: 22 subjects (7 male and 15 female) with a mean age of 45 years participated. They were treated 3 years prior for the treatment of Types I and II recession defects using connective tissue grafts. No other active periodontal treatment was required, except for preventive maintenance. A full‐mouth clinical evaluation was performed which included assessment of gingival inflammation and measurements of probing pocket depth and clinical attachment levels. Mean values per patient were determined. A finger stick blood sample was collected using specially provided DNA filter paper, let dried, and mailed for processing.Results: Results indicated that 5 out of the 22 subjects were genotype positive. The genotype positive subjects presented the following values: GI 1.13±0.17, PPD 2.48±0.46, and CAL 3.38±0.66. The values for the genotype negative subjects were GI 1.06±0.14, PPD 2.38±0.31 and CAL 3.11±0.53. No statistical significant differences were found when both groups were compared (p>0.05). Furthermore, the treatment of the localized recessions was effective and provided similar amount of coverage in genotype positive and negative subjects. However, more genotype negative subjects showed complete coverage of the recession than genotype positive individuals.Conclusions: Within the limits of this study it is concluded that (1) periodontal health can be maintained with proper preventive maintenance irrespective of the genotype present, (2) the mean response to mucogingival surgery to cover localized gingival recessions is similar irrespective of the IL‐1 periodontal genotype, however, full coverage is achieved more frequently in genotype negative subjects.