bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of the Land
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Planners and decision-makers today need to be in command of a broader range of tools and information than ever before. Knowledge of the Land aims to show what is available in the way of natural resources information, and how it has been used (or not used) in planning and policy making. For both methods and applications, the authors have tried to provide enough detail for the reader to judge what data, skills, and procedures are required to meet their particular needs, and the ample references give guidance on where to find further information. There has been a notable shift in planning and rural development over the past decade. Technocratic, top-down approaches are still very much in evidence, but there has been an explosion of participatory initiatives. Many institutions cling to sectoral thinking. There is, however, growing recognition that sustainable development involves balancing environmental, social, and economic considerations, Such a balance requires an interdisciplinary approach, both to the the survey of natural resources, and to the use of the information acquired in land evaluation, planning, environmental impact assessment, and the preparation of coherent strategies and policies for sustainable development. The old ways and the new bring insights crucial to meeting these challenges. Both provide invaluable methods of work. By bringing together the standard methods of resource assessment and planning, and new thinking and emerging techniques, this book will help all practitioners to bridge the gap between the two.
Introduction: The Transformation of the Democratic State in Western Europe
Authors: Loughlin John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Democracy’ is a European invention and concept with its roots in the political systems of the ancient Greek city-states. It has a variety of meanings, the most important of which for modern states are direct or participatory demo¬ cracy1 and representative or liberal democracy (Held 1987). In its modern connotation it owes much to the philosophies of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment with their exalted role of the individual (Mendras 1997), but also to the doctrine of the separation of powers in thinkers such as Montesquieu. This latter doctrine found its fullest institutional expression in the new United States of America and formed the basis of the American Constitution, drafted in 1787, with the separation of the different arms of representative and executive government and the judiciary.
Ireland: From Colonized Nation to ‘Celtic Tiger’
Authors: Loughlin John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The entire island of Ireland, consisting of thirty-two counties, used to form part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and constituted one of its four nations. In 1921, after a long campaign for Home Rule in the nineteenth century and a War of independence between 1916 and 1920, the island was partitioned. Six of the nine northern counties of Ulster became Northern Ireland and remained within the United Kingdom. The other twenty-six became independent as the Irish Free State within the British Commonwealth. In 1949 the Free State declared itself a Republic and left the Commonwealth. It is this history of being part of the United Kingdom and then separating from it to form an independent state that has shaped the institutions and political culture of modern Ireland.
Conclusions: The Transformation of Regional and Local Democracy in Western Europe
Authors: Loughlin John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book reveals the rich and complex tapestry of democratic theory and practice in the countries of the European Union. Two aspects of this complexity stand out. First, countries remain basically faithful to their state and national state traditions of political and administrative culture. But, second, these traditions undergo continual change and adaptation as a result of factors such as globalization, Europeanization, societal, and technological change. Indeed, the capacity to manage change successfully is one of the main features of many European states. On the other hand, the successful management of change is not spread evenly throughout Europe. Some countries, regions, and localities have been quite successful whereas others have had difficulty in coping with the changes. To some extent this is a result of a competitive regionalism which is producing new disparities within the European Union. This is neither a north-south nor a centre-periphery cleavage. Some countries of southern Europe contain highly successful regions such as Catalonia, Lombardy, and Tuscany. Countries that were previously peripheral, such as the Republic of Ireland, Spain, and Portugal have now become centres of dynamic economic growth. Ireland has been called the ‘Celtic Tiger’ by analogy with the Asian ‘Tiger’ economies. Some countries that were previously powerful economic ‘centres’ now contain regions and cities in decline such as the old industrialized regions of coal mining and steel production in Britain, Belgium, France, and Spain which have experienced great difficulties of adaptation.
Residential Segregation among Social and Ethnic Groups in Budapest during the Post-communist Transition
Authors: Ladányi János 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socio-economic residential segregation has increased in Budapest since the post-communist transition. Higher social status groups have started to move toward new suburbs. The physical condition of buildings in the slum belt that surrounds the inner parts of Pest is deteriorating faster than ever before. A massive invasion of underprivileged social and ethnic groups into this slum belt is on its way. Budapest is splitting into two parts. Parts of the city inhabited by higher status social groups look more and more like similar areas in western Europe. By sharp contrast, other parts, inhabited by the losers of post-communist transition, tend to resemble parts of cities of the Third World.
‘Poverty Pockets’ and Social Exclusion: On the Role of Place in Shaping Social Inequality
Authors: Kempen Eva T van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social segregation in cities can beconsidered both as a reflection and a cause of social inequality. In this chapter I will focus on the role of social segregation in shaping social inequality. The central question is whether and how the spatial concentration of poverty in certain areas or neighbourhoods enhances the process of social exclusion. I will use the term ‘poverty pocket’ in order to stress that the focus is on areas that clearly discern themselves from other areas by the predominance of poor households.
Party-Building and Consociational Democracy in Post-War Austria
Authors: Muller Wolfgang C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his essay ‘The Legitimizing Role of Political Parties: The Second Austrian Republic’ Peter Pulzer identifies Austria as ‘the only example of a European state in which an initially unsuccessful parliamentary system turned into a successful one, and in which constitutional and party-structural factors can be held constant over half a century (1919-1969)’. Indeed the contrast between the First (1918-33) and Second (after 1945) Austrian Republics is striking. While the first one ended in civil war and dictatorship, the second turned out to be a success story, combining a stable parliamentary democracy with economic prosperity.
The Weak State of Japan
Authors: Steffensen Sam K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the post-war years, Japan scholars have shown great interest in discussing state-business relationships. In the 1990s this discipline became attractive among Asia scholars in general, together with the conspicuous economic growth in the region. As described by Wade, a ‘veritable cottage industry’ of speculative academic discussions on state capacity emerged in the slipstream of the World Bank’s ‘East Asia miracle’ study, sponsored by the Japanese government. Meanwhile, many of the academic traditions born out of the Japanese case were carried over in a remarkably forthright manner. Since Johnson’s (1982) benchmark study of the role of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) (1925—75) in the formation of an industrialist nation appeared on the scene, a more pronounced agency-oriented and institutional dimension of attention towards state-business relations—in the first instance directed towards Japan and the United States—gained popularity. Incidentally, it is remarkable how an ensuing wave of similarly spirited studies, formally observing the very same subject, resulted in producing such a dull variety of proviso-saturated assessments.
State and Economy: Some Observations and Inferences from the Japanese Experience
Authors: Khosla Anil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extent and type of government intervention in an economy has long been a contentious issue, which has once again resurfaced in the light of the events of the past couple of decades. In the period immediately following World War II, active government intervention was considered to be imperative in the poorer economies to enable them to come out of what Ragnar Nurkse called the ‘vicious circle of poverty’.1 Development economists, in the 1950s, were pessimistic about the ability of trade and the functioning of the market mechanism to ameliorate the lot of the developing countries. This pessimism emanated from the belief that these economies were prone to endemic market failures resulting in underinvestment by the economic agents. The lacking, or severely underdeveloped, factor and product markets were considered incapable of generating enough resources (underinvestment) or allocating these resources efficiently (private benefits falling short of, and costs exceeding, public benefits and costs due to externalities, linkages, etc.). This required substantial direct intervention by governments in the form of investments in ‘strategic’ industries.
Democratization and Parliamentary Elite Recruitment in Norway 1848—1996
Authors: Eliassen Kjell A , Marino Marit SjøVaag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern parliamentary representation in Norway dates back to the Constitution of 1814, which established a parliament based upon popular election. At the time of construction, the Norwegian Constitution was highly advanced with respect to giving formal rights of citizen participation in national elections. It created a comparatively open access to the electoral channel. In 1815, it was estimated that because of the dominance of a free peasantry in Norway, about 45% of all men above the age of 25 were given the right to vote and to be elected into parliament (Kuhnle 1975). In practice, however, this liberal suffrage was restricted by registration requirements and indirect elections, and the enfranchised population was only gradually mobilized to take part in elections. Shifts in the composition of the parliamentary elite happened even more slowly.
Continuity and Change: Legislative Recruitment in the United Kingdom 1868—1999
Authors: Rush Michael , Cromwell Valerie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British political system has been characterized by enormous historical continuity. The Norman Conquest apart, English history has not been marked by sociopolitical disjunctions which substantially remoulded the political system. To be sure, the English Revolution, with its earliest stirrings in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558—1603) and its culmination in the ‘Revolution Settlement’ of 1701, constituted a major social and political upheaval, but the pre-revolutionary political institutions were adapted and developed rather than replaced. Later significant changes, such as the extension of the franchise and the development of the party system, were similarly adaptive and developmental. This is not to argue that all was inevitable, but to stress the strength of the thread of continuity.
Invertebrate Surveys for Conservation
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of creatures are invertebrates. Invertebrate animals are the major energy conduits and agents of nutrient and material recycling in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world, and the sustainability of the earth's life-support systems depends on their well-being. Despite this, conservation managers and practitioners still know very little about invertebrate biology, or how to study and survey invertebrates adequately in the field. Invertebrate Surveys for Conservation is a comprehensive guide to the ecological methods used to survey invertebrate animals in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. It describes how to select particular taxonomic groups for study, how to collect and analyse samples, and how to set priorities for protection in the face of limited resources. Line drawings of apparatus, tables of survey examples and methods of specimen treatment and sample analysis are augmented by a substantial list of references to provide and introduction to practical invertebrate conservation. This book will be an essential tool for anyone involved in conservation biology or ecology, including students and researchers, conservation practitioners, and environmental consultants.
Introduction. Invertebrates in conservation
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our appreciation of conservation need comes commonly from noticing de¬ cline of species’ abundance or distribution, or changes to ecosystems, and the realization that these may lead to them becoming extinct or non-sustainable. The enormous variety of threats to species and habitats as a consequence of human activities leading to declines or losses at any level can stimulate massive efforts to counter them and, if necessary, to restore and manage habitats and the organisms they harbour. The basis for such practical conser-vation is the need to sustain ecological processes-in essence, the dynamic ‘life-support systems’ on which all animals and plants ultimately depend. Practical conservation should be founded on sound scientific information, and obtaining such information thus underpins many of our efforts to conserve animals and plants and the places in which they live.
Sampling invertebrates: terrestrial environments
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters that introduce some of the equipment and practical tools which may be used to sample invertebrates by collecting and extracting them from samples of habitat, such as soil, vegetation or fresh¬ water or marine sediments. The separate major invertebrate habitats, which demand rather different sets of apparatus and approaches for sampling them effectively, are considered separately, but there are many similarities and parallels in the techniques adopted in each. Both for terrestrial and aquatic environments, these range from simple ‘collecting tools’, many of which have their antecedents as traditional collectors’ accessories rather than as ‘scientific apparatus’, to carefully designed quantitative or semi quantitative techniques. The available techniques therefore range from the simple to the complex.
Banach Algebras and Automatic Continuity
Authors: Dales H G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Banach algebras combine algebraic and analytical aspects: it is the interplay of these structures that gives the subject its fascination. This volume expounds the general theory of Banach algebras, and shows how their topology is often determined by their algebraic structure: the central questions ask when homomorphisms and derivations from Banach algebras are automatically continuous, and seek canonical forms for these maps. The book synthesizes work over the last 20 years, and gives a definitive account; there are many new and unpublished results. The book describes many specific classes of Banach algebras, including function algebras, group algebras, algebras of operators, C*-algebras, and radical Banach algebras; it is a compendium of results on these examples. The subject interweaves algebra, functional analysis, and complex analysis, and has a dash of set theory and logic; the background in all these areas is fully explained. This volume is essential reading for anyone interested in any aspect of this vast subject.
Base and base pair morphologies, helical parameters, and definitions
Authors: Lavery Richard , Zakrzewska Krystyna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As time passes, the complexity of nucleic acid structure and conformation continues to increase rapidly. The beautifully regular double helix of Watson and Crick has lost its symmetry with the appearance of major base sequence effects and local perturba tions caused by base modifications, mispairing, bulges, and abasic sites. In addition, larger scale deformations such as curvature and groove width variations have come to light and are particularly important for understanding drug and protein binding.
Geometrizing configurations. Heinrich Hertz and his mathematical precursors
Authors: Lützen Jesper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the nineteenth century the book of nature was written in the mathematical language of analysis; after 1900 its new chapters were often phrased in geometric language. This is the general picture which this book will confirm. The purpose of this first chapter is to show that during the nineteenth century, and even in such classical areas as ‘analytical ‘ mechanics, several parts had already been translated into geometric language. H. Hertz ‘s Principles of Mechanics (1894) was probably the most influential nineteenth century ‘geometrization ‘ of mechanics, but it had important precursors among the mathematicians. In the preface to his book Hertz himself mentioned Beltrami, Lipschitz and Darboux, whose work combined Hamilton-Jacobi mechanics on the one hand and Gaussian and Riemannian differential geometry on the other. I shall first discuss the work of the mathematicians and then turn to the ideas taking shape in the physics community and in particular to Hertz ‘s book.
Introduction
Authors: Freer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It gives information about discoveries, events, proceedings, locations, and method. The botanist must know which authors he should consult about the plant that is the subject of his enquiry. European [vegetables]. C. Bauhin (with systematic [arrangement]) Ray 3, Vaillant. Alpine. Ray, Linnaeus, Haller, Gmelin. Authors who are famous for any work (5) on vegetables, whether they are botanists or amateurs of botany are called PHYTOLOGISTS .
Sex
Authors: Freer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our lecture, De telluris habitabilis incremento. Uppsala and Leiden, 1743, explains this opinion. Every year [the level of] the water sinks; as a result the ground turns out to be more extensive. Differing plants indicate the perpendicular altitude of the ground. In plants, the productivity of the seeds is often remarkable; from one root in a single summer [there may be] 2,000 seeds of Zea, 3,000 of Inula, 4,000 of Helianthus, 32,000 of Papaver, and 40,320 of Nicotiana. In addition, there are root-stocks, perennial duration, and buds.
Definitions
Authors: Freer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A plant is completely named, if it is provided with a generic name and a specific (212) one. A beginner in botany knows the classes, a candidate all the genera, and a master most of the species. The more species a botanist knows, the more outstanding he is. All substantial education in science, trade, and medicine, indeed all true human knowledge, relies on a knowledge of the several species. The concept of a species consists of an essential feature, by which alone it is distinguished from all others in the same genus. Without the concept of a genus, there is no certainty of the species.
Varieties
Authors: Freer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Varieties are plants of the same species, changed by some adventitious cause or other. The use of varieties in gardening, cookery, and medicine makes it necessary to recognize them in ordinary life; otherwise, varieties do not concern botanists, except in so far as the botanists bother about them, so that the several species shall not be multiplied or confused. Where it is necessary, the botanist should insert the more obvious varieties at the end of the definition, for the benefit of the public.
Topological Dynamics of Random Dynamical Systems
Authors: Cong Nguyen Dinh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is devoted to the theory of topological dynamics of random dynamical systems. The theory of random dynamical systems is a relatively new and fast expanding field of research which attracts the attention of researchers from various fields of science. It unites and develops the classical deterministic theory of dynamical systems and probability theory, hence finding many applications in a very wide range of disciplines from physics to biology to engineering, finance, and economics. Recent developments call for a systematic presentation of the theory. Topological dynamics of random dynamical systems is the first book to deal with the theory of topological dynamics of random dynamical systems. It presents in detail the solutions to the most fundamental problems of topological dynamics: linearization of nonlinear smooth systems, classification, and structural stability of linear hyperbolic systems. Employing the tools and methods of algebraic ergodic theory, the theory presented in the book has surprisingly beautiful results showing the richness of random dynamical systems as well as giving a gentle generalization of the classical deterministic theory. Mathematicians working in the theory of dynamical systems, stochastic dynamics, as well as those interested in applications of mathematical systems with random noise, will find this timely book a valuable reference and rich source of modern mathematical results and methods.
Classical and Modern Methods in Summability
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Summability is a mathematical topic with a long tradition and many applications in, for example, function theory, number theory, and stochastics. It was originally based on classical analytical methods, but was strongly influenced by modern functional analytical methods during the last seven decades. The present book aims to introduce the reader to the wide field of summability and its applications, and provides an overview of the most important classical and modern methods used. Part I contains a short general introduction to summability, the basic classical theory concerning mainly inclusion theorems and theorems of the Silverman-Toeplitz type, a presentation of the most important classes of summability methods, Tauberian theorems, and applications of matrix methods. The proofs in Part I are exclusively done by applying classical analytical methods. Part II is concerned with modern functional analytical methods in summability, and contains the essential functional analytical basis required in later parts of the book, topologization of sequence spaces as K- and KF-spaces, domains of matrix methods as FK-spaces and their topological structure. In this part the proofs are of functional analytical nature only. Part III of the present book deals with topics in summability and topological sequence spaces which require the combination of classical and modern methods. It covers investigations of the constistency of matrix methods and of the bounded domain of matrix methods via Saks space theory, and the presentation of some aspects in topological sequence spaces. Lecturers, graduate students, and researchers working in summability and related topics will find this book a useful introduction and reference work.