bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measured Resting Energy Expenditure in Children
Authors: Firouzbakhsh Shahin , Mathis Richard K. , Dorchester Wendy L. , Oseas Ronald S. , Groncy Paula K. , Grant Kenneth E. , Finklestein Jerry Z. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe majority of equations used to predict values for basal metabolic rates (BMRs) are the result of indirect calorimetry measurements performed in the 1930s and 1950s. To assess the reliability of these equations in predicting the resting energy expenditure (REE) of the children in our community, indirect calorimetry was performed on 92 male and 107 female healthy children 2–3 h postprandial. Each individual was measured for a duration of 15–20 min. The data for analysis were obtained from 5–15 min steady‐state periods. Subjects ranged in age from 5 to 16 years. The results were compared with BMRs calculated from the Harris‐Benedict equation (Harris J, Benedict F. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, publication no. 279, 1919.), the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/ United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU) equations, and the equations proposed by Schofield for use by the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU Nutrition Committee. The values predicted by the FAO/WHO/UNU and Schofield equations were consistent with the measured resting values for all the children in the study population. Ninety‐two children weighed between 90–110% of their ideal body weight. When the measured REE and estimated BMR were compared by gender and age in these children, the Schofield equations provided the best estimates. Ninety‐four of the study subjects weighed >110% of their ideal body weight. The predicted estimates by all equations were consistent with the measured values in this subgroup of the population. We conclude that the FAO/ WHO/UNU and Schofield equations are reliable estimates of metabolic rate in healthy children when measurement of REE is not possible.
Endoscopic and Histologic Findings in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract of Children with Coeliac Disease
Authors: Oderda Giuseppina , Forni Marco , Morra Isabella , Tavassoli Kaveh , Pellegrino Paolo , Ansaldi Nicoletta 
Published: January 2024

SummaryFrequency of mucosal damage to the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum was investigated in 176 children with coeliac disease (CD) during 230 upper GI en‐doscopies performed to obtain duodenal biopsy specimens and was compared with findings in 230 age‐matched children who underwent endoscopy for upper GI complaints without CD (non‐CD patients). To evaluate a possible association with gluten ingestion, we then compared frequency of mucosal damage in patients on a gluten‐containing diet and those on a gluten‐free Diet (GFD). In children with CD, frequency of esophageal damage seen at endoscopy and of peptic esophagitis shown by histology were significantly lower than in non‐CD patients (p < 0.01) due to the very low frequency of mucosal damage in CD children on GFD; however, frequency of columnar metaplasia was significantly higher (p < 0.05). At endoscopy, CD children had a significantly lower frequency of gastric abnormalities, but histology showed a higher prevalence of superficial chronic gastritis (SCG; p < 0.01). SCG was associated with gluten ingestion, since its frequency in CD children on GFD was similar to the frequency in non‐CD patients. At endoscopy, frequency of duodenal mucosal damage was similar in CD and non‐CD patients. In addition to villous atrophy, histology showed a significantly higher frequency of duodenitis in CD children on a gluten‐containing diet (p < 0.001 vs. non‐CD patients; p < 0.05 vs. CD children on GFD). Our findings show that the mucosa of the whole upper GI tract can be damaged in CD patients and that the prevalence of some changes is higher with a gluten‐containing diet.
The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori‐Positive Serology in Asymptomatic Children
Authors: Blecker Uwe , Hauser Bruno , Lanciers Sophie , Peeters Stefaan , Suys Bert , Vandenplas Yvan 
Published: January 2024

SummaryEpidemiologic data are presented about the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori positivity as determined by serology in a large series of asymptomatic children (n = 466). Serology is now generally accepted as a valid noninvasive screening method for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection. Blood samples were taken from 466 apparently healthy children (ages 2–14 years) who were admitted to our pediatric 1‐day clinic for elective surgery. The children originated from different ethnic backgrounds. All were born in Belgium and have been living there ever since. Thirty‐four (7.3%) had positive titers for Helicobacter pylori. There was a significant increase in the number of positive patients with advancing age (5.4% in the age group 2–8 years and 13.4% in the age group 8–14 years; p < 0.001). We also found a significant difference in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori positivity between Caucasian Belgian children and non‐Caucasian children of different ethnic backgrounds. This relatively high prevalence of positive serology in asymptomatic older children (13.4%) should be considered in studies on the incidence or causative role of Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic abdominal complaints.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Microvilli of Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Celiac Disease in Remission and Transient Gluten Enteropathy in Children After a Gluten‐Free Diet
Authors: Dyduch Antoni , Karczewska Krystyna , Grzybek Henryk , Kamiński Marcin 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe structure of microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells was investigated in 70 children: 34 with celiac disease in remission, 28 with transient gluten enteropathy after a gluten‐free diet, and eight controls. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the mean thickness of the glycocalyx layer covering the microvilli, the mean length and width of microvilli, and the number of microvilli per 1 μm length of enterocyte surface. The structure of the glycocalyx was found to be intact, but in some children with treated celiac disease the layer of glycocalyx was either thin or absent on the surface of individual cell microvilli. In children with treated celiac disease, microvilli were statistically significantly shorter than those in children with transient gluten enteropathy and controls. Microvillous width in treated celiac disease was greater as compared with that in controls. There was no difference in the number of microvilli on the enterocyte surface in the three groups.
Growth Failure in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Markowitz James , Grancher Kathy , Rosa Joanne , Aiges Harvey , Daum Fredric 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo assess whether children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develop permanent impairment of linear growth, we analyzed records from 48 young adults who had IBD during childhood or early adolescence (Tanner I‐III; 11.8 ± 2.4 years old at diagnosis). All were fully grown (Tanner V; 21.1 ± 3.0 years) at last examination. Adult heights were predicted from data obtained at or shortly after the diagnosis of IBD by three methods: height for age percentile, the Bailey‐Pinneau (BP), and Roche‐Wainer‐Thissen (RWT) methods. Predicted adult heights were then compared with the actual ultimate height of each subject. Permanent growth failure occurred in 19–35% of subjects, depending upon the method used to assess growth. Overall, 31% (15 of 48) of the subjects had deficits of adult height identified by two or more methods, including 14 of 38 (37%) of those with Crohn's disease but only one of 10 with ulcerative colitis. Age at diagnosis of IBD, age at last examination, age at cessation of linear growth, and site of IBD did not differ between impaired and normal growth groups. Duration of corticosteroid use was longer (p < 0.05) in growth‐impaired subjects. In addition, although 60% of all subjects had periods of poor growth that put them in height‐for‐age percentiles two or more major growth channels below previous percentiles, only 19% remained at these levels upon achieving their final adult heights. Permanent impairment of linear growth leading to clinically meaningful deficits of ultimate adult height is common in patients with IBD in childhood or early adolescence. New therapeutic approaches are needed to address this problem.
Histological Comparison of Suction Capsule and Endoscopic Small Intestinal Mucosal Biopsies in Children
Authors: Granot Esther , Goodman‐Weill Michal , Pizov Galina , Sherman Yoav 
Published: January 2024

SummarySmall intestinal biopsies are part of the routine evaluation of children with chronic diarrhea and malabsorption, and are commonly performed via suction capsule. Because this technique entails x‐ray exposure, longer procedure time, and technical failures, most small intestinal biopsies in adults are currently obtained via endoscopy. Endoscopy is believed to yield morphologically inferior specimens, and, therefore, its use for obtaining small intestinal biopsies in children has remained limited. The histological adequacy of biopsy specimens obtained in 30 children by endoscopy and in 30 children by suction capsule was compared. Biopsies were assessed for quality of orientation, size (length and depth), presence of Brunner's glands and crush artifact, and for the ability to confirm or exclude a mucosal abnormality. Small intestinal biopsies obtained via endoscopy were shown to yield tissue specimens that are histologically comparable to those obtained by suction capsule, and that are equally suitable for interpretation.
Ulcerative Colitis in Children 10 Years Old or Younger
Authors: Gryboski Joyce D. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe onset and course of ulcerative colitis diagnosed in 38 children at or before 10 years of age were reviewed. The mean age at onset was 5.9 years. A family history of inflammatory bowel disease was present in 24% of patients, and 13% had a history of cow milk allergy in infancy. Initially, by radiologic or colonoscopic studies, 71% had total colonic disease, 13% had left‐sided colitis, and 6% had proctitis: extensive examination was not performed in 4 patients. Four patients (11%) presented with severe colitis. 14 (37%) with moderate colitis, and 20 (53%) with mild colitis. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain (94%), diarrhea (84%), and rectal bleeding (84%). Between 2 and 10 years after diagnosis, 89% of children had total colonic disease and 11% had left‐sided disease. All four patients with severe disease at onset responded to medical therapy with one having a colectomy 15 years later with pathology consistent with Crohn's disease. Of those with moderate disease, half had infrequent moderate recurrences and half had intermittent mild disease. One patient had colectomy at 21 years for intractable disease. Of the 20 with mild disease, 16 continued to have intermittent mild recurrences, I had chronic mild disease. 2 had moderate recurrent disease, and 1 has remained asymptomatic for 5 years. Psychiatric disturbances requiring therapy were identified in 5 (13%) children. Results are encouraging: after the first 2 years of illness, two thirds of the children have had subsequent mild colitis with infrequent relapses and three quarters consider their life to be of good quality.
Breast‐Feeding Habits Among Jewish and Arab Mothers in Hadera County, Israel
Authors: Heldenberg D. , Tenenbaum G. , Weizer S. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA survey of breast‐feeding habits of Jewish and Arab mothers was carried out in Hadera county in Israel. Jewish mothers breast‐fed their babies ∼3 months, while Arab mothers did so for 5 months. The rate of breast‐feeding among Jewish and Arab mothers was 84% and 94.4%, respectively. The results indicated that education, previous experience, enjoyment, husband's encouragement, previous information about the importance of breast‐feeding, belief that breast‐feeding strengthens the mother‐child relationship, and the convenience of breast‐ over bottle‐feeding were all factors that had an impact on breast‐feeding habits among Jewish but not Arab mothers. Breast‐feeding as a means of birth control, religion, and impairment of the breast's shape were factors that had no effect on either Arab or Jewish mothers. Complications during pregnancy and cesarean delivery decrease the probability of breast‐feeding in Arab and Jewish mothers. Jewish mothers stopped breast‐feeding because of insufficient milk, fatigue, work obligations, and physician's recommendation. Among Arab mothers the main reasons were insufficient milk, physician's recommendation, baby's refusal, and nipple problems. Jewish mothers who decided not to breast‐feed stated that the reasons were previous experience with insufficient milk, nipple problems, and unpleasant feelings. The few Arab mothers who did not breast‐feed cited medical or nipple problems.
Smectite in Acute Diarrhea in Children
Authors: Madkour Ahmed A. , Madina Ekram M. H. , El‐Azzouni Omar E. Z. , Amer Maysa A. , El‐Walili Tarek M. K. , Abbass Tarek 
Published: January 2024

SummaryDioctahedral smectite (DS) a natural adsorbent clay capable of adsorbing viruses, bacteria, and other intestinal irritants in vitro, is claimed to possess beneficial “antidiarrheal” properties. This study tested the effect of DS on the duration of diarrhea and the frequency and amount of liquid stools. Ninety well‐nourished boys, aged 3–24 months, with acute watery diarrhea and mild, moderate, or severe dehydration were included in a randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. After initial rehydration, they received DS or placebo (1.5 g freshly dissolved in 50 ml of water, four times daily for 3 days) along with oral rehydration solution (ORS) and adequate feeding. The clinical characteristics of both groups were comparable on admission.Patients in the smectite group had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhea (mean ± SD, 54 ± 16 vs. 73 ± 13 h) and significantly fewer stools (2.6 ± 0.8 vs. 3 ± 0.7 on second day; 1.9 ± 0.7 vs. 2.4 ± 0.7 on third day; and 11.3 ± 3.2 vs. 13.8 ± 3 overall). The amount of liquid stools was not significantly reduced. Weight gain at 24, 48, and 72 h and on recovery was significantly higher in the smectite group despite the comparable fluid and food intake in both groups. These results suggest a beneficial effect of DS in shortening the duration of diarrhea and reducing the frequency of liquid stools in children rehydrated with ORS.
The Constitutive Exocytotic Pathway in Microvillous Atrophy
Authors: Phillips Alan , Fransen Jack , Hauri Hans‐Peter , Sterchi Erwin 
Published: January 2024

SummaryMicrovillous atrophy is a disorder within the intractable diarrhea of infancy syndrome. The disease is believed to stem from a transport defect that prevents exocytosis of brush border‐related material. We investigated this hypothesis by examining the direct constitutive exocytotic pathway using sucrase‐isomaltase as a representative protein. We also studied various other brush border and lysosomal marker enzymes. The biosynthesis and localization of selected intestinal epithelial enzymes were studied in small‐intestinal mucosal biopsy specimens from a total of nine children with microvillous atrophy by: (a) metabolic labeling in organ culture, (b) radioiodination and immunoprecipitation, (c) indirect im‐munoperoxidase immunocytochemistry, and (d) immunogold electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that brush border enzymes were synthesized normally and could be located in the apical brush border membrane and on microvillous membrane within microvillous inclusions. Brush border enzymes were not detected in the “secretory granules” that accumulated within the apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Lysosomal enzymes were only detected within lysosomal bodies. Thus, the direct constitutive pathway is not involved in microvillous atrophy, and a disturbance of endocytosis or the indirect constitutive pathway is unlikely. Any transport defect in the disease probably involves a different, unidentified exocytotic pathway.
Solubility of Calcium Salts and Carrageenan Used in Infant Formulas Did Not Influence Calcium Absorption in Rats
Authors: Koo Jaeok , Weaver Connie M. , Neylan Michael J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryCalcium absorption from tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was compared to that from calcium chloride, CaCl2, in the presence and absence of carrageenan in the rat model. There was no difference in percent calcium absorption as indicated by femur uptake of TCP or CaCl2 intrinsically labeled with 45Ca given by gavage (78.4 ± 9.6 vs. 80.0 ± 5.9, respectively). Thus, the difference in solubility of the two salts did not influence calcium absorption. When TCP was delivered by gavage in a solution containing 1% carrageenan, calcium absorption was not decreased compared to that of a control without carrageenan. In this model, calcium from TCP in the presence of up to 1% carrageenan is well absorbed
Percutaneous Endoscopic Placement of the “Button” Gastrostomy Tube as the Initial Procedure in Infants and Children
Authors: Treem William R. , Etienne Nancy L. , Hyams Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryPercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is routinely performed in children with special nutritional needs. For convenience and cosmetic reasons, many parents prefer a skin‐level, nonrefluxing, (“button”) gastrostomy tube. After healing of the track, a button gastrostomy tube can replace a PEG but this requires a second procedure. This study assessed the technique and complication rate of placement of a button gastrostomy tube mounted for endoscopic placement as the initial procedure. Seventeen patients (10 males), ages 4 months to 12 years were studied. All patients underwent successful placement of the button under conscious sedation using a standard endoscopic push technique. In the first 10 patients, an 18 French device was used. Four patients developed migration of the device into the track between 9 and 55 days after placement and the button was removed. Migration was preceded or accompanied by a wound infection in 3 of the 4 patients. In the next 7 patients, a larger, 24 French button was used without any wound infections or migration of the device. In thirteen patients with successful placement, a follow‐up period of 110–450 days has revealed no further complications. Placement of the button gastrostomy tube in infants and children can be accomplished using standard endoscopic techniques. However, further study of the optimal size of the device and optimal placement procedure to prevent wound infection and migration should be undertaken.
Regulation of the Ontogenic and Regional Expression of Intestinal Aminooligopeptidase
Authors: Reisenauer Ann M. , Castillo Ricardo O. 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Aminooligopeptidase (AOP) is the predominant peptidase in the small intestinal epithelium. During postnatal development in the rat, characteristic ontogenic and regional patterns of AOP activities become established: To investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating the maturational changes in AOP activity, we compared AOP synthesis and assembly in the jejunum of suckling (14‐day‐old) and weaned (28‐day‐old) rats. AOP synthesis was assessed in vivo by intraperitoneal labeling with [35S]methionine. Both AOP activity and AOP synthesis doubled at weaning, while its posttranslational processing remained unaltered. To examine the mechanisms responsible for generating the regional differences in AOP activity in weaned rats, we contrasted the de novo synthesis, kinetic properties, total immunoreactive protein, and degradation of the jejunal and ileal peptidases. Although AOP catalytic activity was significantly greater in the jejunum than in the ileum, its synthesis rate and substrate affinity (Km) were identical at both sites. However, the ileal peptidase was degraded more rapidly than the jejunal enzyme (t 1/2 = 4 and 10 h, respectively). In summary, our data show that increased synthesis accounts for the ontogenic rise in intestinal AOP activity but that altered enzyme turnover produces the jejunal‐ileal gradient in AOP activity in weaned rats. Thus the ontogenic and regional expressions of intestinal AOP are defined by transcriptional/translational and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms, respectively.
Bone Mineral Content and Dietary Calcium Intake in Children Prescribed a Low‐Lactose Diet
Authors: Stallings Virginia A. , Oddleifson Nancy W. , Negrini Barbara Y. , Zemel Babette S. , Wellens Rita 
Published: January 2024

SummaryBone density is related to body size and other factors including dietary calcium intake. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a low‐lactose, low‐calcium diet on the bone mineral content (BMC) of prepubertal children with documented lactose intolerance. Radial BMC was determined by single‐photon absorptiometry. Dietary intake was assessed by 24‐h recall and two 3‐day food records, and weight and height were measured. The group of lactose‐intolerant children was compared with a group of healthy children of similar age, gender, race, and size and to the prediction equations based on body size from Chan's Utah children. Nineteen children, ages 9.6 + 1.9 years, participated in the study. They were relatively short compared with standards (height Z score, −0.30 + 0.83). BMC was 0.428 + 0.081 g/cm in the study group versus 0.440 + 0.116 g/cm in the comparison group (n = 19; p > 0.05). Both the study group and the size‐selected comparison group had lower BMC than the Utah children. The diet of the study group was low in calcium: 84% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance in children < 11 years old and 32% in children >11. Calcium intake was associated (p = 0.03) with BMC in the study group after adjusting for body size. The low‐lactose diet resulted in a low calcium intake, and BMC was associated with calcium intake in prepubertal children with lactose intolerance. Evaluation of dietary calcium intake should be considered in this group of patients, with follow‐up dietary counseling, calcium supplementation (diet or medication), and bone density assessment when clinically indicated.
A Prospective Study of Shiga‐Like Toxin‐Associated Diarrhea in a Pediatric Population
Authors: Bégué Rodolfo E. , Neill Marguerite A. , Papa Elaine F. , Dennehy Penelope H. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAlthough population‐based studies have shown that children have the highest age‐specific incidence of infection with the Shiga‐like toxin‐producing E. coli (SLTEC), these sporadic case series were not focused specifically on the pediatric age group. We undertook a prospective study to determine the frequency of detection of SLT in an exclusively pediatric population. The study design minimized ascertainment and referral bias by systematically defining the population by the presence of diarrheal symptoms rather than by specific diagnosis, previous submission of stool for culture, or referral to a diarrhea study. All children < 10 years of age hospitalized at a tertiary care pediatric hospital, irrespective of admission diagnosis, were surveyed prospectively at admission and for 2 days thereafter for the presence of defined diarrheal symptoms. From May 1, 1991, to April 30, 1992, 227 patients and 92 age‐ and season‐matched controls were enrolled. Fecal SLT was detected in six (2.6%) patients, three of whom had E. coli 0157:H7 organisms were isolated; SLT was not found in any of the controls. SLT was more commonly detected in children 2–10 years of age and in bloody stools. Salmonella was isolated in six (2.6%) cases, Shigella in five (2.2%), and Yersinia in three (1.3%); rotavirus was detected in 46 (20.3%). Two patients with SLT‐associated diarrhea had hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and four had hemorrhagic colitis. SLT‐associated diarrhea occurred in the summer and fall months in contradistinction to that with rotavirus, which occurred in the winter and spring. Because enteric infection with SLTEC may have serious sequelae, such as HUS, and because it occurs with a frequency comparable to that of other bacterial entero‐pathogens, the evaluation of diarrhea in pediatric patients should include a search for SLTEC, particularly E. coli 0157:H7.