bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Political Economy Of The Public Domain: Markets In Information Goods Versus The Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: * Yochai benkler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here’s one for freedom of the press. The Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times are trying to get the government to prevent some readers from debating the political implications of their stories on a web-based forum. Well, not quite, but too close for comfort. The website is called Free Republic. It includes a forum where conservatives share news clippings and exchange opinions online. Users who read articles they think deserve com ment cut and paste them onto the forum
Balancing proprietary and public domain interests: inside or outside of proprietary rights?
Authors: dreier* Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the previous chapters have demonstrated, there is little consensus-possi bly less than ever before in the history of intellectual property protection-as to what constitutes an adequate balance between proprietary intellectual property rights and the public interest. Such debates are by no means new. Ever since the inception of modern intellectual property law, the monopoly character of exclusive rights has been subjected to examination. In repeated waves of criticism, both the rationale for granting intellectual property pro tection to intangibles and the details of this protection, have undergone scrutiny. So far, intellectual property rights have more than resisted these attacks: indeed, the last decades have seen a trend of ever increasing protec tion. The crucial question now is whether intellectual property can withstand the attacks of the future. The answer depends on the extent to which intellec tual property law will be capable of accommodating nonproprietary interests and on the extent to which public values must be safeguarded by legal instru ments outside of intellectual property protection.
The Policy of Cumulation
Authors: Lewis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cumulation occurs where damages take no account of the other contributing sources of compensation. The claimant receives damages in full, irrespective of the extent to which his losses already may have been made good by other sources. For claimants, this is the most favourable of the three policy solutions identified in this part of the book because it enables them to receive multiple compensation without being required to repay their collateral sources.
Taking Security in France
Authors: Gdanski Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other chapters have explained that, in Anglo-American legal systems, it is frequently possible for a creditor to obtain security over all present and future assets of the debtor. In the United Kingdom a debenture may contain fixed charges over those present and future assets which are susceptible to a fixed charge and contain a floating charge over all other present and future assets of the company. Such security is relatively easy to create and can often be created by one document, although it does require to be registered at Companies House.
The Regulation of Territorial Restraints in Intellectual Property Right Licensing Agreements under Article 85
Authors: Anderman Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The degree of territorial exclusivity which the licensor can offer the licensee is at the heart of the commercial exchange in a technology licensing agreement. For the licensee the acquisition of a licence means that it is prepared to take on the risks of investing capital in manufacturing premises and plant and a distribution system rather than the costs of an elaborate in-house R&D programme. However, unless there is some protection from competition from the licensor and other licensees in its home territory it will have little incentive to take on such risks. The licensee’s need for time to tool up, to acquaint itself with the technology and to establish itself as a manufacturer with a distribution system before being subjected to competition from the licensor or other prior licensees is often so great that without such contractual protection many licensees would be deterred from making the investment.
Graph Theory as I Have Known It
Authors: Ball John , Welsh Dominic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a unique and unusual introduction to graph theory by one of the founding fathers, and will be of interest to all researchers in the subject. It is not intended as a comprehensive treatise, but rather as an account of those parts of the theory that have been of special interest to the author. Professor Tutte details his experience in the area, and provides a fascinating insight into how he was led to his theorems and the proofs he used. As well as being of historical interest it provides a useful starting point for research, with references to further suggested books as well as the original papers. The book starts by detailing the first problems worked on by Professor Tutte and his colleagues during his days as an undergraduate member of the Trinity Mathematical Society in Cambridge. It covers subjects such as comnbinatorial problems in chess, the algebraicization of graph theory, reconstruction of graphs, and the chromatic eigenvalues. In each case fascinating historical and biographical information about the author's research is provided.
Integrating paradigms, methodological implications
Authors: Breakwe11 Glynis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This has major implications for the empirical approaches which should be adopted when exploring social representations. It suggests that intra-group dynamics and inter-group relations will direct or channel the formation of any specific social representation. This requires that the theorist should formulate clear predictions concerning the structure of a representation as revealed in the thought, utterances, and action of the individual in relation to that individual’s position in a group. It calls for the analysis of likely implications of changes in group structure for the representation. It necessitates consideration of the inter-group processes which promulgate the social representation and afford it a venue in which to be used. It emphasizes that representations are embedded in complex representational networks and that they are liable to change, whether in a subtle or a global way, as a result of their relationships to each other.
Social representations of mental illness: lay and professional perspectives
Authors: Zani Bruna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This topic has been the subject of considerable discussion and debate in Italy over the past few years, following the profound changes in the fields of psychiatry and health care. Indeed, reforms were passed in 1978 that initiated an extremely important process of change affecting not only the theoretical categories used to interpret mental illness, but also the methods of psychiatric assistance: the juridical concept of ‘social dangerousness’ of the mentally ill has disappeared; psychiatric hospitals have been closed to new inmates; decentralized services at a local level have been strengthened; and psychiatry’s primary function as custodian (curing was only secondary) has become health-orientated, centred around prevention and therapy.
Regions and Subregions of the Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Vogt Brent A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regional and subregional organization of the primate cingulate cortex is in dispute long after the seminal cytoarchitectural work of Brodmann (1909). He defined the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices and their component areas; however, no functions were known for these regions a century ago and this duality only referred to broad anatomical variations. Recent human neuroimaging studies seek to localize functional responses and refer to parts of the cingulate gyrus in terms of anterior or posterior locations and the Brodmann areas based on the co-registration of the Brodmann’s map to a single case by Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Since most neuroimaging studies do not draw conclusions about the cytoarchitectural bases of functional observations and the Brodmann duality is generally taken at face value, a confusing overlay of adjectives has evolved for different parts of the cortex. Thus, functional references to places on the cingulate gyrus do not refer to a comprehensive model with predictive power or histologically bounded areas, but provide site coordinates with general functional inferences. It is striking that no functional study has ever activated the entire anterior cingulate cortex of Brodmann to demonstrate its functional uniformity as implied by current usage of Brodmann’s hypotheses. An alternative approach to cingulate cortex is embodied in the concept of a neurobiological model that is derived from more than one disciplinary research resource, it is based on structure/function correlations and connections, and it makes predictions about the role of a region in specific aspects of information processing.
µ-opioid receptors, placebo map, descending systems and Cingulate-Mediated Control of Vocalization and Pain
Authors: Vogt Brent A , Vogt Leslie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Efforts to control pain, anxiety, depression, and chronic stress syndromes increasingly seek to target the cingulate cortex as one of the privileged sites of “top–down regulation” of emotional motor systems. Its role in anticipation, the expectation of pain control via placebo events and hypnosedation are discussed throughout this section of the book in great detail. Although critical information processing including access to emotional memories, valenced objects and contexts, assessment of behavioral outcomes and links to internal states depend on cingulate cortex, its role in implementing control of emotional motor systems is equally important. Indeed, cingulate cortex has one of the most extensive cortical and subcortical projection systems to regulate emotional output of the cerebral cortex as outlined below. The pivotal location of opioid receptors (MOR) in anterior cingulate and midcingulate cortices (ACC, MCC, respectively) assures a role for opioids in mediating these massive output systems and is likely why the opiate placebo is such a powerful event in medical practice and pharmaceutical interventions. Classical views of limbic cortex emphasized the role of cingulate cortex in emotion and family-related behavior (MacLean, 1990, 1993). Although the MacLean Papez model (MacLean, 1954) did not have specific sites for control of emotional motor systems, MacLean’s later formulation of the thalamocingulate division of the triune brain identifies maternal–infant interactions as a key example of family-related behavior and its mediation by vocalization, the separation cry, and even pain associated with separation.
Impact Of Functional Visceral And Somatic Pain/Stress Syndromes On Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Derbyshire Stuart W G , Bremner J Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to many clinical pain syndromes, wherein a medical history and physical examination usually lead to the diagnosis of a structural lesion or biochemical alteration, the functional pain syndromes are without fixed organic peripheral changes. The functional pain disorders include fibromyalgia (FM), atypical facial pain (also termed idiopathic facial pain), non-specific low-back pain (NSLBP), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and are characterized by their persistence, intractability, and apparent absence of peripheral disease. Various psychiatric designations have been applied to pain disorders that are characterized by medically unexplained symptoms: somatization, somatoform disorders, psychogenic disease, chronic multisymptom illness, affective spectrum disorders, and central sensitization syndromes as well as functional disorders (Barsky & Borus, 1999; Clauw & Chrousos, 1997; Clauw et al.,1997; Hudson et al.,1992; Hudson & Pope, 1989; Wessely et al.,1999). A functional disorder is one that, after appropriate medical assessment, cannot be explained in terms of a conventionally defined medical disease based on biochemical or structural abnormalities (Derbyshire et al.,2004; Wessely et al.,1999; Drossman et al.,2000).Although these disorders are routinely assessed and viewed as separate clinical entities, combining these systemic and regional conditions in a review is justified by several observations: (1) there is considerable overlap in the case definitions of specific syndromes, (2) the disorders co-aggregate in individuals, (3) patients with different syndromes share non-symptom characteristics, (4) the functional syndromes all respond to similar therapies, (5) the syndromes share common neurobiological mechanisms, such as abnormal sensory processing, neuroendocrine, and autonomic dysfunction (Wessely et al.,1999),
One-Dimensional Flows in a Simple Shock Tube
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shock-tube problem, which is a particular case of the more general Riemann problem (see [1] of Chapter 3), can be stated as follows: given an inviscid, perfect gas at high pressure and another at low pressure, separated by a diaphragm in an infinite tube of uniform cross section, what type of flow is generated when the diaphragm is removed instantaneously? The resulting wave system can be established by considering transition relations for shocks and isentropic waves in the (u, p)-plane and their graphical representation ([1] of Chapter 3).
Two-Dimensional Studies of Oblique Shock-Wave Reflection and Diffraction
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nonstationary interaction of shock waves is one of the most important and unsolved problems of gas dynamics. These interactions usually entail a complex system of oblique shock waves and up until recently were practically difficult to predict analytically or by computational fluid-dynamic methods. Therefore, such interactions were mainly investigated experimentally in shock tubes. They are of interest for two main reasons: first, they involve a great deal of high-temperature, gas-dynamic effects and, secondly interferometric shock-tube data provide for computer code validation relevant to explosion dynamics. Computational data provide engineers with the pressure, velocity, and other flow properties required to build explosion-resistant structures.
Ray matrices and Gaussian beams
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Gaussian beam is a beam of light whose profile varies in a Gaussian way with radial distance from its central axis. Such beams are of great importance in modern optics because the output from a laser is very often of this form. This chapter starts with an introduction to matrix methods. Although the connection is not at first obvious, it turns out that these matrices are just what we need to describe the way in which a Gaussian beam propagates.
Education and the emergence of a literate society
Authors: Black Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literacy was remarkably widespread in north-central Italy during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In 1288 Bonvesin da la Riva declared that, in his native city of Milan, ‘there were more than 70 elementary masters teaching reading and writing’. Giovanni Villani, writing at the end of the 1330s, said that ‘8000 to 10,000 boys and girls’ were ‘learning to read’ in Florence.2 According to one estimate, this means that ‘Florence had a male schooling rate of 67 to 83 percent’. Although the accuracy of Villani’s figures has been doubted, they tally with the picture of literacy disclosed by the Florentine tax records (Catasto) of 1427. Each head of household was obliged to submit a declaration copied in his own hand. The vast majority of householders complied, and roughly 20 percent had to have their submissions written by a relative, notary, or friend because they were illiterate, which confirms an overall male literacy rate of about 80 percent for the city.
The power of the elites: family, patronage, and the state
Authors: Kent Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most states of Renaissance Italy were governed de facto, if not de jure, by a small group of elite families in whose hands power, usually associated with wealth, was concentrated. From 1300, the golden age of the independent communes, to 1550, when great territorial states like Florentine Tuscany and Milanese Lombardy were ruled under the aegis of the Spanish Empire, through changes of regime and constitution, despite recurrent plagues after 1348 and invasions beginning in 1494, the elites endured.This was true of both republics and the principates ( signorie) that were once misleadingly regarded as despotisms or tyrannies on the assumption that the rule of their lords was absolute.
Ecclesiastical institutions
Authors: Azzara Claudio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early Christianization of the Roman world took place mainly in the cities in ways that reflected the peculiarly urban character of the empire. Following the Edict of Theodosius of 380 that made Christianity the sole state religion, ecclesiastical institutions that had previously developed slowly and with little unity now began to be organized in more stable and permanent ways.
Each local Christian community was headed by an episcopus (bishop, ‘overseer’) who acted as ruler, teacher, and administrator of the sacraments, starting from the ordination of priests and confirmation.
Lay and ecclesiastical culture
Authors: Villa Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cultural history of the two centuries from the arrival of the Lombards in Italy to the collapse of their kingdom in 774 has long posed problems of evaluation. As early as the eighteenth century the Italian antiquary Gerolamo Tiraboschi (1731-94) noted the very limited quantity and quality of literary productions surviving from this era, which led him to question the judgement of Ludovico Mura tori (1672-1750 ). Muratori had been more attentive to juridical aspects and so readier to think well of the two centuries of Lombard domination, and saw in the long period of peace evidence that the groups indentified as Lombards and Romans had been able to live and work together.
The Reformed Tradition
Authors: Ward Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unity of the church has always been a main preoccupation of Christendom. Cyprian had argued for the maintenance of that unity through obedience to an apostolic succession of bishops, who were themselves to be united through regular general councils of the church. But each general council managed to produce further divisions in the church, as large bodies of bishops found themselves unable to accept the conciliar decisions. The Eastern Patriarchates allied themselves with the Byzantine emperor, and anathematized the Arian, Monophysite, and Nestorian churches. These Patriarchates lost almost all influence after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, and the Eastern ‘churches of the seven councils’ developed into a number of national churches, most notably the Greek and Russian, which on the whole set their face against any innovation whatsoever.
The State And New Industrial Relations
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practices and process of ‘new industrial relations’ and human resource management have become the primary agenda of industrial relations research and teaching whether prescriptive or critical (see Storey 1992, 1995; and Edwards 1995); notwithstanding this primacy new industrial relations and human resource management are of no use in themselves; they are propagated as mechanisms to rejuvenate the British economy, its manufacturing sector :in particular, and connect with current dynamics in capitalist production. Without an evaluation of the problematic nature of the wider dynamics of capitalist production new industrial relations and human resource management are both abstract and decontextual.
Trade Union Law Since 1979
Authors: Dunn Stephen , Metcalf David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Allan Flanders once suggested that ‘the tradition of voluntarism cannot be legislated againsf (1974: 365). By voluntarism he meant the collective bargaining system that had developed over the century in the UK with scant help or hindrance from the law (Kahn-Freund’s ‘collective laissez faire’ (1959) ). His judgement was made when the Industrial Relations Act, an ambitious labour code introduced at a stroke, was nearing the end of its short, blighted life. The Act’s failure reinforced a then conventional academic wisdom that legislation was unhelpful in reforming Britain’s troubled system. As Flanders himself stated ‘it is clear that the law is a very inadequate, dangerous and dubious means for trying to modify any established modes of conduct of trade unions’ (1974: 365).
Japanization And New Industrial Relations
Authors: Grant David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of January 1993 there were 167 Japanese manufacturers in the UK employing a total of 50,315 local workers (AJEI 1992; JETRO 1993).1 These companies are portrayed as being in the vanguard of employers who have implemented new industrial relations practices in the UK (Bassett 1986; Wickens 1987; White and Trevor 1983; Trevor 1988; IRS 1990; Roberts 1988; Gleave and Oliver 1990; Reitsperger 1986a; Garrahan and Stewart 1992). So as to survive both the direct challenge of Japanese competitors and the economic climate of the 1980s and 1990s Japanese management techniques have also been widely adopted among UK companies. In the sense that Japanese management techniques are representative of new industrial relations practices this further embellishes the argument that they are a key characteristic of new industrial relations in the UK.
Beginnings in science
Authors: Westfall Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
natural philosopher and mathematician, was born on 25 December 1642 in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Colsterworth, about 7 miles south of Grantham, Lincolnshire, the only and posthumous son of Isaac Newton (1606–1642), yeoman farmer, and his wife, Hannah (c .1610– 1679), daughter of James Ayscough, gentleman, of Market Overton, Rutland. His family could trace its roots to John Newton of Westby, a village near Grantham; John Newton’s grandfather Simon Newton was a husbandman whose name appeared among taxpayers listed in Westby in 1524. The family clearly had industry and ability, each generation inching up the local hierarchy.
Portrait and Ulysses
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 1 March 1914 Joyce began the long-prepared writing of Ulysses, without abandoning the composition of Exiles, which had developed its own momentum by this time. (He also worked part-time as English correspondent to the Gioacchino Veneziani paint factory.) Joyce’s annus mirabilis, however, coincided with the outbreak of European war. In January 1915 Stanislaus was arrested as an outspoken irredentist, and in August he was interned for the duration of the war. Notwith- standing their British citizenship, Joyce and Nora remained unaffected until Italy declared war on Germany in May 1915.