bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re‐evaluation and quantification of the different sources of nerve fibres supplying the rat eye
Authors: Cavallotti Carlo , Frati Alessandro , Sagnelli Paolo , Pescosolido Nicola 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe denervation and/or the removal of peripheral nerve ganglia are useful surgical techniques for studying the source and distribution of peripheral nerves in all organs, including the eye. The amount and distribution of the remaining nerve fibres supplying the eye (after sectioning of various types of nervous fibres and/or removal of nerve ganglia) were evaluated in the rat. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were anaesthetized and one or more of the following nervous tissues were removed: superior cervical ganglion, main ciliary ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, trigeminal ganglion and the ophthalmic‐maxillary nerve. In some animals, chemical sympathectomy was performed by administration of 6‐OH dopamine. The eyes were cut in serial sections, but only three regions (cornea, iris and choroid) were harvested and submitted for various nerve fibre staining techniques. The results were quantified and statistically analysed. Superior cervical ganglionectomy and/or chemical sympathectomy induced the destruction of almost all the catecholaminergic nerve fibres in the three examined regions of the rat eye. Removal of the ciliary ganglion (partial parasympathectomy) caused the destruction of about 60% of the cholinergic nerve fibres of the same regions of the rat eye, while subtotal parasympathectomy destroyed about 80% of the cholinergic nerve fibres. Surgical transsection of the ophthalmo‐maxillary nerve or the removal of the trigeminal ganglion led to a degeneration of almost all sensitive nerve fibres of the three examined regions of the rat eye. The denervation experiments confirmed the presence of the different types of nerve fibres (sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensitive) in the three studied structures of the rat eye.
Young women's lifestyle behaviours and their bone mineral density changes: a grounded theory analysis
Authors: Elgán Carina , Dykes Anna‐Karin , Samsioe Göran , Fridlund Bengt 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Only limited information is available on healthy young women's perspective of their own lifestyle behaviours. By lifestyle behaviours, e.g. smoking and physical activity, individuals have the possibility to influence bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to generate a theoretical model of lifestyle behaviours among young women with different BMD changes.Methods:  Data were collected by interviewing with 11 women, and the material was analysed by means of the grounded theory.Findings:  Two core categories were generated: (i) the respondents’ outlook on life and (ii) their life situation. The respondents’ outlook on life was either ‘rigid’ or ‘relaxed’. Respondents who had a rigid outlook on life adjusted with others and had a decreased BMD while those with a relaxed outlook on life were doing things for fun and had an increased BMD level. Life situation also consisted of two categories: ‘stagnation’ and ‘development’. Respondents in a static life situation did not pursue any active actions while in a developing life situation, the respondents were actively striving towards a goal. Four dimensions which characterized the respondents’ outlook on life in relation to their life situation emerged: subordinating and enduring with a decreased BMD level or compromising and discerning with an increased BMD level.Conclusion:  It seems as if the outlook on life has a greater influence than the acted lifestyle behaviour for bone development. Further research is needed to generalize the findings of this study and to explore the importance of the outlook on life among women of all ages.
Psychiatric nurses’ attitudes towards identified inpatients as measured by the semantic differential technique
Authors: Hellzén Maria , Lind Ingbritt , Dahl Annika , Hellzén Ove 
Published: February 2005

Nursing care can figuratively be described as a gift that is given by the nurse in the nurse–patient relationship where attitudes play an important role for the gift's appearance. Sometimes patients are unwilling to or incapable of accepting the gift and this can lead to situations in which nurses are not able to handle their situation in a professional manner. This research survey aimed to investigate nurses’ attitudes and find a structure in nurses’ attitudes towards their patients.Six psychiatric group dwellings and six acute psychiatric hospital wards participated in the study. In all, 2700 assessments of 163 patients were sent out to 160 respondents and 2436 answers were returned. The semantic differential technique was used. The scale has 57 bipolar pairs of adjective, which estimate an unknown number of dimensions of nurses’ attitudes towards an identified patient. The respondents’ answers were analysed through factor analysis rotated using the Varimax method and etropy‐based measures of association combined with structural plots were also used.Both the factor analysis and the entropy revealed three factors, which were interpreted as being of evaluative type. Factor 1 was interpreted as describing nurses’ answers mainly as a combination of an ethical and aesthetic evaluation of the patients. Factor 2 was interpreted as being of an empathetic type and factor 3 as nurses’ experiences of the patients’ cognitive capacity. The study indicates that the dominant aspect of nurses’ attitudes in a psychiatric context is the ethical/aesthetic dimension, which is an important finding for the understanding of nurses’ attitudes and actions towards their patients.
A SIMPLE METHOD TO DETERMINE DIFFUSION OF SODIUM IN THE EPIDERMIS OF GREEN OLIVES
Authors: ZURITZ CARLOS ALBERTO , MALDONADO MARIELA BEATRIZ 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT The present study reports a simple method, both mathematical and experimental, to determine variable effective diffusion coefficients for sodium through the skins of olives. Skins removed from green olives, variety Arauco (also known as Criolla), were studied using a lye concentration of 2.25% (w/w) of NaOH at 20C. The diffusion of sodium was evaluated through fresh skins and previously alkali‐treated skins. The measured values of effective diffusion coefficients for untreated (fresh) olive skins increased two orders of magnitude during the processing time, from 10−12 to 10−10 m2/s. Whereas, the effective diffusion coefficients determined for previously treated olive skins were of the order of 10−10 m2/s and increased very little with treatment time.
HIGH‐PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY: EVALUATION OF PHASE TRANSITION IN PORK MUSCLE AT HIGH PRESSURES
Authors: ZHU S. , RAMASWAMY H.S. , LE BAIL A. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT High‐pressure (HP) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate phase‐transition behavior of water in pork muscle at elevated pressures. Fresh pork (rib portion) muscle samples (0.62–0.72 g, vacuum‐packaged in polyethylene pouches) were tested through isothermal pressure‐scan (P‐scan, 0.3 MPa/min) and isobaric temperature‐scan (T‐scan,  0.15C/min) techniques. By using P‐scan testing procedure, the relationship between phase‐transition temperature (T) of frozen pork and the weighted‐average pressure during the phase‐change period (P̄1−2) was found to be T = −1.17 − 0.102P̄1−2 − 0.00019P̄ (R2 = 0.998, n = 10). Comparing with similar temperature pressure relationship classically established for pure water, it was observed that the depression of phase‐change temperature was much more pronounced in pork muscle than in pure water, and the degree of depression increased with an increase in pressure level. The ice content was evaluated with P‐scan at various constant calorimetric temperatures and compared with similar data from conventional DSC. Differences between the two were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). T‐scan tests demonstrated phase‐transition behavior at constant pressure, but results were not very satisfactory. Overall, HP DSC seems a powerful technique for phase‐transition characterization of water in real foods during HP process.
EFFECTS OF DELIVERY METHOD ON THE SENSORY PERCEPTION OF SEMISOLID DAIRY DESSERTS
Authors: ENGELEN L. , DE WIJK R.A. , PRINZ J.F. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT This study tests the possibility that sensory attributes are affected by the method by which a food is transferred to the mouth. For example, hot liquids appear to be considerably hotter when taken through a straw than when taken using a cup. Pre‐weighed samples of two vanilla flavoured dairy custards were presented, in random order, to 16 trained panellists using a spoon, an 11‐mm diameter straw or a modified straw that had a 4‐mm diameter constriction within it. Panellists rated products using a subset of attributes generated by a quantitative descriptive analysis panel. The amount ingested was measured by re‐weighing each sample after assessment. Each experiment was repeated three times. There were significant differences in the amount ingested for the two products. The delivery method had no effect on the sensory attributes of the products other than for thickness and melting, where products taken with the spoon were rated as less viscous than when taken through a straw. The constriction in the straw had no effect on either the amount ingested or on any of the sensory attributes. This study demonstrates that resistance to sucking does not affect perception of thickness.
COOPERATIVE MODELLING EVALUATED
Authors: BEYDOUN GHASSAN , HOFFMANN ACHIM , BREIS JESUALDO TOMÁS FERNÁNDEZ , BÉJAR RODRIGO MARTÍNEZ , VALENCIA-GARCIA RAFAEL , AURUM A. 
Published: February 2005

In any modelling activity, a framework to determine the maturity of a developed model before its use is highly advantageous. Such a framework would save modellers expensive time in many areas of information systems. It would also lower the risk of users relying on an incomplete or inaccurate model. In this paper, we develop a framework which uses internal inconsistencies as a quantitative indicator for estimating the completeness and correctness of a model as it is cooperatively evolved. Whilst internal inconsistencies are due to bad fit between different parts of a model, we argue that they are also correlated with how the evolved model fits with the "world". This argument underpins our framework to evaluate integrated models. Contributions of this paper are three folds: firstly, it presents a theoretically grounded framework for integrating models. We extend an existing incremental modelling framework, NRDR, which represents multiple hierarchical restricted domains (MHRD), with automatic concept integration to allow NRDR to deal with multiple experts. Secondly, we couple this integration framework with a theoretically grounded monitoring process to assess the quality of the cooperatively developed model. Thirdly, we illustrate an initial empirical study of our evaluation and integration framework in a computer hardware administration domain. We capture and integrate computer hardware models from several experts and we use our modelling evaluation framework to evaluate the resultant cooperative model.
Air–Sea Interaction over the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool: Gap Winds, Thermocline Dome, and Atmospheric Convection*
Authors: Xie Shang-Ping , Xu Haiming , Kessler William S. , Nonaka Masami 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
High-resolution satellite observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction over the eastern Pacific warm pool. In winter, strong wind jets develop over the Gulfs of Tehuantepec, Papagayo, and Panama, accelerated by the pressure gradients between the Atlantic and Pacific across narrow passes of Central American cordillera. Patches of cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and high chlorophyll develop under these wind jets as a result of increased turbulent heat flux from the ocean and enhanced mixing across the base of the ocean mixed layer. Despite a large decrease in SST (exceeding 3°C in seasonal means), the cold patches associated with the Tehuantepec and Papagayo jets do not have an obvious effect on local atmospheric convection in winter since the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is located farther south. The cold patch of the Panama jet to the south, on the other hand, cuts through the winter ITCZ and breaks it into two parts.
A pronounced thermocline dome develops west of the Gulf of Papagayo, with the 20°C isotherm only 30 m deep throughout the year. In summer when the Panama jet disappears and the other two wind jets weaken, SST is 0.5°C lower over this Costa Rica Dome than the background. This cold spot reduces local precipitation by half, punching a hole of 500 km in diameter in the summer ITCZ. The dome underlies a patch of open-ocean high chlorophyll. This thermocline dome is an ocean dynamic response to the positive wind curls south of the Papagayo jet, which is optimally oriented to excite ocean Rossby waves that remotely affect the ocean to the west. The meridionally oriented Tehuantepec and Panama jets, by contrast, only influence the local thermocline depth with few remote effects on SST and the atmosphere. The orographical-triggered air–sea interaction described here is a good benchmark for testing high-resolution climate models now under development.
Rainfall Variability at Decadal and Longer Time Scales: Signal or Noise?
Authors: Meinke Holger , deVoil Peter , Hammer Graeme L. , Power Scott , Allan Robert , Stone Roger C. , Folland Chris , Potgieter Andries 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Rainfall variability occurs over a wide range of temporal scales. Knowledge and understanding of such variability can lead to improved risk management practices in agricultural and other industries. Analyses of temporal patterns in 100 yr of observed monthly global sea surface temperature and sea level pressure data show that the single most important cause of explainable, terrestrial rainfall variability resides within the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) frequency domain (2.5–8.0 yr), followed by a slightly weaker but highly significant decadal signal (9–13 yr), with some evidence of lesser but significant rainfall variability at interdecadal time scales (15–18 yr). Most of the rainfall variability significantly linked to frequencies lower than ENSO occurs in the Australasian region, with smaller effects in North and South America, central and southern Africa, and western Europe. While low-frequency (LF) signals at a decadal frequency are dominant, the variability evident was ENSO-like in all the frequency domains considered. The extent to which such LF variability is (i) predictable and (ii) either part of the overall ENSO variability or caused by independent processes remains an as yet unanswered question. Further progress can only be made through mechanistic studies using a variety of models.
Subseasonal Variability of the Southeast Pacific Stratus Cloud Deck*
Authors: Xu Haiming , Xie Shang-Ping , Wang Yuqing 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Subseasonal variability of the stratus/stratocumulus cloud deck over the subtropical southeast Pacific is studied using satellite and buoy observations as well as the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. It is found that subseasonal variability in the stratus cloud deck is closely related to variations in surface wind velocity, water vapor, sea level pressure, and 500-hPa geopotential height. An increase in cloud liquid water (CLW) over the subtropical southeast Pacific is found to be associated with the development of an anomalous anticyclonic circulation to the south off the west coast of Chile. The enhanced southerly to southeasterly winds advect cold and dry air into the stratus region against the mean sea surface temperature (SST) gradient. This cold and dry advection, together with increased wind speed, intensifies surface latent and sensible heat fluxes and destabilizes the boundary layer. Anomalous offshore easterlies north of the anomalous anticyclone cause a low-level divergence. The associated subsidence warming, together with the cold advection in the surface layer, strengthens the temperature inversion, conducive to the development of stratus clouds. Buoy observations confirm this subseasonal cloud variability and its relationship with surface meteorological variables.
A lead/lag composite analysis indicates that circulation variables such as sea level pressure and surface wind lead cloud liquid water by 1–2 days while SST lags CLW by 1–2 days, suggesting that low-cloud variability is caused by atmospheric circulation changes rather than by the underlying ocean. The dynamic adjustment that leads to cloud fluctuations and possible orographic effects of the Andes are also discussed.
One-Way Nested Regional Climate Simulations and Domain Size
Authors: Vannitsem S. , Chomé F. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The impact of domain size on regional climate simulations is explored in the context of a state-of-the-art regional model centered over western Europe. It is found that the quality of the climate simulations is highly dependent on the domain size. Moreover, the choice of an optimal version is more complex than usually thought, the less appropriate domain having an intermediate size (about 3000 km × 3000 km), and the best versions nearly cover a quarter of the Northern Hemisphere. The use of periodically reinitialized trajectories does improve the climate of suboptimal models but leads to unrealistic dynamical behaviors. The implications for regional climate simulations are briefly discussed.
The Effects of Satellite-Derived Vegetation Cover Variability on Simulated Land–Atmosphere Interactions in the NAMS
Authors: Matsui Toshihisa , Lakshmi Venkataraman , Small Eric E. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Substantial evolution of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NVDI)-derived vegetation cover (Fg) exists in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The intraseasonal and wet-/dry-year fluctuations of Fg are linked to observed precipitation in the North American monsoon system (NAMS). The manner in which the spatial and temporal variability of Fg influences the land–atmosphere energy and moisture fluxes, and associated likelihood of moist convection in the NAMS regions, is examined. For this, the regional climate model (RCM) is employed, with three different Fg boundary conditions to examine the influence of intraseasonal and wet-/dry-year vegetation variability. Results show that a strong link exists between evaporative fraction (EF), surface temperature, and relative humidity in the boundary layer (BL), which is consistent with a positive soil moisture feedback. However, contrary to expectations, higher Fg does not consistently enhance EF across the NAMS region. This is because the low soil moisture values simulated by the land surface model (LSM) yield high canopy resistance values throughout the monsoon season. As a result, the experiment with the lowest Fg yields the greatest EF and precipitation in the NAMS region, and also modulates regional atmospheric circulation that steers the track of tropical cyclones. In conclusion, the simulated influence of vegetation on land–atmosphere exchanges depends strongly on the canopy stress index parameterized in the LSM. Therefore, a reliable dataset, at appropriate scales, is needed to calibrate transpiration schemes and to assess simulated and realistic vegetation–atmosphere interactions in the NAMS region.
Terrestrial Influence on the Annual Cycle of the Atlantic ITCZ in an AGCM Coupled to a Slab Ocean Model*
Authors: Biasutti M. , Battisti D. S. , Sarachik E. S. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
An atmospheric GCM coupled to a slab ocean model is used to investigate how temperature and precipitation over South America and Africa affect the annual cycle of the Atlantic ITCZ. The main conclusion of this study is that variations in precipitation and temperature forced by the annual cycle of insolation over the continents are as important as variations in insolation over the ocean and in ocean heat transport convergence in forcing the annual march of the Atlantic ITCZ observed in the control simulation. The processes involved are as follows.
The intensity of precipitation over land affects the stability of the atmosphere over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, and thus modulates the intensity of deep convection and convergence in the ITCZ. Both the imposed changes in land precipitation and the subsequent changes in the strength of the ITCZ drive surface wind anomalies, thereby changing the meridional gradient of SST in proximity of the basic-state ITCZ. Finally, atmosphere–ocean feedbacks cause the ITCZ to be displaced meridionally.
Seasonal changes in surface temperature in the Sahara also have a strong influence on the position of the Atlantic ITCZ. Cold wintertime temperatures produce high surface pressure anomalies over Africa and into the tropical North Atlantic and drive stronger trade winds, which cool the North Atlantic by evaporation. The coupled interactions between the SST, the wind, and the ITCZ intensify the anomalies in the equatorial region, causing the southward displacement of the ITCZ in boreal spring.
Effect of treating severe nasal obstruction on the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: McLean H. A. , Urton A. M. , Driver H. S. , Tan A. K. W. , Day A. G. , Munt P. W. , Fitzpatrick M. F. 
Published: February 2005

An association between mouth breathing during sleep and increased propensity for upper airway collapse is well documented, but the effect of treatment for nasal obstruction on mouth breathing during sleep and simultaneous obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) severity has not been described previously.A randomised single blind placebo- and sham-controlled crossover study of treatment (topical decongestant and external dilator strip) for nasal obstruction was carried out in 10 patients (nine males; mean±sem46±5 yrs) with nasal obstruction and OSA. All patients had normal acoustic pharyngometry. The effect of treatment on nasal resistance, mouth breathing during sleep and OSA severity was quantified.Treatment of nasal obstruction was associated with a dramatic and sustained reduction in nasal resistance and the oral fraction of ventilation during sleep (mean (95% confidence interval) absolute reduction in oral fraction 30% (12–49)). Improvements in sleep architecture were observed during active treatment, and there was a modest reduction in OSA severity (change in apnoea–hypopnoea index 12 (3–22)).In conclusion, treating nasal obstruction reduced mouth breathing during sleep and obstructive sleep apnoea severity, but did not effectively alleviate obstructive sleep apnoea.