bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Study of Dehydrogenation between H–Siloxane and Ti–OH on TiO2
Authors: Nakabayashi Akira , Kondo Junko N , Hara Michikazu , Domen Kazunari 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The kinetics of the solid–liquid reaction between titanium dioxide (TiO2) and H–siloxane was investigated. The solid–liquid reaction involved two dehydrogenation condensations; one between free Ti–OH groups and Si–H groups, and another between hydrated Ti–OH groups and Si–H groups. The reactivity of the Ti–OH group is considered to be restricted by hydrogen bonding with a molecule containing an OH group, such as water or alcohol.
Templated Synthesis of Mesoscopic Tube Silicates Using Aqueous Mixtures of Naphthalenediol and Ammonium Surfactants
Authors: Isayama Munetoshi , Nomiyama Kazuko , Yamaguchi Tadatsugu , Kimizuka Nobuo 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
An aqueous mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (2,3-DHN) gives a viscous solution of rodlike nanoaggregates as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. These supramolecular assemblies are first used as templates for the sol–gel synthesis, providing an aqueous route for tube silicates.
Lewis Base-catalyzed Diastereoselective Mannich-type Reaction between Ketene Silyl Acetals and Chiral Sulfinimines
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Yanai Toshiharu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Lewis base-catalyzed diastreoselective Mannich-type reaction between ketene silyl acetals and chiral sulfinimines proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding β-amino carbonyl compounds in good to high yields with high selectivities.
Application of Organocerium Reagents for the Efficient Conversion of Z-α,β-Unsaturated Weinreb Amides to Z-α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Hidaka Tsugihiko , Yamakawa Atsushi 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The reactions of Z-rich unsaturated Weinreb amides with organolithium and organocerium reagents were examined. Taking in consideration both the extent of geometry retention and cleanness of the reaction, organocerium reagents were more effective for the conversion to Z-α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Laser-induced Structural Conversions of Silver Nanoparticles in Pure Water —Influence of Laser Intensity—
Authors: Tsuji Takeshi , Higuchi Takanori , Tsuji Masaharu 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Laser irradiation onto silver colloidal nanoparticles dispersed in pure water was carried out at various laser intensities to modify structure of nanoparticles. At laser intensity higher than 150 mJ/cm2, formation of wires and sheets, probably due to fusion of nanoparticles, were observed. On the other hand, at lower laser intensity (50–100 mJ/cm2), it was found for the first time that particles with crystalline structures, nanoprisms and nanorods, were formed.
Interaction Between Lu Cations and 2:1 Aluminosilicates under Hydrothermal Treatment
Authors: Alba María D. , Chain Pablo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSmectites are considered to be an important component in backfill barriers due to their marked swelling and high cation exchange capacity. Both properties are affected considerably when these clays transform under natural conditions. However, we have recently described a chemical interaction between high-activity radionuclide simulators and smectites which could prove to be effective at immobilizing radionuclides definitively. Investigating the efficiency of this mechanism, independent of bentonite ageing, is a challenge. For this purpose, the reactivity shown by a non-expandable layered aluminosilicate, muscovite, has been compared to that shown by an expandable one, beidellite. Both samples were treated hydrothermally with a solution of lutetium nitrate, and the transformations were studied by X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Lutetium cations react with the silicon framework of both 2:1 layered aluminosilicates under hydrothermal conditions, and new phases, lutetium disilicate, kaolinite, boehmite and natrosilite are generated. The results demonstrate that the efficiency of the chemical mechanism is not determined by the swelling and the cation exchange capacity of 2:1 layered aluminosilicates. Thus, the rare earth disilicate formation might account for the success of the clay barrier, once bentonite has lost its swelling and cation exchange capacity.
Sorption of a Nonionic Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Surfactant by 2:1 Layer Silicates
Authors: Sonon L. S. , Thompson M. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo better predict the fate and mobility of surfactants in the environment, sorption and desorption of a nonionic polyoxyethylene lauryl ether surfactant (Brij 35) by two smectites (Wyoming montmorillonite and Panther Creek smectite) and two interstratified mica-vermiculites (IMVs) were investigated by batch techniques, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. Maximum surfactant sorption by smectites ranged from 196 to 256 g kg−1, whereas the maximum sorption by the IMVs was indeterminate over the range of concentrations employed. Sorption by smectites was best described by the Langmuir model, but sorption by the IMVs showed an S-shaped isotherm, suggesting that cooperative sorption occurred. The surfactant was more readily desorbed from the IMVs than from the smectites in an initial wash with water. After two water washes, 65–75% of the initially sorbed surfactant was retained by the smectite, and 44–51% of the surfactant sorbed to the IMVs remained with the solid phase. In this study, basal spacing of the smectites increased to ≈17.5 Å near the sorption maximum, suggesting intercalation of surfactant molecules in the interlamellar regions of the clay. X-ray data also suggested that the surfactant molecules were oriented horizontally in the interlayer spaces. Greater surfactant sorption by the Casmectites gradually diminished the intensity of the 1630 cm−1 infrared band dues to hydration water, indicating that some water had been displaced by the surfactant. The surfactant was also sorbed by the IMV clays, but only on external surfaces and probably via interactions of micelles with the solid phase.
Eustatic and Tectonic/Volcanic Control in Sedimentary Bentonite Formation — A Case Study of Miocene Bentonite Deposits from the Pannonian Basin
Authors: Püspöki Zoltán , Kozák Miklós , Kovács-Pálffy Péter , Földvári Maria , McIntosh Richard W. , Vincze László 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSeven sedimentary bentonite deposits were investigated in the Miocene series of the Pannonian Basin. The following stratigraphic and genetic characteristics were significant: (1) all deposits were formed within a transgressive series of a given Miocene sequence; and (2) it is possible that the source material of the bentonites is rhyolitic, confirmed by radiometric data proving simultaneous rhyolite tuff volcanism.A detailed investigation on three lithologically different bentonite horizons within the same transgressive series was made at Sajoábaábony to determine the source material and to determine the causes of the differences. X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and geochemical data of the different lithological types show that they all have rhyolitic source material, although in the case of the lowermost horizon the existence of reworked material from an underlying andesite tuff series is also presumed. The main difference is the degree of weathering. Considering the ratio between the amorphous phase and the montmorillonite, the amorphous volcanic glass can be regarded as the main source of the montmorillonite formation. The differences in the degree of alteration can be related to the changing characteristics of the tuff accumulation and the sedimentation. Transgression decreases the sedimentation rate allowing the optimal alteration of the amorphous phase. The increasing intensity of the tuff accumulation can also limit the bentonite formation because rapid deposition and burial present too little time for the optimal alteration of the amorphous phase.Summarizing the results from the stratigraphic interpretation of the bentonite deposits and from the comparative analyses of the different bentonite horizons within the same transgressive systems tract, we can state that the relationship of the tectonic-related tuff accumulation and the eustasy-related sedimentation rate can affect both the possibility of bentonite formation in macro-scale and the degree of bentonitization in micro-scale.
Association of Transcutaneous Bilirubin Testing in Hospital with Decreased Readmission Rate for Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Petersen John R , Okorodudu Anthony O , Mohammad Amin A , Fernando Amarasiri , Shattuck Karen E 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background: Newborns are being discharged from hospitals within 1–2 days of birth, before hyperbilirubinemia usually becomes clinically evident. We investigated the use of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) before discharge to determine whether it affects the use of laboratory bilirubin testing or decreases the number of neonates readmitted for hyperbilirubinemia within 7 days of initial discharge.
Methods: We retrospectively searched a clinical laboratory and hospital database to determine the number of births, newborn readmission rates for hyperbilirubinemia, length of stay, and the number of bilirubin measurements in the clinical laboratory ordered for all babies in the newborn unit at the University of Texas Medical Branch from August 2002 to March 2003 (before TcB testing) and from May 2003 to December 2003 (after TcB).
Results: Between August 2002 and December 2003, 8974 newborns (both vaginal and cesarean births) were admitted to the newborn nursery. Babies who did not fit the diagnosis-related group criteria of “normal newborn” were removed, leaving 6933 babies who were included in the study. April was considered a transition month and was not included in the study, leaving 6603 newborns to be included. Of these, 446 (6.8%) required phototherapy for treatment of hyperbilirubinemia before initial discharge. For the 8 months before and 8 months after initiation of TcB testing, the number of laboratory bilirubin measurements ordered per newborn did not change, nor did the mean (SD) length of stay for normal newborns [2.15 (1.1) days vs 2.12 (1.1) days; P = 0.53], nor days of treatment with phototherapy before discharge [2.9 (1.3) days vs 2.9 (1.3) days; P = 0.67]. By contrast, the number of readmissions per 1000 newborns per month for clinically significant hyperbilirubinemia decreased significantly (Wilcoxon rank-sums two-sample test, P = 0.044), from 4.5 (2.4) to 1.8 (1.7) after TcB testing was initiated.
Conclusion: Access to TcB testing is associated with a reduction in the hospital readmission rate for hyperbilirubinemia within 7 days of the initial discharge.
Economic Value of Angling at a Reservoir with Low Visitation
Authors: Chizinski Christopher J. , Pope Kevin L. , Willis David B. , Wilde Gene R. , Rossman Edwin J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A travel cost model was used to estimate the per-day consumer surplus for anglers at a reservoir (Lake Kemp, Texas) with low visitation. The average per-day consumer surplus for anglers was $61–122, depending on the wage rate fraction assigned to the opportunity cost of time. Although this consumer surplus value is small, anglers on the numerous smaller public and private water bodies may, in aggregate, generate a majority of the economic value for freshwater angling. Further, the marginal value per dollar spent managing small water bodies is probably large. Arguably, greater attention should be directed toward managing our nation's numerous smaller water bodies.
Influence of Stream Temperature on the Spatial Distribution of Westslope Cutthroat Trout Growth Potential within the Madison River Basin, Montana
Authors: Sloat Matthew R. , Shepard Bradley B. , White Robert G. , Carson Steve 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Stream temperature is an important factor influencing habitat suitability for cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii, but temperature data from headwater habitats are difficult to obtain. We tested the ability of easily obtained landscape and meteorological data to predict the mean daily temperature measured at 79 sites in tributaries to the Madison River, Montana. We also evaluated stream habitat suitability by using temperature predictions to estimate growth potential for age-0 westslope cutthroat trout O. c. lewisi. A model using mean daily air temperature, elevation, and channel gradient explained approximately 75% of the observed variation in mean daily stream temperatures. Classifications of habitat suitability based on predicted fish growth indicated that the majority (78%) of stream habitat in Madison River tributaries provides suitable or highly suitable habitat for westslope cutthroat trout. However, these higher-quality habitats occur primarily in lower-elevation reaches where westslope cutthroat trout have been displaced by nonnative salmonids. Linking potential fish growth to stream temperature predictions will help managers prioritize conservation efforts for this declining subspecies by predicting habitat suitability at potential reintroduction or population expansion sites.
A Sampler for Capturing Larval and Juvenile Atlantic Menhaden
Authors: Hedrick James D. , Hedrick L. Ras , Margraf F. Joseph 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Interest in capturing larval and juvenile Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus for use in laboratory studies required the design and construction of a sampling device that would allow us to make collections of live fish from open-water areas. Our device for capturing 1–2.5-in larval–juvenile fish was constructed of a stainless steel frame that supported a 9.84-ft-long (3-m-long)5 cone plankton net with a 3.28-ft-diameter (1-m-diameter) opening and a 0.04-in (1-mm) mesh size. Although the plankton net was similar to that used during typical larval fish collections, the cod end was constructed of Plexiglas and was nearly watertight; this prevented impingement and injury to larval fish and provided a calm-water environment. The cod end was designed for quick release from the plankton net, and the entire cod end could be submerged into a 75-gal onboard holding tank. This design and technique obviated the netting or emerging of fish from the water until they were returned to the laboratory.
Use of Pressure-Sensitive Film to Quantify Sources of Injury to Fish
Authors: Čada Glenn , Smith John , Busey Jessica 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We examined the use of pressure-sensitive film (PSF) to estimate pressures experienced by fish exposed to potentially damaging mechanical and fluid structures during downstream passage at hydroelectric dams. The films responded well to a wide range of applied pressures (0.5–50 MPa), providing reliable estimates of pressures even when contained within waterproof plastic packaging, stacked under other films, and exposed at low water temperatures or low and high relative humidities. Waterproof packages of PSF were field-tested by wrapping them around polycarbonate plastic cylinders and passing them down the spillways of hydroelectric dams. Most of the spillway-passed PSF samples had marks indicating impacts. Many of the marks revealed high values of pressure (e.g., &gt;40 MPa) that are likely to injure fish.
A New Sampler Design for Measuring Sedimentation in Streams
Authors: Hedrick Lara B. , Welsh Stuart A. , Hedrick James D. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Sedimentation alters aquatic habitats and negatively affects fish and invertebrate communities but is difficult to quantify. To monitor bed load sedimentation, we designed a sampler with a 10.16-cm polyvinyl chloride coupling and removable sediment trap. We conducted a trial study of our samplers in riffle and pool habitats upstream and downstream of highway construction on a first-order Appalachian stream. Sediment samples were collected over three 6-week intervals, dried, and separated into five size-classes by means of nested sieves (U.S. standard sieve numbers 4, 8, 14, and 20). Downstream sediment accumulated in size-classes 1 and 2, and the total amount accumulated was significantly greater during all three sampling periods. Size-classes 3 and 4 had significantly greater amounts of sediment for the first two sampling periods at the downstream site. Differences between upstream and downstream sites narrowed during the 5-month sampling period. This probably reflects changes in site conditions, including the addition of more effective sediment control measures after the first 6-week period of the study. The sediment sampler design allowed for long-term placement of traps without continual disturbance of the streambed and was successful at providing repeat measures of sediment at paired sites.
Sampling and Statistical Considerations for Hydroacoustic Surveys Used in Estimating Abundance of Forage Fishes in Reservoirs
Authors: Taylor J. Christopher , Thompson Jessica S. , Rand Peter S. , Fuentes Montserrat 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
An understanding of the spatial distribution of forage fish resources is required to make informed fishery management decisions. We used mobile hydroacoustics to assess the distribution and abundance of forage fish in Badin Lake, a reservoir in central North Carolina. By sampling a series of cross-channel and longitudinal transects and analyzing the data using geostatistics, we characterized both large- and small-scale spatial patterns in forage fish density. Forage fish were observed in higher densities in upstream regions of the reservoir and were seen only in surface waters during July 2000 owing to the existence of a strong thermo–oxycline and in two layers (surface and near bottom) during mixed conditions in December 2001. We observed differences in the scale of patchiness (200–700 m) in forage fish distribution depending on the region of the reservoir where sampling took place, and we infer that these patterns are governed by prevailing limnological conditions. Modeling the spatial variation in the acoustic data using geostatistics resulted in similar average densities (July 2000: 0.56 ± 0.28 (mean ± SD) fish/m2; December 2001: 0.57 ± 0.49 fish/m2) and improvements in the precision of abundance estimates based on approximated variance (July 2000: 7.05 × 106 ± 8.30 × 105 fish; December 2001: 7.07 × 106 ± 2.10 × 106 fish) when compared with arithmetic averaging and extrapolation (July 2000: 0.60 ± 0.61 fish/m2, 7.5 × 106 ± 4.61 × 106 fish; December 2001: 0.60 ± 0.69 fish/m2, 8.00 × 106 ± 6.34 × 106 fish). We found that sampling along longitudinal transects is a more efficient way to characterize the spatial patterns of forage fish distribution and to estimate systemwide abundance and biomass than using data collected with both a longitudinal and cross-channel sampling design in this system.
Evaluation of a Prototype Surface Flow Bypass for Juvenile Salmon and Steelhead at the Powerhouse of Lower Granite Dam, Snake River, Washington, 1996–2000
Authors: Johnson Gary E. , Anglea Steven M. , Adams Noah S. , Wik Timothy O. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A surface flow bypass takes advantage of the natural surface orientation of most juvenile salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss by providing a route in the upper water column that downstream migrant fishes can use to pass a hydroelectric dam safely. A prototype structure, called the surface bypass and collector (SBC), was retrofitted on the powerhouse of Lower Granite Dam and was evaluated annually with biotelemetry and hydroacoustic techniques during the 5-year life span of the structure (1996–2000) to determine the entrance configuration that maximized passage efficiency and minimized forebay residence time. The best tested entrance configuration had maximum inflow (99 m3/s) concentrated in a single surface entrance (5 m wide, 8.5 m deep). We identified five important considerations for future surface flow bypass development in the lower Snake River and elsewhere: (1) an extensive flow net should be formed in the forebay by use of relatively high surface flow bypass discharge (&gt;7% of total project discharge); (2) a gradual increase in water velocity with increasing proximity to the surface flow bypass (ideally, acceleration &lt;1 m/s per meter) should be created; (3) water velocities at an entrance should be high enough (&gt;3 m/s) to entrain the subject juvenile fishes; (4) the shape and orientation of the surface entrance(s) should be adapted to fit site-specific features; and (5) construction of a forebay wall to increase fish availability to the surface flow bypass should be considered. The efficiency of the SBC was not high enough (maximum of 62% relative to passage at turbine units 4–5) for the SBC to operate as a stand-alone bypass. Anywhere that surface-oriented anadromous fish must negotiate hydroelectric dams, surface flow bypass systems can provide cost-effective use of typically limited water supplies to increase the nonturbine passage, and presumably survival, of downstream migrants.
Multilevel Assessment of Fish Species Traits to Evaluate Habitat Degradation in Streams of the Upper Midwest
Authors: Goldstein Robert M. , Meador Michael R. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We used species traits to examine the variation in fish assemblages for 21 streams in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion along a gradient of habitat disturbance. Fish species were classified based on five species trait-classes (trophic ecology, substrate preference, geomorphic preference, locomotion morphology, and reproductive strategy) and 29 categories within those classes. We used a habitat quality index to define a reference stream and then calculated Euclidean distances between the reference and each of the other sites for the five traits. Three levels of species trait analyses were conducted: (1) a composite measure (the sum of Euclidean distances across all five species traits), (2) Euclidean distances for the five individual species trait-classes, and (3) frequencies of occurrence of individual trait categories. The composite Euclidean distance was significantly correlated to the habitat index (r = −0.81; P = 0.001), as were the Euclidean distances for four of the five individual species traits (substrate preference: r = −0.70, P = 0.001; geomorphic preference: r = −0.69, P = 0.001; trophic ecology: r = −0.73, P = 0.001; and reproductive strategy: r = −0.64, P = 0.002). Although Euclidean distances for locomotion morphology were not significantly correlated to habitat index scores (r = −0.21; P = 0.368), analysis of variance and principal components analysis indicated that Euclidean distances for locomotion morphology contributed to significant variation in the fish assemblages among sites. Examination of trait categories indicated that low habitat index scores (degraded streams) were associated with changes in frequency of occurrence within the categories of all five of the species traits. Though the objectives and spatial scale of a study will dictate the level of species trait information required, our results suggest that species traits can provide critical information at multiple levels of data analysis.