bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple of Gold in a Picture of Silver: The Constitution and Liberty
Authors: Guelzo Allen C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the threatening winter of 1861, as the United States was being inched ever closer to the outbreak of civil war by the secession of the Southern states over the issue of black slavery, the newly elected president, Abraham Lincoln, opened up a confidential correspondence with a former Southern political colleague, Alexander Stephens of Georgia. Stephens had made headlines in November 1860, in a speech to the Georgia legislature, urging Georgia not to follow the South into secession. Lincoln sent him a friendly note, asking for a printed copy of the speech—and perhaps warming Stephens to an invitation to come into Lincoln’s cabinet as a gesture of mollification toward the South.
The Riddle of Death
Authors: Bruce Robert V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The earliest surviving fragments of Abraham Lincoln’s writing are two copybook verses inscribed during his middle teens. One, though often quoted, was no more than commonplace doggerel among boys of that day. The other, though it has been almost ignored, struck a note that would reverberate throughout Lincoln’s life:
Lincoln may have composed those lines; he was known as a versifier in those days, and the spelling and grammar are certainly original. In any case, he chose to write them down, and that fact alone ought to have interested his biographers. Considering that his lifelong favorite poem bore the title “Mortality,” that he was noted as much for deep melancholy as for high humor, and that over the years his self-reported dreams, visions, and premonitions centered on death, the indifference of his biographers to that adolescent keynote seems stranger still.
Mapping The Genome The Blueprint of Life ... and Death
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neatly packaged inside every cell in our bodies (except red blood cells) is a dense structure called the nucleus of the cell. We have been able to see the nucleus for as long as we have had microscopes-more than one hundred years.The discovery of the contents and purpose of the nucleus during the last century has been one of the major achievements in science--an achievement perhaps more important than discovering the law of gravity or formulating the theory of relativity.We now know that the nucleus contains DeoxyriboNucleicAcid (DNA) and the genetic code: the blueprint used to create and destroy life. In human beings, the nucleus contains between 30,000 and 40,000 genes, which are located on 23 pairs of chromosomes. (The exact number is still being debated.)
We tend to think that genes are destiny. One set of chromosomes is passed to us through our fathers and the other set through our mothers. The 23 pairs produced through this union give us hereditary traits that are sometimes viewed as creating genetic determinism. We fear that we are likely to inherit father’s heart problems or alcoholism or mother’s breast cancer. No one likes to feel deprived of autonomy or freedom. Because mental illnesses are among the most familial of human diseases, the possibility of genetic determinism is all the more frightening.
Dementias a Death in Life
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Wayne adjusts his rearview mirror as he turns onto the highway. His eyes rest briefly on a handkerchief, shoved into the armrest on the door of his old but immaculate Lincoln Towncar.
She was never without a handkerchief, always presentable, cotifident, content. There was a subtle groove worn into her passenger seat from the many miles of their lives together. Every day she found an adventure. She would lean forward, pouring over the roadmap, plotting a course to the next town with an antique store or the fastest route to the impending graduation, wedding, or birthday. He wasn’t much for weddings and the like, and never could figure out the attraction of antiques. But her joy spilled over the driver’s side and he would find himself eager to reach the next stop for no other reason than to see her smile, pluck up her handkerchief and bound from the car like a kid on the first day of school.
Brett Ashley as New Woman in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Martin Wendy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Sun Also Rises, published in the autumn of 1926, became, along with The Great Gatsby, published the previous year, the novel that captured the excitement of the jazz age and expatriate glamour as well as the cultural dislocation and psychological malaise that were the legacy of World War I. The emotional upheavals of Jake Barnes and Brett Ashley, and their friends Bill Gorton, Mike Campbell, and Robert Cohn, who live episodically, taking risks and contending with the elation or despair that follows in the wake of their adventures, provide a cartography of the experience of the lost generation.1 In this novel filled with surface excitement-love, sexual rivalry, cafe hopping in France, the revelry of the festival of San Fermin in Pamplona, fishing excursions in the Spanish countryside-Brett and Jake emerge as the paradigmatic couple who best represent the shift in the perception of gender following World War I. This redefinition of masculinity and femininity was not an abrupt rift in the cultural landscape but rather a gradual shifting of the ground on which the edifice of Victorian sexual identity was built.
Central Mexico
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Aztec empire was less than a hundred years old when Spanish conquerors arrived in 1519. But from its strongholds in the Valley of Mexico, a highland basin halfway between the two oceans, the empire already controlled a territory extending to both coasts and south nearly to the present border of Guatemala.
Although Aztecs spoke a single language, Nahuatl, they were not a single people. Rather, they were a group of tribes each with its separate government, among them the Acolhua, whose capital was Texcoco, and the Mexica, who inhabited the city that was—and still is—called Mexico. Together with the Acolhua and a third Valley of Mexico nation, the Tepanecs, the Mexica Aztecs ruled the empire, collecting taxes from other nations and sending out armies to put down rebellions.
Sun Myths
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the best-known tales of central Mexico, this myth tells how a man, or child, leaps into a fire and is changed into the sun; then, usually, a second person enters the fire and becomes the moon. Here, however, the moon appears as the future sun’s mother. Recalling sixteenth-century Aztec variants, the text below goes on to explain how the sun came to receive sacrificial offerings of corn beer. In Aztec lore, the offerings were human beings.
In the beginning, there was only the light of the moon in the world, and the people were much inconvenienced. The principal men came together to see what could be done to give the world a better light.
They asked the moon to lend them her only son, a weak, oneeyed boy. She first objected, but at last consented.
The Art of Myth
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Toward the east the broad floodplain of the Amazon shrinks to little more than two hundred miles wide, narrowly separating the highlands of Guiana, to the north, and, to the south, a vast, ill-defined area known as the Brazilian Highlands, reaching nearly to Uruguay. The term “Brazilian Highlands” as used in this book, however, refers only to the region of the Ge-speaking tribes, whose territory centers on the upper drainage of the Tocantins River.
A Survey of Assistance Programs for Eastern Europe
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The political changes that took place in 1989 mobilized extraordinary efforts by governments and private philanthropic organizations to provide assistance to the East European countries, and a little later to the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union, so that the worst and most dangerous legacies of the previous regime could be eliminated. If the countries of the region were to become stable democracies, which could take their place in the community of other European countries as constructive partners, their political systems, economies, infrastructure, educational systems, provision of health care, and other sectors all had to be drastically reformed and a sound civil society created. These reforms had to be carried out in a reasonably expeditious manner, lest lingering thoughts of the possible advantages of an ancien regime and a recalcitrant nomenclatura contribute to undoing what was accomplished in 1989. Hence, the U.S. government, the European Union, and many American and European foundations addressed themselves to providing assistance for the perceived needs.
Much has been written about the antiquated nature of the systems and processes employed in the socialist economies, whether they were in industrial enterprises, in research libraries, or elsewhere. While there were many reasons for that state of affairs, two related ones need to be mentioned here. First, outdated methods can be swept away only if there is a sufficiently vigorous flow of innovations. But the educational system in the socialist countries tended to produce narrow specialists, and that is not conducive to the kind of innovation that imaginatively combines elements from different fields. This is precisely the reason why American business schools were advised to concentrate on educating generalists rather than narrow specialists, and why some of the more innovative research in American universities in recent decades has emerged from interdisciplinary approaches. Second, in novations tend to sweep away the old in a Schumpeterian “creative destruction,” which was not compatible with five-year plans and required too much risk taking to be comfortable in a hierarchical system.
Library Automation: Loose Consortia
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was fairly clear that there was only so much one could do with book and journal donation programs without running into diminishing returns, and from the very beginning I thought that much good would come from introducing modern, integrated automation systems in the libraries of the region. I started out on this mission with only two handicaps: I knew next to nothing about library automation systems and I knew a comparable amount about how East European librarians actually dealt with books; how they cataloged them, circulated them, and so on.
In every country, I made a point of visiting the national library, and at every university I visited, I asked to be taken to the library. I talked to librarians, asked them to describe what systems they had in place, and encouraged them to think about automation using the most up-to-date technologies. I found some strange things, such as the immense proliferation of branch libraries, functioning essentially as departmental libraries, many of which had a very small staff and collections that have grown in a topsyturvy fashion. It seemed clear that in the first instance automation had to deal with the universities’ main libraries, if for no other reason that, unlike the pattern of American campuses, East European urban universities tended to be scattered over the city and building a university-wide local area network was not in the cards in the short run.
In spite of my general ignorance, I was aware of some East European automation systems that were more or less integrated, but I did not think that these were good candidates for the regions’s libraries, in spite of the fact that many of them were actually in use. It struck me that if the objective was to integrate East European libraries into the world of western scholarship, one would want to use systems that had had substantial international exposure and that had been created by sufficiently large companies so that their long-term survival was, if not assured, at least plausible, and that they were not “dead-end systems,” that is, that they would continue to be developed and improved.
Preservation and Authenticity in Contemporary Art
Authors: Levenson Rustin S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Twentieth-century artists employed a wider variety of materials than the Old Masters — including materials never before used in the fine arts. These nonconventional materials then became part of the meaning and impact of their pieces. In cases where the new materials prove unstable or where damage occurs, conservation treatments involve a very different approach, for both technical and philosophical reasons.
Establishing Authenticity in French Law
Authors: Reeves Van Kirk 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
French law treats a work of art as a chattel, but it also empowers artists and works of art with special rights and authority that can be assessed in court. The conflicts between the owners of a work, the artist, his or her heirs, and the opinions of acknowledged experts make efforts to resolve the authenticity of a work of art in French law particularly complex.
The Role of Derivatives in the East Asian Financial Crisis
Authors: Dodd* Randall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Derivatives played a key role in the East Asian financial crisis of 1997. Their use developed alongside the growth of capital flows to those developing economies in the 1990s. Derivatives facilitated the growth in private capital flows by unbundling the risks associated with investment vehicles such as bank loans, stocks, bonds and direct physical investment, and then reallocating the risks more efficiently. They also facilitated efforts by some entities in raising their risk-to-capital ratios, dodging regulatory safeguards, manipulating accounting rules, and evading taxation. Foreign exchange forwards and swaps were used to hedge as well as speculate on the fixed exchange rate regimes, while total return swaps were used to capture the “carry business” of profiting from the interest rate differential between pegged currencies. Structured notes were used to circumvent accounting rules and prudential regulations in order to offer investors higher, though much riskier, returns. Viewed at the macroeconomic level, derivatives first made the economy more susceptible to financial crisis and then quickened and deepened the downturn once the crisis began.
Amphotericin B
Authors: Chapman Stanley W , Cleary John D , Rogers P David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Amphotericin B has been the cornerstone of antifungal therapy for almost 50 years. Discovered in the late 1950s, it was approved for human use as an antimycotic in 1960. Initial formulations of amphotericin B were plagued with impurities. Allergic responses, presumably secondary to these impurities, and endotoxin-like infusion-related reactions were common. Although improvements in purification and fermentation over the last 30 years have enhanced tolerability, infusion-related reactions and renal dysfunction are still commonplace with the use of the deoxycholate solubilized formulation. Formulations using a lipid carrier have significantly improved tolerability. Safety aside, amphotericin B remains the most effective, broad-spectrum, fungicidal agent with the greatest experience for the treatment of systemic mycoses. Both intrinsic and acquired resistance are limited. The treatment failures seen with amphotericin B are multifaceted. These can be attributed to delays in diagnosis of invasive mycoses, the immune compromised state of the patient being treated, the unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of the different formulations, and dose limitations related to toxicity. In an effort to enhance antifungal efficacy and reduce toxicity, amphotericin B has been combined with other agents (e.g., flucytosine, azoles, and terbinafine) with promising results. It is the authors’ opinion that combination therapy will be used increasingly for the treatment of systemic mycoses.
Adjunctive Antifungal Therapy
Authors: Roilides Emmanuel , Dotis John , Filioti Joanna , Anaissie Elias 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have become an important problem in recent years, particularly among immuno compromised patients, such as those with cancer and those undergoing transplantation or chemotherapy. Corticosteroid treatment and phagocytic dysfunction occurring in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), graft vs. host disease (GVHD) and birth prematurity are some other conditions that are associated with high frequency of IFIs. Invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis are the most frequent opportunistic IFIs. Despite recent progress in antifungal therapy with the development of new potent antifungal drugs and establishment of novel antifungal strategies of prevention and early treatment, their outcome remains dismal and mortality can be up to 90% (Denning, 1998). Reconstitution of immune host defense is a critical factor for recovery from IFIs (Roilides et al, 1998a). Host defense against fungi is through both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is based on the antifungal action of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes. Both the number and the function of these cells can be up-regulated by hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) and proinflammatory cytokines. By contrast, antiinflammatory cytokines exert an overall suppressive effect on antifungal function of phagocytes. Table 10–1 provides the names with abbreviations of clinically relevant HGFs and cytokines. Acquired immunity is based on T lymphocytes and antibody production by B lymphocytes and has been studied best in the cases of the fungal pathogens, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans (Aguirre and Johnson, 1997). The immune system responds to challenges by fungi with secretion of a number of cytokines. For example in the case of Aspergillus fumigatus, one of the commonest pathogenic fungi, inhalation of conidia results in the production of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)y, which play a protective role in pulmonary aspergillosis (Brieland et al, 2001). On the other hand, conidia, hyphae, and even fungal cell wall components result in secretion of high levels of IFN-y, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, IL-2, and IL-6, especially by macrophages and monocytes (Grazziutti et al, 1997; Schelenz et al, 1999) orchestrating the host response to the invading fungus (Fig. 10–1). The immune responses to medically relevant fungi are summarized in Table 10–2.
Sporotrichosis
Authors: Pappas Peter G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a chronic pyogranulomatous infection caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Infection is usually limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but can involve virtually any organ in its disseminated form. Less common localized forms of sporotrichosis include arthritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, chronic pulmonary infection, and ocular disease. Schenck originally described sporotrichosis in 1898 in a 36-year old man who presented with several discrete indurated lesions extending along the lymphatics from the index finger proximally to the forearm. The organism obtained from cultures of the purulent drainage from one of these lesions revealed heavy growth of a moderately rapidly growing fungus that he designated as possibly related to Sporotrichum spp. (Schenck, 1898). Subsequently, investigators reported a second case of sporotrichosis in a 5-year-old boy with chronic ulceration of the index finger and associated nodular lymphangitis of the forearm (Hektoen and Perkins, 1900). Treatment entailed serial incision and drainage of each subcutaneous nodule followed by local wound care resulting in eventual full recovery. The fungus isolated from this young patient was referred to as Sporothrix schenckii. However, the more common designation, Sporotrichum schenckii, was used through the late 1960s until Carmichael’s observation that the organism had a different manner of sporulation when compared to Sporotrichum spp., and the name Sporothrix schenckii was officially readopted (Carmichael, 1962). After the initial description of sporotrichosis, most early cases were reported from France. One of the case reviews from France involved approximately 250 patients with sporotrichosis and remains one of the largest reports of this condition to date (de Beurman and Gougerot, 1912). As knowledge of the disease became more widespread, fewer cases were identified in Europe and cases of sporotrichosis began to be reported world-wide, with the abundance of cases emerging from the United States, Mexico, and South America.
Preface
Authors: Brown Henry Box 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So much has already been written concerning the evils of slavery, and by men so much more able to portray its horrid form than I am, that I might well be excused if I were to remain altogether silent on the subject; but however much has been written, however much has been said, and however much has been done, I feel impelled by the voice of my own conscience, from the recent experience which I have had of the alarming extent to which the traffic in human beings is carried on, and the cruelties, both bodily and mental, to which men in the condition of slaves are continually subjected, and also from the hardening and blasting influences which this traffic produces on the character of those who thus treat as goods and chattels the bodies and souls of their fellows, to add yet one other testimony of, and protest against, the foul blot on the state of morals, of religion, and of cultivation in the American republic. For I feel convinced that enough has not been written, enough has not been said, enough has not been done, while nearly four millions of human beings, possessing immortal souls, are, in chains, dragging out their existence in the southern states.
What Conditions are Associated with Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout this century, patients with fibromyalgia-like complaints have been diagnosed by physicians as having all types of conditions, syndromes, and diseases. Many of these overlap with fibromyalgia, and this chapter focuses on the most important ones.
The codification and “legitimization” of fibromyalgia with statistically validated criteria has paralleled similar initiatives concerning chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Chapter 1 recounted some of the earlier insights and efforts. An acute infection is often characterized by fever, swollen glands, and either a cold/bronchitis, a stomach/intestinal condition, or an aching/debilitating presentation. As the body fights infection and makes antibodies against microbes, acute symptoms and signs start to disappear and most of the time patients feel much better. However, a variety of organisms can stimulate the production of cytokines (discussed in Chapter 3) and other chemicals, which prolong fatigue and aching and may be associated with cognitive impairment, malaise, pain amplification, and sleeping difficulties.