bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography ofBufo fowleriat its northern range limit
Authors: SMITH M. A. , GREEN D. M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMany of the species that recolonized previously glaciated areas in the Great Lakes basin of North America over the past 10–12 000 years exhibit genetic evidence of multiple invasion routes and present‐day secondary contact between deeply divergent lineages. With this in mind, we investigated the phylogeographical structure of genetic variability in Fowler's toads (Bufo fowleri) at the northern edge of its distribution where its range encircles the Lake Erie basin. BecauseB. fowleriis so closely tied to habitats along the Lake Erie shoreline, we would expect to find clear evidence of the number of invasions leading to the species’ colonization of the northern shore. A 540 bp sequence from the mitochondrial control region was amplified and analysed for 158 individuals from 21 populations. Interpopulation sequence variation ranged from 0% to 6%. Phylogenetic analysis of p‐distance using the neighbor‐joining method revealed two deeply divergent (6% sequence divergence) mtDNA lineages (Phylogroup 1 and 2), possibly arising as a result of secondary contact of populations that entered the region from two separate glacial refugia. However, the phylogeographical pattern was not simple. The populations at Long Point, on the north shore of Lake Erie, clustered with the population from Indiana Dunes on Lake Michigan to form Phylogroup 2 whereas all otherB. fowleripopulations examined from both sides of Lake Erie constituted Phylogroup 1. Furthermore, mtDNA sequences from the related speciesBufo americanus,obtained from populations outside the range ofB. fowleri, clustered with mtDNA haplotypes ofB. fowleriPhylogroup 1, indicating the possibility of partial introgression of mitochondria from one species to the other.
Population genetics and phylogeography of endangered Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea and relatives: arctic‐alpine disjuncts in eastern North America
Authors: CHUNG MELISSA , GELEMBIUK GREG , GIVNISH THOMAS J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFassett's locoweed (Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea, Fabaceae) is an endangered perennial endemic to Wisconsin. Patterns of genetic variation within and among six remaining populations and their relationship to other members of the O. campestris complex were analysed using AFLPs from 140 accessions across northern North America. Within‐population measures of genetic diversity were high (mean expected heterozygosity HE = 0.16; mean nucleotide diversity π = 0.015) compared with other herbaceous plants. Estimates of among‐population differentiation were low (FST = 0.12; ΦST = 0.29), consistent with outcrossing. Genetic and geographical distances between populations were significantly correlated within Fassett's locoweed (r2 = 0.73, P < 0.002 for Mantel test) and O. campestris as a whole (r2 = 0.63, P < 0.0001). Individual and population‐based phylogenetic analyses showed that Fassett's locoweed is monophyletic and sister to O. campestris var. johannensis. Morphometric analyses revealed significant differences between Fassett's locoweed and populations of var. johannensis. The first chromosome count for Fassett's locoweed indicates that it is tetraploid (2n = 32), unlike hexaploid var. johannensis. High within‐population diversity and relatively low among‐population differentiation are consistent with populations of Fassett's locoweed being relicts of a more continuous Pleistocene distribution. Our data support the continued recognition of Fassett's locoweed and protection under federal and state regulations. High levels of genetic diversity within populations suggest that maintain‐ing the ecological conditions that favour the life cycle of this plant may be a more pressing concern than the erosion of genetic variation.
New evidence for parallel evolution of colour patterns in Malagasy poison frogs (Mantella)
Authors: CHIARI Y. , VENCES M. , VIEITES D. R. , RABEMANANJARA F. , BORA P. , RAMILIJAONA RAVOAHANGIMALALA O. , MEYER A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMalagasy poison frogs of the genus Mantella are diurnal and toxic amphibians of highly variable and largely aposematic coloration. Previous studies provided evidence for several instances of homoplastic colour evolution in this genus but were unable to sufficiently resolve relationships among major species groups or to clarify the phylogenetic position of several crucial taxa. Here, we provide cytochrome b data for 143 individuals of three species in the Mantella madagascariensis group, including four newly discovered populations. Three of these new populations are characterized by highly variable coloration and patterns but showed no conspicuous increase of haplotype diversity which would be expected under a scenario of secondary hybridization or admixture of chromatically uniform populations. Several populations of these variable forms and of M. crocea were geographically interspersed between the distribution areas of Mantella aurantiaca and Mantella milotympanum. This provides further support for the hypothesis that the largely similar uniformly orange colour of the last two species evolved in parallel. Phylogenies based on over 2000 bp of two nuclear genes (Rag‐1 and Rag‐2) identified reliably a clade of the Mantella betsileo and Mantella laevigata groups as sister lineage to the M. madagascariensis group, but did not support species within the latter group as monophyletic. The evolutionary history of these frogs might have been characterized by fast and recurrent evolution of colour patterns, possibly triggered by strong selection pressures and mimicry effects, being too complex to be represented by simple bifurcating models of phylogenetic reconstruction.
Grounded citizens’ juries: a tool for health activism?
Authors: Kashefi Elham , Mort Maggie 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInvolving the public in decision‐making has become a bureaucratic pre‐occupation for every health agency in the UK. In this paper we offer an innovative approach for local participation in health decision‐making through the development of a ‘grounded’ citizens’ jury. We describe the process of one such jury commissioned by a Primary Care Group in the north‐west of England, which was located in an area suffering intractable health inequalities. Twelve local people aged between 17 and 70 were recruited to come together for a week to hear evidence, ask questions and debate what they felt would improve the health and well‐being of people living in the area. The jury process acted effectively as a grass‐roots health needs assessment and amongst other outcomes, resulted in the setting up of a community health centre run by a board consisting of members of the community (including two jurors) together with local agencies. The methodology described here contrasts with that practiced by what we term ‘the consultation industry’, which is primarily interested in the use of fixed models to generate the public view as a standardized output, a product, developed to serve the needs of an established policy process, with little interest in effecting change. We outline four principles underpinning our approach: deliberation, integration, sustainability and accountability. We argue that citizens’ juries and other consultation initiatives need to be reclaimed from that which merely serves the policy process and become ‘grounded’, a tool for activism, in which local people are agents in the development of policies affecting their lives.
A perspective on the use of psychoeducation, cognitive‐behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy for bipolar patients
Authors: Colom Francesc , Vieta Eduard 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:  Although pharmacological treatment is at present essential for treating bipolar patients, a number of psychological interventions have recently been shown to be efficacious as add‐on therapies for the prophylactic treatment of bipolar illness. The study aimed critically to examine the efficacy of several tested patient‐focused therapies.Methods:  A systematic review of the literature on this topic was performed, using MEDLINE, PSYCLIT and CURRENT CONTENTS. ‘Bipolar’, ‘Psychotherapy’, ‘Psychoeducation’, ‘Interpersonal’ and ‘Cognitive‐behavioral’ were entered as keywords.Results:  To date, psychoeducation and cognitive‐behavioral therapy are the psychological interventions that have been shown to be more efficacious in the prophylaxis of new recurrences. There remains a need for studies investigating the role and efficacy of psychological interventions during acute phases of the illness.Conclusions:  As their therapeutic goals are complementary, a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy may allow patients to achieve better symptomatic and functional recovery. Further research is needed to determine which patients may be better candidates for psychological interventions and to estimate the relative effects of the different components of psychological approaches on outcome.
A functional MRI study of working memory task in euthymic bipolar disorder: evidence for task‐specific dysfunction
Authors: Monks Paul J , Thompson Jill M , Bullmore Edward T , Suckling John , Brammer Michael J , Williams Steve CR , Simmons Andrew , Giles Nicola , Lloyd Adrian J , Louise Harrison C , Seal Marc , Murray Robin M , Nicol Ferrier I , Young Allan H , Curtis Vivienne A 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:  Even when euthymic bipolar disorder patients can have persistent deficits in working memory, but the neural basis of this deficit remains unclear. We undertook an functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of euthymic bipolar disorder patients performing two working memory paradigms; the two‐back and Sternberg tasks, selected to examine the central executive and the phonological loop respectively. We hypothesized that neuronal dysfunction would be specific to the network underlying the executive rather than the phonological loop component of working memory.Methods:  Twelve right‐handed euthymic bipolar I males receiving lithium carbonate monotherapy were matched with 12 controls. The two‐back task comprised a single working memory load contrasted with baseline vigilance condition. The Sternberg paradigm used a parametric design incorporating variable working memory load with fixed delay between presentation of an array of items to be remembered and a target item. Functional activation data were acquired during performance of the tasks and were analysed to produce brain activation maps representing significant group differences in activation (ANOVA). Load–response curves were derived from the Sternberg task data set.Results:  There were no significant between‐group differences (t‐test) in performance of the two‐back task, or in 2 × 5 group by memory load ANOVA for the performance data from Sternberg task. In the two‐back task, compared with controls bipolar disorder patients showed reductions in bilateral frontal, temporal and parietal activation, and increased activations with the left precentral, right medial frontal and left supramarginal gyri. No between‐group differences were observed in the Sternberg task at any working memory load.Conclusions:  Our findings support the notion that, in euthymic bipolar disorder, failure to engage fronto‐executive function underpins the core neuropsychological deficits.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with bipolar disorder: a review of prevalence, correlates, and treatment strategies
Authors: Otto Michael W , Perlman Carol A , Wernicke Rachel , Reese Hannah E , Bauer Mark S , Pollack Mark H 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:  In this article, we review the evidence for, and implications of, a high rate of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals with bipolar disorder.Methods:  We reviewed studies providing comorbidity data on patients with bipolar disorder, and also examined the PTSD literature for risk factors and empirically supported treatment options for PTSD.Results:  Studies of bipolar patients have documented elevated rates of PTSD. Based on our review, representing 1214 bipolar patients, the mean prevalence of PTSD in bipolar patients is 16.0% (95% CI: 14–18%), a rate that is roughly double the lifetime prevalence for PTSD in the general population. Risk factors for PTSD that are also characteristic of bipolar samples include the presence of multiple axis I disorders, greater trauma exposure, elevated neuroticism and lower extraversion, and lower social support and socio‐economic status.Conclusions:  These findings are discussed in relation to the cost of PTSD symptoms to the course of bipolar disorder. Pharmacological and cognitive‐behavioral treatment options are reviewed, with discussion of modifications to current cognitive‐behavioral protocols for addressing PTSD in individuals at risk for mood episodes.
Parasitized Male Field Crickets Exhibit Reduced Trilling Bout Rates and Durations
Authors: Xochitl Orozco S. , Bertram Susan M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe reproductive compensation hypothesis suggests that recently parasitized animals could offset future reproductive losses by increasing their current reproductive effort. We test this hypothesis by determining how male Texas field crickets (Gryllus texensis) alter their mate attraction displays following parasitism by acoustically orienting female parasitoid flies Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae, Ormiini). Larval tachinid parasitoids cause little damage in phase I of host infestation. However, substantial host damage occurs in phase II, which results in parasitoid emergence and host death. We predicted that recently parasitized crickets would increase their mate attraction behaviour over pre‐parasitism levels to enhance their abilities to attract a mate in phase I. Contrary to our prediction, during phase I neither total signalling time, trilling bout duration, trilling bout rate or amplitude changed from pre‐parasitism levels. During phase II male crickets had significantly reduced total signalling times, and produced calls of significantly shorter duration at significantly slower trilling bout rates. Our results suggest that male Texas field crickets do not compensate for their shortened lifespan by increasing their reproductive effort following parasitism.
A Test of the Effect of Male Song on Female Nesting Behaviour in the Serin (Serinus serinus): a Field Playback Experiment
Authors: Mota Paulo G. , Depraz Violaine 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIt is well established, through laboratory experiments, that male song in birds can stimulate female reproductive activity, affecting their behaviour and physiology, such as follicular growth, nest building and egg‐laying. However no clear demonstration has yet been provided that this effect works under natural conditions. Previous work in natural populations of serins showed that female nest‐building behaviour correlated with male singing time. Furthermore male serin song peaked exactly in the day that rapid follicular growth was estimated to start in females, suggesting that in this species song may also serve to stimulate the female's reproductive development. Direct causal evidence, however, was lacking. We conducted field playback experiments to investigate how song can influence female nesting activity during nest building. Our results show that females who listened daily to playbacks of serin songs, during the nest‐building stage, spent more time nest building than females that were not exposed to additional songs. Moreover, the singing behaviour of the mated males was not affected by the playbacks, suggesting that the song playback treatment had a direct positive effect on female nesting behaviour.
Management of Italian and Perennial Ryegrasses for Seed and Forage Production in Crop Rotations
Authors: Kunelius H. T. , McRae K. B. , Dürr G. H. , Fillmore S. A. E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractItalian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.) can be grown for seed and forage in cold winter regions provided the stand persists well over winter. Seed yield and plant characteristics during primary growth, and forage yield during regrowth, were determined for two Italian and one perennial ryegrass cultivars in Atlantic Canada. Establishment methods and dates included sowing ryegrass in cultivated soil alone or with barley in mid‐May and, after harvesting the barley crop, by sowing ryegrass following conventional or reduced cultivation and by no‐till drilling into barley stubble in mid‐August and early September. Despite some winterkill, particularly in Italian ryegrass, seed and forage yields were adequate in post‐establishment growing seasons. Seed yield for Italian ryegrass was greatest (1270 kg ha−1) when it was sown into cultivated soil in mid‐August and least (890 kg ha−1) when sown alone in May. Italian ryegrass yielded 15–17 % more seed when plots were established in mid‐August rather than in mid‐May or early September. Italian ryegrass cv. Lemtal had a greater density of fertile tillers (1030 m−2) in the sward than cv. Ajax (860 m−2) and its tiller density was greater when seeded into cultivated soil in September than in mid‐August. There were fewer spikelets per seed head for sowing Italian ryegrass with barley in May than for the other methods of establishment. Forage yield in regrowth was greater for Italian ryegrass cv. Ajax (2770 kg ha−1) than for cv. Lemtal (2480 kg ha−1). Seed yield of perennial ryegrass was greater when seeded in mid‐May than in mid‐August or early September. The seed yield of perennial ryegrass was greater when it was sown with barley in May and harvested for grain, than when it was sown alone or with barley harvested at late milk stage. The establishment methods for mid‐August and early September sowing had little effect on seed yield. However, the no‐till and reduced tillage methods resulted in a greater tiller density than sowing into the cultivated seedbed. Fertile tillers tended to be denser under reduced cultivation for sowing in August. Forage yield of perennial ryegrass regrowth was not influenced by the sowing method and timing. In conclusion, Italian and perennial ryegrasses produce adequate seed and forage regrowth under different establishment methods and timing. However, the poor persistence of Italian ryegrass may limit commercial production after the establishment year in Atlantic Canada.
Effect of Water‐Deficit Stress on Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Sugar Beet
Authors: Sadeghian S. Y. , Yavari N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSugar beet progeny lines screened for both high water use efficiency and high sugar yield under drought stress conditions in the field were assessed for the rate of seed germination and early seedling growth in water deficit stress, induced by mannitol solutions. Seeds of nine different sugar beet progeny lines were grown in three experimental conditions using filter paper, perlite and water agar as substrate. Three levels of 0.0, 0.2 and 0.3 m mannitol concentrations were applied in each experiment. A factorial design was used with three replications. Germination percentage was determined in all experiments. Seedling growth parameters such as cotyledon fresh weight, cotyledon dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight (RDW) and root length (RL) were measured experimentally. Abnormality was only recorded in the filter paper experiment. The results showed that drought stress could be simulated by mannitol solution and significant differences were found between stress levels for seedling characteristics. Distinct genetic variances were found among progeny lines with respect to germination and early seedling growth characteristics, except for cotyledons and RDW. Seedling growth and germination rates severely declined at the highest concentration of mannitol. The rate of abnormality was increased progressively at the germination stage with an increase in mannitol concentration but it was more pronounced in the drought‐susceptible progeny lines. The highest values of relative germination % and relative growth % of RL were obtained for the most tolerant line. In conclusion, seedling characteristics, in addition to other physiological components involved in the seed germination process under specific stress conditions, may be considered for breeding purposes.
Plasma lipids, lipoprotein composition and profile during induction and treatment of hepatic lipidosis in cats and the metabolic effect of one daily meal in healthy cats
Authors: Blanchard G. , Paragon B. M. , Sérougne C. , Férézou J. , Milliat F. , Lutton C. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryAnorexia in obese cats may result in feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL). This study was designed to determine plasma lipids and lipoprotein profiles in queens at different stages during experimental induction of FHL (lean, obese, FHL), and after 10 weeks of treatment. Results were compared with those obtained from lean queens of same age fed the same diet but at a maintenance level, once a day. Hepatic lipidosis led to an increase in plasma triacylglycerol (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), and an enrichment of LDL with TG and of high density lipoprotein (HDL) with cholesterol, suggesting that VLDL secretion is enhanced, VLDL and LDL catabolism is lowered, and lipoprotein exchanges are impaired in FHL. This study also showed that cholesterolaemia is increased in cats fed at a dietary rhythm of one meal per day compared toad libitumfeeding.
Energy metabolism and substrate oxidation in pigs during feeding, starvation and re‐feeding
Authors: Chwalibog A. , Tauson A‐H. , Thorbek G. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryEnergy metabolism and substrate oxidation was measured in 12 growing pigs by means of indirect calorimetry and nutrient balances. The measurements were carried out during 5 days of feeding followed by 4 days of starvation and 5 days of re‐feeding. During the feeding period, dietary carbohydrates were the main energy source, sufficient to cover energy requirements without oxidation of fat. Starvation reduced the total heat production and affected the oxidation pattern by reducing protein oxidation and shifting from carbohydrate to fat oxidation. On the second day of starvation, the main energy source was body fat and there was no oxidation of carbohydrate. On the second day of re‐feeding, the heat production reached the same level as during the feeding period. Also, during the second day of re‐feeding, the pattern of nutrient oxidation was similar to the feeding period with oxidation of carbohydrate providing 90% and oxidation of protein providing 10% of the total heat production. There was no fat oxidation. The results demonstrated that the growing pigs were able to re‐establish oxidative patterns already 2 days after re‐alimentation.