bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Physical Properties and Microstructure of Spruce and Cherry
Authors: Bucur Voichita , Garros Simone , Barlow Claire Y. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the density, the ultrasonic velocities and the microstructure of
spruce and cherry wood has been studied. Generally speaking, under hydrostatic pressure wood becomes
less heterogeneous and less anisotropic than natural wood. In spruce, crushing and buckling of the thin-walled
cells in the earlywood takes place. This also has the effect of disrupting the medullary rays, which
assume a zig-zag path through the structure. Cherry has a much more homogeneous structure, and the
main effect of the hydrostatic pressure is compaction of the vessels by buckling of the walls. The fibres
are scarcely affected by the treatment. The width of the earlywood zone decreased after the application
of pressure by 26% in spruce, and by 11% in cherry. The average density was increased by the hydrostatic
pressure by 26% for spruce and by 46% for cherry. The densitometric profile of spruce demonstrates
significant changes following the pressure treatment, with the minimum density DMin increasing
and the maximum density DMax decreasing. For cherry, the densitometric profile is shifted rather uniformly
towards higher densities, and the annual ring profile is spatially slightly compacted but otherwise
similar to that of untreated wood. The anisotropy of wood (expressed by the ratio of acoustic invariants)
decreased by 56% for spruce and by 33% for cherry. The structural damage in spruce is predominantly
found in the radial (R) direction, and this corresponds to a reduction of 73% in the velocity of the longitudinal
ultrasonic waves in the radial direction, VRR. In cherry, the structural damage is mainly in the
transverse, T direction. The velocity of the longitudinal ultrasonic waves in the transverse direction, VTT
is reduced by 44%. The medullary rays in cherry seem to be the most important anatomical feature influencing
the propagation of ultrasonic waves.
Application of Liquefied Wood to a New Resin System—Synthesis and Properties of Liquefied Wood/Epoxy Resins
Authors: Kobayashi Masahiko , Tukamoto Kyoko , Tomita Bunichiro 
Published: October 2004

Summary
A new resin system was developed by reacting liquefied wood with various epoxy compounds. Examination
of the optimum conditions for the synthesis of the resins, and the behavior of liquefied wood in
the cured resins were undertaken. Generally, the compatibility and film forming performance of liquefied
wood/epoxy resins became better as the wood content increased. The presence of only one broad
dispersion peak, due to the glass transition, was observed during dynamic mechanical measurement of
resin films suggesting that the different components of the resin were compatible. The glass transition
temperature of the cured resins could be modified by changing the kinds of epoxy compounds and the
wood contents of liquefied wood. The presence of rubber elasticity at higher temperatures suggests that
the resin systems consisted of cross-linking polymer networks.
FTIR Characterization of Copper Ethanolamine—Wood Interaction for Wood Preservation
Authors: Zhang Jun , Kamdem D. Pascal 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The interaction of copper ethanolamine (Cu-EA) preservative and wood components was studied by
using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In Cu-EA treated wood, significant reduction was
noticed on the band attributed to carbonyl vibration from carboxylic groups at 1735 ± 5 cm−1 and an
increase in band intensity was obtained from carbonyl in carboxylate at 1595 ± 5 cm−1. The same observation
was made in Cu-EA treated holocellulose. Cu-EA treated lignin resulted in a reduction in the aromatic
ester band at 1710 ± 5 cm−1 and an increase in carbonyl from carboxylate at 1595 ± 5 cm−1. Bands
at 1370 cm−1 and 1221 cm−1, assigned to phenolic hydroxyl groups, exhibited a decrease in intensity after
the treatment. From these data, it is concluded that Cu-EA interacts with carboxylic groups, phenolic
hydroxyl groups and ester groups from lignin to form copper carboxylate and phenolate complexes.
Cation Exchange Capacity Tests on Some Lignocellulosic Materials Highlight Some Aspects of the Use of Copper as Wood Preservative
Authors: Staccioli Giuseppe , Sturaro Alberto , Rella Rocco 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The stoichiometric validity of copper(II) salts in the assessing the cation exchange capacity of lignocellulosic
materials with respect to sodium salts is determined on some materials like Populus euramericana,
Pinus pinea, flax, hemp, cotton, and some of their derivatives.
Copper exhibits the usual stoichiometry (bivalence) with saponified woods and Norman & Jenkins
holocelluloses whereas it is present as bivalent and/or apparent monovalent ions in the other materials.
The major groups responsible for cation exchange are the carboxyls of polyoses while hydroxyls seem
inert at this reaction. Cation exchange of wood and raw fibers is, on the contrary, influenced by the structure
of lignin. In fact, when it forms ester bonds with polyoses it causes the rising of copper apparently
working as monovalent species. Lacking these bonds, lignin does not provoke any chemical interactions
except for some isolated lignins. These data show that copper interacts mainly with polyoses, secondly
with lignin if bonded to polyoses whereas cellulose seems to be weakly involved in these interactions.
To improve the assumption of copper from preservative formulations mild saponification of woods is
suggested since such treatment enhances the number of sites of exchange in polyoses.
Biological, Chemical and Mechanical Characteristics of "Wulstholz" as a Response to Mechanical Stress in Living Trees of Picea abies [L.] Karst
Authors: Koch G. , Bauch J. , Puls J. , Schwab E. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
In the present study, the biological, chemical and mechanical wood properties of “Wulstholz” as a
response to mechanical stress of spruce trees (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were investigated. “Wulstholz” is
formed locally on the compression side of overstressed tree trunks after slip planes were initiated. It is
characterized by an increased xylem production leading to bulges. The S2-layers of “Wulstholz”-tracheids
are thicker than the corresponding cell wall layers in normal wood, and the cell lumen diameter
is significantly reduced. The tracheid length decreases gradually from an average of 4 mm to 2.5 mm
compared to normal wood, and the tracheids conspicuously are shifted against each other longitudinally.
“Wulstholz” contains a higher concentration of lignin than normal wood, whereas the concentration
of glucose in the hydrolysates is reduced. The hemicelluloses-concentration, particularly the mannose-content,
is significantly higher compared to normal wood. The compression strength and the modulus of
elasticity, despite a higher density, are significantly reduced in “Wulstholz” in comparison to normal
wood. But due to the specific anatomical and chemical properties, “Wulstholz”-tracheids can be
deformed and compressed considerably without fracturing. The investigations demonstrate that “Wulstholz”
can restabilize wind-exposed trees.
Kinetic Studies on Oxidation of Veratryl Alcohol by Laccase-Mediator System. Part 2. The Kinetics of Dioxygen Uptake
Authors: Balakshin Mikhail Yu. , Chen Chen-Loung , Gratzl Josef S. , Kirkman Adrianna G. , Jakob Harald 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe kinetics of dioxygen uptake in the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of veratryl alcohol with dioxygen in the presence of ABTS, the mediator, was studied. The kinetics of dioxygen uptake consists of two phases: (1) the initial phase up to a reaction time of one hour, and (2) the second phase, after a reaction time of one hour. In the initial phase, ABTS is mainly oxidized to the corresponding cation radical. The kinetics of dioxygen uptake follows apseudo-zero order rate law. The dioxygen uptake under the reaction condition correlates with the initial ABTS concentration according to the stoichiometric relationship of 0.25 moles dioxygen per mole ABTS. In the second phase, veratryl alcohol is mainly oxidized to veratraldehyde. The kinetics of the dioxygen uptake follows apseudo-first order rate law. The dioxygen uptake correlates linearly with the yield of veratraldehyde. The stoichiometric ratio between the formation of veratraldehyde and the consumption of dioxygen differs slightly at different M/S ratios. On average, however, it is 0.42 moles of dioxygen per one mole of veratraldehyde formed. The reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of the kinetic data.
A New Air Dehydration Process for Wood Dryers. Part I. Kinetic and Quality of Drying
Authors: Chrusciel L. , Mougel E. , Zoulalian A. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
In conventional wood dryers, air is dehumidified by condensation or by its partial remove. A new air
dehydration process is proposed for low temperature convective wood drying. This process consists in
using an absorber working with an organic absorbent, the triethylene glycol (TEG) that is pulverised in
a venturi type of device. The adaptation of this process well known for hydrocarbon gas dehydration and
its interest for wood drying operations are discussed. The prototype installation is presented and the
impact of the absorption on the evolution on drying cycles are investigated. The performances of the
absorber are evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. The average drying kinetic is quantified with a
global mass transfer coefficient and the drying quality is characterised through the measurements of
defects generated during drying.
A New Method of Sample Preparation for Kenaf Bast Fiber Length Analysis with Automated Fiber Length Analyzer
Authors: Cheng Zhou , Fujiwara Shinji , Ohtani Yoshito , Sameshima Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Kenaf bast fiber bundles alternate radially in layers accompanied by sieve elements and phloem
parenchyma cells. Fiber bundles are about 20 % in the area of a cross section of kenaf bast. Four sample
preparation methods for kenaf bast fiber length analysis with an automated fiber length analyzer were
compared and a new sample preparation method including three steps was proven to be accurate. Fiber
bundles were obtained by acidified sodium chlorite treatment and an additional ammonium oxalate
treatment. Following a 1% sodium hydroxide treatment, fiber bundles were completely separated into
single fibers with no damage. Fiber length values of this method were more accurate and reliable than
other three sample preparation methods and manual measurement with optical microscope.
Metaplastic Facilitation and Ultrastructural Changes in Synaptic Properties Are Associated with Long-Term Modulation of the Lamprey Locomotor Network
Authors: Bevan Sarah , Parker David 
Published: October 2004

The neuropeptide substance P evokes a long-term protein synthesis-dependent increase in the cycle frequency of locomotor network activity in the lamprey. Although cellular and synaptic mechanisms that could induce this effect have been identified, nothing is known of the underlying maintenance mechanisms. These mechanisms have been examined here.Substance P potentiates low-frequency-evoked EPSPs from excitatory network interneurons. It also converts the depression of the EPSP during spike trains into facilitation, an example of metaplasticity. The metaplasticity was associated with a reduction of the transmitter release probability but an increase in the number of release sites. Although the potentiation of low-frequency-evoked EPSPs recovered within 1 hr, the metaplastic facilitation had not recovered 3-4 hr after substance P application. The metaplasticity thus extended into the protein synthesis-dependent maintenance phase of the network modulation, making it the only identified cellular or synaptic effect of substance P to last this long. It also had the same induction and maintenance features as the network burst frequency modulation, further suggesting that the two effects were related.Long-term changes in synaptic properties are often associated with changes in synaptic organization. We have thus also examined the effects of substance P on synaptic ultrastructure up to 5 hr after substance P application. Substance P had several significant effects. These included an increase in the number of docked vesicles and a reduction of the synaptic gap.Substance P thus has long-term effects on synaptic organization and function. The relevance of these effects to the long-term locomotor network modulation is discussed.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
Authors: Sperling L. H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn interpenetrating polymer network, IPN, is a combination of two polymers in network form, at least one of which is synthesized and/or cross‐linked in the immediate presence of the other (L. H. Sperling, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks and Related Materials, Plenum Press, New York, 1981). An IPN is distinguished from other multipolymer combinations, such as polymer blends, blocks, and grafts, in two ways: (1) an IPN swells, but does not dissolve in solvents; and (2) creep and flow are suppressed.This article discusses synthesis, morphology, glass transitions, and mechanical behavior of IPNs, and outlines known and proposed applications of these materials. Some applications of note include sound and vibration damping, biomedical applications, natural products and renewable resources, tough and impact‐resistant materials, etc.
Why do nitrogenases waste electrons by evolving dihydrogen?
Authors: Ogo Seiji , Kure Bunsho , Nakai Hidetaka , Watanabe Yoshihito , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn nature, nitrogen is commonly fixed as the most reduced form, ammonia (NH3) and as the most oxidized form, i.e. nitrate ion (NO3−). Nitrogenases catalyze the reduction of N2 into NH3 by using protons and electrons with evolution of H2. However, the reason why the enzymes waste electrons by evolving H2 has yet to be clarified. We have previously reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002; 124: 597) pH‐dependent heterolytic cleavage of H2 and subsequent reduction of NO3− with evolution of H2 by iridium complexes in water. We propose herein a catalytic mechanism of nitrogenases, which can account for evolution of H2 in the reduction of N2 to NH3 in relation to a mechanism of the reduction of NO3−. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 250/125 mg combination tablets in healthy human volunteers: Use of replicate design approach
Authors: Idkaidek Nasir M. , Al‐Ghazawi Ahmad , Najib Naji M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to apply a replicate design approach to a bioequivalence study of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination following a 250/125 mg oral dose to 23 subjects, and to compare the analysis of individual bioequivalence with average bioequivalence. This was conducted as a 2‐treatment 2‐sequence 4‐period crossover study. Average bioequivalence was shown, while the results from the individual bioequivalence approach had no success in showing bioequivalence. In conclusion, the individual bioequivalence approach is a strong statistical tool to test for intra‐subject variances and also subject‐by‐formulation interaction variance compared with the average bioequivalence approach. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular modeling of green fluorescent protein: Structural effects of chromophore deprotonation
Authors: Patnaik Soumya S. , Trohalaki Steven , Pachter Ruth 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to study the conformational rearrangement induced by deprotonation of the fluorescent chromophore in GFP, as well as the associated changes in the hydrogen‐bonding network. For both the structures with either a neutral or an anionic chromophore, it was found that the β‐barrel was stable and rigid, and the conformation of the chromophore was consistent with the available x‐ray structure. The conformational change in Thr203 due to deprotonation was also found to be consistent with the three‐state isomerization model. Although GFP is highly fluorescent, denatured‐GFP is nonfluorescent, indicating that the environment of the protein plays an important role in its fluorescence behavior. Our MD simulations, which explore the effect of the protein shell on the conformation of the chromophore, find the flexibility of the central chromophore to be significantly restricted due to the rigid nature of the protein shell. The hydrogen‐bonding between the chromophore and neighboring residues was also shown to contribute to the chromophore rigidity. In addition to the MD studies, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) ONIOM calculations were carried out to investigate the effect of the β‐barrel on the internal rotation in the chromophore. Along with providing quantitative values for torsional rotation barriers about the bridging bond in the chromophore, the ONIOM calculations also validate our MD force field parameters. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Prevalence of accessory head of flexor pollicis longus muscle and its relation to anterior interosseous nerve in Thai population
Authors: Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Surin Patcharin , Ongkana Nutcharin , Sethadavit Manussabhorn , Vaidhayakarn Pidhyasak 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA detailed description of the accessory head of flexor pollicis longus muscle (AHFPL) in the Thai population has not been reported. Because it is one of the causes of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (AINS), a study was carried out on 120 Thai cadavers (70 embalmed, 50 fresh; 78 male, 42 female) to elucidate the prevalence of AHFPL, its morphology and relationship with the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN). The prevalence of AHFPL was 62.1% (149/240) with 74.5% (111/149) of its origin on medial epicondyle, 23.5% (35/149) on coronoid process and 2% (3/149) on flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. One hundred percent of its insertion was on the ulnar border of flexor pollicis longus tendon, and it was 98% (146/149) fusiform‐shaped and 2% (3/149) slender shaped, with a diameter between 0.8–16.0 mm (average 6.7 mm), averaging 6.5 mm on the right and 4.2 mm on the left. The right was significantly statistically larger than the left (P < 0.05). The average distance from the mid‐point of the distal wrist crease to the insertion point of AHFPL was 12.8 cm. Four patterns of relationship with AIN were noted including: 1) I AIN passed anterior to AHFPL, 13.4% (20/149); 2) AIN passed lateral to AHFPL, 65.8% (98/149); 3) AIN passed posterior to AHFPL, 8.1% (12/149); and 4) AIN passed both lateral and posterior to AHFPL, 12.8% (19/149). We believe that the latter two patterns (3 and 4) with AIN passing posteriorly would be more likely to be associated with AINS due to anatomic considerations. Clin. Anat. 17:631–635, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is torus palatinus a feature of a well‐developed maxilla?
Authors: Çagirankaya Leyla Berna , Kansu Özden , Hatipoglu Müjgan Güngör 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTorus palatinus (TP) is an exostosis of the hard palate. The biologic significance of TP is unknown. Our hypothesis was that the presence of a TP reflects the development of the maxilla. It has been proven that tooth agenesis is associated with small maxillary size. We investigated whether there is a relationship between maxillary third molar agenesis and the presence or absence of TP. The study was carried out on 253 Turkish patients. It showed a lower prevalence of third molar agenesis in female subjects with TP (P < 0.001). This study provides indirect evidence that development of the maxilla may be greater in female subjects with TP. Clin. Anat. 17:623–625, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attitudes of Turkish anatomists toward cadaver donation
Authors: Şehi̇rli̇ Ümi̇t S. , Saka Erdi̇nç , Sarikaya Özlem 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThere is an insufficient number of cadavers in anatomy education in Turkey. This is because of decreased number of unclaimed bodies and very few cadaver donations. Increasing the number of cadaver donation is one of the probable solutions. Although anatomists encourage people to donate bodies, the attitudes of anatomists toward donating their own bodies for dissection is not well known. In this study, the attitudes of Turkish anatomists toward cadaver donation were evaluated. The questionnaires were sent to the anatomists in Turkey by mail and E‐mail. Eighty‐three anatomists replied to the questionnaire. The main solutions proposed for cadaver insufficiency included increasing the supply of unclaimed bodies (77.1%) and increasing body donation (78.3%). Further, 51.8% of the respondents thought that increasing body donation was a long‐term solution. The general belief (83.1%) was that a campaign would help to increase body donation and 47% of respondents were willing to participate in such a campaign. Of the 83 anatomists, 20.5% of the respondents donated their organs and 49.4% were planning to donate them. Further, 15.7% were planning to donate their bodies; however, 63.9% did not consider donating. The main reasons of the respondents to object the donation were: to be dissected by a colleague (15.7%), the unacceptability of donation by family (26.5%), psychological reasons (43.4%), the anxiety of disrespectful behavior to cadavers (26.5%), and religious beliefs (3.6%). Although the majority of the respondents objected to donating their bodies due to psychological reasons, body donation was proposed as the main solution of cadaver insufficiency. Clin. Anat. 17:677–681, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Columbite‐Type FexMn1‐xNb2O6 Solid Solution: Structural and Magnetic Characterization.
Authors: Tealdi Cristina , Mozzati Maria Cristina , Malavasi Lorenzo , Ciabattoni Tiziana , Amantea Roberta , Azzoni Carlo B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iridium Complex Catalyzed Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of Axially Chiral Teraryl Compounds.
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Fujimoto Takayoshi , Yokota Kazuhisa , Takagi Kentaro 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Supported Ionic Liquid Asymmetric Catalysis. A New Method for Chiral Catalysts Recycling. The Case of Proline‐Catalyzed Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Riela Serena , Meo Paolo Lo , D'Anna Francesca , Noto Renato 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acid‐Catalyzed Condensation of 1,3,5‐Triphenylpentane‐1,5‐dione with Benzaldehyde — A New Domino Reaction.
Authors: Bagrina N. P. , Vysotskii V. I. , Sergeeva S. A. , Denisenko V. A. , Gerasimenko A. V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Mild Ring Opening Fluorination of Epoxide with Ionic Liquid 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazorium Oligo Hydrogenfluoride (EMIMF(HF)2.3).
Authors: Yoshino Hideaki , Nomura Kenichi , Matsubara Seijiro , Oshima Koichiro , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Hagiwara Rika , Ito Yasuhiko 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of the Cyanofluoromethylated Ketones: Michael Reaction of the Cyanofluoromethyl Anion Species to Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Yokoyama Yasuo , Ohira Rikiya , Tanaka Hiroaki , Suzuki Shoko , Kajitani Masatsugu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemoselective Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols and Their Detetrahydropyranylation Using Silicasulfuric Acid as a Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Pore D. M. , Desai Uday V. , Mane R. B. , Wadgaonkar P. P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Stereospecific Epoxide‐Opening Reaction of γ,δ‐Epoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated Esters with Boric Acid Leading to γ,δ‐Diol Derivatives with Double Inversion of Configuration.
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Qiang , Hirai Atsushi , Miyashita Masaaki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.