bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social and Population Structure in the Brown Long-Eared Bat, Plecotus auritus
Authors: Burland Tamsin M , Entwistle Abigail C , Racey Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) is a Palaearctic species with low wing loading and low aspect ratio, which feeds primarily by gleaning. Like most temperate-zone bat species, P. auritus forms colonies during summer. However, this species is unusual in that adult males are present within these colonies. Using both ecological and genetic techniques, the pattern of social organization and population structure was determined for this species close to the northern border of its distribution. A ringing study conducted at 30 summer roost sites determined that P. auritus formed small, mixed-sex colonies, with natal recruitment and long-term association to the colony in both sexes. Little exchange among roosts was identified; just six movements were recorded from 1138 recaptures and no individual was caught for a second time at a new site. P. auritus was found to be highly selective of its summer roost site at this latitude, which may explain the high natal philopatry and colony stability identified. Mean colony relatedness was low. This is probably a result of low skew in male reproductive success and a high incidence of inter-colony mating; over 80% of colony offspring were fathered by males from other summer colonies. Such a pattern of mating suggests that neither inbreeding avoidance nor competition for mates is likely to force males to disperse from their natal colony. The strong spatial distribution of individuals in the summer population was not reflected in patterns of genetic structure. Low levels of genetic differentiation among colonies were identified, probably as a result of inter-colony mating. However, genetic isolation by distance was evident within the population, suggesting that mating among colonies is restricted to those located close by. It is proposed that, at high latitudes, social organization and population structure in P. auritus are strongly influenced
Evolutionary Dynamics of the Short-Nosed Fruit Bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Pteropodidae): Inferences from the Spatial Scale of Genetic and Phenotypic Differentiation
Authors: Storz Jay F , Bhat Hari R , Balasingh Johnson , Nathan P Thiruchenthil , Kunz Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We report the results of a population-genetic study of the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Pteropodidae). The purpose of our study was to assess the relative importance of drift, gene flow, and spatially varying selection in shaping patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation across a latitudinal climatic gradient in peninsular India. At a microgeographic scale, polygynous mating resulted in a substantial reduction of effective population size. However, at a macrogeographic scale, rates of migration were sufficiently high to prevent a pronounced degree of stochastic differentiation via drift. Spatial analysis of genetic and phenotypic differentiation revealed that clinal variation in body size of C. sphinx cannot be explained by a neutral model of isolation by distance. The geographic patterning of morphometric variation is most likely attributable to spatially varying selection and/or the direct influence of latitudinally ordered environmental effects. The combined analysis of genetic and phenotypic variation indicates that recognized subspecies of C. sphinx in peninsular India represent arbitrary subdivisions of a continuous spectrum of clinal size variation.
Restoration of the Republic
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rarely does scholarship anticipate the most dramatic events of the moment. In this timely work Gary Hart does just that, arguing for the restoration of republican virtues and for homeland security as an important first step. The American democratic republic has from its founding been a paradoxical success. Simultaneously attached to state and national power, citizens’ rights and citizens’ duties, American democracy has uniquely turned its reliance on consent from the governed into a powerful governing of the consenting. In a remarkable political feat, America’s founders combined mixed government, the language of popular sovereignty and a self-conscious emphasis on checks and balances to forge a republic that has weathered the test of time. The complex realities of the twenty-first century, however, have fundamentally challenged the underpinnings of this enduring American experiment, repeatedly exposing the tensions at the heart of America’s mixed system of government. What then is the nature of an American republic in an age of democracy? How can the democratic values of social justice and equality be balanced with republican values of civic duty and popular sovereignty? Bringing to light a long-neglected aspect of Thomas Jefferson’s political philosophy—the “ward republic”—Gary Hart here offers a wholly original blueprint for republican restoration in which every citizen can participate democratically in the governing of his or her own life. Of crucial relevance for contemporary society, including its startlingly prescient plan for homeland security, Restoration of the Republic provides original insights into issues of national urgency as well as the timeless questions that bedevil the American democratic experiment.
A Leap in the Dark
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was an age of fascinating leaders and difficult choices, of grand ideas eloquently expressed and of epic conflicts bitterly fought. Now comes a brilliant portrait of the American Revolution, one that is compelling in its prose, fascinating in its details, and provocative in its fresh interpretations. In A Leap in the Dark, John Ferling offers a magisterial new history that surges from the first rumblings of colonial protest to the volcanic election of 1800. Ferling's swift-moving narrative teems with fascinating details. We see Benjamin Franklin trying to decide if his loyalty was to Great Britain or to America, and we meet George Washington when he was a shrewd planter-businessman who discovered personal economic advantages to American independence. We encounter those who supported the war against Great Britain in 1776, but opposed independence because it was a "leap in the dark." Following the war, we hear talk in the North of secession from the United States. The author offers a gripping account of the most dramatic events of our history, showing just how closely fought were the struggle for independence, the adoption of the Constitution, and the later battle between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. Yet, without slowing the flow of events, he has also produced a landmark study of leadership and ideas. Here is all the erratic brilliance of Hamilton and Jefferson battling to shape the new nation, and here too is the passion and political shrewdness of revolutionaries, such as Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry, and their Loyalist counterparts, Joseph Galloway and Thomas Hutchinson. Here as well are activists who are not so well known today, men like Abraham Yates, who battled for democratic change, and Theodore Sedgwick, who fought to preserve the political and social system of the colonial past. Ferling shows that throughout this period the epic political battles often resembled today's politics and the politicians--the founders--played a political hardball attendant with enmities, selfish motivations, and bitterness. The political stakes, this book demonstrates, were extraordinary: first to secure independence, then to determine the meaning of the American Revolution. John Ferling has shown himself to be an insightful historian of our Revolution, and an unusually skillful writer. A Leap in the Dark is his masterpiece, work that provokes, enlightens, and entertains in full measure.
Community HIV Prevention Interventions: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
Authors: DiClemente Ralph J , Crosby Richard A , Wingood Gina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite advances in biomedical research, there is still no preventive vaccine or medical cure for HIV/AIDS. Consequently, efforts to change high-risk behaviors remain the best available means to prevent HIV transmission. Because HIV is largely transmitted through sexual behavior and shared injection drug use, it can be prevented through appropriate behavioral changes. However, changing HIV risk behavior is particularly difcult because an individual’s propensity to adopt and maintain behaviors occurs in the context of their social relationships and lifestyles. As such, these behaviors represent the endpoint of a complex decision-making process that weighs the following relevant internal and external influences: interpersonal, social, economic, and psychological influences within a cultural context superimposed over traditions, values, and patterns of social organization. While such a complex decision-making process is not easily amenable to modication, HIV-associated risk-taking is not random, uncontrollable, or inevitable and, of particular importance, many of the factors that influence these behaviors are modifiable.
The Evolution of Allometry in Modular Organisms
Authors: Preston Katherine A , Ackerly David D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The variation in organismal form that arises from size-dependent relationships among parts is a fundamental aspect of development and evolutionary change. Allometric analysis was one of the earliest morphometric tools developed to reveal ontogenetic or evolutionary changes in shape as a consequence of changes in organ or body size (Gayon, 2000). As allometric analysis has become more sophisticated, it has continued to provide insights into patterns and mechanisms of multivariate evolution (e.g., Niklas 1994; West et al. 1999). Although studies of allometry have been particularly prevalent in the animal literature, recent work has demonstrated the power of allometric analysis for interpreting morphological variation in plants as well (e.g., Armbruster 1991; Weiner and Thomas 1992; Jones 1993; Mazer and Wheelwright 1993; Niklas 1994; Ackerly and Donoghue 1998; Niklas and Enquist 2002).
Studying the Plasticity of Phenotypic Integration 1n a Model Organism
Authors: Pigliucci Massimo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be clear from a survey of the heterogeneous literature on phenotypic integration that biologists still have to agree on exactly what integration is to begin with. Indeed, one of the aims of this book is to clarify the discussion on this essential aspect of the problem. Since we do not have a clear definition of integration, it may seem premature to ask other questions about it, such as how it evolves, what are its molecular underpinnings, and in what ecological context it needs to be framed. Yet, as the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953/1973) has pointed out, most complex concepts are defined not by some essential property, but by a network of properties that intersect in different ways, depending on the viewpoint from which a given question is asked. Concepts whose exact nature eludes easy definition, often referred to as “family resemblance” concepts, may include phenotypic integration, and that may be why it is difficult to put a finger on what exactly the latter is. Moreover, scientists-by definition of what they do-cannot afford to be shy about investigating things that they cannot define in an essentialist fashion Gust think of the amount of work done on speciation, despite the lack of a generally agreed-upon definition of species: Barraclough and Nee 2001; Schluter 2001). It therefore makes perfect sense to ask how to go about investigating the ecology of phenotypic integration even though we may disagree on the very definition of the concept.
Form, Function, and Life History: Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Integration
Authors: Zelditch Miriam Leah , Moscarella Rosa A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental integration is usually viewed as a distinctively morphological phenomenon, but organisms are not just morphological systems and developmental integration involves more than form. Over the course of mammalian ontogeny, blind, deaf, toothless, nearly transparent, and virtually immobile infants develop into sighted, hearing, chewing, furred, and active adults. That transformation involves coordinated changes among form and function, and the timing of that transformation determines life-history schedules. In some groups, that transformation occurs very rapidly; in fact, in some clades it is nearly complete at birth, although in others it may take days, weeks, or even months to complete. Both the pace at which the sequence is completed, and some of the details of the individual steps, depend on how limited resources of time and energy are allocated to growth and development. But regardless of how resources are allocated, of how long those transitions take, and of the details of morphology, form and function must be coordinated. This coordination must characterize even the earliest stages of postnatal development, or else infants will not survive the peculiarly vulnerable nestling stage. Thus, integration is a dynamic feature of organisms, and its dynamics are partly a function of life-history strategies.
Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis of Multivariate Data
Authors: Steppan Scott J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central question in fields ranging from quantitative genetics to phenotypic integration and developmental biology is how do patterns of covariation among traits evolve? The fields of inquiry differ in ·vhich underlying causes for the covariation they investigate, but they share the cha1lenge of somparing multivariate data sets. In order to understand the evolution u1 muse patterns, as opposed to their maintenance within an organism, it is critical to do so in a phylogenetic context. That is, history must be incorporated into the analysis. A phylogenetic perspective is only recently gaining much application in the pursuit to understand how organisms are built, how their structures are integrated through genetic organization and developmental processes, and how these integrating features both shape and are shaped by evolution. This chapter will discuss the methods available for comparing patterns of integration among taxa and how to conduct those comparisons phylogenetically.
Mood Disturbance Across the Life Span
Authors: Whiffen Valerie e. , demidenko natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the most frequently reported form of mood disturbance, depression is said to be the “common cold” of emotional distress. Sadness is a common, human response to loss, failure, rejection, or disappointment. This sadness can be profound, as it may be after the death of a loved one. However, sadness is not depression unless it becomes complicated by negative feelings about our futures and our selves. Depressed people feel badly about themselves, they blame themselves for things going wrong in their lives, and they have trouble imagining a better future. Depression that is clinically meaningful involves physical symptoms as well, including changes in appetite, energy levels, and sleeping patterns. Depression is usually preceded by one or more highly stressful life events, which typically involve loss or devaluation, such as the break up of a relationship, or failure at school or work (Brown &Harris, 1978). Even positive life events can entail an element of loss and so risk depressed mood. For instance, when women first become mothers, they may be overjoyed by the baby’s birth but at the same time feel that they have lost freedom and control over their lives.
Violence Against Girls and Women: An Integrative Developmental Perspective
Authors: White Jacquelyn W , Frabutt James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence against women takes many forms and may be physical or psychological, with the goal of intimidation and control. Sexual violence ranges from unwanted contact to rape. Rape may be the stereotypical stranger attack, but more frequently it is verbally or physically coerced sexual inter-course by an acquaintance. According to Amnesty International (1992), rape also occurs during cultural rituals involving genital contact, arranged marriages of children, gynecological procedures (rupture of the hymen, genital mutilation, induced abortions), forced prostitution, and sexual slavery. Rape of refugees and wartime rape have also been documented. Physical violence is most frequently manifested in cases of battering and wife abuse, as well as dating violence. Violence also can be seen in cases where men isolate women and deprive them of educational and employment opportunities, and in the case of immigrant women, denial of access to their green cards. These forms of violence share in common the fact that they are frequently committed by men known to the girls and women.
From Girlhood to Womanhood: Multiple Transitions in Context
Authors: Piran Niva , Ross Erin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines, through a feminist lens, the research and theories in several domains relating to the transition from girlhood to womanhood. Four major biases, reflecting the dominant research and theoretical trends, are noted in the chapter. First, in Western cultures, the transition from girlhood to womanhood is typically seen as stretching from puberty to early adulthood (around legal voting age of 18). In contrast, other cultures view this transition as the time when an adolescent woman is expected to fulfill the social role of a woman. Second, the research conducted on adolescent women tends to include mainly middle-class White girls. The impact of social diversity, especially the intersections of ethnocultural, social class, geographical site, sexual orientation, immigration status, and disability, is rarely examined.
Psychopharmacotherapy and Women: Issues for Consideration
Authors: Dunivin Debra Lina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are times when pharmacotherapy may contribute to a woman’s optimal health, and there are many differences in the assessment and treatment of women and men. Women are bigger consumers of health care than men; they make more visits to health-care professionals, undergo more surgical procedures, occupy more hospital beds, have more chronic diseases, spend more for health care, and are given more prescriptions for medications (Burt & Hendrick, 2001). There are significant psychodiagnostic, sociocultural, and psychological differences, as well as physiological differences, between women and men that have implications for pharmacotherapy. For some drugs the pharmacokinetics (the body’s processing of the drug) and pharmacodynamics (the body’s response to the drug) are different for women and men. Levels of a psychotropic medication may vary across the menstrual cycle, and when used with exogenous hormones—for example, oral contraceptives (OC) and estrogen or combined hormone replacement therapy (ERT/ HRT; Anthony and Berg, 2002a,b; Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 1993).
A map of misreading
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In print for twenty-seven years, A Map of Misreading serves as a companion volume to Bloom ‘s other seminal work, The Anxiety of Influence. In this finely crafted text, Bloom offers instruction in how to read a poem, using his theory that patterns of imagery in poems represent both a response to and a defense against the influence of precursor poems. Influence, as Bloom conceives it, means that there are no texts, but only relationships between texts. Bloom discusses British and American poets including Milton, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson, Browning, Whitman, Dickinson, Stevens, Warren, Ammons and Ashbery. A full-scale reading of one poem, Browning ‘s “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came,” represents this struggle between one poet and his precursors, the poem serving as a map for readers through the many versions of influence from Milton to modern poets. For the first time, in a new preface, Bloom will consider the map of misreading drawn by contemporary poets such as Ann Carson and Henri Cole. Bloom ‘s new exploration of contemporary poetry over the last twenty years will illuminate how modern texts relate to previous texts, and contribute to the literary legacy of their predecessors.
No Exit
Authors: Alstott Anne L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having a child, it has been said, is the greatest risk one can take. Marriages may come and go but parenthood endures. There is simply no escape--no exit--from the emotional and practical responsibilities of parenting. Nor should there be. While certain questions swirling around children--What constitutes a “good” parent? What is the role of the state in ensuring the welfare of the child?--are endlessly debated, consistency and continuity of care incontrovertibly play a foundational role in the developmental years of a child’s life. Children, everyone agrees, need strong, reliable parenting. Parenting today, however, also involves something else: unprecedented economic peril. Over time, our society’s demands on parents have skyrocketed, while the economic rewards of child-rearing have diminished. Once, children provided financial benefit, as workers on the farm and as security in old age. For today’s parents, however, having a child is a one-way obligation, one which narrows paths and saps resources. Much of the economic burden falls on mothers, who work less, earn less, and achieve less than their childless peers. Low-income parents often struggle day-to-day to care for their children, hold down a job, and somehow find decent but affordable child care. Parents with severely ill or disabled children may find the course especially precarious. In order to create a more secure world for children and their parents, Anne Alstott argues, we must fundamentally change the way we think about parents’ obligations to children--and about society’s obligations to parents. Drawing on the same innovative thinking that propelled her and Bruce Ackerman’s influential work The Stakeholder Society, Alstott proposes a solution both pragmatic and controversial. She outlines two unsentimental proposals intended to improve parents’ economic options while respecting every individual’s own choices about how best to combine paid work and child-rearing. Rejecting both state paternalism and easy libertarianism, Alstott’s proposals are bold and unapologetic in their implications. At the heart of No Exit lie two basic beliefs: For the good of all, there should be no opt-out clause from parenting. And yet child-rearing should be a life stage, not a life sentence. Take care of your child, Alstott demands, and we-the societal we-will in turn take care of you. In this fearless, compassionate book, she shows us how.
The Genesis of Nonlinear Microscopies and Their Impact on Modern Developments
Authors: Masters Barry R , Peter T C So 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1931, Maria Göppert Mayer published her doctoral dissertation that developed the theory of two-photon quantum transitions (two-photon absorption and emission) in atoms. In this chapter we describe and analyze the theoretical and experimental work on nonlinear optics, in particular two-photon excitation processes, that occurred between 1931 and the experimental implementation oftwo-photon excitation microscopy by the group of Webb in 1990. More recent major developments in nonlinear microscopy and their impact are briefly described. In addition to Maria Göppert-Mayer’s theoretical work, the invention of the laser has a key role in the development of two-photon microscopy. Nonlinear effects were previously observed in nonoptical frequency domains (low-frequency electric and magnetic fields and magnetization), but the high electric field strength afforded by lasers was necessary to demonstrate many nonlinear effects in the optical frequency range.