bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive parameters of clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa)
Authors: Yamada Joan K. , Durrant Barbara S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproductive data compiled from the International Clouded Leopard Studbook revealed that 75% of all litters were born to females between one and five years of age. Sixty‐three percent of the males had sired litters by four years of age with reproduction declining after six years of age. Sixteen zoological institutions surveyed worldwide contributed estrous cycle data from 28 clouded leopards. Sexual maturity (age at first estrus) for these females ranged from 17 to 28 months of age with a mean estrous cycle length of 29.9 ± 13.8 days. The mean length of estrus was six days. Gestation length ranged from 85 to 121 days (X̄ = 93.4 ± 6.3). There was a significantly higher incidence of estrus in fall and winter compared with spring and summer over latitudes ranging from 36°–45° and 51°–55° (P < .005). Mating occurred in all months except June and October, and cubs were produced in all months except December. The highest frequency of mating occurred during the month of December corresponding with a birth peak in March.
Pathogenesis of hemosiderosis in lemurs: Role of dietary iron, tannin, and ascorbic acid
Authors: Spelman Lucy H. , Osborn Kent G. , Anderson Marilyn P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractClinical disease associated with excess iron deposition (hemosiderosis) in the duodenum, liver, and spleen occurs in captive lemurs. In this report we review the occurrence of hemosiderosis and related disease in the Zoological Society of San Diego lemur collection; we then define and describe potential pathogenic factors with the goal of establishing rational husbandry methods to limit or prevent the disease. At the San Diego Zoo, all 49 lemurs necropsied since 1968 were hemosiderotic, the severity increasing with increasing age; liver and kidney disease were common. Our review of iron metabolism, current knowledge on the pathogenesis of hemosiderosis in humans, and the diets of captive and wild lemurs reveals several key dietary substances that may contribute to lemur hemosiderosis: iron, tannins, and ascorbic acid. In captivity, excess dietary iron (commercial monkey chow) and high levels of ascorbic acid (citrus fruits) lead to enhanced iron uptake and increased toxicity of stored iron due to free radical formation. In the wild, lemurs have an unusual preference for leaves, fruits, and bark high in tannin, a polyphenolic secondary plant compound that rapidly chelates iron, protein, and minerals in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, preventing their absorption. These findings suggest that hemosiderosis in captive lemurs results from a diet high in iron, high in ascorbic acid, and lacking in tannin. Immediate correction of captive diets may limit hemosiderosis in lemurs in the future.
Genetic investigations and pedigree analysis in captive barbary sheep (Ammotragus lerviapallas 1777)
Authors: Schreiber Arnd , Matern Bernd 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe electrophoretic variation of blood proteins (hemoglobin, transferrin, adenylatekinase, and phosphoglucomutase) was studied in a population of 21 barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) living at Frankfurt Zoological Gardens. A polymorphism in hemoglobin was sufficient for pedigree analysis in most cases. It could be demonstrated that one female Barbary sheep cared for a lamb that genetically was not its own descendant. “Mismothering” has also been reported from domestic sheep. We suggest this to be critical when basing pedigree assumptions for stud‐book purposes merely on behavioral evidence. Biochemical pedigree control is recommended for the genetic management of endangered social caprines during bottleneck phases of population recovery.
Gene survival in the Asian wild horse (Equus przewalskii): II. Gene survival in the whole population, in subgroups, and through history
Authors: Geyer Charles J. , Thompson Elizabeth A. , Ryder Oliver A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn populations with a known pedigree, exact joint probability distributions of numbers of surviving of genes from each founder can now be calculated for moderately large complex pedigrees (1,000–2,000 individuals and much inbreeding). The usefulness of such calculations is shown by our analysis of gene survival in the Asian wild horse (Equus przewalskii), a species now extinet in the wild with a captive population with 1,516 individuals in the known pedigree (12 generations). We calculate the genetic diversity of subsets of the current population interesting to the North American Species Survival Plan, trace the loss of genetic diversity in this species through its history in captivity, and determine genetically important individuals in the North American population—those with relatively high probabilities of having unique copy genes (genes not found in any other living individual in North America).
Effect of lead on blood protoporphyrin levels of a group of ring teal ducks (Callonetta leucophrys)
Authors: Passer Eugene L. , Leinaeng Rudean H. , Birmingham Lennel W. , Cruz Hector , Dupervil Chantale , Persaud Elizabeth J. , Dolensek Emil P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis research determined the relationships between blood lead level and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPROTO), protoporphyrin IX (PROTO), and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels in a group of 18 ring teal ducks. Blood samples were drawn from two groups of ring teal ducks as part of the routine health maintenance program of the New York Zoological Park. One group of six teals had been exposed to what is believed to be lead‐contaminated dust, while the second group of twelve teals was unexposed. Blood samples were analyzed for lead by flameless atomic absorption and for protoporphyrins by fluorescence. Blood lead level and log blood lead level had positive correlations with each of the protoporphyrins: the logarithmic correlations were better than the nonlogarithmic correlations, and PROTO correlated better than ZnPROTO. With one exception, PROTO levels were higher than ZnPROTO levels. The results suggest that PROTO, FEP, or ZnPROTO could serve as a biological indicator of lead poisoning in ring teal ducks.
Development of coordinated singing in a newly formed siamang pair (Hylobates syndactylus)
Authors: Maples E. G. , Haraway M. M. , Hutto C. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe study traced the development of coordinated singing in a newly formed male‐female siamang pair. Forty‐five song bouts were observed during 18 wk following the pairs' initial introduction to one another. Of particular interest was the development of vocal coordination between pair members in the great‐call sequence of the duet. The percentage of successfully completed great‐call sequences rose from 24% for the first three sessions to 79% for the last three sessions. Types of “errors” that led to incomplete great calls were identified. The two most common errors were: uninvited female high‐bark series, which accounted for the premature termination of 30% of the great‐call attempts during the first three sessions and of 11% of the attempts during the last three sessions, and a premature male ululating scream and/or locomotion call, which accounted for the premature termination of 34% of the great‐call attempts during the first three sessions and of 5% of the attempts during the final three sessions. The fully coordinated great‐call sequences that finally developed closely resembled the siamang great‐call sequence described by Haimoff (Behaviour 76:128–151, 1981; Semiotica 68:89–120, 1988). The role of experience in the development of vocal coordination is discussed.
Menstrual cycle characterization and artificial insemination in the black mangabey (Cercocebus aterrimus)
Authors: Calle Paul P. , Chaudhuri Minu , Bowen Richard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConcentrations of immunoreactive estrone conjugates, pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide, and luteinizing hormone were measured and indexed to creatinine in daily urine samples from three female black mangabeys (Cercocebus aterrimus). Daily observations of menstruation and perineal tumescence were recorded. The mean ± SEM lengths of the menstrual cycle [apparent cycle length of 26.0 ± 0.8 days determined by observation of intermenstrual intervals (n = 26); physiologic cycle length of 31.3 ± 5 days determined by urinary endocrine analysis (n = 4)], follicular phase [16.5 ± 4 days (n = 4)], and luteal phase [14.8 ± 1 day (n = 4)] were determined. The apparent cycle length is probably more accurate.Perineal tumescence began during or shortly after menstruation, increased concomitantly with increasing follicular phase conjugated estrone values, and reached maximal size in the periovulatory period. Ovulation was closely followed by a drop in conjugated estrone levels, an increase in urinary pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide, and perineal detumescence. Peak concentrations of conjugated estrone and luteinizing hormone values were coincident. Pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide accurately reflected luteal function in the black mangabey.Knowledge of the menstrual cycle parameters and their correlation to perineal tumescence was used to time artificial inseminations. Semen was obtained by rectal electroejaculation. Coagulum and extended semen, or trypsin‐digested coagulum, were used for insemination. One insemination of trypsin‐digested coagulum at the external os of the cervix resulted in a probable conception, follówed by apparent abortion after 3 weeks.
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: VI. Pregnancy detection in exotic equidae
Authors: Czekala Nancy M. , Kasman Lonnie H. , Allen Jack , Oosterhuis Jim , Lasley Bill L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe measurement of serum and urinary estrone sulfate (ES) was evaluated on random single samples for the detection of pregnancy in the Przewalski's horse (PRZ) and Hartmann's mountain zebra (HMZ). Pregnancy was detected by ES analysis of urine or serum in the PRZ and HMZ by at least 8 and 10 months before delivery, respectively. The values of ES in both serum and urine are shown at various stages of gestation. Results indicate urinary ES analysis is a noninvasive early diagnosis for pregnancy in these species.
Gorilla adaptations to naturalistic environments
Authors: Ogden Jacqueline J. , Finlay Ted W. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the past few decades there have been increased investigations into the effects of captive environments on behavior. Simultaneously, zoological gardens have undergone a revolution in philosophy and design, resulting in a proliferation of “naturalistic” habitats. Complex environments such as these have been found to affect the behavior of captive animals favorably, including increasing reproductive and rearing success, encouraging the expression of species‐typical behavior patterns, and decreasing abnormal behaviors. In June 1988, Zoo Atlanta completed four naturalistic habitats for western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). These new habitats afforded a unique opportunity to study the adaptation of lowland gorillas to novel, naturalistic habitats. During the first year of habitation, a total of 451 hours of data were collected on 11 gorillas housed in three harem groups. Focal animal sampling with a behavioral change scoring system was used to obtain information on behavior, substrate, environmental components utilized, and location in sun or shade. Instantaneous scans at 15 minute intervals provided information on location and behavior of all individuals. Adaptation to the environments was assessed by using the indices of: time spent manipulating objects across the course of the study, the percent of the habitats utilized, and the dispersal of individual animals over the habitats. Trends in these behaviors indicated that exploration of the environments significantly decreased, but that this decline in exploration took over six months to occur. Several interpretations of these findings are presented including the unfamiliarity of these naturalistic habitats to these subjects.
Procedures for improving maternal behavior in captive chimpanzees
Authors: Hannah A. C. , Brotman B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive female chimpanzees who have had no opportunity to observe mothers with infants or to interact with infants often show inappropriate maternal behavior, particularly with their first‐born infant, and this usually results in the removal of the infant to be human‐reared. The present study used two techniques to encourage appropriate maternal behavior in ten pregnant female chimpanzees. These females were housed together with unrelated infant chimpanzees to adopt, or with lactating female chimpanzees and infants to observe. In five cases both techniques were used, in two cases only the first technique was used, and in three cases only the second technique was used. All ten female chimpanzees showed appropriate maternal behavior when their infants were born, in contrast to a group of eight female chimpanzees who had no such experience whose infants had to be removed for human‐rearing. It is suggested that these techniques, or adaptations of them, could be applied to many other captive female chimpanzees with similar results.
Brief threatening events beneficial for captive tamarins?
Authors: Moodie Eleanor M. , Chamove Arnold S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo evaluate speculation indirectly suggesting that brief arousal may be beneficial to animals, 39 cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) living in 4 large families were observed (a) after normal husbandry procedures that excite them (capture and brief removal of infants or older monkeys), (b) after exposure to an over‐flying bird model, and (c) compared with control days in which neither of the above occurred. Both arousal conditions caused a decrease in play and locomotion, and an increase in grooming and contact during the remainder of the day. These behavioral changes are similar to the patterns reported as positive effects of enrichment but are dissimilar to negative effects of long‐term stressors reported. The pattern of changes in studies of enrichment and of stress enables more objective evaluation of ambiguous events.
Sexing greater flamingos by weight and linear measurements
Authors: Richter Nadine A. , Bourne Godfrey R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe sex of 59 adult Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus L.) was determined by laparoscopic exam of the gonads. Concomitant body weight (kg) and linear measurements (mm) of the culmen (bill), tarsus, middle toe, and wing were taken and compared for males vs. females. Although an overlap between sexes existed in all measurements, males on average were larger than females. Student's t‐test indicated significant sexual differences for all five measurements. Thus, weights and linear measurements—especially tarsus, middle toe, and wing length—appear to be a useful parameter in determining an individual's sex in lieu of laparoscopic, feather pulp, blood chromosome, or fecal steroid analysis.
Cryogenic preservation of semen from the Aleutian Canada goose (Branta canadensis leucopareia)
Authors: Gee George F. , Sexton Thomas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAleutian Canada geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia) were inseminated with frozen‐thawed semen containing 6% or 7% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) resulting in 32 fertile eggs and 17 goslings; with 7% DMSO, 19 of 31 eggs were fertile. Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE), adjusted to 270 ± 30 mOs and 7.5 ± 0.4 pH, was used to dilute semen samples and the DMSO before cryopreservation. About half of the live spermatozoa in the fresh semen (92.9 ± 2.5% live cells, laboratory studies; 87.3 ± 7.3%, insemination trials) survived the freeze‐thaw process (46.7 ± 7.8%, laboratory; 33.3 ± 17.8%, insemination trials). Samples of frozen‐thawed semen contained a greater percentage of bent spermatozoa (27.1 ± 8.4% of live cells) than fresh semen (14.4 ± 3.0% of live cells). Fecal‐ and urate‐contaminated semen (a common problem when collecting goose semen) reduced the sperm motility score from 3.2 ± 0.6 to 2.7 ± 0.7 and number of live spermatozoa in frozen‐thawed semen from 49 ± 9% to 24 ± 18%. Other variables examined that had less of an effect on semen quality included semen extenders, semen holding temperature, dilution and equilibration, relationship between hour of semen collection and level of semen contamination, and the relationship between season and sperm concentration.
Captive reproduction in Heermann's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys heermanni
Authors: Roest Aryan I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper summarizes 8 years of captive breeding experience with the endangered Morro Bay kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis) and the non‐endangered Lompoc kangaroo rat (D. h. arenae), a related form used as a surrogate. Kangaroo rats are aggressive and must be caged individually; copulation can only take place when the female is in estrus. The estrous cyle varies, but is usually 14–17 days long; gestation averages 31 days. Data on development of the young, animal health, mortality, and longevity are presented. The productivity of this project is compared with that of another long‐term kangaroo rat breeding project in terms of the number of young produced per female per year. A captive breeding program can be initiated with 40–50 reproductive animals as a founder group.
Assessing reproductive status in orang‐utans by using urinary estrone
Authors: Masters Anne M. , Markham Rosemary J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe aim of this work was to compare normal menstrual cycle patterns of urinary estrone excretion in orang‐utans with those of an orang‐utan in her late 40s, an orang‐utan before and after rehabilitation for anorexia, and an orang‐utan during prolonged lactation. A detailed menstrual and sexual activity record was kept for each orang‐utan subject. Urine samples for estrone radioimmunoassay were collected daily for two cycles whenever possible. “Mawas,” in her late 40s, was monitored for two cycles in each of 3 successive years. While the normal pattern of estrone excretion was initially seen, some of the later cycles were shorter and appeared to lack the large luteal‐phase peak. “Puspa,” anorexic and amenorrhoeic at the age of 9½ years, had very low urinary estrone concentrations. After rehabilitation, followed by a late menarche, she had regular menstrual cycles with a normal estrone excretion pattern. She gave birth to a normal infant in 1990. “Puteri,” who had been lactating for 2 years, had consistently low estrone concentrations during an 8‐week monitoring period, with no evidence of cyclic variation in estrone excretion. Daily urinary estrone measurements, together with observation, were found to be useful in assessing the reproductive status of orangutans.
Normalizing laboratory‐reared rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) behavior with exposure to complex outdoor enclosures
Authors: O'Neill P. L. , Novak M. A. , Suomi S. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn comparison with standard laboratory settings, naturalistic environments typically provide nonhuman primates with increased visual, olfactory, and auditory stimulation and greater opportunities for exploration and manipulation. Although behavioral differences between monkeys reared in the laboratory and their feral counterparts are relatively well documented, less is known about the impact of transferring laboratory‐born and ‐reared primates to outdoor settings. Of particular relevance is whether lab‐reared primates retain the ability to respond in a species‐specific manner to environments designed to mimic certain features of natural habitats and if short‐term transfers have beneficial consequences. The present study compared the behavior of two groups of laboratory‐born juvenile rhesus monkeys reared in an identical manner. One group was then transferred to an outdoor, apparatus‐enriched corncrib adjacent to a semiwooded pasture. The other group remained indoors in a standard laboratory pen. Both groups were observed for 6 weeks prior to the transfer, during the 9‐week period of transfer, and for 6 weeks after the outdoor animals were returned to their laboratory cage. During their outdoor experience, corncrib‐housed subjects responded with higher locomotion and exploration scores. Animals housed in the outdoor corncrib also showed a decline in self‐oral behavior which persisted even upon return to the laboratory environment. These data suggest that juvenile monkeys can benefit from brief exposure to enriched outdoor settings.
Founder contribution and pedigree inference in a captive breeding colony of lion‐tailed macaques, using mitochondrial DNA and DNA fingerprint analyses
Authors: Morin Phillip A. , Ryder Oliver A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive colony genetic management is dependent on knowledge of the colony pedigree. In most zoos, records for colonies held prior to the past decade are incomplete or nonexistent. We have used a nested set of molecular techniques to infer genetic relationships in a colony of 15 lion‐tailed macaques after twenty years of unmonitored reproduction. The troop was first divided into lines of matrilineal descent using mitochondrial DNA RFLP patterns. Paternity and maternity were then assigned on the basis of DNA fingerprint analysis. As mtDNA is maternally inherited, it is of no use in paternity assessment, but enabled subdivision of the colony into maternal lines. DNA fingerprinting would have been of little use by itself because of high levels of relatedness in several generations of offspring within the colony. The combination of the two techniques, however, enabled strong inference of both paternity and maternity in all cases. These data were instrumental in the inclusion of this troop in the AAZPA Species Survival Plan.
An automated assay for fecal estrogen conjugates in the determination of sex in avian species
Authors: Tell L. A. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecently captive propagation of psitticines has become necessary in order to preserve and breed endangered species. As habitat destruction increases and importation restrictions become more stringent, the need for a reliable and noninvasive technique for sex assignment is essential to improve the productivity of breeding and raising birds in captivity. One aspect of breeding is the proper assignment of breeding pairs; however, sex identification can be challenging due to the lack of sexual dimorphism in approximately 30% of all avian species. Historically, visual, behavioral, surgical, cytogenetic, and endocrine methods have been utilized in sex identification of avian species; however, the practicality, safety, and reliability of these techniques have been questioned. Therefore, there remains a need for an accurate, simple, and non‐invasive method to identify the sex of monomorphic birds so that the formation of breeding pairs and the success of breeding programs is facilitated. The data in this study support the concept that an automated fluorescence‐immunoassay which measures fecal estrogen conjugates can have an 87% success rate in determining the sex of psitticines, as demonstrated with cockatiels, while offering the advantages of non‐invasiveness, simplicity, and speed.