bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bell Inequalities
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a detailed discussion of Bell inequalities and their experimental tests. Starting from the Aharonov-Bohm version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, we review EPR’s criteria for realism and completeness and Bell’s locality condition, before deriving the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. This is followed by an exposition on Bell’s original inequality and other Bell inequalities by Wigner, as well as Clauser and Horne. We then discuss the milestones in the experimental violation of Bell inequalities, from the experiment of Freedman and Clauser in the 1970s, to the efforts of Aspect et al. in the 1980s, the experiments by the teams of Zeilinger and Gisin in the 1990s, and culminating the loophole-free tests in 2015. Finally we turn to a brief discussion of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, focusing on contrasting the realist views held by, e.g., Einstein and Bell, and the informational views with proponents such as Brukner and Zeilinger
Entanglement and Separability
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives a detailed overview of entanglement for pure and mixed states. We begin with the Schmidt-decomposition theorem, which allows us to associate the subsystem mixedness of pure state with entanglement. We discuss the purification of mixed quantum states, the convexity of the set of separable states, and entanglement as a form of correlation. As an example we examine the Bloch decomposition for two qubits. For the detection of entanglement the Peres-Horodecki criterion is introduced, before we analyse the relation between entanglement and non-locality via the CHSH-Operator Criterion and the family of Werner states. We further consider Tsirelson’s bound and hidden non-locality. We then discuss important mathematical tools for entanglement detection, including the positive-map theorem, the Størmer-Woronowicz theorem, and the reduction criterion. In this context we examine the family of isotropic states. Finally, the Weyl states provide an example for which we study the geometry of two-qubit entanglement
High-Dimensional Quantum Systems
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 17 deals with the description of high-dimensional quantum systems and entanglement between them. We start with the generalized Bloch decomposition and present several useful options for the choice of operator bases, including the generalized Gell-Mann basis, the polarization-operator basis, and the Weyl-operator basis. We apply these bases for the example of isotropic two-qudit states and for the detection of bound entanglement for systems of two qutrits. We then turn to the problem of detecting entanglement in high-dimensional systems. For this purpose we review mutually unbiased bases and employ them for entanglement detection. We then discuss entanglement detection using entropic uncertainty relations, before we show how to obtain lower bounds on pure-state fidelities, on the entanglement of formation, and on the Schmidt number from measurement in pairs of mutually unbiased bases
Multipartite Entanglement
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a closer look at entanglement in multipartite systems. An examination of pure tripartite systems serves a starting point from which we discover the equivalence classes of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states and W states. We then continue with the mixed-state case and discuss the notions of full separability, partition-separability and biseparability versus genuine tripartite entanglement, before stating the GHZ theorem in the formulation following Mermin. For systems of three or more parties we then formulate the definitions for k-separability and genuine multipartite entanglement (GME), as well as for k-producibility and entanglement depth, followed by prominent examples for GME states such as the generalized GHZ states and Dicke states. We give an overview of the problem of detecting GME using various linear and non-linear GME witnesses, lifted witnesses, PPT mixers, before discussing challenges for the characterization and quantification of multipartite entanglement. We close by analysing the phenomenon of entangled entanglement.
Quantum Measurements
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we first review projective or von Neumann measurements from the point of view of the projection postulate and the Lüders rule, before turning to more general measurements modelled using positive operator-valued measures (POVMs). After examining their mathematical description, we discuss symmetric informationally complete (SIC) POVMs and Zauner’s conjecture, as well as the representation of POVMs as projective measurements on a larger Hilbert space, a result called Naimark dilation. We then a model for non-ideal projective measurements and analyse the properties of such measurements in relation to the properties unbiasedness, faithfulness, and non-invasiveness of ideal projective measurements. Finally, we consider the problem of distinguishing non-orthogonal quantum states and examine how the use of POVMs can be beneficial for this task.
Quantum Metrology
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 24 provides a compact introduction to the topic of quantum metrology, focusing on Hamiltonian parameter estimation in the frequentist and in the Bayesian paradigms. We first discuss how estimates of non-directly measurable quantities such as phases are obtained from measurement statistics in the frequentist approach. We then discuss the Cramér-Rao bound and the Fisher information and study single-qubit phase estimation in the light of this result. We then turn to the multi-qubit setting and discuss the quantum Cramér-Rao bound, for which the quantum Fisher information is the central quantity of interest. In this context we discuss the Uhlmann fidelity in detail. We further contrast Heisenberg scaling with the standard quantum limit in the phase-estimation scenario. Finally, we analyse phase estimation in the Bayesian-estimation approach and derive the van Trees inequality as a Bayesian version of the Cramér-Rao bound
Quantum States of Light
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we collect a number of key elements of quantum optics relevant for quantum information theory. We begin by discussing the quantization of the electromagnetic field in terms of harmonic oscillators with ladder operators and the corresponding Fock space. Based on this description we introduce Glauber’s coherent states and examine their properties as proper quantum analogues of the classical harmonic oscillator. We then study the description of states of light in a quantum-mechanical phase space by employing quasi-probability distributions such as the Wigner function. With these tools at hand we then focus on the family of Gaussian states and their compact description in terms of covariance matrices and vectors of first moments. We review the formalism of Gaussian operations, symplectic operations, the Williamson normal form, and the Bloch-Messiah decomposition. Finally, we take a look at entanglement of Gaussian states.
Particle Physics—Bell Inequalities
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the phenomenology of K mesons, or kaons, and the possibility of Bell-inequality violation in systems of K-meson pairs. To this end we first study their properties and features: strangeness represented by the strange quark, the violation of the charge-conjugation parity (CP) symmetry, strangeness oscillation, and regeneration. These interesting phenomena emerge from the fact that the strangeness eigenstates, CP eigenstates, and mass eigenstates are not the same, as well as from the interplay of the strangeness-conserving and CP-conserving strong interaction and the weak interaction which violates these conservation rules. We then examine the quasi-spin analogy of K mesons and the correlation functions for entangled K-meson pairs. After concluding that the physical measurements possible for K-mesons do not allow a direct violation of Bell inequalities such as the Uchiyama-Bell inequality we identify the CP violation as an indirect violation of Bell inequalities.
Particle Physics—Entanglement and Decoherence
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we revisit the creation of an entangled kaon state where the particles comprising the relevant pair propagate in to opposite directions. Experimental tests of Bell inequalities in particle physics are difficult and feature loopholes for local realistic models. Although such Bell tests are of fundamental interest, the examination of entanglement rather than non-locality for meson-antimeson pairs might be more feasible. To examine the possibilities and challenges for such tests, it is useful to study possible mechanisms for decoherence that might influence the quality of the entanglement. We consider possible decoherence effects arising from interactions of the quantum system with its environment: strong-interaction scatterings of kaons with nucleons, weak-interaction decays, as well as experimental noise. We concentrate on a specific model of decoherence developed by Bertlmann and Grimus that allows us to quantify the strength of such possible decoherence effects by the data of existing experiments
Effect of Valproic Acid on Promoting the Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Into Cholangiocyte-Like Cells
Authors: Deng Shuai , Zhao Xiaoyu , Kou Ziyan , Zhu Yanlun , Zhang Xuerao , Chan Hon Fai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cholangiocytes form a complex 3D network of bile ducts in the liver and contribute to liver function. The damage or destruction of cholangiocytes can lead to biliary diseases, and the shortage of cholangiocytes remains an obstacle for drug development targeting biliary diseases. Valproic acid (VPA) is a potent activator of Notch signaling pathway that is essential for cholangiocyte differentiation. Here, we report a VPA-based approach for cholangiocyte differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. VPA activated Notch2 expression and upregulated HES-1, HEY-1, and Sox9 gene expression in hESC-derived hepatoblast. After 7 days treatment, VPA promoted successful differentiation of hepatoblast into cholangiocytes expressing cholangiocyte marker genes (AE2, AQP1, CFTR) and proteins (CK19 and CK7). In addition, the differentiated cholangiocytes formed bile duct-like structures after implantation into the spleen of NOD/SCID mice. Our results suggested that VPA can promote hESC differentiation to cholangiocyte-like cells. The induced cholangiocytes may serve as a potential cell source for both in vitro modeling and regenerative therapy of cholangiopathies. The findings can also support further development of small-molecule based differentiation protocols for cholangiocyte production.
Evaluation of recombination detection methods for viral sequencing
Authors: Jaya Frederick R , Brito Barbara P , Darling Aaron E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recombination is a key evolutionary driver in shaping novel viral populations and lineages. When unaccounted for, recombination can impact evolutionary estimations or complicate their interpretation. Therefore, identifying signals for recombination in sequencing data is a key prerequisite to further analyses. A repertoire of recombination detection methods (RDMs) have been developed over the past two decades; however, the prevalence of pandemic-scale viral sequencing data poses a computational challenge for existing methods. Here, we assessed eight RDMs: PhiPack (Profile), 3SEQ, GENECONV, recombination detection program (RDP) (OpenRDP), MaxChi (OpenRDP), Chimaera (OpenRDP), UCHIME (VSEARCH), and gmos; to determine if any are suitable for the analysis of bulk sequencing data. To test the performance and scalability of these methods, we analysed simulated viral sequencing data across a range of sequence diversities, recombination frequencies, and sample sizes. Furthermore, we provide a practical example for the analysis and validation of empirical data. We find that RDMs need to be scalable, use an analytical approach and resolution that is suitable for the intended research application, and are accurate for the properties of a given dataset (e.g. sequence diversity and estimated recombination frequency). Analysis of simulated and empirical data revealed that the assessed methods exhibited considerable trade-offs between these criteria. Overall, we provide general guidelines for the validation of recombination detection results, the benefits and shortcomings of each assessed method, and future considerations for recombination detection methods for the assessment of large-scale viral sequencing data.
Anastomotic Leakage in Relation to Type of Mesorectal Excision and Defunctioning Stoma Use in Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Rutegård Martin , Svensson Johan , Segelman Josefin , Matthiessen Peter , Lydrup Marie-Louise , Park Jennifer ,   On Behalf of the RectoLeak Study Group
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND:
Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer is more common after total compared to partial mesorectal excision but might be mitigated by a defunctioning stoma.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim is to assess how anastomotic leakage is affected by type of mesorectal excision and defunctioning stoma use.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective multicenter cohort study evaluating anastomotic leakage after anterior resection. Multivariable Cox regression with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals was employed to contrast mesorectal excision types and defunctioning stoma use with respect to anastomotic leakage, with adjustment for confounding.

SETTINGS:
This multicenter study included patients from 11 Swedish hospitals between 2014 and 2018.

PATIENTS:
Patients who underwent anterior resection for rectal cancer were included.

MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES:
Anastomotic leakage rates within and after 30 days of surgery are described up to one year after surgery.

RESULTS:
Anastomotic leakage occurred in 24.2% and 9.0% of 1126 patients operated with total and partial mesorectal excision, respectively. Partial compared to total mesorectal excision was associated with a reduction in leakage, with an adjusted HR of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.29–0.74). Early leak rates within 30 days were 14.9% with and 12.5% without a stoma, while late leak rates after 30 days were 7.5% with and 1.9% without a stoma. After adjustment, defunctioning stoma was associated with a lower early leak rate (HR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.28–0.77). However, the late leak rate was non-significantly higher in defunctioned patients (HR 1.69; 95% CI: 0.59–4.85).

LIMITATIONS:
This study was limited by its retrospective observational study design.

CONCLUSIONS:
Anastomotic leakage is common up to one year after anterior resection for rectal cancer, where partial mesorectal excision is associated with a lower leak rate. Defunctioning stomas seem to decrease the occurrence of leakage, though partially by only delaying the diagnosis
Top 100 Most Cited Articles in Mohs Micrographic Surgery: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Pakhchanian Haig , Aizman Leora , Raiker Rahul , Ng Elise 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
Bibliometric analysis is a scientific method that can derive insights into major publications' trends within a field. Currently, no bibliometric study has been conducted for Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS).

OBJECTIVE
To characterize the most frequently cited articles in MMS.

METHODS
Web of Science was used to identify the 100 most cited publications on MMS between 1970 and 2022. Articles were analyzed by title, authorship, institution, journal, year, citation frequency, originating country, funding, citation index, Altmetric score, impact factor, Eigenfactor score, and article influence score.

RESULTS
Since January 2023, the top 100 articles had 9,096 total citations, ranging from 47 to 304. The top cited publication was “Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal-cell carcinoma” in 1989. The top contributing organization was Harvard University (17%) and top contributing authors were Brodland, DJ (12%) and Zitelli, JA (11%). The year 2005 accounted for most of the articles (12%). Most articles were from the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (32%) and Dermatologic Surgery (27%). The United States contributed to 76% of the top articles.

CONCLUSION
This bibliometric analysis offers researchers a detailed overview of important MMS publications and provides useful data into current findings steering MMS research and practice.
Surgical management of a giant kidney tumor weighing 9.2 kg
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Chandra Vipin , Ahmad Parvez , Rizwi Kashif 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Giant renal tumors are very rare, and they present with abdominal distension without any other symptoms. Complete resection of the tumor is the only curative treatment if metastasis is excluded. We present a case of a giant kidney tumor weighing 9.2 kg removed surgically in toto.
Robotassisted abdominal surgery in children less than 5 months of age: Retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jin Yi , Cai Duote , Zhang Shuhao , Luo Wenjuan , Zhang Yuebin , Huang Zongwei , Chen Qingjiang , Gao Zhigang 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Robot-assisted surgery is increasingly used in children. While robot-assisted surgery in children has been proved to be safe and feasible, use in infants is controversial. The purpose of this study was to present a study of robot-assisted abdominal surgery in children < 5 months of age.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective analysis of 111 patients < 5 months of age who underwent abdominal surgery from April 2020 to December 2022 in our hospital. The data included clinical information, operative details, and postoperative outcomes.

Results:
Among these 111 patients, 67 underwent robot-assisted surgery and 44 underwent laparoscopic assisted surgery, the robot-assisted group includes 40 patients with Hirschsprung disease, 20 patients with choledochal cysts, and 7 patients with intestinal duplication, the laparoscopic assisted group includes 26 patients with Hirschsprung disease, 9 patients with choledochal cysts, and 9 patients with intestinal duplication. For Hirschsprung disease, the operation time was significantly longer (P=0.013) and the intraoperative bleeding was significantly less (P=0.000) in the robot-assisted group than the laparoscopic assisted group. For choledochal cysts, the median operation time of 180 mins for the robot-assisted group was not significantly longer than the laparoscopic assisted surgery group at 160 mins (P=0.153). For intestinal duplication, the operation time was significantly longer (P=0.002) in the robot-assisted group than the laparoscopic assisted group. For these three diseases, the hospitalization expense was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the robot-assisted group than the laparoscopic assisted group, there were no significant differences in complications, and postoperative fasting time between two groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Robot-assisted abdominal surgery in children < 5 months of age is safe and feasible. This study showed that the surgical indications for the Da Vinci robot system in children can be extended to infants.
The application and therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin type a (BTX-A) in the treatment of patients with pain after cancer treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Shuzhai , Peng Shixuan , Chen Fuchun , Zeng Bin , Zhang Zen , Zhang Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is a potential treatment for cancer pain. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness and safety of BTX-A in the treatment of pain after cancer treatment.

Patients and methods:
Systematic searches of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were conducted. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of BTX-A compared with either placebo or active treatment in patients with pain after cancer treatment were included. The outcomes included pain intensity, quality of life, and adverse events.

Results:
This systematic review included four studies of which 2 were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with a placebo, BTX-A injection in patients with pain after cancer treatment had a clinically meaningful reduction in self-reported pain post-treatment (mean difference=−1.79 [95% confidence interval (CI), −2.14 to −1.43], P＜0.00001, I²=0%).

Conclusion:
This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that BTX-A is safe and effective for pain relief in patients with pain after cancer treatment.
Perspectives of Ethnically and Racially Diverse Nurse Faculty on the Success of Ethnically and Racially Diverse Nursing Students
Authors: Hankins Simona 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Ethnically and racially diverse (ERD) nursing students experience unique challenges in the educational environment. Existing research on perspectives of ERD nurse faculty, with emphasis on their perceptions of the factors that support the academic success of ERD nursing students is limited.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to explore factors that contribute to the success of ERD nursing students as perceived by ERD nurse faculty.

Methods:
This qualitative study was conducted utilizing a focused ethnography design and methodology, with the theoretical underpinning of Critical Race Theory.

Results:
Twelve themes emerged relating to support, resources, relationships, faculty hiring practices, program structure, instructional content, flexibility, and culture of the educational environment.

Conclusions:
The perspectives of ERD nurse faculty provide an essential body of information that program administrators, faculty, and staff can utilize to positively impact the academic success of ERD nursing students.
Conjoined Free Fibula Transplantation and First Carpometacarpal Joint Prosthesis for Functional Thumb Reconstruction—A Case Report
Authors: Rein Susanne , Geister Daniela , Kremer Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Background
Giant cell tumors grow locally invasive with osseous and soft tissue destruction, requiring wide resection to avoid recurrence. Stable reconstruction of the first carpometacarpal (CMC-1) joint remains a challenge due to its high range of mobility. The latter is of paramount for the functionality of the hand.

Purpose
Therefore, the aim of this study was to report our approach for a combined reconstruction of the first metacarpal and the CMC-1 joint.

Methods
A 58-year-old woman underwent wide resection of a benign giant cell tumor at the base and shaft of the first metacarpal of the left thumb. Because of the loss of the CMC-1 joint and the instability of the thumb, an osseous reconstruction using a vascularized fibular graft combined with a TOUCH Dual Mobility CMC-1 prosthesis was performed to reconstruct the CMC-1 joint.

Results
Osseous healing was observed after 3 months. No tumor recurrence and good joint function were documented at the follow-up investigation after 1 year. The patient reported only minor restrictions during activities of daily living. Thumb opposition was possible with a Kapandji score of 8/10. A slight pain while walking remained as a donor-side morbidity at the right lower leg.

Conclusion
Metacarpal reconstruction with vascularized fibula bone grafts allowed a combined joint reconstruction with a commercially available prosthesis, which is an approach to restore the complex range of motion of the thumb.