bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early postoperative management
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The nursing staff at the paediatric intensive care unit will establish full monitoring as soon as the child arrives. Drug infusions and fluid therapy are then continued as the child’s condition dictates. The basic monitoring set-up is the same as for adults. The child is connected to the ventilator to be mechanically ventilated with the same fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2 or percentage oxygen) as in theatre. The anaesthetist should review the ventilator setting before connecting the child to the ventilator. Pressure-limit ventilation is used in most neonates and infants up to 10 kg (with an inspiratory pressure of 20-25 cmH2O, a positive end-expiratory pressure of 3-5 cmH2O, an inspiratory time of at least 0.7 s, and an appropriate rate obtained by controlling the expiratory pause). For older children, volume control ventilation can be used with a tidal volume of 10-15 ml/kg at an appropriate rate. Ensure that the patient is being ventilated adequately as shown by equal chest excursion, satisfactory oxygen saturation, and, later, by blood gas analysis.
Obesity, lipid metabolism and its disorders (Physiology)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
are mainly digested in the stomach such as the triglycerides are converted to cholesterol in the gut lumen c form micelles with the bile salts P are absorbed mainly along the duodenum Q are absorbed by a carrier-mediated transport process involving sodium ions are normally over 95% absorbed on a moderate fat diet reach the general circulation via lacteal vessels of the lymphatic system c are generally transported in the blood in association with lipoproteins are removed from lipoproteins by the action of endothelial lipoprotein lipase if present in excessive quantities in the circulation are usually associated with obesity
Recovery and street fitness
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The speed of initial recovery from general anaesthesia is due to drug redistribution. It bears little relationship to elimination of anaesthetic and sedative drugs. Some intra venous agents have active metabolites which can cause sedation after discharge from hospital. Sedatives and anaesthetic drugs may impair psychomotor skills. Studies have shown reductions in performance after outpatient anaesthesia. After anaesthesia or sedation patients must be looked after in a dedicated, properly staffed recovery area. The anaesthetist must stay with the patient until he or she responds to commands, protective reflexes have returned, and breathing and circulation are stable. Patients should remain in hospital under supervision for at least two hours after general anaesthesia. Fitness for discharge should be decided by a qualified person. The patient must be given verbal and written instructions on postoperative care, and arrangements for follow-up.
Analgesia
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Local anaesthesia is a valuable adjunct in certain injuries. Care must be taken not to mask important physical signs such as those of compartment syndrome. Analgesics must be administered intravenously in small increments until the required response is obtained. Opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective analgesics which can be given parenterally. Antiemetics may be needed in some patients. Entonox is a useful rapid acting agent for brief procedures. Paediatric doses of analgesic drugs should be calculated using the weight of the child.
Local anaesthesia: principles and practice in the A & E department
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Obtain a brief medical history and record medication and allergies, since these may affect the choice of local anaesthetic drug or technique Double-check the drug labels before drawing up the solution, particularly if adrenaline is contraindicated Before injecting any local anaesthetic check the maximum dose which may be used and be particularly careful in children Local anaesthetic should always be injected slowly Stop injecting immediately if the injection becomes painful or the patient develops symptoms of toxicity, such as tinnitus or tingling around the mouth
Brigadier Sinclair on the Continent
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the war ground to a halt during 1945, much of the Continent lay in ruins. The people of Great Britain suffered terrible hardship and loss during the war, but did not starve. In fact, under Lease-Lend, American food aid produced a healthier population than had been seen for years. Now, the people of these islands would be called upon to help feed the starving on the Continent, and this would eventually include the Germans. Hard times and hard feelings were certain to follow.
Game to the last
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The International Congress on Essential Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes held in 1980 celebrated the 50th anniversary of two apparently unrelated events: the discovery of essential fatty acids by George Burr, and the discovery of powerful hormone-like substances, called prostaglandins, by the Swedish scientist, Ulf Svante Hansson Von Euler. By the time of the conference, there was increasing evidence that essential fatty acids were precursors of prostaglandins, giving these delicate fats new scientific importance.
Novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors: focus on imatinib and gefitinib
Authors: Lakhai Wandena S , Beijnen, Jos H , Schellens Jan H M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Signal transduction is the chemistry that allows communication at the cellular level. Cells sense signals from both the outside environment and other cells, and in response they regulate all aspects of cell function. Receptors are pivotal in signal transduction pathways. Binding of ligands to receptors leads to a conformational change in the receptor that initiates signalling. The final response of the cell can be metabolism, cell division, death, survival, differentiation, or movement. Receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins that can be divided into those that contain a tyrosine.
Cardiac Hypertrophy In End-Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Rigatto Claudio , Parfrey Patrick S , London Gérard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is highly prevalent among patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). It may present as concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) or LV dilatation with or without compensatory parietal hypertrophy. These abnormalities result in varying degrees of diastolic and systolic dysfunction which in turn predispose to congestive heart failure, a strong independent predictor of early death among dialysis patients. These structural alterations are now known to begin in the pre-dialysis phase, progress in parallel with the deterioration of renal function, and partially regress subsequent to renal transplantation.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Authors: Brown Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unique among the neurodegenerative diseases, the spongiform encephalopathies are transmissi- ble, either experimentally or as a result of cannibalistic, iatrogenic, or zoonotic infections in humans. First described in the 1920s by Creutzfeldt and Jakob, whose names memorialize its most common form, human spongiform encephalopathy is now recognized to include four other distinctive syndromes: kuru, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia, and the recently described ‘new variant’ of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). Scrapie, an endemic disease of sheep and goats, is reliably recorded to have existed in Europe since the mid-1700s (Brown and Bradley 1998), and has since spread to many other parts of the world; in more recent times, a spongiform encephalopathy (chronic wasting disease) has been recognized to be endemic in some species of deer and elk living in the western United States.
Practical issues in the management of early onset dementia
Authors: Gregory Carol A , Lough Sinclair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers a number of practical issues encountered in the management of patients with dementia. The first section considers issues in the management of challenging behaviour. The second examines the advice patients and their families often require regarding driving, legal, and financial matters. As a dementing illness progresses disruptive or challenging behaviours often emerge. It is well established that behavioural disturbances are common in dementia (Hope 1992). Often it is repeated exposure to a sufferer’s challenging behaviours that leads the carer to initiate contact with the medical services (Silver and Yudofsky 1987). Coping on a daily basis with challenging behaviours is a major cause of carer stress (Gilleard et al. 1984). Whilst many carers, both informal and formal, can manage the physical or labour-intensive chores of their role, attempting to deal with disruptive behaviour often leads to extreme strain and intolerance and this can result in the institutionalization of the sufferer (Pearlin et al. 1990).
Non-Transitional Cell Carcinoma Of The Bladder
Authors: Amin Mahul B , Tamboli Pheroze , Ro Jae Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most common carcinomas of the urinary bladder, up to 90%, arise from the urothelium and are referred to as urothelial or transitional cell carcinomas (TCC). While transitional cell carcinomas predominantly occur in organs lined by urothelium, the other carcinomas of the urinary bladder are also seen at diverse sites in the body. The other carcinomas include squamous cell carcinoma and its variants, adenocarcinoma and its variants, and undifferentiated carcinomas such as small cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, and giant cell carcinoma (Table 7.1).
Clinical Presentation And Investigation Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Stein John P , Skinner Donald G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Approximately 75–85% of patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder present with low-grade tumours confined to the superficial mucosa. The risk of superficial recurrence in those patients with bladder tumours confined to the mucosa is 75%, with the majority of these cancers amenable to initial transurethral resection and selected administration of intravesical immuno-or chemotherapy (1–4). However, 20–40% of all patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder will either initially present with, or develop an invasive carcinoma of the bladder. Furthermore, it has been reported that nearly 50% of these patients treated locally for invasive bladder cancer die of metastatic disease within 2 years of therapy (3). This obviously underscores the need to have a clear understanding of the clinical presentation of patients with bladder cancer, as well as the appropriate investigation (radiographic and cystoscopic evaluation) of this disease. Only with a better understanding of the clinical presentation and appropriate staging of this disease will the urologist be able to diagnose and effectively treat bladder cancer at an early curable stage in the hope of providing patients the best possible survival.
Staging Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Farrugia David , Oliver R Timothy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last five decades have seen a gradual evolution of systems used for the staging of bladder cancer. These systems are still undergoing changes as it is increasingly realized that close correlation between pathological and clinical staging is required, and that staging should distinguish between patients requiring different approaches to therapy. Additionally, the desire to have one internationally acceptable and universally applicable staging system continues to gain momentum.
Helpline queries: the issues
Authors: Burn Loïc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the services offered by the NBP A is a helpline which responds to your telephone queries and your letters. Over the years, much material has accumulated and this has been assessed by Myrad Kinloch. We are grateful to her and to the NBPA for allowing access to this information, which forms the basis of the statements in this and the next chapter. The information gives a clear picture of the main concerns you have (particularly with regard to chronic back and neck pain) and of the frequency with which these worries are raised. In many ways it is a record of your life with pain.
A critical appraisal of the factors associated with fatigue
Authors: Richardson Alison 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The factors that cause fatigue and the exact mechanisms responsible for its production, sustenance, or amelioration are not well understood. However, multiple correlates and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature and integrated within models of cancer-related fatigue. These were introduced and discussed in Chapter 1. Such models have been developed by nurse scientists and scholars from complementary disciplines whilst attempting to understand the fatigue experienced by both healthy and acutely or chronically ill client populations.
Cancer cachexia and anorexia and their role in cancer fatigue
Authors: Castro Mónica , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cancer cachexia is one of the most devastating effects of cancer and an independent negative predictive factor for treatment outcome (Capra et al. 2001) and survival (De Wys et al. 1980; Vigano et al. 2000; Tilignac et al. 2002) in advanced cancer patients.
General practitioners and counselling in primary care
Authors: Cocksedge Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The GP hit'i a unique place in society tn the UK. He nr she has traditionally been the 'gate keeper’ to the British XI IS and, as such-, the first port of call for anyone needin” non-emergency access to medical care of any description. GPs form a (generally; valued part of all comniunitie's in the UK. The strength of this system of primary care lies in the immediate local accessibility and availability of health care professionals who will often have a loiwa-terni relationship with, a it d knowledge of, lhe individual and their social and family context.
Africa
Authors: Nafcker Sarala 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Africa is a vast and diverse continent comprising 53 countries and approximately 760 million people. It extends over 30 million km2 and is home to people of different ethnic origins, religions and languages. Continuing global population growth and rapid urbanization has forced many millions of city dwellers to live in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, where lack of clean water and inadequate sanitation foster breeding grounds for infectious diseases. Migration and the mass movement of mil lions of refugees or displaced persons from one country to another, as a result of wars and civil turmoil, have added to the problems of overcrowding and poverty.
Perthes disease: natural history, results of treatment, and controversies
Authors: Herring J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not difficult to discuss controversies concerning Legg-perches disease-in fact, it is hard to find a topic which is not controversial! The natural history of the disorder has long been considered to be one of benign resolution in the majority of hips, with only a few having long-term disability. With modem studies the picture has changed and we now know that about half the patients will develop degenerative disease by their sixth decade of life. Methods of classification have evolved and will continue to do so.
The hip in neurological diseases
Authors: Bennet George C , palsy Cerebral 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In any condition one must measure the results of treatment by their effect upon the natural history of the condition. However, present therapy for cerebral palsy is based upon incomplete knowledge. It is only when one reviews the literature in a short time for a project such as this that one realizes how deficient it is. The scientific standard of papers is low. There are no prospective trials.
Management of the infected total hip arthroplasty: o North American perspective
Authors: McAlinden M Govan , Masri Bossom A , Duncan Clive P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is recognized as one of the great successes of orthopaedic surgery. However, when infection occurs, it remains one of the most devastating complications of this operation. Despite early reports of an unacceptably high infection rate (nine out of 109 patients (9 per cent)),’ use of modern prophylactic measures, which may include prophylactic antibiotics, laminar-flow ventilation systems in the operating theatre, and all-enclosing exhaust suits, has led to a fall in the rate of infection after primary THA to less than r.5 per cent in series from specialist centres and state registries.
Psychological therapies and approaches in dementia
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the most common and widely practised therapies for people with dementia: behaviour therapy, reality orientation, validation, reminiscence and life review. While behaviour therapy is a direct method of intervening with people displaying challenging behaviours, other approaches aim to reduce the incidence of challenging behaviours by promoting higher levels of contentment, orientation and social interaction.
Training carers in behavioural management skills
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of Florence Nightingale’s (1859) major tenets was that good nurses did not arise through experience or inborn traits but through explicit teaching. Nurses needed to have knowledge in order to perform the functions and skills expected of them. Modem nursing continues to accept this principle, but its application in geriatric nursing has been minimal.
Health economics and patient choice
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economics is fundamentally concerned with choice and decision making, and seeks to encourage and influence choices to maximize consumers’ (and therefore society’s) objectives from the limited resources available. Much of economic theory and empirical work is concerned with measuring consumers’ preferences, the influences on decision making, and analysis of the informational asymmetries between economic ·actors’ (Gravelle and Rees 1992). In health care, this includes examining the choices made by health care consumers and providers. Economics therefore has much to say about information, choice, and decision making in health care.
Evidence-based patient choice in secondary care
Authors: Rosenberg William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The problems faced in secondary care differ in many ways from those seen in primary care. Patients first encounter secondary care in two settings, the outpatient clinic and the emergency room. In either situation the portents preceding that first hospital consultation carry a greater burden of expectation and anticipation than most primary care consultations. Often the primary care professional will have talked to the patient about their clinical problem. the likely content of the hospital consultation, and possibly even a description of the hospital setting and staff. The patient will arrive primed with ideas, concerns, and expectations, partially shaped by their previous experiences and a range of opinions coming from sources as diverse as their primary care team, their friends, and the daily media. Because of the magnitude of the step undertaken when entering the secondary care consultation, the patient entering outpatients arrives carrying a bundle of issues in addition to their clinical problem. All of these must be addressed if their experience of secondary care is to be beneficial.
The physician’s Viewpoint
Authors: Gerrard David F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If really truthful, most physicians will acknowledge that their medical under graduate years were gross]y deficient in clinical sports medicine training and even more bereft of any understanding for the emotional needs of the athlete after the unexpected intrusion of injury or ill-health. The responses of the athlete to injury have been widely observed and well described and vary from absolute frustration to depression and uncontrollable anger.(Some have even compared an athlete’s reaction to injury to a process of grieving a significant personal loss.
Neurolytic coeliac plexus block (NCPB) for cancer pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. Based on data from uncontrolled trials, neurolytic coeliac plexus block is an effective method for relieving pain associated with pancreatic and non-pancreatic intra-abdominal malignancies, with approximately 90% of patients achieving at least partial pain relief short term (two weeks) and long term (three months and beyond). There appears to be no added benefit from NCPB with any form of radiological guidance. Common transient adverse effects were local pain, diarrhoea and hypotension. More severe adverse effects included neurological and non-neurological adverse effects, both of which occurred in 1% of patients.
Economic evaluation techniques
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic evaluations seek to aid the comparison of alternative treatments within and across programme areas. This chapter discusses some of the different economic evaluation techniques, and focuses on the normative issues associated with their use in informing resource-allocation decisions. The various economic evaluation techniques focus on those attributes of health care programmes that can be classified as costs and benefits. Clearly, if there are no expected benefits from a programme, there is no point in providing it (hopefully nobody would disagree with us on this). The importance of costs is obvious to economists. Resources are scarce, and they will therefore always have an alternative use. The so-called ‘opportunity costs’ refer to the ‘benefits foregone’ from the best alternative use of the resources spent. What seems to be less obvious to economists, though, is to under- stand why in some situations people would neglect the relevance of cost differences—something that will be discussed in Chapter 8. Also in Chapter 8, we will discuss other relevant aspects beyond those that can be squeezed in under the headings of costs or benefits.
The prognosis of hysteria/somatization disorder
Authors: Ron Maria A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neurological symptoms for which no adequate physiological explanation can be found are subsumed under the diagnoses of hysteria and somatization disorder. Controversy remains as to the causal mechanisms, but more is known about their clinical course and comorbidity. In this chapter, follow-up studies of unexplained neurological symptoms are reviewed, including those dealing with childhood presentations. The evidence from these studies suggests that the diagnosis of hysteria/somatization disorder is stable over time when detailed investigations are performed to exclude the presence of neurological disease. These studies also suggest that the prognosis is similar for different unexplained symptoms and that the chances of recovery are higher for young patients, with symptoms of recent onset, while those with personality disorders and chronic symptoms are likely to do worse. The aetiological implications of these findings and the use of health resources by these patients are also discussed.