bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal Data Localization and Sovereignty along Asia’s New Silk Roads
Authors: Greenleaf Graham 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on countries at the heart of both the traditional and the modern “Silk Roads.” It considers only one type of ‘”data,” personal data, and thus its focus is on data privacy laws. Data privacy laws can affect “sovereignty” in a variety of ways, all of which I argue can be related to the concept of data localization. The new Silk Road, like its historical predecessor, starts in China and proceeds primarily to the west and the southwest through two closely related Chinese initiatives, the “Belt and Road” and the “Digital Silk Road.” This chapter therefore considers what impact data localization is having on the data privacy laws of the countries of Central Asia and South Asia in closest proximity to China, some of which also have very strong historical and cultural ties to the Russian Federation.
Lessons from Internet Shutdowns Jurisprudence for Data Localization
Authors: Park Kyung Sin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Internet shutdowns is a state action terminating the interactive communication among its subjects either entirely or partially. Robust jurisprudence already established on internet shutdowns can lend itself to the task of finding a stable norm for evaluating data localization schemes. Data localizations have been roundly criticized as barriers to trade. However, as shown in this chapter, the applicable WTO trade norms, namely free flow of information, do not produce a stable norm for justifying or evaluating data localizations. For one, WTO rules are subject to exceptions such as protection of public morals, life, health, and privacy under which cross-border acquisition or transfer of data can be readily restricted. It is important to produce an effective norm; otherwise it allows the race to the bottom: As shown in this chapter, claims of digital sovereignty by one country (e.g., United States) ends up rationalizing and thereby escalating other countries’ (e.g., China) localization efforts. It is important to find a coherent, unified international Internet governance norm under which data localization schemes and other data sovereignty claims can be properly evaluated. As much of data sovereignty or digital sovereignty implicates greater censorship, benign or baneful, human rights are viewed as a source of norm for evaluating data localization in this chapter. Then, the human rights jurisprudence on internet shutdowns can be an important source to extrapolate from to achieve such governance norm.
The Burden of Pandemic Life for Families With Young Children
Authors: Mortensen Jennifer A. , DeFlorio Lydia , Burnham Melissa M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses family systems theory to explain the burden of the pandemic on families with young children, particularly mothers. During COVID-19, mothers have been disproportionately overwhelmed with child care and schooling and have been forced to make difficult choices about their own careers. This has caused unprecedented instability within families, particularly for mothers of color. A family systems approach explores the processes by which parents and children operate and are interconnected within the family unit. Mothers and young children experience pandemic-related stressors within the family system and actively work as a unit to adapt and function within pandemic life. It is critical to understand these systems-level processes because pandemic-related chaos within the family unit has the potential for deleterious effects on mothers’ mental health and parenting capabilities. Moreover, and perhaps most importantly, future research on children’s outcomes postpandemic must be situated within family systems-level processes to best understand how to support young children’s development and education within this uncharted context.
The Central Topics of Nyāya
Authors: Dasti Matthew R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies the Nyāya tradition of thought set against Buddhism and other classical Indian schools of philosophy. It frames the logic and critical reasoning that are central to Nyāya in the light of precursor traditions of thought in India while interpreting them as a comprehensive approach to knowledge. Unpacking Nyāya epistemology, the chapter analyzes it as a version of “reliabilism,” which is the notion that justification is a function of the efficacy of the process that produces cognition. The chapter also examines Nyāya arguments for a self in the light of the anti-self polemics championed by Buddhists.
What Does Directed Digital Dissidence Look Like?
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3, we explore the empirical evidence of a consistent flow of critical information. Existing research and the results of our survey support the premise that many Chinese citizens distrust local government. We also have evidence that support for local-level protest is common. It is here we observe the consequences of the state using dissidence for strategic gain. To observe the effect of this directed digital dissidence, we present the results of a mediation model. This model shows that if the central government is allowing digital dissidence to flow when it is aimed at the local government, their strategy is working. Our results indicate that heightened internet use increases the odds of exposure to dissidence, which lowers trust in local government. Consequentially, it also stimulates support for local-level protest directed at local governments.
The Digital Dissident Citizen
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we build a profile of wall jumpers. Our data indicate that there are a multitude of reasons citizens jump the wall. One motivation is to seek out political information or consume foreign news media, but these are by no means the only reasons. Citizens may also jump the wall seeking domestically banned foreign entertainment content. American television is popular in China. Further, some in China circumvent the filters to access common foreign social media platforms, including Instagram and Twitter. Those seeking political information or foreign news media are, at least implicitly, seeking narratives unapproved by the regime about the central state. Users may just be interested in how foreign press covers certain events or be curious about stories in the Hong Kong / Taiwan presses. Once they have jumped the firewall, users are likely to seek out a wide variety of content beyond the scope of their initial motivation. Ultimately, wall jumping exposes users to narratives about the Chinese central government that the regime would prefer they not see.
Introduction
Authors: Markin Rayna D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter defines key terms and discusses for whom this book is intended. The two overarching goals of this book are explained: (a) taking more general and abstract research findings on how the therapist–client relationship predicts the process and outcome of therapy and talking about them in more specific how, what, and why terms within a particular clinical context (i.e., psychotherapy for pregnancy loss), and (b) beginning to fill in the large gap in the literature on psychotherapy for pregnancy loss, particularly therapy approaches that consider the complex psychological sequelae that typically follow such losses. A blueprint is laid out for the rest of the book and for the organization of each chapter. Background on meta-analysis, evidence-based relationships, and the APA’s Third Interdivisional Task Force on Evidence-Based Relationships and Responsiveness is reviewed. The author discusses specific ways in which the task force’s recommendations can be implemented in psychotherapy for pregnancy loss.
Alliance Rupture and Repair Episodes in Psychotherapy for Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Markin Rayna D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief empirical review of how alliance rupture and repair episodes relate to the process and outcome of therapy, with an emphasis on understanding the rupture-repair process through an attachment framework. Evidence-based relationship principles derived from research on rupture and repair episodes in psychotherapy are then applied to the treatment of clients who have suffered a pregnancy loss. Unique dynamics specific to the experience of pregnancy loss are proposed to contribute to alliance ruptures, including (a) narcissistic injuries brought about or exacerbated by the loss of a pregnancy, (b) the tendency to invalidate or minimize pregnancy loss grief in Western societies, and (c) past attachment issues related to a lack of emotional containment, support, and understanding that have been resurrected by the experience of pregnancy loss. Resolution strategies for repairing these alliance ruptures are suggested and demonstrated in hypothetical therapist–client vignettes. Common challenges and clinical implications are offered.
Theory
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how cyber controls have changed the mechanisms of state access and control to information and presents an argument that links these technologies to the use of violent state repression. It studies how the infrastructure of online surveillance and censorship has transformed traditional forms of gathering and controlling information for the purpose of raising the costs of collective mobilization. Choosing either censorship or surveillance as a form of digital control limits the use of some forms of violence and enables the use of other forms. Overall, one expects online surveillance to support the use of targeted violence, whereas restrictions of access to the Internet are likely to occur in the context of mass repression.
Internet accessibility and targeted violence
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on within-case variation in online controls, asking under what conditions online surveillance is likely to be particularly useful for repressive governments. The chapter presents findings using an integrated database on state violence in Syria between 2013 and 2015, as well as disaggregated measures of Internet accessibility. With the help of supervised machine-learning, I analyze over 60,000 records of killings and classify them to distinguish between targeted and indiscriminate repression. Capture-recapture models are then used to account for underreporting of violence. When and where the Syrian government provides Internet access and surveils its population, repression tends to be highly targeted. Where Internet is throttled or shut down, it tends to be more indiscriminate. This relationship is mediated by local conditions that determine whether the regime is able to rely on more traditional forms of intelligence, or whether digital surveillance is likely to increase their access to information.
Core Deductive
Authors: Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we’ll take a telescopic view, classifying documents and measuring meaning over our corpora. Deductive approaches begin with a targeted meaning: we begin with a concept in mind, for example “inequality,” and then use tools to find this concept. We explore both ways of structuring classification schemes and basic methods for applying those schemes to our corpus, namely dictionary-based methods.
The anatomy of disease
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During an outbreak, information about the problematic pathogen can be used to rapidly predict and control transmission. The ‘anatomy of disease’ describes a framework for categorizing this information, including pathogen transmission modes (e.g. airborne, vector-borne, vertical transmission from parent to offspring), disease agent type (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites), disease outcomes after infection, and how pathogens enter and exit a host. This chapter also covers the timing of within-host processes, including the overlap between periods when the host is infected, infectious, and symptomatic. Finally, the chapter covers many processes that cause individual host or host species to differ in their susceptibility to infection or disease outcomes, ranging from genetics to environmental conditions to host health (e.g. microbiome, malnutrition).
Making simple predictions using models
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
All mathematical models are simplifications of complex systems, and the simplifying assumptions that are used affect models’ abilities to describe and predict disease dynamics. Dynamic mathematical models include the SIR compartmental models described in this chapter, which can be deterministic or stochastic. These models can be used to make qualitative or quantitative predictions, depending on the goals of the model. This chapter covers several simple predictions and thresholds that can be gleaned from SIR models, as well as calculations for the basic reproductive number (R0) and the effective reproductive number (Re). Predictions like these can be critical for controlling infectious diseases.
Identifying animal reservoirs during an epidemic
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Identifying the important reservoir host(s) for a given pathogen is complicated; just because a wildlife host species can be infected by a pathogen does not mean that it plays important roles in transmission to other hosts. This chapter uses several case studies to illustrate how careful surveillance programmes, genomic analyses, and experimental manipulation may be used to reveal causal associations and identify reservoir host species. This includes an overview of the Bradford Hill criteria for epidemiologic causal association. The chapter ends with examples of epidemics that were not caused by new spillover events from reservoir hosts, but rather from pathogens with long latent periods that remained dormant before re-emergence.
Climate change and emerging infectious diseases
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Climate change will impact the spatial distributions of hosts, vectors, and pathogens. Sometimes these changes will cause infectious diseases to spread or expand their ranges, whereas other times, pathogen ranges may shrink and pathogens may even become extinct. On this changing planet, some habitats may become too hot or too dry or too wet for particular pathogens, whereas some previously unsuitable habitats may change and facilitate disease transmission. To further complicate matters, it is difficult to unambiguously identify the links between infection disease and climate change. Climate change itself is the consequence of human population growth, land-use change, industrialization, globalization, etc., and thus many of these correlated drivers will impact a given area, potentially synergistically. Furthermore, long-term or baseline climate and disease data are rarely available, making it difficult to compare present-day outbreaks to historical conditions. This chapter includes several case studies where climate change has clearly impacted disease dynamics, as well as several case studies where it is difficult to determine how much of a role climate has played in comparison to other drivers of disease.
Impacts of emerging infectious disease on wildlife populations
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Parasites and pathogens can regulate host populations by affecting birth rates, death rates, and other demographic processes. Therefore, infectious disease dynamics are important for conservation biology, whether host species were endangered before a new pathogen emerged or whether the host species used to be common and is now plagued by a pathogen with persistent reservoirs. However, without long-term surveillance data, these impacts may go undocumented until a pathogen is well established in the host population, complicating control efforts. This chapter describes several emerging infectious diseases and their impacts on wildlife.
Infectious disease control
Authors: Salkeld Dan , Hopkins Skylar , Hayman David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
For disease control, the best defence is a good offence. There are many ways to prevent pathogens from spreading to new regions or spilling over into new host populations, and though prevention is neither cheap nor easy, it is cheaper and easier than controlling emerging infectious diseases. After pathogen invasion occurs, control interventions usually aim to reduce the effective reproductive rate of the pathogen (Re) to below 1, such that the pathogen will be eliminated over the long term. There are many ways to reduce Re, depending on the disease system, and this chapter organizes interventions using the BEET-IV mnemonic: Barriers, Education, Elimination/Eradication, Treatment, Isolation, and Vaccination. Since it is difficult to apply single interventions at the necessary spatial and temporal scales (e.g. reaching vaccination targets), disease control programmes are often most successful when they combine multiple control strategies.
‘Mecanicall Practises Drawne from the Artes Mathematick’
Authors: Bennett Jim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The exploits of the Elizabethan sailor John Davis established his reputation for combining a knowledge of mathematical navigation with the practical skills of an accomplished seaman. In the midst of an active life he wrote an important handbook, The Seamans Secrets, which went through many editions after its publication in 1595. Here he dealt with three types of ‘sailing’, which would now be called plane, Mercator, and great-circle sailing. In examining these and his treatment of finding the times of tides and finding the latitude, we see Davis seeking a working compromise between the understanding he wants to promote and the needs and expectations of men working at sea. The Seaman’s Secrets is a valuable commentary on the dynamic relationship between theory and practice.
What Mathematics for Portuguese Military Engineers?
Authors: Domingues João Caramalho 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
There were no explicit regulations on mathematical curricula for Portuguese military engineering education before the middle of the eighteenth century. But we may try to reconstruct their mathematical content by comparing the few textbooks published with some manuscript lecture notes, the more interesting ones dating from the 1720s and 1730s. These notes (more than printed textbooks) show a rather fuller curriculum, particularly on mathematics, from about 1720 onwards, than in the seventeenth century. This is probably related to the intention of the Chief Engineer, Manuel Azevedo Fortes, of transforming the classes on fortification into military academies, and elevating the status of military engineers.
Mathematics at the Literary and Philosophical Societies
Authors: Hollings Christopher D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, so-called Literary and Philosophical Societies (‘Lit & Phils’) emerged in many towns and cities across the British Isles. Their goal was to promote the understanding of a range of subjects at the local level, with science, broadly defined, usually being the major focus. The organizers of these societies often professed an interest in all strands of knowledge—including mathematics. In practice, however, the lecture programme of a typical Lit & Phil rarely featured topics that might permit any mathematical content, and where mathematics did appear, it was usually with a strongly practical or educational bias. Nevertheless, there are notable exceptions: the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, for instance, regularly featured lectures on mathematical topics. In this chapter, I offer a preliminary account of the handling of mathematics by a number of Lit & Phils, compare this briefly with the central position occupied by mathematics at meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and reflect on the disciplinary biases of these societies.
Assembling the Scribal Self
Authors: Gulizia Stefano 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a fresh look at the circle of the Paduan virtuoso and collector Gian Vincenzo Pinelli (1535–1601) and at his library, which held a prominent place in the European republic of letters. This library offers an ideal opportunity to locate mathematics within the culture of Counter-Reformation Italy and to study the rise and genealogy of the technical expert, seen as distinct from a courtier, during the years of Galileo’s tenure in Padua. The main claim is that early modern archives such as Pinelli’s were instruments of invention as well as formative social spaces. Attention is turned to the materiality of knowledge and information. By combining a reappraisal of key historical actors in Pinelli’s entourage with a new examination of how storing and abridgment helped a ‘mathematization’ of nature, the paper also reevaluates the role of paper technology, lists, and indexical machines.
‘All of this was born on Paper’
Authors: Morel Thomas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the mathematical operations involved in metallic mines in the eighteenth century, with the digging of the Deep-George draining tunnel (1771–1800) as its main case study. Named after George III, King of Great Britain and Hanover, this project located in the Hanoverian Harz mountains pioneered an improved, geometrical planning style. The scope of geometry in mining as it was concretely used at the time is described, underlining its legal and technical role as well as its challenges. There is a description of how surveyors designed the long-distance Deep-George tunnel with a previously unknown level of detail. It is argued that this new attitude was enabled by a number of apparently minor technical improvements while relying on an efficient, albeit elementary, set of geometrical methods. A third section shows how geometry was also used to monitor the digging operations over two decades and fine-tune the plans. The final section focuses on contemporary textbooks on mining and geometry, attempting to assess the extent to which the mobilized knowledge was actually taught and disseminated.
The Difficult Relation of Surveyors with Algebra
Authors: Heeffer Albrecht 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the thesis is proposed that old techniques from Old-Babylonian surveyors survived through oral traditions within the practices of 17th-century engineers and lay surveyors. By means of a case study on a popular Dutch book of the early 17th century it is shown that the author Hans Sybrandt Cardinael shied away from algebraic methods for solving quadratic problems and instead insisted on the use of a cut-and-paste geometry which closely resembles Old-Babylonian problem-solving and Medieval methods for very similar problems. This work, originally published in Dutch, was translated into English and German and went through several editions and thus became a tool for learning for military engineers and lay surveyor all over Europe. It is argued that the explicit insistence on avoiding algebra is not caused by a lack of mathematical knowledge but by a familiarity with and a preference for techniques from a lore of surveying practices. The proposed thesis shines some light on the late 20th-century discussion by historians of mathematics on the term ‘geometrical algebra’.