bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Authors: Ashton M J , Fenton G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous clinical studies evaluating the effects of diet and/ or cholesterol lowering drugs on reducing morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) have been performed in the previous decades. The out come of many of these trials has been reviewed by Havel (1988). These results, combined with studies of experimentally induced atherosclerosis in animals and observations from patients genetically predisposed to CHD, has led to a wide acceptance that elevated plasma cholesterol, associated with raised concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL), is linked to an increased risk of morbidity in CHD but not conclusively to mortality.
Resonant magnetic diffraction from ferromagnets
Authors: Lovesey S W , Collins S P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ferromagnetic crystals, the reciprocal lattices describing chemical and magnetic structures can overlap, bringing into play a host of interference phenomena between magnetic and charge scattering amplitudes. Of particular relevance are interference terms which are of odd order (usually linear) in the magnetic orientation, since these can be isolated in a sensitive field difference experiment. Chapter 3 was devoted to an important class of experiments, which measure the interference between non-resonant magnetic and charge scattering. In centrosymmetric crystals, such scattering is only possible when the primary beam is elliptically polarized, otherwise the charge and magnetic amplitudes are 90° out of phase and add in quadrature, with no possibility of interference.
Semiconductor Physics and Applications
Authors: Balkanski M , Wallis R F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This textbook combines a thorough theoretical treatment of the basic physics of semiconductors with applications to practical devices by putting special emphasis on the physical principles upon which these devices operate. Topics treated are the detailed band structure of semiconductors, the effect of impurities on electronic states, and semiconductor statistics. Also discussed are lattice dynamical, transport, and surface properties as well as optical, magneto-optical, and electro-optical properties. The applied part of the book treats p-n junctions, bipolar junction transistors, semiconductor lasers and photodevices, after which the subject of heterostructures and superlattices is taken up with coverage of electronic, lattice dynamical, optical, and transport properties. The book concludes with treatments of metal-semiconductor devices such as MOSFETs and devices based on heterostructures. Graduate students and lecturers in semiconductor physics, condensed matter physics, electromagnetic theory, and quantum mechanics will find this a useful textbook and reference work.
Charge Carrier Scattering And Transport Properties
Authors: Balkanski M , Wallis R F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transport properties such as electrical conductivity play a crucial role in the application of semiconductors to electronic devices. In this chapter we shall be concerned with the flow of a quantity such as electric charge in response to an externally applied force such as that due to an electric field. The carriers of electric charge of interest in semiconductors are primarily conduction electrons and holes.
Optical properties of semiconductors
Authors: Balkanski M , Wallis R F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optical properties of matter, whether in the form of a solid, a liquid, or a gas, are associated with the absorption, dispersion, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation. These processes arise as a result of the perturbation of the material system by the electromagnetic field. The perturbation can involve the electronic states or the vibrational states or both and leads to transitions between states. From calculations of the transition rate one can evaluate the parameters that characterize the optical property under consideration.
Permutation Group Sn
Authors: Stancu Fl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 the symmetric group Sn was introduced together with its basic properties. Its role in quantum mechanics was also specified. In this chapter we shall analyse the irreducible representations of Sn. by using Young diagrams (Young 1928). These diagrams play a very important role in group theory because they relate the symmetric group to some continuous groups which are also important in physics. The relation is such that one can use Young diagrams to describe representations of the symmetric group as well as of most Lie groups. The use of Young diagrams for Lie groups was initiated by Herman Weylin 1931 (see Weyl 1946). The method works particularly well for SU(l + 1) groups. For further discussion see Chapter 5.
Lie Groups
Authors: Stancu Fl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continuous groups were briefly introduced in Chapter 2 as another category of groups used in physical applications. They consist of an infinite number of elements, in contrast to finite groups, and have numerous applications in quantum mechanics and field theories. Although they have some analogies with finite groups (especially the continuous compact groups) they require a distinct treatment of their own. The most familiar example of a continuous group is the rotation group (Chapter 6). Other groups currently used in physics are the special unitary groups SU(n) (Chapter 8) and the Lorentz and Poincare groups (Chapter 7).
Newton’s Principia for the Common Reader
Authors: Chandrasekhar S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Representing a decade's work from one of the world's most distinguished physicists, this major publication is, as far as is known, the first comprehensive analysis of Newton's Principia without recourse to secondary sources. Chandrasekhar analyses some 150 propositions which form a direct chain leading to Newton's formulation of his universal law of gravitation. In each case, Newton's proofs are arranged in a linear sequence of equations and arguments, avoiding the need to unravel the necessarily convoluted style of Newton's connected prose. In almost every case, a modern version of the proofs is given to bring into sharp focus the beauty, clarity, and breathtaking economy of Newton's methods. This book will stimulate great interest and debate among the scientific community, illuminating the brilliance of Newton's work under the steady gaze of Chandrasekhar's rare perception.
The problem of the brachistochrone
Authors: Chandrasekhar S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of the brachistochrone is the following: let A and B be given points, A higher than B; and suppose they are joined by a smooth wire in the vertical plane through AB. A particle starts from rest at A and slides down the wire to B under the action of gravity. The problem is to find the curve which minimizes the time of descent. As we have stated already (p. 538), this problem* was issued by Johann Bernoulli on New Year’s Day 1697, as a challenge to ‘the sharpest mathematicians in the whole world’. Bernoulli’s principal object(?) in issuing the challenge was to demonstrate to the ‘whole world’ the superiority of the German-Swiss mathematicians.
Physical Hydrodynamics
Authors: Guyon Etienne , Hulin Jean-Pierre , Petit Luc , Mitescu Catalin D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the last twenty years, teaching and research in fluid mechanics has expanded considerably into the physics and chemistry communities, who in their turn developed new approaches to the teaching of this topic. These approaches are mainly oriented towards the comprehension of fluids of different hierarchies, the development of various experimental tools, and explanations in terms of elementary physical mechanics. Physical Hydrodynamics presents this original approach for the first time. The elementary microscopic basics of the statistical theory of fluids is discussed, as are the classical aspects of deformation and pressure and the laws of conservation. The problem of Low-Reynolds-Number Flows will be addressed, its applications to suspensions and porous media explained. A discussion of the aspects of boundary layers, high-velocity flows and instabilities conclude this presentation of incompressible fluid hydrodynamics. The present book provides a thorough introduction into the topic from a primarily physical point of view and will be a useful textbook and reference work for graduate students, lecturers and researchers.
Free electron theory
Authors: Sutton Adrian P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metals have quite different properties from insulators. Apart from their much greater electrical conductivity, metals also have a greater thermal conductivity, their surfaces, when clean, are lustrous and, on the whole, metals are much more ductile. Understanding these fundamental differences was the first challenge to be addressed by solid state theorists around the turn of the century, and indeed it can be said that these questions brought solid state physics into being. The first theory was put forward by Drude and although it was entirely classical in nature it enjoyed some immediate and dramatic successes. Acccording to this theory the electrons in the outermost shell become completely detached and are free to wander through the crystal, forming an electron gas.
Introduction
Authors: Miura Noboru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnetic fields quantize the energy states of the conduction bands and the valence bands in semiconductors. In high magnetic fields, the quantization of energy states in semiconductors becomes very prominent and the radius of the cyclotron motion of conduction electrons or the electron wave-function extension is much reduced. The quantization of the electronic states and the modification of the electronic wave function cause many new quantum phenomena in high magnetic fields. Electrons in most semiconductors possess high mobility or long relaxation time between scattering. Today, electron mobility of the best GaAs crystals reaches higher than 107 cm2/Vs at low temperatures, which corresponds to a mean free path of mm. Moreover, in most cases, the effective masses of electrons and holes are smaller than the free electron mass. These features are most favorable for observing the effects of quantization.
Cyclotron Resonance and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Miura Noboru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyclotron resonance is a powerful tool to determine the effective mass of carriers, and to study energy band structure, electronic states, electron interactions with other elementary excitations, and electron-electron excitations. There are two ways to observe cyclotron resonance. One is by fixing the magnetic field constant and varying the wavelengh of the incident eletromagnetic radiation. The other method is to sweep the magnetic field at a constant wavelength. The latter is particularly suitable for pulsed high magnetic fields, since the magnetic field is automatically swept and hits the resonance when a monochromatic light is incident on a sample. High magnetic fields are advantageous in many ways for cyclotron resonance.
Synchrotron Radiation Production and Properties
Authors: Duke Philip John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces in a thorough and self-contained way the production of electromagnetic radiation by high energy electron storage rings. This radiation, which is called synchroton radiation, has become a research tool of wide application. Physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, engineers, material scientists, and other scientific disciplines use it as a structural probe for the study of surfaces, bulk material, crystals, and viruses. Solids, liquids and gases can be spectroscopically analysed by using synchroton radiation. This book brings together for the first time the properties as well as the means of production of synchroton radiation and presents them in a coherent and clear way. It will be an indispensable reference for all those involved in modern synchroton radiation experiments.
Synchrotron radiation from dipole magnets
Authors: Duke Philip John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simplest situation in which synchrotron radiation is produced is when an electron (or a positron, which is a positively charged electron) is forced to move in a circular path by the action of a magnetic field which is uniform (has the same value) along the entire path of the electron. Let us first establish some elementary properties of circular motion. Figure 5.1 shows a right-handed coordinate system in which a small object with position vector R is moving with velocity v whose magnitude is constant and equal to ds/dt, where ds is a small distance along the trajectory (see Fig. 5.2).
High Field Superconducting Magnets
Authors: Asner Fred M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Superconducting devices, which can carry huge currents and generate strong magnetic fields without losing energy, are improving at a tremendous pace. This book provides a modern, up-to-date reference on both the physics and the technology of superconducting magnets. It is unique in combining the theoretical aspects of superconductivity, electromagnetic field theory, and the thermodynamics of helium cooling with the technological details of producing and engineering high performance superconducting materials. The book provides the reliable, expert advice for designing, manufacturing, and testing complex high field superconducting magnets of predictable performance, and it places particular emphasis on beam transport and accelerator magnets in high energy particle physics.
Manufacturing And Application Of Advanced Technical Superconductors
Authors: Asner Fred M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the hard Type II superconductors described in Chapters 2 and 3 only fine filamentary NbTi and Nb3Sn conductors are in worldwide use today as technical superconductors, where NbTi is used in 80—90% of all superconducting devices. Their manufacturing techniques and applications shall be presented with sufficient detail to help the reader in choosing a suitable superconductor for a specific application. Other cryogenic or low temperature superconductors which seem promising for future applications will be mentioned at the end of the chapter. High temperature superconductors—HTS—will not be extensively considered, notably because of their low overall current densities and the difficulty of manufacturing them in the form of long wires. However, their evolution should not be excluded, as some of them may in the future exhibit interesting properties at liquid helium temperatures. Their application to high field magnets in the more or less distant future should not be prejudiced or excluded.
Cooling Of Superconducting High Field Magnets
Authors: Asner Fred M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Efficient cooling of superconducting high field magnets is one of the pillars of any successful magnet design. Heat losses are inherent to superconductive magnet windings; they have a considerable impact on the magnet design and its ultimate performance. With respect to their duration one can subdivide the heat losses into steady state and short, transient losses. Steady state losses include the heat input to the coolant by thermal conduction and radiation between parts of the magnet at ambient (or intermediate) temperature and those at liquid helium temperature, heat deposited in the windings due to beam losses, osmic losses generated in the conductor or cable joints, ac losses due to ripples in the excitation current, and the magnetization and eddy current losses which also appear in de operated magnets during excitation and de-excitation. These losses can be calculated with reasonable accuracy and cooling systems designed for their safe elimination.
Path Integral Methods
Authors: Kashiwa T , Ohnuki Y , Suzuki M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two decades have seen a consistent growth in the significance of path integrals. They are useful in quantum as well as statistical mechanics, providing more intuitive and easier methods of handling equations than more commonly-known treatments. However, the method is still greeted with skepticism. Where has the operator ordering problem gone? Do polar coordinates work in PI, despite the fact that they cannot exist in the canonical operator formalism? Is it possible to obtain a quantum mechanics on the sphere by inserting a delta function into the unconstrained formula? This book addresses and solves these fundamental issues, and covers more recent topics, such as the lattice fermion problem in quantum theory and the Monte Carlo method in statistical mechanics.
Application to Field Theory
Authors: Kashiwa T , Ohnuki Y , Suzuki M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we apply the path integral technique to field theory. First we introduce a lattice in order to describe field variables, defined as in- finitely many degrees of freedom, unambiguously. Using a scalar field as an example, we discuss the method of effective potential, which may show the validity of the Euclidean technique. Contrary to the case of the scalar field, fermions on the lattice suffer from a peculiar difficulty: they cannot preserve the chiral symmetry that was a guiding principle for building a unified model of the weak and electromagnetic interaction. Finally the auxiliary field method, which is considerably useful in various aspects, will be presented.
Algebraic Generalization
Authors: Kashiwa T , Ohnuki Y , Suzuki M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The path integral method discussed up to the preceding section is based on Trotter’s formula (1.10) and its accuracy is of the order of Δt for the time slice Δt. This is sufficient for discussing quantum systems qualitatively. Higher accuracy of the Quantum Monte method is required for studying quantum systems numerically. In the present chapter, we explain the algebraic generalization of the path integral method. By applying the integral representations given in chapters 1−4 to such generalized product formulae, some new kinds of path integral of higher accuracy can be obtained. This is crucial when the essence of a phenomenon can be found only by increasing the accuracy of calculations. It should be emphasized that such higher order decomposition formulae to be explained in the present chapter can also be applied not only to the path integral method but to many other problems such as non-linear dynamics in Hamiltonian systems.
Introduction to Polymer Physics
Authors: Doi M , See H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A polymer is a very large molecule consisting of many atoms covalently bonded like a chain. Polymers take a random coil conformation in solution and entangle each other when the polymer concentration is high. The unique structure gives unique physical properties to polymer solutions. This book is an introduction to the modern theory of polymer physics. It describes basic concepts and methods to discuss the statistical properties of the assembly of chain-like molecules. This involves scaling theory, concentration fluctuation, gels and reptation.
Molecular motion of polymers in dilute solution
Authors: Doi M , See H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A flexible polymer molecule in solution has an extremely large number of degrees of freedom, and its shape is incessantly changing. This perpetual molecular motion can be analysed through light scattering experiments on the solution, and recently it has become possible to observe directly the motion of very large molecules such as DNA using fluorescence microscopy (see Fig. 4.1). The understanding of molecular motion in polymer solutions enables us to explain many non-equilibrium phenomena, such as diffusion, dielectric relaxation, birefringence, etc.
Molecular motion in entangled polymer systems
Authors: Doi M , See H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the concentration in a polymer solution exceeds c*, the polymer molecules will begin to overlap. In this state, excluded volume interactions, hydrodynamic interactions, and entanglement interactions all strongly affect the molecular motion, and the calculations become extremely complicated. A rigorous treatment of the entanglement interactions is particularly difficult, and an analysis from first principles is almost impossible. For these reasons, present theories of the dynamics of concentrated polymer systems are based on very rough models, which manage to capture some features of the motion very well, but cannot describe all aspects of the dynamics. Present theories of the dynamics of entangled polymer systems are based on two theories that have met with reasonable success.
Sector Theory
Authors: Araki Huzihiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous sections we treated the irreducible representation space associated with the vacuum state. In this chapter we treat other representation spaces necessary to describe particle systems with the vacuum as a background. Such representation spaces are characterized as transportable localized excitations on the vacuum background. If we assume Haag’s duality of the vacuum representation, such a localized excitation is described by a localized endomorphism of the observables and its equivalence classes correspond to different representations called sectors(eigensubspaces of the superselection rules in each of which unrestricted superposition principle holds). From the discussion about composition and conjugation of localized endomorphisms, we define the statistics (of a sector) which represents the behaviour of more than two equivalent localized excitations under permutation, and we derive the connection of spin and statistics. We also introduce the lattice of local field algebras as operators intertwining different sectors, and the gauge group acting on them. Then the local observable algebras are the gauge invariant part of the local field algebras and sectors are inequivalent representations of the gauge group. The local field algebras can be chosen to satisfy the standard commutation or anticommutation relations between space-like separated regions and we can derive the connection of spin and statistics of sectors. In this way we obtain a deep understanding of the reason why Fermi fields in spatially separated regions anticommute.
Atomic Magnetic Moments
Authors: Chikazumi Sōshin , Graham, Jr C D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the classical Bohr model of the atom, Z electrons are circulating about the atomic nucleus which carries an electric charge Ze (C), where Z is the atomic number, and e(C) is the elementary electric charge. One of the origins of the atomic magnetic moment is this orbital motion of electrons. Suppose that an electron moves in a circular orbit of radiusr(m) at an angular velocity ω(s−1) (Fig. 3.1). Since the electron makes ω/21rturns per second, its motion constitutes a current of−eω/2π(A), where -eis the electric charge of a single electron. The magnetic moment of a closed circuit of electric currentiwhose included area isS(m) is known from electromagnetic theory to beμ0iS(Wb m).
Magnetism Of Metals And Alloys
Authors: Chikazumi Sōshin , Graham, Jr C D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the metallic elements, ferromagnetism occurs only in three of the3dtransition metals (Fe, Co, and Ni), and in heavy rare-earth metals such as Gd, Th, Dy, etc. The3dtransition metals have high Curie points and exhibit ferromagnetism with large spontaneous magnetizations at room temperature, so that alloys containing these metals are used as magnetic materials in a wide range of practical applications. The carriers of the magnetism, the3delectrons, are located relatively far from the atomic core, and are considered to be moving among the atoms (or itinerant), rather than localized at individual atoms. In other words, they form a band structure. On the other hand, the carriers of magnetism in rare-earth metals are 4felectrons, which are located deep inside the atoms (see Section 3.2), so that their magnetic moments are well localized at individual atoms. We shall discuss such cases in Sections 8.2 and 8.3.