bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid‐stabilized solid‐shell model of laminated composite piezoelectric structures under non‐linear distribution of electric potential through thickness
Authors: Yao Lin Quan , Lu Li 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEighteen‐node solid‐shell finite element models have been developed for the analysis of laminated composite plate/shell structures embedded with piezoelectric actuators and sensors. The explicit hybrid stabilization method is employed to formulate stabilization vectors for the uniformly reduced integrated 18‐node three‐dimensional composite solid element. Unlike conventional piezoelectric elements, the concept of the electric nodes introduced in this paper can effectively eliminate the burden of constraining the equality of the electric potential for the nodes lying on the same electrode. Furthermore, the non‐linear distribution of electric potential in the piezoelectric layer is expressed by introducing internal electric potential, which not only can simplify modelling but also obtains the same as the exact solution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit integration and consistent tangent modulus of a time‐dependent non‐unified constitutive model
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Mukai M. , Takahashi H. , Ohno N. , Kawakami T. , Ishikawa T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper describes the implicit integration and consistent tangent modulus of an inelastic constitutive model with transient and steady strain rates, both of which are time‐ and temperature‐dependent; the transient rate is influenced by the evolution of back stress decomposed into parts, while the steady rate depends only on applied stress and temperature. Such a non‐unified model is useful for high‐temperature structural analysis and is practical owing to the ease in determining material constants. The implicit integration is shown to result in two scalar‐valued coupled equations, and the consistent tangent modulus is derived in a quite versatile form by introducing a set of fourth‐rank constitutive parameters into the discretized evolution rule of back stress. The constitutive model is, then, implemented in a finite element program and applied to a lead‐free solder joint analysis. It is demonstrated that the implicit integration is very accurate if the multilinear kinematic hardening model of Ohno and Wang is employed, and that the consistent tangent modulus certainly affords quadratic convergence to the Newton–Raphson iteration in solving nodal force equilibrium equations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐time‐step and two‐scale domain decomposition method for non‐linear structural dynamics
Authors: Gravouil A. , Combescure A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this paper we propose a method to improve the means of taking into account the specific time‐scale and space‐scale characteristics in time‐dependent non‐linear problems. This method enables the use of arbitrary time steps in each subdomain: these can be coupled by prescribing continuous velocities at the interfaces, which are modelled using a dual Schur formulation. For certain subdomains, in space, we adopt a two‐scale resolution technique inspired by the multigrid methods in order to obtain the part of the solution related to small variation lengths on a refined scale and the part corresponding to large variation lengths on a coarse scale. For non‐linear problems, we propose an algorithm with a single iteration level to deal with both the non‐linear equilibrium and the two space scales thanks to a two‐grid method in which the relaxation steps are performed using a non‐linear, preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm. Finally, we present an example which demonstrates the feasibility of the method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vector level sets for description of propagating cracks in finite elements
Authors: Ventura G. , Budyn E. , Belytschko T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA new level set method is developed for describing surfaces that are frozen behind a moving front, such as cracks. In this formulation, the level set is described in two dimensions by a three‐tuple: the sign of the level set function and the components of the closest point projection to the surface. The update of the level set is constructed by geometric formulas, which are easily implemented. Results are given for growth of lines in two dimensions that show the method is very accurate. The method combines very naturally with the extended finite element method (XFEM) where the discontinuous enrichment for cracks is best described in terms of level set functions. Examples of crack growth simulations obtained by combining this level set method with the extended finite element method are given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring decentralisation: the case of Kerala (India)
Authors: John M. S. , Chathukulam Jos 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAttempts at measuring decentralisation are still in an underdeveloped stage. The reason for this lies in the failure to devise common standards against which measurement is possible and the lack of consensus about the very meaning of decentralisation. An attempt to measure decentralisation was made by Vengroff and Ben Salem in the context of Tunisia nearly a decade ago. An expanded and adapted version of this model is used to measure decentralisation in Kerala using the same judgmental criteria that they used after involving a panel of nine experts. These experts had a fairly good understanding of the practice of decentralisation to score on the basis of the adapted criteria. An ideal form of decentralisation envisaged in this measurement exercise is devolution. It has been found that on a scale ranging between 0 and 5, the state of Kerala obtained a score of 2.00 in spite of the fact that the investment that the state had made in decentralisation has no parallels anywhere in the developing countries. Such a low score, despite the much publicised campaign for decentralisation, was due to the focus on planning rather than on decentralisation issues. Attempts to measure decentralisation will not only enable us to develop more contextually valid measures of decentralisation, but also contribute to the clarification of the concept of decentralisation, particularly by identifying aspects neglected hitherto. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partnerships between local governments and community‐based organisations: exploring the scope for synergy
Authors: Krishna Anirudh 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe utility of both local governments and community‐based organisations can be considerably enhanced when these agencies work in partnership with one another. Different roles will be played by local governments and community organisations in different types of partnership arrangements. Distinguishing among these roles helps allocate responsibilities better among the partner agencies, and it is also helpful for scheduling implementation, devising appropriate capacity building programmes and designing suitable accountability mechanisms. An analytical framework to help with these tasks is developed and presented in this article. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local government decision‐making—citizen participation and local accountability: some evidence from Kenya and Uganda
Authors: Devas Nick , Grant Ursula 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe current fashion for decentralisation is built on the assumption that it will result in decisions that reflect local needs and priorities. Yet representative democracy, through periodic elections, is a crude mechanism for establishing these needs and priorities. Most local government systems offer few other opportunities for citizens to participate, particularly for the poor, and few mechanisms of accountability. This article reviews the literature relating local level decision‐making, citizen participation and accountability. It then presents the findings of a study of decision‐making about the use of resources in a sample of municipal governments in Kenya and Uganda. Local governments in Kenya have traditionally offered minimal scope for citizen participation or accountability, but this is beginning to change, mainly as a result of performance conditions applied through the recently introduced Local Authorities Transfer Fund (LATF), together with an increasingly active civil society. In Uganda, which has undergone a radical decentralisation, there is much greater scope for citizen participation at the local level but there are still many of the same problems of local accountability as in Kenya. The article reviews some of the examples of, and reasons for, good (and bad) practice. It concludes that factors like committed local leadership, central monitoring of performance, articulate civil society organisations and the availability of information are critical. But even with these, there is no guarantee that decentralised decision‐making will be inclusive of the poor. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An introduction to Decentralized Cooperation: definitions, origins and conceptual mapping
Authors: Hafteck Pierre 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe term ‘Decentralized Cooperation’, coined in the 1980s, is interpreted differently by various organisations involved in development cooperation. However, there are points of convergence among these interpretations that suggest a common definition involving: (a) the lead actors (local governments), (b) an overarching objective (sustainable local development) and (c) the nature of activities carried out (exchanges and support). From a historical perspective, the origin of Decentralized Cooperation is two‐fold. On the development cooperation scene, the concept emerged when the array of actors involved in development projects widened as a result of major changes in aid themes and approaches. In the field of international relations between local governments, Decentralized Cooperation activities appeared as the scope of municipal twinnings also widened accordingly to involve partners from countries in development or in transition. Today, Decentralized Cooperation continues as an evolving concept located at the intersection of its two parent fields: development cooperation and international municipal relations. At this intersection, a fusion of experiences, resources and ideas is taking place. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The National Integrity System: assessing corruption and reform
Authors: Doig Alan , McIvor Stephanie 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis article builds on a Transparency International (TI)‐sponsored research study funded by the Dutch Government into the National Integrity System (NIS) in practice. The NIS is a framework approach developed by TI that proposes assessing corruption and reform holistically. The NIS not only looks at separate institutions or separate areas of activity or separate rules and practices, but also bases its perspective on institutional and other inter‐relationships, inter‐dependence and combined effectiveness. The study involved 18 countries, using in‐country researchers and an overview report. This article assesses the findings of the study to consider how the approach can work in practice, and what the approach can reveal about the causes and nature of corruption as well as the implications for reform. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Another lost decade? The future of reform in Latin America
Authors: Santiso Carlos 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe 1990s ended equivocally in Latin America. What has gone wrong? Is economic failure the cause or the consequence of the democratic decay and the erosion of governance throughout the region? The review essay revisits the debate on the intricate links between politics and economics in the second stage of reform. Moving beyond standard typologies of regime type, it explores the interactions between the quality of democratic governance and the performance of economic policy under democratic auspices, in particular its credibility. It is now amply recognized that reforms have been hindered by inefficient unreliable and unaccountable government institutions. Furthermore, the manner in which market reforms have been implemented has undermined governance and accountability. The importance of policy credibility has essentially been neglected as a pivotal condition for effective economic reform. Consequently, policymakers propose a new round of reforms, centring on strengthening the institutions of governance and modifying the incentives shaping public policy. The essay argues that restoring the credibility of policy requires a fundamental redefinition of the state and reforming the methods of government and the styles of policymaking. The defining challenge of Latin American countries is to strengthen capacity to adequately implement policy and credibly commit to policy reform. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptic 1p36.3/6q25.2 translocation in three generations ascertained through a foetus with IUGR and cerebral malformations
Authors: Cavani S. , Perfumo C. , Faravelli F. , Malacarne M. , Sogliani M. , Piombo G. , Zerega G. , Zucca M. , Dagna Bricarelli F. , Pierluigi M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHere we describe a foetus with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), cerebral malformations and a 46,XY,der(1),t(1;6)(p36.3;q25.2) karyotype owing to a familial cryptic translocation segregating in three generations. A balanced translocation was present in the mother, the maternal uncle, the aunt and the grandmother. A female first cousin with dysmorphisms, hydrocephalus and mental retardation was a carrier of a partial trisomy 1p and a partial monosomy 6q. Multiple miscarriages were present in the family pedigree. Parents of the foetus had three other pregnancies: a male with a balanced translocation, and two foetuses with 1p36.3–pter monosomy and 6q25.2–qter trisomy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Craniofacial dysmorphology and three‐dimensional ultrasound: a prospective study on practicability for prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Mangione Raphaele , Lacombe Didier , Carles Dominique , Guyon Frédéric , Saura Robert , Horovitz Jacques 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study is to compare two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional ultrasound for the visualization and diagnosis of craniofacial dysmorphism.MethodsIn this prospective study, we performed three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound following good‐quality two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound in an at‐risk population. Findings from 2D and 3D examination were noted.ResultsOur series included 41 patients. In 20 cases, 3D performed better than 2D, and in two cases 2D was more informative. In 9 cases, there was no difference between the performance of the two, and in two cases both 2D and 3D gave inadequate results. However, in 7 cases 3D images could not be obtained.ConclusionAlthough it is rarely decisive, 3D ultrasound is of interest when it comes to the precise description of craniofacial dysmorphisms and the study of the fetal ears. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of record linkage for auditing the uptake and outcome of prenatal serum screening and prenatal diagnostic tests for Down syndrome
Authors: Alberman Eva , Huttly Wayne , Hennessy Enid , McIntosh Alan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo pilot the use of linked routine records for auditing Down syndrome prenatal serum screening and diagnostic tests.MethodsThe cohort studied were 110 272 patients of 4 London maternity units that offered the Bart's maternal serum tests any time between 1990 and 1999. Audit was based on linked data derived from obstetric records, referral data on maternal serum screening and/or prenatal diagnoses. Cytogenetic reports without matching obstetric data were retained in the cohort as they included fetal deaths or terminations.Results(1) Significant independent influences on uptake of serum screening (58% overall) were maternal age, ethnicity, year and referring hospital, and those on uptake of prenatal diagnosis (4% overall) were screening result (54% uptake after positive screen), maternal age, year and referring hospital; (2) detection, false‐positive rates and odds of being affected after positive results were respectively 49%, 4% and 1 : 59 between 1990 and 1994, and 78%, 7% and 1 : 58 after 1994. Using maternal age alone (cut‐off ≥37 at delivery), these would have been respectively 40%, 7% and 1 : 96 between 1990 and 1994, and 40%, 9% and 1 : 107 between 1995 and 1999.ConclusionsOngoing audit of DS prenatal programmes could be derived from computerised maternity data sets if they included fetal deaths, and relevant laboratory and ultrasound findings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracranial hemorrhage progressing to porencephaly as a result of congenitally acquired cytomegalovirus infection—an illustrative report
Authors: Moinuddin Asif , McKinstry Robert C. , Martin Kimberly A. , Neil Jeffrey J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo report ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a fetus with intracranial hemorrhage and porencephaly, presumed secondary to intrauterine cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.MethodsA 20‐year‐old, G2, P1 woman presented at 28.6 weeks' gestation after ultrasound examination demonstrated apparently isolated fetal ascites. Evaluation included maternal serology, amniocentesis, and repeated ultrasound examinations. Fetal MRI evaluation was also performed. The infant was born at 35 weeks' gestational age.ResultsMaternal serology was positive for CMV IgG. Intrauterine CMV infection was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). At 31.6 weeks' gestation, ultrasound demonstrated borderline lateral cerebral ventriculomegaly. MRI of the fetal brain on the same day demonstrated parenchymal hemorrhage in the right posterior temporal and parietal regions along with mild ventricular enlargement. Sonography one day before delivery revealed brain parenchymal cystic change consistent with porencephaly of the right posterior temporal and parietal region. Postnatal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and MRI confirmed the diagnosis of a porencephalic cyst communicating with the posterior body of the right lateral ventricle. Placental pathology was consistent with CMV infection.ConclusionThis case report illustrates that fetal MRI is a useful adjunct in the evaluation of intrauterine infection with CMV. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethmocephaly caused by de novo translocation 18;21—prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Goldstein Israel , Weissman Amir , Brill‐Zamir Ronit , Laevsky Ilana , Drugan Arie 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEthmocephaly is a rare anomaly associated with partial failure of cleavage of the prosencephalon. Morphologically, it is closely related to cyclopia. We present an extremely rare case of ethmocephaly diagnosed in utero and caused by an unbalanced de novo translocation 18;21. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound evaluation of fetal nasal bone at 11 to 14 weeks in a consecutive series of 1906 fetuses
Authors: Viora E. , Masturzo B. , Errante G. , Sciarrone A. , Bastonero S. , Campogrande M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of nasal bone ossification as a marker for trisomy 21 at 11 to 14 weeks' gestation in an unselected obstetric population referred to our Centre.MethodsA total of 1906 consecutive fetuses undergoing nuchal translucency scan at 11 to 14 weeks' gestation were evaluated for the presence of hypoplasia/absence of nasal bone. The data obtained were correlated with fetal karyotype.ResultsA successful view of the fetal profile was obtained in 1752 fetuses (91.9%). The nasal bone was hypoplastic/absent in 12 of 19 fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities. There were 10 cases of trisomy 21, in 8 of which hypoplastic/absent nasal bone was observed. Furthermore, absence of nasal bone was recorded in 24 of 1733 chromosomally normal fetuses.ConclusionsNasal bone evaluation may improve the detection of trisomy 21 in the first trimester in an unselected obstetric population. Although numerically limited, our experience confirms that delayed nasal bone ossification (hypoplasia/absence of nasal bone) is rarely observed in chromosomally normal fetuses (1.4%). An appropriate training of operators is mandatory in order to achieve an acceptable performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of capillary telangiectasia of the cerebellum—ultrasound and MRI features
Authors: Guibaud Laurent , Garel Catherine , Annie Buenerd , Pascal Gaucherand , François Varlet , Vavasseur Chantal , Oury Jean‐François , Pracros Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo report three cases of capillary telangiectasia (CT) of the cerebellum revealed as focal cerebellar lesions.MethodsUltrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in all cases in the prenatal period. Prenatal imaging findings were compared with either post‐mortem examination (case 1) or post‐natal MRI (cases 2 & 3).ResultsA discrepancy between a hyperechoic lesion without any mass effect on sonogram and normal T1 and T2 spin‐echo fetal magnetic resonance images was found in all cases. The diagnosis of CT was made on post‐mortem examination in case 1. Prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings were suggestive of the diagnosis in cases 2 and 3. In both cases, the pregnancy was managed conservatively and the diagnosis of CT was documented on post‐natal MRI after gadolinium injection.ConclusionThe diagnosis of CT of the cerebellum was strongly suggested in these three cases in the prenatal period by the combination of ultrasound and fetal MRI findings. In the vast majority of cases, CT has a benign clinical course and complication with haemorrhage appears to be exceedingly rare. This fact should be taken into account in the prenatal counselling. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of cavum velum interpositum cysts: significance and outcome
Authors: Eisenberg Vered H. , Zalel Yaron , Hoffmann Chen , Feldman Zeev , Achiron Reuwen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo describe a fetal cavum velum interpositum cyst (CVIC) and to review its clinical significance.MethodsDescription and follow‐up of two cases with prenatal diagnosis of a midline cyst in the fetal brain, at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center. The cases were reviewed and followed‐up by a multidisciplinary team that included sonographers, pediatric neurologists, pediatric neurosurgeons, radiologists, and clinical geneticists. Medline search of cases of cysts of the cavum velum interpositum as reported in the English literature.ResultsTwo patients referred for consultation owing to midline cysts were diagnosed with isolated cysts of the cavum velum interpositum without other anomalies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the fetal brain did not reveal any additional malformations in either case. Prenatal follow‐up showed the cysts to be stable in one case and decreased in size in the other. Postnatal neurodevelopmental outcome to date is normal. (Range of follow‐up: 6–24 months.) Eight cases reported in the literature as CVIC resulted in favorable prognosis in all without further intervention. However, one infant required ventriculoperitoneal shunting due to progressive hydrocephalus, but developed normally nonetheless.ConclusionPrenatal diagnosis of cysts of the cavum velum interpositum, which are isolated, single, stable in size, and not associated with other anomalies, is consistent with a favorable postnatal outcome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.