bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemicals
Authors: Molyneux Candido Garcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Will Brussels’ Three Big Bangs Undermine the EC’s Chemicals Revolution? Looking back on 2004 through the glasses of EC chemicals regulation, perhaps the entire year could be summed up by the following quote from a widely distributed environmental newsletter: One major achievement had been to keep the Reach talks on track amid continuing industry hostility and even suggestions that the new European Commission might withdraw its proposal. ‘Member states are now committed to Reach. We’ve made clear that Reach is here to stay—that just by making noise you can’t make it go away,’ the official said. Indeed, the year cannot be described as one of new major regulatory initiatives, but with the Commission services entrenched in defending its proposed REACH Regulation, it certainly has been a year of hard work, and slow but decisive, and sometimes controversial, progress in several important chemicals regulatory areas. This progress was attained in the shadow of three major political changes in Brussels; the ‘Big Bangs’. First, the accession of ten new Member States with a much lower level of economic development than the EC’s average; second, the election of a new European Parliament (EP); and third, the introduction of a new Commission, which has put much emphasis on the need to reinforce the Community’s competitiveness. Observers of EC chemicals regulatory policy spent the greater part of 2004 pondering how these political changes will affect the EC chemicals regulatory framework and developments, particularly, the Commission’s proposed REACH Regulation. However, the developments of the past year should not be overlooked.
Positive Risks: Taking Innovation In The Public Sector Seriously
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Dickens’ novel Little Dorrit describes the Circumlocution Office at the centre of the government machine which decided ‘what should not be done’. The office reliably killed any ideas which might make government better. Dickens reflected the conventional wisdom, according to which public organizations cannot innovate. Bureaucracies lack the competitive spur that drives businesses to create new products and services. Their rules squeeze out anything creative or original. Their staff are penalized for mistakes but never rewarded for taking successful risks. So while business develops new chips, iPods, aircraft, and wonder drugs, the slow and stagnant public sector acts as a drag on everyone else.
Open Innovation in Value Networks
Authors: Cloodt Wim Vanhaverbeke Myriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New technologies such as information and communications technology (ICT), biotechnology, or new materials are becoming an increasing powerful driving force generating competitive advantages and commercial success for companies in a wide range of industries. The complexity of new technologies often goes beyond the capabilities of individual companies (Hagedoorn and Duysters 2002) and forces innovating companies to cooperate with other firms and organizations to reduce the inherent uncertainties associated with novel product markets. Simard and West (Chapter 11) have analyzed the role of different types of networks in Open Innovation. In Chapter 12 Maula et al. have shown that central firms have to take the role of a network orchestrator in the case of the development of systemic innovations.
The nuclear controversy in the context of Iran’s evolving defence strategy
Authors: Roshandel Jalil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debates over Iran’s nuclear weapons programme are currently making headlines. The media in the United States are paying extraordinary, almost hourly, attention to a whole range of issues related to Iran, from economic sanctions to the talks with the ‘E3’ (France, Germany and the United Kingdom). In Europe there is even more interest in helping Iran avoid a United Nations Security Council decision on its nuclear programme. In the Middle East, Iran is the centre of attention not only because of internal developments, which could significantly influence the fate of democracy in the region, but also because of the concern expressed by Israel and the likelihood of a pre-emptive strike against Iran’s nuclear installations.
The EU and Iran: towards a new political and security dialogue
Authors: Quille Gerrard , Keane Rory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran have long been engaged in developing and deepening their relations. Pre revolutionary Iran was one of the first countries to attract the partnership of what was then the European Economic Community (EEC). In 1992 this relationship deepened further through a process known as the ‘critical dialogue’. The critical dialogue, while not always substantive, was more open and ambitious than the United States’ ‘dual containment’ approach to both Iran and Iraq. While many of the EU member states understood the United States’ concerns, they judged the US containment policy towards Iran to be unproductive.
Judging Rights in a Democratic South Africa
Authors: Corder* Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jim Harris had many connections with South Africa. One of his earliest published articles, which appeared in the journal of the Faculty of Law at the University of Cape Town, explored the concept of sovereign will as a conceptual metaphor, and described briefly the principles comprising the logic of legal science. The exist- ence of legality or the rule of law in apartheid South Africa was questioned in Legal Philosophies when introducing the notion of the morality of law.
Constitutionalizing the Federal Vision?
Authors: Nicolaïdis Kalypso 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 2003, after a year of intense debates, the conventioneers drafting the new EU Constitution gathered up their courage to state in its first Article that the Union ‘ . . . shall administer certain common competences on a federal basis’: Mrs Thatcher’s dreaded F word was once again out of the bottle. A few weeks later, Tony Blair and Valery Giscard D’estaing, the president of the Convention had dinner together and the genie was bottled back in—replaced by a tautological reference to the ‘community way’.
The US Supreme Court and the European Court of Justice Compared
Authors: Shapiro Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper will compare the US Supreme Court with the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). Both are courts of general jurisdiction of federal systems. Typically in continental Europe national courts are divided into three quite separate systems: a civil court system that hears disputes between private parties and criminal prosecutions, an administrative court system dealing with challenges to the lawfulness of acts of government administration, and a single constitutional court which is the only court that may deal with issues of constitutionality and deals solely with such issues. In the United States most courts, both state and federal, undertake private, criminal, and administrative adjudication and have the power to declare laws or other government actions unconstitutional.
Federalism and Democratization: The United States and European Union in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kelemen R Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an inherent tension between federalism and democracy. From the perspective of the constituent states that make up a federation, federalism constrains democracy because requirements of federal law may limit a state’s ability to adopt policies consistent with its citizens’ preferences. From the perspective of the federation as a whole, federalism constrains democracy because state governments may be in the position to block policies favored by majorities at the federal level.
Fiscal Federalism in the United States and in the European Union
Authors: Hallerberg Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One relevant comparison between the European Union and the United States focuses on fiscal relationships among different levels of government. On the European side, there is an increasingly vigorous debate about the proper design of intergovernmental fiscal relationships. Countries that adopted the euro have given up both monetary and exchange rate policies as possible tools to influence the economy. This development increases both the importance of fiscal policy and the necessity of using it.
The Production of Institutional Complementarity? The Case of North East England
Authors: Hudson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I explore the use of some of the concepts elaborated by Boyer (Chapter 2) to help account for the coevolution of the institutions of the state and private sector companies in the north east of England. The north east of England has formed a ‘laboratory’ in which experiments in institutional innovation have formed part of attempts to develop new forms of public policy in and far the region over a period of some seventy to eighty years. Boyer elaborates a range of concepts relating to varying forms of institutional relationships, ranging from strong concepts of supermodality and complementarity to weaker concepts of compatibility, hierarchy, coherence and complementarity, and related concepts of isomorphism, clustering, and coevolution that are helpful in understanding these successive institutional innovations.
The Exceptional Manager
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most businesses face the choice of either competing on the 'low road' of cost, or the 'high road' of innovation and value. Much the same goes for national economies and the UK is no exception. But how do businesses - and the people who manage them - go beyond the policy prescription and the easy exhortation to make that shift, to manage change and go well beyond business as usual? This ground-breaking book - the combined insight of some of the best minds in management, grouped together in the Advanced Institute of Management Research - does just that. It presents a clear and crisp analysis of the context and the challenge; and offers managers a range of ideas on how to develop the competences, practices and values that can make a difference. It is essential reading for policy makers, analysts, academics, and managers to be who want to make a different future.
Making a Difference
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s, the UK was known as the ‘sick man of Europe’. It had an ailing economy, a troubled workforce, and, it was generally accepted, below-average managerial capability. During the next decade, it went through something of an economic and business revolution. Many people applaud this time; others abhor it. Yet few would argue that it did not make a difference. It affected the structure of the country’s economic and financial institutions, the nature of society, the role managers play within it, and their relationship with organized labour. By the year 2000 the UK was hailed as one of the more successful economies in Europe, if not in the world. Yet there remained major challenges for the managers of the new millennium. This book is about those challenges and what managers might do to address them.
Overcoming Busyness
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lack of energetic and focused action-taking by managers is a pervasive problem in companies. Research shows that only about 10 per cent of managers take persistent and purposive action to achieve their goals. It is not that the other 90 per cent do not know what to do: most have clearly defined projects and goals and possess all the knowledge and resources they need for taking action. The problem is that, even though they know what to do, they simply do not carry it out. Over the last five years, we have researched action-taking by managers in several related projects.
The SLIP Technique as a Window on the Mental Preparation of Speech: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Nooteboom Sieb , Quené Hugo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the so-called SLIP (Spoonerisms of Laboratory-Induced Predisposition) technique for eliciting spoonerisms. This technique was introduced in 1974 and has since been used by a number of researchers to study aspects of the mental production of speech. Recently the technique has seen a revival. A major question in many of the published studies is, ‘‘What is the cause of lexical bias?’’ Lexical bias is the phenomenon by which phonological speech errors more often lead to real words than to non-words, when a priori probabilities are equal. According to some, lexical bias is caused by feedback of activation between phonemes and words (Stemberger 1985; Dell 1986), whereas others claim that lexical bias is caused by selfmonitoring of inner speech rejecting and correcting non-words more often than real words (Levelt 1989; Levelt et al. 1999). This issue is important because it reflects two different ways of looking at the architecture of the mental processes involved in human speech production. Researchers in the feedback camp believe that, although one may distinguish between different hierarchically related components of the speech-production system, such as a component for retrieving and ordering lexical items and a component for retrieving and ordering phonemes, the hierarchical relation is only partial because there is interaction in the form of immediate feedback of activation between successive components.
How Do Listeners Compensate for Phonology?
Authors: Shin Eurie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Words produced by speakers in connected speech are not identical with their intended forms; the signal that reaches the listener’s ears has undergone phonological and phonetic processes of assimilation, reduction, coarticulation, and so on, leading researchers to ask how listeners map acoustic realizations to linguistic meanings. Assimilatory processes have especially attracted researchers’ attention because these processes may result in phonemic change resulting in lexical ambiguity, which can challenge the listener’s recognition of the intended utterance. Yet human listeners generally seem to have little or no difficulty recognizing the intended forms from assimilated forms in everyday speech. Surface-form variations resulting from assimilation do not hinder communication (Koster 1987).
Child Language
Authors: Snyder William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a systematic presentation of the parametric approach to child language. Linguistic theory seeks to specify the range of grammars permitted by the human language faculty and thereby to specify the child's "hypothesis space" during language acquisition. Theories of language variation have central implications for the study of child language, and vice versa. Yet the acquisitional predictions of such theories are seldom tested against attested data. This book aims to redress this neglect. It considers the nature of the information the child must acquire according to the various linguistic theories. In doing so it sets out in detail the practical aspects of acquisitional research, addresses the challenges of working with children of different ages, and shows how the resulting data can be used to test theories of grammatical variation. Particular topics examined in depth include the acquisition of syllable structure, empty categories, and wh-movement. The data sets on which the book draws are freely available to students and researchers via a website maintained by the author. The book is written for scholars and students of child language acquisition in linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science. It will be a valuable reference for researchers in child language acquisition in all fields.
Individual rights
Authors: Gaertner Wulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 has taught us that a set of rather mild-looking conditions imposed on an Arrovian social welfare function creates the dictatorship of one person. Whenever this individual prefers any x over any y from the set of alternatives X , society prefers x over y by necessity, and this holds for all pairs of alternatives from X and for all profiles in the domain of the social welfare function. Arrow called such an individual a dictator, and most people will agree that a person with such wide-ranging power is unacceptable for a democratic society.
Cooperative bargaining
Authors: Gaertner Wulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bargaining situations are ubiquitous in our times, both in the Western and the Eastern hemisphere. Wage negotiations between a group of employers and a trade union, trade agreements between single countries (e.g. the US and Mexico) or between larger associations (the European Union and the US) or, in the political sphere, disarmament talks between East and West during the Cold War era, and, last but not least, environmental negotiations among developed nations and between developed and less developed countries, are only some examples of bargaining that have received considerable attention over the years.
The Reparations Provisions for Victims Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Rivas Gilbert Bittiand Gabriela Gonzalez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the great innovations of the International Criminal Court (“ICC” or the “Court”) is the role extended to victims. A concerted effort to establish effective international law mechanisms for the protection of the rights of victims was made during the drafting of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (the “Rome Statute” or the “Statute”), the Rules of Procedure and Evidence (the “Rules”), and the Regulations of the Court (the “Regulations”).
Under these instruments, victims will enjoy rights that have never before been incorporated into the mandate of an international criminal tribunal.
Sermons, Visions, and Dreams
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A woman got up in Chali church and told the people a dream she had. There was a huge hole, and her mother was in it cooking food. And the hole was hell. Her mother asked her to come down and eat some food. She said, no, no, I can’t come down, I am a person of Jesus now and I can’t come down where all you people are. And also, there were all these people dancing, the kind of dancing which had been going on.
Time For Extradition
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extradition legislation from the EA 1870 onwards generally required the defendant’s return to take place as quickly as possible after the Secretary of State ordered it. Section 16 and para 10 of Sch 1 to the EA 1989 gave the defendant the right to apply for discharge if he was not extradited within a certain period following the making of an order for his return, unless there was a good reason for the delay. This policy is continued in the EA 2003. The EA 2003 lays down time limits within which extradition has to take place following the conclusion of proceedings, in default of which the defendant is entitled to be discharged unless there are reasonable grounds for the delay.
Post-Surrender Matters
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UK’s involvement in the extradition process does not necessarily end with the defend- ant’s surrender to the requesting territory. As explained at para 5.77, most extradition treaties incorporate the rule of specialty and the rule against re-extradition. These rules place restrictions on how an extradited defendant can be dealt with in the requesting state. If the state wishes to try the defendant for an offence other than one for which he was extradited, or if it wishes to extradite him to a third state, then it may be necessary for it to seek the consent of the UK.
International Information Systems And Mutual Legal Assistance Institutions
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1990s the EU has been increasingly active in criminal justice matters. This chapter examines the EU bodies and systems that have developed to enable the police, judiciary and customs within the EU to exchange information concerning crime and those suspected of having committed criminal offences. The Europol Information System, the Schengen Information System and the Customs Information System are the primary means by which that information can be exchanged across borders within the EU in an effort to combat cross-border crime.
Knowledge-Based View of Radical Innovation: Toyota Prius Case
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Peltokorpi Vesa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technological changes occur through non- linear cycles of incremental and radical innovations. In addition to incremental improvements on the existing technology and technological processes, occasional radical innovations emerge, with potentially devastating effects on the old technological and even economic systems (Schumpeter 1934). While potentially providing organizations with rare and inimitable sources of competitive advantage (Barney 1991), radical innovations are characterized by high risk and uncertainty. Be- cause of the inherent uncertainty, companies tend to accumulate knowledge, techniques, and skills through incremental improvements.
Introduction
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until 1968 the English law of stealing developed in a haphazard fashion over several centuries. The common law began with a crude notion of stealing which covered only the most obvious and direct taking by one person of property which was in the possession of another. As the inadequacies of the law were exposed by the ingenuity of rogues, so the courts and, later, Parliament, extended the law to punish more sophisticated forms of dishonesty.
The Fraud Act 2006
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having received Royal Assent on 8 November 2006, the Fraud Act 2006 came into force on 15 January 2007.1 It provides, for the first time a statutory ‘general fraud offence’. It has far-reaching consequences for English criminal law’s approach to prosecuting dishonest conduct. However, not all of those consequences have, it seems, been fully appreciated by the draftsman.
The 2006 Act abolishes the eight heavily used2 deception offences in the Theft Acts 1968 and 1978, including that inserted post-Preddy by the Theft (Amendment) Act 1996. The principal replacement is the general fraud offence created by s 1 in the following terms:
Other Offences Involving Fraud
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 17 of the 1968 Act replaced ss 82 and 83 of the Larceny Act 1861 and the Falsification of Accounts Act 1875. It provides:
Where a person dishonestly, with a view to gain for himself or another or with intent to cause loss to another, —
(a) destroys, defaces, conceals or falsifies any account or any record or document made or required for any accounting purpose; or
(b) in furnishing information for any purpose produces or makes use of any account, or any such record or document as aforesaid, which to his knowledge is or may be misleading, false or deceptive in a material particular;
Making Off Without Payment
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subject to subsection (3) below, a person who, knowing that payment on the spot for any goods supplied or service done is required or expected from him, dishonestly makes off without having paid as required or expected and with intent to avoid payment of the amount due shall be guilty of an offence.
This section is ‘intended to create a simple and straightforward offence’. It deals with cases such as that of the customer in the restaurant or at the petrol station who departs without paying but it is not possible to prove that he had a dishonest intention permanently to deprive the owner at the time when he received the food or the petrol as the case may be.