bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Joy of Philosophy
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Joy of Philosophy: Thinking Thin and the Passionate Life is a return to some of the perennial questions of philosophy, questions about the meaning of life, about death and tragedy, about the respective roles of rationality and passion in the good life, about love, compassion, and revenge, about honesty, deception, and betrayal, about who we are, and how we think about who we are. It is an attempt to save philosophy from a century‐old fiber diet of thin arguments and logical analysis and recover the richness and complexity of life in thought. It tackles the question, loathed by professional philosophers but asked all too often by nonphilosophers, “Has Analytic Philosophy Ruined Philosophy?” The answer is “no,” or at least, “not yet,” but superprofessionalization and a near‐exclusive emphasis on the “thinnest” of philosophical formulations and arguments have either robbed the perennial questions of their gut‐level force or dismissed them altogether as “pseudoquestions” suited only for sophomores. This is a book that tries to put the fun back in philosophy, recapturing the heartfelt confusion and excitement that originally brings us all into philosophy. But it is not a critique of contemporary philosophy so much as it is an attempt to engage in philosophy in a different kind of way, beginning with a reevaluation of Socrates and the nature of philosophy and defending the passionate life in contrast to the calm life of thoughtful contemplation so often held up as an ideal by traditional philosophers. It includes discussions of love as a virtue, Nietzsche's Will to Power, the politics of emotion, rationality in a multicultural perspective, the rationality of emotions, and the rationality of such emotions as sympathy and vengeance, the tragic sense of life, the nature of fate and luck, the denial of death and death fetishism, the nature of personal identity in multicultural and emotional perspective, and the role of deception and self‐deception in philosophy. In short, it is an attempt to recapture the kind of philosophy that Nietzsche celebrated as a “joyful wisdom.” My concern is to break down the walls between academic philosophy and its lost audience, between thin logic and thick rhetoric, between philosophical reason and philosophical passion, between “analytic” and “continental” philosophy, and between philosophy and life. As the great Chilean poet Pablo Neruda says (of his poetry), the result is an “impure philosophy, as impure as old clothes, as a body with its foodstains and its shame, with wrinkles, observations, dreams, wakefulness, prophesies, declarations of love and hate, stupidities, shocks, idylls, political beliefs, negations, doubts, affirmations, and taxes.”
Rationality and Its Vicissitudes
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Rationality has been under attack. One of the reasons is its seeming denial or neglect of non‐Western cultures. There is also a strong pretense of rationality, evident, for instance, in the rejection of “instrumental rationality.” But recognizing cultural differences with respect to rationality does not mean embracing “relativism.” Rationality has been perverted in modern thinking, as “smart selfishness,” knowing the most efficient means to the ends of self‐interest. Rationality is ultimately the rationality of the emotions.
Deception, Self, and Self–Deception in Philosophy
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Philosophers have always condemned lying, but in philosophy, the telling of falsehoods is far more common and far more accepted than usually acknowledged. Plato defended ”the noble lie,” and the ultrarespectable English ethicist Henry Sidgwick suggested that a ”high‐minded lie might do us all a good deal of good.” Nietzsche challenged, ”Why must we have truth at any cost anyway?” The threatening nature of the truth has long been whitewashed by philosophers. Self‐deception is of particular interest, but it is not simply the application of deception to oneself. It is deception about rather than to oneself.
The Aesthetics of Music
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAttempts to give a complete account of music: its nature, meaning, and value. The book begins from an examination of sound, distinguishes sound from tone, and identifies tones as intentional (but not material) objects. Musical understanding is based in a form of imaginative perception, in which metaphors of space, weight, effort, and movement play an organising role. Musical meaning does not arise through representation, but through expression and form, both of which must be explained through a theory of musical understanding. Tonality is examined as a paradigm of musical organization, and a theory of expression advanced that gives prominence to first‐person awareness and ‘knowing what it's like’, while acknowledging that expression and musical organization are interconnected. Theories of analysis and structure, such as those of Schenker, Meyer, Lerdahl, and Jackendoff, are examined from the perspective of philosophical aesthetics, and an account given of the identity of the work of music and the distinction between work and performance. The book advances a theory of musical value and of the cultural conditions that enable a musical tradition to emerge and to convey the weight of significance that we hear when we listen to music. Listening is a kind of ‘moving with’, to be illuminated through the comparison with dancing.
Ontology
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Confronts certain puzzles raised about the nature and identity of the musical work, and dismisses these puzzles as unreal: either they concern the musical work itself, in which case they are puzzles about the metaphysical status of an intentional object, and therefore susceptible to an arbitrary solution, or they concern the sounds in which the work is heard, in which case they are simply special cases of the problems concerning the nature and identity of events.
Expression
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMusic is not representational; nevertheless, it has expressive content, and one of the perennial puzzles of musical aesthetics is to show what that means and why it is important. Certain intuitions about the matter are expounded and systematized, and tests laid down that any theory of expression must pass. In particular, expression must be connected to musical understanding: it is part of what is understood by the person who understands what he hears.
Language
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores the parallels and divergences between music and language, dismisses certain fashionable semiotic approaches, and tries to show that recent attempts to give a generative theory of musical syntax are fundamentally mistaken. Explores the suggestions that music has syntax and a rule‐guided structure, and argues that these suggestions are based on metaphors. The meaning of a piece of music is given by perception, not by convention.
Tonality
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGives an account of tonality, and why tonality is central to our musical tradition Shows that the attempt to replace tonality with atonal or serial forms of musical order threatens the foundations of musical perception, and explores the various ways in which music can depart from tonality while still maintaining its character as an object of aesthetic interest. Contains a critical account of Schoenberg's theories and of Adorno's associated socio‐cultural analysis.
Performance
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Addresses the question of the relation of the work to its performances, and the interesting puzzles concerning arrangements, versions, variations, and mistakes. Explores the cultural and historical significance of performance in creating the identity of the musical work and contains a critical account of the present vogue for ‘authenticity’. The cult of authenticity makes the relation between sound and tone, and this is explored in Ch. 2.
Culture
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMusical understanding, as described in preceding chapters, is clearly dependent on a musical culture. What exactly do we mean by culture? Ch. 15 develops a theory of culture as rooted in the religious experience, which it perpetuates in aesthetic form. Hence, culture is inherently liable to crises, as faith dwindles or vacillates. We are living through such a crisis now. It is a crisis that was radically misunderstood by Adorno, who nevertheless introduced an important element of sociological criticism into the study of musical banality. The book concludes with some pre‐modern responses to post‐modern doubts.
Strategic Interaction and Markets
Authors: Gabszewicz Jean J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Perfect competition provides a model of a frictionless economy in which economic agents behave independently of each other, abandoning to the market the task of coordinating their individual decisions. This model is extensively studied in traditional price theory textbooks.
Imperfect competition is the paradigm that develops when, on the contrary, economic agents interact in a conscious manner, which is necessarily the case when competition takes place ‘among the few’. In this system, agents act strategically, taking into account the impact of their own decisions on competitors ‘behaviour and on the price mechanism. Such situations commonly arise when firms differentiate their products, erect strategic entry barriers, or exploit the imperfect information of their customers about the price or characteristics of their product.
This book explores the theoretical richness of these economic contexts, using some basic concepts of game theory. The four assumptions underlying the paradigm of perfect competition (no barriers to entry, large number of agents, product homogeneity, and perfect information) constitute the natural departure points of the theories of imperfect competition: whenever at least one of these assumptions is violated, imperfect competition is present. The framework of the book is organized around the four corresponding themes: the role of collusion and entry barriers in the degree of market competition (Ch. 3), product differentiation (Ch. 4) and the information of agents as an instrument of competition (Ch. 5). Finally, Ch. 6 illustrates the possibility of extending the theory to a general equilibrium framework.
From Perfect to Imperfect Competition
Authors: Gabszewicz Jean J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines in turn the four assumptions defining a perfectly competitive market: a large number of buyers and sellers, no entry barrier, product homogeneity, and perfect information. Then, we state the problems arising when these assumptions are relaxed: existence of entry barriers, collusion of economic agents, product differentiation, and competition with uninformed buyers. An introduction to the basic game‐theoretic equilibrium concepts used in the book is also provided at the end of this chapter.
Product Differentiation
Authors: Gabszewicz Jean J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Abandons the assumption of a homogenous product to tackle the problem of competition among firms selling differentiated products. First, the role product differentiation is studied in the monopoly case: the problems of a monopolist selecting a ladder of substitute products, or selecting the quality of a particular product, are successively examined. Then, coming back to strategic competition, we analyse duopoly assuming that the rivals not only choose the price but also the product itself. The two cases of horizontal and vertical differentiation are considered. Also, the effects of entry are analysed in these two cases.
Imperfect Information
Authors: Gabszewicz Jean J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Concentrates on the consequences on the market solution of abandoning the perfect information assumption. Though this constitutes a broad topic not yet completely elucidated by theory, we limit ourselves to two illustrations. The first examines the effects of consumers’ imperfect information about prices on the market solution and the second is devoted to the same problem assuming now that consumers are not perfectly informed on the quality of the rival products.
No Causes in, No Causes out
Authors: Cartwright Nancy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter argues that one cannot get knowledge of causes from equations and associations alone, using critical analyses of theoretical examples in physics and of attempts in the philosophy of science and economics (e.g. Granger causality and various probabilistic theories of causality) to reduce causal claims to probabilities. Old causal knowledge must be supplied for new causal knowledge to be had. Analysis of experimental methods and actual experiments (Stanford Gravity Probe) show how this can be done.
Capacities
Authors: Cartwright Nancy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In addition to the notion of causal law, the concept of capacity, modelled on Mill's notion of tendency, is required to make sense of standard methods in econometrics and standard accounts of probabilistic causality. General causal claims are shown to be ascriptions of capacities while causal laws are local causal claims, relative to a test population. Capacities are at a higher level of modality and are not reducible to causal laws, as causal laws are not reducible to laws of association that describe mere regularities; but unlike laws of association, capacities are real.
What Econometrics Can Teach Quantum Physics: Causality and the Bell Inequality
Authors: Cartwright Nancy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter gives a concrete example of a question of current scientific interest where capacities matter: ‘Do the Bell inequalities describing
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) experiments show that causality is incompatible with quantum mechanics?’ The question cannot be answered if we rely on probabilistic theories of causality and laws of associations alone. It takes the concept of capacity and related notions of how capacities operate even to formulate the problem correctly. Econometrics models with correlated errors, it is shown, can explain the EPR results when the correlations are given a capacity interpretation.
Berkeley: An Interpretation
Authors: Winkler Kenneth P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book is an interpretation of Berkeley's immaterialism or ‘idealism’: an exposition of his arguments, an assessment of their significance, and an explanation (inevitably partial) of their content and form. In the first five chapters, I explore a range of themes that seem, on the surface, to be distant from Berkeley's denial of matter or material substance: his account of intentionality; his attack on abstract ideas; his repudiation of simple ideas; his affirmation of objective necessity; and his appeal to intelligibility in understanding cause and effect relations. In Ch. 6, I show how Berkeley's consideration of these themes shaped his defence of immaterialism. In the final three chapters, I examine some of the consequences of immaterialism and the challenges confronting it: the existence of unperceived objects; the success of modern corpuscularian science; and the nature and existence of mind or spiritual substance.
The Imaginary Museum of Musical Works
Authors: Goehr Lydia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
What is the difference between a performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and the symphony itself? What does it mean for musicians to be faithful to the works they perform? To answer such questions, Lydia Goehr combines philosophical and historical methods of enquiry. Finding Anglo‐American philosophy inadequate for the task, she shows that a historical perspective is indispensable to a full understanding of musical ontology. Goehr examines the concepts and assumptions behind the practice of classical music in the nineteenth century and demonstrates how different they were from those of previous centuries. She rejects the finding that the concept of a musical work emerged in the sixteenth century, placing its emergence instead around 1800. She describes how the concept of a work then came to define the norms, expectations, and behaviour that we now associate with classical music. Out of the historical thesis, Goehr draws conclusions about the normative functions of concepts and ideals. She also addresses current debates amongst conductors, early‐music performers, and avant‐gardists.
Objections and Clarifications
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers objections that might be raised to the wide scope of the definitional sketch of testimony in the previous chapter. Beginning with some views of Thomas Reid, the chapter criticizes the idea that scientific or other expert opinion cannot count as testimony. It then rejects philosophical claims that avowals of psychological states are not testimony. Finally, the possibility of moral expertise and testimony to moral facts is raised and given qualified support.
Testimony, Observation, and the Reductive Approach
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines Hume's influential treatment of testimony in his essay ‘On Miracles’. Hume admits the importance of testimonial knowledge but argues that we are justified in relying on testimony as an epistemic ground because we can defend this reliance in terms of more basic recourse to observation and inductive inference. Coady argues that this reductive approach is flawed because, (1) it relies for its plausibility upon a communal understanding of observation that is already testimony loaded, (2) where observation is taken as individual observation the task of justifying the extent of our reliance is impossibly difficult, and (3) the very language in which the reductive project is framed already presupposes the broad reliability of testimony.
The Analogical Approach
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Bertrand Russell recognizes the epistemological importance of testimony at the common‐sense level and also recognizes its significance in making the public/private distinction with respect to objective reality. He considers, however, that direct reliance on testimony is displaced at the higher levels of science by an analogical principle. Coady argues that Russell is unclear about the role of this principle, but that neither Russell's version, nor something similar that can be extracted from F. H. Bradley, provides a satisfactory resolution of the epistemological problem posed by testimony.
Scottish Fundamentalism
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The eighteenth‐century Scots philosopher Thomas Reid's account of testimony is one of his most interesting and original contributions. Reid's analogy between the epistemic roles of perception and of testimony is explored in this chapter and its consequences for the view that testimonial knowledge can be direct (or non‐inferential) are discussed. Coady also examines Reid's resort to epistemic first principles and his placing of reliance upon testimony amongst them.
Language and Mind
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Develops a line of criticism deployed in the discussion of Hume's reductive approach to testimony explored in Ch. 4, and argues that understanding the speech of others presupposes a significant degree of reliance upon the correctness of their testimony. This argument has affinities with some of Wittgenstein's reflections on linguistic communication, and with Donald Davidson's ‘principle of charity’ for interpretation, but is somewhat less charitable than Davidson's and allows some space for ultimate sceptical argument about the link between ‘correct’ and true belief. The presupposition argument does not by itself support a commitment to testimonial reliability as strong as our normal cognitive practices imply, but a supplementary argument from cohesion and coherence can underpin that commitment where appropriate.
Dretske's Drinker
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFred Dretske has raised an amusing counter‐example to a plausible epistemic principle of testimonial transmission—namely, that if someone knows something then, given that certain simple conditions hold, he or she can bring an audience to know that thing by telling them that it is so. Dretske's counter‐example concerns a wine expert, George, who knows that he was served a Bordeaux at dinner and tells Michael as much, but fails to convey his knowledge because, had he been served a Chianti, he would have thought it a Bordeaux since his geographical knowledge is faulty. Against this, it is argued that, when the example is fully characterized, the most plausible response to it is either that George did not know in the first place (and so neither did Michael as a result of transmission) or that both of them knew.
Collingwood and Historical Testimony
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores R. G. Collingwood's influential account of the role of testimony in historical knowledge. Collingwood minimizes the significance of testimony from the past as a source of knowledge in truly rigorous or scientific history, relegating its use to the practitioners of inferior ‘scissors‐and‐paste’ history, and going so far as to claim that history ‘has no relation with testimony at all’. His position is analysed and his arguments for it (and for the rejection of ‘historical facts’) are criticized.
The Witness of Psychology
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Psychologists have long been worried about the reliability of ‘eyewitness’ testimony, and have drawn lessons from their empirical studies for the procedures of criminal investigation and legal proceedings. This chapter argues that there are significant flaws in much of this empirical work, and that the very strong conclusions about the ‘unreliability’ of eyewitness testimony are unwarranted. Several studies are examined in detail to show what seem to be typical interpretative and conceptual flaws.
Introduction
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This introduction provides a description of the manuscripts of the De Anima; commentaries on the De Anima; and its links with other works such as Metaphysics, Physics, the biological treatises, and the ethical works. The agenda of the De Anima is discussed, and three general positions concerning the materiality of the psuchē are identified. Recent interpretations of the De Anima are then considered.
Changing Aristotle's Mind
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. , Putnam Hilary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This essay is a response to Myles Burnyeat’s paper that attacks an interpretation of the credibility and acceptability of Aristotle’s views of the body and soul. It begins with a discussion of Aristotle’s motivating problems. An interpretation is defended against Burnyeat, which distinguishes Aristotle from both materialist reductionism, and from the Burnyeat interpretation that perceiving etc. does not require concomitant material change, and that awareness is primitive. Aristotle’s position is then defended as tenable, even in the context of a modern theory of matter.
Living Bodies
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Aristotle is committed to the existence of essentially ensouled bodies, and says that such bodies are purely of animal matter. Ackrill has argued that this commitment conflicts with Aristotle’s primary conception of matter as potentiality and as the substratum of generation and destruction. This essay contends that Ackrill’s problem can be solved by allowing that there is a sense in which the matter of an animal is only contingently related to its form, and that this can be done without undermining Aristotle’s arguments for introducing ensouled bodies in the first place.