bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B control in Europe by universal vaccination programmes: The situation in 2001
Authors: Van Damme Pierre , Vorsters Alex 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the nine years since the Global Advisory Group of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (WHO) set 1997 as the target for integrating hepatitis B vaccination into national immunisation programmes worldwide, 129 countries have included hepatitis B vaccine as part of their routine infant or adolescent immunisation programmes (June 2001). By the end of 2002, 41 out of the 51 countries of the WHO European Region will be implementing universal hepatitis B immunisation. The rewards of effective implementation of the programmes in countries that started 10 years ago are becoming apparent; and their success offers an exemplary model for other countries. Some other countries, however, have difficulties to incorporate hepatitis B vaccine into universal childhood immunisation programmes, because of major economic constrains and the inability to procure a constant vaccine supply. The next decade will be characterised by expanded use of hepatitis B vaccines and the increasing efforts to sustain vaccine programmes and make the vaccine available to those countries and regions that cannot afford it. In Europe, as well as in the rest of the world, work still remains to be done to support and implement interventions that will bring us closer to the WHO goal and to eradicate hepatitis B. J. Med. Virol. 67:433–439, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence of a variant of SENV in intravenous drug user HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Pirovano Silvia , Bellinzoni Marco , Matteelli Alberto , Ballerini Cristina , Albertini Alberto , Imberti Luisa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe prevalence, route of transmission, and clinical significance of SEN virus (SENV) infection was evaluated in 715 samples obtained from 150 blood donors, 165 patients infected by HIV, 150 with HCV/HBV infection, 80 with autoimmune diseases, 40 with Primary Immunodeficiency, 40 with sexually transmitted diseases, 40 polytransfused, and from 50 unselected patients. The identification of SENV‐DNA was performed by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization, followed by an immunoenzymatic method that identify different SENV strains. SENV‐A variant is largely represented among HIV‐infected patients, being found in 71% of HIV+ intravenous drug users and in 26% of individuals that had acquired HIV through sex. A high prevalence of SENV‐A was observed also in HIV‐ polytransfused (27%) or in patients with sexually transmitted diseases (30%). These percentages are significantly higher than those observed in an unselected population and in blood donors. Prevalence of SENV‐A is, therefore, high among HIV+ patients with parental risk of exposure, but this infection does not appear to influence the clinical or immune status of HIV+ patients. J. Med. Virol. 68:18–23, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naturally occurring hepatitis B surface gene variants in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Correlation with viral serotypes and clinical stages of liver disease
Authors: Liu Chun‐Jen , Kao Jia‐Horng , Shau Wen‐Yi , Chen Pei‐Jer , Lai Ming‐Yang , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: October 2002

AbstractVirus variants escaping from host immunity may be implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this cross‐sectional study, the association was evaluated of the frequency of amino acid variation within the immunogenic epitopes of surface gene with different disease stages of chronic HBV infection. The surface gene of HBV encompassing the a determinant (amino acids 124–148) and the putative HLA class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope (amino acids 28– 51) were amplified and directly sequenced in 33 asymptomatic carriers (Group I), 31 patients with chronic hepatitis (Group II), 22 with cirrhosis (Group III), and 36 with hepatocellular carcinoma (Group IV). The amino acid sequences were compared subsequently with the consensus sequences of HBV serotype adw or adr. The frequency of amino acid variation per site per sequence (FEQ) was analyzed by generalized estimating equation with Poisson model after stratification by clinical and virological features. The FEQ was 1.21% overall, and was highest in Group IV patients and in patients above 50 years of age. In contrast, nine Group IV patients aged below 50 years who were infected with serotype adw had an inversely higher FEQ than those above 50; the age effect among hepatocellular carcinoma patients was significantly different from that among non‐cancerous patients (P = 0.04). Variation of amino acid clustered within a determinant and CTL epitope for serotype adw but was distributed at random for serotype adr. Mutation hotspots differed between serotypes adw and adr. The FEQ of HBV surface protein is correlated positively with advancing age and severity of liver disease, and certain variants may contribute to the persistence of HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 68:50–59, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term patterns of hepatitis C virus RNA concentrations in a cohort of HIV seronegative men with bleeding disorders
Authors: Sabin Caroline A. , Emery Vince , Devereux Helen L. , Griffioen Anja , Bishop Jeremy , Dusheiko Geoff , Yee Thynn Thynn , Herrero‐Martinez Esteban , Lee Christine A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLittle is known about the natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA concentrations over the course of infection. The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of HCV RNA concentrations in 85 HIV negative men with bleeding disorders infected with HCV for up to 30 years. HCV RNA concentrations were measured in yearly serum samples using a branched DNA assay. HCV RNA concentrations increased over time in this cohort. Two years after exposure to HCV, 53% of patients had undetectable concentrations and no patients had levels >7 log10(genome Eq/ml); by 20 years, these proportions had changed to 23% and 32% respectively. The RNA concentration correlated strongly with alanine aminotransferase (ALT; correlations of 0.41–0.71 depending on stage of infection) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 0.20–0.51) levels. Patients with haemophilia A had significantly higher HCV concentrations than those with other disorders. An effect of HCV genotype on HCV RNA concentrations became nonsignificant after excluding patients who were persistently HCV PCR negative and who could not be genotyped. The correlation of HCV RNA concentrations with other markers of liver function, such as ALT, means that studies with clinical outcomes are required to assess whether HCV RNA concentrations provide additional prognostic information to that provided by these other markers. J. Med. Virol. 68:68–75, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infection of simian B lymphoblastoid cells with simian immunodeficiency virus is associated with upregulation of CD23 and CD40 cell surface markers
Authors: Titti Fausto , Zamarchi Rita , Maggiorella Maria Teresa , Sernicola Leonardo , Geraci Andrea , Negri Donatella Rita Maria , Borsetti Alessandra , Menin Chiara , D'Andrea Emma , Modesti Andrea , Masuelli Laura , Verani Paola , Chieco‐Bianchi Luigi , Amadori Alberto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSimian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induce polyclonal B‐cell activation and are associated with the appearance of lymphomas in their respective hosts in either the presence or the absence of other co‐infecting viruses such as Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). However, the pathogenic role of these retroviruses in the development of lymphoproliferative disorders remains poorly understood. To explore the virus–B‐cell interactions, two immortalized lymphoblastoid B‐cell lines (SL‐P1 and SL‐691) were established from cynomolgus monkeys that were naturally co‐infected with a simian type D retrovirus‐2 (SRV‐2) and with the herpes virus Macaca fascicularis (HVMF‐1). We addressed their susceptibility to SIV infection and the phenotypic modifications associated with SIV infection. In response, both cell lines (1) were co‐infected with HVMF‐1 (latent infection) and with SRV‐2 (productive infection), (2) had a transformed phenotype because they did not require exogenous growth factors, and (3) when injected into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), generated serially transplantable tumors. The B‐cell origin of SL cells was demonstrated by the presence of rearrangements of the IgH gene and by the expression of typical B‐cell lineage markers, such as CD20. SL‐P1 and SL‐691 could be discriminated on the basis of different expressions of CD23 and CD40 and of κ‐ and λ‐chains. Most importantly, SL‐691 cells, but not SL‐P1 cells, were susceptible to chronic noncytolytic SIV infection. This infection occurred in a CD4/CCR5/CXCR4‐independent manner and was associated with the upregulated expression of CD23 and CD40 cell surface markers. In addition, CD20 expression, which progressively disappeared in SL‐691 noninfected cells, was maintained in the SIV‐infected counterpart. These findings support the hypothesis that SIV induce phenotypic perturbations in B cells that might eventually contribute to the development of lymphoproliferative disease. J. Med. Virol. 68:129–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet‐activating factor induces permeability transition and cytochrome c release in isolated brain mitochondria
Authors: Parker Mark A. , Bazan Haydee E. P. , Marcheselli Victor , Rodriguez de Turco Elena B. , Bazan Nicolas G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF), a potent bioactive phospholipid implicated in neuronal excitotoxic death, was assessed as a mediator of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Carbamyl PAF, a non‐hydrolyzable PAF analog, added to neurons in culture resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) as measured by the ΔΨM‐sensitive fluorophore 5,5′, 6,6′‐tetrachloro‐1, 1′, 3,3′‐tetraethylethylbenzimidazolo‐carbocyanide iodide (JC‐1). To investigate whether PAF has a direct effect on the mitochondria, the mediator was added to rat brain mitochondria preparations and an increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane, termed permeability transition (PT), and cytochrome c release were measured. We report that PAF causes both dose‐dependent PT and cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, the selective PAF antagonist tetrahydro‐4,7,8,10 methyl‐1 (chloro‐2 phenyl)‐6 (methoxy‐4 phenyl‐carbamoyl)‐9 pyrido [4′,3′‐4,5] thieno [3,2‐f] triazolo‐1,2,4 [4,3‐a] diazepine‐1,4 (BN50730), which has affinity for intracellular binding sites, and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands 7‐chloro‐5‐ [4′‐chlorophenyl]‐1,3‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one (Ro5‐4864) and 1‐(‐2‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methyl‐N‐(1‐methylpropyl)‐3‐isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), inhibit PAF induction of PT and cytochrome c release. These results suggest that PAF excitotoxicity involves, at least in part, alterations of the mitochondrial membrane. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motivating workers in emerging countries: universal tools and local adaptations
Authors: d'Iribarne Philippe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo case studies are presented of highly successful factories operating in emerging countries. Sgs‐Thomson in Morocco and Danone in Mexico provide exemplars of ways in which corporate cultures can promote productive, efficient, and interpersonally supportive communities by building upon deep‐seated local values that give these communities special meaning to members. In Morocco, Islamic norms and values combined with Total Quality Management values to transform Sgs‐Thomson's factory culture. In Mexico, norms and values regarding family and the pursuit of a higher moral purpose underpinned a workplace transformation combining economic and social progress. This essay also develops the implications of these cases for the dissemination, adoption, and malleability of global management practices. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of summer‐ and winter‐time suburban energy fluxes in Christchurch, New Zealand
Authors: Spronken‐Smith Rachel A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractKnowledge of the surface energy balance is fundamental to understanding the boundary layer meteorology and climatology of urban areas. This study reports some of the first direct measurements of energy fluxes over the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, during both summer and winter. Observations of the surface energy balance were made over two mainly residential suburbs: St Albans and Beckenham. Net all‐wave radiation Q* was measured with a net radiometer, the eddy covariance approach was used to measure the turbulent heat fluxes (sensible heat QH, and latent heat QE), and the heat storage flux ΔQS was estimated as the energy balance residual. During the predominant northeasterlies and unstable conditions in summer, the fetch at St Albans includes a commercial warehouse as well as residential areas. In summer, on a daily basis, QH is the dominant heat sink followed by ΔQS and QE. However, during daytime ΔQS can be considerable and may approach the magnitude of QH. Evaporation is low because the turbulent flux source areas are mainly centred over the commercial warehouse and yard, which have little greenspace. In winter the flux source areas are mainly residential for both sites, and the small daily surplus of Q* is partitioned mostly into ΔQS, with some QE and a small QH that may be directed either towards or away from the surface depending largely on the synoptic conditions. Under strong inversion conditions, which occur frequently in Christchurch during winter, the turbulent heat fluxes are very small and QH may be directed towards the surface for many hours overnight and early in the morning. During foehn events the energy partitioning is significantly altered, particularly in winter. Net radiation may be substantially decreased, evaporation is usually markedly increased and in winter QH may be directed towards the surface for much of the event. The results highlight the importance of seasonal and synoptic controls in energy partitioning at this location, although difficulties with fetch complicate the analysis. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Shelf‐life extension of refrigerated seabass slices under modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Masniyom Payap , Benjakul Soottawat , Visessanguan Wonnop 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of CO2‐enriched atmosphere in combination with either oxygen or nitrogen on the keeping quality of seabass slices stored at 4 °C was investigated. The inhibitory effect on bacterial growth increased proportionally to the CO2 concentration in the packaging, maximum inhibition being achieved with 100% CO2 (P < 0.05). Seabass slices stored in CO2‐enriched atmosphere had lower total volatile base, trimethylamine, ammonia and formaldehyde contents than those stored in air (P < 0.05). However, increases in lightness and exudate loss were observed for samples packaged in high‐CO2 atmosphere, suggesting the denaturation of both muscle and pigment proteins by carbonic acid formed. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) increased as the CO2 concentration increased (P < 0.05). However, odour, flavour and overall acceptability of CO2‐enriched packaged samples, particularly with 80 and 100% CO2, were acceptable throughout storage for 21 days. Chemical and microbial changes in all samples were generally in agreement with sensory panel evaluations. The shelf‐life of seabass slices packaged in 80–100% CO2 atmosphere could be extended to more than 20 days at 4 °C, compared with 9 days for those packaged in air.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Volatile components of raw and smoked black bream (Brama raii) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) studied by means of solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Guillén María D , Errecalde María C 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSolid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of raw and smoked black bream and rainbow trout was carried out. The volatile components of the raw fish belong to a limited number of groups of compounds. Raw black bream has a higher presence of acids than raw trout, while the latter contains more alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters and phenol derivatives; both contain similar concentrations of saturated aldehydes. The volatiles of the smoked fish basically comprise the compounds also detected in the raw fish together with others produced during the processing. Smoke components detected in both smoked fish species were mainly phenol, guaiacol and syringol derivatives, ketones, acetic acid and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Smoked black bream contained a higher number and higher concentrations of smoke components than smoked rainbow trout. Large variations in concentrations of smoke components in the smoked fish samples indicated that the smoking process had not been totally homogeneous. The presence of autoxidatively derived compounds, such as unsaturated aldehydes, was mainly detected in some smoked bream samples, showing that this degradation process is not occurring homogeneously. The usefulness of the applied techniques for the study of volatile components of raw and smoked fish is shown.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Linking Amazonian secondary succession forest growth to soil properties
Authors: Lu D. , Moran E. , Mausel P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Amazon Basin has suffered extensive deforestation in the past 30 years. Deforestation typically leads to changes in climate, biodiversity, hydrological cycle, and soil degradation. Vegetation succession plays an important role in soil restoration through accumulation of vegetation biomass and improved soil/plant interaction. However, relationships between succession and soil properties are not well known. For example, how does vegetation succession affect nutrient accumulation? Which soil factors are important in influencing vegetation growth? What is the best way to evaluate soil fertility in the Amazon basin? This paper focuses on the interrelationships between secondary succession and soil properties. Field soil sample data and vegetation inventory data were collected in two regions of Brazilian Amazonia (Altamira and Bragantina). Soil nutrients and texture were analyzed at successional forest sites. Multiple regression models were used to identify the important soil properties affecting vegetation growth, and a soil evaluation factor (SEF) was developed for evaluating soil fertility in Alfisols, Ultisols, and Oxisols, which differ in the ways they affect vegetation growth. For example, the upper 40 cm of soil is most important for vegetation growth in Alfisols, but in Ultisols and Oxisols deeper horizons significantly influence vegetation growth rates. Accumulation of vegetation biomass increased soil fertility and improved soil physical structure in Alfisols but did not completely compensate for the nutrient losses in Ultisols and Oxisols; however, it significantly reduced the rate of nutrient loss. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Er:YAG laser in endodontics: Results of an in vitro study
Authors: Schoop Ulrich , Moritz Andreas , Kluger Wolf , Patruta Sanda , Goharkhay Kawe , Sperr Wolfgang , Wernisch Johann , Gattringer Rainer , Mrass Paulus , Georgopoulos Apostolos 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveUntil recently, the main field of Er:YAG laser application was the removal of dental hard substances within the scope of cavity preparation. Nowadays, several new delivery‐systems are available, permitting the application of the Er:YAG laser in endodontics. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of Er:YAG laser irradiation on root canals in vitro.Study Design/Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, 220 extracted human teeth were endodontically processed and subsequently irradiated at different settings using an Er:YAG laser imitating in vivo irradiation procedures. The teeth were then subdivided into three groups and subjected to bacteriological evaluations, scanning electron microscopy, and temperature measurements.ResultsThe bacteriological evaluation revealed a decisive bactericidal effect of the Er:YAG laser in the root canal. The bactericidal effect was dependent on the applied output power and specific for the different species of bacteria investigated. Scanning electron microscopy showed discrete removal of dentine from the root canal walls. The temperature rise during irradiation was moderate when standardized power settings were used.ConclusionThe investigations indicate that the Er:YAG laser is a suitable tool for the elimination of bacteria in root canals under in vitro conditions. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:360–364, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐feed circularly polarized triangular microstrip antenna with triangular slot for compact operation
Authors: Lu Jui‐Han 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNovel compact circular polarization (CP) designs of a single‐feed triangular microstrip antenna with a triangular slot or an inverted triangular slot are proposed and experimentally studied. For the design with a triangular slot, CP operation can easily be achieved by inserting a slit with a length about 24% of the slot's side length at the center of the inner bottom edge of the patch. As for the design with an inverted triangular slot, the insertion of a slit with a length about 12% of the slot's side length can result in CP radiation. Results also indicate that with the triangular slot embedded in the patch, the proposed CP design can have an antenna size reduction of about 30% as compared to the regular‐size CP design using a simple triangular patch. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 263–266, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10433
Simultaneous measurement of the nonlinear refractive index and chromatic dispersion of optical fibers by four‐wave mixing
Authors: André P. S. , Pinto J. L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe simultaneous measurement of the nonlinear refractive index and the chromatic dispersion measurement of dispersion shift fibers are proposed, based on the power determination of the mixing products generated by four pump waves. This method is also used with other low‐dispersion chromatic dispersion fiber, such as nonzero dispersion shifted fibers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 305–307, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10444