bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Performance of Anode-Free Li-Metal Batteries
Authors: Marrache Roy , Assa Tamir , Faktorovich Lina , Mukra Tzach , Shekhter Pini , Peled Emanuel 
Published: February 2024

Because of their higher energy density, compared to lithium-ion batteries, rechargeable lithium-metal
batteries (LMB) have been considered one of the most attractive next-generation energy-storage
systems (ESS). A promising approach to improving LMB performance, that has gained interest in
recent years, is the use of anode-free lithium-metal batteries (AFLMB). Such battery configuration
enables elimination of the problem of using excessive amounts of lithium in LMBs, hence increasing
the specific energy of the battery. This work explores the beneficial effects of integrating metal-oxide
nanoparticles (MONPs) into the liquid electrolyte of AFLMB. It was found that the addition of low
concentrations of MONPs significantly improves coulombic efficiency (CE), capacity retention (CR)
and the Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase (SEI) properties. SEM images revealed a smoother lithium
morphology for MONPs cells and XPS analysis showed great differences in the SEI composition. The
resistance of the cell components, extracted via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), has
been significantly lowered due to the addition of MONPs. The performance of the AFLMB, without
MONPs, was 97.1% CE and CR of 70% within 12 cycles, while cells with 0.5% SnO2 , 1% Al2O3 and
1% TiO2 was 99.1%, 98.8% and 99.4% CE, and CR of 70% within 39, 38 and 36 cycles, respectively.
Combinations of two MONPs resulted in 99.9% CE, which is among the highest found in the literature
for AFLMB.
Temperature Dependent Life Cycle Analyses of Anodes from Coal-Derived Carbons
Authors: Paul Abigail , Magee Regan , Wilczewski Warren , Wolfe Kody D , Wichert Nathan , Trembly Jason , Staser John A. , Garrick Taylor R. 
Published: February 2024

Degradation of lithium-ion cells is generally manifested in active material loss (on either the negative or positive electrode), lithium inventory loss, or an increase in cell resistance.1 The underlying mechanisms resulting in said degradation are numerous and complex. For example, both the obvious growth of the solution electrolyte interface (SEI) or current collector dissolution may cause an increase in cell resistance over the lifetime of cell operation. The objective of this work is to utilize temperature dependency as a probe to elucidate and better understand the degradation of lithium-ion cells employing coal-derived graphite anodes. The coal derived materials are contrasted with traditional anode materials through coulombic efficiency vs. capacity retention comparisons, voltage slip analyses, and post cycling characterization at various temperatures. The behavior at temperature extremes is highlighted and emphasis is placed on quantifying the effect of temperature on the prominent degradation modes.
References

C. R. Birkl, M. R. Roberts, E. McTurk, P. G. Bruce, and D. A. Howey, J. Power Sources, 341, 373–386 (2017).
Battery Emulator for Coupled Electro-Thermo Powertrain Testing
Authors: Peskar Jarrett , Sado Kerry , Downey Austin , Booth Kristen , Khan Jamil 
Published: February 2024

Approved, DCN# 543-443-23
Battery emulation systems are useful for testing and evaluating powertrain systems; but typically,only consider the electrical characteristics of a battery. Powertrains with shared cooling components/systems between batteries and power electronics would benefit from hardware-in-the-loop testing facilities that consider both the electrical and thermal aspects of energy storage. In this work a battery emulator that physically emulates both the electrical and thermal characteristics with a coupled electro-thermal powertrain testbed is demonstrated. The coupled electro-thermo model links the electrical and thermal outputs together and calculates them in real-time. The electrical model is an equivalent circuit representation of a battery making use of experimental data from tested cells. The electrical model is coupled to the thermal model through temperature-dependent parameters of the cell resistance and open circuit voltages. The thermal model is a lumped isothermal reduced order heat generation model. This model will calculate the net heat generated from the ohmic losses, entropic losses, and losses to cooling (liquid and ambient). The thermal model is coupled to the electrical model by being dependent on the cell’s state of charge and using the cell’s current and voltage outputs for its governing equations. Models are parameterized on experimental data acquired through pulsed hybrid testing. In this work, a 3.5 kWh battery pack with a discharge of 40 amps at 48 volts generating 38.4 Watts of heat is emulated in an electro-thermo powertrain testbed configured to represent an electric naval platform such as a small autonomous boat subjected to both baseline and pulsed loading. The electrical emulation is performed through a bidirectional power supply and thermal emulation through a resistive heater. The electro-thermo powertrain testbed then dissipates the emulated electrical energy through power convertors and electronic loads while the thermal energy is dissipated through a heat exchanger that also cools the power convertors. Numerical and experimental validation demonstrate that the coupled electro-thermo battery emulator is capable of accurately representing the electrical and thermal aspects of a 3.5 kWh battery. Limitations in terms of
emulating batteries at higher temperatures and current draws are discussed. Effects of scaling the coupled electro-thermo battery emulator are also presented.
Acknowledgment: This work was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under contract NO.
N00014-22-C-1003
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited
Electrochemistry-Based Diagnosis of Li Plating for Fast-Charging Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Shin Hong Rim , Kim Siwon , Lee Jong-Won 
Published: February 2024

Recent innovations in battery technologies have facilitated the development and widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs), by increasing the energy density of batteries while lowering their cost. Despite the rapid growth of the EV market, the long charging time of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remains as a major obstacle for expanding customer acceptance of EVs. Typically, graphite-based anodes in the state-of-the-art LIBs suffer from Li plating under fast-charging conditions, which causes severe performance degradations and early cell failure of batteries. To prevent the Li plating-induced failure, extensive research efforts have been devoted to developing diagnostic methods capable of detecting Li plating. The electrochemical analysis of Li plating enables non-destructive, in operando detection without complicated experimental procedures or special equipment.
Herein, we present a non-destructive method for detecting Li plating during fast-charge cycling by analyzing current transients during the constant-voltage charging step, based on electrochemical battery models. Three-dimensional (3D) and pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) battery models are employed to predict the electrochemical behavior of full cells under fast-charging conditions. 3D model enables the evaluation of local electrochemical properties, such as local reaction current densities and electrode potentials, which are largely affected by the microstructure of the electrode. Furthermore, P2D models are employed to investigate the effect of changes in microstructural properties (e.g., porosity and fraction of active surface of the graphite anode) on electrochemical behavior of full cells.
For 3D modeling, the 3D Voronoi tessellation and Catmull-Clark algorithm are employed to construct the model geometry of graphite anodes. 3D modeling results predict that upon fast-charging, the charge-transfer potential on the top surface of graphite anode rapidly drops below 0 V vs. Li/Li+, triggering Li plating. To extract the electrochemical signals of Li plating, the fast-charging behaviors of full cells are investigated by using the P2D model with a partially reversible Li plating–stripping reaction. In specific, the constant-current and constant-voltage (CC-CV) charging process of the full cells with graphite anodes is simulated with Li plating-induced degradation modes; reduction of (i) interparticle pores, (ii) active surface area for Li intercalation reaction, and (iii) cyclable Li amount. Modeling results demonstrate that an inflection point appears in the current transient curve, and it shows a positive shift when the Li plating-induced degradation occurs. Electrochemical tests and microstructural analyses further confirm the validity of proposed electrochemical detection of Li plating. This study provides an effective strategy to design electrochemical methods for Li plating detection during fast-charging batteries based on electrochemistry-based models.
(Digital Presentation) Chemical Workflow of Characterizing Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes: From SEM-Eds PCA and FIB Tof-SIMS Analysis to XPS
Authors: Jiao Chengge , Zhang Fang , Shao Ruijie , Stephens Chris , Nunney Tim 
Published: February 2024

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized energy storage technology, with cathode materials playing a pivotal role in their performance. Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) cathodes are essential components, where the nickel (Ni) content profoundly influences battery capacity and cycle time. Traditional methods, such as SEM-EDS element mapping, have limitations in resolving distinct NMC phases. To address this, we employ Principal Component Analysis (PCA) phase mapping, unveiling intricate NMC phase distinctions.
Furthermore, we investigate into the crucial aspect of lithium-ion distribution within the cathode using Focused Ion Beam Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (FIB ToF-SIMS). This technique, when integrated a compact SIMS detector with a DualBeam microscope, provides invaluable insights into lithiation and delithiation processes regarding to battery cycling. Our finding on an electrode revealing that discharged cathodes exhibit 7Li+ signal 3.5 times higher than charged cathodes. The SIMS lithium mapping results illustrated the trapped lithium ions in charged cathodes, as well as the uniform return of lithium ions to cathode oxide material upon discharge. Additionally, our results highlight the preservation of oxygen levels in cathode chemistry during charging and discharging, except for its involvement in lithium intercalation. We also address the challenges associated with windowless EDS detectors for lithium detection based on published literatures.
Expanding our investigations, we present novel results of FIB-SIMS at cryogenic conditions, unveiling the distribution of lithium and sodium in an anode electrode. Moreover, we illuminate disparities in lithium detection between room temperature and cryogenic temperature acquisitions, providing insights into the behaviour of slow-charged graphite anodes.
In this abstract, we extend our presentation to include X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) for the detection of organic and inorganic matter in battery electrodes.
In summary, our work combines SEM-EDS PCA and FIB ToF-SIMS and XPS techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of lithium-ion battery cathode, anode materials, contributing to advancements in energy storage technology.

Keywords: Lithium-ion battery, EDS PCA phase mapping, FIB-ToF-SIMS, XPS, SEM-FIB
Reference
[1] Ali Eftekhari, Energy Storage Materials, Volume 7, April 2017, Pages 157-180.
[2] Chengge Jiao, Lex Pillatsch, Johannes Mulders, David Wall, August 2019, Microscopy and Microanalysis 25(S2):876-877.
[3] Mingwei Shang, Xi Chen, Junjie Niu, Cell Reports Physical Science 3, 100767, February 16, 2022

Figure 1
Li-Ion Dynamics in Li2S:LiI Composites – on the Effect of Solid-Solution Formation on Overall Li+ Transport
Authors: Jodlbauer Anna , Hogrefe Katharina , Wilkening H. Martin R. 
Published: February 2024

The enormous interest in developing powerful all-solid-state Li-ion batteries led to a boost in electrolyte research. Some Li-ion conductors have Ag-bearing analogs; the fast Ag+ ion conductor, Ag3SI, could be one of such materials. So far, no clear evidence is available that the Li-counterpart, Li3SI, does exist. Here, we treated an equimolar mixture of Li2S and LiI in high-energy ball mills and followed structural changes via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magic-angle spinning (MAS) 6,7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. Differences in local structures as sensed by MAS NMR will be discussed for annealed and non-annealed samples, that is, powder samples directly obtained after finishing the ball-milling procedure. For nanocrystalline, non-annealed Li2S:LiI, the MAS NMR response is characterized by a broad distribution of NMR lines showing chemical shifts between that of pure Li2S and LiI, hence pointing to the formation of solid-solution like regions.
Ion dynamics on different length scales was probed with variable-temperature, potentiostatic conductivity spectroscopy as well as solid-state NMR spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) measurements. Defect-rich nanocrystalline Li2S:LiI has to be characterized by an overall conductivity that is 2 orders of magnitude higher as compared to that of the microcrystalline, annealed reference sample. SLR NMR experiments supports this result and reveal lower activation energies for both the fast local hopping ion dynamics and long-range ion diffusivity in the sample directly obtained after ball milling. Finally, mixing-time dependent 6Li 2D exchange NMR spectroscopy reveals even (very) slow Li+ exchange between the Li2S-rich and LiI-rich regions in the nanocrystalline sample. Off-diagonal intensities are especially seen for mixing times longer than 80 ms.
Mixed-Dimensional (1D-2D) Carbon as a Conductive Additive and Enabler for Next Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Lacey Steven David , Saadun Ali , Klunker Florian , Battaglia Corsin , Kuehnel Ruben-Simon 
Published: February 2024

The race to develop the next generation of lithium-ion batteries with higher performance metrics (e.g. energy density, power density, cyclability) has spurred interest in carbon allotropes, such as carbon nanotubes (1D) and graphene (2D). Herein, a new multi-dimensional carbon material, comprised of long and entangled 1D nanotubes that unfurl into a spanning network of 2D sheetlets, is investigated as a conductive additive in lithium-ion battery cathodes. Compared to conventional conductive additives, this so-called 1.5D carbon material improves both electrical and thermal pathways between battery active materials within the electrode.
In this presentation, the electrical, thermal, and electrochemical properties of the mixed-dimensional (1.5D) carbon are compared to conventional additives such as carbon black and graphite. Higher active material loadings, less heat generation, and more energy-dense cells can be enabled by the improved electrical conductivity, where three times less carbon black results in one order of magnitude higher electrode conductivity. The thermal conductivity of these cathodes is also enhanced in both the through- and in-plane directions, which is beneficial for battery thermal management. For instance, using a third of the carbon amount results in more than 30% and 240% higher through- and in-plane thermal conductivity values, respectively. The combination of these properties translates to overall improvements in electrochemical performance metrics including rate capability, lower cell impedance, and higher achievable capacities. Compared to cells with conventional carbon black, there is a 20% reduction in ohmic resistance determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In terms of capacity retention and rate capability, full cells cycled at a 2C charge and 0.5C discharge rate demonstrated 2.5% higher initial capacity than carbon black with a retention of 95% vs 94.4% after 120 cycles.
Developing Tailor-Made Core-Shell Hard Carbon Materials As Anode Materials in Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Appel Paul Alexander , Wu Shu-Han , Krug von Nidda Jonas , Fellinger Tim 
Published: February 2024

The current strong interest in electromotive mobility and the need to transition to an energy grid with sustainable storage devices has led to a renewed interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Hard carbons (HCs) are promising candidates for high-capacity negative electrode materials in SIBs. Their high capacities, however, are often accompanied with high irreversible capacity losses during the initial cycles.[1]
Generally, large losses can be connected to irreversible reactions, e.g., the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), during the initial sodiation of the HC-material. However, high irreversible capacity values are often in contradiction to the experimentally determined low surface area of the sample material.[1] A better understanding of the structure-property relationship should enable quantification and understanding of the potential of hard carbon materials for SIBs. Hence, the aim is to use analytical techniques to establish a correlation between the structure and the electrochemical characteristics of HC-materials. This has previously been difficult, in part because the sodium storage mechanism is not stoichiometric and due to the disordered structure of HCs.
In order to tackle the aforementioned challenges, our approach is to explore whether a core-shell structure can separate sodium storage and solid electrolyte interphase formation. Thus, storage capacity and irreversible losses could be investigated and finally optimized separately. The synthesis of a selection of porous carbon structures serving as the core material, will be attempted. Simultaneously, sodium-conducting shell structures will be developed to allow for separation of sodium ions and electrolyte molecules. Subsequently, the combination of core and shell materials will be undertaken. These anodes should enable high capacities accompanied with low irreversible losses due to optimized SEI-formation.
Literature:
[1] Matsukawa, Y.; Linsenmann, F.; Plass, M. A.; Hasegawa, G.; Hayashi, K.; Fellinger, T.-P. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229.
Plasma-Enabled Biocompatible Graphene Quantum Dot Hydrogels as Smart and pH Responsive Cancer Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Chiang Wei-Hung , Kurniawan Darwin 
Published: February 2024

Cancer is none arguably one of the world’s most dreadful diseases striking everyone without any exceptions. Current treatments rely on surgical intervention, radiation, and chemotherapeutic drugs which usually not only kill the cancers cells, but also affect healthy cells causing toxicity and severe side effects to the patients or even death. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a drug delivery system (DDS) capable of either passively or actively targeting cancer cells only to avoid all those possible occurring side effects during therapy. Resembling physicochemical and biological properties of extracellular matrix coupled with their biocompatibility and biodegradability, hydrogels with stable 3D hydrated network emerge as suitable candidate for many biomedical applications, including drug delivery, scaffold engineering, wound treatment, antibacterial, and antioxidant.
Here we report rapid and environmental-friendly plasma engineering of microporous carbon-based NGQD hydrogels from a single chitosan biomass using non-thermal microplasmas at ambient conditions without toxic chemicals and high temperature treatment. The highly reactive species derived from the non- equilibrium plasma regime allows simultaneous conversion of NGQDs and initiation of covalent bond formations within the polymeric chitosan network in a short time. Moreover, synergistic effect manifested by the inclusion of NGQDs in the chitosan matrix framework coupled with energetic plasma treatment can accelerate the cross-linking of chitosan to form a robust 3D porous composite without any toxic chemicals and harsh conditions. Endowed by the presence of NGQDs, the fabricated composites have enhanced anticancer drug loading capacity and pH-controlled sustained drug release. Since the fabricated composites also exhibit stable solid- state PL properties, it is envisaged that our method can advance toward a novel combination of therapeutic and monitoring. Our work provides a rational design of carbon-based composite with defined structures and properties suitable not only for biomedical application, but also other emerging applications.
(Invited) Aligning Dense Arrays of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes for Logic and RF Technologies
Authors: Arnold Michael S. 
Published: February 2024

Semiconductors are materials with electrical conductivity that can be switched on and off, that have allowed for nearly all electronics. However, most semiconductor devices utilize silicon, a microelectronics technology more half a century old. Silicon is now being extended to its limit and cannot meet the needs of next-generation devices.
Carbon nanotubes are nanoscale semiconducting wires that conduct more electricity per area than silicon and more rapidly switch between on and off states with less voltage, making them ideal for next-generation fast, low-energy logic and high-speed, linear RF devices. However, no one has yet been able create a process for employing nanotubes commercially. In raw form, nanotubes are disordered and tangled and thus do not conduct electricity well. For nanotubes to be most useful, they must be lined up in the same direction in a single layer so that electricity can rapidly and efficiently travel through them. This has been a long-standing roadblock.
This talk will present recent discoveries at the University of Wisconsin on (1) purifying and aligning semiconducting nanotubes into massively parallel arrays and (2) the research and development of semiconducting carbon nanotubes for logic and radio frequency technologies. We have pioneered nanotube array fabrication technologies that enable the (a) partial alignment of nanotubes (±30˚) via shear (demonstrated 100 mm wafer-scale); (b) finer alignment (±6˚) at liquid-liquid interfaces (demonstrated 100 mm size-scale); and, (c) the selected-area deposition of nanotube arrays (±7˚) in lithographically-defined patterns combining topographical and chemical features (demonstrated 25 mm size-scale). Most recently, we have discovered a powerful new mechanism for driving the self-assembly of nanotubes into aligned arrays, by coaxing them to form two-dimensional liquid-crystals. We have uncovered that when nanotubes are segregated to liquid-liquid interfaces, mesogenic interactions cause them to self-align (within +/-5.7 degrees so far) and self-assemble into dense arrays (> 100 per micron) like those needed for microelectronics. The assembled nanotubes are easily integrated on silicon substrates at room-temperature and integrated into high-performance devices.
APL (2014); ACS Nano (2014); Science Advances (2016); Langmuir (2017); Adv Elect Materials (2019); Science Advances (2021); Nanoscale Advances (2021); JAP (2022). Highlights by Bloomberg News https://youtu.be/VsUF_CBJq50 (2022); US Patent 10,873,026; US Patent 10,074,819; US Patent 9,673,399.
Mutant p53 Gain-of-Function in the Spotlight: Are We Suffering a GOF Delusion?
Authors: Lane David P. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:
Mutant p53 proteins are often highly expressed in human cancers and have been thought to have oncogenic driver gain-of-function (GOF) properties. Wang and colleagues show, surprisingly, that this is not the case because removing the TP53-mutant gene from human and mouse cancer cells using CRISPR technology has no effect on cancer cell growth in vitro or in vivo.
See related article by Wang et al., p. 362 (10) .