bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What moral requirements cause ethical dilemmas among nurse executives?
Authors: KATSUHARA Yumiko 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAim:  The purpose of the present study is to clarify the moral requirements that cause ethical dilemmas among nurse executives. Ethical dilemmas are defined as situations where moral requirements conflict, and neither requirement is overridden.Methods and Results:  Twenty‐five nurse executives were asked to describe the situations where they had faced their most difficult ethical decisions. A total of 41 stories were told. These included disclosure of medical errors (eight cases), performance evaluations (six cases), and discomfort regarding physicians’ behaviour (five cases), as well as other situations. There were 48 ethical dilemmas in 41 cases, and each of these dilemmas represented conflicts among more than two of the 17 kinds of moral requirements.Conclusion:  These moral requirements are: protection of one's own pride, doing one's civic duty to society, acceptance of gender roles, treating others in a caring and benevolent fashion, protection of patients’ rights, assurance of nursing quality, protection of nurse's pride, protection of the lives of patients, organizational profit motives, protection of workers’ rights among the staff, representation of the interests of the nursing division, smooth collaboration with physicians, execution of organisational rules, maintenance of Japanese cultural norms, observation of legal standards, respect for community needs, and obedience to political imperatives.
Effects of different bed sheets on bed climate and thermal response
Authors: IKEDA Rie Nakamura , FUKAI Kiyoko 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to investigate how bed climate changes when disposable waterproof sheets are used in addition to usual ones.Methods:  Thirty healthy female students (20.1 ± 1.1 years) consented to participate in the study, and were divided into three groups (cotton sheet only, additional disposable rayon sheet, additional polyester sheet). The skin temperatures of the subjects, bed climates (bed temperatures and relative humidity) and subjective sensations were measured for 45 min.Results:  Both skin and bed climate temperatures showed significant increases as time passed (P < 0.05). The humidity on disposable waterproof sheets was the highest among the three groups (P < 0.05). All subjects gradually began to feel warmer and wetter.Conclusion:  These results suggest nurses should consider not only cost and convenience when they use waterproof sheets, but also bed climate. This will also help to prevent pressure ulcers.
Genetic contribution of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) B + 252*2/2 genotype, but not the TNFa,b microsatellite alleles, to systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese patients
Authors: Takeuchi F. , Nakano K. , Nabeta H. , Hong G. H. , Kawasugi K. , Mori M. , Okudaira H. , Kuwata S. , Tanimoto K. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe contribution of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) B + 252 (TNFB) dimorphism and microsatellite polymorphisms of TNFa and TNFb to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied in Japanese patients. The TNFB dimorphism was determined using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method with NcoI digestion followed by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. TNFa and TNFb microsatellite polymorphisms were determined using the DNA sequencer and GeneScan program (Applera Corporation, Foster City, CA) followed by specific PCR amplification. HLA‐DRB1*15 typing was carried out by the PCR‐sequence specific conformational polymorphism (SSCP) method. In SLE, the allele frequency of TNFB*2 significantly increased (68.9%, P < 0.05) and the genotype frequency of TNFB*2/2 also increased (52.8%, P < 0.05). TNFB*2 showed no significant linkage disequilibrium with HLA‐DRB1*1501. The prevalence of TNFa13 and TNFb4 showed very slight increases, but these increases were not significant. An association analysis indicated that TNFB*2/2 conferred greater, or at least equal, susceptibility to SLE in Japanese patients in comparison with HLA‐DRB1*1501. The TNFB*2/2 genotype may contribute additively with DRB1*1501 to SLE in Japanese patients. No association was observed between auto‐antibodies and TNF. TNFB*2 is a genetic marker for SLE in Japanese patients, while TNFa and TNFb microsatellites are not associated with SLE.
Interleukin‐12 subunits p35 and p40 of Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) maintain high sequence homology with those of other ruminants
Authors: Premraj A. , Sreekumar E. , Nautiyal B. , Rasool T. J. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe immune system of Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), one of the major dairy animals of the tropics, has received little attention. cDNAs encoding the two subunits of the heterodimeric interleukin (IL)‐12 of Indian water buffalo were isolated from concanavalin A‐stimulated lymphocytes. The 710‐bp p35 and 1012‐bp p40 subunits were amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), cloned, sequenced and compared with other ruminant sequences. The IL‐12 p35 subunit cDNA had nine nucleotide variations and shared 98.1% amino acid identity with the cattle IL‐12 p35. The IL‐12 p40 cDNA had 13 nucleotide variations and had 97.5% amino acid identity with the cattle IL‐12 p40. Both the subunits showed strict conservation in the predicted secondary structure and critical amino acid residues compared with other ruminant IL‐12 molecules. Buffalo IL‐12 p40 recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli cross‐reacted with cattle anti‐IL‐12 p40 monoclonal antibody. Our study indicates a high level of conservation of this key cytokine among ruminants.
Sequence analysis of the MHC class II DPB1 gene in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Bak E.‐J. , Ishii Y. , Omatsu T. , Kyuwa S. , Hayasaka I. , Yoshikawa Y. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe diversity of the MHC class II region in non‐human primates is a focus of biomedical research because this region plays a crucial role in the recognition of antigens in the immune system. In particular, the chimpanzee [Pan troglodytes (Patr)], which belongs to the superfamily Hominoidea, has been used as a human model for the study of diseases such as human hepatitis C virus (HCV), human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, to which only humans and chimpanzees are susceptible. In the present study, polymorphisms of the MHC‐DPB1 gene (Patr‐DPB1) in a chimpanzee colony in Japan were examined using a stepwise polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In order to design a suitable primer pair which would amplify exon 2 of the Patr‐DPB1 gene, a fragment of approximately 8 kb from exon 1 to exon 3 was amplified from chimpanzee genomic DNA. After designing a 500‐bp primer pair at the 3′ region of intron 1 and the 5′ region of intron 2, analysis of DPB1 exon 2 alleles of each chimpanzee was carried out. Twenty‐two chimpanzees were used in our study, and we identified seven alleles by sequence analysis on the Patr‐DPB1 gene, including one new allele. The obtained nucleotide sequence patterns suggest that Patr‐DPB1 alleles emerge by genetic variations such as the exchange of sequence motifs and the accumulation of point mutations.
Promoter and intron‐1 region polymorphisms in the IFNG gene in patients with hepatitis E
Authors: Arora R. , Saha A. , Malhotra D. , Rath P. , Kar P. , Bamezai R. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryAllelic and genotype variations in the promoter region and the dinucleotide (CA)n repeat region in intron 1 of the interferon‐g (IFNG) gene were analysed by direct sequencing and simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP), respectively, in patients with acute hepatitis, and the prevalence was compared with that in healthy controls. Our results showed a significant association of heterozygous genotypes (CA)12/(CA)14 and (CA)12/(CA)16 in intron 1 of the IFNG gene in all categories of patients with acute hepatitis, classified on the basis of presence or absence of hepatitis E virus (HEV), in comparison with healthy controls. A novel polymorphism, −288 A→T [from the translational start site, as per Human Genome Organization (HUGO) nomenclature], in the promoter region of the IFNG gene leading to a loss of the consensus domain for the interferon‐stimulated response element (ISRE), as predicted by in silico analysis, was observed in 12.5% of patients with acute HEV infection. However, no significant difference in allele or genotype frequency was observed for the −288 promoter polymorphism, although the heterozygous −288 A/T genotype showed a moderate risk in patients with acute HEV infection alone (P = 0.29, odds ratio = 1.964, confidence interval = 0.46–8.45). The data suggest that the genotype at intron 1 of IFNG might affect susceptibility to acute hepatitis in HEV infection, which warrants further elucidation in a larger sample and also functional studies.
A new method optimized to use gamma-ray bursts as cosmic rulers
Authors: Firmani Claudio , Ghisellini Gabriele , Ghirlanda Giancarlo , Avila-Reese Vladimir 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We present a new method aimed at handling long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as cosmic rulers. The recent discovery of a tight correlation between the collimation-corrected GRB energy and the peak of the gamma-ray spectrum has opened up the possibility of using GRBs as a new category of standard candles. Unfortunately, because of the lack of low-z GRBs, up to now this correlation has been obtained from high-z GRBs, with the consequence that it depends on the cosmological parameters we pretend to constrain. It is hoped that this circularity problem will be solved when, in a few years, the low-z GRB sample will be increased enough. In the meantime, we present here a new Bayesian method that eases the aforesaid circularity problem, and allows the introduction of new constraints on the cosmological (ΩM, ΩΛ) diagram as well as the exploration of the kinematics of the Universe up to z ≈ 3. The method that we propose offers the further advantage of allowing us to handle the problem of the (ΩM, ΩΛ) loitering line singularity which inevitably appears when standard candles with z &gt; 2 are used. The combination of GRBs with Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) data makes the popular Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology more consistent with the Hubble diagram at the 68 per cent confidence level. For a flat cosmology we find ΩM = 0.28 ± 0.03 for the combined GRB+SN Ia data set. Correspondingly, the transition redshift between cosmic deceleration and acceleration is zT = 0.73 ± 0.09, slightly larger than the value found by considering SNe Ia alone. We briefly discuss our results also in terms of non-ΛCDM dark energy models.
Polarized diffuse emission at 2.3 GHz in a high Galactic latitude area
Authors: Carretti E. , McConnell D. , McClure-Griffiths N. M. , Bernardi G. , Cortiglioni S. , Poppi S. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Polarized diffuse emission observations at 2.3 GHz in a high Galactic latitude area are presented. The 2°× 2° field, centred at (α = 5h, δ = -49°), is located in the region observed by the BOOMERanG experiment. Our observations were carried out with the Parkes radio telescope, and represent the highest frequency detection to date in a low-emission area. Because of the weaker Faraday rotation effect, the high frequency allows an estimate of the Galactic synchrotron contamination of the cosmic microwave background polarization (CMBP) which is more reliable than that achieved at 1.4 GHz. We find that the angular power spectra of the E- and B-modes have slopes of βE = -1.46 ± 0.14 and βB = -1.87 ± 0.22, indicating a flattening with respect to 1.4 GHz. Extrapolated up to 32 GHz, the E-mode spectrum is about three orders of magnitude lower than that of the CMBP, allowing a clean detection even at this frequency. The best improvement concerns the B-mode, for which our single-dish observations provide the first estimate of the contamination on angular scales close to the CMBP peak (about 2°). We find that the CMBP B-mode should be stronger than the synchrotron contamination at 90 GHz for models with tensor-to-scalar perturbation ratio T/S &gt; 0.01. This low level could move down to 60–70 GHz the optimal window for CMBP measurements.
One-armed spiral structure of accretion discs induced by a phase-dependent mass transfer in Be/X-ray binaries
Authors: Hayasaki Kimitake , Okazaki Atsuo T. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We study the non-axisymmetric structure of accretion discs in Be/X-ray binaries, performing three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations for a coplanar system with a short period and a moderate eccentricity. We find that ram pressure due to the phase-dependent mass transfer from the Be-star disc excites a one-armed, trailing spiral structure in the accretion disc around the neutron star. The spiral wave is transient; it is excited around the periastron passage, when the material is transferred from the Be disc, and is gradually damped afterwards. The disc changes its morphology from circular to eccentric with the development of the spiral wave, and then from eccentric to circular with the decay of the wave during one orbital period. It turns out that the inward propagation of the spiral wave significantly enhances the mass-accretion rate on to the neutron star. Thus, the detection of an X-ray luminosity peak corresponding to the peak in enhanced mass-accretion rate provides circumstantial evidence that an accretion disc is present in Be/X-ray binaries.
Cosmological constraints from X-ray AGN clustering and Type Ia supernova data
Authors: Basilakos S. , Plionis M. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We put constraints on the main cosmological parameters of different spatially flat cosmological models by combining the recent clustering results of XMM–Newton soft (0.5–2 keV) X-ray sources, which have a redshift distribution with median redshift z ∼ 1.2, and Type Ia supernova data. Using a likelihood procedure we find that the model that best reproduces the observational data and which is consistent with stellar ages is the concordance λ cold dark matter model with Ω m ≃ 0.28, w ≃ −1, H0 ≃ 72 km s-1 Mpc−1 and t0 ≃ 13.5 Gyr, and has an X-ray active galactic nucleus clustering evolution which is constant in physical coordinates. For a different clustering evolution model (constant in comoving coordinates) we find another viable model, although less probable because of the smaller age of the universe, with Ωm ≃ 0.38, w ≃−1.25, H0 ≃ 70 km s−1 Mpc−1 and t0 ≃ 12.9 Gyr.
The space density of moderate-luminosity active galaxies at z = 3
Authors: Nandra K. , Laird E. S. , Steidel C. C. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We present an estimate of the space density of active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z = 3. Combining deep X-ray data with Lyman break galaxy (LBG) colour selection in the rest-frame ultraviolet makes for highly efficient identification of AGN in a narrow redshift range (z ∼ 2.5–3.5). Using Chandra data from the Groth–Westphal Strip (GWS) and the Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N), we find a total of 15 X-ray-detected LBGs at z ∼ 3, the majority of which are unlikely to have been identified in blanket follow-up surveys of X-ray-detected objects. We find the comoving space density of moderate-luminosity AGN (MLAGN; LX = 1043–44.5 erg s−1) at z = 3 to be a factor of ∼10 higher than that of the most powerful objects. The available data are consistent with a roughly constant space density of MLAGN from z = 0.5 to 3, and they are also consistent with a mild decline in the space density above z = 1 as predicted by the luminosity-dependent density evolution models of Ueda et al. This strong AGN activity at z = 3 argues against previous suggestions that the majority of black hole accretion occurs at low redshift. A further implication of our investigation is that, as far as can be determined from current data, the majority of the AGN population at z ∼ 3 is selected by the LBG dropout technique. Although this is sensitive to AGN with an ultraviolet excess arising from an accretion disc, it predominantly identifies star-forming galaxies. A significant fraction of X-ray sources seem likely to be hosted by these more typical LBGs, further strengthening the starburst–AGN connection at high redshift.
The peak luminosity–peak energy correlation in gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Ghirlanda G. , Ghisellini G. , Firmani C. , Celotti A. , Bosnjak Z. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We derive the correlation between the peak luminosity Liso and the peak energy of the νFν spectrum Epeak using 25 long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with firm redshift measurements. We find that its slope is similar to that of the correlation between the time-integrated isotropic emitted energy Eiso and Epeak. For the 16 GRBs in our sample with estimated jet opening angle, we compute the collimation-corrected peak luminosity Lγ, and find that it correlates with Epeak. This correlation has, however, a scatter larger than that of the correlation between Epeak and Eγ (the time-integrated emitted energy, corrected for collimation), which we ascribe to the fact that the opening angle is estimated through the global energetics. We have then selected a large sample of 442 GRBs with pseudo-redshifts, derived through the lag–luminosity relation, to test the existence of the Liso–Epeak correlation. With this sample we also explore the possibility of a correlation between time-resolved quantities, namely Lpiso and the peak energy at the peak of emission Eppeak.
LOFAR as a probe of the sources of cosmological reionization
Authors: Zaroubi Saleem , Silk Joseph 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We propose use of the thickness of the ionization front as a discriminant between alternative modes of reionization in the early Universe, by stars or by miniquasars. Assuming a photoionization–recombination balance, we find that for miniquasar sources the transition from neutral to ionized intergalactic medium is extended and has two features. The first is a sudden steep increase in the neutral fraction with a typical width of 5–10 comoving megaparsecs, depending on the miniquasar power. The second feature is a long wing that represents a much slower transition from a neutral fraction of ≈ 0.8 to 1. The angular resolution of LOFAR is expected to resolve these scales and will, therefore, play an important role in discriminating the hard sources of ionizing photons from the stellar ones.
Reconsidering the Geography of Tourism and Contemporary Mobility
Authors: Hall C. Michael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTourism is one of the world's largest legal industries. At the same time that tourism has grown so has its study, to the extent that there is debate as to whether it may constitute a discipline in its own right. Geographers have long contributed to the study of tourism. However, there is substantial concern over the development of the sub‐discipline and how tourism is conceptualised. A framework for understanding tourism in relation to contemporary human mobility over space and time is provided. This framework bears strong relationships to research on time geography as well as to work on diaspora and transnationalism. Some of the implications of incorporating tourism within the framework of mobility are outlined with respect to mobility as a form of capital, the relationships between different forms of mobility, and an improved understanding of tourism's impacts at all stages of the travel process rather than just at the destination.
Managing Environmental Impacts of Recreation and Tourism in Rainforests of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area
Authors: Turton Stephen M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes environmental impacts of tourism and recreation activities in the world heritage listed rainforests of northeast Australia and presents management strategies for sustainable visitor use of the protected area. Tropical rainforests are characterised by their low resistance and moderate to high resilience to impacts associated with human visitation. Visitor use in the World Heritage Area is mostly associated with walking tracks, camping areas, day use areas and off‐road vehicle use of old forestry roads and tracks. Adverse environmental impacts range from vegetation trampling, soil compaction, water contamination and soil erosion at the local scale through to spread of weeds, feral animals and soil pathogens along extensive networks of old forestry roads and tracks at the regional scale. Concentration of visitor use is the most desirable management strategy for controlling adverse impacts at most World Heritage Area visitor nodes and sites, and includes methods such as site hardening and shielding to contain impacts. For dispersed visitor activities, such as off‐road vehicle driving and long‐distance walking, application of best practice methods by the tourist industry and recreational users such as removal of mud and soils from vehicle tyres and hiking boots before entering pathogen‐free catchments, together with seasonal closure of roads and tracks, are the preferred management strategies. Retention of canopy cover at camping areas and day use areas, as well as along walking tracks and forestry roads is a simple, yet effective, management strategy for reduction of a range of adverse impacts, including dispersal of weeds and feral animals, edge effects, soil erosion and nutrient loss, road kill and linear barrier effects on rainforest fauna.
Estimates of Historical Tree Densities in the North Lachlan River Catchment, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Martin Warren K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVegetation structure and composition during the pre‐ and early‐European period in Australia is often proposed as a benchmark against which to measure the effects of modern landscape management practices. However, little quantifiable information exists for that historical period. One potential source of information is the land survey record, used in this study to provide estimates of tree densities that existed during the period 1870 to 1900 in part of central New South Wales. Estimates were obtained for 23 parishes in the north Lachlan River valley, between the towns of Condobolin and Tottenham. Densities were calculated from portion corner to nearest tree data obtained from historical survey plans, using the plotless, closest individual method. Densities ranged from 6.0 to 31.4 trees per hectare for parishes with enough data points for reliable calculation. These figures would account for trees of a diameter large enough to be blazed with a survey mark. Any smaller trees would be additional and, although no quantitative data existed for this, qualitative evidence suggested that the figures obtained were more likely to be underestimates due to the presence of such small trees. The study area was predominantly covered by woodlands which varied in density across the landscape, in comparison to the modern landscape where much of the native vegetation has been cleared for agriculture. Although the tree density figures should be considered to be indicative rather than precise, they provide quantifiable historical figures for past conditions in an area where the historical record is otherwise sparse. Such information is valuable for interpreting ecological changes brought about by modern land management.