bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐equilibrium intergranular segregation and embrittlement in neutron‐irradiated ferritic alloys
Authors: Kameda J. , Nishiyama Y. , Bloomer T. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study describes intergranular segregation and embrittlement in several model ferritic alloys doped with Mn, P, S and/or Cu subjected to neutron irradiation, irradiation‐equivalent thermal ageing (ETA) and post‐irradiation annealing (PIA). Neutron irradiation produced a larger amount of intergranular phosphorus segregation than sulfur segregation. Irradiation‐induced phosphorus segregation became more prominent with decreasing bulk phosphorus content. Intergranular carbon segregation remained small in all the as‐irradiated alloys, which was enhanced by the ETA except for the high phosphorus‐containing alloy. A PIA study has shown that the phosphorus segregation in phosphorus‐doped alloys subjected to lower temperature PIA proceeds via mobile phosphorus–interstitial complexes, whereas the sulfur segregation, which occurs over a wide PIA temperature range, is controlled by vacancy‐enhanced diffusion. The mechanisms of non‐equilibrium intergranular segregation induced by neutron irradiation are discussed in light of coupled fluxes of point defects and impurities and changes in the segregation capacity of grain boundaries. Small punch tests demonstrated how the impurity segregation or desegregation and hardening or softening induced by the irradiation, ETA and PIA influence intergranular embrittlement in the various ferritic alloys. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the interface formed between chromium and 4,4′‐bis (4‐dimethylaminostyryl) benzene
Authors: deVos S. A. , Nguyen T. P. , Ip J. , Rendu P. Le , Tran V. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChromium interfaces with 4,4′‐bis(4‐dimethylaminostyryl) benzene (DMASB) were examined using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Deposition of the metal on the organic or the organic on the metal under different physical conditions caused major differences in the chemical composition of the interface that could have implications in the injection of charge via the interface into the organic. There is evidence of the formation of a form of chromium carbide or chromium–oxygen–carbon complex and a form of chromium oxynitride at the DMASB/Cr interface. At the Cr/DMASB interface, only a form of chromium oxynitride was observed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared microspectroscopic studies on the pitting of AA2024‐T3 induced by acetone degreasing
Authors: Chidambaram Devicharan , Halada Gary P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAcetone degreasing of aluminum alloy AA2024‐T3, as per the ASTM E1078‐97 cleaning protocol, showed that copper‐rich intermetallic particles acted as a photocatalyst in the presence of moisture to convert the acetone remaining on the surface to acetic acid. In this work, using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy (SIRMS), we have investigated further the acetone‐induced pitting of AA2024‐T3 that was shown earlier using XPS. Using SIRMS prior to sodium chloride mist exposure shows the presence of carboxyl groups at sites where pitting is initiated, indicating that pitting is induced by acetone. The infrared linescan and mapping performed on acetone‐degreased AA2024‐T3 exposed to sodium chloride mist shows the presence of acetyl groups surrounding the pits. Based on this work, acetone is not recommended for degreasing aluminum–copper alloys. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of a ring nanoelectrode in an AFM tip: novel approach towards simultaneous electrochemical and topographical imaging
Authors: Lugstein Alois , Bertagnolli Emmerich , Kranz Christine , Mizaikoff Boris 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a novel approach for the fabrication of a ring nanoelectrode integrated in a standard atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip. The discussed procedure enables the integration of an electroactive area in an exactly defined distance above the apex of a scanning probe tip and the subsequent remodelling and sharpening of the original AFM tip using a focused ion beam technique. This approach is a novel concept towards enhancing the functionality of AFM in order to obtain laterally resolved electrochemical information. Hence, entirely separated topographical and electrochemical information can be obtained simultaneously. The presented technique also demonstrates an alternative approach towards electrochemical imaging using nanometer electrodes with a well‐defined geometry, as shown with the development of the first integrated ring nanoelectrode in an AFM cantilever. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐diffusion between PMMA and PVDF during lamination studied by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry chemical imaging
Authors: Feng Jiyun , Li Lin , Chan Chi‐Ming , Weng Lu‐Tao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA laminate was prepared by laminating a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) disc and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) disc using compression moulding. Both PVDF and PMMA are miscible polymers. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) chemical images were used to investigate inter‐diffusion between the PVDF and PMMA during lamination at 200 °C and 16 MPa. Negative ToF‐SIMS chemical images clearly revealed the presence of inter‐diffusion between the PVDF and PMMA. Both the lamination time and the PMMA molecular weight could significantly influence the inter‐diffusion distance. As the lamination time increased, the inter‐diffusion distance increased significantly. In addition, as the PMMA molecular weight decreased, the inter‐diffusion distances also increased markedly due to the decrease in viscosity of the PMMA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Backscattering correction for AES spectra measured at oblique (>45°) incidence of primary electron beam
Authors: Shimotsuma Y. , Ichimura S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe validity of matrix corrections on an AES analysis for incident angles θ (measured from the surface normal) of >45° was examined. The correction factors to take into account were the atomic density correction factor (N), the electron backscattering correction factor (R) and the inelastic mean free path (λ). The backscattering correction factor at large incidence angles was estimated by extrapolation from the factors for θ < 45°, which have been reported based on Monte‐Carlo simulations. The validity of the extrapolation was checked using pure Au and Cu samples used in the measurements of AES intensity dependence on the angle of incidence. This present approach then was applied to the quantitative analysis of Si3N4 samples for a large incident angles. It was confirmed that the proposed matrix correction method is more accurate than the conventional one based on the use of sensitivity factors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inference of object‐oriented design patterns
Authors: Tonella Paolo , Antoniol Giulio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhen designing a new application, experienced software engineers usually adopt solutions that have proven successful in previous projects. Such reuse of code organizations is seldom made explicit. Nevertheless, it represents important information, which can be extremely valuable in the maintenance phase by documenting the design choices underlying the implementation. In addition it can be reused whenever a similar problem is encountered. In this paper an approach for the inference of recurrent design patterns directly from the code is proposed. No assumption is made on the availability of any pattern library, and the concept analysis algorithm—adapted for this purpose—is able to infer the presence of class groups which instantiate a common, repeated pattern. In fact, concept analysis provides sets of objects sharing attributes, which—in the case of object‐oriented design patterns—become class members or inter‐class relations. The approach was applied to three C++ applications for which the structural relations among classes led to the extraction of a set of design patterns, which could be enriched with non‐structural information about class members and method invocations. The resulting patterns could be interpreted as meaningful organizations aimed at solving general problems which have several instances in the applications analyzed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Appreciative designa
Authors: Norum Karen E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAppreciative Inquiry (AI) is an inquiry into the ‘best of’ what already exists in a system. It is a search to discover the life‐giving forces of the system. Organizations grow in the direction of what they study and, in this sense, invent themselves. AI asserts if good and bad exist in any system, we can choose to study the ‘good’ instead of the ‘bad’. Unfortunately, we are well trained through problem‐solving to study the ‘bad’ instead of the ‘good’. However, by changing what is ‘studied’ in the organization, the system can ‘reinvent’ itself. When using an appreciative inquiry (AI) approach, the questions we ask will determine what we find. Thus, shaping the inquiry is critical. The questions asked will reveal the life‐giving forces of the system. Once those are discovered, the next stage in the process is to dream of what could be. Then comes the design phase: creating the infrastructure that will bridge the best of what is with what could be. The system can then live its destiny by strengthening its affirmative capability. Appreciative Design differs from traditional approaches to organizational design in that it is not a method of problem‐solving; rather it is a way to design a system around identified life‐giving forces. In this paper, the author will present a model for ‘Appreciative Design’. Examples from consulting work and an instructional design class will be used for illustrative purposes. How ‘Appreciative Design’ could be used to reinvent educational systems will also be discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing viable knowledge
Authors: Achterbergh Jan , Vriens Dirk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, Beer's Viable System Model (VSM) is applied to knowledge management. Based on the VSM, domains of knowledge are identified that an organization should possess to maintain its viability. The logic of the VSM is also used to support the diagnosis, design and implementation of the knowledge processes that should make and keep organizationally viable knowledge available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron microscopic immunocytochemical detection of PSD‐95, PSD‐93, SAP‐102, and SAP‐97 at postsynaptic, presynaptic, and nonsynaptic sites of adult and neonatal rat visual cortex
Authors: Aoki Chiye , Miko Ilona , Oviedo Hysell , Mikeladze‐Dvali Tamara , Alexandre Lucien , Sweeney Neal , Bredt David S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMembrane‐associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) assemble protein complexes at sites of cell–cell contact. At excitatory synapses in brain, MAGUKs localize to the postsynaptic density (PSD) and interact with N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors and downstream signaling proteins. However, NMDA receptors are not restricted to the PSDs, as electron microscopic immunocytochemical (EM‐ICC) results indicate that NMDA receptors also occur at nonsynaptic portions of dendrites, perhaps functioning as reserves for rapid insertion into synaptic membranes in response to appropriate synaptic activity. NMDA receptors also occur in axons, at least in part to support glutamate‐dependent enhancement of transmitter release. In this study, a systematic EM‐ICC survey was performed to determine whether the distributions of four neuronal MAGUKs—PSD‐95, PSD‐93, SAP‐102, and SAP‐97—resemble that of NMDA receptors. Quantitative analysis revealed that the density of PSD‐95 over thick PSDs of asymmetric axo‐spinous synaptic junctions is 2–3‐fold the level in the immediately adjacent cytoplasm of spines and terminals, while symmetric synapses show no association with PSD‐95. Similarly, all four MAGUKs occur over PSDs of spines. However, we also detected MAGUK immunoreactivity, albeit more diffusely, along presynaptic membranes and in the cytoplasm of axons and dendritic shafts. In fact, the overall distribution of PSD‐95 within the neuropil is equally prevalent along plasma membranes (including synaptic portions) as in the cytoplasm, away from plasma membranes. These results suggest that MAGUKs have dual roles: to maintain receptors at synapses and to regulate shuttling of receptors between nonsynaptic and synaptic sites. Synapse 40:239–257, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) inhibition of coronary development is preceded by a decrease in myocyte proliferation and an increase in cardiac apoptosis
Authors: Ivnitski I. , Elmaoued R. , Walker M.K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) causes cardiovascular toxicity, culminating in edema, hemorrhage, and mortality in piscine, avian, and mammalian embryos. To elucidate the mechanism of the cardiovascular teratogenicity of TCDD, we used a chick embryo model to determine whether TCDD alters coronary artery development and whether this alteration was associated with apoptosis and/or changes in myocyte proliferation.MethodsFertile chicken eggs were injected with corn oil (control), 0.24, or 0.40 pmol TCDD/g in corn oil before incubation. To evaluate effects of TCDD on differentiation of coronary arteries, chick embryo hearts from incubation days 8 (D8), D10, and D12 were stained with anti‐α‐smooth muscle actin. Myocyte proliferation was measured by BrdU incorporation on D6, 8, 10, and 12 after TCDD treatment. In addition, temporal and spatial patterns of apoptosis were detected by TUNEL on D3, D5, D6, D8, and D10, and immunohistochemistry was used to identify the origin of apoptotic cells on D6.ResultsTCDD increased apoptosis in structures where cell death normally occurs, including the outflow tract, endocardial cushion of the atrioventricular canal, and dorsal mesocardium, peaking in intensity on D6. Immunohistochemistry revealed that cells undergoing TCDD‐induced apoptosis in the dorsal mesocardium were not neural or epicardial in origin. On D8 and D10 TCDD reduced myocyte proliferation. On D10, TCDD reduced coronary artery size and on D10 and D12 TCDD induced a dose‐dependent decrease in coronary artery number.ConclusionsThe reduction of myocyte proliferation by TCDD preceded the reduction in coronary artery number and size, suggesting that changes in coronary development may be a consequence of reduced myocyte proliferation and a thinner ventricle wall. The peak of TCDD‐induced increase in apoptosis occurred even earlier in embryo development and thus may contribute to changes in myocyte proliferation, coronary development, and cardiac structural malformations; however, a cause‐and‐effect relationship between apoptosis and these other events has yet to be established. Teratology 64:201–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extraction and purification of the zwitterions cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
Authors: Norris R. L. G. , Eaglesham G. K. , Shaw G. R. , Senogles P. , Chiswell R. K. , Smith M. J. , Davis B. C. , Seawright A. A. , Moore M. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has been isolated from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (C. raci.). Efforts to study this toxin have been hampered by the time‐consuming requirement to extract it from cultures of the organism. It is usually extracted from lyophilized cells collected from a laboratory culture. Our preliminary work suggested far more of the toxin is available in solution in the culture media than in the cells collected. We have therefore investigated the use of commercially available solid phase extraction sorbents to extract CYN from culture media in which C. raci. has been grown. A range of reverse phase and ion‐exchange sorbents were tested across a range of pHs for their ability to retain CYN without success. Subsequently, graphitized carbon cartridges were found to retain CYN strongly. Elution with 5% formic acid in methanol allowed the CYN to be regained for final purification by HPLC. Deoxy‐CYN, an analog of CYN can also be extracted using this procedure. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 391–396, 2001
Comparison of potential power production at on‐ and offshore sites
Authors: Pryor S. C. , Barthelmie R. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents analyses of the potential power production from turbines located in the near‐shore and offshore environment relative to an onshore location, using half‐hourly average wind speed data from four sites in the Danish wind monitoring network. These measurement sites are located in a relatively high wind speed environment, and data from these sites indicate a high degree of spatial coherence. For these sites and representative turbine specifications (rated power 1·3–2 W) the fraction of time with power output in excess of 500 kW is twice as high for the offshore location as for the land site. Also, the fraction of time with negligible power production (defined as <100 kW output from the turbines described herein) is less than 20% for the offshore site and twice as high at the land‐based location. Capacity factors are higher for coastal sites than for the land site, and the annual capacity factor for the offshore location is twice that of the land site. Potential power output at the offshore site exhibits approximately the same seasonal variation as at the land site but little diurnal variation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric particulate analysis by synchrotron radiation total reflection (SR‐TXRF)
Authors: Matsumoto Edson , Simabuco Silvana M. , Pérez Carlos A. , Nascimento Filho Virgílio F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractX‐ray fluorescence with synchrotron radiation total reflection was used to analyze the atmospheric particulate collected in Campinas, SP, Brazil, in fine and coarse fractions, using a stacked filter unit. After treatment with acid solution and pipetting on to Perspex disks, the samples were measured at the x‐ray fluorescence beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Campinas, using a polychromatic beam for sample excitation. The detection limits obtained ranged from 0.3 to 8.9 ng m−3 for the majority of the elements. The data obtained were treated using analysis receptor models of the principal components, then absolute principal component analysis was applied to obtain the contribution of each source to the total of both particulate fractions. Four sources were identified for the fine fraction for autumn/winter and summer periods: (1) soil dust (22 and 29%); (2) industry (26 and 23%); (3) sulfate (23 and 20%); (4) motor vehicle (22 and 20%); and 7% and 8% non‐explained, in the autumn/winter and summer periods, respectively. In coarse fraction analysis, two sources were identified for the autumn/winter and summer periods and with similar rates for source contribution. The obtained sources were: (1) soil dust (77 and 78%); (2) industry (18 and 16%); and non‐explained rates of 5 and 6%, in the autumn/winter and summer periods, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining XRF analysis and chemometric tools for a preliminary classification of argentine soils
Authors: Custo G. , Boeykens S. , Cicerone D. , Vázquez C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA procedure for the non‐destructive elemental analysis of soils using wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF) is proposed. The determination of minor and trace elements is considered. It does not require any sophisticated treatment of the sample. The method was validated using certified soil standard reference materials, obtaining satisfactory agreement between the WDXRF results and the certified values. The multielemental information provided by the proposed method was used to model a classification of Argentine soils by chemometric analysis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequencing of a 4.3 kbp region of chromosome 2 of Candida albicans reveals the presence of homologues of SHE9 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of bacterial phosphatidylinositol‐phospholipase C
Authors: Andaluz Encarnación , Coque Juan‐José R. , Cueva Rosario , Larriba Germán 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe nucleotide sequence of a 4.3 kb fragment downstream of the LIG4 gene of Candida albicans has been determined. This fragment contains two entire ORFs (ORF1 and ORF2) and a truncated one (ORF3). ORF1 (1029 bp; EMBL databank, Accession No. AJ277539) encodes a putative protein of 343 amino acids with a high degree of similarity to phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipases C (PI‐PLC) of bacterial origin and, to a lesser degree, to similar proteins from trypanosome, fly and human. Isolated ORF1 confers PI‐PLC activity to Escherichia coli transformants. ORF2 (1572 bp; EMBL databank, Accession No. AJ277538) predicts a protein of 524 amino acids with high similarity along most of the entire length to Ydr393w from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This protein carries a domain with significant similarity to several cytoskeleton proteins of different origins. YDR393w (SHE9) is an orphan gene whose overexpression compromises cell growth. ORF3 appears to encode the homologue of the well‐conserved proteasomal 26S regulatory subunit. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ynl038wp (Gpi15p) is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue of human Pig‐Hp and participates in the first step in glycosylphosphatidylinositol assembly
Authors: Yan Benjamin C. , Westfall Barbara A. , Orlean Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are found in all eukaryotes and are synthesized in a pathway that starts with the transfer of N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) from UDP‐GlcNAc to phosphatidylinositol (PI). This reaction is carried out by a protein complex, three of whose subunits in humans, hGpi1p, Pig‐Cp and Pig‐Ap, have sequence and functional homologues in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gpi1, Gpi2 and Gpi3 proteins, respectively. Human GlcNAc‐PI synthase contains two further subunits, Pig‐Hp and PigPp. We report that the essential YNL038w gene encodes the S. cerevisiae homologue of Pig‐Hp. Haploid YNL038w‐deletion strains were created, in which Ynl038wp could be depleted by repressing YNL038w expression using the GAL10 promoter. Depletion of Ynl038wp from membranes virtually abolished in vitro GlcNAc‐PI synthetic activity, indicating that Ynl038wp is necessary for GlcNAc‐PI synthesis in vitro. Further, depletion of Ynl038wp in an smp3 mutant background prevented the formation of the trimannosylated GPI intermediates that normally accumulate in this late‐stage GPI assembly mutant. Ynl038wp is therefore required for GPI synthesis in vivo. Because YNL038w encodes a protein involved in GPI biosynthesis, we designate the gene GPI15. Potential Pig‐Hp/Gpi15p counterparts are also encoded in the genomes of Schizosacchomyces pombe and Candida albicans. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.