bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mentoring and the Boundaryless Career: Lessons from the Minority Experience
Authors: Thomas David , Higgins Monica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as there was little debate in the late 1950s about Whyte’s pronouncement, today there is widespread agreement with Lancaster’s. A radical change has occurred: Employers no longer act out of a parental-like obligation to ensure the security of their employees. Just doing your job and being loyal no longer guarantees your career. Today, the new employment contract is more “adultlike” (Kissler, 1994). The focus is on finding a decent match between what the firm needs and what the individual needs, and this fit is sought by the individual, who is now in charge of his or her own career. Perhaps the most significant implication is that the firm can no longer be the anchor for one’s professional sense of self and definition of psychological success. The individual now has the responsibility to develop what Hall (1986) calls a “metaskill”—cultivating adaptability by adopting new work roles and experiences and assimilating them into an integrated sense of identity.
Introduction
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The auditory sense in mammals is capable of almost unbelievable feats. Barn owls, for instance, can successfully hunt in total darkness, guided by the slight sounds made by their prey. Many bats are able to detect, track, and capture a moth using only reflected sound pulses within a few tenths of a second, even though the moth hears the bat’s sonar pulses and takes evasive action. The temporal sensitivity of the sonar system that underlies this ability is estimated to be as fine as 10 nanoseconds (11100th of a microsecond). Although the temporal sensitivity of humans is not as precise, our hearing capabilities are such that we can recognize a familiar voice with the utter­ ance of a single word. Cat hearing is so sensitive your pet can detect sounds not much stronger than those made by air molecules bumping against each other.
Middle Ear
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transmission of sound through the mammalian middle ear is provided by a chain of the tiniest bones in the body. The physical properties of these bones and their supporting structures determine how efficiently this transmission is. In the absence of feedback from the central nervous system, middle ear mechanisms are essentially linear, allowing the highly developed techniques for analyzing passive mechanical systems to be employed. The fruits of those analyses give us a firm understanding of the general attributes of mid­ dle ear transmissions. In the alert mammal, however, the middle ear is not a passive structure but one that is under continuous central control. We will review that control, highlighting its important protective features and its role in enhancing the usefulness of intense acoustic signals.
Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Single Tones
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After following the auditory signal through many intermediate stages, we come to its final form: The signals that are sent into the central nervous system by the spiral ganglion neurons in response to acoustic stimuli. These responses are truly remarkable. They are nonlinear, as would be predictable from the strongly nonlinear aspects of basilar membrane vibrations (see Chapter 10), yet many of their properties can be accurately predicted by linear analysis. They occur at relatively low discharge rates (usually &lt;200/ sec) but are able to track the wave shapes of signals having kiloHertz frequencies. With action potentials lasting half a millisecond, they permit behavioral discriminations to be made in the sub micro second range. Perhaps the best summary of the cochlea’s overall behavior is that it divides the signal into many (overlapping) frequency bands and then simultaneously encodes the output of those bands using automatic gain control, all the while preserving the temporal aspects of the signal accurately.
Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Other Basic Sounds
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time is of crucial importance when accounting for the responses of primary auditory neurons. This conclusion is not just a consequence of the reciprocal relation that exists between a pure tone’s frequency and period but, rather, the reflection of a fundamental relation that exists between the temporal and frequency attributes of any tuned physical system (Licklider, 1951).
Damage to the Ear and Hearing Impairment
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ear does an exquisite job of transforming acoustic signals, varying enor­ mously in amplitude and waveform, into a regimented neural code. The hearing that normally results is one of our greatest gifts. With it we monitor our environment in all directions, communicate with one other, and listen to the music of instruments and babbling children. The loss of this treasure can bring severe behavioral deficits (Gravel and Ruben, 1996) as well as untold personal agony. A poignant example is provided in a moving letter from the 31-year-old Beethoven to his brothers, in which he attempts to describe his misery due to a progressive hearing loss. Not only was he unable to appreciate performances of his music, he found it difficult to communicate with other people and became a virtual recluse. He even contemplated suicide (van Beethoven, 1802).
Young America
Authors: Widmer Edward L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fascinating study examines the meteoric career of a vigorous intellectual movement rising out of the Age of Jackson. As Americans argued over their destiny in the decades preceding the Civil War, an outspoken new generation of “ultra-democratic” writers entered the fray, staking out positions on politics, literature, art, and any other territory they could annex. They called themselves Young America--and they proclaimed a “Manifest Destiny” to push back frontiers in every category of achievement. Their swagger found a natural home in New York City, already bursting at the seams and ready to take on the world. Young America’s mouthpiece was the Democratic Review, a highly influential magazine funded by the Democratic Party and edited by the brash and charismatic John O’Sullivan. The Review offered a fresh voice in political journalism, and sponsored young writers like Hawthorne and Whitman early in their careers. Melville, too, was influenced by Young America, and provided a running commentary on its many excesses. Despite brilliant promise, the movement fell apart in the 1850s, leaving its original leaders troubled over the darker destiny they had ushered in. Their ambitious generation had failed to rewrite history as promised. Instead, their perpetual agitation helped set the stage for the Civil War. Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City is without question the most complete examination of this captivating and original movement. It also provides the first published biography of its leader, John O’Sullivan, one of America’s great rhetoricians. Edward L. Widmer enriches his unique volume by offering a new theory of Manifest Destiny as part of a broader movement of intellectual expansion in nineteenth-century America.
Reparatory Justice
Authors: Teitel Ruti G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contemporary times, most transitional regimes—whether following war, military dictatorships, or communism—have undertaken some form of reparatory justice. The review of reparatory practices pursued here suggests this response is widely prevalent, despite divergent legal cultures. How do societies think about such efforts at reparation? What is their purpose and function? What is the meaning of transitional justice for victims of past regime wrongs and for the society?
Administrative Justice
Authors: Teitel Ruti G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to where the law itself is the engine of revolutionary change. In negotiated political transitions, the transformation often depends on the force of law. Politicized public law can effect radical change when it distributes power explicitly on the basis of the new ideology. Sweeping politicized administrative measures have been pervasive in periods of political change worldwide: after the American Civil War, in the shift from slave to free state; in postwar Europe, in the shift from fascism to democracy; in post communist Europe, in the shift from totalitarian to freer market economies; in postmilitary Latin America, in the shift to civilian rule. The asserted purpose of the politicized exercise of administrative law is always the noble one of guarding the transition; nevertheless, this use of the law, grounded as it is in categorical judgment, resembles the political justice of totalitarian regimes. Such measures raise the question, What is the relation of illiberal means to liberal ends? Where an illiberal ideology has permeated society, what is the hope for moving that society toward a more liberal political system? What is the potential for revolution by law? To what extent do transitional societies rely on past political behavior as the basis for transformation? What if any are the normative parameters? What justifies the overtly political measures? How can the successor regime’s interest be reconciled with concerns for individual rights? The inevitable dilemma is one of means and ends.
Dilemmas in Economic Theory
Authors: Mandler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By examining the development of economics in the 20th century, this book argues that the breakthroughs of post WWII general equilibrium theory and its rejection of utilitarianism and marginal productivity have been misunderstood. Mandler maintains that although earlier neoclassicism deserved criticism, current theory does not adequately address the problems the discarded concepts were designed to solve, and that intractable dilemmas therefore appear.
The Intellectual Environment of Legality
Authors: Francis A Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideal of a political society in which law constrains and guides the exercise of power by rulers dates from the beginnings of systematic thought in the Western world. The rule of-law phrase is not of ancient lineage. It is said that it was first popularized in the mid-nineteenth century by Albert Venn Dicey, the Vinerian Professor at Oxford and influential commentator on the English Constitution. But the ideal was expressed in the ancient world in various forms of language.2 Aristotle in his Politicswrites that he who bids the law rule may be deemed to bid God and Reason alone rule, but he who bids man rule adds an element of the beast; for desire is a wild beast, and passion perverts the minds of rulers, even when they are the best of men. The law is reason unaffected by desire. The last sentence has been translated even more strikingly: “Accordingly law is intelligence without appetite.”
Romance Clitics, Verb Movement, and PRO
Authors: Kayne Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pronominal clitics in Romance may either precede or follow the verb they are associated with, depending on a number of factors, some of which I shall try to elucidate in this article. My analysis will take Romance clitics to invariably left-adjoin to a functional head. In cases where that functional head dominates the verb, this will straightforwardly yield the order clitic-verb. The order verb-clitic will, on the other hand, be claimed to result from the verb’s having moved leftward past the functional head to which the clitic has adjoined (rather than having the clitic right-adjoin to the verb). I shall focus on the question of clitic/verb order as it applies to embedded sentences, leaving for future work certain extra possibilities that appear in root sentences such as imperatives, and in certain other types of root sentences in languages such as Portuguese and Galician.
The English Complementizer of
Authors: Kayne Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this squib, I will try to show that in some varieties of English the preposition of has a use in which it is strongly similar to the familiar to of infinitives: (1) John wants to leave. Although the to of (1) and (2) differs in important ways from the for of (2), I will use the term ‘complementizer’ to informally refer to both, as well as to the of in question: (2) John wants very much for Bill to leave.
Seldom Ask, Never Tell
Authors: Puckett Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Puckett takes a new look at the relationship between language, society, and economics by examining how people talk about work in a rural Appalachian community. Through careful analysis of conversations in casual yet commercial contexts, she finds that the construction and maintenance of this discourse is essential to the community's socioeconomic relationships. The volume will appeal to linguists, anthropologists, and scholars in communications and Appalachian studies.
The Justices
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a White House ceremony on the morning of September 26, 1986, Chief Justice Burger administered his successor the oath of office required by the Constitution. That afternoon at the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Rehnquist took the judicial oath, promising to “administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich:’ Earlier, William Bradford Reynolds, President Reagan’s assistant attorney general for civil rights, had denounced the”radical egalitarianism” of Rehnquist’s colleague and the Court’s senior associate justice, William J. Brennan, Jr., who, Reynolds charged, had “allowed his liberal orthodoxy to shape his jurisprudence.”
Governmental Power
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rehnquist Court, like other Courts of the post-1937 era, has focused largely on the scope and limits to noneconomic personal rights. Over the years of Chief Justice Rehnquist’s tenure in the Court’s center seat, however, the justices have also regularly confronted a variety of issues relating to the scope of national authority, separation of powers, interstate relations, federalism, and related questions of governmental power.
Freedom of Expression and Association
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In litigation involving the Constitution’s guarantees to freedom of expression and association, however, the justices have largely applied and elaborated on existing doctrine sculpted essentially during the Warren and Burger eras. Given the close divisions in certain issue areas and the pragmatic, flexible jurisprudence of the Court’s center, moreover, the doctrinal elaborations the Rehnquist Court justices have contributed to the expression and association elements of First Amendment law have been subtle and complex.
The Economics of Tort Law
Authors: Miceli Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter extends in several directions the basic accident model from the previous chapter. The first concerns the impact of litigation costs, or the costs that victims and injurers incur in resolving an accident claim through the legal system. Consideration of these costs is important, not only because they represent a substantial expenditure of resources, but also because they potentially affect the incentives for care created by the liability system. As we shall see, litigation costs tend to reduce the incentives for injurers to take care, though the effects differ under strict liability and negligence. Thus, litigation costs introduce an extra dimension along which to compare liability rules in terms of their ability to reduce the social costs of accidents.
The second extension of the basic model concerns the impact of uncertainty on the operation of the liability system. I first consider the impact of uncertainty by injurers about what the due standard of care is under a negligence rule. I then consider the impact of uncertainty by the court both about whether a given injurer violated the due standard care, and whether he was the cause of an accident. Finally, I consider the impact of uncertainty by injurers about whether the products they are producing or the activities they are engaged in pose a risk of injury in the first place.
The Economics of Contract Law
Authors: Miceli Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter was primarily concerned with various remedies for breach of contract, taking as a given that the contracts in question were judged to be enforceable. This chapter is largely concerned with the prior question of what contracts are enforceable. It therefore begins with a brief description of the elements that courts have traditionally required to be present in an enforceable promise, the most interesting of which is the doctrine of consideration. It then goes on to examine formation defenses, which argue that a contract is unenforceable because it was not legitimately formed, and performance excuses, which argue that a contract was legitimately formed but that the promisor’s obligation to perform should nevertheless be discharged without damages.
It is important to point out that an economic analysis of the question of what contracts are enforceable is not independent of the question of what is the optimal remedy for breaching an enforceable contract. For example, if a court ruled that a given contract is unenforceable, and therefore that the promisor is not obliged to perform his promise, this would be essentially equivalent to ruling that the contract is enforceable, but that the appropriate remedy for the promisee is zero damages. The analysis of formation and performance defenses in this chapter adopts this unified view by examining them as alternative solutions to the general economic problems discussed in the previous chapter—namely, providing incentives for efficient breach, reliance, and risk sharing. I retain the basic model of contracting from the previous chapter as well.
Communicative Sentencing
Authors: Duff R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A normative theory of punishment must either include, or be able to generate, a theory of sentencing—an account of how particular modes and levels of punishment are to be assigned to particular kinds of offense and offender. Only then can it guide or even connect with the actual practice of punishment. Normative theorizing must begin with an account of the ends that punishment should serve, of the values to which it must answer and by which it must be structured. But until it starts to show how sentences are to be determined in the light of those ends and values, it has not yet provided a theory of punishment as a possible human practice. For sentencing—the determination of the precise modes and levels of punishment to be imposed on particular (kinds of) offenses and offenders—is central to the practice of punishment.
Basic Principles of Drug Design II—Receptors: Structure and Properties
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Along with improved methods for understanding and designing drug molecules, the other central theme of medicinal chemistry over the past 40 years has been the elucidation of the structure and function of drug receptors, an endeavour that continues unabated in the 21st century. This is not surprising, given the importance of the receptor to the pharmacodynamic phase of drug action. Specific drugs (i.e., those that act at very low concentrations) exert their effects by interacting with a specific macromolecular structure (the receptor) in the living cell. This results in the brief formation of a reversible drug–receptor complex. This, in turn, triggers a secondary mechanism such as the opening of an ion channel, or catalyzes the formation of a second messenger, often cyclic AMP (cAMP). Other molecular participants within this chain reaction, such as kinases, are then activated. This cascade of events finally results in the physiological (and hopefully therapeutic) change attributed to the drug. The same mechanisms also operate with endogenous agents such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action III Exogenous pathogens and toxins
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When designing therapeutics for a specific disease, the medicinal chemist must consider the pathological mechanism of the underlying disorder and then design the drug accordingly. For example, anti-neoplastic agents are designed to treat malignancies like colon cancer, whilst anti-inflammatory agents would be designed to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Of these ten fundamental pathological mechanisms, most represent errors or imbalances in endogenous mechanisms. Developmental diseases, for example, arise from inborn errors in metabolism or from genetic disorders.
Read My Lips: Clippyng and Kyssyng in the Early Sixteenth Century
Authors: Watt Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following passage comes from the legend of led, which appears in the early­ sixteenth-century English The Boke of Duke Huon of Bordeux (691-737),1 the whole of which was translated by Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners, from a French prose version of the legend of Huon of Bordeaux. Than themperour made hym to be taken & kept, to the entent to proue the trouthe, for he thought the matter straunge to byleue [believe] Than the emperour, who was right pensyfe, swore and made promise that if he found the mater in that case he wilder cause both his doughtier and Dye to be Brent, by cause of heeding of that straunge cash Than he commanded a bayonet [bath] to be made ready in his owned chamber, wherein he wilder hue Dye to be banned [bathed], to the entent that he myght know the trout or she scraped away, for he says he would not suffre such beggary to be vest. The banged was made reedy, and Dye was sent for, who knew nothing of that matter. Than themperour says to him, “Dye, do of[take off] your clothes, for ye shale bayonet you with me? ‘ (Bourchier 1882 1887: 726-727)
Homophobic Slang as Coercive Discourse among College Students
Authors: Armstrong James d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An article in the 24 August 1988 issue of the New York Times reported that two men attacked by armed teenagers were also verbally degraded with “anti-homo­ sexual epithets” (Wolinsky and Sherrill 1993: 53). Physical attacks on gay men (i.e., “gay bashing”) are often accompanied by verbal assaults. On my campus and on others, “Take Back the Night” rallies sponsored by women ‘s groups and activities organized by gay men and lesbian women sometimes evoke verbal assaults from male bystanders, who express their hostility with homophobic language. This is not so surprising given that language is an act that can be violent, exclusionary, and coercive. Furthermore, America ‘s history of religious intolerance, stigmatization, and prejudice against homosexuals creates a context in which open derogation of homosexuality and homosexuals might be expected. In recent years, after some progress toward mainstream acceptance occurred during the 1970s, there has been an upturn in hostility toward gays and lesbians. This hostility has been accompanied by increased violence toward homosexuals and reinforced both by the fear generated by the AIDS pandemic and by the political power of the religious right (Blumenfeld and Raymond 1988; Perrow and Guillen 1990; Peters 1991). Against this background, gays and lesbians are likely to be “bashed” by both homophobic words and deeds.