bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Injuries in Football
Authors: Arnason Arni , Sigurdsson Stefan B. , Gudmundsson Arni , Holme Ingar , Engebretsen Lars , Bahr Roald 
Published: February 2004

Background The injury risk in football is high, but little is known about causes of injury. Purpose To identify risk factors for football injuries using a multivariate model. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Participants were 306 male football players from the two highest divisions in Iceland. Before the 1999 football season started, the following factors were examined: height, weight, body composition, flexibility, leg extension power, jump height, peak O2 uptake, joint stability, and history of previous injury. Injuries and player exposure were recorded throughout the competitive season. Results Older players were at higher risk of injury in general (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1 per year, P = 0.05). For hamstring strains, the significant risk factors were age (OR = 1.4 [1 year], P < 0.001) and previous hamstring strains (OR = 11.6, P < 0.001). For groin strains, the predictor risk factors were previous groin strains (OR = 7.3, P = 0.001) and decreased range of motion in hip abduction (OR = 0.9 [1°], P = 0.05). Previous injury was also identified as a risk factor for knee (OR = 4.6) and ankle sprains (OR = 5.3). Conclusions Age and previous injury were identified as the main risk factors for injury among elite football players from Iceland.
Calcific Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy
Authors: Maffulli Nicola , Testa Vittorino , Capasso Giovanni , Sullo Alessio 
Published: February 2004

Background Recalcitrant calcific insertional Achilles tendinopathy is difficult to treat. Hypothesis Bursectomy, excision of the distal paratenon, disinsertion of the tendon, removal of the calcific deposit, and reinsertion of the Achilles tendon with bone anchors is safe and effective. Study Design Longitudinal study. Methods Twenty-one patients (six women) (21 feet) (average age 46.9 ± 6.4 years) with recalcitrant calcific insertional Achilles tendinopathy were treated surgically with removal of the calcific deposit; the Achilles tendon was reinserted with bone anchors. Results At an average follow-up of 48.4 months, one patient necessitated a further operation. Eleven patients reported an excellent result, and five a good result. The remaining five patients could not return to their normal levels of sporting activity and kept fit by alternative means. The results of the VISA-A questionnaire were markedly improved in all patients, from an average of 62.4% to 88.1%. Conclusions We recommend disinsertion of the Achilles tendon to excise the calcific deposit fully and reinsertion of the Achilles tendon in the calcaneus with suture anchors. No patient experienced a traumatic disinsertion of the reattached tendon. However, five patients were not able to return to their original level of physical activity.
Articular Cartilage Lesions in 993 Consecutive Knee Arthroscopies
Authors: Årøen Asbjørn , Løken Sverre , Heir Stig , Alvik Elling , Ekeland Arne , Granlund Odd G. , Engebretsen Lars 
Published: February 2004

Background Traumatic articular cartilage injuries heal poorly and may lead to development of osteoarthritis at a young age. This study estimates the number of patients who may benefit from one of the surgical methods of cartilage repair. Methods All patients undergoing knee arthroscopy during a 6-month period at three collaborating hospitals were consecutively evaluated according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) knee form. The material consists of 993 consecutive knee arthroscopies in patients with median age of 35 years. Results Preoperative radiographs demonstrated degenerative changes in 13% of the knees. Articular cartilage pathology was found in 66% and a localized cartilage defect was found in 20% of the knees. A localized full-thickness cartilage lesion (ICRS grade 3 and 4) was observed in 11% of the knees. Of the localized full-thickness lesions, 55% (6% of all knees) had a size above 2 cm2. Conclusion Eleven percent of all knee arthroscopies show cartilage defects that may be suitable for cartilage repair procedures. However, the natural history of these lesions and the number of patients that will benefit from a cartilage repair procedure are so far unknown.
Patellar Tendon-to-Bone Healing Using High-Density Collagen Bone Anchor at 4 Years in a Sheep Model
Authors: Walsh W. R. , Harrison John A. , Van Sickle David , Alvis Mark , Gillies R. Mark 
Published: February 2004

Background This study reports the long-term histologic and mechanical properties of the healing patellar tendon–bone interface reconstructed using a high-density type I collagen bone anchor (HDC) compared to a metal anchor in sheep. Hypothesis To determine the long-term histology and mechanical properties of extra-articular tendon-bone healing and in vivo response to a HDC anchor. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods The structural properties, tendon-bone histology, and device histology in the bone were examined out to 208 weeks in a sheep model. Results The patellar tendon–proximal tibia bone interface continued to remodel with time but, by 4 years, had yet to develop the well-defined zones of tendon, fibrocartilage, calcified cartilage, and bone of the native patellar tendon to bone insertion. The insertion repair strength did not vary between the repaired tendons and the nonoperated controls at any time. Conclusion The healing tendon-bone interface undergoes a gradual remodeling process, which had yet to reconstitute back to the control interface by 208 weeks. The HDC device remained essentially intact at 208 weeks showing little signs of degradation. Clinical Relevance Tendon-bone healing is mechanically equivalent to the contralateral side by 26 weeks whereas histologic structure requires much longer to remodel back to the native insertion.
Prevalence of the Bennett Lesion of the Shoulder in Major League Pitchers
Authors: Wright Rick W. , Paletta George A. 
Published: February 2004

Background The Bennett lesion is a mineralization of the posterior inferior glenoid noted in overhead throwing athletes. Although previous studies have debated appropriate treatment of the lesion, no studies have indicated the lesion prevalence in throwing athletes. Hypothesis The Bennett lesion is more common than previously believed and may represent an asymptomatic finding. Study Design Uncontrolled retrospective review. Methods Fifty-five asymptomatic major league pitchers underwent routine preseason radiographic screening. Radiographs were reviewed for the presence of a Bennett's lesion. Player demographics, pitching, and baseball records were reviewed to obtain the patient's dominant arm, age, years and innings pitched, and time on the disabled list or surgery. Results Twelve pitchers (22%) were noted to have a radiographic Bennett lesion. No statistically significant difference was noted in age, years pitched, or innings pitched between pitchers with and without a Bennett lesion. No player who demonstrated a Bennett lesion required surgical treatment for shoulder pain during his time with the club. Two players required time on the disabled list, but neither player had complaints of posterior shoulder pain. Conclusions This lesion is a relatively common finding in major league pitchers. Concomitant pathology should be suspected when evaluating throwers with posterior shoulder pain and this lesion.
Bilateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction as a Single Procedure
Authors: Larson Christopher M. , Fischer David A. , Smith J. Patrick , Boyd Joel L. 
Published: February 2004

Background The ideal treatment for patients presenting with bilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency remains controversial. Purpose To evaluate cost and early functional results after bilateral ACL reconstruction at a single setting. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods Eleven patients (22 knees) who underwent bilateral ACL reconstruction at a single setting were compared with 33 patients (35 knees) who underwent unilateral ACL reconstruction during the same time period. Results The mean time to full unrestricted activity between groups was 6.5 months for both groups (P= 0.92). There were no significant differences between groups at latest follow-up for complication rates or laxity as judged by Lachman test, pivot shift test, and KT 1000 arthrometry. The mean International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score at a mean 3.1-year follow-up was 91.9 for the bilateral ACL group compared to 92.0 for the unilateral ACL group (P= 0.95). There was a total cost savings per knee (based on 2001 dollars) of $3751.59 when performing bilateral ACL reconstruction at a single setting (P= 0.0001). Conclusions For patients presenting with bilateral ACL deficient knees, reconstruction of both knees at a single setting is safe, cost effective, and does not appear to compromise early functional results.
Grade 1 or “Ding” Concussions in High School Athletes
Authors: Lovell Mark R. , Collins Michael W. , Iverson Grant L. , Johnston Karen M. , Bradley James P. 
Published: February 2004

Background Recent concussion management guidelines have suggested that athletes with mild (grade 1) concussions may be returned to play if asymptomatic for 15 minutes. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of a current concussion management guideline in classifying and managing mild concussion. Hypothesis High school athletes diagnosed with a grade 1 concussion will demonstrate measurable decline in neuropsychological functioning that persists during the 1st week of recovery. Study Design Prospective study designed to evaluate neuropsychological functioning both prior to and following concussion. Methods Forty-three high school athletes completed neuropsychological test performance and symptom ratings prior to the season and at two times during the 1st week following mild concussion. Results Thirty-six hours after injury, mildly concussed high school athletes demonstrated a decline in memory (P < 0.003) and a dramatic increase in self-reported symptoms (P < 0.00001) compared to baseline performance. Conclusions Athletes with grade 1 concussion demonstrated memory deficits and symptoms that persisted beyond the context in which they were injured. These data suggest that current grade 1 return-to-play recommendations that allow for immediate return to play may be too liberal. Clinical Relevance A reconsideration of current concussion grading systems appears to be warranted.
Infraspinatus Muscle Atrophy in Professional Baseball Players
Authors: Cummins Craig Anthony , Messer Terry M. , Schafer Michael F. 
Published: February 2004

Background Infraspinatus muscle atrophy has been observed in athletes who stress their upper extremities in an overhead fashion. The majority of such case reports have been in volleyball players, with far fewer cases reported in baseball players. Hypothesis Infraspinatus muscle atrophy occurs to a notable degree in professional baseball players. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods At the end of the 1999 baseball season, data were collected from all Major League Baseball teams in regards to players affected with infraspinatus muscle atrophy. Results Twelve of the 1491 major league professional baseball players were identified as having appreciable infraspinatus muscle atrophy. There was an increased prevalence of the muscle atrophy in professional pitchers (10 of 494, 4%) compared to position players (2 of 997, 0.2%) (P< 0.001). Among affected pitchers, the atrophy was identified more frequently in starting pitchers (8 of 10) compared to relief pitchers (2 of 10) (P= 0.036), pitchers who had played for more years at the major league level (8.7 ± 4.9 versus 5.2 ± 4.0) (P= 0.017), and pitchers who had thrown for more innings at the major league level (971.4 ± 784.4 versus 485.0 ± 594.6) (P< 0.001). Conclusion Infraspinatus atrophy was identified in 4.4% of major league starting pitchers and occurred in those pitchers who pitched for more years and innings during their major league career.
Recovery of Articular Cartilage Metabolism following Thermal Stress is Facilitated by IGF-1 and JNK Inhibitor
Authors: Chu Constance R. , Kaplan Lee D. , Fu Freddie H. , Crossett Lawrence S. , Studer Rebecca K. 
Published: February 2004

Background The safety of intra-articular use of thermal probes is related to whether chondrocytes can tolerate exposure to high temperatures and whether cytoprotective agents may improve chondrocyte survival after thermal injury. Purpose This study was conducted to characterize the metabolic responses of articular cartilage after short-term exposure to temperatures between 50 ° C and 60 ° C with and without addition of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. Methods Human articular cartilage from osteoarthritic knees was subjected to defined thermal stress. Results Although significant reduction of proteoglycan synthesis was observed after 5 seconds of exposure to 55 ° C and 60 ° C and after 10- to 30-second exposures to 53 ° C, recovery of metabolic activity levels was observed after 7 days. Conclusion Addition of IGF-1 and JNK inhibitor Sp600125 enabled the cartilage to maintain significantly higher levels of proteoglycan synthesis immediately after thermal stress. IGF-1 also enhanced recovery of metabolic activity after 7 days. Clinical Significance Results from this study indicate that there may be time and temperature parameters within which thermal chondroplasty can be safely performed. The data additionally suggest that inadvertent chondrocyte injury may be minimized through potential addition of substances like IGF-1 or JNK inhibitor.
The Use of Ice in the Treatment of Acute Soft-Tissue Injury
Authors: Bleakley Chris , McDonough Suzanne , MacAuley Domhnall 
Published: February 2004

Background There are wide variations in the clinical use of cryotherapy, and guidelines continue to be made on an empirical basis. Study Design Systematic review assessing the evidence base for cryotherapy in the treatment of acute soft-tissue injuries. Methods A computerized literature search, citation tracking, and hand searching were carried out up to April 2002. Eligible studies were randomized-controlled trials describing human subjects recovering from acute soft-tissue injuries and employing a cryotherapy treatment in isolation or in combination with other therapies. Two reviewers independently assessed the validity of included trials using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Results Twenty-two trials met the inclusion criteria. There was a mean PEDro score of 3.4 out of of 10. There was marginal evidence that ice plus exercise is most effective, after ankle sprain and postsurgery. There was little evidence to suggest that the addition of ice to compression had any significant effect, but this was restricted to treatment of hospital inpatients. Few studies assessed the effectiveness of ice on closed soft-tissue injury, and there was no evidence of an optimal mode or duration of treatment. Conclusion Many more high-quality trials are needed to provide evidence-based guidelines in the treatment of acute soft-tissue injuries.
Football Injuries during FIFA Tournaments and the Olympic Games, 1998-2001
Authors: Junge Astrid , Dvorak Jiri , Graf-Baumann Toni , Peterson Lars 
Published: February 2004

Background Standardized assessment of sports injuries provides not only important epidemiological information, but also directions for injury prevention, and the opportunity for monitoring long-term changes in the frequency and characteristics of injury. Purpose Development and implementation of an easy to use injury-reporting system to analyze the incidence, circumstances and characteristics of injury during major international football tournaments. Study Design Prospective survey. Methods A comprehensive injury report form was developed, and implemented during 12 international football tournaments. The physicians of all participating teams were asked to report all injuries after each match. The response rate was 84% on average. Results A total of 901 injuries were reported from 334 matches, which is equivalent to an incidence of 2.7 injuries per match. Approximately one injury per match resulted in a player's absence from training or matches. On average 86% of the injuries arose as a result of contact with another player, and approximately half of all injuries were caused by foul play. The number of injuries per match differed substantially between the tournaments for players of different age, sex and skill-level. Conclusion An injury-reporting system has been implemented as matter of routine in FIFA tournaments. The consistent findings in the present study demonstrate the high quality of the data obtained.
An Assessment of Player Error as an Injury Causation Factor in International Football
Authors: Fuller C. W. , Smith G. L. , Junge A. , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: February 2004

Objective To quantify the frequency of injury in football as a function of tackle parameters. Method Video recordings of 123 international matches in three Federation Internationale de Football Association tournaments were used to analyze tackle parameters, and team physicians provided reports of postmatch medical attention to players. Results A total of 8572 tackles were assessed, of which 3464 (40.4%) were fouls. There were 299 incidents of on-pitch medical attention, of which 131 (44%) resulted from foul tackles, and 200 postmatch team physicians’ reports, of which 96 (48%) resulted from foul tackles. The cases of on-pitch medical attention resulted in 76 (25%) postmatch physicians’ reports, but 124 (62%) of the postmatch physicians’ reports were not associated with on-pitch medical attention. Tackled players received 74% of the postmatch medical reports. Tackle types with the greatest probability of requiring medical attention were from the side in terms of tackle direction, jumping vertically in terms of tackle mode, and a clash of heads in terms of tackle action. Conclusion Human error on the part of players during the process of tackling and inadequacies in the laws of football and/or their application by match referees were equally responsible for the high levels of injury observed.
The Influence of Tackle Parameters on the Propensity for Injury in International Football
Authors: Fuller C. W. , Smith G. L. , Junge A. , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: February 2004

Purpose To understand how tackling leads to injury in football, to develop a framework for classifying tackles, and to identify tackles with the greatest propensity to cause injury. Method Video recordings of 123 matches in three FIFA tournaments were used to identify tackling parameters. Team physicians prepared reports of postmatch medical attention to players. Results Tackles from the side were twice as likely to require postmatch medical attention as tackles from behind. Injuries to the head/neck of tackled and tackling players and the torso of tackling players were more likely to receive on-pitch medical attention than other injuries. Injuries to the foot for tackled and tackling players and the lower leg and thigh for tackling players were less likely to receive on-pitch medical attention than other injuries. Tackles with the greatest propensity for causing injury involved clash of heads and two-footed tackles for tackled players and clash of heads, two-footed tackles, jumping vertically, and tackles from the side for tackling players. Conclusion The laws of football relating to tackling should be reviewed to provide greater protection from injury by reducing the overall level of risk and, in particular, by protecting players from tackles with the highest propensity for causing injury.
An Assessment of Football Referees’ Decisions in Incidents Leading to Player Injuries
Authors: Fuller C. W. , Junge A. , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: February 2004

Purpose To assess whether match injuries to footballers occurred as a result of players’ noncompliance with the rules of the game, match referees could reliably identify the legality of incidents leading to injury, and the rules of football were adequate to protect players from injury. Methods Video recordings of incidents leading to injury in 12 FIFA tournaments were used to identify parameters. Team physicians reported the details of match injuries. Two panels of FIFA referees reassessed the legality of incidents from these tournaments that resulted in injuries. Results In total, 148 general injuries and 84 head/neck injuries were assessed. For the general injuries, the match referees identified 47% and the referees’ panel identified 69% as fouls. For head injuries, the match referees identified 40% and the referees’ panel identified 49% as fouls. Conclusions Decisions made on the legality of tackles leading to injury indicated that the current rules of football were adequate for the majority of tackle situations, although the reliability with which referees could identify fouls during some match conditions was low. For incidents leading to head/neck injuries, the match referees and the referees’ panel both identified a smaller proportion of injury situations as fouls.
The Impact of Specific High-Intensity Training Sessions on Football Referees’ Fitness Levels
Authors: Weston Matthew , Helsen Werner , MacMahon Clare , Kirkendall Don 
Published: February 2004

Background In comparison to the amount of literature that has examined the match demands of football refereeing, there has been little attempt to assess the impact of high-intensity training. Purpose The main goals were to get a better understanding of the long-term effect of specific intermittent training. Study Design The authors examined the cardiovascular strain of specific high-intensity training sessions and also their impact on referees’ fitness levels. Methods To examine the physical workload during intensive intermittent training sessions, heart rates were recorded and analyzed relative to the referees’ maximum heart rate (HRmax). To assess the referees’ fitness levels, the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test was used. Results Both the pitch- and track-training sessions were successful in imposing an appropriate high intensity load on the referees, at 86.4 ± 2.9% and 88.2 ± 2.4% HRmax, respectively. Following 16 months of intermittent high-intensity training, referees improved their performance on the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test by 46.5%, to a level that is comparable with professional players. Conclusions As match officials are subjected to a high physical load during matches, they should follow structured weekly training plans that have an emphasis on intensive, intermittent training sessions.
Video Analysis of the Mechanisms for Ankle Injuries in Football
Authors: Andersen Thor Einar , Floerenes Tonje Waale , Arnason Arni , Bahr Roald 
Published: February 2004

Background Although ankle sprains are frequent in football, little is known about their mechanisms. Purpose To describe the injury mechanisms for ankle injuries in male elite football. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Videotapes and injury information were collected for 313 of 409 matches from Norwegian and Icelandic elite football during the 1999 to 2000 seasons. Video recordings of incidents that resulted in ankle injuries were analyzed and cross-referenced with injury reports from the team medical staff. Results A total 46 acute ankle injuries were reported to have occurred, that is, 4.5 injuries per 1000 match hours. Of these, 26 (57%) were identified on the videotapes. Two mechanisms thought to be specific to football were found: 1) player-to-player contact with impact by an opponent on the medial aspect of the leg just before or at foot strike, resulting in a laterally directed force causing the player to land with the ankle in a vulnerable, inverted position; and 2) forced plantar flexion where the injured player hit the opponent's foot when attempting to shoot or clear the ball. Conclusions Systematic video analysis provides detailed information on the mechanisms for ankle injuries in football—for lateral ligament sprains and for the condition dubbed “OpenCurlyDoubleQuote;footballer's ankle.”