bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TEACHING COSMOPOLITAN RIGHT
Authors: Reich Rob 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The essays in Part III of the book, on liberal constraints and traditionalist education, argue for a more regulatory conception of liberal education and emphasize the need for some controls over cultural and religious educational authority. Rob Reich’s essay, on multicultural accommodations in education, proposes that the liberal state needs to rethink its commitment to cultural groups whose educational agendas advance the integrity of the group over and against the freedom and equality of its members, and that thus educate in ways that place strict limits on the autonomy and critical thinking skills of their members. He aims to examine two prominent defenses of multiculturalism, showing how each pays insufficient attention to the tension between cultural groups: Avishai Margalit and Moshe Halbertal argue that, because individuals have a ‘right to culture’, the state must grant groups a status that may flout the rights of some individuals, conditioned on the ability of those individuals to exit; Will Kymlicka, in a far more sophisticated version of multiculturalism, defends cultural rights, and accommodations, but only for those cultural groups that are themselves internally liberal (except in rare circumstances) and that take seriously the value of personal autonomy. Reich contends that, while the freedom to exit from a group is important, the group rights supported by Margalit and Halbertal may serve to disable or severely impoverish the ability of children to exit from groups; further, he contends that, while personal autonomy is important, Kymlicka’s conception of autonomy is unsatisfactory and, moreover, his defense of rights to separate schooling for national minorities and to educational exemptions for some polyethnic groups leaves him open to the same critique about exit that Reich levies against Margalit and Halbertal. Along the way, Reich comments on the odd fixation of multiculturalists on rights of exit.
“MISTRESSES OF THEIR OWN DESTINY”: GROUP RIGHTS, GENDER, AND REALISTIC RIGHTS OF EXIT
Authors: Moller Okin Susan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The essays in Part III of the book, on liberal constraints and traditionalist education, argue for a more regulatory conception of liberal education and emphasize the need for some controls over cultural and religious educational authority. Susan Okin, in her essay on group rights, gender, and realistic rights of exit, is mostly concerned, not with the oppression of traditional groups by the liberal state, but with the oppression of individuals, and especially of girls and women, by the traditional community. She is critical of those liberal theorists who argue that a right of exit is sufficient to qualify a cultural or religious group for special recognition in liberal societies, and to counter these views, she notes that the unequal treatment of girls and women can mean that even though they may have a formal right to exit a group, their actual opportunities for doing so are far less adequate than those of their male counterparts. She holds, then, that the right of exit is not sufficient and that the liberal state should have a higher requirement, namely, that girls and women should be treated fairly within the group and thus should be able to take advantage of any formal right of exit. The chapter is arranged in three sections: Section 12.1, Gender and Other Forms of Inequality in Group Rights Theories, shows, by looking at three examples of liberal defenders (as exemplified by Joseph Raz, William Galston, and Chandran Kukathas) of group rights, that they tend not to take gender inequality seriously when considering group rights and limitations; Section 12.2, Cultural Factors Affecting Women’s Realistic Rights of Exit, specifies and discusses a number of reasons that contribute to women being significantly less able than men, in many cultural contexts, to chart their own courses of life outside their community of origin; and Section 12.3. Rights of Exit and Realistic Rights of Exit for Women, concludes that the theories examined contain several problematic elements concerning rights of exit for women.
Chapter 4 DOCUMENTARY
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Defends the idea that documentary is a distinctive and important cinematic category, though an essentially vague one. This notion depends on that of a trace. A documentary must involve traces of its subject, and not merely testimony of it. Defines an ideal documentary as one where there is a certain kind of coherence between the narrative and the trace‐content of the work. Argues that the notion of an ideal documentary explains much in our attitude towards, and practice concerning those things we commonly label documentaries.
Chapter 10 PRETENCE AND PRETENDING
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Assesses the claim that metarepresentation — the mental representation of a mental representation — is a key notion in understanding the nature and development of our capacity to engage in pretence. Argues that the metarepresentational programme is unhelpful in explaining how pretence operates and, in particular, how agents distinguish pretence from reality. Sketches an alternative approach to the relations between pretending and believing.
PRETENCE AND RATIONALITY: THE CASE OF NON‐HUMAN ANIMALS
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Argues that pretence is one clear indication of rationality. Makes a suggestion about the kind of evidence of pretence in animals we should be looking for. This suggestion makes claims about pretence hard to justify by comparison with, say, claims about imitation; Appeals to Morgan's canon in defence of this stance. Suggests that we can learn something about pretence by connecting it with the phenomenon of seeing‐in. Finally, offers a speculation on the evolutionary history of the capacity that underlies pretence.
Bayesian Epistemology
Authors: Bovens Luc , Hartmann Stephan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractProbabilistic models have much to offer to epistemology and philosophy of science. Arguably, the coherence theory of justification claims that the more coherent a set of propositions is, the more confident one ought to be in its content, ceteris paribus. An impossibility result shows that there cannot exist a coherence ordering. A coherence quasi-ordering can be constructed that respects this claim and is relevant to scientific-theory choice. Bayesian-Network models of the reliability of information sources are made applicable to Condorcet-style jury voting, Tversky and Kahneman’s Linda puzzle, the variety-of-evidence thesis, the Duhem–Quine thesis, and the informational value of testimony.
The effect of physical training on bone mineral density in women with endometriosis treated with GnRH analogs: a pilot study
Authors: Bergström Ingrid , Freyschuss Bo , Jacobsson Hans , Landgren Britt‐Marie 
Published: March 2005

Background.  The effect of physical training on bone mineral density (BMD) in women with endometriosis treated with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs was studied.Methods.  Nineteen Caucasian premenopausal women aged 23–38 years were included in the study. The subjects were all treated with 21.6 mg goserelin during 6 months. The patients were randomized to physical training n = 8 or to a control group n = 11. The total period of training was 12 months, whereas GnRH treatment was terminated after 6 months. BMD was measured in the femoral neck area and the lumbar spine using dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA). This was performed just before treatment, after 6 months and after 12 months. Six women fulfilled the training during 12 months of observation. In the control group 10 women were followed up for 12 months.Results.  After 6 months the women in the physical training group were 2.1% below baseline. Six months later these women had gained BMD in the femoral neck and were 0.6% below baseline. Those in the control group lost 2.8% after 6 months and were 3.6% below baseline after 12 months. The difference in loss of BMD after 12 months between the groups was significant 0.029. In the spine there was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusions.  Physical training in women with endometriosis was found to rebuild bone after treatment with GnRH analogs when compared to a control group. This effect could be demonstrated 6 months after cessation of GnRH treatment.
Increased hyaluronan and CD44 expressions in intravenous leiomyomatosis
Authors: Chen Mei‐Jou , Peng Yeh , Yang Yu‐Shih , Huang Su‐Cheng , Chow Song‐Nan , Torng Pao‐Ling 
Published: March 2005

Background.  To determine the influence of hyaluronan and its receptor CD44 in the angiogenesis and invasiveness of intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL).Methods.  Paraffin‐embedded sections from four IVL cases and 10 uterine leiomyoma cases were immunohistochemically stained for CD34, CD44, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor, and platelet‐derived growth factor and assayed for microvessel densities. Hyaluronan was immunostained by biotinylated hyaluronan‐binding peptide and the results were clinically correlated.Results.  CD34 labeling showed significantly increased microvessel counts in IVL (156.6 ± 3.7), when compared to uterine leiomyomas (61.3 ± 27.3; P < 0.001). Hyaluronan and its receptor CD44 were prominently expressed in IVL when compared to leiomyomas and associated with an elevation in bFGF expression.Conclusions.  IVL is a highly vascular neoplasm with elevated microvessel counts. The increase of hyaluronan and CD44 expression in IVL suggests that it is highly angiogenic and has an invasive potential. Elevation of hyaluronan may play a possible role in the pathogenesis of IVL.
How to get published: seven easy steps
Authors: Albarran John W , Scholes Julie 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAs a professional group, nurses, whether as academics or practitioners, are increasingly expected to contribute to the development of quality nursing care and service provision by disseminating the findings of research, sharing innovations in clinical practice or examples of best practice. Yet, many individuals find it difficult to write informatively about their practice or to translate the outputs of academic studies into accessible publications. However, in most instances, a lack of confidence remains a key obstacle as is the lack of familiarity with processes required in preparing a paper for publication.The aim of this paper is to discuss a series of progressive steps that must be followed when preparing a paper for publication in a peer‐reviewed journal.The main body of the paper provides a detailed analysis on the importance of deciding what to write about, selecting a suitable journal, organizing the content and structure of a paper and using appropriate language to make the article more accessible to the audience. The discussion also explores the concepts of authorship order, peer‐review process and how to respond to written reviewer's comments once the paper has been returned by the publishers. The paper concludes by stressing that success requires undertaking the necessary preparatory work, time, commitment and enthusiasm.
Subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension after coronary revascularisation with and without cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Cody C. , Buggy D. J. , Marsh B. , Moriarity D. C. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryDirectly measured subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension reflects the adequacy of regional tissue oxygenation and influences wound infection and healing. We tested the hypothesis that off‐pump coronary artery bypass would increase subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension by minimizing cardiopulmonary bypass‐induced systemic inflammation. Ten consecutive patients scheduled for off‐pump coronary artery bypass were compared with 10 undergoing conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. All patients had a tissue oxygen sensor implanted longitudinally into the subcutaneous tissue of the leg in the saphenous vein harvest wound. Data were collected from closure of the saphenous vein wound for 20 h postoperatively. Although more off‐pump patients had only one coronary artery grafted, postoperative subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension was significantly higher in off‐pump patients throughout the 20‐h study. Absolute mean (SD) differences ranged from 2.3 kPa in the first 2 h [14.4 (2.3) vs. 12.1 (2.4) kPa in off‐pump and cardiopulmonary bypass, respectively, p = 0.04] to 4.6 kPa at 8–10 h [14.0 (3.5) vs. 9.3 (2.7) kPa, p = 0.007]. In contrast, there were no significant differences in arterial oxygen tension values over this period. Mean arterial pressure and haemoglobin were transiently higher in off‐pump patients at 8 h only. We conclude that postoperative subcutaneous tissue oxygen tension was higher for 20 h after off‐pump compared with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass.
A defective Th1 response of the spleen in the initial phase may explain why splenectomy helps prevent aListeriainfection
Authors: Kuranaga N , Kinoshita M , Kawabata T , Shinomiya N , Seki S 
Published: March 2005

SummaryListeria monocytogenes (Listeria) are known to grow and proliferate in the liver while a splenectomy induces host resistance against a Listeria infection despite the fact that a splenectomy inhibits the Th1 response. Therefore, the mechanism by which a splenectomy helps to prevent the growth of Listeria still remains to be elucidated. After an i.v. challenge of Listeria (1 × 106 CFU) in C57BL/6 mice, Listeria rapidly increased in the spleen but not in the liver until 48 h. However, after this initial phase, Listeria remarkably grew in the liver. In contrast, when the mice received a splenectomy beforehand, no remarkable growth of Listeria in the liver was observed after Listeria challenge despite the fact that serum IFN-γ and IL-12 levels at 24 h after Listeria challenge were significantly lower than those in the sham mice. However, the liver leucocytes from mice by 6 h after infection produced a substantial amount of IFN-γ while spleen MNC did not, whereas spleen leucocytes at 24 h after Listeria challenge did. Consistently, the IFN-γ and IL-12 levels in the tissue homogenates of the spleen were significantly lower than in those of the liver until 6 h after infection. This defective spleen Th1 response in the early phase of Listeria infection was corrected by an IL-18 i.p. injection just after the Listeria challenge. Our findings suggest that Listeria exploit the defective Th1 environment of the spleen in the initial phase and afterwards overcome the host defense mechanism of the liver.
Down-regulation of epithelial IL-8 responses inHelicobacter pylori-infected duodenal ulcer patients depends on host factors, rather than bacterial factors
Authors: Strömberg E , Edebo A , Lundin B S , Bergin P , Brisslert M , Svennerholm A M , Lindholm C 
Published: March 2005

SummaryHelicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common gastrointestinal infections worldwide. Although the majority of the infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers of the bacteria, approximately 15% develop peptic ulcers, which are most prevalent in the duodenum. H. pylori induce a vigorous immune response which, however, fails to clear the infection. Instead, the chronic inflammation that arises in the infected gastroduodenal mucosa may be involved in the development of H. pylori-associated peptic ulcers. We have previously shown that duodenal ulcer (DU) patients have a significantly lower epithelial cytokine, e.g. IL-8, response in the duodenum than asymptomatic (AS) carriers. In this study we have further investigated the mechanisms behind this finding, i.e. whether it can be explained by bacterial factors, down-regulation of epithelial cytokine production by regulatory T cells, or an impaired ability of the duodenal epithelium in DU patients to produce cytokines. Gastric AGS, and intestinal T84 epithelial cell lines were stimulated with H. pylori strains isolated from DU patients and AS carriers, respectively. All strains were found to induce comparable cytokine and cytokine receptor expression in epithelial cells. Regulatory T cells (CD4+ CD25high), isolated from human peripheral blood and cocultured with H. pylori stimulated AGS cells, were found to slightly suppress H. pylori-induced epithelial cytokine production. Furthermore, primary cultures of duodenal epithelial cells from DU patients were found to produce markedly lower amounts of cytokines than epithelial cells isolated from AS carriers. These results suggest that the lower epithelial cytokine responses in the duodenum of DU patients, which may be of importance for the pathogenesis of H. pylori-induced duodenal ulcers, most likely can be explained by host factors, i.e. mainly a decreased ability of the duodenal epithelium to produce cytokines, but possibly partly also down-regulation by regulatory T cells.
In vivodemonstration of T lymphocyte migration and amelioration of ileitis in intestinal mucosa of SAMP1/Yit mice by the inhibition of MAdCAM-1
Authors: Matsuzaki K , Tsuzuki Y , Matsunaga H , Inoue T , Miyazaki J , Hokari R , Okada Y , Kawaguchi A , Nagao S , Itoh K , Matsumoto S , Miura S 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe aetiology of Crohn's disease (CD) remains unknown. Since SAMP1/Yit mice have been reported to develop CD-like spontaneous enteric inflammation, such mice have been studied as an animal model of CD. In this study, using this model we examined T lymphocyte migration in microvessels of intestinal mucosa in vivo and the expression of adhesion molecules by immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence-labelled T lymphocytes isolated from AKR/J (control) mice were injected into the tail veins of recipient mice, and T lymphocyte migration in the postcapillary venules of Peyer's patches, submucosal microvessels, and villus capillaries of the terminal ileum was monitored using an intravital microscope. Adhesion of T lymphocytes was significantly increased in 35 week old SAMP1/Yit mice compared with that in AKR/J or 15 week old SAMP1/Yit mice. Immunohistochemical study showed increased infiltration of CD4, CD8 and β7-integrin-positive cells and increased expression of MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the terminal ileum of SAMP1/Yit mice. Antibodies against MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1 significantly inhibited adhesion of T lymphocytes to microvessels of the terminal ileum, and anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody showed stronger suppressive effect than the anti-VCAM-1 antibody. Periodical administration of anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody twice a week for 7 weeks significantly ameliorated ileitis of SAMP1/Yit mice, but submucosal hypertrophy was not significantly suppressed. Anti-VCAM-1 antibody treatment failed to show significant resolution of ileitis. In addition, anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody treatment also attenuated established ileitis. The results demonstrate that, although MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1 play an important role in T lymphocyte–endothelial cell interactions in SAMP1/Yit mice, MAdCAM-1 may be a more appropriate target for therapeutic modulation of chronic ileitis.
Effect ofMycobacterium vaccaeon cytokine responses in children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hadley E A , Smillie F I , Turner M A , Custovic A , Woodcock A , Arkwright P D 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe increasing prevalence of atopic diseases over the last few decades is thought to be due to reduced exposure to environmental microbes that normally down-regulate allergic responses (hygiene hypothesis). We have shown previously that administration of the environmental microbe Mycobacterium vaccae ameliorates atopic dermatitis in school-age children at 3 months post-treatment. The present study tested the hypothesis that M. vaccae suppresses Th2-type cytokine activity and increases transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 immunomodulatory activity in these children. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, TGF-β1 and interferon (IFN)-γ activity were assessed in resting and stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from 12 of the children who received M. vaccae in our original clinical trial. A cDNA expression array was used to examine a broader range of cytokine pathway transcripts. There were no significant changes in either Th2-type or TGF-β1 activity. A 5- to 10-fold increase in Th1-type activity was found at 1 month post-M. vaccae administration (P &lt; 0·05), but it had returned to baseline by 3 months. The results do not support the hypothesis that M. vaccae reduces Th2-type or increases TGF-β1 activity of PBMC isolated from children with atopic dermatitis. The transient surge in IFN-γ at 1 month is unlikely to explain any improvement in eczema score at 3 months.
Immunostimulatory cellular responses of curedLeishmania-infected patients and hamsters against the integral membrane proteins and non-membranous soluble proteins of a recent clinical isolate ofLeishmania donovani
Authors: Garg R , Gupta S K , Tripathi P , Naik S , Sundar S , Dube A 
Published: March 2005

SummaryDevelopment of an effective immunoprophylactic agent for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has become imperative due to the increasing number of cases of drug resistance and relapse. Live and killed whole parasites as well as fractionated and recombinant preparations have been evaluated for vaccine potential. However, a successful vaccine against the disease has been elusive. Because protective immunity in human and experimental leishmaniasis is predominantly of the Th1 type, immunogens with Th1 stimulatory potential would make good vaccine candidates. In the present study, the integral membrane proteins (IMPs) and non-membranous soluble proteins (NSPs), purified from promastigotes of a recent field isolate, Leishmania donovani stain 2001, were evaluated for their ability to induce cellular responses in cured patients (n = 9), endemic controls (n = 5) of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and treated hamsters (n = 10). IMPs and NSPs induced significant proliferative responses (SI 6·3 ± 4·1 and 5·6 ± 2·3, respectively; P &lt; 0·01) and IFN-γ production (356·3 ± 213·4 and 294·29 ± 107·6 pg/ml, respectively) in lymphocytes isolated from cured VL patients. Significant lymphoproliferative responses against IMPs and NSPs were also noticed in cured Leishmania animals (SI 7·2 ± 4·7 & 6·4 ± 4·1, respectively; P &lt; 0·01). In addition, significant NO production in response both IMPs and NSPs was also noticed in macrophages of hamsters and different cell lines (J774A-1 and THP1). These results suggest that protective, immunostimulatory molecules are present in the IMP and NSP fractions, which may be exploited for development of a subunit vaccine for VL.