bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material Markets
Authors: MacKenzie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Financial markets, processes, and instruments are often difficult to fathom; the credit crisis highlights both their importance and their fragility. Donald MacKenzie is one of the most perceptive analysts of the workings of the financial world. In this book, he argues that economic agents and markets need to be analyzed in their full materiality: their physicality, their corporeality, their technicality. Markets are populated not by disembodied, abstract agents, but by embodied human beings and technical systems. Concepts and systematic ways of thinking that simplify market processes and make them mentally tractable are essential to how markets function. In putting forward this material sociology of markets, the book synthesizes and contributes to the new field of social studies of finance: the application to financial markets not just of economics but of wider social-science disciplines, in particular science and technology studies. The topics covered include the development of financial derivatives exchanges (non-existent in 1970, but now trading products equivalent to $13,000 for every human being on earth); arbitrage; how corporate profit figures are constructed; the crucial new markets in carbon emissions; and a case-study of a hedge fund (based, unusually, on direct observation of its trading). The book will appeal to research students and academics across the social sciences, and the general reader will enjoy the book’s explanations and analyses of some of the most important phenomena of today’s turbulent markets.
Derivatives: The Production of Virtuality
Authors: MacKenzie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3, Hardie and I noted that the hedge fund we studied sought to hedge—reduce or cancel out—its direct exposure to changes in US dollar and euro interest rates. The fund’s trader could do this by opening up a trading screen on his computer and clicking his mouse to buy or to sell the bond futures traded on the Chicago Board of Trade or its European counterparts. It is a simple operation that takes no more than a few seconds, but one that has a complex history, which is the topic of this chapter.
Conclusion: Opening the Black Boxes of Finance
Authors: MacKenzie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Friday, 14 September 2007: Britain’s high streets. It was a scene from a different time or a different place: from Depression-era America, perhaps, or modern Argentina. The United Kingdom’s first large-scale bank run since Victorian times had begun, after the previous night’s leak to the BBC that Northern Rock had had to turn to the lender of last resort, the Bank of England, for emergency funding. As one depositor queuing outside the stricken bank’s branch in Kingston-upon-Thames told a journalist from the Financial Times: ‘I’m here to take the lot out, because they’re going under, aren’t they?’ (Braithwaite and Tighe 2007).
Tony Martin and the Nightbreakers: Criminal Law, Victims, and the Power to Punish
Authors: Farmer Lindsay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the night of 20 August 1999 two men, Fred Barras (aged 16) and Brendon Fearon (aged 30), broke into Bleak House, a remote Norfolk farmhouse. They were carrying holdall bags and torches and wearing gloves. As they moved around one of the ground floor rooms in the dark they were disturbed as the homeowner, Tony Martin, appeared on the staircase and began firing a shotgun at them. Three shots were fired, one hitting Barras in the back and killing him, and one causing serious injuries to Fearon’s legs as he made his escape. Martin was arrested and charged with murder and wounding with intent, while Fearon was charged with conspiracy to burgle.
‘Architecture’, Criminal Justice, and Control
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to show how Lessig’s novel concept of ‘architecture’ offers a useful analytic framework within which to make sense of several aspects of the operation of criminal justice and crime control, including various recent developments involving new technologies.1 The chapter shows how the explanatory value of this concept is strengthened when combined with Bottoms’ (2001) criminological account of compliance. This work by Lessig and Bottoms is synthesized into a larger model of social regulation and compliance, one which integrates and accords due importance to the role of physical space and technological design.
Public Access to EU Environmental Documents-Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001
Authors: Schram Frankie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legal framework for access to environmental information of the European Parliament (EP), the Council, and the Commission is enshrined in Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001 regarding Public Access to European Parliament, Council and Commission Documents (Access to EU Documents Regulation). This Regulation entered into force on 3 June 2001, and became applicable on 3 December 200 l. It seeks to create more openness, enabling citizens to participate more closely in the decision-making process, bringing about greater legitimacy of the administration, and increased accountability to citizens. Openness contributes to strengthening the principles of democracy and respect for fundamental rights as laid down in Article 6 EC and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. These goals are also very important to help realize the goals of the environmental policy of the European Community (EC), and the Regulation therefore marks an important step in realizing the goals set out in Article 174 EC.
Atmospheric Pollution
Authors: Gonzdlez-Calatayud Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Air pollution remains a problem in most European cities. This is one of the conclu sions of the Third Assessment of the European Environment, prepared by the European Environment Agency (EEA). TheEEA prepared the Third Assessment Report for the ‘Environment for Europe’ ministerial conference taking place in the Ukraine in 2003, under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE). Overall, the EEA’s assessment points to important improvements in environmental management. In particular, it notes big cuts in emissions of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Emission of traditional air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, has been slashed. There have been big cuts in releases of ozone depleting substances, plus a fall in greenhouse gas emissions over the last decade. However, although concentrations have been falling since monitoring began, a significant proportion of the urban population experiences concentrations above future European Union (EU) limit values.
Third Party Use Of Trade Marks
Authors: Wilkof Neil J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade marks are unique among intellectual property rights with respect to the treatment of use. In some jurisdictions, use may be a prerequisite for registration.Non-use of a registered mark is a ground for cancellation of the registration. A particularly vexing aspect of trade mark use by a person other than the proprietor of the mark. Unauthorized use of the mark by a third party is a ground for infringement. As such, it poses no special problems. However the matter becomes more complicated when the use is authorized, where two major issues are encountered.
Use For The Purpose Of Resisting An Application For Revocation For Non-Use
Authors: Isaac Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a fundamental principle of trade mark law, and indeed it is expressly stated in European law, that registered trade marks must actually be used if the proprietor is to continue to benefit from the exclusive rights granted by virtue of registration.2 In Europe, if a registered trade mark is not used, it will become liable to revocation unless legitimate reasons for the non-use exist. But what is meant by ‘use’ in this context and just how much use is required to withstand an action for revocation? The aim of this chapter is to address these two questions and, in seeking to answer them, to provide an insight into the approach adopted by the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
The Marginal Damage Costs of Carbon-dioxide Emissions
Authors: Tol Richard S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Estimates of the marginal damage costs of carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions are a welcome input into policy advice. Never a prescription, marginal-damage-cost estimates provide guidance to the intensity of a policy, and provides transparency and consistency, and hence accountability to policy choices. To put it differently, marginal-damage-cost estimates reduce the arbitrariness of policy goals. In theory, the marginal damage costs should be equal to the tax on carbon, to the price of tradable permits, or to the marginal costs of emission reduction. In practice, the carbon tax (etc.) should not be too far from the estimated marginal damage costs because otherwise environmental and economic objectives would be too far out of step with each other. In that sense, an estimate of the marginal damage costs provides a yardstick for climate policy. At the same time, it allows for the coordination of climate, energy, transport, and other policies. This is important for economic efficiency, but also for accountability. Why would CO2 emissions from cars be treated differently from power plants emissions? Finally, in explicitly choosing a number, a government is forced to justify its policy and make public its deliberations on why it considers climate change to be a problem of a certain seriousness, but not more serious nor less serious.
Kyoto Plus
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The global climate regime today consists of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and its associated Kyoto Protocol. The Framework Convention establishes a general goal—preventing ‘dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system’. The Kyoto Protocol is but the first of many protocols intended to achieve this ambition. As I was finishing this paper, news broke that Russia had ratified the Kyoto Protocol. As a consequence, Kyoto will now enter into force and be binding upon all its parties. Romano Prodi, president of the European Commission, called this ‘a huge success for the international fight against climate change’. However, history may judge the moment differently. Entry into force may only expose Kyoto's fundamental weaknesses. One thing is clear: Kyoto will not stabilize concentrations at any level, let alone one that avoids ‘dangerous interference’ with the climate. Kyoto only constrains the emissions of some (not all) countries by a little bit for a very short period of time. Stabilization will require deeper cuts, by more countries; and these will need to be permanent. By design, Kyoto's importance lay in creating a foundation upon which further emission reductions could be achieved. Kyoto was intended to be a first step.
Primary-B verb types
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary-B verbs can, like Primary-A, be the only verb in a sentence, with all their roles filled by NPs (e.g. John saw Mary). But they can also, unlike Primary-A, have a complement clause as alternative to an NP in one syntactic relation (e.g. John saw that Mary had won). Whereas most Primary-A verbs, when used in a literal sense, take concrete NPs, many Primary-B verbs may take any type of NP in O relation, e.g. an activity noun as in John witnessed the incident.
The sections below outline the variety of complement clauses that the various types and subtypes of Primary-B verbs take. We return to this topic in Chapter 8, there providing semantic explanation for the occurrences.
Bahamas
Authors: Bernd Hillebrands , Schwehm Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of political decolonization in the Bahamas ran parallel to the gradual extension of suffrage after 1959, and to the gradual transfer of power from British rule to an autonomous government. Internal selfgovernment was granted in 1969, and the Bahamas finally gained independence in 1973, being one of the last British colonies to do so.
Field Linguistics
Authors: Crowley Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crowley's voice of experience brings us the best practical fieldwork guide to date. Sensible, frank, and comprehensive, this book prepares beginning field workers for the rigours ahead and will save years of costly trial and error. N. J. Enfield This book is a comprehensive, practical guide to field linguistics. It deals in particular with the problems arising from the documentation of endangered languages. Deploying a mixture of methodology and practical advice and drawing on his own immense experience, Terry Crowley shows how to record, analyse, and describe a language in the field. He covers the challenges and problems the researcher is likely to encounter, offers guidance on issues ranging from ethics to everyday diplomacy, and provides full discussions of corpus elicitation, how to keep track of data, salvage fieldwork, dealing with unexpected circumstances, and many other central topics. "We all learn by our mistakes," he writes, "and I have plenty of my own to share with you."
Solicitors’ Undertakings
Authors: Davies Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An undertaking may be defined as any statement by a solicitor or firm that the solicitor or firm will do something or cause something to be done, or refrain from doing something, given to someone who reasonably relies upon it.1 Undertakings play an important role in many aspects of solicitors’ work, facilitating the smooth and efficient running of numerous transactions. The importance played by undertakings, and the high degree of trust which must be placed in solicitors for them to operate appropriately, means that effective enforcement mechanisms are essential.
Other General Principles
Authors: Davies Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As previously discussed, a solicitor should be judged by the standards of a ‘reasonably competent’ rather than a ‘particularly meticulous’ practitioner. One specific application of this principle is that solicitors are not expected to possess an encyclopaedic knowledge of the law, although they may be expected to recognise gaps in their knowledge and undertake legal research or seek expert help as appropriate. It is a long established principle that a solicitor is not answerable for every gap or error in knowledge, especially with regard to newly developed areas of law or points of difficult or doubtful construction.
Introduction
Authors: Drori Gili S , Meyer, John W , Hwang Hokyu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intensification of global interdependencies and the consolidation of the global as a social horizon-both captured in the now popular term globalization-have provided fertile ground for the creation of new organizations and the expansion of existing ones. With globalization, much human activity has spawned a growing set of universalized rules and standards. The older protective armor provided by the sovereign national state and society has weakened, so much local activity become linked into the global web of organizations and institutions.
The Legal Duties Of An Institutional Investment Manager
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of legal features that characterize an institutional investment management relationship legally. First, an investment manager is a contractual agent with broad discretion to affect the legal position of his principal in relation to third parties and in relation to certain specified assets. Second, an investment manager may be regarded as a service provider holding itself out as possessed of certain special professional skills. Third, the agreement between an institutional investor and an investment manager, the mandate, is normally reduced to a written document that is signed by both parties and that is particular about the manager’s undertakings to manage a certain portfolio of investments in accordance with a specific investment objective and subject to specific investment restrictions.
Territorial Scope of Application of Regulation 2790/99
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The territorial scope of application is comprised of two dimensions. Formally speaking, it refers to the addressees of Regulation 2790/99 and the Guidelines; materially speaking it refers to the territorial application of the prohibition laid down in Article 81(1) EC and, correspondingly, the block exemption contained in Regulation 2790/99.
From the formal point of view, the addressees of Regulation 2790/99 are the EC Member States. In addition, this Regulation also applies to the EFTA States which are the participating countries in the Agreement on the European Economic Area (‘the EEA Agreement’), ie Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. This follows from the Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 18/2000 of 28 January 2000 amending Annex XIV (Competition) to the EEA Agreement.
Vertical Agreements For Companies With A Large Market Share
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A distribution agreement may fall outside the scope of Regulation 2790/99 for a variety of reasons. It may have one or more hardcore restrictions as its object, it may include IPRs in a manner that is incompatible with the requirements of the block exemption, or it may involve competitors. Among the most important categories of distribution agreements that cannot benefit from the block exemption are those that exceed the market share limit. The application of the block exemption is indeed subject to the condition that the supplier’s market share does not exceed 30%.
Economic Worlds of Work: Uniting Economic Sociology with the Sociology of Work
Authors: Beamish Thomas D , Biggart Nicole Woolsey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economy is the collective production and distribution of resources, that is, the generation and allocation of material goods and services produced by a society in order to sustain it. Work concerns activities that people engage in to support themselves materially and socially within this larger system of production and exchange. To oversimplify, individuals work, and economies are the result. Economies in turn put individuals to work.
E
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Put forth and developed by Beer and Nohria (2000), the two different approaches to organizational change emphasize differences in both the purpose and means of organizational change. With theory E’s purpose being that of creating economic value (e.g. shareholder value), the means of change associated with theory E is viewed as including, among other factors, top-down leadership, an organizational emphasis on structure and systems, and programmatic planning. In contrast, theory O’s purpose of developing human capabilities within the organization for effective strategy implementation and learning from organizational change leads the organization to adopt a cultural focus with participative leadership and rely on an emergent approach to planning. Given that arguments for both approaches to organizational change are equally legitimate and plausible, each has shortcomings relative to the other, however. As such, combining the two approaches, while somewhat paradoxical, may lead to more effective organizational change in comparison to the adoption of only one approach or the other. Still, the daunting challenge associated with the effective integration of the two approaches (either by simultaneous or sequential means) suggests that firms lacking the overall skills to integrate them may be better adopting only a single approach with recognition of its particular costs and benefits.
J
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Job characteristics theory as originally developed by Hackman and Oldham (1976) views the relationship between job characteristics and their outcomes as a three-stage model where certain job characteristics ultimately lead to certain end states of motivation and satisfaction. More specifically, job characteristics such as skill variety, task significance, task identity, autonomy, and feedback are viewed as contributing to certain intermediate psychological states including experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility, and knowledge of results. These psychological states, in turn, act to influence outcomes including satisfaction, growth satisfaction, and motivation. Such views have subsequently stimulated a wide range of studies on job characteristics including those aimed at evaluating the relationships involved in the above factors as well as the inclusion and influences of other factors into broader job characteristics related theory such as work pressure and its effects. While similar in terminology, job characteristics theory is not to be confused with goods-characteristics theory. (See characteristics theory.)
Introduction
Authors: Parsons Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book proposes a typology of explanations of human action. It focuses on explanations of political action—relating to governance, power, and the distribution of resources—but its breakdown applies across the social sciences and history. That is not to say that it covers all scholarship in these disciplines. Some is not explanatory, and some is explanatory but does not directly attempt to explain action. Still, debates about explanations of action form the core of the human sciences. The book’s goal is to offer a relatively simple and fundamental map of this core terrain.
Interception Of Communications: RIPA, Part I, Chapter I, ss 1–20
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter I of Part I of RIPA (ss 1–20) governs the interception of communications It is the successor to the Interception of Communications Act 1985, replacement of which was prompted by Halford v UK when the 1985 Act was found to be wanting. In human rights terms the Human Rights Act 1998 meant that the issues highlighted in Halford were drawn into focus because there was the real prospect that intercepted communications obtained otherwise than under a properly formulated legal code (and so not ‘in accordance with the law’ for Convention purposes) would be found to be unlawfully obtained as a result of s 6(2) of the 1998 Act, which provides that it is unlawful for public authorities to act in a way which is incompatible with Convention rights.
The Agent Bank In Syndicated Loans and Loan Participations
Authors: Mugasha Agasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both syndicated loans and loan participations typically have an agent bank to act as a point of contact or middle-man between the borrower and the syndicate lenders/participants, and among the participants themselves. The agent relieves the borrower of the task of communicating the same information to each and every bank and ensures that the banks receive identical information. However, the agent acts for the arrangers and lenders and its primary function is to relieve the lenders of the administrative burden of the mechanical aspects of the loan. It is for this reason that some syndication agreements adopt the more functional designation of ‘servicing’ or ‘administrative’ bank. In practice, though, the agent undertakes more duties than those that are merely mechanical and administrative in nature.