bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of a homologue of the fushi tarazu (ftz) gene in a cirripede crustacean
Authors: Mouchel‐Vielh Emmanuèle , Blin Maryline , Rigolot Catherine , Deutsch Jean S. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY In Metazoa, Hox genes control the identity of the body parts along the anteroposterior axis. In addition to this homeotic function, these genes are characterized by two conserved features: They are clustered in the genome, and they contain a particular sequence, the homeobox, encoding a DNA‐binding domain. Analysis of Hox homeobox sequences suggests that the Hox cluster emerged early in Metazoa and then underwent gene duplication events. In arthropods, the Hox cluster contains eight genes with a homeotic function and two other Hox‐like genes, zerknullt (zen)/Hox3 and fushi tarazu (ftz). In insects, these two genes have lost their homeotic function but have acquired new functions in embryogenesis. In contrast, in chelicerates, these genes are expressed in a Hox‐like pattern, which suggests that they have conserved their ancestral homeotic function.We describe here the characterization of Diva, the homologue of ftz in the cirripede crustacean Sacculina carcini. Diva is located in the Hox cluster, in the same position as the ftz genes of insects, and is not expressed in a Hox‐like pattern. Instead, it is expressed exclusively in the central nervous system. Such a neurogenic expression of ftz has been also described in insects. This study, which provides the first information about the Hox cluster in Crustacea, reveals that it may not be much smaller than the insect cluster. Study of the Diva expression pattern suggests that the arthropod ftz gene has lost its ancestral homeotic function after the divergence of the Crustacea/Hexapoda clade from other arthropod clades. In contrast, the function of ftz during neurogenesis is well conserved in insects and crustaceans.
Thoughts and Progress
Authors: Noghnogh Abd A. , Reid Ralston W. , Nawab Zeenat M. , Swartz Richard D. , Kjellstrand Carl M. , Ing Todd S. 
Published: March 2003

It is the goal of this section to publish material that provides information regarding specific issues, aspects of artificial organ application, approach, philosophy, suggestions, and/or thoughts for the future. Preparation of Ethanol‐Enriched, Bicarbonate‐Based HemodialysatesWe describe a method to produce bicarbonate‐based dialysates containing ~100 mg/dl ethanol by introducing the alcohol into one of the dialysate concentrate solutions geared for the production of bicarbonate‐based dialysates.
Flow Visualization Study to Investigate the Secondary Flow Behind the Impeller in the Gyro Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Ichikawa Seiji , Nonaka Kenji , Linneweber Joerg , Kawahito Shinji , Motomura Tadashi , Ishitoya Hiroshi , Mikami Minoru , Nishimura Ikuya , Glueck Julia , Shinohara Toshiyuki , Nosé Yukihiko 
Published: March 2003

It is the goal of this section to publish material that provides information regarding specific issues, aspects of artificial organ application, approach, philosophy, suggestions, and/or thoughts for the future. Abstract: The Gyro permanently implantable pump consists of a sealless pump housing and an impeller supported with a double pivot bearing. The secondary vanes are attached to increase the secondary flow to avoid thrombus formation behind the impeller. Flow visualization studies using an oil film method were performed on three types of impellers: no secondary vanes, 0.5 mm height secondary vanes, and 1.0 mm height secondary vanes. Comparison studies of these impellers were performed on the surfaces of the impeller bottom and bottom housing. Regarding the surface of the impeller bottom, the impeller with no secondary vanes had the least stagnant areas around the shaft. On the other hand, the impeller having 1.0 mm height secondary vanes had the most distinguished flow lines on the bottom housing. Overall, the impeller secondary vanes with a height of 0.5 mm (current design) seemed to create the most effective secondary flow.
Migraine Headache in a Prepaid Health Plan: Ascertainment, Demographics, Physiological, and Behavioral Factors
Authors: Stang Paul , Sternfeld Barbara , Sidney Stephen 
Published: March 2003

Background: Migraine is a prevalent disorder whose relationship to other conditions remains poorly understood.Methods: Associations between migraine and physiological, behavioral, and demographic characteristics were sessed in a retrospective cohort study of 79 588 enrollees in a large prepaid health maintenance organization who underwent a multiphasic preventive health checkup in 1971–1973.Results: Migraine was found to be inversely associated with age and education and strongly associated with the female sex. The likelihood of migraine was significantly higher among blacks, smokers, those who drink more than six cups of coffee per day, those with Raynaud’s syndrome, and those with a family history of migraine. The magnitude of associations between migraine and other factors was, in general, reduced among those with a self‐reported physician diagnosis migraine compared to those whose migraine status was defined on the basis of reported symptoms.Conclusions: Migraine prevalence was found to be higher in blacks and other unspecified minorities than in the white population. The magnitude of the associations between migraine and behavioral risk factors was strongly influenced by the method of migraine ascertainment. The inverse association with level of education suggests that social causation or drift may have been operating in this disease in the early 1970s, 15 to 20 years earlier than recent population‐based studies would suggest. Further research is needed to fully appreciate the spectrum of disease and behaviors associated with migraine.
Migraine With Aura: Segregation Analysis and Heritability Estimation
Authors: Kalfakis Nikolaos , Panas Marios , Vassilopoulos Demetrios , Malliara‐Loulakaki Sasa 
Published: March 2003

A genetic study was performed in a group of 60 migraine patients and their first‐degree relatives as well as in a group of sex‐ and age‐matched controls. Segregation analysis showed that multifactorial inheritance seems to be the most probable mode of genetic transmission. Heritabilities were estimated according to the sex of probands and relatives.Our findings favor multifactorial inheritance, but the contribution of a major gene can not be excluded.
Migraine Headache Following Stellate Ganglion Block for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Authors: Lehmann Lance J. , Warfield Carol A. , Bajwa Zahid H. 
Published: March 2003

The alteration of extracranial blood flow in conjunction with clinical signs of autonomic nervous system dysfunction have led to various explanations concerning the pathophysiology of migraine headache.Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, a painful disorder of the sympathetic nervous system, can be treated by blocking the sympathetic nerves located in the stellate ganglion, resulting in vasodilation, ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis. In theory, these changes could trigger a migraine headache attack secondary to autonomic dysfunction reflecting an imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. This may be especially true in a patient with a previous history of meningitis that may have resulted in a disorder of cerebrovescular regulation. We report a 56‐year‐old man with no previous history of migraine who developed migraine with aura after a stellate ganglion block. Those episodic headaches occurred with decreasing frequency end severity for over 6 months, with eventual complete resolution. This interesting phenomenon has not been reported in the English literature and may help to better understand the pathophysiology of migraine.
Prevalence of Primary Headache Syndrome in Adults in the Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abduljabbar Mohammad , Ogunniyi Adesola , Al Balla Suliman , Alballaa Saleh , Al‐Dalaan Abdullah 
Published: March 2003

Background and Purpose: Headache occurs worldwide, but documentation on the burden of headache in Saudi communities is quite limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of primary headache in a rural community in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia.Methods: A door‐to‐door survey of subjects older than 15 years of age was used for completion of a structured questionnaire to determine headache types based on defined criteria. Physical examination was used to exclude secondary causes.Results: Of 5891 inhabitants, 473 suffered from headaches. The crude lifetime prevalence rate was 8% (95% CI, 7.3% to 8.7%) and with age adjustment was 9.3% (8.6% to 10%). Headache sufferers were predominantly women. The age‐specific rate increased progressively, peaking in the sixth decade. Tension‐type headache diagnosed in 185 subjects predominated (3.1%), while the prevalence of migraine was 2.6%.Conclusion: The findings agree with the reported prevalence of 10% to 12% in other communities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, but lower than the rates in Western countries. The lower rates are probably related to sociocultural factors.
Oral Narcotic Protocol to Reduce Narcotic Injections in Refractory Migraine Patients
Authors: Von Seggern Randal L. , Adelman James U. 
Published: March 2003

Refractory headache patients who require narcotic injections for acute attacks frequently utilize health care facilities. The experience is often unpleasant and costly to the patient and health care system.We have developed an oral narcotic protocol for home administration. The patient starts with an antiemetic suppository, followed in 30 minutes by oral metoclopramide. After controlling nausea and vomiting, the patient administers a high dose of oral narcotic plus a hypnotic. The dosing of the narcotic analgesics incorporates seldom‐used, but well‐published pharmacokinetics. This protocol allows the patient to successfully treat a severe headache without using a health care facility.Eleven patients in our practice were prescribed the oral narcotic protocol. Their need for narcotic injections at our office or emergency department was monitored for up to 1 year before and after the start of the protocol. Combined office visits were reduced from 81 to 53 (34.6%) and emergency department visits from 47 to 26 (44.7%). An annual cost savings of $1960 for office visits and $3024 for emergency department visits was realized. This was offset by an oral narcotic protocol medication cost of only $392. This treatment method has been well accepted by patients and has proven to be a safe and cost‐effective approach to treating refractory migraine patients.
Fatigue and Sleep in Chronic Headache Sufferers: An Age‐ and Sex‐Controlled Questionnaire Study
Authors: Spierings Egilius L.H. , van Hoof Marie‐Jose 
Published: March 2003

We studied fatigue and sleep in chronic headache sufferers in comparison to age‐ and sex‐matched controls. We determined the prevalence and intensity of fatigue as well as several sleep features. The study was conducted in a headache center through the use of a questionnaire. One hundred thirteen headache sufferers (59 men and 54 women) and 110 controls (56 men and 54 women) were included in the analysis. Fatigue was found to be equally common in the headache sufferers (70.3%) and in the controls (60.0%). However, the headache sufferers rated the intensity of their fatigue significantly higher (4.1 versus 2.8 cm on a 10‐cm visual analog scale). When the sexes were considered separately, the difference in intensity of the fatigue between the two groups was significant only for the women (5.1 versus 3.0 cm). With regard to sleep, the headache sufferers slept significantly shorter (6.7 hours) than the controls (7.0 hours). It also took them longer to fall asleep (31.4 versus 21.1 minutes) and longer to fall back asleep after waking up at night (28.5 versus 14.6 minutes). When the sexes were considered separately, the differences in sleep features between the two groups were significant only for the men.On the basis of these results, we conclude that chronic headache sufferers feel more tired, especially the women, and do not sleep as well at night, especially the men. Further study is necessary to determine the significance of these findings in relation to chronic headache suffering.
Neuroimaging Diagnosis of Tolosa‐Hunt Syndrome: MRI Contribution
Authors: de Arcaya A. Alvarez , Cerezal L. , Canga A. , Polo J.M. , Berciano J. , Pascual J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective.—To present our experience in the neuroradiological diagnosis of six patients with Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome.Methods.—Computerized tomograms and MRI, with and without contrast enhancement, of the cranium and orbits of patients fulfilling IHS criteria for the diagnosis of Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome were analyzed.Results.—Standard CT scan, with and without contrast enhancement, disclosed an enlarged cavernous sinus in one patient and was normal in the remaining five. In comparison, MRI was clearly abnormal in the four patients on whom it was performed, showing a convex enlargement of the symptomatic cavernous sinus by an abnormal tissue isointense with gray matter on short TR/TE images and iso‐hypointense on long TR/TE scans. This abnormal tissue markedly increased in signal intensity after contrast injection and, in two patients, extended into contiguous regions, mainly the orbital apex and subtemporal fossa ipsilaterally. One patient had follow‐up studies after successful treatment with corticosteroids. Although diminished in size, the abnormal tissue was still visible on MRI after 3 months of treatment and only disappeared after 6 months of treatment.Conclusions.—These MRI findings help in the differential diagnosis of the Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome from conditions such as meningioma, lymphoma, and sarcoidosis, as well as confirming the similarities of the Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome and orbital pseudotumor. In the presence of painful ophthalmoplegia, the finding by MRI of cavernous sinus enlargement, with the herein described signal and extension characteristics and slow resolution with corticosteroid treatment, is highly suggestive of the Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome.
Safety of Divalproex Sodium in Migraine Prophylaxis: An Open‐Label, Long‐term Study
Authors: Silberstein Stephen D. , Collins Stephen D. ,   Long‐term Safety of Depakote in Headache Prophylaxis Study Group
Published: March 2003

Context.—The adverse event profile of long‐term divalproex therapy for epilepsy is well established, but little is known about the tolerability or safety of divalproex in long‐term migraine prophylaxis.Objective.—Evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of divalproex sodium in migraine prophylaxis.Design.—Open‐label, long‐term study, of up to 3 years, of patients who completed one of two multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled studies.Setting.—Eighteen headache/neurology centers throughout the United States.Patients.—One hundred sixty‐three patients: 46 treated with placebo, 117 treated with divalproex for migraine in previous studies.Intervention.—Divalproex therapy initiated at 500 mg/day (250 mg twice daily), with adjustment in dose and dosing frequency possible after 1 to 3 days.Main Outcome Measures.—Number and proportion of patients reporting treatment‐emergent adverse events, prevalence and incidence for each treatment‐emergent adverse event, vital signs, body weight, 4‐week migraine rates and proportion of patients with 50% or greater reduction in rate over time.Results.—Treatment lasted more than 180 days for 71% of patients and more than 360 days for 48% of patients. Improvements in the 4‐week, change‐from‐baseline migraine rates were seen during each of the 3‐ and 6‐month time intervals.Conclusions.—Divalproex is effective for migraine prophylaxis, and initial benefits are maintained for periods in excess of 1080 days.
An Analysis of the “Carry‐over Effect” Following Successful Short‐term Treatment of Transformed Migraine With Divalproex Sodium
Authors: Rothrock John F. , Mendizabal Jorge E. 
Published: March 2003

Objective.– To determine whether successful short‐term prophylactic treatment of transformed migraine may be followed by a continued respite from headaches once the treatment has been discontinued (“carry‐over effect”).Background.– The optimal duration of prophylactic treatment for pervasive headache and for migraine, in particular, is unknown.Methods.– We prospectively evaluated a series of patients with transformed migraine, all of whom were managed according to a uniform treatment protocol involving prophylactic therapy with divalproex sodium for a period not exceeding 12 weeks. All patients reporting a positive treatment response were followed for at least 2 months after the discontinuation of divalproex sodium, and the incidence of the carry‐over effect in that group was assessed.Results.– A short‐term carry‐over effect occurred in 12 (60%) of 20 patients, but more sustained relief occurred in only 8 (40%).Conclusions.– The successful short‐term treatment of transformed migraine with divalproex sodium will often produce a short‐term carry‐over effect, but this response will be sustained only in a minority of patients.
Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine With β‐Blockers and Riboflavin: Differential Effects on the Intensity Dependence of Auditory Evoked Cortical Potentials
Authors: Sándor Peter S. , Áfra Judit , Ambrosini Anna , Schoenen Jean 
Published: March 2003

Objective.– To investigate the influence of different pharmacological treatments on the intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials in migraineurs.Background.– Between attacks, patients with migraine show abnormalities in cortical information processing and decreased brain mitochondrial energy reserve. Both are most probably relevant for migraine pathogenesis, and they could be differentially modified by prophylactic drug therapy. Design.–The intensity dependence of the auditory evoked cortical potentials is, on average, increased in migraine. We have studied this intensity dependence in 26 patients before and after a 4‐month period of prophylaxis with beta‐blockers (n=11, all migraine without aura; metoprolol or bisoprolol) or riboflavin (n=15, migraine without aura: 13, migraine with aura: 2). Recordings were performed at least 3 days before or after an attack.Results.– After the treatment with beta‐blockers, the intensity dependence of the auditory evoked cortical potentials was significantly decreased (before: 1.66 ± 1.02 μV/10 dB; after: 0.79 ± 1.06 μV/10 dB, P=.02). The decrease in intensity dependence was correlated significantly with clinical improvement (r=.69, P=.02). There was no change in intensity dependence after riboflavin treatment (before: 1.80 ± 0.81 μV/10 dB; after: 1.56 ± 0.83 μV/10 dB, P=.39), although the majority of patients showed improvement.Conclusions.– These results confirm that beta‐blockers and riboflavin act on two distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. Combining both treatments might enhance their efficacy without increasing central nervous system side effects.
Prophylactic Pharmacological Treatment of Chronic Daily Headache
Authors: Redillas Carol , Solomon Seymour 
Published: March 2003

Objective.—To review all the prophylactic pharmacological treatments for chronic daily headache from the past decade.Background.—Chronic daily headache is among the most common diagnoses seen in specialized headache centers. Prior to 1988, there were no criteria for the diagnosis of chronic tension‐type headache and chronic daily headache. An expanded chronic daily headache classification has been proposed.Methods.—A MEDLINE search was performed using the following key words: chronic daily headache, intractable headache, transformed migraine, chronic tension headache, and chronic tension‐type headache. We limited our review to those studies published in English in the last decade, including published abstracts and letters to the editor. Double‐blind studies carried out prior to 1988 were also included.Results.—Pharmacological treatments for chronic daily headache include antidepressants (tricyclics, tetracyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, 5‐HT1 agonists, ergots, 5‐HT2 antagonists, antianxiety agents, and miscellaneous drugs. Many of these reports are anecdotal, and most are open rather than double‐blind studies.Conclusions.—There is a great variety of pharmacological treatments available for chronic daily headache. Only the antidepressants have been extensively studied. Other medications may be used if these fail. Recommendations based on our experience at the Headache Unit of the Montefiore Medical Center are outlined here.
Dynamic Assessment of Abnormalities in Central Pain Transmission and Modulation in Tension‐type Headache Sufferers
Authors: Neufeld Jonathan D. , Holroyd Kenneth A. , Lipchik Gay L. 
Published: March 2003

Objective.—To examine and compare central pain processing and modulation in young tension‐type headache sufferers with that of matched healthy controls using an induced headache “challenge” paradigm.Background.—Recent research has suggested that abnormalities in central pain processing and descending pain modulation may contribute to chronic tension‐type headache. These abnormalities, if they contribute to headache pathogenesis, should be present in young adult tension‐type headache sufferers. Recent research using static measures of physiological variables, such as muscle tenderness and exteroceptive suppression, has identified chronic muscle tenderness as a characteristic of young tension‐type headache sufferers, but other central nervous system functional abnormalities may require a dynamic “challenge” to be observed.Methods.—Twenty‐four young women meeting the International Headache Society diagnostic criteria for tension‐type headache (headache‐prone) and a matched group of 24 healthy women who reported fewer than 10 problem headaches per year (control) participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study. Subjects completed jaw clenching and a placebo condition on different days in counterbalanced order. Pericranial muscle tenderness, pressure‐pain thresholds on the temporalis, and exteroceptive suppression periods were assessed before and after each procedure. Head pain was recorded for 12 to16 hours following each condition.Results.—Headache‐prone subjects were more likely than controls to experience headaches after both the jaw clenching and placebo procedures, but neither group was significantly more likely to experience headaches following jaw clenching than placebo. In pretreatment measurements, headache‐prone subjects exhibited greater muscle tenderness than controls, but pressure‐pain detection thresholds and exteroceptive suppression periods did not differ in the two groups. Control subjects showed increases in muscle tenderness and exteroceptive suppression periods following both the clenching and placebo procedures, whereas headache‐prone subjects exhibited no significant changes in any of the physiological measures following either experimental manipulation.Conclusions.—These results confirm previous findings indicating abnormally high pericranial muscle tenderness in young tension headache sufferers even in the headache‐free state. In addition, the results suggest that the development of headaches following noxious stimulation is more strongly related to headache proneness and associated abnormalities in central pain transmission or modulation (indexed by pericranial muscle tenderness and exteroceptive suppression responses) than muscle strain induced by jaw clenching.