bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Requirement for Vacuolar H
+
-ATPase Activity and Ca
2+
Gradient during Entry of Rotavirus into MA104 Cells
Authors: Chemello Maria Elena , Aristimuño Olga Carolina , Michelangeli Fabián , Ruiz Marie-Christine 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT

The mechanism by which rotavirus and other nonenveloped viruses enter the cell is still not clear. We have proposed an endocytosis model where the critical step for virus uncoating and membrane permeabilization is the decrease in Ca
2+
concentration in the endosome. In this paper, we monitored rotavirus entry by measuring α-sarcin-rotavirus coentry and infectivity in MA104 cells. The participation of endocytosis, acidification, and endosomal Ca
2+
concentration on virus entry was studied by inhibiting the endosomal H
+
-ATPase with bafilomycin A1 and/or increasing the extracellular calcium reservoir by addition of 10 mM CaEGTA. Rotavirus-α-sarcin coentry was inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and by addition of 10 mM CaEGTA. These effects were additive. These substances induced a significant inhibition of infectivity without affecting virus binding and postentry steps. These results are compatible with the interpretation that bafilomycin A1 and CaEGTA block rotavirus penetration from the endosome into the cytoplasm and support our hypothesis of a Ca
2+
-dependent endocytosis model.
The Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Membrane Insertion Sequence Is a Transmembrane Segment
Authors: Ivashkina Natalia , Wölk Benno , Lohmann Volker , Bartenschlager Ralf , Blum Hubert E. , Penin François , Moradpour Darius 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) belongs to a class of membrane proteins termed tail-anchored proteins. Here, we show that the HCV RdRp C-terminal membrane insertion sequence traverses the phospholipid bilayer as a transmembrane segment. Moreover, the HCV RdRp was found to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or an ER-derived modified compartment both following transient transfection and in the context of a subgenomic replicon. An absolutely conserved GVG motif was not essential for membrane insertion but possibly provides a docking site for transmembrane protein-protein interactions. These findings have important implications for the functional architecture of the HCV replication complex.
Two Chloroplastic Viroids Induce the Accumulation of Small RNAs Associated with Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing
Authors: Martínez de Alba A. E. , Flores R. , Hernández C. 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT
In plants, posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) has been reported for cytoplasmic RNAs from endogenous nuclear genes, transgenes, viruses, and, recently, for a viroid with nuclear replication and accumulation. However, phenomena of this kind have not been described for mitochondrial or chloroplastic RNAs. Here we show that viroids that replicate and accumulate in the chloroplast are also targets of PTGS and this process may control viroid titer.
Identification of Neutralizing Epitopes within Structural Domain III of the West Nile Virus Envelope Protein
Authors: Beasley David W. C. , Barrett Alan D. T. 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACTUsing a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, we have mapped epitopes in domain III of the envelope protein of the New York strain of West Nile virus. The ability of monoclonal antibodies that recognize these epitopes to neutralize virus appeared to differ between lineage I and II West Nile virus strains, and epitopes were located on the upper surface of domain III at residues E307, E330, and E332.
A Novel Protease Processing Site in the Transframe Protein of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 PR76

gag-pro

Defines the N Terminus of RT
Authors: Heidecker Gisela , Hill Shawn , Lloyd Patricia A. , Derse David 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT
The genomic RNA of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 encodes three polyproteins, Gag, Gag-Pro, and Gag-Pro-Pol, which are translated as a result of no, one, and two frameshifts, respectively. In this report we demonstrate that the 77 residues encoded at the C terminus of the Gag-Pro precursor can be collectively detected as an 8-kDa transframe protein (TFP) in virions. Mutant viruses with a C-terminally truncated TFP (19, 32, or 50 residues) had essentially a wild-type phenotype in vitro. However, a virus mutant that encoded only the Gag and Gag-Pro-Pol polyproteins due to a mutation in the second frameshift site, and hence did not produce TFP, was noninfectious. Mutation analysis of the proteolytic cleavage site between PR and TFP revealed the presence of an additional site and the existence of a p1 peptide separating protease and TFP. While removal of the cleavage site at the PR-p1 junction had a modest effect on virus replication, mutation of the p1-TFP cleavage site led to noninfectious virus and the loss of reverse transcriptase activity. Determination of the amino-terminal sequence of a hemagglutinin-tagged RT demonstrated that the same site is used in processing the Gag-Pro-Pol precursor and thus defines the start of mature RT. Neither mutation alone or in combination caused changes in the amounts or processing patterns of the Gag polyprotein, indicating that protease is active independent of its C terminus.
The CD154/CD40 Interaction Required for Retrovirus-Induced Murine Immunodeficiency Syndrome Is Not Mediated by Upregulation of the CD80/CD86 Costimulatory Molecules
Authors: Green Kathy A. , Cook W. James , Sharpe Arlene H. , Green William R. 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACTC57BL/6 (B6) mice infected with LP-BM5 retroviruses develop disease, including an immunodeficiency similar to AIDS. This disease, murine AIDS (MAIDS), is inhibited by in vivo anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody treatment. The similar levels of insusceptibility of CD40−/−and CD154−/−B6 mice indicate that CD154/CD40 molecular interactions are required for MAIDS. CD4+T and B cells, respectively, provide the CD154 and CD40 expression needed for MAIDS induction. Here, the required CD154/CD40 interaction is shown to be independent of CD80 and CD86 expression: CD80/CD86−/−B6 mice develop MAIDS after LP-BM5 infection.
Retrovirus-Specific Packaging of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases with Cognate Primer tRNAs
Authors: Cen Shan , Javanbakht Hassan , Kim Sunghoon , Shiba Kiyotaka , Craven Rebecca , Rein Alan , Ewalt Karla , Schimmel Paul , Musier-Forsyth Karin , Kleiman Lawrence 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT

The tRNAs used to prime reverse transcription in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), and Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) are

\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(tRNA_{3}^{Lys}\) \end{document}

, tRNA
Trp
, and tRNA
Pro
, respectively. Using antibodies to the three cognate human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, we found that only lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) is present in HIV-1, only tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) is present in RSV, and neither these two synthetases nor prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS) is present in Mo-MuLV. LysRS and TrpRS are present in HIV-1 and RSV at approximately 25 and 12 molecules/virion, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that, in HIV-1 and RSV, the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase may be used as the signal for targeting the selective packaging of primer tRNAs into retroviruses. The absence of ProRS in Mo-MuLV is consistent with reports that selective packaging of tRNA
Pro
in this virus is less important for achieving optimum annealing of the primer to Mo-MuLV genomic RNA.
Terminal RNA Replication Elements in Human Parechovirus 1
Authors: Nateri Abdolrahman S. , Hughes Pamela J. , Stanway Glyn 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT

To define structural elements critical for RNA replication in human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1), a replicon with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as a reporter gene and an infectious virus cDNA clone have been used. It was observed that there are
cis
-acting signals required for HPeV1 replication located within the 5′-terminal 112 nucleotides of the genome and that these include two terminal stem-loops, SL-A and SL-B, together with a pseudoknot element. Significant disruption of any of these structures impaired both RNA replication and virus growth. In view of the similarity in terminal structures to several picornaviruses, such as cardioviruses and hepatoviruses, the insights generated in this work are of wider significance for understanding picornavirus replication.
WEAK QUENCHED DISORDER AND CRITICALITY: RESUMMATION OF ASYMPTOTIC(?) SERIES
Authors: HOLOVATCH YU. , BLAVATS'KA V. , DUDKA M. , VON FERBER C. , FOLK R. , YAVORS'KII T. 
Published: November 2002

In this review paper, we discuss the influence of weak quenched disorder on the critical behavior in condensed matter and give a brief review of the available experimental and theoretical results as well as results of MC simulations of these phenomena. We concentrate on three cases: (i) uncorrelated random-site disorder, (ii) long-range correlated random-site disorder, and (iii) random anisotropy.Today, the standard analytical description of critical behavior is given by renormalization group results refined by resummation of the perturbation theory series. The convergence properties of the series are unknown for most disordered models. The main object of this review is to discuss the peculiarities of the application of resummation techniques to perturbation theory series of disordered models.
RE-IDENTIFYING REGISTER DATA BY SURVEY DATA USING CLUSTER ANALYSIS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Authors: BACHER JOHANN , BRAND RUTH , BENDER STEFAN 
Published: November 2002

More and more empirical researchers from universities or research centres like to use register or survey data collected by statistical agencies or the social security system, since these data can by used for several empirical studies, e.g. the analysis of special groups or quantitative effects of economic or social policies. Most of the data required have to be (factually) anonymised before they are disseminated to preserve confidentiality. In the area of statistics on households and individuals this path has been pursued in Germany for several years. The transmission of de facto anonymised datafiles has proved to be a good form of co-operation between scientists and statisticians. Factual anonymity of the data depends on the costs and benefits of a potential re-identification. The paper assumes that the intruder only accepts low costs. Therefore he uses a cluster analysis module that is available in a standards statistical software package to re-identify persons. After a description of the method different factors influencing the re-identification risk are studied using German employment statistics (register data) and the German Life History Study (survey data). The factors are: sample fraction and number of (irrelevant) variables. The results show, that the number of identifiable persons is remarkable high. Furthermore it can be confirmed with the cluster analysis that the number of re-identifiable records increases with increasing sampling fraction and that irrelevant variables reduce this number.
USING COMPUTATION TREE LOGIC FOR INTELLIGENT INFORMATION SEARCH ON THE WEB
Authors: DI SCIASCIO EUGENIO , DONINI FRANCESCO M. , MONGIELLO MARINA 
Published: November 2002

Web engines crawl hyperlinks to search for new documents; yet when they index discovered documents they basically revert to conventional information retrieval models and concentrate on the indexing of terms in a single document. We propose to overcome such limits with an approach based on temporal logic. By modeling a web site as a finite state transition system we are able to define complex and selective queries over hyperlinks with the aid of Computation Tree Logic operators. We deployed the proposed approach in a prototype system that allows users pose queries in natural language. Queries are automatically translated in Computation Tree Logic, and the answer returned by our system is a set of paths. Experiments carried out with the aid of human experts show improved retrieval effectiveness with respect to current search engines.
WHAT IS THE FIFTH SIBYLLINE ORACLE ?
Authors: Felder Stephen 
Published: November 2002

AbstractCan The Fifth Sibylline Oracle be useful for the study of Second Temple Judaism? J.J. Collins thought so, and John M.G. Barclay has attempted to use it in his construction of Jewish life and thought in the Mediterranean Diaspora. But David S. Potter and Erich Gruen have cautioned that because the Sibylline Oracles were preserved by Christians and subjected to extensive redaction and interpolation, they cannot be dated with any certainty and therefore cannot be reliably used for the study of Second Temple Judaism. In this article I attempt to identify and date two clear strata in The Fifth Sibylline Oracle, explaining how the document came into its final, or near-final form. Then I make some preliminary suggestions regarding what The Fifth Sibylline Oracle may tell us about Second Temple Judaism.
Audit of transfers under the Mental Health Act from prison – the impact of organisational change
Authors: Isherwood Sarah , Parrott Janet 
Published: November 2002

AIMS AND METHODTo describe the change in the number of referrals of prisoners and the delay in transfer to hospital under the Mental Health Act following a change in the prison health care provision. The transfer time (time from referral to transfer to psychiatric hospital) of prisoners has been audited previously over 1996 and 1997.RESULTSThere has been an increase in the number of prisoners transferred. Both transfers under Section 48 of the Mental Health Act and the proportion of transfers to high security have increased. The average delay in transfer remains lengthy and there is a trend of increasing delay with increasing level of placement security.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSDespite Government policies to facilitate the transfer of mentally disordered offenders, we found an increase in the delay to hospital compared with previous audits.
Where are the weakest links?: a descriptive study of discrepancies in prescribing between primary and secondary sectors of mental health service provision
Authors: Morcos Salwa , Francis Sally-Anne , Duggan Catherine 
Published: November 2002

AIMS AND METHODTo investigate the transfer of information regarding prescribed medication between primary and secondary care sectors. Patients aged 18–65 years, ready for discharge from hospital, were invited to participate. Prescribed medication was recorded from their hospital and general practitioner records. The significance of discrepancies identified between medication lists was assessed independently by four judges.RESULTSDiscrepancies occurred for 39 out of 43 patients at each stage of medication information transfer. Discrepancies at the time of admission and following discharge occurred in 69% and 43%, respectively, of drugs studied. It was judged that harm would occur to the patient, should the discrepancy be reproduced, in 24% and 18%, respectively, of cases.CLINICALIMPLICATIONS Discrepancies in the transfer of information regarding prescribed medication may result in harm to patients.
Specialist registrars' views on the proposed reform of the Mental Health Act (1983)
Authors: Spencer Maya , Gregoire Alain 
Published: November 2002

AIMS AND METHODA postal questionnaire was sent to specialist registrars (SpRs) in the Wessex Region to evaluate senior trainees' reactions to information about the proposed changes in mental health legislation and to ascertain if the information had adversely affected their view of their future careers as consultants.RESULTSA high level of concern about the proposed changes and their potential impact on consultants was revealed. A majority of SpRs took a more negative view of their future career, especially those preparing a single Certificate of Completion of Specialist Training in general adult psychiatry, who were more likely to have adverse perceptions and to have thought of opting out.SERVICE IMPLICATIONSThe legislative proposals have the potential for considerable impact on recruitment and retention of psychiatrists.
Do we listen or do we assume?
Authors: Potter Robert , Holmes Patricia , Barton Hilary 
Published: November 2002

AIMS AND METHODTo use a questionnaire to assess and compare what referred children and their referrers would like from a multi-disciplinary post-abuse service based in Bridgend, South Wales.RESULTSIt was found that the children and their referrers wanted different types of support and help from the service. Specifically, children wanted to be ‘listened to’ on an individual basis and to talk about the effect of their distressing experiences on their lives, but they did not want to talk about the details of the abuse and did not want to be blamed. Referrers wanted more practical help for the children.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSThe study highlights the need to listen to what the child wants from a post-abuse service rather than assuming that this is already known by the referrer or the therapist. It will also help referrers to think clearly about reasons for referral.
Acute wards: problems and solutions
Authors: Haigh Rex 
Published: November 2002

In 1953 the World Health Organization produced a report dealing with ‘essential mental hospital provisions'. The report emphasised the importance of the atmosphere of the hospital:‘The most important single factor in the efficacy of the treatment given in a mental hospital appears to the Committee to be an intangible element which can only be described as its atmosphere, and in attempting to describe some of the influences which go to the creation of this atmosphere, it must be said at the outset that the more the psychiatric hospital imitates the general hospital as it at present exists, the less successful it will be in creating the atmosphere it needs. Too many psychiatric hospitals give the impression of being an uneasy compromise between a general hospital and a prison. Whereas, in fact, the role they have to play is different from either; it is that of a therapeutic community’ (World Health Organization, 1953)
Service innovations: rethinking in-patient provision for adolescents
Authors: Corrigall Richard , Mitchell Bryn 
Published: November 2002

AIMS AND METHODTo evaluate the first 2 years of a new adolescent unit.RESULTSOne-hundred and eighteen cases were admitted, with a broad range of diagnoses. Median length of stay was 33 days and 82% of admissions were urgent, of which 70% were admitted on the day of referral. A later study of 27 consecutive cases showed a mean improvement of 25% in the Children's Global Assessment Scale and 40% in the Child and Adolescent version of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales scores.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSIt is possible to provide an in-patient service for adolescents that includes all-hours emergency access, as well as catering for the full range of severe mental illness and a wide variation in length of stay.
Stereodynamics of O(1D) and O(3P) Reactions Studied via Doppler-Resolved Polarization Spectroscopy
Authors: Fujimura Yo , Tsurumaki Hiroshi , Kajimoto Okitsugu 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Studies on stereodynamics of the gas-phase elementary reactions of atomic oxygen, O(1D) and O(3P), with simple molecules are reviewed. The angular correlations among the relative velocity vectors of reactants (k) and products (k′), and the product rotational angular momentum vector (j′) have been investigated via Doppler-resolved polarization spectroscopy. In the O(1D) reactions with hydrocarbons and water, OH products are scattered into wide angular range and rotate mainly in the k–k′ scattering plane. These angular distributions suggest the formation of an H–O–X (X = C or O) bond in reactive intermediates. By contrast, the NO products of the O(1D) reaction with N2O have isotropic angular distribution of j′, which indicates the participation of the out-of-plane motion in addition to the in-plane motions within the complex. These trends of O(1D) reactions are consistent with the feature of product-state distribution of the individual reactions. Similar analyses for the reactions of O(3P) atom with hydrocarbons have revealed that these reactions are not always dominated by the simple rebound abstraction mechanism based on the triatomic picture, which has long been assumed. As a background of the titled study, this account reviews the progress in the studies on gas-phase chemical reaction dynamics and presents the theory and techniques to investigate the stereodynamics of bimolecular reactions.
Bioorganic Studies on Nyctinasty of the Plant Controlled by a Biological Clock
Authors: Ueda Minoru , Takada Noboru , Yamamura Shosuke 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Most leguminous plants close their leaves in the evening, as if to sleep, and open them early in the morning. This circadian rhythm is known to be controlled by the biological clock of such plants. Extensive studies on other nyctinastic plants led to the isolation of a variety of leaf-closing and leaf-opening substances. And we found that the circadian rhythmic leaf-movement of these plants is controlled by a biological clock that regulates the balance of concentration between leaf-opening and -closing substances.
Functionalization of Inorganic Colloidal Particles by Polymer Modification
Authors: Yoshinaga Kohji 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The polymer modifications of inorganic colloidal particles, mainly silica, and the stabilization and functionalization were described. The polymer grafting procedures on colloidal silica via covalent bond bindings in order to stabilize and functionalize were presented along with the modification of inorganic particle powder. In the modifications, the reaction of the surface hydroxy groups with polymeric trialkoxysilane was effective for grafting the polymer in terms of controlling the attachment and of successive introduction of functional groups. Especially, the grafting of poly(maleic anhydride-co-styrene) (P(MA-ST)) onto colloidal silica by the reaction with P(MA-ST)-trimethoxysilane gave stable and dispersible composite particles (P(MA-ST)/SiO2) in organic solvent. The introduction of secondary polymer to P(MA-ST)/SiO2 successfully controlled the dispersion in organic solvent and ζ-potential in aqueous or highly polar solvents. The modification of colloidal titania with Ru(II)-(2,2′-bipyridyl) complex-tethered polymer gave a photo-active catalyst that exhibited photoinduced electron transfer to a donor by visible light irradiation. Moreover, colloidal crystallization was observed in the suspension of monodisperse, polymer-modified silica in organic solvent, which was a good polar solvent for grafted polymer. The colloidal crystallization of the modified silica took place through close-packing under the electrostatic repulsion among the particles, as well as the crystallization of unmodified silica in aqueous solution.