bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prediction of body composition in poultry by estimation in vivo of total body water with tritiated water and deuterium oxide
Authors: Johnson R. J. , Farrell D. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Birds (n169) which varied in age, live weight, nutritional history, physiological state and genotype were slaughtered and analysed for total body water. Before slaughter, birds were injected with the water isotopes tritiated water (TOH) or deuterium oxide (D2O), or both, to determine TOH space or D2O space, or both, as estimates of total body water in vivo.2. At the mean total body water of all birds determined by desiccation, of 1096·4 (SD 424·1) g, TOH space and D2O space overestimated total body water by 10·4 and 8·5 % respectively. The difference between the isotopes was significant (P< 0·05).3. Based on recovery of isotope it was postulated that the main reason for the observed overestimation of total body water in vivo was incomplete recovery of isotope due to the vacuum sublimation technique. The mean recovery (%) of added isotope to whole blood after vacuum sublimation was 93·0 (SD 2·6) and 92·4 (SD 5·5) of the theoretical concentrations of TOH and D2O respectively.4. Nevertheless, accurate prediction of total body water was obtained from regression equations which included live weight and isotope-dilution space. Values required logarithmic (base 10) transformation before derivation of linear and multiple linear regression equations, and the precision of prediction was determined by the residual standard deviation (RSD).5. Total body water could be predicted with nearly equal accuracy from live weight or isotope-dilution space (RSD 0·025 and 0·020 respectively). Prediction of carcass protein was more accurate from live weight (RSD 0·033) than from TOH space (RSD 0·036), and inclusion of both variables resulted in only a marginal decrease in RSD to 0·031.6. The prediction of carcass fat and energy was markedly improved by the inclusion of isotope-dilution space in conjunction with live weight compared with live weight alone.7. The relations show the developmental nature of body composition of domestic fowl given diets adequate in nutrients. The prediction equations demonstrate the precision possible for studies in which estimates of body composition in poultry are required without slaughter.
Changes in the activity of skeletal muscle calcium-activated neutral proteinase (EC3. 4. 22. 17) and its specific inhibitor in chickens grown at different rates in response to graded levels of dietary protein
Authors: Ballard R. , Bardsley R. G. , Buttery P. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Two experiments are reported in which the effect of alteration in growth rate on the levels of avian skeletal muscle calcium-activated neutral proteinase (EC3.4.22. 17) (CANP or calpain) and its specific inhibitor (calpastatin), a system thought to be implicated in myofibrillar catabolism, was studied by means of manipulation of dietary protein concentration.2. In Expt 1 broiler chicks were given free access to diets containing 105, 149, 197 and 212 g protein/kg for 20 d. In Expt 2 the four dietary treatments were 119, 141, 182 and 227 g protein/kg diet given for 16 d. Chick growth rate and total leg skeletal muscle weight significantly increased (P< 0·001) with increasing dietary protein concentration in both experiments. Total skeletal muscle protein increased with the level of dietary protein, the effect being significant (P< 0·01 andP< 0·001 in Expts 1 and 2 respectively).3. Minced leg muscle was homogenized in low-salt buffers, and the extract chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose to separate proteinase and inhibitor activity. The partially purified CANP enzyme and inhibitor proteins were present at a concentration broadly consistent with literature reports, and their elution characteristics and Ca2+concentration dependence were not varied by dietary protein concentration.4. Both the muscle CANP and CANP inhibitor activities (units/kg muscle) exhibited upward trends with growth rate and increased muscle weight. However, these differences were not statistically significant (P> 0·05) and were not present at all when the results were expressed as units/g muscle protein.
Effect of experimental zinc deficiency and repletion on some immunological variables in guinea-pigs
Authors: Verma P. C. , Gupta R. P. , Sadana J. R. , Paul Gupta R. K. 
Published: May 2005

1. Cellular and humoral immune responses were studied in guinea-pigs fed on zinc-deficient (ZnD), Zn-adequate (control) and Zn-replete diets containing 1·25, 50 and 100 mg Zn/kg diet respectively.2. It was found that the ZnD guinea-pigs had significantly decreased ability to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response against sheep erythrocytes as compared with controls on the 9th day of immunization. This was further substantiated by histological examination of DTH-positive skin sections.3. A significant reduction in direct splenic plaque-forming-cell response and haemagglutinating-antibody titre was also observed in ZnD guinea-pigs.4. Serum electrophoretic studies revealed a highly disordered protein profile with a significantly depressed value for γ-globulin.5. Zn repletion of the previously ZnD group resulted in marked, though incomplete, restoration of immunological responses.
Determination of leucine metabolism and protein turnover in sheep, using gas–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Krishnamurti C. R. , Janssens S. M. 
Published: May 2005

1. Whole-body protein synthetic rates in non-pregnant ewes were determined by the continuous infusion of L-[15N]- and [1-13C]leucine and measuring the plasma enrichment of leucine, α-ketoisocaproate (α-KIC) and expired carbon dioxide by gas–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.2. The mean whole-body protein synthesis estimated from plasma leucine flux corrected for oxidation was 5·38 (SE 0·54) g/kg per d.3. Under the conditions of the present study leucine oxidation was 0·323 (SE 0·067) mmol/kg per d and accounted for 10·71 (SE 2·26) % of plasma [13C]leucine flux. Deamination of leucine was 0·55 (SE 0·035) mmol/kg per d and accounted for approximately 17% of plasma [15N]leucine flux.4. The rate of α-KIC reamination to leucine, calculated by subtracting 13C flux from 15N flux, was 0·228 (SE 0·101) mmol/kg per d.5. The rate of whole-body protein degradation was 4·49 (SE 0·54) g/kg per d and there was a net protein gain of 0·89 (SE 0·21) g/kg per d.
Selenium balance studies in apparently healthy and housebound elderly people eating self-selected diets
Authors: Bunker Valda W. , Lawson Margaret S. , Stansfield Maureen F. , Clayton Barbara E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Metabolic balance studies (5 d) for Se were conducted in twenty-four apparently healthy elderly people (age 69·6–85·4 years), and twenty housebound subjects (age 69·9–85·1 years) with chronic disease. During the study the subjects lived in their own homes, ate self-selected diets and continued their normal daily activities.2. Geometric mean daily dietary intakes of the two groups were significantly different (P< 0·01), being 819 (range 310–1631) nmol for the healthy and 475 (range 233–1136) nmol for the housebound elderly.3. Daily intake of Se significantly correlated with balance in both groups. Solution of the regression equations gave theoretical daily requirements of 447 nmol for the healthy and 419 nmol for the housebound subjects. The healthy elderly were in positive balance of 148 nmol/d for Se and the housebound were in equilibrium with an overall mean retention of 43 nmol/d.4. Mean levels of Se in blood fractions for the healthy and housebound subjects were significantly different, being 1·65 and 1·40 μmol/l whole blood, 1·45 and 1·21 μmol/l plasma and 5·72 and 5·30 nmol/g haemoglobin in erythrocytes respectively. There was no difference in the whole-blood glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9) activities between the two groups.5. There were clear differences in Se status between the two groups of elderly people. The cause of the positive balance in the healthy subjects remains unexplained.
Energy, protein, zinc and copper status of twenty-one elderly inpatients: analysed dietary intake and biochemical indices
Authors: Thomas Anita J. , Bunker Valda W. , Hinks Leslie J. , Sodha Nidish , Mullee Mark A. , Clayton Barbara E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Duplicate diet analysis for energy, protein, zinc and copper with estimates of biochemical status for Zn and Cu were undertaken in twenty-one elderly long-stay inpatients (mean age 82 (range 63–89) years) consuming their customary hospital diet and in a stable medical condition. Fourteen patients had a long-standing and significant healing problem, either a leg ulcer or pressure sore.2. Mean daily intakes of energy (5·2 MJ), protein (45 g), Zn (85 μmol) and Cu (14 μmol) were low in comparison with both official recommendations and levels of intake at which metabolic equilibrium was observed in healthy elderly people studied by the same methods (Bunkeret al.1984a).3. Mean leucocyte Zn (9 pmol/106cells) and Cu (7·5 pmol/106cells) were low in comparison with results from healthy elderly people (Bunkeret al.1984a), implying suboptimal status for these elements. Those patients with healing problems tended to have the lower values within the range.4. Recommendations are made with respect to improving nutritional status in this disadvantaged group of people.
Stable isotope metabolic studies of zinc nutrition in slum-dwelling lactating women in the Amazon valley
Authors: Jackson M. J. , GIugliano R. , Giugliano L. G. , Oliveira E. F. , Shrimpton R. , Swainbank I. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. Zinc metabolism has been studied in a group of undernourished, slum-dwelling, lactating women in Manaus, Brazil, by means of modified metabolic balance techniques and the stable isotope 67Zn.2. The subjects were found to be consuming a diet which provided an average of 34% of the recommended dietary allowance for lactating women, but six of the seven appeared to achieve Zn balance. In five of the subjects use of 67Zn in a stable isotope dilution manner demonstrated that they were absorbing a high proportion of the dietary Zn (proportional absorption ranged from 0·59 to 0·84), suggesting an adaptation to the chronically low intake.3. Two subjects had marginally low plasma Zn concentrations, although hair, urine and milk Zn contents were all within accepted normal values.4. Preliminary findings on the rate of plasma Zn turnover and the size of the exchangeable body Zn pool obtained using 67Zn suggest that these subjects may have a reduction in both.
Iron absorption from fortified flat breads
Authors: El Guindi Mohamed , Lynch Sean R. , Cook James D. 
Published: May 2005

1. Radio-iron absorption measurements were performed in healthy volunteer subjects to assess the availability of fortification Fe added to various bread products.2. When ferrous sulphate was used as a fortifier, Fe absorption from a traditional Egyptian flat bread (Baladi) averaged only 16% of that observed with European bread. This difference was attributed to the high extraction flour used to prepare Baladi bread.3. The inhibiting effect of Baladi bread was largely eliminated by adding EDTA to the flour before baking.
Bile acid and cholesterol excretion in human beings given soya-bean-and meat-protein-based diets: a study in ileostomy subjects
Authors: Bosaeus Ingvar , Sandström Brittmarie , Andersson Henrik 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect of partial replacement of meat protein with three different soya-bean-protein products on bile acid and cholesterol excretion was studied in seven ileostomy subjects. Four different test diets containing 60 g meat, rice and bread protein, or a replacement of 250 g protein/kg total dietary protein by soya-bean protein from soya-bean flour, soya-bean concentrate or soya-bean isolate, were randomly assigned to the subjects in 2-d periods.2. Ileostomy contents were collected at 2-h intervals during the day and in one portion during the night, and immediately deep-frozen to avoid bacteriological degradation. Bile acids and cholesterol were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography.3. No difference in daily excretion of bile acids and cholesterol was noted between test diets. Ileostomy sterol concentrations were lower when soya-bean products were fed.4. Incorporation of moderate amounts of soya-bean products in solid diets does not seem to affect short-term sterol balance in man.
The effect of guar gum on the distribution of a radiolabelled meal in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat
Authors: Brown Nicola J. , Worlding Jane , Rumsey R. D. E. , Read N. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect of addition of guar gum (5 and 10 g/l) to a radiolabelled, homogenized, baked-bean test meal on the distribution of that meal in the gastrointestinal tract was investigated in groups of male rats killed at 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 min after gavage.2. Addition of 5 and 10 g guar gum/l significantly increased the proportion of the meal remaining in the stomach at 25 and 50 min after gavage (P<0·01).3. The heads of the control meal and meals containing guar gum reached the distal small intestine within 25 min after gavage but radioactivity was not observed in the caecum until 100 min after administration of each of the meals. Addition of guar gum (5 and 10 g/l) delayed caecal filling even though the head of each meal reached the caecum at the same time after gavage.4. The geometric centres of guar-gum-containing meals were proximal to that of the control meal at all times after gavage.5. The observed delay in the passage of a guar-gum-containing meal through the stomach and small intestine is probably due to the viscous nature of the meal resisting the propulsive and mixing effects of the gastrointestinal contractions, thereby reducing access of the glucose to the absorptive epithelium. This could contribute to the observed reductions in postprandial glycaemia seen in previous studies after incorporating guar gum into a meal.
Interaction of dietary carbohydrate and fat in the regulation of hepatic and extrahepatic lipogenesis in the rat
Authors: Herzberg Gene R. , Rogerson Maria 
Published: May 2005

1. In order to examine the interaction of dietary fat and carbohydrate in the regulation of lipid metabolism, we have studied hepatic and extrahepatic lipogenesis, and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (EC3.1.1.34) in rats fed on one of the following diets: a fructose-based diet containing 0 (F0) or 150 g maize oil (F15)/kg, or a glucose based diet containing 0 (G0) or 150 g maize oil (G15)/kg.2. The rats were meal-fed on the diets for 2 weeks after which the activities of a number of hepatic ‘lipogenic’ enzymes were measured and the activity of epididymal-fat-pad lipoprotein lipase. The activities of the lipogenic enzymes were: F0 > G0 > G15 > F15. Lipoprotein lipase activity was F0 = G0 = F15 = G15. The percentage of total body fatty acid synthesis which occurred in the liver was F0 > G0 > F15 > G15.3. We conclude that fructose-induced hypertriglyceridaemia is primarily a result of the increased hepatic synthesis rather than decreased adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase activity.
Effect of moderate magnesium deficiency on serum lipids, blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity in normotensive rats
Authors: Luthringer Catherine , Rayssiguier Yves , Gueux Elyett , Berthelot Alain 
Published: May 2005

1. Weanling Wistar rats were pair fed for 10 weeks on a purified diet containing either normal or suboptimal quantities of magnesium (960 or 80 mg/kg respectively).2. At week 2, hypomagnesaemia was accompanied by hypertriglyceridaemia, an increase in plasma cholesterol and a decrease in high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol in animals fed on the Mg-deficient diet. At week 10, the increase in triglycerides observed in Mg-deficient animals was less marked while the increase in total cholesterol was more important.3. During the whole experimental period, Mg-deficient animals never showed hypertension. At week 2, mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in Mg-deficient rats than in their respective controls, while heart rate was significantly increased. However, hypotension accompanied by tachycardia was a transitory phenomenon which appeared only in the early phase of deficiency.4. Vascular reactivity was studied in vagotomized anaesthetized rats after ganglionic blockade with pentolinium and atropine sulphate. The reactivity to noradrenaline was significantly higher in Mg-deficient rats compared with pair-fed controls after 2 weeks on the experimental diet.
The effects of dietary folate and zinc on the outcome of pregnancy and early growth in rats
Authors: Fuller N. J. , Evans P. H. , Howlett M. , Bates C. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of two levels of folic acid and two levels of zinc in the diets of rats during pregnancy and lactation. It addressed, among other things, the question of whether an inhibitory effect of folic (pteroylmonoglutamic) acid on Zn absorption might result in a secondary Zn deficiency in either the dams or the pups.2. A purified diet was given to four groups of female DNL (Norwegian) Hooded rats, before and during pregnancy and during lactation. It contained the four possible combinations of: no added folic acid or 100 μg added pteroylmonoglutamic acid/g, and 6·6 or 20·2 μg Zn/g. Pups and dams were killed on day 20 of gestation or on day 20 postpartum. Measurements of body-weights, food intakes, blood folate and tissue Zn levels were performed.3. The group with low Zn and low folate intake had a satisfactory reproductive outcome, and there were only minor effects of the supplements on body-weights.4. Additional folate greatly increased blood (erythrocyte and plasma) folate levels, but did not compromise tissue Zn concentrations. Zn supplementation also enhanced blood folate levels, for reasons which are not yet clear.5. There was a moderate enhancing effect of the Zn supplement on Zn levels in the livers and kidneys of pregnant dams, and the kidneys of lactating dams.6. If the conclusions can be extrapolated to humans, then the results provide some reassurance that a high folate intake from prenatal supplementation need not necessarily cause Zn depletion, and hence functional Zn deficiency in pregnant women and their offspring.
Comparison of γ-glutamyl hydrolase (conjugase;EC3. 4. 22. 12) and amylase treatment procedures in the microbiological assay for food folates
Authors: Pedersen Jens C. 
Published: May 2005

1. It has been suggested that deconjugation of food folates with pig kidney, compared with chicken pancreas, may increase measureable folate by approximately 50% (Phillips & Wright, 1983). Therefore deconjugation with conjugases from these two enzyme sources was optimized and compared. Folate was measured microbiologically withLactobacillus casei(ATCC 7469) as the test organism at pH 5·6.2. Treatment for 6 h with 200 mg pig kidney/200 mg sample was compared with the conventional assay employing overnight incubation with 20 mg chicken pancreas/5 g sample. Comparison of the deconjugation systems showed chicken pancreas to be superior for peas (Pisum sativum) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), while there was no difference for potatoes.3. γ-Glutamyl hydrolase (conjugase;EC3. 4.22. 12) treatment for 2 and 20 h with pig kidney and chicken pancreas was optimized for raw potatoes and green frozen peas. Treatments with pig kidney were conducted at pH 4·6, which is optimal, and at pH 5·2. There was no significant difference between 2 and 20 h treatments at pH 5·2. Treatments with chicken pancreas were conducted at pH 6·1. Treatment for 2 h was preferred as it resulted in significantly higher measureable folate activity in peas and potatoes, and because overnight treatment can be influenced by microbial production of folate.4. With optimal treatment conditions the source of enzymes did not significantly influence measureable folate activity. Chicken pancreas is the traditional source of conjugase in Scandinavia and was preferred for deconjugation.5. Chicken pancreas, 20 and 60 mg, was used for deconjugation of sixteen different food samples, each containing approximately 200 ng folate. Chicken pancreas at 60 mg/sample gave significantly higher results. Further addition of enzyme did not increase the folate values.6. A combined amylase treatment using heat-resistant α-amylase (EC3.2.1.1) during extraction to ensure the gelatinization of the sample, and glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase (amyloglucosidase;EC3.2.1.3), along with the incubation with chicken pancreas to complete the digestion, was shown to give a small but significant increase in folate values of starch-containing samples.7. Folate results using the recommended procedure are given for raw potatoes, wheat bran, rolled oats, wheat flour and dark rye bread.8. Chicken pancreas was shown to contain equally high amounts of amylases as did the α-amylase and amyloglucosidase sources. This finding may explain the relatively small benefit of a specific amylase addition.
Evidence that adverse effects of zinc deficiency on essential fatty acid composition in rats are independent of food intake
Authors: Cunnane Stephen C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Young male rats were fed on diets containing 3·4, 36 or 411 mg zinc/kg for 10 weeks in order to determine whether effects of Zn deficiency on plasma and liver essential fatty acid composition could be distinguished from those of reduced protein and energy intake.2. Fatty acid analysis revealed that a Zn intake of 3·4 mg/kg (plasma Zn 0·80 v. 1·97 mmol/l in controls fed on 36 mg Zn/kg) resulted in a significant increase in the linoleic acid: arachidonic acid ratio in both plasma and liver phospholipids in comparison with rats fed on 36 or 411 mg Zn/kg.3. Zn supplementation (411 mg/kg) decreased the linoleic acid: arachidonic acid ratio in plasma phosphatidylserine compared with that of the controls.4. The previously reported increase in arachidonic acid (mol %) in liver triacylglycerol of Zn-deficient rats was shown to be a function of a reduced liver triacylglycerol pool size; quantitatively, triacylglycerol content of arachidonic acid in the liver was not significantly affected by Zn intake.
Utilization of tryptophan, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid as precursors for nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis in isolated rat liver cells
Authors: Bender David A. , Olufunwa Ronald 
Published: May 2005

1. Incubation of isolated rat hepatocytes with nicotinamide or nicotinic acid showed that while both vitamers were taken up from the incubation medium, neither was utilized to any significant extent as a precursor of the nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes, NAD and NADP, and neither was capable of preventing the loss of nucleotides that occurs on incubating the cells.2. Incubation of hepatocytes with tryptophan showed thatde novosynthesis from tryptophan permitted replacement of the nucleotides lost during incubation; at high concentrations of tryptophan there was an increase above the initial intracellular concentration of NAD(P). Incubation of hepatocytes with tryptophan also resulted in the formation and release from the cells of a considerable amount of niacin, as well as the two principal metabolities of NAD(P),N1-methyl nicotinamide and methyl pyridone carboxamide.3. It is suggested that, in the liver, preformed niacin is not utilized for nucleotide synthesis, and indeed the function of the liver appears to be synthesis of niacin from tryptophan, and its release for use by extrahepatic tissues that lack the pathway forde novosynthesis of nicotinamide nucleotides from tryptophan.