bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocular diseases of llamas: 194 cases (1980-1993)
Authors: Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Gionfriddo James P. , Krohne Sheryl G. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To identify ocular and adnexal diseases to which llamas in North America are susceptible, to determine prevalence of these diseases in llamas, and to compare prevalences of the major ocular diseases of llamas, cattle, and horses.

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
194 llamas, 4,937 cows, and 11,950 horses with ocular disease.

Procedure—
Medical records of all llamas entered into the Veterinary Medical Database between 1980 and 1993 were reviewed. Data on ocular structures affected and types of ocular disease were compiled. Prevalences of uveitis, corneal ulcers, and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in llamas were compared with prevalences in cattle and horses.

Results—
194 of 3,243 (6%) llamas had at least 1 ocular disease. The proportion of llamas that had ocular disease was significantly higher lhan the proportions of cattle or horses. The most frequently affected ocular structure in llamas was the cornea, and ulcerative keratitis was the most common comeal disease. The second most commonly affected structure was the uveal tract. Cataracts were reported in 20 (10%) of the llamas with ocular problems. Eyelid disorders, retinal diseases, glaucoma, and ocular or adnexal neoplasia were reported infrequently in llamas.

Clinical Implications—
Results suggest that corneal disease is common in llamas and is usually secondary to trauma. Uveitis may also be common in llamas, but llamas do not appear to be highly susceptible to glaucoma, ocular neoplasia, or to direct corneal invasion by bacteria such as Moraxefla sp. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1784–1787)
Results of a combined dexamethasone suppression/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in healthy horses and horses suspected to have a pars intermedia pituitary adenoma
Authors: Eiler Hugo , Oliver Jack W. , Andrews Frank M. , Fecteau Kellie A. , Green Eleanor M. , McCracken Malcolm 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate results of a combined dexa-methasone suppression/thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in horses suspected clinically to have a pars intermedia pituitary adenoma (PIPA).

Design—
Case-control study.

Animals—
7 healthy adult horses and 5 horses suspected to have a PIPA.

Procedure—
A baseline blood sample was collected, and dexamethasone (40 μg/kg [18 μg/lb] of body weight, IV) was administered; a second blood sample was collected 3 hours later, and TRH (1.1 mg, IV) was administered; serial blood samples were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes and 21 hours after TRH administration (24 hours after dexamethasone injection). Cortisol concentration was determined for all blood samples.

Results—
Baseline Cortisol concentration was significantly lower in horses suspected to have a PIPA than in healthy horses. Cortisol concentration was suppressed by dexamethasone in both groups; however, after TRH administration, Cortisol concentration returned to baseline values in horses suspected to have a PIPA, but not in healthy horses. Concentration was still less than the baseline value 24 hours after dexamethasone administration in healthy horses.

Clinical Implications—
The combined dexamethasone suppression/TRH stimulation test may be a useful diagnostic test in horses suspected to have a PIPA. For clinical application, collection of a blood sample 30 minutes after TRH administration is recommended. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:79–81)
Serum biochemical values in sled dogs before and after competing in long-distance races
Authors: Burr John R. , Reinhart Gregory A. , Swenson Richard A. , Swaim Steven E , Vaughn Dana M. , Bradley Dino M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To measure and compare blood values in sled dogs before and after long-distance racing.

Design—
Prospective study.

Animals—
17 adult sled dogs in the 1991 Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race and 21 in a simulated sled dog race.

Procedure—
Blood samples were obtained from 17 dogs 7 days before they began and after they finished (finisher group) or were eliminated from (nonfinisher group) the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Blood samples were also obtained from 21 dogs before and after a simulated sled dog race.

Results—
In finisher-group dogs, BUN and uric acid (UA) concentrations were increased after racing; nonfinisher-group dogs had significantly lower postrace BUN and UA concentrations. Significant increases in creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transferase (AST) activities were detected in all dogs after racing, and postrace values were higher in nonfinisher-group dogs, compared with finisher-group dogs. Mean alkaline phosphate activities were significantly increased after racing in nonfinisher-group dogs only. In dogs that ran the simulated race, postrace values for serum albumin, total protein, calcium, and potassium concentrations, as well as Hct, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC count, were significantly lower than prerace values. Postrace values for alkaline phosphate, alanine transaminase, AST, lactate dehydrogenase, CK, BUN, and UA were significantly higher than prerace values.

Clinical Implications—
High CK activities are indicative of severe muscle degeneration and, in sled dogs, may represent a degree of muscle breakdown beyond which a dog cannot continue to work. Markedly high CK, and possibly AST, serum activities may be indicators of performance failure in sled dogs competing in long-distance races. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:175–179)
Effects of castration on problem behaviors in male dogs with reference to age and duration of behavior
Authors: Neilson Jacqueline C. , Eckstein Robert A. , Hart Benjamin L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine whether 9 problem behaviors in adult male dogs were affected by castration and to examine the influence of age and duration of problem behavior on behavioral effects of castration.

Design—
Cohort study.

Animals—
57 male dogs > 2 years old at the time of castration that had ≥ 1 of the targeted problem behaviors.

Procedure—
Data were collected by telephone contact with owners to identify dogs that had ≥ 1 problem behavior before castration and to estimate the improvement (ie, decrease) in the objectionable behaviors after castration. Problem behaviors of interest included urine marking in the house, mounting, roaming, fear of inanimate stimuli, aggression toward human family members, aggression toward unfamiliar people, aggression toward other dogs in the household, aggression toward unfamiliar dogs, and aggression toward human territorial intruders.

Results—
Effects of castration on fear of inanimate stimuli or aggression toward unfamiliar people were not significant, For urine marking, mounting, and roaming, castration resulted in an improvement of ≥ 50% in ≥ 60% of dogs and an improvement of ≥ 90% in 25 to 40% of dogs. For remaining behaviors, castration resulted in an improvement of ≥ 50% in < 35% of dogs. Significant correlations were not found between the percentage of improvement and age of the dog or duration of the problem behavior at the time of castration.

Clinical Implications—
Castration was most effective in altering objectionable urine marking, mounting, and roaming. With various types of aggressive behavior, including aggression toward human family members, castration may be effective in decreasing aggression in some dogs, but fewer than a third can be expected to have marked improvement. Age of the dog or duration of the problem behavior does not have value in predicting whether castration will have a beneficial effect. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:180–182)
Urinary diagnostic indices in calves
Authors: Sommardahl Carla , Olchowy Tim , Provenza Melanie , Saxton Arnold M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To establish reference values for urinary diagnostic indices in healthy calves from birth to 90 days of age.

Design—
Prospective field trial.

Animals—
12 Holstein heifer calves.

Procedure—
Urine and serum samples were collected daily for the first 5 days after birth, then weekly until calves were 90 days old. Urine:serum creatinine ratio, urine:serum urea nitrogen ratio, urine:serum osmolality ratio, fractional clearances of sodium and inorganic phosphate, and urine γ-glutamyltransferase activity were measured. Data were grouped by age of calves at the time of sample collection: 1 to 5 days old (neonatal period), 7 to 27 days old (suckling period), and 28 to 90 days old (weanling period).

Results—
Mean urine:serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and osmolality ratios were significantly higher during the weanling period than during the other 2 periods. There were no significant differences in mean fractional clearances of sodium among age periods.

Clinical Implications—
Urinary diagnostic indices calculated for these healthy calves may be used as reference values for early recognition of renal damage or renal failure. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211: 212–214)
Use of propofol-isoflurane as an anesthetic regimen for cesarean section in dogs
Authors: Funkquist Pia M. E. , Nyman Görel C. , Löfgren Ann-Marie J. , Fahlbrink Eva M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate use of propofol-isoflurane as an anesthetic regimen for cesarean section in dogs and to compare this protocol with epidural analgesia and anesthesia induced with thiopental sodium.

Design—
Prospective study.

Animals—
141 bitches admitted for cesarean section.

Procedure—
General anesthesia was induced with propofol in 141 dogs undergoing cesarean section. After intubation, anesthesia was maintained by means of inhalation of isoflurane (0.5 to 2.0%), administered in a 65:35 mixture of oxygen:nitrous oxide. After induction, 20 minutes were allowed to elapse before delivery of puppies was begun. Viability of neonates was ascertained immediately after surgery. Owners were interviewed by telephone to determine survival of puppies during the postoperative period. Survival rates from this study were compared with those from cesarean section performed on dogs under epidural analgesia or under general anesthesia induced with thiopental sodium.

Results—
Induction, maintenance, and recovery were problem free in all bitches. Of 412 puppies delivered by cesarean section, 293 (71%) survived, 13 (3%) were born alive but died within 20 minutes of delivery, and 106 (26%) were stillborn. Survival rate for puppies from dams induced with propofol-isoflurane was similar to that for puppies from dams receiving epidural analgesia. Survival rate for puppies delivered by cesarean section performed on dams under general anesthesia was higher for dams induced with propofol than for dams induced with thiopental sodium.

Clinical Implications—
General anesthesia induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane is acceptable for performing cesarean section in dogs,. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:313–317)
Zinc-responsive dermatosis in northern-breed dogs: 17 cases (1990–1996)
Authors: Colombini Sarah , Dunstan Robert W. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the response rate of zinc-responsive dermatosis to zinc supplementation, the optimal dosage of zinc required for resolution of lesions, the rate of recurrence of lesions, and to develop recommendations for maintenance dosages of zinc to be administered to dogs with this type of zinc-responsive dermatosis.

Design—
Retrospective case series.

Animals—
17 northern-breed dogs with a diagnosis of zinc-responsive dermatosis.

Procedure—
Histologic evaluation of skin biopsy specimens and review of medical records. Additional information was obtained from veterinarians and owners via a telephone questionnaire.

Results—
In 12 of 17 dogs, lesions were unilateral initially, then became symmetrical as the disease progressed. Pyoderma was evident in 5 of 17 dogs, whereas 10 were pruritic. Most lesions initially developed between September and April, and 12 of 17 dogs developed lesions in February, October, and November. Initial dosages of zinc supplement ranged from 0.8 to 4.6 mg/kg of body weight/d (0.36 to 2.09 mg/lb/d). Effective/maintenance dosages ranged from 0.5 mg/kg (0.23 mg/lb), twice weekly, to 8.0 mg/kg/d (3.6 mg/lb/d). Fifteen of 17 dogs had complete resolution of lesions after zinc supplementation. Lesions recurred in 9 of 16 dogs. Approximately half of the recurrent lesions were a result of a missed dose or a decrease in dosage or frequency of zinc supplementation.

Clinical Implications—
An initial dosage of zinc supplement of 1.0 mg of elemental zinc/kg (0.45 mg of elemental zinc/lb), PO, every 24 hours is recommended. Treatment should be continued for 1 month to determine response to treatment, and the daily dosage should be increased by 50% if the initial dosage is not effective. Dogs are prone to recurrence of lesions if a dose of zinc is missed or the dosage or frequency is decreased. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:451–453)
Aseptic loosening of the femoral implant after cemented total hip arthroplasty in dogs: 11 cases in 10 dogs (1991–1995)
Authors: Edwards Michael R. , Egger Erick L. , Schwarz Peter D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine clinical signs, radiographic findings, results of surgical management, and potential causes of aseptic loosening of the femoral implant (ALFI) in dogs that have undergone cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
11 cases of ALFI in 10 dogs.

Procedure
Medical records of all dogs undergoing THA revision surgery were reviewed. Only dogs with ALFI were included. The prosthesis and cement were removed by creating a longitudinal osteotomy of the cranial femoral cortex. Postoperative radiographs of all dogs that underwent THA during the study period were reviewed.

Results
The most common clinical sign was intermittent, subtle, or non–weight-bearing lameness. On radiographs obtained after THA, contact of the distal stem tip with cortical endosteum was evident in all dogs. Radiographic changes at the time of diagnosis of ALFI included asymmetric periosteal reaction along the femoral diaphysis, radiolucent lines between the prosthesis and cement, altered implant position, and femoral fracture. Surgical revision yielded good or excellent results in 9 cases. In 1 dog, the implant became infected; in another, aseptic loosening recurred. Aseptic loosening was significantly more common in dogs in which there was contact between the distal stem tip and cortical endosteum than in dogs in which there was no contact.

Clinical Implications
ALFI is an uncommon, but important, complication of THA, and radiography is warranted in dogs with clinical signs of ALFI. Initial centering of the prosthetic stem within the femoral shaft may reduce the incidence of ALFI. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:580–586)
Evaluation of leukocytosis, bacteremia, and portal vein partial oxygen tension in clinically normal dogs and dogs with portosystemic shunts
Authors: Tobias Karen M. Swalec , Besser Thomas E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To assees the relationship of WBC counts and partial oxygen tension in the portal vein and caudal vena cava with portal bacteremia, bacteria in the liver, and postoperative morbidity and mortality in dogs with portosystemic shunts.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
12 clinically normal dogs and 15 dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts.

Procedure
Blood was collected from the portal vein and caudal vena cava for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, WBC count, and measurement of partial oxygen tension. Samples of liver tissue, indwelling catheters, and fluids administered IV were also obtained for bacterial culture.

Results
Bacteria were cultured from samples obtained from the portal vein and caudal vena cava of 1 dog with a shunt and from the caudal vena cava of 1 clinically normal dog; neither dog had postoperative complications. In dogs with shunts and in clinically normal dogs, partial oxygen tension in the portal vein was significantly greater than that in the caudal vena cava. Postoperative complications were identified in 33% of dogs with shunts. Partial oxygen tensions of dogs with shunts with postoperative complications did not significantly differ from those of all dogs with shunts or dogs with shunts without complications. Significant differences in WBC counts were not found when comparing dogs with shunts with and without complications. Anaerobic bacteria were not cultured from the liver of any dog.

Clinical Implications
Leukocytosis, portal bacteremia, and portal hypoxemia were not notable findings in dogs with shunts and were not correlated with postoperative morbidity or mortality. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:715–718)
Femoral artery occlusion in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Buchanan James W. , Beardow Andrew W. , Sammarco Carl D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To investigate development of femoral artery occlusion in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
954 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.

Procedure
1,750 cardiovascular examinations consisting of visual inspection of mucous membranes, thoracic auscultation in areas associated with the heart valves, thoracic palpation, and palpation of the femoral arteries were made at 10 dog shows on 954 dogs. Findings of clinically normal, weak, or undetectable femoral pulses were recorded. Pathologic changes in occluded femoral arteries of 2 dogs were examined histologically.

Results
Of the 954 dogs, 22 (2.3%) had an undetectable right or left femoral pulse on 1 or more examinations. Forty (4.2%) additional dogs had weak unilateral or bilateral femoral pulses. Only 1 dog had exercise intolerance, and it had coexistent congestive heart failure. Histologic examination of serial sections of an occluded femoral artery from 1 dog revealed intimai thickening with breaks in the internal elastic lamina proximal to the occluded segment. The occluded segment of the femoral artery was contracted and filled with an organizing, recanalizing thrombus. Similar histopathologic changes were found in sections of a femoral artery from another dog.

Clinical Implications
Femoral artery occlusion is rare in other breeds and is not clinically important in dogs because of adequate collateral circulation; however, its rather common development in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels indicates a genetic predisposition and probable weakness in the femoral artery wall. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:872–874)
Use of antibiotic-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate in horses with open or infected fractures or joints: 19 cases (1987–1995)
Authors: Holcombe Susan J. , Schneider Robert K. , Bramlage Lawrence R. , Embertson Rolf M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the clinical efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in horses with open or infected fractures or joints in which internal fixation or external coaptation devices were used.

Design
Retrospective case series,

Animals
19 horses in which antibiotic-impregnated PMMA was used as part of the treatment regimen.

Procedures
Medical records of each horse were reviewed, and owners and trainers were contacted to provide additional information.

Results
Musculoskeletal problems in these horses included 10 fractures of long bones, 2 comminuted phalangeal fractures, 5 joint injuries, and 2 chronically septic joints in which ankylosis was stimulated. Nine horses had open fractures, 8 had closed wounds and developed infection after internal fixation of fractures, and 2 had chronically septic joints. Bony union was achieved in 15 of 19 horses. Twelve horses were discharged from the hospital and survived long term. Gentamicin sulfate, tobramycin sulfate, amikacin sulfate, and cefazolin sodium were used in PMMA.

Clinical Implications
Use of antibiotic-impregnated PMMA provided high local concentrations of antibiotics and should be considered in the treatment of horses with open fractures and acute and chronic bone and joint infections. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:889–893)
Evaluation of exploratory laparotomy in young horses: 102 cases (1987-1992)
Authors: Singer Ellen R. , Livesey Michael A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine, in a population of young horses, whether a variation exists among neonates, sucklings, weanlings, and yearlings regarding recovery from anesthesia, short- and long-term survival rates, and postoperative adhesion formation following exploratory laparotomy.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
102 horses < 25 months old that underwent exploratory laparotomy.

Procedure
Pre-, intra-, and postoperative information was retrieved from medical records, conversations with referring veterinarians, owners, or trainers, and race records. Survival rates (recovery from anesthesia and short- and long-term survival) were compared with age, lesion type, lesion location, surgical procedure, and development of clinically important postoperative intestinal adhesions.

Results
Of the 73 horses that recovered from anesthesia, 69 were available for follow-up. Of the 69 horses, 7 (10%) died of complications associated with formation of intestinal adhesions. Age did not affect incidence of adhesion formation, lesion type, lesion location, or surgical procedure performed. Long-term survival rate after surgery for correction of a small-intestinal lesion was 34%, whereas that after surgery for correction of a large-intestinal lesion was 65%.

Clinical Implications
Surgical treatment of colic in young horses resulted in survival rates that are similar to those reported for mature horses. The incidence of clinically important postoperative adhesions was greater than that found for young horses in earlier studies. This may be the result of the younger age of our study population. Alternatively, improvements in operative techniques and postoperative management may allow a larger percentage of horses to survive long term and develop complications such as adhesion formation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1158–1162)
Use of age and serum ɣ-glutamyltransferase activity to assess passive transfer status in lambs
Authors: Tessman Ronald K. , Tyler Jeff W. , Parish Steven M. , Johnson Dennis L. , Gant Roderick G. , Grasseschi Helen A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To develop an algorithm for predicting passive transfer status of lambs of various ages, using the lamb's age and serum ɣ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
51 Suffolk, Columbia, and crossbred lambs from 1 to 16 days old.

Procedure
Serum was obtained from all lambs. Serum GGT activity was measured, using a commercially available kit. Serum IgG concentration was determined by use of radial immunodiffusion. Day-1 serum IgG concentration was estimated from sample IgG concentration, lamb age, and the published 14-day half-life of IgG in lambs. Stepwise multivariate regression models were developed to estimate day-1 serum IgG concentration as a function of the natural logarithm of serum GGT activity (In[GGT]) and natural logarithm of lamb age (In[age]) at the time of sampling. These regression models were then used to calculate serum GGT activities that were equivalent to various day-1 IgG concentrations in lambs of various ages.

Results
In(GGT) and In(age) were significantly associated with estimated day-1 IgG concentration. Day-1 serum IgG concentration could be predicted using the formula: IgG = −7,686 + 1,366(In[GGT]) + 1,199(In[age]). The model was moderately accurate in predicting serum IgG concentration (R2 = 0.52).

Clinical Implications
Serum GGT activity can be used to assess passive transfer status of lambs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1163–1164)