bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angiogenesis in Nonischemic Myocardium
Authors: Tomanek Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The high oxygen consumption of the myocardium necessitates abundant perfusion, which is facilitated by a rich vascular supply. Capillary density (number of capillaries/per mm2) is about 2,000 to &gt;4,000, depending on the species and method of processing the tissue for microscopic analysis. Figure 9.1, a micrograph of the myocardium, illustrates the extensiveness of the capillary bed. Most capillaries are arranged parallel to the long axes of cardiac myocytes, but anastomotic channels and obliquely oriented segments occur. The latter are due to branching.
Growth Factor Delivery Strategies
Authors: Yu Chun , English Anthony , Edelman Elazer R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Growth factors are essential compounds in a wide variety of pathological and physiological states, not the least of which are vascular diseases. Elucidation of their mechanism of action would aid immensely in understanding a number of disease processes and biological phenomena including atherosclerosis. For the pharmacologists and controlled release engineers, these compounds are interesting for additional reasons. They are active in minute quantities (picograms-nanograms) with disparate effects at different concentrations, and despite recombinant technology in some instances they remain available in limited quantity or at some expense. In addition, they are often not as stable as other proteins. Prolonged storage may be accompanied by denaturation, degradation, or simply adhesion of the compound to container walls with actual or effective loss in material or biological activity.
Political Parties
Authors: Hofstadter Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a certain sense American political parties were the first modem parties. They had, of course, their predecessors in the British Whigs and Tories of the eighteenth century. But if we define political parties not simply as aggregates of men who share certain interests or points of view, nor simply as coalitions of notables, but rather as broadly based social structures that mediate between public opinion and the processes of parliamentary decision-making in a fairly regular manner, the United States was the pioneer nation in the development of the modern political party. The phrase “His Majesty’s Opposition,” when first used in the House of Commons by Sir John Cam Hob house in 1826, was employed in a spirit of levity and greeted with laughter. At that point Americans had had more than a quarter century of fitful experiment with partisan opposition, and their two-party politics was even then in the process of being resuscitated after the lapse of a decade. In Britain the modem pro­ cedure for a change of ministry dates from 1830. The American precedent for the peaceful transition of power from a government party to an opposition party dates from the election of 1800-1801.
Social Democracy, 1900-1918
Authors: Mowry George E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When analyzing their own societies individuals often avoid certain emotion-laden words. “Social democracy” has been one such tabooed phrase in the United States, undoubtedly because of its association with social democratic and communist parties. Consequently, social legislation commonly described elsewhere as “social democratic” has been referred to usually by a variety of other terms, such as welfare, social service, or reform measures, and the parties proposing them as liberal or radical, or more often as progressive. The latter term stems directly from the progressive movement, which in essence was a reform mentality that animated both major political parties from about 1902 to 1918 and resulted in a series of significant political, economic, and social changes at all levels of the American government city, state, and national.
The Cold War
Authors: May Ernest R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In high school and college courses on United States history, the final topic of the year is usually entitled the “Cold War.” As a rule, the topic receives little classroom time. Even if the teacher has a special interest in the twentieth century, he is apt to stress events prior to 1945, skimping on what he says about his own generation. This practice has some justification, since courses on political science, economics, and sociology say much about the present era and not much about the past. Still, the result is that a long period-more than 10 per cent of the time since independence relatively little attention as history. The Cold War label is itself evidence. The twenty years between the wars are not treated as a unit.
Bishops, Priests, and Nuns
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Timothy Murphy, Bishop Of Cloyne, wrote to Michael Slattery, arch bishop of Cashel, in 1851 complaining of what he believed was a serious problem in his diocese. As we have already seen, Angelina Gould was professed in the Presentation convent at Doneraile in 1829, bringing with her a fortune of approximately £60,000, which, from her profession until her death forty years later, she used to found a dozen convents in the dioceses of Cloyne and Ross.1 It was not until the early 1850s, however, that this woman came to be seen as a problem in the eyes of the church.
The Struggle for the Company
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to Samuel Eliot Morison, the 120 patentees of the Dorchester Company of Adventurers, the first organized effort to colonize Massachusetts Bay, represented a fair sample of the leading elements of the Puritan movement in south-western England. Among them were landed gentry, who probably exerted the political influence necessary to procure the patent; merchant adventurers, who no doubt supplied the bulk of the £3,000 of initial joint stock; and, of course, representatives of the thinking class. This heterogenous membership was reflected in the range of purposes the colony was intended to serve. A permanent base for the Newfoundland and New England fishing industry, a bulwark against French (and therefore Roman Catholic) expansion, and a trading and evangelical outpost to the natives, Massachusetts was least of all intended as the site of a Bible commonwealth or Puritan re-public. Nonetheless, when John Winthrop reached the shores of Massachusetts Bay in the summer of 1630, he came with the avowed purpose of erecting just such a Puritan “city upon a hill.”
The transformation of the projected colony from a source of mercantile profit to a holy commonwealth was the result of a dramatic shift of power within the Mas-sachusetts colonization movement. In the late summer of 1629, a group of well-organized East Anglian Puritan intelligentsia, with the aid of ministerial intellectuals and a handful of sympathetic merchants, seized control of the Massachusetts Bay Company. This power grab was perhaps the single most important event in the political history of Puritan Massachusetts. Having gained control of the mechanisms of government, the Puritan thinking class was able to retain its political dominance until the loss of the charter over half a century later.
What Is Hate Crime?
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We cannot talk about how much hate crime exists in the United States or what to do about it until we are clear about what a hate crime is. This chapter shows that the concept of hate crime is loaded with ambiguity because of the difficulty of determining (1) what is meant by prejudice; (2) which prejudices qualify for inclusion under the hate crime umbrella; (3) which crimes, when attributable to prejudice, become hate crimes; and (4) how strong the causal link must be between the perpetrator’s prejudice and the perpetrator’s criminal conduct.
Enforcing Hate Crime Laws
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Federal, state, and local hate crime laws were passed to satisfy JL political and symbolic needs, not to fill gaps in criminal law, sentencing law, or criminal procedure. Nevertheless, once these laws are on the books, police and prosecutors must decide how to enforce them. This chapter examines the challenges and enforcement dilemmas of hate crime laws for police, prosecutors, criminal courts, trial judges, juries, and sentencing judges. It also examines what little is known about how these laws are used, how often, and with what consequences.
The City Praetorships, 218-122
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Livy in Books 21-45 gives us a relatively full picture of activities in the urban and (to a lesser extent) peregrine provinciae. However, we possess only scattered information on the urban and peregrine praetors of the years 165-122. The identities of little more than a dozen city praetors are known for this period, only one of whom (Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus, pr. 139) is specifically attested as praetor inter peregrinos. It is therefore nearly impossible to attempt to sketch developments in these two provinciae for these particular years.
The Special Provinciae, 218-122
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Praetors played only an ancillary role in the defeat of the Carthaginians in Italy, as well as in the conquest of north Italy which commenced (or rather resumed) after Hannibal’s departure from Bruttium in late 203. There were no praetorian triumphs during the Second Punic War. However, outside Italy in the years 218-166 the Romans let privati and then praetors do the bulk of the fighting in Spain, and used holders of praetorian imperium from time to time in important independent commands-particularly naval commands-in the Macedonian Wars, the war against Antiochus III, and the Third Illyrian War.
General Developments in the Praetorship, 122-82
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the next attempt to trace further additions to the Roman administrative system in the period after C. Gracchus’ consequential reform of 122 B.C. that introduced a provincia repetundarum. Following the structure of chapter 9, in chapters 10 and 11 (the latter covering the years 81-50) discussion of the annexation of new territorial provinciae precedes permanent developments in the city. Then, in each of these two chapters comes an examination of special assignments in the spheres militiae and domi. Chapter u examines further select aspects of the city provinciae, while chapters 13-15 round off coverage of the various territorial provinces down to the year 50 B.C. At the end of chapter 15, I have summed up the principal ways in which the Senate staffed the various provinciae in the period 122-50 B.C. This is a sequel to the survey at 9.4.1-4 that treats this same question for the period down to 122 B.C. Commands in the permanent territorial provinciae discussed in chapters 10-11 and 13-15 are set out in tabular form in Appendices A.5, A.6, and A.7.
General Developments in the Praetorship, 81-50
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 29 and 30 January 81, L. Cornelius Sulla formally entered Rome in triumph. Or, rather, re-entered. Sulla had taken the city almost three full months previously, through his victory over the Marians and their Italian allies at the Colline Gate. Not long afterward, he had excused himself from Rome. The idea was to exacerbate the constitutional crisis; at this point both consuls of 82 were dead. On Sulla’s request, the Senate did the only thing it could do, which was to select an interrex, with the expectation that this magistrate would hold consular elections. In a letter, Sulla offered the Senate an alternative, to revive the dictatorship (last seen in 202 B.C.), and suggested that it choose him for the position. The interrex L. Valerius Flaccus obliged, passing a law that set in motion the appointment of Sulla as dictator, technically “rei publicae constituendae causa” and (against precedent) for an indeterminate time. The new dictator reciprocated by appointing Flaccus as his magister equitum, though in his case for a fixed term.
International Research and Ethical Imperialism
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
DESPITE the postmodern claim that there are no objectively right ethical standards, hardly anyone denies that ethically right standards must govern biomedical research involving human subjects. Yet the international research enterprise gives rise to many of the same debates surrounding cultural and ethical relativism as we have seen in other biomedical arenas. A prominent view holds that research involving human subjects must embody ethical universals rather than be tailored to the norms and practices of particular cultures. One expression of the universal view states: “If it is unethical to carry out a type of research in a developed country, it is unethical to do that same research in a developing country.” This requirement for uniformity seeks to ensure that justice prevails in the conduct of research that crosses national boundaries. It is also designed to protect vulnerable populations from exploitation. An underlying assumption of this “protectionist” stance is that people in developing countries are somehow vulnerable to exploitation in a way that people in developed countries are not. That assumption bears examination and is open to challenge as developing country researchers and ministries of health have begun to acquire the capacity for scientific and ethical review similar to what is already established in developed couritries.
What This Book Is About
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is about the mass migrations that took place between Europe and the New World-North and South America and Australasia-between 1850 and 1914. About 55 million Europeans sought new lives in far-away places during this period of largely unfettered migration. The movement marked a profound shift in global population and economic activity. This book tries to do more than simply describe this mass movement: it explores cause and effect. As social scientists, we search for systematic fundamentals rather than idiosyncratic details.
Assimilating the Immigrant An American Melting Pot?
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores immigrant assimilation in the New World and the next explores their labor market absorption. The focus is exclusively on the United States, where about three fifths of European emigrants went and where a far wider range of origin countries was represented than was true of any other New World country. Indeed, this fact alone accounts for most of the unusual intensity of the American political debate over the migrations after the 1890s, a debate that was much more subdued in more immigrant-homogeneous Australia, Argentina, Canada, or Cuba. As a by-product of this debate about immigrant assimilation and absorption, a rich statistical database was generated by which the issues can be evaluated.
Coda The Evolution of a Global Labor Market
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The time has come to take stock: what does history tell us about the evolution of a global labor market? The process was immensely complicated by cyclical instability, unpredictable policy intervention, racial discrimination in receiving regions, ecological disaster in sending regions, and the sociology of networks, but fundamental economic and demographic tides were at work underneath those choppy waves. The evolution of a global labor market was slow, and the final steady state did not imply equal wages for the same jobs everywhere. However, this book has shown that those economic and demographic fundamentals were at work for the century of relatively free migration that ended around World War I.
1924–1926
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first week of June 1924 a middle-aged missionary named J. Merle Davis paid a visit to the Chinatown of Fresno, California. The Chinatown was small, only a block or so along Tulare Street, and Davis would have had no trouble locating the building for which he was looking. If it had been nighttime, he could have been guided by the brilliant neon sign that announced the Yet Far Low Restaurant, but even in daylight the electric sign on the corner of Tulare and China Alley was easily visible.
The Treasure of the Incas
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The treasure of the Incas! These words take our minds immediately to the metropolis of the children of the Sun, to the center of their past grandeur-to Cuzco!
Cuzco is a city of fantastic legends, of wondrous myths and traditions. Its streets resound as if there were immense subterranean passageways beneath them; under the floors of its churches can be heard the roaring of unknown underground streams; the stones of its foudations lie atop mines of gold; and on dark nights when there is a conjunction in the vast skies, the common people look up at the pale celestial objects with as much longing as fear.
The Mazorquero’s Daughter
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Roque Black-Soul was the terror of Buenos Aires. He was a killer par excellence in an association of killers called the Mazorca; devoted body and soul to the dreadful founder of that horrible brotherhood, he counted the hours in the day by the number of crimes he commit ted, and his hand, perpetually holding a dagger held above his head, never came down except to stab someone. He left blood behind him wherever he went, and all traces of mercy had left him so long ago that his heart did not even have a memory of it; the cries of orphans, wives, and mothers found him as insensitive as the cold blade of steel that he drove deep into the chests of his victims.
GubiAmaya
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was a fiery afternoon in October. The sky to the east was dark, covered by dense, threatening clouds, shattered repeatedly by flashes of lightning; to the west, some patches were clearer, the cloud cover burned through by the rays of the setting sun. The electricity from the storm made the leaves of the trees vibrate, and their shaking produced a dull rustling, like the sound of the distant ocean. The air was hot and stifling. The cicadas made their shrill and monotonous call from hiding places in the hollows of the tree trunks, and flocks of birds of all shapes and colors, brushing the tops of the trees with their wings, quickly fled the approaching, gloomy, and majestic tempest.
How can I put into words even part of what was taking place in my soul as, all alone, I traversed that forest, which in other times I had traveled with my cheerful family-a family that has since been torn from its native land by a blizzard of extraordinary misfortune, devoured in the midst of its full bloom by death, reduced now to five weak scions, thrown great distances from one another!
The Lymph Node Biopsy
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lymphadenopathy is an extremely common sign in clinical medicine which may accompany a wide variety of conditions. The diagnosis of the etiology of lymphadenopathy will not infrequently require biopsy of an enlarged lymph node for pathologic examination and study. Selection of patients requiring lymph node biopsy requires a good deal of clinical judgment. The significance of palpably enlarged lymph nodes ranges from the trivial (e.g., cervical lymph node enlargement accompanying an upper respiratory infection) to the life threatening (e.g., lymph node enlargement as a manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS] or malignant lymphoma). Lymph node enlargement may be localized or generalized but will usually have been persistent and unexplained before lymph node biopsy is considered. The differential diagnosis of lymph node enlargement will vary with the age of the patient. Reactive lymphadenopathies are, in general, more common in childhood and young adulthood, whereas malignant neoplasms, both primary (i.e., malignant lymphoma) and secondary (i.e., metastatic carcinoma), are more common in adults. Similarly, clinical findings also affect the differential diagnosis. A lymph node which is tender to palpation and soft in consistency is most likely reactive, whereas a lymph node which is rock hard is most commonly maligant. The lymph nodes in malignant lymphoma typically have a firm or “rubbery” consistency on palpation. The size of the lymph nodes is also of significance. The largest lymph nodes are typically seen in neoplastic conditions, such as Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas; however, striking lymph node enlargement may be seen in some reactive conditions, for example Rosai-Dorfman disease (sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy). Similarly, lymph nodes which are only slightly enlarged may harbor malignant lymphoma, particularly if other suggestive clinical signs (i.e., hepato splenomegaly) are evident. Selection of patients for lymph node biopsy therefore requires consideration of all the clinical signs and symptoms. Laboratory evaluation may also be helpful prior to lymph node biopsy.
Kikuchi’s Disease ,Kawasaki’s Disease, and Kimura’s Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kikuchi’s disease (Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis) is an idiopathic lymphadenopathy which was first recognized in Japan, from which the majority of cases continue to originate, but it has a worldwide distribution (Kikuchi, 1972; Kickuchi et al, 1977; Dorfman and Beny, 1988). The majority of patients with Kikuchi’s disease are young women presenting with persistent tender or nontender cervical lymphadenopathy (Turner et al, 1983; Unger et al, 1987). Fever and a viral-like prodrome are frequently present; mild leukopenia may be present. Cervical lymph nodes are most frequently involved; however, involvement of virtually any lymph node group has been described, including mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes. Patients with inconspicuous or inapparent lymphadenopathy may present as fever of unknown origin (Norris et al, 1996; Pearl and Strauchen, 1989). We have seen one case of mesenteric Kikuchi’s disease mimicking acute appendicitis. Extranodal cutaneous involvement is rare, but has also been reported (Kuo, 1995). The etiology of Kikuchi’s disease is obscure.
Peripheral B Cell Neoplasms: Ill. Marginal-Zone B Cell Lymphoma, Hairy Cell Leukemia, and Plasmacytoma/Plasma
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marginal-zone B cell lymphoma, splenic marginal-zone lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and plasmacytoma/plasma cell myeloma are B cell neoplasms which are frequently extranodal and exhibit plasmacytoid differentiation.
Peripheral T Cell and NK Cell Neoplasms: II. Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphomas include peripheral T cell lymphomas, unspecified, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, angiocentric lymphoma, intestinal T cell lymphoma, and adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia. REAL: Peripheral T cell lymphomas, unspecified. Provisional cytologic categories: medium-sized cell, mixed medium and large cell, large cell, lymphoepithelioid cell. Provisional subtype: hepatosplenic -y-S T cell lymphoma. Provisional subtype: subcutaneous panniculitic T cell lymphoma.
The Ph.D. Process
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This guide is a lively chronicle of the graduate school years that describe the intellectual and emotional experience of obtaining a Ph.D. in a scientific field. Readers will learn what to expect from professors and advisors, and how to prepare for oral exams, simplify the dissertation writing, reap the long-term benefits of the Ph.D. process and acquire strategies for survival and success. Tips on applying, and information for foreign students, are included.