bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrospective analysis of antiretroviral HIV treatment success based on medical history or guided by the reverse hybridisation LiPA HIV genotyping system
Authors: Alvarez M. , García F. , Martínez N.M. , Hernández Quero J. , Louwagie J. , De Brauwer A. , Maroto M.C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe changes in viral load and CD4+ count at 3 and 6 months in a group of 166 HIV‐infected patients was evaluated. The new therapy was chosen based on the medical history procedures for 70 patients, and in 96 patients it was guided by the partial or complete result of the line probe assay (LiPA) HIV RT and Protease resistance tests. The absolute difference from the baseline of the log viral load at 3 and 6 months was significantly different between the two groups when adjusted for baseline viral load (P < 0.0001) and stayed significant when intention‐to‐treat analysis was carried out (P < 0.001). The absolute difference of the CD4+ count was not significantly different when adjusted for baseline CD4+ (P = 0.854, 3 months; P = 0.06, 6 months). The proportion of patients with a viral load ≤200 cp/ml in the medical history group (14.5%, 3 months; 15.2%, 6 months) was significantly different from the proportion of responders in the LiPA group (28.7%, 3 months, P = 0.03; 34.7%, 6 months, P = 0.008). In the intention‐to‐treat population, the difference between the two groups remained significant (P = 0.01). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of adherence (P = 0.88), number of drug failures (P = 0.12) and for the time since starting treatment (in years) (P = 0.48), but there was a significant difference for the number of new drugs in the new regimen (P < 0.0001) and for the pill burden of the treatment (P = 0.0006). A higher antiretroviral HIV treatment success guided by the LiPA HIV genotyping system than that based on the medical history only is reported. Of note, this study reached the same conclusions as previous studies, which all used sequencing. J. Med. Virol. 73:151–157, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability of hepatitis C virus core antigen assay for detection of viremia in HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 infected blood donors: A collaborative study between Japan, Egypt, and Uzbekistan
Authors: Agha Salah , Tanaka Yasuhito , Saudy Niveen , Kurbanov Fuat , Abo‐Zeid Mostafa , EL‐Malky Mohamed , Khalaf Mohamed , Ohta Nobuo , Yoshizawa Hiroshi , Mizokami Masashi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNucleic acid amplification‐based methods are used for confirmation of viremia in antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV)‐positive patients. However, this technology is labor intensive, time consuming, requires complex laboratory conditions, and expensive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the HCV core antigen (HCVcAg) assay as an alternative approach for confirmation of viremia in HCV‐infected subjects with HCV genotype 1–4. Two hundred forty‐six asymptomatic HCV RNA‐ positive donors were enrolled in this study, consisting of 122 blood donors from Egypt (116 with genotype 4, 4 with genotype 1, and 2 with 1 + 4 genotypes), 109 from Japan (85 with genotype 1, and 24 with genotype 2), and 15 from Uzbekistan (all with genotype 3). A total of 234 (95.1%) of 246 RNA‐positive specimens were detected by the HCVcAg assay; the sensitivity of HCVcAg assay consisted 93.4, 100, 100, and 94.8% for genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively in comparison with RT‐PCR assay. The specificity of the assay was confirmed in the absence of the false‐positive results among 53 anti‐HCV‐negative, but anti‐Schistosoma mansoni (anti‐Sm) positive donors from Egypt. A positive correlation between HCVcAg and HCV RNA concentration levels (r = 0.671, P < 0.05) was observed among specimens with HCV genotype 4. The mean HCVcAg level was significantly lower in specimens with genotype 4 (2,935 fmol/L) comparing to genotypes 1, 2, and 3 (5,034, 4,962, and 4,740 fmol/L, respectively). No specific mutation was found in the core‐encoding region of the studied specimens. In conclusion, HCVcAg is shown to be specific, sensitive, and informative qualitative index for HCV viremia in asymptomatic carriers. J. Med. Virol. 73:216–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus infection of the cervix uteri in women attending a Health Examination Center of the French social security
Authors: Beby‐Defaux A. , Bourgoin A. , Ragot S. , Battandier D. , Lemasson J.M. , Renaud O. , Bouguermouh S. ,   The Practitioners of the Centre d'Examens de Santé de la Caisse Primaire d'Assurance, Vienne Maladie de la , Agius G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSince human papillomavirus (HPV) is the central causal factor in cervical cancer, understanding the epidemiology of this infection constitutes an important step towards development of strategies for prevention. Six hundred and fifty seven cervical samples were tested for HPV using PCR with consensus primers (MY09/MY11), by genotyping (restriction and sequencing analyses) and by cervical cytology, from women who attended a Health Examination Center of the French social security. Women with no cervical smear as well as women with cytological abnormalities within the last 3 years were recruited. HPV DNA was detected in 7.3% of the women (5.3% for high‐risk, 2.4% for low‐risk, and 0.5% for unknown risk types) including 6 (0.9%) mixed infections. Fifteen different genotypes were detected, of which genotypes 16 (22.2%), 58 (13.0%), 18 (11.1%), 30 (9.2%), and 33 (9.2%) were the most prevalent. In age group 17–25 years, we found the highest frequencies for both any (22.1%) and high‐risk (14.7%) HPV, and prevalences gradually decreased with age. 5.2% of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 0.3% of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and 1.2% of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance were found. The frequencies of high risk and all HPV types were significantly higher in squamous intraepithelial lesions than in those with normal and reactive/reparative changes (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of high‐risk HPV in the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion group (28.6%) was significantly higher than in the normal and reactive/reparative changes groups (3.4%) (P < 0.0001). HPV detection was associated with younger age, single marital and non‐pregnant status (P < 0.0001), premenopausal status (P = 0.0004), and contraception (P = 0.0008). Marital status (OR 4.5; 95% CI = 2.3–9.0) and tobacco consumption (OR 3.0; 95% CI = 1.6–5.7) were predictive independent factors of HPV infection. The French system of Health Examination Centers might be of interest for following women regularly, especially those with a low socioeconomic status. J. Med. Virol. 73:262–268, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influenza virological surveillance in children: The use of the Quickvue rapid diagnostic test
Authors: Pregliasco Fabrizio , Puzelli Simona , Mensi Carolina , Anselmi Giovanni , Marinello Roberto , Tanzi M. Luisa , Affinito Chiara , Zambon Maria C. , Donatelli Isabella ,   The Collaborative Group Influchild
Published: April 2004

AbstractNew rapid diagnostic methods are needed to identify influenza infections to improve virological surveillance usually undertaken with conventional time‐consuming, complex, and even expensive laboratory methods. Another reason for using a rapid test is to avoid inappropriate therapy, particularly in children, where use of antibiotics inappropriately and high influenza‐related rates of hospitalisation are described. During two winter seasons, the performance of the QuickVue® Influenza test (QV) was evaluated in children under 14 presenting with influenza like illness, and compared the results with those obtained from sentinel network surveillance using standard protocols for the sample collection and the laboratory analysis by virus culture and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). During the first influenza season (2000/2001), 22 paediatricians collected one nose‐ and one throat‐swab from each of the 586 children 0–6 years old recruited in the study. The QV test was carried out in the physician's office by primary care staff on the nose swab material. When compared with virus culture of the throat swab, the QV test had a sensitivity of 36.5%. In the following 2001/2002‐influenza season, the performance of the QV test as a rapid laboratory screening assay was assessed. 342 children aged 0–14 years were enrolled with only one throat swab collected from each patient and sent to the laboratory where the QV, virus culture, and RT‐PCR tests were performed. The results showed a better sensitivity (54.5%) of the test in comparison with virus culture and RT‐PCR assays. The data indicate that rapid QV testing in the physician office setting, using these easily obtained samples, may be too insensitive to be useful for surveillance and for immediate clinical management of children presenting with influenza‐like illness. Nevertheless, the QV test may be a valuable diagnostic tool if used in laboratory, as a rapid screening test. J. Med. Virol. 73:269–273, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods for the detection and characterisation of noroviruses associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis: Outbreaks occurring in the north‐west of England during two norovirus seasons
Authors: Gallimore Chris I. , Green Jonathan , Richards Alison F. , Cotterill Hillary , Curry Alan , Brown David W.G. , Gray Jim J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article describes the methods used to investigate 407 outbreaks of acute non‐bacterial gastroenteritis occurring in the North‐West of England between January 2000 and July 2001 and suspected to be caused by noroviruses (NV) [Mayo (2002) Arch Virol 147:1655–1663]. These included 319 outbreaks in hospitals and nursing homes and 88 other settings. Eight hundred and seventy‐one faecal samples from 407 outbreaks were tested using electron microscopy (EM), an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for Grimsby virus (GRV) capsid antigen and/or by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for NV, allowing the utility of each assay for routine diagnosis to be assessed. Preliminary genomic characterisation of detected strains was performed using the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) and DNA sequencing. The results demonstrate the continuing predominance of GII‐4 GRV strain of NV as a cause of outbreaks, particularly in hospital and nursing home settings. Overall, NV were detected in 223/407 (55%) of outbreaks tested. However, a wide range of apparently diverse strains was identified, including several not previously reported. Genomic characterisation revealed clusters of linked outbreaks not recognised previously. J. Med. Virol. 73:280–288, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus infection with the CC chemokine RANTES (CCL5)
Authors: Elliott Matthew B. , Tebbey Paul W. , Pryharski Karin S. , Scheuer Catherine A. , Laughlin Todd S. , Hancock Gerald E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract disease in infants, aged adults, and immunosuppressed patients. The only approved medicines for RSV disease are administration of prophylatic antibodies or treatment with a synthetic nucleoside. Both approaches are expensive and the latter is not without risk and of controversial benefit. The present investigation studied whether pharmaceutical or biologic compounds based upon chemokines might be useful in preventing RSV disease. Of interest was RANTES/CCL5, which inhibits infection by HIV strains that use chemokine receptor (CCR)‐5 as co‐receptor. Herein, we report that prior or simultaneous treatment of HEp‐2 cells with recombinant human CCL5 provides dose‐dependent inhibition of infection with RSV. Other recombinant chemokines (MIP‐1α/CCL3, MIP‐1β/CCL4, MCP‐2/CCL8, eotaxin/CCL11, MIP‐1δ/CCL15, stromal cell derived factor (SDF)‐1α/CXCL12) were not inhibitory. The data suggested that CCL5 might inhibit infection by blocking fusion (F) protein–epithelial cell interactions. Infections by mutant RSV strains deleted of small hydrophobic and/or attachment proteins and only expressing F protein in the envelope were inhibited by prior treatment with CCL5 or a biologically inactive N‐terminally modified met‐CCL5. Inhibition was also observed when virus adsorption and treatment with CCL5 were performed at 4°C. Flow cytometry further revealed that epithelial cells were positive for CCR3, but not CCR1 or CCR5. Thus, novel mimetics of CCL5 may be useful prophylatic agents to prevent respiratory tract disease caused by RSV. J. Med. Virol. 73:300–308, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMDA and AMPA receptor expression and cortical neuronal death are associated with p38 in glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity in vivo
Authors: Rivera‐Cervantes M.C. , Torres J. Segura , Feria‐Velasco A. , Armendariz‐Borunda J. , Beas‐Zárate C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEarly overstimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), such as the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) receptors, produces excitotoxicity in several brain regions. The molecular composition of those receptors and their regulation by intracellular signaling systems could be determinants in the development of progressive neurodegenerative mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, morphologic changes including cell number, and the expression of the NR1 and GluR2 subunits, by reverse transcriptase‐PCR were evaluated at early postnatal ages (postnatal day [PD]8–14) in cerebral cortex of rats treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 mg/g body weight) administered subcutaneously on PD1, 3, 5, and 7. An important increase in p38 activity at PD8 and loss of cortical cell number were observed from PD8–14 in animals treated with MSG, together with significant morphologic changes characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear hyperchromatism, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. These morphologic changes were prevented by SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 signaling, at PD8–14. No change in cerebral cortex thickness was observed among experimental or control rats. A significant increase in NR1 subunit expression was observed in response to MSG from PD8–14. GluR2 expression increased from PD8–12, but at PD14, its expression was reduced to 54% with respect to controls. SB203580 prevented alone the decreased in GluR2 expression induced by MSG. These results suggest that initial neuronal death (at PD8 and 10) in cerebral cortex may be due to an excessive Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors, whereas the further damage process could be mediated by AMPA receptors through p38 signaling. This could represent a determinant mechanism to decide whether nerve cells survive or die. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperpolarization‐activated, cyclic nucleotide‐gated cation channels: Roles in the differential electrophysiological properties of rat primary afferent neurons
Authors: Tu Huiyin , Deng Lunbin , Sun Qian , Yao Lei , Han Ji‐Sheng , Wan You 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe large, medium‐sized, and small neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) have different functions in the processing of various senses. Hyperpolarization‐activated, cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels (HCN) contribute greatly to neuronal excitability. In the present study, which used whole‐cell patch clamp techniques and immunohistochemical staining methods, the electrophysiological properties of DRG neurons were systematically compared, and the roles of HCN‐1, ‐2, and ‐4 were examined. The main results were as follows. 1) The large neurons had significantly higher V0.5 values (membrane potential at which the HCN channels were half‐activated) and shorter time constants (τ) than small or medium‐sized DRG neurons. However, large DRG neurons had higher Ih density (HCN neuron current). 2) HCN‐1 was found predominantly, but not exclusively, in large and medium‐sized DRG neurons; HCN‐2 was found in all DRG neurons; and HCN‐4 was poorly visualized in all DRG neurons. HCN‐1 and HCN‐2 were colocalized in large and medium‐sized neurons with immunostaining of adjacent sections. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, HCN‐1, HCN‐2, and HCN‐4 were all expressed in laminae I–IV, although HCN‐1 was not detectable in lamina II. 3) Blockade of Ih current in DRG neurons caused a significant decrease in V0.5, resting membrane potential, and repetitive firing number of action potential and a significant increase in time of rising phase of action potential. These results suggest that the different HCN channels in the three types of DRG neurons might contribute to their differential electrophysiological properties. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Melt Rheological Properties of Branched Polyethylenes Produced with Pd‐ and Ni–Diimine Catalysts
Authors: Ye Zhibin , AlObaidi Fahad , Zhu Shiping 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSummary: Seven branched polyethylenes differing in chain topology from hyperbranched to linear structure were synthesized with chain walking Pd‐diimine catalyst, [(ArNC(Me)C(Me)NAr) Pd(CH3)(NCMe)]SbF6 (1), and Ni‐diimine catalyst, (ArNC(An)C(An)NAr) NiBr2 (2)/MMAO, respectively. An extensive rheological study, employing steady‐shear, creep‐recovery, and dynamic oscillation tests, was conducted to examine and compare the melt rheological properties of this novel series of polymers. It was found that the change of chain topology dramatically affected the polymer flow behavior, flow activation energy, and dynamic moduli (G′(ω), G″(ω)). The hyperbranched polymers exhibited typical Newtonian flow behavior and extremely low viscosity. The polymers with chain topology intermediate between hyperbranched and linear structures, however, were essentially viscoelastic materials. All the polymers obeyed the time‐temperature superposition and exhibited enhanced flow activation energy (43.8∼57.2 kJ/mol) compared to HDPE and LLDPE. In the terminal region, these polymers had different dependencies of dynamic moduli (G′(ω), G″(ω)) on angular frequency (ω) and different master curves in the log(G′) versus log(G″) plot. The hyperbranched polymer was also blended with more linear samples as a rheology modifier and was found to significantly lower the viscosity of the blends.Structure of the Pd‐ and Ni‐catalysts used in this study.imageStructure of the Pd‐ and Ni‐catalysts used in this study.
A Detailed On‐Line FT/NIR and 1H NMR Spectroscopic Investigation into Factors Causing Inhibition in Xanthate‐Mediated Vinyl Acetate Polymerization
Authors: Favier Arnaud , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Davis Thomas P. , Stenzel Martina H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSummary: Potential sources of inhibition have been investigated via in situ Fourier transform – near infra‐red (FT‐NIR) and off‐line 1H NMR spectroscopy in the RAFT/MADIX bulk polymerization of vinyl acetate (VA) in the presence of an O‐isopropyl xanthate, i.e. methyl (isopropoxycarbonothioyl)sulfanyl acetate. The very high reactivity of the vinyl acetate propagating radical makes it vulnerable to oxygen, by‐products generated during the xanthate synthesis, and stabilizers present as impurities. These impurities induce strong and variable inhibition periods in the polymerization. In addition, the MADIX process, using xanthates as reversible chain transfer agents, has been confirmed to be an efficient method for living VA polymerization. Congruent data are obtained when the monomer consumption with time is followed via both 1H NMR and in situ FT‐NIR spectroscopy. The xanthate‐mediated polymerization of VA exhibits no retardation effects and excellent control of the molecular weight distribution can be achieved, leading to poly(VA) of molecular weights exceeding 50 000 g · mol−1 with relatively low polydispersities.image
When will larger‐sized female models in advertisements be viewed positively? The moderating effects of instructional frame, gender, and need for cognition
Authors: Peck Joann , Loken Barbara 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA variety of negative consequences for girls and women have been associated with women's and men's viewing unrealistic portrayals of women in advertising. However, research on the positive consequences of presenting larger‐sized women in advertisements, and the conditions under which they are effective, has been lacking. The present research examined such positive effects and found that larger‐sized female models in ads were rated as more attractive when an instructional frame activated nontraditional beliefs (a new women's magazine that features larger‐sized models) than when it activated traditional beliefs (a traditional women's magazine). These effects were more pronounced for women than for men, and particularly for women who scored higher in their need for cognition. The degree to which women generated positive thoughts about themselves in response to the ads tended to correspond with their ratings of increased attractiveness of the models in the ads. Implications of findings for using positive larger‐sized female models in ads are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New decay estimates for linear damped wave equations and its application to nonlinear problem
Authors: Ikehata Ryo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe present new decay estimates of solutions for the mixed problem of the equation vtt−vxx+vt=0, which has the weighted initial data [v0,v1]∈(H10(0,∞) ∩L1,γ(0,∞)) × (L2(0,∞)∩L1,γ(0,∞)) (for definition of L1,γ(0,∞), see below) satisfying γ∈[0,1]. Similar decay estimates are also derived to the Cauchy problem in ℝN for utt−Δu+ut=0 with the weighted initial data. Finally, these decay estimates can be applied to the one dimensional critical exponent problem for a semilinear damped wave equation on the half line. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A remark on the pressure for the Navier–Stokes flows in 2‐D straight channel with an obstacle
Authors: Morimoto H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractLet T=ℝ×(‐1,1) and &&oscr;⊂ℝ2 be a smoothly bounded open set, closure of which is contained in T. We consider the stationary Navier–Stokes flows in $\Omega {:=} T \backslash \bar{\scriptstyle{O}}$. In general, the pressure is determined up to a constant. Since Ω has two extremities, we want to know if we can choose the constant same. We study the behaviour of the pressure at the infinity in Ω and give a relation between the velocity and the pressure difference. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The long‐time behaviour of the thermoconvective flow in a porous medium
Authors: Efendiev M. A. , Fuhrmann J. , Zelik S. V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor the Boussinesq approximation of the equations of coupled heat and fluid flow in a porous medium we show that the corresponding system of partial differential equations possesses a global attractor. We give lower and upper bounds of the Hausdorff dimension of the attractor depending on a physical parameter of the system, namely the Rayleigh number of the flow. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical findings and raise new questions on the structure of the solutions of the system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MESFET two‐dimensional nonlinear current model extraction for Volterra‐series analysis
Authors: Huang Chien‐Chang , Pai Han‐Ting 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA two‐dimensional (2D) Taylor‐series coefficient evaluation of MESFET drain currents is presented based on low‐frequency harmonic‐power measurements with associated phase polarities. The formulation is a systematic approach to acquire the general forms for any nonlinear orders. The extraction procedure is performed using a recursive scheme in order to reduce the number of unknowns in each solving process. Simulations and measurements of a two‐tone intermodulation distortion for a MESFET amplifier show the validity of the proposed method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 461–463, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20171