bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slope clay‐with‐flints (biefs à silex) as indicators of Quaternary periglacial dynamics in the western part of the Paris Basin, France
Authors: Laignel B. , Quesnel F. , Spencer C. , Meyer R. , Lautridou J. P. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe lithology and distribution of the clay‐with‐flints occurring on slopes, called biefs à silex in French, suggests a twofold classification of these deposits according to slope angle. Biefs à silex formed as a solifluction deposit under Quaternary periglacial conditions during valley development. Two biefs à silex facies suggest two phases of development between 800 000 and 20 000 yr BP. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The loess and coversands of northern France and southern England
Authors: Antoine Pierre , Catt John , Lautridou Jean‐Pierre , Sommé Jean 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLoess and coversands are widespread on either side of the English Channel. In southern England, loess is generally thin and discontinuous, but locally reaches thickness of about 4 m in east Kent. Coversands occur mainly in areas well north of the Channel, such as parts of East Anglia and the southern side of the Bristol Channel. Most of the loess and coversand deposits in southern England date from the Late Devensian cold stage (marine oxygen isotope stage (MOIS) 2), but there are also a few localised patches of older (mainly MOIS 6 and 12) loess, which are the dissected remnants of originally more extensive covers. In France loess is widespread and locally very thick (up to 12 m), especially in northern and northeastern France. In Normandy and in the Somme basin some long records indicate that accumulation began at the end of the Lower Pleistocene, at about 900 ka. Nevertheless the main accumulations of typical calcareous loess are related to the Upper Weichselian and Upper Saalian stages (MOIS 2 and end of MOIS 3 and MOIS 6). Indeed, before about 160–170 ka, loess deposition was generally restricted to special sediment traps such as fluvial and marine terraces exposed to the east or northeast. These older deposits are characterised by more sandy facies derived from local fluvial sources (mainly by northwest to north‐northwest winds). Coversands occur locally along the coast of the Mont Saint‐Michel bay, and over the northern part of the Seine estuary near Le Havre. The main differences in thickness and extent of the loess deposits between southern England and northern France are linked to their location in relation to the source areas (Channel and North Sea), to ice sheets, and to the main wind directions (northwest to north‐northwest in France and western England but northeast in eastern England). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene coastal evolution and sea‐level change on the southern coast of England: a review
Authors: Waller Martyn P. , Long Antony J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractData collected recently from select areas within the eastern, central and western English Channel are used to reconstruct the Holocene evolution and sea‐level history of the southern coast of England. Rapid sea‐level rise in the early Holocene produced a ubiquitous vertical and lateral expansion in the marine influence. From ca. 6800 cal. (calendar) yr BP the rate of sea‐level rise declined and a shift from minerogenic to organogenic sedimentation is also widely recorded. A further decline in the rate of sea‐level rise occurred in the late Holocene, during which time the eastern and central English Channel experienced coastal inundation and a return to minerogenic sedimentation. Explanations for this apparent contradiction include the effects of this decline on the accumulation of minerotrophic peat and changes in sediment supply. Sea‐level index points from the eastern Channel generally plot below those from the central and western Channel, indicating differential crustal movement, although sediment compaction and tidal range also may be responsible for apparent altitudinal variation between these areas. Despite an increase in the quantity and quality of the data available from this region over the past 20 yr these, and a number of other important issues, require further clarification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene and modern sediments in the Seine estuary (France): a synthesis
Authors: Lesueur P. , Lesourd S. , Lefebvre D. , Garnaud S. , Brun‐Cottan J. C. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis synthesis of numerous studies on the Holocene and modern sediments in the macrotidal setting of the Seine estuary demonstrates their overall evolution. In common with a number of estuaries, the lower Seine was an incised valley during the Weichselian glacio‐eustatic sea‐level fall, and infilling occurred during the subsequent lowstand, the Holocene sea‐level rise and the late Holocene stillstand. In the upper estuary, above the basal gravel bed, fluvial freshwater deposits filled the valley. Next, fine sand and silts invaded the estuary upstream to Rouen; the sequence ends in loam, resulting from an increase in the supply of sediment to the fluvial system. In the upper estuary, anthropogenic deepening of the modern channel results in erosion of the Holocene sediments; the only bedforms are thin and narrow sand sheets and some rare megaripples. In the lower estuary, above the Weichselian basal gravel, the Holocene wedge records the change from a transgressed fluvial setting (i.e. gravel beds) to an open estuarine environment (i.e. tidal delta). The modern Seine estuary has been progressively infilled by marine sands and silts. Now silts and clays supplied during high river flows accumulate at the outlet, and offshore sands and gravel of the eastern Bay of the Seine are temporarily covered with veneers of mud. These freshly deposited muds (i.e. mud patches) are periodically partly reworked by waves and strong tidal currents, but silting of the inner shelf is noticeable. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Quaternary Channel River: seismic stratigraphy of its palaeo‐valleys and deeps
Authors: Lericolais Gilles , Auffret Jean‐Paul , Bourillet Jean‐François 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBased on the interpretation of geophysical data (very high resolution seismic data combined with EM1000 swath bathymetry), this paper reviews the history of the Channel River throughout the late Cenozoic. New evidence does illustrate how the interplay of tectonics, eustacy and climate have influenced this northwest European drainage system.The concepts of sequence stratigraphy allow the subdivision of the sedimentary record into depositional sequences bounded by unconformities, resulting from globally synchronous sea‐level changes. However, the recognition of eustatic sea‐level changes in a cold climate environment is very difficult, because of the interplay of additional phenomena such as glacio‐isostatic sea‐level changes with glacio‐eustatic changes. For our interpretation, it was necessary to adjust these concepts with the relative importance of geomorphological processes determining the behaviour of rivers and steering their evolution.The foundations of the modern drainage system were laid after the Oligocene Channel inversion. In general these early rivers occupied shallow valleys. The Pleistocene cold climates resulted in fluvial incision. Through time, the Channel River has adopted a drainage system that can be divided into three parts: (i) the drainage basin comprising the Southern Bight, the eastern Channel and the London and Paris basins, (ii) the river zone itself, which begins at the Cotentin peninsula and passes through the Hurd Deep, before reaching the continental shelf‐break in the Celtic Sea, (iii) the depositional basin represented by the Celtic Banks complex and by the deep sea fans, located at the foot of Shamrock and Black Mud canyons. During important lowstands (marine oxygen isotope stages 22, 16, 10, 6 and 2), the Channel River seems to have reached the shelf‐break, as indicated by the internal structure of the banks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pleistocene rivers of the English Channel region
Authors: Antoine Pierre , Coutard Jean‐Pierre , Gibbard Philip , Hallegouet Bernard , Lautridou Jean‐Pierre , Ozouf Jean‐Claude 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe Pleistocene history of river systems that enter the English Channel from northern France and southern England is reviewed. During periods of low sea‐level (cold stages) these streams were tributaries of the Channel River. In southern England the largest, the River Solent, is an axial stream that has drained the Hampshire Basin from the Early Pleistocene or late Pliocene. Other streams of southern England may be of similar antiquity but their records are generally short and their sedimentary history have been destroyed, as in northern Brittany, by coastal erosion and valley deepening as a consequence of tectonic uplift. In northern France, the Seine and Somme rivers have very well developed terrace systems recording incision that began at around 1 Ma. The uplift rate, deduced from the study of these terrace systems, is of 55 to 60 m myr−1 since the end of the Early Pleistocene. Generally the facies and sedimentary structures indicate that the bulk of the deposits in these rivers accumulated in braided river environments under periglacial climates in all the area around the Channel. Evolution of the rivers reflects their responses to climatic change, local geological structure and long‐term tectonic activity. In this context the Middle Somme valley is characterised by a regular pattern in which incision occurs at the beginning of each glacial period within a general background of uplift. Nevertheless the response of the different rivers to climatic variations, uplift and sea‐level changes is complex and variable according to the different parts of the river courses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fillers design and best use: recent trends and basic questions
Authors: Van Damme Henri , Burr Alain 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper is a discussion of a few selected topics or trends in recent research literature which raise fundamental issues in our understanding of the way fillers improve the properties of polymers. A first topic is the now well‐established experimental and theoretical evidence that the Tg and the molecular mobility in free standing or supported films are modified over a much larger thickness than was previously thought. Considering their enormous interface area, this introduces a new look to the remarkable reinforcement effect obtained in delaminated clay nanocomposites. On the other hand, the reason why, in spite of their extraordinary mechanical properties and their very large surface area, carbon nanotubes, with their fibre‐like morphology, are still far from giving the same reinforcement, is still an open question. A second topic to be mentionned is the development of hybrid materials and biomimetic approaches which, due to very small scale of the organic‐inorganic heterogeneities which can be achieved, raises questions on the phase concept and points to the need for new theoretical approaches of the mechanical properties of these materials. Finally, a third topic is the control of the filler particles distribution in the matrix. The general theory of random diphasic media permits to define several types of “good” dispersions in terms of disordered distributions, according to the correlations of the particles positions in a matrix. This raises two problems, which are briefly discussed: (i) Are we able to define the type of dispersion we want? (ii) Is it relevant for modifying the properties?
Effect of fillers on the properties of recycled polymers
Authors: La Manila Francesco Paolo 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe main problems in post‐consumer plastics recycling are due to the degradation undergone during lifetime and during processing steps. Moreover, for heterogeneous recycling, the incompatibility among the different polymeric phases give rise to secondary materials with low mechanical and thermomechanical properties. The properties‐reprocessing relationships are an important tool for determining not only the properties of the recycled polymers but also the strategies to apply (processing conditions, stabilisers, fillers, compatibilizers, etc) in order to obtain recycled polymers with good mechanical properties.In this work the effect of adding inert fillers and modifier agents to recycled post‐consumer plastic materials is discussed. The addition of inert fillers of different nature can strongly improve the rigidity and thermomechanical resistance of these secondary materials. The addition of modifier agents improves the deformability and the impact strength of the recycled plastics. The beneficial effect of inert fillers and modifier agents is particularly important in the case of commingled post‐consumer plastics.
Aggregation of particulate fillers: factors, determination, properties
Authors: Móczó János , Fekete Erika , László Krisztina , Pukánszky Béla 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe aggregation tendency of 11 different CaCO3 fillers with widely differing particle sizes was studied in polypropylene (PP) composites. The fillers were characterized by different techniques in powder form and in suspension. Homogenization and sample preparation were carried out by extrusion and injection molding, or in an internal mixer and compression molding, respectively. Thin slices were prepared from the composites and the relative area of aggregates was determined by image analysis. Tensile and fracture properties were studied as a function of filler content. The results proved that the extent of aggregation increases with decreasing particle size and increasing filler content. Surprisingly, extruded and injection molded samples contained more aggregates than those prepared by homogenization in an internal mixer followed by compression molding. Good agreement was found between the powder properties of the fillers and their performance in the composites. Deviations from the general tendency indicate that some factors, which were not accounted for in the study, also influence aggregation and composite properties.
Silica and carbon black reinforcement of natural rubber
Authors: Bokobza Liliane , Rapoport Olivier 
Published: June 2003

AbstractRecent investigations on filled natural rubber are reported. They include a mechanical characterization as well as a molecular analysis based on measurements on chain orientation. It is demonstrated that, at intermediate strains, the increase in the moduli can be explained by the inclusion of rigid particles in the soft matrix and from molecular interactions between the rubber and the filler. These interactions can be evaluated by equilibrium swelling and by orientational measurements. With regard to the unfilled formulation, carbon black‐ and silanized‐filled natural rubber exhibit increases in the cross‐linking density ascribed to filler‐polymer links while a large decrease in the orientational level, evidenced by birefringence and by infrared dichroism, is observed when silica is added without any couplig agent.
Polymerization‐filled composites and nanocomposites by coordination catalysis
Authors: Dubois Philippe , Alexandre Michaël , Jérôme Robert 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPolyolefinic microcomposites and layered silicate nanocomposites were prepared by the in‐situ polymerization of ethylene (and α‐olefin) via the so‐called polymerization‐filling technique. Various fillers with either basic, acidic, metallic or carbonaceous surface, as well as non‐modified clays such as montmorillonite and hectorite, were first treated by trimethylaluminum‐depleted methyialuminoxane before being contacted by a titanium or zirconium‐based metallocene catalyst. The (nano)composite was formed by addition and polymerization of ethylene (and α‐olefin). This technique makes possible the complete encapsulation of every filler particle within the (co)polyolefinic matrix ranging from thermoplastics to elastomers. The so‐obtained (nano)composites, often coined as “homogeneous” (nano)composites, exhibit improved mechanical properties, as compared to more conventional melt blends for a same filler content.
Synthesis and characterization of functional chemically modified silica fillers
Authors: Tertykh Valentin , Yanishpolskii Victor , Bol'bukh Yulia 
Published: June 2003

AbstractElaborated methods of synthesis of chemically modified silicas with grafted silicon hydride and amino groups are analyzed. Experimental results on use of modified silicas with bonded amino groups as fillers of carboxyl‐containing rubbers and epoxy resins are reported. It was shown that modified silica fillers with grafted silicon hydride groups could be applied for carrying out processes of catalytic solid‐phase hydrosilylation of 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate and some other functional olefins.
Mica as a filler for PET scrap/oxazoline functionalized polyethylene blends
Authors: Jeziórska Regina 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA series of mica filled PET scrap/PE‐g‐ROM blends was studied in a chemical modification involving reactive extrusion with a ricinoloxazoline maleinate. Studies were conducted concerning mechanical properties (flexural and impact strength), thermal properties (DSC and Vicat softening temperature) and flame retardancy. The phase morphology of the blends was of interpenetrating network (IPN) type according to SEM results. Mica filled blends offer good mechanical properties, reduced flammability and increased Vicat point. The composition with 30% of mica gives the best properties and efficiency in reducing the rate of burning.
Tailored interfaces in nanocomposites
Authors: Le Pluart L. , Duchet J. , Sautereau H. , Gérard J.F. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractDifferent kinds of clays based on sodium montmorillonite have been modified i) by cationic exchange of alkylammonium ions and ii) by covalent grafting of organosilane. We have prepared organophilic clays with different gallery heights (due to alkylammonium ions with alkyl chain length varying from 8 to 18 carbon atoms) and with a specific functionalisation (due to the organosilane). We have generated organoclays with different kind of organic layer properties: ionically bonded or physically adsorbed alkylammonium ions and covalently grafted organosilane. These different organoclays have shown various specific behaviours when dispersed in monomers or in a reactive mixture, proving the influence of the surfactant on the nanocomposite final properties.
Modification of the rheological properties of polyurethanes by adding fumed silica: influence of the preparation procedure
Authors: Pérez‐Limiñana M.A. , Torró‐Palau A. , Orgilés‐Barceló A.C. , Martín‐Martínez J.M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe way of addition of fumed silica determined the rheological properties of polyurethane (PU) adhesives. The higher the shear rate during preparation of fumed silica containingPU adhesives, the higher viscosity and improved plasticity and thixotropy in the solutions. The improved properties of these adhesive solutions were ascribed to the creation of interactions between the silanol groups on the fumed silica, the polar groups in the soft segments of the polyurethane and/or the solvent. However, the way of incorporate the fumed silica in the polyurethane did not affect the rheological properties of fumed silica‐PU composites (obtained by solvent removal from the solutions), indicating the key role of the solvent in the rheology of PU adhesive solutions.
Effect of coal on the rheological and mechanical properties of epoxy matrix
Authors: Kurzeja Lidia , Szeluga Urzula , Galy Jocelyne , Sautereau Henry , Issartel Nathalie 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAn experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of coal used as a new type of filler in epoxy networks. For this purpose two series of epoxy composites with different coal weight fraction were studied and their thermo‐mechanical properties were characterized. The work demonstrated that coal‐filled epoxy networks show a typical behavior of a particulate filled material and follows the theoretical models already used.
Filler‐filler interaction and filler‐polymer interaction in carbon black and silica filled ExxproTM polymer
Authors: Wong W.K. , Ourieva G. , Tse M.F. , Wang H.C. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractDue to the presence of reactive benzylic bromide, Exxpro has much better interaction with silica in comparison with polybutadiene as demonstrated by the high bound rubber level. The better silica/Exxpro interaction is further substantiated by the low degree of filler network formation in comparison to that observed for silica filled polybutadiene as demonstrated by the much smaller deviation of low strain shear modulus from the Guth‐Gold relationship for the silica filled Exxpro. Silane treatement of silica reduces filler network formation in polybutadiene but has only slight effect on silica filled Exxpro indicating that even without silane treatment silica already disperse well in Exxpro due to high degree of filler/polymer interaction. This result in silica filled Exxpro compound exhibiting better processability (lower shear viscosity) as well as dynamic performances for tire applications (higher tan δ at −20 and 0°C, lower tan δ at 60°C). We speculate that nucleophilic substitution reaction takes place between benzylic bromide and surface hydroxide group of silica.
Analysis of the viscoelastic behaviour of silica filled rubber: prediction of the interphase properties
Authors: Mélé Patrice , Da Silva Claude , Marceau Sandrine , Brown David , De Puydt Yves , Albérola Nicole Dominique 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe aim of this work is to analyse the influence of both silica content and the presence of a silane coupling agent on the viscoelastic behaviour of silica filled rubber. It is well‐known that changes in the dynamic mechanical properties of filled rubber could result from either the mechanical coupling between phases and/or interface effects. Micro mechanical modelling, taking morphological analysis into account, will be used to separate these two effects and allows us to assess the actual properties of the polymer close to the silica surface.
Reactively processed high performance impact modified polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide composites: interfacial studies
Authors: Liauw Christopher M. , Khunová Viera , Lees Graham C. , Rothon Roger N. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe interphase structure development in impact modified PP (IMPP)/magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) composites reactively processed with 1,3‐phenylene dimaleimide (BMI), in conjunction with a fatty acid amide/ester based lubricant, has been investigated using a three factorial experimental design. Insoluble matrix content, DSC and IR spectroscopic responses indicated that the lubricant preferentially adsorbed on the filler and thus shifted the locus of BMI addition reactions away from the filler surface, towards the bulk matrix. This prevented formation of an effective interphase structure in which the impact modifier phase encapsulating the filler was strongly bonded to the surrounding, chain extended and branched, polypropylene phase.
Using clay in PA‐based intumescent formulations. Fire performance and kinetic parameters
Authors: Dabrowski François , Le Bras Michel , Delobel René , Gilman Jeffrey W. , Kashiwagi Takashi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe improved fire performance of polyamide‐6 clay nanocomposite compared with polyamide‐6 are correlated with their degradation kinetic parameters. Moreover substituting polyamide‐6 by polyamide‐6 clay nanocomposite in an intumescent blend enables to improve its fire properties. Once again, the improved fire performance can be correlated with the kinetic degradation parameters. The advantages of using nano‐dispersed clay are shown.
Investigations of fire retardant properties of polypropylene‐clay‐nanocomposites
Authors: Wagenknecht Udo , Kretzschmar Bernd , Reinhardt Gerd 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPolypropylene‐clay nano composites were prepared by compounding using a masterbatch technology. The burning behaviour of the nanocomposites was tested. The nanocomposites show fire retardant effects. The effects were discussed by microscopy investigations of the ash and by rheological behaviour of the composites.