bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Shade Regimes and Plant Extracts on the Vegetative Growth and Yield of the Natural Sweetener Plant Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)
Authors: Khshan Noor S. , Al-Taweel Sudad K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad in the spring of 2021-2022. Stevia (sugar leaf) seedlings propagated from tissue culture method of the Spanish variety Spanti were planted in the field on the mid of March, which were previously acclimated and 6 weeks old, with the aim of studying the role of shading and spraying some plant extracts on growth and leaf yield in sugar leaf (stevia) plant. Randomized Complete Bock Design (RCBD) with three replications was used, using split plot arrangement. The experiment included two factors, the main factor includes two levels of shading, the first without shading (exposed) and the second 50% shading and they are denoted S1, S2 respectively, and the secondary factor is spraying with aqueous plant extracts of Moringa at a rate (10%) and (15%), denoted M1 and M2 respectively, and licorice extract at a rate (3%) and (6%), denoted G1 and G2 in addition to the M0G0 control treatment which was sprayed with distilled water on three dates, 15 days after establishing, 30 and 45 days from planting and measurements are taken after each spray. The results showed that S2 was significantly superior to S1 in terms of plant height (68.87 cm), and in the number of leaves branches-1 at (232.72 leaves branch-1), while S1 was significantly superior to S2 in number of branches (8.53 branches plant-1) and number of leaves (1674.80 leaves plant-1) and in leaf area (246.84 dm2 plant-1) as well as in dry weight of leaves (41.49 g plant-1). While M2 was significantly superior in plant height (65.51 cm), followed by G2 (64.55 cm) and also excelled in the number of leaves branches-1 (234.20 leaves branch-1) followed by G2 (225.65 leaves branch-1). The G2 extract also outperformed significantly in number of leaves (1358 leaves plant-1) followed by M2 (1317.50 leaves plant-1) and M1 (1309 leaves plant-1) and in dry weight of leaves (38.21 g plant-1), followed by G2 (36.30 gm plant-1), which was significantly superior in leaf area (217.30 dm2 plant-1), while in terms of number of branches, G1 treatment was superior with 6.42 branches plant-1. As for the interaction between the study factors, it showed that spraying M2 extract on exposed plants S1 gave the largest leaf area and highest dry weight for stevia plant, and also showed the same concentration M2 highest plant height and highest percentage of number of leaves branche-1 for stevia plant when sprayed on shaded plants S2 under the conditions of the central region of the country.
Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Luteolin Flavonoid from Vitex pseudonegundo leaves
Authors: Heal Hussein Hamed , Al-Dallee Zainab Tuama , Khadim Enas J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Objective: Using HPLC as a quantitative estimate technique, the optimal extraction solvent for luteolin from Vitex pseudo-negundo was identified. Methods: leaves V. pseudonegundo were gathered, washed, and dried. employeing methanol and ethanol as the extraction solvents (both with varied strengths), as well as the extraction techniques of maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet. The amount of luteolin in each sample extract was measured using a preparative HPLC technique Results: Methanol was the best solvent, and the best extraction method was the reflex extraction method, based on HPLC results Conclusion: According to the results of HPLC, reflex was the superior method for extracting luteolin from V. pseudonegundo, and the optimum solvent was methanol. thus, advising using this approach in industry and future study.
The Effect of Sulfur and Cutting Height on the Growth Characteristics of Sorghum Crop (Buhooth 70)
Authors: Al-Dawoodi Mohammed N. , Al-Beiruty Rzan Z. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the 2022 season at the Research Center of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, with the aim of studying the effect of agricultural sulfur levels and cutting heights, as well as their interaction, on the growth characteristics of sorghum (Variety Buhooth 70). The experiment included four levels of agricultural sulfur (0, 1, 2, and 3 tons S ha-1) and three cutting heights (10, 15, and 20 cm). The experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plots arrangement, with three replications and two cuts. Samples were taken at the beginning of the flowering stage, and the following characteristics were studied: plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, nodes, and internodes. The results indicated a significant effect of agricultural sulfur addition on all studied characteristics. The treatment with the highest sulfur level (3 tons S ha-1) and both the first and second cuts recorded the highest mean for plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, nodes, and internodes, with values of (200.6 cm, 0.737 cm, 8.46, 1434 cm2, 8.08) for the first cut respectively, and (242.7 cm, 1.8 cm, 13.44, 4243 cm2, 8.389) for the second cut respectively. Cutting height also had a significant effect on most of the study’s characteristics, but only in the second cut. The treatment with a cutting height of 20 cm showed the highest mean for plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and leaf area, with values of (244.6 cm, 1.627 cm, 12.82, 3974 cm2) respectively. The interaction between the two study factors also had a significant effect in the second cut, with the combination of 3 tons S ha-1 and 20 cm cutting height showing the highest mean for plant height and stem diameter, reaching (286.8 cm, 2.213 cm) respectively.
Effect of Fertilization with High Nitrogen NPK Fertilizer and Spraying with Seaweed Extract on the Volatile Oils of Rosemary Rosmainus officinalis L.
Authors: Al-Khamas Nagham A.W Ahmed , Al-Rubaie Sabah A. Al-Falih 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
An experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala, Al-Hussainiya district, for the winter agricultural season 2022-2023, to study the effect of fertilization with high-nitrogen NPK fertilizer and spraying with seaweed extract and the interaction between them on volatile oils in rosemary plants. The experiment included a chemical fertilizer of the type (Solucat) by 4 concentrations (0,2,4,6) gm liter 1-added to the soil and symbolized by (N) and the second factor is spraying with seaweed extract (equilibrium type)) by 4 concentrations (0,1,2,3) ml liter 1-Rasha “on the shoot, symbolized by (T) and their overlap. The experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications. The experiment included 48 experimental units in 3 plants / replicate 144 plants (anvil) starting on 1/11/2022 until 1/5 / 2022. The results showed superiority The plants were significantly affected by the level of the compound fertilizer NPK (6) gm L-1 in the physical properties of the volatile oil and the active compounds (volatile oil density, percentage of oil (Linalool), Rosemari acid, Cineol) as it gave the highest rate of (0.8935 mg ml -1, (4.303) (760.4, 1126.1, 1310.9) mg gm-1, plant, compared to the control treatment if it gave the lowest rate of (0.8713 mg ml-1, 3.723%) (239.1, 596.8, 649.6) mg gm-1, plant and concentration (3) ml liter 1-algae extract was significant, as it gave the highest rate of (0.8860 mg ml-1, 4.268%) (606.3, 1045.7, 1047.6) mg gm-1, compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of (0.8768 mg ml-1). -, 4.035%) (369.9, 714.5, 859.7) mg gm-1 plant. As for the interaction between the two study factors, it gave the highest rate of (0.9100 mg ml-1, 4.330%) (993.5, 1199.7, 1479.9) mg gm-1 plant, as compared to the control treatment, as it gave the lowest rate of (0.8700 mg ml-1, 3.410%) (175.4,407.1, 589.5) mg gm-1. Significant superiority in all physical properties of volatile oil and active compounds.
Evaluation of Several Genotypes of Vigna radiata Bean for Spraying with Manganese and Zinc and Their Effects on Growth Characteristics
Authors: Al–Hayani Mohammed Sabri Bardan , Al-Dulaimi Omar I. M. , Al-Hadeethi Muazaz Azeez Hasan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Three cultivars of the crop Almash (Green Indian VC6089A10, Green Indian VC6173B1319, and Black Indian Gold Star) were tested in a field experiment during the 2022 growing season in Ramadi, Anbar province, to determine the impact of spraying levels of zinc (0, 25, and 50) mg Zn L-1 and manganese (0, 30, and 60) mg Mn L-1 on some growth characteristics. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, with each treatment being tested in a separate split plot. The study found that there were statistically significant differences between zinc levels, with the level giving 50 mg Zn L-1 having the highest rates for plant height (54.30 cm), number of branches per plant (7.34), plant branch-1, number of days from planting to flowering (40 days), leaf area (204.19) cm-1, and leaf chlorophyll content (33.93) (g), and the rate of crop growth (17.39) g, while the level exceeding 30 mg Mn L-1 had lower rates for plant height (These indicators were profoundly influenced by zinc spraying, manganese spraying, and different types of mung bean crops.
Combining Ability and Gene Action of Half Diallel Crosses in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Al-Mafarji Tariq R. Th. , Al-Jubouri Jasim M. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Seven genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used (SK 95, Side14, Side 12, SK94, Giemiza 9, Giemiza 7, Al-Fayyad) and their 21 crosses from half diallel cross, and they were planted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the Faculty of Agriculture. Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, using a randomized complete block design with three replicates in order to study the combining ability and the components of phenotypic variation and genetic parameters for the components of grain yield, parents and their crosses differed significantly in all traits, and parent 2 excelled in performance and effect of the general combining ability in the desired direction. The cross 2×6 showed significant superiority in the average of the studied traits, and the effect of the special combing ability, indicating that the heterosis breeding method can be adopted, and selection in the later generations, while crosses 2×4 and 2×7 excelled in grain yield and some of its components, and the effect of the special combining ability was not significant, which can be selected for in the early generations. The dominance variance showed higher than the additive variance, which was reflected in the decrease in the values of heritability narrow sense, and the degree of dominance was higher than one, so the over dominance is that controls the trait.
Response of Two Oat Cultivars to Spraying Nano Potassium in Some Growth Parameters and Yield Components
Authors: Al-Sultani Ahmed Jassim Kazem , Al-Mohammad Maher H. S. , Lehmood Ahmed Mohammed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the winter of 2021–2022, researchers in the Al-Shomali area of Babylon Province (located at 32°32’N, 44°92’E) carried out a field study. Two oats cultivars, Oats 11 and Gouda, and three treatments (potassium nano-spraying at concentrations of 1, 0, and 2gL-1, and some growth indicators and components of oats yield) were randomly assigned to treatment locations in a factorial experiment with three replicates. In order to compare the means, the least significant difference test was performed at the 5% probability level. Results indicated that the Jouda cultivar was far superior to the Oats 11 cultivar in terms of growth traits, yield, and their constituent parts, while the spraying of Nano-potassium at a concentration of 2 g L-1 was considerably superior. The greatest mean values were found for plant height, flag leaf area, index of chlorophyll pigments in flag leaf, tillers per plant, panicles per plant, and grains per panicle. A total of 119.86 cm2, 26.90 cm2, 55.30 SPAD, 458.6 tillers per plant, 441.1 panicles per square meter, 92.43 grains per panicle, 7.661 tons per hectare, and 17.15 tons per hectare were harvested as grain and biological yields, respectively. The interaction between the Jouda cultivar and spraying nano potassium 2 gL-1 obtained a significant over the other treatments in all traits compared to the control treatment (spraying distilled water only), which recorded the lowest averages in all traits.
Effect of Spraying Nano-Silicon in some Growth and Yield Traits For Two Oats Cultivars
Authors: Al-Sultani Ahmed Jassim Kazem , Lehmood Ahmed Mohammed , Al-Mohammad Maher H. S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the winter of 2021-2022 in the Babel Governorate-Al-Shomali district, which is 68 km southeast of the city of Hilla, to examine the effect of spraying nano-silicone on some characteristics of vegetative growth and yield of two cultivars of oats. A two-factor experiment with three replicates was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Both Shefaa and Carlop oats were used in the first factor, and in the second factor, nano-silicon was sprayed at 0, 1, and 2 ml L-1. The results showed that the Carlop cultivar significantly excelled and recorded the highest averages in plant height and flag leaf area when treated with nano-silicone sprays, as well as in the characteristics of growth, yield, and its components. When compared to the control treatment (spraying only distilled water), the cultivar Shifa produced higher averages of cuttings per square meter, panicles per square meter, and grains per hectare than its counterpart. Nano-silicone spraying at 2 ml L-1 resulted in considerably higher plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of tillers, number of panicles per m2, biological yield, and grains production (7.294 tons ha-1) compared to the other treatments. Because of the high averages obtained in most of the attributes investigated, it is clear that the interaction between the Shifa cultivar and sprays of nano silicon had a substantial effect.
Effect of Different Cultivation Systems on the Growth and Yield of Three Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Al-Khazali Ammar J. , Ahmed Ahmed Sh. , Hassan Saad. F. , Rasheed A. H. A. , Abed S. S. , Mohammed Sabah A. , Ali Hussein A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at Al-Najaf Governorate at Rice Research Station - Mishkaab / Agricultural Research Office during the summer season of 2019 to study the effect of cultivation methods for three varieties of rice, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a split plot arrangement with three replicates. The study contains three varieties of Rice (Anmbar33, Yasmine and Furat1) as main treatments, whereas, sub plots contain four treatments of the cultivation methods (direct seeds drilling in plots (flat sowing) its symbol (S1), transplanting seedlings in plots (flat sowing) its symbol (S2), direct seed drilling by mastaba method (raised bed sowing) its symbol (S3) and transplanting seedling by mastaba method (raised bed sowing) its symbol (S4)). The results presented the superiority of the variety Furat1 significantly gave the best results of (weight of 1000 grains (gm), number of panicles.m2, and yield ton. ha-1. The treatment of cultivation method S4 was also superior by giving the best results of (Panicle Length cm, Number of Days from Planting to 100% Flowering, Number of Grains. panicle -1, and Yield ton. ha-1).
Genetic Analysis of Combining Ability and Genetic Parameters of Half Diallel Crosses of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Hassan Muhammed K. , Jubouri Jasim M. Aziz Al 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The 10 bread wheat genotypes used in this research comprised 9 that have only recently been introduced to the United States (M45, Yakora, Giza168, Sids 12, SK95, Misr2, Giemiza9, Sahel 1, Sids14), all from the Arab Republic of Egypt. The genotypes, including the Silano variant, were grown in the field crops department research station at the University of Kirkuk’s College of Agriculture. To examine the combining ability, gene action, and some genetic factors for, genotypes (parents and crossings from half diallel crossing) were grown in a randomized completely block design R.C.B.D with three duplicate. Days to 75% flowering, tillers per plant, spike length in centimeters, and grains per plant were all measured. spike-1, 1000-grain weight (g), plant-1 grain yield (g), and plant-1 biological yield (g). The Outcomes Results of genetic analysis demonstrated that there were very significant variations in genotype means for all studied features, as indicated by (MSgca) and (MSsca). For all qualities under investigation, the estimated global variance components numbered less than the predicted individual ones. This suggests that the dominance variance in genes has a larger role in determining the inheritance of these traits. value of the effect of the special Combining Ability of the hybrids was (29), (37), (84), and (96) for all traits studied, the values of dominance variance were higher than the Additional variance for characters number of days to flowering 75% plants, No. of tillers per plant, and number of tillers per plot, and parent (4) for the characteristics of the number of days to value of the effect of the general Combining Ability of the hybrids is the parent (9) for all the traits studied plant-1 (g), grain yielding, spike-1, and the features of spike length (cm) and the number of grains were highly heritable in a restricted sense. spike-1, grains yield plant-1 (g), days to flowering 75% of plants (moderate), tillers per plant-1 (moderate), weight of 1000 grains per plant-1 (moderate), and biological yield plant+ (moderate). Additionally, all attributes had high heritability values, with the range being from 98.059 for the number of tillers per plant to 91.206 for the weight of one thousand grains. Over dominance is preponderant in the inheritance of these features, as the degree of dominance values were more than one. Overall, we found that parents, 12 siblings, and 14 siblings had a strong combining ability across all attributes. It is possible to benefit from the two parents (4) and (9) in future hybrid programs in transferring their desired traits to local varieties and following the isolationist generations of hybrids (YakoraSids14), (Giza168Giemiza9), (Sahel1sids12), and (Sids14Misr2). This is because their special combining ability was high in all the traits studied.
Effect Concentrations of LIMITLESS WG Herbicides and Varieties on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Associated Weeds
Authors: Wahab Saja Essam Abdel , Aljuburi Dheyaa Fathi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its associated weeds were grown in an experiment at two sites in Nineveh during the agricultural season of 2021-2022. The first site was in the Al-Hamdaniya/ Al-Balawat village, district, 40 km southeast of the city center. The second site was in the Tal Kaif / AL-abbasiya district, 15 km north of the city center. Control treatment was LIMITLESS-25 (25% less than the recommended concentration, 75% a.i. of the recommended concentration), LIMITLESS R.C. (100%, a.i. the recommended concentration), and LIMITLESS +25 (more than the recommended concentration by 25% a.i.). The experiment included two wheat varieties (Tal Afar 3 and Wafia) and three concentrations of LIMITLESS WG Herbicide. We employed a factorial experiment design (split-plot) for our study, with herbicides in the main plot and cultivars in the sub-plot, and we compared the means of the treatments with Duncan’s multiple range test. Weed total weight and efficiency ratio were both reduced to record lows by the Limitless R.C. and Limitless + 25 at the Al-Balawat site, and by the Limitless + 25 at the Telkif site, where the latter achieved a ratio of 49.21%. The maximum yield was found in Telkif for Limitless R.C., which was 260.578 g/m-2.
Studying the Effect of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts and Antibiotics on some Pathogenic Isolates Bacterial
Authors: Romi Abd-Kreem H. , Fleih Sabah Abd , Hasan Fatima Ali 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The inhibitory effect of black seed extract, Roselle flowers, cloves, eucalyptus leaves and mashed garlic cloves was studied on five isolated pathogenic bacteria, which included: Salmonella typhimurium, Eschcrichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus epidor, It appeared that the clove flowers extract was significantly excelled its inhibitory effect on the rest of the plant extracts of the studied bacteria, where it gave a general average of the lengths of the inhibitors diameters of 57 mm for S.typhimurium and E. coli were 41 mm, and S.epidermidis was 33 mm, while S. aureus was less. The types of bacteria studied were sensitive to the extract, amounting to 20 mm. The average effect of clove extract was 25.5 mm for all concentrations and for all studied bacteria. Clove extract is followed in the average lengths of inhibitors diameters is garlic and Roselle extract, where they were given an average of (18.11, 17.95) mm for each, respectively, for all concentrations and for all bacteria types, followed by an extract of the black seed which gave an average of 15.2 mm, while eucalyptus extract gave the lowest averages for the length of inhibitors diameter reached 10.5 mm. As for the inhibitory activity of antibiotics, the antibiotic Nalid acid exceeded with a general average of 23 mm, followed by Gentamcin reached 22.40 mm. Ampicillin gave the lowest mean in the inhibition diameters of 10 mm. From the above, we note the difference between the effectiveness of plant extracts and antibiotics. The extracts combined gave a general average inhibition diameter for all types of bacteria amounting to 17.45 mm, while combined antibiotics gave a general average inhibiting diameter for all types of bacteria reached 17 mm.
Studying the Antioxidant Activity of Moringa Leaf Extracts (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
Authors: Al-Shebli Wael Chassab Hmood , Al-Anbari Iman Hameed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to estimate the antioxidants present in the locally grown Moringa leaves powder (Moringa oleifera Lam. ), and the antioxidant activities were measured using three different assays (DPPH free radical scavenging, reductive strength, and ferrous ion binding). The percentage of DPPH increased with the concentration of the additional extracts, reaching a maximum of 63.14 percent at a concentration of 2 percent, and then 73.49 percent for the alcoholic extract, 68.87 percent for the aqueous extract, and 68.5 percent for the industrial antioxidant BHT. The lowest efficacy for inhibiting free radicals was 20.15%, 32.64% and 36.43% for each of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts and the synthetic antioxidant BHT respectively. The alcoholic extract outperformed the aqueous extract and BHT in the reductive strength test and reached 90.12%, while the aqueous extract and BHT reached 57.71% and 84.46%, respectively. As for the percentage of the ability to bind the ferrous ion of the extracts compared with BHT the alcoholic extract was superior to both the aqueous extract and BHT and reached 88.2% at a concentration of 10 mg / ml, while it reached 80.5 and 76.9% for each of the aqueous extract and BHT respectively, at the same concentration. The study showed the importance of using Moringa leaf extracts as an alternative antioxidant to industrial antioxidants with high efficiency to improve the quality of the food product.