bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CGLIB—a constraint‐based graphics library
Authors: Zhou Neng‐Fa 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCGLIB is a high‐level graphics library for B‐Prolog, a constraint logic programming system. The library provides primitives for creating and manipulating graphical objects and a set of constraints including not‐overlap, grid, table and tree constraints that facilitate the specification of the layouts of objects. The library adopts a construct called action rules which is available in B‐Prolog for creating agents and programming interactions among agents or between agents and the user. The library is a fully working system implemented in B‐Prolog, Java and C. It can be used in many areas such as drawing editors, interactive user interfaces, document authoring, animation, information visualization, intelligent agents and games. The high‐level abstraction of the library and the use of constraints and action rules in the specification of layouts and behaviors can significantly enhance the productivity of the development of graphics. We demonstrate through several examples the effectiveness of the library as a tool for developing graphics‐rich and interactive user interfaces. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing business lifecycle using ebIOP
Authors: Tambag Y. , Cosar A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we describe how ebIOP (an ebXML compliant B2B interoperability platform) manages the business lifecycle by providing an example scenario. ebIOP provides a common storage for ebIOP components (ebXML applications). ebIOP defines an ebIOP component to be a software implementation of one or more ebXML specifications which is a solution of an e‐commerce pattern (description of an e‐commerce problem). ebIOP contains a server that listens to a port over the TCP/IP protocol for client requests and provides one or more ebIOP components to interact with the partners of the company.We show how ebIOP could be used to handle the business lifecycle with application of the ebIOP to the RosettaNet partner interface processes (PIPs). In the example, a part of the RosettaNet PIPs are registered to an ebXML registry using the ebIOP Registry Client Component, parties that support RosettaNet PIPs register/update their profiles in the ebXML registry. A party prepares an ebXML business process by combining some of the RosettaNet PIPs in a logical order and searches for possible trading partners using the ebIOP Registry Client Component. After locating the trading partners, all partners prepare agreements among themselves and they execute the business process using the ebIOP B2BServer Component. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fast and compact elimination method of empty elements from a double‐array structure
Authors: Oono Masaki , Atlam El‐Sayed , Fuketa Masao , Morita Kazuhiro , Aoe Jun‐ichi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA double‐array is a well‐known data structure to implement the trie. However, the space efficiency of the double‐array degrades with the number of key deletions because the double‐array keeps empty elements produced by the key deletion. This paper presents a fast and compact elimination method of empty elements using properties of the trie nodes that have no siblings. The present elimination method is implemented by C language. From simulation results for large sets of keys, the present elimination method is about 30–330 times faster than the conventional elimination method and maintains high space efficiency. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Untangling the balancing and searching of balanced binary search trees
Authors: Austern Matthew H. , Stroustrup Bjarne , Thorup Mikkel , Wilkinson John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA balanced binary search tree can be characterized by two orthogonal issues: its search strategy and its balancing strategy. In this paper, we show how to decouple search and balancing strategies so that they can be expressed independently of each other, communicating only by basic operations such as rotations. Different balancing strategies, such as red–black trees and splay trees, and different search applications, such as key search and rank search, can be combined arbitrarily. As a new result, we show how optimal string search can be expressed as a search application on any balanced binary tree.We implement our framework in C++, with the heavy use of templates and inlining. It keeps balancing and searching separate, while still delivering a performance that compares favorably to widely used binary tree implementations. Common services, such as correctness checks and timing measurements, do not have to be rewritten for each tree implementation. The common framework simplifies experimentation with trees and search algorithms; as a demonstration, we present some simple comparisons of red–black trees, splay trees and treaps. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repeated exposure to amphetamine disrupts dopaminergic modulation of excitatory synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in nucleus accumbens
Authors: Li Yong , Kauer Julie A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe mesolimbic dopamine system is essential for reward‐seeking behavior, and drugs of abuse perturb the normal functioning of this pathway. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a major terminal field of the mesolimbic dopamine neurons and modifications in neuronal structure and function in NAc accompany repeated exposure to psychomotor stimulants and other addictive drugs. Glutamatergic afferents to the NAc are thought to be crucial to the development of several aspects of addictive behavior, including behavioral sensitization and relapse to cocaine self‐administration. Here we examine glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in NAc neurons in vitro before and after repeated amphetamine treatment in vivo. We find that dopamine attenuates the response of NAc neurons to repetitive activation of glutamatergic afferents and thereby blocks long‐term potentiation (LTP) induced by high‐frequency afferent stimulation. Dopamine's effects are mimicked by dopamine receptor agonists and by amphetamine. In a second set of experiments, animals were treated with amphetamine daily for 6 days and brain slices were prepared after 8–10 days of withdrawal. In these slices, LTP in the NAc appears normal. However, acute exposure of such slices to amphetamine no longer modulates synaptic transmission or LTP induction. Thus, repeated exposure to amphetamine produces long‐lasting changes in the modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission by amphetamine in the NAc. Our results support the notion that after psychostimulant exposure, excitatory synapses on NAc neurons alter their response to further psychostimulant for long periods of time. Synapse 51:1–10, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional analysis of MOR‐1 splice variants of the mouse mu opioid receptor gene Oprm
Authors: Bolan Elizabeth A. , Pan Ying‐Xian , Pasternak Gavril W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA series of mu opioid receptor gene Oprm splice variants have been reported that differ only at their C‐terminus. These variants all contain exons 1, 2, and 3 of the gene, the exons responsible for coding all seven transmembrane domains. Whereas MOR‐1 also has exon 4 that encodes for an additional 12 amino acids at the tip of the C‐terminus, the other MOR‐1 variants have unique amino acid sequences distinct from those in MOR‐1 due to alternative splicing. All these variants are mu‐selective in binding assays. The current study explored the ability of these variants to stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding to assess them functionally. Only mu opioids stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. Among the mu opioids we noted marked differences in their maximal stimulation among the clones. This was most prominent with β‐endorphin, which stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in the MOR‐1E expressing cells to a greater degree than [D‐Ala2,MePhe4,Gly(ol)5]enkephalin (DAMGO; 130%) and was far less effective than DAMGO in MOR‐1C cells (44%). The rank order of maximal stimulation of the drugs varied among the clones as well. Dynorphin A, β‐endorphin and morphine were most effective in stimulating [35S]GTPγS binding in MOR‐1E, while M6G and fentanyl were most effective in MOR‐1 expressing cells. The potency (EC50) of some of the drugs also varied extensively among the clones, with a poor correlation between the potency of the drugs to stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding and their binding affinity. Together, these findings reveal marked functional differences among the variants that only can be explained by their structural differences at the tip of their C‐terminus. Synapse 51:11–18, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the acute and chronic administration of the putative atypical antipsychotic drug Y‐931 (8‐fluoro‐12‐ (4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)‐6H‐[1]benzothieno[2,3b][1,5] benzodiazepine maleate) on spontaneously active rat midbrain dopamine neurons: An in vivo electrophysiological study
Authors: Minabe Yoshio , Hashimoto Kenji , Shirayama Yukihiko , Ashby Charles R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study examined the effect of the p.o. administration of the putative atypical antipsychotic drug Y‐931 (8‐fluoro‐12‐(4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)‐6H‐[1]benzothieno[2,3b][1,5] benzodiazepine maleate) on the activity of spontaneously active dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) in anesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats. This was accomplished using in vivo electrophysiology. The acute p.o. administration of Y‐931 did not significantly alter the number of spontaneously active SNC DA neurons compared to vehicle‐treated animals. A single p.o. administration of 3 and 10 mg/kg of Y‐931 significantly increased and decreased, respectively, the number of spontaneously active VTA DA neurons compared to vehicle‐treated animals. The acute administration of 3 mg/kg of Y‐931 significantly altered the firing pattern parameters for all spontaneously active SNC DA. The 3 and 10 mg/kg doses of Y‐931 significantly increased the degree of bursting and irregular activity of spontaneously active VTA and SNC DA neurons firing in a bursting pattern. The repeated p.o. administration (21 days) of 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg of Y‐931 significantly decreased the number of spontaneously active VTA DA neurons but had no significant effect on SNC DA neurons compared to vehicle‐treated animals. The repeated administration of Y‐931 did not significantly alter the firing pattern of all spontaneously active SNC or VTA DA neurons. Our findings indicate that the acute and chronic administration of Y‐931 significantly alters the activity of midbrain DA neurons in rats and the electrophysiological profile of chronic Y‐931 resembles that of atypical antipsychotic agents. Synapse 51:19–26, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral D‐amphetamine causes prolonged displacement of [11C]raclopride as measured by PET
Authors: Cárdenas Laura , Houle Sylvain , Kapur Shitij , Busto Usoa E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractParenterally administered D‐amphetamine has been used as a challenge drug to release dopamine, which in turns inhibits [11C]raclopride binding to dopaminergic D2 receptors as measured using positron emission tomography (PET) techniques. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether orally administered D‐amphetamine would inhibit [11C]raclopride binding in a manner similar to that produced by intravenously administered D‐amphetamine. The secondary objective was to assess the timeline of these effects. Twelve healthy human volunteers participated in this study. Subjects were scanned at baseline and 2 h after D‐amphetamine administration (n = 5); at baseline, 2 and 6 h postdrug (n = 4); or at baseline, 2 and 24 h postdrug (n = 3). Orally administered D‐amphetamine caused a significant decrease in [11C]raclopride binding at 2 h (13% ± 5%). Receptor availability was still decreased at 6 h (18% ± 6%), even though physiological effects had completely returned to baseline. [11C]Raclopride binding returned to baseline at 24 h. The percentage of [11C]raclopride displacement was not correlated with plasma D‐amphetamine concentrations. In conclusion, orally administered D‐amphetamine caused a reliable and prolonged [11C]raclopride displacement, the magnitude of which is similar to that observed after intravenous administration. Possible mechanisms for the observed prolonged displacement may include persistence of intrasynaptic dopamine and/or receptor internalization. Synapse 51:27–31, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wakefulness‐inducing area in the brainstem excites warm‐sensitive and inhibits cold‐sensitive neurons in the medial preoptic area in anesthetized rats
Authors: Mallick Birendra N. , Jha Sushil K. , Islam Fakhrul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSleep–wakefulness and body temperature are known to influence each other. The body temperature rises during wakefulness and falls during sleep. The midbrain reticular formation is one of the areas in the brainstem that induces wakefulness, while the preoptico‐anterior hypothalamic area is the main thermoregulatory center in the brain. In order to understand the neural mechanism for simultaneous regulation of these functions we hypothesized that the wakefulness area in the brainstem is likely to have an opposite influence on warm‐ and cold‐sensitive neurons in the preoptico‐anterior hypothalamic area. Hence, first, the wakefulness‐inducing area was identified in the brainstem by stimulating the site with high‐frequency rectangular wave electrical pulses (100 Hz, 100 μA, 200 μsec for 5–8 sec) in freely behaving chronically prepared experimental rats. Then, single neuronal activity from the medial preoptico‐anterior hypothalamic area was recorded and their thermosensitivity was established. Thereafter, the influence of such a confirmed wakefulness‐inducing area in the brainstem on the responsiveness of the single neuronal activity of predetermined warm‐ and cold‐sensitive neurons as well as on temperature‐insensitive neurons was studied by overlapping stimulus (1 Hz, 500 μA, 200 μsec) bound responses. It was observed that the warm‐sensitive neurons were excited and the cold‐sensitive neurons were inhibited by stimulation of the wakefulness‐inducing area in the brainstem. Most of the temperature‐insensitive neurons remained unaffected. The results confirm our hypothesis and help in understanding the mechanism of simultaneous modulation of body temperature in association with changes in wakefulness at the single neuronal level. Synapse 51:59–70, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
System training metrics and measures: A key operational effectiveness imperative
Authors: Verma Dinesh , Farr John , Johannesen Line H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn assessment framework to make explicit the “cause and effect” relationship between design decisions and their impact on system operations, maintenance, and support is essential to influence new and upgrade program development from the longer‐term life‐cycle perspective. This becomes even more urgent with increasingly greater utilization of commercial‐off‐the‐shelf (COTS) elements within information and knowledge intensive systems in the commercial (IT, Telecommunication, Banking, Finance) and aerospace domains. These architectures are often characterized by an evolving physical baseline (technology refreshment) driven by obsolescence and end‐of‐life risk considerations. The first objective of this paper is to present the concept of System Operational Effectiveness (SOE). System Operational Effectiveness serves as a generic framework for a wholistic system assessment by balancing factors pertaining to system performance, availability, process efficiency, and cost. Then, given the significance of system training costs, the results of an industry survey on system training metrics and methods are presented. This survey was conducted to help understand training metrics currently utilized within industry with a particular focus on information and knowledge intensive systems. A subsequent objective is to delineate architectural attributes that can be used to assess architectural goodness with respect to training requirements and cost. This is an ongoing research initiative and initial results from this initiative are also presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 6: 238–248, 2003
Synthesizing executable models of object oriented architectures
Authors: Wagenhals Lee W. , Haider Sajjad , Levis Alexander H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has mandated the development of architectures to support the acquisition of systems that are interoperable and will meet the needs of military coalitions. This paper provides a general description of an architecting process based on object orientation and UML. It then provides a rationale for style constraints on the use of UML artifacts for representing DoD Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) architectures. Finally the paper describes a mapping between the UML artifacts and an executable model based on colored Petri nets that can be used for logical, behavioral, and performance evaluation of the architecture. A procedure for the conversion is also provided. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 6: 266–300, 2003
UML 2 activity model support for systems engineering functional flow diagrams
Authors: Bock Conrad 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis article compares Activity models of the Unified Modeling Language, version 2 (UML 2) [OMG (Object Management Group), UML 2.0 superstructure specification, August 2003, http://www.omg.org/cgi‐bin/doc?ptc/03‐08‐02], to a widely‐used systems engineering (SE) flow diagram, the Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagram (EFFBD) [J. Long, Relationships between common graphical representations in system engineering, ViTech Corporation, 2002], and to the requirements for functional flow modeling in a systems engineering extension for UML (UML‐SE) [OMG Systems Engineering Domain Special Interest Group (SE‐DSIG), UML for systems engineering RFP, March 2003a, http://www.omg.org/cgi‐bin/doc?ad/03‐03‐41]. Issues are identified in applying UML 2 Activities to EFFBD and to satisfying UML‐SE functional flow requirements. Solutions are suggested to these issues that can be used to translate between the languages and to develop standards such as revisions to UML 2 or extensions in UML‐SE. *© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 6, 249–265, 2003
Depression and the Use of Conventional and Nonconventional Interventions by Rural Patients
Authors: Cuellar Norma , Cochran Shelly , Ladner Christie , Mercier Becky , Townsend Amy , Harbaugh Bonnie , Douglas Dianna 
Published: October 2003

BACKGROUND: Depression is a serious condition that is often ignored or overlooked by health care professionals. Improvement in the recognition, treatment, and prevention of this disease is a public health priority, especially in rural areas. PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were (a) to determine if participants in rural areas from four sub-groups—patients with breast cancer, caregivers, patients with myocardial infarction, and patients who have had a stroke—were depressed, and (b) to compare and identify conventional and nonconventional interventions being implemented for depression. DESIGN: A comparative descriptive design was used. Using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Index, the authors questioned 120 participants. RESULTS: Forty-four (37%) of the participants in this study reported depression; 70% were not being treated with antidepressants. Unemployment and marital status were significant predictors of depression. No differences among groups were identified in the treatment of depression. CONCLUSION: Health care providers should be aware that screening and treatment for depression are necessary, especially in rural areas where isolation, poverty, and lack of mental health services are common.
Electrical neuromodulation improves myocardial perfusion and ameliorates refractory angina pectoris in patients with syndrome X: fad or future?
Authors: Jessurun G.A.J. , Hautvast R.W.M. , Tio R.A. , DeJongste M.J.L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAt present, there is no reliable antianginal drug therapy for patients with cardiac syndrome X. Therefore, the effect of electrical neuromodulation on refractory angina pectoris and myocardial perfusion in cardiac syndrome X was assessed. Eight patients (aged 55±7 years) with heterogeneous myocardial perfusion and no esophageal abnormalities were included. The subjects were nonresponders to antianginal drug therapy. Angina pectoris attacks and myocardial perfusion dynamics were evaluated by positron emission tomography at baseline and following 4 weeks of (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) TENS. Following TENS there was a reduction of angina pectoris episodes (baseline 20±3, TENS 3±1; p=0.012), and short acting nitroglycerin intake per week (baseline 10±3, TENS 2±1; p=0.008). The rate pressure product during the cold pressor test (CPT) was reduced during TENS (baseline , TENS ; p=0.02). Following TENS, the perfusion reserve ratio between rest and dipyridamole flow increased (baseline 1.59±0.15, TENS ; p=0.05). The coronary vascular resistance had a trend towards a reduction (baseline 0.96±0.04, TENS ; p=0.06) during CPT. This observation may suggest that neurostimulation improves angina pectoris with a concomitant improvement of myocardial perfusion in cardiac syndrome X.
Psychological responses to episodic chest pain
Authors: Okpa Kampadi , Morley Stephen , Hobson Anthony R , Sarkar Sanchoy , Melaine Teri , Thompson David , Aziz Qasim 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPatients with chronic musculo‐skeletal pain have been profiled as ‘dysfunctional', ‘interpersonally distresseD' or ‘adaptive copers’. The relevance of these for episodic visceral pain is unknown. Our aim was to replicate conceptually the taxonomy in patients with episodic visceral pain. Patients with chest pain and gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD; n=25), coronary artery (CAD; n=20), or with chest pain but without either reflux or coronary artery disease (non‐cardiac chest pain – NCCP; n=23) were assessed using several standard affective and cognitive measures relevant to pain. Differences between the diagnostic groups were explored. K‐means cluster analysis broadly replicated the three groups found in previous research but the ‘interpersonally distresseD' group had few members. An additional cluster analysis suggested a more parsimonious solution for the sample was a two‐cluster one, which approximated to the ‘adaptive coper’ and ‘dysfunctional' profiles. Membership of both the three‐ and two‐cluster profiles was not associated with membership of specific diagnostic category.