bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EWMA techniques for computer intrusion detection through anomalous changes in event intensity
Authors: Ye Nong , Borror Connie , Zhang Yebin 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIntrusion detection is used to monitor and capture intrusions into computer and network systems, which attempt to compromise the security of computer and network systems. To protect information systems from intrusions and thus assure the reliability and quality of service of information systems, it is highly desirable to develop techniques that detect intrusions into information systems. Many intrusions manifest in dramatic changes in the intensity of events occurring in information systems. Because of the ability of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts to monitor the rate of occurrences of events based on the their intensity, we apply three EWMA statistics to detect anomalous changes in the events intensity for intrusion detections. They include the EWMA chart for autocorrelated data, the EWMA chart for uncorrelated data and the EWMA chart for monitoring the process standard deviation. The objectives of this paper are to provide design procedures for realizing these control charts and investigate their performance using different parameter settings based on one large dataset. The early detection capability of these EWMA techniques is also examined to provide the guidance about the design capacity of information systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase I control charts for times between events
Authors: Jones L. Allison , Champ Charles W. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA count of the number of defects is often used to monitor the quality of a production process. When defects rarely occur in a process, it is often desirable to monitor the time between the occurrence of each defect rather than a count of the number of defects. An exponential distribution often provides a useful model of the time between defects. Phase I control charts for exponentially distributed processes are discussed. Methods for computing the control limits are given and the overall Type I error rates of these charts are evaluated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model‐based control chart for autoregressive and correlated data
Authors: Loredo Elvira N. , Jearkpaporn Duangporn , Borror Connie M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn recent years, statistical process control for autocorrelated processes has received a great deal of attention. This is due in part to the improvements in measurement and data collection that allow processes to be sampled at higher frequency rates and, hence, data autocorrelation. A method for monitoring autocorrelated processes based on regression adjustment is presented in this paper. The performance of the residual‐based control chart in terms of the average run length is compared to observation‐based control charts via Monte Carlo simulations. In general, the observation‐based control charts perform very poorly when data are correlated over time. Under the assumption that the model is correct, the residual‐based control charts are superior for all cases considered here. This suggests using a residual‐based control chart to detect the mean shift. This is recommended particularly for chemical processes where there are often cascade processes with several inputs but only a few outputs, and where many of the variables are highly autocorrelated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stock price reactions to earnings announcements: evidence from Chinese markets
Authors: Su Dongwei 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe examine the stock price reactions to changes in earnings per share (EPS) in the Chinese stock markets. We find that domestic A‐share investors do not correctly anticipate the changes in earnings and fail to adjust new earnngs information quickly, but international B‐share investors can predict earnings changes better than A‐share investors. As a result, abnormal returns (ARs) can be obtained by trading on the earnings information, but for A shares only. An explanation is that most A‐share holders are individuals with short‐term investment horizon while most B‐share holders are large institutions that trade on more detailed and accurate financial information not immediately available to A‐share holders.
Creative writing workshops for medical education: learning from a pilot study with hospital staff
Authors: Gull S E , O’Flynn R , Hunter J Y L 
Published: December 2002

A course in creative writing was designed as a possible tool in medical education. Twelve volunteers (six doctors and six non-medical staff) participated in seven workshops held weekly. Four aims were identified: to help put thoughts onto paper; to facilitate interpretation of narrative; to encourage expression of emotions related to illness and death, and to encourage creativity. The course was evaluated using participant observational analysis and two questionnaires. This paper discusses the outcomes in relation to these aims, but identifies additional issues raised by the development.Only six of the 12 participants produced a final piece of written work, with lack of self discipline being cited as the chief reason. There was a strong tendency for self reflection in the group, which needed appropriate support. How creativity can be encouraged remains unclear. The value of multidisciplinary learning in this context was identified.The value of creative writing for medical education remains difficult to measure, but the participants agreed unanimously that the course would be an enjoyable way of encouraging medical students in its stated aims.
e2eXpress: END-TO-END BIOINFORMATICS AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR MICROARRAYS
Authors: ADAK SUDESHNA 
Published: November 2002

The advent of high-density microarrays has made it possible for scientists to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. Understanding and interpreting the massive volumes of microarray data is necessary to unravel the molecular basis of diseases and will someday lead to medicines tailored for individual genetic profiles. One of the main barriers to realizing the full potential of microarrays today is the need for specialized bioinformatics and knowledge management solutions required to mine the microarray data for biological information. After initial efforts at clustering expression data based on similarity, scientists have recognized the need to cross-reference and correlate experimental data with external data sources, to improve the quality of the biological conclusions that can be drawn. This paper describes e2eXpress, such an end-to-end Bioinformatics and Knowledge Management System for Microarrays. e2eXpress incorporates basic data management and analysis tasks with novel approaches for mining various molecular biological databases to summarize information regarding coregulated gene clusters. In particular, this paper describes two new algorithms: (a) Text Mining for Gene Clusters: a statistical algorithm that is aimed at deriving biologically relevant information for gene clusters from the biomedical literature; (b) Pathway Scoring for Gene Clusters: a computational algorithm that is aimed at deriving pathway related information for gene clusters. This paper describes the variety of statistical and computational algorithms that are required to mine the transcriptome in conjunction with extraneous data sources that can lead to real biological advances.
ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLVING PROTEOMES: PREDICTIONS OF THE NUMBER OF PROTEIN DOMAINS IN NATURE AND THE NUMBER OF GENES IN EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
Authors: KUZNETSOV VLADIMIR A. , PICKALOV VALERY V. , SENKO OLEG V. , KNOTT GARY D. 
Published: November 2002

Motivation: Obtaining accurate estimates of the numbers of protein-coding genes and protein domains in a proteome, and the number of protein domains in nature is a daunting challenge. Computational analysis of the protein domain sets in the proteomes of many species allows us to estimate these numbers and to find their evolution relationships.Results: We have analyzed the distributions of the number of occurrences of protein domains in sample proteomes of the 70 fully sequenced genome organisms of three major kingdoms of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota. We found that a large fraction of the identified distinct protein domains (i.e., unique domains and homologous domain families) in these 70 proteomes (1051 (23%) out of 4493) are found in at least one organism in each of these kingdoms of life and that 43 (1%) of these domains are common to all the 70 organisms. All the observed domain occurrence frequency distributions for these 70 proteomes are well fitted by a family of Pareto-like functions, associated with the steady state distributions of a linear Markov random process. We present explicit formulas that accurately predict the number of distinct protein domains and the number of protein-coding genes for a given organism as functions of the number of non-redundant domain-to-protein links in the proteomes. These functions allows us to predict that there are 42,740, 27,900, and 21,200 protein-coding genes/open reading frames in the human, A. thaliana, and mouse genomes, respectively. We also estimate that there are 5271, 2955, and 4915 distinct protein domains in the human, A. thaliana, and mouse proteomes, respectively, and about 5500 distinct protein domains in the entire "proteome world".
Genetic variants of coagulation factor XIII, postmenopausal estrogen therapy, and risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction
Authors: Reiner Alexander P. , Heckbert Susan R. , Vos Hans L. , Ariëns Robert A. S. , Lemaitre Rozenn N. , Smith Nicholas L. , Lumley Thomas , Rea Thomas D. , Hindorff Lucia A. , Schellenbaum Gina D. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Siscovick David S. , Psaty Bruce M. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
We hypothesized that possession of either of 2 functional coagulation factor XIII polymorphisms, one within subunit A (Val34Leu) and one within subunit B (His95Arg), might modulate the prothrombotic effects of estrogen and help to explain the variation in incidence of arterial thrombotic events among postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy. In a population-based case-control study of 955 postmenopausal women, we assessed the associations of factor XIII genotypes and their interactions with estrogen therapy on risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). The presence of the factor XIIIA Leu34 allele was associated with a reduced risk of MI (odds ratio [OR] = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.51-0.95). The presence of the factor XIIIB Arg95 allele had little association with MI risk. Neither factor XIII polymorphism alone significantly modified the association between the risk of MI and current estrogen use. In exploratory analyses, however, there was a significant factor XIII subunit gene-gene interaction. Compared to women homozygous for both common factor XIII alleles, the Arg95 variant was associated with a reduced risk of MI in the presence of the Leu34 variant (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.17-0.75) but not in the absence of the Leu34 variant (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.69-1.79). Moreover, among women who had at least 2 copies of the variant factor XIII alleles and were current estrogen users, the risk of MI was reduced by 70% relative to estrogen nonusers with fewer than 2 factor XIII variant alleles (P value for interaction = .03). If confirmed, these findings may permit a better assessment of the cardiovascular risks and benefits associated with postmenopausal estrogen therapy. (Blood. 2003;102:25-30)
From passive subjects to equal partners
Authors: Trivedi Premila , Wykes Til 
Published: November 2002

BackgroundThe Department of Health and UK funding bodies have suggested that clinical academics work closely with mental health service users in research projects. Although there are helpful guidelines on the issues that have to be dealt with, there have been few examples of how this partnership research might be undertaken.AimsTo illustrate the challenges in joint research projects.MethodWe subjected the process of user involvement to ten questions which arose in the development of a joint research project. The answers are an amalgamation of the user and clinical researcher considerations and are affected by hindsight.ResultsThe involvement of the user-researcher changed the focus of the study and its design and content. More attention was paid to the intervention itself and the way in which it was delivered. This process increased the amount of time taken to carry out and write up the project as well as incurring financial costs for user consultation payments and dissemination.ConclusionsThis experience has clarified the contribution that users can make, for example by raising new research questions, by ensuring interventions are kept ‘user friendly’, and the selection of outcome measures.
Stigma by association
Authors: Östman Margareta , Kjellin Lars 
Published: November 2002

BackgroundStigma affects not only people with mental illnesses, but their families as well. Understanding how stigma affects family members in terms of both their psychological response to the ill person and their contacts with psychiatric services will improve interactions with the family.AimsTo investigate factors of psychological significance related to stigma of the relatives.MethodIn a Swedish multi-centre study, 162 relatives of patients in acute psychiatric wards following both voluntary and compulsory admissions were interviewed concerning psychological factors related to stigma.ResultsA majority of relatives experienced psychological factors of stigma by association. Eighteen per cent of the relatives had at times thought that the patient would be better off dead, and 10% had experienced suicidal thoughts. Stigma by association was greater in relatives experiencing mental health problems of their own, and was unaffected by patient background characteristics.ConclusionsInterventions are needed to reduce the negative effects of psychological factors related to stigma by association in relatives of people with mental illness.
Advance directives for patients compulsorily admitted to hospital with serious mental illness
Authors: Papageorgiou Alexia , King Michael , Janmohamed Anis , Davidson Oliver , Dawson John 
Published: November 2002

BackgroundAn advance directive is a statement of a person's preferences for treatment, should he or she lose capacity to make treatment decisions in the future.AimsTo evaluate whether use of advance directives by patients with mental illness leads to lower rates of compulsory readmission to hospital.MethodIn a randomised controlled trial in two psychiatric services in inner London, 156 in-patients about to be discharged from compulsory treatment under the Mental Health Act were recruited. The trial compared usual psychiatric care with usual care plus the completion of an advance directive. The primary outcome was the rate of compulsory readmission.ResultsFifteen patients (19%) in the intervention group and 16 (21%) in the control group were readmitted compulsorily within 1 year of discharge. There was no difference in the numbers of compulsory readmissions, numbers of patients readmitted voluntarily, days spent in hospital or satisfaction with psychiatric services.ConclusionsUsers' advance instruction directives had little observable impact on the outcome of care at 12 months.
Maternal recall bias, obstetric history and schizophrenia
Authors: McIntosh A. M. , Holmes S. , Gleeson S. , Burns J. K. , Hodges A. K. , Byrne M. M. , Dobbie R. , Miller P. , Lawrie S. M. , Johnstone E. C. 
Published: November 2002

BackgroundThis study sought to clarify the role of obstetric complications (OCs) and maternal recall bias for patients with first episodes of schizophrenia and those at increased risk of the disorder.MethodSubjects at high risk of schizophrenia were compared with people with first-episode schizophrenia and with healthy volunteers. Consenting mothers of subjects were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire for the recall of OCs, and OCs were also measured from records collected at the time of pregnancy and delivery.ResultsHigh-risk subjects and first-episode patients had higher rates of OCs recalled by their mother than controls, but hospital records showed no differences in OCs between groups. The number of OCs recalled by mothers of the high-risk group was not related to whether the mother had schizophrenia or not, but was related to the maternally rated abnormal childhood behaviour as measured by the Child Behaviour Checklist.ConclusionsThese results suggest that studies that rely on maternal recall alone are susceptible to bias. The excess of OCs recalled by the mother could be related to abnormal behaviour in their child rather than maternal illness, family history or psychotic symptoms.
Brunswick House: a weekend crisis house in North
Staffordshire
Authors: Hodgson Richard , Carr Darren , Wealleans Lynne 
Published: November 2002

Aims and MethodTo describe Brunswick House, the first crisis house in North
Staffordshire, and to assess the use of acute psychiatric wards and the
local accident and emergency department by Brunswick House residents. A
mirror design study compared the use of these facilities in the year
before with the year after a resident's first admission to Brunswick
House.ResultsData collected on a cohort of Brunswick House residents between March
1999 and December 1999 showed a reduction in both the use of acute
psychiatric wards and use of the accident and emergency department after
the index admission to Brunswick House.Clinical ImplicationsBrunswick House provides an alternative to NHS facilities for people in
crisis.
Induction agents in electroconvulsive therapy: a comparison of
methohexitone and propofol
Authors: Scott Allan , Boddy Harold 
Published: November 2002

Aims and MethodTo compare methohexitone and propofol in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
A retrospective within-subject comparison was made of the use of these
drugs in separate courses of bilateral ECT in one clinic over 10 years.
Patients taking mood stabilising or anti-epileptic drugs were excluded.
The initial seizure threshold and seizure duration were of particular
interest.ResultsThe median initial seizure thresholds were identical (75 mC). The median
initial seizure duration with threshold stimulation was 25% shorter with
propofol (21v.28 s). The median total numbers of
treatments in the courses were identical (eight treatments).Clinical ImplicationsThe shorter seizure duration observed with propofol was not associated
with a commensurate rise in the initial seizure threshold. The shorter
seizure duration may therefore have no effect on the therapeutic efficacy
of treatment.
Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review
Authors: Paton Carol 
Published: November 2002

AIMS AND METHODSTo describe and attempt to quantify the incidence of disinhibitory
reactions to benzodiazepines and to identify those at risk. Medline
search, 1966–January 2002.ResultsThe overall incidence of disinhibitory reactions is small, but those with
impulse control problems, neurological disorders, learning disabilities,
the under 18s and the over 65s are at significant risk.Clinical ImplicationsIt is important to be aware of the ability of benzodiazepines to cause
behavioural disinhibition and to maintain a high degree of vigilance when
these drugs are administered to patients known to be at risk. In patients
who have experienced behavioural disinhibition with benzodiazepines,
antipsychotic drugs should be used to modify behaviour in any future
emergencies.
The Orphan Nuclear Receptor, Steroidogenic Factor 1, Regulates Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in Pituitary Gonadotropes
Authors: Wei Xueying , Sasaki Masayuki , Huang Hui , Dawson Valina L. , Dawson Ted M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSteroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), an essential nuclear receptor, plays key roles in steroidogenic cell function within the adrenal cortex and gonads. It also contributes to reproductive function at all three levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. SF-1 regulates genes in the steroidogenic pathway, such as LHβ, FSHβ, and steroid hydroxylase. Abundant evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in the control of reproduction due to its ability to control GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus and the preovulatory LH surge in pituitary gonadotropes. Recently, we cloned and characterized the promoter of mouse neuronal NO synthase (nNOS). nNOS is localized at all three levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to generate NO. We find that its major promoter resides at exon 2 in the pituitary gonadotrope αT3–1 cell line and that there is a nuclear hormone receptor binding site in this region, to which SF-1 can bind and regulate nNOS transcription. Mutation of the nuclear hormone receptor binding site dramatically decreases basal promoter activity and abolishes SF-1 responsiveness. A dominant negative of SF-1, in which the transactivation (AF-2) domain of SF-1 was deleted, inhibits nNOS exon 2 promoter activity. Dosage-sensitive reversal- adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X chromosome, gene 1 (DAX-1), which colocalizes and interferes with SF-1 actions in multiple cell lineages, negatively modulates SF-1 regulation of nNOS transcription. These findings demonstrate that mouse nNOS gene expression is regulated by the SF-1 gene family in pituitary gonadotropes. nNOS, a member of the cytochrome p450 gene family, could be one of the downstream effector genes, which mediates SF-1’s reproductive function and developmental patterning.
A Novel Androgen Receptor Mutant, A748T, Exhibits Hormone Concentration-Dependent Defects in Nuclear Accumulation and Activity Despite Normal Hormone-Binding Affinity
Authors: James Alaina J. , Agoulnik Irina U. , Harris Jonathan M. , Buchanan Grant , Tilley Wayne D. , Marcelli Marco , Lamb Dolores J. , Weigel Nancy L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFunctional analysis of androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations isolated from prostate cancer has led to the identification of residues that play important roles in the structure and function of the receptor. Here we report the characteristics of a novel AR mutation A748T located in helix 5 of the ligand-binding domain, which was identified in metastatic prostate cancer. Despite a normal hormone-binding affinity, A748T causes hormone concentration-dependent defects in nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activation. Moreover, when equivalent amounts of DNA are transfected, the mutant is expressed at much lower levels than the wild-type AR (ARWT). Treatment with geldanamycin to disrupt receptor-heat shock protein complexes rapidly decreases the levels of ARWT but not A748T, suggesting that the lower expression and rapid degradation rate of A748T is due to weaker interactions with heat shock proteins. Further analysis revealed that hormone dissociates from A748T five times faster than from ARWT. Loss of the ability to form stable amino/carboxyl-terminal interactions causes accelerated dissociation rates in some AR mutants. However, A748T exhibits normal amino/carboxyl-terminal interactions at high hormone concentrations, suggesting that the mutation alters interactions with ligand. Consistent with this conclusion, our structural model predicts that A748T disrupts crucial contact points with ligand, thereby altering the conformation of the ligand-binding domain.