bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aircraft observations of surface–atmosphere exchange during and after snow melt for different arctic environments: MAGS 1999
Authors: Brown‐Mitic Constance M. , MacPherson Ian J. , Schuepp Peter H. , Nagarajan Badrinath , Yau Peter M. K. , Bales Roger 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe arctic environment, and in particular the Mackenzie Basin, displays a very dynamic interrelationship between the atmosphere and the surface for the different ecosystems represented. The Canadian Twin Otter research aircraft flew a total of 24 grid and long regional transects, over tundra, forest and delta ecosystems, during the period of snow melt (late May–early June) and early summer (early July) as part of the 1999 Mackenzie Area GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) Study (MAGS) field campaign. Observations over tundra showed a sharp rise in the sensible heat flux at the onset of melt, reaching a maximum at the end of the melting period similar to those observed in early summer. The latent heat flux showed a more gradual rise from snowmelt to early summer with a Bowen ratio (sensible heat/latent heat) of two during melt. The forested system demonstrated a similar gradual rise in the latent heat flux, whereas the sensible heat flux was already high with Bowen ratios reaching three at the start of the observation period in late May. The gradual rise in latent heat flux can be tied to gradual thawing of the root zone and the onset of photosynthesis activity. The relatively low solar elevation angle and earlier start of snow melt along the regional transect may account for the much larger sensible heat flux. An analysis of the turbulent coherent structures indicates that the spatial density of structures for both latent heat and sensible heat increases strongly with season, from snow melt into the early summer conditions. This has implications for sampling criteria and optimum flux averaging period.There are distinct differences in energy partitioning between the various arctic ecosystems. At the beginning of the observation period, almost all the net radiation over the delta and tundra regions is utilized in non‐turbulent form, whereas the forested areas use less than 50%. Model simulations of the ground heat flux showed observed diurnal imbalances and suggest that the magnitudes depend on the position of the permafrost table and may partially account for the large non‐turbulent energy. Preliminary results from the Canadian MC2 model using the MAGS aircraft data for diagnosis and validation have identified sensitive model components that may merit further investigation. The findings from this study will help to fill gaps in our knowledge about surface–atmosphere interactions in arctic environments, particularly during snow melt, and broadens our contemporary view of evapotranspiration dynamics of wet surfaces. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐variable parameter estimation to increase confidence in hydrological modelling
Authors: Bergström Sten , Lindström Göran , Pettersson Anna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe expanding use and increased complexity of hydrological runoff models has given rise to a concern about overparameterization and risks for compensating errors. One proposed way out is the calibration and validation against additional observations, such as snow, soil moisture, groundwater or water quality. A general problem, however, when calibrating the model against more than one variable is the strategy for parameter estimation. The most straightforward method is to calibrate the model components sequentially. Recent results show that in this way the model may be locked up in a parameter setting, which is good enough for one variable but excludes proper simulation of other variables. This is particularly the case for water quality modelling, where a small compromise in terms of runoff simulation may lead to dramatically better simulations of water quality. This calls for an integrated model calibration procedure with a criterion that integrates more aspects on model performance than just river runoff.The use of multi‐variable parameter estimation and internal control of the HBV hydrological model is discussed and highlighted by two case studies. The first example is from a forested basin in northern Sweden and the second one is from an agricultural basin in the south of the country. A new calibration strategy, which is integrated rather than sequential, is proposed and tested. It is concluded that comparison of model results with more measurements than only runoff can lead to increased confidence in the physical relevance of the model, and that the new calibration strategy can be useful for further model development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Winter streamflow variability, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Moore R. D. , Hamilton A. S. , Scibek J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKnowledge of winter streamflow regimes is required in northern catchments to evaluate water supply and to assess the vulnerability of aquatic habitat. The objective of this study was to explore the nature and causes of winter streamflow variability in northern rivers through examination of a limited number of case studies involving intensive field measurements, as well as a synoptic analysis of winter streamflow measurements archived by Water Survey of Canada for rivers in Yukon Territory, Canada. Evidence was found for an abrupt decrease in discharge at freeze‐up in one of the case studies and for 10 of the 25 stations in the synoptic analysis that had measurements within 30 days of freeze‐up (an additional 12 stations had no measurements within 30 days of freeze‐up). However, given the paucity of measurements in the early winter, the magnitude, duration and frequency of these events cannot be specified. The case studies indicate that, even where a coherent depression does not occur, discharge can fluctuate around a smooth recession trend for about the first 30 days after the onset of ice effects, probably as a result of transient storage and release of water behind ice jams. A storage‐depletion model that represents streamflow as outflow from two parallel linear reservoirs provided a reasonable fit to most of the observed measurements (excluding those in the first 30 days following freeze‐up), with model fit deteriorating with increasing latitude and decreasing catchment size. The effect of latitude could relate to abstraction of flow by ice production, which would cause deviations from a storage‐depletion trend. Northern catchments also tended to have steeper late‐winter recessions, which could reflect a lack of extensive, deep aquifers to maintain late‐winter discharge. The tendency to poorer model fit in smaller catchments could reflect a problem with data reliability, since it is more difficult to find good winter gauging sections in smaller streams. Some evidence for temperature‐related discharge fluctuations was found in both the case studies and synoptic analyses. However, the magnitude of these effects appears to be about ±10 to 15%, at most, and not to be consistent between winters. Further advances in understanding winter streamflow variability will require frequent measurements on a range of streams over a number of winters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential markers predicting distant metastasis in axillary node‐negative breast carcinoma
Authors: Niu Yun , Fu Xilin , Lv Ajuan , Fan Yu , Wang Ying 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrognostic parameters for axillary node‐negative (ANN) breast cancer are still rare. Our aim was to establish potential markers that predict distant metastasis in ANN breast carcinoma and permit detection of the patients with high metastasis risk. A case control study was designed that comprised 64 ANN patients who developed distant metastasis during a 5–10 year follow‐up period, 64 ANN patients with recurrence‐free survival and 64 node‐positive (ANP) comparitors. Immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization were used to detect nm23, Cathepsin‐D (Cath‐D), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Laminin Receptor (LR) in 192 cases. A significantly lower expression of both nm23 mRNA and protein was found in the ANN‐group with poor prognosis compared with the ANN‐group with good prognosis (p < 0.01). The protein levels of Cath‐D, EGFR and LR were significantly higher in the ANN‐group with poor prognosis and in the ANP‐group compared with the ANN‐group with good prognosis (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), but no differences were found between the poor ANN‐group and the ANP‐group. Multiple regression analysis showed a close correlation of nm23, Cath‐D and EGFR expression with occurrence of distant metastasis of ANN breast carcinoma. All markers except nm23 correlated with conventional histopathologic criteria such as tumor grade, margin and vessel invasion. The results suggest the combined detection of nm23, Cath‐D and EGFR as predictive markers of distant metastasis in ANN breast cancer patients. Quantitative analysis together with clinicopathologic factors could contribute to estimate the potential risk of metastasis and select individual therapy regimen. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with radiotherapy and/or chemoembolization
Authors: Chia‐Hsien Cheng Jason , Chuang Vincent P. , Cheng Skye Hongiun , Lin Yu‐Mong , Cheng Tsun‐I , Yang Po‐Sheng , Jian James Jer‐Min , You Dong‐Ling , Horng Cheng‐Fang , Huang Andrew T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to evaluate the outcome, patterns of failure, and toxicity for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with radiotherapy, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), or combined TACE and radiotherapy. Forty‐two patients with unresectable HCC were treated with combined radiotherapy and TACE (TACE+RT group, 17 patients), radiotherapy alone (RT group, 9 patients), or with TACE alone (TACE group, 16 patients). Mean dose of radiation was 46.9 ± 5.8 Gy in a daily fraction of 1.8 to 2 Gy, directed only to the cancer‐involved areas of the liver. TACE was performed with a combination of Lipiodol, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and mitomycin C, followed by Gelfoam or Ivalon embolization. Tumor size was smaller in the TACE group (mean: 5.4 cm) compared with the TACE+RT group (8.6 cm) and the RT group (13.1 cm) (P = 0.0003). The median follow‐up was 24 months in the TACE+RT group, 28 months in the RT group, and 23 months in the TACE group. Survival was significantly worse for patients treated with radiotherapy alone due to the selection bias of patients with more advanced disease and compromised condition in this group. In contrast, the TACE+RT and TACE groups had comparable survival (two‐year rates: TACE+RT 58%, TACE 56%, P = 0.69). The local control rate for the treated tumors was similar in the TACE+RT and TACE groups (P = 0.11). The intrahepatic recurrence outside the treated tumors was common and similar between these two groups (P = 0.48). The extrahepatic progression‐free survival was significantly shorter for patients in the TACE+RT group than in the TACE group (two‐year rates: TACE+RT 36%, TACE 100%, P = 0.002). Seven patients died from complications of treatment. Local radiotherapy may be added to treat patients with unresectable HCC, and the control of progression of the treated tumors was promising even in patients with large hepatic tumors. Survival of patients with combined TACE and radiotherapy was similar to that with TACE as the only treatment, while a significant portion of the patients treated with radiotherapy developed extrahepatic metastasis. ©2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of low nuclear grading of renal carcinoma cells in the functional profile of tumor‐infiltrating T cells
Authors: Puccetti Luca , Manetti Roberto , Parronchi Paola , Piccinni Marie‐Pierre , Mavilia Carmelo , Carini Marcc , Romagnani Sergio , Maggi Enrico 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from biopsies of 9 selected patients with pT1pN0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were analyzed at the clonal level for phenotypic distribution, cytokine secretion profile and antitumor cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. T‐cell clones generated from RCCs were able to produce higher amounts of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) than the corresponding clones derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, thus suggesting a recruitment into tumors of T cells with peculiar functions. Moreover, CD4+ T‐cell clones generated from TILs of nuclear grading 2 (G2)‐type RCC patients produced significantly higher amounts of IL‐4 and IL‐10 and lower amounts of IFN‐γ than the corresponding clones generated from G1‐type RCC and 2 renal angiomyolipoma (AML) patients. In addition, T‐cell clones generated from lymphocytes infiltrating the peritumoral areas of G2‐type, but not those from G1‐type, RCC patients produced higher and lower amounts of IL‐4 and IFN‐γ, respectively, than the corresponding clones derived from intratumoral T cells of the same patients. The proportion of T‐cell clones derived from G2‐type tumors and proliferating to autologous tumor cells (ATCs) was significantly lower than that of clones generated from G1‐type RCC or AML patients. However, irrespective of their source, they exhibited similar cytokine profiles and produced comparable amounts of IL‐4, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ. Furthermore, the proportion and the production of both IL‐4 and IFN‐γ of G2‐type RCC‐derived T‐cell clones with cytotoxic activity against ATC were significantly lower than those of cytolytic clones generated from AML and G1‐type RCCs. The concentrations of IL‐4, IL‐10 and IFN‐γ produced by the cytolytic clones from G2‐type RCC were also lower than those produced by their noncytolytic counterparts obtained from the same patients. These data address the association of the nuclear grading of neoplastic cells with different local tumor‐specific T‐cell responses in RCC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange rates, prices and money: A long‐run perspective
Authors: De Grauwe Paul , Grimaldi Marianna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we analyse the long‐run proportionality and neutrality propositions between inflation and money growth and between exchange rate changes and money growth. Using a sample of 100 countries over a thirty‐year period we find that the evidence in favour of these propositions is weak for the low inflation countries and very strong for the high inflation countries. We propose an explanation based on productivity shocks and transaction costs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a (re)theorisation of the historical geography of nationalism in diasporas: the Irish diaspora as an exemplar
Authors: Boyle Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe strength of diasporic nationalism is characterised by an uneven historical geography, with different diasporic communities functioning as ‘hotbeds’ of nationalism at different times. Mapping and explaining these historical geographies is of importance if the cultural and political experiences of diasporic existence are to be understood. It is towards a critical interrogation of the conceptual tools available to accomplish this task that this paper is dedicated. Based upon a reading of social scientific literature on the intensity of national affiliation among the nineteenth and early twentieth century Irish diaspora, and using Doreen Massey's recent advocacy of a new concept of ‘space–time’, the paper advances a case for a (re)theorisation of the phenomenon of diasporic nationalism. In so doing, it is hoped that it will contribute to ongoing efforts to (re)theorise migration in four main ways: firstly, by identifying a subject area that provides a forum for population geography researchers to continue their growing dialogue with social and cultural geographers on the one hand and political geographers on the other; secondly, by reviewing the contribution of migration research to work in this area to date; thirdly, by offering a (re)theorisation of diasporic nationalism that places some traditional concerns of population geography at its core; and finally, by calling upon migration researchers to engage (once again) with contemporary debates within human geography about time and space, and to reflect upon how the conceptions of time and space which inhere within their work, condition the way they define and understand the settlement experiences of migrant groups. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical maternal behavior toward feeding‐disordered infants before and after intervention
Authors: Benoit Diane , Madigan Sheri , Lecce Sandra , Shea Barbara , Goldberg Susan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe display of atypical behaviors and disrupted communication during parent–infant interactions, as assessed by the Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE), has been linked to disorganized infant attachment, which, in turn, has been linked to psychopathology. The present study examined the usefulness of the AMBIANCE as an indicator of the efficacy of two brief interventions in reducing atypical behaviors and disrupted communication during play interactions. Twenty‐eight mother–infant dyads participated (14 per intervention). All infants had feeding problems. One intervention, Interaction Guidance, focused on training caregivers to respond sensitively to their infants (play‐focused intervention). The other intervention focused on training mothers to use new feeding techniques (feeding‐focused intervention). Results showed a significant decrease in AMBIANCE scores in the play‐focused group from pre‐ to postintervention, but not in the feeding‐focused group. There was a significant decrease in the level of disrupted communication from pre‐ to postintervention sessions in the play‐focused group but not in the feeding‐focused group. 73% of mothers from the play‐focused group and 17% of mothers from the feeding‐focused group initially classified as “disrupted” attained a classification of “nondisrupted” at the postintervention session. Some limitations of the study include small sample size, differences in timing of assessment for each intervention, and use of samples of convenience. Nonetheless, these findings provide preliminary evidence both of the usefulness of AMBIANCE as an instrument for assessing clinical efficacy and the efficacy of Interaction Guidance. ©2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
BIS/BAS scores are correlated with frontal EEG asymmetry in intrusive and withdrawn depressed mothers
Authors: Diego Miguel A. , Field Tiffany , Hernandez‐Reif Maria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDifferences between different style‐depressed mothers, intrusive and withdrawn, were examined by the use of the Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Scales (BIS/BAS) and EEG activity from the mid‐frontal and parietal regions. Analyses revealed that withdrawn mothers had left frontal EEG hypoactivation, higher Behavior Inhibition (BIS), and lower Behavior Activation (BAS) scores than the intrusive mothers. Further analysis revealed that the BIS, the BAS reward and the BAS‐BIS difference scores were related to frontal EEG asymmetry and power scores. BIS scores were also related to the mothers' withdrawn interaction style, supporting the use of the BIS/BAS as a screening instrument to help identify intrusive and withdrawn depressed mothers. ©2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Evaluating asset‐pricing models using the Hansen–Jagannathan bound: a Monte Carlo investigation
Authors: Otrok Christopher , Ravikumar B. , Whiteman Charles H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe use recent statistical tests, based on a ‘distance’ between the model and the Hansen–Jagannathan bound, to compute the rejection rates of true models. For asset‐pricing models with time‐separable preferences, the finite‐sample distribution of the test statistic associated with the risk‐neutral case is extreme, in the sense that critical values based on this distribution deliver type I errors no larger than intended—regardless of risk aversion or the rate of time preference. We also show that these maximal‐type‐I‐error critical values are appropriate for both time and state non‐separable preferences and that they yield acceptably small type II error rates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of apatite layers on modified canasite glass–ceramics in simulated body fluid
Authors: Miller C. A. , Kokubo T. , Reaney I. M. , Hatton P. V. , James P. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCanasite glass–ceramics were modified by either increasing the concentration of calcium in the glass, or by the addition of P2O5. Samples of these novel materials were placed in simulated body fluid (SBF), along with a control material (commercial canasite), for periods ranging from 12 h to 28 days. After immersion, surface analysis was performed using thin film X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X‐ray detectors. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, silicon, and phosphorus in the SBF solution were measured using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. No apatite was detected on the surface of commercial canasite, even after 28 days of immersion in SBF. A crystalline apatite layer was formed on the surface of a P2O5‐containing canasite after 5 days, and after 3 days for calcium‐enriched canasite. Ion release data suggested that the mechanism for apatite deposition was different for P2O5 and non‐P2O5‐containing glass–ceramics. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 473–480, 2002
Novel osteoblast‐adhesive peptides for dental/orthopedic biomaterials
Authors: Dettin Monica , Conconi Maria Teresa , Gambaretto Roberta , Pasquato Antonella , Folin Marcella , Di Bello Carlo , Parnigotto Pier Paolo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNext generation dental/orthopedic biomaterials must be designed to enhance and support osteoblast adhesion. The osteoblasts use different ways to adhere, that is, integrin‐ and proteoglycan‐mediated mechanisms. The present study reports on the synthesis and osteoblast‐adhesive properties of peptides carrying RGD motifs and of sequences mapped on human vitronectin. Our data suggest that osteoblast adhesion on polystyrene plates modified with a linear peptide, in which the GRGDSP sequence is repeated four times, was significantly higher when compared to the adhesion obtained using branched peptides, interestingly containing the same motif. Osteoblast adhesion assays on acellular bone matrix using this active peptide gave very promising results. We also demonstrated that a novel peptide, carrying the X‐B‐B‐B‐X‐B‐B‐X motif (where B is a basic amino acid and X is a nonbasic residue), promotes proteoglycan‐mediated osteoblast adhesion more efficiently with respect to the KRSR sequence that was recently proposed as heparan‐sulfate binding peptide. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 466–471, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10066