bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transient layer: implications for geocryology and climate‐change science
Authors: Shur Yuri , Hinkel Kenneth M. , Nelson Frederick E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractResearch treating permafrost‐climate interactions is traditionally based on a two‐layer conceptual model involving a seasonally frozen active layer and underlying perennially frozen materials. This conceptualization is inadequate to explain the behaviour of the active‐layer/permafrost system over long periods, particularly in ice‐rich terrain. Recent research in North America supports earlier Russian conclusions about the existence of a transition zone that alternates in status between seasonally frozen ground and permafrost over sub‐decadal to centennial time scales. The transition zone is ice‐enriched, and functions as a buffer between the active layer and long‐term permafrost by increasing the latent heat required for thaw. The existence of the transition zone has an impact on the formation of a cryogenic soil structure, and imparts stability to permafrost under low‐amplitude or random climatic fluctuations. Despite its importance, the transition zone has been the focus of relatively little research. The impacts of possible global warming in permafrost regions cannot be understood fully without consideration of a more realistic three‐layer model. The extensive data set under development within the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program will provide a significant source of information about the development, characteristics, behaviour, and extent of the transition zone. This paper is focused on the uppermost part of the transition zone, which joins the active layer at sub‐decadal to multi‐centennial time scales. This upper part of the transition zone is known as the transient layer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐situ formed nanoparticles on 3C–SiC film under femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation
Authors: Dong Yuanyuan , Molian Pal 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNanoparticles in‐situ formed on single crystalline SiC films under femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation were characterized by SEM, AFM, AES, and Raman scattering. The size, shape, composition and internal stress of nanoparticles were investigated with respect to energy fluences. Femtosecond laser induced Coulomb explosion is most likely responsible for synthesis of highly oriented nanoparticles within a certain range of energy fluences. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser structures by modulation spectroscopy: A status report
Authors: Klar P. J. , Karcher C. , Metzger B. , Hosea T. J. C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn recent years, various modulation spectroscopic methods have been successfully applied for characterizing vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser structures. We will survey the field and its present status describing the experiments performed so far, in particular, focussing on photomodulated reflectance and contactless electroreflectance experiments and the corresponding line shape models. We will summarize the successes of the methods, but we will also highlight open questions for future studies. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combined photo‐ and wavelength‐modulation spectroscopy of quantum well structures
Authors: Čechavičius B. , Kavaliauskas J. , Krivaitė G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA spectroscopic technique that combines photoreflectance (PR) and wavelength‐modulated reflectance (WMR) spectroscopies was developed. This technique, which indeed is a second derivative spectroscopy, is based on measurements of a difference in the WMR with and without illumination of the sample. The combined modulation technique was used to study excitonic transitions and their photomodulation mechanisms in GaAs/AlAs quantum well structures. The enhancement of weak optical features and suppression of background effects as well as the possibility of studying changes in excitonic transitions induced both by modulated and continuous laser illumination are considered to be advantages of proposed modulation spectroscopy method. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reappraisal of Surgical Treatment for Radiation Enteritis
Authors: Onodera Hisashi , Nagayama Satoshi , Mori Akira , Fujimoto Akihisa , Tachibana Tsuyoshi , Yonenaga Yoshikuni 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAlthough radiation enteritis is a well‐recognized sequel of therapeutic irradiation, the standard surgical method is not universally agreed upon. Not only the short‐term effect but also the long‐term effect after a surgical intervention has been fairly well reported. To reassess the surgical therapy for radiation enteritis, we retrospectively analyzed 48 patients (5 males and 43 females, mean age 58.6 years) who had been operated on in our department. These patients were divided into two types according to the time of surgery or the clinical manifestation, and operative methods were analyzed. Patient’s status such as bowel movement, body weight, and serum albumin value after surgery were analyzed, together with the patients survival. Our surgical methods were small intestinal resection for the intestinal obstruction, and pull‐through reconstruction for proctitis. Two patients died of multiple organ failure caused by perforated peritonitis irrespective of emergent operation. Although the overall morbidity was 21.7%, there was no leakage when bowels were anastomosed. Overall survival after radiation‐related complication in patients without previous neoplastic disease recurrence was 89%, 79%, and 69%, at 1, 3, and 5 years after surgery, respectively. Bowel motility, serum albumin level, and body weight recovered gradually soon after the operation and reached satisfactory levels within 6 months. Our analysis showed that small bowel injury should be treated by generous resection of the affected bowel followed by careful anastomosis of the disease‐free ends, while rectal resection is best dealt with by restorative proctectomy. This may provide a good quality of life and minimize major postoperative complications such as leakage.
Pancreatogastrostomy after Pancreatoduodenectomy: A Safe, Feasible Reconstruction Method?
Authors: Standop Jens , Overhaus Marcus , Schaefer Nico , Decker Dorothee , Wolff Martin , Hirner Andreas , Tuerler Andreas 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPancreatogastrostomy is a safe reconstructive technique after pancreatoduodenectomy, even when performed as an educational operation in the hands of relatively inexperienced surgeons in a high‐volume hospital. Sixteen surgeons with various case volumes operated on 190 consecutive patients and performed pancreatogastrostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy within the last 15 years in a university teaching hospital. Resections were performed for tumors localized in the head of the pancreas, the ampulla of Vater, or the distal common bile duct or duodenum (n = 169); for chronic pancreatitis (n = 16); and for miscellaneous reasons in five cases. The main outcome measures were postoperative mortality and morbidity, particularly the pancreatic leakage rate with special regard to the case volume of the performing surgeon. The overall mortality rate was 4.2% (n = 8), the 30‐day mortality rate was 3.2% (n = 6), and mortality directly related to surgery was 2.6% (n = 5). Morbidity occurred in 45%, including severe surgical complications, which required reoperation (9%), and minor surgical complications that could be managed conservatively (30%). There were no significant differences in overall surgical morbidity rates when the groups with varying patient volume per surgeon were compared. The incidence of pancreatic leakage was 7.4%, which did not contribute to mortality in any case and showed no statistical differences between the surgical volume groups. We concluded that pancreatogastrostomy is safe and feasible even in the hands of inexperienced but supervised surgeons. The leakage rate is similar to the data from other high‐volume centers. Once a leak is established, it can easily be managed conservatively, so it rarely contributes to severe complications or causes subsequent mortality. We recommend pancreatogastrostomy as a beneficial alternative to pancreatojejunostomy, even in the case of low surgical volume.
Indicators for ecosystem-based management on the Scotian Shelf: bridging the gap between theory and practice
Authors: O'Boyle R. , Sinclair M. , Keizer P. , Lee K. , Ricard D. , Yeats P. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The need for a more integrated approach to ocean management is increasingly being recognized. Discussion on appropriate indicators and reference points supporting such an approach has focused on the technical merits of one set of metrics over another in servicing some management goal. Relatively little effort has been put into answering the question how one would use suites of indicators to meet the multiple conservation objectives defined in operational plans. Such an exercise is being undertaken on the eastern Scotian Shelf off Canada's east coast, as a national integrated management pilot. A number of ocean industries – fishing, oil and gas exploration, transport, and the military – utilize the area, a typical situation elsewhere in the world. A suite of conceptual ecosystem-level objectives has been identified to address biodiversity, productivity, and habitat issues. Operational objectives, which identify an indicator and reference points associated with each conceptual objective, are then stated. Utilizing this framework, individual ocean industry plans and activities can be reviewed in a consistent manner, to determine how they might be constrained by the conservation objectives for the area. Issues of spatial scale and cumulative impacts are addressed, and comment is made on future developments.
Negotiating the regulation of the Structural Funds: Italian actors in EU regional policy-making
Authors: Brunazzo Marco , Piattoni Simona 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe role of Italy in the reform process of the regulations concerning EU regional policy has traditionally been weak. Since 1998, however, Italian actors in Brussels started to play an increasingly more central role. Looking at the 1998 Regulation, we analyse the internal and external factors that explain this improved performance and conclude that this change might lead to an even more active and creative role being adopted by Italian institutional actors in the current negotiations which will lead to the reform of the regulation of the Structural Funds for 2007–13.
Configuration management in the aerospace industry: a review of industry practice
Authors: Burgess T.F. , McKee D. , Kidd C. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeAddresses the research question “how is the discipline of configuration management (CM) practised in the European Aerospace industry?”Design/methodology/approachUses a mixed method approach with a questionnaire survey followed by in‐depth interviews.FindingsCM discipline relies on fragmented and diverse processes and its organisational role and contribution are undervalued. Remedying present piecemeal deployment of information technology holds out substantial opportunity for improvement.Research limitations/implicationsThis exploratory research focusses on a specific industry and relies mainly on descriptive statistics. Future research could examine other industries or carry out explanatory research on CM systems in aerospace.Practical implicationsSubstantial scope for business benefits exists if information technology and people are mobilised to improve CM. The need for effective CM systems in organisations will grow as social and environmental responsibilities increase.Originality/valueThis exploratory study illuminates current practices in aerospace and establishes a datum for future research studies. The below par performance within aerospace indicates that achieving highly performing CM systems is not as simple as existing literature makes out. The increasing importance placed by society on risk means that achieving highly effective CM systems will become more important; both in aerospace and other risk‐critical industries.
A comparative study of the management styles of marketing managers in Australia and the People's Republic of China
Authors: Poon Patrick S. , Evangelista Felicitas U. , Albaum Gerald 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe objective of this paper is to compare the management style of marketing managers in Australia with the counterparts in the People's Republic of China (PRC).Design/methodology/approachBased on the differences in cultural dimensions and context, five hypotheses related to management decision‐making styles were developed and tested by questionnaire survey. Sixty seven valid Australia samples and 104 valid Chinese samples were obtained through mail survey and personal interviews, respectively.FindingsResults show that PRC managers have significantly higher scores in the five management style dimensions (namely: information utilization, complexity, group decision‐making, risk acceptance and technology orientation) than their Australian counterparts.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited by the small sample size. The findings may be limited by measurement equivalence issues and further investigation of management style differences across more countries is clearly needed.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide useful insights into the differences in the management style of marketing managers in the two countries. It is possible to predict management style differences based on a comparison of cultural differences in a systematic way.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature in international marketing and management. It is imperative for managers to understand how cultures affect the management style of the managers they interact with as well as their own. The study serves as a guideline for studying other cultures, which is especially relevant for companies that are seeking to expand their strategic alliance operations.
The effects of appreciative inquiry interviews on staff in the UK National Health Service
Authors: Wright Margaret , Baker Alastair 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo obtain preliminary data on the short‐ and medium‐term effects and personal acceptability of appreciative inquiry (AI) in staff development in health care.Design/methodology/approachAI is a non‐problem‐solving management approach focusing on developing current successes into the future through reflection at individual and group level. Individual one‐hour interviews were undertaken with nursing staff on a national paediatric liver in‐patient ward. They were asked to recount stories based on their experiences of successful delivery of health care, with active listening, followed by reflection on the process. A total of 32 staff members took part with only two refusals. Data were written and analysed by an open coding method. Follow up was obtained two years later using a written, open question method.FindingsThe process was emotional but well received. Staff described quality in interpersonal interactions, preventing errors and engaging their personal values in their work. No improvement in recruitment or retention was shown but a high level of sickness absence fell significantly during the period of the project. Two years later, significant positive effects were recalled and attributed to the interviews by many respondents. AI appears a cost‐effective way of connecting professionals’ motivation toward quality in their work with strategic intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThe interviewer was a medical consultant and ward manager, implying either that the interviews could have worked as a form of managerial supervision or improvements could be a Hawthorne effect. Other unknown influences were likely to be occurring on the ward during the study period.Practical implicationsShort AI interventions on an individual basis can change sickness absence, at least while the interventions are continuing. It is an important tool for staff motivation with the potential for connecting strategic with micro‐operational levels. AI is an approach to NHS management with wide application including appraisal, personal development and mentoring. It can be a positive introduction to reflective practice.Originality/valueAI is gaining recognition for its value in staff and service development in health care. The paper shows service and personal effects, cost‐effectiveness and illustrates how to use AI for these purposes.
International comparisons of patients’ views on quality of care
Authors: Wilde Larsson Bodil , Larsson Gerry , Wickman Chantereau Marie , Staël von Holstein Karin 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo compare patients’ views on quality of care in different countries using a theory‐based instrument, while at the same time controlling for the following potential confounders: type of care system (private vs public), type of care (kind of health problem), gender, age, and subjective wellbeing.Design/methodology/approachPatients capable of communicating in wards (medical and surgical departments) and day surgery departments in England, France, Norway, and Sweden were recruited consecutively, to participate in a programme run by the health‐care company Capio. Ward patients: England (n=1,236), France (n=1,051), Norway (n=226), and Sweden (n=428). Day surgery patients: England (n=887), France (n=544), Norway (n=101), and Sweden (n=742). Average response rate across settings: approximately 75 per cent. Patients evaluated the quality of the care they actually received and the subjective importance they ascribed to different aspects of care. The questionnaire “Quality from the patient's perspective” (QPP) was used (modified short version).FindingsCross‐national comparisons were made within each of the two care contexts (wards and day surgery) separately for men and women. Quality of care evaluations were adjusted for age and subjective wellbeing. English and French patients scored significantly higher than Norwegian and Swedish on both kinds of ratings (perceived reality and subjective importance), in both kinds of care contexts, and in both sexes.Originality/valueCross‐national comparisons of patients’ views on care can give meaningful guidance for practitioners only if they are context‐specific and if well‐known confounders are controlled for.
Guest editorial: discourse and organizational change
Authors: Grant David , Michelson Grant , Oswick Cliff , Wailes Nick 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the contribution that discourse analysis can make to understanding organizational change.Design/methodology/approachIt identifies five key contributions. Discourse analytic approaches: reveal the important role of discourse in the social construction of organizational change; demonstrate how the meaning attached to organizational change initiatives comes about as a result of a discursive process of negotiation among key actors; show that the discourses of change should be regarded as intertextual; provide a valuable multi‐disciplinary perspective on change; and exhibit a capacity, to generate fresh insights into a wide variety of organizational change related issues.FindingsTo illustrate these contributions the paper examines the five empirical studies included in this special issue. It discusses the potential for future discursive studies of organizational change phenomena and the implications of this for the field of organizational change more generally.Originality/valueProvides an introduction to the special issue on discourse and organizational change.
Implications of business ethics for quality management
Authors: Fisscher Olaf , Nijhof André 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis article is an attempt to clarify the links between quality management and business ethics in order to show what quality management can learn from insights out of the field of business ethics.Design/methodology/approachBased on research in the field of business ethics, methods and processes are explored for implementing quality management within organisations.FindingsAn important result of this study is that only by combining personal care with control of processes is it possible to achieve the highest levels of quality. The implications of these findings are discussed along with future directions for research on quality management.Practical implicationsIn total quality management systems, attention is paid to social responsibility as far as the impact on society is recognised and implemented within the company. However, this paper puts forward the necessity for relational responsibility based on personal care as a crucial factor in the relationships between supervisors and employees, between salespeople and customers, et cetera. Therefore, the incorporation of relational responsibility into quality programmes seems an important next step in the development of quality management.Originality/valueResponsibility in the sense of authority distribution within organisations is a central topic for quality management. This paper contributes to a broader view on responsibility based on moral values, personal care and its impact on stakeholder relationships.
Mass‐dependent energetics and survival in Harbour Seal pups
Authors: HARDING K. C. , FUJIWARA M. , AXBERG Y. , HÄRKÖNEN T. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Winter survival rate in Harbour Seal pups is significantly correlated with the autumn body mass of pups. Multi‐type mark–recapture statistics were applied to individual re‐sighting histories of branded seals, and survival probability was estimated with weight as a covariate. The probability of surviving to an age of 1 year is only 0·63 for the smallest pups at 17 kg, whereas pups at 32 kg have a survival probability of 0·96.
An energetic model for juvenile Harbour Seals reveals how metabolic rate is related to body mass, skin surface area, blubber thickness and water temperature. There is an increasing thermal stress with decreasing body size of pups. Low winter water temperatures induce a negative energy balance in small pups, which is a probable cause of the observed mass‐dependent survival.
This study explicitly links a physical property of the environment, sea‐water temperature, to energetics and life history. The approach opens possibilities for studying aspects of life‐history evolution, such as optimal weaning weight and pupping time, in marine mammals.
Pushing the edge: extended activity as an alternative to risky body temperatures in a herbivorous teiid lizard (Cnemidophorus murinus: Squamata)
Authors: VITT L. J. , CALDWELL J. P. , SARTORIUS S. S. , E. COOPER W. , BAIRD T. A. , BAIRD T. D. , PÉREZ‐MELLADO VALENTÍN 
Published: March 2005

Summary

A combination field and laboratory study tested the hypothesis that a herbivorous lizard, Cnemidophorus murinus, extends activity at high body temperatures to digest plant material.
Body temperatures (Tb) of active lizards averaged 37·2 °C and were no higher than those of insect‐eating Cnemidophorus.
Near constant Tb was maintained by behavioural means even though habitat temperatures varied greatly.
Field‐based behavioural data show that C. murinus extend activity by shifting among microhabitats to increase duration of time available at high Tb for digestion.
Laboratory studies revealed large variation in selected temperatures (Tsel), but the overall average was 35·9 °C, which is lower than field Tb.
By carefully selecting microhabitats and extending activity, C. murinus maintains constant high body temperatures to digest plant material without risking potentially lethal overheating.