bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case for Unity in the (Post)Modern SelfA Modest Proposal
Authors: McAdams Dan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the opening scene of Austin Wright’s (1994) novel After Gregory, Peter Gregory tries to kill himself by throwing his body into a freezing river on a raw November night. Peter is a high-school English teacher. He is married and has two children. But Peter’s wife and children have recently left him. A sexual affair with one of his students is about to be exposed, and the girl’s father has threatened to sue. And just last night Jock Hadley was killed with a hammer. Peter hated Jock, his cantankerous next-door neighbor. But did he hate him enough to kill him? Peter is confused. Perhaps he killed Jock in a drunken rage. Two years ago, so drunk he could hardly recall any of the details at the ensuing trial, Peter had driven has car the wrong way on a freeway exit ramp, past the red “Wrong Way” sign and into oncoming traffic, driving for many miles before disaster finally struck. He caused a chain-reaction collision that left a mother and her two daughters dead. Because it was his first offense, the judge suspended Peter’s sentence. But the judge could do nothing to alleviate Peter’s public shame and his private guilt. I haven’t had a drink for two years, Peter reminds himself. Or has he? Maybe he was drinking last night, before Jock Hadley was hammered to death.
The Self and Society Changes, Problems, and Opportunities
Authors: Baumeister Roy F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Personal identity is a crucial interface between the private organism and society. The identity represents an important means by which the physical being takes its place in society so as to communicate and interact with other people. Meanwhile, the broader society assigns roles to the individual and shapes the values the person holds, so that identity is also an important means by which society can influence and control his or her behavior. It is no more correct to say that the individual is passively created by society than it is to regard society as a mere outcome of the choices and actions of autonomous, self-determined individuals; self and society shape each other.
An Idiot’s Tale: Memories and Histories of the Holocaust
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the one thing that all the books considered here2 have in common, apart from their preoccupation with the Holocaust, is that they fill the reader with an almost unbearable sense of despair and helplessness regarding not only the past but also the present. It is, in the true sense, a tale that signifies nothing. Indeed, it is precisely the meaninglessness of the event, made all the clearer now with the benefit of hindsight, the utter uselessness of it all, the total and complete emptiness in which this hell on earth unfolded, that leaves us breathless, bereft of the power of thought and imagination. And what is especially frightening is the impossibility of learning anything from the Holocaust, of drawing any lessons, of putting its facts to any use. Seen from this perspective, questions such as “Could it happen again?” or “Was the Holocaust unique?” appear irrelevant. Humanity has brought on itself so much meaningless, useless, utterly idiotic suffering over the intervening five decades, and so much of this suffering appeared for a while, as it still does for some, meaningful and significant, that we, in our double roles as members of the human race and as its historians, must conclude that despair is probably the safest reaction—as human beings, because it seems that our ability to cause each other pain and suffering far exceeds even our imagination; as historians, because what we say about the past never seems to have any positive impact on the future and, moreover, does not appear particularly useful even in understanding the past itself.
Divergent Paths
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are some countries without an apparent abundance of natural resources, such as Japan, economic success stories, while other languish in the doldrums of slow growth. In this comprehensive look at North American economic history, Marc Egnal argues that culture and institutions play an integral role in determining economic outcome. He focuses his examination on the eight colonies of the North, five colonies of the South (which together made up the original thirteen states), and French Canada. Using census data, diaries, travelers’ accounts, and current scholarship, Egnal systematically explores how institutions (such as slavery in the South and the seigneurial system in French Canada) and cultural arenas (such as religion, literacy, entrepreneurial spirit, and intellectual activity) influenced development. He seeks to answer why three societies with similar standards of living in 1750 became so dissimilar in development. By the mid-nineteenth century, the northern states had surged ahead in growth, and this gap continued to widen into the twentieth century. Egnal argues that culture and institutions allowed this growth in the North, not resources or government policies. Both the South and French Canada stressed hierarchy and social order more than the drive for wealth. Rarely have such parallels been drawn between these two societies. Complete numerous helpful appendices, figures, tables, and maps, Divergent Paths is a rich source of unique perspectives on economic development with strong implications for emerging societies.
Eighteenth-Century Perceptions
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Thomas Jefferson northerners and southerners were without question different breeds of people. In 1785 he presented the Marquis de Chastellux with parallel lists of attributes: Contemporary observers could well have provided a contrasting list for French Canada. In the nineteenth century the gulf separating an entrepreneurial North from the two regions less concerned with money making would widen precariously. But the three societies were hardly alike in 1750. Eighteenth-century perceptions allow us to examine differences in values and outlook that would have a far-reaching impact on growth in the nineteenth and even the twentieth century.
Peasants and Freeholders
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any exploration of New World culture and institutions necessarily begins with the Old World. Hence we examine Adam Winthrop. He was a London cloth merchant who responded eagerly when Henry VIII seized the monastery lands and offered them for sale. In 1544 Adam paid £409 for Groton Manor in Suffolk County. His son, also named Adam, and his grandson, John, devoted much of their energies to making Groton more profitable. They raised crops for the London market. By 1593 the second Adam was earning £62 from the sale of food-stuffs-more than the value of the rents he collected. The Winthrops acquired more land, and sold parcels when the opportunity seemed right. John, who was as keen a trader as his father and grandfather, observed: Where I may have more money, I can depart with the more land. The Winthrops renegotiated leases with their tenants. Like other landowners they worked to get shorter terms, to raise rents, or simply to take over the land. When John finally sold his estate in 1631-to help finance his migration to Massachusetts-he received £4200 for it.1 The Winthrops, to be sure, were hardly freewheeling capitalists. The portraits of the second Adam and of John stare at us across the gulf of centuries. Adam with his gold earrings and John with his ruff and full Elizabethan beard look more like medieval courtiers than modem businessmen.
Mobility and Education
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isaac Weld was an Irishman who came to North America in the 1790s to find an agreeable place of abode. Weld never did find a place that suited him, and eventually returned home. But the result of his wanderings was a widely reprinted account of North American society. Weld was struck by the differences between French Canada and the United States, and especially by the rootedness of the French and the mobility of the Americans. The French Canadians ... , he re marked, are fond of living near each other.... In this respect a wonderful difference appears between their conduct and that of the young people of the United States, particularly those of New England, who, as soon as they are grown up, immediately emigrate, and bury themselves in the woods, where, perhaps, they are five or six hundred miles distant from every relation upon earth. Our examination of the cultural and institutional origins of growth now moves beyond those concerns-landholding, religion, and labor that formed the foundations of these societies. This chapter examines two areas that were important if secondary: geographic mobility (both across the Atlantic and within the New World) and literacy. The refusal of French Canadians to move far from home reinforced the slow growth of that society. By contrast, a bustling, mobile population furthered the ascent of the North. The impact of high mobility on the South was more complex. It quickened growth in that section (which still remained far behind the North).
The Post-Industrial Econon1y, 1975 to the 1990s
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Picture Tel, with headquarters in Danvers, Massachusetts, is the model of success in the post-industrial economy. It was started in 1984 by two twenty-two-year-old students, Jeffrey Bernstein and Brian Hinton, who attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. By the early l 990s Picturise was the largest maker of videophones in the U.S., with sales of over $100 million and a market value of $170 million. The giant AT&T had been working for many years on sending pictures over phone lines, when Bernstein and Hinton figured out how to do it better. Norman Gaut, chief executive officer of Picturise and another MIT graduate, explains: “No big company had the gumption to do what we did. Nobody had the guts but us.” Bernstein stayed on as Picturise expanded, becoming in his early thirties a blue-jean clad “corporate guru.” Hinton went off to California to start still another high-tech company, Polycom. The founders of Picturise were the quintessential entrepreneurs of the Information Age: they were highly skilled, products of one of the great U.S. universities, and able to respond to market demand in a way that the large corporations could not. Not coincidentally, they were located in the Northeast, an area that flourished in this new economy.
The Visual Learning Problem
Authors: Ikeuchi Katsushi , Veloso Manuela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main goals in computer vision is to develop a recognition system that has capabilities similar to those of the human visual system. This is important in science because such research to develop a human-like visual system enlightens our understanding of the human visual system. It is also important in engineering because recognition systems have a wide variety of applications, including intelligent highway systems, face recognition, automatic target recognition (ATR), intelligent manufacturing sensors, and robotic explorers, among others.
Learning A Visual Model and An Image Processing Strategy From A Series of Silhouette Images on MIRACLE-IV
Authors: Matsubara Hitoshi , Sakaue Katsuhiko , Yamamoto Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we present an experimental visual learning system, which is called the Multiple Image Recognition system Aiming for Concept Learning Intelligent Vision (MIRACLE-IV)[l, 2, 3]. MIRACLE-IV is capable of obtaining an internal structure of the object from a series of silhouette images with no initial explicit models of the object. The images are derived from only one object, but the forms of the object are varied. The system is composed of two subsystems: a model-acquisition part (the modeler) and an image-processing strategy part (the strategist). On the assumption that an object consists of hinges, slides, and solids, the modeler learns the number of these features in the object and the relationship between them. The strategist relates functional features such as hinges or slides with visual features in the actual image data. In MIRACLE-IV, the object models and the image-processing strategies are not fixed, but are generated and renewed in a self-producing way.
Navigating with Landmarks: Computing Goal Locations From Place Codes
Authors: Redish A David , Touretzky David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Landmark-based navigation is a rich domain for exploring issues of visual and spatial cognition. At the behavioral level, there is a wealth of data on how animals use landmarks to locate food or to return to their nests. At the neurophysiological level, hippocampal pyramidal cells called place cells have been discovered that fire when the animal is in a certain location in its environment [12, 20, 24]. These cells change their firing patterns in response to displacement or removal of prominent landmarks [21]. Cells in the subicular complex [34], the thalamus [19, 33], and the parietal cortex [4], whose firing rates are correlated with the animal’s heading (head direction cells) have also been found to be controlled in part by visual cues.
In this chapter, we describe a theory of navigation in rodents that is constrained by both behavioral and neurophysiological data. The theory is embodied in a computer model called CRAWL, allowing us to replicate various experiments in the rodent-navigation literature and make predictions about place-cell responses in novel situations. Some of this work has been previously reported in [37, 40, 41].Portions of the model have also been implemented on a mobile robot [38, 40].
Introduction
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of current knowledge about the planet Mars. It is intended as a backdrop for the rest of the book, in which topics specifically related to water are discussed. Some major aspect of Mars’ evolution, such as volcanism, tectonics, and atmospheric circulation, are summarized in a few paragraphs and then barely mentioned in the rest of the book. Other aspects, such as erosion of outflow channels and formation of the core, are picked up later because of their implications for the water story. For much more complete discussions of many of the topics introduced here, see Kieffer et al. (1992).
Climate Change
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses two very different aspects of climate change. The first concerns changes induced by quasi-periodic variations in the orbital and rotational motions of the planet. These changes occur on relatively short time scales, have likely occurred throughout the history of the planet and so been superimposed on any longterm changes. Unless there are large amounts of exchangeable CO2 sequestered in the polar layered terrains or the remnant caps, such periodic changes are likely to be small. Much of the discussion on quasi-periodic changes focuses not on observational evidence, but on hypothetical arguments as to what effects variations in the astronomical motions might have on various processes such as transport of dust and exchange of CO2 between the regolith, atmosphere, and poles. While layering in sediments at the poles has been attributed to modulation of deposition and erosion by changes in surface conditions induced by planetary motions, the connection between the layered terrains and planetary motions has not been unequivocally established. In contrast, we have abundant observational evidence that Mars might have undergone long term, secular climate changes. We have already discussed at length some aspects of the evidence, the presence of valley networks, but erosion rates provide additional, possibly stronger, support for the supposition that conditions on Mars early in its history were very different from those that prevailed during most of its subsequent history. We will examine the timing and climatic implications of valley network formation and changes in erosion rates, then explore how the implied climatic conditions might have been attained.
The Nonambiguity of Mental Images
Authors: Reisberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars interested in mental imagery spent roughly a decade debating the fundamental nature of imagery. Broadly speaking, the question in this debate hinged on whether we should think of imagery as depictive in nature, so that mental images were, in some deep sense, just like pictures, or whether images were instead descriptive in their nature, so that mental images were best thought of as basically propositional in character.
“Littls Wing”
Authors: Brown Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After considerable resistance from the scholarly community, rock music has recently emerged as a legitimate subject for academic discourse. This newfound prestige has stemmed partly from a wave of pluralism and interdisciplinary research that has swept across campus, and partly from the sheer importance of the music. Given its popular origins and broad appeal, discussions of rock music have tended to avoid detailed musical analyses and have focused their attention, instead, on issues of social function and meaning. To quote Simon Frith: “For the last fifty years, pop music has been an important way in which we have learned to understand ourselves as historical, ethnic, classbound, gendered subjects.”
Tonal and Expressive Ambiguity in “Dark Star”
Authors: M.Boone Graeme 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the vinyl Valhalla of rock, the Grateful Dead have earned a special place. Born in 1965 amid the flourishing countercultural movement of San Francisco, the Dead pioneered in the development of musical performances as druglike “experiences;” featuring long, unpredictable improvisations and an eclectic mix of influences. As the hippie movement faded, the Dead provided the impetus to a vast culture of followers, known as Deadheads, whose musical and social ideals stem directly from those of the hippies, with elements of pacifism, openmindedness, hedonism, and the use of psychedelic drugs. The Deadhead movement has flourished down to the present day, showing no signs of abatement up to the disbanding of the group in November 1995 after the death of lead guitarist Jerry Garcia. In that year the Dead still ranked fourth in the country in earnings from touring, thanks to the sellout crowds at their many performances; in 1991, they ranked first.
The Discourse of Classified Advertising
Authors: Bruthiaux Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linguists who have studied simplified varieties of a given language, such as pidgins or the language of care-givers, have tended to explain similarities in their structure by the fact that they use the same mechanisms of simplification. Bruthiaux tests this idea by looking at the structure of classified ads in American English, using a body of 800 ads from four categories: automobile sales, apartments for rent, help wanted, and personal ads. Bruthiaux's thesis is that strict, uniform constraints on space should result in uniformly simple texts, no matter which category they are in, and that any variation would be due to the particular needs of each category. To prove this he describes the linguistic structure of classified ads, and shows that they are characterized by a minimal degree of morphosyntactic elaboration. He then examines aspects of their conventions to highlight the role of pre-patterned and prefabricated segments whose collocational rigidity may force the inclusion of otherwise dispensable items. He finds that there is indeed significant variation across ad categories in terms of morphosyntactic elaboration, and concludes that this is due to a greater or lesser need to be explicit, as well as a greater or lesser anticipation of interaction. Finally, he examines the implications of these findings for the study of linguistic simplification and register variation.
Relations Of Language And Thought
Authors: Campbell Marc Marschark Patricia Siple Diane Lillo-Martin Ruth , Everhart Victoria S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship of language to cognition, especially in development, is an issue that has occupied philosophers, psychologists, and linguists for centuries. In recent years, the scientific study of sign languages and deaf individuals has greatly enhanced our understanding of deafness, language, and cognition. This Counterpoints volume considers the extent to which the use of sign language might affect the course and character of cognitive development, and presents a variety of viewpoints in this debate. This volume brings the language-thought discussion into a clearer focus, both theoretically and practically, by placing it in the context of children growing up deaf and the influences of having sign language as their primary form of communication. The discussion is also sharpened by having internationally recognized contributors, such as Patricia Siple, Diane Lillo-Martin, and Ruth Campbell, with specialties in varied areas, all converging on a common interest in which each has conducted empirical research. These contributors clarify and challenge the theoretical assumptions that have driven arguments in the language-thought debate for centuries. An introduction by the editors provides a historical overview of the issues as well as a review of empirical findings that have been offered in response to questions about language-thought relations in deaf children. The final chapters are structured in the form of "live" debate, in which each contributor is given the opportunity to respond to the other perspectives presented in this volume.
Models, Modules, and Modality
Authors: Everhart Victoria S , Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We mentioned in the preface that we initiated this project in an attempt to better understand whether or not being deaf or growing up with a sign language as a first language might influence the course of cognitive development differently from growing up hearing and learning a spoken language. Necessarily, this is a discussion about the relations of language and cognition and how such relations might be affected by developmental histories, age, and the particular language of interest. However, determining the extent to which modality-specific language effects appear in cognitive development or the extent to which particular cognitive processes differentially affect the acquisition of signed versus spoken languages requires some basic agreement on the language or cognitive mechanisms that underlie observable (or inferable) behaviors. It also requires some agreement on what qualifies as a purely linguistic process as opposed to a more general process that happens to be operating on linguistic information. To the extent that assumptions about these two issues differ, conclusions about possible interactions of language and cognition in development or in any given situation will vary considerably. Therefore, in this chapter, we review the primary issues surrounding possible links between language development and cognitive development and consider what arguments our three contributors find most compelling.