bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A custom will not prevail over a statute, A teleological interpretation of an ancient statute by the Great Council of Malines Gewoonte breekt geen wet, Een teleologische interpretatie van een oude ordonnantie door de Grote Raad van Mechelen in 1587
Authors:   Monballyu
Published: January 2004

AbstractSince the mid-twelfth century, the Lords of Pamele-Oudenaarde had been in possession of the toll on goods shipped over the 'Spei' at Pamele, a sluice on the river Scheldt near Oudenaarde. The toll was levied by appointed collectors whose task included the assessment of the type and quantity of the goods in transit. In 1562, Jacob van Joigny, who held at the time the lordship of Pamele-Oudenaarde, farmed out the tolls. At the same time, he published a list of toll-tariffs on a poster put up at the 'Spei' of Pamele. The publication provoked protestations from the franchised shipmasters of Ghent, later joined by those of Douai, Tournai and Mons, who all complained that the published tariffs contained new and higher tolls. They sued the Lord of Pamele-Oudenaarde, first before the Council of Flanders, then (as respondents in appeal) before the Great Council of Malines, demanding that the defendant should only levy the tolls which had been established in an ordinance of Margaret of Constantinople on 3 May 1271. The Lord of Pamele-Oudenaarde refused, claiming that the 1271 ordinance, supposing it had ever been implemented, had become obsolete by an immemorial custom which had caused the statute to fall into disuse. He also claimed that the wording of 1271 had become unintelligible and could no longer be applied to the sixteenth-century navigation on the Scheldt. However, both the Council of Flanders and the Great Council decided that the ordinance of 1271 was to be fully enforced. The judges of the Great Council (in their final judgement dated 23 March 1587) went as far as to apply a teleological construction to the original ordinance, interpreting the outdated thirteenth-century French phrases so as to ensure their application in the context of sixteenth-century commercial navigation.
Prize, procedure and costs, Determination of a prize case according to romano-canonical procedure by the Admiralty Court and the Great Council of Malines during the English-Scottish War of 1547 Prijs, procedure en proceskosten De afhandeling van een prijszaak volgens de Romano-canonieke procedure voor de Admiraliteit en de Grote Raad van Mechelen tijdens de Engels-Schotse oorlog van 1547
Authors:   van Rhee,   Sicking
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe present article, dedicated to Prof. J.Th. De Smidt on the occasion of his 80th birthday, discusses the case of Jacques du Gal, a French merchant, and the Netherlands privateers Claes de Doot and Meeus Pietersz from Flushing. The former departed from the harbour of Dieppe in France with one vessel, headed for Scotland. During this journey, on the open seas, Du Gal bought an English ship, denoted in the records as the Mary Dertenny. This ship had been taken by the Scottish privateers Jehan Edinestone and Jehan Gourlat. Near the Scottish coast, the ships of Du Gal were boarded by De Doot and Pietersz. After the latter had returned with their prizes to their harbour of origin, Flushing in the Low Countries, the Admiralty Court of Veere took jurisdiction of the case. It decided that Du Gal's own ship should be returned to him, but it declared that the Mary Dertenny was good prize. On appeal, however, the Great Council of Malines, the then supreme court of the Low Countries, ruled that De Doot and Pietersz should also return the Mary Dertenny to Du Gal. The case of Du Gal v. De Doot and Pietersz is of interest, not only because it contains detailed information on the costs and the procedural steps to be taken before the Admiralty Court in a prize case, but also because it proves that, apart from legal arguments, diplomatic considerations may have been of importance when deciding prize cases before courts of law.
Strategy and model building in the fourth dimension: a null model for genotype × age interaction as a Gaussian stationary stochastic process
Authors: Diego Vincent P , Almasy Laura , Dyer Thomas D , Soler Júlia MP , Blangero John 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Background
Using univariate and multivariate variance components linkage analysis methods, we studied possible genotype × age interaction in cardiovascular phenotypes related to the aging process from the Framingham Heart Study.

Results
We found evidence for genotype × age interaction for fasting glucose and systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions
There is polygenic genotype × age interaction for fasting glucose and systolic blood pressure and quantitative trait locus × age interaction for a linkage signal for systolic blood pressure phenotypes located on chromosome 17 at 67 cM.
Posterior Triangular Thalamic Neurons Convey Nociceptive Messages to the Secondary Somatosensory and Insular Cortices in the Rat
Authors: Gauriau Caroline , Bernard Jean-François 
Published: January 2004

This study investigated the responses of posterior triangular (PoT) thalamic neurons to tactile and noxious calibrated stimuli in anesthetized rats. We report here that 41% of PoT units responded to cutaneous stimulation, in most cases, by increasing strongly their firing. Forty-five percent of the responding units were nociceptive specific (NS), 19% were nociceptive nonspecific (NNS), and 36% were tactile. The NS units responded only to frankly noxious stimuli applied to relatively large receptive fields (several parts of the body). They encoded nociceptive temperatures chiefly in 46-50°C ranges. The NNS units resembled NS units but also responded to innocuous stimuli. Tactile units responded chiefly to repeated innocuous stimuli applied to very small receptive fields (one to two fingers or vibrissae).A representative sample of PoT somatosensory neurons, characterized first by their response to innocuous and noxious cutaneous stimuli, were filled with juxtacellular injection of biotin-dextran that made it possible to label adequately the soma, the dendrites, and the entire axon of PoT neurons. We observed that the axons of NS neurons terminated only in secondary somatosensory (S2) cortex, whereas the axons of NNS and tactile neurons projected chiefly to the insular cortex and the amygdala.In conclusion, our results demonstrate a spinal-PoT-S2/insular cortices nociceptive pathway that conveys nociceptive messages arising from lamina I and spinal neurons of deep laminas. Furthermore, our results demonstrate for the first time that projections of PoT neurons are correlated to their physiological properties.
Firing Patterns of Type II Spiral Ganglion NeuronsIn Vitro
Authors: Reid Michael A. , Flores-Otero Jacqueline , Davis Robin L. 
Published: January 2004

Type I and type II spiral ganglion neurons convey auditory information from the sensory receptors in the cochlea to the CNS. The numerous type I neurons have been extensively characterized, but the small population of type II neurons with their unmyelinated axons are undetectable with most recording methods. Despite the paucity of information about the type II neurons, it is clear that they must have a significant role in sound processing because they innervate the large number of outer hair cells that are critical for maintaining normal responses to stimuli. To elucidate the function of type II neurons, we have developed an approach for studying their electrophysiological featuresin vitro.Type II neurons obtained from postnatal day 6-7 mice displayed distinctly different firing properties than type I neurons. They showed slower accommodation, lower action potential thresholds, and more prolonged responses to depolarizing current injection than the type I neurons. These differences were most evident in neurons from the basal, high-frequency region of the cochlea. The basal type I neurons displayed uniformly fast firing features, whereas the basal type II neurons showed particularly slow accommodation and responses to depolarization. Interestingly, neurons from the apical, low-frequency region of the cochlea showed the opposite trend. These data suggest that the type I and type II neurons have specialized electrophysiological characteristics tailored to their different roles in auditory signal processing. In particular, the type II neuron properties are consistent with cells in other sensory systems that receive convergent synaptic input for high-sensitivity stimulus detection.
Supramolekulare Chemie von Gasen
Authors: Rudkevich Dmitry M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDie molekulare Erkennung von Gasen ist ein neu aufkommendes Forschungsgebiet. Anhand von Prinzipien der supramolekularen Chemie können wir verstehen, wie Gase mit biologischen Molekülen wechselwirken, und Einzelheiten zum Mechanimus ihrer physiologischen Aktivität erfahren. Das Konzept der molekularen Erkennung wurde zur Gassensorik genutzt, wobei grundlegende Kenntnisse zur Struktur und Dynamik von Rezeptor‐Analyt‐Komplexen erhalten wurden. In diesem Zusammenhang gelang die Entwicklung neuer Gassensoren und Gasspeicherungselemente, für die sich auch in der Natur zahlreiche Beispiele finden lassen. Konzepte der supramolekularen Chemie liefern die Basis zur Umwandlung von Gasen in synthetisch nützliche Reagentien. Das rationale Design neuartiger Katalysatoren für Reaktionen mit Gasen und von Einlagerungskomplexen mit Gasen liefert ausgezeichnete Perspektiven für die präparative synthetische Chemie.
Neue katalytische Methoden in der stereoselektiven Friedel‐Crafts‐Alkylierung
Authors: Bandini Marco , Melloni Alfonso , Umani‐Ronchi Achille 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMehr als 125 Jahren nach ihrer Entdeckung zählt die Friedel‐Crafts‐Alkylierung zu den am besten untersuchten und am häufigsten eingesetzten Reaktionen der organischen Synthese. Worin liegt das Geheimnis dieses erstaunlichen Erfolgs? Vermutlich trägt die Vielseitigkeit dieser Reaktion dazu bei, dass sie auch heute noch entscheidenden Anteil hat an der Synthese immer komplexerer Verbindungen. Es dauerte allerdings mehr als ein Jahrhundert, bis asymmetrische katalytische Varianten für die Umsetzung einer großen Bandbreite aromatischer Substrate und Alkylierungsmittel entwickelt wurden. Hier berichten wir über neueste Entwicklungen und Anwendungen katalytischer stereoselektiver Alkylierungen aromatischer Substrate sowie über die Synthesen einer großen Auswahl enantiomerenangereicherter, hoch funktionalisierter Verbindungen.
Emerging Supramolecular Chemistry of Gases
Authors: Rudkevich Dmitry M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMolecular recognition of gases is an emerging area of chemistry. Supramolecular chemistry helps us to understand how gases interact with biological molecules and offers delicate insights into the mechanisms of their physiological activity. Principles of molecular recognition have been used for gas sensing, and have provided fundamental knowledge about the structure and dynamics of receptor–analyte complexes, and novel materials for gas sensing and storage have been developed. Supramolecular chemistry is also enabling us to learn how to transform gases into synthetically useful reagents. The rational design of novel catalysts for gas conversion and, more recently, encapsulation complexes with gases open novel directions in preparative synthetic chemistry.
Recombination in HIV and the evolution of drug resistance: for better or for worse?
Authors: Bretscher Michael T. , Althaus Christian L. , Müller Viktor , Bonhoeffer Sebastian 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe rapid evolution of drug resistance remains a major obstacle for HIV therapy. The capacity of the virus for recombination is widely believed to facilitate the evolution of drug resistance. Here, we challenge this intuitive view. We develop a population genetic model of HIV replication that incorporates the processes of mutation, cellular superinfection, and recombination. We show that cellular superinfection increases the abundance of low fitness viruses at the expense of the fittest strains due to the mixing of viral proteins during virion assembly. Moreover, we argue that whether recombination facilitates the evolution of drug resistance depends critically on how resistance mutations interact to determine viral fitness. Contrary to the commonly held belief, we find that, under the most plausible biological assumptions, recombination is expected to slow down the rate of evolution of multi‐drug‐resistant virus during therapy. BioEssays 26:180–188, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How mammalian sex chromosomes acquired their peculiar gene content
Authors: Vallender Eric J. , Lahn Bruce T. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIt has become increasingly evident that gene content of the sex chromosomes is markedly different from that of the autosomes. Both sex chromosomes appear enriched for genes related to sexual differentiation and reproduction; but curiously, the human X chromosome also seems to bear a preponderance of genes linked to brain and muscle functions. In this review, we will synthesize several evolutionary theories that may account for this nonrandom assortment of genes on the sex chromosomes, including 1) asexual degeneration, 2) sexual antagonism, 3) constant selection, and 4) hemizygous exposure. Additionally, we will speculate on how the evolution of sex‐chromosome gene content might have impacted on the phenotypic evolution of mammals and particularly humans. Our discussion will focus on the mammalian sex chromosomes, but will cross reference other species where appropriate. BioEssays 26:159–169, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LIMK1 and CLIP‐115: linking cytoskeletal defects to Williams syndrome
Authors: Hoogenraad Casper C. , Akhmanova Anna , Galjart Niels , De Zeeuw Chris I. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWilliams Syndrome is a developmental disorder that is characterized by cardiovascular problems, particular facial features and several typical behavioral and neurological abnormalities. In Williams Syndrome patients, a heterozygous deletion is present of a region on chromosome 7q11.23 (the Williams Syndrome critical region), which spans approximately 20 genes. Two of these genes encode proteins that regulate dynamic aspects of the cytoskeleton of the cell, either via the actin filament system (LIM kinase 1, or LIMK1), or through the microtubule network (cytoplasmic linker protein of 115 kDa, or CLIP‐115). The recent findings that knockout mice lacking LIMK1 or CLIP‐115 have distinct neurological and behavioural phenotypes, indicates that cytoskeletal defects might play a role in the development of neurological symptoms in Williams Syndrome patients. In this review, we discuss the properties of LIMK and CLIP family proteins, their function in the regulation of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletal systems, respectively, and the relationship with neurodevelopmental aspects of Williams Syndrome. BioEssays 26:141–150, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Post‐replication repair in DT40 cells: translesion polymerases versus recombinases
Authors: Hochegger Helfrid , Sonoda Eichiro , Takeda Shunichi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractReplication forks inevitably stall at damaged DNA in every cell cycle. The ability to overcome DNA lesions is an essential feature of the replication machinery. A variety of specialized polymerases have recently been discovered, which enable cells to replicate past various forms of damage by a process termed translesion synthesis. Alternatively, homologous recombination can be used to restart DNA replication across the lesion. Genetic and biochemical studies have shed light on the impact of these two post‐replication repair pathways in bacteria and yeast. In vertebrates, however, a genetic approach to study post‐replication repair has been compromised because many of the genes involved appear to be essential for embryonic development. We have taken advantage of the chicken cell line DT40 to perform a genetic analysis of translesion synthesis and homologous recombination and to characterize genetic interactions between these two pathways in vertebrates. In this article, we aim to summarize our current understanding of post‐replication repair in DT40 in the perspective of bacterial, yeast and mammalian genetics. BioEssays 26:151–158, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deciphering the swordtail's tale: a molecular and evolutionary quest
Authors: Wilkins Adam S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe power of sexual selection to influence the evolution of morphological traits was first proposed more than 130 years ago by Darwin. Though long a controversial idea, it has been documented in recent decades for a host of animal species. Yet few of the established sexually selected features have been explored at the level of their genetic or molecular foundations. In a recent report, Zauner et al.1 describe some of the molecular features associated with one of the best characterized of sexually selected traits, the male‐specific tail “sword” seen in certain species of the fish genus Xiphophorus. Zauner et al. find that the msxC gene, a gene previously implicated in fin development from work in zebrafish, is dramatically and specifically upregulated in the development of the ventral caudal fin rays, which give rise to the sword, in males. The results provide the first molecular insight into the development of this sexually selected trait while prompting new questions about the structure of the entire genetic network that underlies this trait. To fully understand the molecular‐genetic and evolutionary history of this network, however, it will be essential to determine whether sword‐development is a basal or derived trait in Xiphophorus. BioEssays 26:116–119, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expansion of the genetic code in yeast: making life more complex
Authors: Davis Brian K. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractProteins account for the catalytic and structural versatility displayed by all cells, yet they are assembled from a set of only 20 common amino acids. With few exceptions, only 61 nucleotide triplets also direct incorporation of these amino acids. Endeavors to expand the genetic code recently progressed to nucleus‐containing cells, after Chin et al.1 transferred Escherichia coli genes for a mutant tyrosine‐adaptor molecule and its synthetase into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformed yeast cells were produced that exhibit efficient site‐specific incorporation of non‐biotic amino acids into proteins. This makes it likely that code complexity can be elevated experimentally in mammals. BioEssays 26:111–115, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Helfen 3D‐Simulationen beim Lernen mit CHEMnet?
Authors: Nick Sabine , Urhahne Detlef 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDAS INTERESSE am Einsatz neuer Informations‐ und Kommunikationstechnologien in Schule und Hochschule hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen [1]. Auch für den Bereich der Chemie finden sich daher zahlreiche Beispiele von Angeboten im World Wide Web, die als Informationsquelle oder zum Lernen genutzt werden können [2].
The chemotaxis defect of Shwachman‐Diamond Syndrome leukocytes
Authors: Stepanovic Vesna , Wessels Deborah , Goldman Frederick D. , Geiger Jeremy , Soll David R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractShwachman‐Diamond Syndrome (SDS) is a rare autosomal recessive, multisystem disorder presenting in childhood with intermittent neutropenia and pancreatic insufficiency. It is characterized by recurrent infections independent of neutropenia, suggesting a functional neutrophil defect. While mutations at a single gene locus (SBDS) appear to be responsible for SDS in a majority of patients, the function of that gene and a specific defect in SDS neutrophil behavior have not been elucidated. Therefore, employing 2D and 3D computer‐assisted motion analysis systems, we have analyzed the basic motile behavior and chemotactic responsiveness of individual polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) of 14 clinically diagnosed SDS patients. It is demonstrated that the basic motile behavior of SDS PMNs is normal in the absence of chemoattractant, that SDS PMNs respond normally to increasing and decreasing temporal gradients of the chemoattractant fMLP, and that SDS PMNs exhibit a normal chemokinetic response to a spatial gradient of fMLP. fMLP receptors were also distributed uniformly through the plasma membrane of SDS PMNs as in control PMNs. SDS PMNs, however, were incapable of orienting in and chemotaxing up a spatial gradient of fMLP. This unique defect in orientation was manifested by the PMNs of every SDS patient tested. The PMNs of an SDS patient who had received an allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, as well as PMNs from a cystic fibrosis patient, oriented normally. These results suggest that the defect in SDS PMNs is in a specific pathway emanating from the fMLP receptor that is involved exclusively in regulating orientation in response to a spatial gradient of fMLP. This pathway must function in parallel with additional pathways, intact in SDS patients, that emanate from the fMLP receptor and regulate responses to temporal rather than spatial changes in receptor occupancy. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:158–174, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flagellar quiescence in Chlamydomonas: Characterization and defective quiescence in cells carrying sup‐pf‐1 and sup‐pf‐2 outer dynein arm mutations
Authors: Mitchell Beth Ferro , Grulich Laurie E. , Mader Michelle M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractChlamydomonas reinhardtii can use their flagella for two distinct types of movement: swimming through liquid or gliding on a solid substrate. Cells switching from swimming to gliding motility undergo a reversible flagellar quiescence. This phenomenon appears to involve the outer dynein arms, since mutants having altered outer arm β and γ dyneins (sup‐pf‐1 and sup‐pf‐2) show a diminished ability to quiesce. Sup‐pf‐1 and sup‐pf‐2 were originally isolated as gain‐of‐function mutations that suppress the flagellar paralysis resulting from radial spoke or central pair defects. Defective quiescence is also a gain‐of‐function phenomenon, as cells completely lacking outer arm heavy chains show a normal quiescence phenotype. These data suggest that regulation of outer arm dynein activity is essential for flagellar quiescence and furthermore that regulation of quiescence involves a signal transduction pathway that shares elements with the radial spoke/central pair system. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:186–196, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.