bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Consequences of Cueing Subtle Appeals to Race
Authors: Reeves Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
hat is a “subtle” campaign appeal? Subtlety in campaigns risks political ineffectiveness; only overt appeals are reliably heard. - Abigail Thernstrom, Whose Votes Count? Political unacceptability-the phrase is today’s conventional wisdom regarding the failure of black office-seekers to attract widespread electoral support among white voters. “Plainly some whites may ‘refuse’ to vote for particular black candidates. Not because they are non-white but because they are politically unacceptable,”1 is how Abigail Thernstrom puts it. “If Colin Powell clones ran in majority white districts in the South,” she adds, “would they win? The answer is of course.”2 Her unmistakable point is this: blacks go down to electoral defeat because they are on the wrong side of the political fence. Rarely, of course, is race accorded similar import as an explanation for whites’ often spirited resistance to the election of black office seekers.
B
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BAALBEK City in the province of Syria, near the cities of Tyre and Berytus, that boasted one of the Empire’s finest temple precincts and public buildings. In existence since before the 6th century B.c., when the first great temple structures were built, Baalbek figured in the stabilizing of the frontiers during the early years of the reign of AUGUSTUS (ruled 27 B.c.-14 A.D.). Marcus AGRIPPA reorganized the East and chose Baalbek and Berytus as two important Roman colonies. Henceforth Baalbek was a thoroughly Roman city in the midst of Syria, and its name was changed eventually to Heliopolis. Not only did Baalbek serve Roman interests in Syria, it also helped maintain a buffer against PARTHIA and PERSIA, a difficult task as the imperial frontier became weak. The new colonists brought their new gods, and the result was a spectacular series of buildings erected between the 1st and 3rd centuries A.D. Collectively, the edifices were called the Sanctuary of Jupiter. The Temple of Jupiter dominated the complex. Nearby rose the Temple of Bacchus, constructed in the 2nd century, which survives in remarkably good shape and so offers excellent archaeological and artistic details from the period. Known as Bacchus’s temple, but most likely the Temple of Venus Atargatis, it was heavily decorated and supported by Corinthian columns.
K
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
KANUS, JULIUS (d. 40 A.D.) A Stoic philosopher during the reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41 A.D.). He was executed by the emperor as part of Caligula’s general per­ secution of philosophers in Rome, especially the Stoics. His friends included Antiochus of Seleucia and RECTUS. See also STOICISM. KNIGHTS See EQUITES. KNIVA (d. after 253 A.D.) King of the Goths during the middle of the 3rd century A.D. Kniva not only led his people in an invasion of the Roman Empire but succeeded in destroying an emperor. He appeared suddenly on the Danubian frontier in 249, commanding a massive force. While one column ravaged DACIA, he led another into MOESIA, dividing his army into two forces, one laying siege to Philippopolis and the other, with 70,000 men, assaulting Novae on the Danube. Turned aside by TREBONIANUS GALLUS, then the governor of Moesia, Kniva moved from Novae to NICOPOLIS in the south. Word of the crisis quickly drew Emperor Trajanus DECIUS and his son HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS to the Danubian threater. Decius surprised the Goths at Nicopolis (c. 249) and inflicted upon them a terrible defeat. Kniva retreated over the Haemus Mountains and, despite Decius’ attempts to prevent him, joined his troops at Philippopolis. The strategic situation was thus reversed when, at the small town of Beroca at the base of the Haemus Mountains, Kniva surprised the emperor and crushed him. Decius’ legions fled in disarray over the mountains to Moesia, where the emperor tried to reorganize.
The Desert Granivory Experiments at Portal
Authors: Brown James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1977 D. W. Davidson, 0. J. Reichman, and I began experimental manipulations in the Chihuahuan Desert near the little town of Portal in southeastern Arizona to study interactions among seed-eating rodents and ants and between these consumers and the annual plants that supply their primary food resources. The study site comprises about 20 ha of relatively homogeneous desert shrub habitat and contains 24 plots, each 0.25 ha in area (50 X 50 m), that were randomly assigned to different treatments: removal of some or all rodent or ant species or addition of supplementary seeds. While the plots initially assigned to seed additions and some of the other treatments were changed to additional replicates of rodent and ant removal treatments in 1988, several plots have had all rodents, just kangaroo rats, or all ants removed continuously and other plots have served as unmanipulated controls for the entire 19-year period. In the nearly two decades that we have been manipulating and monitoring a selected group of organisms on a small patch of ground, we have learned a great deal about how they affect each other and how they respond to natural variation-chiefly in climate-in their environment. Numerous papers describing the responses of the desert community to these longterm “press” experiments (see Bender et al. 1984) have been published, but no major review and synthesis of the experimental research program has been written since Brown, et al.’s chapter in Diamond and Case’s Community Ecology (1986).
Experimental Compromise and Mechanistic Approaches to the Evolutionary Ecology of Interacting Daphnia Species
Authors: Leibold Mathew A , Tessier Alan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experimental approach has been tremendously useful in community ecology, but it has led to a codified design for experiments, which has been characterized as phenomenological by some critics (Dunham, this volume; Petraitis, this volume). In the conventional approach, investigators select a particular system (i.e., an assemblage at a particular place and time) and conduct perturbation experiments to determine if certain general processes occur (e.g., species removals to detect the occurrence of predation or competition). In some cases, multiple factors are manipulated to determine the “relative importance” of these factors on aspects of the community. This tradition of experiments has rapidly escalated, and standard means have been developed and improved to deal with a wide array of methodological, statistical, and inferential issues (Hurlburt 1984, Hairston 1989, Manly 1992, Underwood 1995). Whereas early experiments often suffered from an array of such problems (Table 5-1), more recent work reflects a greater awareness of these important issues. Improvements on the experimental approach, however, continue to deal poorly with what are perhaps the most important concerns: generality and extrapolation. Advances in these areas come at great cost.
Food Crop Production Systems in Central America
Authors: Moreno Raúl A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Central American isthmus is often treated as a single analytical unit from a geopolitical perspective. Nevertheless, from an ecological perspective, the region is so diverse that most generalizations lead to some degree of error. Several factors contribute to environ mental variability in the region. Most important, 70 percent of the area in agricultural production consists of highlands of different altitudes and relief. Both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans influence the climate of this mountainous agricultural region, another source of variability. The isthmus may well have the richest flora and fauna in the world because it serves as a bridge between the North and South American land masses.
La Pacífica, 40 Years of Farm Ecology
Authors: Hagnauer Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hacienda La Pacifica is one of the few farms in the New World tropics that has been managed by using ecological principles over a long period of time and for which adequate records about the management experience and lessons learned have been maintained. This midsized cattle ranch in Guanacaste Province is located 4 kilometers west of Canas between the Rio Blano, Rio Tenorio, and Rio Corobici (figure 19.1) in the semiarid zone originally covered by tropical dry forest (Holdridge, 1967; see also Vargas, chapter 10). It has served as a research site for two generations of agricultural, biological, and social scientists.
Conclusion
Authors: Swisher Upton Hatch Marilyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To balance the goals of preserving biodiversity and maintaining large segments of natural ecosystems with the needs and aspirations of a growing human population is a global challenge that is vividly illustrated by the experiences of Mesoamerica. The introduction to this volume discussed seven hypotheses, each of which brought into focus an unresolved issue for Mesoamerica’ s citizens and decision makers as they attempt to achieve the dual goals of development and resource preservation.
Darwinian Medicine and the Emergence of Allergy
Authors: Barnes Kathleen C , Armelagos George J , Morreale Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arelatively recent view within the paradigm of Darwinian medicine is that allergy is an adaptive response because it serves a defensive function in which cellular attack by toxins is minimized and potentially harmful substances are diluted and expelled from the body. Advocates of this particular hypothesis question the theory that IgE-mediated, immediate hypersensitivity is part of an earlier adaptive response to helminthic infestations, which in the absence of exposure to parasites (the antigens for which the system arguably may have evolved to combat) overreacts to common proteins (e.g., pollens, dust mite allergen) and subsequently manifests as allergic disease. We argue that the rise of allergy can in fact be best understood in part from this broader evolutionary perspective, and that IgE, one of the key players involved in the immediate-type allergic response, originated in mammals chronically exposed to helminthic parasites as an adaptive response. Within our theoretical framework, we contend that the immunological response probably did not produce widespread adverse health effects because of the coevolution of a check-and-balance mechanism by which the adverse effects of the hypersensitive state were controlled; specifically, IgG-blocking antibodies and possibly other mediators in the cytokine network minimized the systemic effects of the allergy cascade but at the same time allowed for a control of the worm load in chronically infested individuals. Thus, this mechanism was advantageous to both the host and pathogen, creating an acceptable level of symbiosis between the two.
Nonexploitation as a Rule of Thumb
Authors: Bailey James Wood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exploitation in a Simple Game
A number of general empirical conditions obtain in virtually any world with which we are familiar. Our background knowledge will be shaped by these general conditions, and the moral intuitions we are likely to have will be thereby constrained. In this chapter I use an evolutionary model to show that even if our moral convictions are at their base utilitarian, many of our concrete moral judgments are just as “selfish” and “partial” as our ordinary moral intuitions and commonsense moral beliefs appear to be, insofar as they permit us to take greater heed of our own well-being than that of others. Thus the alleged gap between moral common sense and utilitarianism can begin to be narrowed. The aim here is to give not a comprehensive theory of the evolution of norms but rather a rational reconstruction of why it is that certain norms, which might appear to be ways of instantiating utilitarianism in the world, are in fact likely to be self-defeating.
The Problem of Redistribution
Authors: Bailey James Wood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What the Problem Is
Redistribution is a topic much discussed among theorists of justice but is not terribly prominent among utilitarians. Most of the debates on the subject over the last few decades have taken place between moral egalitarians of one kind or another, who believe in patterned principles of distribution and are willing to use the authority of the state to maintain them,1 and defenders of property rights as side constraints, who believe in historical principles of distribution.2 Utilitarians, perhaps because they are not committed in principle to either egalitarian patterns or historical entitlement, are thus not centrally involved in this dispute.
Mechanisms and Physiological Implications of Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channels
Authors: Dunlap Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synaptic integration and use-dependent plasticity are unique hallmarks of nervous system function. Investigations into the cellular mechanisms underlying these essential functions have uncovered myriad pathways, both pre-and postsynaptic, for controlling the flow of information through synapses. The mechanisms responsible for presynaptic inhibition are one case in point. The observation by Frank and Fuortes (1957) of a “remote inhibition” of synaptic transmission between primary afferents and a moto neurons in the spinal cord provided the first evidence for the existence of presynaptic modulatory mechanisms.
The Number System Of Mathematics
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must greatly extend the original concept of number as natural number in order to create an instrument powerful enough for the needs of practice and theory. In a long and hesitant evolution zero, negative integers, and fractions were gradually accepted on the same footing as the positive integers, and today the rules of operation with these numbers are mastered by the average school child. But to gain complete freedom in algebraic operations we must go further by including irrational and complex quantities in the number concept. Although these extensions of the concept of natural number have been in use for centuries and are at the basis of all modern mathematics it is only in recent times that they have been put on a logically sound basis. In the present chapter we shall give an account of this development.
Projective Geometry. Axiomatics. Non-Euclidean Geometries
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geometry deals with the properties of figures in the plane or in space. These properties are so numerous and so varied that some principle of classification is necessary to bring order into this wealth of knowledge. One might, for example, introduce a classification based on the method used in deriving the theorems. From this point of view a distinction iR usually made between the “synthetic” and the “analytic” procedures. The first of these is the classical axiomatic method of Euclid, in which the subject is built upon purely geometrical foundations independent of algebra and the concept of the number continuum, and in which the theorems are deduced by logical reasoning from an initial body of statements called axioms or postulates. The second method is based on the introduction of numerical coordinates, and uses the technique of algebra. This method has brought about a profound change in mathematical science, resulting in a unification of geometry, analysis and algebra into one organic system.
The Calculus
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With an absurd oversimplification, the “invention” of the calculus is sometimes ascribed to two men, Newton and Leibniz. In reality, the calculus is the product of a long evolution that was neither initiated nor terminated by Newton and Leibniz, but in which both played a decisive part. Scattered over seventeenth century Europe, for the most part outside the schools, was a group of spirited scientists who strove to continue the mathematical work of Galileo and Kepler. By correspondence and travel these men maintained close contact. Two central problems held their attention. First, the problem of tangents: to determine the tangent lines to a given curve, the fundamental problem of the differential calculus. Second, the problem of quadrature: to determine the area within a given curve, the fundamental problem of the integral calculus. Newton’s and Leibniz’ great merit is to have clearly recognized the intimate connection between these two problems. In their hands the new unified methods became powerful instruments of science. Much of the success was due to the marvelous symbolic notation invented by Leibniz. His achievement is in no way diminished by the fact that it was linked with hazy and untenable ideas which are apt to perpetuate a lack of precise understanding in minds that prefer mysticism to clarity. Newton, by far the greater scientist, appears to have been mainly inspired by Barrow (1630-1677), his teacher and predecessor at Cambridge. Leibniz was more of an outsider. A brilliant lawyer, diplomat, and philosopher, one of the most active and versatile minds of his century, he learned the new mathematics in an incredibly short time from the physicist Huygens while visiting Paris on a diplomatic mission. Soon afterwards he published results that contain the nucleus of the modern calculus. Newton, whose discoveries had been made much earlier, was averse to publication.
Renaissance and Earth Science
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginning of the Renaissance marked the transition from centuries of intellectual domination of theology during the Middle Ages to a new era of human reason in the Western world. It thus delineates the shift away from divine science to natural science, and with it the first real progress of scientific thought since the time of classical Greece. After centuries of medievalism, a humanist revival began in Europe in the fifteenth century that helped widen mental horizons and paved the way for the coming of modern science.! European cities, growing and prosperous, were powered by an upsurge in trade, industry, and technological experimentation, which in turn led to the reawakening of science.
Baron Miinchausen in the Volcano
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two notable geologic events occurred in the early part of the eighteenth century, events that were to strongly influence the thinking about the workings of the Earth. In 1707 a submarine eruption in the underwater caldera of Santorini (Thera) led to the emergence of a new volcanic island that continued to grow until 1712. And on November 1, 1755, a major earthquake shook all of western Europe and was felt in parts of Africa, the West Indies, and as far afield as the Great Lakes in North America. In Portugal, the city of Lisbon, closest to the Atlantic Ocean epicenter of the earthquake, experienced the loss of an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 lives and most of its large public buildings were destroyed. Both of these convulsions aroused intellectual curiosity and scientific inquiry about the astonishing power stored in the Earth.
The Transition to and fi-om High School of Ethnic Minority Sh1dents
Authors: Ginorio Angela B , Grignon Jeri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will explore how the high school experiences of ethnic minority students translate the statement “when I grow up I want to be a scientist/mathematician/engineer” into skills that make a college admission and a major in a science, mathematics, and engineering (SIVIE) field a possibility. Students enter high school in middle adolescence at either the ninth or tenth grade and leave high school as young adults three or four years later. By staying in high school, students are fulfilling the principal social duty of adolescents as it has been defined in Western culture: the acquisition of an education (Feldman and Elliot 1990).
Seeking the Healing Patient-Therapist Relationship
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patty P had just finished her master’s degree in chemistry from a prestigious New England university and had been accepted into a science journalism program in the Midwest. She was already beginning to pack, physically and mentally. Patty’s fiance, Howie, was attending a medical school in the South and Patty had dated other men while they were separated. She was ambivalent about Howie and her future with him, wondering why, after she had agreed to marry him, she was still attracted to-and even slept with-other men. With a new stage in her life beginning, and with too much self-doubt, she decided to seek help.
Historical Introduction
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists have sought ways and means of determining the numerical age of the Earth and its constituent rocks since the study of geology along modern scientific lines began more than two centuries ago. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, there was a lively debate regarding the age of the Earth, which centered about William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), a prominent British physicist. Kelvin adopted Fourier’s (1820) model of conductive heat flow from an initially molten earth, from which he concluded that the age of the Earth could not be too far in excess of 100 million years (Ma) (Thomson, 1863). He later reduced this estimate to between 20 and 40 Ma (Kelvin, 1899). Although many prominent geologists acceded to this outlook, several argued that the complexity of the geological record demanded a much longer time scale than Kelvin was advocating. However, other contemporary physicists (Perry, 1895a,b,c; Heaviside, 1899), using models incorporating the possibility of mantle convection, were able to accommodate time scales as great as 5 Ga (1Ga = 109 years). Detailed discussion of these debates is given in Burchfield (1975) and Hallam (1983).
Technical Aspects
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measurement of 40Ar/39 Ar ages on geological samples requires the utilization of a wide range of methods and techniques. This chapter is primarily concerned with the more technical aspects of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating, with a concluding section on laser microprobes, together with examples of their application. The topics to be covered include sample preparation, irradiation of samples in a nuclear reactor, nuclear interferences, argon extraction procedures, and isotopic analysis of the argon. Several sections of this chapter deal with concepts drawn from the fields of nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry. In our treatment we have used the book by Friedlander et al. (1981), and also the volume by Harvey (1962), as sources for much of the back ground information.
40 Ar/39 Ar Thermochronology
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we reviewed both the conceptual and mathematical foundations of diffusion in solids and showed that the Arrhenius relationship could be linked with solutions of the diffusion equation (for a constant D) to yield an expression that relates temperature and heating duration to the degree of argon loss [eq. (5.26)1 Although useful as an illustration of how knowledge of diffusion parameters can be used to extract thermal history information from a disturbed isotopic system, the underlying assumptions inherent in this equation (i.e., a heating episode of constant temperature and short duration relative to the time of argon accumulation) restrict its geological application to rather few circumstances.
Modeling of the Atomic Potential in Hot Plasmas
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To get a full picture of the interactions of an ion immersed in a hot plasma with all the other plasma particles, one should in principle solve 1023 coupled Schrodinger equations with 1023 unknown wavefunctions. This is certainly beyond the capacity of present-day computers, so one needs the help of various models, which approximate the plasma influence on the ionic potential.