bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated carbon dioxide affects fruit flavor in field‐grown strawberries (Fragaria×ananassaDuch)
Authors: Wang SY , Bunce JA 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe effect of elevated carbon dioxide on fruit quality and aroma volatile composition in field‐grown strawberries (Fragaria×ananassaDuch) was studied. Elevating the ambient CO2concentration (ambient + 300, and ambient +600 µmol mol−1CO2) resulted in high fruit dry matter, fructose, glucose and total sugar contents and low citric and malic acid contents. High CO2growing conditions significantly enhanced the fruit content of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, methyl butanonate, hexyl acetate, hexyl hexanoate, furaneol, linalool and methyl octanoate. Thus, the total amounts of these compounds were higher in berries grown in CO2‐enriched conditions than those grown in ambient conditions. The highest CO2enrichment (600 µmol mol−1) condition yielded fruit with the highest levels of these aroma compounds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): suitability for freezing and commercial alternatives
Authors: Huidobro Almudena , Tejada Margarita 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe quality of portion‐size farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) during frozen storage and the influence of post‐mortem treatments were studied in order to find new ways of marketing this species. Portion‐sized gilthead seabream, fasted for 48 h prior to slaughter, were frozen and stored at −20 °C for up to one year. Whole fish were frozen immediately after rigor mortis; gutted fish were frozen immediately after rigor and after 5 days of storage in ice. All lots were stored at −20 °C for up to one year. The myofibrillar protein of this species was very stable and a slight decrease of solubility in salt solutions was found only after one year of frozen storage. A slight decrease in water‐holding capacity and a slight increase in shear strength were observed, but these were lower than in other species. These changes were reflected as increased toughness and reduced juiciness in sensory analysis of the cooked fillets after one year. The main changes in the cooked fillets were observed in odour and flavour. No significant detrimental effect due to the guts was detected during frozen storage. Storage in ice prior to freezing was reflected in sensory assessment of the raw fish, mainly in terms of initial higher demerit points for fishy odour, gills and eyes; however, no effect was observed in the cooked fillets. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of endogenous flour lipids on the quality of short‐dough biscuits
Authors: Papantoniou Eleni , Hammond Eugene W , Scriven Fiona , Gordon Michael H , Schofield J David 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFractionation and reconstitution techniques were used to study the contribution of endogenous flour lipids to the quality of short‐dough (shortcake type) biscuits. Biscuit flour was defatted with chloroform and baked with bakery fat, but without endogenous lipid. Short‐dough biscuits baked from defatted flour had smaller diameters, and were flatter, denser and harder than control biscuits. Defatted flour shortcake doughs exhibited different rheological behaviour from the control samples, showing higher storage and loss moduli (G′ and G″ values), ie higher viscoelasticity. Functionality was restored when total non‐starch flour lipids were added back to defatted flour. The polar lipid fraction had a positive effect in restoring flour quality whereas the non‐polar lipid fraction had no effect. Both fractions were needed for complete restoration of both biscuit quality and dough rheological characteristics. A study of the microstructure of defatted biscuits revealed that their gluten protein was more hydrated and developed than the gluten of the control biscuits. This conclusion was supported by the higher water absorption of the defatted gluten. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of different forms of calcium to tea soil to prevent aluminium and fluorine accumulation
Authors: Fung KF , Wong MH 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTea Camellia sinensis (L), is a well‐known accumulator of aluminium and fluorine from acidic soil. A reduction is desirable as aluminium and fluorine absorbed will leach into the tea liquor through infusion, thus posing a serious threat to the health of consumers. The present study aims to investigate the effects of adding different forms of calcium on Al and F uptake by tea plants, in order to reduce the concentrations of these elements contained in the plants. All true lime materials increased the soil pH and decreased soil extractable Al and F concentrations. There were no (p < 0.05) changes in pH values when CaCl2 was added, and a slight decrease in Al and F concentrations was observed in the treatments with CaSO4. Tea seedlings under the addition of CaSO4 were the tallest and healthiest, followed by CaCl2, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2 and CaO. Seedlings under large doses of Ca(OH)2 and CaO were dead. Relative growth rates decreased significantly with the increase of calcium compounds except in CaSO4 treatment. The highest Al concentration was also found in the treatment of 4000 mg CaSO4 kg−1; it then decreased gradually from 3364 to 933 mg Al kg−1 in leaves. For all treatments in both varieties, F concentrations in leaves were lower than the control (374 mg kg−1). Calcium chloride was a suitable agent for reduction of Al and F uptake by tea plants while maintaining a high growth rate of the seedlings. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerisation Toolbox
Authors: Slugovc Christian 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSummary: The success of metathesis chemistry techniques has sparked a tremendous interest in polymer and material chemistry. This contribution provides an overview of the state of the art in ring opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP). It is intended to provide the reader with useful information on the interplay of initiators, monomers, and reaction conditions, thus aiding polymer chemists to utilise the ROMP toolbox. Prominent and illustrative examples from current research are given in the article.The “ROMP toolbox”.magnified imageThe “ROMP toolbox”.
Unusual Crystallization Behavior in Nylon‐6 and Nylon‐6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Zhao Zhudi , Zheng Weitao , Yu Wenxue , Tian Hongwei , Li Hujie 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSummary: The crystallization behavior of nylon‐6 and nylon‐6/montmorillonite nanocomposite films with different heat histories was investigated by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). For nylon‐6 films isothermally crystallized above 170 °C or annealed at 200 °C and then quenched in ice water, a crystalline peak appeared at 2θ = 28.5°. This crystalline peak was strong in intensity for the former and weak for the latter. However, for nylon‐6 films cooled in air after isothermal crystallization or annealing, no crystalline peak at 2θ = 28.5° was observed in the WAXD patterns. For nylon‐6/montmorillonite nanocomposite films annealed above 140 °C, a crystalline double peak was observed between the α1 and α2 peaks. The possible origins of the peak at 2θ = 28.5° and the crystalline double peak are discussed.WAXD patterns of isothermally crystallized nylon‐6/montmorillonite nanocomposite films.magnified imageWAXD patterns of isothermally crystallized nylon‐6/montmorillonite nanocomposite films.
Pruning of motor neuron branches establishes the DLM innervation pattern in Drosophila
Authors: Hebbar Sarita , Fernandes Joyce J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDuring the Drosophila life‐cycle two sets of neuromuscular junctions are generated: the embryonic/larval NMJs develop during the first half, followed by the period of metamorphosis during which the adult counterpart is generated. Development of the adult innervation pattern is preceded by a withdrawal of larval NMJs, which occurs at the onset of metamorphosis, and is followed by adult‐specific motor neuron outgrowth to innervate the newly developing adult fibers. Establishment of the adult innervation pattern occurs in the context of a broader restructuring of the nervous system, which results in the development of neural circuits that are necessary to carry out behaviors specific to the adult. In this article, we follow development of the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) innervation pattern through metamorphosis. We find that the initial period of motor neuron elaboration is followed by a phase of extensive pruning resulting in a threefold reduction of neuromuscular contacts. This event establishes the adult pattern of second order branching. Subsequent higher order branching from the second order “contact” points generates the characteristic multiterminal innervation pattern of the DLMs. Boutons begin to appear after the pruning phase, and are much smaller than their larval counterparts. Additionally, we demonstrate that the DLM innervation is altered in the hyperexcitable double mutant, ether a go‐go Shaker, and that the phenotype is suppressed by the hypoexcitable mutant, napts1. Our results demonstrate that electrical activity regulates the patterning of DLM innervation during metamorphosis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 499–516, 2004
In vivo analysis reveals different apoptotic pathways in pre‐ and postmigratory cerebellar granule cells of rabbit
Authors: Lossi Laura , Gambino Graziana , Mioletti Silvia , Merighi Adalberto 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNaturally occurring neuronal death (NOND) has been described in the postnatal cerebellum of several species, mainly affecting the cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) by an apoptotic mechanism. However, little is known about the cellular pathway(s) of CGC apoptosis in vivo. By immunocytochemistry, in situ detection of fragmented DNA, electron microscopy, and Western blotting, we demonstrate here the existence of two different molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in the rabbit postnatal cerebellum. These two mechanisms affect CGCs at different stages of their maturation and migration. In the external granular layer, premigratory CGCs undergo apoptosis upon phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), and hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. In postmigratory CGCs within the internal granular layer, caspase 3 and to a lesser extent 7 and 9 are activated, eventually leading to poly‐ADP‐ribose polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) cleavage and programmed cell death. We conclude that NOND of premigratory CGCs is linked to activation of DNA checkpoint and alteration of normal cell cycle, whereas in postmigratory CGCs apoptosis is, more classically, dependent upon caspase 3 activation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 437–452, 2004
Background sodium current stabilizes bursting in respiratory pacemaker neurons
Authors: Tryba Andrew K. , Ramirez Jan‐Marino 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEndogenous pacemaker properties have been proposed to generate rhythmic activity underlying many behaviors including respiration. For pacemakers to generate regenerative bursting, background currents maintain their membrane potential (Vm) within a range where bi‐stable properties are expressed, thereby stabilizing rhythmogenesis. We previously found that the baseline Vm of respiratory pacemakers is stabilized against hyperpolarizing shifts in their Vm. In response to prolonged hyperpolarizing current injection synaptically isolated respiratory pacemakers steadily depolarize and resume bursting, suggesting a stabilizing background current is involved. What is the ionic basis of this background current in respiratory pacemakers? Here we demonstrate that in low‐[Na+]o ACSF, synaptically isolated respiratory pacemakers hyperpolarized and remained outside the bursting window, but could burst upon depolarizing current injection. These data suggest that pacemakers possess a background sodium current that is necessary to bring their Vm into a bursting range. Low‐[Na+]o ACSF also abolished the depolarizing shift evoked during prolonged hyperpolarizing current injection, and bursting did not resume. This depolarizing shift persisted in the presence of Ih‐current blockers, but was abolished in tetrodotoxin. Although, under control conditions, the Vm of synaptically isolated respiratory pacemaker neurons was not significantly affected when [K+]o was changed from 3 to 8 mM, the Vm is altered when [K+]o was raised in low‐[Na+]o ACSF. Thus, current‐clamp studies suggest that respiratory pacemaker neurons possess a background sodium current that maintains their membrane potential within a range where they express bursting, thereby stabilizing rhythmogenesis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 481–489, 2004
A spectral‐element method for modelling cavitation in transient fluid–structure interaction
Authors: Sprague M. A. , Geers T. L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn an underwater‐shock environment, cavitation (boiling) occurs as a result of reflection of the shock wave from the free surface and/or wetted structure causing the pressure in the water to fall below its vapour pressure. If the explosion is sufficiently distant from the structure, the motion of the fluid surrounding the structure may be assumed small, which allows linearization of the governing fluid equations. In 1984, Felippa and DeRuntz developed the cavitating acoustic finite‐element (CAFE) method for modelling this phenomenon. While their approach is robust, it is too expensive for realistic 3D simulations. In the work reported here, the efficiency and flexibility of the CAFE approach has been substantially improved by: (i) separating the total field into equilibrium, incident, and scattered components, (ii) replacing the bilinear CAFE basis functions with high‐order Legendre‐polynomial basis functions, which produces a cavitating acoustic spectral element (CASE) formulation, (iii) employing a simple, non‐conformal coupling method for the structure and fluid finite‐element models, and (iv) introducing structure–fluid time‐step subcycling. Field separation provides flexibility, as it admits non‐acoustic incident fields that propagate without numerical dispersion. The use of CASE affords a significant reduction in the number of fluid degrees of freedom required to reach a given level of accuracy. The combined use of subcycling and non‐conformal coupling affords order‐of‐magnitude savings in computational effort. These benefits are illustrated with 1D and 3D canonical underwatershock problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local modal reduction in explicit dynamics with domain decomposition. Part 1: extension to subdomains undergoing finite rigid rotations
Authors: Faucher Vincent , Combescure Alain 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe present an extension of the dual Schur multidomain method with local linear modal reduction previously introduced by Gravouil, Combescure, Herry and Faucher to the case of modal reduction on geometrically non‐linear vibrating subdomains. This first part of a two‐part paper describes a new formalism, based on an original set of parameters, to represent a subdomain's finite rigid‐body motion. Special attention is paid to the stability issues with time integration using the central difference scheme. The method is validated on an academic example and its efficiency is demonstrated on a large‐scale example. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wichtig für die Praxis: Moderne Antidepressiva in der Pharmazeutischen Betreuung
Authors: Bertsche Thilo , Schulz Martin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDie Depression ist eine Volkskrankheit. Die medikamentöse Therapie mit Antidepressiva ist zentraler Bestandteil eines Behandlungskonzeptes. Auch bei modernen Antidepressiva besteht das Kernproblem bei Therapiebeginn in einer zunächst für den Patienten unbefriedigenden Wirksamkeit bei gleichzeitig subjektiv belastenden Nebenwirkungen. Aber auch die Compliance‐Sicherung während der Erhaltungstherapie und Rezidivprophylaxe stellt eine wichtige Aufgabe zum Wohl des einzelnen Patienten und zum Nutzen des Gesundheitssystems dar. Wissenschaftliche Publikationen zeigen Ansatzpunkte, dass durch Pharmazeutische Betreuung die Compliance des Patienten und seine Lebensqualität verbessert werden kann. Der Apotheker ist nicht nur auf Grund seiner regelmäßigen Kundenkontakte ein idealer Ansprechpartner. Durch sein klinisch‐pharmazeutisches Know‐How, das er vor allem im Rahmen der Pharmazeutischen Betreuung in der Hausapotheke einbringen sollte, kann der Apotheker eine systematisch dokumentierte Therapiebegleitung, insbesondere anhand der Patientendatei einschließlich Medikationsprofil, leisten. Beim Offizinapotheker beziehungsweise in der Hausapotheke laufen die Verordnungen des Hausarztes und der verschiedenen Fachärzte zusammen. Er ist der zentrale Vermittler, der Medikationsanhäufungen sowie noch nicht oder nicht mehr ausreichende Wirksamkeit anhand von Verordnungen und Patientenwünschen aus dem Selbstmedikationsbereich erkennen und lösen helfen kann. Für die Zukunft wäre es auch denkbar, dass der Apotheker systematische Screening‐Funktionen wahrnimmt und bei Verdachtsmomenten den Patienten frühzeitig einer ärztlichen Behandlung zuführt. Dies gilt schon heute in der sorgfältig zu beobachtenden Selbstmedikation.
Detecting local structural similarity in proteins by maximizing number of equivalent residues
Authors: Standley Daron M. , Toh Hiroyuki , Nakamura Haruki 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA new algorithm for superimposing protein structures based on maximizing the number of spatially equivalent residues is introduced. The algorithm works in three distinct steps. First, the optimal residue map is calculated by structural alignment. By default, the double dynamic programming algorithm, as implemented in the program ASH, was used for the structure alignment step, but we also present results based on alignments imported from three other programs (Dali, CE, and VAST).Second, the structures are spatially superimposed such that the effective number of equivalent residues (NER) – aligned residue pairs that can be spatially overlapped – is maximized. The NER score is an analytic, differentiable similarity function that rewards spatially equivalent residues but ignores non‐equivalent ones. Maximization of the NER score results in accurate superpositions in cases where root mean square deviation (RMSD) minimization fails. Third, the NER function is used in conjunction with traditional dynamic programming to realign the structures based on the proximity of residues in the superposition. Results are presented for a wide range of superposition problems and compared to results from Dali, CE, and VAST. In addition, several structure–structure pairs that show only partial similarity are discussed, and results are compared to those from the LGA, SARF2, and ThreeCa programs. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoexcited O3(H2O)n cluster decay: Nonempirical simulation of model systems
Authors: Ryabinkin I. G. , Novakovskaya Yu. V. , Stepanov N. F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe ground and excited electronic states of an individual ozone molecule and its clusters with up to five water molecules are considered at the multiconfigurational quasidegenerate perturbation theory level with the geometrical optimization of structures carried out in the multiconfigurational self‐consistent field approximation in complete active space with 6‐31G basis set extended with diffuse and polarization functions on all nuclei. The vertical photoexcitation spectra of an ozone molecule and ozone–water clusters in the energy range up to 6.0 eV are compared. An interaction between singlet dissociation products of ozone and either a single water molecule or a small water cluster is considered, and the formation of radical species is predicted. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Glycopeptide analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry reveals novel features of horseradish peroxidase glycosylation
Authors: Wuhrer Manfred , Hokke Cornelis H. , Deelder André M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe explored matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem time‐of‐flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry for the analysis of N‐glycosylated peptides, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a test case. Two different types of cleavage were observed in the TOF/TOF fragmentation spectra: Firstly, cleavages of peptide bonds yielded fragments with the attached N‐glycans staying intact, thus revealing information on peptide sequence and glycan attachment site. Secondly, fragmentation of the glycan moiety was characterized by cleavage of glycosidic bonds as well as a 0,2X‐ring fragmentation of the innermost N‐acetylglucosamine of the chitobiose core. Loss of the complete N‐glycan moiety occurred by cleavage of both the N‐glycosidic bond and the side‐chain amide group of the N‐glycosylated asparagine, yielding a characteristic peak doublet with a mass difference of 17 Da, which revealed the individual masses of the N‐glycan and the peptide moiety. Analysis of a HRP tryptic digest at the sub‐picomole level allowed the characterization of various N‐glycosylated peptides including those with internal disulfide linkages, a glycopeptide linked via a disulfide bond to another peptide, and a 5 kDa glycopeptide carrying two N‐glycans. The potential of our approach was illustrated by the detection of the following novel features of HRP glycosylation: (i) The conjugation of a xylosylated trimannosyl N‐glycan without core‐fucosylation to site Asn316, showing for the first time unambiguously the occupation of this site; and (ii) A disaccharide N‐acetylhexosamine1deoxyhexose1 attached to N‐glycosylation sites Asn285 and Asn298, which might represent a Fuc(α1‐3)GlcNAc‐ moiety arising from the processing of N‐glycans by a horse‐radish endoglycosidase during biosynthesis of HRP. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vereinfachte Berechnung flüssigkeitsgefüllter verankerter Kreiszylinderschalen unter Erdbebenbelastung
Authors: Gehrig Hans 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAusgehend von bisher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen verschiedener Autoren zu erdbebenbelasteten Flachbodentanks werden die angegebenen Gleichungen für bisher nicht untersuchte Geometrieverhältnisse ausgewertet. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse der exakten Gleichungen wird ein einfaches Berechnungsverfahren entwickelt, das sowohl die Anforderungen der Praxis nach einfachen, fehlerunempfindlichen Rechenverfahren erfüllt als auch die gleichen Ergebnisse liefert wie das exakte Verfahren.
Development of Hydrophobic Starch
Authors: Bohrisch Jörg , Vorwerg Waltraud , Radosta Sylvia 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe aim of this work was a systematic investigation of the preparation conditions for stable aqueous dispersions of hydrophobic starch. Samples of benzylated starch were therefore synthesised and then converted into hydrophobic dispersions by fragmentation. In the study, the type of starch and process parameters such as the degree of hydrophobic substitution and fragmentation method were varied. It was shown that the type of derivatisation process (i.e. heterogeneous in a slurry or homogeneous in an autoclave) had a crucial influence on the dispersion properties. Dilution from homogeneous solution and steam‐jet cooking were explored as fragmentation methods for the starch derivatives. The resulting dispersions were comprehensively characterised in relation to the molecular properties of the soluble fraction and sediment. Significant differences in dispersion properties were caused by the type of starch used (i.e. potato or maize) and the derivatisation process, for a similar degree of benzylation.