bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of the Primate Superior Colliculus to Inhibition of Return
Authors: Dorris Michael C. , Klein Raymond M. , Everling Stefan , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The phenomenon of inhibition of return (IOR) has generated considerable interest in cognitive neuroscience because of its putative functional role in visual search, that of placing inhibitory tags on objects that have been recently inspected so as to direct further search to novel items. Many behavioral parameters of this phenomenon have been clearly delineated, and based on indirect but converging evidence, the widely held consensus is that the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) is involved in the generation of IOR. We had previously trained monkeys on a saccadic IOR task and showed that they displayed IOR in a manner similar to that observed in humans. Here we recorded the activity of single neurons in the superficial and intermediate layers of the SC while the monkeys performed this IOR task. We found that when the target was presented at a previously cued location, the stimulus-related response was attenuated and the magnitude of this response was correlated with subsequent saccadic reaction times. Surprisingly, this observed attenuation of activity during IOR was not caused by active inhibition of these neurons because (a) they were, in fact, more active following the presentation of the cue in their response field, and (b) when we repeated the same experiment while using the saccadic response time induced by electrical micro-stimulation of the SC to judge the level of excitability of the SC circuitry during the IOR task, we found faster saccades were elicited from the cued location. Our findings demonstrate that the primate SC participates in the expression of IOR; however, the SC is not the site of the inhibition. Instead, the reduced activity in the SC reflects a signal reduction that has taken place upstream.
Impaired Recognition of Social Emotions following Amygdala Damage
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Baron-Cohen Simon , Tranel Daniel 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Lesion, functional imaging, and single-unit studies in human and nonhuman animals have demonstrated a role for the amygdala in processing stimuli with emotional and social significance. We investigated the recognition of a wide variety of facial expressions, including basic emotions (e.g., happiness, anger) and social emotions (e.g., guilt, admiration, flirtatiousness). Prior findings with a standardized set of stimuli indicated that recognition of social emotions can be signaled by the eye region of the face and is disproportionately impaired in autism (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, & Jolliffe, 1997). To test the hypothesis that the recognition of social emotions depends on the amygdala, we administered the same stimuli to 30 subjects with unilateral amygdala damage (16 left, 14 right), 2 with bilateral amygdala damage, 47 brain-damaged controls, and 19 normal controls. Compared with controls, subjects with unilateral or bilateral amygdala damage were impaired when recognizing social emotions; moreover, they were more impaired in recognition of social emotions than in recognition of basic emotions, and, like previously described patients with autism, they were impaired also when asked to recognize social emotions from the eye region of the face alone. The findings suggest that the human amygdala is relatively specialized to process stimuli with complex social significance. The results also provide further support for the idea that some of the impairments in social cognition seen in patients with autism may result from dysfunction of the amygdala.
Industrial Ecosystems as Food Webs
Authors: Hardy Catherine , Graedel Thomas E. 
Published: January 2003

SummaryColocated industries exchange products and by‐products in ways reminiscent of the exchange of resources in biological ecosystems. To better understand these “industrial ecosys‐tems”, we have applied food‐web theory to a set of 19 actual and hypothetical eco‐industrial parks and integrated biosys‐tems. We find a linear relationship between number of industrial tenants and number of linkages among them and connectance values of 0.5 to 0.6 (typical of biological ecosystems). The results may provide initial perspective on designing eco‐industrial parks to maximize the utilization of resources and minimize the generation of wastes. Increased connectance in industrial ecosystems, however, does not necessarily imply increased stability or improved environmental performance.
Input‐Output Analysis of Waste Management
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro , Kondo Yasushi 
Published: January 2003

SummaryA new scheme of hybrid life‐cycle assessment (LCA) termed the waste input‐output (WIO) model is presented that ex‐plicitly takes into account the interdependence between the flow of goods and waste. The WIO model has two distin‐guishing features. First, it expands the Leontief environmental input‐output (EIO) model with respect to waste flows. It turns out that the EIO model is a special case of the WIO model in which there is a strict one‐to‐one correspondence between waste types and treatment methods. By relaxing this condition, the WIO model provides a general framework for LCA of waste management. Second, the WIO model takes into account the “dynamics of waste treatment”, which refers to the fact that the input‐output relationships of waste treatment are significantly affected by the level and composition of waste feedstock, by incorporating an engineering process model of waste treatment. Because waste treatment is expected to accept whatever waste is generated by industry and households, a proper consideration of this feature is vital for LCA of waste management. We estimated a WIO table for Japan and applied it to evaluating effects of alternative waste management poli‐cies with regard to regional concentration of incineration and the sorting of waste with regard to flammability. We found that concentrating treatment in a small number of large incin‐erators combined with an increased degree of sorting could decrease both landfill consumption and the emission of carbon dioxide.
Approaches for Quantifying the Metabolism of Physical Economies: A Comparative Survey: Part II: Review of Individual Approaches
Authors: Daniels Peter L. 
Published: January 2003

SummaryThis article is the second of a two‐part series that describes and compares the essential features of nine “physical economy” approaches for mapping and quantifying the material demands of the human economy upon the natural environ‐ment. These approaches are critical tools in the design and implementation of industrial ecology strategies for greater eco‐efficiency and reduced environmental impacts of human economic activity. Part I of the series provided an overview, meth‐odological classification, and comparison of a selected set of major materials flow analysis (MFA) and related techniques. This sequel includes a convenient reference and overview of the major metabolism measurement approaches in the form of a more detailed summary of the key specific analytical and other features of the approaches introduced in part I. The surveyed physical economy related environmental analysis ap‐proaches include total material requirement and output mod‐els, bulk MFA (IFF (Department of Social Ecology, Institute for Interdiscplinary Studies of Austrian Universities) material flow balance model variant), physical input‐output tables, substance flow analysis, ecological footprint analysis, environmental space, material intensity per unit service, life‐cycle assessment (LCA), the sustainable process index, and company‐level MFA.
Cement Manufacture and the Environment: Part I: Chemistry and Technology
Authors: van Oss Hendrik G. , Padovani Amy C. 
Published: January 2003

SummaryHydraulic (chiefly portland) cement is the binding agent in concrete and mortar and thus a key component of a country's construction sector. Concrete is arguably the most abundant of all manufactured solid materials. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, which itself is composed dominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high‐temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process requires approximately 1.7 tons of raw materials per ton of clinker produced and yields about 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which cal‐cination of limestone and the combustion of fuels each con‐tribute about half. The overall level of CO2 output makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of greenhouse gases; however, in many countries, the cement industry's contribution is a small fraction of that from fossil fuel combustion by power plants and motor vehicles. The nature of clinker and the enormous heat requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels, thus providing the opportunity to apply key concepts of industrial ecology, most notably the closing of loops through the use of by‐products of other industries (industrial symbiosis).In this article, the chemistry and technology of cement manufacture are summarized. In a forthcoming companion ar‐ticle (part II), some of the environmental challenges and op‐portunities facing the cement industry are described. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the analysis relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.
THE RISE OF SECONDARY STATES IN THE IRON AGE LEVANT
Authors: Joffe Alexander 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the formation of states during the Iron Age of the eastern Mediterranean, with particular emphasis on the Levantine states of Israel, Judah, Ammon, and Moab. Using archaeology and texts it proposes that the formation of secondary states was fundamentally different from that of early states such as in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Secondary states in the Levant needed to create not new bureaucratic methods, but new social identities, novel ethnic categories and boundaries. New ideologies were disseminated through material culture which was saturated with symbols of identity, from royal architecture through personal emblems. Cet article examine la formation des états pendant l'âge de fer du méditerranéen oriental, avec l'emphase particulière sur des états de Levantine de l'Israel, du Judah, de l'Ammon, et du Moab. En utilisant l'archéologie et les textes il propose que la formation des états secondaires ait été fondamentalement différente de celle des états tôt comme dans Mesopotamia et l'Egypte. Les états secondaires dans le Levant ont dû ne pas créer des méthodes bureaucratiques nouvelles, mais de nouvelles identités sociales, des catégories de roman et des bornes ethniques. De nouvelles idéologies ont été diffusées par la culture matérielle qui a été saturée avec des symboles d'identité, de l'architecture royale par les emblèmes personnels.
IN THE BEGINNING WAS THE WORD: EXCAVATING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTH ASIA
Authors: Trautmann Thomas , Sinopoli Carla 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe study of the historic past, through material evidence and texts, was an integral component of colonial practice in India, and remains a highly visible governmental and public focus in contemporary South Asia. In this paper, we present an historic overview of the development of knowledge and research on ancient India, beginning with the formation of the Asiatic Society in 1784 and proceeding to the creation of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1861, when history and archaeology were formally differentiated. We trace this development through the post-colonial period, examining how archaeology and ancient history are practiced and conceptualized today. We conclude with four case studies that explore the existing state of, and the potential for, productive partnerships between historians and archaeologists. L'étude du passée historique, à travers l'evidence material et documentaire, faisait partie intégrante du pratique colonial a l'Inde, et reste encore un foyer du gouvernement et de la publique de la sud-Asie contemporaine. Dans cet essai, nous presentons un exposé historique du developpement de la connaissance et de la recherche sur l'Inde ancienne, a partir de la formation de la Asiatic Society in 1784, jusqu'a la creation du Archaeological Survey of India en 1861, du quel point on faisait la difference entre l'histoire et l'archeologie. Nous retraçons ce developpement au travers la periode post-coloniale, en examinant la pratique et la conception de l'archeologie et de l'histoire d'aujourdhui. Pour conclure, nous presentons quatre exemples qui considerent l'existence et le potentiel des associations fertiles entre les historiens et les archeologues.
"Modes of Knowing: Intellectual and Social Dimensions of Time in Africa"
Authors: Adjaye Joseph 
Published: January 2003

AbstractGrounded against a background of a critique of Western characterizations of time in Africa in simple terms such as cyclical or devoid of a sense of the future, the essay analyzes the complex ways in which Africans experience time. Although no single time construct can be applied to all of Africa, since each culture experiences time dynamically in its own way, certain commonalities can be drawn. Today, as millions of Africans find themselves at the confluence of tradition and modernity, the way in which they experience time is multilevel. Conceptions of time are embedded in multiple institutions and practices: life cycles; occupational calendars observed by farmers, fishermen and other workers; ritual calendrical systems in which there are definite patterns of days set aside for performing specific rituals of state; annual festivals that mark the commencement of the local year rather than the arbitrary January 1; myths, legends and genealogies that embody temporal constructs; various indigenous mechanisms and strategies used to establish chronologies, etc.
NOTES ON PSEUDO-APSINES
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe paper discusses problems of text and interpretation in the rhetorical treatise traditionally attributed to Apsines: (i) two declamation themes mentioned in 1.33 are clarified; (ii) in 1.44 emendation of πoιει to παιει is proposed; (iii) points of rhetorical theory in 4.15 and 5.10 are explained, leading to a defence of the transmitted text; (iv) an explanation is offered of the concepts of 'leading' and 'necessary' arguments in 10.3, and the implications of this passage for the composition of the treatise are briefly discussed; (v) at 10.14 deletion of συγκρισεως may be the best solution to the textual problem.
DIATONIC MUSIC IN GREECE: A REASSESSMENT OF ITS ANTIQUITY
Authors: Franklin John Curtis 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper argues that diatonic music and the theory of its tunings were an important precursor to the musical developments of the fifth and fourth centuries. The cyclical principles of diatony were imported to Greece in the early Archaic period as a musical aspect of the Orientalizing movement, an event which is encrypted in the tradition that Terpander invented the seven-stringed lyre. The Terpandrian style of music persisted until the time of Phrynis in the mid-fifth century, after whom constant harmonic innovation began to obscure its important diatonic foundation. This phase of Greek musical history has left only oblique traces in the corpus of technical literature, since the earliest (mostly) extant treatise, the Elementa Harmonica of Aristoxenus, presents rather an account of the Perfect System, which was designed to accommodate the innovations of the later Classical period.
Activity and home range of Testudo hermanni in Northern Italy
Authors: Fasola Mauro , Mazzotti Stefano , Pisapia Anna 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe describe the behavioral adaptations of a population of Hermann's tortoise to the climate of a northern sector of its range, and to a wooded biotope that is uncommon for the species. The activity, the home range, and the thermal relations along the daily and the yearly cycle are described. In contrast to other populations that have bimodal activity peaking in spring and in autumn, the tortoises in our study area had unimodal seasonal activity that can be related to lower summer temperatures. Home range size, 7.4 ha for females and 4.6 ha for males in our study area, was from three to seven times larger than that of all other populations. The large home range, and the low population density of the tortoises in our study area, may be due to food scarcity in the wooded habitat.
Natural history of two colubrid snakes, Elaphe quadrivirgata and Rhabdophis tigrinus, on Yakushima Island, southwestern Japan
Authors: Tanaka Koji , Ota Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2003

AbstractSurveys on the natural history of two diurnal colubrid snakes, Elaphe quadrivirgata and Rhabdophis tigrinus, were made on Yakushima Island, Japan. Two color morphs, normal striped and melanistic, were observed in E. quadrivirgata, and the frequency of the latter morph was significantly greater in 1998 (83.3%) than in 1981 (56.4%). Regurgitated stomach contents of E. quadrivirgata consisted solely of reptilian prey, and the skink Eumeces latiscutatus was by far the most frequent prey item. This result makes a sharp contrast to those of previous studies dealing with populations of this species in central and northern Japan, where the snake preys mainly on anurans. On the other hand, examination of stomachs of R. tigrinus yielded only anuran prey. In Elaphe quadrivirgata, both snout-vent length and body mass in the Yakushima population were smaller than those in a population from central Japan, whereas the size variables for the Yakushima population appeared greater than those in the central Japanese population in R. tigrinus. Body temperature was significantly higher in E. quadrivirgata than in R. tigrinus.
Transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) through feeding wounds by Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Jikumaru Shota 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus by its vector beetle, Monochamus saltuarius, was investigated. Fortythree beetles were reared individually under outdoor conditions and characteristics of their complete transmission curves of B. mucronatus were determined. The averaged nematode-transmission curves exhibited by beetles carrying more than 10 000, 1000 to 9999, and 100 to 999 nematodes at their emergence had a peak of 568, 146 and 12 nematodes per 5 days, respectively. The peaks appeared during a period from 20 to 30 days after beetle emergence. Backward stepwise regression analysis showed that the initial nematode load, the nematode departure efficiency and the nematode transmission efficiency had significantly positive influences on the number of nematodes transmitted into pine twigs. Other statistical analysis showed that the initial nematode load was most important among the three factors to account for the among-beetle difference in the number of nematodes transmitted, followed by the nematode transmission efficiency and nematode departure efficiency in that order. There were significant, positive correlations between the nematode departure efficiency, the nematode transmission efficiency and the number of nematodes transmitted from beetle into pine twigs.
PCR-based cloning of two Ξ-1,4-endoglucanases from the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Momota Yoji , Uehara Taketo , Kushida Atsuhiko 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers was performed on cDNA from Pratylenchus penetrans to amplify a conserved region in β-1,4-endoglucanase genes. Two distinct genomic DNA fragments that encoded partial β-1,4-endoglucanase sequences were isolated. Two corresponding full-length cDNAs, designated Pp-eng-1 and Pp-eng-2, were obtained by 3′ and 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Pp-eng-1 and Pp-eng-2 consisted of 1521 nucleotides encoding 455 amino acids and 1179 nucleotides encoding 328 amino acids, respectively. The two cloned genes encoded family 5 β-1,4-endoglucanases. The predicted protein PP-ENG-1 contained a cellulose-binding domain (CBD), and the predicted protein PP-ENG-2 lacked a CBD.
Acromoldavicus mojavicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Cephaloboidea) from the Mojave Desert, California
Authors: De Ley Irma , Baldwin James , De Ley Paul , Mundo-Ocampo Manuel , Nadler Steven , Gebre Michael 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAcromoldavicus (Cephalobina, Cephaloboidea) with its highly distinctive lip region has only a single species, Acromoldavicus skrjabini Nesterov & Lisetskaya, originally described from Moldova and subsequently also detected at sites in the Middle East and near the Mediterranean. Herein, Acromoldavicus mojavicus n. sp. is described from sandy soil surrounding a Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia) in a remote area of the Mojave Desert, California, USA. The lip region of A. mojavicus n. sp. is bilaterally symmetrical with three triangular probolae surrounded by three pairs of plate-like lips. The lip region is organised along similar lines as that of A. skrjabini, but differs in several respects, such as its larger size, presence of elongate posterior processes on each lip and division of the lateral lips into two lobes (excluding the dorso-sublateral guard processes). In addition, phylogenetic interpretation of sequence data from the large-subunit of ribosomal DNA provides further evidence for autapomorphies and separate species status for A. skrjabini and A. mojavicus n. sp. Characteristics shared with Cephaloboidea include the offset spermatheca and males with eight pairs of genital papillae. Both species of Acromoldavicus have a buccal capsule with a reduced gymnostom, a character that seems to be shared with the cephalobid Elaphonema and in part is a basis for placement of both genera in Elaphonematidae. The species A. mojavicus n. sp. exhibits additional similarities with Elaphonema spp. that further support this placement.
Cuticular disruption and mortality of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to culture filtrate of Byssochlamys nivea Westling
Authors: Park Ja-On , Sivasithamparam Krishnapillai , Ghisalberti Emile , Hargreaves Jaih , Gams Walter , Cole Anthony L.J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA strain of a Byssochlamys nivea, isolated from saline mud in Western Australia as a part of statewide survey of soil fungi for nematophagous activity, was evaluated for its effect on nematodes. Culture filtrate of the fungus grown on potato dextrose broth for 7 days caused structural changes in the cuticle, aggregation of individuals, and mortality of Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition, the culture filtrate completely inhibited hatching of C. elegans eggs. Exudates from agar colonies also caused cuticular disruption and mortality of C. elegans. The cuticular disruption observed, not reported in nematodes before, was initiated in the labial region and spread towards the posterior region of the nematode within 10 min of application. This reaction occurred only in live nematodes. Cuticular disruption and mortality caused by the culture filtrate varied according to growth conditions. The active compound(s) in the culture filtrate were thermostable (100°C for 1 h); however freezing the culture filtrate (-20°C for 2 days) eliminated the activities, as did dialysis (<14 000 molecular weight). Cuticular disruption and mortality were also observed when the nematode was exposed to culture filtrates of two other strains of B. nivea supplied by CBS, The Netherlands. The culture filtrate also inhibited in vitro growth of the plant-pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium irregulare and Rhizoctonia solani.