bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing the overhead of dynamic compilation
Authors: Krintz Chandra J. , Grove David , Sarkar Vivek , Calder Brad 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe execution model for mobile, dynamically‐linked, object‐oriented programs has evolved from fast interpretation to a mix of interpreted and dynamically compiled execution. The primary motivation for dynamic compilation is that compiled code executes significantly faster than interpreted code. However, dynamic compilation, which is performed while the application is running, introduces execution delay. In this paper we present two dynamic compilation techniques that enable high performance execution while reducing the effect of this compilation overhead. These techniques can be classified as (1) decreasing the amount of compilation performed, and (2) overlapping compilation with execution.We first present and evaluatelazy compilation, an approach used in most dynamic compilation systems in which individual methods are compiled on‐demand upon their first invocation. This is in contrast toeager compilation, in which all methods in a class are compiled when a new class is loaded. In this work, we describe our experience with eager compilation, as well as the implementation and transition to lazy compilation. We empirically detail the effectiveness of this decision. Our experimental results using the SpecJVM Java benchmarks and the Jalapeño JVM show that, compared to eager compilation, lazy compilation results in 57% fewer methods being compiled and reductions in total time of 14 to 26%. Total time in this context is compilation plus execution time.Next, we present profile‐driven, background compilation, a technique that augments lazy compilation by using idle cycles in multiprocessor systems to overlap compilation with application execution. With this approach, compilation occurs on a thread separate from that of application threads so as to reduce intermittent, and possibly substantial, delay in execution. Profile information is used to prioritize methods as candidates for background compilation. Methods are compiled according to this priority scheme so that performance‐critical methods are invoked using optimized code as soon as possible. Our results indicate that background compilation can achieve the performance of off‐line compiled applications and masks almost all compilation overhead. We show significant reductions in total time of 14 to 71% over lazy compilation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PET imaging of brain acetylcholinesterase using [11C]CP‐126,998, a brain selective enzyme inhibitor
Authors: Bencherif B. , Endres C.J. , Musachio J.L. , Villalobos A. , Hilton J. , Scheffel U. , Dannals R.F. , Williams S. , Frost J.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPET and [11C]CP‐126,998, an N‐benzylpiperidinebenzisoxazole, were used to image brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) distribution in healthy controls before and after administration of 5 mg donepezil p.o., a reversible AChE inhibitor. Logan plots were used to compute distribution volumes (VT). The VT of [11C]CP‐126,998 was highest in the basal ganglia and cerebellum and lowest in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. The regional VT values correlated well with AChE concentration measured in vitro. Donepezil, given 4 h before PET scanning, induced a substantial inhibition of [11C]CP‐126,998 binding (43–62%) in all brain regions when compared to the baseline PET study. The results of this study indicate that PET imaging of [11C]CP‐126,998 may be useful in quantifying the distribution of regional brain AChE. This new PET radiotracer may potentially be employed in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with disorders of cholinergic neurotransmission, such as Alzheimer's disease. Synapse 45:1–9, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Nonhedonic” food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect
Authors: Volkow Nora D. , Wang Gene‐Jack , Fowler Joanna S. , Logan Jean , Jayne Millard , Franceschi Dinko , Wong Cristopher , Gatley Samuel J. , Gifford Andrew N. , Ding Yu‐Shin , Pappas Naomi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe drive for food is one of the most powerful of human and animal behaviors. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved with motivation and reward, its believed to regulate food intake in laboratory animals by modulating its rewarding effects through the nucleus accumbens (NA). Here we assess the involvement of dopamine in “nonhedonic” food motivation in humans. Changes in extracellular dopamine in striatum in response to nonhedonic food stimulation (display of food without consumption) were evaluated in 10 food‐deprived subjects (16–20 h) using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]raclopride (a D2 receptor radioligand that competes with endogenous dopamine for binding to the receptor). To amplify the dopamine changes we pretreated subjects with methylphenidate (20 mg p.o.), a drug that blocks dopamine transporters (mechanism for removal of extracellular dopamine). Although the food stimulation when preceded by placebo did not increase dopamine or the desire for food, the food stimulation when preceded by methylphenidate (20 mg p.o.) did. The increases in extracellular dopamine were significant in dorsal (P < 0.005) but not in ventral striatum (area that included NA) and were significantly correlated with the increases in self‐reports of hunger and desire for food (P < 0.01). These results provide the first evidence that dopamine in the dorsal striatum is involved in food motivation in humans that is distinct from its role in regulating reward through the NA. In addition it demonstrates the ability of methylphenidate to amplify weak dopamine signals. Synapse 44:175–180, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress, hippocampal plasticity, and spatial learning
Authors: Garcia René 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring the last two decades numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to correlate the mechanisms of long‐term potentiation (LTP) of hippocampal synaptic transmission with those required for spatial memory formation in the hippocampus. Because stressful events block the induction of hippocampal LTP, it has been suggested that deficits in spatial learning following stress may be related to suppression of LTP‐like phenomena in the hippocampus. Here I review these studies and discuss them in light of the emerging view that stress may induce changes in thresholds for synaptic plasticity necessary for both LTP induction and spatial memory formation. This phenomenon, known as metaplasticity, may involve a glucocorticoid modulation of calcium homeostasis. Synapse 40:180–183, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear organic reactions to proliferate acidic and basic molecules and their applications
Authors: Ichimura Kunihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAcid amplifiers derived from a certain class of sulfonates suffer from autocatalytic decomposition in the presence of a strong acid to give corresponding sulfonic acids, which catalyze the decomposition of the parent sulfonates, leading to the liberation of more of the same sulfonic acids in an exponential manner. Five types of acid amplifiers displaying acid proliferation reactions are presented. A certain type of carbamate exhibits autocatalytic fragmentation to give the corresponding aliphatic amine and olefin together with carbon dioxide, whereas the generated amine is able to act as a catalyst for the fragmentation so that the carbamates are referred to as base amplifiers. Applications of acid and base amplifiers to photofunctional materials, including photoresists, are described as a consequence of the combination of the molecular amplifiers with photoacid as well as photobase generators. Practical applications of acid proliferation reactions in polymer films are discussed. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chem Rec 2: 46–55, 2002
Characterization of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant deficient in UDP‐galactose transport activity
Authors: Tanaka Naotaka , Konomi Mami , Osumi Masako , Takegawa Kaoru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the carbohydrate components of the cell wall consist of galactomannan, unlike in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We previously found that the disruption of gms1+, a gene encoding the UDP‐galactose transporter required for the synthesis of galactomannan, led to the complete defect of cell surface galactosylation in Sz. pombe. The Δgms1 strain is therefore useful for the analysis of physiological properties of galactose residues in Sz. pombe. The deletion strain of gms1+ was viable; however, itshowed an aberrant cell morphology and increased sensitivities to digestion with β‐glucanase and to various drugs, such as hygromycin B, sodium orthovanadate and Calcofluor white. A reduction of galactomannan layers of the cell wall in the Δgms1 strain was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopic analyses. The addition of osmotic stabilizer suppressed the morphologic defect of the Δgms1 cells, while other phenotypes were weakly suppressed. The Δgms1 (h90) strain was incapable of sexual conjugation during nutritional starvation. These results suggest that the cell surface galactosylation is required not only for non‐sexual flocculation but also for sexual conjugation in Sz. pombe. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The sequence of a 15 769 bp segment of Pichia anomala identifies the SEC61 and FBP1 genes and five new open reading frames
Authors: Ruíz Teresa , Sánchez Manuel , De la Rosa José M. , Rodríguez Luis , Domínguez Angel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have determined the sequence of a 15 769 bp DNA segment of Pichia anomala. The sequence contains seven complete open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 amino acids and a putative tRNA gene. Two of the ORFs code for the well‐characterized genes SEC61 (which codes for the core subunit of the ER translocation complex) and FBP1 (encoding fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase). A gene coding for a protein similar to S. cerevisiae YDL054c was found between the two genes. These three genes show a different organization (intermingled triples) in three yeast species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and P. anomala. Two out of the four remaining ORFs show weak homology with different proteins from other species and the other two show non‐significant similarity with previously sequenced genes. The nucleotide sequence has been submitted to the EMBL database under Accession No. AJ306295. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phylogenetic footprinting reveals multiple regulatory elements involved in control of the meiotic recombination gene, REC102
Authors: Jiao Kai , Nau John J. , Cool Marc , Gray William M. , Fassler Jan S. , Malone Robert E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractREC102 is a meiosis‐specific early exchange gene absolutely required for meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sequence analysis of REC102 indicates that there are multiple potential regulatory elements in its promoter region, and a possible regulatory element in the coding region. This suggests that the regulation of REC102 may be complex and may include elements not yet reported in other meiotic genes. To identify potential cis‐regulatory elements, phylogenetic footprinting analysis was used. REC102 homologues were cloned from other two Saccharomyces spp. and sequence comparison among the three species defined evolutionarily conserved elements. Deletion analysis demonstrated that the early meiotic gene regulatory element URS1 was necessary but not sufficient for proper regulation of REC102. Upstream elements, including the binding sites for Gcr1p, Yap1p, Rap1p and several novel conserved sequences, are also required for the normal regulation of REC102 as well as a Rap1p binding site located in the coding region. The data in this paper support the use of phylogenetic comparisions as a method for determining important sequences in complex promoters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Verified Incremental Design of a Distributed Spanning Tree Algorithm: Extended Abstract
Authors: Hesselink Wim H. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.The paper announces an incremental mechanically–verified design of the algorithm of Gallager, Humblet, and Spira for the distributed determination of the minimum-weight spanning tree in a graph of processes. The processes communicate by means of asynchronous messages with their neighbours in the graph. Messages over one link may pass each other. The proof of the algorithm is based on ghost variables, invariants, and a decreasing variant function. The verification is mechanized by means of the theorem prover Nqthm of Boyer and Moore. This extended abstract is an introduction to the full paper that can be obtained by ftp (http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00165/).
Genetic Aspects of Male Infertility
Authors: Namiki Mikio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGenetic factors affecting male infertility are reviewed. Male infertility is classified under four general causes: spermatogenic disorder, obstruction of the seminal tract, inflammation, sexual disorders. Idiopathic spermatogenic disorder accounts for more than 50% of all of them. The cause of spermatogenic disorder is not yet identified. In recent years it has become obvious that some of the crucial genes expressed during male germ cell differentiation exist on the long arm of Y chromosome (Yq). Identification of a gene specifically involved in sperm production could provide a more rational basis for the treatment of male infertility. In this paper I review the history of azoospermia factor (AZF), which is involved in sperm production, and describe our research on a novel AZF candidate. In 1993 Ma and coworkers isolated an AZF candidate named YRRM; and in 1995 Reijo and coworkers reported another AZF candidate known as DAZ. The existence of additional genes on Yq is strongly suspected. We are now seeking a novel AZF candidate using positional cloning and an exon trapping method. The candidate should be included in the YAC yOX21 covering microdeleted portion of Yq found by analyzing DNA obtained from many infertile men. Several unknown sequences were identified by the analysis. Ongoing studies on AZF will prove useful in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.
Living Donor Lung Transplantation
Authors: Cohen Robbin G. , Starnes Vaughn A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince 1993 a total of 101 living‐donor bilateral lung transplants have been performed with acceptable results when compared with those utilizing cadaveric lung grafts. Though most recipients were patients with cystic fibrosis who were rapidly deteriorating, the indications for livedonor lung transplantation have been expanded to include some cystic fibrosis patients in a more elective setting, as well as select patients with other end‐stage pulmonary diseases. One‐year Kaplan‐Meier recipient survival is 72%. Seventy‐six percent of deaths occur within the first 2 months after transplantation. The most common cause of death is infection, which accounts for 62% of the 1‐year mortality rate. The incidence of rejection is 0.8 episodes per patient. Thirty percent of rejection episodes are unilateral, and most tend to be mild. Altogether, 203 patients have undergone donor lobectomy, with a mean age of 37 ± 12 years (range 18–56 years). Operations included left lower lobectomy (102 patents), right lower lobectomy (97 patients), and right middle and lower lobectomy (4 patients). There has been no donor mortality. Postoperative Rand 36 Question Quality of Life scores, rating physical function, social functioning, and role limitation due to physical and emotional health, are well over 92 (of a possible score of 100). Eighty‐five percent of donors said that their health was no different or improved since donation.
Surgery and Prognostic Factors for Gastric Stromal Tumor
Authors: Kwon Sung Joon ,   Members of the Korean Gastric Cancer Study Group
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Morphologic studies of gastric stromal tumors (GSTs) indicate that mitotic counts (MCs) and tumor size are major discriminants predictive of biologic behavior. The purpose of this study is to improve the understanding of GST behavior, including the prognostic factors and surgical treatment of GSTs. A retrospective analysis (1990–1997) of the clinical course for 116 patients with GSTs was completed, with a median follow‐up of 43 months. Tumors were categorized as malignant GSTs (n= 17) when the MC was > 5/50 high‐power fields (HPF) and the size > 5 cm or as benign GSTs (n= 99) when the MC was ≤ 5/50 HPF and the size ≤ 5 cm, MC ≤ 5/50 HPF and size > 5 cm, or MC > 5/50 HPF and size ≤ 5 cm. None of 99 benign tumors recurred or metastasized, whereas 7 of 17 malignant tumors recurred. MCs had a close correlation with tumor size. Immunohistochemical studies using CD34, smooth muscle actin, S‐100 protein, and synaptophysin have shown positive rates of 61%, 33%, 14%, and 3%, respectively. Smooth muscle actin reactivity was more common in the benign tumors (p= 0.046) and synaptophysin reactivity in the malignant tumors (p= 0.010). Univariate analysis showed that the following clinicopathologic factors were potentially related to poor survival of patients: (1) MC > 5/50 HPF (p= 0.0001); (2) severe pleomorphism (p= 0.0062); (3) necrosis (p= 0.0173); (4) marked cellularity (p= 0.0112); (5) presence of ulceration of overlying gastric mucosa (p= 0.0091); (6) tumor size > 5 cm (p= 0.0195); and (7) exogastric growth pattern (p= 0.0344). Tumors with MC > 5/50 HPF and size > 5 cm were found to be strong indicators of an unfavorable prognosis. The type of surgery and tumor site did not affect the prognosis of the patients.
Identification and Management of Intravagal Parathyroid Adenoma
Authors: Pawlik Timothy M. , Richards Melanie , Giordano Thomas J. , Burney Richard , Thompson Norman 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntravagal parathyroid adenomas are rare, with only three cases reported in the English literature. The objective of this report is to describe two additional patients with hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands found within the vagus nerve and to define the anatomy of this finding. Both patients presented with a history of persistent hyperparathyroidism despite multiple therapeutic interventions. A high cervical localization was established in both cases by selective venous sampling. In each patient successful removal of the intravagal parathyroid gland was achieved with subsequent resolution of calcium and parathyroid levels. Each adenoma was located within the vagus nerve below the level of the carotid bifurcation and was enucleated without sacrificing the vagus nerve. In our cases and those reported previously, the parathyroid glands were supernumerary, representing parathyroid tissue embryologically derived from the third branchial pouch. Exploration for hyperparathyroidism requires a complete, meticulous surgical dissection to identify all parathyroid glands and to search for possible accessory tissue in selected cases. Our experience and a review of the literature serve to emphasize that, although rare, intravagal parathyroid adenomas do occur. Examination of the vagus nerve should therefore be strongly considered when four normal glands are found, as intravagal adenomas appear to represent accessory ectopically located parathyroid tissue.
Surgical Management for Carcinoid Tumors of Small Bowel, Appendix, Colon, and Rectum
Authors: Stinner B. , Kisker O. , Zielke A. , Rothmund M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCarcinoid tumors occur most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. Despite their ability to produce hormones, most of the midgut and hindgut carcinoids covered in this study are clinically silent, and the diagnosis is often not made before emergency surgery or evaluation for liver metastases. Because the rate of lymph node involvement and the prognosis of carcinoid tumors depend on their site and size, surgery refers to these two factors too. Lymph node metastases are most commonly found with small bowel carcinoids (20–45%), providing the rationale for an extended resection including the adjacent lymph node drainage area. Carcinoid tumors of the appendix < 1 cm in diameter rarely metastasize, simply requiring appendectomy for treatment. Lesions > 2 cm should be treated by right hemicolectomy because of their approximately 30% risk of lymph node metastases. Resection should always be done for carcinoid tumors of the colon resection as for adenocarcinomas. Rectal carcinoids < 2 cm rarely metastasize, directing the conclusion that for these smaller lesions local excision is sufficient; for lesions >2 cm a standard cancer resection should be performed provided distant metastases are absent. In general, the younger the patient or the larger the primary tumor, the more aggressive the treatment should be.
Enhanced Expression of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase mRNA and Increased TNFα mRNA Expression by Gastric Mucosa in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Izutani Ryo , Katoh Michio , Asano Satoshi , Ohyanagi Harumasa , Hirose Kunitaka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractManganese superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD), a mitochondrial enzyme, is a cytokine‐regulated acute‐phase protein that protects cells from free radicals. The current investigations examined the in vivo regulation of the expression of Mn‐SOD mRNA and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) mRNA in gastric carcinoma tissue. The expression of these transcripts in breast carcinoma tissue also was examined because breast cancer is a much more TNF‐sensitive tumor than gastric cancer. TNFα mRNA was markedly increased in gastric carcinoma tissue (p< 0.005). There were significantly higher levels of Mn‐SOD mRNA in gastric carcinoma tissue than in noncancerous tissue (p< 0.0001). The level of Mn‐SOD mRNA in gastric carcinoma tissue was higher than that in breast carcinoma tissue (p< 0.005). Up‐regulation of Mn‐SOD mRNA in gastric carcinoma tissue most likely serves as a protective mechanism against superoxide radicals and TNF cytotoxicity.
Gut Origin Sepsis, Macrophage Function, and Oxygen Extraction Associated with Acute Pancreatitis in the Rat
Authors: Wang Xiangdong , Andersson Roland , Soltesz Vasile , Leveau Per , Ihse Ingemar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been suggested that the gut plays a role in the development of bacterial complications, which are important contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. The present study evaluated the enteric bacterial translocation, bacterial homeostasis, and reticuloendothelial system function in experimental acute pancreatitis induced by intraductal injection of 5% sodium taurodeoxycholate in the rat. The incidence of bacterial translocation from the gut to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and lungs significantly increased after 12 hours and to the systemic circulation, ascites, and pancreas at 24 hours. The number of anaerobic bacteria and lactobacilli decreased in the colon and distal ileum from 6 or 12 hours, whereas the number ofEscherichia coliincreased from 12 hours. The systemic uptake rate of radiolabeled bacteria decreased from 6 hours after induction of acute pancreatitis. The uptake of radiolabeled bacteria by Kupffer cells decreased from 6 hours, whereas the uptake by macrophages from blood, lungs, and the intestine increased. A decrease in macrophage killing capacity was noted, reflected by an increase in the number of cultured viable bacteria from isolated macrophages. The whole‐body oxygen extraction rate increased 4 to 24 hours after induction of pancreatitis, whereas the gut oxygen extraction rate decreased at 2 and 4 hours, followed by an increase at 12 to 24 hours. These data show that translocation of enteric bacteria occurs during the early stage of acute pancreatitis and that the MLN–thoracic duct–circulation may be a major route of bacterial dissemination. Compromised gut oxygen metabolism, overexaggerated intestinal macrophages, and impaired host immune function may be involved in the development of infectious complications associated with acute pancreatitis.