bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 56-Year-Old with a Recent CVA for Elective Surgery
Authors: Pulley Debra D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Perioperative stroke is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Improvements in perioperative care have decreased the incidence of myocardial ischemia and mortality but not stroke. The vast majority of perioperative strokes are ischemic. Risk factors include age, comorbidities such as cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, kidney disease, the type of surgery, and perioperative hypotension. It is important to identify perioperative stroke quickly and explore potential treatment options such as endoluminal thrombectomy. After an acute stroke, subsequent surgery increases the risk of another stroke, major adverse cardiac event, and 30-day mortality. Latest evidence suggests the risk levels off at 3 months. The decision on whether to proceed with surgery in less time involves multiple considerations including evidence-based medicine and shared decision-making.
Preoperative Anemia Management
Authors: Cummings Kenneth 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Anemia, defined as a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL in men or 12 g/dL in women, is present in almost 40% of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The presence of anemia is an independent risk factor for perioperative morbidity and mortality. However, it is also associated with transfusion, which is also associated with worse outcomes. Thus, preoperative correction of anemia may reduce a patient’s perioperative risk and improve his or her surgical outcome. This chapter will review the diagnosis and classification of anemia, its treatment, and the evidence available to guide therapy, including iron supplementation therapy and the administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
Blood Conservation
Authors: Perelman Seth , Mabry Christian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Physicians have a unique role in that they have taken an oath to treat patients to the best of their ability based on their medical knowledge and experience. At times their decisions will conflict with a patient’s wishes, which forces them to provide quality care using alternative techniques. In the case of Jehovah’s Witnesses, religious doctrine forbids the infusion of “major blood fractions” even if it is a potentially life-saving treatment. This limits the treatment available to the healthcare team in patients who are rapidly bleeding and showing signs of physiological stress. A focused, well-planned patient blood management program can be implemented to address this issue even before a patient reaches the hospital to allow high-quality care that aligns with the patient’s own wishes.
Informed Consent
Authors: Harden Stephen , Sadovnikoff Nicholas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Obtaining informed consent from a patient before a planned intervention is an essential process conducted between the physician performing the intervention and the patient. The context for anesthesiologists is unique in the sense that most patients have already consented to a surgical or interventional procedure, the performance of which requires anesthesia. The authors provide a detailed description of the three standards by which the process of consent is conducted, namely the reasonable-physician standard, the reasonable-patient standard, and the particular-patient standard. In this chapter, the authors review the fundamental components of the informed consent process with special attention to the anesthesiologist.
My Friend’s Son Requests Surgery for Gynecomastia Caused by the Drugs He Uses for Bodybuilding
Authors: Adler Adam C. , Chandrakantan Arvind 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Anabolic steroid use is a common problem among professional athletes and is increasingly used in middle and high school athletics. A recent survey demonstrated an incidence of 2.7% even in middle school athletes, showing that anabolic steroid use is pervasive even at lower levels of athletics. With increasing emphasis on younger age for scholarship eligibility, there is higher prevalence of anabolic steroid use. However, the younger age of steroid use exposes the adolescent to key long-term consequences during a period of major hormonal change. This chapter focuses on a male adolescent with anabolic steroid use, although female bodybuilders also suffer from long-term anabolic steroid use. The major issue is not merely the risks from steroid use, but also from concomitant agent use as well as high-risk behaviors with substances such as alcohol, tobacco, or other performance enhancing drugs.
My Patient Is Twitching Like a Fish out of Water
Authors: Abola Ramon E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
tion, increased risk of aspiration, the subjective sensation of weakness, and postoperative pulmonary complications. Appropriate monitoring of NMB essential to prevent residual paralysis. The train-of-four count allows an anesthesia provider to select an appropriate reversal agent and dose prior to anesthesia emergence. Quantitative measures, such as accelomyography, are superior to clinical tests (head lift) or qualitative means (visual fade on train of four) of measuring residual neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex has been shown to reverse rocuronium NMB more rapidly than neostigmine. Sugammadex also can provide reversal of profound NMB (post-tetanic count of 1–2). Understanding the principles of appropriate monitoring and reversal of NMB are key to avoiding residual paralysis.
Explanatory models of somatization disorders across cultures
Authors: Ibrahim Ferose Azeez , Pahuja Erika , Pandey Praveen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The manifestation of psychological stress or emotional distress as physical symptoms is referred to as somatization and is influenced by cultural beliefs, attitudes, and practices. The cultural context is thus crucial in understanding somatization. Culture influences how patients present their symptoms to the healthcare system, with patients being more likely to report symptoms that are culturally acceptable. This chapter focuses on the role of sociocultural context and explanatory models in somatization, providing an overview of different cultural models, including folk illness beliefs, traditional medicine, and the Western biomedical model. The chapter also delves into cultural factors that affect the expression of somatic complaints and emphasizes the need for culturally informed and responsive healthcare practices.
Cultural evolution of somatization disorders
Authors: Nagendrappa Sachin , Das Nabagata , Harshita H. A. , Shadakshari Darshan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
For many years, somatization disorders were considered to be exist as no man’s land between the area of medicine and that of psychiatry. From the initial description by Hippocrates to the current definition in the International Classification of Diseases, eleventh revision (ICD-11), there has been constant evolution in classification somatization disorders. This classification system should consider a cross-cultural approach, which, together with basic knowledge from familiarizing oneself with cross-cultural viewpoints, will prevent clinicians from overlooking psychological distress. The journey from hysteria to somatization to the current medically unexplained symptoms has been along the lines with prevailing ways of understanding illnesses that have evolved further along the same lines with the evolution of biological sciences. The common occurrence of somatization disorders in various forms has evoked interest in many researchers in the field of psychiatry.
Oxford Handbook for the Foundation Programme
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Oxford Handbook for the Foundation Programme provides a unique resource for medical students and junior doctors as a definitive guide to the Foundation Programme. It is divided into 20 chapters, each covering a core area of the curriculum, including being a doctor, life on the wards, history and examination, prescribing, drugs, resuscitation, care at the end of life, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastroenterology, endocrinology, neurology, psychiatry, fluids and renal, haematology, skin and eyes, emergency department, primary care, procedures, and interpreting results. It presents evidence-based clinical guidance in a clear way that makes it easy to revise, remember, and implement on the ward. It gives reliable advice on what to do, and when and how to do it, with clinical diagrams that bring theory to life. It helps junior doctors navigate all aspects of their working life, from career development to workplace relations, paperwork to pay and pensions.
Interpreting results
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a guide to interpreting results from tests and procedures. It covers blood tests (including clotting, cardiac markers, and liver function tests), ECGs, respiratory tests (such as ABGs and respiratory function tests), and gastrointestinal tests (abdominal X-ray, urine tests). Finally, the chapter discusses the interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid results, as well as musculoskeletal checks such as autoantibodies and associated diseases, and skeletal radiographs.
Assessment in mental health nursing
Authors: Rees Helen , Chillman Adam , Sohawon Zaynab Yasin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A little mutuality, as Zaynab says in this chapter, goes a long way. So it is through a collaborative process that this chapter discusses the place that a mental health nursing assessment has in a person’s care and in nursing practice. Relevant theory, policy, and law are addressed. Good practice in preparing and conducting a mental health nursing assessment is also considered, through the lenses of patient and nursing experience. This is presented as a conversation between these voices, in a manner which it is hoped mirrors the exemplar of a mental health nursing assessment. Important considerations are highlighted, and the role of the mental state examination in compassionate assessment discussed in detail. This chapter takes the perspective that a good mental health nursing assessment should hold the virtues of voice, choice, and empowerment at its core.
Recovery-focused care and safety planning assessment and management
Authors: Simpson Alan , Sears Jessica 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concepts of recovery within mental health services, the key frameworks used to apply them in practice, and the critiques and possible limitations. It summarizes key policies and explores the evidence for recovery-focused practice and sets out the therapeutic steps to help and support service users on their recovery journey: engagement, assessment, formulation, care planning, safety planning, and community and partnership working.
Key skills in telemental health
Authors: Munro Mary , Ridler Billy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Telemental health care involves the use of telecommunications and virtual technology to deliver mental health care, including assessment, reviews, therapies, and psychoeducation, and can support with medicine management. The use of telecommunication and virtual technology is not new in mental health care, and there is evidence to suggest for some people it is preferable to face-to-face support. Mental health care providers have increased their use of telemental health significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic and there has been an increasing focus on research exploring the acceptability, impact, and enablers and barriers to this form of support since the expansion of its use. The evidence base remains limited in some aspects but it is a clear choice for some service users. Care providers will need to be mindful of the potential impact on the formation of therapeutic relationships, and the risk of increasing inequalities experienced through digital exclusion when utilizing telemental health care within services.
The essence of physical health care
Authors: Nash Michael , Joggyah Roupmatee , Kakai Christine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter addresses the physical health of people living with severe mental illness, an area where mental health nurses have a key role to play in improving the physical health of service users. Platform 2 of the Nursing and Midwifery Council standards of proficiency for registered nurses incorporates promoting health and preventing ill health. Nurses must demonstrate competence in areas such as illness prevention, understanding health inequalities, and improving health via health screening. This chapter will explore health screening and outline areas where mental health nurses can improve service users’ health outcomes through prevention or early detection of complications or medication side effects.
Health behaviour change theories
Authors: Atanda Opeyemi , Callaghan Patrick , Vangeli Eleni , Reavey Paula 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes evidence-based health behaviour change theories and their applications in mental health nursing practice. The authors introduce various behaviour change theories' principles, components, and models. They emphasize the importance of understanding the processes involved in behaviour change and how mental health nurses can help individuals make positive changes to change behaviour that they find harmful. The chapter also provides practical examples of how these theories can be applied in mental health nursing practice. The chapter is a valuable resource for mental health nurses seeking to enhance their understanding of behaviour change theories and their role in promoting positive health behaviour in individuals.
How Do I Manage My Adolescent Who Wants to Go Back to the Pediatrician for Pain Management?
Authors: Newlin Jennifer , Sisler India , Smith Wally R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter offers advice to the pediatric and adult physicians managing pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD) patients who are newly transferred to adult care and adjusting, sometimes with great difficulty, to the pain care offered to SCD adults. Comfortable in their relationships with their pediatricians, many adolescents face a form of “buyer’s remorse” when transferred from the pediatric to the adult SCD pain management system. They want out and sometimes try to return to the feathered nest of pediatrics where they felt comfortable. And the Western healthcare system often doesn’t treat adults with SCD pain well, compounding these patients’ frustration. Should pediatric providers be blamed for ill-preparing patients for transition? Should adult providers inheriting such patients be blamed for not meeting prior standards of pain care set in pediatrics? How can pediatric and adult SCD pain managers partner to improve transitions of SCD pain care? How can adult pain managers help newly transferred patients with the systematic differences between pediatric and adult pain care for SCD? What tools are available to help improve readiness for the transition of SCD pain care, to build trust for and improve the move to adult SCD pain care, and to improve the quality of adult SCD pain care?
Why Is My Young Adult Patient Increasing Emergency Department Visits and Opioid Use?
Authors: Smith Wally R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter addresses possible causes for emergency department utilization that may evolve from occasional to frequent and problematic among young adults with sickle cell disease (SCD), and suggests treatment approaches. Problematic use, though somewhat subjectively defined, may exhibit features that demand investigation. This chapter identifies those features, and lays out an investigative framework. It suggests clinical observational diagnostic tools, formal surveys, laboratory diagnostic tests, and mechanistic and molecular causal explanations of problematic pain patterns and/or utilization. It suggests a therapeutic approach to these patterns, one which may lead to better pain control and/or less problematic utilization.
How Do I Manage My Adult Patient in the Emergency Department or Infusion Center in a Vaso-occlusive Crisis?
Authors: Smith Wally R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter addresses management of sickle cell disease (SCD) pain in the emergency department (ED). Pain in the form of vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs) is the number one reason for ED visits in patients with SCD. This is true even though visits for VOCs in SCD are infrequent compared to the number of days patients are in pain or in a VOC. This chapter highlights that there may be dangerous causes of acute SCD pain other than VOC that should be excluded. It suggests how to manage pain for a VOC when home management has failed. It offers recommendations for timing and choices of analgesia. As well it offers recommendations and a rationale for fluid management during a VOC, which can be controversial. Last, it discusses innovations in care that may reduce pain and the need for hospitalization.
How Do I Reduce My Patient’s Constant Reliance on the Emergency Department?
Authors: Carroll C. Patrick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter presents an alternate management strategy for the small subgroup of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients with exceptionally high emergency department and hospital use. While acute care visits for a vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) are the most common presentation for SCD care, typically patients present to the hospital on only a fraction of the days they are in a VOC. This paradox may be misunderstood, especially by those repeatedly managing high-utilizing patients. Their care is surrounded by frustration and suspicion for faking or addiction, which likely colors not only their care but the care of all patients with SCD. The evidence shows that the highest-utilizing SCD patients are more medically and psychiatrically complex, not less so, than other SCD patients. The alternate management strategy in this chapter requires no judgment of the patient’s motive for repeated urgent care utilization but rather calls for redesigning the healthcare system according to behavioral principles. Clinicians are guided into shifting their thinking from a paradigm of treating frequent acute events to one of intensive, long-term, systems-based care.
What Do I Do When My Patient with Anxiety Self-medicates with Marijuana?
Authors: Walls Rachel , Smith Wally R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes how mental health dysregulation and self-medication often go hand in hand. It profiles types and the prevalence of self-medication for pain in pediatric and adult patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), including complementary and alternative therapy. It explains that the use of cannabis by pain patients may be considered either harmful or therapeutic. It outlines and promotes a framework for understanding patients’ alternative coping techniques, especially self-medication. It lists behavioral problems as complications or causes of pain. It teaches clinicians how to manage SCD patients using cannabis for behavioral problems in particular. It promotes harm reduction related to illicit substance use and recommends strategies for patient self-help.
Current Treatments for Schizophrenia
Authors: Goff Donald C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
During the past 70 years, treatment has evolved so that effective and well-tolerated pharmacologic agents combined with psychosocial interventions now allow most people with schizophrenia to live in the community. Starting with the introduction of chlorpromazine, major advances have included clozapine, the dopamine/serotonin antagonist second-generation antipsychotics, partial dopamine agonists, and long-acting injectable formulations. Although all these drugs share dopamine antagonism in common, they vary markedly in their affinities at other receptors, in their side effects, and in their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Only clozapine differs substantially in efficacy, providing therapeutic benefit in up to 50% of people who do not respond to other agents. Important areas of focus include early intervention to improve the long-term course of illness, psychosocial interventions to improve adherence and to facilitate social and vocational recovery, and continued research efforts to improve models of schizophrenia and identify biomarkers to make possible a precision medicine approach to schizophrenia.
Animal and Cellular Models Relevant to Bipolar Disorder
Authors: McCarthy Michael J. , Young Jared W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric illness that affects 1% or 2% of the population. Directly targeting neurobiological mechanisms that underlie BD may lead to new treatments that are more effective and better tolerated. The neurobiological studies required are often impractical to conduct in clinical populations and frequently require alternative experimental approaches. Thus, both animal and cellular models for the study of BD have been developed. Animal models offer the capacity to test disease-relevant manipulations, network mechanisms, and interventions in whole-body systems that age and are impacted by the environment but may fail to model key aspects of clinical features. Cellular models are highly simplified systems that may not capture whole-body biology, but they offer the advantage that they can be grown directly from human patients and can model genetic or molecular features. This chapter discusses several animal and cellular models to highlight their strengths and weaknesses across key dimensions of validity.
Current Pharmacological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Simons Nicole W. , Charney Alexander W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pharmacological treatments, with and without psychotherapy, are among the primary treatments of bipolar disorder. Treatments differ for the manic and depressed phases of bipolar disorder, as well as for the acute and maintenance phases. Although lithium has historically been the gold standard for treating bipolar disorder since the mid-1900s, a variety of antipsychotics have been widely prescribed since the turn of the 21st century. The 18 currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved pharmacological treatments of bipolar disorder span three pharmacological classifications: mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics. Although strong evidence exists from randomized controlled trials for their clinical efficacy, the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of approved agents for bipolar disorder remain mostly unknown.
Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Dementia
Authors: Kreisl William C. , Reitz Christiane 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Dementia is a neurodegenerative clinical syndrome encompassing a wide range of diseases characterized by progressive deterioration in cognitive ability, function, and behavior. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and is defined by a set of clinical symptoms and hallmark pathological changes at autopsy. Recent advances in brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis now allow detection of the neurodegenerative and proteopathic changes found in Alzheimer’s disease. Examples of neurodegenerative dementias that can be distinguished from Alzheimer’s disease include dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia. Among the strongest risk factors for dementia are several vascular risk factors associated with coronary artery disease and stroke (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, obesity) and cerebrovascular disease itself. The prevalence of dementia is expected to escalate as societies age, and therapies that delay onset could considerably reduce age-specific prevalence and public health burden.