bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apparent viscosity of the synovial fluid from mid-carpal, tibiotarsal, and distal interphalangeal joints of horses
Authors: Lumsden Jonathan M. , Caron John P. , Steffe James F. , Briggs Jenni L. , Arnoczky Stephen P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare the apparent viscosity of normal synovial fluid of the mid-carpal, tibiotarsal, and interphalangeal joints of horses.

Design
Viscosity evaluation over a range of shear rates was used to characterize the apparent viscosity of synovial fluids from the 3 joints.

Animals
60 clinically normal adult horses.

Procedure
Viscosity data for synovial fluid samples were obtained over a shear rate range of 10 to 250/s and apparent viscosity was calculated at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250/s. Effect of shear rate on apparent viscosity was determined, using a two-way ANOVA, with significant differences tested, using a Tukey's test at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results
Synovial fluid from all these joints indicated shear thinning behavior: decreased apparent viscosity with increased shear rate. Apparent viscosity of synovial fluid from the 3 joints was not significantly different over the shear rate range of 50 to 250/s.

Conclusion
Results of this study indicate that the apparent viscosity of the distal interphalangeal joint is not less than that of other joints, as has been reported.

Clinical Relevance
The observation of decreased synovial fluid viscosity of distal interphalangeal joint fluid should be considered as suggestive of joint disease. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:879–883)
Metabolic and histologic effects of recombinant canine somatotropin on bone healing in dogs, using an unstable ostectomy gap model
Authors: Wilkens Brent E. , Millis Darryl L. , Daniel Gregory B. , Munson Linda , Patel Kanaiyala R. , Buonomo Frances C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effect of recombinant canine somatotropin (STH) on the metabolic and histologic aspects of bone healing in dogs, using an unstable os-tectomy gap model.

Animals
8 mature dogs.

Procedure
A 3-mm ostectomy of the mid portion of the radius was performed in all dogs. Implants designed to release STH at a rate of 4 mg/d were placed SC in 4 dogs (treated group [STHG]), and another 4 dogs received no implants (control group ICG]). Serum concentrations of STH, insulin-like growth factor I, and osteocalcin were de-termined before surgery, and weekly for 8 weeks. Scinti-graphic evaluation of the ostectomy sites was performed before surgery, and at weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 after surgery. Histologic evaluation of the ostectomy sites was performed at the conclusion of the study at week 8.

Results
Significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum STH, insulin-like growth factor I, and osteocalcin concentrations were observed in dogs of the STHG during the 8-week study period. Scintigraphic activity of the ostectomy sites was increased in dogs of both groups, but dogs of the STHG had significantly (P < 0.05) greater activity, compared with dogs of the CG. Coalescence of nuclear activity across the ostectomy site was observed in dogs of the STHG, whereas dogs of the CG maintained 2 distinct areas of metabolic activity. Histologically, dogs of the STHG had bridging calluses with areas of endochondral ossification and ongoing osteogenic activity, whereas dogs of the CG had nonossified fibrocartilage typical of nonunion fractures.

Conclusion
Using the ostectomy gap model, recombinant canine STH enhanced the metabolic and histologic aspects of bone healing in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1395–1401)
Development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity
Authors: Steiner Jorg M. , Medinger Terry L. , Williams David A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop and validate a radioimmunoassay for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI).

Procedure
A double antibody radioimmunoassay for determination of fTLI was developed, using feline trypsin purified from feline pancreatic tissue, antiserum against feline trypsin raised in New Zealand White rabbits, and a commercially available precipitation solution. This assay was validated by determining detection limit, linearity, accuracy, and intra- and interassay variabilities. A control range was determined from samples of 21 clinically normal cats.

Results
The detection limit for fTLI in this assay was 1.9 μg/L. The linearity of the assay was evaluated by testing dilutional parallelism. Observed/expected values ranged between 95 and 127%. The accuracy of the assay was tested by measuring recovery of added trypsin. Observed/expected values ranged from 99 to 114%. Intra-assay variability ranged between 3.0 and 9.4%, and interassay variability ranged between 4.0 and 8.2%. The control range for serum fTLI was determined to be 17.1 to 48.6 μg/L.

Conclusion
The assay for fTLI described here is sensitive, linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible.

Clinical Relevance
This assay may be of use for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic diseases in cats. Preliminary results of such research have been promising, and further clinical studies are in progress. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1417–1420)
Blood type AB in the feline AB blood group system
Authors: Griot-Wenk M. E. , Callan M. B. , Casal M. L. , Chisholm-Chait A. , Spitalnik S. L. , Patterson D. F. , Giger U. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess the genetics, frequency, and biochemistry of the AB blood type in cats.

Animals
Domestic shorthair and purebred cats in a breeding colony and privately owned catteries and blood samples from a large feline blood typing laboratory.

Procedures
Samples from cats with blood type AB were selected from the feline blood typing laboratory at the university. Breeding experiments and family studies were used for the genetic analysis of cats with blood type AB. Simple slide hemagglutination assays were used to type cats. Hemagglutination assays, flow cytometry, and ganglioside analysis by high-performance thin layer chromatography were applied to characterize the AB antigens.

Results
Type AB was rare (13/9,239 cats; 0.14% frequency) in cats of the United States and Canada. Type AB occurred only in breeds in which type B was also detected. Cats with type-AB blood express biochemical features of type-A and type-B antigens. Genetic analyses of families with blood type-AB cats are consistent with the hypothesis of 3 alleles: A, B, and AB. The AB allele is recessive to the A allele, but dominant over the B allele. There may be an additional genetic mechanism responsible for the inheritance of blood type AB in cats.

Conclusion
Blood type AB is an extremely rare and separately inherited type in the feline AB blood group system.

Clinical Relevance
Kittens with type-AB blood born to queens with type-B blood are at similar risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis as kittens with type-A blood because anti-A alloantiserum from blood type-B queens recognizes AB red blood cells. Furthermore, cats with type-AB blood are best transfused with type-AB or type-A blood. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1438-1442)
Culling associated with Neospora caninum infection in dairy cows
Authors: Thurmond Mark C. , Hietala Sharon K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To estimate the extent to which cows infected with Neospora caninum were culled, compared with noninfected cows, and to identify differences in reasons for culling between infected and noninfected cows.

Animals
442 Holstein cows on a commercial dairy with 36% seroprevalence for N caninum.

Procedure
Culling of cows was done after first calving without knowledge of N caninum serologic status.

Results
Risk of a seropositive cow dying was not different from that of a seronegative cow (P = 0.50). Seropositive cows were culled 6.3 months earlier than seronegative cows, and had a 1.6 times greater risk of being culled, compared with seronegative cows (P = 0.004), after adjusting for culling risk associated with abortion. For cows culled for low milk production, culling risk for a seropositive cow was twice that for a seronegative cow (P = 0.007).

Conclusions
The economic impact of N caninum infection in dairy cattle can be expected to extend beyond that for abortion alone. Costs of the disease also may include premature culling and diminished milk production.

Clinical Relevance
Plans to control N caninum infection on dairies should include consideration that benefits may include reduction in premature culling and increase in milk production. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1559–1562)
Staining and morphologic features of bone marrow hematopoietic cells in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
Authors: Garner Michael M. , Homer Bruce L. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Raskin Rose E. , Hall Betty J. , Weis Wayne A. , Berry Kristin H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine optimal site for collection of bone marrow from desert tortoises, and to characterize cytologic staining and morphologic features of bone marrow hematopoietic cells.

Animals
16 desert tortoises.

Procedure
Bone marrow was obtained at necropsy from the pelvis, proximal portion of the humerus, femur, and thickened portions of the cranial to craniolateral and caudal to caudolateral margins of the carapace and plastron for histologic and cytologic examinations. Cytocentrifuged preparations of marrow cells were evaluated for reactivity to cytochemical stains.

Results
Histologic sections were adequate for evaluating acidophils, acidophil precursors, and erythrocyte precursors. It was difficult to differentiate among monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and blast cells, and eosinophils could not be differentiated from heterophils. Basophils were in rare, small clusters of 3 to 12 cells. A few lymphoid follicles were found in the pelvis and long bones.
Use of cytochemical staining accomplished differentiation between agranular heterophil precursors and granulated heterophils, and between granulated eosinophils and basophils. Monocytes, azurophils, and monoblasts had similar staining features. Staining of erythrocyte precursors with Sudan black B differentiated them from lymphocytes. Only a few small cells with periodic acid-Schiff-positive cytoplasm were identified as thrombocytes. Lymphocytes did not stain with any of the cytochemical stains.

Conclusions
For histologic and cytologic evaluation of bone marrow hematopoietic cells, pelvis, proximal portion of the humerus, femur, and thickened portions of the peripheral cranial and caudal regions of the carapace and plastron are suitable sites to collect specimens. There are distinct cytochemical markers for heterophil, monocyte, and erythrocyte precursors, as well as later stage heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and azurophils. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1608–1615)
Specific antigens of Chlamydia pecorum and their homologues in C psittaci and C trachomatis
Authors: Baghian Abolghasem , Kousoulas Konstantin , Truax Robert , Storz Johannes 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To analyze the antigenic cross reactivity of various proteins of strains of Chlamydia pecorum, C psittaci, and C trachomatis.

Samples and Procedures
Strains FC-Stra and LW-613 of C pecorum; strains B577, Fitz-9, and 6BC of C psittaci, and strain LGV-2 of C trachomatis were studied. Strains of C pecorum were propagated in Georgia bovine kidney cells, and other chlamydial strains were propagated in L cells or Georgia bovine kidney cells. Partially purified chlamydial elementary bodies propagated in RAG cells, a BALB/c cell line cloned from a renal adenocarcinoma of BALB/c mice, were used to immunize BALB/c mice for production of monoclonal antibodies. Rabbits were inoculated with yolk sack-propagated, purified elementary bodies to produce polyclonal antisera. The reaction of monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera with chlamydial proteins was analyzed by use of immunoblot techniques.

Results
Two monoclonal antibodies reacted with a 90-kd protein of C psittaci and a 94-kd protein of C pecorum strains. One monoclonal antibody reacted strongly with a 67-kd protein of C pecorum and strain B577 of C psittaci, but weakly with proteins of strains 6BC and LGV-2. Another monoclonal antibody reacted with a 46-kd protein of 2 C pecorum strains and of strain B577 of C psittaci, but not with those of strains 6BC and LGV-2. Two monoclonal antibodies reacted with a 20-kd protein of C pecorum and a 22-kd protein of C psittaci and LGV-2 strains. Polyclonal antisera reacted similarly with the proteins identified by monoclonal antibodies in the various chlamydial strains.

Conclusions
Reactions of several monoclonal antibodies with chlamydial antigens indicated that 67- and 46-kd proteins contain genus- and species-specific epitopes, respectively; a 94-kd protein of C pecorum is homologous to a 90-kd protein of C psittaci and C trachomatis strains; and a 20-kd protein of C pecorum corresponds to a 22-kd protein of C psittaci and C trachomatis. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1720–1725)
Effect of activated equine neutrophils on sulfated proteoglycan metabolism in equine cartilage explant cultures
Authors: MacDonald Melinda H. , Benton Hilary P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the influence of activated equine neutrophils on sulfated glycosaminoglycan metabolism of equine articular cartilage in vitro.

Animals
Articular cartilage explants harvested from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 7 horses.

Procedure
Proteoglycan degradation and synthesis were measured bv release of glycosaminoglycan from the explants, and incorporation of [35Slsulfate into newly synthesized glycosaminoglycan.

Results
Activated equine neutrophils significantly increased the release of glycosaminoglycan from explant matrix and the magnitude of that response was influenced by duration of exposure. This response varied significantly between horses, but was detected as early as 3 hours after co-cultures were initiated. In addition to enhancing degradation, incubation of explants with activated neutrophils for 3 days caused significant inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis during a subsequent 3-hour pulse-labeling period. This response varied significantly between individual animals, but age was not a predictive factor.

Conclusion
Neutrophils may have a critical role in the process of cartilage degradation during equine inflammatory joint disease. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1738–1747)
Prospective evaluation of ground reaction forces in dogs undergoing unilateral total hip replacement
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Chambers Jonathan N. , Van Lue Stephen L. , Foutz Tim L. , Reece Lynn 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate clinical and biomechanical gait variables in a group of dogs before and after (for 1 year) total hip replacement.

Animals
16 dogs with degenerative joint disease of the coxofemoral joint secondary to hip dysplasia deemed candidates for total hip replacement.

Procedure
Before and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, each dog was trotted over a biomechanical force platform. Vertical force data evaluated for each stance phase of the treated and untreated hind limbs included peak force, impulse, and limb loading and unloading rates. Vertical peak and impulse data were also evaluated for the forelimbs. Measurements analyzed in the craniocaudal axis, divided into braking and propulsion phases, consisted of peak force and associated impulses. Also, orthopedic examination for each dog included subjective scoring for limb lameness at each evaluation period.

Results
Most ground reaction forces (GRF) were significantly lower before surgery for the proposed treated, compared with the proposed untreated, limb. This difference between limbs continued through postoperative month 1. Also at 1 month, some treated limb values were significantly lower than preoperative values. By 3 to 6 months, treated limb GRF increased so that no significant difference between limbs could be found. Vertical and craniocaudal propulsion impulse values were significantly higher in the treated than untreated limb from the 6-month evaluation period through the remainder of the study. Braking component of the craniocaudal axes measurements was unchanged throughout the study.

Conclusions
GRF indicated that dogs of this study had significantly increased loading function of the treated hind limb by 6 months after unilateral total hip replacement. Data also indicated that some force was transferred from the untreated to treated hip over the study period. Loading rates also increased over the study period, indicating increased willingness to load the treated hip over time. Craniocaudal axis data ndicated no improvement in braking forces with coxofemoral joint replacement, suggesting that the coxofemoral joint with degenerative joint disease did not have altered braking performance at a trotting gait. Comparison of subjective lameness scores and objective GRF indicated that visual grading of coxofemoral joint lameness is limited. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1781–1785)
Use of injectable lufenuron for treatment of infestations of Ctenocephalides felis in cats
Authors: Franc Michel , Cadiergues Marie-Christine 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether and for how long a single dose of a new injectable formulation of lufenuron would successfully control experimentally induced Ctenocephalides felis infestations in cats.

Animals
15 cats (3 groups of 5).

Procedure
Each group of cats was housed in a separate room. Each cat was infested with 150 fleas, and flea counts were checked weekly. Once flea populations had stabilized, cats were treated with lufenuron at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight, SC (group 1) or 10 mg/kg, SC (group 2). Group-3 cats were not treated. Flea counts were checked weekly for 18 weeks, and effectiveness was determined by comparing flea counts for treated cats with flea counts for control cats. Cats were reinfested with fleas during weeks 19, 26, 36, and 49, and flea counts were again determined weekly.

Results
Effectiveness for both dosages of lufenuron was > 90% by 5 weeks after treatment, > 95% by 9 weeks after treatment, and > 98% by 13 weeks after treatment. Reinfestations performed during weeks 19 and 26 were well controlled (ie, > 90% reduction in flea counts, compared with control group) in both groups of cats treated with lufenuron. Reinfestations performed during week 36 were well controlled only in cats treated with lufenuron at the higher dosage. Reinfestations performed during week 49 were not controlled in either group of treated cats.

Conclusions
A single dose of the new injectable formulation of lufenuron should control flea populations in cats for up to 26 weeks, even among cats that are periodically reinfested with fleas. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:140–142)
Diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion, using a competitive ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies against variable segments 1 and 2 of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci serotype 1
Authors: Salti-Montesanto Viviane , Tsoli Eleana , Papavassiliou Periklis , Psarrou Evgenia , Markey Bryan K. , Jones Gareth E. , Vretou Evangelia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop and evaluate a competitive ELISA (cELISA) specific for detection of antibodies to abortion strains of Chlamydia psittaci and C pecorum that is based on monoclonal antibodies against the 2 segments.

Procedure
Monoclonal antibodies were screened for binding to ELISA plates coated with elementary bodies, and were selected on the basis of positive competition with experimentally produced sera against C psittaci and lack of competition with anti-C pecorum sera. The cELISA was evaluated with field sera, and the results were compared with those obtained by complement-fixation testing and by an ELISA containing solubilized outer membrane complexes (A-ELISA).

Results
The cELISA detected 9 of 10 C psittaci-infected flocks (57/125 sera, 45.6%), and in 6 of 10 flocks (27.3% of the sera), it specified correctly the infecting chlamydial species. Regarding test sensitivity, the complement-fixation test detected 6 of 10 test-positive (19.2% of the sera) flocks, whereas 7 of 10 test-positive (48.8% of the sera) flocks were detected by use of the A-ELISA. The specificity of the test was satisfactory (100%), compared with the A-ELISA (72.2%).

Conclusions
The new cELISA is a sensitive and specific assay for antibodies against C psittaci abortion strains. It is rapid and easy to perform and does not require serum dilutions. The new cELISA is, therefore, suitable as a routine test for chlamydial diagnosis and seroepidemiologic studies, (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 228–235)
Prevalence of intestinal chlamydial infection in pigs in the midwest as determined by immunoperoxidase staining
Authors: Nietfeld Jerome C. , Leslie-Steen Pam , Zeman David H. , Nelson Dennis 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine prevalence of intestinal chlamydial infection in pigs and to compare prevalence of diarrhea in infected pigs with that in noninfected pigs to evaluate the importance of Chlamydia sp as causes of diarrhea in pigs.

Animals and Procedures
Intestines from 351 sick pigs submitted to 2 veterinary diagnostic laboratories and from 96 healthy pigs that were part of an Escherichia coli susceptibility study were examined by immunoperoxidase staining for chlamydial antigen. The proportion of Chlamydia-infected pigs in each group was calculated and compared. The proportion of Chlamydia-infected pigs with diarrhea was compared with the proportion of noninfected pigs with diarrhea.

Results
15% of the sick and healthy pigs were infected with Chlamydia sp. Prevalence of diarrhea was equal between infected and noninfected pigs. Chlamydia sp were the third most common pathogens identified, and prevalence of chlamydial infection increased after 3 weeks of age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Intestinal chlamydiosis is common in commercial pigs, but most, if not all, infections are subclinical. Without collaborative evidence, simply identifying Chlamydia sp in feces or the intestinal tract of pigs with enteritis or diseases of other organ systems should not be considered proof that the organism caused the clinical signs of disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:260–264)
Safety and efficacy of an avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine for protection of calves against S dublin infection
Authors: Fox Bryce C. , Roof Michael B. , Carter David P. , Kesl Lyle D. , Roth James A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis strain 54 (SC54) as a vaccine to protect calves against salmonellosis caused by S dublin.

Animals
40 head of clinically normal 3 to 5-week-old male Holstein calves that were culture negative for Salmonella sp.

Procedure
Calves were randomly assigned to 4 test groups of 10 calves each. Group 1 received 8.5 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of SC54 SC. Groups 2 and 3 received 1.13 × 109 CFU of SC54, SC and intranasally, respectively. Group 4 received saline solution as a vaccine control. All calves were challenge exposed orally with 1.74 × 109 CFU of virulent S dublin 14 days after vaccination. Clinical signs and Salmonella shedding were monitored for 28 days after vaccination. Calves were necropsied, and organs were cultured for Salmonella sp 14 days after challenge exposure.

Results
Calves of groups 2 and 3 had slightly high rectal temperature after vaccination. Salmonella dublin challenge exposure resulted in mild clinical signs of salmonellosis. All vaccinated groups had significantly (P< 0.05) lower rectal temperature, fecal shedding of S dublin, and recovery of S dublin from organs after necropsy. SC54 was not recovered from fecal or blood samples collected after vaccination or from injection site samples or organs collected at necropsy.

Conclusions
SC54 given intranasally or SC to calves was safe and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced clinical signs and bacterial shedding after oral challenge exposure with S dublin.

Clinical Relevance
SC54 has potential as an effective vaccine to aid in prevention of salmonellosis caused by S dublin in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 265–271)