bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association and colocalization of G protein α subunits and Purkinje cell protein 2 (Pcp2) in mammalian cerebellum
Authors: Redd Kacy J. , Oberdick John , McCoy John , Denker Bradley M. , Luo Yuan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPreviously, we have demonstrated a novel interaction between Gαo protein and Purkinje cell protein‐2 (Pcp2, also known as L7) in vitro and in transfected cells (Luo and Denker [1999] J. Biol. Chem. 274:10685–10688). Pcp2 is uniquely expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells and in retinal bipolar neurons, and it may function as a cell‐type specific modulator for G protein‐mediated cell signaling. This interaction has been further evaluated in the present studies. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments reveal that Pcp2 associates with Gαo in vivo in mouse cerebellum and eye extract. Pcp2 also associate with Gαi2 in the cerebellum. No detectable associations of Pcp2 with Gαz and Gαq subunits are observed. The association of Gαo and Pcp2 is detected at postnatal day 1 (P1), and the association remains stable from day 3 (P3) until adulthood. Further, immunofluorescent double labeling and confocal microscopy suggest that Pcp2 and Gαo are colocalized in the distal processes of cerebellar Purkinje cells including axonal endings and dendritic spines. Taken together, these findings indicate colocalization and association of Gαo and Pcp2 in cerebellum and suggest a functional role in regions of synaptic activity. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A chronology for the long pollen record from Lake Wangoom, western Victoria (Australia) as derived from uranium/thorium disequilibrium dating
Authors: Harle K. J. , Heijnis H. , Chisari R. , Kershaw A. P. , Zoppi U. , Jacobsen G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe chronology of a long pollen record from Lake Wangoom, one of the few long palaeoenvironmental records from southeastern Australia, is discussed in light of the acquisition of new uranium/thorium disequilibrium (UTD) dates. Of crucial importance has been the estimation of ages for two major pre‐Holocene phases of forest expansion recorded in the sequence, with implications for the timing of periods of high effective precipitation in the region. The new UTD ages indicate that the oldest forest phase falls within the Penultimate Interglacial whereas the later phase corresponds with the Last Interglacial. This is older than indicated by previously reported UTD and radiocarbon dates, but confirms a chronology based on direct correlation with the pollen record from marine core E55‐6. The new chronology of the Lake Wangoom sequence provides evidence that phases of sustained forest development in southeast Australia relate to interglacial periods. In comparison, interstadial periods appear to be characterised by only minor arboreal development. Marked differences in the pattern of vegetation development evident in each of the interglacials are thought to reflect varying climatic and anthropogenic influences. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic evidence for late Pleistocene to middle Holocene climatic fluctuations in the interior of southern Africa
Authors: Smith Jeannette M. , Lee‐Thorp Julia A. , Sealy Judith C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractStable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of ungulate grazers from four archaeological sites located in different environs within the Caledon River Valley have provided a relatively well‐dated proxy palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic sequence for the period between 16 000 and 6000 calendar (cal.) yr BP. Within the overall trend towards hot mid‐Holocene temperatures and a summer rainfall pattern, stable carbon isotope results show that there were three periods when growth season temperatures were cool enough for C3 grasses to be present: 16 000–14 000; 10 200–9600, and 8400–8000 cal. yr BP. Similar trends were recorded in stable oxygen isotope values, reflecting shifts in either temperature or available moisture. Although having a similar pattern to that of the lower altitude site, sites situated in foothills and montane portions of the valley consistently maintained lower temperatures until the mid‐Holocene altithermal. At this time growth season temperatures warmed sufficiently for a 100% C4 grassland to expand in altitude from the warmer low lying localities. In relation to present understanding of synoptic and global climatic patterning, these findings suggest that the early to middle Holocene transition was not a gradual warming trend, but rather it was marked by a series of climatic fluctuations. Of particular note is the possible global, rather than regional, occurrence of the 8200 cal. yr BP ‘event’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene vegetation and climate change in southern New Zealand: linkages between forest composition and quantitative surface moisture reconstructions from an ombrogenous bog
Authors: Wilmshurst Janet M. , McGlone Matt S. , Charman Dan J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a Holocene pollen record from an ombrotrophic bog in Southland, New Zealand, together with multiproxy data (testate amoebae, peat humification and plant macrofossils) from the same core to establish an independent semiquantitative record of peatland surface moisture. Linkages between reconstructed peatland surface moisture and regional forest composition are investigated using redundancy analysis of the forest pollen data constrained with predicted bog water‐table depths. Over 32% of the pollen data variance can be explained by surface moisture changes in the bog, suggesting a common cause of water‐table and regional vegetation change. Water tables were higher during the early to mid‐Holocene when the forest was dominated by podocarp taxa. Water tables lowered after about 3300 cal. yr BP coevally with the expansion of Nothofagus species, culminating with the dominance of Nothofagus subgenus Fuscospora in the past 1200 cal. yr BP. This is in apparent opposition to the warm/dry to cool/wet trend suggested by subjective interpretation of pollen data alone, from this and other studies. We suggest that during the late Holocene, drier summers associated with shifts in solar insolation caused reduced surface wetness and summer humidity, which together with a trend to cooler winters, apparently favoured the regeneration of Nothofagus species. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amino‐acid geochronology and the British Pleistocene: secure stratigraphical framework or a case of circular reasoning?
Authors: McCarroll Danny 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAminostratigraphy is central to the recently revised correlation of Quaternary deposits in the British Isles, providing a link between terrestrial deposits and marine Oxygen Isotope Stages. The central tenet of British aminostratigraphy, however, that shells from the same interglacial yield very similar ratios, so that the characteristic ratios from different interglacials are distinct, remains uncertain. The data available suggest that amino‐acid ratios from different interglacials do not fall into discrete groups, but overlap considerably. It is therefore not valid to assign individual shells to Oxygen Isotope Stages simply on the basis of their amino‐acid ratios, which means that filtering data to remove high or low values, on the assumption that they represent reworked shells, is unacceptable. The range of ‘characteristic ratios’ assigned to British warm stages may have been underestimated and the degree of separation between them overestimated. Amino‐acid ratios should be treated as sample data that are naturally variable. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐glacial and Holocene history of the dry forest area in the south Colombian Cauca Valley
Authors: Berrío Juan Carlos , Hooghiemstra Henry , Marchant Robert , Rangel Orlando 
Published: November 2002

AbstractTwo sedimentary cores with pollen, charcoal and radiocarbon data are presented. These records document the Late‐glacial and Holocene dry forest vegetation, fire and environmental history of the southern Cauca Valley in Colombia (1020 m). Core Quilichao‐1 (640 cm; 3° 6′N, 76° 31′W) represents the periods of 13 150–7720 14C yr BP and, following a hiatus, from 2880 14C yr BP to modern. Core La Teta‐2 (250 cm; 3° 5′N, 76° 32′W) provides a continuous record from 8700 14C yr BP to modern.Around 13 150 14C yr BP core Quilichao‐1 shows an active Late‐glacial drainage system and presence of dry forest. From 11 465 to 10 520 14C yr BP dry forest consists mainly of Crotalaria, Moraceae/Urticaceae, Melastomataceae/Combretaceae, Piper and low stature trees, such as Acalypha, Alchornea, Cecropia and Celtis. At higher elevation Andean forest comprising Alnus, Hedyosmum, Quercus and Myrica was common. After 10 520 14C yr BP the floral composition of dry forest changed, with extensive open grass vegetation indicative of dry climatic conditions. This event may coincide with the change to cool and dry conditions in the second part of the El Abra stadial, an equivalent to the Younger Dryas. From 8850 14C yr BP the record from La Teta indicates dry climatic conditions relative to the present, these prevailing up to 2880 14C yr BP at Quilichao and to 2720 14C yr BP at La Teta. Severe dryness reached maxima at 7500 14C yr BP and 4300 14C yr BP, when dry forest reached maximum expansion. Dry forest was gradually replaced by grassy vegetation, reaching maximum expansion around 2300 14C yr BP. After 2300 14C yr BP grassy vegetation remains abundant. Presence of crop taxa (a.o. Zea mays), disturbance indicators (Cecropia) and an increase in charcoal point to the presence of pre‐Columbian people since 2300 14C yr BP. After 950 14C yr BP, expansion of secondary forest taxa may indicate depopulation and abandonment of previously cultivated land. After 400 14C yr BP, possibly related to the Spanish conquest, secondary forest expanded and charcoal concentrations increased, possibly indicating further reduction of cultivated land. During the past century, Heliotropium and Didymopanax became abundant in an increasingly degraded landscape. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary findings of the fourth international radiocarbon intercomparison (FIRI)(1998–2001)
Authors: Boaretto Elisabetta , Bryant Charlotte , Carmi Israel , Cook Gordon , Gulliksen Steinar , Harkness Doug , Heinemeier Jan , McClure John , McGee Edward , Naysmith Philip , Possnert Goran , Scott Marian , van der Plicht Hans , van Strydonck Mark 
Published: November 2002

AbstractInterlaboratory comparisons have been widely used in applied radiocarbon science. These are an important part of ongoing quality assurance (QA) programmes, which are vital to the appropriate interpretation of the evidence provided by the 14C record in Quaternary applications (including climate change and environmental reconstruction). International comparisons of laboratory performance are an essential component of the quality assurance process in radiocarbon dating. If the user community is to have confidence in radiocarbon results, it needs to be assured that laboratories world wide are producing measurements that are reliable and in accordance with ‘good practice’. The findings from the most recent (completed in 2001) and extensive (more than 90 participating laboratories) radiocarbon intercomparison (FIRI) are reported here. This study was designed (i) to assess comparability, or otherwise, of the results from different laboratories and (ii) to quantify the extent and possible causes of any interlaboratory variation. The results demonstrate that there are no significant differences amongst the main measurement techniques (gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)) but there is evidence of small laboratory offsets relative to known age samples for some laboratories. There is also evidence in some cases of underestimation of measurement precision. Approximately 10% of all results were classified as extreme (outliers) and these results were generated by 14% of the laboratories. Overall, the evidence supports the fact that radiocarbon laboratories are generally accurate and precise but that, notwithstanding internal QA procedures, some problems still occur, which can best be detected by participation in independent intercomparisons such as FIRI, where the results allow individual laboratories to assess their performance and to take remedial measures where necessary. The results from FIRI are significant in that they show a broad measure of agreement between measurements made in different laboratories on a wide range of materials and they also demonstrate no statistically significant difference between measurements made by radiometric or AMS techniques. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of chironomids to late quaternary environmental change in the Taitao Peninsula, southern Chile Julieta Massaferro and Stephen J. Brooks. Journal of Quaternary Science Vol 17 No 2 2002, pages 101–111.
Authors: Massaferro Julieta , Brooks Stephen J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Quaternary Science Vol 17 No 2 2002, pages 101–111 Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiproxy evidence of an early Holocene (8.2 kyr) climate oscillation in central Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Spooner Ian , Douglas Marianne S. V. , Terrusi Lisa 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAn early Holocene lake sediment record from central Nova Scotia contains a minerogenic oscillation that is closely correlative with the 8.2 kyr event (ca. 8200 cal. yr BP), an event that has not been reported elsewhere in Atlantic Canada. A variety of biological and sedimentological indicators have been examined to characterise autochthonous and allochthonous changes that occurred during this time. The minerogenic upper oscillation (UO, ca. 8400 cal. yr BP) is marked by an increase in the chrysophyte:diatom ratio. Following the oscillation, the diatom community reflects a shift to more productive, less acidic conditions. The pollen record shows no major response to this short‐lived event. Lithostratigraphic analyses indicates that the UO is characterised by an increase in clastic content, magnetic susceptibility and mean sediment grain size, all indicators of changing environmental conditions, most likely the result of regional cooling. The Taylor Lake record adds to a growing body of evidence for a widespread, hemispheric climate oscillation at 8.2 kyr. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new rank correlation coefficient with application to the consensus ranking problem
Authors: Emond Edward J. , Mason David W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe consensus ranking problem has received much attention in the statistical literature. Given m rankings of n objects the objective is to determine a consensus ranking. The input rankings may contain ties, be incomplete, and may be weighted. Two solution concepts are discussed, the first maximizing the average weighted rank correlation of the solution ranking with the input rankings and the second minimizing the average weighted Kemeny–Snell distance. A new rank correlation coefficient called τx is presented which is shown to be the unique rank correlation coefficient which is equivalent to the Kemeny‐Snell distance metric. The new rank correlation coefficient is closely related to Kendall's tau but differs from it in the way ties are handled. It will be demonstrated that Kendall's τb is flawed as a measure of agreement between weak orderings and should no longer be used as a rank correlation coefficient. The use of τx in the consensus ranking problem provides a more mathematically tractable solution than the Kemeny–Snell distance metric because all the ranking information can be summarized in a single matrix. The methods described in this paper allow analysts to accommodate the fully general consensus ranking problem with weights, ties, and partial inputs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using assignment examples to infer category limits for the ELECTRE TRI method
Authors: The An Ngo , Mousseau Vincent 
Published: November 2002

AbstractGiven a finite set of alternatives, the sorting (or assignment) problem consists in the assignment of each alternative to one of the predefined categories. In this paper, we are interested in multiple criteria sorting problems and, more precisely, in the existing method ELECTRE TRI. This method requires the elicitation of preferential parameters (importance coefficients, thresholds, profiles, etc.) in order to construct the decision‐maker's (DM) preference model.A direct elicitation of these parameters being sometimes difficult, Mousseau and Slowinski proposed an interactive aggregation–disaggregation approach that infer ELECTRE TRI parameters indirectly from holistic information, i.e. assignment examples. In this approach, the determination of ELECTRE TRI parameters that best restore the assignment examples is formulated through a non‐linear optimization program. Also in this direction, Mousseau et al. considered the subproblem of the determination of the importance coefficients only (the thresholds and category limits being fixed). This subproblem leads to solve a linear program (rather that non‐linear in the global inference model).We pursue the idea of partial inference model by considering the complementary subproblem which determines the category limits (the importance coefficients being fixed). With some simplification, it also leads to solve a linear program. Together with the result of Mousseau et al., we have a couple of complementary models which can be combined in an interactive approach inferring the parameters of an ELECTRE TRI model from assignment examples. In each interaction, the DM can revise his/her assignment examples, to give additional information and to choose which parameters to fix before the optimization phase restarts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting local convexity on the pareto surface
Authors: Fadel Georges , Li Yusheng , Konda Suman , Wiecek Margaret M. , Ruzika Stefan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractRecent regain in interest in multi‐criteria optimization approaches to provide a designer with multiple solutions to select from and support decisions has led to various methodologies to generate such solutions and possibly approximate the Pareto set. This paper introduces the notions of H‐ and w‐convexities, and develops a simple method to identify local convexity of Pareto hyper‐surfaces since their shape can dictate the choice of the method to use to obtain Pareto solutions and possibly to build an approximation of that set. The method is based on comparing the results from the weighting method to those of the Tchebycheff method at any point on the Pareto hyper‐surface. If, under some conditions, the points obtained from the two methods are identical or not, a local convexity or its lack can be assumed at that location and in its immediate neighbourhood. A numerical example is included. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practice and principles of pharmacodynamic determination of HISS‐dependent and HISS‐independent insulin action: Methods to quantitate mechanisms of insulin resistance
Authors: Lautt W. Wayne 
Published: November 2002

AbstractInjection of insulin causes release of HISS (hepatic insulin sensitizing substance) from the liver in the fed state. HISS action accounts for 50–60% of the glucose disposal produced by a wide range of insulin doses (5–100 mU/kg). Although the chemical nature of HISS is unknown, precluding pharmacokinetic studies, the pharmacodynamics of HISS has advanced because of the use of the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST) which is a transient euglycemic clamp used following a bolus of insulin. HISS action can be blocked by hepatic denervation and restored by intraportal but not intravenous infusion of acetylcholine or a nitric oxide donor. HISS release is prevented by blockade of hepatic muscarinic receptors, nitric oxide synthase blockers, indomethacin, and animal models of insulin resistance, including chronic liver disease, sucrose feeding, hypertension, aging, obesity, and fetal alcohol exposure. HISS acts on skeletal muscle but not liver, gut, or adipose tissue. HISS is released by insulin in the fed state but decreases to insignificance after 24‐hr fasting in rats. Cats and dogs appear to require a longer period of fasting to prevent HISS action. Lack of HISS action is suggested to be the cause of post‐meal hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes and other disease states with similar metabolic dysfunction. The RIST can be carried out up to six times in the same animal, is not affected by pentobarbital anesthesia, and can readily differentiate HISS‐dependent and HISS‐independent insulin action. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23, No. 1, 1–14, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10022
Structure–function relationships of vitamin D including ligand recognition by the vitamin D receptor
Authors: Yamada Sachiko , Shimizu Masato , Yamamoto Keiko 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFirst, the general structure and function of nuclear receptors (NRs) are described briefly to help our understanding of the mechanism of action of vitamin D mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the NRs. Then we discuss the structure–function relationship (SFR) of vitamin D on the basis of ligand structures and the interaction of the ligand with the VDR. The SFR of vitamin D side chain analogs is discussed extensively in terms of our active space group concept, which was derived from conformational analyses of the side chains of vitamin D analogs and from studies with conformationally restricted 22‐methyl‐1,25‐(OH)2D3 isomers. The mobile area of the side chain of vitamin D can be grouped into five regions (E, G, EA, EG, and F), and the SFR has been analyzed in terms of these spatial regions. The SFR of ligand/VDR interaction is discussed on the basis of the crystal structure of VDR‐LBD(Δ165–215), docking of various vitamin D ligands into the ligand binding pocket (LBP) of the VDR, and functional analysis of amino acids lining the LBP. Finally, we discuss total SFR, combining the results of the two approaches, and future aspects of structure‐based design of vitamin D analogs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23, No. 1, 89–115, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10023
Recent development in the design of sialyltransferase inhibitors
Authors: Wang Xiaofang , Zhang Li‐He , Ye Xin‐Shan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSialylation at the non‐reducing end of glycoconjugates is an important biological process in cellular recognitions, tumor metastases, and immune responses, which are mediated by a family of enzymes known as sialyltransferases. Inhibition of sialyltransferases may prove useful in elucidating the biological functions of sialylation and may have therapeutic applications. This review summarizes the recent development in this field with particular focus on the strategies used for the design of carbohydrate mimetics and the structure‐activity relationships of substrate‐based sialyltransferase inhibitors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23, No. 1, 32–47, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10030