bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climatic Feedbacks and Desertification: The Mediterranean Model
Authors: Millán M. M. , Estrela M. J. , Sanz M. J. , Mantilla E. , Martín M. , Pastor F. , Salvador R. , Vallejo R. , Alonso L. , Gangoiti G. , Ilardia J. L. , Navazo M. , Albizuri A. , Artíñano B. , Ciccioli P. , Kallos G. , Carvalho R. A. , Andrés D. , Hoff A. , Werhahn J. , Seufert G. , Versino B. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Mesometeorological information obtained in several research projects in southern Europe has been used to analyze perceived changes in the western Mediterranean summer storm regime. A procedure was developed to disaggregate daily precipitation data into three main components: frontal precipitation, summer storms, and Mediterranean cyclogenesis. Working hypotheses were derived on the likely processes involved. The results indicate that the precipitation regime in this Mediterranean region is very sensitive to variations in surface airmass temperature and moisture. Land-use perturbations that accumulated over historical time and greatly accelerated in the last 30 yr may have induced changes from an open, monsoon-type regime with frequent summer storms over the mountains inland to one dominated by closed vertical recirculations where feedback mechanisms favor the loss of storms over the coastal mountains and additional heating of the sea surface temperature during summer. This, in turn, favors Mediterranean cyclogenesis and torrential rains in autumn–winter. Because these intense rains and floods can occur anywhere in the basin, perturbations to the hydrological cycle in any part of the basin can propagate to the whole basin and adjacent regions. Furthermore, present levels of air pollutants can produce greenhouse heating, amplifying the perturbations and pushing the system over critical threshold levels. The questions raised are relevant for the new European Union (EU) water policies in southern Europe and for other regions dominated by monsoon-type weather systems.
Opposite Phases of the Antarctic Oscillation and Relationships with Intraseasonal to Interannual Activity in the Tropics during the Austral Summer
Authors: Carvalho Leila M. V. , Jones Charles , Ambrizzi Tércio 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) has been observed as a deep oscillation in the mid- and high southern latitudes. In the present study, the AAO pattern is defined as the leading mode of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF-1) obtained from daily 700-hPa geopotential height anomalies from 1979 to 2000. Here the objective is to identify daily positive and negative AAO phases and relationships with intraseasonal activity in the Tropics and phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the austral summer [December–January–February (DJF)]. Positive and negative AAO phases are defined when the daily EOF-1 time coefficient is above (or below) one standard deviation of the DJF mean. Composites of low-frequency sea surface temperature variation, 200-hPa zonal wind, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) indicate that negative (positive) phases of the AAO are dominant when patterns of SST, convection, and circulation anomalies resemble El Niño (La Niña) phases of ENSO. Enhanced intraseasonal activity from the Tropics to the extratropics of the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere is associated with negative (positive) phases of the AAO. In addition, there is indication that the onset of negative phases of the AAO is related to the propagation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Suppression of intraseasonal convective activity over Indonesia is observed in positive AAO phases. It is hypothesized that deep convection in the central tropical Pacific, which is related to either El Niño or eastward-propagating MJO, or a combination of both phenomena, modulates the Southern Hemisphere circulation and favors negative AAO phases during DJF. The alternation of AAO phases seems to be linked to the latitudinal migration of the subtropical upper-level jet and variations in the intensity of the polar jet. This, in turn, affects extratropical cyclone properties, such as origin, minimum/maximum central pressure, and their equatorward propagation.
Oscillatory and Propagating Modes of Temperature Variability at the 3–3.5- and 4–4.5-yr Time Scales in the Upper Southwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Holbrook Neil J. , Chan Peter S-L. , Venegas Silvia A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This paper investigates oscillatory and propagating patterns of normalized surface and subsurface temperature anomalies (from the seasonal cycle) in the southwest Pacific Ocean using an extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis. The temperature data (and errors) are from the Digital Atlas of Southwest Pacific upper Ocean Temperatures (DASPOT). These data are 3 monthly in time (January, April, July, and October), 2° × 2° in space, and 5 m in the vertical to 450-m depths. The temperature anomalies in the EEOF analysis are normalized by the objective mapping temperature errors at each grid point. They are also Butterworth filtered in the 3–7-yr band to examine interannual variations in the temperature field. The oscillating and propagating patterns of the modes are examined across four vertical levels: the surface, and 100-, 250-, and 450-m depths.
The dominant mode EEOF (70% of the total variance of the filtered data) oscillates in a 4–4.5-yr quasi-periodic manner that is consistent with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Anomalies peak first at the surface in the subtropics between New Caledonia and Fiji (centered around 17°S, 177°E), then 6 months later in the tropical far west centered around the Solomon Islands (5°S, 153°–157°E), with a maximum at the base of the mixed layer (100 m) and upper thermocline (250 m), and then eastward in the northeast of the southwest Pacific region (0°–10°S, 160°E–180°). Mode 2 (25% variance of the filtered data) has a periodicity of 3–3.5 yr, with centers of action in all four vertical levels. The mode-2 patterns are consistent with variations in the subtropical gyre circulation, including the East Australian Current and its separation, and are continuous with the Tasman Front. Two spatial dipoles are apparent: (i) one in sea surface temperature (SST) at about 5°S, straddling west–east either side of the Solomon Islands, consistent with the classic Pacific-wide ENSO SST anomaly mode, and (ii) a subsurface dipole pattern, with centers in the Solomon Islands region at 100- and 250-m depths, and the western Tasman Sea (27°–33°S, 157°–161°E) at 250- and 450-m depths, consistent with dynamic changes in the gyre intensity.
Evolution of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure across the Cold Tongue–ITCZ Complex
Authors: Pyatt Hollis E. , Albrecht Bruce A. , Fairall Chris , Hare J. E. , Bond Nicholas , Minnis Patrick , Ayers J. Kirk 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean is influenced by spatial variations of sea surface temperature (SST) in the region. As the MABL air is advected across a strong SST gradient associated with the cold tongue–ITCZ complex (CTIC), substantial changes occur in the thermodynamic structure, surface fluxes, and cloud properties. This study attempts to define and explain the variability in the MABL structure and clouds over the CTIC. Using data collected on research cruises from the fall seasons of 1999–2001, composite soundings were created for both the cold and warm sides of the SST front to describe the mean atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure and its evolution across this front. The average difference in SST across this front was ∼6°C; much of this difference was concentrated in a band only ∼50 km wide. During the fall seasons, on the cold side of the gradient, a well-defined inversion exists in all years. Below this inversion, both fair-weather cumulus and stratiform clouds are observed. As the MABL air moves over the SST front to warmer waters, the inversion weakens and increases in height. The MABL also moistens and eventually supports deeper convection over the ITCZ. Both the latent and sensible heat fluxes increase dramatically across the SST front because of both an increase in SST and surface wind speed. Cloudiness is variable on the cold side of the SST front ranging from 0.2 to 0.9 coverage. On the warm side, cloud fraction was quite constant in time, with values generally greater than 0.8. The highest cloud-top heights (&gt;3 km) are found well north of the SST front, indicating areas of deeper convection. An analysis using energy and moisture budgets identifies the roles of various physical processes in the MABL evolution.
Long-Range Predictability in the Tropics. Part I: Monthly Averages
Authors: Reichler Thomas , Roads John O. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The sensitivity to initial and boundary conditions of monthly mean tropical long-range forecasts (1–14 weeks) during Northern Hemisphere winter is studied with a numerical model. Five predictability experiments with different combinations of initial conditions and prescribed ocean boundary conditions are conducted in order to investigate the temporal and spatial characteristics of the perfect model forecast skill. It is shown that initial conditions dominate a tropical forecast during the first 3 weeks and that they influence a forecast for at least 8 weeks. The initial condition effect is strongest over the Eastern Hemisphere and during years when the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is weak. The relatively long sensitivity to initial conditions is related to a complex combination of dynamic and thermodynamic effects, and to positive internal feedbacks of large-scale convective anomalies. At lead times of more than 3 weeks, boundary forcing is the main contributor to tropical predictability. This effect is particularly strong over the Western Hemisphere and during ENSO. Using persisted instead of observed sea surface temperatures leads to useful forecast results only over the Western Hemisphere and during ENSO.
Long-Range Predictability in the Tropics. Part II: 30–60-Day Variability
Authors: Reichler Thomas , Roads John O. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
It is suggested that the slow evolution of the tropical Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) has the potential to improve the predictability of tropical and extratropical circulation systems at lead times beyond 2 weeks. In practice, however, the MJO phenomenon is extremely difficult to predict because of the lack of good observations, problems with ocean forecasts, and well-known model deficiencies. In this study, the potential skill in forecasting tropical intraseasonal variability is investigated by eliminating all those errors. This is accomplished by conducting five ensemble predictability experiments with a complex general circulation model and by verifying them under the perfect model assumption. The experiments are forced with different combinations of initial and boundary conditions to explore their sensitivity to uncertainties in those conditions.
When “perfect” initial and boundary conditions are provided, the model produces a realistic climatology and variability as compared to reanalysis, although the spectral peak of the simulated MJO is too broad. The effect of initial conditions is noticeable out to about 40 days. The quality of the boundary conditions is crucial at all lead times. The small but positive correlations at very long lead times are related to intraseasonal variability of tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). When model, initial, and boundary conditions are all perfect, the useful forecast skill of intraseasonal variability is about 4 weeks. Predictability is insensitive to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, but it is enhanced during years when the intraseasonal oscillation is more active.
The results provide evidence that the MJO must be understood as a coupled system. As a consequence, it is concluded that further progress in the long-range predictability effort may require the use of fully interactive ocean models.
Decreasing Reliability and Increasing Synchroneity of Western North American Streamflow
Authors: Jain Shaleen , Hoerling Martin , Eischeid Jon 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAssessing climate-related societal vulnerability and mitigating impacts requires timely diagnosis of the nature of regional hydrologic change. A late-twentieth-century emergent trend is discovered toward increasing year-to-year variance (decreasing reliability) of streamflow across the major river basins in western North America—–Fraser, Columbia, Sacramento–San Joaquin, and Upper Colorado. Simultaneously, a disproportionate increase in the incidence of synchronous flows (simultaneous high or low flows across all four river basins) has resulted in expansive water resources stress. The observed trends have analogs in wintertime atmospheric circulation regimes and ocean temperatures, raising new questions on the detection, attribution, and projection of regional hydrologic change induced by climate.
Disparate lymphoid chemokine expression in mice and men: no evidence of CCL21 synthesis by human high endothelial venules
Authors: Carlsen Hege S. , Haraldsen Guttorm , Brandtzaeg Per , Baekkevold Espen S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
T-cell homing to secondary lymphoid tissues generally depends on chemokine-induced firm adhesion in high endothelial venules (HEVs) and is primarily mediated through the CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) on lymphocytes. The CCR7 ligand designated CCL21 is considered the most important trigger because it appears constitutively expressed by murine HEVs. Surprisingly, when we analyzed human tissues, no CCL21 mRNA could be detected in HEVs. In fact, CCL21 mRNA was only expressed in extravascular T-zone cells and lymphatics, whereas immunostaining revealed CCL21 protein within HEVs. This suggests that T-cell recruitment to human lymphoid tissues depends on the transcytosis of lymphoid chemokines through HEV cells because there is at present no evidence of alternative chemokine production in these cells that could explain the attraction of naive T lymphocytes.
Protein Breakdown in Muscle from Burned Rats Is Blocked by Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitors
Authors: Fang Cheng-Hui , Li Bing-Guo , James J. Howard , King Jy-Kung , Evenson Amy R. , Warden Glenn D. , Hasselgren Per-Olof 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We reported previously that IGF-I inhibits burn-induced muscle proteolysis. Recent studies suggest that activation of the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway with downstream phosphorylation of Forkhead box O transcription factors is an important mechanism of IGF-I-induced anabolic effects in skeletal muscle. The potential roles of other mechanisms in the anabolic effects of IGF-I are less well understood. In this study we tested the roles of mammalian target of rapamycin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation as well as MAPK- and calcineurin-dependent signaling pathways in the anticatabolic effects of IGF-I by incubating extensor digitorum longus muscles from burned rats in the presence of IGF-I and specific signaling pathway inhibitors. Surprisingly, the PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin reduced basal protein breakdown. No additional inhibition by IGF-I was noticed in the presence of LY294002 or wortmannin. Inhibition of proteolysis by IGF-I was associated with phosphorylation (inactivation) of GSK-3β. In addition, the GSK-3β inhibitors, lithium chloride and thiadiazolidinone-8, reduced protein breakdown in a similar fashion as IGF-I. Lithium chloride, but not thiadiazolidinone-8, increased the levels of phosphorylated Foxo 1 in incubated muscles from burned rats. Inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin, MAPK, and calcineurin did not prevent the IGF-I-induced inhibition of muscle proteolysis. Our results suggest that IGF-I inhibits protein breakdown at least in part through a PI3K/Akt/GSK3β-dependent mechanism. Additional experiments showed that similar mechanisms were responsible for the effect of IGF-I in muscle from nonburned rats. Taken together with recent reports in the literature, the present results suggest that IGF-I inhibits protein breakdown in skeletal muscle by multiple mechanisms, including PI3K/Akt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3β and Foxo transcription factors.
Athyroid Pax8−/− Mice Cannot Be Rescued by the Inactivation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor α1
Authors: Mittag Jens , Friedrichsen Sönke , Heuer Heike , Polsfuss Silke , Visser Theo J. , Bauer Karl 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Pax8−/− mouse provides an ideal animal model to study the consequences of congenital hypothyroidism, because its only known defect is the absence of thyroid follicular cells. Pax8−/− mice are, therefore, completely athyroid in postnatal life and die around weaning unless they are substituted with thyroid hormones. As reported recently, Pax8−/− mice can also be rescued and survive to adulthood by the additional elimination of the entire thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) gene, yielding Pax8−/−TRαo/o double-knockout animals. This observation has led to the hypothesis that unliganded TRα1 might be responsible for the lethal phenotype observed in Pax8−/− animals. In this study we report the generation of Pax8−/−TRα1−/− double-knockout mice that still express the non-T3-binding TR isoforms α2 and Δα2. These animals closely resemble the phenotype of Pax8−/− mice, including growth retardation and a completely distorted appearance of the pituitary with thyrotroph hyperplasia and hypertrophy, extremely high TSH mRNA levels, reduced GH mRNA expression, and the almost complete absence of lactotrophs. Like Pax8−/− mice, Pax8−/−TRα1−/− compound mutants die around weaning unless they are substituted with thyroid hormones. These findings do not support the previous interpretation that the short life span of Pax8−/− mice is due to the negative effects of the TRα1 aporeceptor, but, rather, suggest a more complex mechanism involving TRα2 and an unliganded TR isoform.
Optical Oxygen Pressure Sensing Based on Triplet–Triplet Quenching of Fullerene–Polystyrene Film Using Laser Flash Photolysis: Soccerballene C60 Versus Rugbyballene C70
Authors: Amao Yutaka , Asai Keisuke , Okura Ichiro 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
An optical oxygen-sensing system based on the triplet lifetimes of fullerenes C60 and C70 in polystyrene (PS) under different oxygen pressures was developed using laser flash photolysis. The lifetime of the photoexcited triplet state of fullerene–PS film decreases with increasing oxygen pressure. The photoexcited triplet state of fullerene–PS film was effectively quenched by oxygen. The quenching rate constant of the photoexcited triplet state of C60 and C70 in PS film by oxygen, kq, were estimated to be 6.6 × 102 and 1.4 × 103 Torr−1 s−1, respectively (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa). The linearity of a Stern–Volmer plot of C60–PS film (r2 = 0.999) is superior to that of C70–PS film (r2 = 0.992). These results show that C60– and C70–PS films are highly sensitive for oxygen in the total oxygen pressure region and in the low oxygen pressure region, respectively.
Valence Delocalization and Crystal Structure of [Fe3O(pazo)6(py)3]·3py: An Example of the Mixed Valence Delocalization between Two Iron Atoms
Authors: Manago Masaaki , Hayami Shinya , Yano Yayoi , Inoue Katuya , Nakata Risa , Ishida Akiko , Maeda Yonezo 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The oxo-centered, trinuclear, mixed-valence complex [Fe3O(pazo)6(py)3]·3py, where pazo is 4-phenylazobenzoic acid, has been prepared, and the intramolecular electron transfer properties in the solid state have been studied. There are two doublets in the area ratio of two (Fe3+) and one (Fe2+) at 78 K. Increasing the sample temperature above 120 K turns these to two doublets in the area ratio of two (Fe2.5+) and one (Fe3+); the average valence state between an iron(II) and one of two irons(III) is observed. The complex crystallizes in the C-centered monoclinic space group C2/c with 4 molecules in a unit cell which has dimensions: a = 15.856(4), b = 28.649(2), c = 25.739(2) Å, V = 11317(3) Å3, β = 104.54(1) at 150 K, and a = 15.867(3), b = 28.555(3), c = 25.747(5) Å, V = 11288(3) Å3, β = 104.60(2) at 85 K. The metal sites of the average valence state and Fe3+ state are seen in its single-crystal X-ray structure at both temperatures. The X-ray structure work shows that the dimensions of the Fe3O triangle become larger and the length of b-axis becomes longer with increasing of temperature. There is a C2 axis in the molecule, and a pyridine coordinating to the being located on the axis. The plane of the pyridine is almost perpendicular to that of the Fe3O triangle and those of other two pyridines coordinating to Fe2.5+ (Fe2+ + ) are parallel to that of the Fe3O triangle.
Reactivities of Stable Rotamers. XLII. Generation and Fates of Rotameric [1-(9-Fluorenyl)-2-naphthyl]methyl Radicals
Authors: Oki Michinori , Hirose Takanori , Kaneko Kei , Hidaka Tsutomu , Ozaki Hirotaka , Asakura Mitsuhiro , Toyota Shinji , Ishiguro (née Yamada) Tomoyo , Nakamura Nobuo 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The title radical rotamers were generated by thermolyses of the corresponding t-butyl peroxycarboxylates or photolyses of the corresponding 2(1H)-thioxo-1-pyridyl carboxylates. Products from the t-butyl peroxyesters were t-butoxy compounds, dimers, and colligation products with a benzyl radical, when the reactions were carried out in toluene. In carbon tetrachloride, chlorine-abstraction products and colligation products with a trichloromethyl radical were obtained in addition to the dimers. Photolyses of the 2(1H)-thioxo-1-pyridyl esters afforded expected products, the dimers and 2-pyridylthio derivatives. Generally, the differences from one rotamer to another cause minor differences in the distribution of the products. The small differences are attributed to the steric effects which operate at the site where the radical is produced.
Advances in Iron Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Martin Rubén 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This account summarizes recent developments in the use of cheap, benign, and non-toxic iron salts as precatalysts for various cross coupling reactions. Although not yet nearly as mature as their palladium- or nickel-catalyzed counterparts, these transformations provide efficient and scalable solutions for many types of C–C-bond formations. Selected applications to the total synthesis of bioactive natural products illustrate the present state of the art.
Synthesis and Ultraviolet-ray-shielding Property of Organic UV-absorbent Intercalated Layered Zinc Hydroxide
Authors: Aisawa Sumio , Ishida Eri , Takahashi Satoshi , Hirahara Hidetoshi , Narita Eiichi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The hybridization between organic ultraviolet (UV)-absorbent and layered zinc hydroxide (LZH) by the coprecipitation reaction has been investigated. Various organic UV-absorbents were intercalated into the LZH interlayer space, and the resulting UV-absorbent/LZH was found to have high transparency in the visible region and superior shielding ability in the UV region.
Preparation and Characterization of a Transparent Thin Film of the Layered Perovskite, K2La2Ti3O10, Intercalated with an Ionic Porphyrin
Authors: Tong Zhiwei , Zhang Guozhen , Takagi Shinsuke , Shimada Tetsuya , Tachibana Hiroshi , Inoue Haruo 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
An intercalation compound of the layered perovskite, K2La2Ti3O10, with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphin (TMPyP4+), as the first example of a large molecule intercalation into this perovskite, was successfully prepared by a guest-exchange method using the n-PrNH3+–HxLa2Ti3O10 intercalation compound as an intermediate. Its structural characterization was carried out by means of X-ray diffraction, UV, and polarized spectroscopic investigations. The porphyrin molecules were revealed to be situated with their molecular planes inclined to the (La2Ti3O10)2− layers at an angle of 58° because of the high charge density of the host layers.