bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of lα-hydroxylated metabolites of cholecalciferol on intestinal radiocalcium absorption in goats
Authors: Hove Knut 
Published: May 2005

1. Intestinal absorption of47Ca was measured by a double-isotope technique in goats treated with 1, 5 or 25 μg of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3). The effects of giving 1,25(OH)2D3by intravenous (iv) infusion for 30–36 h were compared at each dose level with the effects obtained by oral administration of 1,25(OH)2D3either in ethanol or protected against rumen degradation in fatty acid pellets.2. Dose-dependent increments in absorption followed the treatments, with a doubling of absorption at the 1 μg dose and three- to fivefold increases with the 5 and 25 μg doses.47Ca absorption was equally stimulated 2 and 6 d after treatment but had returned to pretreatment levels 12–14 d after treatment.3. Intravenous and protected oral administration of 1,25(OH)2D3stimulated47Ca absorption to the same extent, in spite of two- to fivefold higher plasma concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3after iv treatment. Somewhat lower increments in47Ca absorption were seen using ethanol as the vehicle for oral administration.4. The naturally occurring metabolites 1,24(R),25-trihydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25(S),26-trihydroxy-cholecalciferol had only one-tenth to one-fifteenth the potency of 1,25(OH)2D3in stimulating47Ca absorption, while synthetic lα-hydroxycholecalciferol appeared to be twice as effective as 1,25(OH)2D3when tested at a high (10μg) dose.
Changes in the content of n-6 fatty acids in liver phospholipids in rats as a consequence of partially hydrogenated dietary oils
Authors: Thomassen Magny S. , Rørtveit Torill , Christiansen Erling N. , Norum Kaare R. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of unhydrogenated and partially-hydrogenated marine and rapeseed oils on the relative content of n-6 fatty acids in rat liver phospholipids were studied by gas–liquid chromatography.2. The type of dietary oil strongly affected the pattern of n-6 fatty acids in the liver phospholipids even after a relatively short feeding period (3 weeks).3. With diets deficient in linoleic acid, accumulation of the 20:3 n-9 fatty acid was observed in the animals receiving partially hydrogenated oils, but not in the animals receiving the unhydrogenated marine oil which contained relatively high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family.4. The results presented are in line with reports in the literature that dietary trans fatty acids may inhibit the desaturation–elongation enzyme systems of rat liver. The observed effects did not appear to be directly correlated to the dietary content of very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids.
Modification of glucocorticoid-induced changes in myofibrillar protein turnover in rats by protein and energy deficiency as assessed by urinary excretion ofNT-methylhistidine
Authors: Tomas F. M. , Murray A. J. , Jones L. M. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of differing degrees of experimental protein-energy malnutrition on the response of myofibrillar protein turnover rates to administration of corticosteroid has been studied in two experiments on rats. The basal control diet, offeredad lib.in each case, contained 40 g protein/kg, and other groups received diets containing 62.5, 95 or 220 g protein/kg at 0.67, 1 or 1.5 times the level of the control energy intake.2. Daily administration of 25 or 30 mg corticosterone/kg body-weight after 18 d pre-feeding caused an increase in plasma protein, glucose and insulin concentrations, but a decrease in the corticosterone: insulin values. Liver size and protein content increased, as did the fractional excretion of dietary nitrogen as urea-N in all treated groups. However, whereas a fall in food intake and body-weight occurred in one experiment the reverse occurred in the other.3. NT-Methylhistidine excretion was 12% lower for rats receiving 40v.220 g protein/kg diet and excretion was increased by only 57v.90% respectively, when the two groups of rats were given 30 mg corticosterone/kg per d. Rats which received 25 mg corticosterone/kg per d and up to 95 g protein/kg diet increased excretion of NT-methylhistidine by an average 35%.4. The fractional degradation rate of myofibrillar protein (kd) was reduced by about 10% by the low-protein diet from 3.1 to 2.8%/d. During corticosterone treatment the increment inkdfor rats on this diet was only 60% of that for rats receiving the 220 g protein/kg diet, i.e. an increase of 1.8v.3.0%/d. Energy restriction further reducedkdduring low-protein intake but did not affect the response to the corticosterone. Variations in dietary protein from 40 to 95 g/kg had little effect on the increase inkdduring steroid treatment. The effect of corticosterone on calculated synthesis rates (kg) differed markedly between experiments. Whilekgfell by 50–65% in rats which lost weight on treatment, it rose by up to 60% in rats where carcass non-collagen-protein accretion remained unchanged or increased, despite an increase inkd5. Protein deficiency decreases the catabolic response to glucocorticoid, but the net metabolic response appears crucially dependent on changes in food intake or the stage of growth of the rat or both. A net anabolic response with increased fractional rates of myofibrillar protein breakdown, synthesis and accretion was observed in growing rats fed on relatively-low-protein diets and given 25 mg corticosterone/kg per d. This novel finding indicates that a particular role for cortisol in the adaptation to protein-energy malnutrition by humans should be ascribed only with caution.
Alteration of regression of cholesterol accumulation in rats by dietary pectin
Authors: Thomas James N. , Kelley Michael J. , Story Jon A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Male, Wistar rats (50–74 g) were given a semi-purified diet containing cholesterol (10 g/kg diet) for 4 weeks, groups of control and experimental animals killed, and the remainder of the cholesterol-fed animals given either a semi-purified cholesterol-free diet without a fibre source or a similar diet with pectin (50 g/kg diet) for 8 weeks. Animals were killed at 2-week intervals and serum and liver cholesterol and triglycerides, faecal neutral steroids and acidic steroids measured.2. Animals given pectin had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels than animals given the basal diet after 4 and 6 weeks.3. Both experimental groups efficiently decreased their liver cholesterol levels during regression.4. Bile acid excretion was elevated in both groups, especially in rats receiving pectin, but neutral steroid excretion was unchanged.5. The increase in bile acid excretion was primarily in the form of chenodeoxycholic acid and its metabolites.6. This increased bile acid excretion is postulated to result from stimulation of the normal mechanism for increased steroid excretion in the rat, i.e. a change in the value of cholic: chenodeoxycholic acid or from a mechanism not yet elucidated.
Sugars-eating habits of 405 11- to 14-year-old English children
Authors: Hackett Allan F. , Rugg-Gunn Andrew J. , Appleton David R. , Allinson Marion , Eastoe John E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Between September 1979 and July 1981, 405 northern-English children, initially aged 11–12 years, each recorded all food and drink consumed on five occasions on each of three consecutive days. Sugars and nutrient intakes were calculated using food tables.2. The average total sugars intake was 118 g/d or 21% of the energy in take and 43% of the carbohydrate intake; these percentages were similar for both sexes, all social class groups and surveys.3. Sugars were found to be derived from a variety of food sources with confectionery being the single largest source.4. Sugars were fairly evenly consumed over the average day with a high amount in foods eaten between meals. Snacks accounted for 65% of the sugars intake but only 46% of the energy intake.5. Sugars intake and snacking therefore seem to have been major components of the eating habits of these children. If dietary changes towards lower sugars intakes are to be achieved a vigorous, informed health education campaign is necessary together with effective labelling of manufactured foods, the development of new products and the modification of some existing ones.
The Bacon Chow study: effect of nutritional supplementation on maternal weight and skinfold thicknesses during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Adair Linda S. , Pollitt Ernesto , Mueller William H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Effects of a feeding programme on maternal weight, triceps and subscapular skinfolds during pregnancy and lactation were assessed in a marginally undernourished population of rural Taiwan. Mothers participated during two pregnancy and lactation periods. At 3 weeks after the delivery of the first infant, one group of 114 mothers began consuming a nutrient-dense supplement (A), while another group of 111 received a placebo (B).2. There was no significant A–B difference in pregnancy weight gain (A 7.52 kg, B 7.75 kg) or in mean maternal weight, triceps or subscapular skinfolds at any time during pregnancy or lactation. Despite a general trend toward moderate weight loss during lactation, one-third of mothers in both groups gained weight. Highly significant increases in weight and skinfold thicknesses from one lactation period to the next characterized both groups.3. The absence of demonstrable supplement-effects on maternal anthropometry concomitant with increments in infant birth weight supports the notion that infants can benefit from maternal supplementation without changes in maternal nutritional status.
The effect of ispaghula (Fybogel and Metamucil) and guar gum on glucose tolerance in man
Authors: Jarjis H. A. , Blackburn N. A. , Redfern J. S. , Read N. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of incorporating Fybogel (3·5 and 7 g doses), Metamucil (7 g) or guar gum (2·5 and 14·5 g doses) in a drink containing 50 g glucose on plasma glucose, plasma insulin and gastric emptying were studied in thirty-eight normal volunteers. In addition, the effects of Fybogel (7 g) on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and gastric emptying were measured in fourteen non-insulin-dependent diabetics.2. Both doses of guar gum significantly lowered plasma glucose and plasma insulin responses to the oral glucose load in normal subjects, although 14·5 g guar gum did not delay the half-time for gastric emptying.3. Neither Fybogel nor Metamucil had significant effects on plasma glucose responses in normal subjects. In addition, Fybogel (at either dose) had no significant effects on plasma insulin levels, or on gastric emptying in normal subjects or on plasma glucose and insulin responses in diabetic patients.4. The viscosity of ispaghula solutions (Fybogel) was lower than that of guar gum solutions.
High efficiency of energy utilization in ‘cafeteria’- and force-fed rats kept at 29°
Authors: Barr H. Gillian , Mccracken K. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Male, Sprague-Dawley (Charles-River) rats, of initial weight 272 g, were given a powdered stock diet (T1) ad lib. force-fed a synthetic diet (T2) or offered a range of palatable foods in conjunction with the powdered stock diet (T3) or a similar diet supplemented with certain minerals and vitamins (T4).2. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake (kJ/d) averaged 303, 453, 402 and 383 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively and corresponding weight gains were 5.5, 6.9, 8.2 and 7.9 g/d and were significantly different (P < 0.001).3. The intakes of T3 and T4 rats ranged from 10 to 60% above the mean value for T1.4. Crude protein (CP; nitrogen × 6.25) retentions were similar for T1, T3 and T4 rats and significantly lower (P < 0.01) for T2 rats. Fat retentions were 1.1, 4.1, 2.9 and 2.4 g/d for T1 to T4 respectively (P < 0.001).5. The energy contents of the gain (MJ/kg) were 12.7, 26.0, 16.7 and 14.9 for T1 to T4 respectively (P < 0.001) and energy retentions (kJ/d) were 70, 179, 139 and 117 respectively (P < 0.001).6. A linear regression of energy retention (ER) on ME yielded a slope of 0.78 and a mean energy requirement for zero balance of 510 kJ/kg body-weight0.75.7. These results are in conflict with reports of ‘diet-induced thermogenesis’ in ‘cafeteria’-fed rats.
The effect of over-feeding newborn rabbits on somatic and visceral growth, body composition and long-term growth potential
Authors: Spencer S. Andrew , Hull David 
Published: May 2005

1. Newborn rabbits were over-fed by encouraging them to suck from two lactating does. These double-fed animals were compared with single-fed litter-mate controls.2. Single- and double-fed rabbits were compared with respect to body-weight, bone length and weights of heart, kidney, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, brain and adipose lobes at ages 7, 14 and 21 d and at 25 weeks. Body composition with respect to fat, protein and water was also analysed in animals killed during the first month of life.3. Double feeding had a profound effect on body-weight, such that by 21 d of age these animals weighed 65% more than controls. Longitudinal growth was also increased, but to a lesser extent. Organ weights were largely determined by body-weight with the exception of the brain which was unaffected by double feeding and the heart and adipose lobes which were represented to excess. Body composition studies demonstrated a marked increase in body fat and a decrease in body water as a percentage of body-weight in the double-fed.4. When mature, double-fed rabbits weighed a little more than controls and had accumulated significantly more fat. No other difference between them was demonstrated.5. Other experiments on rats, mice and pigs, along with these experiments on rabbits, suggest that young mammals respond to over-feeding with a limited increase in real growth associated with excess deposition of adipose tissue. Studies on infants of diabetic mothers have demonstrated that the human fetus responds to over-nutrition in a very similar way. Therefore we should be cautious about over-feeding human infants, especially premature ones, as it seems unlikely that excessive deposition of fat will be beneficial.
Dietary components and plasma insulin responses to fasting and refeeding in genetically obese hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) mice
Authors: Flatt Peter R. , Bailey Clifford J. 
Published: May 2005

1. To investigate the role of dietary components in the hyperinsulinaemia of the obese hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) syndrome, plasma insulin responses to fasting and refeeding were examined in Aston ob/ob mice supplied with standard diet, non-digestible-carbohydrate test food, and isoenergetic test foods from which either carbohydrate, protein or fat was omitted.2. During fasting, plasma insulin concentrations fell more rapidly and to a greater extent than plasma glucose. Refeeding the standard diet raised insulin concentrations above normal, associated with a 25% compensatory increase in food intake over 24 h.3. Test foods supplied to previously fed or fasted mice produced glucose responses consistent with the available carbohydrate content. Carbohydrate-free food (protein and fat) provided a small insulinotropic stimulus; the effect of protein-free food (carbohydrate and fat) was greater; and the combination of carbohydrate with protein (fat-free food) evoked a marked insulin response. In contrast, insulin concentrations declined in mice given the non-digestible-carbohydrate food.4. Consumption of the standard diet was increased after 24 h feeding non-digestible-carbohydrate food, but was unaffected by a 30 h fast initiated 54 h previously.5. These results demonstrate that hyperinsulinaemia in ob/ob mice is not merely triggered by the ingestion of bulk, but depends on the type of nutrient ingested. Dietary carbohydrate appears to be the major stimulus to the hyperinsulinaemia, with an important augmentation in the presence of protein. Since direct glucose stimulation of insulin release is defective in ob/ob mice, the hyperinsulinaemia must be mediated by increased activity of the enteroinsular axis.
The effects of food restriction and exercise on site-specific differences in adipocyte volume and adipose tissue cellularity in the guinea-pig
Authors: Pond Caroline M. , Mattacks Christine A. , Sadler Dawn 
Published: May 2005

1. The volume and number of adipocytes were measured in fourteen anatomical sites of adult guinea-pigs kept in small cages and fedad lib.kept in small cages and on restricted diet or fedad lib.and exercised.2. In the sedentaryad lib.-fed animals, there was no significant correlation between percentage body-weight as adipose tissue, as determined by direct dissection, and mean adipocyte volume based on samples from many different sites. The correlation was significant, though not high, for sedentary, restricted-diet animals and for exercised specimens.3. The correlations between the volume of adipocytes from left–right pairs of sites, and from sites around the same limb, were highly significant under all conditions studied. The correlation between the volume of adipocytes from sites other than left–right pairs of sites was weaker and in some cases statistically insignificant in sedentaryad lib.-fed guinea-pigs. The volume of adipocytes from sites in the groin region, the mesenteries and medial to the trapezius muscle failed to correlate in many cases with the volume of adipocytes from other sites sampled.4. The number of adipocytes at each site was similar in the exercised and sedentaryad lib.-fed animals. The restricted-diet, sedentary group had fewer adipocytes at all sites studied except the omental and mesenteric fat mass and the groin sites.5. It is suggested that moderate regular exercise or fasting gives rise to closer coordination between adipocytes at different sites because central factors regulating adipocyte volume become more prominent than local factors.
The effects of food restriction and exercise on site-specific differences in adipocyte volume and adipose tissue cellularity in the guinea-pig
Authors: Pond Caroline M. , Mattacks Christine A. , Sadler Dawn 
Published: May 2005

1. Two intermuscular adipose depots, the popliteal mass (POP) and the fat under the gluteus superficialis muscle (GLS) were studied in guinea-pigs maintained under three different regimes of diet and exercise.2. Eleven different sites in POP and four sites in GLS were defined using associated muscle and fascia as ‘landmarks’. Samples of twenty to twenty-five adipocytes from each site were removed and their mean volume measured; a consistent pattern of distribution of larger and smaller adipocytes within POP and GLS was found in all animals.3. The correlation between the volume of adipocytes from sites between the same pairs of muscles was substantially greater than the correlation between the volume of adipocytes from comparable sites between different muscles, whether the sites were within the same fat mass (POP) or in different fat masses (POP and GLS).4. The volume of adipocytes from the edge of the fat mass correlated more closely with those from the edge of the same or a synergistic muscle than with the volume of cells from the centre sites or edge sites from an interface with another muscle. These effects were most pronounced in exercised animals and weak or insignificant in sedentary ad lib.-fed animals.5. The volume of adipocytes from edge sites correlated with the gross weight of the adjacent muscles in exercised animals only.6. It is concluded that muscle activity has a local effect on the volume of adjacent adipocytes. It is suggested that the mechanism involved is mechanical rather than biochemical.
Is phenylalanine requirement in infants and children related to protein intake?
Authors: Kindt Elisabeth , Motzfeldt Kristina , Halvorsen Sverre , Lie Sverre O. 
Published: May 2005

1. Two groups of children with phenylketonuria (PKU) received protein at two different levels. The protein scource was a protein hydrolysate, devoid of phenylalanine, and intact protein from milk, vegetables and fruit. One group (RDA group) was given protein at a level based on the recommendations of the (US) Food and Nutrition Board (1974, 1980). The other group (FAO group) was given protein at the level of intake corresponding to the Joint FAO/WHOad hocExpert Committee (1973) safe levels of intake of egg or milk protein. The children were monitored very closely for several years. From an earlier study evaluating the protein intake of the two groups it was suspected that the Joint FAO/WHOad hocExpert Committee (1973) recommendations were marginal.2. In the present study the phenylalanine intake of the two groups required to maintain the plasma phenylalanine concentration at the required level was established. The results showed that the RDA group required more phenylalanine than the FAO group. This difference was statistically significant from the age of 5–15 months.3. We have interpreted the greater requirement for phenylalanine in the RDA group as a result of a greater nitrogen intake and thus a more rapid chemical maturation of N (increase in protein concentration of the body with age). It is known that up to the age of 6 months the chemical maturation of N is related to the N intake. In the present study we have found that this difference in chemical maturation lasted up to the age of 15 months. The conclusion drawn from the study was that a protein intake slightly higher than the Joint FAO/WHOad hocExpert Committee (1973) recommendations might be desirable.
The effect of vitamin E and oxidized fish oil on the nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) grown at natural, varying water temperatures
Authors: Cowey C. B. , Degener Elizabeth , Tacon A. G. J. , Youngson A. , Bell J. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of approximate mean initial weight 8 g were grown in outdoor tanks over a 14-week period at water temperatures between 12° (start) and 6° (end). Four diets were used. Two contained non-oxidized fish oil (120 g/kg) with or without supplementary DL-α tocopheryl acetate and two contained moderately oxidized fish oil again with or without DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The measured selenium content of the diets was 0.10 mg/kg.2. No significant differences occurred as a consequence of the use of moderately oxidized oil compared with the corresponding treatments using non-oxidized oil. Significant differences did occur between dietary treatments that contained supplementary DL-α-tocopheryl acetate and those that did not. These differences applied to weight gain, haematocrit, erythrocyte fragility, mortalities, liver and muscle tocopherol concentrations and lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondriain vitro.Liver glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9) activity was unaffected by the dietary treatments used and the proportions of fatty acids in polar lipids of liver and muscle were little changed by the diets used. Severe muscle damage occurred in trout given diets lacking supplementary DL-α-tocopheryl acetate.3. Previous experiments carried out on rainbow trout at a constant water temperature of 15° (Hunget al.1981; Coweyet al.1981, 1983), using diets lacking supplementary vitamin E, did not lead to differences in weight gain, pathological changes or mortalities.4. Vitamin E requirement may increase as water temperature decreases; minimum dietary requirements for vitamin E measured at a constant water temperature of 15° may not be valid under practical conditions where water temperatures vary over the year.