bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slasher, Serial Killer, and Psycho Movies
Authors: Rafter Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cody Jarrett, the gangster protagonist of White Heat (1949), kills seven people in the course of his movie (not counting himself, in the final explosion); Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, the bank robber protagonists of Bonnie and Clyde (1967), kill almost a dozen. Yet we do not think of these characters as serial killers or of their films as serial killer films, for their directors (Raoul Walsh and Arthur Penn, respectively) did not frame the films that way. They created multifaceted characters, not unidimensional killing-machines, giving Cody, Clyde, and Bonnie admirable as well as negative traits and thus enabling viewers to identify with them. Moreover, the stories are not “about” killing, White Heat being a study in criminal psychopathology, Bonnie and Clyde a saga of rebellion against authority, mediocrity, and anonymity. The films depict even violent criminals as sympathetic figures, attractive and heroic-a message that is fundamentally ideological in that it keeps these killers within the human fold.
Biodiver sity and Biomedical Research
Authors: Chivian Eric , Bernstein, Aaron , Rosenthal Joshua P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biomedical research has always relied on other species—animals, plants, and microbes—to help us understand human physiology and treat human disease. From the bacterium Escherichia coli, one hundredth the thickness of a human hair, to an eleven-foot-tall, 1,300-pound (591-kilogram) male Polar Bear; from the Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster), which has a life span of only several weeks, to chimpanzees, which, like us, can live for decades, these and numerous other species have brought medicine into the modern era of antibiotics, vaccines, cancer therapy, organ transplantation, and open heart surgery.
Emma England, Peace and Patriotism
Authors: Southam Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Such is the Patriot’s boast, where’er we roam; His first, best country, ever is at home. —Oliver Goldsmith, The Traveller or A Prospect of Society (1765) reprinted at the head of the Naval Chronicle, vol. 28, July–December 1812 How I bless my stars I am of that dear little island, under a government like ours. When I see other countries and other people, I am not only proud of being an Englishman, but feel a sort of superiority, which is in no other manner to be accounted for than its being common to all Englishmen, and is inherent in them.
Introduction
Authors: Keymer Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hospitality of tristram shandy to different approaches and divergent readings is not a discovery of modern criticism. Within this relentlessly self-conscious work, Tristram defines writing as an act of conversation or work of imagination in which a creative role is exercised by readers as well as by authors. An unruly cast of inscribed readers lurks in the margins of his text, differentiated by gender, rank, or profession, and dramatizing the openness of the work to varying modes of response. Sometimes Tristram breaks off to address these readers directly, berating “Madam” for mistaking his meaning, appealing against the judgment of “Sir Critick,” or licensing “your Worships” to interpret at will. A similar blend of irritation and glee marks Sterne’s comments as author. “It is too much to write books and find heads to understand them,” he laments, or affects to lament, in a letter of thanks to an admirer who had sent him a curiosity from Wilmington, North Carolina: an elaborately carved walking stick that branched into multiple handles.
A Medical School Curriculum on Religion and Healing
Authors: Barnes Linda L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I come to this chapter having been, since 1999, on the faculty of Boston University School of Medicine, and after having a visiting appointment at Harvard Medical School. Neither setting would ever have occurred to me during my years of training. Educated in comparative religious studies and medical anthropology, I fully expected to end up on the faculty of a religion department. Who knew! From my current vantage point, however, I have had occasion to think through how to translate some of the objectives of the humanities, and of religious studies in particular, into the training of clinicians.
Religion, Ritual, and Healing in North America
Authors: Klassen Pamela E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many professors developing new courses, I began teaching about healing and religion because of my own research interests. At work on a book on mainstream Protestants’ relationships to medicine and healing in twentieth-century North America, I developed a seminar as an opportunity to delve into a literature I needed to read. What I found, happily, was that both in my research and my teaching, the study of healing offered an advantageous perspective not only for my own particular questions about Protestant identity, but also for introducing students to critical perspectives on some of the key categories in the study of religion.
The Apprenticeship Of Genius
Authors: Feingold Mordechai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isaac Newton took three days to traverse the roughly sixty miles separating his family’s manor house in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, and Cambridge University. He arrived there on the evening of June 4, 1661, and presented himself the following day to the dean of Trinity College. After entering his name in the College’s admissions book, Newton was assigned a tutor – Benjamin Pulleyn, a respected classicist who would become Regius Professor of Greek in 1674 – and directed to his chamber. Born in the early hours of Christmas Day 1642, Newton was eighteen-and-a-half years old that summer, somewhat older than most incoming undergraduates – a reﬂection of his twice-widowed mother’s reluctance to make her son a scholar instead of a helpmate in managing the family estate.
All Was Light
Authors: Feingold Mordechai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edmond Halley’s contribution to the first edition of the Principia included a Latin ode celebrating Newton’s supreme success in discovering the inviolable laws of the universe, laws that even “the creator of all things, while he was setting the beginning of the world, would not violate.” Because of Newton, Halley wrote, “we now have the secret keys to unlock the obscure truth; and we know the immovable order of the world, And the things that were concealed from the generations of the past.”1 Within half a century, there reigned a perception that the revolution effected by Newton and his successors had ushered in a brave new age of reason and light that went well beyond the natural sciences to include the totality of human knowledge. Alexander Pope’s celebrated couplet gives voice to the perception of Newton as God’s emissary in the discovery of the laws of nature:
Apotheosis
Authors: Feingold Mordechai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Newton died on March 20, 1727. Eight days later, he lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber of Westminster Abbey, where he was given a public funeral the likes of which no layman had been previously accorded. Two dukes, three earls, and the Lord Chancellor supported the pall; the bishop of Rochester officiated over the services. Newton also became the first man of science to be buried at the Abbey. The funeral deeply impressed Voltaire, who experienced the spectacle firsthand. Several years later, he commented that Newton “lived honoured by his compatriots and was buried like a king who had done well by his subjects.” The tomb became something of a London tourist attraction for generations of admirers.
Constantine and the Formation of the New Testament Canon
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that Leigh Teaming was right to say that the four Gospels of the New Testament—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—were not the original records of Jesus” life or the only Gospels available to the early Christians. Other Gospels were widely available but did not make it into the New Testament— even though Teaming is wrong to state with such assurance that there were “eighty Gospels” that were vying for a place in the canon.
The Historical Sources for Jesus
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, at the outset of The Da Vinci Code, Dan Brown states as a “fact” that “all descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents, and secret rituals in this novel are accurate” (p. 1). My concern in this book is not with the artwork, architecture, or secret rituals, but with the documents that Brown describes. The problem is that most of his readers will have no grounds on which to evaluate what he says, for example, about the other Gospels that are not found in the New Testament, or the formation of the canon of scripture, or the role of Constantine in shaping the Christian Bible. And so I have thought it important to set the record straight, insofar as possible, and to engage in critical history so as to separate the historical fact from the literary fiction. As it turns out, much of what Brown sets forth about the early Christian documents, largely on the lips of his Grail expert Leigh Teabing, is built into the fabric of his fictional narrative and cannot be trusted as part of the historical record.
Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Marriage
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key historical figures in The Da Vinci Code is an early follower of Jesus, Mary Magdalene. As we learn in the course of the narrative, Mary was not simply one of Jesus” followers—she was his wife and lover, with whom he produced an offspring, a child who would begin a family line that continues down till today, protected by the members of a secret society, the Priory of Sion. I should point out that this understanding of Mary Magdalene and Jesus is not an original contribution of the fiction of Dan Brown.
Epilogue
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’d like to end this book in the same way I began, on a personal note. When I arrived at my new teaching position at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1988, my first course was a class called “Jesus in Myth, Tradition, and History.” As luck would have it, the semester started just as Martin Scorsese’s film The Last Temptation of Christ was released in the theaters. I wanted to take advantage of the moment by requiring my students to see the film and to write a critique of it, based on what they had learned in class.
Democracy and the Police
Authors: Bayley David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reform of police forces has been central to the reconstruction of governments whether they were emerging from authoritarianism or conﬂict. With the collapse of Communism as an attractive philosophy of government in the late 1980s, democracy, allied with free markets, became the avowed goal of political reform world-wide. Accordingly, the dominant template for police reform is now described as democratic policing, and the encouragement of democratic police practices has become the common goal of assistance to police by the international community, whether undertaken by individual countries or under multilateral auspices.
Security and Reform
Authors: Bayley David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reform of police institutions in order to support the growth of political democracy is always impeded and sometimes wholly undermined by threats to security. Increases in crime, terrorism, violent public demonstrations, or guerilla insurgency shift political agendas from reform to enhancing security (Bayley 2001; Byrne, Stanley, and Garst 2000; Carothers 1999a; Goldsmith 1997; Koci 1998; Marenin 1998; Popkin 1999; Schmidl 1998). In political life, the requirements of security trump aspirations to reform, a pattern to be found in stable as well as struggling democracies. As a consequence, foreign donors find themselves under enormous pressure to retard, amend, or stop programs of reform assistance.
Introduction
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rivalry or Ultimate Unity? The relationship between religion on the one hand and art, moral philosophy, and science on the other, raises great difficulties for human thought and comprehension. Pious men of strict observance can hardly see in art an obedient maidservant. Artists of Part pour Part look down on religion with distrust and often with contempt.
Religious Dance: Influences
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we are now to discuss the unity of beauty and religion as manifested in many forms of the art of the dance, we should examine some points at which religion and the dance couch and interpenetrate, before drawing any general conclusions. We must trace the influences which contribute to their rapprochement and the manner in which this takes place, We shall do this first quite atomistically, taking up one influence at a time. There is one point, though, which we shall examine at the start, since it is present in other arts, too, and since its presence has occasionally been cited as an explanation of the connection which exists generally between religion and art.
The Fixation of an Idea as a Holy Image
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Art of Movement and Pictorial Art “Pictorial art” is a convenient expression, though hardly a happy one. It is wrong to limit the power of representation to painting and sculpture, in the face of the fact that it belongs, beyond doubt, as a major component of the other arts, such as dance and, above all, literature, and is actually lacking only in music. The ability to make images is primeval, and it is no accident that the earliest records of human activity show men making pictures. The prehistoric drawings and paintings on the walls of caves are not only evidence of the creative ability of man, but also evidence at the same time of his mastery.
Unhindered Pictorial Representation
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Real and Decorative Nakedness Religious reverence paid to human likeness (idolatry) is by no means primitive. We have seen, in stead, that primitive man worshiped fetishes, animals, forms, mixed forms of men and animals, monsters, but seldom or never realistic likenesses of gods or demons in human form. Primitive man can certainly not be said to have made his god in his own image. The bond between the representation and what is represented is not realistic, but magical. In the image, in the representation, the creature is contained, no matter how little out ward similarity it evidences with the thing represented. The fact that objects and animals, but not men, are often represented extremely realistically, agrees with our observations. When art frees itself from its sacred ties, it breaks through the identity of image and object.218 From this grows the need to proceed “realistically,” by illustrating that which is seen, When the existential connection with reality is lost, a visual connection replaces it.
The Theological Aesthetics of Building
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In architecture, the principle of creation, which is so important in theological aesthetics, is manifested most clearly. Naturally it is indispensable in every art, but it is the law of life for the architect. A poet can be said to “construct” a poem, and even the composer speaks of the “construction” of a piece. The terminology is nevertheless derivative, or rather it points to the architectonic element which is contained in all arts. Therefore, architecture receives such a prominent place, both in the totality of the arts and in theological aesthetics. Whoever builds, creates. Naturally he does not create ex nihilo, and if one chooses, one can therefore say that he does not create at all. Only God creates in the absolute, actual sense of the word. But the architect makes new forms.
The Theological Aesthetics of Music
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music, The ‘‘Telephone Of the Beyond’’? Does music here occupy an exceptional position? Does it possess a direct relationship to God, unhindered by any resistance? We have briefly rejected this assertion, but it is too weighty and throws too much light on our problem for us to be able co proceed without treating it at greater length.
The Theology of the Arts
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If in this manner we seek the path from art to theology and from theology to art, we find a theology which we can comprehend in the follow ing schema: the image Christian theology does not begin with God, but with Christ; not with creation, but with redemption. Only sorteriol- ogy has entrance to theology. Thus, at this point begins also the theology of the arts. Its center is the image, the fact that God represented himself. The central idea is therefore pictorial art. Of course, the representational element is missing in no art, just as Christology is missing in no portion of dogmatics.
General Introduction
Authors: Katz Steven T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of Jewish theological responses to the Holocaust presents a wide–ranging selection of fundamental and important material. Indeed, it is the most complete anthology of its sort ever assembled. It is constructed in three sections, each the work of a different editor. Part I brings together for the first time a major selection of ultra-Orthodox responses to the Holocaust, written originally in Hebrew and Yiddish during and after the war. These writings show a profound, distinctive, religious sensibility that grew out of a deep commitment to the Jewish theological tradition. Though diverse, they all retain a commitment to the God of Israel and the Orthodox norms of Jewish life. Part II contains a substantial selection of essays written over the past half-century by Israeli authors. These essays were, for the most part, originally written in Hebrew, and they reflect both the subterranean and overt ideological influences operating in the rebuilt Jewish Zionist state. Compared to the selections in the first part, they also reveal a wider spectrum of theological opinion, ranging from staunch defenders of the Jewish tradition to those who affirm the non–existence of God. Part III collects a broad sampling of works originally written in English and French by American and European authors since the 1950s. These selections contain both defenders of the normative Jewish theological tradition and radical theological innovators. These views range from the claim that “God is dead,” to those of conservative thinkers who attempt to respond to the Holocaust by re–cycling classical defenses of God, drawing on biblical models such as the “binding of Isaac,” the “suffering servant” of the Book of lsaiah, and that offered by the Book of Job, among others. Taken in their totality, the highly diverse statements in the three sections of this collection represent just about every significant theological position that has been articulated by a Jewish thinker in response to the Holocaust.
Introduction
Authors: Greenberg Gershon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Jewish communities in Europe were being shattered and those in Palestine and America were seized with shock and a sense of unspeakable loss, Jewish religious thinkers found a way to continue their activity, both within and around the Holocaust. The history of Jewish thought itself was not broken. But for two decades thereafter, the existence and path of wartime thought were overlooked by the historians, even denied. The situation began to change when Mendel Piekarz published his bibliography of wartime sources for religious thought in 1967; PessaJ:i Schindler wrote on wartime liasidic responses in the 1970s; Pinlias Peli opened the window to the data in terms of religious language; and the journal Sinai (Jerusalem) identified theological dimensions to wartime Responsa literature. What could account for the delay in integrating Holocaust era religious thought into the history of Jewish thought? To begin with, there was an overall paralysis in reacting to the trauma. Next, the sources were almost exclusively Orthodox (and in Hebrew and Yiddish), and they tended to be ignored by the non-Orthodox.2 Orthodox scholars, for their part, were not inclined to study their intellectual history perhaps because of a primary concern for religious practice. Also, leading religious philosophers of the Holocaust did not cite them. Emil Fackenheim, for example, wrote in 1970 that questions born of Auschwitz were so terrifying that “until a few years ago Jewish theological thought has observed a near total silence on the subject of the Holocaust. A well-justified fear and trembling, and a crushing sense of the most awesome responsibility to four thousand years of Jewish faith ... has kept Jewish theological thought, like Job, in a state of silence.” And Arthur A. Cohen likewise averred, though incorrectly, that the historical caesura identifiable with the Holocaust bore a theological silence which prevailed for two decades until “a new moment in the assimilation.
Hayim Yisrael Tsimerman
Authors: Katz Steven T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I:Iayim Yisrael Tsimerman (1901-1967?), who was born in Kosov, Poland, studied at the Beit Yisrael yeshiva in Sokolov-Podlaski (Poland) under the Rebbe of Sokolov, Yitsqak Selig Morgenshtern. Morgenshtern was a descendant of the qasidic master Menaqem Mendl of Kotsk and son of the Rebbe of Pilov (I:Iayim Yisrael), a qasidic pioneer in Palestine. Tsimerman continued at the Novogrodok Musar yeshiva in Warsaw, and settled in Palestine in the late 1920s. There he served as rabbi of the Sokolover /Jasidim synagogues in Tel Aviv, which had been established by the Rebbe of Sokolov. He belonged to the Ateret Yosef Kolle[, a Musar-oriented institute for advanced rabbinic study, and published biblical, talmudic, and halakhic commentaries. In the summer of 1947, Tsimerman published Tamim Pa’alo (His Work is Peifect [Deuteronomy 32:4]), in response to persistent questions about how the merciful and righteous God could let the Holocaust happen. After introducing sources to justify intellectual silence on the matter, Tsimerman turned around to offer explanations in terms of the revealed tradition. As shown from the growth of the Land, redemption had begun before the war. But for redemption to be fulfilled, Jews had to do teshuvah (repent) for all sins, and they had failed to do so. Tsimerman cited the failure on the part of pious Jews to put an end to the trespasses of others and to sufficiently support the restoration of the Land of Israel. Teshuvah was therefore imposed upon them in the form of massive suffering, i.e., the Holocaust. Tsimerman also believed that the Holocaust purified Israel’s sinners from earlier eras. The sudden growth in the Jewish population over the preceding generation indicated that the kabbalistic vision in which sinful souls returned to be purified in later generations was being comprehensively and conclusively realized.