bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RECONDITIONING OF POULTRY CHILLER OVERFLOW BY ULTRAFILTRATION
Authors: MANNAPPERUMA JATAL D. , SANTOS MIGUEL R. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT Poultry carcasses are chilled in water to lower the temperature rapidly. Water quality in the chiller is maintained by overflow and freshwater makeup. This in‐plant study evaluated reconditioning of chiller overflow by ultrafiltration for reuse in place of freshwater makeup. Trials with hollow fiber and spiral polymeric membrane modules were conducted to verify microbial rejection and to obtain flux characteristics. Microbial challenge trials conducted by using chiller overflow with artificially enhanced microbial levels reduced microbial counts by more than 5.4 log cycles. The rejection of chemical oxygen demand was over 73% and the reduction in turbidity was over 99.2%. These results verified that ultrafiltration produces water acceptable for reuse in the chiller to partially replace freshwater makeup. Concentration scans, pressure scans, velocity scans and time scans produced satisfactory permeate fluxes. Membranes cleaned easily after the trials. A 380‐L/min (100‐gal/min) spiral ultrafiltration system was designed assuming a 34‐L/m2h (20 gfd) average permeate flux based on flux characteristics observed during the trials. Economic assessment of the system operation indicated a 2.4‐year simple payback with possibilities for further improvement.
The Rise of Alevism as a Public Religion
Authors: Şahin Şehriban 
Published: March 2005

The article explores why and how Alevism, a religious creed and tradition that had been kept esoteric and transmitted only orally at secret rituals, has emerged in public spheres within Turkey and the European diaspora since the late 1980s. It draws attention to two major actors, transnational Alevi networks and the state actively inducing and shaping the transformation of Alevism from secret to public culture in national and transnational public spheres. Networks, social and political opportunity structures, and communicative praxis are used to analyse this process. By taking transnational networks into account this article goes beyond traditional network analysis. Networks are articulators of new spaces to host culture and identity formation processes. Social actions are not just about networks and opportunity structures but also about the construction of meaning. The article investigates the communicative praxes of dissenting and consenting actors shaping Alevism in the arena of national and transnational publics.
Treatment of Schizophrenia: Implications Derived from an Intercultural Hospital Comparison between Germany and Japan
Authors: Hubner-Liebermann B. , Spießl H. , Iwai K. , Cording C. 
Published: March 2005

Objectives: The study was aimed at evaluating facets of psychiatric inpatient care of patients with schizophrenia in a German and a Japanese hospital. Methods: Based upon a sample of 865 inpatients of the Psychiatric State Hospital Regensburg (BKR) and 50 inpatients of the Tokyo Women’s Medical University (TWMU) admitted in 1997, data of a psychiatric basic documentation system (BADO) were analysed with regard to essential process and outcome indicators. Results: Despite dissimilarities between both patient groups with respect to schizophrenic subtype, duration of illness as well as severity of illness and psychosocial functioning, the differences regarding therapeutic treatment and outcome were marked. In 1997, the rate of atypical neuroleptics was 18% at the BKR and 12% at the TWMU. Inpatients of the TWMU were given benzodiazepines and anticholinergic drugs significantly more frequently. Male patients of the TWMU showed more severe side-effects. Psychotherapy and sociotherapy were less frequently applied at the TWMU. Although the patient groups did not differ with regard to suicidal behaviour and overt aggressions during hospitalisation, we found a higher rate of mechanical restraints at the TWMU. In 1997, the average length of stay was significantly higher at the TWMU (153 days) than at the BKR (52 days), but inpatients of the TWMU improved only slightly better with regard to global psychosocial functioning (GAF) and severity of illness (CGI). Conclusions: The revealed differences in treatment are likely due to differences in service provision and national practices in Germany and Japan and provide clues for quality improvements. The BADO is a useful tool for continuous quality management and an ongoing international exchange concerning psychiatric inpatient care.
A Preliminary Study of Eat and Bite Scores for One School Year in Bermuda: Increased Early Anorexic Measures Related to Socio-Economic Factors
Authors: Marlowe Karl 
Published: March 2005

Background: Bermuda is a unique heterogeneous ethnic population in which it is possible to study the interaction of ethnicity, culture, gender and economic factors that influence abnormal eating attitudes. Method: A cross-sectional survey of 836 adolescents, one total school year in Bermuda. The BITE and EAT self-report questionnaires were administered in a classroom setting. The analysis was for caseness and for total scores. Caseness represents possible developing anorexic or bulimic eating disorder pathology for this non-adult population. Results: 7.3% fulfilled EAT caseness, 0.24% fulfilled BITE caseness. There was no gender or ethnic difference for caseness. Multivariate analysis for EAT caseness found Odds Ratios of 2.89 (95% CI 1.37, 6.11) for Manual maternal job status. Conclusion: Despite the limitation of a questionnaire analysis, lower socioeconomic status increases the risk of possible eating disorder pathology in this adolescent population. Developing anorexic eating attitudes were more prevalent compared to bulimic attitudes for schoolchildren in this unique cultural setting.
The Use of Carers’ and Users’ Expectations of Services (CUES) in an Epidemiological Survey of Need
Authors: MacPherson Rob , Summerfield Louise , Haynes Roger , Slade Mike , Foy Chris 
Published: March 2005

Background and Method: This study surveyed need in a group of psychiatric patients in Gloucester, using a new instrument, the CUES. Keyworkers gave out questionnaires to all patients with psychosis in contact with specialist services. A total of 148 forms were anonymously completed, with a response rate of 37% of the mental health services caseload. Results: 53.5 to 83.2% of patients were satisfied and 61.5 to 89.6% expressed their experiences ‘as good as’ a normative statement across the 16 domains. There was mostly ‘moderate’ agreement between satisfaction and normative questions by Kappa correlations, although responses to normative questions tended to be about 10% higher. Extensive free text responses were subject to content analysis, demonstrating needs across a wide range of health, social and leisure areas, many of which were not directly linked to the adequacy or otherwise of psychiatric treatment. Conclusions: The results imply that the CUES may be of value at an individual level to aid in care planning, and also have some value in aggregated form to benchmark user experiences of services.
Microcounseling Skills Training for Informal Helpers in Uganda
Authors: Kabura Paschal , Fleming Linda M. , Tobin David J. 
Published: March 2005

Background: Years of political instability, civil unrest, and disease have left scores of Ugandans in need of mental health services. However, there are few formal mental health services available in the country. Professional helpers such as clergy, teachers, and healthcare workers who have strong ties to their communities are frequently placed in formal counseling roles. Aims: To develop, implement, and evaluate a training model for developing micro-counseling skills designed specifically for informal helpers in Uganda. Methods: Forty-four professional helpers were provided with a one-week, 40-hour training program in microcounseling skills. Results: Following the training program, trainees demonstrated proficiency in basic counseling skills and attained an increased knowledge of those skills. Conclusions: This training was readily assimilated and supported the ecological validity of the microcounseling model.
On the Relationship between Cultural Values and Preferences and Affective Health in Nepal
Authors: Furr L. Allen 
Published: March 2005

Background: The westernization of developing countries has improved physical health and life expectancy. Modernization, however, is believed to have injurious effects on mental health. Some research suggests that the effects of modernization vary, hurting some but benefiting others. Economic disparity is usually presumed to cause the mental health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine if aspects of westernization other than economic status predicted depression scores in a sample of adults occupying similar economic stations in Nepal. Methods: Survey data were collected from 276 teachers in Nepal. The questionnaire was administered in Nepali. Statistical tests sought to determine the relationship between scores on a measure of depression and having a western cultural orientation. Results: Bivariate and multi-variate analyses indicate that a higher western orientation was associated with lower depression scores. Non-traditional attitudes towards the Nepalese caste system and gender political equality predicted lower depression scores. Attitudes regarding gender economic equality and a preference for western music and film and English language were not associated with depression scores. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the relationship between modernization and psychological well-being are contextual.
Ethical regulation of the Internet: the challenges of global governance
Authors: Astier Stéphane 
Published: March 2005

Multiregulation, a central support system for the ethical regulation of the Internet, provides a solution which is both complex and difficult to realize. It gives another vision of the methods of law production, as the characteristics of the internet imply an almost instantaneous and largely harmonized law. It also gives another vision of the application of the law since priority will be given to the means of making the players responsible in the context of promoting self-regulation tools. Accordingly, the harmonization of international law must make the progressive creation of a global public order system possible, to which all states will be likely to commit themselves. This harmonization aims at a progressive reconciliation of the rules, particularly those applicable within cyberspace. Agreement on a common denominator of rules can only come about through an ethical consensus-seeking process. Regulation and ethics must join forces to give the digital universe a framework of rules responding to a double imperative: to protect the rights and liberties of individuals and ensure the security of goods, without creating new abuses which themselves are destructive of freedom and dangerous for the security of people. Instituting an International Internet Committee or an equivalent body at the global level can be the means of achieving such a reform and important changes in present-day geopolitical and legal structures. Defining rules of such a planetary nature means asking ourselves questions about the shape of an international society and the form such a global governance could take. Clearly, the question implies major upheavals as the present balances are fragile, being based on excessively great inequalities. The coming of the information society could, in fact, cause these inequalities to increase even further. For the network of networks is a luxury which only a privileged minority of the population of the world can afford. This last point will certainly be one of the upcoming major issues of information technologies. The democratization of the Internet, by means of generalized facilitated access, could no doubt provide an element of reconciliation for the societies of the globe, many of which do not even know of the existence of these networks. The Internet therefore cannot continued to be thought of today as a simple means of communication to be added to the others. Using and regulating the Internet to include rather than just exclude a little more would also make it possible for cultural, philosophical and religious traditions to understand each other while continuing to be different, and to participate in the construction of a more equitable global society.
Television as a marker of boys’ construction of growing up
Authors: Aasebø Turid Skarre 
Published: March 2005

Media play an important role in children’s and young people’s construction of identity and construction of experience in Western cultures. Masculine identity can be constructed by the ways boys use, relate and talk about media; but construction of identity is not only gendered, it is also ‘age-related’. This article seeks to figure out how particularly television constitutes a framework for interpretation, where boys may demonstrate individual growth by marking themselves as young boys in opposition to their earlier life as younger boys.It describes some of the binary oppositions that constitute boys’ concepts of growing older compared with being younger, and shows that the concept of development is powerful compared to newer thinking of childhood as a valued period in its own right. The analysis is based on interviews of boys aged 15 to 17, who have grown up in three different areas of Norway.
Apoptosis-based therapies for hematologic malignancies
Authors: Reed John C. , Pellecchia Maurizio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractApoptosis is an intrinsic cell death program that plays critical roles in tissue homeostasis, especially in organs where high rates of daily cell production are offset by rapid cell turnover. The hematopoietic system provides numerous examples attesting to the importance of cell death mechanisms for achieving homeostatic control. Much has been learned about the mechanisms of apoptosis of lymphoid and hematopoietic cells since the seminal observation in 1980 that glucocorticoids induce DNA fragmentation and apoptosis of thymocytes and the demonstration in 1990 that depriving colony-stimulating factors from factor-dependent hematopoietic cells causes programmed cell death. From an understanding of the core components of the apoptosis machinery at the molecular and structural levels, many potential new therapies for leukemia and lymphoma are emerging. In this review, we introduce some of the drug discovery targets thus far identified within the core apoptotic machinery and describe some of the progress to date toward translating our growing knowledge about these targets into new therapies for cancer and leukemia.
Critical role of host γδ T cells in experimental acute graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Maeda Yoshinobu , Reddy Pavan , Lowler Kathleen P. , Liu Chen , Bishop Dennis Keith , Ferrara James L. M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstractγδ T cells localize to target tissues of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and therefore we investigated the role of host γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD in several well-characterized allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models. Depletion of host γδ T cells in wild-type (wt) B6 recipients by administration of anti-T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ monoclonal antibody reduced GVHD, and γδ T-cell-deficient (γδ-/-) BM transplant recipients experienced markedly improved survival compared with normal controls (63% vs 10%, P &lt; .001). γδ T cells were responsible for this difference because reconstitution of γδ-/- recipients with γδ T cells restored GVHD mortality. γδ-/- recipients showed decreased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), less GVHD histopathologic damage, and reduced donor T-cell expansion. Mechanistic analysis of this phenomenon demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) from γδ-/- recipients exhibited less allostimulatory capacity compared to wt DCs after irradiation. Normal DCs derived from BM caused greater allogeneic T-cell proliferation when cocultured with γδ T cells than DCs cocultured with medium alone. This enhancement did not depend on interferon γ (IFN-γ), TNF-α, or CD40 ligand but did depend on cell-to-cell contact. These data demonstrated that the host γδ T cells exacerbate GVHD by enhancing the allostimulatory capacity of host antigen-presenting cells. (Blood. 2005;106:749-755)
Effect of polymorphisms in folate-related genes on in vitro methotrexate sensitivity in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: de Jonge Robert , Hooijberg Jan Hendrik , van Zelst Bertrand D. , Jansen Gerritz , van Zantwijk Christine H. , Kaspers Gert Jan L. , Peters Frits G. J. , Ravindranath Yaddanapudi , Pieters Rob , Lindemans Jan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
We studied whether common polymorphisms in genes involved in folate metabolism affect methotrexate (MTX) sensitivity. Ex vivo MTX sensitivity of lymphoblasts obtained from pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n = 157) was determined by the in situ thymidylate synthase inhibition assay after either continuous (21 hours; TSI50, cont) or short-term (3 hours; TSI50, short) MTX exposure. DNA was isolated from lymphoblasts obtained from cytospin slides. Polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677C&gt;T, MTHFR 1298A&gt;C), methionine synthase (MTR 2756A&gt;G), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR 66A&gt;G), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1 1958G&gt;A), serine hydroxymethyl transferase (SHMT1 1420C&gt;T), thymidylate synthase (TS 2R3R), and the reduced folate carrier (RFC 80G&gt;A) were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) or real-time PCR. Patients with the MTHFR 1298AC variant or the MTRR 66 G-allele showed decreased in vitro MTX sensitivity measured under both test conditions. SHMT1 1420TT homozygotes only showed decreased MTX sensitivity in the TSI50, cont. In conclusion, polymorphisms in the folate-related genes MTHFR, MTRR, and SHMT1 are related to MTX resistance in pediatric patients with ALL. (Blood. 2005;106:717-720)
CGMIM: Automated text-mining of Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) to identify genetically-associated cancers and candidate genes
Authors: Bajdik Chris D , Kuo Byron , Rusaw Shawn , Jones Steven , Brooks-Wilson Angela 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a computerized database of information about genes and heritable traits in human populations, based on information reported in the scientific literature. Our objective was to establish an automated text-mining system for OMIM that will identify genetically-related cancers and cancer-related genes. We developed the computer program CGMIM to search for entries in OMIM that are related to one or more cancer types. We performed manual searches of OMIM to verify the program results.

Results
In the OMIM database on September 30, 2004, CGMIM identified 1943 genes related to cancer. BRCA2 (OMIM *164757), BRAF (OMIM *164757) and CDKN2A (OMIM *600160) were each related to 14 types of cancer. There were 45 genes related to cancer of the esophagus, 121 genes related to cancer of the stomach, and 21 genes related to both. Analysis of CGMIM results indicate that fewer than three gene entries in OMIM should mention both, and the more than seven-fold discrepancy suggests cancers of the esophagus and stomach are more genetically related than current literature suggests.

Conclusion
CGMIM identifies genetically-related cancers and cancer-related genes. In several ways, cancers with shared genetic etiology are anticipated to lead to further etiologic hypotheses and advances regarding environmental agents. CGMIM results are posted monthly and the source code can be obtained free of charge from the BC Cancer Research Centre website http://www.bccrc.ca/ccr/CGMIM.
BCG skin reaction in Mantoux-negative healthy children
Authors: Singla Mohit , Sahai Vaibhav , Sodhi Sukhbir , Gupta Rakesh Pal 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Tuberculosis poses a great challenge, especially in children. The response of BCG Test may be different in previously vaccinated children and needs to be considered before interpreting positivity for TB. This study has been carried out to determine the pattern of BCG reaction comparing previously vaccinated with non-vaccinated children.

Methods
The study was conducted in the healthy school children aged 4–6 years. The BCG skin reaction in Mantoux-negative children was compared between children with and without previous BCG scar. After the Mantoux and BCG Test, the analysis of variance was done as per protocol.

Results
Out of 50 children previously BCG vaccinated, 39(78%) showed exaggerated BCG test responses while out of another 50 children who were not vaccinated for TB, only 9(18%) showed exaggerated BCG Test response (p-value < 0.00001). Average induration obtained in children who were immunized with BCG at birth was much greater than those who were not immunized. 80% and 76% males and females respectively in Group I showed exaggerated BCG response while 16% and 20% males and females respectively of Group II showed exaggerated BCG response.

Conclusion
The present study indicates that normal healthy children may have a mild exaggerated BCG Test response i.e. induration up to 8 mm because of prior BCG vaccination. Therefore, BCG Test, though important should not be the only criteria for start of chemotherapy for TB in children as the side effects of drugs may cause much morbidity. An induration up to 8 mm after the BCG Test can be normal in Indian settings due to exposure to Mycobacterium in environment and/or BCG vaccine.