bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of fish phagocytic cells by N‐terminal peptides of proopiomelanocortin (NPP)
Authors: Sakai Masahiro , Yamaguchi Takafumi , Watanuki Hironobu , Yasuda Akikazu , Takahashi Akiyoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractN‐terminal peptide of proopiomelanocortin (NPP, or pro‐γ‐MSH) has shown to exhibit biological activity such as stimulation of adrenal mitogenesis and prolactin release‐inhibiting factor activity. Structurally, studies reveal a significant difference between fish NPP from that of tetrapods, as NPPs from carp and salmonid lack γ‐MSH. Thus, fish NPP may exhibit functions different from that of mammals. The activation of phagocytic cells by NPP was analysed using rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and carp Cyprinus carpio. Rainbow trout and carp macrophages incubated with chum salmon NPP significantly enhanced the production of superoxide anion in comparison with control macrophages (without hormones). Both rainbow trout and carp macrophages had shown increased phagocytosis when stimulated administered with NPP. The above results were complemented by in vivo studies where NPP was administered to rainbow trout and carp. NPP significantly increased superoxide anion production as well as phagocytosis in macrophages. These results show that NPP in lower vertebrates activates the function of the phagocytic cells. J. Exp. Zool. 290:341–346, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of induced aestivation in Protopterus annectens: A histomorphological study
Authors: Sturla Maddalena , Paola Prato , Carlo Grattarola , Angela Masini Maria , Maria Uva Bianca 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this research was to induce, at will in the laboratory, aestivation of the Dipnoan Protopterus annectens, in order to compare the structure of organs in lungfish adapted to aquatic or aestivating conditions. The animals were placed in a glass tank containing warm water, and the bottom of the tank was filled with clay and sand. To start aestivation the water was allowed to slowly evaporate; as soon as the fish was in a dry environment, it began to excavate a hole in the mud and to burrow into it. Scanning electron microscopy and histological techniques compared the morphology of skin, gills, and lungs in aestivating and free‐swimming animals. In the aestivating animals, the secondary lamellae of the gills became thick and were covered by mucus that pasted the lamellae together. The epidermis of the skin was thin and composed of layers of flattened cells. In contrast, in free‐swimming animals, the secondary lamellae of the gills were widely separated and the epidermis of the skin was thick and contained numerous mucus‐laden cells. The lungs, thin bloodless threads in the aquatic conditions, were, in the air‐breathing animals, rich in blood and showed thick walls with ridges and pillars that protruded into the lung cavity, producing small alveolar protrusions. The features of the skin and lungs were similar to that of amphibians, testifying to the convergence of some tissue morphology in aquatic animals utilizing land as a cohabitat. J. Exp. Zool. 292:26–31, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of crustacean (Callinectes sapidus) molt‐inhibiting hormone in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus
Authors: Lee Kara J. , Watson R. Douglas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMolt‐inhibiting hormone (MIH) negatively regulates the synthesis of ecdysteroid molting hormones by crustacean Y‐organs. We report here the expression of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) MIH in insect cells using recombinant baculovirus. Insect Sf9 cells were transfected with recombinant baculovirus containing a DNA insert encoding the C. sapidus MIH prohormone (signal sequence plus mature hormone). The construct was designed to yield a mature, fully processed recombinant MIH (recMIH). Several baculovirus recombinants showing no contamination with wild‐type viral DNA were subsequently analyzed for their ability to direct expression of recMIH. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from infected cells revealed time‐dependent expression of two proteins of approximately the predicted size for the C. sapidus MIH prohormone and mature hormone. Western blot results (using antiserum against MIH of Carcinus maenas) indicated that the proteins were MIH‐immunoreactive. N‐Terminal amino acid sequence data and mass spectral analysis indicated the expressed proteins were of the correct sequence and molecular mass. Cell lysates containing the recombinant protein dose‐dependently suppressed the synthesis of ecdysteroids by Y‐organs in vitro. We anticipate the recombinant peptide will prove useful for studies of the structure and function of MIH. J. Exp. Zool. 292:41–51, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soft barriers to ICT application in development: trust and information quality in Russia
Authors: Chepaitis Elia V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResearch into the diffusion and use of ICTs often focuses on the adequacy of ‘hard’ factors in information infrastructures: technological elements which affect affordability and connectivity. This paper proposes that successful ICT application depends also upon ‘soft’ factors in domestic information infrastructures: legal, political, socio‐cultural, and economic characteristics that affect not only ICTs but also the quality of information resources handled by those ICTs. Based on research data from Russia, the paper argues that one soft factor—trust—is critical for information quality and, hence, for ICT‐based information systems success in transitional and developing economies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled 2,5‐Bis(4‐amidinophenyl)furan, 2,5‐Bis[4‐(methoxyamidino)phenyl]furan, and 2,7‐diamidinocarbazole
Authors: Stephens Chad E. , Patrick Donald A. , Chen Heidi , Tidwell Richard R. , Boykin David W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe syntheses of 2,5‐bis(4‐amidinophenyl)furan‐d8 (1‐d8) and 2,5‐bis[4‐(methoxyamidino)phenyl]furan‐d8 (2‐d8) from bromobenzene‐d5 in six steps, and of 2,7‐diamidinocarbazole‐d6 (3‐d6) from biphenyl‐d10 in five steps, are described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new and simple synthesis of N‐succinimidyl‐4‐[127/125I]iodobenzoate involving a microwave ‐ accelerated iodination step
Authors: Khalaj Ali , Beiki Davood , Rafiee Hamid , Najafi Reza 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA short and simple method for the preparation of N‐succinimidyl‐4‐iodobenzoate 3 and its 125I analogue that is widely used for radioiodination of proteins is described. The method involves the reaction of in situ generated trimethylsilyl iodide [127I or 125I] from trimethylsilyl chloride with N‐succinimidyl‐4‐[3,3‐(1,4‐butanediyl)‐triazene] benzoate 2 available from the condensation of N‐hydroxysuccinimide and 1‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐3,3‐(1,4‐butanediyl)‐triazene 1 in the presence of dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC). The new triazene 1 was prepared by precipitating the diazonium ion of 4‐aminobenzoic acid with pyrrolidine. A microwave‐mediated rate acceleration was observed during the iodination step and by applying this procedure the labelled compound 3 was obtained in 81% radiochemical yield in 8 minutes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 2,6‐dideoxy‐2‐fluoro‐6‐[18F]‐fluoro‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl fluoride (2,6FGF) as a potential imaging probe for glucocerebrosidase
Authors: Wong Alexander W. , Adam Michael J. , Withers Stephen G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have previously synthesized 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]‐fluoro‐β‐mannosyl [18F]‐fluoride and shown that it behaves as a mechanism‐based inhibitor of Agrobacterium sp. β‐glucosidase. In‐vivo experiments indicate that this compound undergoes partial hydrolysis to produce 2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐mannose, which can become phosphorylated and trapped within the cell. We now report the synthesis of another 2‐fluoro glycoside which is 18F‐labelled at the 6 position so that the label cannot be lost during such glycoside hydrolysis and which, further, cannot be phosphorylated. The mechanism‐based glycosidase inhibitor 2,6‐dideoxy‐2‐fluoro‐6‐[18F]‐fluoro‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl fluoride (2,6FGF) was synthesized in 69% overall chemical yield and in 9% radiochemical yield (decay corrected) as a potential imaging probe for glycosidase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiochemical synthesis and preliminary evaluation of anti‐bladder cancer monoclonal antibody BDI‐1 labeled with rhenium‐188
Authors: Wang Rongfu , Zhang Chungli , Yu Lizhang , Guo Yifeng , Bai Ying 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe anti‐human bladder cancer monoclonal antibody BDI‐1 was radio‐labeled with rhenium‐188 by direct labeling methods using SnCl2 as reductant and MDP as stannous stabilizer or by indirect method using NHS‐ECM ester as bifunctional chelator. Radiochemical yields of 30±7.23% and 87.4±5.67% and radiochemical purity of more than 95% were achieved. The inmmunoreactive fraction was 58.7%. The results showed that radionuclide 188Re might be employed using the same labeling methodology with 99mTc labeling of BDI‐1 for radiommunoimaging (RII) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and that may be useful in radioimmunodetection and RIT of human bladder carcinoma in vivo. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a carbon‐11‐labelled agonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Authors: Dolle Frédéric , Valette Héric , Hinnen Françoise , Vaufrey Françoise , Demphel Stéphane , Coulon Christine , Ottaviani Michéle , Bottlaender Michel , Crouzel Christian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe lead compound of a new series of azabicyclic carbamates described by Astra Laboratories as ligands for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype, namely N‐(4‐bromophenyl)carbamic acid quinuclidin‐3‐yl ester, has been labelled with carbon‐11 using no‐carrier‐added [11C]phosgene and the isocyanate pathway. Typically, 25–35 mCi (0.92–1.29 GBq) of the tracer was obtained within 30 min of radiosynthesis (HPLC purification included) with specific radioactivities ranging from 500 to 800 mCi/µmol (18.5–29.6 GBq/µmol). Biodistribution studies demonstrated a relatively good brain uptake of the compound (0.8–1.2% I.D./g tissue in various brain regions), but without preferential concentration in brain regions rich in α7‐subtype nicotinic receptor (e.g. hippocampus, pons and colliculi). No specific binding could be demonstrated in pre‐saturation studies performed with both the cold compound and nicotine. Therefore, this ligand is not suitable for further exploration in PET imaging. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The deuteriation of constituents in olive oil and red wine with Nafion, a polymer supported acid catalyst
Authors: Tuck Kellie L. , Hayball Peter J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA procedure for the deuteriation of a large range of aromatic compounds with phenolic and methoxy substituents has been developed using Nafion, a polymer supported acid catalyst. A range of compounds present in red wine and olive oil were deuteriated using these conditions. This procedure provides a facile route for the labelling of homovanillic alcohol, homovanillic acid, syringic acid, syringaldehyde and vanillin. This method is also applicable for the tritiation of these compounds. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of 4,6‐dichloroindole‐based radioligands for imaging the glycine site of the NMDA ion channel
Authors: Waterhouse R. N. , Sultana A. , Guo N. , Lee Bora , Simpson N. , Collier Lee , Laruelle M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo provide effective PET or SPECT ligands for the glycine binding site of the NMDA ion channel, we have synthesized and characterized in vitro four substituted derivatives of the potent glycine site antagonist 3‐[2‐[(phenylamino)carbonyl]ethenyl]‐4,6‐dichloroindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (Ki=3.0 nM). These new ligands contain groups amenable to labeling with C‐11 for PET, or I‐123 for SPECT. In vitro analysis of these compounds revealed that placement of a methoxy group at either the ortho or para position of the phenylaminocarbonyl group significantly reduced receptor affinity (Ki=74.0±8.1 and 26.5±4.9 nM, respectively), as did placement of an iodine at the para position (Ki=60.4±8.2 nM). However, the meta‐methoxy derivative (4b) maintained high affinity (Ki=4.8±0.9 nM) for the glycine site and was therefore labeled with carbon‐11 by reacting the corresponding desmethyl derivative with [11C]methyl iodide. Radiochemical yields of 14±10% (EOS), and high specific activity (1.2±0.5 Ci/μmol (EOS, n=7)) were realized, and the product was prepared in a sterile saline solution suitable for in vivo use. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convenient synthesis of [11C]paraquat and other [N‐methyl‐11C]bisquaternary ammonium compounds
Authors: Jewett Douglas M. , Kilbourn Michael R. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract[11C]Paraquat was synthesized by the reaction of [11C]methyl triflate with the mono‐triflate salt of 1‐methyl‐[4,4′]bipyridinyl. The product was selectively separated from the precursor by a microcolumn of Chelex 100 ion exchange resin. The method was applied to the synthesis of a variety of [N‐methyl‐11C]bisquaternary ammonium compounds. This is the first reported use of a chelating cation exchange resin for the selective purification of organic dications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, radiolabelling and biological evaluation of terminal oxamide derivatives of mercaptoacetyltriglycine
Authors: Okarvi S.M. , Torfs P. , Adriaens P. , Verbruggen A.M. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract99mTc‐MAG3 is widely used in clinical nuclear medicine as a potential replacement of 131I‐OIH for renal function studies. The terminal carbonylglycine in the MAG3 backbone is assumed to be essential for maintaining its efficient renal handling characteristics. A number of MAG3‐derivatives have been prepared and evaluated in which the terminal carbonylglycine sequence is substituted by an oxamide moiety in order to study the effect of the modified carbonylglycine sequence on the renal handling characteristics. These ‘oxamide’ derivatives have been synthesized starting from mercaptoacetic acid or cysteamine using the common synthetic procedures of peptide chemistry. These thiol‐protected MAG3‐precursors were labelled with 99mTc by an exchange method using tartrate as a complexing agent. Biodistribution studies in mice showed that some of these agents were cleared rapidly from the blood and efficiently excreted into the urine and displayed comparable renal excretion characteristics to those of 99mTc‐MAG3. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurotransmitters regulating acid secretion in the proventriculus of the Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata): A morphological viewpoint
Authors: Mensah‐Brown E.P.K. , Lawrence P.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEndocrine cells containing somatostatin (Som), gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nerve fibers containing choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), galanin (Gal), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were immunolocalized in the proventriculus of the Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata. While GRP‐immunoreactive (GRP‐IR) cells occur in the inner zone, somatostatin (Som‐IR) and polyclonal nNOS (nNOS‐IR) immunoreactive cells were localized mainly in the peripheral zone of submucosal glands. GRP‐IR, Som‐IR, and nNOS‐IR cells were occasionally observed in the walls of the gastric glands. Endocrine cells are of the closed variety and usually possess apical processes extending along the basal surfaces of adjacent nonreactive cells. Ultrastructural features of these cells are typical. ChAT, Gal, SP, VIP, and TH were immunolocalized in nerve fibers and terminals in the walls of arterioles and capillaries at the periphery of submucosal glands. Immunoreactivity to monoclonal nNOS occurred mainly in neuronal cell bodies in ganglia located around the submucosal glands. ChAT and TH immunoreactive cell bodies were also occasionally seen around the submucosal glands in the peripheral region. Immunoreactivity to Gal, SP, and VIP, but not ChAT or TH, was discernible around the walls of gastric glands. It was concluded that the distribution of neurotransmitters in neuronal structures is similar, but that of the endocrine cells varies from that of some avian species. The roles of these neurotransmitters in the regulation of acid secretion are discussed. J. Morphol. 248:175–184, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural aspects of the development of the hyaline layer and extracellular matrix lining the gastrointestinal tract in embryos and larvae of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus preserved by freeze substitution
Authors: Pang T. , Crawford B.J. , Campbell S.S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEmbryos and larvae of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus are surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) layer called the hyaline layer (HL). A similar but less well‐organized ECM layer lines some regions of the larval gut. Examination of material preserved by freeze substitution shows that the HL consists of a coarse outer meshwork, a boundary layer, a supporting layer, which is divided into three sublayers, H1, H2, and H3, and an intervillus layer. The development of the HL has been studied in material preserved by freeze substitution. Development begins at fertilization when exocytosis of the cortical granules releases ECM into the perivitelline space and elevates the fertilization membrane. Shortly after, plaques of dense material with attached fibers are present on the outer surface of the egg plasmalemma. Following this, these plaques and fibers are associated with the tips of short microvilli, suggesting that they may induce microvillus formation. Next, the tips of some of the microvilli are joined by short regions of the H1 sublayer. Some of these H1 regions have short segments of boundary layer material associated with their outer surfaces while others are naked. Just prior to hatching, the H1 and boundary layers completely surround the embryo, separating the developing coarse meshwork and intervillus layers. Short segments of the H2 and H3 sublayers are also present. Posthatching, the microvilli and all HL layers increase in thickness and density, particularly the H2, boundary, and coarse outer meshwork layers. The results suggest a sequential organization of HL components from ECM that is secreted into the perivitelline space. J. Morphol. 251:169–181, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine structural and cytochemical observations of dental epithelial cells during the enameloid formation stages in red stingrays Dasyatis akajei
Authors: Sasagawa Ichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe fine structure and the localization of nonspecific acid phosphatase (ACPase), nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), and calcium‐dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Ca‐ATPase) activities in the dental epithelial cells in tooth germs of Dasyatis akajei in the later stages of enameloid formation were investigated. Numerous invaginations of the distal cell membrane of the inner dental epithelial (IDE) cells were observed at the early stage of enameloid maturation. The invaginations contain many fine granular and filamentous substances; the lamina densa, which was thicker during the former stages, is obscure. Granules exhibiting defined ACPase activity were usually found in the IDE cells during the stages of enameloid mineralization and maturation. IDE cells are putatively involved in the removal of degenerated enameloid matrix during these stages. Marked ALPase activity was detected at the proximal and the lateral cell membranes of the IDE cells from the late stage of enameloid matrix formation to the early stage of enameloid maturation. Strong activity of Ca‐ATPase was localized at the proximal and the lateral cell membranes of the IDE cells during the stages of enameloid mineralization and maturation. ALPase and Ca‐ATPase activity is probably related to crystal formation in the enameloid and the removal of degenerated enameloid matrix from the enameloid. J. Morphol. 252:170–182, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional characterization of an anti‐estradiol antibody by site‐directed mutagenesis and molecular modelling: modulation of binding properties and prominent role of the VL domain in estradiol recognition
Authors: Coulon Stéphane , Pellequer Jean‐Luc , Blachère Thierry , Chartier Martine , Mappus Elisabeth , Chen Shu‐wen W. , Cuilleron Claude Yves , Baty Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe high‐affinity monoclonal anti‐estradiol antibody 9D3 presents a specificity defect towards estradiol‐3‐sulphate and 3‐glucuronide conjugates incompatible with use in direct immunoassays. The corresponding single‐chain variable fragment (scFv), cloned and produced in E. coli, exhibited a 10‐fold lower affinity for estradiol (Ka = 1.2 × 109 M
−1) and a slightly increased specificity defect for the 3‐position. Site‐directed mutagenesis revealed critical residues involved in estradiol recognition and produced mutants exhibiting up to a 3‐fold increase of the binding affinity for estradiol and up to a 2‐fold decrease of the cross‐reactivity with estradiol‐3‐sulphate. A comparative model of the antibody 9D3‐estradiol complex was built in which the estradiol D‐ring is buried into the binding pocket while the 3‐, 6‐ and 7‐positions are solvent exposed, agreeing with the lack of specificity for these three positions. Two potential alternative orientations of the A‐ring, one close to CDR H3 and L2 loops, and the other one close to CDR H2 and L3 loops, have been considered for the docking of estradiol, none of which could be unambiguously privileged taking into account data from cross‐reactivity measurements, photolabelling and mutagenesis studies. For both orientations, estradiol is stabilized by hydrogen bonding of the 17β‐OH group with TyrL36, His89 and GlnH35 in the first case, or TyrL36, only, in the second case and by van der Waals contacts from TyrL91 with α‐ or β‐face of estradiol, respectively, and from ValH95 and GlyH97 with the opposite face. To elucidate the molecular basis of antibody 9D3 specificity, as compared with that of another anti‐estradiol antibody 15H11, single variable domains (VH and VL) and scFv hybrids have been constructed. The binding activity of VL9D3 as well as the specificity of the VL9D3/VH15H11 hybrid, both similar to antibody 9D3, revealed a prominent role of VL in estradiol recognition. These findings establish premises for antibody engineering to reduce cross‐reactivity, especially with estradiol‐3‐conjugates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.