bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on China and the Process of Asian Economic Unification
Authors: Chaocheng Yao , Yinping Hu 
Published: June 2005

At present, the regional economic cooperation in Asia is progressing quite fast and well with ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) at the centre and major Asian nations such as China, Japan and India, participating at the periphery. The cooperation is refelctive of the ongoing process of Asia's economic unification.The unification process may result in the forging of an Asian economic community at some time in future. The authors not only describe the recent trends in Asian economic cooperation but also believe that the economic integration process should be the best way of helping Asian nations repair and transcend the ‘fault lines’ as mentioned in Samuel Huntington's paradigm1 and finally be united economically and politically. The outcome of China's opening up and reform since 1978, and the subsequent rapid economic growth in recent years have captured the attention of the world. In recent years, China has been positively engaged in the globalisation process and participates actively in the regional cooperation in Asia. To answer the contention of the ‘China threat’, the thesis also analyses and elaborates China's role in the Asian economic unification process. It opines that the process shall enhance China's political and democratic reforms and help it become a solid pier in Asia's peace structure, and not a threat for the world.
Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enhances elimination of virus-infected macrophages in an animal model of HIV-1 encephalitis
Authors: Potula Raghava , Poluektova Larisa , Knipe Bryan , Chrastil Jesse , Heilman David , Dou Huanyu , Takikawa Osamu , Munn David H. , Gendelman Howard E. , Persidsky Yuri 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. IDO activity is linked with immunosuppression by its ability to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, and with neurotoxicity through the generation of quinolinic acid and other toxins. IDO is induced in macrophages by HIV-1 infection, and it is up regulated in macrophages in human brain tissue with HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE). Using a model of HIVE, we investigated whether IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-d-tryptophan (1-MT) could affect the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and clearance of virus-infected macrophages from the brain. Severe combined immunodeficient mice were reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and encephalitis was induced by intracranial injection of autologous HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Animals treated with 1-MT demonstrated increased numbers of human CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/interferon-γ+ T cells, and HIV-1gag/pol-specific CTLs in peripheral blood compared with controls. At week 2 after MDM injection in the basal ganglia, mice treated with 1-MT showed a 2-fold increase in CD8+ T lymphocytes in the areas of the brain containing HIV-1-infected MDMs compared with untreated controls. By week 3, 1-MT-treated mice showed 89% reduction in HIV-infected MDMs in brain as compared with controls. Thus, manipulation of immunosuppressive IDO activity in HIVE may enhance the generation of HIV-1-specific CTLs, leading to elimination of HIV-1-infected macrophages in brain.
A generic approach for the design of whole-genome oligoarrays, validated for genomotyping, deletion mapping and gene expression analysis on Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Charbonnier Yvan , Gettler Brian , François Patrice , Bento Manuela , Renzoni Adriana , Vaudaux Pierre , Schlegel Werner , Schrenzel Jacques 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
DNA microarray technology is widely used to determine the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single experiment, for a broad range of organisms. Optimal design of immobilized nucleic acids has a direct impact on the reliability of microarray results. However, despite small genome size and complexity, prokaryotic organisms are not frequently studied to validate selected bioinformatics approaches. Relying on parameters shown to affect the hybridization of nucleic acids, we designed freely available software and validated experimentally its performance on the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus.

Results
We describe an efficient procedure for selecting 40–60 mer oligonucleotide probes combining optimal thermodynamic properties with high target specificity, suitable for genomic studies of microbial species. The algorithm for filtering probes from extensive oligonucleotides libraries fitting standard thermodynamic criteria includes positional information of predicted target-probe binding regions. This algorithm efficiently selected probes recognizing homologous gene targets across three different sequenced genomes of Staphylococcus aureus. BLAST analysis of the final selection of 5,427 probes yielded >97%, 93%, and 81% of Staphylococcus aureus genome coverage in strains N315, Mu50, and COL, respectively. A manufactured oligoarray including a subset of control Escherichia coli probes was validated for applications in the fields of comparative genomics and molecular epidemiology, mapping of deletion mutations and transcription profiling.

Conclusion
This generic chip-design process merging sequence information from several related genomes improves genome coverage even in conserved regions.
Cell membrane array fabrication and assay technology
Authors: Yamazaki Victoria , Sirenko Oksana , Schafer Robert J , Nguyen Luat , Gutsmann Thomas , Brade Lore , Groves Jay T 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
Microarray technology has been used extensively over the past 10 years for assessing gene expression, and has facilitated precise genetic profiling of everything from tumors to small molecule drugs. By contrast, arraying cell membranes in a manner which preserves their ability to mediate biochemical processes has been considerably more difficult.

Results
In this article, we describe a novel technology for generating cell membrane microarrays for performing high throughput biology. Our robotically-arrayed supported membranes are physiologically fluid, a critical property which differentiates this technology from other previous membrane systems and makes it useful for studying cellular processes on an industrialized scale. Membrane array elements consist of a solid substrate, above which resides a fluid supported lipid bilayer containing biologically-active molecules of interest. Incorporation of transmembrane proteins into the arrayed membranes enables the study of ligand/receptor binding, as well as interactions with live intact cells. The fluidity of these molecules in the planar lipid bilayer facilitates dimerization and other higher order interactions necessary for biological signaling events. In order to demonstrate the utility of our fluid membrane array technology to ligand/receptor studies, we investigated the multivalent binding of the cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) to the membrane ganglioside GM1. We have also displayed a number of bona fide drug targets, including bacterial endotoxin (also referred to as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and membrane proteins important in T cell activation.

Conclusion
We have demonstrated the applicability of our fluid cell membrane array technology to both academic research applications and industrial drug discovery. Our technology facilitates the study of ligand/receptor interactions and cell-cell signaling, providing rich qualitative and quantitative information.
Maintenance of the CD40-related immunodeficient response in hyper-IgM B cells immortalized with a LMP1-regulated mini-EBV
Authors: Lu Kristina T , Dryer Rebecca L , Song Charles , Covey Lori R 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOur previous investigation of a patient (pt1) with non-X-linked hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome revealed a CD40-mediated defect in B cell activation that resulted in low CD23 expression and absence of germ-line transcription and class-switch recombination. These deficiencies were complemented in vitro by a high threshold of sustained sinaling through CD40. To further analyze the signaling defect in pt1 B cells, two types of Epstein-Barr virus lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were generated that either constitutively expressed the viral transforming protein latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1; pt1-LCL) or expressed it under the control of a tet-inducible promoter (pt1-LCLtet). Because LMP1 signals through the CD40 pathway, the pt1-LCL and pt1-LCLtet lines allow comparison of downstream functions in response to either constitutive LMP1 signals or regulated LMP1 and CD40 signals. Immortalized pt1-LCLs were initially CD23lo/CD38hi and reverted to a CD23hi/CD38lo phenotype upon extended growth in culture, suggesting that the CD40 defect was reversed by selection and/or constitutive expression of LMP1. In contrast, pt1-LCLtet cells retained the CD23lo/CD38hi phenotype after extended periods of culture and failed to up-regulate CD23 in response to CD40 signals. Analysis of pt1-LCLtet cells in response to the CD40 signals in the presence or absence of LMP1 revealed that mitogenic activation resulted only from LMP1 and not CD40, indicating a difference in the response of pt1 B cells to these two distinct signals. Together, these data demonstrate that the pt1-LCLtet cells maintain the CD40-related defect and provide a unique approach to study the independent effects of LMP1- and CD40-directed signals.
Effect of plasmid backbone modification by different human CpG motifs on the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine vectors
Authors: Coban Cevayir , Ishii Ken J , Gursel Mayda , Klinman Dennis M , Kumar Nirbhay 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDNA vaccines, in general, have been found to be poorly immunogenic in nonhuman primates and humans as compared with mie. As the immunogenicity of DNA plasmids relies, to a large extent, on the presence of CpG motifs as built in adjuvants, we addressed the issue of poor immunogenicity by inserting recently identified CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) optimal for human (K-type or D-type CpG ODN) into the backbone of plasmid VR1020. We found that plasmid DNA containing K-type CpG motifs or D-type CpG motifs significantly enhanced the up-regulation of surface molecules and production of interleukin-6 from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and stimulated monocytes to develop into functionally mature dendritic cells (DC) compared with unmodified plasmid. Monocyte maturation into DC was through plasmacytoid DC present in the culture. It is interesting that the K-type CpG motif-modified plasmid stimulated significant levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN-α from human PBMC. Immunization of mice with D-type CpG motif-modified plasmid, encoding Plasmodium falciparum surface protein 25, yielded enhanced antigen-specific antibodies. Taken together, these results suggest that insertion of immunomodulatory human CpG motifs into plasmid DNA can improve immunogenicity of DNA vaccines.
Polarization of naive T cells into Th1 or Th2 by distinct cytokine-driven murine dendritic cell populations: implications for immunotherapy
Authors: Feili-Hariri Maryam , Falkner Dewayne H , Morel Penelope A 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) activate T cells and regulate their differentiation into T helper cell type 1 (Th1) and/or Th2 cells. To identify DCs with differing abilities to direct Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, we cultured mouse bone marrow progenitors in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM), GM + interleukin (IL)-4, or GM + IL-15 and generated three distinct DC populations. The GM + IL-4 DCs expressed high levels of CD80/CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and produced ow levels of IL-12p70. GM and GM + IL-15 DCs expressed low levels of CD80/CD86 and MHC class II. The GM + IL-15 DCs produced high levels of IL-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-γ, whereas GM DCs produced only high levels of IL-12p70. Naive T cells stimulated with GM + IL-4 DCs secreted high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in addition to IFN-γ. In contrast, the GM + IL-15 DCs induced higher IFN-γ production by T cells with little or no Th2 cytokines. GM DCs did not induce T cell polarization, despite producing large amounts of IL-12p70 following activation. A similar pattern of T cell activation was observed after in vivo administration of DCs. These data suggest that IL-12p70 production alone, although necessary for Th1 differentiation, is not sufficient to induce Th1 responses. These studies have implications for the use of DC-based vaccines in immunotherapy of cancer and other clinical conditions.
Tunicate Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Peptides Selectively Activate Ciona intestinalis GnRH Receptors and the Green Monkey Type II GnRH Receptor
Authors: Tello Javier A. , Rivier Jean E. , Sherwood Nancy M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn vertebrates, GnRH binds to its receptor and stimulates predominantly Gq/11-mediated signal transduction in gonadotropes. However, little is known about the GnRH receptor and its signaling pathway in tunicates, a group that arose before the vertebrates. Although tunicates have had duplications of a few genes in the last 600 million years, the early vertebrates had duplications of the full genome. Also unknown is the nature of GnRH signaling in the tunicate, which lacks both a pituitary gland and sex steroids. However, we know that tunicates have GnRH peptides because we previously reported six GnRH peptides encoded within the tunicate genome of Ciona intestinalis. Here we clone and sequence cDNAs for four putative GnRH receptors from C. intestinalis. These are the only invertebrate GnRH receptors found to date. Each Ciona GnRH receptor was expressed in COS-7 cells, incubated with each of the six C. intestinalis GnRHs and assayed for a signaling response. GnRH receptors 1, 2, and 3 responded to Ciona GnRH peptides to stimulate intracellular cAMP accumulation. In contrast, only GnRH receptor 1 activated inositol phosphate turnover in response to one of the Ciona GnRHs. The green monkey type II GnRH receptor cDNA was tested as a comparison and a positive control. In conclusion, the four GnRH receptors encoded within the C. intestinalis genome were all transcribed into messenger RNA, but only three of the Ciona GnRH receptors were biologically active in our assays. The Ciona GnRH receptors almost exclusively activated the cAMP pathway.
Examining Neosho Madtom Reproductive Biology Using Ultrasound and Artificial Photothermal Cycles
Authors: Bryan Janice L , Wildhaber Mark L , Noltie Douglas B 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We examined whether extended laboratory simulation of natural photothermal conditions could stimulate reproduction in the Neosho madtom Noturus placidus, a federally threatened species. For 3 years, a captive population of Neosho madtoms was maintained under simulated natural conditions and monitored routinely with ultrasound for reproductive condition. Female Neosho madtoms cycled in and out of spawning condition, producing and absorbing oocytes annually. Internal measurements made by means of ultrasound indicated the summer mean oocyte size remained consistent over the years, although estimated fecundity increased with increasing fish length. In the summer of 2001, after 3 years in the simulated natural environment, 13 out of 41 fish participated in 10 spawnings. Simulation of the natural photothermal environment, coupled with within-day temperature fluctuations during the spring rise, seemed important for the spawning of captive Neosho madtoms. The use of ultrasound to assess the reproductive status in Neosho madtoms was effective and resulted in negligible stress or injury to the fish. These procedures may facilitate future culture of this species and other madtoms Noturus spp., especially when species are rare, threatened, or endangered.
Inbreeding Depression and Maternal Effects on Early Performance of Pacific Abalone
Authors: Deng Yuewen , Liu Xiao , Zhang Guofan , Guo Ximing 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Effects of inbreeding and maternity on early performance were studied in the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai using two sets of 2 × 2 factorial crosses involving sister–brother mating. Parents from three full-sib families produced from two wild abalone populations (Japan and China) were used for the study. Metamorphic success and larval growth in four inbred (F = 0.25) and four outbred families were evaluated to 20 d postfertilization. In set I, inbreeding depression was 8.65% for metamorphic success, and−1.06, 3.25, and 4.98% for larval size at days 6, 10, and 20, respectively. In set II, inbreeding depression was 39.3% for metamorphic success, and 1.92, 4.99, and 3.37% for size at days 6, 10, and 20, respectively. Additionally, there were significant maternal effects on metamorphosis and larval size on day 6 (P &lt; 0.01) in set I, which became insignificant at days 10 and 20. Maternal effects were absent in set II. The results of this study suggest that inbreeding at F = 0.25 significantly affects larval growth and greatly reduces metamorphic success in the Pacific abalone.
The Trouble With “MSM” and “WSW”: Erasure of the Sexual-Minority Person in Public Health Discourse
Authors: Young Rebecca M. , Meyer Ilan H. 
Published: June 2005

Men who have sex with men (MSM) and women who have sex with women (WSW) are purportedly neutral terms commonly used in public health discourse. However, they are problematic because they obscure social dimensions of sexuality; undermine the self-labeling of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people; and do not sufficiently describe variations in sexual behavior. MSM and WSW often imply a lack of lesbian or gay identity and an absence of community, networks, and relationships in which same-gender pairings mean more than merely sexual behavior. Overuse of the terms MSM and WSW adds to a history of scientific labeling of sexual minorities that reflects, and inadvertently advances, heterosexist notions. Public health professionals should adopt more nuanced and culturally relevant language in discussing members of sexual-minority groups.
Perspectives on education and training in clinical psychology: Integrating reactions
Authors: Roberts Michael C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReacting to the conceptual matrix of C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott as described in their article, “Twenty‐First Century Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology: A Four Level Matrix Model” (this issue), a perspective is provided through the roles of a clinical training director and a clinical child and pediatric psychologist. Changing the direction of clinical psychology is complicated but the subfield of pediatric psychology demonstrates how such changes can be integrated with a focus on healthy development and promotion of strengths, on policy and public health concerns, and on program evaluation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Meaning‐Making and the matrix model: Does one size really fit all?
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDespite the multifocal complexity of the matrix model (C.R. Snyder & T.R. Elliott, this issue), its close correspondence with the theoretical dialectics and philosophy of clinical constructivism auger well for its capacity to articulate with existing approaches to graduate education in psychology. In this article points of contact are documented between the two approaches, and a caveat is included about the limits of the matrix model in ensuring greater relevance of clinical training to the settings in which contemporary professionals will work. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Can a matrix make a training model?: “No.” let's not throw out the Boulder model
Authors: Meichenbaum Donald 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn response to the call by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott (this issue) for a new clinical training program, I propose the need to keep the Boulder model. I trace my involvement with the Boulder model from my clinical graduate training through my 30 years as a professor. One of the major tasks of clinical training is to teach graduate students to think in a critical rigorous fashion in order to avoid the fads in the mental health field. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Sharing open secrets in training future generations of clinical psychologists
Authors: Elliott Timothy R. , Snyder C. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCommentary writers vary in their agreement with the ideas presented in the C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott lead article (this issue), but they share the view that clinical–counseling psychology already is in the midst of an evolution. There are two general camps to such commentaries. First, there are those who caution us to move slowly and carefully as we respond to the change‐inducing forces. Second, there are those who see this time as one in which we should make bold moves in our field in response to the societal forces that we are encountering. We suggest that the lightning rod for potential changes in the field of clinical–counseling psychology must be a shared emphasis on our scientific heritage. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Alkaline induces metallothionein gene expression and potentiates cell proliferation in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Lin Kuei‐Ann , Chen Je‐Hsin , Lee Dong‐Fong , Lin Lih‐Yuan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMetallothionein (MT) gene expression is increased in cadmium resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO CdR) upon medium (regular or serum‐free) change during culturing. Among the major components of the medium, NaHCO3 was found to be able to induce MT gene expression in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The same effect was observed with other alkaline solutions, such as HEPES and NaOH. Using MT promoter‐luciferase reporter gene constructs, we found that the presence of metal response elements (MREs) in the promoter region is necessary for NaHCO3‐induced MT gene transcription. This finding is further supported by the observation that the binding activity between the metal‐responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF‐1) and the MRE were increased after NaHCO3 treatment. Following NaHCO3 treatment, an increase in cell proliferation was observed in CdR cells but not in the parental CHO K1 cells that do not express MT transcripts due to MT gene methylation. Using synchronized cells, an increase in cell proliferation was observed 9 h after NaHCO3 addition. Notably, proliferation of CHO K1 cells was increased when transfected with an MT gene. The effect of MT on cell growth was affirmed by treating CHO K1 cells with 5‐azacytidine (Aza) to demethylate the MT gene. Proliferation increased in Aza‐treated CHO K1 cells after NaHCO3 treatment. These results demonstrate that NaHCO3 stimulates MT gene expression and causes an enhancement of cell proliferation in CHO cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.