bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Review of the Argument So Far
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The argument presented over the last three chapters has two distinct strands. First, in a capitalist economy where organised workers and organised capital both seek to enforce ex anteclaims upon output which are rigidly sustained, the stability of the system at high rates of growth is achieved at the expense of the unorganised workers who also nourish capital and who lack the ability to enforce any rigid ex anteclaims by virtue of their lack of organisation. These workers are typically located in the outlying regions so that social stability in the metropolis is not threatened. Second, any parametric shift which raises either the ex antewage-share in the metropolis or the ex anteclaims for surplus value (such as the need for higher shares of in novation and sales-promoting expenditure) gets resolved through a lowering of the real wages relative to productivity of the unorganised workers via an adverse terms-of-trade shift against the commodities which they produce. This together with shifts in consumer demand away from these commodities in the metropolis is the cause of uneven development on the global scale.
The Limitations of Enforced Diffusion
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of State intervention to promote development in the periphery has not so far been considered, except with reference to the neo-mercantilist strategy which, we argued, constituted a special case. The possibilities of ‘voluntary’ and ‘automatic’ diffusion of activities from the core to the periphery were discussed in earlier chapters. This chapter examines the limitations of an ‘enforced’ diffusion of activities away from the core through the conscious intervention of the Third World State in the form of the usual import-substituting industrialisation strategy. It focuses on the problems of the so-called ‘mixed economies’.The problems oIThird World socialist economies, though in some ways overlapping, need to be discussed separately, but except for a few brief comments in the next chapter that is beyond the scope of this book.
Beveridge and Old Age
Authors: Macnicol John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most accounts of the making of the Beveridge Report, the saga of retirement pensions has received relatively little attention. Generally, Bever idge’s task has been seen as unproblematic and essentially managerial-to merge and universalize the two existing schemes of non-contributory (1908) and contributory (1925) old age pensions into one new system, to co ordinate this with other parts of the reorganized social security plan, and to bring pensions up to a level of notional ‘subsistence’.
Condemned to Deprivation? Beveridge’s Responsibility for the Invisibility of Poverty
Authors: Veit-Wilson1 John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question this chapter asks is, how far can the Beveridge Committee’s adoption of the concept of ‘minimum subsistence’ to justify the recommendations in its Report (Beveridge 1942, which I shall refer to as SIAS) for the levels of adequate social security benefits, be seen as responsible for condemning the poor in Britain to blame for their deprivation? The Report, which was largely written by William Beveridge himself, stated: The fourth fundamental principle is adequacy of benefit in amount and time.
Beveridge Fifty Years On: Second Youth or Early Retirement?
Authors: Klosse Saskia , Jaspers Teun , Westerveld Mies 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper the fiftieth anniversary of the Beveridge Report has been seized upon as an occasion to rethink the foundation upon which our social security system has been built. In a nutshell, the system in the Netherlands rests on two pillars. The first pillar reflects ideas taken from Beveridge, the other from Bismarck. Although cast in different moulds, no choice has been made in favour of the one or the other. Because of this duality, one may best characterize the Dutch system as a mixed system, or as a Bismarck building with a Beveridge fayade.
The Deterioration of the Swedish Pension Model
Authors: Eriksen Tor , Palmer Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Swedish social insurance passed its 100th anniversary in 1991 it did so in the midst of heated debate and demands for radical change. Old age and disability, work injury and sickness, and medical care insurance are all under fire. Will the stonn blow over? Or are we in the dawn of a new era for Swedish social insurance? It is our thesis that Swedish social insurance in general and the pension system in particular are in the midst of a fundamental change.
Introduction
Authors: Charkham Jonathan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way business Is run matters to us all, wherever we live. We need the goods and services it produces, the employment it provides. The wealth it creates is the source of help for the sick and needy, of education for youth, and dignity for old age. Its prosperity nourishes the spirit of mankind. This book is about the system by which companies are directed and controlled that operate In five countries, Germany, Japan, France, the USA, and the UK; the ugly but popular name for these systems is corporate governance. The book’s aim is to shed light on the underlying principles and the way in which each system conforms to them.
Germany
Authors: Charkham Jonathan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the system-corporate governance-by which companies are run in Germany as in any country means studying both its structure and its dynamics, that Is to say, not just the legal framework and institutions but also personal relationships. Looking at the formal framework tells only a fraction of the story: the attitudes people have and their patterns of behaviour are just as important. To attempt to describe these, however, means leaving behind the comfortable clarity of the law and making an excursion into the misty world of unmeasurable generalizations. The people of Germany are as varied and diverse in character as those of any other nation, so any generalization is bound to be more true of some than others.
Introduction
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the causes and consequences of innovative activity. In particular, it addresses four questions which have long attracted the interest of economists: Does the structure of product markets affect the pace of innovative activity? What are the effects of innovative activity on market structure? How large a contribution does innovative activity make to productivity growth? And how does innovative activity affect corporate performance? These are important questions because they help to inform a wide range of public and business policy choices. In the area of competition policy, the Schumpeterian debate about the effect of monopoly on innovation has raised the possibility that antitrust actions designed to reduce static misallocations of resources may undermine dynamic efficiency, reducing welfare in the long run. This same issue arises in the design of industrial and technology policies, where policy-makers have tried to reconfigure market structures to stimulate innovativeness, experimenting with ‘national champions’, using procurement policies to strengthen certain client firms and tinkering with the structure of patent laws. Lying behind these initiatives is a widely held feeling that firm size is a source of competitive strength, that large firms are more able and, therefore, more likely to innovate.
The SPRU Innovations Database
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional methodology of those interested in studying the causes and consequences of innovative activity is the case-study, and the tools typically used by students of innovation and technological change are those of the historian and not those of the statistician. There is much to be said for this approach, as there is for good case-study work in general. The problems with it, however, are lack of generalizability and selectivity: single cases are too small a sample to support generalizations about many phenomena of interest, and they are, in any case, unlikely to be randomly chosen (most case-studies are under taken because some special feature of the case interests the investigator). The degree to which these problems should be regarded as a set of serious drawbacks to case-study work is not, however, entirely clear. After all, if every innovation is, in some sense, unique, then each case is not so much a sample as it is the population.
The Processes of Distilling: A Basic Outline
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The production of potable spirit involves four operations: malting, mashing, fermenting, distilling.
Distillers convert cereal grain into alcohol. Today, the major raw material is grain, usually barley in Scotland. In the past a very wide range of raw materials might be used: anything which contained either starch or sugar could be distilled. Barley is chosen for its high starch content and the ease with which it germinates to enable the first process, malting, to occur.
The Rise of Big Business
Authors: Hasiilmoto Juro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the outbreak of the First World War, the European nations were transformed into large-scale purchasers of commodities, particularly munitions. The principal supplier for this increased European demand for imports was the United States. Consequently, the US economy boomed, which in tum prompted a rapid growth in imports from Asian countries, headed by Japan (Hashimoto 1984). This situation led to the increase in foreign demand for Japanese products. At the same time, imports into Japan from Europe were interdicted and the Japanese domestic market became secluded from international competition. This isolation effect created a sheltered environment within which big business, which had been at a position of comparative disadvantage, could grow.
Mass Retailing: A Last Chance for the Family Firm in France, 1945-90?
Authors: Chadeau Emmanuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of mass retailing was a comparatively late development in France. At the end of the 1940s it accounted for only 8 per cent of retailing, and 7 per cent of food products. Forty years later, the figures were about 45 and 55 per cent respectively, while the volume of domestic final consumption had increased fourfold.1 At the beginning of the process, organized retailing prevailed only in Paris or in provincial cities where large department stores had been established between the reign of Napoleon III (1852-70) and the outbreak of the First World War, and in some less urbanized districts in the provinces, where pioneers had created a few chains of food shops (especially between 1890 and 1920), or set up co operatives accessible to affiliated semi-independent shopkeepers (be tween 1925 and 1939). But at the end of the 1980s 22.5 per cent of retailing was controlled by chains of supermarkets and hypermarkets ( ‘giant stores ‘) located for the most part in the suburbs and at main crossroads, while city-centre retailing experienced a major transformation.2 This tremendous change emerged from two processes: on the one hand a real revolution in consumption habits; and on the other an ‘Americani zation ‘ of the French ‘way of life ‘.
Christofle: A Family Firm
Authors: Vayer Marc De Ferrie Re Le 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its foundation in 1845, Christofle, the firm of silversmiths, has been managed successively by five generations of Charles Christofle ‘s descend ants.1 This enterprise, with its obvious familial character, is representative of a kind of company which is often viewed as being typically French, i.e. one specializing in luxury production.2 In this chapter we will explore the way in which the family managed Christofle. Consequently, we will study the origins of capital at the time of the firm ‘s foundation and examine the mechanisms by which funds were raised for its further development. This point is a crucial one, especially as the family-even in a broad sense-did not hold a majority of the capital before the 1940s. Another key element to understand is the capital structure and the importance of the various alliances among the different shareholders. It is apparent that successive generations of shareholder proved to be very faithful to the company.
Standard Motors 1945-55 and the Post-war Malaise of British Management
Authors: Tiratsoo Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1945 many informed commentators expected great things of Standard Motors. Indeed, the company was often rated the most progressive of the ‘big six ‘ car manufacturers, with an innovative and dynamic managing director in John Black, a modern plant at its Coventry headquarters, and a highly promising production strategy. Within ten years, however, all this early optimism had evaporated. Standard was now known to be in trouble, a situation that eventually led to its take-over by Leyland.1 How had defeat been snatched so quickly from the jaws of victory? According to the historian Paul Thompson, Standard ‘s problems (like those of other Coventry firms) originated on the shop-floor.2 In the post war period, Thompson argues, managers and workers throughout the Midlands city colluded in maintaining a factory culture which was highly antipathetic to technical innovation. Local trade unions were especially culpable here, he insists, because they continued to reinforce the neo Luddite views of their members, rather than adopt the more enlightened, modernizing strategies allegedly being pursued by equivalent organizations in countries such as Italy. The consequences at Standard and else where in Coventry were inevitable. As Thompson graphically puts it, those employed in the local car factories ‘helped to dig the pit for their own burial ‘.3
Big Business in Britain and France, 1890-1990
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few decades, the role of the large enterprise has been one of the central issues in business history.1 Perhaps surprisingly, the debate has taken a similar turn in Britain and France. In both countries it has often been assumed that the emergence and development of large enterprises took place later than in other industrialized countries, in particular the United States and Germany. This may seem surprising since for a long time the French suffered from a ‘British complex ‘, their concern about a lack of large enterprises deriving from comparisons made with Britain rather than with Germany. And the British did not think they had much in common with the French in terms of business development, preferring comparisons with the Americans and the Germans.2
Globalization and Labour Standards
Authors: Sengenberger Werner , Wilkinson Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Markets and productive systems progressively move beyond national boundaries. The increasing importance of multinational enterprises, cross-national strategic alliances, transnational subcontracting and sourcing of production and services, and regional economic integration signal the trend towards an internationalized economy. By contrast, labour institutions and labour market regulation remain at the national or sub-national level and it is there that pay, employment rules, working conditions, occupational health and safety, and social security are determined.
Lessons of Exchange Rate Targeting
Authors: Artis Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide variety of exchange rate targeting practices have been operated in the last decade and a half. This fact, together with the range of outcomes we can observe, ought to enable us to draw some conclusions about best practice for particular circumstances and objectives. The chapter is structured as follows. In the section immediately following, we discuss the numerous forms exchange rate targeting may take and the variety of objectives and motivations lying behind these alternatives. Then, in section 2, we turn to discuss three recent episodes of exchange rate targeting. These correspond to: the Plaza Accord episode; UK practice with respect to exchange rate targeting in the 1980s; and the ERM experience. In section 3, we attempt to draw some conclusions. It is fashionable to argue that experience suggests that only two alternatives are viable—freely flexible exchange rates or completely fixed exchange rates (as in monetary union). Our argument will be that this dichotomy is too stark and that intermediate positions are possible. However, the force behind the dichotomy is the respect that must be given to speculative capital movements. Any claims to detect sustainable intermediate positions must incorporate some means of coping with speculative pressures.
A Programme For Reform
Authors: Smith John Grieve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bretton Woods agreement created both a new set of international financial institutions and for the first time a formal framework of rules governing exchange rates and international payments. The agreement, largely a creation of Maynard Keynes and Harry White, was originally conceived as part of a wide-ranging vision of how the postwar economic system might work, including a liberal regime for trade and tariffs, and measures to stabilize commodity prices. It was designed to overcome both the problems experienced in the interwar period with the breakup of the Gold Standard and the rise of mass unemployment, and those emerging from the Second World War, in particular restrictions on trade and payments and the dollar shortage. The rules were intended first to encourage a speedy, but orderly, dismantling of wartime restrictions on imports and movement to currency convertibility, and then to establish, as a permanent regime, a liberal system of trade and payments and fixed exchange rates which would be compatible with the pursuit of full employment. The operation of the international payment system was to be supervised by the International Monetary Fund controlled by the leading Allied Powers with a system of weighted voting ensuring a dominant voice for the USA.
A Postscript
Authors: Hutton Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is plain that the current international financial and trading system creates such enormous concentrations of private power, volatility of market behaviour, and economic illogicalities that remedies are required. But it is equally plain that the current system has developed because there is neither a global hegemony who could police a more disciplined order nor sufficient political will to delegate authority to a supranational authority which might do it instead. To echo the First World War song, we’re here because we’re here because we’re here.
Morality and Incentives
Authors: Harsanyi John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the basic concepts of economic theory is that of personal preferences, assumed to govern our everyday behaviour. As is well known, if a person’s preferences satisfy certain rationality requirements then they can be repre sented by an ordinal utility function. If they satisfy some even stronger rationality requirements (in choosing between alternative lotteries) such as the von Neumann-Morgenstern (= vN-M) axioms (see von Neumann and Morgenstern 1953), then they can be represented also by vN-M utility functions. The latter have the nature of cardinal utility functions because they permit meaningful comparisons, not only between the relevant person’s utility levels in different situations, but also between his various utility differences in moving from one situation to another. In what follows, I shall assume that people’s preferences satisfy the vN-M axioms.
Economic Analysis and the Structure of Good: Transferring Utility Theory from Preferences to Betterness
Authors: Broome John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can economics do for ethics? No doubt several things, but one of them is this: it can contribute a method for analysing the structure of good.
Philosophers sometimes speak about ‘The Good’ rather grandly, using capital letters, and that can make it seem mysterious. But what I mean by ‘the structure of good’ is not at all mysterious. We very commonly discuss which things are better or worse than others. We say that sun is generally better than rain; we wonder whether it would be better to move to a new job or stay in this one; we debate about which is the best way of coping with the sufferings of refugees. Betterness and worseness are common topics of our ordinary conversation.
Stand Alone and Unanimity Tests: A Re-Examination of Fair Division
Authors: Moulin Herve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problems of Fair Division address a fundamental challenge of distributive justice. A given set of resources (the traditional story is manna dropped from heaven; see below the discussion of real-life examples) must be distributed among a given set of agents. Those agents have equal rights on the resources (these are the common property of the group) but different preferences. Thus an equal split of the resources, although a fair outcome, is generally not efficient (Pareto optimal). The challenge is to define an efficient solution that, despite giving unequal shares, fulfils our intuition of fairness.
On a Mechanism for Implementing Egalitarianism with Responsibility
Authors: Roemer John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In modem philosophical theories of egalitarianism, the issue of responsi bility plays an important role. A prevalent view is that egalitarians should not recommend complete equality of outcome, or even maximin, but rather that policy which equalizes outcomes in so far as those outcomes are the consequences of traits and environmental factors beyond a person’s control, allowing differences in outcomes, however, to the extent that outcomes are the consequences of traits for which persons are deemed responsible. This view is represented most clearly in the work of Arneson (1989), Cohen (1989), and Dworkin (1981).
Commitment and Choice: An Essay on the Rationality of Plans
Authors: Gauthier David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings are planning animals. In his recent book, Intentions, Plans, and Practical Reason, Michael Bratman (1987: 2-3) explains plans as arising from ‘two very general needs we need ways for deliberation and rational reflection to influence action beyond the present; and we need sources of support for co-ordination, both intrapersonal and interpersonal. Our capa cities as planners help us meet these needs.’ Another recent writer, Allan Gibbard (1990: 57) relates plans to the human capacity to be moved by words. ‘Humans plan together; they make agreements, they exhort. Their language facilitates both complex co-ordination among individuals and complex individual plans-and if words lacked all power to move us, none of this would be possible.Gibbard speaks of this motivation as normat ive-’motivation of a particular, linguistically infused kind that evolved because of the advantages of coordination and planning through language’ (Gibbard 1990: 57).