bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microesthetics in orthodontics: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Alam Mohammad Khursheed , Alanazi Nawadir Hamoud , Alanzi Tethkar Mukhlef , Alrwuili Shahad Mohammad , Alazmi Mona Saleh , Alruwaili Awsaf Murdhi , AlRashed Aynaa Fawaz , Alogaibi Yahya Abdullah 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND:
Microesthetics in orthodontics, which focuses on subtly and precisely enhancing a patient's smile's esthetics, has seen a rise in popularity in recent years. The objective of this systematic study was to assess our present understanding of orthodontic microesthetics.

METHODS:
A thorough search was done using the terms “microesthetics in orthodontics,” “aesthetic orthodontics,” “orthodontic aesthetics,” and “orthodontic smile design” across different databases. Articles published between 2011 and 2022 were considered for selection in this review.

RESULTS:
Five studies were selected for the review. The meta-analysis found a statistically significant and clinically relevant improvement in microesthetic parameters due to orthodontic treatment. The odds ratio estimate was 0.32 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.28 to 0.37), suggesting a noticeable effect of orthodontic treatment on microesthetic parameters. The forest plot also showed an overall risk ratio of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.53 to 0.61) and a risk difference of -0.28 (95% CI: -0.31 to -0.24) for noticeable versus negligible effects of orthodontic treatment on microesthetic parameter in patients. The heterogeneity was significant among the studies, with a Chi-square value of 15.34 (P = 0.004) and 14.79 (P = 0.005) for the odds ratio and risk difference, respectively, indicating a moderate level of heterogeneity.

CONCLUSION:
The results of this study's review and meta-analysis point to a statistically significant and clinically meaningful difference in the microesthetic parameters between individuals who received orthodontic treatment and those who did not. The heterogeneity statistics, however, indicates significant variation between research studies.

REGISTRATION:
This review protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration number: CRD42022397219).
Artistic style
Authors: Robinson Jenefer 
Published: November 2023

Style in art is typically described as how one describes or depicts something, rather than what is described or depicted. Style is thus often identified with form rather than subject-matter. But choice of subject-matter can be part of style and not all formal features are stylistic. One way of thinking about artistic style is as a set of recurrent features of works of art that identify them as the product of a particular person, period or place: as Nelson Goodman says, style functions as an individual or group signature. This definition may be adequate for some purposes, but it ignores the fact that a style has a unified ‘physiognomy’ or expressive character.
The relation between style and expression is complex. A period style is often thought to express the cultural attitudes of the period, but it cannot do so in a very direct way. What a period style expresses is a function of where it occurs in the history of style. Similarly, a work of art in an artist’s individual style will be expressive only in the context of the possibilities of that style.
According to the Romantic tradition, individual style is a genuine expression of the artist’s self, either of the artist’s personality and qualities of mind or of the artist’s artistic ideals. For Richard Wollheim, there is a big difference between general style categories and the individual style of a particular artist, which, he claims, has ‘psychological reality’. Robinson (1985) has suggested that an individual style is rather the expression of the personality of the implied author of a work, the artist as she seems to be from the evidence of the work itself. But, as Derek Matravers, among others, points out, the implied author is not the actual author but something constructed by the author and may therefore lack the requisite psychological reality. Arthur Danto argues that style is not an expression of the artist’s psychology as revealed in her ordinary life, but is rather an expression of the artistic personality revealed in the artist’s total oeuvre. For Nick Riggle it is the expression of artistic ideals.
Modernist and post-modernist theories of ‘writing’ do not treat ‘the author’ as a source of expression in this way, but merely as a means of classifying types of discourse: literary works have authors whereas scientific writing need not, for example. According to Michel Foucault, ‘the author’ is simply one of the principles that identifies the ‘author-function’ of an artwork.
Mathematical explanations
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: November 2023

Mathematical facts appear in many scientific explanations, since (paraphrasing Galileo) the universe’s laws are written in the language of mathematics. But some scientific explanations are distinctively mathematical in that they do not appeal to laws of nature or derive their explanatory power from describing the world’s causal connections. Rather, distinctively mathematical explanations transcend natural laws and causal connections.
Several varieties of distinctively mathematical explanations can be distinguished. Some of these explanations reveal the natural facts being explained to be mathematically necessary. Other distinctively mathematical explanations show that the reason that different laws of nature (such as laws concerning electrostatics and thermodynamics) are mathematically analogous is that they derive in mathematically analogous ways from mathematically analogous more fundamental laws.
Philosophers have investigated how distinctively scientific explanations operate – for instance, the source of their explanatory asymmetry. Philosophers have also investigated what mathematical facts could be, such that they can explain some physical facts. Distinctively mathematical explanations have been used to argue for mathematical platonism, on the grounds that platonist mathematical objects are indispensible to those scientific explanations. But some philosophers have regarded facts about platonist mathematical objects as incapable of explaining physical facts. These philosophers have regarded distinctively mathematical explanations as supporting non-platonist interpretations of mathematics, such as Aristotelian realism.
Philosophy of psychiatry
Authors: Tekin Şerife 
Published: November 2023

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that aims to scientifically understand the causes of mental disorders and develop effective clinical interventions to address the needs of those experiencing them. Philosophy of psychiatry is concerned with conceptual and practical issues pertaining to mental disorders, their diagnosis, scientific investigation, ethical treatment, and experiences of individuals affected by them, as well as philosophical issues on the place of psychiatry in broader areas of inquiry in medicine and bioethics. It encompasses a variety of topics of interest not only to philosophers, but also to the general public, including the definition of mental disorders, their diagnosis according to medical manuals, features of particular disorders (e.g., substance abuse disorders, depression, autism spectrum disorders), the sources of information about mental disorders (e.g., fMRI studies, clinical trials, first-person reports), ethical issues surrounding the clinical treatment of individuals with mental disorders, and cognate concepts such as the self, rationality, and responsibility.
A thoroughly interdisciplinary form of inquiry, philosophy of psychiatry developed out of both the traditional areas of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of science/cognitive science, social and political philosophy, philosophy of medicine, and ethics, and clinical contexts pertaining to medical treatment of mental disorders or mental illnesses. In the last few decades, however, philosophy of psychiatry has evolved into a cutting-edge and popular subdiscipline of philosophy in its own right, with its own dedicated journals, books, book series, societies, and conferences.
This entry provides an overview of important recent debates in philosophy of psychiatry as they map onto the fundamental areas of philosophy. §1 introduces the terminology; §2 focuses on metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of science, and medicine related themes; §3 examines themes in philosophy of mind, cognitive science, and neuroscience; §4 turns to social, political, and feminist philosophy; §5 covers issues in ethics and applied ethics.
Philosophy of nanoscience and nanotechnology
Authors: Bursten Julia R.S. 
Published: November 2023

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are two interrelated fields of study centred on designing, synthesising, analysing, and investigating nanoscale materials, their properties, and their behaviours. Nanoscale materials are materials with at least one spatial dimension confined to the nanoscale, which is roughly one to 100 nanometres. A nanometre, abbreviated nm, is one billionth of a metre, and is approximately 1/200th the width of a human hair. Nanoscale materials exhibit properties and behaviours that are distinct from macroscopic, i.e. bulk, materials made of the same type of matter, and they also exhibit properties and behaviours that are distinct from molecular materials of similar sizes. For instance, nanoscale carbon materials are touted for their functionality as semiconductors, while bulk carbon is not a conductor at all and is rather an insulator. Likewise, large carbon-based molecular materials, such as proteins, exhibit structure, properties, and functions distinct from those of carbon nanomaterials.
The unusual and scale-dependent properties and behaviours of matter at the nanoscale are the main source of scientific interest in nanoscale materials. These changes also raise a variety of puzzles within the philosophy of science and technology. While many of these puzzles are interrelated, they can be divided into six main categories: (1) puzzles related to the applied or synthetic character of nanomaterials, nanoscience, and nanotechnology (2) puzzles about how to classify and model nanoscale materials in relation to bulk materials, (3) puzzles related to reduction and emergence in physics and the quantum–classical interface, (4) puzzles arising from the interdisciplinary nature of nanoscience and nanotechnology research, (5) puzzles arising from technological peculiarities in the detection instruments, simulations, and experimental techniques that are used to study nanomaterials, and (6) ethical, legal, and social puzzles about the societal impact of nanoscale materials.
These puzzles are united by a common interest in reckoning with the very basic challenge of trying to make sense of what nanoscale materials are and how they fit into the existing fabric of scientific thought about the nature and behaviour of matter. The very act of shrinking a material down to the nanoscale can profoundly change its physical and chemical properties. This challenges a widely held scientific and philosophical assumption that the composition of a material dictates its properties. As such, nanoscale materials can inspire thought experiments and examples relevant to a wide range of areas of philosophical thought even outside the philosophy of science and technology, including metaphysics and the philosophy of language.
Skolem, Thoralf (1887–1963)
Authors: Brady Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

The twentieth-century mathematician Thoralf Skolem is known principally for two achievements. The first is the statement and proof of the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem. The second is his construction of countable nonstandard models of Peano arithmetic and set theory when these theories are expressed in first-order (predicate) logic.
The Löwenheim-Skolem theorem, for which Skolem gave several proofs, showed that no first-order axiom system can characterise a unique infinite model. Skolem regarded this theorem as casting doubt on the belief that mathematics can be reliably founded on formal axiomatic systems alone. He discovered that first-order logics are necessarily incomplete descriptions of their intended models. There is a vivid contrast between the comprehensive syntactic expressive power of first-order theories and their very limited power to constrain their models to a priori desired models.
The startling conclusion he derived from his theorem is known as ‘Skolem’s paradox’. It asserts that concepts such as cardinality must be interpreted relative to a given model and thus have no absolute meaning. Anticipating modern model theory, in a later paper he gave a direct construction of a nonstandard model of first-order arithmetic based on plus and times by a method which anticipated the ultraproduct construction of models of first-order theories.
He realised that it might be possible to construct new models for set theory which demonstrate the consistency or the independence of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. The first goal was realised in the early 1930s by Kurt Gödel’s introduction of the notion of constructability for consistency proofs. The second goal was realised in the early 1960s by Paul Cohen’s introduction of the notion of forcing for independence proofs, for which he was awarded the Field’s medal in 1966.
Pendampingan Penyusunan Harga Pokok Produksi dan Pengelolaan Keuangan bagi Pelaku UMKM “Win Bakery” di Samarinda
Authors: Makmur  , Nurdin Sabri , Noor Rifadin 
Published: November 2023

Kegiatan pengabdian ini memiliki dua tujuan, yaitu (1) memberikan pemahaman kepada para pelaku UMKM di Samarinda tentang arti pentingnya menghitung harga pokok produksi dan melakukan pencatatan ke dalam jurnal dengan benar, (2) memberi pelatihan dan mendampingi pelaku UMKM agar mampu menghitung harga pokok produksi dengan benar.
Berdasarkan komunikasi awal dengan calon mitra diperoleh informasi tentang masalah yang dihadapi pelaku UMKM di Samarinda yaitu belum dipahaminya manfaat perhitungan harga pokok produksi sehingga mereka umumnya tidak melakukan perhitungan harga pokok produksi. Mereka menetapkan harga jual berdasarkan harga di pasaran, sehingga mereka tidak dapat menghitung berapa laba/rugi sebenarnya dari kegiatan usaha mereka.
Solusi yang ditawarkan untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut adalah memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan dalam perhitungan harga pokok produksi. Metode kegiatan yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah (1) ceramah untuk menyampaikan konsep perhitungan harga pokok produksi dan pencatatan dalam jurnal dan (2) kasus untuk memberikan contoh praktik menghitung harga pokok produksi, serta (3) melakukan pendampingan di lapangan. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi terhadap kegiatan, diperoleh informasi tingkat pemahaman pemilik Usaha terhadap materi yang diberikan sebesar 65%. Selanjutnya Tim pengabdian melakukan pendampingan di lapangan
Pengaruh Academic Burnout dan Academic Engagament Terhadap School Well-Being Santri Pesantren
Authors: Oktia Vanika 
Published: November 2023

Pesantren is a residence or a dormitory for the students to conduct religious education and other subjects. Evaluation of the school condition and the lives of students in his school environment can be called as school well-being. The various activities undertaken by the students can cause physical and psychological fatigue, known as academic burnout. One way to improve the school's well-being possessed by students is to increase the academic engagement or involvement of students in activities at the dormitory. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of academic burnout and engagement toward school well-being in boarding school students. The hypothesis was tested by using a multiple linear regression model. Based on the results of the regression test showed that there is a significant influence of academic burnout and academic engagement toward school well-being of boarding school students (R2 = 0.239) indicating that the contribution of academic burnout and engagement toward school well-being in boarding school students was 23.9%, while the remaining 76.1% is influenced by other factors. The results of the partial test (t test) explained that academic burnout has a significant negative impact on the school well-being (t = -4.151 and p = 0.000), and academic engagement also has a significant positive impact on the school well-being (t = 5.477 and p = 0.000). The research hypothesis is proven.
Empathy, Self-esteem, and Cyberbullying in vocational high school students
Authors: Wilantika Rima , Khotimah Husnul , Intansari Fixi , Larasati Bayu Sekar , Nabila Julia , Saputri Hindin , Mukhlis Hamid 
Published: November 2023

Advances in technology have made internet access easier, this has changed the way humans communicate with one another in life. Along with the advancement and development of technology, teenagers are internet users who spend more time in the virtual world than the real world. However, the use of the internet is widely blamed for use by teenagers, one of the phenomena of internet abuse is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is a form of harassment or humiliation through social media. Factors that influence cyberbullying are empathy and self-esteem. This study aims to determine the relationship between empathy and self-esteem with cyberbullying in vocational high school students. This research design uses quantitative, with the subject of Vocational High School students in Pringsewu as many as 90 students. The measurement tool for this study uses three scales, namely the empathy scale, the self-esteem scale, and the cyberbullying scale. The data analysis technique uses multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between empathy and self-esteem with cyberbullying in vocational high school students. That is, the higher the empathy and self-esteem, the cyberbullying behavior of low vocational high school students. On the other hand, the lower the level of empathy and self-esteem, the higher the level of cyberbullying among professional vocational high school students.
Hubungan Antara Gaya Mengajar Dengan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas III SD Negeri 5 Bumi Waras Bandar Lampung
Authors: Qomario Qomario , Nazalia Defri 
Published: November 2023

This study was aimed to know the relationship teaching style with the result of learning math grades. The main problem in this study is the low result of learning mathematics in grade III Elementary School 5 Bumi Waras Bandar Lampung. This study used to quantitative methods and types of correlation study. The study sample was forty-seven students by using total sampling. Data Correlation techniques using documentation, questionnaires and tests. The study showed there was a significant relationship between teaching style with the result of learning math grades. This study is based on the calculator of product-moment correlation showed rcount0.657 more than rtable0.288. The hypothesis of the analysis it can be concluded that there was a positive relationship between teaching style with the result of learning math grade III Elementary School 5 Bumi Waras Bandar Lampung with a view of rcount more than rtable Criteria. The greater the number of correlation coefficients means the better the correlation model because the independent variable can explain the dependent variable better. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan gaya mengajar dengan hasil belajar matematika. Permasalahan utama pada penelitian ini adalah rendahnya hasil belajar matematika yang diperoleh siswa kelas III SD Negeri 5 Bumi Waras Bandar Lampung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan jenis penelitian korelasi. Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 47 orang siswa dengan menggunakan teknik sampel total sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan dokumentasi, angket dan tes. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara gaya mengajar dengan hasil belajar matematika. Hasil ini berdasarkan perhitungan korelasi product moment yang menunjukkan rhitung0.657 lebih dari rtabel 0.288. Dari analisis hipotesis dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang positif antara gaya mengajar dengan hasil belajar matematika siswa kelas III SD Negeri 5 Bumi Waras dengan dilihat dari kriteria rhitung lebih dari rtabel . Semakin besar angka koefisien korelasi, berarti semakin baik model korelasi tersebut karena variabel bebas dapat menjelaskan variabel terikat secara lebih baik.
The Saga of Pandemics through the Literary Lens
Authors: Sen Nandini C , Chawla Abhay 
Published: November 2023

Disease, illness and death have been a human being’s constant companion right from the dawn of civilization and Pandemics are a part of this fatal manifestation which has been witnessed century upon century, successfully wreaking havoc upon the unsuspecting mankind. A pandemic (from Greek - pan, meaning "all" and demos meaning "people") is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, spreading through continents and killing with impunity as it spreads. Throughout human history, there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis. The most fatal pandemic in recorded history was the Black Death (also known as The Plague), which killed an estimated 75–200 million people in the 14th century. Other notable pandemics include the 1918 pandemic, the Spanish influenza (Spanish flu). The current pandemics include Covid19 and HIV AIDS. The history of pandemic has been recorded meticulously by playwrights, novelists and poets from time immemorial – the documentation is detailed and, on some occasions, laboured. The message conveyed is very clear – the pandemic is brutal, it spares no one and the only way to remain safe is through isolation and timely medical intervention. This Paper seeks to examine the philosophical ramifications of pandemics examined through the literary lens.