bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
p53 expression, p21 expression and the apoptotic index in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma
Authors: Burton  , Stewart  , Heatley  , Royds  , Wells  
Published: March 2003

AimsAlthough several genetic abnormalities are known to occur in endometrial cancer, including tp53 gene mutation, the pathogenesis of this common malignancy remains poorly defined. We investigated the relationship between overexpression of p53 protein, p21 protein expression and apoptosis in endometrial carcinoma.Methods and resultsSixteen cases of endometrial carcinoma in which polymerase chain reaction analysis had demonstrated the absence of a tp53 gene mutation were selected on the basis of p53 protein expression; p21 protein expression and the apoptotic index were then determined for each case. The proportion of cells in each case expressing p53 and p21 protein immunoreactivity was compared with the apoptotic index. Overall, no significant correlation was demonstrated between p53 and p21 immunoreactivity, or between either p53 or p21 and the apoptotic index.ConclusionsFactors other than p53 are involved in the regulation of p21 expression and apoptosis in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas without p53 mutations. Despite the small numbers used in this study, the data suggest a correlation between low levels of p53 immunoreactivity and apoptosis. We postulate that high levels of p53 immunoreactivity may be due to abnormal stabilization of the p53 protein. Follow‐up studies are needed with a larger data set.
Malignant myxoid endobronchial tumour: a report of two cases with a unique histological pattern
Authors: Nicholson  , Baandrup  , Florio  , Sheppard  , Fisher  
Published: March 2003

AimsTo present two cases of malignant endobronchial myxoid tumours with a highly distinctive sarcomatoid pattern not previously described at this site, and discuss their histogenesis in relation to previously documented endobronchial neoplasms.Methods and resultsBoth tumours presented in young adult females and were purely sarcomatoid with interweaving cords of small uniform, rounded or slightly elongated cells lying within a myxoid stroma. The stroma was alcian blue positive, but sensitive to hyaluronidase in both cases. The tumour cells contained a small volume of periodic acid–Schiff‐positive eosinophilic cytoplasm and stained positively for vimentin only, but there also was a prominent background population of CD68‐positive dendritic cells. Ultrastructural studies showed that the tumour cells contained an excess of rough endoplasmic reticulum, with some of the cisternae appearing dilated, and scalloping of the cell surfaces, although no intracisternal tubules were identified.ConclusionsAlthough the histological pattern was most reminiscent of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, the sensitivity of the stroma to pretreatment with hyaluronidase precluded the diagnosis. However, there were similarities with the sarcomatoid component of malignant salivary gland‐type mixed tumours of the lung and this tumour possibly represents a variant of a bronchial gland tumour. Despite this uncertainty over origin, this pattern should be recognized as part of the differential diagnosis of myxoid tumours in the lung, as an apparently indolent type of malignant endobronchial neoplasm.
Phenotypes in canalicular adenoma of human minor salivary glands reflect the interplay of altered secretory product, absent neuro‐effector relationships and the diversity of the microenvironment
Authors: Triantafyllou  , Coulter  , Scott  
Published: March 2003

AimsUncertainty about the factors influencing phenotypes in salivary canalicular adenoma prompted the present investigation.Methods and resultsSpecimens of canalicular adenoma from 15 patients were examined with the use of histology, histochemistry for protein, mucosubstances and pigments, nerve staining and immunocytochemistry for cytoskeleton components. The tumours consisted largely of simple cells lining tubules that were occasionally cystic or branching and budding, and were set in loose, vascular and often haemorrhagic stroma. Other phenotypes recognized were mucous cells, apocrine‐like cells, pigmented cells, microliths and stromal macrophages, detected in 26.6%, 20%, 33.3%, 20% and 53.3% of the patients, respectively. Simple cells showed moderate levels of ‐SH groups and strong immunoreactivity for ‘simple’ epithelial phenotype cytokeratin. The simple cells lining cystic tubules showed additional immunoreactivity for ‘stratified’ epithelial phenotype cytokeratin, possibly an adaptation to mechanical pressure. Lumina showed variable levels of neutral and carboxylated glycoproteins, and chondroitin sulphate. Stroma showed high levels of chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid. Mucous cells showed high levels of ‐SS‐ groups and nonsulphated glycoproteins. Apocrine‐like cells contained lipofuscin. Pigmented cells contained haemosiderin, possibly a consequence of localized iron overload. Microliths contained mucosubstances. Macrophages often contained lipofuscin. No nerves were found in relation to the tumours.ConclusionsThe results suggest that, contrary to popular belief, phenotypes in canalicular adenoma do not reflect histogenetic concepts but rather may derive from the interplay between an altered secretory product, consisting of glycosaminoglycan and an immature form of glycoprotein, the lack of neuro‐effector relationships and the different microenvironments throughout the tumour.
Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis: the histological features of non‐tuberculous mycobacterial infection
Authors: Kraus  , Benharroch  , Kaplan  , Sion‐Vardy  , Leiberman  , Dima  , Shoham  , Fliss  
Published: March 2003

AimsThe distinction between nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lymphadenitis and other causes of cervical lymphadenitis is critical, as different entities call for different treatments. Despite modern diagnostic techniques for NTM infections their prompt and accurate diagnosis is still difficult. We assessed the value of different histological features in diagnosing clinically suggestive NTM cervical lymphadenitis in cases of granulomatous cervical lymphadenitis.Methods and resultsA retrospective study of 30 patients with a clinical diagnosis of NTM cervical lymphadenitis was carried out. The patients were divided into three subgroups and several histological parameters were examined in each subgroup. A comparison was made with cases of proven tuberculous lymphadenitis. Four histological features (presence of microabscesses, ill‐defined granulomas, noncaseating granulomas and a small number of giant cells) were found with significant statistical difference when comparison was made between the NTM group and the tuberculosis group.ConclusionsA rapid and accurate diagnostic procedure for NTM lymphadenitis is not yet available. Therefore, in the presence of a suggestive clinical picture for NTM lymphadenitis, we propose four histological features which support this diagnosis, thus allowing prompt therapeutic intervention.
Ber EP4 and epithelial membrane antigen aid distinction of basal cell, squamous cell and basosquamous carcinomas of the skin
Authors: Beer T W , Shepherd P , Theaker J M 
Published: March 2003

Aims : Seventy‐five skin tumours were studied to investigate the value of immunohistochemistry in differentiating basal cell, squamous cell and basosquamous carcinomas of the skin. Methods and results : Archived paraffin‐embedded tissue samples of basal cell carcinomas (n = 39), squamous cell carcinomas (n = 23) and basosquamous carcinomas (n = 13) were stained immunohistochemically using a panel of antibodies. All of the basal cell carcinomas stained positively for Ber EP4, in contrast to the group of squamous cell carcinomas, that showed no staining. Basosquamous carcinomas all showed at least some areas of Ber EP4 positivity. None of the basal cell carcinomas, but most of the squamous cell carcinomas (22 of 23) expressed epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Only one of the basosquamous carcinomas expressed EMA positivity focally. CAM 5.2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and 34βE12 antibodies lacked specificity in relation to the different tumour types. Conclusion : Distinction of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin can be readily achieved with routine immunohistochemistry using Ber EP4 and EMA. Identification of basosquamous carcinoma is also facilitated with this method.
Tamoxifen‐associated postmenopausal adenomyosis exhibits stromal fibrosis, glandular dilatation and epithelial metaplasias
Authors: McCluggage W G , Desai V , Manek S 
Published: March 2003

AimsAdenomyosis is relatively rare in postmenopausal women but recent reports have described its occurrence in this age group in patients taking tamoxifen. This study describes the pathology of nine cases of adenomyosis in postmenopausal women who were taking this medication.Methods and resultsThe pathology of the nine tamoxifen‐associated cases was compared to five cases of postmenopausal adenomyosis not associated with tamoxifen. Morphological features present within adenomyosis more often in those taking tamoxifen were cystic dilatation of glands (which sometimes resulted in grossly visible intramural cystic lesions), fibrosis of the stroma and various epithelial metaplasias. The proliferative activity within the adenomyosis, as determined by MIB1 staining, was higher in the tamoxifen group.ConclusionsThe study supports an association between tamoxifen therapy and the presence of adenomyosis in postmenopausal women. The aforementioned morphological features are characteristic of polypoid and nonpolypoid surface endometrium associated with tamoxifen and their occurrence within the adenomyosis is likely to represent extension of the surface epithelial changes. Adenomyosis may be more common than is generally realized in women taking tamoxifen and may account for postmenopausal bleeding in these patients.
Specific staining of human chorionic gonadotropin β in benign and malignant gastrointestinal tissues with monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Louhimo J , Nordling S , Alfthan H , Von Boguslawski K , Stenman U‐H , Haglund C 
Published: March 2003

Specific staining of human chorionic gonadotropin β in benign and malignant gastrointestinal tissues with monoclonal antibodies Aims: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) β in serum is a promising tumour marker for gastrointestinal malignancies. Our aim was to investigate the expression of hCGβ by immunohistochemistry in various gastrointestinal cancers and benign tissues. Methods and results: A monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for free hCGβ was used to stain 107 tissue samples from various gastrointestinal malignancies and 36 benign or normal tissue samples. The specificity of the staining was verified and the results compared with those obtained with a widely used commercial polyclonal antibody (PAb) which reacts with both free hCGβ and intact hCG, as well as with luteinizing hormone β. With the MAb, we observed positive immunohistochemical staining in 24% of the malignant gastrointestinal tumours. Gastric (60%) and pancreatic (56%) carcinomas, as well as extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (36%), were positive most frequently. We also discovered immunoreactivity in half of the non‐malignant samples from pancreatic and biliary tissues. With the PAb, hCG immunoreactivity was evident more frequently in some cancers, but the staining was diffuse and occasionally polymorphonuclear leucocytes were strongly stained. Conclusions: This study shows that our MAbs specific for hCGβ are well suited for immunohistochemistry. Our results confirm previous findings on gastrointestinal cancers and, furthermore, we demonstrate hCGβ tissue expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The results support reports on hCGβ as a serum tumour marker for digestive tract diseases.
The spectrum of micronodular thymic epithelial tumours with lymphoid B‐cell hyperplasia
Authors: Tateyama H , Saito Y , Fujii Y , Okumura M , Nakamura K , Tada H , Yasumitsu T , Eimoto T 
Published: March 2003

The spectrum of micronodular thymic epithelial tumours with lymphoid B‐cell hyperplasia Aims: A rare type of thymoma, micronodular thymoma with lymphoid B‐cell hyperplasia, was recently reported by Suster and Moran. Thymic epithelial tumours with a similar pattern but with varied cytological features of the tumour cells are analysed. Methods and results: A total of 11 cases of thymic epithelial tumours characterized by micronodular proliferation of tumour cells separated by abundant lymphoid stroma with prominent germinal centres were reviewed clinicopathologically and examined immunohistochemically. The presence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) genome was also examined by in‐situ hybridization. Based on the morphology of tumour epithelial cells, cases were subdivided into four groups: group 1 (two cases) having spindle epithelial cells; group 2 (two cases) showing an admixture of spindle and polygonal epithelial cells; group 3 (five cases) having polygonal epithelial cells, with mild to moderate cytological atypia in four cases, and group 4 (two cases) representing lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma. The degree of cytological atypia and the number of tumour cells positive for MIB‐1 and p53 gradually increased towards group 4. The abundant lymphoid stroma in all cases contained many CD20‐positive B‐cells and CD3 and CD45RO‐positive T‐cells. CD99‐positive immature T‐cells were present in all cases of groups 1 and 2 and in most cases of group 3, but not in both cases of group 4 tumours. IgG, IgM and IgD‐positive plasma cells and lymphocytes were also present in all cases, more prominent in those of groups 3 and 4. The EBV genome was detected in only a few lymphocytes in five cases. Conclusions: The tumours in this series belong to a distinct category of thymic epithelial tumours and each of the above groups may constitute a spectrum in the continuum of cytological atypia. The aetiological relationship of EBV with these tumours could not be proved. The lymphoid B‐cell hyperplasia may result from a host immune response and may suggest a favourable clinical course of this type of tumour.
Lung carcinoma with rhabdoid cells: a clinicopathological study and survival analysis of 14 cases
Authors: Shimazaki H , Aida S , Sato M , Deguchi H , Ozeki Y , Tamai S 
Published: March 2003

Lung carcinoma with rhabdoid cells: a clinicopathological study and survival analysis of 14 cases Aims: We determined the clinicopathological features of primary lung carcinomas with rhabdoid cells by defining the immunophenotype of rhabdoid cells and analysing survival. Methods and results: Rhabdoid cells are distinctive in having an eccentric nucleus and a large intracytoplasmic inclusion on routinely stained sections. Based on the number of rhabdoid cells, 45 cases of large cell carcinoma were divided into the following three types: lung tumour with a rhabdoid phenotype (LTRP) (n=4), lung carcinoma with a small number of rhabdoid cells (LCSR) (n=10), large cell carcinoma containing no rhabdoid cells (LCNR) (n=31). LTRP is composed of at least 10% rhabdoid cells. In LCSR the percentage of rhabdoid cells is less than 10%. LTRP and LCSR are associated with locally advanced disease. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for epithelial markers in all LTRP and eight LCSR, for neuroendocrine markers in one LTRP and three LCSR. The outcome is worse for patients with LTRP than LCSR or LCNR. LCSR shows a trend close to LCNR. Stage‐matched survival analysis, however, revealed no statistically significant difference among the histological subtypes. Conclusions: Rhabdoid cells are heterogeneous except for epithelial markers and vimentin positivity. Less than 5% of rhabdoid cells has a negligible effect on prognosis.
Colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis—recent advances
Authors: Wong N A C S , Harrison D J 
Published: March 2003

Colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis—recent advances It is recognized that ulcerative colitis (UC) predisposes to the development of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC), and the molecular pathway for this process differs from that for sporadic CRCs. However, several important details regarding the risk factors for and the molecular changes underlying UC‐related colorectal carcinogenesis have only come to light lately. First, recent data suggest environmental factors related to long‐standing inflammation contribute more to this increased cancer risk than an inherited susceptibility. Second, molecular changes that may represent the first steps in the development of neoplasia are being increasingly identified in non‐dysplastic, colitic mucosa. Third, there is now good evidence suggesting that UC‐related CRC may develop along more than one molecular pathway. These emerging data will hopefully contribute to attempts to prevent the development of UC‐related CRC, e.g. through refining surveillance programmes. Details of the molecular heterogeneity of UC‐related dysplasia and CRC may also help develop reliable tools for diagnosing the former and for predicting the behaviour of the latter. Finally, there is increasing awareness of non‐epithelial colorectal malignancies which are associated with UC and may potentially increase in incidence with changes in the medical management of this inflammatory disease.
Expression of MMP‐2 is associated with progression and lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma
Authors: Mönig S P , Baldus S E , Hennecken J K , Spiecker D B , Grass G , Schneider P M , Thiele J , Dienes H P , Hölscher A H 
Published: March 2003

Expression of MMP‐2 is associated with progression and lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma Aims: One important step in tumour invasion is the penetration of the basement membrane. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in the migration of normal and malignant cells through the basement membrane. The aim of this study was to investigate correlations between matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) immunoreactivity and currently used classification systems and possible relationships between lymph node metastasis and MMP‐2 expression. Methods and results: This prospective study analysed specimens obtained from 114 gastric cancer patients (mean age 64 years; range 33–86 years) who underwent gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy. All specimens were categorized according to UICC classification, WHO classification, tumour differentiation, Laurén classification, Ming classification and Goseki classification. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tumour specimens were stained using an avidin–biotin complex peroxidase assay. MMP‐2 expression in the tumour epithelium was studied by immunohistochemistry with semiquantitative (score 0–3) evaluation. The MMP‐2 staining pattern was positive (score 1–3) in 93 (81.6%) specimens and negative (score 0) in 21 (18.4%) samples. No significant correlations were found between MMP‐2 expression and other variables such as age, tumour differentiation, WHO, Lauren, Goseki, and Ming classifications. In contrast, the intensity of MMP‐2 staining in tumour cells correlated significantly with depth of tumour infiltration (T‐stage), lymph node metastasis (N‐stage), distant metastasis (M‐stage), and UICC stage. Conclusions: Expression of MMP‐2 is strongly associated with tumour progression and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Therefore MMP‐2 staining may be clinically useful as predictor of tumour progression, especially for lymph node metastasis.
Histiocyte‐rich, T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma: a distinct diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma subtype showing characteristic morphologic and immunophenotypic features
Authors: Achten R , Verhoef G , Vanuytsel L , De Wolf‐Peeters C 
Published: March 2003

Histiocyte‐rich, T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma: a distinct diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma subtype showing characteristic morphologic and immunophenotypic features Aims: The clinicopathological features of histiocyte‐rich, T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma (HRTR‐BCL) were first recognized in 1992. In this study, 60 cases of HRTR‐BCL were analysed in order to provide a detailed morphological and immunophenotypical profile of the disorder. Methods and results: HRTR‐BCL is easily distinguished from other B‐cell lymphomas rich in stromal T‐cells by (i) a diffuse or vaguely nodular growth pattern, (ii) the presence of a minority population of CD15−, CD20+ large neoplastic B‐cells, (iii) a prominent stromal component composed of both T‐cells and non‐epithelioid histiocytes, and (iv) the scarcity of small reactive B‐cells. These criteria also enable a reliable distinction from lymphocyte‐rich classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (CHL), from lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma (LPHL), paragranuloma type and from peripheral T‐cell lymphoma. Based on the morphology of the neoplastic cells and on their frequent bcl‐6 immunoreactivity, we speculate that HRTR‐BCL may be derived from a progenitor cell of germinal centre origin. Conclusions: HRTR‐BCL presents characteristic clinical features, affecting predominantly middle‐aged men who present with advanced stage disease and are at high risk of treatment failure. Considering these distinctive clinicopathological features, recognizing HRTR‐BCL as a lymphoma entity may be justified.
Reduced HBME‐1 immunoreactivity of papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma‐related neoplastic lesions with Hürthle cell and/or apocrine‐like changes
Authors: Mai K T , Bokhary R , Yazdi H M , Thomas J , Commons A S 
Published: March 2003

Reduced HBME‐1 immunoreactivity of papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma‐related neoplastic lesions with Hürthle cell and/or apocrine‐like changes Background: We have recently observed that Hürthle cell tumours and papillary thyroid carcinoma with tumour cells showing decapitation of luminal portion of the cytoplasm (apocrine‐like changes) display negative or decreased immunoreactivity for HBME. The purpose of this study is to correlate papillary thyroid carcinoma with positive and negative immunoreactivity for HBME with the histopathological features. Methods and results: Two hundred and five thyroid neoplasms including carcinoma and adenomas were grouped into Hürthle cell tumours, tumours with or without some features of Hürthle cells, tumours with apocrine‐like changes and adenomas with or without limited nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma but not diagnostic for papillary thyroid carcinoma. All neoplasms were submitted for immunostaining with cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and HBME. Papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular carcinoma and follicular adenoma that have areas of limited nuclear features but not diagnostic for papillary thyroid carcinoma showed stronger immunostaining for HBME than their respective counterparts with Hürthle cell changes. All Hürthle cell tumours showed negative to focal reactivity. This decrease of reactivity for HBME was proportional to the levels of Hürthle cell changes. In addition, focal to extensive apocrine‐like changes were seen in most Hürthle cell neoplasms and rarely seen in non‐Hürthle cell neoplasms. Apocrine‐like changes abolished or decreased HBME immunoreactivity of papillary thyroid carcinoma and tumours with limited nuclear features. Immunostaining for cytokeratin AE3 was not affected by Hürthle cell or apocrine‐like changes. Conclusions: All papillary thyroid carcinomas without Hürthle cell or apocrine‐like differentiation are reactive for HBME. Hürthle cell tumours and tumours with Hürthle cell or apocrine‐like changes show negative or focal reactivity for HBME. Except for this limitation, HBME is a sensitive marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma and tumours with limited nuclear features.