bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Bleeding in Patients with Advanced Cancer
Authors: Pereira Jose , Phan Tien 
Published: October 2004

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to:List at least four local hemostatic agents and dressings for controlling localized bleeding in a patient with cancer. List at least four systemic therapies for controlling bleeding in a patient with advanced cancer. Describe a decision-making process related to managing bleeding in an end-of-life cancer patient.Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.comBleeding occurs in up to 10% of patients with advanced cancer. It can present in many different ways. This article provides a qualitative review of treatment options available to manage visible bleeding. Local modalities, such as hemostatic agents and dressings, radiotherapy, endoscopic ligation and coagulation, and transcutaneous arterial embolization, are reviewed in the context of advanced cancer, as are systemic treatments such as vitamin K, vasopressin/desmopressin, octreotide/somatostatin, antifibrinolytic agents (tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid), and blood products. Considerations at the end of life are described.
Adjuvant Analgesics in Cancer Pain Management
Authors: Lussier David , Huskey Angela G. , Portenoy Russell K. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Identify the indications of adjuvant analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain. Select an appropriate adjuvant analgesic for the treatment of pain in a specific cancer patient. Know the dosing recommendations, side effects, and drug interactions of the most common adjuvant analgesics.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Adjuvant analgesics are defined as drugs with a primary indication other than pain that have analgesic properties in some painful conditions. The group includes numerous drugs in diverse classes. Although the widespread use of these drugs as first-line agents in chronic nonmalignant pain syndromes suggests that the term “adjuvant” is a misnomer, they usually are combined with a less-than-satisfactory opioid regimen when administered for cancer pain. Some adjuvant analgesics are useful in several painful conditions and are described as multipurpose adjuvant analgesics (antidepressants, corticosteroids, α2-adrenergic agonists, neuroleptics), whereas others are specific for neuropathic pain (anticonvulsants, local anesthetics, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists), bone pain (calcitonin, bisphosphonates, radiopharmaceuticals), musculoskeletal pain (muscle relaxants), or pain from bowel obstruction (octreotide, anticholinergics). This article reviews the evidence supporting the use of each class of adjuvant analgesic for the treatment of pain in cancer patients and provides a comprehensive outline of dosing recommendations, side effects, and drug interactions.
Energy Management
Authors: Rossiter Alan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractChemical production uses ∼25% of industrial energy in the United States, and effective energy management is essential to profitability. In many chemical plants, the most significant factor in minimizing energy costs is the use of cogeneration to provide both heat and power at a high overall efficiency. However, there are many other components of effective energy management.Steam provides the integrating energy medium in most chemical plants. Two significant components in steam systems are steam turbines, for which maximizing efficiency is the primary goal, and steam traps, for which the goal is high reliability. The other major utility system is electrical, and its main consumers are typically pumps and compressors.Many of the unit operations in chemical plants consume large amounts of energy. This is especially true of distillation, evaporation and drying, and care must be taken in the design and operation of the equipment to ensure the highest practical energy efficiency. However, there is generally a tradeoff between capital and energy costs, and this influences equipment choices.Many chemical companies are actively pursuing energy efficiency programs to improve their facilities. The scope of these activities varies from company to company, but typically includes some or all of the following: follow best practices in operations and maintenance; invest in processes and infrastructure to reduce energy costs; implement systems to sustain progress.
Flavor Characterization
Authors: Reineccius Gany , Vickers Zeta M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFlavor is a human response to the various chemical stimuli provided by a food. Flavor an important property of a food in determining liking. Thus, its characterization from a human standpoint is critical to the food industry. Issues of human liking, preference, differences, etc are assessed using established scientific protocols. There is a compelling desire to instrumentally, or chemically, characterize the flavor of a food as well. This provides a better understanding of the stimuli involved in perception. This article presents a discussion of approaches for the sensory and instrumental characterization of food flavor.
Foams
Authors: Saint-Jalmes Arnaud , Durian Douglas J. , Weitz David A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFoam is a nonequilibrium dispersion of gas bubbles in a relatively smaller volume of liquid containing surface‐active molecules. Foams that are relatively stable can be thought of as a form of condensed matter both solid‐like in being able to resist shear elastically, and liquid‐like in being able to flow and deform into arbitrary shapes. In this article, the extent to which the macroscopic stability and rheology of liquid‐based foams can be understood in terms of the underlying structure and dynamics of the constituent gas bubbles and liquid films, and their ultimate origin in terms of the physical chemistry of surface‐active molecules preferentially adsorbed at the gas–liquid interfaces are reviewed. Existing measurement techniques and survey applications in which custom foams play an important role are also discussed.
Industrial Hygiene
Authors: Lynch Jeremiah 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIndustrial hygiene is defined as the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace that may cause sickness, impaired health or well‐being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community. The practice of industrial hygiene starts with an awareness of the hazardous nature of chemical, physical, and biological agents, and of the processes that give rise to opportunities for people to be exposed to these agents. The skill of industrial hygienists includes this recognition ability, the skill to make and interpret complex measurements of conditions, and the ability to identify risk reduction measures that may range from changes in work practices to modifications of the physical plant. All of this is performed in continuous interactions with workers, management, regulatory agencies, the public, and other professionals such as physicians and safety professionals. The techniques of industrial hygiene undergo continuous improvement resulting from the work of the practitioners and from research in toxicology, epidemiology, risk assessment, analytical chemistry, engineering, and other disciplines.
Electrochemical Processing, Organic
Authors: Fry Albert J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe technology for electroorganic synthesis is surveyed. Cell design and electrode materials, including the use of diaphragms in certain cases, are discussed, as are cell current distribution and mass‐transport phenomena. Features influencing good product specificity with certain cell designs are presented, together with a sampling of commercially available cells. Cost analysis for electroorganic synthesis is reviewed. A number of electroorganic processes that have been commercialized or carried out at pilot‐plant scale are presented.
Growth Regulators, Plant
Authors: Cutler Horace G. , Cutler Stephen J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe arrival of new plant growth regulators on the market in the early 1990s, especially synthetic ones, is in a static state. Many growth regulators continue to be used experimentally, but the transition to approved usage is being delayed for several reasons. On the financial side, a number of mergers, buy‐outs, and other dispositions of chemical companies has led to a decrease in the number of commercial compounds available. Moreover, the cost of registration has prompted some producers to withdraw chemicals from the market. Some older plant growth regulators have undergone several trade name changes, adding confusion to the field.The ideal plant growth regulator should leave no harmful persistent residue in a finished product or crop and the paradigm compounds are ones that have high specific activity, are target specific, and are environmentally biodegradable. The most acceptable growth regulators appear to be those compounds that already occur in nature and elicit certain desirable responses in economic crops.
Steel
Authors: Paxton Harry 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPaxton, Harry (Carnegie Mellon University). Steel is the generic name for a group of ferrous metals composed principally of iron, but containing some carbon and generally other elements as well. These iron–carbon alloys are the most plentiful and useful of the metallic materials, whether for infrastructure construction, consumer goods from automobiles to cutlery, or spacecraft. Durability and versatility are evidenced by the wide range of physical and mechanical properties. The manufacture of the two allotropes of steels is presented, including the electric furnace and the oxygen steelmaking process. Raw materials and addition agents, casting, plastic working, and metallography and heat treatment are described. The iron–iron–carbide phase diagram is discussed, as are the various types of alloy steels, including stainless steels. Property‐composition relationships are summarized briefly.
Composite Materials
Authors: Chung Deborah D. L. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Composite materials are defined as artificial combinations of two or more materials. The development of advanced composites is outlined. Composites are classified according to the geometry as fibrous, laminated, and particulate. They are also classified according to the matrix material as polymer–matrix, cement–matrix, metal–matrix, carbon–matrix, and ceramic–matrix. Composite materials with different matrices are compared in terms of their science and applications, including structural and functional applications. Polymer–matrix materials, which are dominant, are classified as thermosetting or thermoplastic, and common examples of each type are discussed. The processing, structure, properties (mechanical, thermal, etc) and their interrelationships are covered. Methods of fabricating composites are reviewed, with emphasis on composites with continuous fibers. Theories of reinforcement are introduced for unidirectional laminated composites.
Stochastic modeling for inventory and production planning in the paper industry
Authors: Yin K. Karen , Yin G. George , Liu Hu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractProblem formulations and solution procedures of production planning and inventory management for manufacturing systems under uncertainties is discussed. Markov decision processes and controlled Markovian dynamic systems are used in the models. Considering an inventory problem in discrete time and formulating it by a finite‐state Markov chain lead to a Markov decision process model. Using the policy‐improvement algorithm yields the optimal inventory policy. In controlled dynamic system modeling, the random demand and capacity processes involved in planning are described by two finite‐state continuous‐time Markov chains. Such an approach enables us to embed the randomness in the differential equations of the system. The optimal production rates that minimize an expected cost are obtained by numerically solving the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations. To overcome the so‐called curse of dimensionality, frequently encountered in computation, we resort to a hierarchical approach. Illustrative examples using data collected from a large paper manufacturer are provided. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2877–2890, 2004
Singular points of reactive distillation systems
Authors: Qi Zhiwen , Flockerzi Dietrich , Sundmacher Kai 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor the conceptual design of countercurrently operated reactive distillation columns, fast methods are needed to estimate potential top and bottom products. The possible column bottom product composition can be determined from the stable singular points of a batch reactive reboiler. In a similar manner the top product composition can be obtained from the stable singular points of a batch reactive condenser. Geometrically, the singular points of both batch processes are located on a common potential singular point surface (PSPS) whose trajectory depends on the reaction stoichiometry and the phase equilibria. At the singular points, the PSPS intersects a reaction kinetic surface that is dependent on the reaction rate expression and the phase equilibrium of a reference component. Based on the singularity analysis, a single‐feed reactive distillation column can be designed. Several hypothetical and real reaction systems are analyzed to illustrate the singularity analysis and the design procedure. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2866–2876, 2004
Optimal design of batch‐storage network with financial transactions and cash flows
Authors: Yi Gyeongbeom , Reklaitis Gintaras V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn integrated analysis of production and financing decisions is presented. A model is constructed in which a cash storage unit is installed to manage the cash flows associated with production activities, such as raw material procurement, process operating setup, inventory holding costs and finished product sales. Temporary financial investments are allowed to increase profit. The production plant is modeled by the batch‐storage network model with recycle streams. The objective function of the optimization is minimizing the opportunity costs of annualized capital investment and cash/material inventory minus the benefit to stockholders. The major constraints of the optimization are that the material and cash storage units must not be depleted. A production and inventory analysis formulation, the periodic square wave (PSW) model, provides useful expressions for the upper/lower bounds and average levels of the cash and material inventory holdups. The expressions for the Kuhn‐Tucker conditions of the optimization problem are reduced to a subproblem and analytical lot sizing equations. This subproblem is then decomposed into two separable concave minimization network flow problems whose solutions yield the average material and cash flow rates through the networks. The production and financial transaction lot sizes and startup times can be determined by analytical expressions after the average flow rates are already known. It is shown that, when financial factors are taken into consideration, the optimal production lot and storage sizes are smaller than is the case when such factors are not considered. An illustrative example is presented to demonstrate the potential of this approach. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2849–2865, 2004
Rhodnius prolixus Malpighian tubule's aquaporin expression is modulated by 5‐hydroxytryptamine
Authors: Martini Sabrina V. , Goldenberg Regina C. , Fortes Fabio S.A. , Campos‐De‐Carvalho Antônio C. , Falkenstein Dóris , Morales Marcelo M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to detect the presence of an aquaporin‐like water channel, a member of the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family, in the Malpighian tubule (MT) of the hematophagous insect Rhodnius prolixus, which excrete a large bulk of fluid after a massive blood meal, and its possible regulation by 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Southern blots of cDNA was obtained from adult R. prolixus MT poly (A)+ RNA. Employing degenerate primers corresponding to the NPA (amino acid sequence motifs repeats Asn‐Pro‐Ala) highly conserved domain of amino acids sequences of all members of the MIP gene family, we were able to identify a 365‐base pair PCR product. The R. prolixus MT mRNA expression of this water transporter is increased in the animal after blood meal and in tubules treated with 5‐hydroxytryptamine or cAMP. The up‐regulated expression of MT MIP mRNA after a blood meal is probably due to the action of 5‐hydroxytryptamine via a cyclic AMP dependent pathway. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:133–141, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity of G proteins in Lepidopteran cell lines: Partial sequences of six G protein alpha subunits
Authors: Knight Peter J.K. , Grigliatti Thomas A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe aim of this work was to sample the diversity of G protein α subunits in lepidopteran insect cell lines. Here we report the amplification by degenerate PCR of partial sequences representing six G protein α subunits from three different lepidopteran insect cell lines. Sequence comparisons with known G protein α subunits indicate that the Sf9, Ld and High Five™ cell lines each contain (at least) one Gαq‐like and one Gαi‐like Gα subunit. All six PCR products are unique at the nucleotide level, but the translation products of the three Gα q‐like partial clones (Sf9‐Gα 1, Ld‐Gα 1, and Hi5‐Gα 1) are identical, as are the translation products of the three Gα i‐like partial clones (Sf9‐Gα 2, Ld‐Gα 2, and Hi5‐Gα 2). Both the Gαq‐like and Gαi‐like translation products are identical to known Gα subunits from other Lepidoptera, are highly similar (88–98%) to Gα subunits from other invertebrates including mosquitoes, fruit flies, lobsters, crabs, and snails, and are also highly similar (88–90%) to known mammalian Gα subunits. Identification of G protein α subunits in lepidopteran cell lines will assist in host cell line selection when insect cell lines are used for the pharmacological analysis of human GPCRs. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:142–150, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative larvicidal toxicities of three ecdysone agonists on the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Beckage Nancy E. , Marion Ken M. , Walton William E. , Wirth Margaret C. , Tan Frances F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEcdysone agonists are hormonally active insect growth regulators that disrupt development of pest insects and have potential for development as insecticides. Their effects have been particularly well‐studied in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, but significantly less is known about their effects on dipterans, particularly aquatic species. The potency of three ecdysone agonists on larvae of 3 mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus, was examined. Anopheles gambiae was the most susceptible species and Ae. aegypti was the most resistant species to the effects of the three compounds tested. Potency, in descending order, was RH‐2485 > RH‐5992 > RH‐5849. Dose‐response relationships were determined for the three agonists; RH‐2485 was found to be the most effective endocrine disruptor against all three species. The observed biological effects of these compounds were similar to those reported for other insects, and mosquitoes initiated molting and apolysis but did not complete a molt. In some cases, mosquito larvae synthesized a new cuticle that appeared to be normally sclerotized but the larvae failed to ecdyse and shed the exuvium. These compounds may prove to be valuable insect growth regulators for control of mosquitoes to decrease the frequency of pathogen transmission to humans. Prospects for using these compounds to control mosquitoes in the field are discussed, along with possible impacts on non‐target arthropods in mosquito habitats. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:111–122, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gamma‐ray burst optical follow ups with robotic telescopes
Authors: Andersen M. I. , Pedersen H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGamma‐ray bursts (GRBs) are the most energetic phenomenon in the universe, emitting their energy throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. Due to their initial brightness and highly transient nature, they are ideally suited for rapid followup observations with robotic telescopes. From the sample of 30 GRBs with known redshift and detected optical afterglow, it is found that the 8 robotic detections are obtained at brighter apparent magnitudes. The U‐band luminosity function (LF) in the restframe at 1 day for this sample of 30 GRBs is derived and found to be broad (–19 < U < –25). For high‐zGRBs, the faint end of the LF is undetected, implying that dark bursts are at least partly explained by a broad LF. For the robotically detected afterglows the LF and redshift distribution is indistinguishable from the full sample. The implication is that also rapid response robotic facilities have to be moderately large to probe the intrinsic GRB afterglow LF. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unsolved problems in observational astronomy. II. Focus on rapid response – mining the sky with “thinking” telescopes
Authors: Vestrand W. T. , Theiler J. , Wozniak P. R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe existence of rapidly slewing robotic telescopes and fast alert distribution via the Internet is revolutionizing our capability to study the physics of fast astrophysical transients. But the salient challenge that optical time domain surveys must conquer is mining the torrent of data to recognize important transients in a scene full of normal variations. Humans simply do not have the attention span, memory, or reaction time required to recognize fast transients and rapidly respond. Autonomous robotic instrumentation with the ability to extract pertinent information from the data stream in real time will therefore be essential for recognizing transients and commanding rapid follow‐up observations while the ephemeral behavior is still present. Here we discuss how the development and integration of three technologies: (1) robotic telescope networks; (2) machine learning; and (3) advanced database technology, can enable the construction of smart robotic telescopes, which we loosely call “thinking” telescopes, capable of mining the sky in real time. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Managing the operations of the TSU 2‐m Automatic Spectroscopic Telescope
Authors: Eaton J. A. , Williamson M. H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTennessee State University has built and is now operating a completely automatic 2‐m telescope for highdispersion spectroscopy. This system consists of an alt‐azimuth f/8 Cassegrain telescope, housed in an enclosure with a roll‐off roof, coupled to a white‐pupil echelle spectrograph through a fiber‐optic cable. We discuss managing this facility over the Internet with emphasis on 1) the configuration of the control system, 2) logging, 3) troubleshooting and quality control, 4) updating the target lists, and 5) archiving and handling the data. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)