bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Concrete Power Poles on Raptors and Ravens in North western Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Cartron Jean-Luc E , Harness Richard E , Rogers Robert C , Manzano-Fischer Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last 2 or 3 decades, much of rural northern Mexico has been electrified with three-phase power lines (i.e., power lines with 3 energized wires carrying voltages 120° apart in phase) mounted on poured concrete poles. These poles are reinforced inside by steel or “rebar” strands and are typically fitted with steel crossarms. Because steel and, to a lesser extent, concrete, are conductive, any bird that perches on the crossarm of a concrete pole becomes grounded. Whereas most electrocutions of raptors on nonconductive (e.g., wooden) poles and wooden crossarms involve simultaneous contact with two energized wires (APLIC 1996), on conductive poles the risk of electrocution is higher because a bird needs to touch only 1 energized conductor (Janss and Ferrer 1999).
“Why Is It Can a Woman Not Be Virtuous If She Does Mingle with the Toilers?”
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Republican virtue, once vested in independent womanhood, now rested at the family hearth. But social prescription ran afoul of everyday reality: circumstances—family and work—made it impossible for many women to rest anywhere. For wage earners the gap between prescription and reality created conflict that transcended the harsh conditions of work. A self-described working woman expressed it best in a letter she wrote in 1874. She applauded men’s efforts to help women alleviate their conditions, she wrote, for “the world does not accord any privileges to women. If she was to fight for her interests, they would say how ‘rough’ and ‘coarse’ she is. Society would put her finger of scorn on her. Why is it can a woman not be virtuous if she does mingle with the toilers?” And yet this anonymous correspondent ended with a note of hope. “I think that it is among the possible that you find the virtuous,” she concluded.’ What was possible for wage-earning women in this period after the Civil War when they seemed beyond virtue? It turned out to be a fruitful time, for though the domestic code exposed women to particularly vicious forms of exploitation, the harsh conditions of their work led them to protest and to become militant in their own defense.
Ambition and Its Antidote in a New Generation of Female Workers
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1927 the Consumers’ League of New York surveyed 500 working women. Would they favor a law reducing hours from fifty-four to forty-eight, the League asked. Overwhelmingly, women answered affirmatively. “I want more time to live. You get old fast enough without working yourself to death,” responded a young worker. One added, “I go to ‘Y’ classes twice a week and am studying stenography. When I worked nine hours a day I was too tired to go anywhere.” Their answers differed dramatically from those the Connecticut League had received when it asked women about their working hours just ten years before. Now, women worried less about adequate incomes; they cared more about “living.” This was a new kind of woman wage earner, with different expectations and new demands. She came from a new kind of home, which had produced a shift in the composition of female labor. And she reflected new pulls in the work force, which led her to alter her expectations. Different women were working for different reasons. They had different marital profiles and came from different age groups. The women who had held the old jobs did not qualify for the new ones. And some of those who could have continued to work chose not to.
The Internet as a Complex System
Authors: Park Kihong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Internet, defined as the worldwide collection of Internet Protocol (IP) speaking networks, is a multifaceted system with many components and diverse features. In recent years, it has become an integral part of the socioeconomic fabric. Although the Internet is still an evolving system and, therefore, a moving tar get, understanding its properties is relevant for both engineering and potentially more fundamental purposes. The Internet is a complex system in the sense of a complicated system exhibiting simple behavior, as opposed to a simple system exhibiting complex behavior.
Passive Traffic Measurement for Internet Protocol Operations
Authors: Grossglauser Matthias , Rexford Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managing a large communication network is a complex task handled by a group of human operators. These operators track the state of the network to detect equipment failures and shifts in traffic load. After detecting and troubleshooting a problem, they may change the configuration of the equipment to improve the utilization of network resources and the performance experienced by end users. The ability to detect, diagnose, and fix problems depends on the information available from the underlying network.
Content Networks: Taxonomy and New Approaches
Authors: Kung H T , Wu C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe a taxonomy for content networks and suggest new architectures for such networks. In recent years, many types of content networks have been developed in various contexts, including peer-to-peer networks [8, 12, 16, 27, 31, 36, 49], cooperative Web caching [3, 47], content distribution networks [2, 7, 11], subscribe-publish networks [6, 52], and content-based sensor networks [14, 21, 22]. For each context, there have been numerous architectural approaches with various design objectives.
Master and Slaves
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is Wednesday, June 12, 1771-a midsummer afternoon just after eighteenth century dinner time, four o’clockish. The master of Sabine Hall turns to his current diary. Quill poised, he bends over his June book. He enters his initial review of the day so far. This is a confident day in a confident month. His eldest grandson’s outrageousness has not yet toppled his mood. The diarist begins with the weather. Was it promising? Perhaps it was.
Landon and Nassaw
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nassaw was a man of about Robert Wormeley Carter’s age. He was not a son to Landon; he was an enslaved African American attendant. He was also the surgeon assistant in the master’s active healing practice and, as such, physically closer to the diarist than any son or daughter. In his contrariness he provided, almost as much as Robert, occasions for Landon to affirm order in a world turning upside down.
Statistical Methods in Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This well-organized and clearly written text has a unique focus on methods of identifying the joint effects of genes and environment on disease patterns. It follows the natural sequence of research, taking readers through the study designs and statistical analysis techniques for determining whether a trait runs in families, testing hypotheses about whether a familial tendency is due to genetic or environmental factors or both, estimating the parameters of a genetic model, localizing and ultimately isolating the responsible genes, and finally characterizing their effects in the population. Examples from the literature on the genetic epidemiology of breast and colorectal cancer, among other diseases, illustrate this process. Although the book is oriented primarily towards graduate students in epidemiology, biostatistics and human genetics, it will also serve as a comprehensive reference work for researchers. Introductory chapters on molecular biology, Mendelian genetics, epidemiology, statistics, and population genetics will help make the book accessible to those coming from one of these fields without a background in the others. It strikes a good balance between epidemiologic study designs and statistical methods of data analysis.
Topic, Focus, and V2 Defining the CP Sublayers
Authors: ’ Paola Beninca , Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we intend to contribute to the cartography of the CP layer and give a more detailed analysis of the portion of the CP structure that encodes distinctions between theme and rheme, exploiting data from standard Italian and nonstandard varieties. We interpret the cartographic program as an inquiry aiming at localizing functional projections and reconstructing a “fine structure.” There is no limit, in our view, as to how many of these projections there will ultimately be, provided that there is a syntactic and semantic justification for them.
Resumptive Relatives and LF Chains
Authors: Bianchi Valentina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many languages use resumptive relativization as a normal strategy alongside “gap” relativization. An important question is under which conditions either strategy is adopted. Recent research has concentrated mainly on the distribution of resumptive pronouns along the NP Accessibility Hierarchy proposed by Keenan and Comrie (1977): it has been pointed out that cross-linguistically, gap relativization tends to occur in the highest positions of the hierarchy, whereas resumptive pronouns tend to be obligatory in the lower oblique positions. In some languages, however, the two strategies seem to freely alternate in the subject and direct object position.
Remnant Movement in the Theory of Phases
Authors: Cecchetto Carlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
His chapter discusses the proper interpretation of the grammatical principle that states that a trace must be c-commanded by its antecedent. Assuming the most standard definition of c-command in terms of the first branching node (the complications that are necessary to treat head-adjunction are irrelevant for the problem addressed here) and also assuming that the landing site of movement must c-command the position that precedes movement, I focus on the configuration in (1), in which linear precedence indicates c-command: In (1), first the constituent X moves out of the constituent Zand reaches a position from which it c-commands its trace. However, in a later stage of the derivation the c-command configuration is destroyed because the constituent Z, which contains the trace of X, undergoes movement as well. The movement of Z in a configuration like (1) is commonly called “remnant movement.” After remnant movement, the trace of X is not c-commanded anymore by its antecedent. The question I address here is whether (1) is a configuration allowed by Universal Grammar.
Introduction
Authors: Deyle Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whileon a tour of the United States in1841, British abolitionist Joseph Sturge visited Hope Slatter, a slave trader in Baltimore. Like many foreigners, and most abolitionists, Sturge believed that he knew what type of man would become involved in the American slave trade, and in part, he was making the trip to lecture Slatter on the error of his ways. Ironically, it was the abolitionist who received the education that day. While the experience clearly distressed him, Sturge found the slave trader to be nothing like the monster he had imagined, and he walked away with a greater understanding of both the American slave trade and the institution of southern slavery. In a letter he wrote to Slatter following the visit, Sturge confided that their conversation had helped him to “realize the true nature of the system of slavery.” He agreed with the slave trader that the man’s “business was necessary to the system of slavery, and an essential part of it-and if slave-holding were to be justified at all, the slave-trade must be also.” Furthermore, the visit had convinced Sturge that there was no moral distinction between a slave owner and a slave trader.
“Cash For Negroes”: Slave Traders and the Market Revolution in the South
Authors: Deyle Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dickens & Co., this advertisement began like many others of its kind, noting that the company had just “completed one of the best prisons in the State” and that it was “now receiving daily large supplies of Fresh negroes from the buying markets.” The slave traders invited “the planting community to call on us before making other purchases, as we flatter ourselves that we can furnish you negroes as cheap as you can buy them.” But Bolton, Dickens & Co. did more than just make known what it had to offer and that it would beat any price. The company also advised planters to “call and buy before the present stock is picked over, as some is of the opinion that the first show at a fresh lot is one hundred dollars the advantage.” Furthermore, it urged them to “call and make your purchases to gather your crop-and then call quick again and buy to make another crop.
A Regular Part of Everyday Life: The Buying and Selling of Human Property
Authors: Deyle Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1859, Pierce Butler, grandson of a signer of the Constitution and ex-husband of actress Fanny Kemble, was forced to sell all 460 slaves from his Georgia plantations to pay off creditors. Naturally, an auction of this size drew considerable attention. According to a correspondent for the New-York Tribune, “For several days before the sale every hotel in Savannah was crowded with negro speculators from North and South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana, who had been attracted hither by the prospects of making good bargains;’ and “nothing was heard for days, in the bar-rooms and public rooms, but talk of the great sale, criticisms of the business affairs of Mr. Butler, and speculations as to the probable prices the stock would bring.” The reporter also noted that “the office of Joseph Bryan, the negro broker who had the management of the sale, was thronged every day by eager inquirers in search of information, and by some who were anxious to buy, but were uncertain as to whether their securities would prove acceptable.” Most of the slaves had been brought to Savannah in freight cars and were being held at a local track outside of town where the sale was scheduled to occur: “Little parties were made up from the various hotels every day to visit the Race Course, distant some three miles from the city, to look over the chattels, discuss their points, and make memoranda for guidance on the day of sale.” Although hard rains had threatened to reduce the size of the crowd, a Savannah newspaper reported that the two-day affair was still “largely attended,” and the local slave trader William Parker noted that Butler seemed “well pleased with the sale:’ The following week, practically every boat or train that left the city carried individuals who had been purchased at this sale.
Delirium in the Nursing Home Setting
Authors: Huege Steven F , Streim Joel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although extensively studied in the acute care setting, the syndrome of delirium— also referred to as acute confusion—has been a subject of relatively few studies in the long-term care (LTC) setting. Delirium represents a signi1cant source of morbidity and mortality for patients in nursing homes. Studies indicate that the incidence of acute confusion in residents of LTC facilities ranges from 14% to 40% (Culp et al., 1997; Mentes et al., 1999). Although cognitive impairment is common in the nursing home setting, in some instances it may be reversible. Sabin et al. (1982) found that 25% of LTC facility residents with impaired cognition had a potentially reversible condition, and 6% to 12% of nursing home residents with dementia showed improvement in cognitive performance over the course of 1 year (Katz, 1991). However, it is not known what proportion of the patients in these studies actually met criteria for a diagnosis of delirium.
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Savla Gauri N , DelaPena-Murphy Jody , Sewell Daniel D , Kim, Daniel S , Jeste Dilip V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term care facilities for patients with severe mental illness are an integral part of mental health care. Schizophrenia is a severely disabling mental illness that affects 3 million people aged 18 or older in the United States and contributes to an enormous economic burden in terms of mental health-care costs and loss of productivity (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Persons with schizophrenia not only suffer from clinical symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions but also have generalized mild-to-moderate cognitive de1cits, which directly impact their quality of life and everyday functioning (Green, 1996). Historically, a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with a dire prognosis, with little hope of long-term symptom relief, let alone the possibility that patients may some day be reintegrated into mainstream society. With the conceptualization of schizophrenia as a “dementia praecox” (Kraepelin, 1919) or “precocious dementia” that had its onset in young adulthood (as opposed to “senile dementia,” that had its onset at an older age, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease[AD]), relegating these patients to state psychiatric facilities for close supervision appeared to be a reasonable option at the time. Research in schizophrenia has come a long way since those early observations, and the more accurate general characterization of the illness has dispelled the notion that schizophrenia is a form of dementia.
Principles of Geriatric Psychopharmacology
Authors: Leibovici Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As shown in Chapter 1 of this book, the prevalence and incidence of mental problems in nursing homes is very high. About 80% of residents in nursing homes suffer with a psychiatric disorder according to studies conducted in different types of nursing homes, in different geographic locations, and utilizing different methodologies (Tariot et al., 1993). Many such psychiatric problems as depression, psychosis, agitation, or cognitive loss are amenable to pharmacological interventions.
Mental Health in the Assisted Living Setting
Authors: Samus Quincy M , Rosenblatt Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assisted living (AL) has been the most rapidly expanding form of residential long-term care in the United States over the past 20 years (American Association for Retired Persons, AARP, 2002; National Center for Assisted Living, NCAL, 2001). Its expansion has been driven largely by state and private sector interest in the reduction of long-term care expenditures as well as consumer backlash toward the nursing home (NH) industry (Hawes, 2001). AL is now widely viewed as an integral, intermediary component of the long-term care continuum that 1lls the gap between home-delivered care and institutional-style care for many elders who cannot live independently in the community (Figure 22.1). Best estimates suggest that over 1 million elders are living in more than 35,000 AL facilities nationwide (Hawes, 2001; Mollica, 2002) and one study of residential care (RC) usage predicts that by the year 2010, more elders will be cared for in the AL setting than in nursing homes (Promatura Group, 2000). In concept, AL is meant to epitomize a “social” model of care, focusing primarily on the creation of a physical and social environment that promotes independence, health, and quality of life and allows residents to “age in place,” minimizing the need to move to another setting (Assisted Living Quality Coalition, ALQC, 1998; NCAL, 2001).
Historical Dimensions of Public Violence in Latin America
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For historians violence is a difficult subject, diffuse and hard to cope with. It is committed by isolated individuals, small groups, and by large mobs; it is directed against individuals and crowds alike; it is undertaken for a variety of purposes (and at times for no discernible rational purpose at all), and in a variety of ways ranging from assassinations and murders to lynchings, duels, brawls, feuds and riots; it stems from criminal intent and from political idealism, from antagonisms that are entirely personal and from antagonisms of large social consequence. Hence it has been hard to conceive of violence as a subject at all.
Guatemala: Organizing for War
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It looks like only force can keep him in office. His Army is large but how true I cannot say. Benton McMillin, U.S. minister in Guatemala, of dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera, 22 March 1920, three weeks before the latter’s resignation after twenty-two years in office In 1837, armed opposition to the policies of a transient liberal government broke out in what was still formally the state of Guatemala of the República Federal de Centro América. In the town of Mataquescuintla, José Rafael Carrera assembled a band of sixty would-be insurgents. Having grown up in a poor section of the state capital, the son of a mule driver and a domestic servant, Carrera was only twenty-three years old but already a veteran of the Federal Army, which he had joined as a drummer at the age of twelve. He saw combat in the first major civil war that followed the establishment of the Federation in 1824. Moving in and out of odd jobs after the war, he ended up raising pigs in Mataquescuintla, where he settled down and married. Only weeks before taking charge of Mataquescuintla’s guerrilla unit, Carrera had led an angry mob of two thousand residents who, while protesting the state government’s response to a cholera epidemic, killed some visiting government officials. In the first battle he led against government troops in June 1837, Carrera turned the tide in favor of the insurgents and immediately persuaded a regional leader of the revolt to submit himself and his men to Carrera’s direction.
Costa Rica: Caudillos in Search of a State
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Words like these, written in the 1870s by Montúfar in reference to the first serious isthmian civil war in 1826–29, have been repeated endlessly by journalists, politicians, and historians of Central America ever since the 1820s. What distinguished Costa Rica was certainly not the absence of the elements of public violence that afflicted the rest of the isthmus—civil war, golpes de estado, election violence, caudillo rule, popular uprisings and military rule—but their comparative scarcity. In the history of the other four countries, the violence has flowed like a river that swells and contracts, but that hardly ever slowed to the trickle that characterized Costa Rica for much (though not all) of its history.
Defining Collaboration: The United States and Central America
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The onset of intense collaboration between the military and police authorities of the United States and the five Central American governments, starting in World War II, not only globalized but also transformed public violence on the isthmus. The military and police agencies of all the Central American states, whose national economies were incapable of supplying their enlisted men little but the sandals on their feet and the most miserly of food rations, eagerly integrated themselves into global networks that provided material, technical, managerial, and ideological resources on a scale unmatched in their histories. The global, unregulated character of the networks meant no single power could control or monopolize their operation. The United States clearly dominated the Central Americans’ access to and participation in those networks.