bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of a Native Perennial Grass Stand to Disturbance in California's Coast Range Grassland
Authors: Bartolome James W. , Fehmi Jeffrey S. , Jackson Randall D. , Allen‐Diaz Barbara 
Published: May 2004

Abstract To assess the potential for enhancing an existing stand of native perennial grasses on a California Coast Range Grassland site, we experimentally manipulated the seasonal timing and presence of grazing for 3 years (1994 through 1996) and of autumn burning for 2 years (1994 and 1995) and measured species cover for 6 years (1993 through 1998). We subjected the species matrix to classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination (CCA) and tested the ordination site scores as well as diversity indices with linear mixed effects models. Four distinct plant community groups emerged from the classification. Two of these were dominated by annual grasses and two by perennial grasses. No treatment effects were observed on diversity. For composition, temporal and spatial random effects were important mixed effects model parameters, as was the fixed effect covariate, pre‐treatment CCA site score, indicating the importance of random environmental variation and initial starting conditions. Incorporation of these random effects and initial condition terms made for more powerful tests of the fixed effects, grazing season, and burning. We found no significant burning effects. Grazing removal imparted a shift in plant community from more annual‐dominated toward more perennial‐dominated vegetation. Individual perennial grass species responded differently according to genus and species. Nassella spp. increased gradually over time regardless of grazing treatment. Nassella pulchra (purple needlegrass) increase was greatest under spring grazing and N. lepida (foothill needlegrass) was greatest with grazing removal. Danthonia californica (California oatgrass) had little response over time under seasonal grazing treatments, but increased with grazing removal. Under relatively mesic weather conditions it appears that grazing removal from Coast Range Grasslands with existing native perennial grass populations can increase their cover. However if N. pulchra is the sole existing population, spring season‐restricted grazing should be equally effective at enhancing cover of the native grass species.
A Watershed Scale Assessment of Riparian Forests, with Implications for Restoration
Authors: Hyatt Timothy L. , Waldo Tyson Z. , Beechie Timothy J. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract A combination of air‐photo interpretation, field data, and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis was used to map riparian areas that are likely to provide wood and shade to small‐ and medium‐sized streams and where, conversely, restoration might be most beneficial. The analysis encompassed all salmonid‐bearing waters of the Nooksack River basin, in northwest Washington State, plus small tributaries that were thought to contribute wood or effective shading. The size and composition of each riparian stand was examined to determine whether trees were large enough to contribute logs that would form pools in the adjacent channel, with pool‐forming size of wood a function of channel width. Riparian stands were classified according to whether they passed this pool‐forming test. Model results were an exact match to actual conditions in 69% of field‐verified stands. A large proportion (74%) of the stands failing the test in reaches of anadromous fish use were in agricultural areas. Passing stands typically had high shade levels, because both stream shade and effective large woody debris size are a function of the size of the trees relative to the size of the stream. The GIS layer of passing and failing riparian stands can be combined with layers depicting property ownership, threatened fish distribution, and other information to objectively prioritize riparian restoration locations and strategies.
Restoration of a Forest Understory After the Removal of an Invasive Shrub, Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Authors: Hartman Kurt M. , McCarthy Brian C. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract The recruitment of native seedlings is often reduced in areas where the invasive Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) is abundant. To address this recruitment problem, we evaluated the effectiveness of L. maackii eradication methods and restoration efforts using seedlings of six native tree species planted within eradication and unmanipulated (control) plots. Two eradication methods using glyphosate herbicide were evaluated: cut and paint and stem injection with an EZ‐Ject lance. Lonicera maackii density and biomass as well as microenvironmental characteristics were measured to study their effects on seedling growth and survivorship. Mean biomass of Amur honeysuckle was 361 ± 69 kg/ha, and density was 21,380 ± 3,171 plants/ha. Both eradication treatments were effective in killing L. maackii (≥ 94%). The injection treatment was most effective on large L. maackii individuals (>1.5 cm diameter), was 43% faster to apply than cutting and painting and less fatiguing for the operator, decreased operator exposure to herbicide, and minimized impact to nontarget vegetation. Deer browse tree protectors were used on half of the seedlings, but did not affect survivorship or growth. After 3 years, survival of native seedlings was significantly less where L. maackii was left intact (32 ± 3%) compared with the eradication plots (p < 0.002). Seedling survival was significantly different between cut (51 ± 3%) and injected (45 ± 3%) plots. Species had different final percent survival and rates of mortality. Species survival differed greatly by species (in descending order): Fraxinus pennsylvanica > Quercus muehlenbergii ≥ Prunus serotina≥ Juglans nigra > Cercis canadensis > Cornus florida. Survivorship and growth of native seedlings was affected by a severe first‐year drought and by site location. One site exhibited greater spring soil moisture, pH, percent open canopy, and had greater survivorship relative to the other site (55 ± 2 vs. 30 ± 2%). Overall, both L. maackii eradication methods were successful, but restorationists should be aware of the potential for differential survivorship of native seedlings depending on species identity and microenvironmental conditions.
Long‐Term Effects of Reclamation Treatments on Plant Succession in Iceland
Authors: Gretarsdottir Jarngerdur , Aradottir Asa L. , Vandvik Vigdis , Heegaard Einar , Birks H. J. B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe long‐term effects (20–45 years) of reclamation treatments on plant succession are examined at two localities in Iceland that were fertilized and seeded from 1954 to 1979 with perennial grasses or annual grasses, or left untreated. The areas that underwent reclamation treatments had significantly higher total plant cover (7–100%) than the untreated control plots (<5%), and floristic composition was usually significantly different between treated and untreated plots. Dwarf‐shrubs (Calluna vulgarisandEmpetrum nigrum), bryophytes, biological soil crust, grasses, and shrubs characterized the vegetation in the treated plots, but low‐growing herbs that have negligible effects on the environment, such asCardaminopsis petraeaandMinuartia rubella, and grasses characterized the control plots. The seeded grass species had declined (<10%, the perennials) or disappeared (the annuals) but acted as nurse species that facilitated the colonization of native plants. It seems that by seeding, some factors that limit plant colonization were overcome. Soil nutrients, vegetation cover, litter, and biological soil crust were greater in the treated areas than the control plots. This may have enhanced colonization through an increase in soil stability and fertility, increased availability of safe microsites, increased moisture, and the capture of wind‐blown seeds. This study demonstrates the importance of looking at the long‐term effects of reclamation treatments to understand their impact on vegetation succession.
Restoring Nature, Without Mosquitoes?
Authors: Willott Elizabeth 
Published: May 2004

Abstract The benefits of wetlands are now widely appreciated. Less widely known is that historically many wetlands were drained to help control malaria and other deadly diseases. This essay's general theme is that there are pros and cons to restoration or creation of wetlands. The specific theme is that mosquitoes pose practical and theoretical problems. In particular, abundant mosquitoes should not be regarded as an after‐the‐fact surprising side effect but rather, abundant mosquitoes should be viewed as a primary and foreseeable effect of providing habitat suitable for them. Yet our funding mechanisms and educational institutions often fail properly to address the reality that restoring or creating wetlands has a downside.
The development of food simulants for microwave oven testing
Authors: Swain M. Veronica L. , Russell Steven L. , Clarke Robert N. , Swain Mark. J. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe microwave heating characteristics of foods vary with temperature, chemical composition, physical state and geometry. The purpose of the food simulates reported in this paper is to provide heating loads that will enable reliable and reproducible characterization of the heating performance of microwave ovens (2.45 GHz), specifically when heating chilled convenience meals. An extensive literature search was done to identify food simulants that had been used to mimic the heating responses of foods when heated both conventionally and in microwave fields. Each prospective food simulant was initially assessed against a set of criteria that included ease of manufacture, stability and formability. Four meals were chosen to represent the range of chilled convenience meals available in the UK. Tests, using continuous fibre‐optic temperature measurement during heating, indicated that the meals could be separated into two broad categories according to heating times, i.e. ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ responders. Food simulants were developed for the two food categories. A good match between food simulant and meal was achieved for the main indicators, i.e. temperatures at central and intermediate locations and weight loss. A close match (a difference of 2% between food simulant and meal) was achieved for the centre location, which is important, as this is often the coolest area in the meal after heating in domestic microwave ovens.
Effect of packaging materials and dissolved oxygen on the survival of probiotic bacteria in yoghurt
Authors: Talwalkar Akshat , Miller Craig W. , Kailasapathy Kaila , Nguyen Minh H. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe effects of packaging materials on the dissolved oxygen and the survival of the probiotic bacteria in yoghurt were studied. Oxygen adapted and non‐oxygen adapted strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. were incorporated in yoghurts, which were packaged in oxygen permeable high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS), oxygen‐barrier material (NupakTM) and NupakTM with an oxygen scavenging film (Zero2TM). During storage the dissolved oxygen increased steadily in HIPS packaged yoghurt whereas it remained low in yoghurts packaged in NupakTM and Zero2TM. In all yoghurts, no significant decreases were observed in the viability of either oxygen adapted or non‐oxygen adapted cells of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Thus, although the dissolved oxygen in yoghurt can be influenced by the type of packaging material, it may not affect the survival of probiotic bacteria in yoghurts.
Applications of electronic noses and tongues in food analysis
Authors: Deisingh Anil K. , Stone David C. , Thompson Michael 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThis review examines the applications of electronic noses and tongues in food analysis. A brief history of the development of sensors is included and this is illustrated by descriptions of the different types of sensors utilized in these devices. As pattern recognition techniques are widely used to analyse the data obtained from these multisensor arrays, a discussion of principal components analysis and artificial neural networks is essential. An introduction to the integration of electronic tongues and noses is also incorporated and the strengths and weaknesses of both are described. Applications described include identification and classification of flavour and aroma and other measurements of quality using the electronic nose. The uses of the electronic tongue in model analyses and other food, beverage and water monitoring applications are discussed.
Kinetic behaviour and thermal inactivation of pectinlyase used in food processing
Authors: Ortega Natividad , De Diego Silvia , Rodríguez‐Nogales José M. , Perez‐Mateos Manuel , Busto María D. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryKinetic properties and thermal inactivation of pectinlyase (PL) were assayed in commercial pectinase preparations (Rapidase C80, Pectinase CCM, Pectinex 3XL and Grindamyl 3PA) by using apple pectin as substrate. The PL activity of Rapidase C80 showed substrate inhibition, while the other enzyme preparations followed typical Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The optimum pH and temperature values for PL activity lay within the range of 5.5–6.5 and 35–40 °C, respectively. PL was heat‐inactivated with simple first order kinetics. With respect to this, thermodynamic activation parameters (ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG#) using a non‐linear Arrhenius plot were calculated. The Pectinase CCM and Pectinex 3XL PL showed a half‐life (t1/2) at 50 °C of 2.0 min and 11.8 min, respectively.
Identification of irradiated meat using electron spin resonance spectroscopy: results of blind trials
Authors: Chawla Surinder P. , Thomas Paul 
Published: May 2004

SummaryTwo blind trials on bone‐in meat chunks are reported. In total 30 or 35 coded samples were analysed for irradiation treatment using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In the first trial 30 samples were received from other research institutes. All samples were qualitatively identified correctly. The second trial consisted of 35 samples. They were either left unirradiated or had been irradiated at doses of 1, 2.5 or 4 kGy. All samples were qualitatively identified on the basis of the ESR spectra. Using re‐irradiation, the doses received by the samples were determined with linear, quadratic or exponential equations. The quadratic or exponential equations gave more successful estimates of the irradiation dose whereas linear fit equations tended to overestimate the dose.
The use of simultaneous 1H & 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance measurements to characterize energy metabolism during the conversion of muscle to meat
Authors: Bertram Hanne C. , Whittaker Andrew K. , Andersen Henrik J. , Karlsson Anders H. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryIn order to investigate the potential of magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) in the elucidation of post‐mortem metabolism in muscle biopsies, simultaneous 1H and 31P MAS NMR measurements were made continuously on post‐mortem (20 min to 24 h) muscle longissimus samples from rabbits. The animals had either been or not been given adrenaline (0.5 mg kg−1 4 h pre‐slaughter) to deplete stores of muscle glycogen. The intracellular pH was calculated from 1H spectra, and the post‐mortem rate of formation of lactate was followed and quantified. Comparison of measurements made on muscle samples from rabbits treated with adrenaline with measurements made on muscle samples from untreated rabbits revealed significant effects of adrenaline treatment on both pH (pH24 h = 6.42 vs. pH24 h = 5.60) and formation of lactate (16 mmol g−1 vs. 65 mmol g−1). The 31P NMR spectra were used to follow the rate of degradation of ATP and phosphocreatine. The present study clearly shows that MAS NMR has potential for the study of post‐mortem energy metabolism.
Fat reduction affects quality of akara (fried cowpea paste)
Authors: Patterson Sara P. , Phillips R. Dixon , McWatters Kay H. , Hung Yen‐Con , Chinnan Manjeet S. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryAkara, a fried finger food made from cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), is popular in West Africa and has been shown to be acceptable to American consumers. Akara is, however, a high‐fat food (about 31%, dry wt basis). We determined the effects of incorporating two modifiers, high amylose cornstarch or extruded cowpea flour, on akara fat content and consumer acceptability. The modifiers were used at the 10% level. Akara fat content was reduced by 26.1% with cornstarch and by 36.8% with extruded cowpea flour. There were no significant differences in sensory ratings among samples, and all samples received acceptable ratings (6 = like slightly) for overall liking.
Glycoconjugate Histochemistry of the Seminal Vesicles of the Japanese Miniature (Shiba) Goat
Authors: Sakairi A. , Tsukise A. , Habata I. , Nara T. , Meyer W. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe present study localizes and characterizes complex glycoconjugates in the seminal vesicles of the Japanese Shiba goat, using several carbohydrate histochemical procedures, including lectin techniques at light and electron microscopic levels. Glandular epithelial cells and luminal secretions were shown to contain neutral and acidic glycoconjugates with various saccharide residues, such as α‐d‐Man, α‐d‐Glc, α‐l‐Fuc, β‐d‐Gal, GalNAc, GlcNAc, and NeuAc (sialic acid). The terminal oligosaccharide chains of sialoglycoconjugates present in the seminal vesicles were NeuAc α 2‐3Gal β 1‐3GalNAc and NeuAc α 2‐3Gal β 1‐4GlcNAc. In addition, in lysosomes of the glandular epithelial cells α‐d‐Man, α‐d‐Glc, GlcNAc and NeuAc (sialic acid) residues could be detected, the secretory vesicles contained α‐l‐Fuc, and the endoplasmic reticulum exhibited α‐d‐Man and α‐d‐Glc residues. The complex glycoconjugates with various sugar residues found in the seminal vesicles of the goat may be involved in various fertilization‐related events.
Effects of Sarcoptic Mange and its Control with Oil of Cedrus deodara, Pongamia glabra, Jatropha curcas and Benzyl Benzoate, both with and without Ascorbic Acid on Growing Sheep: Epidemiology; Assessment of Clinical, Haematological, Cell‐Mediated Humoral Immune Responses and Pathology
Authors: Dimri U. , Sharma M. C. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of commonly used acaricidal drugs in India and also to assess the effect of ascorbic acid (AA) as adjunct therapy in 72 growing sheep with sarcoptic mange, aged 5–6 months and weighing 20.4–31.7 kg. Eight replicates of nine animals were formed based on sex, and day 0 body weight. Another set of 12 healthy sheep (5–6 months old) constituted the healthy control group. Drugs were applied locally on the affected parts daily and recovery changes in skin lesions were observed at the time of every application. l‐Ascorbic acid was administered intramuscularly. Skin scrapings were collected daily from each group and examined for the presence of mites. Blood samples from each group were collected and analysed for total erythrocytes, leucocytes, haematocrit, haemoglobin and lymphocytes on 0, 14th and 28th day post‐treatment (PT). Cell‐mediated (CMI) and humoral immune (HI) responses were assessed on 0 and 28 days PT. Within groups treated with the drug alone, recovery in oil of Jatropha curcas group was faster and lesions were free from mites after the eighth application. For each drug, the recovery was faster with AA as an adjunct therapy when compared with the group treated with the drug alone. Within all groups, recovery in oil of J. curcas plus ascorbic acid (OJC‐AA) group was fastest and the lesions were mite‐free after three applications. The overall mean values were higher for all haematological parameters in OJC‐AA group. Recovery with respect to suppressed CMI and HI responses during infection was also faster in this group. Gross and microscopic pathological studies revealed a marked adverse effect of infection on skin, kidney, spleen and liver. The OJC‐AA group indicated faster recovery. It is concluded from this study that oil of J. curcas was found more efficacious in controlling sarcoptic mange in sheep and AA might be beneficial as adjunct in case of sarcoptic mange to get quick recovery with lesser applications of main therapy. However, the pharmacology of AA with reference to health of skin needs to be investigated.
Silymarin, a Possible Hepatoprotector in Dairy Cows: Biochemical and Histological Observations
Authors: Tedesco D. , Domeneghini C. , Sciannimanico D. , Tameni M. , Steidler S. , Galletti S. 
Published: May 2004

SummarySilymarin, a standardized extract from Silybum marianum seed, is a natural hepatoprotector used for the treatment of liver diseases in man. The aim of this study was to investigate its safety and efficacy in periparturient dairy cows. Ten treated and 10 control pregnant dairy cows were paired by parity, body condition score (BCS), health condition and previous milk production. Treatment consisted of daily 10 g per animal of silymarin extract administered as oral drenches, from 10 days prior to the calving date to 15 days after calving. Blood samples and liver biopsies were taken from each animal at 7 and 30 days after calving. Hepatic functions were evaluated by assay of plasma β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), total cholesterol, high‐density lipoproteins, low‐density lipoproteins, triglyceride and total bilirubin. The histological aspect of the liver was assessed in biopsies. Clinical chemistry values were similar for both groups and effects at different times (day 7 versus day 30; P < 0.05) were attributed to physiological variations in periparturient cows. Histology showed fat accumulation in the liver of both groups, as it is expected in periparturient dairy cows. In treated cows, fat‐rich hepatocytes were observed near the central vein. These observations suggest that, at the used dosage, S. marianum extract has no adverse effect on the liver of lactating cows, and presents no objective evidence for a hepatoprotective effect in this species.
Sodium Transport Across the Isolated Epithelium of Sheep Omasum is Influenced by Luminal Ammonia
Authors: Martens H. , Krützfeld T. , Wolf K. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryAmmonia is a physiological fermentation product in the forestomachs and is absorbed from the rumen and omasum. Cellular uptake of ammonia affects the intracellular pH of polar and non‐polar cells. The effect of the uptake on the pH of the cytosol depends on the predominant form of ammonia. NH3 uptake and its intracellular protonation tend to alkalinize the cytoplasm, whereas the uptake of NH acidifies the cytoplasm by reversing this reaction. Consequently, the absorption of ammonia across the omasal epithelium could cause a change of the intracellular pH and pH‐dependent transport mechanisms like Na/H exchange. Because no information is available about the form of ammonia absorbed in the omasum and, hence, possible modulation of Na transport by ammonia, the effect of increasing luminal ammonia concentrations (0, 5, 15 and 30 mmol/l) on Na transport were studied. In epithelia of hay‐fed animals, ammonia linearly inhibited Na transport in a dose‐dependent manner, at a luminal pH of 7.40, but not at a pH of 6.40. Ammonia did not influence Na transport in epithelia of concentrate‐fed animals. Because luminal ammonia did not consistently change the short circuit current or tissue conductance absorption of ammonia as NH appears to be unlikely. The predominant form of ammonia absorbed in the omasum is probably NH3, which is protonated in the cytosol. The reduced availability of protons may be the cause of inhibition of Na transport via Na/H exchange.