bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel packed‐bed bioreactor operating under isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions
Authors: De Maio Anna , El‐Masry Mansour , Di Martino Silvana , Rossi Sergio , Bencivenga Umberto , Grano Valentina , Diano Nadia , Canciglia Paolo , Gustavo Mita Damiano 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA novel packed‐bed bioreactor, operating under isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions, has been constructed. The core of the apparatus consisted in a polypropylene ring filled with β‐galactosidase immobilized on beads of polyacrylic acid, grafted with dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. Phenylendiamine and glutaraldehyde were used as spacer and coupling agent, respectively. Two lateral nylon membranes held the enzyme beads into the ring and allowed the occurrence of the process of thermodialysis when the bioreactor was operating under non‐isothermal conditions. Comparison of the enzyme activity under isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions has shown that in the presence of temperature gradients the rate of lactose hydrolysis was increased, with a reduction of the apparent Km value. Under non‐isothermal conditions the percentage increases of enzyme activity were found to decrease with the increase of the substrate concentration. The results have been explained within the frame of reference of the process of thermodialysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spontaneous Resolution through Helical Assembly of a Conformationally Chiral Molecule with an Unusual Zwitterionic Structure
Authors: Jayanty S. , Radhakrishnan T. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA conformationally chiral zwitterionic molecule forms mutually orthogonal helical superstructures in the crystal. This is achieved through a network of hydrogen bond pathways, and electrostatic interactions in crystals formed with and without water of crystallization. A systematic protocol for the computation of charge distribution on the 'molecule‐in‐the‐crystal' is presented; the computed charges provide an insight into the origin of the intermolecular electrostatic interactions. The coexisting orthogonal helical formations lead to the homochiral assembly, and spontaneous resolution observed in the crystals. This material facilitates an appraisal of the molecular level interactions, which form the basis for the persistent spontaneous resolution of a conformationally chiral molecule in the solid state.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Magnetic Semiconductor Na2RuO4 Containing One‐Dimensional Chains of Ru6+.
Authors: Shikano Masahiro , Kremer Reinhard K. , Ahrens Martin , Koo H.‐J. , Whangbo M.‐H. , Darriet Jacques 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Hybrid Framework Materials under “Dry” Hydrothermal Conditions: Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Mn2(H2PO4)2 (C2O4).
Authors: Lethbridge Zoe A. D. , Smith Martin J. , Tiwary Satish K. , Harrison Andrew , Lightfoot Philip 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Gd2O3:Eu Nanocrystalline Using EDTA Complexing Sol‐Gel Process.
Authors: Zhai Yong‐qing , Yao Zi‐hua , Qiu Man‐de , Liu Bao‐sheng , Dai Xiu‐lian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of Multinary Intermetallics from Reduction of Perovskites by Aluminum Flux: M3Au6+xAl26Ti (M: Ca, Sr, Yb), a Stuffed Variant of the BaHg11 Type.
Authors: Latturner Susan E. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electronic and Steric Effects of Ligands as Control Elements for Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Gergely Ildiko , Hegedues Csaba , Szoelloesy Aron , Monsees Axel , Riermeier Thomas , Bakos Jozsef 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Insoluble Polymer‐Bound Phosphoramidite for the Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,4‐Addition of ZnEt2 to 2‐Cyclohexenone.
Authors: Mandoli Alessandro , Calamante Massimo , Feringa Ben L. , Salvadori Piero 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiroptical Properties and Applications in PTC of New Dendritic Cinchonidine‐Derived Ammonium Salts.
Authors: Guillena Gabriela , Kreiter Robert , van de Coevering Rob , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M. , van Koten Gerard , Mazon Patricia , Chinchilla Rafael , Najera Carmen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Abnormal Aza‐Baylis—Hillman Reaction of N‐Tosylated Imines with Ethyl 2,3‐Butadienoate and Penta‐3,4‐dien‐2‐one.
Authors: Zhao Gui‐Ling , Huang Jin‐Wen , Shi Min 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Simple and Fast Procedure for Efficient Synthesis of β‐ and γ‐Azidoarylketones.
Authors: Singh Pradeep N. D. , Muthukrishnan Sivaramakrishnan , Murthy Rajesh S. , Klima Rodney F. , Mandel Sarah M. , Hawk Michael , Yarbrough Nina , Gudmundsdottir Anna D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Olefination of Unactivated Aliphatic Dithioacetals.
Authors: Huang Li‐Fu , Huang Chih‐Hao , Stulgies Baldur , de Meijere Armin , Luh Tien‐Yau 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Versatile Route to 3‐Benzoheteroepines Containing Group 15 and 16 Heavier Elements Involving Several Novel Ring Systems, and Their Thermal Stabilities.
Authors: Yasuike Shuji , Kiharada Tsutomu , Tsuchiya Takashi , Kurita Jyoji 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Cascade Reactions: C,C‐Dicyclopropylmethylamines by Way of Double C,C‐σ‐Bond Insertion into Bicyclobutanes.
Authors: Wipf Peter , Stephenson Corey R. J. , Okumura Kazuo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Furan‐Containing Oligoaryl Cyclophanene
Authors: Tseng Jui‐Chang , Huang Shou‐Ling , Lin Cheng‐Lan , Lin Hsin‐Chieh , Jin Bih‐Yaw , Chen Chun‐Yan , Yu Jen‐Kan , Chou Pi‐Tai , Luh Tien‐Yau 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Selective Oxidative Cleavage of β‐Cyclodextrin—Epoxide/Aziridine Complexes with IBX in Water.
Authors: Surendra K. , Krishnaveni N. Srilakshmi , Reddy M. Arjun , Nageswar Y. V. D. , Rao K. Rama 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Synthesis of Pyrroles by the Condensation of Cyclopropenes and Nitriles Mediated by Gallium(III) and Indium(III) Salts.
Authors: Araki Shuki , Tanaka Takashi , Toumatsu Shinya , Hirashita Tsunehisa 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 5‐Substituted Indole Derivatives. Part 5. A Synthesis of 5‐Formyl‐1H‐indole‐2‐carboxylates: The CH2SO3H Functionality as a Masked Formyl Group.
Authors: Pete Bela , Parlagh Gyula , Toeke Laszlo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Pyrroloaryl‐Substituted Oxazolidinones.
Authors: Paget Steven D. , Foleno Barbara D. , Boggs Christine M. , Goldschmidt Raul M. , Hlasta Dennis J. , Weidner‐Wells Michele A. , Werblood Harvey M. , Wira Ellyn , Bush Karen , Macielag Mark J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Classes of Antibacterial Oxazolidinones with C‐5, Methylene O‐Linked Heterocyclic Side Chains.
Authors: Gravestock Michael B. , Acton David G. , Betts Michael J. , Dennis Michael , Hatter Glenn , McGregor Alexandra , Swain Michael L. , Wilson R. Geoffrey , Woods Lisa , Wookey Alan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Semiempirical Calculations of Imidazolidine, Isoxazolone and Thiazoline Thiol Derivatives of Acenaphthylene‐1,2‐dione.
Authors: Pardasani R. T. , Pardasani P. , Sharma I. , Saxena A. , Kohli S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3,3′‐Bi‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,5‐a]benzimidazole, 5,5′‐Bi‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, and Thiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Dawood Kamal M. , Raslan Mohamed A. , Farag Ahmad M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemoselective Reaction of Bisheterocycle Dicarboxylate Towards Hydrazine Hydrate: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Trisheterocycles: 5‐Pyrrolylaminocarbonyl/oxadiazolyl/mercaptooxadiazolylmethoxy‐1‐furfury l‐2‐methylindoles.
Authors: Gadaginamath Guru S. , Donawade Dundappa S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved, Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of Polymethoxyflavones under Microwave Irradiation and Their Inhibitory Effects on Melanogenesis.
Authors: Tsukayama Masao , Kawamura Yasuhiko , Ishizuka Takaaki , Hayashi Shinji , Torii Fumihito 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Route to Chiral trans‐6‐Alkyl‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridines by Allylation of Chiral Imines and Ring‐Closing Metathesis — Total Synthesis of (‐)‐3‐epi‐Deoxoprosopinine.
Authors: Felpin Francois‐Xavier , Boubekeur Kamal , Lebreton Jacques 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multicomponent Linchpin Couplings. Reaction of Dithiane Anions with Terminal Epoxides, Epichlorohydrin, and Vinyl Epoxides: Efficient, Rapid, and Stereocontrolled Assembly of Advanced Fragments for Complex Molecule Synthesis.
Authors: Smith Amos B. III , Pitram Suresh M. , Boldi Armen M. , Gaunt Matthew J. , Sfouggatakis Chris , Moser William H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Switchable Catalysis: Modular Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrimidinones via Selective Sulfide and Halide Cross‐Coupling Chemistry.
Authors: Kusturin Carrie , Liebeskind Lanny S. , Rahman Hayat , Sample Kirby , Schweitzer Barbara , Srogl Jiri , Neumann William L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzazepine Oxazolidinone Antibacterials.
Authors: Johnson Paul D. , Aristoff Paul A. , Zurenko Gary E. , Schaadt Ronda D. , Yagi Betty H. , Ford Charles W. , Hamel Judith C. , Stapert Douglas , Moerman Judy K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cobalt‐Mediated Macrocyclizations. Facile Synthesis of 2‐Oxo Pyridinophanes via [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of α,ω‐Diynes and Isocyanates.
Authors: Bonaga Llorente V. R. , Zhang Han‐Cheng , Gauthier Diane A. , Reddy Indrasena , Maryanoff Bruce E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Unprotected and Borane‐Protected Cyclic Phosphines Using Ru‐ and Mo‐Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts.
Authors: Slinn Catherine A. , Redgrave Alison J. , Hind S. Lucy , Edlin Chris , Nolan Steven P. , Gouverneur Veronique 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
O—N Intramolecular Acyl Migration Strategy in Water‐Soluble Prodrugs of Taxoids.
Authors: Skwarczynski Mariusz , Sohma Youhei , Kimura Maiko , Hayashi Yoshio , Kimura Tooru , Kiso Yoshiaki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of N‐Acyl‐N,α,α‐trialkyl and N‐Acyl‐α,α‐dialkyl Glycines by Selective Cleavage of Ugi—Passerini Adducts. Qualitative Assessment of the Effect of Substituents on the Path and Yield of Reaction.
Authors: Jiang Wei‐Qun , Costa Susana P. G. , Maia Hernani L. S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solution and Solid‐Supported Synthesis of 3,4,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,4‐Triazole‐Based Peptidomimetics.
Authors: Boeglin Damien , Cantel Sonia , Heitz Annie , Martinez Jean , Fehrentz Jean‐Alain 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Optically Pure Dioxolanes as Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication.
Authors: Bera Sanjib , Malik Leila , Bhat Balkrishen , Carroll Steven S. , MacCoss Malcolm , Olsen David B. , Tomassini Joanne E. , Eldrup Anne B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid State Structural Properties of Multibridged [3n]Cyclophanes and Their Charge Transfer Complexes
Authors: Yasutake Mikio , Koga Toru , Lim Chultack , Zhou Ming , Matsuda‐Sentou Wakana , Satou Teizi , Shinmyozu Teruo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The natural history of insulin content in the pancreas of female and male non‐obese diabetic mouse: implications for trials of diabetes prevention in humans
Authors: Valorani M. G. , Hawa M. I. , Buckley L. R. , Afeltra A. , Cacciapaglia F. , Pozzilli P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a well‐established animal model used to study the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The NOD mouse spontaneously develops an autoimmune form of the disease between 12 and 18 weeks of age, characterized by an infiltration of the endocrine pancreas by autoreactive mononuclear cells. In our colony, all animals showed signs of insulitis, but only approximately 60% of females and 15% of males developed diabetes.The aim of this study was to determine the natural history of insulin content in the pancreas of female and male NOD/Ba mice during their life span.MethodsPancreata were collected at two‐week intervals, from 4 weeks of age to 30 weeks of age. Four animals at each age as well as 18 diabetic female NOD mice were studied. Pancreata were homogenized, supernatants collected and insulin measured by radioimmunoassay.ResultsFemale and male non‐diabetic NOD mice showed significantly higher levels of insulin in the pancreata in comparison to the diabetic female animals. Pancreata from female (n = 56) animals showed more insulin content than male pancreata (n = 56), suggesting beta‐cell hyperactivity as a result of the ongoing beta‐cell destruction. However this difference was only significant at an early age (4–12 weeks of age) (p < 0.04). Insulin content in diabetic female NOD pancreas declines with time, and was very low at the age of 25 to 34 weeks. This decline was not observed in male pancreata despite the presence of lymphocytic infiltration.ConclusionWe conclude that a reduction in pancreatic insulin content occurs slowly in the natural history of the disease and that such reduction only becomes apparent after diagnosis of hyperglycaemia. Occurrence of extensive lymphocytic infiltration in non‐diabetic male mice is not accompanied by a reduction of insulin content in the pancreas. These findings have implications for designing studies in humans which aims to protect residual beta‐cell function. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design optimization of a TDMA burst modem for small earth stations in a channel containing two nonlinear devices
Authors: Hara Takao , Tsuji Yoshikazu , Yamamoto Heiichi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe conventional TDMA satellite communication system generally involves operations in which a sufficient amount of back‐off is provided by using a large‐scale high‐power amplifier (HPA) in the earth station. However, if the HPA in the earth station can be operated at the saturation point, the earth station can be downsized and rendered into a low‐power consumption station, with considerable benefits in terms of earth station installation and economy of operation. The authors have proposed a system combining an optimized transmission system and error‐correction code, using burst modem filters and other devices, in a transmission system including two nonlinear devices of an earth station HPA and a satellite traveling‐wave tube amplifier (TWTA), and have confirmed by computer simulations and experiments that it is feasible to operate the earth station HPA at its saturation point. The authors have also demonstrated that adequate performance characteristics can be attained in terms of burst‐to‐burst interference and cycle‐skipping characteristics in the carrier recovery system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(8): 47–62, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10149
Clutter suppression filters with cascade connection using offset of zeros for staggered PRF radars
Authors: Harasawa Yasuhiro , Sekiguchi Takashi , Kirimoto Tetsuo , Hamada Nozomu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWhen MTI (Moving Target Indicators) and AMTI (Adaptive MTI) are used in the pulse radar for searching, the staggered trigger scheme that transmits pulses at nonequal intervals in order to reduce the blind speed region is often used. As a clutter suppression process when the staggered trigger scheme is used, a method using the time variable coefficient filter is commonly chosen. However, in this method, a higher‐order time‐varying filter is needed in order to suppress several different clutters received at the same time. As a result, the computational effort to derive the filter coefficients for the desired characteristics increases, making real‐time processing difficult. As a solution to this problem, this paper proposes a method of realizing a clutter suppression filter by means of a cascade connection of several low‐order time‐varying filters with their zero frequencies adjusted by zero frequency offset. First, the frequency characteristics of this filter are analyzed. It is made clear that the zero multiplicity cannot be obtained, so that the clutter suppression performance is degraded in the case of a configuration consisting of a cascade connection of several time‐varying filters with the same zero frequencies. The effectiveness of zero frequency offset is presented. Next, it is shown by computer simulation that a time‐varying AMTI that provides the desired clutter suppression performance can be realized by means of the proposed method, while the computation effort can be reduced. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(9): 75–86, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10153
Position estimation of three‐dimensional radars with bias errors
Authors: Okada Takamitsu , Okamura Atsushi , Kosuge Yoshio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn a multiple target tracking system combining several radars, the errors in the radar observation coordinates and in the radar position due to alignment of each radar significantly affect the tracking performance. In this paper it is assumed that the former error is negligible. The difference in the position of an aircraft observed simultaneously by the radars in question is linearly approximated. A method is proposed to estimate the bias error of the relative position in several three‐dimensional radars by means of a Kalman filter. When several radars are positioned far away, the reference direction and the absolute horizontal plane of the coordinate axis in reference to each radar are inclined due to the curvature of the earth, so that the bias error estimation accuracy is degraded. The slope of the coordinate axis due to the curvature of the earth is specifically corrected for estimation of the bias error of the relative radar position. Also, by means of simulation, the method is compared with that in which the sea surface altitude of an aircraft is calculated from the observed values (range and elevation angle) and the effect of the inclination of the coordinated axis is corrected. It is shown that the estimation accuracy is improved by 3.7 m for a radar range of 10 km and 19.5 m for 30 km. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(9): 64–74, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10159
Modeling and simulation of unintended electromagnetic emission from digital circuits
Authors: Wada Osami 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a summary of a quantitative method for evaluating the EMI generation mechanism of a printed circuit board (PCB). First, mismatch of the degree of imbalance of transmission systems on a PCB is pointed out as a common‐mode generation mechanism of high‐speed signal systems. An EMI prediction method based on two‐dimensional analysis is presented along with its results. Next, with regard to the analysis of EMI generation by resonance of the power supply system in a multilayered PCB, a high‐speed simulation by an analytical method and its further extension are described. Finally, a linear macro model (LECCS model) for the device power supply proposed by the author for EMI analysis is presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(8): 38–46, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10189
Proposal of a route optimization method for a road‐to‐vehicle wireless system
Authors: Warabino Takayuki , Sugiyama Keizo , Shinonaga Hideyuki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe authors are making a study of a road‐to‐vehicle wireless system as a private‐operated wireless system for road control, using a 2.4‐GHz‐band wireless LAN. In the proposed system, access points (AP) are placed consecutively on the highway, and AP‐to‐vehicle communications and AP‐to‐AP forwarding transmission are performed by wireless LAN. It has the feature that a less expensive system can be constructed. The spanning‐tree protocol (STP) is applied to the bridge placed in each AP, which improves the reliability of the network. In STP, there occur sections in which the communications route is not optimal for vehicle‐to‐vehicle communications. To deal with this problem, this paper proposes a route optimization method in which route notification messages are exchanged between adjacent bridges and the communications route distance between vehicles is minimized. The performance is evaluated by using a bridge implementing the proposed method and a wireless LAN, and it is verified that communications performance measures such as the delay time and throughput are improved compared to the conventional STP. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(9): 36–44, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10200
Plate‐loaded folded monopole antenna on a ground‐plane edge
Authors: Kuga Nobuhiro , Matsushima Hidenao , Goto Naohisa 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA folded monopole antenna loaded with a rectangular plate placed at the edge of the ground plane is proposed and its characteristics are evaluated by numerical analysis with the FDTD method and by experiments. This antenna is characterized by a structure in which one of the two conductors forming a folded monopole element is a rectangular plate. The structure is suitable for surface mounting on a printed circuit board. In this paper, mainly for an antenna using a dielectric chip with a permittivity of 2.6, the configurations of the feed line and the short‐circuited line and the shape of the loading conductor plate affecting the antenna characteristics are investigated. It is made clear that the element height and the shape of the loading plate along the longer side mainly contribute to the determination of the resonant frequency. The changes in the characteristics due to the finite size of the ground plane are studied both from the input characteristics and from the radiation characteristics. It is shown that the present antenna has radiation characteristics essentially identical to those of the monopole antenna and that the disturbance in the radiation patterns is caused by the fact that the length of one side of the ground plane is close to resonance. Also, the characteristics of the antenna with a helical loading plate and the effect of the permittivity of the core materials used for size reduction of the antenna are evaluated. It is shown that an antenna with the electrical dimensions of the element reduced to one‐half can be realized by a combination of the helical loading plate and a material with a permittivity of 10.2. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(8): 24–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10214