bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of tea quality by infusion colour difference analysis
Authors: Liang Yuerong , Lu Jianliang , Zhang Lingyun , Wu Shan , Wu Ying 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe colour differences in terms of ΔL, Δa, Δb and ΔE between distilled water and infusions of 29 green teas, 16 black teas and 13 oolong teas and their correlation with sensory quality attributes of tea were investigated. The results showed that the ΔL value decreased but the Δa, Δb and ΔE increased with the degree of fermentation of the three kinds of tea. The ΔL was positively correlated to quality attributes of green tea and oolong tea but negatively correlated to those of black tea. The Δa of tea infusions is a reliable descriptor to differentiate among green and black teas. The regression of total quality score of green tea (TQSg) upon the Δa was TQSg = −2.26Δa + 77.2 (R2 = 0.22, p < 0.01), that of total quality score of black tea (TQSb) upon Δb was TQSb = 0.70Δb + 44.6 (R2 = 0.31, p < 0.05) and that of total quality score of oolong tea (TQSo) upon ΔL was TQSo = 1.09ΔL + 94.5 (R2 = 0.75, p < 0.01). Because the infusion colour difference indicators of Δa, Δb and ΔL can be done rapidly, it could be very useful for on‐site or on‐line quality monitoring during tea manufacture and storage. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro anti‐HSV‐2 activity and mechanism of action of proanthocyanidin A‐1 from Vaccinium vitis‐idaea
Authors: Cheng Hua‐Yew , Lin Ta‐Chen , Yang Chien‐Min , Shieh Den‐En , Lin Chun‐Ching 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro anti‐HSV‐2 activity and mechanism of action of proanthocyanidin A‐1, a compound isolated from Vaccinium vitis‐idaea Linn (Ericaceae). The results demonstrated that proanthocyanidin A‐1 exhibited anti‐HSV‐2 activity. The IC50 value for the XTT assay was 73.3 ± 14.5 µM and the IC50 and IC90 values for the plaque reduction assay were 41.9 ± 2.0 and 62.8 ± 6.3 µM respectively. Proanthocyanidin A‐1 showed no cell cytotoxic effect at concentrations that blocked HSV‐2 infection, with a CC50 value of 282.1 ± 27.5 µM. The mechanism studies demonstrated that proanthocyanidin A‐1 did not reduce viral infectivity but inhibited viral attachment and penetration and affected the late stage(s) of HSV‐2 infection. It was concluded that proanthocyanidin A‐1 suppressed HSV‐2 infection through many modes of action and thus merits further investigation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensory, microbial and chemical effects of a slurry ice system on horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus)
Authors: Rodríguez Óscar , Losada Vanesa , Aubourg Santiago P , Barros‐Velázquez Jorge 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSlurry ice, a biphasic system consisting of small spherical ice crystals surrounded by seawater, was evaluated in parallel with flake ice for the storage of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Storage in slurry ice led to a significant enhancement of shelf life (5 days for flake ice to 15 days for slurry ice), better control of pH and lower counts of total aerobes and proteolytic and lipolytic bacteria, these reaching an average difference between batches of 2, 1.43 and 1.98 log units respectively after 8 days of storage. Storage in slurry ice also involved a significantly slower formation of total volatile basic nitrogen and trimethylamine after 8 days of storage. Staphylococcus xylosus and Proteus penneri were identified as the leading proteolytic and lipolytic organisms in horse mackerel muscle. Storage of horse mackerel in slurry ice enhances the shelf life of this medium‐fat fish species through better maintenance of sensory and microbiological quality. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Fast aroma profiling to detect invert sugar adulteration with zNose™
Authors: Veraverbeke Els A , Irudayaraj Joseph , Lammertyn Jeroen 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRapid aroma profiling of food products is a potential technique for at‐line food quality evaluation. In this work the potential of zNose™, a surface acoustic wave‐based sensor, was tested for honey quality assessment. Buckwheat honey was purposely adulterated with different levels of beet and cane invert sugar, and its aroma profile was measured after different periods of headspace equilibration. PCA using the relative peak areas as well as the full zNose™ spectra resulted in a clear separation between honey, and beet and cane invert sugar adulterants in the mixtures. PLS models were developed for quantitative estimation of adulterants using the entire spectra as well as the relative peak areas. Better predictions were obtained with the PLS models based on spectra than with those based on relative peak areas. A correlation of validation of 0.98 was obtained between predicted and measured percentage of adulteration. This model was also successfully validated with an external set of honey mixtures, resulting in an average deviation of 3% adulteration between the predicted and reference values. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) for on‐line trace gas analysis
Authors: Smith David , Španěl Patrik 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSelected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) is a new analytical technique for the real‐time quantification of several trace gases simultaneously in air and breath. It relies on chemical ionization of the trace gas molecules in air/breath samples introduced into helium carrier gas using H3O+, NO+, and O precursor ions. Reactions between the precursor ions and trace gas molecules proceed for an accurately defined time, the precursor and product ions being detected and counted by a downstream mass spectrometer, thus effecting quantification. Absolute concentrations of trace gases in single breath exhalation can be determined by SIFT‐MS down to ppb levels, obviating sample collection and calibration. Illustrative examples of SIFT‐MS studies include (i) analysis of gases from combustion engines, animals and their waste, and food; (ii) breath and urinary headspace studies of metabolites, ethanol metabolism, elevated acetone during ovulation, and exogenous compounds; and (iii) urinary infection and the presence of tumors, the influence of dialysis on breath ammonia, acetone, and isoprene, and acetaldehyde released by cancer cells in vitro. Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry (FA‐MS) is briefly described, which allows on‐line quantification of deuterium in breath water vapor. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:661–700, 2005
Comparative proteomics analysis of human pituitary adenomas: Current status and future perspectives
Authors: Zhan Xianquan , Desiderio Dominic M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis article will review the published research on the elucidation of the mechanisms of pituitary adenoma formation. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role in those studies. Comparative proteomics has been used with the long‐term goal to locate, detect, and characterize the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in human pituitary adenomas; to identify tumor‐related and ‐specific biomarkers; and to clarify the basic molecular mechanisms of pituitary adenoma formation. The methodology used for comparative proteomics, the current status of human pituitary proteomics studies, and future perspectives are reviewed. The methodologies that are used in comparative proteomics studies of human pituitary adenomas are readily exportable to other different areas of cancer research. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:783–813, 2005
Microdissection and SAGE as a combined tool to reveal gene expression in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Verlinden Ilse , Janssens Jaak , Raus Jef , Michiels Luc 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe interplay between cancer cells and the normal surrounding tissue is believed to influence the biological behavior of the tumor. However, the presence of multiple cell types within the prelevated tumor specimen may attenuate changes that occur specifically in the malignant cells within their microenvironment. To study gene expression of the malignant cells in situ, we used a new microdissection method to separate ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells from the surrounding stroma, immunological infiltrates, and endothelial cells. We applied an adapted microSAGE protocol, without total mRNA amplification, to study their gene expression profile. Three thousand two hundred one different transcripts were identified in a total of 29 534 observed tags. Of these unique tags, 88.3% matched known GenBank sequences and 11.7% represented unknown transcripts. As compared to a total DCIS SAGE library, microdissection combined with SAGE revealed additional genes expressed only in normal surrounding, probably stromal, cells and not or significantly less in DCIS tumor cells. This study demonstrates that microdissection can be combined with SAGE as a tool to study transcriptomes. This approach provides important new information on differential gene expression both in tumor cells and normal surrounding tissue. Several of the observed differences indeed disappear when the total tumor mass is analyzed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo mutational analysis of liver DNA in gpt delta transgenic rats treated with the hepatocarcinogens N‐nitrosopyrrolidine, 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline, and di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate
Authors: Kanki Keita , Nishikawa Akiyoshi , Masumura Ken‐ichi , Umemura Takashi , Imazawa Takayoshi , Kitamura Yasuki , Nohmi Takehiko , Hirose Masao 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn order to cast light on carcinogen‐specific molecular mechanisms underlying experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats, in vivo mutagenicity and mutation spectra of known genotoxic rat hepatocarcinogens N‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), and 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ), as well as the nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and the noncarcinogen acetaminophen (AAP), were investigated in guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (gpt) delta transgenic rats, a recently developed animal model for genotoxicity analysis. After 13‐wk treatment, glutathione S‐transferase placental form (GST‐P)‐positive liver cell foci were significantly increased in NPYR‐treated and IQ‐treated rats. In the DEHP‐treated rats, marked hepatomegaly with centrilobular hypertrophy of hepatocytes occurred, although GST‐P staining was consistently negative. Positive mutagenicity was detected in IQ‐ and NPYR‐treated rats. Mutant frequencies (MFs) in the liver DNA were 188.0 × 10−6 and 56.5 × 10−6, approximately 35‐fold and 10‐fold higher, respectively, than that of nontreatment control rats (5.5 × 10−6). There were no increases in MFs in the DEHP‐ or AAP‐treated rats as compared to the nontreatment control value. IQ induced mainly base substitutions leading to G:C to T:A transversions (56.9%) and deletions of G:C base pairs. In contrast, NPYR primarily caused specific A:T to G:C transitions (49.3%), which are very rare in the other groups. These data provided support for the conclusion that IQ and NPYR hepatocarcinogenesis depends on genotoxic processes and specific DNA adduct formation while DEHP exerts its influence via a nongenotoxic promotional pathway. Our data also indicate that analysis of specific in vivo mutational responses with transgenic animal models can provide crucial information for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying chemical carcinogenesis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple small doses of levodopa plus entacapone produce continuous dopaminergic stimulation and reduce dyskinesia induction in MPTP‐treated drug‐naïve primates
Authors: Smith Lance A. , Jackson Michael J. , Al‐Barghouthy Ghassan , Rose Sarah , Kuoppamaki Mikko , Olanow Warren , Jenner Peter 
Published: October 2004

AbstractLong‐acting dopamine agonist drugs induce a lower incidence of dyskinesia in MPTP‐treated primates and patients with Parkinson's disease compared to pulsatile treatment with levodopa, supporting the concept of continuous dopaminergic stimulation as a means of dyskinesia avoidance. We examined the effects of L‐dopa administered with or without the COMT inhibitor entacapone on dyskinesia induction in previously untreated MPTP‐treated common marmosets. Administration of L‐dopa (12.5 mg/kg p.o.) plus carbidopa twice daily produced fluctuating improvement in motor behavior coupled with dyskinesia. Coadministration with entacapone produced similar patterns of motor improvement and dyskinesia that were not different from that produced by L‐dopa alone. Treatment with L‐dopa (6.25 mg/kg p.o.) plus carbidopa four times daily reversed motor disability and induced dyskinesia in a manner that was not different from the twice‐daily treatment regimens. However, coadministration with entacapone produced more continuous improvement in locomotor activity with less dyskinesia than animals treated with L‐dopa four times daily alone. These data support the notion that pulsatile stimulation contributes to the development of dyskinesia and suggests that more frequent dosing of L‐dopa plus entacapone may be a useful treatment strategy for patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Changes in voluntary torque and electromyographic activity following oral baclofen
Authors: Hornby T. George , Heckman C. J. , Harvey Richard L. , Rymer W. Zev 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe consequences of baclofen intake on voluntary motor behaviors remain unclear. We studied the effects of single oral doses of baclofen on voluntary, isometric knee extension torques and surface and single motor unit (MU) electromyographic (EMG) activity from the vastus lateralis in 11 individuals without neurological injury. Examination of submaximal to maximal contractions of varying duration performed pre‐ and post‐baclofen ingestion revealed significant decreases in maximal knee torques and EMG magnitude, accompanied by an increase in slope of the torque–EMG relation. A decreased slope of the torque–MU firing rate relation was also demonstrated post‐baclofen, but without changes in minimal firing rates or recruitment forces. During sustained contractions at ≤25% of maximal voluntary torque elicited after baclofen ingestion, increased EMG activity was observed without significant differences in MU firing rates. Our results demonstrate a clear reduction in the maximal torque‐generating ability following baclofen. Specific changes in MU firing patterns indicate that weakness may be due partly to reduced motoneuronal excitability, although use of MU discharge patterns to assess these effects is limited in its sensitivity. Muscle Nerve, 2004
How do you stretch a bladder? A survey of UK practice, a literature review, and a recommendation of a standard approach
Authors: Turner Kevin J. , Stewart Laurence H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAimsTo assess how and why hydrodistension of the bladder is performed by UK urologists and to compare this practise with the published literature on distension. To suggest a standardised technique for hydrodistension to allow comparison of diagnostic and therapeutic studies.MethodsA questionnaire was sent to all UK consultant urologists. Questions addressed the indications for short bladder distension (SBD), details of technique, evaluation of outcome, and awareness of evidence base. The literature on bladder distension was reviewed.ResultsThe majority of respondents perform SBD, principally in the diagnosis and therapy of interstitial cystitis (IC). There was considerable variation in the duration of distension, repetition of distension, the pressure used for distension, and the measurement of bladder capacity. The literature on the technique of hydrodistension is imprecise and no respondent was able to cite literature to support his or her practice. We suggest a simple, more objective technique for performing hydrodistension.ConclusionsSBD is widely used. There is marked variability in technique and little more than anecdotal evidence to support any particular approach. Research into the evaluation and treatment of painful bladder syndrome in general and IC in particular would be facilitated by the adoption of a standardised technique. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A spectral stochastic element free Galerkin method for the problems with random material parameter
Authors: Kim H. M. , Inoue J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a spectral stochastic element free Galerkin method (SSEFGM) for the problems involving a random material property. The random material property and resulting system response quantity are represented by a probabilistic spectral expansion techniques (Karhunen–Loeve expansion and Polynomical Chaos series, respectively) and implemented into the element free Galerkin (EFG) analysis. Numerical solutions in 1D linear elastic problem with random elastic modulus are introduced, and compared with those of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) so as to provide the validation of the proposed approach. The present SSEFGM approach can produce a probabilistic density distribution as well as a first‐ and second‐order statistical moments (mean and variance) of response quantity by a single calculation, which is distinguished from an iterative MCS. Moreover, the method is based on an element free analysis so that there is no need of nodal connectivities, which usually require more time and labourious task than main calculations. Thus the proposed SSEFGM approach can provide an alternative analysis tool for the problems contains a stochastic material property, and demands complex mesh structures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Industry guidelines, laws and regulations ignored: quality of drug advertising in medical journals
Authors: Lankinen Kari S. , Levola Tero , Marttinen Kati , Puumalainen Inka , Helin‐Salmivaara Arja 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPurposeTo document the quality of evidence base for marketing claims in prescription drug advertisements, to facilitate identification of potential targets for quality improvement.MethodsA sample of 1036 advertisements from four major Finnish medical journals published in 2002. Marketing claims were classified in four groups: unambiguous clinical outcome, vague clinical outcome, emotive or immeasurable outcome and non‐clinical outcome. Medline references were traced and classified according to the level of evidence available. The statistical variables used in the advertisements were also documented.ResultsThe sample included 245 distinct advertisements with 883 marketing claims, 1–10 claims per advertisement. Three hundred thirty seven (38%) of the claims were referenced. Each claim could be supported by one reference or more, so the number of references analysed totalled 381, 1–9 references per advertisement. Nine percent of the claims implied unambiguous clinical outcomes, 68% included vague or emotive statements. Twenty one percent of the references were irrelevant to the claim. There was a fair amount of non‐scientific and scientific support for the 73 unambiguous claims, but not a single claim was supported by strong scientific evidence. Vague, emotive and non‐clinical claims were significantly more often supported by non‐Medline or irrelevant references than unambiguous claims. Statistical parameters were stated only 34 times.ConclusionReferenced marketing claims may appear more scientific, but the use of references does not guarantee the quality of the claims. For the benefit of all stakeholders, both the regulatory control and industry's self‐control of drug marketing should adopt more active monitoring roles, and apply sanctions when appropriate. Concerted efforts by several stakeholders might be more effective. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies for identifying pregnancies in the automated medical records of the General Practice Research Database
Authors: Hardy Janet R. , Holford Theodore R. , Hall Gillian C. , Bracken Michael B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPurposeTo develop a method for identifying the beginning and ending records of pregnancies in the automated medical records of the General Practice Research Database (GPRD).MethodsWomen's records from 1991 to 1999 were searched for codes from 17 pregnancy marker and 7 pregnancy outcome categories. Using the retrieved records, all possible pregnancy marker‐outcome combinations were formed per woman. For each combination, the difference in days between record event dates was calculated. Restrictions were applied to select the combination with the earliest pregnancy marker mapped to the first outcome for each pregnancy. Iterations of the algorithm identified multiple pregnancies per woman when present. The algorithm was evaluated by analyzing time between marker and outcome event dates of mapped pregnancies and by analyzing unmapped pregnancy markers and outcomes.ResultsA total of 297 082 pregnancies were identified: 80% by general practitioner (GP) visit codes as the earliest pregnancy marker and 14% by laboratory or procedure codes. Limiting pregnancies to one per woman aged 15–44 years yielded 209 266 pregnancies. Pregnancy mapping success was greater than 80%. Plotting the pregnancies by weeks from earliest pregnancy marker to outcome and by pregnancy marker category showed two peaks in the distribution: 2–3 weeks and 33 weeks.ConclusionsArranging codes and time into algorithms provides a useful tool for pregnancy identification in databases whose size prohibits the audit of printed records. Evaluation of our algorithm confirmed a high degree of mapping success and a sensible time distribution from pregnancy marker to outcome. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histamine2receptor antagonist use and decline in cognitive function among community dwelling elderly
Authors: Hanlon Joseph T. , Landerman Lawrence R. , Artz Margaret B. , Gray Shelly L. , Fillenbaum Gerda G. , Schmader Kenneth E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPurposePrevious studies have reported mixed results regarding the use of histamine2receptor antagonist use and cognitive function. This study evaluated the relationship between the use of histamine2receptor antagonists and cognitive decline among community dwelling elderly.MethodsThis cohort study included 2082 subjects from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly who were not cognitively impaired at baseline (1989/90). Histamine2receptor antagonist use was determined during in‐home interviews. Cognitive function was assessed at 3 and 7 years after baseline by two measures: (1) incident cognitive impairment defined by the short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ); and (2) cognitive decline (increase in two or more SPMSQ errors). Analyzes used multivariable discrete‐time hazard models with weighted data adjusted for sampling design and controlled for demographic, health behavior characteristics and health status.ResultsAt baseline, nearly 5% of participants used a histamine2receptor antagonist. During follow‐up, incident cognitive impairment occurred in 24.0%, whereas 34.5% increased by two or more errors on the SPMSQ. In multivariable models, current histamine2receptor antagonist users compared to never users had a higher risk for cognitive impairment (Adj. RR 1.51; 95%CI 0.93–2.47) and for decline in performance (increase of two or more errors) on the SPMSQ (Adj. RR 1.24; 95%CI 0.74–2.08). A nonsignificant increased risk of cognitive impairment and decline with either higher dose or short‐term use was found whereas a nonsignificant protective effect on cognitive decline with current long‐term use was seen.ConclusionsThese results suggest no beneficial effects, and perhaps a detrimental effect, of histamine2receptor antagonist use on cognitive function in community dwelling elderly. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.