bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Labor Crisis of 1850
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crisis began at a time when New York’s economic and political for tunes seemed sounder than ever. Local prices had recovered briefly in 1844 and 1845, only to dip again from 1846 until early 1847; by 1850, the recovery had resumed and the metropolitan economy was in full swing. City government was in the gentlemanly hands of the Whigs, their way to office opened by fresh splits within the Democracy; in the mayor’s office sat the stalwart lawyer and businessman Caleb Woodhull, a man of the new mercantile elite, a humanitarian who proposed building parks and improving sanitary conditions in the slums to uplift the poor, but who showed no reluctance about calling on the military to suppress lower-class unrest. The benevolent middle-class God was in His heaven; on earth, New York’s city fathers, businessmen, and manufacturers were busily doing His work, “heralding our modern civilization,” one clergyman proclaimed, “to con quests and results not possible before.”1 Like the breakneck expansion of the mid-183os, the city’s renewed prosperity had its perils for local wage earners. Although business was brisk, their incomes did not keep pace with rising retail prices and rents. Their jobs were no more secure with the ongoing division of labor and consequent sweating. Their confidence in city government was not rein forced by Mayor Woodhull’s handling of the Astor Place affray.
Cognitive Style and Learning Strategies in Latin Instruction
Authors: Deagon Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive Style in the Classroom Classroom teachers know that all students learn differently, showing not only different levels of intelligence but also different specific talents and different tendencies to error and confusion. These inherent variations in talents, attitudes, and approaches to learning are a factor of a student’s cognitive style. Cognitive style, also referred to as learning style in educational contexts, is the individual’s propensity to perceive and learn in particular ways. Cognitive style is largely a factor of personality, and personality tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) have proved to be accurate measures of individuals’ abilities and preferences in learning. For example, studies indicate that subjects classified by the MBTI as “intuitives” prefer rule-oriented learning with only enough examples to get the rules, while those identified as “sensing” prefer pattern drills and numerous examples.1 The many other tests of personality and cognitive style developed by researchers in the past thirty years (e.g., the Gregorc Style Indicator) continue to measure and refine this connection between personality and learning.
History
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tang was the successor to the Sui (581-618), the dynasty that unified China after nearly four centuries of division. Despite that monumental achievement, the second ruler of the Sui squandered the state’s resources, human and material, on three disastrous campaigns of conquest against northern Korea in 612, 613, and 614. Those debacles caused widespread disaffection and rebellions throughout northern China. In the face of mounting insurrections, the Sui court fled south to Yangzhou. After the emperor abandoned his capital Luoyang in the north, one of his commanders, Li Yuan-the Duke of Tang, known posthumously as Gaozu rose in revolt. Liled his armies out of his base at Taiyuan and marched southwest to seize the western capital, a feat that he accomplished in late 617.
The Handbook Of International Adoption medicine
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1989, more than 165,000 children have been adopted by American parents. Every indication suggests that this number will increase in the years to come. Many of these children arrive with complex medical and behavioural problems. These children require specialized medical attention to help them get well and adjust to their new lives and surroundings. The Handbook of International Adoption Medicine presents an overview of the medical and developmental issues that affect internationally adopted children, offering guidelines for families and physicians before, during, and after adoption. Laurie Miller has comprehensively researched these topics and also draws from over fifteen years of experience in international adoption and orphanages throughout the world. This book shows how to advise families prior to an international adoption, how to perform an effective initial screening assessment of the newly arrived child, how to manage common behaviour problems, and how to recognize and manage developmental and other more long-term problems as they emerge. Sections cover such subjects as the risks of prenatal exposures, problems in growth and development, infectious diseases, and other medical conditions such as inherited disorders, uncertain age, and precocious puberty. This information has never been available in one place, making the book an invaluable resource for families and professionals in the field of international adoption.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol is the most common teratogen on the planet and one of the most common identifiable causes of mental retardation. Worldwide, between 1/1000 and 1/300 of infants are exposed prenatally to alcohol: some estimate the incidence as high as 1/100. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is perhaps the leading cause of mental retardation in the United States; precise statistics for other countries are not available. The prevalence of FAS in Russian orphanages is estimated at 14%, based on physical criteria alone. Families adopting internationally have usually heard of FAS as a risk for their children. Few realize however, the spectrum of problems that occur after prenatal alcohol exposure, the lifelong disabilities these children experience, and the difficulty establishing this diagnosis in the absence of (reliable) maternal history. This section reviews the epidemiology of alcoholism in sending countries, the physical and neurobehavioral features of FAS, and the outcome of affected children. Because the outcome of children with FAS depends greatly on the prevention of “secondary disabilities,” the long-term follow-up of children with FAS who have been adopted is highlighted.
Effects Of Stress In Early Life
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International adoptees encounter stress both prenatally and postnatally (Table 8–1). Most are products of unwanted pregnancies. After birth, many suffer from abandonment, institutionalization, malnutrition, recurrent illnesses, environmental deprivation, and/or emotional neglect. Some are physically or sexually abused, or witness distressing events. These stressful experiences in early life may permanently alter brain physiology and lead to long-lasting physiological, psychological, and behavioral changes. Early stress may have lifelong adverse effects on growth, development, health, behavior, learning, and memory. This section discusses how stress influences these areas, clinically and neurobiologically.
Immunization And Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 14, 2001, a group of Chinese girls returned to the United States with their new adoptive parents. One of the children, a 10-month-old girl, was ill upon arrival at the airport in Houston, Texas. She went directly to the Emergency Room at Texas Children’s Hospital, where she was found to have fever, cough, coryza, Koplik spots, and rash. Measles was suspected and later confirmed. Public health investigation revealed measles infections in 14 other Chinese adoptees in nine states, from the same travel group.1 One secondary case of measles also occurred. The outbreak was traced to a ceremony held at the Guangzhou Consulate General Office, where 54 adopting families met to receive their travel visas. Other exposures included Consulate staff (including one pregnant Chinese woman), hotel personnel, and flight attendants and passengers on numerous flights. A similar outbreak occurred in April 2004.
Unusual And Other Infectious Diseases
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some practitioners caring for international adoptees expect to encounter frequent exotic infectious diseases among their patients, but such conditions are uncommon. Intestinal parasites, latent tuberculosis, and hepatitis B occur routinely in internationally adopted children (see Chapters 14, 15, and 17). Otherwise, serious “exotic” infections seldom occur. However, persistent fever, splenomegaly, respiratory tract infection, anemia, or eosinophilia in new arrivals should prompt further evaluation based on diseases likely to occur in the country of origin. Occasionally, vaccine-preventable diseases (measles, pertussis) appear in new arrivals (see Chapter 21). These can be challenging diagnoses for American pediatricians, most of whom have never seen a case.
Rickets
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutritional rickets, once common in industrialized and polluted northern cities of Western Europe and the United States, is infrequently encountered in most general pediatrics populations in these regions. However, its re-emergence has recently been documented among some inner-city children in the United States.2,3 In contrast, rickets is common among international adoptees, especially those arriving from northern latitudes. A history of “rachitis” (an old term for rickets) is found on many pre-adoptive medical records. In actuality, few children have obvious or severe rickets on arrival to the United States. However, subtle manifestations of rickets may be overlooked unless specifically sought on physical examination. On arrival, radiographs and laboratory test results may be atypical or inconclusive:4 improved diet and sun exposure provided by adoptive parents during the brief interval between adoption and arrival in the United States may partially ameliorate this condition. In severe malnutrition or growth arrest, clinical expression of rickets may not develop despite inadequate intake of vitamin D and/or calcium.
Attachment
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attachment is the reciprocal affectionate relationship that binds two people deeply together, or, more simply, love. Attachment is also the process by which infants internalize emotional connections to others— that is, learn to love. Attachment influences all aspects of child development and becomes the basis by which the child relates to the world, learns, and forms relationships throughout life. The life experiences of most internationally adopted children prior to placement conspire to interfere with this process. Although no statistics are available, disordered attachment undoubtably occurs more frequently among international adoptees, who are virtually all placed after 6 months of age, than among adoptees placed as newborns. Disordered attachment profoundly affects the well-being of the child and family. Through the publicizing of several cases of international adoptees with severe attachment disorder in the popular media, awareness of attachment issues for internationally adopted children has greatly increased.
The Construction of The Confessions of Nat Turner
Authors: Allmendinger David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long before he first met Nat Turner in the Jerusalem, Virginia, jail, Thomas R. Gray began to assemble evidence on the Southampton rebellion and its leader. For ten weeks after the events of 21—23 August 1831, while Nat Turner remained at large, Gray immersed himself in factual details about the uprising. By the time Nat Turner was finally captured, on 30 October, Gray knew more about the rebellion than any man alive, except perhaps the leader himself. For that reason, during the first three days of November, Gray got permission to enter the jail and write down the leader’s own statement. By 5 November, when Nat Turner came to trial, Gray had completed the manuscript of The Confessions of Nat Turner, the most authoritative account of the rebellion to that day. Two days later he was in Richmond looking for a publisher. He was able to work swiftly because he had prepared himself single-mindedly for the moment that he might meet the leader and because he had begun to construct the manuscript before that moment arrived.
Symptoms of Liberty and Blackhead Signposts: David Walker and Nat Turner
Authors: Harding Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I speak Americans for your good. We must and shall be free ... in spite of you. You may do your best to keep us in wretchedness and misery, to enrich you and your children, but God will deliver us from under you. And wo, wo, will be to you if we have to obtain our freedom by fighting.
Special Methodological Challenges and Opportunities in Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Hufford Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods have the potential to dramatically enhance the ecological validity of research findings by helping researchers move their assessments out of the laboratory and into the daily lives of their subjects. For EMA to be successful-both in terms of researchers’ ability to implement these methods and having the resulting data inform research programs-a variety of unique methodological issues raised by these methods must be considered and addressed.
Real-Time Data Capture: Ecological Momentary Assessment of Behavioral Symptoms Associated with Eating Disorders
Authors: Stein Karen Farchaus , Paulson Pamela E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eating disorders of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are serious health problems that affect as many as 5 million American adolescent and young adult women each year and cause life-threatening physical complications and compromised states of emotional health. Although a number of approaches to treatment of the eating disorders have been developed, their effectiveness in producing long- and short-term recovery is alarmingly low (Keel & Mitchell, 1997; Walsh & Devlin, 1998). These disappointing outcomes have led to renewed calls for the development of new, theoretically based approaches to the treatment of eating disorders (Walsh & Devlin, 1998; Walsh & Kahn, 1997).
Music, Education, and Multiculturalism
Authors: Volk Terese M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In today's multi-ethnic classroom, multiculturalism plays an increasingly vital role. What it is, how it developed, and what it means for education, especially music education, are the questions that form the essence of this book. Music, Education, and Multiculturalism traces the growth and development of multicultural music education in the United States from its start in the early 1900s to the present, and describes the state of multicultural music education internationally. Beginning with a discussion of the philosophical foundations surrounding multiculturalism, Part I addresses the various definitions of multiculturalism and its associated problems and possibilities in both education at large and music education in particular. It offers a succinct discussion of the various philosophical concepts and rationales for a multicultural approach, and concludes with current thoughts and applications in music education. Part II follows multicultural music education in the U.S. as it paralleled changes in general education brought about by social and historical events. The last chapter in this section outlines multiculturalism in music education around the world. Part III focuses on the implications of multiculturalism for music education, both in teacher training and in classroom instruction. Designed to assist music educators at all levels in understanding and implementing multicultural education, Music, Education, and Multiculturalism provides suggestions for curricular development, offers teaching strategies, and provides practical applications including materials and methodologies. Combining personal narrative and oral history with the support of primary and archival documents, this text is essential reading for all students and teachers of the history and foundations of music education and of multiculturalism in general education.
Almost A Miracle
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this gripping chronicle of America's struggle for independence, award-winning historian John Ferling transports readers to the grim realities of that war, capturing an eight-year conflict filled with heroism, suffering, cowardice, betrayal, and fierce dedication. As Ferling demonstrates, it was a war that America came much closer to losing than is now usually remembered. General George Washington put it best when he said that the American victory was "little short of a standing miracle." Almost a Miracle offers an illuminating portrait of America's triumph, offering vivid descriptions of all the major engagements, from the first shots fired on Lexington Green to the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown, revealing how these battles often hinged on intangibles such as leadership under fire, heroism, good fortune, blunders, tenacity, and surprise. The author paints sharp-eyed portraits of the key figures in the war, including General Washington and other American officers and civilian leaders. Some do not always measure up to their iconic reputations, including Washington himself. Others, such as the quirky, acerbic Charles Lee, are seen in a much better light than usual. The book also examines the many faceless men who soldiered, often for years on end, braving untold dangers and enduring abounding miseries. The author explains why they served and sacrificed, and sees them as the forgotten heroes who won American independence. Ferling's narrative is also filled with compassion for the men who comprised the British army and who, like their American counterparts, struggled and died at an astonishing rate in this harsh war. Nor does Ferling ignore the naval war, describing dangerous patrols and grand and dazzling naval actions. Finally, Almost a Miracle takes readers inside the legislative chambers and plush offices of diplomats to reveal countless decisions that altered the course of this war. The story that unfolds is at times a tale of folly, at times one of appalling misinformation and confusion, and now and then one of insightful and dauntless statesmanship.
“We Are Suspended In The Balance”: Spring And Summer 1781
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Washington remained at headquarters in New Windsor, New York, through the dark winter of 1781, anxiously awaiting word of Greene’s fate. He had supported Greene’s daring strategy of dividing his army, saying that such a tack could be “supported upon just Military Principles.” He continued to caution him “to avoid a general action,” predicting that the defeat of the southern army would be “the most probable consequence of such an event.”Washington was fully aware of the “miserable situation” that Greene faced: an army consisting mostly of “raw troops” who were “literally naked,” while the “southern states have not the resources” to supply its needs. France alone could alleviate that problem, Washington sadly acknowledged. France also held the key, he added, to relieving the pressure on the southern army, which was “pressed in all sides,” with Cornwallis menacing it from the south and west, Arnold from the north. From early on, Washington solicited help for the South from Rochambeau and Ternay, pointing to the deficiencies that had resulted from the capture of Lincoln’s army and its stores in Charleston, and explaining that it was crucial for the well-being of the postwar United States that it retain Georgia and South Carolina.
The Making of a Radical Individualist in Ohio’s Western Reserve
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Frederick Douglass died in February of 1895, the people of Boston called for a memorial service to honor him. Proud of its abolitionist heritage, Boston’s city council chose to hold a ceremony for the great black abolitionist at Faneuil Hall, once the favored site for rallies in the heyday of the movement. Members of Douglass’s family and former abolitionist colleagues spoke at the cere-mony, but the task of delivering the main eulogy was given to Albion W. Tourgée. His two-hour address, delivered on December 20, 1895, was later published at the city’s expense.
Citizen-Soldier: Manhood and the Meaning of Liberty
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two and a half years that constituted Tourgée’s career as a Union soldier in the Civil War would become the touchstone of his politics for the rest of his life. When he enlisted into the army soon after Lincoln’s first call for troops in 1861, Tourgée showed little evidence of political idealism. A detailed analysis of his experience shows that Tourgée’s political understanding of the war slowly began to emerge from concerns about manliness and moral duty that played a greater role in motivating him to enlist. Also, the nationalizing impetus of the war to preserve the Union had a profound influence on his democratic ideals.
The History of Lupus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Lupus” is the Latin word for “wolf,” and it is common medical lore that the “butterfly rash” seen on the cheeks of many lupus patients is so similar to the facial markings of a wolf that our ancestors chose the name for this reason. The technical name for the disease we know of as lupus—lupus erythematosus— was first applied to a skin disorder by a Frenchman, Pierre Cazenave, in 1851, though descriptive articles detailing the condition date back to Hippocrates in ancient Greece.
The Genetic Connection
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is lupus a genetic disorder? Does it run in families? How can it be passed on or be inherited? These questions are commonly asked. The answer is not simple, but researchers now believe that various genes that predispose people to lupus are inherited, among them the major histocompatibility complex, or MHC, which includes the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, a specific area of the genes. Along with HLA, we also inherit T-cell receptor genes and other genes relevant to SLE, such as immunoglobulin genes. Each of us inherits a unique chemical signature, just as we inherit our blood type.
Environmental Villains
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of my newly diagnosed lupus patients examine everything they have done or experienced regarding travel, prescription medications, occupational activities, infections, and other factors in an effort to find a reason for their disease. In my experience, some individuals are convinced that they did something “wrong” and therefore became ill. When this occurs, soul searching represents a natural process that ultimately results in coming to terms with the diagnosis. Although the precise cause of lupus is not known in each case, there are indeed certain environmental factors that may occasionally play a role in initiating the disease or making it worse. How does this happen?
Drugs That May Cause Lupus or Produce Flareups
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1945, Byron Hoffman reported that sulfa-containing antibiotics might provoke a lupus-like syndrome. Since that time, more than seventy agents have been reported to bring on the disease. In addition, the administration of certain drugs has been found to cause a preexisting lupus to flare up. This chapter reviews the mechanisms by which this process may occur. It also looks at published data on the most problematic drugs and discusses the treatment of drug induced lupus.