bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Geneva Conventions, Insurgency, and Decolonization
Authors: van Dijk Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How has international humanitarian law (IHL) been deployed by anti-colonial and imperial actors? To what extent did IHL change the nature of wars of decolonization? And how should we understand the discipline’s role in undermining or legitimizing imperial counter-insurgency? In revisiting these questions, this chapter aims to develop new analytical and historiographical perspectives on IHL’s history in relation to decolonization and insurgency. It seeks to move the historiography’s lens beyond singular narratives of IHL’s past in order to gain a sharper focus on the diversity of sources, voices, and actors shaping decolonization. Recognizing the discipline’s diverse origins and analysing what law meant in times of anti-colonial insurgency opens the entirety of its history to new types of analysis transgressing disciplinary and methodological boundaries.
‘Independence or Death’? Rank and File Recruitment, Ideology, and Desertion during the Wars of Decolonization in Indonesia and Malaysia, c.1945–1960
Authors: Frakking Roel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter’s main aim is to reintroduce dynamism into debates on insurgent recruitment and desertion by highlighting insurgents’ temporary alliances with the forces of both incumbent and insurgent forces. It analyses peoples’ motivations to take up arms during the wars of decolonization in Indonesia and Malaysia. Despite insurgent leaders’ insistence on ubiquitous anti-colonial fervour, insurgents’ personal experiences show the motivational limits of ideology. Access to food or personal advancement equally placed ‘normal’ people alongside long-time nationalists and revolutionized youths. In this context, violence made sense: it, too, pushed into activism people in search of safety. Lastly, the chapter examines insurgent organization cohesion. Circumstances that prompted recruitment caused desertion, too, but when insurgent cells were threatened by colonial forces. The motivation to desert was multiplied where insurgents fell out with their superiors.
The Cyprus Revolt and the ‘Prickly Subject’ of Truces
Authors: Hadjiathanasiou Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the four truces declared by the Greek Cypriot guerrilla organization EOKA during the Cyprus anti-colonial revolt for political union with Greece (1955–1959). The chapter aims to trace the history of EOKA’s truces, exploring how and why these came into being and the British response to them. In examining their effect, I reveal that the ‘prickly subject’ of truces was always received with suspicion by the British and colonial governments, hence,, all truces remained unilateral. Not accepting to believe in EOKA’s ‘magnanimous reasons’ for ordering a truce, the British refused calling off counter-insurgency operations throughout the ‘Cyprus Emergency’. Instead, a general amnesty was given to the guerilla fighters only when a political agreement was reached on the future of Cyprus. The chapter shows that distrust and disbelief were the default mode of interaction between the two warring sides. It does not only exemplify the self-evident, in other words that when truces were declared violence ceased for a while, but more importantly, that during this timethe parties attended to other considerations thus, benefitting from these unilateral truces. EOKA was pursuing its ideological goals, recovering, reorganizing, and ensuring coherence within its ranks. However, EOKA was not the only party to benefit from these unilateral truces. The wartime order achieved also gave time to the British forces to recoup and import soldiers, but also other actors participating in the effort to find a mutually agreeable solution to the Cyprus issue.
Humanitarian Illusions
Authors: Kuzmarov Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2007, the US army re-released its counter-insurgency manual with an introduction by General David Petraeus and his deputy Colonel John A. Nagl. The manual offered a strategy for defeating guerrilla insurgencies in Afghanistan and Iraq using a hearts and minds approach alongside calibrated political policing operations. The strategy adopted in the manual had been previously adopted by the US military during the Vietnam War, and before that in fighting the left-wing Huk guerilla insurgency in the Philippines, and had been borrowed from European colonial powers. Success in achieving stated aims was ultimately elusive because the US repeatedly underestimated the political strength of its enemy and alienated the public by supporting corrupt client governments. At the end of the day, counter-insurgency was largely a public relations strategy designed to win the informational and propaganda war. The latter could never be won because of the political circumstances and violence experienced by the people living under foreign occupation that the rhetoric of counter-insurgency tried to sanitize.
Counter-Insurgency and the Russian ‘Way of War’
Authors: Marshall Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Counter-insurgency theory typically assumes that the praxis of counter-insurgency itself constitutes a special military discipline or a particular ‘military art’, requiring independent doctrine and training. This school of thought has in turn generated generations of thinkers and writers, from Hubert Lyautey and David Galula to General Petraeus and David Kilcullen, who have claimed special insight into the art of counter-insurgency practice. Within this paradigm, Russian military campaigns in the past and present bearing counter-insurgency characteristics have also been traditionally critiqued as particularly brutal, artless, ineffective, and futile. More recently, they have also been critiqued as exemplars of the ‘authoritarian model’ of counter-insurgency, held up as the antithesis of modern Western praxis. This chapter critically re-examines both sets of assumptions, to argue that Russian praxis simultaneously does represent counter-insurgency as traditionally practiced by all countries, and that it also undermines Western paradigms of counter-insurgency as a special or specific ‘art of war’, meriting its own doctrines and cadres of military and academic specialists. In doing so, it adopts a historical overview, running from the basmachi insurgency of the 1920s through stabilization of the Western borderlands after World War Two to the Soviet state-building effort in Afghanistan.
Guns, Grain, and Gold
Authors: MacMaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the classic Maoist doctrine of revolutionary warfare, often shared by COIN specialists, guerrilla forces found a logistic support base among isolated mountain populations. A case study of the Algerian War (1954–1962) shows how ‘vanguard’ militants arriving from the cities, far from imposing revolutionary organizations on ‘primitive’ peasants, had to adapt to pre-existing rural forms of social and political organization. During a vital early phase, when guerrilla organization was at its most fragile, insurgents turned to ‘traditional’ forms of peasant networks for vital supplies like weapons, food, and taxes. In the construction of a counter-state, the insurgents adapted rather than destroyed colonial local government structures, as well as those of the village assemblies.
Late Colonial Counter-Insurgency as an Intellectual Challenge
Authors: Harinck Christiaan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From October 1945 to August 1949, the Netherlands fought and ultimately lost a costly decolonization war in Indonesia, ending her place among the major colonial powers. In many ways, it was an unwinnable war, as so many of the early decolonization wars were. But the changing tides of history were not apparent to all when the Second World War ended in Asia. What did become apparent to the Dutch metropolitan and colonial authorities, soon after the fighting began, was that, politically and militarily, the Indonesian insurgency in its scale, reach, and intensity surpassed anything seen before. And it came at a time when Dutch armed forces were still in tatters from their Second World War defeats both at home (1940) and in the colonies (1941–1942). As a result of fighting a difficult counter-insurgency campaign amidst a rapidly changing political landscape, the Dutch military’s core views, adaptability, effectiveness, and capabilities were thoroughly tested. The Indonesian War, therefore, provided the Dutch military with a major challenge, not only in physical and practical terms, but also intellectually. This raises the question how the Dutch military responded to this challenge, and how we can account for that response. Specifically, this chapter will address this question with an emphasis on the development of Dutch tactical doctrine and within the analytical contexts of violent decolonization and the development of military thought on counter-insurgency.
The Insurgent Strategies of the ALN in Algeria (1954–1962)
Authors: Arezki Saphia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Focused on the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale’s (FLN) armed wing, the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), this chapter examines the insurgent strategies it devised. Several questions will be addressed. How did ALN strategies evolve during the conflict? Where did violence fit into the FLN-ALN strategy to secure the allegiance of local populations? What forms did such violence take? And how did the progressive internationalization of the Algerian War affect ALN tactics and prospects, particularly as French security forces locked down Algeria’s cities and land frontiers? Winning global support was always a high priority for the FLN leadership; indeed, the 1 November 1954 declaration announcing the FLN’s commitment to fight a war of independence identified the movement’s first external goal as the ‘Internationalization of the Algerian problem’. What might be further explored is the way in which this objective affected the actions and objectives of both FLN politics and ALN operations.
Beyond the State/Rebel Dichotomy in Twentieth Century African Warfare
Authors: Krause Jonathan , Larmer Miles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding of the history of armed conflict in twentieth-century Africa has often been limited by a focus on the state affiliations of armed forces. Histories of ‘imperial’ conquest and resistance often did little to explain the underlying motivations of indigenous forces fighting on either side. Likewise, the ostensible dichotomy between armed liberation movements and the ‘loyalist’ troops of colonial armies often disguised shared military practices and instances in which ‘rebels’ became loyalists. Decolonization theoretically legitimized the establishment of new nation-state armies, but many post-colonial regimes were undermined by continuing contestation of national identities involving conflicts between state armies that occupied ‘rebel’ areas, and rebel movements that aspired to take control of states. From the 1990s, studies of warfare in Africa increasingly recognized the extent to which the division between state and rebel forces, for example in the Congo Wars, masked the considerable interaction, interchange, and similarities between these armed forces, to the extent that they may best be understood as mutually constituted. This chapter aims to challenge established understandings of conflict in modern African history and to contribute to the wider historiographical analysis of conflict between states and insurgents in the wider (post-)colonial world.
Insurgencies in Early Post-Colonial Indonesia
Authors: Keppy Peter , Luttikhuis Bart , Wahid Abdul 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn the 1950s, shortly after independence from the Netherlands in 1949, Indonesia experienced a number of significant rebellions. These insurgencies were part of a much greater number of smaller outbursts of violence that are central here. They are of interest, firstly, as they invite us to question the common notion of tension between the regions and the political centre of the Republic of Indonesia. The cases in this essay demonstrate that smaller insurgencies occurred for a prolonged period in what are considered core centres of support for the Republic of Indonesia, i.e. Java and Sumatra. While the major rebellions aimed at overthrowing or breaking up the unitary state, the aims of the smaller insurgencies remained opaque. Some insurgencies aimed at transforming the incumbent government and its policies. Many, however, were of a vague politico-criminal and local nature. Secondly, a closer examination of the small insurgencies shows more clearly than the major recorded rebellions that the borders between insurgency, crime, and vigilantism were often blurred. Thirdly, many of these small insurgencies were not isolated incidents. We should rather consider them as integrated chains of events, often involving similar social groups, in most cases demobilized soldiers and guerrilla fighters.
To Forget and Remember
Authors: Branche Raphaëlle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The war waged against Algerian nationalists by French military forces ended with several amnesties, the first of which started immediately after the March 1962 ceasefire and the last of which was implemented twenty years later. Apart from the amnesty aimed at Algerians imprisoned during the conflict, other amnesties effectively whitewashed the crimes of French soldiers, ultra-extremists, and French anti-war activists. The logic of these laws was twofold, and its elements will be compared. Focused on the ‘actions’ of the French soldiers, the 1962 amnesty was meant to perpetuate the culture of impunity that was effectively legally guaranteed during the course of the war. That amnesty gave rise to a specific political agenda among military veterans, who demanded political, symbolic, and legal recognition of their war service, as well as financial recompense for their tour of duty in Algeria. Meanwhile, owing to that culture of impunity the issue of war crimes remained unaddressed. On the other hand, former French activists as well as anticolonialists or draft-dodgers were concerned by the terms of several amnesties issued between 1962 and 1982. Most of these amnesties are linked, on the one hand, to the intention of the French Fifth Republic to bring internecine tensions to an end and, on the other hand, to the political agenda of former French activists settled in metropolitan France after the Algerian independence. This chapter argues that these amnesties afforded political and social visibility to nostalgic narratives about French Algeria and its ‘martyrs’. The effects of the amnesty targeting French soldiers are more complex, and their legacies are still unfolding.
Coping as an Essential Process of Everyday Motivational Resilience in School
Authors: Skinner Ellen A. , Saxton Emily A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of academic coping focuses on how children and adolescents deal with the challenges, problems, and setbacks they encounter daily in their academic work. Coping transactions have the potential to create a zone of proximal development: They provide students with opportunities to assemble, practice, and consolidate a rich and flexible set of use-dependent tools for dealing productively with and learning from stressful encounters. Over time, the construction of a repertoire of adaptive coping strategies allows students to engage more fully in demanding learning activities, recover more quickly from setbacks, feel more efficacious, and learn more from challenging schoolwork. Despite its centrality as a key process of everyday resilience, however, the construct of academic coping has had surprisingly little impact on mainstream work in educational science. The goals of this chapter are threefold. First, the authors make the conceptual and empirical case that academic coping deserves to be incorporated into educational research and interventions. Second, the authors identify theoretical and methodological shortcomings of this research to date, and suggest some solutions. Third, the authors specify the place and purpose of academic coping alongside other closely related motivational and regulatory processes. In this way, the authors hope to improve future investigations conducted by researchers already dedicated to the topic, while also encouraging other educational researchers to integrate academic coping into their programs of study and intervention.
Academically At-Risk Learners in School Contexts
Authors: Cleary Timothy J. , Callan Gregory L. , Rubenstein Lisa DaVia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-regulation plays a key role in children’s and adolescents’ academic, social-emotional, and physical health, as it helps them manage, control, and adapt their behaviors and thoughts to produce a desired end state. However, many academically at-risk learners have underlying exceptionalities that may affect the development and use of self-regulation processes. This chapter explores the link between student characteristics, self-regulated learning (SRL) skills, and academic outcomes, and details how innovative interventions support the development of SRL skills. Specifically, this chapter (a) examines the nature of regulatory skills among students with ADHD, SLD, and gifted underachievement and (b) reviews specific interventions that address motivation, metacognition, and strategy training. Future research should continue to explore the intersection among motivational, strategic, and metacognition among neurodiverse populations, but should place particular emphasis on feasibility and usability of reflection-based activities that may result in the most adaptive and healthy forms of strategic adaptation and motivation in students.
Genetics of sleep medication purchases suggests causality from sleep problems to psychiatric traits
Authors: Broberg Martin , Helaakoski Viola , Kiiskinen Tuomo , Paunio Tiina , Jones Samuel E , Mars Nina , Lane Jacqueline M ,   FinnGen, Saxena Richa , Ollila Hanna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Study Objectives
Over 10% of the population in Europe and in the United States use sleep medication to manage sleep problems. Our objective was to elucidate genetic risk factors and clinical correlates that contribute to sleep medication purchase and estimate the comorbid impact of sleep problems.

Methods
We performed epidemiological analysis for psychiatric diagnoses, and genetic association studies of sleep medication purchase in 797 714 individuals from FinnGen Release 7 (N = 311 892) and from the UK Biobank (N = 485 822). Post-association analyses included genetic correlation, co-localization, Mendelian randomization (MR), and polygenic risk estimation.

Results
In a GWAS we identified 27 genetic loci significantly associated with sleep medication, located in genes associated with sleep; AUTS2, CACNA1C, MEIS1, KIRREL3, PAX8, GABRA2, psychiatric traits; CACNA1C, HIST1H2BD, NUDT12. TOPAZ1 and TSNARE1. Co-localization and expression analysis emphasized effects on the KPNA2, GABRA2, and CACNA1C expression in the brain. Sleep medications use was epidemiologically related to psychiatric traits in FinnGen (OR [95% (CI)] = 3.86 [3.78 to 3.94], p &lt; 2 × 10−16), and the association was accentuated by genetic correlation and MR; depression (rg = 0.55 (0.027), p = 2.86 × 10−89, p MR = 4.5 × 10−5), schizophrenia (rg = 0.25 (0.026), p = 2.52 × 10−21, p MR = 2 × 10−4), and anxiety (rg = 0.44 (0.047), p = 2.88 × 10−27, p MR = 8.6 × 10−12).

Conclusions
These results demonstrate the genetics behind sleep problems and the association between sleep problems and psychiatric traits. Our results highlight the scientific basis for sleep management in treating the impact of psychiatric diseases.
Association between sleep traits and biological aging risk: a Mendelian randomization study based on 157 227 cases and 179 332 controls
Authors: Wang Mei , Yang Meiqi , Liang Shuang , Wang Nanxi , Wang Yifan , Sambou Muhammed Lamin , Qin Na , Zhu Meng , Wang Cheng , Jiang Yue , Dai Juncheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Study Objectives
To investigate whether sleep traits are associated with the risk of biological aging using a case–control design with Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.

Methods
We studied 336 559 participants in the UK Biobank cohort, including 157 227 cases of accelerated biological aging and 179 332 controls. PhenoAge, derived from clinical traits, estimated biological ages, and the discrepancies from chronological age were defined as age accelerations (PhenoAgeAccel). Sleep behaviors were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. propensity score matching matched control participants to age-accelerated participants, and a conditional multivariable logistic regression model estimated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Causal relationships between sleep traits and PhenoAgeAccel were explored using linear and nonlinear MR methods.

Results
A U-shaped association was found between sleep duration and PhenoAgeAccel risk. Short sleepers had a 7% higher risk (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.11), while long sleepers had an 18% higher risk (OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.22), compared to normal sleepers (6–8 hours/day). Evening chronotype was linked to higher PhenoAgeAccel risk than morning chronotype (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.18), while no significant associations were found for insomnia or snoring. Morning chronotype had a protective effect on PhenoAgeAccel risk (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79 to 0.95) per linear MR analysis. Genetically predicted sleep duration showed a U-shaped relationship with PhenoAgeAccel, suggesting a nonlinear association (pnonlinear &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
The study suggests that improving sleep can slow biological aging, highlighting the importance of optimizing sleep as an intervention to mitigate aging’s adverse effects.
Characteristics of wind-sand transportation along railways in the eastern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert and sand control system
Authors: Dong Hongguang , Cheng Jianjun , Ma Benteng , Li Yupeng , Chen Yuanqing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper focuses on the Korla-Ruoqiang desert railway line, utilizing ERA5 (ERA5 is the fifth generation of ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) atmospheric reanalysis global climate data) wind data to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the wind energy environment along the line in all aspects, reveals the characteristics of wind-sand transport, and puts forward the countermeasures to prevent and control wind-sand disasters. The results of the study indicate that: (1) the wind-sand along the line mainly occurs in the spring and summer seasons, and the dominant sand-moving directions are easterly (ENE, E and NNE) and northeasterly (NE). (2) The average annual sand-moving wind speed ranges from 5.80 m/s to 7.25 m/s, and the annual frequency of sand-moving ranges from 11.99% to 37.26%. (3) The annual sand drift potential (DP) along the line ranges from 69.20 VU to 607.24 VU, with three types of wind energy environments: low, medium and high. The resultant drift potential (RDP) ranges from 45.52 VU to 547.49 VU, and the wind variability index (RDP/DP) is between 0.54 and 0.90. (4) The average sand transport quantity along the line ranges from 2.92 m³/m/a to 9.09 m³/m/a. Based on these results, we optimize the sand blocking, sand fixing and wind erosion prevention measures for different types of wind-sand environments, establish a scientific and efficient wind-sand protection and control system to solve the wind-sand problems and provide a scientific foundation for the prevention and control of wind-sand disasters along the line.