bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haemostatic markers, inflammatory parameters and lipids in male and female patients in the Angina Prognosis Study In Stockholm (APSIS). A comparison with healthy controls
Authors: HELD C. , HJEMDAHL P. , REHNQVIST N. , WALLÉN N. H. , FORSLUND L. , BJÖRKANDER I. , ANGELIN B. , WIMAN B. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives.To investigate haemostatic markers (especially fibrinolysis), inflammatory parameters and lipids in patients with stable angina pectoris. Special attention was paid to differences between male and female patients, and to the reactivity to exercise or the diurnal variation of certain parameters. Subjects. Eight hundred and nine patients (31% females) and a matched healthy control group (n = 50). Results. The patients had signs of disturbed fibrinolysis, with elevated plasma levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI‐1) activity at rest, and attenuated responses of tPA antigen and activity to exercise. Elevated levels of fibrinogen, white blood cell counts and orosomucoid were found, suggesting increased inflammatory activity, as well as a more disturbed lipid profile (higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol levels) than among controls. Female patients had higher HDL cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels than male patients, but higher platelet counts and signs of enhanced platelet activity (β‐thromboglobulin excretion). In addition, female patients had lower white blood cell counts, suggesting lesser inflammatory activity. Conclusions. Patients with stable angina pectoris have signs of markedly disturbed fibrinolysis both at rest and in response to exercise, as well as signs of enhanced inflammatory activity and dyslipidemia. The observed sex differences suggest that male patients with stable angina pectoris may have a more lipid‐related disease, whereas it may be more dependent on platelet function in females.
Alcohol consumption, drinking pattern and acute myocardial infarction. A case referent study based on the Swedish Twin Register
Authors: HAMMAR N. , ROMELSJÖ A. , ALFREDSSON L. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. Little is known about the possible influence of different kinds of alcohol drinking pattern on the risk of acute myocardial infarction. In this study the association between average daily alcohol consumption, as well as large intakes of alcohol on single occasions, and myocardial infarction incidence was investigated.
Design. A case referent analysis nested within a prospective cohort study.
Setting. Incident cases of myocardial infarction were identified by using hospital discharge data and deaths. Referents were selected from the study population through a stratified random sample.
Subjects. Individuals of the Swedish Twin Register below 75 years of age living in a region of 10 Swedish counties in 1972–1981 or in Stockholm County in 1972–1987.
Main outcome measure. Incidence of acute myocardial infarction.
Results. No difference in myocardial infarction incidence was found between former alcohol drinkers and lifelong abstainers. For men, drinkers had a 40% lower incidence than non‐drinkers, as did those with a drinking pattern involving a large intake on single occasions. Women had on average a very low level of alcohol consumption and there were only small differences in incidence of myocardial infarction between drinkers and non‐drinkers. An increased incidence was indicated for women reporting sometimes drinking comparatively large amounts of alcohol on single occasions.
Conclusions. The results support the suggestion that low and moderate alcohol consumption is protective for myocardial infarction. A drinking pattern involving a large intake of alcohol on single occasions did not seem to substantially influence myocardial infarction incidence except possibly for women with an overall very low level of consumption.
The clinical course of renal function in NIDDM patients with normo‐ and microalbuminuria
Authors: NIELSEN S. , SCHMITZ A. , REHLING M. , MOGENSEN C. E. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. To assess the clinical course of renal function in relation to risk factors in NIDDM patients with normo‐ and microalbuminuria.
Design. Prospective clinical study.
Setting. Outpatient diabetic clinic.
Subjects. Thirty‐two NIDDM patients with normo‐ or microalbuminuria followed for (mean (range)) 5.5 (3.3–7.5) years.
Main outcome measures. Glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion rate, blood pressure, lipids, glycaemic control.
Results. The mean rate of decline of glomerular filtration rate was −1.2±2.3 (mean±SD) (95% confidence intervals: −2.0–−0.3) mL min−1 1.73 m−2 year−1 (p=0.009). A considerable interindividual variation was observed (range −6.7 to +3.4 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 year−1). No difference was found between normo‐ and microalbuminuric patients (−1.2±0.5 vs. −1.0±0.7 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 year−1) or between patients with and without antihypertensive treatment (−1.7±0.7 vs. −0.7±0.4 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 year−1). By multiple linear regression analysis the fall rate of glomerular filtration was determined by the mean glomerular filtration rate level (p=0.036). Analysis of patients without antihypertensive treatment revealed that urinary albumin excretion rate and HbA1c levels significantly determined the fall rate of glomerular filtration (P<0.001 and=0.014).
Conclusions. The average decline in renal function of these normo‐ and microalbuminuric NIDDM patients was not increased as compared to the age related fall rate of healthy subjects but varied markedly. Low glomerular filtration rate is associated with a higher fall rate. In patients without antihypertensive treatment higher urinary albumin excretion rate, and poorer glycaemic control are factors associated with an increased fall rate of glomerular filtration.
Effects of short‐term insulin‐like growth factor‐I or growth hormone treatment on bone turnover, renal phosphate reabsorption and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in healthy man
Authors: BIANDA T. , HUSSAIN M. A. , GLATZ Y. , BOUILLON R. , FROESCH E. R. , SCHMID C. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. To find out whether insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) mimics the stimulatory effects of growth hormone (GH) on bone turnover and renal tubular phosphate reabsorption.
Design. Randomized, crossover study.
Setting. University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
Subjects. Seven young healthy male subjects.
Interventions. Each subject was studied three times at 2‐week intervals, treated with saline 0.9% (S), IGF‐I [8 μg kg−1 h−1] by a continuous subcutaneous infusion and finally with GH (6 U. twice daily s.c.) for 5 days.
Main outcome measures. 36 h after the start of treatment, IGF‐I, biochemical markers of bone turnover, calcium, calcium regulating hormones, kidney function and phosphate reabsorption were measured in serum and in 2 h urine in fasting state.
Results. Serum levels of IGF‐I were 26.8±7.3 (S), 119.4±11.4 (IGF‐I) (P<0.02) and 58.4±12.9 nmol L−1 (GH) (P<0.02), respectively. Serum osteocalcin and carboxyterminal propeptide of type I collagen (PICP) as well as the urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine and the calcium/creatinine ratios were all significantly higher after IGF‐I (P<0.02) or GH (P<0.02) than after saline treatment. PTH levels did not change in response to treatment. Total albumin‐corrected calcium increased only after GH treatment (P<0.05). The free calcitriol index rose from 2.2.±0.5×10−5 (S) to 2.81±0.25×10−5 (IGF‐I) (P<0.03) and 2.45±0.25×10−5 (GH), respectively. Serum phosphate and maximal tubular reabsorption divided by glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) were significantly raised by GH (P<0.03) but not by IGF‐I as compared to saline 0.9%.
Conclusions. (i) Similar to GH, IGF‐I rapidly activates bone turnover. (ii) IGF‐I does not mimic the effect of GH on renal phosphate reabsorption in spite of comparable effects on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. (iii) IGF‐I increases free calcitriol index in face of unchanged serum levels of calcium, phosphate and PTH, consistent with a direct stimulatory effect on 25‐OHD‐1a‐hydroxylase.
The additional effects of acipimox to simvastatin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidaemia
Authors: HOOGERBRUGGE N. , JANSEN H. , DE HEIDE L. , ZILLIKENS M. C. , DECKERS J. W. , BIRKENHÄGER J. C. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. Nicotinic acid, an effective drug for treatment of combined hyperlipidaemia, is often not tolerated because of side‐effects. Acipimox is a nicotinic acid like lipid lowering drug with less side‐effects. We studied whether the addition of acipimox to simvastatin improves the lipid profile in patients with a combined hyperlipidaemia.
Design. Randomized double‐blind placebo controlled crossover trial.
Setting. Outpatient lipid clinic of a tertiary referral centre.
Subjects. Eighteen patients with combined hyperlipidaemia treated with diet and 20–40 mg simvastatin for at least 3 months.
Intervention. Acipimox in a daily dose of 3×250 mg for 12 weeks.
Main outcome measures. Effects on the concentration of LDLc, TG, HDLc, Lp(a) and Apolipoprotein B, as well as on LDL‐size and LDL‐resistance to oxidative modification.
Results. Acipimox reduced Lp(a) levels by 8% (P<0.05). A substantial but not statistically significant change in TG (−32%) and HDLc (+6%) levels was seen. All patients were found to have small dense LDL, with a size of 229±4 Å. LDL size and the resistance to oxidation, reflected in the lag phase during in vitro oxidation, were not affected by the addition of acipimox. In a subgroup of 8 patients with the most severe hypertriglyceridaemia (baseline TG<4 mmol L‐[1]), acipimox induced a significant increase in HDLc (+15%, P<0.01). The effects on TG (−41%), LDLc (−10%) and lag phase (+17%) were also more pronounced than in the group with a lower baseline TG, but non of these changes reached the level of significance.
Conclusions. Adding acipimox to simvastatin reduced Lp(a) and substantially but not significantly lowered TG. However, in patients with the highest TG levels, HDLc was also significantly improved.
Cryofixing single cells and multicellular specimens enhances structure and immunocytochemistry for light microscopy
Authors: BASKIN T. I. , MILLER D. D. , VOS J. W. , WILSON J. E. , HEPLER P. K. 
Published: November 2003

Cryofixation is widely held to be superior to chemical fixation for preserving cell structure; however, the use of cryofixation has been limited chiefly to electron microscopy. To see if cryofixation would improve sample structure or antigenicity as observed through the light microscope, we cryofixed Nicotiana alata and Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes and Tradescantia virginina stamen hairs by plunge freezing. After freeze‐substitution, and embedding in butylmethylmethacrylate, we found using the light microscope that the superiority of cryofixation over chemical fixation was obvious. Cryofixation, unlike chemical fixation, did not distort cell morphology and preserved microtubule and actin arrays in a form closely resembling that of living cells.Additionally, to test further the usefulness of cryofixation for light microscopy, we studied the appearance of cells and the retention of antigenicity in a plunge‐frozen multicellular organ. Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana were either chemically fixed or plunge frozen, and then embedded in the removable methacrylate resin used above. We found that plunge freezing preserved cell morphology far better than did chemical fixation, and likewise improved the appearance of both actin and microtubule arrays. Plunge‐frozen roots also had cells with more life‐like cytoplasm than those of chemically fixed roots, as assessed with toluidine‐blue staining or high‐resolution Nomarski optics. Damage from ice crystal formation could not be resolved through the light microscope, even in the interior of the root, 40–75 μm from the surface. We suggest that plunge freezing would enhance many investigations at the light microscope level, including those of multicellular organs, where damage from ice crystals may be less severe than artefacts from chemical fixation.
Reliability and validity of plain radiographs to assess angulation of small finger metacarpal neck fractures: Human cadaveric study
Authors: Lamraski G. , Monsaert A. , De Maeseneer M. , Haentjens P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo quantify reliability and validity of plain radiographs for assessing the degree of small finger metacarpal neck fracture angulation, we created typical two‐fragments fractures in 30 adult cadaveric specimens. Reliability and validity of different radiographic measurement methods were determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman graphical approach. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability was high with any radiographic measurement method. Mean ICCs values (95% confidence intervals) varied from 0.76 (0.56–0.88) to 1.00 (0.99–1.00). The graphical approach confirmed good agreement. Validity was substantial when the fracture angle was measured between the line along the longitudinal axis of the metacarpal shaft and the line from the center of the metacarpal head to the fracture site on lateral radiographs. Mean ICCs values varied from 0.70 (0.36–0.86) to 0.79 (0.5–0.90). The graphical analysis also indicated good agreement. In contrast, considerable lack of validity was observed when the angle was measured on oblique radiographs. Although the mean ICCs values varied from 0.68 (0.12–0.88) to 0.74 (0.05–0.90), suggesting substantial correlation, the graphical analysis provided evidence for poor validity. There was systematic bias with oblique radiographs consistently producing higher readings (up to 35°). In summary, reliability and validity are good only when the degree of small finger metacarpal neck fracture angulation is measured after drawing lines on lateral radiographs. Oblique radiograph measurements consistently produce higher readings. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Pharmacokinetics and cardiopulmonary effects of guaifenesin in donkeys
Authors: Matthews N.s. , Peck K.e. , Mealey K.l. , Taylor T.s. , Ray A.c. 
Published: November 2003

Five donkeys and three horses were given guaifenesin, intravenously, by gravity administration, until recumbency was produced. The time and dose required to produce recumbency, recovery time to sternal and standing were recorded. Blood samples were collected for guaifenesin assay at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min, and 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after guaifenesin administration. Serum was analysed for guaifenesin using HPLC and pharmacokinetic values were calculated using a computer software package (RSTRIP). In donkeys, heart and respiratory rates and blood pressures were recorded before and at 5‐min intervals during recumbency. Arterial blood samples were collected before and at 5 and 15 min intervals during recumbency for analysis of pH, CO2, and O2. anova was used to evaluate dynamic data, while t‐tests were used for kinetic values.Respiratory rate was decreased significantly during recumbency, but no other significant changes from baseline occurred. The mean (±SD) recumbency dose of guaifenesin was 131 mg/kg (27) for donkeys and 211 mg/kg (8) for horses. Recovery time to sternal (min) was 15 (SD, 11) for donkeys and 34 (SD, 1.4) for horses. Time to standing was 32 min for donkeys and 36 min for horses. Calculation of AUC (area under the concentration–time curve) (μg.h/mL) (dose‐dependent variable) was 231 (SD, 33) for donkeys and 688 (SD, 110) for horses. The clearance (CL) (mL/h.kg) was 546 (SD, 73) for donkeys, which was significantly different from 313 (SD, 62) for horses. Mean residence time (MRT) (h) was 1.2 (SD, 0.1) for donkeys and 2.6 (SD, 0.5) for horses. Volume of distribution Vd(area) (mL/kg) was 678 (SD, 92) for donkeys and 794 (SD, 25) for horses. At the rate of administration used in this study, donkeys required less guaifenesin than horses to produce recumbency, but cleared it more rapidly.
Phylogenetic relationships and introgression patterns between incipient parapatric species of Italian brown trout (Salmo trutta L. complex)
Authors: GIUFFRA E. , GUYOMARD R. , FORNERIS G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGenetic variation at 47 protein loci was investigated in 16 wild brown trout populations from the Po basin and three major domesticated stocks used for stocking this area. Twenty‐four loci were polymorphic and large frequency differences were found at 15 of them. The most significant allozyme variations were congruent with the mtDNA sequence polymorphism previously observed in the same samples. We confirmed the occurrence of two parapatric incipient species, Salmo marmoratus and S. trutta fario, previously identified by morphological traits. These two species were fixed or nearly fixed for alternate alleles at eight loci (Nei's standard genetic distance = 0.16–0.18), but introgression was detected between adjacent samples of the two forms. Divergence levels at both mtDNA and nuclear loci suggested that the differentiation between S. marmoratus and S. trutta fario started between 3 and 1 million years before present. Variation at protein loci and mtDNA supported the hypothesis that the third species found in this area, S. carpio (an endemic population of the lake Garda) was issued from a recent hybridization of the two first species. Finally, we showed that three of the major Italian fish‐farm strains originated from the Atlantic side and displayed substantial genetic differences with the natural populations of the Po basin. Most of these populations were contaminated by stocking with introgression rate ranging from 0 to 70% and measures of protection and restoration of the rich genetic diversity present in this area should be urgently applied.
Highly conserved nuclear copies of the mitochondrial control region in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria: some implications for population studies
Authors: ZHANG DE‐XING , HEWITT GODFREY M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAnimal mitochondrial DNA has proved a valuable marker in intraspecific systematic studies. However, if nucleotide sequence heterogeneity exists at the individual level, its usefulness will be much reduced. This study demonstrates that the presence of highly conserved non‐coding mitochondrial sequences in the nuclear genome of Schistocerca gregaria greatly impairs the use of mtDNA in population genetic studies. Caution is called for in other organisms; and it seems necessary to check for conserved nuclear copies of mitochondrial sequences before launching into a large scale analysis of populations using mtDNA as a genetic marker. Experimental procedures are suggested for this purpose.
RAPD identification of microsatellites in Daphnia
Authors: ENDER A. , SCHWENK K. , STÄDLER T. , STREIT B. , SCHIERWATER B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSimple sequence repeats (SSRs, or microsatellites) have been constantly gaining importance as single‐locus DNA markers in population genetics and behavioural ecology. We tested a PCR‐based strategy for finding microsatellite loci in anonymous genomes, which avoids genomic library construction and screening, and the need for larger amounts of DNA. In the first step, parts of a genome are randomly amplified with arbitrary 10mer primers using RAPD fingerprinting. Labelled SSR‐oligonucleotides serve as probes to detect complementary sequences in RAPD products by means of Southern analyses. Subsequently, positive RAPD fragments of suitable size are cloned and sequenced. Using GA and GT probes, we applied this approach to waterfleas (Daphnia) and revealed 37 hybridization signals in 20 RAPD profiles. Thirteen positive RAPD fragments from three Daphnia species and two hybrid ‘species’ were cloned and sequenced. In all cases simple sequence repeats were detected. We characterized seven perfect repeat loci, which were found to be polymorphic within and between species.
Cytonuclear genetic structure of a hybrid zone in lizards of theSceloporus grammicuscomplex (Sauria, Phrynosomatidae)
Authors: SITES J. W. , BASTEN C. J. , ASMUSSEN M. A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLizards of theSceloporus grammicuscomplex are comprised of multiple chromosome races that form several zones of parapatric hybridization in central Mexico. We scored diagnostic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes and autosomal chromosome markers in a sample of 342 lizards from one well‐defined zone between 2n = 34 and 2n = 46 races. A two‐part analysis was performed on this data set in an attempt to infer the predominant evolutionary forces shaping the cytonuclear structure of this zone. The complications posed by its spatial structure were addressed by analysing a hierarchical series of smaller subsamples chosen to approximate single mating units. Two critical conclusions were drawn from this first‐stage analysis. First and foremost, the three chromosomes have largely concordant cytonuclear disequilibrium patterns within each subsample with adequate numbers of individuals for detecting nonrandom cytonuclear associations. This suggests that the cytonuclear structure of this zone is predominantly a result of deterministic genome‐wide forces rather than genetic drift or deterministic forces specific to individual chromosomes or loci. Second, the fit of a series of migration models to the data shows that the cytonuclear structure of the subsamples is well accounted for by continued gene flow from the two parental races alone, with random mating with respect to cytonuclear genotype and no other evolutionary forces. These results motivate several further empirical and theoretical investigations to refine our understanding of the relative roles of migration and other potentially important forces such as natural selection and genetic drift, in this and other hybrid zones.
Matriarchal genetic population structure of North American beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas (Cetacea: Monodontidae)
Authors: Brown Gladden J. G. , Ferguson M. M. , Clayton J. W. 
Published: November 2003

The North American beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas population has been divided into a number of putative geographical stocks based upon migration routes and areas of summer concentration. Nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region were used to assess whether these geographical stocks are genetically distinct. Beluga whale samples from 25 sites were collected primarily from aboriginal subsistence hunts across North America from 1984 to 1994. Thirty‐nine mtDNA haplotypes were identified in 628 beluga samples. No differences were found in the distribution of haplotypes between male and female beluga whales at any sampling site. These haplotypes segregated into two distinct assemblages in both a haplotype network and a neighbour‐joining tree. The haplotype assemblages had a geographically disjunct distribution that suggests postglacial recolonization of the North American Arctic from two different refugia.An analysis of molecular variance based on haplotype relationships and frequency indicated genetic heterogeneity among beluga whale summering groups (P≤ 0.001). Sequence divergence estimates between sampling sites also indicated geographical differentiation, particularly between samples taken at east Hudson Bay or St Lawrence River and the western or central Arctic. The results of this study show a high degree of philopatry to specific summering areas by this highly mobile animal.