bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular epidemiology of mumps virus in Japan and proposal of two new genotypes
Authors: Inou Yoko , Nakayama Tetsuo , Yoshida Naoko , Uejima Hajime , Yuri Kenji , Kamada Makoto , Kumagai Takuji , Sakiyama Hiroshi , Miyata Akiko , Ochiai Hitoshi , Ihara Toshiaki , Okafuji Teruo , Okafuji Takao , Nagai Takao , Suzuki Eitaro , Shimomura Kunihisa , Ito Yuhei , Miyazaki Chiaki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe isolated 872 strains of mumps virus from naso‐pharyngeal secretions in seven different districts of Japan from January 2000 to July 2001. Among them, 57 strains were geno‐typed by nucleotide sequencing in part of the hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (HN) and small hydrophobic (SH) protein regions. Four different genotypes (B, G, K, and L) of mumps virus were co‐circulating in Japan and the distribution of genotypes varied in geographically different districts. Two new clusters designated as genotypes K and L had more than 7% nucleotide variation in the SH gene. Among the 57 strains, 11 were classified as B, 35 as G, three as K, and eight as L, which was mainly isolated in Tokyo. We also examined 104 stains isolated in a clinic in Mie prefecture from 1993 to 2003. Genotype B was the indigenous strain and genotype K was introduced in 1994. Genotypes B and K co‐circulated in the 1990s and were replaced by genotype G in 2000. There was no significant change in neutralizing test antibody titers against genotypes B, G, K, and L using seven post‐vaccination sera with Hoshino strain (genotype B) and these four genotypes had a different antigenicity from genotype A. We should continue to watch on mumps virus molecular epidemiology. J. Med. Virol. 73:97–104, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of viral infection markers by polymerase chain reaction amplification and interferon‐alpha measurements among patients undergoing lumbar puncture in an emergency department
Authors: Hausfater Pierre , Fillet Anne‐Marie , Rozenberg Flore , Arthaud Martine , Trystram David , Huraux Jean‐Marie , Lebon Pierre , Riou Bruno 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAseptic meningitis is a frequent diagnosis in emergency departments. Nevertheless, viral investigations are not carried out currently and the viral etiology in adult population has not been studied extensively. We conducted a prospective study including all consecutive patients undergoing lumbar puncture during a 15 months period in an adult emergency department. Bloody and purulent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were excluded. The main tests undertaken were: CSF genomic amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for neurotropic viruses and serum and CSF interferon‐alpha (IFN‐α) measurements. Among 194 patients included, 45 had and 149 did not have aseptic meningitis. Of 45 patients with aseptic meningitis, 10 had alternative non‐virological final diagnosis, and 35/45 were presumed to have neurological disorders of viral origin. Patients (27/35) completed virological analysis: 21/27 (78%) had either positive viral PCR (enterovirus: 8 patients, Varicella zoster virus (VZV): 5, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV): 2, herpes simplex virus (HSV): 1, human herpes virus 6: 1) or only raised serum or CSF IFN‐α (4 patients). Overall, 59% of patients with a positive viral PCR had either CSF or serum raised IFN‐α. Twentyone patients without meningitis had either positive viral PCR (enterovirus: 3 patients) or only high serum IFN‐α level (18 patients). In the setting of aseptic meningitis diagnosed in an adult emergency department, viruses are the most common agents encountered, with enterovirus and VZV as the two main etiological agents. Current CSF viral genome amplification and IFN‐α measurement are informative and could be useful to confirm the viral origin of various neurological disorders, although the sensitivity and specificity of IFN‐α measurement for the diagnosis of viral infection need further confirmation. J. Med. Virol. 73:137–146, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ Raman spectra of an NAD+‐modified silver electrode at various potentials
Authors: Yang Haifeng , Zhang Zongrang , Shen Guoli , Yu Ruqin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAt various potentials, the in situ confocal Raman technique was employed to detect SERS signals from a silver electrode surface modified with NAD+ through a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) method. The SERS bands of the NAD+ molecule are much more sensitive to changes in the applied potential compared with experimental results reported previously. It is demonstrated in detail that the NAD+ molecules undergo reorientation at or desorption from the silver electrode surface with a potential shift from −0.5 to 0.0 V vs a saturated calomel electrode based on a charge‐transfer mechanism for explanation of the SERS signals. The effect of buffer electrolytes on the results of the SERS experiment was also investigated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐crystal Raman study of erythrite, Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O
Authors: Martens Wayde N. , Theo Kloprogge J. , Frost Ray L. , Rintoul Llew 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSingle‐crystal Raman and infrared spectra of natural and synthetic erythrite, Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O, are reported and compared with the spectra polycrystalline, synthetic annabergite, Ni3(AsO4)2·8H2O, and hörnesite, Mg3(AsO4)2·8H2O. Factor group analysis and single‐crystal considerations were used to interpret the experimental data. The Raman spectra of erythrite reveal the ν1 arsenate stretching vibration at 850 cm−1 (Ag) with the corresponding infrared band at 821 cm−1 (Bu). The ν3 antisymmetric vibration is split into three components, observed at 796 (Ag), 788 (Ag) and 803 (Bg) cm−1. The ν2 symmetric bending modes are observed at 375 (Ag) and 385 (Bg) cm−1. The ν4 bending modes are predicted to split into three bands which are observed at 441 (Ag), 446 (Bg) and 457 (Ag) cm−1. Lattice vibrations are found at 112 (Ag), 124 (Bg), 145 (Ag), 157 (Bg), 165 (Ag), 179 (Ag), 189 (Ag), 191 (Bg), 201 (Bg), 210 (Ag), 227 (Ag), 250 (Ag), 264 (Ag), 264 (Ag), 280 (Bg), 302 (Bg), 321 (Bg) and 338 cm−1(Ag). Hydroxyl stretching modes are observed at 3050, 3218, 3333, 3449 and 3479 cm−1 in the infrared spectrum. Raman‐active hydroxyl bands are detected at 3009 (Bg), 3052 (Ag), 3190 (Bg) 3203 (Bg), 3281 (Ag) and 3310 (Bg), 3436 (Bg) and 3443 (Ag) cm−1. Infrared hydroxyl bands at 3050 and 3218 cm−1 are from water type II, short hydrogen bonding distances, and the bands at 3449 and 3479 cm−1 are due to water I, long hydrogen bonding distances. Water bending modes are detected in the infrared spectrum at 1571, 1621, 1641 and 1682 cm−1, but owing to the inherent weak Raman scattering cross‐section of water these could not be detected in the Raman spectra. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectra of L‐histidine hydrochloride monohydrate crystal
Authors: Faria J. L. B. , Almeida F. M. , Pilla O. , Rossi F. , Sasaki J. M. , Melo F. E. A. , Mendes Filho J. , Freire P. T. C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSingle‐crystal samples of L‐histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (LHICL), C6H9N3O2·HCl·H2O, were studied by Raman spectroscopy at temperatures ranging from 295 to 40 K over the spectral range 20–3400 cm−1. A tentative assignment of the bands is given. The effect of temperature change on the vibrational spectrum is discussed. The behavior of the Raman spectra, in particular the emergence of new modes in the low‐wavenumber region, indicates that LHICL undergoes a structural phase transition between 140 and 110 K. There are further indications that, possibly, a second change of structure occurs for temperatures between 80 and 60 K. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of organic particles via Raman techniques after capture in hypervelocity impacts on aerogel
Authors: Burchell M. J. , Creighton J. A. , Kearsley A. T. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCapture of small (micrometre‐scale) particles in space occurs at high speeds (typically greater than a few km s−1) and impacts at such speeds usually vaporize the projectile. However, impact on a porous, low‐density medium such as aerogel is not so disruptive and thus the incident particle may be captured relatively intact, even at speeds of 5–6 km s−1. Analysis and subsequent handling of captured particles require great care, and an in situ technique is required for rapid characterization of the particles. Previously it has been shown that Raman techniques can be used for identifying silicate and oxide mineral grains captured in this fashion. Here it is shown that this is also true for organic materials. Particles of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethyl methacrylate) were fired into aerogel (density 60 km m−3) at speeds of ∼5 km s−1. The Raman spectra obtained from raw grains are comparable to those obtained in situ from grains captured in aerogel. This shows chemically that these organic particles survive the impact process, and that this technique can be used to identify at least some types of organic materials captured in aerogel at high speeds. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple‐contact adsorption of target molecules by heteropolymer gels†
Authors: Ito Kenji , Chuang Jeffrey , Alvarez‐Lorenzo Carmen , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Ando Nozomi , Grosberg Alexander Yu. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe examined adsorption of target molecules through a multiple‐contact interaction in a thermo‐sensitive heteropolymer gel which can undergo a volume transition at 34°C in water. Multi‐valent anionic target molecules were adsorbed electrostatically by monovalent cationic adsorbing sites in the gel. The overall affinity (SK) between the gel and the target molecule was calculated from the initial slope of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm: [Tads] = KS[Tsol]/(1 + K[Tsol]), where S, K, [Tsol] and [Tads] represent the number of adsorption sites per unit volume of the gel, the effective binding constant, the equilibrium target concentration in the external solution, and the target concentration adsorbed in the gel, respectively. The affinity for the collapsed gel at 60°C was studied in terms of the concentrations of three factors: the adsorber ([Ad]), the coexistent salt (replacement ion, [Re]), and the cross‐linker ([Xl]). We found that the relationship between the affinity and these factors can be summarized by the following formula first suggested by T. Tanaka:

Here c is a constant and p is the number of the contact points between the adsorber units and the target molecule.
Mechanical and dielectric studies of carrageenan sols and gels
Authors: Takemasa Makoto , Chiba Akio , Date Munehiro 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the dynamic shear modulus, strain optical coefficient, DC conductivity, and complex dielectric spectrum of κ‐ and ι‐carrageenan aqueous solutions with K, Ca, Cs, and Na were measured in order to clarify the formation process of the cross‐linking region and the gel network structure. From the correlation analysis between the shear modulus and the strain optical coefficient, we found that the stress inducing unit orientation increases with decreasing temperature, which strongly suggests that the branching number in a cross‐linking region increases with decreasing temperature, which depends on counterion species. In terms of the correlation parameters, an increasing scheme of the branching number depends on counterion species. Just below the coil‐helix transition temperature, dielectric relaxation arises, with relaxation time ∼100μs and relaxation strength ∼103. Dielectric relaxation can be assigned to the counterion fluctuation in the parallel direction to the helical axis. The fluctuation distance of the counterion estimated from the relaxation time increases sharply in the initial stage of gelation and gradually reaches a constant value. We concluded that the longitudinal length of the aggregated region increases sharply at the initial state of gelation while the number of helical molecules bundled in a cross‐linking region increases successively with decreasing temperature.
Deuterium substitution and fluorescence studies on polymer hydrogels and complexes
Authors: Shirota Hideaki , Horie Kazuyuki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDeuterium isotope effects on swelling kinetics and volume phase transition in typical polymer hydrogels (poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and polyacrylamide gels) are discussed. Deuterium substitutions affect on the swelling kinetics and volume phase transition of the polymer hydrogels. The slower swelling kinetics of hydrogels in D2O than in H2O arises mainly from the high viscosity of the medium. The deuterium isotope effect on the swelling‐shrinking curve of hydrogels would come from the different polymer‐solvent interaction. The microenvironments of hydrogels studied by solvatochromic fluorescence probe are compared with the bulk state. The zipper‐type hydrogen‐bonding inter‐polymer complexes (poly(acrylic acid)‐polyacrylamide and poly(acrylic acid)‐poly(N‐acryloylglycineamide)) are also investigated and show the huge isotope effect on the phase separation temperature.
Copolymers of N‐alkylacrylamides as thermosensitive hydrogels
Authors: Zhu X.X. , Avoce D. , Liu H.Y. , Benrebouh A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMany of the N‐alkyl substituted acrylamide polymers can manifest a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in aqueous solutions. The LCST of such polymers can be easily varied by a free radical copolymerization of the appropriate comonomers. Natural compounds such as bile acids can be introduced into such polymers to modify the LCST and aggregation behavior and to render the material both thermo‐ and pH‐sensitivity.
Temperature‐responsive, polymer‐modified surfaces for green chromatography
Authors: Kikuchi Akihiko , Okano Teruo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) and its derivatives were utilized as chromatography column matrix modifiers to develop novel supports for thermoresponsive hydrophobic chromatography with aqueous mobile phase. In the column, matrix surfaces show thermoresponsive hydrophilic/hydrophobic property alterations, which alter interaction with and retention of solutes to be separated. We have also demonstrated that the electrostatic interaction of ionic solutes and charged, thermoresponsive polymer‐modified surfaces can be modulated temperature changes in the aqueous mobile phase alone.
Formation of a charge distribution within ionic gels by immobilized enzyme reaction: experimental observations and mathematical simulations
Authors: Ogawa Kazuyoshi , Kokufuta Etsuo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThermally responsive cationic gels with immobilized urease, in the shape of a small cylinder with diameter 290 ‐ 640 μm, were prepared via gelation of an aqueous monomer solution containing the enzyme. We used N‐isopropylacrylamide and N‐vinylimidazole as a thermo‐sensitive and a pH‐sensitive monomer, respectively. Diameters at different positions of the cylinder were microscopically measured in a cell through which substrate solution (pH 4; 35°C) was passed at a constant flow rate; thus, both substrate concentration and pH at the gel surface were maintained at a constant level. It was found that the gel undergoes a shrinking change due to an enzymatically induced increase in pH within the gel phase. There was a marked position dependence of the shrinking degree; the diameter at the center of the cylinder was smaller than those at the top and at the bottom, but the diameters at the top and bottom were identical with each other. This trend was observed at immobilized enzyme concentrations < 1 mg/mL, even after the establishment of swelling equilibrium. By mathematical simulations with a reaction‐diffusion model, these results were understood in connection with a charge distribution which is formed as a result of an enzymatically generated pH gradient within the gel phase.
High response smart gels: synthesis and application
Authors: Arndt Karl‐Fr. , Schmidt Thomas , Richter Andreas , Kuckling Dirk 
Published: March 2004

AbstractStimuli‐responsive hydrogels change their volume and elasticity in dependence on the properties of the liquid phase. The amount of solvent uptake is dependent upon the chemical nature of the gel and the nature of its environment, e.g. solvent composition, temperature, pH, etc. The swelling/deswelling process is time consuming. For many applications the response time must be short. According to Tanaka's equation the rate of equilibration is inversely proportional to the square of gel size and proportional to the mutual (or cooperative) diffusion of the network and the solvent. Dcoop is determined by the properties of the cross‐linked polymer and can not be changed for a given chemical system. By decreasing the characteristic dimension of the gel, it is possible to reduce the time for equilibration. The synthesis, characterization of thin layers and small particles of T‐sensitive polymers and their application in a micro‐valve is described.
Risks of allogeneic hand transplantation
Authors: Baumeister Steffen , Kleist Christian , Döhler Bernd , Bickert Bertold , Germann Günter , Opelz Gerhard 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA patient undergoing allogeneic hand transplantation needs lifelong immunosuppression with the risk of serious side effects, including life‐threatening disease. The question remains: does the eventual improvement in function justify the risk? To answer this question, we try to assess the risks based on a large body of cumulative data derived from more 200,000 kidney transplants using the Collaborative Transplantation Study (CTS). Only selective data which apply to a patient population aged between 15–40 years were used (n = 58,310). Data are compared to the literature references and show superiority with respect to patient numbers, statistics, actuality, and methodology. The CTS data show that the incidence of de novo malignancies is lower than previously reported. The risk of developing any form of cancer is approximately 3%, of developing a skin cancer 1.1%, and of developing a lymphoma 0.58% within 5 years after transplantation. The risk of suffering from a cataract is 11% after 5 years, which is also lower than previously reported. Although the incidence of side effects (particularly malignant disease) is likely to be lower than previously thought, the risk‐benefit question must be answered by each hand surgeon for each individual patient. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of a cross‐over arteriovenous fistula for simultaneous microsurgical tissue transfer and restoration of blood flow to the lower extremity
Authors: Brüner Simone , Jester Andrea , Sauerbier Michael , Germann Günter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA new microsurgical concept for simultaneous restoration of peripheral perfusion in the lower extremity and microsurgical free‐tissue transfer is presented. The concept consists of a contralateral cross‐over suprapubic arteriovenous (A‐V) fistula, end‐to‐side anastomoses of the superficial and deep femoral artery to the A‐V fistula, and microsurgical flap transfer after division of the A‐V loop. With this concept, simultaneous restoration of perfusion and defect reconstruction were facilitated. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late‐phase ischemic preconditioning in skeletal muscle: is the phenomenon protective?
Authors: Quan Edwin E. , Ramirez Santiago , Tecimer Taskin , Grossi Federico V. , Barker John H. , Maldonado Claudio 
Published: March 2004

AbstractReports in the literature on the effectiveness of late‐phase Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in skeletal muscle are controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine in the same muscle flap model the effectiveness of various IPC protocols in inducing late‐phase protection. Rat latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) flaps were preconditioned with either 30 or 60 min of total ischemia, divided as follows: single cycles of either 30 or 60 min, two cycles of 15 or 30 min, and three cycles of 10 or 20 min. Ischemia cycles were separated by 10 min of reperfusion. A day after IPC, flaps were elevated and challenged with 4 h of ischemia. Three days later, flaps were assessed for viability. We found that IPC protocols of different total durations and comprised of two or three cycles of ischemia elicited a protective effect against necrosis. We conclude that IPC induces late‐phase protection against necrosis in skeletal muscle, and that the protection requires more than one ischemia/reperfusion cycle. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical application of the retrograde arterialized venous flap
Authors: Koch Horst , Scharnagl Erwin , Schwarzl Franz X. , Haas Franz M. , Hubmer Martin , Moshammer Harald E.T. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRetrograde arterialized venous flaps were applied to skin and soft‐tissue defects in 13 patients with an average age of 34.4 years. Ten defects were located on the hand, and three on the lower leg. All flaps were harvested from the flexor aspect of the forearm; they ranged in size from 2 × 1 to 11 × 7 cm. There was venous congestion with superficial epidermolysis in six flaps, but not in the other seven. Partial skin necrosis in two of the lower‐extremity flaps necessitated secondary skin grafts. Our results suggest that retrograde perfusion enhances blood flow in the periphery of arterialized venous flaps and gives good results in terms of flap survival, especially on the upper extremity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrophysiologic study of influence on C7 innervated muscles after transection of different C7 fascicles
Authors: Xu Jian‐Guang , Gu Yu‐Dong , Hu Shao‐Nan , Wang Huan , Chen Liang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn experimental study was conducted to observe the electrophysiologic changes in C7 innervated muscles following transection of different fascicles of C7 nerve root in the brachial plexus with already transected C5 and C6. Twenty‐four Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomized into groups A, B, and C. C5 and C6 transection, C5, C6, and partial C7 (anteriolateral fascicles of the anterior division) transection, and C5, C6, and C7 transection were done in group A, B, and C, respectively. One month postoperatively, compound muscle action potentials of the latissimus dorsi, triceps, and extensor digitorum communis were recorded. Decreased amplitude and a prolonged latent period were seen in all three muscles of group C. No obvious changes, however, were found in groups A and B. This suggests that when the upper trunk of the brachial plexus is injured, partial transection of C7 does not obviously impair C7 innervated muscle function. Selective ipsilateral C7 transfer is safe for the treatment of upper‐trunk avulsion. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broadband circularly polarized printed‐spiral‐strip antenna for 5‐GHz WLAN operation
Authors: Su Che‐Wei , Liu Yung‐Tao , Chen Wen‐Shyang , Cheng Yuan‐Tung , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA novel broadband circularly polarized printed‐spiral‐strip antenna is presented. The antenna consists of a printed spiral strip of about 1.4 wavelengths in length wound into about one turn and mounted above a ground plane with a thick air layer. By using a 50Ω probe feed along with a long feeding strip and a coupled long‐shorting strip for exciting the printed spiral strip, good circular polarization (CP) radiation over a wide bandwidth (larger than 20%) is achieved, which makes the proposed antenna well suited for applications in the 5‐GHz WLAN band. Details of the proposed antenna design and the experimental results obtained for a constructed prototype are presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 163–165, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20080