bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A14. Nutritional screening of the elderly residing in the community
Authors: Chapman L. A. 
Published: March 2003

Background Malnutrition in the elderly is common, but is often unrecognized (
Lennard‐Jones, 1992). Health and Social Services (HSS) use a Comprehensive Needs Assessment (CNA) form to identify the needs of the elderly, who are no longer able to look after themselves. ’Nutritional Needs’ is the only nutritional aspect of the CAN form, but does not identify subjects that need nutritional support or to be referred to the Dietitian. From 1 August 1997 to 31 January 1998, HSS used a Nutritional Screening Checklist (NSCL) to identify those at risk of malnutrition. Elderly people assessed at high or moderate risk of malnutrition were referred to a Community DietitianAims The aims of the study was to evaluate the use of the NSCL in nutritional screening.Methods In this study, the CNA (n = 46) forms were checked to examine whether the NSCL indicated that an individual was at nutritional risk. Those elderly people identified by NSCL at low risk of malnutrition were visited to determine if they should have been referred to a Dietitian for nutritional interventionResults The results shown in the table illustrate the number and percentage of subjects in each category (age‐adjusted standard) of BMI in the low risk group.Of the 15 subjects identified by the NSCL at low risk of malnutrition on assessment by anthropometry, dietary history and a questionnaire, 6 (43%) subjects had dietary intakes less than the EAR ( DoH, 1992), were found to be underweight according to the age‐need of nutritional intervention by the Dietitian.Conclusion It was concluded that the NSCL is not a valid tool to identify elderly people in Northern Ireland at nutritional risk.
A19. A study to determine actual consumption, awareness of health benefits and factors influencing fruit and vegetable consumption in first‐year undergraduate students
Authors: Williams J. 
Published: March 2003

Background Research has revealed that there is a key role for fruit and vegetables in a healthy diet. However, adult consumers in the UK fall short of the
WHO (1990) Recommendations of ’five portions’ (400g) a day. The precursors of nutritionally related adult diseases such as CHD, Stroke and Cancer are frequently established during childhood and adolescents (
Horwarth, 1991).Aims The aim of this study was to gain an insight into student attitudes, beliefs and the factors influencing fruit and vegetable consumption.Methods In order to achieve this it was necessary to construct a questionnaire including a variety of styles of questions on food frequency, knowledge, attitudes and students’ background.Results The results show that less than 20% of the students studied achieved the
WHO (1990) recommendations. Out of the students studied, 90% of the students were aware of health benefits to consuming fruit and vegetables. However 54% of the students underestimated how much fruit and vegetables were recommended to produce benefits. Intakes for 46% of the students studied had reduced since coming to University, whereas 33% had managed to maintain what they consumed at home.In the study fruit and vegetable intake was not associated with price, perceived as something for girls only, cooking skills, suitability of fruit as a snack food, taste preferences and availability. Health benefits and fruit and vegetables consumption at home prior to coming to University were significant factors associated with intake.There was no significant relationship between intake of fruit and vegetables with personal income, course of study, frequency of visits to the shops and gender. However there was a significant relationship between consumption and where in the country they had come from. Those coming from the south of the country consumed more than their counterparts coming from the north.Conclusions The results suggest that students leaving home to cater for themselves are strongly influenced by practices at home. There was also a significant difference in intake between students coming from the south than the north, this is supported by
Anderson et al. (1994)
and
MAFF (1996). The findings are important when considering students as targets for Health Promotion Campaigns as though they no longer live at home they continue to be influenced by practices established at home.
The dietary beliefs and attitudes of women who have had a low‐birthweight baby: a retrospective preconception study
Authors: Bussell G. , Marlow N. 
Published: March 2003

Background and aims A poor diet in the preconception period is believed to lead to an increased chance of the subsequent baby being born with a low birth weight (LBW) and in particular symmetrically growth retarded (where both the head and the body are proportionately small). The aim of this study was to determine whether a woman’s diet, social background and attitude towards diet has any bearing on the incidence of LBW.Method A questionnaire was administered to 31 mothers who had had a LBW baby and 29 age‐matched controls who had normal birthweight babies (NBW) in order to discover whether there were differences between their diets and beliefs and attitudes to healthy eating.Results The LBW group were significantly more likely to have lost weight prior to conception (3–6 months before) while the NBW mothers were more likely to have gained weight prior to conception. The LBW group were more likely to have had a previous LBW baby. Only 9% of mothers changed their diet in anticipation of pregnancy with only 7% of mothers having taken folic acid prior to conception (although most of the questionnaires were administered prior to the folic acid campaign).Conclusion and recommendations The majority of mothers welcomed more information on nutrition in relation to preconception care and indicated that booklets would be the most appreciated form of receiving this information. This may encourage mothers to make appropriate changes to their diet before conception, including taking folic acid. It is proposed that a nationwide booklet be made widely available to all women of reproductive age which highlights the important preconception points.
Knowledge of pancreatic enzyme supplementation in adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients
Authors: Basketter H. M. , Sharples L. , Bilton D. 
Published: March 2003

Background In up to 90% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), pancreatic insufficiency necessitates the use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. But there are concerns about the self‐administration of inappropriate high doses of enzymes.Aims This study was designed to assess knowledge in adult CF patients, to determine when enzymes were taken and whether patients were able to adjust the dose of enzymes with snacks and meals of varying fat content.Methods Sixty‐five adult CF patients, 15–50 years of age, were sent a 10‐item confidential questionnaire and asked to record details of their own supplement use – the type of enzyme preparation, total daily intake, number and timing of enzymes with average meals and snacks and number they would take with specified meals and snacks of varying fat content. Questionnaires were returned by 50 patients.Results Patients are advised to take enzymes just before and during eating. Eighty‐four per cent were taking enzymes before food, but only 46% were taking enzymes at more than one time, either before, during or after eating. The daily enzyme dose ranged from 1000 to 29 117 units lipase kg–1 day–1. Median value 5333 units lipase kg–1 day–1. There was no significant difference between patient reported dose and hospital records for meals and snacks, indicating the accuracy of information obtained for the notes. Patients were given examples of three meals and three snacks with varying fat contents and asked how many enzymes they would take with each. Over one‐third of patients (37%) made no variation; 16% varied the amount for both meals and snacks, 12% varied enzymes for meals but not for snacks and 35% varied enzymes for snacks but not meals. On the basis of each patient’s baseline dose for the lowest fat meal, a comparison was made between dietitian and patient estimate of the appropriate dose for higher fat meals and snacks. In general, the estimates by dietitians were higher.Conclusion Patients were failing to vary the number of enzymes with meals and snacks of varying fat content. It is evident that there is a need for continuing nutrition education in this adult CF population to ensure appropriate doses of enzymes are taken.
Non‐starch polysaccharide intake in vegans and the relationship with energy distribution and mineral intakes
Authors: Lightowler H. J. , Davies G. J. 
Published: March 2003

Background There is little information available about non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP) intake in vegans. This study aimed to estimate the intake of NSP in the habitual vegan diet and to assess the relationship between NSP intake and energy distribution, and intakes of selected minerals.Method NSP intake, energy distribution and intakes of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc were estimated, using a 4‐day weighed record, in 26 adult vegans (male n = 11, female n = 15) consuming their habitual diet.Results Mean BMI values in males (22.0) and females (21.1) were significantly lower than the average for the UK population. Mean daily NSP intakes in males (27 g) and females (23 g) were higher than the dietary reference value (DRV) population average of 18 g day–1, although six subjects had intakes below this and two male subjects had intakes below the DRV individual minimum of 12 g day–1. Cereals were the major contributor to total NSP intakes. Mean contributions to total energy intake in males and females were in‐line with the DRV. Mean calcium intakes were below the reference nutrient intake (RNI) while mean intakes of magnesium, iron and zinc were above the RNIs. There were significant positive correlations between NSP intake and calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc.Conclusion Occasional low NSP intakes and, conversely, high intakes of NSP combined with marginal calcium intakes in some vegans are of concern. Further work is needed to assess food sources and NSP intakes in the current vegan diet.
Behavioural and emotional difficulties in students attending schools for children and adolescents with severe intellectual disability
Authors: Cormack K. F. M. , Brown A. C. , Hastings R. P. 
Published: March 2003

Background For several decades, researchers and clinicians have been aware of an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorder in children with intellectual disability. However, there are few research studies exploring this issue. Methods The parents of 123 children attending schools for children with ‘severe learning difficulties’ completed the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC) in order to identify those children with clinically significant behavioural and emotional problems. Comparisons were made with norms for the DBC and a range of child variables were investigated as possible correlates of disorder. Results Some 50.4% of the children scored above the cut‐off on the DBC for psychiatric disorder. The child's severity of physical disability was related most strongly to parental ratings of behavioural and emotional problems. There were also effects for the child's age and the absence of Down's syndrome. Conclusions The present study confirms previous research findings of a high prevalence of behavioural and emotional difficulties amongst children with intellectual disability, and identifies a number of correlates of disorder which require further investigation.
General practitioners’ perception of their role in care for people with intellectual disability
Authors: Dovey S. , Webb O. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study set out to determine general practitioners’ (GPs’) view of their role in the care of people with intellectual disability who live in the community, and to explore the special issues which providing this care raises for them. A postal questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 250 out of the 698 GPs in the southern region. Twenty statements were presented and participants indicated the extent of their agreement with each statement on a seven‐point Likert‐type scale. After each scaled response, an open‐ended question obtained a written expansion of the numerical response. These qualitative responses were analysed thematically, and combined with descriptive and cluster analyses of quantitative responses to provide a robust assessment of the characteristics of respondents providing contrasting replies. The role of GPs as part of the group of carers for people with intellectual disability was well recognized. Their normal practice routines may not always be adequate because of the small number of patients an individual GP might care of and their lack of explicit training in the special medical needs of such people.
Hidden psychiatric morbidity in a vocational programme for people with intellectual disability
Authors: Salvador‐Carulla L. , Rodríguez‐Blázquez C. , De Molina M. Rodríguez , Pérez‐Marín J. , Velázquez R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to assess the point‐prevalence of psychiatric disorders according to DSM‐III‐R criteria and the hidden morbidity in individuals with intellectual disability working in a vocational setting. The present study was carried out in a vocational centre in Southern Spain which is considered to be a model for social integration. One hundred and thirty workers with intellectual disability were interviewed by two experienced clinicians using the Assessment and Information Rating Profile, DSM‐III‐R criteria, and the General Assessment of Functioning and Clinical Global Impression scales. The point‐prevalence of psychiatric morbidity, hidden morbidity and treatment adequacy were estimated. Morbidity was hidden (i.e. not previously diagnosed) in 50% of psychiatric cases. Forty‐two (32.3%) subjects had a psychiatric diagnosis with the following distribution: schizophrenia (17.7%), other psychotic disorders (9.23%), mood disorders (4.61%), adaptive disorders (2.31%), anxiety disorders (1.54%) and other psychiatric disorders (6.15%). Treatment was judged inadequate in 30% of subjects. The point‐prevalence of psychiatric problems in a vocational setting in Spain was similar to that found in other environments. Hidden morbidity was similar to that found in primary care. The present study highlights the need for standardized instruments for psychiatric assessment in non‐clinical settings as well as specific training in this area.
Working in the public and private domains: staff management of community activities for and the identities of people with intellectual disability
Authors: Todd S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn addition to describing how the concept of stigma continues to be a pervasive influence in encounters between people with intellectual disability and others, the present study suggests that the management of this situation has passed into the control of care staff. An ethnographic study of young adults and community relationships suggests that the activities of staff are crucial in shaping the social profile of people with intellectual disability. The views of care staff about the taken‐for‐granted rights which characterize presence and participation in the community domain encourage them to adopt a semi‐insulation approach to their work. Staff extend this approach by adopting information control strategies to conceal important information from students. The present author argues that there is a need for on‐going research into staff activity in the community domain.
Helicobacter pylori: Has the killer escaped from the institution? A possible cause of increased stomach cancer in a population with intellectual disability
Authors: Duff M. , Scheepers M. , Cooper M. , Hoghton M. , Baddeley P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAdvancing knowledge of the existence of Helicobacter pylori and its association with gastrointestinal tract malignancy, and previous research showing higher‐than‐expected gastrointestinal tract malignancy in institutionalized adults with intellectual disability (ID) prompted a review of all deaths as a result of cancer in the Stoke Park group of hospitals for people with ID between 1946 and 1996. A 50‐year, retrospective case note analysis of all deaths from cancer in an institution for people with ID was undertaken. Death from stomach cancer accounted for up to 48% of all cancer deaths. A further 25 residents had died of perforated stomach ulcers. The higher proportion of deaths specifically caused by stomach cancer in a population with ID has not been noted previously. It is postulated that the high levels of H. pylori infection found in institutionalized populations may be instrumental in this higher mortality rate and that the closure of the institutions without evaluation of H. pylori status transfers the problem unresolved to the community. Existing guidelines for the screening and eradication of H. pylori developed for the general population are inadequate when applied to people with ID, and therefore, the value of population screening and mass eradication programmes is explored.
Abilities underlying decoding differences in children with intellectual disability
Authors: Conners F. A. , Atwell J. A. , Rosenquist C. J. , Sligh A. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractResearchers in recent years have made much progress towards understanding why some children struggle to learn to read. However, little of this research has involved children with intellectual disability associated with an IQ < 70 (ID, also called mental retardation). In the present analysis, the authors examined cognitive similarities and differences between stronger and weaker decoders, all of whom have ID. The 65 children with ID in the present analysis were initially referred by their teachers for a study that involved training basic phonological reading skills. The present analysis compares 21 children who were excluded from the training study because their decoding skills were already too high with 44 children whose decoding skills were low enough for the training study. The groups were compared on general intelligence, language ability, phonemic awareness and phonological memory. Initial analyses showed that the stronger decoders were significantly better than weaker decoders in language ability, phonemic awareness and rehearsal in phonological memory, but not in intelligence. They were also significantly older than weaker decoders. When age was covaried out, the groups differed significantly only in rehearsal in phonological memory, although the difference for phonemic awareness was marginally significant when the poorest performers were excluded. When intelligence is substantially limited, the ability to rehearse or refresh phonological codes in working memory plays a major role in determining children's success in learning to read. This ability appears to be more important than intelligence, language ability and phonemic awareness. It is possible that the reason the phonemic awareness measure was not as good at distinguishing the groups as the phonological rehearsal measure was because the former did not involve assembling phonological output. It is suggested that it is the combination of poor phonological representation and poor phonological output assembly that makes decoding difficult for some children with ID.
Cancer incidence among people with intellectual disability
Authors: Patja K. , Eero P. , Iivanainen M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to address the unresolved question of the risk of neoplasms among people with intellectual disability (ID). A total of 2173 individuals with ID from a large, representative, nation‐wide population study conducted in Finland in 1962 were followed‐up for cancer incidence between 1967 and 1997. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were defined as ratios of observed to expected numbers of cancer cases. Expected rates were based on national incidence rates. The observed number of cancers in the cohort (173) was close to what was expected [SIR = 0.9, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.8–1.0]. There was a significantly reduced risk of cancers of the prostate (SIR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.0–0.5), urinary tract (SIR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1–0.7) and lung (SIR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–1.0). The risk was increased in cancers of the gallbladder (SIR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1–5.8) and thyroid gland (SIR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0–4.8). The risks of lung and gallbladder cancer were lowest and highest, respectively, in those subjects with profound and severe ID, a group who also had significantly elevated SIRs for brain cancer (SIR = 3.46, 95% CI = 1.5–14.4) and testicular cancer (SIR = 9.9, 95% CI = 1.2–35.6). The incidence of cancer among people with ID was comparable with the general population, despite their low prevalence of smoking and apparently decreased diagnostic screening activity. Nevertheless, a few types of cancer carry a higher risk in the population with ID, possibly because of conditions typical among this group, such as gallstones or oesophageal reflux.
Behavioural and emotional problems in children with intellectual disability attending special schools in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Molteno, G. , Molteno, C. D. , Finchilescu G. , Dawes A. R. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA sample of 355 children with intellectual disability (ID) attending special schools in Cape Town, South Africa, were assessed on the Developmental Behavioural Checklist – Teacher Version (DBC‐T). A prevalence rate of 31% for psychopathology was found. Boys manifested more behaviour problems than girls, especially in relation to disruptive, self‐absorbed and antisocial behaviours. Children with severe and profound levels of ID showed more behavioural difficulties than those in the mild and moderate categories. Specific behaviour problems were self‐absorbed and autistic behaviours in children with profound ID, communication problems and anxiety in those with severe ID and antisocial behaviour in children with mild ID. Epilepsy, but not cerebral palsy was associated with higher total behaviour scores. Ambulant children were more disruptive and antisocial, while non‐ambulant children were more anxious. Non‐verbal children had higher scores on all of the subscales except for disruptive behaviour.