bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiaxial deformations of end‐linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks. III. Effect of entanglement density on strain‐energy density function
Authors: Kawamura Takanobu , Urayama Kenji , Kohjiya Shinzo 
Published: November 2002

AbstractStrain‐energy density functions (W) of end‐linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) networks with different entanglement densities were estimated as a function of the first and second invariants I1 and I2 of Green's deformation tensor on the basis of the quasi‐equilibrium biaxial stress‐strain data. Entanglement densities in the PDMS networks were controlled by varying the precursor PDMS concentration (ϕ0) in end‐linking. The deduced functional form of W [W = C10(I1 − 3) + C01(I2 − 3) + C11(I1 − 3)(I2 − 3) + C20(I1 − 3)2 + C02(I2 − 3)2] is independent of the degree of dilution at network preparation. The contribution of each term in I1 and I2 to total energy depends on whether the precursor PDMS solution before end‐linking belongs to the concentrated regime ϕ0 > ϕc where many entanglement couplings of precursor chains exist or the moderately concentrated regime ϕ0 < ϕc where pronounced entanglement couplings of precursor chains are absent. These results suggest that the rubber elasticity of the end‐linked networks is significantly influenced by the entangled state of precursor chains before end‐linking, and the extra terms in the estimated W that are absent in the prediction of the classical rubber elasticity theories [W = C (I1 − 3)] mainly originate from the effect of trapped entanglements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2780–2790, 2002
Hole‐growth instability in the dewetting of evaporating polymer solution films
Authors: Gu X. , Raghavan D. , Douglas J. F. , Karim A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe investigate the dewetting of aqueous, evaporating polymer [poly(acrylic acid)] solutions cast on glassy hydrophobic (polystyrene) substrates. As in ordinary dewetting, the evaporating films initially break up through the nucleation of holes that perforate the film, but the rapidly growing holes become unstable and form nonequilibrium patterns resembling fingering patterns that arise when injecting air into a liquid between two closely spaced plates (Hele–Shaw patterns). This is natural because the formation of holes in thin films is similar to air injection into a polymer film where the thermodynamic driving force of dewetting is the analogue of the applied pressure in the flow measurement. The patterns formed in the rapidly dewetting and evaporating polymer films become frozen into a stable glassy state after most of the solvent (water) has evaporated, leaving stationary patterns that can be examined by atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy. Similar patterns have been observed in water films evaporating from mica substrates, block copolymer films, and modest hole fingering has also been found in the dewetting of dry polymer films. From these varied observations, we expect this dewetting‐induced fingering instability to occur generally when the dewetting rate and film viscosity are sufficiently large. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2825–2832, 2002
Forensic medical expertise in the event of sexual and physical violence in Russia
Authors: Solntsev I.S 
Published: November 2002

AbstractScientific investigation has made it possible to gather new evidence of sexual violence in a form acceptable in forensic practice, thereby helping prosecuting crimes of violence. Among the new techniques we can include: colposcopy, which allows a detailed view of a ruptured hymen as well as an evaluation of the degree of hyperemia of the vaginal vestibule as consequence of recent penetration by the penis or other objects; the morphology and dynamics of spermatozoa collected from the vagina, as well as from the cervical canal, which allows a careful determination of their viability and mobility.
A critical appraisal of cesarean section rates at teaching hospitals in India
Authors: Kambo I. , Bedi N. , Dhillon B.S. , Saxena N.C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectives: To obtain an estimate of cesarean section rates and examine the indications and consequences at teaching hospitals in India. Methods: Information was obtained on total number of normal and cesarean deliveries during 1993–1994 and 1998–1999 from 30 medical colleges/teaching hospitals. In addition, prospective data were recorded for a period of 2 months on 7017 consecutive cesarean sections on indications for cesarean delivery, associated complications and mortality. Results: The overall rate of cesarean section increased from 21.8% in 1993–1994 to 25.4% in 1998–1999. Among the 7017 cesarean section cases, 42.4% were primigravidas, 31% had come from rural areas, 20.8% were referred including 8% with history of interference, 66% were booked cases, period of gestation was less than 37 weeks in 21.7% and in 18% the surgery was elective. Major indications for cesarean section included dystocia (37.5%), fetal distress with or without meconium aspiration (33.4%), repeat section (29.0%), malpresentation (14.5%) and PIH (12.5%). Maternal and perinatal mortality was 299/100 000 and 493/1000 deliveries, respectively, and is high in spite of the increase in the cesarean section rates. Conclusions: There is need for standardized collection of information on all aspects of childbirth to ascertain the incidence and indications of cesarean section nationally so that comparison and improvements of care can take place.
Clinical equivalence of intranasal estradiol and oral estrogens for postmenopausal symptoms
Authors: Ozsoy M. , Oral B. , Ozsoy D. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectives: The aim was to demonstrate the equivalent efficacy of intranasal estradiol (Aerodiol® Servier, Istanbul, Turkey) 300 mg/day relative to a standard oral estradiol therapy of 2 mg/day and to assess the therapeutic value of the potential benefits of Aerodiol®. Methods: Two hundred and one postmenopausal women with severe menopausal symptoms were recruited to the trial. Women received either intranasal Aerodiol® 300 μg/day (one spray delivery of 150 μg per nostril) or an oral estradiol 2 mg for 24 weeks. Severity of symptoms were compared based on the Kupperman index (KI) at the end of 24 weeks. Results: The KI score decreased markedly in both groups between W0 and W24. At W24, the two treatments were shown to be statistically equivalent (P<0.001). The incidence of adverse events was very similar in both groups; those related to treatment were of mild or moderate intensity in 95% of cases for the nasal group and 90% for the oral group. Conclusions: In conclusion, pulsed estrogen therapy using Aerodiol® is safe, easily used and highly efficient in alleviating postmenopausal symptoms with a dose of 300 μg. The dose of 300 μg in one administration per day offers the optimal therapy whilst being easily adaptable to each patient's clinical response.
The Voltage-Independent Cation Channel in the Plasma Membrane of Wheat Roots Is Permeable to Divalent Cations and May Be Involved in Cytosolic Ca2+ Homeostasis
Authors: White Philip J. , Davenport Romola J. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
A voltage-independent cation (VIC) channel has been identified in the plasma membrane of wheat (Triticum aestivum) root cells (P.J. White [1999] Trends Plant Sci 4: 245–246). Several physiological functions have been proposed for this channel, including roles in cation nutrition, osmotic adjustment, and charge compensation. Here, we observe that Ca2+ permeates this VIC channel when assayed in artificial, planar lipid bilayers, and, using an energy barrier model to describe cation fluxes, predict that it catalyzes Ca2+ influx under physiological ionic conditions. Thus, this channel could participate in Ca2+ signaling or cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. The pharmacology of45Ca2+ influx to excised wheat roots and inward cation currents through the VIC channel are similar: Both are insensitive to 20 μm verapamil or 1 mmtetraethylammonium, but inhibited by 0.5 mmBa2+ or 0.5 mm Gd3+. The weak voltage dependency of the VIC channel (and its lack of modulation by physiological effectors) suggest that it will provide perpetual Ca2+ influx to root cells. Thus, it may effect cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis by contributing to the basal Ca2+ influx required to balance Ca2+ efflux from the cytoplasm through ATP- and proton-coupled Ca2+transporters under steady-state conditions.
Function of a Plant Stress-Induced Gene, HVA22. Synthetic Enhancement Screen with Its Yeast Homolog Reveals Its Role in Vesicular Traffic
Authors: Brands Alex , Ho Tuan-hua David 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Expression of the barley (Hordeum vulgare)HVA22 gene is induced by environmental stresses, such as dehydration, salinity, and extreme temperatures, and by a plant stress hormone, abscisic acid. Genes sharing high level of sequence similarities with HVA22 exist in diverse eukaryotic organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi, but not in any prokaryotic organisms. The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) HVA22 homolog, Yop1p, has been shown to interact with the GTPase-interacting protein, Yip1p. Deletion ofYOP1 led to only a modest reduction of the stationary phase titer at 37C. A synthetic enhancement mutant screen was performed in the yop1 deletion background to identify genes interacting with YOP1. The open reading frame YOR165W (renamed SEY1 for synthetic enhancement ofYOP1) was identified as a YOP1-dependent complementation gene. The yeast SEY1 is a homolog of the Arabidopsis RHD3 gene whose mutations cause the accumulation of transport vesicles near the tips of defective root hairs. The yeast double mutant of yop1 andsey1 is defective in vesicular traffic as evidenced by the accumulation of transport vesicles and the decrease in invertase secretion. Based on these observations, we suggest that Yop1p/HVA22 regulates vesicular traffic in stressed cells either to facilitate membrane turnover, or to decrease unnecessary secretion.
LeCTR1, a Tomato CTR1-Like Gene, Demonstrates Ethylene Signaling Ability in Arabidopsis and Novel Expression Patterns in Tomato
Authors: Leclercq Julie , Adams-Phillips Lori C. , Zegzouti Hicham , Jones Brian , Latché Alain , Giovannoni James J. , Pech Jean-Claude , Bouzayen Mondher 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
LeCTR1 was initially isolated by both differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction screening for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit ethylene-inducible genes and through homology with the Arabidopsis CTR1 cDNA. LeCTR1 shares strong nucleotide sequence homology with Arabidopsis CTR1, a gene acting downstream of the ethylene receptor and showing similarity to the Raf family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The length of the LeCTR1 transcribed region from ATG to stop codon (12,000 bp) is more than twice that of Arabidopsis CTR1(4,700 bp). Structural analysis reveals perfect conservation of both the number and position of introns and exons in LeCTR1and Arabidopsis CTR1. The introns inLeCTR1 are much longer, however. To address whether this structural conservation is indicative of functional conservation of the corresponding proteins, we expressed LeCTR1 in the Arabidopsis ctr1-1 (constitutive triple response 1) mutant under the direction of the 35S promoter. Our data clearly show that ectopic expression of LeCTR1 in the Arabidopsis ctr1-1 mutant can restore normal ethylene signaling. The recovery of normal ethylene sensitivity upon heterologous expression of LeCTR1 was also confirmed by restored glucose sensitivity absent in the Arabidopsisctr1-1 mutant. Expression studies confirm ethylene responsiveness of LeCTR1 in various tissues, including ripening fruit, and may suggest the evolution of alternate regulatory mechanisms in tomato versus Arabidopsis.
Localization, Ion Channel Regulation, and Genetic Interactions during Abscisic Acid Signaling of the Nuclear mRNA Cap-Binding Protein, ABH1
Authors: Hugouvieux Véronique , Murata Yoshiyuki , Young Jared J. , Kwak June M. , Mackesy Daniel Z. , Schroeder Julian I. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates developmental processes and abiotic stress responses in plants. We recently characterized a new Arabidopsis mutant, abh1, which shows ABA-hypersensitive regulation of seed germination, stomatal closing, and cytosolic calcium increases in guard cells (V. Hugouvieux, J.M. Kwak, J.I. Schroeder [2001] Cell 106: 477–487). ABH1 encodes the large subunit of a dimeric Arabidopsis mRNA cap-binding complex and in expression profiling experiments was shown to affect mRNA levels of a subset of genes. Here, we show that the dimeric ABH1 and AtCBP20 subunits are ubiquitously expressed. Whole-plant growth phenotypes ofabh1 are described and properties of ABH1 in guard cells are further analyzed. Complemented abh1 lines expressing a green fluorescent protein-ABH1 fusion protein demonstrate that ABH1 mainly localizes in guard cell nuclei. Stomatal apertures were smaller in abh1 compared with wild type (WT) when plants were grown at 40% humidity, and similar at 95% humidity. Correlated with stomatal apertures from plants grown at 40% humidity, slow anion channel currents were enhanced and inward potassium channel currents were decreased in abh1 guard cells compared with WT. Gas exchange measurements showed similar primary humidity responses inabh1 and WT, which together with results fromabh1/abi1-1 double-mutant analyses suggest thatabh1 shows enhanced sensitivity to endogenous ABA. Double-mutant analyses of the ABA-hypersensitive signaling mutants,era1-2 and abh1, showed complex genetic interactions, suggesting that ABH1 and ERA1 do not modulate the same negative regulator in ABA signaling. Mutations in the RNA-binding protein sad1 showed hypersensitive ABA-induced stomatal closing, whereas hyl1 did not affect this response. These data provide evidence for the model that the mRNA-processing proteins ABH1 and SAD1 function as negative regulators in guard cell ABA signaling.
Characterization of the Genes Encoding the Cytosolic and Plastidial Forms of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Wheat Endosperm
Authors: Burton Rachel A. , Johnson Philip E. , Beckles Diane M. , Fincher Geoffrey B. , Jenner Helen L. , Naldrett Mike J. , Denyer Kay 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn most species, the synthesis of ADP-glucose (Glc) by the enzyme ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) occurs entirely within the plastids in all tissues so far examined. However, in the endosperm of many, if not all grasses, a second form of AGPase synthesizes ADP-Glc outside the plastid, presumably in the cytosol. In this paper, we show that in the endosperm of wheat (Triticum aestivum), the cytosolic form accounts for most of the AGPase activity. Using a combination of molecular and biochemical approaches to identify the cytosolic and plastidial protein components of wheat endosperm AGPase we show that the large and small subunits of the cytosolic enzyme are encoded by genes previously thought to encode plastidial subunits, and that a gene, Ta.AGP.S.1, which encodes the small subunit of the cytosolic form of AGPase, also gives rise to a second transcript by the use of an alternate first exon. This second transcript encodes an AGPase small subunit with a transit peptide. However, we could not find a plastidial small subunit protein corresponding to this transcript. The protein sequence of the purified plastidial small subunit does not match precisely to that encoded by Ta.AGP.S.1 or to the predicted sequences of any other known gene from wheat or barley (Hordeum vulgare). Instead, the protein sequence is most similar to those of the plastidial small subunits from chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa) seeds. These data suggest that the gene encoding the major plastidial small subunit of AGPase in wheat endosperm has yet to be identified.
Characterization of AtCDC48. Evidence for Multiple Membrane Fusion Mechanisms at the Plane of Cell Division in Plants
Authors: Rancour David M. , Dickey Carrie E. , Park Sookhee , Bednarek Sebastian Y. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The components of the cellular machinery that accomplish the various complex and dynamic membrane fusion events that occur at the division plane during plant cytokinesis, including assembly of the cell plate, are not fully understood. The most well-characterized component, KNOLLE, a cell plate-specific soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF)-attachment protein receptor (SNARE), is a membrane fusion machine component required for plant cytokinesis. Here, we show the plant ortholog of Cdc48p/p97, AtCDC48, colocalizes at the division plane in dividing Arabidopsis cells with KNOLLE and another SNARE, the plant ortholog of syntaxin 5, SYP31. In contrast to KNOLLE, SYP31 resides in defined punctate membrane structures during interphase and is targeted during cytokinesis to the division plane. In vitro-binding studies demonstrate that AtCDC48 specifically interacts in an ATP-dependent manner with SYP31 but not with KNOLLE. In contrast, we show that KNOLLE assembles in vitro into a large approximately 20S complex in an Sec18p/NSF-dependent manner. These results suggest that there are at least two distinct membrane fusion pathways involving Cdc48p/p97 and Sec18p/NSF that operate at the division plane to mediate plant cytokinesis. Models for the role of AtCDC48 and SYP31 at the division plane will be discussed.
Variation in Its C-Terminal Amino Acids Determines Whether Endo-β-Mannanase Is Active or Inactive in Ripening Tomato Fruits of Different Cultivars
Authors: Bourgault Richard , Bewley J. Derek 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Endo-β-mannanase cDNAs were cloned and characterized from ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Trust) fruit, which produces an active enzyme, and from the tomato cv Walter, which produces an inactive enzyme. There is a two-nucleotide deletion in the gene from tomato cv Walter, which results in a frame shift and the deletion of four amino acids at the C terminus of the full-length protein. Other cultivars that produce either active or inactive enzyme show the same absence or presence of the two-nucleotide deletion. The endo-β-mannanase enzyme protein was purified and characterized from ripe fruit to ensure that cDNA codes for the enzyme from fruit. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that non-ripening mutants, which also fail to exhibit endo-β-mannanase activity, do so because they fail to express the protein. In a two-way genetic cross between tomato cvs Walter and Trust, all F1 progeny from both crosses produced fruit with active enzyme, suggesting that this form is dominant and homozygous in tomato cv Trust. Self-pollination of a plant from the heterozygous F1 generation yielded F2 plants that bear fruit with and without active enzyme at a ratio appropriate to Mendelian genetic segregation of alleles. Heterologous expression of the two endo-β-mannanase genes in Escherichia coliresulted in active enzyme being produced from cultures containing the tomato cv Trust gene and inactive enzyme being produced from those containing the tomato cv Walter gene. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to establish key elements in the C terminus of the endo-β-mannanase protein that are essential for full enzyme activity.
Mutations in the Gravity Persistence Signal Loci in Arabidopsis Disrupt the Perception and/or Signal Transduction of Gravitropic Stimuli
Authors: Wyatt Sarah E. , Rashotte Aaron M. , Shipp Matthew J. , Robertson Dominique , Muday Gloria K. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Gravity plays a fundamental role in plant growth and development, yet little is understood about the early events of gravitropism. To identify genes affected in the signal perception and/or transduction phase of the gravity response, a mutant screen was devised using cold treatment to delay the gravity response of inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis. Inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis show no response to gravistimulation at 4°C for up to 3 h. However, when gravistimulated at 4°C and then returned to vertical at room temperature (RT), stems bend in response to the previous, horizontal gravistimulation (H. Fukaki, H. Fujisawa, M. Tasaka [1996] Plant Physiology 110: 933–943). This indicates that gravity perception, but not the gravitropic response, occurs at 4°C. Recessive mutations were identified at three loci using this cold effect on gravitropism to screen for gravity persistence signal (gps) mutants. All three mutants had an altered response after gravistimulation at 4°C, yet had phenotypically normal responses to stimulations at RT. gps1-1 did not bend in response to the 4°C gravity stimulus upon return to RT.gps2-1 responded to the 4°C stimulus but bent in the opposite direction. gps3-1 over-responded after return to RT, continuing to bend to an angle greater than wild-type plants. At 4°C, starch-containing statoliths sedimented normally in both wild-type and the gps mutants, but auxin transport was abolished at 4°C. These results are consistent with GPS loci affecting an aspect of the gravity signal perception/transduction pathway that occurs after statolith sedimentation, but before auxin transport.
DE QUELQUES PROCÉDÉS DE PERSUASION DANS LE CORAN
Authors: Urvoy Marie-Thérèse 
Published: November 2002

AbstractL'existence de diverses recensions du Coran conduit à poser la question de l'organisation du texte et, par suite, de la visée pédagogique qui a présidé à chacune de ces recension. Envisagée de cette façon, la version canonique elle-même montre non seulement qu'elle a intégré des procédés courants d'action psychologique comme traits ponctuels, mais qu'elle a mis en jeu plusieurs stratégies stylistiques : jeu de rythmes, introductions subreptices, structures répétitives cumulatives ou au contraire restrictives, déplacement de la preuve, . . . en vue d'obtenir l'adhésion inconsciente de l'auditeur ou lecteur.
Long term survival of children with Burkitt lymphoma in Malawi after cyclophosphamide monotherapy
Authors: Kazembe P. , Hesseling P.B. , Griffin B.E. , Lampert I. , Wessels G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackgroundBetween 1991 and 1997, limited funding at times restricted available treatment for children with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) to cyclophosphamide (CPM) monotherapy at Lilongwe Central Hospital, Malawi. Our objective was to assess long‐term survival in Malawian children with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) who had received one or more treatments with intravenous CPM at 40 mg/kg/dose at 14‐day intervals.Procedure and ResultsThe study population consisted of 92 children in whom BL had been confirmed on fine needle aspirates (FNA), a home address had been documented on discharge from hospital, and the treatment records could be verified. Only the clinical site(s) of disease had been recorded. The M:F ratio was 1.4 and median age 8 years. A clinical officer on motorcycle attempted to locate the given addresses and interview parents or other sources. In 19 patients, the address was incorrect. Of 73 evaluable patients, 40 children are alive at a mean follow‐up time of 59 (range: 29–104) months. The survival rate was 63.5% in 52 children with BL of the head only, and 33.3% in 21 children with primary disease involving the abdomen or other sites. Survivors had received a median number of 6 (range: 1–12), non‐survivors 4 (range: 1–12), and untraceable children 3 (range: 1–11) courses of CPM.ConclusionsWe confirmed that CPM could cure children with facial and abdominal BL. The unavoidable bias in the selection of patients and the variable amount of CPM given, precludes accurate survival estimates. A prospective study with proper staging, assessment of FNA, marrow and cerebrospinal fluid with modern techniques, a standard treatment protocol, and adequate follow‐up will better define the current therapeutic value of CPM monotherapy. CPM can be purchased at about 3 US dollars per 500 mg. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:23–25, © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.