bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All digital dividing ratio changeable type phase‐locked loop with a wide lock‐in range
Authors: Yahara Mitsutoshi , Sasaki Hirotoshi , Fujimoto Kuniaki , Sasaki Hirofumi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractToday the All Digital Phase‐Locked Loop (ADPLL) is applied in many fields. However, previously proposed ADPLLs did not simultaneously implement a wide lock‐in range and a fast pull‐in. The proposed Dividing ratio Changeable ADPLL (DCPLL) is a method for automatically changing the dividing ratio of the counter in response to the frequency of the input signal and can obtain an extremely wide lock‐in range. The output jitter will always be three or fewer pulses of the fast reference clock. By performing remainder control of the dividing ratio during multiplication, an output signal that is a multiple of the constant pulse interval and has jitter characteristics equivalent to the basic operation can be obtained. Furthermore, the initial pull‐in is finished in one period of the input signal, which is the shortest time. Consequently, since a wide lock‐in range and a fast pull‐in can be simultaneously achieved, this DCPLL has many general‐purpose applications and is effective in the reference clock source in all types of portable devices and in bit synchronization in data communication. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(2): 41–49, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20138
Suppression method of grating lobe by pulse power transmission from an array antenna
Authors: Takechi Osamu , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Shinohara Naoki , Hashimoto Kozo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new method is proposed for suppressing the grating lobe (GL) by pulse power transmission from an array antenna. GL suppression relies on the fact that the maximum electric field value is not synthesized by the waves from the array antenna at the undesired points even if the maximum electric field is attained at the desired receiving point, because the pulses emerging from different antenna elements do not overlap. Two computer simulations are carried out to confirm this suppression effect. In the simulation using a two‐element array antenna with an element spacing exceeding one wavelength, the GL suppression effect is confirmed with a pulsed wave even though the GL is generated with a continuous wave. In pulsed power transmission simulation with many elements, the GL suppression effect is enhanced with an increasing number of elements. It is also found that the effect increases as the pulse width becomes smaller. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(2): 1–10, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20156
Characteristics of Sr+ ions in an RF trap
Authors: Hirano Iku , Yoda Jun 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe have developed a system for generating light by doubling the frequency (second‐harmonic generation) of a high‐power semiconductor laser, with high frequency stability provided by locking to the absorption line of a hollow‐cathode lamp. Once this system was built, we constructed an ion trap and used light from the system to measure the characteristics of the trapped ions. By illuminating the ions with both a pump laser and a repumping laser, we were able to measure the characteristics of the ion fluorescence. We used rate equations to analyze our measurements. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(11): 1–9, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20088
Control strategies in human pinch motion to perceive the hardness of an elastic object
Authors: Fujita Kinya 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper considers human pinch motion to perceive the hardness of an elastic object. The pinch force, the displacement of the object, and the contact area are measured, and the control rule for the pinch motion is examined experimentally. Pair comparison tasks for hardness are tried for 10 subjects, using five different elastic objects of different hardness. It is found that the displacement changes for 91% of the maximum value, and the force changes for 84% of the maximum value, depending on the difference of the elastic constant. But the change of the contact area is 26%, and is less related to the elasticity. Calculating the imaginary displacement based on the equilibrium point control hypothesis, the change due to the hardness is 29%. Consequently, it is suggested that in pinch motion to perceive hardness, the imaginary displacement is maintained constant and the contact area is maintained almost constant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(11): 28–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20126
A sound synthesis system “Otkinshi” on Windows
Authors: Osaka Naotoshi , Sakakibara Ken‐ichi , Hikichi Takafumi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this paper the authors describe “Otkinshi,” a new sound synthesis system with functions for sound synthesis, modification, and performance in a visual environment under Windows. Prior sound synthesis systems for music using a visual control environment have been centered on object boxes for procedures such as a unit generator or pitch. However, the authors' system takes into consideration ease‐of‐use for synthesis and modification when moving among different levels such as arranging several completed sounds in space and time, represents the sound objects that are data as a visual unit such as icons, and allows for synthesis and modification using the above and icons representing operation objects. A sound object includes an operation history, and so actions created through trial and error can be used again through visual programming. On this foundation, sound modification based on a sinusoidal model represents the characteristic feature of the system, and includes morphing and vibrato control. Synthesis and morphing functions using a physical model are also built‐in. The authors have shown that the system successfully completed two real performances of computer music, and is effective as a general tool for creating music. At present, the authors have asked composers and students at musical colleges to use the system, and are starting to exchange opinions. The authors expect their system to become a valuable tool for the creation of multimedia content, as well as for computer music. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(11): 63–72, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20129
(Schiff‐base)CuII Complexes with Phenolate‐Oxygen/Chloro or ‐Oxygen/Azido Mixed Bridges − Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Jiang Yun‐Bo , Kou Hui‐Zhong , Wang Ru‐Ji , Cui Ai‐Li 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFour new CuII complexes of formulae [Cu3(SE)2(H2O)2Cl3]Cl·6H2O (1), Cu3(SE)2(N3)4(DMF)2 (2), Cu(SE)N3·DMF (3) and Cu(SE)N3·Cu(SE)N3 (4) with tridentate Schiff‐base ligands SE−, derived from condensation of N,N‐dimethylethylenediamine with salicylaldehyde, have been synthesised and characterised by IR spectroscopy, X‐ray structural analyses and variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. Complex 1 has an alternating phenoxy‐ and chloro‐bridged 1D chain structure. Complex 2 possesses trinuclear units in which the CuII ions are bridged by single end‐on (µ‐1,1) azido ligands. Uniformly spaced 1D chains with end‐to‐end (µ‐1,3) azido bridges are found in 3 and 4. As expected, complexes 1 and 2 exhibit antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic exchange, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 show unusual ferromagnetic coupling though the 1,3‐azido pathways. Theoretical simulations have been carried out in order to evaluate the magnitude of the magnetic exchange and the magneto‐structural correlation has been investigated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Comparison of Analogous 4f‐ and 5f‐Element Compounds: Syntheses, X‐ray Crystal Structures and Catalytic Activity of the Homoleptic Amidinate Complexes [M{MeC(NCy)2}3] (M = La, Nd or U)
Authors: Villiers Claude , Thuéry Pierre , Ephritikhine Michel 
Published: October 2004

AbstractReaction of UCl4 with [Li{RC(NCy)2}(THF)]2 (R = Me, 1a; R = nBu, 1b) in THF gave the tris(amidinate) compounds [U{RC(NCy)2}3Cl] (R = Me, 2a; R = nBu, 2b) which were reduced with lithium powder in THF to the homoleptic complexes [U{RC(NCy)2}3] (R = Me, 3a; R = nBu, 3b). Complexes 1a, 1b, 2a and 3a have been crystallographically characterized. Comparison of the crystal structure of 3a with those of the lanthanide analogues [Ln{MeC(NCy)2}3] (Ln = La, 4; Ln = Nd, 5; Ln = Yb, 6) shows that the average U−N distance is shorter than expected from a purely ionic bonding model. The uranium complex 3a is much less efficient than its lanthanide counterparts in the catalytic polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone because of its rapid oxidation into UIV species. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
C2‐Symmetric Fluorous Diamines and Diimines as Ligands for Metal‐Catalysed Asymmetric Cyclopropanation of Styrene
Authors: Shepperson Ian , Quici Silvio , Pozzi Gianluca , Nicoletti Marcello , O’Hagan David 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPerfluoroalkyl‐substituted, enantiopure C2‐symmetric N and N,O ligands showing affinity either for standard organic solvents or perfluorocarbons have been conveniently prepared from readily available precursors. Preformed cobalt(II) and in‐situ‐generated copper(I) complexes of these ligands were tested as catalysts in the metal‐catalysed cyclopropanation of styrene with diazoacetates. Under optimised reaction conditions, which include the use of a fluorous biphasic system and short reaction times, the copper complex of a C2‐symmetric diamine afforded promising results (yield = 77%, trans/cis = 67:33, ee of the trans isomer = 62%) and could be easily separated from the products by simply decanting the fluorous phase. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
2,2‐Bis(3‐Amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes as Selective and Sensitive Voltammetric Sensors. Selective Detection of Dopamine and Uric Acid
Authors: Milczarek Grzegorz , Ciszewski Aleksander 
Published: October 2004

Abstract2,2‐bis(3‐Amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane (BAHHFP) was electro‐polymerized oxidatively on glassy carbon by cyclic voltammetry. The activity of the modified electrode towards ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) and dopamine (DA) was characterized with cyclic voltammetry and differential puls voltammetry (DPV). The findings showed that the electrode modification drastically suppresses the response of AA and shifts it towards more negative potentials. Simultaneously an enhancement of reaction reversibility is seen for DA and UA. Unusual, selective preconcentration features are observed for DA when the polymer‐modified electrode is polarized at negative potential. In a ternary mixture containing the three analytes studied, three baseline resolved peaks are observed in DPV mode. At physiological pH 7.4, after 5 min preconcentration at −300 mV, peaks positions were −0.073, 0.131 and 0.280 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for AA, DA and UA, respectively. Relative selectivities DA/AA and UA/AA were over 4000 : 1 and 700 : 1, respectively. DA response was linear in the range 0.05–3 μM with sensitivity of 138 μA μM−1 cm−2 and detection limit (3σ) of 5 nM. Sensitive quantification of UA was possible in acidic solution (pH 1.8). Under such conditions a very sharp peak appeared at 630 mV (DPV). The response was linear in the range 0.5–100 μM with sensitivity of 4.67 μA μM−1 cm−2 and detection limit (3σ) of 0.1 μM. Practical utility was illustrated by selective determination of UA in human urine.
Trace Analysis of Al (III) Ions Based on the Redox Current of a Conducting Polymer
Authors: Seol Hyunju , Shin Sung Chul , Shim Yoon‐Bo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA conducting polymer was electrochemically prepared on a Pt electrode with newly synthesized 3′‐(4‐formyl‐3‐hydroxy‐1‐phenyl)‐5,2′ : 5′,2″‐terthiophene (FHPT) in a 0.1 M TBAP/CH2Cl2 solution. The polymer‐modified electrode exhibited a response to proton and metal ions, especially Al(III) ions. The poly[FHPT] was characterized with cyclic voltammetry, EQCM, and applied to the analysis of trace levels of Al(III) ions. Experimental parameters affecting the response of the poly[FHPT] were investigated and optimized. Other metal ions in low concentration did not interfere with the analysis of Al(III) ions in a buffer solution at pH 7.4. The response was linear over the concentration range of 5.0×10−8–7.0×10−10 M, and the detection limit was 5.0×10−10 M using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Employing the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the response was linear over the 1.0×10−9–5.0×10−11 M range and the detection limit was 3.0×10−11 M. The relative standard deviation at 5.0×10−11 M was 7.2% (n=5) in DPV. This analytical method was successfully verified for the analysis of trace amounts of Al(III) ions in a human urine sample.
Separation of positional isomers by cucurbit[7]uril‐mediated capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Xu Li , Liu Si‐Min , Wu Cheng‐Tai , Feng Yu‐Qi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA novel macrocyclic molecule, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) was for the first time employed as an additive in capillary electrophoresis (CE). In similarity to other macrocyclic molecules, such as crown ethers, cyclodextrins (CDs) and calixarenes, CB[7] can form inclusion complexes with a variety of guest molecules due to its inner cavity. Thus, it can be used like other macrocyclic molecules to manipulate selectivities in CE. During the running process, CB[7] bears a positive charge under the studied pH range (pH 2.5–7) and can be adsorbed onto the inner wall of a fused‐silica capillary, leading to a reversal of the electroosmotic flow (EOF). Electrophoretic behaviors of nitrotoluene, nitrophenol, nitroaniline, and methylaniline isomers were studied under various conditions. The electrophoretic separations of the isomers can be accomplished with a buffer containing CB[7]. Furthermore, a probable separation mechanism in the presence of CB[7] was also proposed.
Development and in situ synthesis of monolithic stationary phases for electrochromatographic separations
Authors: Delaunay‐Bertoncini Nathalie , Demesmay Claire , Rocca Jean‐Louis 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOrganic monolithic stationary phases have been synthesized in UV‐transparent fused‐silica capillaries, which have been used as test format of microfabricated device channels. The columns have been prepared by in situ polymerization of butyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, 1,3‐butanediol diacrylate, and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) in a ternary porogenic solvent. The resulting stationary phases have been tested in capillary electrochromatography and exhibited reversed‐phase chromatography behavior toward neutral solutes. Van Deemter plots of phenylureas and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, selected as model analytes, have been determined to study the influence of various polymerization and separation parameters on properties of the monoliths. The amount of AMPS and the nature of monomers in the polymerization solution have been thus adjusted. It has been observed that the ionic strength of the mobile phase may affect significantly the efficiency of the separation. The effect of the percentage of acetonitrile in the mobile phase on efficiency and permeability of the organic monoliths has also been investigated. Efficiencies greater than 300 000 plates/m have been obtained with the test compounds. Stability and reproducibility have been extensively studied.
Design and performance of a light‐emitting diode detector compatible with a commercial capillary electrophoresis instrument
Authors: Johns Cameron , Macka Miroslav , Haddad Paul R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIndirect photometric detection in capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been predominantly performed in the UV region, in part due to a lack of suitable high‐intensity and low‐noise light sources in the visible spectral region. A new photometric detector based on light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources and compatible with a commercially available CE instrument has been designed and constructed and its performance evaluated. The utility of this detector was successfully demonstrated by the indirect photometric detection of anions using a dye as probe and absorbance measured in the visible region. The detector exhibited very low baseline noise (around 0.03 mAU), stable output, and improved upper limit of detection linearity (502 mAU) compared with previously used LED detectors. The detector was tested for indirect detection of anions separated with an electrolyte containing 4 mM Orange G as the indirect detection probe, 10 mM histidine as an isoelectric buffer, and 0.05% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose to suppress the electroosmotic flow. Extremely low detection limits were obtained ranging from 0.16–0.36 μM (excluding chloride 0.56 μM), with separation efficiencies in the range of 154 000–274 000 theoretical plates.
Capillary sieving electrophoresis‐micellar electrokinetic chromatography fully automated two‐dimensional capillary electrophoresis analysis of Deinococcus radiodurans protein homogenate
Authors: Michels David A. , Hu Shen , Dambrowitz K. Amy , Eggertson Michael J. , Lauterbach Kevin , Dovichi Norman J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe report the one‐ and two‐dimensional (1‐D and 2‐D) capillary electrophoresis separation of Deinococcus radiodurans protein homogenate. Proteins are labeled with the fluorogenic reagent 3‐(2‐furoyl)quinoline‐2‐carboxaldehyde (FQ), which reacts with lysine residues and creates a highly fluorescent product. Detection is by laser‐induced fluorescence. 1‐D capillary sieving electrophoresis (CSE) produces over 150 000 plates and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) produces over 900 000 plates for components in a D. radiodurans protein homogenate. In a 2‐D separation, proteins are first separated by CSE. Fractions are repetitively transferred to a second capillary for further separation based on MEKC. The 2‐D separation has a ∼550 spot capacity. Over 150 components are partially resolved from the homogenate. Resolution is limited in the first dimension by diffusion of proteins during the long separation period and in the second dimension by the combination of a long fraction‐transfer time and short separation period.
Noncovalent labeling of myoglobin for capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection by reconstitution with a fluorescent porphyrin
Authors: de Jong Ebbing P. , Melanson Jeremy E. , Lucy Charles A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTraditional protein labeling reactions for capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection suffer from a variety of disadvantages. The reactions can be nonquantitative on a reasonable time scale, require relatively high concentrations of protein and fluorophore, and can give multiple reaction products that can not be separated. Herein, we describe a new noncovalent labeling technique that is rapid, selective for myoglobin, and gives a simple reaction product. Myoglobin is denatured with either 5.4 M urea or low pH (2.0). The denatured myoglobin releases its nonfluorescent heme group. A fluorescent porphyrin (protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) or its zinc (II) complex, Zn‐PPIX), is added to the mixture and the solution conditions are altered (dilute to 0.54 M urea or adjust pH to 7.0) to allow myoglobin refolding. Upon refolding, the protein incorporates PPIX from solution, thus making the reaction product fluorescent. The experimental conditions have been optimized for both urea and low‐pH denaturation of myoglobin. The latter procedure produces a detection limit of 50 nM. Alternatively, the reaction can be performed without denaturation by a simple exchange of the porphyrins. The use of Zn‐PPIX yields the most efficient reaction. The low‐pH reaction is unaffected by a 2000‐fold excess of bovine serum albumin.
Separation of enantiomers in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography using chiral alcohols as cosurfactants
Authors: Zheng Zhi‐Xia , Lin Jin‐Ming , Chan Wing‐Hong , Lee Albert W. M. , Huie Carmen W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA novel chiral microemulsion, which involved the use of chiral alcohols as cosurfactants, was demonstrated for the enantiomeric separation of a number of pharmaceutical drugs in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC). The chiral alcohols investigated were optically active 2‐alkanols, with the alkyl chain length having carbon number ranging from 4 to 7. The data indicated that, except for R‐(—)‐2‐butanol, the use of R‐(—)‐2‐pentanol, R‐(—)‐2‐hexanol or R‐(—)‐2‐heptanol as the chiral cosurfactant resulted in the baseline or partial resolution of most of the test solutes, i.e., (±)‐norephedrine, (±)‐ephedrine, DL‐nadolol, and DL‐propranolol. In addition to the chain length of the chiral 2‐alkanols, the effects of other experimental conditions, such as the concentration and chirality of the 2‐alkanols, as well as the pH of the run buffer and the oil phase of the microemulsion, on the enantiomeric separation of the test solutes were also investigated. An interesting finding was that the water‐immiscible organic solvent (oil core) within the microemulsion droplets appeared to play an important role in the chiral separation mechanism. Also, the importance of hydrogen bonding between the test solutes ((±)‐ephedrine and related compounds) and the chiral microemulsion was demonstrated, as it was not possible to resolve a pair of enantiomers which lacked a β‐amino proton (i.e., (±)‐N‐methyl ephedrine) under optimized run buffer conditions (e.g., 5.0% R‐(—)‐2‐hexanol, 0.8% n‐octane, and 3.5% SDS in 90.7% borate buffer at pH 9.2).
Total serum protein N‐glycome profiling on a capillary electrophoresis‐microfluidics platform
Authors: Callewaert Nico , Contreras Roland , Mitnik‐Gankin Luba , Carey Loucinda , Matsudaira Paul , Ehrlich Daniel 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe implemented 8‐aminopyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (APTS)‐labeled asparagine‐linked glycan (N‐glycan) profiling on a microfluidic electrophoresis platform. Using 11.5 cm effective length etched channels and 4% linear polyacrylamide as the separation matrix, the major N‐glycans in human serum were profiled in 12 min with a resolution comparable to what is achieved for these analytes on gel‐based DNA sequencers. This demonstration suggests a practical clinical application for high‐speed compact analyzers which might be uniquely based on microfluidic devices.
Changes in mobile phase ion distribution when combining pressurized flow and electric field
Authors: Eriksson Björn O. , Dahl Magnus , Andersson Magnus B. O. , Blomberg Lars G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe distribution of ions in a capillary with both pressurized flow and an electric field has been studied. We have earlier reported that the overall concentration of ions increase in a capillary with high electric field and a pressurized flow. Now we describe how the ions are distributed in the capillary both along the capillary length and in the radial direction as a result of the parabolic flow profile. We have combined current measurements with finite element techniques in order to get better understanding of the system. We have found that the concentration of the ions that because of the electric mobility moves towards the flow primarily increases at the beginning of the electric field and close to the capillary wall. In view of the results we have proposed an alterative explanation of earlier published results concerning voltage‐induced variation in capacity factors.