bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemology and Philosophy of Language
Authors: Dasti Matthew R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter articulates the major contours of Nyāya epistemology as a two-level system. On the ground level, individuals are entitled to apparently veridical cognition on pragmatic grounds. But when legitimate doubt arises, one shifts to self-conscious review and certification of disputed views or cognition. Further refinements to this approach are offered in dialogue with Madhyamaka Buddhist skeptics and others. Other issues encountered include the philosophy of language, where Nyāya advocates referentialism. It answers the question about the referent of a common noun is by arguing that it could be an individual, its form, or a universal inhering in the individual, each of which may take prominence according to a speaker’s intentions. Finally, it considers the epistemic status of sacred testimony, arguing that it is no different from ordinary testimony except that its content concerns otherworldly realities.
Comic Songs Imitating Foreign Voices
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the Italian theatrical tradition, to inflect the voice through accent or vocabulary choices is to descend immediately from the realm of serious art music to the level of the comic. Such voices are the focus of this chapter, explored in examples from play texts and comic part-song repertoires, including examples of German, Kanuri (African), Turkish, and Jewish individuals, each spoofed through mispronunciations and foreign words. The tight coupling of sonic difference, class status, and racial/ethnic identity is foregrounded to argue that the sounding dimension of Otherness typifies a categorical difference in subjecthood that can be understood as specifically racial.
Trumpets and Drums Played by Enslaved Musicians
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter directly addresses an association between musical performers and (visibly) foreign bodies that has been regularly attested in more general scholarly work on Black Africans and enslaved retainers in early modern Europe. In the foreground are a series of archival sources from the 1630s that document the training of ethically marked (almost certainly enslaved) musicians who were incorporated into musical ensembles at the Florentine court. Two of these musicians were trained on the trumpet by the virtuoso Girolamo Fantini. At issue here is the way in which racialized bodies maintained and produced a significant rapport with particular musical sounds.
Music Proper to Enslaved Singers
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter serves as the capstone to the broader, more theoretical first half of the book. Building upon the various case studies elucidated in earlier chapters and directly considering several young Black pages within the Italian court system, this chapter articulates the musicality and comicity of the voices of the enslaved as they were regularly figured and understood in early modern Italy. Through an insidious conflation of social practice with racializing presumptions of “type,” the use of Black servants as entertaining figures relied upon and propagated stereotypical assumptions about Black musicality that continue to resonate even today. The chapter argues for the exoticizing potential of music itself, especially “low” or popular Western musical forms, marking voice and musical genre as expressive matter linked to the early modern Italian concept of razza (“race”).
Introducing Giovannino Buonaccorsi
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Giovannino Buonaccorsi was an enslaved, Black, male soprano (presumably castrato) singer, active at the Medici court from 1651 until his death in 1674; he was frequently described in contemporary sources with the nickname “Giovannino Moro.” Buonaccorsi sang in a series of operas in the Florentine theater, La Pergola, and, in 1664, at least one season on the Venetian public stage. Details of Buonaccorsi’s life and performances survive in a remarkable number of visual, descriptive, musical, and archival sources. This chapter serves as an introduction to the information known about him (including new archival details), clearing up some of the confusions present in the extant literature. An analysis is given of the extant portrait of the singer, Ritratto di suonatore di liuto con cantore moro (Portrait of a lute player with a black singer, ca. 1662), painted by Baldassarre Franceschini, known as il Volterrano.
Buonaccorsi Sings on the Florentine Stage
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of the various roles known to have been played by Black singer Giovannino Buonaccorsi on the Florentine stage at La Pergola theater, noting, in particular, the ways in which they fulfill a comic character type of the Italian vernacular stage. A comparison is made with the standard scene types of the commedia dell’arte. The analysis points up two different approaches to dialect and sound, suggesting that at least one other enslaved Black singer was active in Florentine opera of the period, perhaps one of the young Black men enslaved to Prince Matthias de’ Medici, Caralì, who was later baptized with the name “Mattia Medici.”
First, There Is Mother
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice , Kailo Kaarina 
Published: December 2023

AbstractFrom two different continents, across the global North, come stories of the Woman Who Married the Bear. Not only are the stories present, but they are also widespread across modern cultures from Indigenous North America and Scandinavia to Russia and Korea. Moreover, the stories reach into deep antiquity. Since the late twentieth century, the existence of matriarchy has been acknowledged in anthropological and historical circles. Now that matriarchies are acknowledged and described by academia, it is worth exploring their antiquity in terms of bear spirituality, as descried in rock art, in caves, in ceremony, in ritual, and in tradition. Two scholars on two continents join forces to examine these questions, first by surveying and then by quizzing the Bear husband stories on their respective continents, winnowing down to the common elements of the stories, and finally, seeking out their commonalities of meaning in terms of matriarchal culture.
A New and Frightening Reality
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Woman Who Married the Bear traces back to the Younger Dryas, 12,800–11,600 BP, a period of tremendous environmental upheaval across North America following the Firestone comet swarm strikes and resultant nuclear winter. Time bifurcated into “before the stars fell” and “after the stars fell,” with the giant short-faced bear before the stars fell transmuting into the cannibalistic Stone Giants after the stars fell, wearing their bear suits and hunting shorter people. Everyone dealt with murder of fellow beings now, as straight-up hunters or as cannibals. Bear marriage morphed into the sacrifice of the natural world, as instanced by the Bear husband, who inevitably died trying to protect his family. The Bear embodied self-sacrifice to the new hunting ethos. Although Indigenous North American cultures resumed matriarchy, it was necessarily through the Bear husband’s recognition that his renewal came about metaphorically in the wife’s children, as her matching gift of Blood.
Directed Digital Dissidence in Autocracies
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this book, we use the case of China to examine how state actors can transform the internet and online discourse into a key strategic element for maintaining the government and relieving domestic pressure on national institutions. Although scholars have long known that the democratizing influence of the internet can be blunted by autocratic states, in this book, we show that the online sphere can effectively be co-opted by states like China and transformed into a supporting institution. Our theory, directed digital dissidence, explains how autocracies manage critical online information flows and what impact this management has on mass opinion and behavior. While the expansion of the internet may stimulate dissidence, it also provides the central government an avenue to direct that dissent away from themself and toward selected targets. Under the strategy of directed digital dissidence, the Internet becomes a mechanism to dissipate threats by serving as a targeted relief valve rather than a building pressure cooker. We consider the process and impact of this evolving state-led manipulation of the political internet using data and examples from China. We employed an original large-scale random survey of Chinese citizens to measure Internet use, social media use, and political attitudes. We also consider the impact of the state firewall. Beyond simply identifying it, we focus on testing the effectiveness of the government strategy with empirical data. We also consider how dissent can be redirected across a broader range of targets, including nonstate actors and other nations.
The Chinese Internet
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce the data, discuss how it was collected, and highlight some of the primary measures used throughout the book. We also provide evidence that many Chinese internet users perceive having had a personal experience with motivated internet manipulation forces or at least have heard that these forces exist. This finding lays the foundation for our argument that the Chinese government is actively trying to manage its citizens’ information exposure. Finally, we examine the factors that explain variation in citizens’ awareness of forces trying to shape the flow of information. This awareness is driven largely by the frequency with which citizens use the internet and their level of political interest.
Social Media
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we present evidence that dissidence is most likely to be located on social media sites such as Weibo, QQ, Kaixin001, Douban, and WeChat. It is here where citizens are likely to encounter information critical of local government. The central government actively censors information critical of itself, but our data and results suggest that they less actively limit critical information directed at the local level. Further, our results show that social media use is on the rise, which could increase the effect of allowing dissidence at the local level while limiting opposition directed at the central government. This finding is supportive of the directed digital dissidence theory. If social media use is connected to exposure to local-level critical flows and the central government sees this as useful strategy to help them maintain their authority, social media serves as a tool to maintain autocratic rule. This contrasts sharply with scholarship that sees social media as a democratizing force. Finally, the results of this chapter provide more evidence that it is the politically engaged who are the most exposed to critical information flows.
Managing the Information War
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we contend that directed digital dissidence is an effective strategy even in the face of technologically savvy users. This is true even when the users are both aware of the state’s strategy and actively trying to circumvent it. The empirical results of this final data-driven chapter are clear. While increasing use of the internet results in more wall jumping, it also diminishes the negative effects correlation of that wall jumping. More directly, the more online content is consumed, the greater chance the Chinese government has to mediate and redirect dissidence. We contend that this is a direct result of Chinese government’s control of the information flow on their side of the firewall. Simply, those who jump the wall are also more likely to be exposed to the central government’s propaganda, thus neutralizing the effect of the counterflow of information beyond the firewall.
Digital Directed Dissidence in Action
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore the application of DDD to actual events in China. Pulling from recent examples, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the government’s response to the resulting popular dissent, we explore how directed digital dissidence works and where it does not work as effectively. By reviewing some specific examples of when directed digital dissidence was employed, we can explore the scope and limits of this governing strategy. We explore the power of the strategy and how it operates when the variables are shifting with new events. We also use these examples to see who is targeted in specific cases and how the individuals engaging in online discourse responded to the state employment of directed digital dissidence. Ultimately, this more qualitative chapter allows us to complement the quantitative studies and add context to this research.
How to Enter the Material and Social Worlds
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter places the work in the context of two major bodies of literature: studies of materiality since the 1980s, and the literature of the Spanish conquest and colonialism in Mexico. It provides a critique of studies of materiality that argue that scholars must focus more on the material world and less on the social world. Now that the literature on Spanish colonialism has only begun emphasizing Indigenous power in the last several decades, the chapter argues that it is no time to focus on things and abandon the social world. Instead, it argues that we must continue the project of studying how different groups of people, in competition and collaboration, created and transformed the material world. The chapter also provides a critique of the use of agency as a concept that guides work on materiality.
Different Beasts
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDifferent Beasts: Humans and Animals in Spinoza and the Zhuangzi studies conceptions of human and animal identity as articulated in the ancient Chinese text known as the Zhuangzi and in the works of the seventeenth-century European philosopher Benedict de Spinoza. By examining how, in these very different philosophies, notions of humanness and animality intersect with ideas about human unity and solidarity, social order, and categories of social difference (such as gender, descent, and ability), Different Beasts opens new paths for understanding Spinoza and the Zhuangzi while also developing methodological insights into the practice of cross-cultural comparative philosophy. With its contextually grounded approach, Different Beasts mobilizes its comparanda to understand how the complex machinery behind the human-animal binary operates in different philosophical systems. Through a careful analysis of arguments, tales, and metaphors involving animals and humans, the work tackles fresh new questions, such as what the role of storytelling is in one’s engagement with animal perspectives, what part humor plays in imagining alternative life-enriching futures, and how attitudes toward institutional order inflect the boundaries between “us” and “them.”
Unmanaging the Personal and the Political Body in theZhuangzi
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChapter 8 examines the Zhuangzi’s tales of identity blurring and self-fragmentation, which, whether the context is clinical death or sudden bodily and/or cognitive change, defy personal and group boundaries at the same time. This unstable and fragmentary view of personhood is certainly also informed by a cynical view of the ideological structures that organize human behavior to produce orderly, stable, and self-coherent persons and communities. The intertwining of these ontological and political discussions about order, stability, and unity comes to full fruition in the text’s narratives of distant antiquity, which are marked by feelings of nostalgia toward the absence of social distinctions, human-wildlife coexistence, and the unconstrained flourishing of all beings without strife.
Rethinking Animal Imagery in theZhuangzi
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChapter 9 traces depictions of marginalized groups in the Zhuangzi with an eye toward potential associations of animality. It shows that although the text consistently dismantles prevalent ideas about distant lands, humble professions, and mutilated ex-convicts, it exhibits a negligent, inconsistent, and sometimes establishmentarian attitude toward women. This chapter argues that one of the factors contributing to this disparity is that the primary audience of the text is mainly men from lower-level elite background (shi 士), which, in the end, limits the extent of its subversive vision. Moreover, if we grant that there was possibly a soothing dimension to sanguine tales about distant lands (where a shi might be exiled) and about people finding fulfilment in menial jobs or despite having mutilated bodies (which are situations that a shi might fear), then perhaps there was simply less of an interest in offering uplifting reimaginations of women’s lives.
Empathy in Psychotherapy for Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Markin Rayna D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief empirical review of empathy in psychotherapy. Evidence-based relationship principles derived from research on empathy in psychotherapy are then applied to the treatment of clients who have specifically suffered a pregnancy loss. Based on theory and research, the author describes how various aspects of empathy in the therapy relationship can help to undo the client’s sense of aloneness, heal narcissistic injuries that resulted from the loss, and process and grow from trauma and grief. Hypothetical therapist–client vignettes are given to demonstrate the application of these concepts. Finally, common challenges to empathy in psychotherapy for pregnancy loss and clinical implications are discussed.
Managing Countertransference in Psychotherapy for Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Markin Rayna D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief theoretical and empirical review of various aspects of countertransference, particularly countertransference management and its relation to psychotherapy outcome. Evidence-based relationship principles derived from research on countertransference in psychotherapy are then applied to the treatment of clients who have suffered a pregnancy loss specifically. Pregnancy loss with and without infertility are examined in this chapter because both represent reproductive traumas that can have a significant impact on an individual’s sense of self and other, which, in turn, can cause powerful transference–countertransference dynamics in the therapy relationship. Based on theory and research, signs of internal countertransference reactions and overt countertransference behaviors are explored, including inappropriate therapist self-disclosure. Common transference–countertransference themes when working with pregnancy loss and infertility are discussed, including when either the therapist or client becomes pregnant. Case examples demonstrate the application of these ideas. Clinical challenges to managing countertransference and clinical implications are offered.
Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Markin Rayna D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter offers future research directions, training recommendations, and practice guidelines for psychotherapy for pregnancy loss. It is suggested that future research, practice, and training in this area prioritize the therapy relationship as a vehicle to help clients process and grow from the trauma of loss, grieve, and rebuild healthy self-esteem after the loss of a pregnancy or unborn baby. Future research, practice, and training should address the deeper level wounds left behind by the loss of a pregnancy and go beyond symptom reduction. Psychotherapy research, training, and practice should focus on culturally sensitive treatments for women of color who are at risk for miscarriage and stillbirth and consider the unique psychosocial experiences of LGBTQ + individuals and families coping with pregnancy loss.
Digital Natives
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Given the abundance of time they devote to their digital diversions, no account of the lives of emerging adults would be complete without attention to their media uses. This chapter begins with an elucidation of their rates of media use, in areas including listening to music, using social media, watching television, texting, and playing electronic games. Next follows an examination of the role that media play in emerging adults’ lives, especially their identity development. A section then focuses on the question of whether emerging adults’ media uses undermine their social relations. At the end of the chapter is an exploration of the contentious question of whether all this media use is a positive or negative force in their development, concluding that today’s emerging adults integrate their media use into their lives in ways that promote more than undermine their social connectedness and their enjoyment of life.
Becoming Adult
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the transition from emerging adulthood to the next stage of life. First there is a look at how adulthood has been defined in traditional cultures and in the past in American history. Then research is presented showing how emerging adults today define adulthood and assess their own progress toward adult status. Next, emerging adults reflect on their mixed feelings about leaving adolescence; from the perspective of emerging adulthood, it seems like an easier time. Then they describe their mixed feelings about becoming adults; from the perspective of emerging adulthood, reaching adulthood promises stability but inspires fears of stagnation. Finally, the chapter examines their views of the future, and how they foresee a happy and successful life for themselves even as they believe the world in general is fraught with peril.
Nationwide shutdowns and government offensives
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies the logic and dynamics of Internet shutdowns as they were implemented in Syria between 2011 and 2014. It discusses two central motives for implementing nationwide shutdowns in the context of an armed internal conflict, namely shutting down the Internet as part of a concerted repressive effort or as a reputation-saving measure. The results of the analysis of network outages and daily conflict fatalities in Syria suggest that the government implemented large-scale disruptions selectively and purposely in conjunction with concerted repressive offensives against the opposition. The chapter then goes on to present estimated levels of undocumented violence before and during Internet shutdowns and shows that the shutdowns did not systematically affect the reporting of violence.