bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival analysis of a cementless, cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Watanabe H. , Akizuki S. , Takizawa T. 
Published: August 2004

We performed a prospective study of 54 patients (76 knees) who underwent Osteonics series 3000 cruciate-retaining cementless total knee arthroplasty between December 1990 and June 1993. Five patients (seven knees) were lost to follow-up (90.7% completion). One patient required revision at 10.5 years after operation. The rate of survival was 100% at ten years and 96.7% at 13 years. The mean ten-year knee and function scores were 79 and 59 respectively. Both were significantly better than the pre-operative scores. The range of movement also improved. Although a radiolucent line around the tibial component enlarged in six knees (20.7%) at ten years, the clinical outcome was generally good. In a patient who died after 5.5 years, post-mortem examination of the knee showed no bony ingrowth into the tibial component. Despite poor bony ingrowth, press-fit fixation was satisfactory and good results can be obtained with this cementless, cruciate-retaining prosthesis.
Intra-articular fractures of the tibial plafond
Authors: Okcu G. , Aktuglu K. 
Published: August 2004

We retrospectively reviewed 60 fractures of the tibial plafond treated by either an ankle-sparing diaphyseal-epiphyseal technique using the Ilizarov ring fixator or by an ankle-spanning technique using a monolateral articulated external fixator. The Ilizarov ring fixator was applied in 24 fractures and the monolateral articulated transarticular external fixator in 20. Both techniques were combined with limited open reduction and internal fixation of the articular surface if necessary. Between three and nine years after the injury, all patients returned for clinical and radiological assessment and evaluation of ankle function using the modified Mazur score. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, mechanism of injury, type of fracture or length of follow-up. The mean functional ankle score was 86 points for the Ilizarov group and 82 points for the articulated fixator group. The difference was not significant (p = 0.07). There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to the radiographic score and late complications. Patients treated with the Ilizarov ring fixator had significantly better ankle and subtalar movement. We conclude that both techniques of external fixation are satisfactory methods of treatment for fractures of the tibial plafond, but that the total arc of movement of the joint is preserved better without bridging the ankle.
Computer-assisted total knee replacement
Authors: Chauhan S. K. , Clark G. W. , Lloyd S. , Scott R. G. , Breidahl W. , Sikorski J. M. 
Published: August 2004

A controlled study, comparing computer- and conventional jig-assisted total knee replacement in six cadavers is presented. In order to provide a quantitative assessment of the alignment of the replacements, a CT-based technique which measures seven parameters of alignment has been devised and used. In this a multi-slice CT machine scanned in 2.5 mm slices from the acetabular roof to the dome of the talus with the subject’s legs held in a standard position. The mechanical and anatomical axes were identified, from three-dimensional landmarks, in both anteroposterior and lateral planes. The coronal and sagittal alignment of the prosthesis was then measured against the axes. The rotation of the femoral component was measured relative to the transepicondylar axis. The rotation of the tibial component was measured with reference to the posterior tibial condyles and the tibial tuberosity. Coupled femorotibial rotational alignment was assessed by superimposition of the femoral and tibial axial images. The radiation dose was 2.7 mSV. The computer-assisted total knee replacements showed better alignment in rotation and flexion of the femoral component, the posterior slope of the tibial component and in the matching of the femoral and tibial components in rotation. Differences were statistically significant and of a magnitude that support extension of computer assistance to the clinical situation.
Teachers as scholars of their students' conceptions of learning: A Hong Kong investigation
Authors: Watkins David 
Published: August 2004

Background: The need for effective teachers to reflect on their students' thinking is now generally recognized. Moreover, the study of students' conceptions of learning and their impact on learning outcomes has become a popular area of research. But are teachers aware of their students' conceptions and do they reflect on them when planning their teaching?Aims: This paper reports two interview studies of Hong Kong teachers designed to find out whether they considered their views of learning differed from those their students held and if they took into account any such differences in their teaching.Sample: In Study 1 and Study 2 the interviewees were 30 and 32 Hong Kong secondary school teachers, respectively. These teachers varied widely in terms of their teaching experience, subject areas, and the ages and ability grouping of the students they taught.Method: In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted in Cantonese and transcribed into English by a class of trained Chinese post‐graduate students of education using a phenomenographic approach. The transcripts were analysed independently by groups of 4–5 of the interviewers and the author.Results: The conceptions of learning espoused by Hong Kong Chinese teachers interviewed in both studies were similar to those reported in the literature for more advanced Western students and their teachers. However, they perceived the great majority of their students to hold much less sophisticated views. Twenty‐one of the 32 teachers interviewed in Study 2 claimed to take differences between their own and their students' views of learning into account when planning their teaching. But in most cases it seemed that they were simply trying to adapt their teaching according to their perception of their students' ability and motivation levels. Implications for educational reform in Hong Kong are discussed.
Improving reading and writing learning in underprivileged pluri‐ethnic settings
Authors: Armand Françoise , Lefrançois Pascale , Baron Agnès , Gomez Maria‐Cécilia , Nuckle Sylvie 
Published: August 2004

Background: Many studies carried out in first language contexts tend to demonstrate the positive effects of activity programmes aimed at (1) developing metaphonological abilities and (2) developing language skills through active story listening on learning to read and to spell by first‐grade students.Aims: This study seeks to extend previous findings by (a) including children, the majority of whom have French as a second language, who attend plurilingual schools and have not been included in previous studies, and (b) providing training based on three essential principles shared by the two kinds of programmes: integrating activities into realistic literacy practice contexts; encouraging active student participation through tasks which very often require problem solving; and tackling, one after the other, different kinds of operations or strategies.Sample: Three groups of students were created out a pool of 202 children enrolled in nine first‐grade classes in three underprivileged pluri‐ethnic schools. The control group was composed of 46 students who received typical, first‐grade methods for teaching reading and spelling. Experimental group 1 (DMPA), 91 students, received a training programme aimed at metaphonological abilities development. Experimental group 2 (DLS), 65 students, received a training intended to develop language skills through active story listening and production.Method: The students from the three groups were evaluated at the beginning (metaphonological task I, pre‐reading task) and at the end (metaphonological task II, word recognition task, text comprehension task, word spelling task) of their first year in elementary school.Results: The programme for the development of metaphonological abilities enabled DMPA group students to obtain significantly higher scores than the control group on metaphonological task II and word recognition task. The DMPA group children also did significantly better than the control and the DLS groups on the word spelling task. However, the DLS group, who benefited from language skills development activities, also progressed in that they obtained significantly better results than the control group in the word recognition task. Moreover, at the end of grade one, there was no difference in the scores obtained by the groups on a comprehension questionnaire administered after the reading of the narrative text.Conclusion: The word reading skills of first‐grade children in underprivileged pluriethnic settings can be improved through activities aimed at metaphonological abilities development or language skills development by means of active story listening and production. On the other hand, in order to develop word spelling abilities, the development of metaphonological abilities was more effective. Lastly, further research should seek to improve understanding of the absence of effects of either learning programme on narrative text comprehension.
Help seeking amongst child and adolescent victims of peer‐aggression and bullying: The influence of school‐stage, gender, victimisation, appraisal, and emotion
Authors: Hunter Simon C. , Boyle James M.E. , Warden David 
Published: August 2004

Background: An important element of many anti‐bullying programmes is encouraging victims to tell someone about their predicament. Research has already reported prevalence of telling, who/when children tell and efficacy of telling. However, seeking help can be viewed as a coping behaviour, and coping processes such as appraisal and emotion may be important predictors of whether pupils ask for help.Aims: To examine the effects that background variables (gender, school‐stage), victimisation (duration, frequency), appraisal (threat, challenge, control) and negative emotion have upon support seeking by child and adolescent victims of peer‐aggression and bullying. To also examine how effective pupils perceive social support to be.Sample: Participants were 830 children (49% male) aged 9–14 years. Three hundred and seventeen pupils were in Primary 6, 307 in Secondary 2 and 206 in Secondary 3.Method: A self‐report bullying questionnaire was completed by the participants within their classes. Questionnaires included items relating to victimisation, appraisal, emotion, and coping strategy choice as well as demographic data.Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that gender, challenge appraisals, and emotions were significant predictors of the degree to which child and adolescent victims of peer‐aggression and bullying sought help (accounting for 15.8% of the variance): girls were more likely than boys to seek help, as were pupils with high challenge appraisals or those experiencing high levels of negative emotion. Also, girls were more likely than boys to view support as the best strategy for both stopping bullying and for helping them to feel better.Conclusion: Results suggest that pupils are more willing to seek help when they see the situation as one in which something can be achieved. Pupils also may be seeking support to get help coping with negative emotions, and this may need to be emphasized to teachers.
Nature, nurture and academic achievement: A twin study of teacher assessments of 7‐year‐olds
Authors: Walker Sheila O. , Petrill Stephen A. , Spinath Frank M. , Plomin Robert 
Published: August 2004

Background: Twin research has consistently shown substantial genetic influence on individual differences in cognitive ability; however, much less is known about the genetic and environmental aetiologies of school achievement.Aims: Our goal is to test the hypotheses that teacher‐assessed achievement in the early school years shows substantial genetic influence but only modest shared environmental influence when children are assessed by the same teachers and by different teachers.Sample: 1,189 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs born in 1994in England and Wales.Methods: Teachers evaluated academic achievement for 7‐year‐olds in Mathematics and English. Results were based on the twin method, which compares the similarity between identical and fraternal twins.Results: Suggested substantial genetic influence in that identical twins were almost twice as similar as fraternal twins when compared on teacher assessments for Mathematics, English and a total score.Conclusions: The results confirm prior research suggesting that teacher assessments of academic achievement are substantially influenced by genetics. This finding holds even when twins are assessed independently by different teachers.
Conscientiousness, emotional stability, perceived control and the frequency, recency, rate and years of blood donor behaviour
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: Personality factors were used to explore aspects of blood donor behaviour (a form of prosocial volunteer behaviour). Based on the Big 5 model of personality, a number of mediation (via perceived control) and moderation hypotheses linking personality to aspects of blood donor behaviour (frequency, recency, rate and years of past behaviour) were explored.Design: A cross‐section quasi‐experimental survey of 630 blood donors.Method: Prior to donation, 630 donors completed measures of the Big 5 personality domains and donor history (frequency, recency, rate and years of past behaviour); after donation, they indicated levels of perceived procedural and emotional control.Results: There was no evidence that perceived control mediates the relationship between personality and behaviour. However, donors were able to express control in a low control context. For males, the relationship between years as a donor and both the frequency and the rate of donation were stronger for those higher in conscientiousness (C), whereas for females, emotional stability (ES) acted as the moderator. Recency and frequency of past behaviour were orthogonal.Discussion: The results extend previous work by showing that C (for males) and ES (for females) help to sustain behaviour over time. The recency and frequency of past behaviour assess qualitatively different aspects of past behaviour and this should be explored in future studies. These results have important practical implications for designing donor recruitment and retention interventions.
Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress
Authors: Chafin Sky , Roy Michael , Gerin William , Christenfeld Nicholas 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: Interventions that reduce the magnitude of cardiovascular responses to stress are justified, at least in part, by the notion that exaggerated responses to stress can damage the cardiovascular system. Recent data suggest that it is worthwhile to explore, in addition to the magnitude of the cardiovascular responses during stress (reactivity), the factors that affect the return to baseline levels after the stressor has ended (recovery). This experiment examined the effect of listening to music on cardiovascular recovery.Design and method: Participants (N = 75) performed a challenging three‐minute mental arithmetic task and then were assigned randomly to sit in silence or to listen to one of several styles of music: classical, jazz or pop.Results: Participants who listened to classical music had significantly lower post‐task systolic blood pressure levels (M = 2.1 mmHg above pre‐stress baseline) than did participants who heard no music (M = 10.8 mmHg). Other musical styles did not produce significantly better recovery than silence.Conclusions: The data suggest that listening to music may serve to improve cardiovascular recovery from stress, although not all music selections are effective.
Cognitive‐behavioural rehabilitation programme for patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator: A pilot study
Authors: Frizelle D.J. , Lewin R.J.P. , Kaye G. , Hargreaves C. , Hasney K. , Beaumont N. , Moniz‐Cook E. 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: The effectiveness of a comprehensive 12‐week CR programme for ICD patients was evaluated.Design: All surviving and suitable ICD patients being cared for by a regional implantation centre were invited to attend a 12‐week cognitive‐behavioural cardiac rehabilitation programme that had been modified to meet the needs of this group. Patients assenting were randomized to either an immediate treatment or a waiting treatment group. Measures were taken prior to randomization, at the end of the treatment or waiting period, at the end of the second treatment group for that group only and at three months post‐treatment for both groups.Outcome measures: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Total Concerns Questionnaire, the Quality of Life after Myocardial Infarction Questionnaire, the EuroQual (subjective health rating scale), the Shuttle Test and a number of ICD shocks and ATP episodes were used in this study.Results: For those patients willing and able to attend, the cognitive‐behavioural CR programme produced significant benefits in terms of psychological and functional adaptation to living with the device.Conclusions: A comprehensive 12‐week CR programme that incorporated both psychological and exercise‐based components significantly reduced anxiety and depression and improved quality of life of ICD patients. It is not clear if these benefits are sustained.
Approaching the salutogenesis of sense of coherence: The role of ‘active’ self‐esteem and coping
Authors: Johnson Maarit 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: The aim of this work was to investigate the health relevant status of sense of coherence (SOC). First, its relation to general health was studied. Secondly, the importance of self‐esteem (SE) type, locus of control, ‘fighting spirit’ and coping style for SOC was explored. It was predicted that SOC has relevance for good health and that active types of self‐esteem, together with the other adaptive dispositions, play a role in SOC.Design: A cross‐sectional, retrospective study was used.Methods: The personality and health questionnaires were administered to 409 undergraduates. The data were analysed using correlations and hierarchical multiple regression methods.Results: The correlational and regression analyses indicated that SOC has more importance for health than the other more specific adaptive styles. They further revealed that, although negative affect was a main predictor of SOC and health, an active type of SE (a combination of high basic and high earning SE) and locus of control were associated with a high SOC.Conclusions: It is concluded that SOC has a unique relation to general health, and although SOC strongly reflects affective traits, the concept seems also to mirror more dynamic dispositions, referring to an active self‐esteem structure and self‐determination.
Effects of a tailored lifestyle self‐management intervention in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Clark Marie , Hampson Sarah E. , Avery Lorraine , Simpson Robert 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to develop, implement and evaluate a brief intervention to improve adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes for patients with Type 2 diabetes, in particular to help patients to reduce the total amount of fat consumed and to increase lifestyle physical activity levels.Design and method: A brief, tailored lifestyle self‐management intervention for patients with Type 2 diabetes was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. One hundred participants (aged 40 — 70 yrs) completed assessments at three time points— baseline, three months and one year. Participants were allocated to either an intervention group who received the brief tailored intervention including follow‐up telephone calls, or a usual care control group.Results: Results indicate that the intervention was successful in helping patients to reduce fat intake and, to a lesser extent, increase lifestyle physical activity levels. These self‐reported changes in behaviour were reflected in the objective data with weight maintenance in the intervention group compared to the control group, together with a significant reduction (2 cm) in waist circumference.Conclusions: These results provide further evidence of the effectiveness of tailored interventions for lifestyle change.
Constructing an integrated model of the antecedents of adolescent smoking
Authors: Wilkinson Dawn , Abraham Charles 
Published: August 2004

Objective: Reviews have called for integrative, theoretically informed models of the ‘hundreds of associations’ (Miller & Slap, 1989, p. 131) between psychosocial measures and adolescent smoking (e. g. Tyas & Pederson, 1998). Such a model was tested.Method: A prospective, classroom‐based survey measuring previously identified correlates of smoking allowed comparison of the strength of relationships between antecedents and smoking status six months later. The prospective sample included 225 13 to 14‐year‐olds. Measures of behaviour‐specific cognitions derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)—as well as personality, self‐esteem, parental support and parental control, sociodemographic factors, and descriptive norms—were included. Relationships between antecedents were explored using path analyses.Results: High initial rates of smoking were observed. Of the variance in smoking six months later, 56% was explained by seven direct predictors: intention, perceived ease of smoking, estimated number of friends smoking, percentage of older brothers smoking, self‐esteem, extraversion and car access.Discussion: Results emphasize the importance of behaviour‐specific cognitions specified by the TPB but suggest that other factors, including extraversion and self‐esteem, need to be included in models of the antecedents of smoking. The findings also imply that some antecedents, such as parental support, may indirectly influence adolescent smoking through their effect on other variables.
The Readiness to Change Questionnaire: Reliability and validity of a Swedish version and a comparison of scoring methods
Authors: Forsberg Lars , Ekman Sören , Halldin Jan , Rönnberg Sten 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relative merits of three methods of scoring the Swedish version of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RTCQ), either by assigning a stage in the Prochaska and DiClemente (1986) Stages of Change Model or by treating the scores as a continuous readiness to change variable. Assigning a stage of change was achieved with both the quick method and the refined method.Design and methods: Out of 563 patients screened at an emergency surgical ward for risky alcohol consumption, 165 met risk criteria and responded to the RTCQ. The three scoring methods were examined with regard to internal consistency, test — retest reliability, construct and predictive validity.Results: All three methods of treating the RTCQ scores had satisfactory reliability. Since stages of change (quick method) were significantly but modestly correlated to alcohol consumption and to change‐related behaviours at intervention, and moderately correlated to alcohol problems, the quick method had reasonable construct validity. The refined method had higher construct validity; however, this method left 32% of the patients without a stage assignment. The continuous readiness scale had higher construct validity than the quick method, but was not in par with the refined method. No scoring method was found to have predictive validity.Conclusions: The RTCQ scores treated as a continuous readiness scale were a viable alternative to the original ways of assigning a stage of change to a patient. The Swedish RTCQ is reliable and has reasonable construct validity, but its predictive validity needs further investigation.