bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral and Central Administration of a Selective Neuropeptide Y Y1 Receptor Antagonist Suppresses Ethanol Intake by C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Sparta Dennis R. , Fee Jon R. , Hayes Dayna M. , Knapp Darin J. , MacNeil Douglas J. , Thiele Todd E. 
Published: September 2004

Background: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36–amino acid neuromodulator that is expressed throughout the central nervous system. Recent genetic and pharmacological evidence suggests that the NPY Y1 receptor modulates ethanol intake. To further characterize the role of the Y1 receptor, we examined voluntary ethanol consumption by mice after administration of [(−)‐2‐[1‐(3‐chloro‐5‐isopropyloxycarbonylaminophenyl)ethylamino]‐6‐[2‐(5‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐1,3‐tiazol‐2‐yl)ethyl]‐4‐morpholinopyridine] (compound A), a novel and selective Y1 receptor antagonist (Y1RA) that acts centrally on brain receptors when administered peripherally.Methods: C57BL/6J mice were habituated to drinking a 10% (v/v) ethanol solution by using a two‐bottle‐choice procedure and were then given an intraperitoneal (ip) injection (5 ml/kg) of the Y1RA (0, 25, 50, or 75 mg/kg). In a second study, mice were given intracerebroventricular infusion of the Y1RA (0, 30, or 100 μg). Finally, we determined whether the Y1RA alters open‐field locomotor activity, ethanol‐induced sedation (3.8 g/kg, ip), or blood ethanol levels.Results: Relative to control treatment, ip injection (50 and 75 mg/kg) and intracerebroventricular infusion (100 μg) of the Y1RA significantly reduced ethanol consumption and food intake without altering water drinking. However, the Y1RA did not alter open‐field locomotor activity, ethanol‐induced sedation, or blood ethanol levels.Conclusions: These data indicate that acute blockade of the NPY Y1 receptor with a systemically bioavailable NPY Y1RA reduces voluntary ethanol consumption by C57BL/6J mice. These results are consistent with observations that hypothalamic infusion of NPY increases ethanol drinking by rats.
Two Transcription Factors Are Negative Regulators of Gibberellin Response in the HvSPY-Signaling Pathway in Barley Aleurone
Authors: Robertson Masumi 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
SPINDLY (SPY) protein from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Himalaya; HvSPY) negatively regulated GA responses in aleurone, and genetic analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana predict that SPY functions in a derepressible GA-signaling pathway. Many, if not all, GA-dependent responses require SPY protein, and to improve our understanding of how the SPY signaling pathway operates, a yeast two-hybrid screen was used to identify both upstream and downstream components that might regulate the activity of the HvSPY protein. A number of proteins from diverse classes were identified using HvSPY as bait and barley cDNA libraries as prey. Two of the HvSPY-interacting (HSI) proteins were transcription factors belonging to the myb and NAC gene families, HSImyb and HSINAC. Interaction occurred via the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of HvSPY and specificity was shown both in vivo and in vitro. Messenger RNAs for these proteins were expressed differentially in many parts of the barley plant but at very low levels. Both HSImyb and HSINAC inhibited the GA3 up-regulation of α-amylase expression in aleurone, both were activators of transcription in yeast, and the green fluorescent protein-HSI fusion proteins were localized in the nucleus. These results are consistent with the model that HSI transcription factors act downstream of HvSPY as negative regulators and that they in turn could activate other negative regulators, forming the HvSPY negative regulator-signaling pathway for GA response.
LESION SIMULATING DISEASE 1 Is Required for Acclimation to Conditions That Promote Excess Excitation Energy
Authors: Mateo Alfonso , Mühlenbock Per , Rustérucci Christine , Chang Christine Chi-Chen , Miszalski Zbigniew , Karpinska Barbara , Parker Jane E. , Mullineaux Philip M. , Karpinski Stanislaw 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The lsd1 mutant of Arabidopsis fails to limit the boundaries of hypersensitive cell death response during avirulent pathogen infection and initiates unchecked lesions in long day photoperiod giving rise to the runaway cell death (rcd) phenotype. We link here the initiation and propagation of rcd to the activity of photosystem II, stomatal conductance and ultimately to photorespiratory H2O2. A cross of lsd1 with the chlorophyll a/b binding harvesting-organelle specific (designated cao) mutant, which has a reduced photosystem II antenna, led to reduced lesion formation in the lsd1/cao double mutant. This lsd1 mutant also had reduced stomatal conductance and catalase activity in short-day permissive conditions and induced H2O2 accumulation followed by rcd when stomatal gas exchange was further impeded. All of these traits depended on the defense regulators EDS1 and PAD4. Furthermore, nonphotorespiratory conditions retarded propagation of lesions in lsd1. These data suggest that lsd1 failed to acclimate to light conditions that promote excess excitation energy (EEE) and that LSD1 function was required for optimal catalase activity. Through this regulation LSD1 can influence the effectiveness of photorespiration in dissipating EEE and consequently may be a key determinant of acclimatory processes. Salicylic acid, which induces stomatal closure, inhibits catalase activity and triggers the rcd phenotype in lsd1, also impaired acclimation of wild-type plants to conditions that promote EEE. We propose that the roles of LSD1 in light acclimation and in restricting pathogen-induced cell death are functionally linked.
FRD3 Controls Iron Localization in Arabidopsis
Authors: Green Laura S. , Rogers Elizabeth E. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The frd3 mutant of Arabidopsis exhibits constitutive expression of its iron uptake responses and is chlorotic. These phenotypes are consistent with defects either in iron deficiency signaling or in iron translocation and localization. Here we present several experiments demonstrating that a functional FRD3 gene is necessary for correct iron localization in both the root and shoot of Arabidopsis plants. Reciprocal grafting experiments with frd3 and wild-type Arabidopsis plants reveal that the phenotype of a grafted plant is determined by the genotype of the root, not by the genotype of the shoot. This indicates that FRD3 function is root-specific and points to a role for FRD3 in delivering iron to the shoot in a usable form. When grown under certain conditions, frd3 mutant plants overaccumulate iron in their shoot tissues. However, we demonstrate by direct measurement of iron levels in shoot protoplasts that intracellular iron levels in frd3 are only about one-half the levels in wild type. Histochemical staining for iron reveals that frd3 mutants accumulate high levels of ferric iron in their root vascular cylinder, the same tissues in which the FRD3 gene is expressed. Taken together, these results clearly indicate a role for FRD3 in iron localization in Arabidopsis. Specifically, FRD3 is likely to function in root xylem loading of an iron chelator or other factor necessary for efficient iron uptake out of the xylem or apoplastic space and into leaf cells.
LWR1andLWR2Are Required for Osmoregulation and Osmotic Adjustment in Arabidopsis
Authors: Verslues Paul E. , Bray Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWith the goal of identifying molecular components of the low-water-potential response, we have carried out a two-part selection and screening strategy to identify new Arabidopsis mutants. Using a system of polyethylene glycol-infused agar plates to impose a constant low-water-potential stress, putative mutants impaired in low-water-potential induction of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) le25 promoter were selected. These lines were then screened for altered accumulation of free Pro. The seedlings of 22 mutant lines had either higher or lower Pro content than wild type when exposed to low water potential. Two mutants, designated low-water-potential response1 (lwr1) and lwr2, were characterized in detail. In addition to higher Pro accumulation, lwr1 seedlings had higher total solute content, greater osmotic adjustment at low water potential, altered abscisic acid content, and increased sensitivity to applied abscisic acid with respect to Pro content. lwr1 also had altered growth and morphology. lwr2, in contrast, had lower Pro content and less osmotic adjustment leading to greater water loss at low water potential. Both lwr1 and lwr2 also had altered leaf solute content and water relations in unstressed soil-grown plants. In both mutants, the effects on solute content were too large to be explained by the changes in Pro content alone, indicating that LWR1 and LWR2 affect multiple aspects of cellular osmoregulation.
Expression Patterns of a Novel AtCHX Gene Family Highlight Potential Roles in Osmotic Adjustment and K+ Homeostasis in Pollen Development
Authors: Sze Heven , Padmanaban Senthilkumar , Cellier Françoise , Honys David , Cheng Ning-Hui , Bock Kevin W. , Conéjéro Genevieve , Li Xiyan , Twell David , Ward John M. , Hirschi Kendal D. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A combined bioinformatic and experimental approach is being used to uncover the functions of a novel family of cation/H+ exchanger (CHX) genes in plants using Arabidopsis as a model. The predicted protein (85–95 kD) of 28 AtCHX genes after revision consists of an amino-terminal domain with 10 to 12 transmembrane spans (approximately 440 residues) and a hydrophilic domain of approximately 360 residues at the carboxyl end, which is proposed to have regulatory roles. The hydrophobic, but not the hydrophilic, domain of plant CHX is remarkably similar to monovalent cation/proton antiporter-2 (CPA2) proteins, especially yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) KHA1 and Synechocystis NhaS4. Reports of characterized fungal and prokaryotic CPA2 indicate that they have various transport modes, including K+/H+ (KHA1), Na+/H+-K+ (GerN) antiport, and ligand-gated ion channel (KefC). The expression pattern of AtCHX genes was determined by reverse transcription PCR, promoter-driven β-glucuronidase expression in transgenic plants, and Affymetrix ATH1 genome arrays. Results show that 18 genes are specifically or preferentially expressed in the male gametophyte, and six genes are highly expressed in sporophytic tissues. Microarray data revealed that several AtCHX genes were developmentally regulated during microgametogenesis. An exciting idea is that CHX proteins allow osmotic adjustment and K+ homeostasis as mature pollen desiccates and then rehydrates at germination. The multiplicity of CHX-like genes is conserved in higher plants but is not found in animals. Only 17 genes, OsCHX01 to OsCHX17, were identified in rice (Oryza sativa) subsp. japonica, suggesting diversification of CHX in Arabidopsis. These results reveal a novel CHX gene family in flowering plants with potential functions in pollen development, germination, and tube growth.
A Second Protein l-Isoaspartyl Methyltransferase Gene in Arabidopsis Produces Two Transcripts Whose Products Are Sequestered in the Nucleus
Authors: Xu Qilong , Belcastro Marisa P. , Villa Sarah T. , Dinkins Randy D. , Clarke Steven G. , Downie A. Bruce 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The spontaneous and deleterious conversion of l-asparaginyl and l-aspartyl protein residues to l-iso-Asp or d-Asp occurs as proteins age and is accelerated under stressful conditions. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis L. Heynh.) contains two genes (At3g48330 and At5g50240) encoding protein-l-isoaspartate methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.77; PIMT), an enzyme capable of correcting this damage. The gene located on chromosome 5 (PIMT2) produces two proteins differing by three amino acids through alternative 3′ splice site selection in the first intron. Recombinant protein from both splicing variants has PIMT activity. Subcellular localization using cell fractionation followed by immunoblot detection, as well as confocal visualization of PIMT:GFP fusions, demonstrated that PIMT1 is cytosolic while a canonical nuclear localization signal, present in PIMT2ψ and the shorter PIMT2ω, is functional. Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR was used to establish PIMT1 and PIMT2 transcript presence and abundance, relative to β-TUBULIN, in various tissues and under a variety of stresses imposed on seeds and seedlings. PIMT1 transcript is constitutively present but can increase, along with PIMT2, in developing seeds presumably in response to increasing endogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Transcript from PIMT2 also increases in establishing seedlings due to exogenous ABA and applied stress presumably through an ABA-dependent pathway. Furthermore, cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences from PIMT2 amplicons determined that ABA preferentially enhances the production of PIMT2ω transcript in leaves and possibly in tissues other than germinating seeds.
The Potassium-Dependent Transcriptome of Arabidopsis Reveals a Prominent Role of Jasmonic Acid in Nutrient Signaling
Authors: Armengaud Patrick , Breitling Rainer , Amtmann Anna 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Full genome microarrays were used to assess transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis seedlings to changing external supply of the essential macronutrient potassium (K+). Rank product statistics and iterative group analysis were employed to identify differentially regulated genes and statistically significant coregulated sets of functionally related genes. The most prominent response was found for genes linked to the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). Transcript levels for the JA biosynthetic enzymes lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase, and allene oxide cyclase were strongly increased during K+ starvation and quickly decreased after K+ resupply. A large number of well-known JA responsive genes showed the same expression profile, including genes involved in storage of amino acids (VSP), glucosinolate production (CYP79), polyamine biosynthesis (ADC2), and defense (PDF1.2). Our findings highlight a novel role of JA in nutrient signaling and stress management through a variety of physiological processes such as nutrient storage, recycling, and reallocation. Other highly significant K+-responsive genes discovered in our study encoded cell wall proteins (e.g. extensins and arabinogalactans) and ion transporters (e.g. the high-affinity K+ transporter HAK5 and the nitrate transporter NRT2.1) as well as proteins with a putative role in Ca2+ signaling (e.g. calmodulins). On the basis of our results, we propose candidate genes involved in K+ perception and signaling as well as a network of molecular processes underlying plant adaptation to K+ deficiency.
Arabidopsis Cys2/His2-Type Zinc-Finger Proteins Function as Transcription Repressors under Drought, Cold, and High-Salinity Stress Conditions
Authors: Sakamoto Hideki , Maruyama Kyonoshin , Sakuma Yoh , Meshi Tetsuo , Iwabuchi Masaki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki Kazuko 
Published: September 2004

AbstractZPT2-related proteins that have two canonical Cys-2/His-2-type zinc-finger motifs in their molecules are members of a family of plant transcription factors. To characterize the role of this type of protein, we analyzed the function of Arabidopsis L. Heynh. genes encoding four different ZPT2-related proteins (AZF1, AZF2, AZF3, and STZ). Gel-shift analysis showed that the AZFs and STZ bind to A(G/C)T repeats within an EP2 sequence, known as a target sequence of some petunia (Petunia hybrida) ZPT2 proteins. Transient expression analysis using synthetic green fluorescent protein fusion genes indicated that the AZFs and STZ are preferentially localized to the nucleus. These four ZPT2-related proteins were shown to act as transcriptional repressors that down-regulate the transactivation activity of other transcription factors. RNA gel-blot analysis showed that expression of AZF2 and STZ was strongly induced by dehydration, high-salt and cold stresses, and abscisic acid treatment. Histochemical analysis of β-glucuronidase activities driven by the AZF2 or STZ promoters revealed that both genes are induced in leaves rather than roots of rosette plants by the stresses. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing STZ showed growth retardation and tolerance to drought stress. These results suggest that AZF2 and STZ function as transcriptional repressors to increase stress tolerance following growth retardation.
Divergent Potentials for Cytoplasmic Inheritance within the Genus Syringa. A New Trait Associated with Speciogenesis
Authors: Liu Yang , Cui Hongxia , Zhang Quan , Sodmergen  
Published: September 2004

AbstractEpifluorescence microscopic detection of organelle DNA in the mature generative cell is a rapid method for determining the potential for the mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. We used this method to examine 19 of the known 22 to 27 species in the genus Syringa. Organelle DNA was undetectable in seven species, all in the subgenus Syringa, but was detected in the 12 species examined of the subgenera Syringa and Ligustrina. Therefore, species within the genus Syringa display differences in the potential cytoplasmic inheritance. Closer examination revealed that the mature generative cells of the species in which organelle DNA was detected contained both mitochondria and plastids, but cells of the species lacking detectable organelle DNA contained only mitochondria, and the epifluorescent organelle DNA signals from the mature generative cells corresponded to plastid DNA. In addition, semiquantitative analysis was used to demonstrate that, during pollen development, the amount of mitochondrial DNA decreased greatly in the generative cells of the species examined, but the amount of plastid DNA increased remarkably in the species containing plastids in the generative cell. The results suggest that all Syringa species exhibit potential maternal mitochondrial inheritance, and a number of the species exhibit potential biparental plastid inheritance. The difference between the modes of potential plastid inheritance among the species suggests different phylogenies for the species; it also supports recent conclusions of molecular, systematic studies of the Syringa. In addition, the results provide new evidence for the mechanisms of maternal mitochondrial inheritance in angiosperms.
Dispersal phenology of hydrochorous plants in relation to discharge, seed release time and buoyancy of seeds: the flood pulse concept supported
Authors: BOEDELTJE GER , BAKKER JAN P. , TEN BRINKE ALBERT , VAN GROENENDAEL JAN M. , SOESBERGEN MARTIN 
Published: September 2004

Summary

Restored floodplains and backwaters lacking a viable propagule bank, may need flood pulses to facilitate inward dispersal of diaspores. Temporal patterns of hydrochorous plant dispersal are, however, not well known.
Diversity and abundance of diaspores dispersed in a water body over 12 months were quantified using a 200 µm net in order to: (i) test for a relationship between discharge and the number of species and diaspores dispersed; (ii) examine the effect of seed buoyancy and seed release period on the length of the dispersal period; and (iii) test whether diaspores of species that disperse during a similar period of the year are characterized by similar dispersal and dormancy traits.
A total 359 188 individuals of 174 vascular species developed from 144 samples, with most (90%) from vegetative diaspores and only 10% from seeds. Mean number of species and diaspores varied between months in parallel with discharge levels. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that both seed buoyancy and seed release influenced dispersal periods.
In general, species that dispersed most diaspores in spring and summer had non‐dormant seeds, a shorter seed release period and a shorter seed dispersal period than species whose dormant seeds dispersed in autumn and winter. Vegetative diaspores were dispersed on average over 8 months, indicating their importance to long‐distance dispersal. Several species dispersed both generative and vegetative diaspores, often in different seasons.
Our results may assist the planning of regenerative processes in riverine wetlands at landscape scales, as dispersal phenology, and discharge rates must be taken into consideration. Vegetative diaspores may be more important than seeds, although the latter may extend the species dispersal period into other seasons. Temporal heterogeneity in diaspore dispersal influences the identity of diaspores reaching restored habitats.
How far can a hawk's beard fly? Measuring and modelling the dispersal of Crepis praemorsa
Authors: SKARPAAS OLAV , STABBETORP ODD E. , RØNNING INGEBORG , SVENNUNGSEN THOMAS O. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

We measured and modelled the dispersal of a wind‐dispersed herb, the leafless hawk's beard (Crepis praemorsa, Asteraceae), using a combination of measurement techniques, selected empirical models and mechanistic models originally developed for trees.
Dispersal was measured by releasing individual seeds and by placing seed traps around an experimentally created point source of seeding plants. Dispersal distances varied considerably between the experiments. In the seed releases, dispersal distances were positively related to horizontal wind speed (linear regression, P < 0.001) and, under favourable conditions, many seeds dispersed over several metres, with a few at > 30 m.
Four empirical models (the inverse power (IP), the negative exponential (NE), Bullock & Clarke's mixed model (MIX) and Clark et al.'s 2Dt model) were fitted to the data. IP and NE models often failed to accommodate the shape of the empirical distribution of dispersal distances, and the MIX model, although extremely flexible, tended to overfit the data. The 2Dt model was, however, flexible and realistic in each experiment. Nevertheless, the parameter values for all of the empirical models varied dramatically between experiments; no set of parameter values predicted the observed dispersal distances under all conditions.
Two mechanistic models (Greene & Johnson's analytical model (GJ) and Nathan et al.'s individual‐based simulation model (NSN)), originally developed for trees, were parameterized using independent data and parameter values from the literature. Although the NSN model provided a poor fit for the seed trap experiment, it performed almost as well as the best empirical models in the seed release experiments. Its predictions were further improved by including convection, and predicted dispersal > 30 m corresponded closely with our observations. The prediction of low (< 1%) dispersal > 200 m requires further validation.
We conclude that dispersal models for wind‐dispersed trees can be adapted for herbs with different dimensions and diaspore characteristics. Mechanistic simulations are superior because they are robust to environmental heterogeneity, as well as being informative in terms of understanding and predicting the effects of species characteristics and ecological factors on dispersal distances. Future empirical studies are needed at a wide range of environmental conditions, with careful measurement of conditions such as the strength and variability of horizontal and vertical wind speeds.