bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward the Mass Party
Authors: Koshar Rudy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his study of the rise of National Socialism in the Protestant university town of Marburg, in Hesse, Rudy Koshar portrays the local middle class —economically diverse but unified as an anti-Socialist ‘community of sentiment’ as enforcing its social hegemony locally through a vibrant ‘apolitical’ associational life which enabled it to eschew participation in bourgeois party politics. The relative homogeneity of this ‘moral community’ made it relatively easy, under conditions of political and economic crisis, for National Socialism to mobilize it as a political movement once the party had successfully penetrated the local social networks. The penetration of local associational life was, according to Koshar, as important in this case as the impact of the Depression; significantly, indeed, National Socialism made early breakthroughs in Marburg although the town was only moderately affected by the Depression.
The Abandoned Regulars’ Table
Authors: Heilbronner Oded 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oded Heilbronner’s study of the relationship of bourgeois associational life to the rise of National Socialism in the Catholic Black Forest area argues that it was the dissolution of the bourgeois social infrastructure under the impact of the Depression, rather than its successful penetration by the National Socialists, which created a vacuum into which the latter could move; in this case, according to Heilbronner, National Socialism did not so much infiltrate bourgeois associational networks as supplant them.
The Nature of Hitler Fascism
Authors: Ulbricht Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Originally issued immediately following the war and itself clearly owing much to orthodox Comintem statements from before the war, Ulbricht’s statement set a tone for the scholarship of the German Democratic Republic, characterizing National Socialism as a tool of reactionary capitalism whose destructive foreign policy was driven by the need of big business to capture raw materials, markets, and labour abroad and to subjugate the working class at home. Interestingly, Ulbricht mentions gas chambers as an extreme form of destruction, but neglects to mention the racial-ideological motive behind this—again setting the tone for subsequent GDR writing, which systematically understated the significance of racial ideology and the peculiar position of the Jews in the hierarchy of suffering experienced under Nazism.
Resistenz and Resistance
Authors: Broszat Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1970s witnessed the emergence of a more social history-orientated approach to the Third Reich, and with it a far more nuanced understanding of popular reactions to the regime. One of the most important projects to emerge was the multi-authored, multi-volume study of Bavaria during the Nazi period, coordinated by Martin Broszat. Analysing popular attitudes and behaviour during the period, the project detected a range of nonconformist or dissenting attitudes, manifesting themselves in a wide variety of everyday situations, which could not be characterized as ‘Resistance’ in the narrow sense, but which, taken together, suggested that there were many spheres of life and social milieux which the regime succeeded only partially in penetrating. For this they coined the term Resistenz. In this passage Broszat summarizes the findings of the project.
The Missing Years: German Workers, German Soldiers
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recognition that the regular Wehrmacht was a crucial participant in the crimes of the National Socialist regime, especially on the eastern front, has had an important impact on the ways in which historians have approached broader issues of popular complicity in the barbarism of the regime. While, for example, social historians have tended to see workers as the social class most impervious to Nazism’s popular appeal, scholars such as Omer Bartov have pointed out that this did not preclude the possibility of them participating in criminal acts under other guises —above all as soldiers themselves.
The Conditions for Genocide
Authors: Zimmermann Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Zimmermann’s powerful study of the perpetrators of the genocide of the Sinti and Roma (‘gypsies’) offers a thoughtful analysis of the interaction between personal motives and mentalities, institutional pressures, and the dynamism of the regime as a whole.The NS annihilation of the gypsies was systematic murder which went beyond massacre. It would hardly have been possible without the active and effective participation of the administration and the police. Long before the era of National Socialism, legislature and administrative system had subjected the gypsies in Germany to a discriminatory special legislation. Already under the Empire and during the Weimar Republic, the administration and the police had focused their attention towards ‘deporting’ those stigmatized as ‘gypsies’ from town and village, and towards preventing their permanent residence as far as possible.
Brown Revolution?
Authors: Peukert Detlev 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peukert, like Schoenbaum, was keen to stress the need to place developments under National Socialism within a broader continuum in order to assess the regime’s social impact; unlike Schoenbaum, Peukert was sceptical about claims that the regime could have effected a ‘social revolution’ in such a short space of time. Moreover, Peukert was cautious about describing as ‘modernizing’ a regime which may well have accelerated various social trends but which also had a unique destructive side which Schoenbaum arguably did not take adequately into account.
Racial Policy and Women’s Policy
Authors: Bock Gisela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gisela Bock’s work has explored, sometimes controversially, some of the links between National Socialism’s racism and its sexism, particularly with respect to Nazi birth policy. Suggesting that the singularity of Nazi eugenics lies in its antinatalism rather than in its pronatalism, she argues that just as many women as men were among the victims of Nazi racism, that Nazi racism was shaped by gender, and that Nazi gender policy was primarily shaped by racism.
In the Name of the German People
Authors: Langbein Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hermann Langbein (b. 1912, Vienna) was incarcerated in numerous National Socialist camps, including Dachau, Neuengamme, and Auschwitz, on account of his Communist activities; after the war, he was secretary of the International Auschwitz Committee and an important activist on behalf of survivors of National Socialist atrocities.
Gustav Mahler
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gustav Mahler was one of the supremely gifted musicians of his generation. His contemporaries came to know him as a composer of startling originality whose greatest successes with the public never failed to provoke controversy among the critics. As a conductor, his relentless pursuit of perfection was sometimes viewed as tyrannical by the singers and musicians who came under his baton. Professor Henry-Louis de La Grange has devoted over thirty years of painstaking resarch to this study of Mahler’s life and works. His biography, ultimately to be completed in four volumes, is drawn from a vast archive of documents, autographs, and pictures, assembled by La Grange at the Bibliotheque Musicale Gustav Mahler, Paris. This second volume covers the years 1897-1904, when the focus shifts to Vienna. It opens with Mahler’s triumphant debut as director of the Vienna Court Opera, and follows with the revolution he wrought there in standards of performance and, with the Secession painter Alfred Roller, in scenic representation. An account is also given of Mahler’s story and brief engagement as conductor of the Vienna Philharmonic Concerts, following Richter’s resignation in 1989. La Grange depicts the brilliant society of pre-war Vienna, then the centre of the intellectual and artistic world; the extraordinary range of artists among whom Mahler lived and worked included the composers Dvorak, Gustave Charpentier, Richard Strauss, Zemlinsky, and Schoenberg and his two disciples, Berg and Webern; the painters architects and decorators of the Secession with Klmit at their head; the writers Hauptmann, Dehmel, Hofmannsthal, and Schnitzler. There he also met Alma Schindler, ‘the most beautiful woman in Vienna’, and La Grange tells the story of their engagement and marriage in 1902 and the early years of their tempestuous relationship. As his fame spread throughout Europe, Mahler travelled with his music to Germany, Russia, Holland, Poland, and Belguim, meeting many other leading musicians of his day, including Pfitzner, Mengelberg, Diepenbrock, Oskar Fried, and many others. During this period Mahler wrote some of his best-loved works, including the fourth and Fifth Symphonies, and the three orchestral song-cyles and collections – the Wunderhorn -, Ruckert-, and Kindertotenlieder. For each of these works La Grange provides full notes and analytical descriptions. Scrupulously researched, richly documented, this is a study worthy of the extraordinary artistic achievement of Gustav Mahler’s Vienna years.
The Service-Books of the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis
Authors: Robertson Anne Walters 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis was founded in honour of Dionysius, one of seven missionaries sent from Rome to Gaul around 250. It grew to be one of the most powerful monasteries in western Christendom and enjoyed a central position in French history as the first Gothic abbey, royal necropolis, and place of origin of the chronicles of the kings. This is a study of the music and ritual at Saint-Denis from the sixth to the sixteenth century. It is based on an examination of the liturgical books and archival sources relating to the abbey, in particular the surviving service-books, which tell us much about the history of the music and of the Divine Office at Saint-Denis. Anne Robertson also looks at the tropes and sequences proper to the office for Saint-Denis, provides information on the performance practices, instruments, musicians, and liturgists from the abbey, and offers an account of the history of the liturgy from the Council of Tours in 567 to the pillage of the abbey by the Huguenots in 1567, thus explicating the extant liturgical codices from Saint-Denis. For the author the ritual and history of the abbey is also inextricably linked to the reconstruction of its various buildings, the decorations of the church, even the monks’ ambitions. This is a fascinating and wide-ranging study of this extraordinary institution.
Background (1887-1911)
Authors: Wright Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death, in a modest Parisian hotel in 1891, of a dethroned and exiled emperor from South America would seem to bear little relevance to the development and eventual outcome of the career of a musically gifted child, at that time just 4 years old. In truth, the event was both symbolic and catalytic. The emperor was Pedro II of Brazil, overthrown by military republicans in Rio de Janeiro in November 1889, and the child was the young Heitor Villa-Lobos, born in March 1887, mere miles from the wedding-cake-pink, palm tree-secluded, and decaying royal palace, in which Pedro was then enjoying the flickering glory of his remaining months in power.
Marian Antiphons at Cluny and Lewes
Authors: Steiner Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1076 William de Varenne, the count of Surrey, and his wife Gundreda began a pilgrimage to Rome.A relative of William the Conqueror, William de Varenne was a Norman baron who had more than once fought in battle at the side of his kinsman. As William and Gundreda crossed France, they paused from time to time to visit abbeys and other holy places. When they arrived in Burgundy, news came to them of strife between the pope and the emperor that made a trip to Italy inadvisable. Forced to abandon their plan of a pilgrimage to the tomb of St Peter, William and Gundreda decided to extend their stay in the region in which they found themselves, and made their way to Cluny. Abbot Hugh was absent temporarily, but they were warmly received by the prior Odo de Lagery, the future Urban II.
Books for the Liturgy
Authors: Harper John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Books have always been a precious commodity of Christianity, for Christianity is predominantly a religion of the Word. The Word is the source of its authority and of its worship. When missionaries arrived in the first millennium they were frequently identified by a book (most often the Gospels) as well as a cross. And even cursory study of early medieval books reveals how precious they were, written as works of art on materials that would endure (witness the Celtic Gospel books of the seventh and eighth centuries).
The Mass
Authors: Harper John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mass, like the Office, has a consistent form and structure. It includes texts that are constant (the Ordinary of the Mass) and texts that vary (the Proper of the Mass). What distinguishes it from the Office services is the action of the Mass: the elements of bread and wine are prepared, consecrated, and consumed. The words of institution are those spoken by Christ at the Last Supper before the Crucifixion (‘This is my body … This is my blood … ’), and for Christians (in the Middle Ages and in many denominations today) Christ’s presence is real in the consecrated bread and wine.
The Collegiate Church of St Donatian
Authors: Strohm Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flanders is not a land of great cathedrals. The county of Flanders was politically a single unit throughout the Middle Ages; but its ecclesiastical government I was divided between bishoprics whose cathedrals were all situated outside its borders. Some parts to the east, beyond the river Escaut, belonged to the diocese of Cambrai, which also covered large regions of Brabant and Hainaut; the south-western coastal area (with Dunkirk and Ypres) was subject to the bishops of Therouanne, a town in the French province of Artois. The centre and the north, with the major cities of Bruges, Ghent, Courtrai and Lille, all belonged to the diocese of Tournai; but Tournai itself was politically independent and not part of the county of Flanders. Even the Dutch diocese of Utrecht had some possessions along the northern border with Zeeland. The situation still reflected the original role of Flanders as a frontier-land, colonized and christianized in the early Middle Ages by the Frankish kings advancing from the east and south. It was only in the sixteenth century that Flanders got its own bishoprics (Bruges and Ghent), whose present cathedral churches (St Saviour’s in Bruges, and St Bavo’s formerly St John’s in Ghent) were only parish churches during the Middle Ages.
The City and the Court
Authors: Strohm Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professional musicians of the later Middle Ages who were neither clerics nor employed by the church are usually referred to as ‘minstrels’.’ Although society needed them for many different purposes, and although their skills were as varied as were their lifestyles and aesthetic views, it is essentially correct to use a common name for all these people. In the historical sources, the following terms are, on the whole, interchangeable: menestrel (ministruel, ministrer, etc.); jongleur (gokelare, joculator, juglar); spilman (speelman, gleoman); histrio; mimus. As the pro fession always had to struggle for social recognition, which the church, in particular, denied to it, the terminology sometimes reflected social differentiation. There could be a wide gap between a travelling minstrel without regular employment–the histrio – and the courtly valet de chambre or faiseur (a creative poet and composer). But over longer periods of time, and wider areas, the terminology is not consistent; it rather depends, in each document, on the social status of the writer himself, the language used, and on the function of the document (church and court accounts, city registers, narrative sources, poetry, and so on).
Racism and Antisemitism in Progressive America (1900-1919)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first two decades of the twentieth century racism became a central component in the elixir of American antisemitic sentiments. Indeed, the racial components of antisemitic thought in America, always inherent yet mostly hidden, became obvious in the period known as the Progressive era. The belief that Jews were a separate race with distinctive mental and physical characteristics that were genetically acquired was widespread and accepted by members of the government, much of the scientific community, the media, and the general public. Two elements were primarily responsible for adding the additional ingredient of race. One stemmed from the concept of racial superiority that developed out of America’s Christian heritage along with the idea that emphasized the responsibility of Anglo-Saxon Americans to effectuate God’s will and remake the world in its image; the second evolved from the massive influx of southern and eastern Europeans to the United States that began at the end of the nineteenth century.
Forging Democracy
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Democracy in Europe has been a relatively recent phenomenon. Only in the wake of World War Two did democratic forces become ensconced and, even then, it was to be decades before democracy truly blanketed the continent. How then did liberal democracy become the order of the day? Neither given nor granted, democracy requires conflict, often violent confrontations, and challenges to the existing order. In Europe, Geoff Eley here convincingly illustrates, democracy did not evolve organically out of a postwar consensus, the prosperity of the long boom, or the negative cement of the Cold War. Rather, it was painstakingly crafted, continually expanded, and aggressively defended by a loose conglomeration of socialist, labour, feminist, and Communist movements that underwrote the industrial resurrection of Europe's ruined spirit. These parties of the left organised civil societies rooted in egalitarian ideals that came to from the very fibre of Europe's current democratic traditions. The trajectory of European democracy is thus inextricably connected with the history of the European Left. Seeking neither to valorise nor condemn, Eley has given us the first truly comprehensive history of the European Left's successes and failures; its high watermarks and its low tides; its accomplishments, insufficiencies, and excesses; and, most importantly, its formative, lasting influence on the political landscape of the West. At a time when the influence and legitimacy - the very value - of Leftist democratic principles in frequently called into question, this book stands as a ringing, substantive affirmation of the power of human ideals and of collective organisation.
People’S War and People’S Peace
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When dimitri manuilski delivered his Comintern report at the CPSU’s Eighteenth Congress on 10 March 1939, the hopes of 1935 were in shreds. Illegality was now the norm of Communist existence: the German, Austrian, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Czechoslovak, Yugoslav, Greek, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Hungarian parties were all underground. With the onset of the Second World War, the PCF too was banned, soon followed in 1940 by CPs in countries invaded by Germany and in Switzerland. The Swedish and British CPs became the only ones remaining above ground. So by 1939 the split in the European Left seemed as bitter as ever. The CPs were not only illegal but back in their former isolation, returned to the margins.
Mutiny on the Amistad
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume presents the first full-scale treatment of the only instance in history where African blacks, seized by slave dealers, won their freedom and returned home. Jones describes how, in 1839, Joseph Cinqu'e led a revolt on the Spanish slave ship, the Amistad, in the Caribbean. The seizure of the ship by an American naval vessel near Montauk, Long Island, the arrest of the Africans in Connecticut, and the Spanish protest against the violation of their property rights created an international controversy. The Amistad affair united Lewis Tappan and other abolitionists who put the "law of nature" on trial in the United States by their refusal to accept a legal system that claimed to dispense justice while permitting artificial distinctions based on race or color. The mutiny resulted in a trial before the U.S. Supreme Court that pitted former President John Quincy Adams against the federal government. Jones vividly recaptures this compelling drama--the most famous slavery case before Dred Scott--that climaxed in the court's ruling to free the captives and allow them to return to Africa.
The First Energy Revolution
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When St. John Crevecoeur saluted “this New Man, this American,” in his Letters from an American Farmer (1782), he was thinking most particularly of the farmers of eastern Pennsylvania. Here, among the gently rolling fields only a day’s journey from Philadelphia, industrious men and women had created an independent society with a standard of living that would have been the envy of most English squires and the thriftiest French peasants. Of what lay to the west—rugged hills, near mountains really, thickly forested and cut for the most part by rocky shallow streams that could barely accommodate the hardy trapper’s canoe—Crevecoeur gave little thought. But by the time the New Man had erected his own sovereign nation, of which Pennsylvania was the most affluent state, the pressure of westward movement was already being felt. The valleys of the Delaware and the Susquehanna rivers beckoned strongly, but the wilderness created by the first ramparts of the Appalachian barrier rendered the lands of what would become Schuylkill, Luzerne, Carbon, Wyoming, and Lackawanna counties useless for agriculture and, the few residents generally believed, anything else.
From Mercantile Nation to Industrial Giant
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was probably no surprise to anyone that when the numerous volumes of the Industrial Commission’s Final Report were released in 1902, the lion’s share of attention had been given to the nation’s railroads. The single, broad question before the group of Congressmen and private citizen experts who made up the commission—although it was not expressed in so many words—was, what are the implications of the recent consolidations of corporate power in large-scale industry, how have they come about, and what, if anything can we do, or must we do, to control the vast access of power over the lives of the citizens that they imply? The merger movement in manufacturing, as distinguished from commerce (a distinction that the U.S. Supreme Court had recently drawn), had only got well underway in the previous decade, under the stringencies of the 1893-1897 depression, but the railroads had been combining and recombining corporate properties for decades. And during the depression they had virtually concentrated all of the freight traffic of the nation—if not nearly all of the passenger traffic—in a half dozen or so “communities of interest,” which owed their power to a little understood alliance of bankers, big shippers, and railroad management executives.