bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasticity of Alarm‐call Response Development in Belding’s Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi, Sciuridae)
Authors: Mateo Jill M. , Holmes Warren G. 
Published: March 2003

Plasticity in the alarm‐call responses of Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) may function to prepare young to respond appropriately to calls according to the predator environment and habitat in which the young develop. To examine the extent to which antipredator responses are sensitive to early rearing environments, we studied the development of behavioural responses to playbacks of alarm calls and non‐alarm calls in free‐living juveniles and captive juveniles housed in large outdoor enclosures. Compared with same‐aged, free‐living juveniles, captive juveniles were more likely to show an observable response to playbacks, exhibited more exaggerated initial responses (e.g. enter a burrow vs. freeze), and remained alert longer following playbacks. The influence of rearing history on antipredator responses was limited to responses to auditory stimuli, as the two groups of juveniles reacted similarly to fast‐moving visual stimuli. The responses of free‐living juveniles appeared to be more discriminating than responses of captive juveniles, particularly following playbacks of calls associated with less immediate threats.The responses of captive and free‐living mothers were similar, indicating a developmental component to the juvenile response differences observed here. Free‐living juveniles developed a discrimination among alarm and non‐alarm calls sooner than captive young. Response differences were evident within 1 wk of first emergence from natal burrows and persisted at least 4 wk, at around the age of natal dispersal. This suggests that early rearing history has an enduring effect on response repertoires, which may be adaptive if animals continue to inhabit the predator environment in which they developed.
Anti‐Predator Strategies and Grouping Patterns in White‐Tailed Deer and Mule Deer
Authors: Lingle Susan 
Published: March 2003

White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O. hemionus) are closely related species of similar size that differ in their anti‐predator behavior. White‐tails flee from coyotes (Canis latrans), whereas mule deer typically stand their ground and attack this predator. I used observations of coyotes hunting deer to identify: (i) changes in group structure made in response to coyotes; and (ii) the relationship between group structure and the risk of predation for each species.In response to coyotes, groups of mule deer merged with other groups and individuals bunched together. Predation attempts were more likely to escalate when groups split and individuals failed to bunch. Coyotes typically attacked mule deer that were in outlying positions, and these deer had to move to central positions to end attacks. Due to the high frequency of attacks on small groups as well as to the level of dilution of risk, individuals in small mule deer groups were at high risk of being attacked compared with those in larger groups. In contrast to mule deer, white‐tails made no consistent changes in group size or formation, and coyotes attacked individuals in central as well as in outlying positions. Variation in aspects of group cohesion was not related to the vulnerability of white‐tails, and there was no obvious difference in the risk of attack facing individuals in groups of different size. These results suggest that coyote predation selects for relatively large, cohesive groups in mule deer, apparently because this type of group improves their ability to deter coyotes. Coyote predation does not have similar effects on groups formed by white‐tails, which use flight rather than deterrence to avoid predation. The benefits of responding cohesively, occupying certain positions within groups, and forming groups of a certain size can vary widely depending on the anti‐predator strategies used by an animal.
No Evidence of Social Hierarchy amongst Feeding Badgers, Meles meles
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Stewart Paul D. , Johnson Paul J. , Porkert Jiri , Buesching Christina 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLinear or despotic dominance hierarchies are common in carnivore societies. However, in feeding experiments in the field with wild European badgers, Meles meles, we found no compelling evidence for any such hierarchies within badger groups, or even between the members of neighbouring groups. The outcome of dyadic encounters within groups was partly determined by asymmetries in weight and length, but these predictors were readily confounded by ownership. Aggression between members of neighbouring groups during encounters at feeding sites at territorial borders was extremely rare. These rather ad hoc aspects of social organization reinforce the view that badger societies are somewhat loosely structured.
Coercive Copulation in the Alpine Bushcricket Anonconotus alpinus Yersin (Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini)
Authors: Vahed Karim 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSexual coercion in the form of forced copulation is widespread in the animal kingdom and has been documented in several insect taxa. In crickets and bushcrickets (sub‐order Ensifera), however, mating typically involves luring acts as opposed to forcing acts. The mating behaviour of the tettigoniid Anonconotus alpinus Yersin, which is described in this paper, appears to be unique amongst the Tettigoniidae (and possibly amongst the Ensifera) in that it is coercive, involving forced matings. Males did not stridulate immediately prior to mating but instead leapt on passing females, using their anal cerci as pincers to maintain a hold on the female's abdomen (which was sometimes damaged in the process). Males appeared to lack a sexual refractory period and attempted to copulate again as little as 18 s following the previous mating.
Maternal Watchfulness in Black Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra)
Authors: Treves Adrian , Drescher Ann , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn many vertebrates, parents protect their young by detecting predators and aggressive conspecifics before they attack. But parental investment in protection is a limited resource, whose allocation to offspring should reflect optimization strategies. Thus, we tested if maternal investment in vigilance varied with the risk faced by young black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Twelve females in six groups were compared, including those with and without young and those with immatures of differing ages. The greatest increase in vigilance was seen when immatures were conspicuous, and to a lesser extent, among mothers of dependent young (neonates and infants). These findings support the idea that parents adjust their behavior to both chronic and episodic risk faced by young. We explore the possible role of predation and infanticide in shaping the vigilance of mothers.
Role of Phialemonium curvatum as a potential biological control agent against a blue stain fungus on aspen
Authors: Hiratsuka Y. , Chakravarty P. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Ophiostoma crassivaginatum is the most important blue stain fungus on Populus tremuloides and causes considerable reduction in the value of the end product. The effect of a hyphomycetous fungus, Phialemonium curvatum, on the in vitro growth and wood chip colonization by O. crassivaginatum was studied. The in vitro growth of O. crassivaginatum was significantly inhibited when grown in dual culture or when treated with culture filtrate of P. curvatum. Ophiostoma crassivaginatum failed to colonize P. tremuloides wood chips when they were pre‐inoculated with mycelial suspension of P. curvatum. The potential use of P. curvatum as a biological control agent against O. crassivaginatum is suggested.
Genetic relationships among genetically distinct forms of Melampsora larici‐epitea and related species based on AFLP data
Authors: Samils B. , Lagercrantz U. , Gullberg U. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAmplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) was used to study genetic relationship among leaf rust fungi (Melampsora spp.) occurring on Salix species in short‐rotation coppice. Special interest was paid to a newly identified rust fungus found on S. viminalis in southern Sweden, morphologically similar to M. larici‐epitea but with a distinct DNA profile. Genetic distances among 40 Melampsora isolates collected from S. viminalis, S. dasyclados, S. viminalis x dasyclados, S. daphnoides, S. acutifolia and M. larici‐populina were calculated based on 101 AFLP markers. Neighbour‐joining analysis revealed the presence of six clusters, which corresponded exactly to predefined groups, namely three formae speciales of M. larici‐epitea, a stem‐infecting form of Melampsora on S. viminalis, the newly identified Melampsora on S. viminalis and a group consisting of two isolates from the poplar rust M. larici‐populina. All six clusters were well supported by bootstrap analysis (84 to 100% support). The newly identified Melampsora on S. viminalis was indicated to be genetically separated from M. larici‐epitea as well as from the stem‐infecting form of Melampsora.
Collaboration or chaos: A consumer perspective
Authors: Connor Helen 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTConsumer participation in all levels of mental health service provision is now government policy throughout Australia. However, effective participation by consumers requires collaboration between mental health nurses and consumers. Effective collaboration and the partnership between those who provide and receive services requires trust and respect on both sides. Accompanying consumers on their ‘journey’ of wellness and recovery is likely to also provide mental health nurses with opportunities for personal and professional growth.
Collaborative education and social stereotypes
Authors: Clinton Michael 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to present results from a two‐year collaborative education project conducted with people with a serious mental illness and senior undergraduate students of nursing at the Centre for Mental Health Nursing Research at Queensland University of Technology. The study was funded by the Australian Commonwealth Government and was completed in June 1998. The results suggest that collaborative education is an effective means for breaking down social stereotypical thinking about people with a mental illness. A similar finding with respect to the stigmatization of undergraduates supports this hypothesis. Implications for psychiatric rehabilitation and the undergraduate education of students of nursing are explored.
Charting the future today: Psychiatric and mental health nurses in cyberspace
Authors: Lakeman Richard 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
:The development of the Internet is happening at a staggering pace and promises to have a dramatic impact on human relations. If nursing is to adapt to and benefit from these changes, consideration ought to be given to the experiences and opinions of nurses who have adapted to and use the technology. This paper provides an outline of the findings of an Email survey of psychiatric and mental health nurses who are experienced in using the Internet. Questions focused on what psychiatric and mental health nurses use the Internet for, how their use has changed, work‐related benefits, and what impact they see the Internet having in the future.
‘Psychiatric nursing was great, but I want to be a “real” nurse’: Is psychiatric nursing a realistic choice for nursing students?
Authors: Rushworth Louise , Happell Brenda 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe present paper reports the results of a quasi‐experimental study that examined the relationship between exposure to the theory and practice of psychiatric nursing and the desirability of psychiatric nursing as a future career choice. A time series design was utilized to enable a comparison between pre‐ and post‐test scores. A significant increase in the popularity of psychiatric nursing was evident in the experimental group in the post‐test phase, while no significant change was detected in the control group. Despite this increase, a large number of students from the experimental group indicated their reluctance to undertake a career in psychiatric nursing without first consolidating their skills in the medical–surgical area. This situation reflects an image of nursing that is contrary to the caring philosophy it purports to embrace, but which appears to favour certain areas of nursing practice at the expense of others.
Are universities preparing nurses to meet the challenges posed by the Australian mental health care system?
Authors: Wynaden Dianne , Orb Angelica , McGowan Sunita , Downie Jill 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe preparedness of comprehensive nurses to work with the mentally ill is of concern to many mental health professionals. Discussion as to whether current undergraduate nursing programs in Australia prepare a graduate to work as a beginning practitioner in the mental health area has been the centre of debate for most of the 1990s. This, along with the apparent lack of interest and motivation of these nurses to work in the mental health area following graduation, remains a major problem for mental health care providers. With one in five Australians now experiencing the burden of a major mental illness, the preparation of a nurse who is competent to work with the mentally ill would appear to be a priority. The purpose of the present study was to determine third year undergraduate nursing students’ perceived level of preparedness to work with mentally ill clients. The results suggested significant differences in students’ perceived level of confidence, knowledge and skills prior to and following theoretical and clinical exposure to the mental health area. Pre‐testing of students before entering their third year indicated that the philosophy of comprehensive nursing: integration, although aspired to in principle, does not appear to occur in reality.
Does drawing up technique influence patients’ perception of pain at the injection site?
Authors: Rock Danny 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTTraditionally nurses have used one of two drawing up techniques for the administration of intramuscular (IM) injections. In the first, the injectable is drawn up using one needle, which is then discarded before administration using a new needle. Alternatively, the injectable is drawn up and administered without changing the needle. Advocates of the two‐needle technique suggest that this method reduces pain at the injection site. In the present study, 70 subjects completed an independently validated pain scale following administration of an IM depot neuroleptic. The conclusion, that there is a significant reduction in injection site pain, using the two‐needle technique, is not supported by the data obtained in this study.
Scoping the prospects of Australian mental health nursing
Authors: Clinton Michael , Hazelton Mike 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT: In March 2000 the Australian & New Zealand College of Mental Health Nurses submitted the final report on the National Scoping Study of Mental Health Nursing in Australia to the Mental Health Branch of the Department of Health and Aged Care. In this final article, in a series of four, the authors present an overview of the future prospects of mental health nursing in Australia.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF ANANGU DISABILITY
Authors: Ariotti Louis 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe usual and common‐sense definition of disability is based on a medical model that sees disability as a limitation or lack of competence on the part of the individual. This definition fails to acknowledge that in some cultures disability as a concept does not exist. This paper, based on research undertaken in 1994/1995, examines how the social construction of disability among the Anangu of the cross border region of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory, takes into consideration the important factors of history, culture and language. The theoretical underpinning of the research was symbolic interactionism, which led to collaborative ethnography becoming the methodology employed to collect and analyse the data. The findings of the research indicate that the social construction of disability among the Anangu occurs in three historical phases: the impairment, oppression and empowerment phases. The paper’s purpose is to offer service providers to Aboriginal people with disabilities, information that will help them understand some of the attitudes, customs, mores and beliefs of their clientele.
ESTABLISHING A NEW UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF RURAL HEALTH: THE FIRST 2 YEARS OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR RURAL AND REMOTE HEALTH
Authors: Wilkinson David , Blue Ian , Symon Brian , Fuller Jeff , Smith Mark 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to describe the establishment of a new University Department of Rural Health (UDRH) in South Australia and to report early achievements. In May 1997, the UDRH was established, key staff were recruited, infrastructure was developed and in April 1998 a Joint University Committee on Rural and Remote Health was formed. By mid‐1999, 14 full‐time equivalent staff were employed in Whyalla and Adelaide. Early achievements include: review of undergraduate rural placements; increased rural clinical placements by 1000 student‐weeks; partnership with the Dental School resulting in training opportunities and falling public dental waiting lists; multidisciplinary teaching practices in four rural sites; priority public health projects established; competitive research grants won; and a capital grant to strengthen Aboriginal health services infrastructure secured. These early achievements demonstrate UDRH potential to have a real impact on health worker education, service delivery, and public health status in rural and remote areas. This strong foundation must now be built on.
Differences in Cardiac Procedures Among Patients in Metropolitan and Non‐Metropolitan Hospitals in New South Wales After Acute Myocardial Infarction and Angina
Authors: Heller Richard F. , O’Connell Rachel L. , D’Este Catherine , Lim Lynette L.‐Y. , Fletcher Peter J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAn observational cohort study examined the difference in use of cardiac procedures during and after hospital admission for acute chest pain in 47 metropolitan or non‐metropolitan hospitals across New South Wales (NSW). There were 3836 patients, represented by 4151 admissions to hospital after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina or other angina. Follow up at 22 months was completed on 1695 patients. Patients admitted to metropolitan hospitals had higher rates of most cardiac procedures while in‐patients than did patients in non‐metropolitan hospitals. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the use of exercise stress tests, echocardiograms, nuclear studies and coronary angiography were 3.30 (1.38, 7.90), 9.34 (4.07, 21.44), 4.87 (2.08, 11.39) and 68.64 (17.29, 272.49), respectively, for patients with AMI and 1.93 (0.91, 4.12), 5.60 (1.60, 19.57), 3.51 (1.48, 8.33) and 38.57 (9.36, 158.94), respectively, for patients with unstable angina. Rates were similar between hospital types during the 22 months after discharge. The appropriateness of this large variation in resource use between metropolitan and non‐metropolitan hospitals requires examination.
Is Australian Rural Practice Changing? Findings from the National Rural General Practice Study
Authors: Strasser Roger P. , Hays Richard B. , Kamien Max , Carson Dean 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe National Rural General Practice Study (NRGPS) was the first comprehensive national study covering rural and remote general practitioners throughout Australia. It was undertaken in 1996–1997 and drew on data from existing sources such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, together with a postal survey of general practitioners in rural and remote areas. There was a 75% response rate to the survey, which covered professional issues, personal and social issues, personal background, patient issues, recruitment and retention programs and changing health services. Overall, the study findings confirmed those of previous individual State‐based studies in the early 1990s and showed that there had been some changes since those previous studies. In particular, access to continuing medical education has improved, the rural medical workforce appears to be ageing, the proportion of women rural doctors is increasing and the projected length of stay in rural practice is decreasing. Whereas in the early 1990s the projection for rural doctor numbers was continuing decline, the NRGPS projected overall numbers in rural practice as staying approximately the same over the next 5 years. In the light of these trends, the challenge is to implement targeted initiatives that improve the recruitment and retention of rural and remote general practitioners.
RECALL OF FARM HAZARDS IN AUSTRALIAN PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN USING A 3‐D VISUAL CUE TEST
Authors: Page Andrew N. , Fragar Lyn J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT:This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the ‘Spot the Hazard’ farm safety resource which employs 3‐D visual stimuli to develop rudimentary risk assessment skills in children. Primary school children from three local schools in north‐west New South Wales were presented with the resource and talked about the farm hazards present. Children’s recall of the hazards and the extent to which they compared the resource to their own farm was assessed after an initial presentation at post‐tests of 1, 14 and 28 days, across three experimental groups. Individual differences in achievement were controlled for using the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test‐Screener (WIAT). Analysis revealed that children exposed to the resource recalled significantly more hazards and made more comparisons to their own farm experiences than controls. However, differences on individual achievement were observed between groups due to a lack of randomisation. Farm safety educational resources for children are more effective when verbal and nonverbal strategies are used and when children are exposed to such cues repeatedly. The development of farm safety educational resources for children which employ spatial cues is encouraged. Further clarification of results would entail a more rigorous randomised control trial.
Different faces of the white cataract: A phaco surgeon’s perspective
Authors: Basti Surendra 
Published: March 2003

Purpose: To develop a system of categorizing white cataracts so that the salient features, as would be pertinent to phacoemulsification surgery, could be recognized pre‐operatively. Methods: Patients with total cataracts were carefully evaluated using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and slit‐lamp photography. An attempt was made to determine whether pre‐operative evaluation could ascertain the presence or absence of features of these cataracts that often cause surgical difficulties, namely, increased intralenticular pressure (ILP), milky cortex and brown nuclear colour. Results: Using a standardized method of biomicroscopic evaluation, it was found that the status of the ILP, cortex and nuclear colour could be determined consistently. Surgical strategies based on such a system of categorization has permitted white cataracts to be consistently managed using phacoemulsification. Conclusions: Systematic pre‐operative evaluation and categorization of white cataracts based on the ILP, status of the cortex and nuclear colour can permit proper surgical planning and successful management of such cases with phacoemulsification.