bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling flow and nitrate transport in groundwater for the prediction of water travel times and of consequences of land use evolution on water quality
Authors: Molénat Jerome , Gascuel‐Odoux Chantal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA two‐dimensional model representing flow and nitrate transport in groundwater was developed and applied to a hillslope of the Kervidy catchment. The objective of the modelling was: (1) to characterize better the flow and nitrate transport in the groundwater and to determine the characteristic times of the system; (2) to explore the consequences of changes in nitrate leaching to groundwater on nitrate concentration in stream water. The finite‐difference code MODFLOW was used to simulate the distribution of hydraulic head within the groundwater. Nitrate transport was described by the convection equation solved using MT3D. MODPATH was also used to analyse flow paths and travel times in the groundwater. Four units were considered in the model: (i) the plough layer, (ii) the soil, (iii) the weathered shale and (iv) the fissured shale. Autotrophic denitrification in the shale and partly in the weathered shale was represented, as well as heterotrophic denitrification in the upper horizon of bottom land. A steady‐state average flow was assumed with a spatially uniform groundwater recharge of 2 mm day−1, corresponding to the winter mean daily recharge observed in the Kervidy catchment. Nitrate recharge rate was fixed at 100 mg l−1, which is equivalent to a nitrogen flux of 165 kg ha−1 year−1. Six scenarios of nitrate leaching changes were analysed with the model. The first two correspond to spatially uniform decreases of the nitrate recharge rate to 80 and 60 mg l−1, respectively. In the other four scenarios, nitrate recharge rate was spatially distributed along the hillslope so that the average nitrogen flux remained equal to 165 kg ha−1 year−1. Simulated hydraulic heads were similar to observed values along the hillslope, except for the summit. The transport model reproduced the spatial pattern of nitrate concentrations observed in the weathered shale groundwater, a deviation appearing only in the nearest piezometer to the stream. Travel times within the groundwater appeared to be highly variable, from a few days up to 3 years. Scenario analysis showed that a significant decrease of stream nitrate concentration can be expected following a global decrease in nitrate leaching along the hillslope. However, the fall could be very gradual in time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processes of visual self‐recognition in infants: experimental induction of ‘mirror’ experience via video self‐image presentation
Authors: Vyt Andre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study investigates infants' (ages 15–28 months) performance on two visual self‐recognition measures: using a video‐screen as a mirror‐like medium to locate objects not seen directly, and locating a mark on the face after seeing it in the mirror‐like medium. Infants experienced one of two training conditions on the video‐screen: they watched their parents and the parents' reflected images or they watched themselves. The study aims to find evidence for the view that object‐locating and mark‐directed behaviour in self‐image presentation are in different ways experience‐dependent. Contingency experience influenced the ability to locate objects, but did not influence mark‐directed behaviour in a marked‐face (rouge) condition. Also, children with a higher level of object‐permanence understanding scored better on object‐localization, while level of object‐permanence understanding was unrelated to mark‐directed behaviour in the rouge condition. The findings suggest that mark‐ and object‐locating conditions follow a different developmental course. Search behaviour in this paradigm is also discussed with regard to experiential elements, perceptual cues and representational skills. The locating of mirrored objects may be a good paradigm for studying sensorimotor information processing, without being necessarily used as an indicator of self‐awareness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Executive functions and development: emerging themes
Authors: Hughes Claire 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEarlier in this special issue I outlined four themes that contribute to the growing research interest in studies of executive function in childhood populations. These were: (1) the importance of executive dysfunction in accounts of developmental disorders such as Autism and ADHD; (2) methodological insights arising from the development of new techniques for assessing children's emerging executive functions; (3) evidence for a fractionated or componential view of executive control; and (4) the relation between individual differences in young children's performance on tests of executive function and ‘theory of mind’. In this paper, these four themes are used to integrate the findings from all the papers in this special issue on executive functions and development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rule‐based reasoning and theory of mind in autism: a commentary on the work of Zelazo, Jacques, Burack and Frye
Authors: Colvert Emma , Custance Deborah , Swettenham John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis commentary is concerned with the work of Zelazo, Jacques, Burack and Frye (2002) and highlights a number of aspects of the Zelazo et al. (2002) study that raise some concern, most notably the small sample size and lack of control groups. The commentary provides details of our own research (Colvert et al., The rule‐based reasoning and theory of mind abilities of children with autism, poster presented at the biennial meeting, Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2001, Rule‐based reasoning and theory of mind in children with autism, submitted), which used a larger sample and a more carefully controlled design to provide a further examination of the possible links between rule‐based reasoning and theory of mind (ToM) in autism. With these key modifications our study also found evidence of a significant link between these two aspects of development for high‐functioning children with autism. It would seem that there is evidence that the ToM abilities of children with autism may not be a separate aspect of development, but may instead be linked to more general developments in embedded reasoning skills; as stated by the Cognitive Complexity and Control theory. However, the current commentary notes that caution is required when drawing such conclusions, as all evidence thus far is correlational in nature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequence variation and physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 cervical cancer isolates from Australia and New Caledonia
Authors: Watts Kylie J. , Thompson Carol H. , Cossart Yvonne E. , Rose Barbara R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSequence diversity over 2600 nucleotides of the upstream regulatory region (URR) and the E6 and E2/E4 genes of 34 human papillomavirus (HPV)16 cervical cancer isolates from Australia and New Caledonia was investigated. One 81 base duplication, 41 single base substitutions and 1 single base insertion were identified in the URRs. Some of these changes are reported here for the first time. Several of the 19 changes impacting transcription factor binding sites had the potential to alter promoter activity. Twenty‐eight (82%) of the variants belonged to the European lineage, 4 (12%) were Asian and 2 (6%) were Asian‐American. Eighteen of 27 (67%) isolates where the E6 gene was examined contained amino acid substitutions. Of 13 isolates sequenced with intact E2 genes, 12 (92%) contained amino acid substitutions in the E2 protein and 3 (23%) amino acid substitutions in the overlapping E4 protein. Some of the changes in E6 and E2 may alter immunological epitopes or protein function. The physical state of HPV DNA was assessed by Southern hybridization and PCR for an intact E2 gene. Overall, 11 of 25 isolates contained only integrated HPV DNA, 10 only episomal HPV DNA and 4 both integrated and episomal DNA. No particular patterns of variation in the URR, E6 or E2/E4 genes predicted physical state. This investigation represents one of the most comprehensive studies of its kind and fills an important gap in global sequence data. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: Dose‐response meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies
Authors: Norat Teresa , Lukanova Annekatrin , Ferrari Pietro , Riboli Elio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hypothesis that consumption of red and processed meat increases colorectal cancer risk is reassessed in a meta‐analysis of articles published during 1973–99. The mean relative risk (RR) for the highest quantile of intake vs. the lowest was calculated and the RR per gram of intake was computed through log‐linear models. Attributable fractions and preventable fractions for hypothetical reductions in red meat consumption in different geographical areas were derived using the RR log‐linear estimates and prevalence of red meat consumption from FAO data and national dietary surveys. High intake of red meat, and particularly of processed meat, was associated with a moderate but significant increase in colorectal cancer risk. Average RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the highest quantile of consumption of red meat were 1.35 (CI: 1.21–1.51) and of processed meat, 1.31 (CI: 1.13–1.51). The RRs estimated by log‐linear dose‐response analysis were 1.24 (CI: 1.08–1.41) for an increase of 120 g/day of red meat and 1.36 (CI: 1.15–1.61) for 30 g/day of processed meat. Total meat consumption was not significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk. The risk fraction attributable to current levels of red meat intake was in the range of 10–25% in regions where red meat intake is high. If average red meat intake is reduced to 70 g/week in these regions, colorectal cancer risk would hypothetically decrease by 7–24%. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of H19 regulatory sequences for targeted gene therapy in cancer
Authors: Ohana Patricia , Bibi Osaat , Matouk Imad , Levy Carol , Birman Tatiana , Ariel Ilana , Schneider Tamar , Ayesh Suhail , Giladi Hilla , Laster Morris , de Groot Nathan , Hochberg Abraham 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a tumor gene therapy approach based on the use of regulatory sequences of the H19 gene that are differentially expressed between normal and cancer cells. We constructed expression vectors carrying the gene for the A fragment of diphtheria toxin (DT‐A) or herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV‐tk), under the control of a 814 bp 5′‐flanking region of the H19 gene. The cell killing activity of these constructs was in accordance with the relative activity of the H19 regulatory sequences in the transfected cells. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of the gene expression constructs driven by H19 regulatory sequences in an animal model of bladder cancer induced by subcutaneous injection of syngeneic bladder tumor cell lines. Intratumoral injection of these constructs caused a significant suppression of subcutaneous tumor growth, with no obvious toxicity toward the host. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐term sexual function after prostate brachytherapy
Authors: Merrick Gregory S. , Wallner Kent , Butler Wayne M. , Lief Jonathan H. , Sutlief Steven 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSexual function was evaluated in 34 patients with low‐risk prostate cancer (PSA ≤ 10, Gleason score ≤ 6, clinical stage T1/T2) undergoing brachytherapy in a phase III prospective randomized trial comparing iodine‐125 (125I) to palladium‐103 (103Pd). The mean and median International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores for the entire group were 14.2 and 16.5, respectively, and there was no difference between these scores when stratified by isotope. IIEF scores < 6, 6 to 11, and ≥ 12 were recorded in 35% (12/34), 6% (2/34), and 59% (20/34) of patients, respectively. Hematospermia, orgasmalgia (pain at the time of orgasm), and alteration in intensity of orgasm were documented in 26% (9/34), 15% (5/34), and 38% (13/34) of patients, respectively, but these side effects were of limited duration for most patients. There was no relationship between radiation dose to the neurovascular bundles (NVB), which averaged 209% of the prescribed prostate dose, and the development of postbrachytherapy impotence. All four impotent patients who used sildenafil responded favorably. With a median follow‐up of 13 months, 65% of patients undergoing prostate brachytherapy maintained sexual function without pharmacologic support. Including sildenafil responses, 76.5% of patients sustained erections sufficient for sexual intercourse. 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of mutations and identification of several polymorphisms in the putative promoter region of the P34CDC2‐related CDC2L1 gene located at 1P36 in melanoma cell lines and melanoma families
Authors: Feng Yongmei , Shi Jiaqi , Goldstein Alisa M. , Tucker Margaret A. , Nelson Mark A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChromosome 1 abnormalities are the most commonly detected aberrations in many cancers including malignant melanoma. Partial deletions and an allelic loss of the chromosome 1p36 region observed in melanoma indicate the presence of putative tumor suppressor gene(s) in this region. A candidate gene, CDC2L1, which encodes PITSLRE proteins related to p34cdc2, is mapped to 1p36. To determine whether CDC2L1 mutation is involved in melanoma development, we examined 20 melanoma cell lines and 11 members of melanoma‐prone families linked to chromosome 1p36. Mutation analysis throughout the entire coding region of the CDC2L1 gene revealed only 1 mutation (C→T at nucleotide location 97 of exon 7, Ser→Leu) in the melanoma cell line UACC 903 out of 20 melanoma cell lines and 6 melanoma cases. However, 4 polymorphic nucleotide changes, C‐48T, G‐53C, T‐103C and T‐210C, in the putative promoter region of CDC2L1 were identified. The 4 variants were located within or beside the conserved binding sites of transcription factors TCF11, MZF1 and TAAC box, indicating their potential effects on the regulation of CDC2L1 expression. No aberrant methylation of the CDC2L1 CpG island in the promoter region was observed by sodium bisulfite genomic sequencing. These results indicate that mutations are rare in the CDC2L1 gene in these melanoma cell lines and melanoma families and that the aberrant cytosine methylation of the CDC2L1 CpG island is not the mechanism of CDC2L1 repression in melanoma. The contribution of 4 promoter polymorphisms to the transcriptional regulation of the gene and its association with melanoma warrants further investigation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible role of galectin‐9 in cell aggregation and apoptosis of human melanoma cell lines and its clinical significance
Authors: Kageshita Toshiro , Kashio Yumiko , Yamauchi Akira , Seki Masako , Abedin Mohammad Jainul , Nishi Nozomu , Shoji Hiroki , Nakamura Takanori , Ono Tomomichi , Hirashima Mitsuomi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGalectin‐9 expression was examined in 6 human melanoma cell lines. Among them, MM‐BP proliferated with colony formation, but MM‐RU failed. RT‐PCR analysis revealed evident expression of galectin‐9 mRNA in MM‐BP but not in MM‐RU. MM‐BP expressed galectin‐9 protein both on the surface and in the cytoplasm, whereas MM‐RU expressed it only weakly in the cytoplasm. Exogenous galectin‐9 induced in vitro both cell aggregation and apoptosis of MM‐RU proliferating without colony formation. Association of galectin‐9 expression in melanoma cells with prognosis of the patients bearing melanocytic tumors was further examined. Galectin‐9 protein was strongly and homogeneously expressed in melanocytic nevi, but down‐regulated in melanoma cells especially in metastatic lesions. High galectin‐9 expression was inversely correlated with the progression of this disease, suggesting that high galectin‐9 expression in primary melanoma lesions links to a better prognosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Workplace mobility and occupational achievement
Authors: van Ham Maarten 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reports an investigation of the effects on occupational achievement of workplace mobility, that is, accepting a job over a longer distance. We extend the classical conceptualisation of the relationship between spatial flexibility and occupational achievement by including not only long‐distance migration, but also long‐distance commuting as an instrument of career advancement. Using longitudinal data, with job change as the unit of analysis, career advancement is measured directly by comparing the level of the accepted job with the level of the former job. The results show that workplace mobility is indeed instrumental in career advancement. Workers who accept jobs over a longer distance make more career advancement after a job change than workers who accept jobs closer to their residence. Women with a partner form an exception. For them, workplace mobility has no effect on career advancement. A probable explanation is a tied‐mover effect. Some women with a partner accept a job over a longer distance for the sake of the career of the male spouse and because the household as a whole migrates. So the conclusion is that for women, workplace mobility is only instrumental in career advancement when a job is accepted over a long distance for their own career. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shifting sex differentials in mortality during urban epidemiological transition: the case of Victorian London
Authors: Mooney Graham 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnlike some forms of mortality inequality, sex differentials in England and Wales increased unequivocally during the Victorian era. A gradual reversal of this trend was observed only recently. The origin of the widened mortality gap between males and females lies in the transformation of the epidemiological landscape during the second half of the nineteenth century, from one where epidemic and endemic infectious diseases dominated, to one where chronic, degenerative conditions began to prevail. This so‐called ‘epidemiological transition’ had differential impacts on males and females through time and in space, partly because mortality change was mediated by socially constructed gender roles. Research on rural and urban contrasts has shown consistent excess female mortality in youth and early adulthood. But because London did not exhibit this particular sex bias in the Victorian period, examination of internal variations in the capital offers an opportunity to explore the influence of factors that varied within the urban environment. Using life table decomposition, the article reveals that contrasts in cause‐specific mortality between boys and girls and elderly men and women contributed most forcefully to overall male/female differences in life expectation at birth. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial introduction: (re)theorising population geography: mapping the unfamiliar
Authors: Graham Elspeth , Boyle Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn recent years, population geography has become increasingly marginalised within its parent discipline as a result of its failure to engage with the ‘new’ human geographies. Despite notable successes in some areas, contemporary population geography is characterised by a methodological conservatism and an inattention to theory that could prove detrimental to its future prospects. In 2000, a conference was held at the University of St. Andrews to discuss openings for (re)theorising population geography. This special issue arises from that conference and is devoted to stimulating debate about possible ‘new’ and more theoretically grounded population geographies. Whilst not intended as a blueprint for how any (re)theorisation might be conceptualised, the six papers cover a variety of topics and address different ways in which population geography might seek to re‐orientate its research agenda. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New forms of migration into the European South: challenges for citizenship and governance – the Portuguese Case
Authors: Fonseca Maria Lucinda , Caldeira Maria José , Esteves Alina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince the mid‐1980s, Portugal has altered its position in the international migration context. It is no longer exclusively an emigration country but has also become a receiving nation, hosting people from its former African colonies, and more recently from Brazil and Eastern Europe. This has caused significant changes in Portuguese society, which is nowadays socially more diverse and ethnically richer. This paper identifies the most important challenges to citizenship and governance in Portugal, focusing on: (a) the changes in the national laws regulating immigration; (b) the measures adopted by central government to fight discrimination; and (c) the growing social exclusion faced by many immigrants. Among the adopted measures, the new law regulating the entry and permanence of foreigners in Portugal, the establishment of a High Commissioner for Immigration and Ethnic Minorities (ACIME), the growing role of immigrants' associations, and the responsibilities transferred to local authorities are closely analysed. Drawing on analysis of interviews and questionnaires addressed to civil servants working in departments related to immigration as well as on reports published by municipalities in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA), the article also investigates the strategies adopted by local authorities to promote the successful integration of immigrants. The evidence indicates that there is a growing feeling among local authorities that their resources should be oriented to work with the citizens and not just for the citizens. To guarantee future sustainable development, citizens, regardless of their geographical origin, should have a say in the decision‐making processes at a local level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of smooth basis functions and an approximated projection algorithm for faster tomography
Authors: Rydesäter Peter , Gustavsson Björn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo decrease the calculation time of iterative tomographic reconstruction, this study proposes and investigates the uses of the “dot‐projection” algorithm, which uses smooth basis functions for data representation. Basis functions give an approximation to the basis functions of blobs, which provide a more accurate reconstruction at the same resolution than for traditional “ray‐driven” projection algorithms with voxels. This study evaluates the calculation time decrease and obtained errors from the algorithm for reconstruction, as well as its response to spatial frequencies. Finally, we compare the dot‐projection for several basis functions and the ray‐driven projection with respect to accuracy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 347–354, 2000
Mother–child interaction and sleep regulation in one‐year‐olds
Authors: Scher Anat 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe regulation of sleep–wake states is controlled not only by biological mechanisms but by care‐giving context as well. In this study the association between mother–child relationship and the infant's sleep was examined. Thirty‐seven 12‐month‐olds and their mothers participated in a 10‐minute laboratory play episode. The dyadic interaction was coded with the Early Parent–Child Relational Assessment (Clark, 1985) and with the Emotional Availability scales (Biringen, Robinson, & Emde, 1993). The child's sleep was measured at home with a small‐computerized activity monitor. Although mothers' behavior was not related to the child's sleep, infants who were more responsive in the play episode woke up more frequently compared to infants who were less involved in the interaction. The link between social‐emotional competency and fragmented sleep, among nonrisk infants, could be an age‐related phenomenon. ©2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.