bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting patterns of mitochondrial and microsatellite population structure in fragmented populations of greater prairie‐chickens
Authors: Johnson Jeff A. , Toepfer John E. , Dunn Peter O. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGreater prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) were once found throughout the tallgrass prairie of midwestern North America but over the last century these prairies have been lost or fragmented by human land use. As a consequence, many current populations of prairie‐chickens have become isolated and small. This fragmentation of populations is expected to lead to reductions in genetic variation as a result of random genetic drift and a decrease in gene flow. As expected, we found that genetic variation at both microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers was reduced in smaller populations, particularly in Wisconsin. There was relatively little range‐wide geographical structure (FST) when we examined mtDNA haplotypes but there was a significant positive relationship between genetic (FST) and geographical distance (isolation by distance). In contrast, microsatellite DNA loci revealed significant geographical structure (FST) and a weak effect of isolation by distance throughout the range. These patterns were much stronger when populations with reduced levels of genetic variability (Wisconsin) were removed from the analyses. This suggests that the effects of genetic drift were stronger than gene flow at microsatellite loci, whereas these forces were in range‐wide equilibrium at mtDNA markers. These differences between the two molecular markers may be explained by a larger effective population size (Ne) for mtDNA, which is expected in species such as prairie‐chickens that have female‐biased dispersal and high levels of polygyny. Our results suggest that historic populations of prairie‐chickens were once interconnected by gene flow but current populations are now isolated. Thus, maintaining gene flow may be important for the long‐term persistence of prairie‐chicken populations.
Weeds resistant to chlorsulfuron and atrazine from the north‐east grain region of Australia
Authors: ADKINS S. W. , WILLS D. , BOERSMA M. , WALKER S. R. , ROBINSON G. , MCLEOD R. J. , EINAM J. P. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryThe resistance of weeds to triazine and sulfonylurea herbicides has been recorded in several countries. The extent of the problem in the north‐east grain region of Australia is uncertain. In an initial study, resistance to chlorsulfuron and atrazine in 15 weed species was investigated. The study showed that at least six of them have evolved resistance to one or other of these herbicides. Two collections of Rapistvum rugosum L., three of Sisymbrium orientale L., five of Sonchus oleraceus L., one of Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love and one of Sisymbrium rhellungii O. Schultz were resistant to the recommended rate of chlorsulfuron (15 g a.i. ha‐1). Resistance to chlorsulfuron was not discovered in three collections of Sisymbrium L., two of Brassica tournefortii Gouan. three of Emex australis Steinh. and 11 of Phalaris paradoxa L. Two collections of Urochtoa panicoides Beauv. were resistant, and three collections possibly resistant, to the recommended rate of atrazine(1.8 kg a.i. ha‐1). Resistance to atrazine was not found in 12 collections of Hibiscus urionum L., nine of Salvia reflexa L., two of Parthenium hysterophorus L., two of Amaranthus viridis L. and 14 of Echinochloa colona (L) Link. The resistance status of four weeds (R. rugosum. F. convolvulus, S. thellungii and U. panicoides was confirmed using a multiple dose‐response screen and is the first report of resistance for these species. Herbicide usage records show that resistance has developed after 3‐10 years of selection with chlorsulfuron and 2‐15 years of selection with atrazine, with no correlation between the frequency of use and the degree of resistance for any of the species where eight or more collections were made.
Shape‐shifting discourses of anorexia nervosa: reconstituting psychopathology
Authors: Hardin Pamela K. 
Published: November 2003

HARDIN PK. Nursing Inquiry 2003; 10: 209–217 Shape‐shifting discourses of anorexia nervosa: reconstituting psychopathology This article explores how the circuitous relationship between individuals, the media, and discursive systems replicate and reinforce the act of self‐starvation in young women. Using a feminist poststructuralist methodology, the focus of this article is on how discourses and institutional practices operate to position young women who take up the subject position of wanting to be diagnosed as anorexic. Utilizing data from online accounts and individual interviews, I attend to the ways in which young women are institutionally positioned as ‘anorexics’ and the effects that those positions have on their behaviors, in addition to reinforcing institutional practices that construct anorexia nervosa. Questions addressed through this inquiry are: How do institutional practices create and continue to constitute ‘anorexia nervosa’? How do discourses operate to position young women such that they are either included and/or excluded into the category of ‘anorexia nervosa’? What are the effects and consequences that emanate from these positionings?
Cultural frameworks of nursing practice: exposing an exclusionary healthcare culture
Authors: Blackford Jeanine 
Published: November 2003

BLACKFORD J. Nursing Inquiry 2003; 10: 236–244 Cultural frameworks of nursing practice: exposing an exclusionary healthcare culture Drawing on a feminist praxis study in which nurses were asked to explore their experiences in caring for people of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, cultural frameworks bounded by interconnected markers of race, ethnicity and gender were constructed to analyse the nurses’ narrative accounts. The aims of this paper are to discuss the analytical framework that draws on black feminist and postcolonial writers used to examine the cultural constructions of nursing practice. It will also draw attention to one of the major findings of the study in which, through this analytical process, broader connections between health and multicultural government policies, institutional structures and the microcosm of nursing practice were exposed. Through this analysis, an exclusionary whitecentric healthcare culture was exposed, which rendered people of non‐English speaking background invisible.
Blood loss during posterior spinal fusion surgery in patients with neuromuscular disease: is there an increased risk?
Authors: Edler Alice , Murray David J. , Forbes Robert B. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryBackground Scoliosis surgery in paediatric patients can carry significant morbidity associated with intraoperative blood loss and the resultant transfusion therapy. Patients with neuromuscular disease may be at an increased risk for this intraoperative blood loss, but it is unclear if this is because of direct vascular pathophysiological changes or the fact that neuromuscular patients typically have more extensive orthopaedic disease and more vertebral segments involved. This study examined the risk of extensive blood loss (>50% of total blood volume) in patients with neuromuscular disease compared with patients who did not have neuromuscular disease when the extent of the surgery (number of segments fused), age and preoperative coagulation profile where taken into consideration.Methods Retrospective chart review of 163 paediatric patients was preformed. Patients who carried a diagnosis of preexisting neuromuscular disease were classified as such. Idiopathic, traumatic and iatrogenic scoliosis were classified as nonneuromuscular. Extensive blood loss was defined as >50% of estimated total blood volume. Logistic regression was used to predict the risk of extensive blood loss between the two groups when age, weight, extent of surgery was controlled for and anaesthetic and surgical techniques remained similar.Results Patients with neuromuscular disease did not vary significantly in age, weight, or preoperative haematocrit and platelet count from patients without neuromuscular disease. Neuromuscular patients did have significantly more vertebral segments fused. When this difference was controlled for statistically, neuromuscular patients had an almost seven times higher risk (adjusted odds ration 6.9, P < 0.05) of losing >50% of their estimated total blood volume during scoliosis surgery.Conclusions Patients with neuromuscular disease can present various anaesthetic challenges during scoliosis surgery, among these is the inherent risk of extensive blood loss. Recognizing this may help anaesthesiologists and surgeons more accurately prepare for and treat intraoperative blood loss during scoliosis surgery in patients with neuromuscular disease.
Equity Purchases by Insiders and the Filing of Antidumping Petitions
Authors: Hartigan James C. , Rogers Cynthia L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe paper presents the first analysis of insider trading in the context of public policy implementation. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) proscribes trading by corporate insiders upon material information that is not yet in the public domain. Although the SEC interprets what constitutes material information, it has historically focused on earnings, mergers, and acquisitions. Using a panel of US firms from 1985–87, the authors disclose a significant relationship between the filing of an antidumping petition and insider buying in the two months preceding the filing month. This suggests that the SEC should expand its focus to include public policy.
Disintegration and Trade
Authors: Fidrmuc Jan , Fidrmuc Jarko 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe gravity model is used to assess the impact of disintegration on trade among the former constituent republics of three demised federations in central and eastern Europe: the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. The authors find evidence of a very strong home bias around the time of disintegration, with trade exceeding normal trade intensity 24‐fold (for Slovenia and Croatia) to 43‐fold (the former Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia). Disintegration was followed by a sharp fall in trade intensity, although the legacy of a common past remains strong. By 1998, trade relations still exceeded the normal level 2‐fold in the case of Slovenia and Croatia, 7‐fold for the former Czechoslovakia, 13‐fold for the Baltics, and 30‐fold for Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Such trade intensities surpass the effects of formal preferential trade areas such as the EU or the impact of reunification on trade between East and West Germany.
Does Capital Account Liberalization Discipline Budget Deficit?
Authors: Kim Woochan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe paper investigates whether free capital mobility leads a government to tighten its budget deficit for fear of being penalized from the international capital market. The author tests the hypothesis using three‐stage least squares (3SLS), which can control for the endogenous nature of capital account liberalization. Even the conservative measure shows that, if capital account liberalization were exogenously imposed, ceteris paribus, government budget deficit would be reduced by 2.275% of GDP. Furthermore, 3SLS results show that this disciplinary effect is stronger for countries under a fixed exchange rate regime or for countries with weak central bank independence. The disciplinary effect is also found to be stronger in more recent periods—the 1990s—during which capital market integration has been most prevalent.
Government Guarantees, Investment, and Vulnerability to Financial Crises
Authors: Irwin Gregor , Vines David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe paper presents a new model of the East Asian crisis which combines three elements—moral hazard, investment collapse, and multiple equilibria—in a single account. The study locates the causes of the crisis in poor financial regulation, highly leveraged financial institutions, and implicit guarantees to the financial sector. The model has a unique long‐run equilibrium with overinvestment. But in the short run, in which the capital stock is fixed, there may be multiple equilibria. In a crisis the government is forced to renege on its guarantees; the effect is a rapid reversal of foreign capital flows.
Does Trade Increase Inequality when Skills are Endogenous?
Authors: Janeba Eckhard 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe paper explores the role of government policies in a situation where the wage gap between high‐skilled and low‐skilled workers is widening owing to increasing foreign competition in low‐skilled intensive goods. A two‐period, three‐sector general‐equilibrium model of a small open economy is developed in which individuals choose whether to invest in skills or not. The government influences individual decision‐making through its tax system. The paper shows that increasing import competition or lowering taxes on skilled workers widens inequality when the skill distribution is exogenous (the direct effect), but often the opposite occurs through the indirect effect, that is through the additional incentive to become skilled. Numerical results indicate that there exists a nonmonotonic relationship between the terms of trade and inequality. The indirect effect tends to dominate the direct effect when import competition is intense, and vice versa.
RENAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE SYMPOSIUM: The Implications of Water Quality in Hemodialysis
Authors: Hoenich Nicholas A. , Levin Robert 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWater used in dialysis requires additional treatment to minimize patient exposure to potential contaminants that may be present in drinking water. Although standards for the chemical purity of water are in existence and have eliminated many of the problems seen in renal units in the 1970s, some problems remain, and the importance of newer contaminants arising from changes in water treatment at the municipal level are being recognized. Despite this, recent surveys have indicated considerable shortcomings in compliance with chemical standards. The water quality used in the preparation of dialysis fluid also requires minimal bacterial content. Staff working in renal units are frequently unaware of the level of microbiologic contamination in their dialysis fluid arising from the presence of biofilm in the dialysis machines and the water distribution network. Bacterial fragments generated by such biofilms are able to cross the dialysis membrane and stimulate an inflammatory response in the patient. Such inflammation has been implicated in the mortality and morbidity associated with dialysis. The desire to improve treatment outcomes has led to the application of more stringent standards for the microbiologic purity of dialysis fluid and to the introduction of ultraclean dialysis fluid into clinical practice.
Congenital Eventration of the Diaphragm in Children: 25 Years' Experience in Three Pediatric Surgery Centers
Authors: Yazıcı M. , Karaca İ. , Arıkan A. , Erikçi V. , Etensel B. , Temir G. , Şencan A. , Ural Z. , Mutaf O. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEventration of the diaphragm is generally defined as an abnormal elevation of all or a portion of an attenuated but otherwise intact diaphragmatic leaf. Previous studies have indicated that eventration is a relatively rare condition, which can be symptomatic and requires surgery. We aimed to evaluate our patients with diaphragmatic eventration, and to discuss their characteristics in the light of the relevant literature. We retrospectively analyzed age, sex, incidence, location of the eventration, symptoms, associated anomalies, surgical technique, complications and survival in our patients. Between 1974 and 1999, 33 patients were treated in the Pediatric Surgery Departments of Ege University, SSK Children's Hospital and Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, 18 of them boys and 15 girls. The ages of our patients ranged from three days to 12 years. All of the patients had at least one of the respiratory symptoms such as cough, respiratory distress and fever; 3 newborns were admitted with severe respiratory distress while children belonging to higher age groups had symptoms of acute or recurrent pulmonary infections and failure to thrive. The eventration was right-sided in 22, 11 eventrations were left-sided. Diagnosis was performed with the help of a number of radiological studies such as fluoroscopic investigation, contrast study of the upper gastrointestinal system, direct X-ray graphies of the thorax, CT scan and ultrasonography, as necessary. Surgery was performed via thoracotomy in 20 patients and the 12 other patients underwent laparotomy for plication. One patient underwent thoracoabdominal plication. Two patients died because of cardio-respiratory complications in the early postoperative period and the rest of them survived to annual follow-ups.In conclusion, diaphragmatic eventration is an important condition which can eventually be mortal. Early diagnosis is necessary and plication is the treatment of choice.
Effects of the Oral Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Ximelagatran on P-Selectin Expression and Thrombin Generation in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Wolzt Michael , Boström Stig L. , Svensson Mia , Wåhlander Karin , Grind Margaretha , Sarich Troy C. 
Published: November 2003

This study investigated the pharmacodynamic effects of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran on platelet activation and thrombin generation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Using an open, group-matched study design, the effects of ximelagatran (36 mg twice daily for 5 days) were studied in 12 patients with permanent nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and in 12 healthy controls. After ximelagatran for 5 days, elevated platelet P-selectin expression in atrial fibrillation patients was lowered to that during coumarin treatment or in controls but had no effect in control subjects. Using the endogenous thrombin potential as a marker, ximelagatran decreased and delayed thrombin generation in both groups. In conclusion, direct thrombin inhibition with ximelagatran reduced elevated platelet P-selectin expression and inhibited thrombin generation.
Androgen-Dependent Expression of <i>c-jun</i> and <i>c-fos</i> in Human Non-Transformed Epithelial Prostatic Cells: Association with Cell Proliferation
Authors: Brum Ilma S. , Morsch Débora M. , Pozzobon Adriane , Boeri Valderes A. , Geib Guilherme , Spritzer Poli Mara 
Published: November 2003

<i>Objective:</i> To assess the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the gene expression of <i>c-fos</i> and <i>c-jun</i> and on the proliferation of human non-transformed epithelial prostatic (HNTEP) cells. <i>Methods:</i> Cell proliferation (MTT) and <i>c-fos</i> and <i>c-jun </i>mRNA expression (RT-PCR) were determined in cells treated with DHT (10<sup>–8</sup>, 10<sup>–10</sup>, and 10<sup>–13</sup><i>M</i>) or with control medium. <i>Results:</i> DHT 10<sup>–13</sup> <i>M</i> had a significant stimulatory effect on cell proliferation (p < 0.05) and <i>c-fos </i>and<i> c-jun </i>gene expression when compared to cells treated with higher concentrations of this hormone (10<sup>–10</sup> and 10<sup>–8</sup><i>M</i>) or with the control group. <i>Conclusions:</i> Our data demonstrate that the increase in <i>c-fos</i> and <i>c-jun </i>expression and cell growth in HNTEP cells is maximal with the lowest DHT concentration (10<sup>–13</sup><i>M</i>). These proto-oncogenes may play a role in the control of hormone responsiveness and cell proliferation in HNTEP cells.
Are yellow eels from Lake Balaton able to cope with high pressure encountered during migration to the Sargasso sea? The case of energy metabolism
Authors: Vettier Aurelie , Székely Csaba , Sébert Philippe 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEels from Lake Balaton are unique because they do not undergo the silvering process and do not migrate. The question is whether these eels, despite such particularities, retain their ability to cope with migration constraints, usually high pressure. To ascertain this, eels were exposed for 3 days to 10.1 MPa of hydrostatic pressure (HP) and the effects of this on aerobic metabolism were evaluated by measuring oxygen consumption (MO2), Cytochrome Oxydase activity (COX) and energetic nucleotide contents in red and white muscles. The results show that Balaton eels survive HP. However, 3 days under pressure induces an alteration in aerobic metabolism. Moreover, when only muscle fibres are exposed to HP, there is a significant decrease in maximal aerobic capacities (-20%). The results are discussed in terms of the ability of these eels to migrate, bearing in mind that this activity represents a high percentage of maximal aerobic capacity when compared with other populations.
On the osteology and myology of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of Heteropneustes fossilis (Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae), with comments on the phylogenetic relationships between Heteropneustes and the clariid catfishes
Authors: Diogo Rui , Chardon Michel , Vandewalle Pierre 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The osteological and myological structures of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of the Asiatic catfish Heteropneustes fossilis are described and compared with those of several other catfishes, as the foundation for an analysis on the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Heteropneustes. Our observation and comparisons support a close relationship between Heteropneustes and the clariid catfishes. More specifically, the present study supports De Pinna's 1993 study, according to which Horaglanis and Uegitglanis, two genera commonly included in the family Clariidae, are the successive sister-groups of a monophyletic clade composed by the genus Heteropneustes and the remaining clariid genera.
Osteology and myology of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of Centromochlus heckelii, comparison with other auchenipterids, and comments on the synapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Auchenipteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes)
Authors: Diogo Rui , Chardon Michel , Vandewalle Pierre 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The cephalic and pectoral girdle structures of the auchenipterid Centromochlus heckelii (Centromochlinae) are described and compared with those of two representatives, Auchenipterus dentatus and Ageneiosus vittatus (Auchenipterinae), of the other auchenipterid subfamily, as well as with several other catfishes, as the foundation for a discussion on the synapomorphies and phylogenetic position of the Auchenipteridae. Our observations and comparisons support the idea that the Auchenipteridae and the Doradidae are sister-groups, and also that the clade formed by these two Neotropical families is closely related to the African mochokids. In addition, our observations and comparisons identified a potentially new auchenipterid synapomorphy, maxillary markedly elongated proximo-distally.
Synthesis and Structures of Neutral Crystals and Charge-Transfer Salts of Selenium Containing TMET-TTP Derivatives
Authors: Ashizawa Minoru , Nii Hirofumi , Mori Takehiko , Misaki Yohji , Tanaka Kazuyoshi , Takimiya Kazuo , Otsubo Tetsuo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
TMET-TTP derivatives in which one or both of the outer 1,3-dithiole rings are replaced by 1,3-diselenole rings (1a–1d) have been prepared (TMET-TTP: 2-[4,5-bis(methylthio)-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene]-5-(4,5-ethylenedithio-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene). The neutral crystal of 1c has β-type uniform stacks, whereas 1a shows a θ-type molecular arrangement in the neutral crystal. The AsF6 salts of 1a and 1d have a θ-type structure similarly to other TMET-TTP salts. In spite of the relatively small dihedral angle (117°), the conductivity is weakly semiconductive from room temperature. Selenium substitution causes unbalance of the diagonal intermolecular interactions, which may be the origin of a deviation from the universal phase diagram of the θ-phase.