bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of terpenes to spores and mycelium of Penicillium digitatum
Authors: Wolken Wout A. M. , Tramper Johannes , van der Werf Mariët J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSpores, although often considered metabolically inert, catalyze a variety of reactions. The use of spores instead of mycelium for bioconversions has several advantages. In this paper, we describe the difference in susceptibility of mycelium and spores against toxic substrates and products. A higher resistance of spores toward the toxic effects of bioconversion substrates and products is an advantage that has not been studied in detail until now. This paper shows that spores of Penicillium digitatum ATCC 201167 are on average over 2.5 times more resistant than mycelium toward the toxicity of substrates, intermediates, and products of the geraniol bioconversion pathway. Furthermore, the higher resistance of spores to citral was shown as an advantage in its biotransformation by P. digitatum. Using three different approaches the toxicity of the compounds were tested. The order of toxicity toward P. digitatum was, starting with the most toxic, citral > nerol/geraniol > geranic acid > methylheptenone ≫ acetaldehyde. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 685–690, 2002.
Molecular characteristics of some commercial high‐molecular‐weight hyaluronans
Authors: Šoltés L. , Mendichi R. , Lath D. , Mach M. , Bakoš D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCommercially available hyaluronan (HA) samples were investigated by the method of size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The fractions eluted from the SEC column were on‐line molecularly characterized by using a multi‐angle laser light scattering (MALLS) photometer. Along with the SEC‐MALLS technique, the high‐molecular‐weight HA biopolymers were (off‐line) analyzed by capillary viscometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the environmental implications to include structural changes in a wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Vidal Núria , Poch Manel , Martí Eugènia , Rodríguez‐Roda Ignasi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe environmental implications of including structural changes in a wastewater treatment plant to decrease effluent concentrations of nitrogen were evaluated in this study. Environmental effects from these structural changes were assessed by using the Life Cycle Assessment theoretical framework. The wastewater treatment plant selected as a reference scenario had an activated sludge configuration. The Ludzack–Ettinger and Oxidation Ditch configurations were selected as modifications of the reference scenario. Results from this study show that the inclusion of nitrogen removal mechanisms in the configuration of the plant reduces the effect of the plant on the eutrophication, but simultaneously increases the effect on the consumption of abiotic resources, global warming, acidification and human toxicity. These general trends, however, vary depending on the configuration selected to remove nitrogen. Taking all the impacts together, the Oxidation Ditch configuration would cause less environmental impact than the Ludzack–Ettinger configuration, given the characteristics of the selected scenarios.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Non‐invasive first trimester fetal gender assignment in pregnancies at risk for X‐linked recessive diseases
Authors: Mazza V. , Falcinelli C. , Percesepe A. , Paganelli S. , Volpe A. , Forabosco A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesPrenatal diagnosis in families affected by X‐linked recessive disorders should ideally be limited to the subjects at increased risk, i.e. male fetuses, in order to avoid the risk of fetal loss due to the invasive procedure in healthy female fetuses. The aim of the study was to assess the fetal sex within the first trimester of gestation by two non‐invasive approaches, using ultrasonography and a molecular analysis of fetal DNA extracted from whole maternal blood with specific markers, in order to avoid invasive sampling in female fetuses.MethodsA total number of 18 fetuses at risk for an X‐linked recessive disease were included in the present investigation. Maternal peripheral blood was analysed between 7 and 12 weeks of gestation by nested PCR for the detection of fetal DNA and the prediction of fetal gender. In addition, when the biparietal diameter (BPD) was between 21 and 23 mm, an ultrasonographic examination was carried out to assess the fetal gender. CVS was then performed in male fetuses only.ResultsFetal gender was correctly assigned by ultrasonography between 21 and 23 mm of BPD in all the cases studied, whereas DNA extracted from whole maternal blood accurately predicted the gender in all the female cases (10), but failed in 4 out of 8 male fetuses, erroneously assigned as females.ConclusionThe present study shows that sonography is able to accurately predict the fetal gender within the first trimester of pregnancy, whereas the molecular analysis of DNA extracted from whole maternal blood is biased by false‐Y‐negative results in 50% of the cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second trimester trisomy 21 maternal serum marker screening. Results of a countrywide study of 854 902 patients
Authors: Muller Françoise , Forestier François , Dingeon Bernard ,   for the ABA Study Group
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesIn France, maternal serum marker screening is governed by specific legislation. We conducted a study of the countrywide trisomy 21 screening based on second trimester maternal serum markers.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 854 902 patients prospectively screened for second trimester maternal serum markers in the 60 authorised laboratories over the two‐year period 1997–1998. All patients screened in France were included. The risk of trisomy 21 was calculated from the combination of maternal age and maternal serum markers. The same cut‐off (1/250) was used in all laboratories.ResultsIn 1998, 65% of pregnant women underwent maternal serum screening. In the 837 765 patients under 38 years of age who were screened, 54 321 (6.48%; 5% CI 6.42–6.53%) had a calculated risk >1/250. Of the 884 Down syndrome cases observed, 626 were detected by maternal serum markers (70.8%; 5% CI 67.8–73.8%). These good results can be explained by a strict quality control of all steps. For the 13 891 patients over 38 years of age, the Down syndrome detection rate was 98.9% for a 34% false‐positive rate.ConclusionsStrict rules covering prenatal trisomy 21 screening are of benefit to patients, practitioners and laboratories alike, and ensure good quality control, a high trisomy 21 detection rate and a low amniocentesis rate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnesium sulfate compared with lytic cocktail for women with eclampsia
Authors: Duley L. , Gülmezoglu A.M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective: To compare magnesium sulfate with lytic cocktail for the treatment of eclampsia. Methods: The register of trials kept by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched for randomized trials comparing magnesium sulfate with lytic cocktail for the treatment of eclampsia. Results: Two studies were included (a total of 199 women). Magnesium sulfate was more effective than lytic cocktail at preventing further convulsions [relative risk (RR) 0.09, 95% confidence interval (C.I.)=0.03–0.24; risk difference=0.43, 95% C.I.=−0.53 to −0.34; number needed to treat=3, 95% C.I.=2–3) and was associated with less respiratory depression (RR=0.12, 95% C.I.=0.02–0.91) and fewer baby deaths (RR=0.26, 95% C.I.=0.26–0.79). There were non‐significantly fewer maternal deaths associated with magnesium sulfate (RR=0.25, 95% C.I.=0.04–1.43). Conclusions: Magnesium sulfate is the anticonvulsant of choice for eclampsia. Lytic cocktail should be abandoned.
HIV and cervical cancer in Kenya
Authors: Gichangi P. , De Vuyst H. , Estambale B. , Rogo K. , Bwayo J. , Temmerman M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectives: To determine the effect of the HIV epidemic on invasive cervical cancer in Kenya. Methods: Of the 3902 women who were diagnosed with reproductive tract malignancies at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) from 1989 to 1998, 85% had invasive cervical cancer. Age at presentation and severity of cervical cancer were studied for a 9‐year period when national HIV prevalence went from 5% to 5–10%, to 10–15%. Results: There was no significant change in either age at presentation or severity of cervical cancer. Of the 118 (5%) women who were tested for HIV, 36 (31%) were seropositive. These women were 5 years younger at presentation than HIV‐negative women. Conclusions: A two‐ to three‐fold increase in HIV prevalence in Kenya did not seem to have a proportional effect on the incidence of cervical cancer. Yet, HIV‐positive women who presented with cervical cancer were significantly younger than HIV‐negative women.
Expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors alpha and gamma in differentiating human colon carcinoma Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Huin Cécile , Schohn Hervé , Hatier Renée , Bentejac Marc , Antunes Laurent , Plénat François , Bugaut Maurice , Dauça Michel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors α (PPARα) and γ (PPARγ) was studied in the human adenocarcinoma Caco‐2 cells induced to differentiate by long term culture (15 days). The differentiation of Caco‐2 cells was attested by increases in the activities of sucrase‐isomaltase and alkaline phosphatase (two brush border enzymes), fatty acyl‐CoA oxidase (AOX) and catalase (two peroxisomal enzymes), by an elevation in the protein levels of villin (a brush border molecular marker), AOX, peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme (PBE), catalase and peroxisomal membrane protein of 70 kDa (PMP70), and by the appearance of peroxisomes. The expression of PPARα and PPARγ was investigated by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, Northern blotting and S1 nuclease protection assay during the differentiation of Caco‐2 cells. The protein levels of PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARγ2 increased gradually during the time‐course of Caco‐2 cell differentiation. Immunocytochemistry revealed that PPARα and γ were localized in cell nuclei. The PPARγ1 protein was encoded by PPARγ3 mRNA because no signal was obtained for PPARγ1 mRNA using a specific probe in S1 nuclease protection assay. The amount of PPARγ3 mRNA increased concomitantly to the resulting PPARγ1 protein. On the other hand, the mRNA of PPARα and PPARγ2 were not significantly changed, suggesting that the increase in their respective protein was due to an elevation of the translational rate. The role played by the PPAR subtypes in Caco‐2 cell differentiation is discussed.
Sources of volume flexibility and their impact on performance
Authors: Jack Eric P. , Raturi Amitabh 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis research uses three in‐depth case studies to establish the drivers and sources of volume flexibility. We find that in all three firms, there is significant concern among managers for gaining competitiveness through volume flexibility. We also find that there are several avenues for developing a volume flexible response and that deployment of these tactics is dependent on the availability of resources and systems. To verify some of these propositions we report on the outcomes of a field survey that measures the importance firms place on volume flexibility as well as the corresponding actions they take to remain volume flexible. Our critical finding is that short‐ and long‐term sources of volume flexibility have a positive, albeit differential, impact on a firm’s performance.
Subchondral bone thickness, hardness and remodelling are influenced by short‐term exercise in a site‐specific manner
Authors: Murray R. C. , Vedi S. , Birch H. L. , Lakhani K. H. , Goodship A. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt was hypothesised that subchondral bone thickness, hardness and remodelling are influenced by exercise intensity, and by location within a joint. Dorsal carpal osteochondral injury is a major cause of lameness in horses undergoing high intensity training. This project aimed to determine the subchondral bone thickness, formation, resorption and hardness at sites with high and low incidence of pathology in 2 year‐old horses undergoing 19 weeks high intensity treadmill training or low intensity exercise, and to compare these factors between exercise groups. Dorsal and palmar test sites were identified on radial, intermediate and third carpal articular surfaces after euthanasia. Adjacent osteochondral samples from each test site underwent histomorphometric analysis (for subchondral bone thickness, osteoid perimeter, osteoid seam width, eroded cavity area and eroded cement line surface length) and microhardness testing. Bone from horses undergoing high intensity training was thicker with a greater osteoid perimeter, and at individual sites had a smaller osteoid seam width and eroded cavity. Exercise‐related differences were most marked at dorsal locations. Maximal differences in bone formation indices were observed at dorsal radial and medial third carpal locations. Overall subchondral bone from dorsal sites was thicker with a greater osteoid perimeter. Subchondral bone from dorsal sites was approximately 35% harder than bone from palmar sites. These results show topographical variations in subchondral bone structure, formation, resorption and material properties and a site‐specific response to exercise. The maximal response to exercise was at high load sites with a clinical predisposition to injury. These findings indicate that the combined effect of exercise and local load variations within a joint may lead to maximal adaptive responses or overload of these responses at sites predisposed to injury. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gait analysis after total hip arthroplasty with leg‐length equalization in women with unilateral congenital complete dislocation of the hip – comparison with untreated patients
Authors: Lai Kou‐An , Lin Chii‐Jen , Jou I‐Ming , Su Fon‐Chin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPatients with Crowe Type‐IV congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) show significant clinical improvement after total hip arthroplasty (THA) because this surgery greatly reduces pain. Concomitant leg‐length equalization in unilateral patients — a controversial procedure — theoretically should significantly improve these patients' ability to walk efficiently and comfortably. To understand the impact of leg‐length equalization on these patients, we compared their gait parameters with those of untreated patients without pain but with leg‐length discrepancy. Using a motion analysis system, three force platforms and computer calculation, the gait parameters during level walking of 22 women with unilateral Crowe Type‐IV CDH were studied at an average of 58 months (27–98 months) following a successful cementless THA. The socket was placed in the best bone stock, which was close to the level of the true acetabulum. The leg‐length discrepancy was equalized to within 2 cm in all patients. The Harris hip score averaged 94.8 (range, 88–100) at the time of the study. Nine women with untreated unilateral Crowe Type‐IV CDH without major pain but with an average leg‐length discrepancy of 4.7 cm (range, 2.5–6 cm) were also studied for comparison. The treated subjects (Group 1; THA and leg‐length equalization) walked faster and had gait parameters with better bilateral symmetry than the untreated subjects (Group 2). We concluded that leg‐length equalization in addition to THA in patients with unilateral Crowe Type‐IV CDH significantly improves gait symmetry and efficiency. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Efficacy of ex vivo OPG gene therapy in preventing wear debris induced osteolysis
Authors: Goater J. Jeffrey , O'Keefe Regis J. , Rosier Randy N. , Puzas J. Edward , Schwarz Edward M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAseptic loosening of prosthetic implants remains a serious orthopaedic problem and the greatest limitation to total joint arthroplasty. Central to the etiology of aseptic loosening is periprosthetic osteolysis at the bone‐implant interface, which is caused by wear debris‐induced inflammation. This inflammation produces the critical osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL, which directly stimulates osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption. A dominant factor known to counteract this process is the natural RANKL receptor antagonist protein OPG. Here we explore the potential of ex vivo OPG gene therapy for aseptic loosening by evaluating the efficacy of stably transfected fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) expressing OPG in preventing wear debris‐induced osteoclastogenesis, in a mouse calvaria model. Although the stably transfected fibroblasts produced small amounts of OPG (0.3 ng/ml/72 h/106 cells), this protein was very effective in preventing osteoclastic resorption as determined in a bone wafer assay. More importantly, implantation of 107 FLS–OPG, together with 30 mg of Ti wear debris, onto the calvaria of mice, completely inhibited osteoclastogenesis 3 days after surgery. Animals given FLS‐LacZ control cells, which persisted for 3 days as determined by X‐gal staining, together with the Ti particles, had a 6‐fold increase in osteoclastogenesis compared to controls without Ti. This increased osteoclastogenesis was completely inhibited by the FLS‐OPG, as osteoclast numbers in the calvaria of these animals were similar to that seen in the SHAM controls. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α mediates polymethylmethacrylate particle‐induced NF‐κB activation in osteoclast precursor cells
Authors: Clohisy John C. , Teitelbaum Steven , Chen Shaoping , Erdmann Jeanne M. , Abu‐Amer Yousef 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF) is a potent osteoclastogenic cytokine that has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of implant particle‐induced osteolysis. The nuclear transcription factor NF‐κB mediates TNF signaling and this transcription complex is necessary for osteoclastogenesis. Because polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles cause osteolysis, we reasoned the PMMA would induce NF‐κB activation. In fact, we find that exposure of osteoclast precursors, in the form of colony stimulating factor‐1 (CSF‐1) dependent murine bone marrow macrophages, to PMMA particles prompts nuclear translocation and activation of NF‐κB. Supershift assays confirm the presence of the p50 and p65 NF‐κB subunits in the activated transcription factor. Particle‐induced NF‐κB activation is equal in both wild type and LPS‐ hyporesponsive cells indicating that the phenomenon does not represent endotoxin contamination. A soluble, competitive inhibitor of TNF (huTNF:Fc) dampens particle‐directed NF‐κB activation and this response is also abrogated in TNF−/− osteoclast precursors. Thus, PMMA particle activation of NF‐κB is a secondary event resulting from enhanced TNF expression and is independent of LPS contamination. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Geometric analysis of selected press fit prosthetic systems for proximal humeral replacement
Authors: Pearl Michael L. , Kurutz Sam , Robertson Douglas D. , Yamaguchi Ken 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ability of a prosthetic system to replicate a wide range of normal anatomy appears dependent in part to its capacity to produce variable prosthetic geometries. Several modern designs have recently been developed in order to provide multiple prosthetic options. The purpose of this study was to compare the geometry of select press fit prosthetic systems in terms of their ability to match normal three‐dimensional geometry of the proximal humerus. The anatomy of 60 humeral specimens from 30 cadavers known from CT data and computer‐aided design (CAD) analysis was compared to a 1996 database of four conventional shoulder prosthetic systems (fixed inclination angle, one medial‐lateral offset position per head) and one so‐called anatomic system (variable inclination angles, multiple head offset positions). The prosthetic system with greatest geometric options allowed for a significantly better replication of the anatomy. Average displacement of the center of rotation was 2.1 mm compared to 9.7 mm for the other systems combined. Reduction in surface arc was 12° compared to 32°. The most problematic feature of conventional prosthetic systems in terms of replicating normal humeral anatomy is the gap created by the prosthetic collar and Morse taper. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Material properties of interstitial lamellae reflect local strain environments
Authors: Goodwin Kelly J. , Sharkey Neil A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine if the material properties of bone at the lamellar level are related to the predominant mode and magnitude of mechanical strain experienced in situ. The tibia and first metatarsal bones of five unpaired cadaveric lower extremities were instrumented with strain gauge rosettes and subjected to repeated loading trials in an apparatus that replicates the muscle forces and external loads experienced by the foot and shank while walking. The spatial distributions of axial strain within diaphyseal cross‐sections taken from each bone were subsequently determined. Nanoindentation measurements were then performed on the same cross‐sections to determine the compressive elastic moduli of individual lamellae located within osteonal, interstitial, and outer circumferential microstructures. Twenty percent of the variance in interstitial elastic modulus within cross‐sections of diaphyseal bone was explained by local strain magnitude. Lamellae residing in regions of compressive strain displayed significantly higher compressive elastic modulus values than those located in predominantly tensile regions (19.9 ± 1.6 GPa compared to 17.9 ± 1.7 GPa, p < 0.05). Elastic moduli of interstitial lamellae were 11% greater than those of osteonal or outer circumferential lamellae, irrespective of strain or anatomical location (p < 0.001). Differences exist in the material properties of individual bone lamellae located within different anatomical regions and different microstructures, and these differences are related to the distribution of axial strain. These findings suggest that mechanical strain, or another closely related variable, may influence the design and ultimate mechanical behavior of the extra‐cellular matrix found in lamellar bone. This tissue heterogeneity is of potential importance in bone fragility and adaptation. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.