bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Proposition Bank: An Annotated Corpus of Semantic Roles
Authors: Palmer Martha , Gildea Daniel , Kingsbury Paul 
Published: April 2005

The Proposition Bank project takes a practical approach to semantic representation, adding a layer of predicate-argument information, or semantic role labels, to the syntactic structures of the Penn Treebank. The resulting resource can be thought of as shallow, in that it does not represent coreference, quantification, and many other higher-order phenomena, but also broad, in that it covers every instance of every verb in the corpus and allows representative statistics to be calculated. We discuss the criteria used to define the sets of semantic roles used in the annotation process and to analyze the frequency of syntactic/semantic alternations in the corpus. We describe an automatic system for semantic role tagging trained on the corpus and discuss the effect on its performance of various types of information, including a comparison of full syntactic parsing with a flat representation and the contribution of the empty “trace” categories of the treebank.
A Hierarchy of Associations in Hippocampo-Cortical Systems: Cognitive Maps and Navigation Strategies
Authors: Banquet J. P. , Gaussier Ph. , Quoy M. , Revel A. , Burnod Y. 
Published: April 2005

In this letter we describe a hippocampo-cortical model of spatial processing and navigation based on a cascade of increasingly complex associative processes that are also relevant for other hippocampal functions such as episodic memory. Associative learning of different types and the related pattern encoding-recognition take place at three successive levels: (1) an object location level, which computes the landmarks from merged multimodal sensory inputs in the parahippocampal cortices; (2) a subject location level, which computes place fields by combination of local views and movement-related information in the entorhinal cortex; and (3) a spatiotemporal level, which computes place transitions from contiguous place fields in the CA3-CA1 region, which form building blocks for learning temporospatial sequences.At the cell population level, superficial entorhinal place cells encode spatial, context-independent maps as landscapes of activity; populations of transition cells in the CA3-CA1 region encode context-dependent maps as sequences of transitions, which form graphs in prefrontal-parietal cortices. The model was tested on a robot moving in a real environment; these tests produced results that could help to interpret biological data.Two different goal-oriented navigation strategies were displayed depend-ing on the type of map used by the system.Thanks to its multilevel, multimodal integration and behavioral imple-mentation, the model suggests functional interpretations for largely un-accounted structural differences between hippocampo-cortical systems. Further, spatiotemporal information, a common denominator shared by several brain structures, could serve as a cognitive processing frame and a functional link, for example, during spatial navigation and episodic memory, as suggested by the applications of the model to other domains, temporal sequence learning and imitation in particular.
From Engineering Economics to Extended Exergy Accounting: A Possible Path from Monetary to Resource‐Based Costing
Authors: Sciubba Enrico 
Published: April 2005

The article describes the extended exergy accounting technique (EEA), a novel method for computing the cost of a commodity based on its resource‐base equivalent value (as opposed to its monetary cost) that enables the analyst to perform more complete and meaningful assessments of a complex system. The claim made here is that the novelty, as well as the decisive advantage, of EEA consists in its being entirely and uniformly resource based, thanks to the inclusion in the system balance of exergetic fluxes equivalent to labor, capital, and environmental remediation costs. In this respect, EEA owes some of its structural formalism to Sraffa's network representation of the economic production of commodities by means of other commodities, which it extends by accounting for the unavoidable energy dissipation in the productive chain (whose economic implications were first discussed by Georgescu‐Roegen), to Daly's pioneering work in resource‐oriented economics, and to Szargut's cumulative exergy consumption method.The representation of a process by means of its extended exergy flow diagram is discussed in this article, and it is argued that some of the issues that are difficult to address with a purely monetary approach can be properly resolved by EEA. The main shortcomings of EEA are its intrinsic locality in time and space: They are demonstrated to be necessary and not casual consequences of its very definition and of the nonuniformity of societal conditions. In the conclusions, some indications are given as to the possibility of using this new technique to complement (and extend) other current tools, such as life‐cycle assessment or environmental footprint analysis.
Dematerialization: Not Just a Matter of Weight
Authors: van der Voet Ester , van Oers Lauran , Nikolic Igor 
Published: April 2005

This article contains the results of a study performed to support the Dutch environmental policy of dematerialization. The aim of the study was to develop and apply a methodology to identify the materials that contribute most to the environmental problems in the Netherlands. The developed methodology combines aspects of material flow accounting (MFA) and life‐cycle assessment (LCA) and aims at adding a set of environmental weights to the flows of the materials. The methodology was applied to a number of materials. For these materials, impacts per kilogram were extracted from a standard LCA database in combination with standard LCA software. These impacts per kilogram are then multiplied with the yearly throughput of each material in the Netherlands to obtain an indication of the environmental impacts associated with each material.This article contains a discussion of dematerialization as background for the research, a description of the methodology followed by the results of its application, and a discussion of the comparison of impact‐based versus mass‐based indicators. Materials vary many orders of magnitude in their impacts per unit mass. In general, the impact per unit of mass of bulk materials is lower than that of materials used in small quantities. This implies that the variation in orders of magnitude of impact multiplied by mass is much less than either mass or impact per kilogram separately. High‐priority materials based on impact multiplied by mass are either small‐quantity materials with very high impacts per kilogram (such as heavy metals) or large‐quantity materials with not‐so‐low impacts per kilogram (such as materials from agriculture and plastics).
Survey Insights into Weighting Environmental Damages: Influence of Context and Group
Authors: Mettier Thomas M. , Hofstetter Patrick 
Published: April 2005

When one models impact pathways due to stressors that are caused by the provision of product systems, it results in indicators for environmental damages. These indicators are incommensurable and cannot be compared per se. For example, the statistical life years lost for a human population cannot necessarily be compared with the potentially affected fraction of species within an ecosystem. However, some decision makers who use life‐cycle assessment (LCA) prefer a single index, because it facilitates interpretation better than a multi‐indicator system. This requires a method for aggregating environmental damages of differing types, thereby confronting LCA with a valuation problem.The article describes a nonmonetary approach to valuation in LCA that incorporates the findings of a survey among LCA practitioners and users. The survey focuses on the weighting of three safeguard subjects for Eco‐indicator 99, a damage‐oriented impact‐assessment method: human health, ecosystem quality, and resources. Of particular interest here is what influence the context provided in the survey (framing) and an individual's characteristics have on his or her weighting of environmental damages. The results indicate that damages on the European level are easier to compare than damages on a micro level. Additionally, although only half of the survey participants could be classified unequivocally into one of three cultural perspectives, each perspective rated the damage categories presented to them significantly differently from the others. Our conclusions were that framing effects need to be more carefully considered in weighting procedures and that weighting preferences vary significantly according to a group's archetypical attitudes.
Decision Support through Mass and Energy Flow Management in the Vehicle‐Refinishing Sector
Authors: Geldermann Jutta , Rentz Otto 
Published: April 2005

In the past few decades, major advances in environmental protection within the coating application industry have been made. In spite of this technological progress, approximately 50% of industrial‐solvent emissions still come from the paint‐application sector. The advances made in reducing emissions for plants requiring licensing have unfortunately had no influence on the environmental efforts of smaller companies. Solvent‐reduced painting systems, such as high‐solid paints, water‐based coating, and powder coating have not been able to achieve acceptance, nor have innovative application technologies. The principal arguments against a conversion to these ecologically more favorable alternatives were related to cost and quality.Recently, the EU Solvent Directive (1999/13/EC) went into effect, aiming to significantly reduce industrial‐solvent emissions. Up until this point, however, instruments enabling smaller companies to determine their solvent emissions and to simultaneously develop process‐improvement potentials while keeping costs in mind have been missing.Using the mass and energy flow‐management approach, cost structures and environmental benefits can be made transparent to the entrepreneur. The primary result of the research projects presented here is the computer‐based mass and energy flow model called the individual computer‐aided mass and energy flow model for the vehicle‐refinishing sector (IMPROVE). It can be used as a detailed business‐consultancy tool. Based upon this, practical guidelines were developed for easy orientation and activity planning. They can be used by companies to help them fulfill the requirements of environmental legislation and to display the benefits that can be achieved by various emission‐reduction measures.
Modeling Basic Industries in the Australian Stocks and Flows Framework
Authors: Lennox James A. , Turner Graham , Hoffman Rob , McInnis Bert 
Published: April 2005

The Australian stocks and flows framework (ASFF) is a tool for establishing a coherent historical picture of the Australian physical economy and for testing long‐term future scenarios (up to 2050 or even 2100). These scenarios can be used to investigate the long‐term physical consequences of current and future choices affecting the physical dimensions of sustainability. In this article we describe the methodology for and construction of a key component of ASFF: a dynamic physical input‐output model of material flows in the basic industries.The materials model in ASFF describes physical flows and their transformation by industrial processes. The model's structure permits scenario analysis of long‐term technological change by permitting time‐varying input‐output coefficients and vintage models of capital stocks. As a consequence, the model contains a large number of parameters, which can be left at default settings or adjusted as the modeler sees fit, in order to simulate the widest possible range of physically realizable scenarios. The materials model is built using a methodology that integrates bottom‐up process analysis with top‐down statistics on material and energy flows. We present some examples showing how the materials model has been implemented to model Australian heavy industries. Several possibilities for further developing the materials model are also described.
Future Redistribution of Cadmium to Arable Swedish Soils: A Substance Stock Analysis
Authors: Karlsson Sten , Fredrikson Fredrik , Holmberg John 
Published: April 2005

This article describes a stock‐based methodology designed to analyze the redistribution of substance stocks to environmental compartments. The methodology is then applied to investigate the requirements and possibilities for avoiding undesired future accumulation of cadmium in Swedish arable soils. A prospective decomposition analysis of human cadmium mobilization is thus performed to estimate the potential amounts that can end up in arable soils through different flows from the cadmium stocks identified. The requirements for cadmium abatement to achieve prescribed goals for accumulation limits are determined and compared with past and current achievements and with the varying qualities of possible abatement methods.A stock‐based methodology adds some important information to traditional scenario techniques based on substance flow analysis. The most obvious is that the fact that stocks are limited actually matters for long‐term accumulation of cadmium in arable land. The methodology may also contribute certain indicators, for instance, on abatement requirements, which could serve as a complement to regulation and local quality measures on specific flows at an aggregated policy level. The stock perspective also sheds new light on actions such as increased recycling.Concerning the specific example used in the study, it is possible to achieve a future addition of cadmium in Swedish agricultural soils that is significantly lower than in the past, although the amount depends to a large degree on activities and policies outside Sweden. Considerable uncertainty exists regarding future depositions from air, especially that from distributed small‐scale emissions from fuel burning and reemission of already deposited cadmium from natural media. Measures must also be taken to guarantee a continued low addition in the form of mineral phosphorus fertilizers.
One-pot Borohydride Synthesis of Magnetically Modified Lepidocrocite
Authors: Bourlinos Athanasios B , Bakandritsos Aristides , Petridis Dimitrios 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The one-pot borohydride treatment of a Fe(NO3)3/CoCl2 aqueous solution results in an inorganic magnetic nanocomposite γ-FeOOH/Co where the properties of the layered support are combined with those of the cobalt nanoparticles.
1H, 13C, and 15N NMR Pulse Width Determination for Labeled Proteins in H2O Solution: Nutation Pulse Sequences Including WATERGATE and Analysis by MUSASHI
Authors: Asakura Katsuo , Kurimoto Tomomitsu , Nemoto Nobuaki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We developed MUSASHI, a method to determine NMR 90 degree pulse width by nonlinear least square curve fitting. A nutation experiment is carried out and then the data set is sent to MUSASHI program. We report new nutation pulse sequences for labeled proteins in water including WATERGATE scheme aimed at obtaining data for MUSASHI. The new sequences and MUSASHI make it possible to obtain 1H, 13C, and 15N pulse width required to double- and triple-resonance experiments in a short time.
Natural Rubber/In Situ Silica Nanocomposite of a High Silica Content
Authors: Poompradub Sirilux , Kohjiya Shinzo , Ikeda Yuko 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
By using n-hexylamine as a catalyst of sol–gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane in uncured natural rubber matrix, spherical silica particles of ca. 46 nm were homogeneously generated in situ at a high content, i.e., 71 parts per one hundred rubbers by weight. The mechanical properties of this soft nanocomposite were very unique comparing with those of conventional silica-filled one. Especially, hysteresis loss and permanent set of the former were much lower than those of the latter. The result will be a breakthrough for practical applications of in situ silica filling.
Preparation of Novel Mesoporous Carbon Materials with Tunable Pore Diameters Using Directly Synthesized AlSBA-15 Materials
Authors: Vinu Ajayan , Ariga Katsuhiko 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Large pore mesoporous carbon materials (MCA) have been prepared from AlSBA-15 templates synthesized at different temperatures. The obtained materials have been unambiguously characterized by XRD, HRTEM, and N2 adsorption. It has been found that the specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of the MCA materials are higher as compared to CMK-3 mesoporous carbon.
Effect of Excitation Wavelength on Ultrafast Electron–Hole Recombination in Titanium(IV) Oxide Powders Irradiated by Femtosecond Laser Pulses
Authors: Noguchi Hidenori , Ohtani Bunsho , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved diffuse reflectance measurement was carried out for anatase and rutile TiO2 powder systems in air. Anomalous rapid decay in the first few picoseconds after a rise in absorption was observed in both anatase and rutile TiO2 powders when TiO2 powder was excited by light pulses of near-band-gap energy, while it was not observed in the case of over-band-gap irradiation. These results suggest that the recombination dynamics does not depend on the crystal structure, if the wavelength dependence is normalized using energy relative to their absorption edges.
Enantioselective Synthesis of C11–C17 Segment of Mycinolide IV Using Samarium(II) Iodide-mediated Aldol Reaction
Authors: Ogawa Yasuyuki , Kuroda Kiichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
δ,β′-Dihydroxy–β,γ-unsaturated esters were stereoselectively synthesized by aldol reaction of aldehydes with samarium enolates that were generated by epoxide-fragmentation of γ,δ-oxiranyl–α,β-unsaturated esters using two moles of samarium(II) iodide. This samarium(II) iodide-mediated aldol reaction was applied successfully to the enantioselective synthesis of C11–C17 segment of Mycinolide IV.
Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on Layered Structure of Zn Nanocomposites Prepared by Laser Ablation of Zn in Aqueous Solution of Sodium Alkyl Sulfate
Authors: Usui Hiroyuki , Sasaki Takeshi , Koshizaki Naoto 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Laser ablation of Zn was performed in aqueous solution of sodium alkyl sulfate (CnH2n+1SO4Na) with different alkyl chain lengths n. Zn nanocomposites (Zn-NC) with layered structures were obtained at specific alkyl chain lengths (n = 12, 13, 14, and 16). The interlayer spacing of Zn-NC and the tilt angle of surfactant molecules in the interlayer increased with alkyl chain length n. The increase in the tilt angle suggests the increase in packing density of surfactant molecules due to strong attraction forces between longer alkyl chains.
Adsorption of volatile organic compounds onto porous clay heterostructures based on spent organobentonites
Authors: Zhu Lizhong , Tian Senlin , Shi Yao 
Published: April 2005

AbstractModel spent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB)-bentonite, and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC)-bentonite used for sorbing p-nitrophenol (PNP) from wastewater, as well as virgin CTMAB-bentonite and CPC-bentonite, were employed as the starting materials to prepare porous clay heterostructures (PCHs). The BET surface areas and total pore volumes of the PCHs based on these spent and virgin organobentonites (PNP-CTMAB-PCH, CTMAB-PCH, PNP-CPC-PCH and CPC-PCH) are 661.5 m2/g and 0.25 cm3/g, 690.4 m2/g and 0.27 cm3/g, 506.3 m2/g and 0.30 cm3/g, and 525.4 m2/g and 0.30 cm3/g, respectively. These values approximate those of activated carbon (AC), at 731.4 m2/g and 0.23 cm3/g, and are much larger than those of bentonite and CTMAB-bentonite, at 60.9 m2/g and 0.12 cm3/g, and 3.7 m2/g and 0.0055 m2/g, respectively. The PCHs have slightly higher adsorption capacities for benzene and CC14 than AC at higher relative pressures despite their comparatively lower benzene and CC14 adsorption capacity at lower relative pressures. The existence of PNP in organobentonites also enhances the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption capacity of PCHs at lower adsorbate concentrations, although some adsorption capacity is lost at higher concentrations. The hydrophobicity order of the adsorbents is: CTMAB-bentonite > AC > PCHs > bentonite. The micro- to mesoporous pore sizes, superior VOC adsorption properties, thermal stability to 750°C and hydrophobicity and negligible influences of PNP on PCHs make spent PNP-containing organobentonites ideal starting materials for synthesis of PCHs and especially attractive adsorbents for VOC sorption control.
Atomic force microscopy study of montmorillonite dissolution under highly alkaline conditions
Authors: Yokoyama Shingo , Kuroda Masato , Sato Tsutomu 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMontmorillonite dissolution under highly alkaline conditions (pH = 13.3; I = 0.3 M) was investigated by bulk dissolution methods andin situatomic force microscopy (AFM). In bulk dissolution experiments, initial SiO2concentrations were high, and a steady state was reached after 136 h. The dissolution rates derived from the edge surface area (ESA) at the steady-state condition at 30, 50 and 70°C were 3.39 x 10−12, 1.75 × 10−11and 5.81 × 10−11mol/m2s, respectively. The AFM observations were conducted under three conditions: (Run I) short-termin situbatch dissolution at RT; (Run II) long-termin situflow-through dissolution at RT; and (Run III) long-term batch dissolution at 50°C. The observed reductions in montmorillonite particle volume for Runs I and II were due primarily to edge-surface dissolution. The ESA-based dissolution rate for Run I (10−9mol/m2s) was three orders of magnitude faster than that for Run II (10−12mol/m2s). The rate obtained for Run II corresponded to the rate at the steady-state conditions in the bulk dissolution experiments. A small number of etch pits developed in Run III slightly increased the ESA of montmorillonite since most of the montmorillonite particles were separated into monolayers lacking three-dimensional periodicity. The ESA-based dissolution rate for Run III was 2.26 × 10−11mol/m2s. Dissolution rates based on long-term AFM observations could be directly compared with steady-state rates obtained from bulk dissolution experiments. The AFM observations indicated that dissolution occurred at edge surfaces; therefore, the ESA should be used to calculate the dissolution rate for montmorillonite under alkaline conditions. Dissolution rates of individual particles with different morphologies estimated by AFM were similar to rates estimated from bulk dissolution experiments.
Chernoff–Savage Theorem
Authors: Sen Pranab K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe Chernoff–Savage Theorem, in the setting of two independent samples, exploits the basic asymptotic properties of the two sample (empirical) distributions in a novel approach to the study of asymptotic normality of a general class of two‐sample linear rank statistics. Prior to the evolution of weak convergence of probability measures and contiguity of probability measures, both taking place in the 1960's, this Theorem provided a completely new avenue of research in asymptotics in rank tests that laid down the foundation of the general theory of rank tests in a far more general set‐up comprising general linear models, time‐series, and multivariate as well as sequential models.
Aerosol (Aerobiology, Aerosols, Bioaerosols, Microbial Aerosols)
Authors: Mohr Alan Jeff 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAerobiology is the study of microbiological particles that have, either naturally or purposefully, been introduced into the air. Bioaerosols are attractive as terrorist weapons because they are silent, invisible, and odorless, and can be introduced clandestinely to strike without warning. The fate and transport of bioaerosols is a complicated issue, however, involving many physical and biochemical factors. Both the physical properties of bioaerosols and the likelihood for their successful delivery depend largely on the dissemination method applied.