bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the Human Amygdala Critical for the Subjective Experience of Emotion? Evidence of Intact Dispositional Affect in Patients with Amygdala Lesions
Authors: Anderson Adam K. , Phelps Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
It is thought that the human amygdala is a critical component of the neural substrates of emotional experience, involved particularly in the generation of fear, anxiety, and general negative affectivity. Although many neuroimaging studies demonstrate findings consistent this notion, little evidence of altered emotional experience following amygdala damage has been gathered in humans. In a preliminary test of the amygdala's role in phenomenal affective states, we assessed the extent of experienced positive and negative affective states in patients with amygdala damage and age-, sex-, and education-matched controls. To assess chronic changes in experienced affect, all groups were administered the Positive and Negative Affect Schedules (PANAS, Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). In the first study, we examined the effects of amygdala lesions on affective traits in 10 left and 10 right amygdala-damaged patients, 1 patient with bilateral amygdala damage (SP), and 20 control subjects. Subjects were asked to indicate the typicality of different experiential states of positive (e.g., inspired, excited) and negative (e.g., afraid, nervous) valence. In a second study, we examined more closely the effects of bilateral amygdala damage on the day-to-day generation of affective states by administering the PANAS daily for a 30-day period to patient SP and age-, sex-, and education-matched controls. In both experiments, no differences in the magnitude and frequency of self-reported positive or negative affect were found between control subjects and patients with amygdala damage. Moreover, principal components analyses of the covariation among different affects (across individuals in Study 1 and within individuals across days in Study 2) confirmed a two-factor (positive vs. negative) description of experienced affect in controls. A highly similar two-factor description of experienced affect was found in patients with amygdala lesions. This suggests that the underlying structure of affective states was intact following amygdala damage. It is concluded that the human amygdala may be recruited during phenomenal affective states in the intact brain, but is not necessary for the production of these states.
The Influence of Working-Memory Demand and Subject Performance on Prefrontal Cortical Activity
Authors: Rypma Bart , Berger Jeffrey S. , D'Esposito Mark 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Brain imaging and behavioral studies of working memory (WM) converge to suggest that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates a capacity-limited storage buffer and that the dorsolateral PFC mediates memory organization processes that support supracapacity memory storage. Previous research from our laboratory has shown that the extent to which such memory organization processes are required depends on both task factors (i.e., memory load) and subject factors (i.e., response speed). Task factors exert their effects mainly during WM encoding while subject factors exert their effects mainly during WM retrieval. In this study, we sought to test the generalizability of these phenomena under more difficult memory-demand conditions than have been used previously. During scanning, subjects performed a WM task in which they were required to maintain between 1 and 8 letters over a brief delay. Neural activity was measured during encoding, maintenance, and retrieval task periods using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. With increasing memory load, there were reaction time increases and accuracy rate decreases, ventrolateral PFC activation decreases during encoding, and dorsolateral PFC activation increases during maintenance and retrieval. These results suggest that the ventrolateral PFC mediates WM storage and that the dorso-lateral PFC mediates strategic memory organization processes that facilitate supracapacity WM storage. Additionally, high-performing subjects showed overall less activation than low-performing subjects, but activation increases with increasing memory load in the lateral PFC during maintenance and retrieval. Low-performing subjects showed overall more activation than high-performing subjects, but minimal activation increases in the dorsolateral PFC with increasing memory load. These results suggest that individual differences in both neural efficiency and cognitive strategy underlie individual differences in the quality of subjects' WM performance.
Multiple Movement Representations in the Human Brain: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Authors: Toni Ivan , Shah Nadim J. , Fink Gereon R. , Thoenissen Daniel , Passingham Richard E. , Zilles Karl 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Neurovascular correlates of response preparation have been investigated in human neuroimaging studies. However, conventional neuroimaging cannot distinguish, within the same trial, between areas involved in response selection and/ or response execution and areas specifically involved in response preparation. The specific contribution of parietal and frontal areas to motor preparation has been explored in electrophysiological studies in monkey. However, the associative nature of sensorimotor tasks calls for the additional contributions of other cortical regions. In this article, we have investigated the functional anatomy of movement representations in the context of an associative visuomotor task with instructed delays. Neural correlates of movement representations have been assessed by isolating preparatory activity that is independent from the performance of an actual motor act, or from the presence of a response's target. Movement instruction (specified by visual cues) and motor performance (specified by an auditory cue) were separated by a variable delay period. We have used whole-brain event-related fMRI to measure human brain activity during the performance of such a task. We have focused our analysis on specific preparatory activity, defined as a sustained response over variable delay periods between a transient visual instruction cue and a brief motor response, temporally independent from the transient events. Behavioral and electrophysiological controls ensured that preparatory activity was not contaminated by overt motor responses or working memory processes. We report suggestive evidence for multiple movement representations in the human brain. Specific sustained activity in preparation for an action was found not only in parieto-frontal regions but also in extrastriate areas and in the posterior portion of the superior temporal sulcus. We suggest that goal-directed preparatory activity relies on both visuo-motor and visuoperceptual areas. These findings point to a functional anatomical basis for the integration of perceptual and executive processes.
A GREEK PARALLEL TO BOETHIUS' DE HYPOTHETICIS SYLLOGISMIS
Authors: Bobzien Susanne 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper I present the text, a translation, and a commentary of a long anonymous scholium to Aristotle's Analytics which is a Greek parallel to Boethius' De Hypotheticis Syllogismis, but has so far not been recognized as such. The scholium discusses hypothetical syllogisms of the types modus ponens and modus tollens and hypothetical syllogisms constructed from three conditionals ('wholly hypothetical syllogisms'). It is Peripatetic, and not Stoic, in its theoretical approach as well as its terminology. There are several elements of early Peripatetic hypothetical syllogistic preserved in it, and there is a large number of close parallels to Boethius' De Hypotheticis Syllogismis which we find in no other source. It is very likely that there was a Greek source from which both the scholium and large parts of Boethius' De Hypotheticis Syllogismis are ultimately derived.
A NOTE ON THE TEXT OF CICERO'S TOPICA IN COD. VOSS. LAT. F86
Authors:   Reinhardt
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe oldest witnesses for Cicero's Topica are two ninth-century manuscripts belonging to Leiden University Library (Codd. Voss. Lat. F84 and F86, dubbed A and B). The two mss. have been extensively studied in their function as main sources of Cicero's Leg. by P.L. Schmidt. In the best edition of the Topica by G. Di Maria, however, Schmidt's work is ignored, and the purpose of this article is to bring Schmidt's results to bear on what Di Maria has established, and to correct both scholars on some points. Schmidt's view is confirmed that the oldest correction layers in A and B do not reflect readings of a third manuscript and that B was completed in the ninth century by insertion of four additional folia after these correction layers had been produced. Then new information is added on the details of the completion of the text of the Topica in B.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE EUCHARISTICOS OF PAULINUS PELLAEUS: A REASSESSMENT
Authors:   Coşkun
Published: October 2002

AbstractPaulinus of Pella reveals his current age (around 83) in his autobiographical poem Eucharisticos, but the date of his birth (ca. August 377) and the time of composition (ca. Feb./May 460) have to be deduced by combining pieces of information given in the introductory verses (1-49) and by accounting for further sources related to the family of his grandfather Ausonius. The chronology thus established appears to be consistent with the remaining data of the poem as well as with the chronicle of Prosper Tiro; in two cases (v. 474/8), seeming contradictions vanish as soon as the transmitted text is re-established. Redating the steps of Paulinus' life not only enhances our understanding of his personality and of the historical events he was involved in, but also defends the unity of the biography against the analytical concept prevalent in modern scholarship.
DIE ANTIKEN QUELLEN ZUM SATURNISCHEN VERS
Authors: Kruschwitz Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article is the first complete documentation and analysis of the ancient sources for the Saturnian metre. There are three main questions: (i) What can we say about the development of the name 'numerus Saturnius' resp. 'numerus Faunius'? What did it mean? (ii) Which characteristics had been attributed to this metre? (iii) What did the ancient authors know (or think) about its nature? (And what do they offer more than mere description of evident details?) The relevant passages are presented, usually with Latin text and a German translation, and broadly discussed in this article. The discussion of the text is focusing on all issues of metrical data that can be gained from the text, and the dependencies of tradition and the innovations of the authors are recognized. Finally, the questions raised at the beginning are answered (as far as possible).
SANCTUARIES, SACRIFICES, AND THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES
Authors: Evans Nancy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractModern scholars studying Eleusis have consistently made some assumptions about the sanctuary and the famous rites that took place there throughout antiquity. Although we have no evidence for altars within the sanctuary walls, archaeologists continue to produce plans with altars in the courtyard before the temple, while historians of religion propose narratives for the Mysteries that feature scenes of animal sacrifice. While precise details of the famous nocturnal teletai may remain unknown to us, we can infer other significant details about the festival from the evidence that we do have. This essay argues that the type of animal sacrifice known as thusia that regularly took place at public altars in ancient Greece was deliberately excluded from the interior of the sanctuary at Eleusis. Beginning with a review of the development of the sanctuary, the essay focuses on the Anaktoron and Telesterion, and then turns to important features that were consistently located outside the sanctuary walls. Objects were dedicated both within the sanctuary walls and outside them. The analysis of the locations where the dedications were made suggests that mediation with the divine during the nocturnal teletai was not accomplished by priests officiating over animal sacrifices. Altars were absent from the interior of the sanctuary because the Mysteries entailed a more egalitarian experience of the gods than did the traditional customs of thusia.
TWO EUNUCHS, TWO CONSPIRACIES, AND ONE LOYAL JEW: THE NARRATIVE OF BOTCHED REGICIDE IN ESTHER AS TEXT- AND REDACTION-CRITICAL TEST CASE
Authors: Frolov Serge 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe article revisits the problem of relationship between the Hebrew and Greek versions of the book of Esther, using the episode, in which Mordechai discloses a regicidal conspiracy of two eunuchs, as a test case. Analyzing the pattern of agreements and disagreements between the four versions of the episode (MT ii 21-23; AT A 11b-18; LXX A 12-17; ii 21-23), it argues that the A-text had a Hebrew Vorlage. This Vorlage emerged in the process of profound revision of what we know as the Masoretic text, aimed at making it more specific and disallowing certain interpretations. The author of the LXX knew both the Masoretic version and the Hebrew Vorlage of the A-text; hence his or her willingness to tell the story twice, in Addition A and in chapter ii.
HOW RELIABLE ARE BIBLICAL REPORTS? REPEATING LESTER GRABBE'S COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENT
Authors: Long V. Philips 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA scientific experiment of any significance, and particularly one that gives rise to broad generalisations, must be repeated by other scientists before its results can be considered confirmed. Lester Grabbe's "rough-and-ready" exercise comparing historical assertions in the Old Testament with parallel assertions from ancient Near Eastern sources is just such an experiment. The generalisations to which Grabbe is led are 1) that the biblical framework for Israelite and Judean kings from the mid-ninth century onwards is reasonably accurate, and 2) that the details of the biblical accounts are at times misleading, inaccurate, or even invented. The aim of the present essay is to test the second, more controversial of Grabbe's generalisations by repeating the comparative experiment. The result of closely scrutinising the pertinent biblical and aNE texts is to reverse Grabbe's second generalisation. This in turn raises the larger question of why interpreters working with the same evidence sometimes arrive at quite different conclusions.
THE POETRY OF THE WISDOM OF SOLOMON RECONSIDERED
Authors: Reymond Eric 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs noted by many scholars, the Wisdom of Solomon contains elements typical of both Greek and Hebrew literature. Numerous studies list specific Greek figures in the book, often making only passing reference to the Hebrew poetic features, referring to them with the single term parallelismus membrorum. But, Wisdom's form is a good deal more complex than these synopses suggest. Parallelism is realized in a number of ways in the Hebrew scriptures and its manifestation in this apocryphal book is a unique combination of different patterns. The present study aims at a detailed description of Wisdom's structure through a close study of the parallelism and verse length of the book's first 15 verses, and through a comparison of these patterns with those in Hebrew poems.
SAMSON'S HÎDÂ
Authors: Yadin Azzan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article proposes a new interpretation of Judges xiv, the episode commonly referred to as Samson's riddle to the Philistines. I briefly demostrate that the traditional understanding of the exchange between Samson and the Philistines as a riddle is untenable. The correct interpretation is, I submit, that the exchange is a Greek skolion or "capping song" that are quite well-attested at wedding (and other) symposia. Building, in part, on a series of articles by O. Margalith in VT, I demostrate that the Greek cultural context is also key to understanding the wedding narrative as a whole, and leads to important conclusions concerning the redaction of the narrative, the literary figure of Samson and the semantic range of the term Hîdâ.
A WOLF SUBLIME: PSYCHOANALYSIS AND THE ANIMAL
Authors: Powici Chris 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSigmund Freud's analysis of the childhood dream of the Wolf Man, in The History of an Infantile Neurosis, has come to be seen as one of the defining moments of psychoanalysis. Freud interpreted this dream in terms of the Oedipus complex, concluding that the wolves which threatened to devour his patient were, in effect, father-substitutes, the archaic trace in the unconscious of the individual of the threat posed by the tyrannical father of the 'original' human family. In this article I argue that this conclusion conceals a problematic reading, on Freud's part, of the human/animal border, which is evidenced, in The History of an Infantile Neurosis, as well as elsewhere in his writings, as an anxiety as to the ontological status of the human subject and the 'nature' of civilisation, and as a repressed acknowledgement of the animal as sublime presence. However, in trying to negotiate similar questions today, and despite this marked ambivalence toward the 'animal', I also argue that Freud's insight into the mechanisms of repression remains a valuable way of exploring the relationship of the human to the nonhuman.
Predatory plasticity in nephilengys cruentata (araneae: tetragnathidae): relevance for phylogeny reconstruction
Authors: Japyassú Hilton Ferreira , Viera Carmen 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The plasticity of behavioural expression has been used as an argument against the use of behavioural characters in the reconstruction of phylogenetic patterns. Nevertheless, plasticity itself may vary strongly among taxa, so that phylogenetic considerations about behavioural data must be complemented by an analysis of behavioural plasticity. Plasticity may also vary among distinct behavioural domains in a single species. We have studied the foraging repertoire in N. cruentata using a cluster analysis method, in order to identify the behavioural sequences employed by the spider when preying upon either distinct prey types or distinct prey sizes. Foraging behaviour varies less with prey size than with prey type. Variation in predatory sequences is obtained through (1) repetitions of one same sequence of categories, (2) the use of one same sequence at distinct phases of the predatory behaviour, or (3) the arrangement of behavioural categories in new sequences. Despite this plasticity in spider responses to prey, almost 40% of the predatory repertoire is common to both large and small prey items; this percentage lowers to 20% when we compare the predation of distinct prey types. These results suggest that phylogenetic analysis of predatory behaviour should focus on building ethograms for one single prey type. Small variations in prey/predator size among the predator species selected for a behavioural phylogenetic analysis are preferred to variations of prey type among predator taxa. We discuss the implications of this 'single prey-type' approach to the phylogenetic analysis of behaviour.
Collective prey capture and feeding behaviours of Anelosimus jabaquara Levi 1956 (araneae: theridiidae)
Authors: Gonzaga Marcelo de Oliveira , Vasconcellos-Neto João 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study we report on the predatory behaviour of Anelosimus jabaquara considering the frequency of bites in each prey body part during the immobilization phase, the proportion of the consumption time expended in each of these parts and the relative participation on capture and feeding processes by spiders of different body sizes. Generally, few individuals actively take part in prey immobilization events, biting mostly on fly's legs (body segments which promote vibrations strong enough to attract spiders, but not to dissuade attacks). However, many spiders usually take part in the consumption of this medium size prey item. During the consumption phase appendages were rarely used, probably due to the higher nutritional value and biomass availability of central body segments (thorax, abdomen and head). Non-aggressive contests over displaced prey body parts were frequently seen during collective feeding in natural colonies, but not in small artificial groups in laboratory.
Antipredator response to injury-released chemical alarm cues by convict cichlid young before and after independence from parental protection
Authors: Alemadi Shireen , Wisenden Brian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInjury-released chemical alarm cues are released when predators attack aquatic prey. These cues are generally released only in this context and as such, conspecific alarm cues form an important component of risk assessment. Minnows (Ostariophysi, Cyprinidae) possess a well-developed chemical alarm system. However, minnows do not respond to conspecific injury-released alarm cues until 30 to 50 d post-hatch. Non-ostariophysan fishes respond to chemical alarm cues with antipredator behavior but the ontogeny of this behavior is not known for any species. Here, we test convict cichlids (Acanthopterygii: Cichlidae), a species known to respond to alarm cues as adults. Convict cichlid parents care for their eggs and defend their developing young from predators for 4 to 6 weeks. In our experiment, we tested the ontogeny of antipredator response to chemical alarm cues in young convict cichlids well within and just beyond the size range typically defended by parents. We found that small convict cichlid young of a size typically defended by parents engaged in area avoidance and grouping behaviors in response to alarm cues and did so as effectively as young that would typically be independent of parental care.
Vigilance in human groups: a test of alternative hypotheses
Authors: Dunbar  , Cornah  , Daly  , Bowyer  
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Humans exhibit the same inverse relationship between group size and vigilance rates that has been classically described in animals. We collected data on natural human vigilance behaviour in two different contemporary environments (a large refectory-style cafeteria and open parks) to test between four alternative hypotheses for this relationship: predation risk, searching for friends, mate searching and mate guarding. The results demonstrate that, at least in contemporary city environments, humans monitor their surroundings largely for reasons motivated by mate searching. Data on whom subjects look at in a busy environment indicate that males are significantly more likely to attend differentially to female passers-by, but that females show a less clear-cut discrimination. We conclude that vigilance patterns are determined by locally salient functions.
Host suitability of Rosa accessions for Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Moens Maurice , Peng Yunliang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA method for screening Rosa accessions for their host suitability to Pratylenchus penetrans was developed. The best conditions were obtained in growth chambers with plants grown in sand, inoculated with 250 P.penetrans per 50 cm3 pot and fertilised weekly with 0.75 g/dm3 soluble fertiliser (containing 20% N, 20% P2O5, 20% K2O and balanced trace elements). Fifty days after nematode inoculation, these conditions permitted greater nematode multiplication than any other combination tested and also allowed good host development. When used for the screening of 21 Rosa accessions, these conditions revealed a large variation in host suitability. Least multiplication (Pf/Pi) was observed on R. virginiana (1.36) but this did not differ significantly from that on R. multiflora (2.87). The greatest Pf/Pi was on R. canina cv. Superba but this did not differ significantly from that on R. canina cv. Pollmeriana. The correlation of Pf/Pi with the nematode population and the number of eggs within the roots was significant; the percentage of nematodes outside roots was negatively correlated with Pf/Pi. The intermediate host status of R. corymbifera cv. Laxa, one of the most common rootstocks, was confirmed. Differences in host status became statistically significant when intra-accession variation was observed with a larger number of plants.