bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similarity in young women's eating attitudes: Self‐selected versus artificially constructed groups
Authors: Gilbert Nicola , Meyer Caroline 
Published: July 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe current study explored similarity (in terms of eating attitudes, depression, and anxiety) among new versus established groups of young women.MethodThree hundred and thirty‐two female students (living in 80 apartments) participated in the study. They were either living in a newly formed “no‐choice” apartment or a “choice” apartment where they had chosen their housemates. All participants completed the Eating Disorders Inventory and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The groups were compared using similarity indices (showing attitude spread per apartment).ResultsConsistent with our hypothesis, the choice groups held more similar eating‐related attitudes and depression levels than the no‐choice groups. Specifically, the choice groups were significantly more similar in their levels of ineffectiveness, interpersonal distrust, and social insecurity.DiscussionIn a similar way to depression, eating attitudes may be shared among relatively close groups of women. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 213–219, 2004.
A case series evaluation of guided self‐help for bulimia nervosa using a cognitive manual
Authors: Pritchard Briony J. , Bergin Jacqueline L. , Wade Tracey D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe current study examined the usefulness of a new, cognitive‐based self‐help manual for bulimia nervosa.MethodTwenty people were provided with assessment and six sessions of guided self‐help using the manual. Participants were assessed for eating‐related behaviors and attitudes and psychopathology at pretreatment, posttreatment, and at the 3‐month follow‐up. Assessment instruments included the Eating Disorder Examination, Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Screening Test for Co‐morbid Personality Disorders, and The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment. Data from 15 people were available at posttreatment and from 13 people at follow‐up.ResultsUsing intention‐to‐treat analyses, binge eating, vomiting, four of the five eating attitudes and self‐esteem significantly improved between pretreatment and posttreatment. At follow‐up, there was continued improvement on all measures, with the exception of binge eating.DiscussionGuided self‐help using cognitive techniques is a promising first‐line treatment for bulimia nervosa, with further evaluation required in a randomized, controlled trial with long‐term follow‐up. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 144–156, 2004.
Toll‐like receptor 9 binds single‐stranded CpG‐DNA in a sequence‐ and pH‐dependent manner
Authors: Rutz Mark , Metzger Jochen , Gellert Tanja , Luppa Peter , Lipford Grayson B. , Wagner Hermann , Bauer Stefan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractToll‐like receptors (TLR) recognize bacterial and viral components, but direct interaction of receptor and ligand is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that TLR9 binds directly and sequence‐specifically to single‐stranded unmethylated CpG‐DNA containing a phosphodiester backbone. TLR9‐CpG‐DNA interaction occurs at the acidic pH (6.5–5.0) found in endosomes and lysosomes. By sequence comparison we identified a potential CpG‐DNA binding domain homologous to that described for methyl‐CpG‐DNA binding proteins. Amino acid substitutions in this region abrogated CpG‐DNA binding and led to loss of NF‐κB activation. Furthermore, chloroquine and quinacrine, therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, directly blocked TLR9‐CpG‐DNA interaction but not TLR2‐Pam3Cys binding. Our results demonstrate direct binding of TLR9 to CpG‐DNA and suggest that the therapeutic activity of chloroquine and quinacrine in autoimmune diseases may be due to its activity as a TLR9 antagonist and inhibitor of endosomal acidification.
Interleukin‐2 is essential for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell function
Authors: de la Rosa Maurus , Rutz Sascha , Dorninger Heike , Scheffold Alexander 
Published: July 2004

AbstractConstitutive expression of CD25, the IL‐2 receptor α‐chain, defines a distinct population of CD4+ T cells (Treg) with suppressive activity in vitro and in vivo. IL‐2 has been implicated in the generation and maintenance of Treg, however, a functional contribution of the IL‐2 receptor during suppression is thus far unknown. We show that IL‐2 is required for Treg function in vitro, since suppression is completely abrogated by selective blocking of the IL‐2 receptor on Treg during co‐culture with responder T cells. We demonstrate that Treg, which do not produce IL‐2, compete for IL‐2 secreted by responder T cells. In accordance with the idea of competition being part of the suppressive mechanism, in vitro neutralization of IL‐2 mimics all effects of Treg. Conversely, recombinant IL‐2 abrogates inhibition of IL‐2 production in responder T cells, the hallmark of Treg suppression. Finally, activation in the presence of IL‐2 primes Treg to produce IL‐10 upon secondary stimulation, indicating that IL‐2 uptake is also required to induce additional suppressive factors that might be more relevant for suppression in vivo. We propose the parakrine uptake of soluble mediators as a flexible mechanism to adapt Treg activity to the strength of the responder T cell reaction.
Carbonyl‐Nitrido Mixed‐Metal Clusters: Synthesis, Reactivity, Electrochemical Behavior and Solid‐State Structure of [Co5MoN(CO)14]2− and [Co5MoN(CO)14AuPPh3]−
Authors: Della Pergola Roberto , Fumagalli Alessandro , Fabrizi de Biani Fabrizia , Garlaschelli Luigi , Laschi Franco , Malatesta Maria Carlotta , Manassero Mario , Roda Elena , Sansoni Mirella , Zanello Piero 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe dianionic cluster [Co5MoN(CO)14]2− (1) was synthesized from [Co6N(CO)15]− and [Mo2(CO)10]2− in refluxing acetonitrile. The solid‐state structure of the [Ph4P]+ salt was determined. It consists of an octahedral metal cage, enclosing a six‐coordinate nitrido ligand. Typical bond lengths are: Co−N 1.88 Å, Mo−N 2.03 Å, Co−Co 2.61 Å and Co−Mo 2.84 Å, showing that there is very little, if any, preferential interaction of the interstitial atom with that of molybdenum. The cluster reacts with Au(PPh3)Cl in THF at room temperature forming the derivative [Co5MoN(CO)14{AuPPh3}]− (2). The gold atom caps an MoCo2 face of the octahedron, with short Au−Co (2.68 Å) and long Au−Mo (3.16 Å) bonds, showing that both metal atoms are necessary for coordination, but AuI binds better with the cobalt atoms. Electrochemical studies have pointed out that cluster 1 has good redox capabilities in that it is able to support reversibly the progressive addition of three electrons. EPR measurements on the corresponding trianion confirm the lack of preferential interaction between the Mo site and the interstitial nitride atom. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Transition Metal Ion Directed Self‐Assembly of Polynuclear Coordination Complexes: Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Wei Yongli , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting , Zhu Yu 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe reactions of different transition metals with the multidentate ligand N,N′‐bis(1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,6‐pyridinedicarboxamide (btapca) afford six new polynuclear complexes: the hexanuclear complexes [{Zn6(O)2(btapca)4}·3DMF·2H2O] (1) and [{Zn6(O)2(btapca)4}·DMF·MeOH·H2O] (2); the pentanuclear complexes [{Zn5(OH)2(btapca)4}·4DMF·H2O] (3), [{Co5(OH)2(btapca)4}·4DMF·MeOH·H2O] (4) and [{Ni5(OH)2(btapca)4}·4DMF·MeOH] (5); and the trinuclear complex [{Fe3(OH)(btapca)3}·2DMF·2MeOH] (6). The dominant characteristic of these polynuclear complexes is that there are μ3‐ or μ4‐oxygen atoms in the metal polyhedrons. The hexanuclear complexes 1 and 2 show similar octahedral features based on zinc centers. The five metal centers in complexes 3, 4 and 5 arrange into two triangles with one common vertex. As for complex 6, three iron(II)/iron(III) atoms form a plane with a μ3‐OH− in the center. We also report the magnetic properties of complexes 4, 5 and 6. Complex 4 exhibits intramolecular antiferromagnetic exchange, while the analogous complex 5 is dominated by very strong intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling. The trinuclear complex [{Fe3(OH)(btapca)3}·2DMF·2MeOH] (6) shows comparable weak antiferromagnetic coupling. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis and Characterisation of Coordination Polymers of CuII and ZnII with 1,3‐Bis(1,2,3,4‐tetrazol‐2‐yl)propane − Rotational Freedom of the Donor Group Favours Structural Diversification
Authors: Bronisz Robert 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe novel bidentate ligand 1,3‐bis(1,2,3,4‐tetrazol‐2‐yl)propane (pbtz), which possesses a flexible spacer, was synthesised in order to investigate the influence of the flexibility of ligand molecules on the architecture of coordination polymers. For that purpose the reactions between pbtz and M(ClO4)2·6H2O salts (M = CuII and ZnII) were performed. The complexes [{Cu(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2]∞ and [{Zn(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2·2EtOH]∞ were characterised by IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and their crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. In both compounds the pbtz ligand molecules act as N4,N4′ connectors bridging the central atoms, and the 2‐substituted tetrazole rings coordinate in a monodentate fashion to the central atoms forming M(tetrazole)6 cores. [{Cu(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2]∞ was isolated as a 1D coordination polymer. The copper(II) ions are triply bridged by ligand molecules, leading to the formation of infinite 1D chains. A highly unusual manner of bridging, with the tethering of two neighbouring central atoms by the same kind of ligand molecules, although possessing different conformations, is observed. In [{Zn(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2·2EtOH]∞ the six‐coordinate zinc(II) ions, which are bridged by single ligand molecules, serve as topological nodes, leading to the formation of a 3D α‐polonium‐type network. The crystal structure of the ZnII complex contains only one such net solvated by ethanol molecules. A conformational analysis of the ligand molecules in both compounds demonstrates that the flexibility of the pbtz and the ability of the tetrazole rings in particular to adopt various, relative orientations is responsible for the diversity of the architectures of the obtained complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Investigation of a Neat versus Magnetically Diluted Powdered Mononuclear MnII Complex by High‐Field and High‐Frequency EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Mantel Claire , Philouze Christian , Collomb Marie‐Noëlle , Duboc Carole 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe isolation, structural characterization and electronic properties of a new mononuclear, pentacoordinate MnII complex [Mn(tButerpy)(N3)2] (1; tButerpy = 4,4′,4′′‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine) is reported. The X‐ray structure of 1 reveals that the manganese ion lies in the center of a distorted trigonal bipyramid. The electronic properties of 1 were investigated by high‐field and high‐frequency EPR (HF‐EPR) spectroscopy, allowing the determination of the spin‐Hamiltonian parameters. HF‐EPR spectra were recorded on a neat powder of 1 and also on 1 magnetically diluted in the corresponding zinc complex. From the neat powder HF‐EPR spectra, the following g and zero‐field‐splitting terms, as well as the sign of D, were obtained: D = −0.250(5) cm−1, E = 0.044(5) cm−1 and gx = gy = gz = 2.000(5). The magnetically diluted sample allows the determination of the hyperfine coupling constant A and confirms the values of the parameters determined with the neat powder: |D| = 0.260(1) cm−1, E = 0.043(1) cm−1, gx = gy = 2.001(1) gz = 2.0005(5) and Axx = Ayy = Azz = 77.5(5) G. A comparison between these two sets of spin‐Hamiltonian parameters is discussed, as well as the correlation between the D parameter and the coordination number around the manganese ion for a coordination shell characterized by O and/or N atoms (i.e. MnII‐containing proteins). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Roesky’s Ketone: Structure, Aromaticity and Reactivity
Authors: Van Droogenbroeck Joris , Tersago Karla , Van Alsenoy Christian , Aucott Stephen M. , Milton Heather L. , Woollins J. Derek , Blockhuys Frank 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe molecular and crystal structure of the title compound, 5‐oxo‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiazole or Roesky’s ketone (1), is studied experimentally by re‐determining the crystal structure and theoretically by calculations at the density functional level of theory using an extended basis set. A comprehensive set of properties, consisting of orbital topologies, atomic charges, atomic and molecular dipoles, aromaticity parameters and Fukui functions of the title compound and a number of its constitutional isomers was calculated in order to formulate a description of its structure, its aromaticity and reactivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Die Vegetation des Bogd‐uul bei Ulaanbaatar (Mongolei) – Standortsbindung und pflanzengeographische Stellung
Authors: Hilbig W. , Jäger E. J. , Knapp H. D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDie Pflanzengesellschaften des Bogd‐uul‐Massivs südlich Ulaanbaatar werden dargestellt und mit Vegetationsaufnahmen belegt. Neben der flächenhaft ausgebildeten Vegetation der Steppen, der Wiesensteppen, der Lärchen‐, Kiefern‐, Fichten‐ und Arven‐Wälder sowie der subalpinen Strauchbirkenmoore und Kobresia‐Rasen werden auch Gebüsche, Blockfluren, Hochstaudenfluren, Salzwiesen und Ruderalgesellschaften berücksichtigt. Alle Vegetationstypen werden hinsichtlich ihrer Standortsbindung charakterisiert. Dargestellt wird auch die Geschichte dieses bedeutenden Naturreservates und die wechselnde Rolle anthropo‐zoogener Eingriffe.Zu der bisher vorliegenden Florenliste von Ganbold et al. (1993) werden 26 Arten als Neunachweise ergänzt. Die Gesamtzahl von etwa 600 Arten auf 400 km2 ist charakteristisch für ein hochkontinentales Gebirge an der Südgrenze der temperaten Zone.Für alle in den Vegetationsaufnahmen angetroffenen Arten wurde die Gesamtverbreitung kartiert. 24 Arealkarten werden als Beispiele abgedruckt. Fast alle Areale (einige synanthrop stark erweiterte ausgenommen) lassen sich 20 Arealtypen zuordnen. Die ökogeographischen Grenzfaktoren dieser Typen werden diskutiert. Der Anteil der Arten mit diesen Arealtypen unterscheidet sich in den verschiedenen Pflanzengesellschaften deutlich. Das wird in Diagrammen dargestellt. Während in den unteren Höhenstufen eng verbreitete, an die relativ sommerfeuchte Ostseite Eurasiens gebundene Arten vorherrschen, dominieren in der hochmontanen und subalpinen Stufe Arten mit weiter circumpolarer Verbreitung. Aus den Arealen ergeben sich auch Hinweise auf die geographische Reichweite der beschriebenen Pflanzengesellschaften. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genes expressed in the human trabecular meshwork during pressure‐induced homeostatic response
Authors: Vittitow Jason , Borrás Teresa 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPhysiological pressure inside the eye is maintained by a resistance mechanism provided by the trabecular meshwork tissue. In most cases, prolonged, elevated pressure leads to an eye pathology characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, optic nerve damage, and non‐remedial blindness. We are investigating the regulation of trabecular meshwork genes in response to elevated pressure. Using perfused organ cultures from postmortem human donors, we have previously demonstrated the presence of a homeostatic mechanism at 2–4 days of pressure insult (Borrás et al. 2002, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:33–40). Here, we sought to identify trabecular meshwork genes whose expression was altered during this homeostatic period. By macroarray hybridization, we compared the expression profiles of high‐pressure (HP) and normal‐pressure (NP) treated eyes from the same individual (n = 3 pairs). Our results identified 40 upregulated and 14 downregulated genes. The highest proportion of upregulated genes encoded proteins involved in signal transduction (32%). Among the potentially relevant genes, PIP 5K1C, VIP, tropomodulin, and MMP2 encoded mediators known to influence outflow resistance. Others encoded functions which are new for the trabecular meshwork, but which are intrinsic to unrelated tissues. These new mechanisms appear as they could be of benefit for trabecular meshwork function. Matrix Gla protein (MGP), perlecan, osteomodulin, and osteoblast‐specific factor are essential in cartilage and bone physiology whereas spectrin and ICAM4 are specific for blood cells and crucial in maintaining their shape and adhesion. In addition, MGP transcripts were stimulated by extracellular calcium and downregulated by TGF‐β1. We propose that MGP might be an important player in the adaptive homeostatic mechanism by contributing to maintain a softer trabecular meshwork tissue and facilitate aqueous humor outflow. J. Cell. Physiol. 201: 126–137, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exogenous metalloporphyrins alter the organization and function of cultured neonatal rat heart cells via modulation of heme oxygenase activity
Authors: Akins Robert , McLaughlin Terry , Boyce Roberta , Gilmour Laura , Gratton Kara 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHeme oxygenase (HO), the enzyme responsible for heme catabolism, has been associated with the function of both skeletal and smooth muscle cells and with protection of the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Exposure of skeletal muscle cultures to heme, the physiological substrate for HO, has been shown to improve differentiation and aerobic metabolism. Little is known, however, about the roles that heme and heme metabolism play in cardiac muscle, and the present study was conducted to examine the effects of exogenous heme on cultured heart cells in the presence or absence of modulators of HO activity. Treatment of neonatal rat ventricular cells with heme resulted in increases in four key indicators: (1) the activity of metabolic enzymes, (2) the rate of spontaneous contraction, (3) the level of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expressed, and (4) the amount of actin organized as filaments. Treatment with heme while metabolically inhibiting increased HO activity altered these effects such that: (1) increases in enzyme activities were attenuated, (2) spontaneous beating ceased, (3) the level of MyHC was reduced, and (4) the amount of filamentous actin was severely decreased to the point where myofibrils were no longer evident. These results suggest that heme and its catabolites act to modulate aspects of cardiac cell function and organization. J. Cell. Physiol. 201: 26–34, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of RANKL–RANK interaction
Authors: Kanatani Masanori , Sugimoto Toshitsugu , Sowa Hideaki , Kobayashi Tatsuya , Kanzawa Michiko , Chihara Kazuo 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt is well known that thyroid hormone excess causes bone loss. However, the precise mechanism of bone loss by thyroid hormone still remains unclear. When T3was added to unfractionated bone cells after degeneration of pre‐existent osteoclasts, T3(1 pM–100 nM) dose‐dependently stimulated osteoclast‐like cell formation, irrespective of the presence of indomethacin and IL‐6 Ab. T3increased the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) messenger RNA (mRNA), but not of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in unfractionated bone cells, suggesting that the stimulatory effect of T3on osteoclast formation was not mediated by the RANKL/OPG system. We next examined the direct effect of T3on osteoclast precursors in the absence of osteoblasts, using hemopoietic blast cells derived from spleen cells. T3(1 pM–100 nM) dose‐dependently stimulated osteoclast‐like cell formation from osteoclast precursors. OPG did not inhibit T3‐induced osteoclast formation from osteoclast precursor cells. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product corresponding in size to the mouse T3receptor α1 cDNA was detected in osteoclast precursors from mouse hemopoietic blast cells as well as mouse heart and mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3‐E1 cells, suggesting that T3directly stimulated osteoclast‐like cell formation from osteoclast precursors in the absence of osteoblasts. Further, T3increased the expression of c‐Fos mRNA at 15 min and 24 h and Fra‐1 mRNA at 2 and 6 h in osteoclast precursors. Consistent with the increased expression of c‐Fos mRNA observed by RT‐PCR, the activation of c‐Fos occurred in osteoclast precursor cells stimulated by T3, while the activation of neither NF‐κB nor MAPKs was observed by immunoblot analysis. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (as‐ODN) complementary to c‐Fos mRNA at 1 μM significantly inhibited T3‐induced osteoclast‐like cell formation from osteoclast precursors in the absence of stromal cells while sense‐ODN did not affect T3‐induced osteoclast‐like cell formation. These results indicate that T3directly stimulates osteoclast differentiation at least in part by up‐regulation of c‐fos protein in osteoclast precursor cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 201: 17–25, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoreceptor topography in the duplex retina of the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)
Authors: Sillman Arnold J. , Dahlin David A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRetinal whole‐mount preparations from the eyes of the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, were examined with a combination of bright field and differential interference contrast microscopy. The entire retina was mapped and population counts of rod and cone photoreceptors were made at regular intervals throughout the retina. The retina is dominated by rods, but a significant percentage (ca. 38%) of the photoreceptors are cones. Mean cone packing density for the entire retina is 6,402±1,216 cones/mm2. There is a small (16%) but statistically significant difference between cone packing density in the dorsal retina (6,674±1,168 cones/mm2) and the ventral retina (5,745±1,076 cones/mm2). There is no region of unusually high cone concentration that might be construed as a fovea or a visual streak. Mean rod packing density for the entire retina is 10,271±1,205 rods/mm2. Except in the far periphery, where rods are less numerous, the density of rods is fairly uniform throughout the retina. The data are discussed with regard to paddlefish habitat and behavior. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:674–681, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐Oxyl‐Controlled Radical Copolymerization of Styrene with Ethyl α‐Cyanocinnamate
Authors: Bartsch Andreas , Schmidt‐Naake Gudrun 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSummary: The block copolymers of styrene and ethyl α‐cyanocinnamate were prepared in dioxane and xylene with TEMPO‐capped polystyrene (PSTEMPO) as macroinitiator. The copolymerizations were carried out at 125 °C and 135 °C. The reactivity ratios were determined according to Kelen Tüdos and compared with the reactivity ratios from the radical copolymerization of styrene and ethyl α‐cyanocinnamate determined by Kohn et al. The influence of the comonomer ethyl α‐cyanocinnamate on the glass transition temperature was studied in comparison with the corresponding homopolystyrene.Plots of conversion versus molecular weight distributions of the polymerizations with styrene at 125 °C.magnified imagePlots of conversion versus molecular weight distributions of the polymerizations with styrene at 125 °C.