bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Street foods are sold in almost every country in the world; they are so familiar that there is a tendency to look past the vendors without registering their existence, unless of course you are hungry. Then you see vendors selling foods for quick meals or snacks from daybreak until night. In Senegal, women sit on the ground outside the market place to sell monie, porridge made from millet, from large calabashes. In Peru, fried fish is a cheap and satisfying meal; women cook it before the customer so it is crisp and fresh. Men push carts to major intersections and sell kebabs of different types with different spices in different countries: in Indonesia, the small chunks of meat or chicken or rows of shrimp are served with peppery peanut sauce and called sate; meat chunks, usually beef, are larger in Senegal; ground lamb is encased in dough for samosas served in Bangladesh. Fried bean curd is a favorite lunch food for school-children in Indonesia; flatbread sandwiches of foul and tamia, both made from dried beans, are preferred in Egypt. Soup meals are ubiquitous throughout Southeast Asia: the stock is kept hot, with noodles and meat added to order. Soup is really a thick sauce served over farina or corn pudding in Nigeria; it is sold from gaily painted road-side stalls called buka that provide shaded tables for customers.
The Right of Autonomy and the Bonds of Community
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any appeal to human rights must in some way act as a solvent on more particular or parochial loyalties and attachments. Those who appeal to human rights, and particularly to the right of autonomy, should certainly expect to find themselves criticizing and opposing social and political practices, at home and abroad, that violate these rights. So the question must arise: Are we giving up too much when we accept a fundamental right of autonomy? Are we surrendering an equally fundamental belief in the importance of belonging, of membership in a particular group or community or society-a belief that seems essential to a republican liberalism?
Civic Virtues and Republican Liberalism
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To classify republican liberalism as a perfectionist theory is in some ways misleading. Those who are not versed in the debate between liberal neutralists and perfectionists may take the term “perfectionist” to suggest that republican liberalism holds out a vision of a utopian society free from strife, struggle, and frustration. But that is not at all what republican liberalism aims to do. Nor is it the only way in which “perfectionist” may be misleading, for someone familiar with the neutrality-perfectionism debate may conceive of perfectionism as the attempt to maximize some form of human excellence or virtue-and republican liberalism certainly does not aim to do that.
Turning Culture into News: Science
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Real press freedom-the freedom to follow political issues-did not arrive in England with the Revolution of 1688. The implications of the revolution for a news industry were not realized until 1695. But in the meantime, in the less sensitive area of intellectual culture, periodical publication began to change the tempo of the arts, science, and scholarship. The demands of a publishing schedule began a long process by which England would exchange culture for news about culture. Novelty would move up the scale of values involved in artistic expression and philosophy. First, we may note that it is understandable that the revolution should not immediately lead to press freedom. The new regime owed much to the pressure of periodical media, and therefore knew it could not trust such a potentially powerful force. Even a very limited press had helped push the country toward revolution in 1679 and again a decade later. Parliament, which had protected the media in 1680 when Parliament itself needed support, was no longer interested in sharing the power it had gained.
Who Are the Bishops?
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A11 leadership groups in Mexico share certain characteristics that set them apart from the general population. The most tangible differences between elites and masses can be measured according to their geographic, social, and economic origins. Priests who become bishops are not representative of priests as a whole, nor are they representative of the Mexican population when measured according to these variables. Nevertheless, these distinctions are worth identifying because they may have significant consequences for the careers of future priests and their road to success as bishops and, more important, they may contrast substantially with those of other leadership groups, particularly political and military, linking bishops to the Mexican populations in ways that other groups do not share.
Church-State Interlocks
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No single interest group in Mexico can claim to have had a historical importance exceeding that of the Catholic Church in both the 19th and 20th centuries. Yet despite its significance, including the Church’s influence on the Mexican populace, linkages between clergy and politicians and the Church and the state have been weak, informal, and founded on mutual ignorance.
W.E. B. Du Bois and the Critique of Liberal Nationalism
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of “race” as a modern category of social recognition and self-representation. Various meanings have been assigned to the term “race” in contemporary analyses, each of which implies a particular set of social commitments.1 Taken as a whole, the writings of W. E. B. Du Bois constitute a lengthy, engaged, and public confrontation with the terms set forth in the contemporary critical debate about race. As a practitioner of William James’s pragmatic method, Du Bois did not simply advocate the truth of a particular concept of race. Rather, his contribution consists in his consideration of the question of the difference it practically makes to say that a particular concept of race is or is not true. Reading Du Bois, we may trace the practical consequences of embracing the truth of the biological concept of race-for Du Bois, the meaning of “race” has been shaped by the history and possibilities of its use.
A Modern History of Japan
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this sweeping narrative, Andrew Gordon paints a richly nuanced and strikingly original portrait of the last two centuries of Japanese history. Gordon takes us from the days of the shogunate--the feudal overlordship of the Tokugawa family--through the modernizing revolution launched by midlevel samurai in the late nineteenth century, the adoption of Western hairstyles, clothing, and military organization, and the nation's first experiments with mass democracy after World War I. Gordon offers the finest synthesis to date of Japan's passage through militarism, World War II, the American occupation, and the subsequent economic rollercoaster. But the true originality and value of his approach lies in his close attention to the non-elite layers of society. Here we see the influence of outside ideas, products, and culture on home life, labor unions, political parties, gender relations, and popular entertainment. Gordon shows the struggles to define the meaning of Japan's modernization, from villages and urban neighborhoods, to factory floors and middle managers' offices, to the imperial court. Most important, he illuminates the interconnectedness of Japanese developments with world history, demonstrating how Japan's historical passage represents a variation of a process experienced by many nations. Japan forms one part of the interwoven fabric of modern history. As head of the prestigious Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at Harvard University, Gordon is one of the foremost American authorities on Japanese society. In this striking book, he brings all his knowledge and deep personal experience to bear, providing the most comprehensive portrait to date of Japan and its place in the wider world.
Rationing the Respirator
Authors: Rothman David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The challenge that dialysis in the late 1970s and 1980s posed for traditional American attitudes and policies toward life-saving technologies soon emerged in still more acute form around the artificial ventilator, more popularly known as the respirator. By the early 1990s, the pressing question had become how to establish boundaries around the use of the machine, not how to maximize its availability. A significant cadre of health economists, health care administrators, and, more surprisingly, bioethicists and physicians were concluding that the goal of policy should not be to provide patients with full and ready access to medical technologies but to circumscribe access to these technologies. And it appeared, at least insofar as the respirator was concerned, that the general public agreed with this approach. The driving question had become how to say no to technology.
The new critics went well beyond Aaron and Schwartz in designing detailed blueprints for limiting access to advanced medical technologies. For some of them, the goal was to save taxpayers’ dollars; for others it was to make funds available for a national health insurance program. For still others it was the occasion to try to bring new dimensions of spirituality to American life and the American way of death. But whatever their purpose, the arguments they presented all gave the idea of restraint, or in the term of the day, rationing, an unprecedented centrality and a moral legitimacy in policy thinking and policy initiatives.
On the Revenue Potential and Phasing in of the Tobin Tax
Authors: Felix David , Sau Ranjit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The recent surge of interest in James Tobin’s 1978 proposal to tax global foreign exchange transactions is producing two distinct clusterings of tax and revenue estimates, each assigning a different primary function to the tax. If the tax is taken purely as a source of funding for the United Nations and its peacekeeping functions (for example, Walker 1993) or for financing the social development and environ mental proposals emanating from recent UN summit conferences (for example, d’ Orville and Najman 1995), estimates have moderate revenue goals and thus work with very low tax rates. Such estimates can disregard the effect that the tax has on the overall volume and structure of global foreign exchange trading, since even for high elasticity coefficients, the effects are likely to be minimal. Indeed, Peter Kenen, in his contribution to this volume (Kenen 1996), proposes that in the case of swaps, the small tax be applied to only one leg of the spot-for ward round trip in order to further minimize the decline of swap volume.
Key Methodologic Concepts and Issues
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Petitti Diana B , King Abby C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As described in Chapter 1, epidemiology is used for many purposes. One is to determine the magnitude and impact of diseases or other conditions in populations or in certain segments of populations. This information can help to set priorities for investigation and control, to decide which subgroups of the population should be the focus of investigation, and to determine what types of treatment facilities are needed. Epidemiologic studies can also be used to ascertain the natural history, clinical course, and pathogenesis of disease.
Communicating Epidemiologic Information
Authors: Remington Patrick L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although epidemiologic research has profound public health and policy implications, its meaning must be communicated effectively to a wide variety of technical and nontechnical audiences. Epidemiology courses and texts teach important research skills, but few provide the practical skills needed to communicate to a diverse public. The data may speak for themselves, but epidemiologists can translate what they say for practitioners of public health and clinical medicine.
Collateral Circulation of the Heart
Authors: Schaper Wolfgang , Piek Jan J , Munoz-Chapuli Ramon , Wolf Claudia , Ito Wulf 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the process of cardiac angiogenesis and neoarteriogenesis in response to coronary artery disease and to discuss the role of growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and circulating angiogenic cells. IL is clearly desirable to understand the extent of spontaneous collateral development to appreciate changes induced by exogenous growth factor application or gene therapy. Thus this chapter will build on presentation of animal models discussed in Chapter 10 and will lay the foundation for subsequent discussions of therapeutic angiogenesis in Chapters 13 and 14.
Coronary Microcirculation and Angiogenesis
Authors: Sellke Frank W , Harrison David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Because of its obvious importance in terms of delivery of blood and nutrients to the myocardium, there has been a long-standing interest in properties of the resistance circulation of the heart. Prior to the midl 980s, due to technical limitations, it was difficult to directly study coronary microvessels either in situ or in vitro. Traditionally, therefore, studies of the coronary microcirculation had been limited to indirect assessments using measurements of coronary flow and calculations of coronary resistance. While these provided a great deal of insight into the properties of the intact coronary circulation, significantly more has been learned in the last 10 years as new approaches have been developed for direct study of coronary microvessels. Further, methods have recently been developed for study of the coronary circulation in humans which have increased our understanding of coronary pathology.
False Arguments for Protection
Authors: Krauss Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Protectionists cannot take from the many to give to the few without the active complicity of government. Only government has the power to redistribute income from domestic consumers to domestic producers by restricting imports. Only government has the power to tax the general public to subside special interests.
Sometimes, protectionists and government collude in secret to accomplish their objectives. But they often operate in the open-not only in full public view but sometimes even with the public’s willful compliance.
Agreements, Contracts, and Control
Authors: Davis Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The building contract is a map of one of the most fundamental relationships in the building culture: that between the builder and the client. A modern building contract formalizes that relationship by precisely specifying the building. Even for small buildings, contracts can be extensive, with many pages of general conditions and agreements, dozens of sheets of drawings, and a sheaf of specifications. Historically, such contracts were much shorter and often verbal. This difference is indicative of fundamental changes in building cultures over time: changes in shared understandings and in the nature of control over the building operation. The more explicit contract is necessary in order to enforce centralized control over the building’s construction, in a situation in which shared cultural understandings and informal social sanctions are not strong enough to guide construction.
The Evolving Story of Justice in Federal Research Policy
Authors: McCarthy Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to describe the diverse meanings and applications of justice as it has come to be understood and implemented in federal policies pertaining to human subjects who participate in biomedical research. However, even after 30 years of public efforts to create a framework of laws, regulations, and guidelines to protect the rights and welfare of research subjects, the role that justice plays, or should play, in research policy is far from clear. The term “justice” as applied to human subjects was discussed in The Belmont Report, issued in 1979.1 But, in other public policy documents and proceedings concerning human subjects research, this term has rarely been used. Meanings of justice that can be discerned in public policy are varied and individually incomplete.
Race, Justice, and Research
Authors: King Patricia A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Race is an elusive and ambiguous concept that has played a prominent role in biomedicine and research. Historically, the concept has been used as an explanation of human differences in ways that subordinated and oppressed African-Americans.1 This chapter focuses on the concept of race in connection with the experiences of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to African slaves. Other racial and ethnic groups have separate and distinct experiences with American medicine.2 The major theoretical issue has been whether race is a biological or a socially constructed concept. The biological concept has not been substantiated.
The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brennan’s book surveys the history of the Roman praetorship, which was one of the most enduring Roman political institutions, occupying the practical center of Roman Republican administrative life for over three centuries. The study addresses political, social, military and legal history, as well as Roman religion. Volume I begins with a survey of Roman (and modern) views on the development of legitimate power--from the kings, through the early chief magistrates, and down through the creation and early years of the praetorship. Volume II discusses how the introduction in 122 of C. Gracchus’ provincia repetundarum pushed the old city-state system to its functional limits.
The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brennan’s book surveys the history of the Roman praetorship, which was one of the most enduring Roman political institutions, occupying the practical center of Roman Republican administrative life for over three centuries. The study addresses political, social, military and legal history, as well as Roman religion. Volume I begins with a survey of Roman (and modern) views on the development of legitimate power—from the kings, through the early chief magistrates, and down through the creation and early years of the praetorship. Volume II discusses how the introduction in 122 of C. Gracchus’ provincia repetundarum pushed the old city-state system to its functional limits.
Cultural and Ethical Relativism
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A long-standing debate surrounds the question whether ethics are relative to time and place. One side argues that there is no obvious source of a universal morality and that ethical rightness and wrongness are products of their cultural and historical setting. Opponents claim that even if a universal set of ethical norms has not yet been articulated or agreed upon, ethical relativism is a pernicious doctrine that must be rejected. The first group replies that the search for universal ethical precepts is a quest for the Holy Grail. The second group responds with the telling charge: If ethics were relative to time, place, and culture, then what the Nazis did was “right” for them, and there is no basis for moral criticism by anyone outside the Nazi society.
Death and Birth
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Every culture has customs, norms, rituals, and ethical requirements and prohibitions surrounding death. Practices that would be considered routine or morally neutral in one society or group may be prohibited in another. Autopsy is one example. Although family members in the United States sometimes refuse to consent to a physician’s request to perform an autopsy, no cultural stigma surrounds this practice. In Orthodox Jewish medical ethics, however, autopsy is strictly forbidden, and in Japan it is considered a violation of the taboo against violence to the body, which causes imbalance. As the criteria for determining death have shifted over the past 30 years from cessation of heart and lung activity to the cessation of brain waves, the very concept of death has been scrutinized and debated. Nevertheless, brain death as a criterion remains unacceptable to some, both within societies and cross-culturally.
Faces of Inequality
Authors: Hero Rodney E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The distinctive thesis of Faces of Inequality is that a state’s racial and ethnic composition, as much as any other factor, shapes its political processes and policies. To understand state politics, therefore, we must consider them from the perspective of social diversity. Scholars have broadly acknowledged that racial and ethnic diversity are central to American political history, but Rodney E. Hero is the first to posit and systematically examine this diversity as essential to our understanding of contemporary American politics. In these pages, Hero regards race/ethnicity as an American “dilemma” whose importance transcends state boundaries, yet whose impact upon U.S. politics varies widely. He classifies states’ social diversity patterns as homogenous, heterogeneous, or bifurcated, and demonstrates how these patterns influence political tendencies. Social diversity, he finds, is strongly related not only to political processes, but also to specific policies and outcomes, such as educational policies, incarceration rates, and infant mortality. Hero’s interpretation provides a new way of looking at state politics, one that causes us to broadly rethink U.S. politics from the standpoint of social diversity. A bold interpretation of the American political experience (especially at the state level) that is as challenging as it is timely, Faces of Inequality will be of interest to all students of race and politics in contemporary America.
Social Diversity and Political Institutions, Political Processes, and Attitudes
Authors: Hero Rodney E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Political processes and political institutions in the states encompass a number of activities. Most commonly these include processes associated with voting, levels of voter participation, the nature and impact of political parties and party systems, and interest groups. This chapter considers an array of such issues from the standpoint of the social diversity interpretation. Matters such as political participation and parties are often considered part of state processes.1 But they can also be thought of more specifically as political institutions or organizations because each of these processes has a set or rules, structures, and mechanisms that are important rules of the game in state politics. Their significance as such is commonly understood at a general level, but it is not always incorporated into thinking about and studies of state politics. Yet theoretical leverage may be gained by thinking about such processes as institutions or organizations because the processes may reflect and/or institutionalize certain factors or social forces, including social diversity.
Diagnostic Histopathology of the Lymph Node
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a comprehensive text and atlas of lymph node pathology. It is intended primarily for pathologists, pathologists-in-training, and fellows in hematologic pathology, but may be of interest to hematologists and medical oncologists. The classic approach to biopsy interpretation, including histopathology and clinical features, has been integrated with the newer immunophenotypic and molecular biologic techniques. There are over 350 colour photographs integrated into the text.