bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking and Polymorphisms of the Interleukin‐1 Gene Cluster (IL‐1β, IL‐1α, and IL‐1RN) in Patients with Periodontal Disease
Authors: Meisel P , Siegemund Annett , Dombrowa Sylke , Sawaf H , Fanghaenel Jutta , Kocher Th 
Published: February 2005

Background: Polymorphisms within the interleukin‐1 cluster are known to be associated with adult periodontal disease. However, interactions of genetic with other risk factors, especially smoking, remain questionable. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to evaluate the genetic influence on periodontal variables in relation to environmental factors.Methods: One‐hundred fifty‐four (154) Caucasian subjects were clinically and radiographically assessed for their periodontal status, their smoking history recorded, and their allelic pattern of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐1RN polymorphisms determined by genotyping.Results: In assessing periodontitis with mean probing depth, mean attachment loss, or mean bone loss, no differences were found in allele frequencies or combined allotypes between subjects with mild or moderate versus those with severe signs of periodontitis. However, the extent of attachment loss defined as percentage of sites >4 mm was signifi‐cantly associated with the composite genotype of IL‐1α/1β in smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 4.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03 to 16.70; P = 0.02). No differences were found in genotype negative subjects irrespective of their smoking status. They had nearly identical attachment loss as genotype positive non‐smokers. Similar non‐significant results were found with respect to extent of bone loss. An increased risk of more extended attachment loss was observed also in individuals carrying mutations of the combined genotype IL‐1α/IL‐1RN, again showing enhanced risk only in genotype‐positive and smoking subjects.Conclusions: The results provide evidence that the composite genotypes studied show interaction with smoking, the main exposition‐related risk factor of periodontal disease. Non‐smoking subjects are not at increased risk, even if they are genotype‐positive. J Periodontol 2002;73:27‐32.
Clinical Response to 2 Different Therapeutic Regimens to Treat Peri‐Implant Mucositis
Authors: Porras Roberto , Anderson Gissela B. , Caffesse Raul , Narendran Sena , Trejo Pedro M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Maintenance of implants is imperative, since implants, like teeth, are susceptible to bacterial plaque accumulation and calculus formation, and thus at risk of developing peri‐implant mucositis or peri‐implantitis.Methods: This study determined the clinical effects of chlorhexidine treatment on peri‐implant mucositis at 1 and 3 months as determined by the modified plaque index, the modified sulcus bleeding index, clinical attachment level, and probing depth. Through DNA probes, the effect of chlorhexidine on the microbial flora of mucositic lesions was also evaluated. The population consisted of 16 adult male and female subjects (ages 34 to 76). After the baseline examination, the subjects received a dental prophylaxis and were randomly assigned to the test or control group. Subjects in the test group received antiseptic therapy (Treatment 1), which included mechanical cleansing and oral hygiene instructions supplemented by the local irrigation with chlorhexidine 0.12%, using a plastic syringe, and the topical application of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gel. The subjects in the control group received only mechanical cleansing and oral hygiene instructions (Treatment 2).Results: Both modalities of treatment were effective in reducing peri‐implant mucositis and probing depths, and improving attachment levels. The trends suggested that mechanical cleansing alone may be sufficient to treat and reduce peri‐implant mucositis at 1 and 3 months after treatment. The addition of chlorhexidine to mechanical debridement did not enhance the results as compared to mechanical debridement alone.Conclusions: Mechanical debridement as well as mechanical debridement supplemented with chlorhexidine can be beneficial to patients with peri‐implant mucositis. Both treatments resulted in a reduction of plaque, inflammation, and probing depth, as well as a gain in clinical attachment level, and are effective in suppressing or eradicating the pathogenic bacteria often associated with peri‐implant inflammation. J Periodontol 2002;73:1118‐1125.
Effects of Simvastatin Gels on Murine Calvarial Bone
Authors: Thylin Michael R. , McConnell Jay C. , Schmid Marian J. , Reckling Ryon R. , Ojha Junu , Bhattacharyya Indraneel , Marx David B. , Reinhardt Richard A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The cholesterol‐lowering drug simvastatin has been shown to stimulate murine calvarial bone growth after multiple injections. The purpose of this study was to test if similar bone stimulation could be induced by 2 single‐dose drug delivery systems appropriate to periodontal therapy.Methods: ICR Swiss mice were treated with the following protocols: 1) injection of methylcellulose gel alone, subcutaneously over the calvarium (INJ‐GEL; n = 8); 2) injection of gel with simvastatin (INJ‐SIM; 2.2 mg, n = 16); 3) polylactide membrane (PLA) containing gel alone implanted over calvarium (MEM‐GEL; n = 10); 4) implanted PLA membrane containing gel and simvastatin (MEM‐SIM; n = 10); and 5) untreated mice (n = 12). Animals were sacrificed after 22 or 44 days, calvaria decalcified and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and images digitized and measured for bone thickness and area. Data were compared using analysis of variance.Results: INJ‐SIM stimulated a 53% (P = 0.02) increase at the thickest point of calvarial bone, while MEM‐SIM caused a highly significant (P ≤0.0005) increase in bone thickness (159% to 172%) and bone area (144% to 180%) compared to gel controls. Simvastatin gels caused soft tissue inflammation, which appeared to be related to bone increases. If INJ‐SIM animals showing leakage of gel and/or no inflammation were excluded from analysis, INJ‐SIM resulted in more bone (58% to 83%) than gel controls. An insignificant amount of SIM‐stimulated bone was lost over the long term (44 days).Conclusions: A single, high dose of simvastatin gel can stimulate murine cranial bone apposition, particularly when delivered under an occlusive membrane. Both approaches should be investigated further for possible development for periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 2002;73:1141‐1148.
Subpedicle Acellular Dermal Matrix Graft and Autogenous Connective Tissue Graft in the Treatment of Gingival Recessions: A Comparative 1‐Year Clinical Study
Authors: Paolantonio Michele , Dolci Marco , Esposito Paola , D'Archivio Domenico , Lisanti Luca , Di Luccio Alfonso , Perinetti Giuseppe 
Published: February 2005

Background: Many surgical techniques have been proposed for the correction of dental root exposition. Among these, bilaminar techniques (BTs) have been reported as offering the best results in terms of root coverage (RC). However, BTs require a second surgical site to harvest the graft, with discomfort for the patient. The use of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) avoids the need for a donor site. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical results of 2 BTs by autogenous connective tissue (CT) or ADM.Methods: In 30 systemically healthy, non‐smoking patients aged 34.5 ± 5.2 years, who showed no periodontal pockets >4 mm after a hygienic phase, a Miller's class I or II gingival recession was treated for root coverage. All patients underwent a BT: in 15 patients, an autogenous connective tissue graft was employed (CT group); in the other 15 subjects, ADM was used as a subepithelial graft (ADM group). Prior to and 1 year after surgical treatment, the following clinical parameters were recorded: gingival recession (GR), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), width of keratinized tissue (KT), and gingival thickness (GT); the percentage of RC (%RC) was also calculated, and the data were statistically analyzed. The number of weeks needed to obtain complete healing with mature tissue appearance was also recorded.Results: Both groups yielded significant improvements in terms of GR decrease, CAL and KT gain, and GT increase as compared to baseline values. The mean %RCs were 88.80 ± 11.65% and 83.33 ± 11.40% in the CT and ADM groups, respectively. Complete RC was observed in 46.6% of patients from the CT group, and 26.6% of the ADM group patients. No significant differences were observed between the two techniques for GR, CAL, and GT improvements; however, the CT group produced a significantly (P <0.01) greater increase in KT as compared to the ADM group. Complete healing of the surgical procedure was observed 6.20 ± 1.01 and 8.93 ± 1.33 weeks after suture removal in the CT and ADM groups, respectively (P <0.001).Conclusions: The CT and ADM subepithelial grafts were similarly able to successfully treat gingival recession defects; however, the CT group obtained a significantly greater increase in KT, and showed a quicker complete healing. J Periodontol 2002;73:1299‐1307.
Expression and Activity of Hyaluronidase in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts
Authors: Ohno Shigeru , Ijuin Chise , Doi Takeyoshi , Yoneno Kiyoshi , Tanne Kazuo 
Published: February 2005

Background: Hyaluronan is a major component of the extracellular matrix of periodontal ligament (PDL) contributing to the structural and functional integrity. Hyaluronans contribute to the buffering effect of the PDL during chewing, and they are also important in inflammation and wound healing. Hyaluronan is known to be synthesized and turned over by the resident PDL cells, although the mechanisms of hyaluronan metabolism still remain unclear. Hyaluronidase (HAase), an endoglycosidase, degrades hyaluronan into small fragments. Currently, 3 human HAases, HYAL1, HYAL2, and PH‐20, have been identified and well characterized.Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the expression and activity of these HAases in cultured human PDL fibroblasts and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in hyaluronan metabolism under normal and inflammatory conditions. Human PDL fibroblasts derived from the periodontium of 3 premolars were cultured with or without interleukin (IL)‐1β (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α (1 to 100 ng/ml) for 0 to 48 hours. The expression of HAase mRNA was assessed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and quantitative real‐time PCR, and the enzymatic activity was examined using hyaluronan zymography.Results: PDL fibroblasts expressed HYAL1 and HYAL2 mRNAs, but not PH‐20 mRNA. The expression of HYAL1 mRNA was enhanced by about 3.5‐ and 3.7‐fold at maximum after 1‐hour stimulation with 1 ng/ml IL‐1β and after 3‐hour stimulation with 10 ng/ml TNF‐α, respectively. The expression of HYAL2 and PH‐20 mRNAs was not affected by stimulation with cytokines. HAase activity was detected in conditioned medium from PDL fibroblast cultures, and the activity was enhanced by treatment with 10 ng/ml TNF‐α.Conclusion: These results suggest that PDL fibroblasts express HAases and generate HAase activity essential for extracellular hyaluronan metabolism under physiological and inflammatory conditions. J Periodontol 2002;73:1331‐1337.
A 3‐Year Longitudinal Evaluation of Subpedicle Free Connective Tissue Graft for Gingival Recession Coverage
Authors: Lee Yong‐Moo , Kim Jin Y. , Seol Yang‐Jo , Lee Young‐Kyu , Ku Young , Rhyu In‐Chul , Han Soo‐Boo , Choi Sang‐Mook , Chung Chong‐Pyoung 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this study was to longitudinally evaluate, over a 3‐year period, the reduction of gingival recession through use of a subepithelial free connective tissue graft placed under a coronally advanced partial‐thickness pedicle flap.Methods: Twenty‐one buccal recession defects (mean 3.67 mm; range 3 to 4.5 mm; Miller Class I, II, and III) in 15 patients were treated using this technique. Amount of gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and width of keratinized gingiva (WKG) were followed for 3 years after surgery. The measurements were performed at presurgery, and 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months postsurgery.Results: GR decreased from 3.67 ± 0.58 mm at baseline to 0.33 ± 0.43 mm at 36 months, representing a reduction of 3.33 mm, corresponding to 91.28% mean root coverage. CAL was significantly decreased at 36 months from 5.26 ± 0.77 mm to 2.14 ± 0.57 mm. At 36 months, 3.12 mm of attachment gain was obtained. WKG significantly increased after 36 months (1.95 mm). GR, CAL, and WKG had the most positive outcomes at 12 months and were maintained at stable levels throughout the 36‐month observation period.Conclusions: These results indicate that the connective tissue graft with a partial thickness coronal advancement pedicle is a predictable method for root coverage and, provided that optimal maintenance care is provided, the clinical outcomes gained by this technique can be well maintained. J Periodontol 2002;73:1412‐1418.
Pyostomatitis Vegetans as an Early Sign of Reactivation of Crohn's Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Ayangco Lilibeth , Rogers Roy S. , Sheridan Phillip J. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The structures and lining of the oral cavity are an accessible mirror reflecting the health of an individual. They may play an important role in detecting and monitoring systemic diseases. Certain conditions that primarily affect other regions of the body may cause signs and symptoms in the mouth, either as the initial presenting symptom or in conjunction with other systemic manifestations.Methods: Pyostomatitis vegetans, which occurred in a patient with a history of Crohn's disease, was diagnosed as an early sign of disease reactivation.Results: The patient was treated with a topical fluorinated corticosteroid gel, which led to the improvement of the oral lesions. However, the oral lesions continued to recur over a period of several months until the underlying inflammatory bowel disease came under control.Conclusions: This report emphasizes the relationship of pyostomatitis vegetans to inflammatory bowel disease and the importance of the oral lesions as initial presenting signs of systemic disease or activity. J Periodontol 2002;73:1512‐1516.
Histological Evaluation of 4 Cases of Root Coverage Following a Connective Tissue Graft Combined With an Enamel Matrix Derivative Preparation
Authors: Carnio João , Camargo Paulo M. , Kenney E. Barrie , Schenk Robert K. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this report was to evaluate the histological characteristics of 4 clinically successful root coverage procedures performed with a combination of a connective tissue (CT) graft and an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) preparation.Methods: Four maxillary teeth (3 canines and 1 first premolar) that presented with mucogingival problems and Miller's Class II and III gingival recession were evaluated in the study. Surgical therapy for root coverage consisted of autogenous CT grafts combined with the topical application of EMD. Following healing, treated teeth were extracted with a portion of their buccal attachment apparatus. Two teeth were extracted at 6 months and 2 teeth at 1 year postoperatively. Specimens were prepared for histology and analyzed by light microscopy.Results: All treated teeth presented with clinical signs of successful root coverage. Histological observations of the 4 specimens revealed similar findings. The junctional epithelium was≤2 mm long. Apical to the junctional epithelium, dense CT fibers were found in close proximity to the root surface, but in general, no insertion of these fibers into the root was observed. In one 6‐month specimen, formation of new cementum and new bone was observed in the most apical end of the grafted area.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that a combination of CT grafts and EMD results mainly in an adhesion between the CT and root surface. Some periodontal regeneration may occur in some regions. The development of a long junctional epithelium was not observed with this combined therapy for the treatment of gingival recession. J Periodontol 2002;73:1534‐1543.
Cytokine Regulation of Gingival Fibroblast Lysyl Oxidase, Collagen, and Elastin
Authors: Hong Hsiang‐Hsi , Trackman Philip C. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Systemic therapy with cyclosporin A, phenytoin, and nifedipine modulates cytokine levels in human gingival tissues. Functional relationships between altered cytokine levels and gingival extracellular matrix production are partially characterized. The present study investigates in cultured human gingival fibroblasts the regulation of lysyl oxidase, α‐1 type I collagen, and elastin by selected cytokines that are elevated in drug‐induced gingival overgrowth tissues.Methods: Normal human gingival fibroblasts were cultured and then treated with selected cytokines: interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF‐2). Cells were harvested at intervals, and changes in lysyl oxidase enzyme activity, and in mRNA levels of lysyl oxidase, α‐1 type I collagen, and elastin were determined.Results: bFGF reproducibly and significantly decreased human gingival fibroblast lysyl oxidase and α‐1 type I collagen mRNA levels in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner; 1 nM bFGF reduced lysyl oxidase and collagen mRNA levels to 53% and to less than 10% of control after 48 hours of treatment. Interestingly, bFGF downregulated lysyl oxidase enzyme activity by 10% to 20%. IL‐1, IL‐6, and PDGF‐BB did not significantly regulate lysyl oxidase enzyme activity, or α‐1 type I collagen, elastin, and lysyl oxidase mRNA levels under the conditions tested.Conclusions: Previous studies have shown that modulated levels of bFGF occur in gingiva as a result of certain pharmacologic therapies. The present study suggests that modulated levels of bFGF likely influence gingival connective tissue metabolism. J Periodontol 2002;73:145‐152.
Evaluation of Pluronic Polyols as Carriers for Grafting Materials: Study in Rat Calvaria Defects
Authors: Fowler Edward B. , Cuenin Michael F. , Hokett Steven D. , Peacock Mark E. , McPherson James C. , Dirksen Thomas R. , Sharawy Mohamed , Billman Michael A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Pluronic polyols are a family of non‐ionic surfactants currently used as drug carriers for antibiotic, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐neoplastic agents. Therapeutic administration of non‐ionic surface‐active agents is known to facilitate early collagen synthesis and microcirculation, thus promoting wound healing. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo effects of pluronic polyols combined with either an allograft or an alloplast on the healing of critical‐sized calvarial defects.Methods: One hundred fifty (150) adult (95 to 105 days old) male Sprague‐Dawley rats weighing between 375 and 425 g were randomly and evenly assigned to each of 15 separate treatment groups and anesthetized, and 8 mm calvarial critical‐sized defects were created. Pluronic F‐68 (F‐68) or pluronic F‐127 (F‐127) was administered either topically or systemically and in conjuction with demineralized bone powder (DBP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), or non‐grafted controls. Pluronic polyols are easily mixed with either DBP or TCP to improve handling ease. Calvaria were harvested at 12 weeks postsurgery and evaluated histomorphometrically, by contact radiography with subsequent densitometric analysis, through energy spectrometry utilizing a scanning electron microscope, and by fluorescent microscopy.Results: There was a significant difference in the percentage of bone fill among the control, TCP, and DBP only groups, P <0.05. The only significant difference within any of these groups was between the TCP control and TCP plus systemic F‐127, P <0.05.Conclusions: Although there were isolated differences, the overall trend was that the pluronic polyol and the mode of administration did not result in a significant change in bone wound healing as measured by the percentage of bone fill. Pluronic polyols may be considered as carriers for osseous graft materials. J Periodontol 2002;73:191‐197.
Distraction Osteogenesis and Histogenesis in Beagle Dogs: The Effect Gradual Mandibular Osteodistraction on Bone and Gingiva
Authors: Cope Jason B. , Samchukov Mikhail L. , Muirhead David E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: No study has systematically evaluated the effect of distraction osteogenesis on the gingival tissues. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze the newly formed bone and gingiva during the consolidation period of mandibular osteodistraction using standard histologic techniques.Methods: Seventeen skeletally mature male beagle dogs underwent 10 mm of bilateral interdental mandibular lengthening. After distraction, the regenerates were allowed to consolidate for 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks, then the animals were sacrificed and tissues harvested for analysis.Results: Mineralization began at the host bone margins at the end of the distraction period, followed by a progressive increase in bone surface area, with a concomitant decrease in fibrous tissue. The gingiva initially underwent mild inflammatory and reactive changes during distraction and during the first few weeks of consolidation. The rate of bone formation gradually increased from the end of distraction to the fourth week of consolidation, at which time it remained constant until sometime before the eighth week, when it tapered off slightly as remodeling began. From the second through the eighth week of consolidation, regenerative changes and neohistogenesis were seen in the gingival tissues.Conclusions: Osteodistraction has the potential to drastically decrease the total treatment time for alveolar bone augmentation prior to dentoalveolar implant placement since the regenerate bone rapidly mineralizes within approximately 8 to 10 weeks after the distraction period and the gingiva responds favorably to increased length by regeneration rather than by degeneration. Although the results appear favorable, similar data should be evaluated in human clinical trials. J Periodontol 2002:73:271‐282.
Endoscopic Visualization of the Submarginal Gingiva Dental Sulcus and Tooth Root Surfaces
Authors: Stambaugh Roger V. , Myers Gayle , Ebling Wendell , Beckman Bruce , Stambaugh Kathleen 
Published: February 2005

Background: Direct, real‐time visualization of the hard and soft tissues within the gingival sulcus may aid the clinician in diagnosis and therapy of periodontal disease. This report describes an endoscope specifically designed for this purpose and the interpretation of dental endoscopic images.Methods: Medical endoscope technology was modified for application in the dental environment. A fixed, fused fiber optic bundle, less than 1 millimeter in diameter, was coupled to an active matrix LCD‐TFT flat panel video monitor for viewing by the clinician. A bilumen sheath was designed to provide irrigation of the sulcus and a sterile barrier between the patient and the fiber bundle. Standard dental curets and ultrasonic scalers were adapted for instrumentation aided by the endoscope.Results: Endoscope technology has been successfully adapted for use in periodontal diagnosis and therapy. Techniques for identification and interpretation of the hard and soft tissue images, as well as the location of root deposits and caries, have been developed.Conclusions: The dental endoscope gives the clinician direct, real‐time visualization and magnification of the subgingival tooth root surface, aiding in the location of deposits on the tooth root. The subgingival soft tissue, including the gingival attachment, sulcus wall, and sulcus contents, can be assessed. Identification and location of subgingival caries, root fractures, tooth root deposits, post perforations, and open restoration margins may aid the clinician in diagnosis and therapy. J Periodontol 2002;73:374‐382.