bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between oral habits and signs/symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in Flemish adolescent girls
Authors: DE LAAT A. , SOONTJENS N. 
Published: March 2003

The influence of oral habits on the development of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and pain is unclear. The prevalence and nature of such oral habits may also vary geographically. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of parafunctions in Flemish adolescent girls and to study the interrelationship with TMD. A group of 261 school girls (15–16 years of age) participated. A questionnaire used in a similar study (Gavish et al., 2000) was translated and inquired for oral habits (chewing of gum, nails or foreign objects, eating of seeds, crushing of ice or food, continuous leaning on the arm, daytime or night‐time grinding or clenching, jaw play, unilateral chewing) and TMD symptoms (joint noises, catching or locking, joint or muscle pain, tension or fatigue in the muscles). A brief clinical examination was performed by a single examiner: active and passive maximal mouth opening, presence of joint sounds, palpation tenderness of the lateral poles of the joints and of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles, extent of abrasion of the canines, tongue or cheek imprints. Statistical evaluation used Spearman correlation, chi‐squared analysis and multiple regression analysis. The intra‐examiner reproducibility was moderate to high (κ 0·6–0·8 – Spearman Correlation 0·99 for maximal mouth opening). The frequency of reported oral habits was high: leaning on the arm (98%), gum chewing (89%, mean duration 3 h day−1), lip‐ (62·1%) and cheek‐biting (41%), ice‐crushing (30%). There was a significant (P < 0·0001) but weak (0·30) positive correlation between the number of oral habits and the number of symptoms. Internal derangements were significantly (P < 0·0001) but weakly (0·25) correlated with jaw play and other oral habits. There was no relation between tooth clenching and myogenous pain (χ2, P=0·31, but only 27% power). Multiple regression analysis showed that the number of symptoms increased by 52% if the subject reported ‘jaw play’, by 24% if chewing gum more than 2 h day−1, by 28% while cheek biting and by 25% if chewing unilaterally.
Local application of morphine inhibits intra‐dental nociceptor responses to mustard oil but not to hydrodynamic stimulation of dentine
Authors: NÄRHI M. 
Published: March 2003

Mustard oil (MO) has been used to induce inflammation and nociceptor activation in various tissues. It has been proposed to selectively activate small afferent fibres but more detailed knowledge on the functional characteristics and activation mechanisms of the responding neurones seems to be limited. In the present study we recorded intra‐dental nerve responses to hydrodynamic dentinal stimulation and MO. Also, the effect of local application of morphine on the induced nerve responses was studied.The experiments were performed on six beagle dogs (three female and three male, 1–2 years old, 9·5–12·5 kg). They were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone (35 mg kg−1). The inferior alveolar nerve of the left side was exposed for nerve dissection and recording. The intradental nerve fibres were identified by monopolar electrical stimulation of the canine tooth crown. Dentine was exposed at the tip of the test tooth and the responses of the nerve fibres to drilling, probing and air blasts were tested. The test cavity was then drilled deep close to the pulp until 1·5 m NaCl induced nerve firing. After that MO was applied in the cavity. In six other canine teeth nerve activity was recorded from cavities drilled in dentine in the midcrown and the cervical area. The same stimuli were applied in the stimulation cavity as in the single fibre recordings.Seven single intra‐dental nerve fibres responding to drilling, probing and air blasts were recorded. Mustard oil induced long lasting firing of action potentials in all seven afferents with a latency of 5–10 min. In the dentine recordings nerve responses to MO were completely abolished by pre‐treatment of the stimulation cavity with morphine (20 mg mL−1) for 15 min but the responses to hydrodynamic stimulation and 2·5 m NaCl were unaffected. Further, in four teeth naloxone (7·5 mg mL−1) was applied in the cavity for 10 min and after that the responses to MO recovered. The present results indicate that the same intra‐dental nerve fibres are activated by hydrodynamic stimulation and MO. However, the mechanism of activation induced by MO seems to be different from other stimuli and sensitive to opioids.
Selective sleep deprivation after daily torpor in the Djungarian hamster
Authors: Palchykova Svitlana , Deboer Tom , Tobler Irene 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYSleep, daily torpor and hibernation are no longer considered homologous processes. Animals emerging from these states spend most of their time in sleep. After termination of the torpor‐associated hypothermia, there is an initial high electroenecephalogram (EEG) slow‐wave activity (SWA; 0.75–4.0 Hz) and a subsequent monotonic decline. Both of these features are similar to the effects elicited by prolonged waking. It was previously shown that when hamsters are not allowed to sleep immediately after emerging from torpor, an additional SWA increase above the level reached after sleep deprivation (SD) alone occurs during the delayed recovery. A similar manipulation in hibernating ground squirrels abolished the subsequent SWA increase, shedding doubt on the similarity of the regulatory aspects following torpor and hibernation. To further investigate the extent to which SWA is homeostatically regulated after torpor, Djungarian hamsters were subjected to 1.5 h partial non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep deprivation (NSD) that either immediately followed the emergence from torpor (T + NSD) or 4‐h SD (SD + NSD). The NSD was attained by disturbing the animals when they exhibited NREM sleep with high amplitude slow‐waves. To investigate whether regional aspects of sleep homeostasis are similar after torpor and SD, the EEG was recorded from a parietal and frontal derivation after 4‐h SD. An increase in SWA in NREM sleep occurred after all conditions in both EEG derivations. There was no significant difference in SWA during the initial 1.5‐h recovery when torpor, T + NSD and SD + NSD were compared. During recovery from torpor and SD, SWA was higher in the frontal than in the parietal derivation. Our results provide further evidence that torpor and SD have similar effects on sleep. The SWA increase did not disappear after the NSD; therefore, SWA is homeostatically regulated after daily torpor. The frontal predominance of slow waves encountered both after torpor and SD indicates that waking and torpor induce similar regional changes in EEG SWA.
Elimination of doxepin isomers from the horse following intravenous application
Authors: Hagedorn H.‐W. , Meiser H. , Zankl H. , Schulz R. 
Published: March 2003

Hagedorn, H.‐W., Meiser, H., Zankl, H., Schulz, R. Elimination of doxepin isomers from the horse following intravenous application. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.24, 283–289.The tricyclic antidepressant doxepin, representing a 5:1 mixture of trans‐ and cis‐isomers, owns tranquilizing properties. This compound has been associated with illicit medication of racing horses, and therefore should be considered in doping control. Because analysis of doxepin in equine body fluids has not been documented in the literature, a highly sensitive analytical method was developed to individually monitor the doxepin isomers in blood and urine of horses by the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Following a dose of 1 mg doxepin‐HCl/kg intravenously (i.v.), both the isomers were quantified for up to 24 h in serum of horses (n=4). The β‐half‐lives of the trans‐ and cis‐isomers were 3.5 and 3.1 h, respectively. The ratio of the trans/cis‐isomers was found to be constant (4.7:1) during drug elimination and thus corresponded to the original composition of the antidepressant. Up to 12 h following administration low trans‐isomer concentrations in an average range of 2–6 ng/mL were detected in urine of each of the horses, while the cis‐isomer was only present in two of four horses for up to 8 and 12 h, respectively. In serum, mean trans‐isomer concentrations exceeded urine levels maximally 120‐fold after 3 h and at least sixfold after 12 h. As serum exhibits considerably higher concentrations of the doxepin isomers as compared with urine, blood of horses is the recommended body fluid when screening for the antidepressant.
Tissue distribution and prevalence ofWolbachiainfections in tsetse flies,Glossinaspp.
Authors: Cheng Q. , Ruel T. D. , Zhou W. , Moloo S. K. , Majiwa P. , O'neill S. L. , Aksoy S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTsetse fliesGlossinaspp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) harbor three different symbiotic microorganisms, one being an intracellular Rickettsia of the genusWolbachia. This bacterium infects a wide range of arthropods, where it causes a variety of reproductive abnormalities, one of which is termed cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) that, when expressed, results in embryonic death due to disruptions in fertilization events. We report here that in colonized flies,Wolbachiainfections can be detected in 100% of sampled individuals, while infections vary significantly in field populations. Based onWolbachiaSurface Protein (wsp) gene sequence analysis, the infections associated with different fly species are all unique within the A group of theWolbachia pipientisclade. In addition to being present in germ‐line tissues,Wolbachiainfections have been found in somatic tissues of several insects. Using aWolbachia‐specific PCR‐based assay, the tissue tropism of infections inGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood, Glossina brevipalpisNewstead andGlossina austeniNewstead were analysed. While infections inG. m. morsitansandG. brevipalpiswere limited to reproductive tissues, inG. austeni,Wolbachiacould be detected in various somatic tissues.
Anopheles culicifacies Y‐chromosome dimorphism indicates sibling species (B and E) with different malaria vector potential in Sri Lanka
Authors: Surendran S. N. , Abhayawardana T. A. , De Silva B. G. D. N. K. , Ramasamy R. , Ramasamy M. S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn Sri Lanka, malaria is transmitted mainly by Anopheles culicifacies Giles sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae). In India, this nominal taxon comprises sibling species A, B, C, D and E, distinguished by their chromosome morphology. Species B (identified by polytene chromosome sequence Xab, 2g1 + h1) is not such an efficient vector of malaria as other members of the An. culicifacies complex in India. All specimens of An. culicifacies s.l. examined from Sri Lanka possess Xab, 2g1 + h1 polytenes, previously interpreted as species B, despite their important vector status. Recently, species E was described from Rameshwaram Island (Tamil Nadu, India) between Sri Lanka and the Indian mainland, where both species B and E are sympatric. Species B and E share polytene sequence Xab, 2g1 + h1 but differ by the mitotic Y‐chromosome being acrocentric in species B, submetacentric in species E, the latter implicated as vector of vivax malaria. From May 1999 to January 2000, we surveyed Y‐chromosomes of male progeny from An. culicifacies Xab, 2g1 + h1 females collected from cattle bait in diverse malarious districts of Sri Lanka: Badulla, Monaragala, Puttalam and Trincomalee. Karyotypes of readable quality were obtained from 42/83 families examined, with overall proportions 24% acrocentric and 76% submetacentric Y‐chromosome carriers, both types being sympatric in at least 3/4 localities sampled. By analogy with the situation on Rameshwaram Island, we interpret these observations to demonstrate widespread presence of two members of the An. culicifacies complex in Sri Lanka, their karyotypes being compatible with species B and E, the latter predominant and having greater vector potential.
Application of DNA markers to identify the individual‐specific hosts of tsetse feeding on cattle
Authors: Torr S. J. , Wilson P. J. , Schofield S. , Mangwiro T. N. C. , Akber S. , White B. N. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPrimer sets for five different ungulate loci were used to obtain individual microsatellite DNA profiles for 29 Mashona cattle from a herd in Zimbabwe. There were 3–13 alleles for each locus and, using the entire suite of five loci, each animal within the herd, including closely related individuals, could be unequivocally distinguished. Wild‐caught Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) were fed on specific cattle and the bloodmeal was profiled 0.5–72 h after feeding. The individual specific sources of the bloodmeals, including mixed meals produced by allowing tsetse to feed on two different cattle, were reliably identified up to 24 h after feeding. The technique was used in field studies of host selection by G. pallidipes and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) attracted to pairs of cattle. When the pair comprised an adult and a calf, 100% of meals were from the adult. For some pairs of adult cattle, tsetse were biased significantly towards feeding on one animal, whereas for other pairs there was no such bias. In general, feeding was greater on the animal known to have a lower rate of host defensive behaviour. Results suggest that relatively slight differences in the inherent defensive behaviour of cattle produce large differences in host‐specific feeding rates when the hosts are adjacent. For flies attracted to pairs of cattle, < 2% contained blood from both hosts. The DNA profiling technique will be useful in studying the epidemiology of vector‐borne diseases of livestock.
Clinical experience of medical students in primary care: use of an electronic log in monitoring experience and in guiding education in the Cambridge Community Based Clinical Course
Authors: Alderson  , Oswald  
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesThe amount of medical student teaching in the community has increased markedly recently, but uncertainties remain about whether there is sufficient clinical material to meet students’ learning needs and, if so, how best to monitor the experience and ensure that students are benefiting from it.DesignOn the Cambridge Community Based Clinical Course, a 15‐month attachment in primary care, the students used hand‐held computers to monitor their clinical experience as it developed.SettingThe General Practice and Primary Care Research Unit, Cambridge, UK.SubjectsMedical students.ResultsThirteen students recorded 8140 contacts over 4 years. Contacts recorded by students over 15 months varied between 256 and 1153. Eight specialities each contributed more than 5% of total experience. These were general medicine, 26·9% (range 23·8%–36·6%), obstetrics and gynaecology, 11·3% (range 7·2%–17·1%), orthopaedics and rheumatology, 11·3% (range 3·7%–15·2%), paediatrics, 10·7% (range 4·1%–19·8%), ENT, 7·4% (range 3·3%–10·2%), dermatology, 7·1% (range 4%–10·1%), psychiatry, 6·4% (range 5%–9·7%) and general surgery, 6·4% (range 1·1%–9·9%).ConclusionsThe results show that it is possible to get a broad and varied exposure to clinical problems on a long‐term community‐based course. However, as a consequence of the opportunistic way in which clinical experience is obtained on a community attachment, individual students often had gaps in their experience. The logs provided a means for identifying these gaps so that action could be taken to address them. The logs themselves proved to be a practical and feasible way to record student experience as it unfolded.
One year's experience with a clinical skills resource centre
Authors: Bradley Paul , Bligh John 
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesTo describe our experience of teaching clinical skills to first‐year medical students in a new problem‐based curriculum.DesignProspective evaluation of clinical skills acquisition using objective measures.SettingStudents were taught in a purpose‐designed clinical skills resource centre in weekly structured sessions.SubjectsAll 210 first year medical undergraduates in the first year of a new problem‐based and clinically oriented course.ResultsStudent performance in structured objective examinations improved over 1 year. In all but one of nine matched stations, involving history, examination and procedural skills, improvements were significant. Ninety‐three per cent thought that the appropriateness of the skills training course to other course elements was `good' or `very good'.ConclusionsFirst‐year medical students can learn a wide range of clinical skills. Integrated teaching of clinical skills improves satisfaction with undergraduate studies.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II polymorphism and paternity in the monogamousHypogeomys antimena, the endangered, largest endemic Malagasy rodent
Authors: Sommer S. , Tichy H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSequence variation at a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II gene was examined inHypogeomys antimena, a monogamous endemic rodent of Madagascar. The study was conducted throughout its remaining geographical range (20 × 40 km) by direct sequencing and single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The objectives of the study were: (i) to investigate levels of polymorphism in the MHC complex of a highly endangered species that experienced a severe reduction in population size; and (ii) to investigate the genetic mating system by assessing the frequency of extra‐pair paternity (EPP) as EPP might have important consequences to increase gene flow and, therefore, genetic variability within a population. The amplified gene segment had a very low variability (only two alleles) inH. antimenacompared with other mammalian species. The alleles segregated consistently with Mendelian expectations in families. No case of EPP was found. The present data suggest no difference between the social and the genetic mating system.
Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the Iowa Pleistocene snail
Authors: Ross T. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Iowa Pleistocene snail, Discus macclintocki, is an endangered species that survives only in relictual populations on algific (cold‐air) talus slopes in northeast Iowa and northwest Illinois in the central region of the USA. These populations are believed to have been isolated since the temperatures began to warm at the end of the last glacial period around 16 500 years ago. DNA sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene of the mitochondria was used to determine the genetic relationship among 10 populations and the genetic diversity within these populations. Genetic diversity is extremely high within this species with 40 haplotypes spread across the 10 populations sampled within a 4000 km2 region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that haplotypes formed monophyletic groups by the watershed on which they were found, suggesting that watersheds were important historical avenues of gene flow. Genetic distances were strongly related to the geographical distance among all populations, but this relationship was dependent on the scale being considered.
Differentiation between natural and cultivated populations of Medicago sativa (Leguminosae) from Spain: analysis with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and comparison to allozymes
Authors: Jenczewski Eric , Prosperi Jean Marie , Ronfort Joëlle 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe conservation of a crop’s wild relatives as genetic resources requires an understanding of the way genetic diversity is maintained in their populations, notably the effect of crop‐to‐wild gene flow. In this study, the amount of differentiation between natural and cultivated populations of Medicago sativa was analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and an extension of the amova procedure adapted to autotetraploid organisms. Simulations of structured populations were performed to test whether amova provides estimates of population structure in autotetraploids that can be directly compared to those obtained for allozyme data. Simulations showed that φ‐statistics allow a good estimation of population differentiation when unbiased allelic frequencies are used to correct the conditional expectations of squared genetic distances. But such unbiased estimates can not be practically guaranteed, and population structure is notably overestimated when some populations are fixed for the presence of amplified fragments. However, removing fixed loci from the data set improves the statistical power of the test for population structure. The genetic variation of 15 natural and six cultivated populations of M. sativa was analysed at 25 RAPD loci and compared to estimates computed with allozymes on the same set of populations. Although RAPD markers revealed less within‐population genetic diversity than allozymes, the quantitative and qualitative patterns of population structure were in full agreement with allozymes. This confirmed the conclusions drawn from the allozymic survey: crop‐to‐wild gene flow occurred in many locations, but some other mechanisms opposed cultivated traits to be maintained into natural populations.
Genetic variation within and among populations of the threatened lichenLobaria pulmonariain Switzerland and implications for its conservation
Authors: Zoller S. , Lutzoni F. , Scheidegger C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe foliose epiphytic lichenLobaria pulmonariahas suffered a significant decline in European lowlands during the last decades and therefore is considered as endangered throughout Europe. An assessment of the genetic variability is necessary to formulate biologically sound conservation recommendations for this species. We investigated the genetic diversity of the fungal symbiont ofL. pulmonariausing 143 specimens sampled from six populations (two small, one medium, three large) in the lowland, the Jura Mountains, the pre‐Alps and the Alps of Switzerland. Among all nuclear and mitochondrial regions sequenced for this study, variability was found only in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS I), with three polymorphic sites, and in the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), with four polymorphic sites. The variable sites in the nrLSU are all located within a putative spliceosomal intron. We sequenced these two regions for 81 specimens and detected six genotypes. Two genotypes were common, two were found only in the more diverse populations and two were found only in one population each. There was no correlation between population size and genetic diversity. The highest genetic diversity was found in populations where the fungal symbiont is reproducing sexually. Populations with low genetic diversity included only the two same common genotypes. Our study provides evidence suggesting thatL. pulmonariais self‐incompatible and heterothallic. Based on our results we give populations with sexually reproducing individuals a higher rank in terms of conservation priority than strictly asexual populations. The remaining lowland populations are so small, that one single catastrophic event such as a windthrow might destroy the entire population. Hence we suggest augmenting such populations in size and genetic diversity using small thallus fragments or vegetative diaspores collected in other populations. As we did not detect any locally adapted genotypes, these transplants can be taken from any other genetically diverse population in Switzerland.