bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of myocardial infarction
Authors: Adams M. R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Despite the rapid advances that have been made in the treatment of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction remains the major cause of death in the developed world and a growing problem for developing countries. To address this growing problem, a strategy aimed at prevention of events in high‐risk individuals is required. This involves assessment of cardiovascular risk followed by risk reduction. At present there is no perfect technique available for risk prediction, although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanning, along with serum markers of inflammation, offer the greatest potential. The applicability of these techniques at present is also limited by cost and accessibility. Risk reduction is possible through lifestyle changes and drug therapy, and effective risk assessment is essential in selecting those most likely to benefit from these interventions. (Intern Med J 2002; 32: 595−600)
Awnless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) response to hand weeding and 2,4‐D application at two growth stages under Mediterranean environment*
Authors: TURK MUNIR A. , TAWAHA ABDEL RAHMAN M. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTA field study was conducted to determine the response of two awnless barley genotypes (JF//Barsoy/Ri and VA 92‐42‐46) to hand weeding (practised monthly during the growing seasons) and 2,4‐D application at different growth stages during the rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000 at Houfa in northern Jordan. JF//Barsoy/Ri gave significantly higher grain yield than VA 92‐42‐46; 820 and 923 kg ha−1 during 1999 and 2000, respectively. Differences in weed number and fresh weight were significant among various treatments in both seasons. In both growing seasons, yield reductions occurred when 2,4‐D was applied to barley at the stage 11–18 of BBCH scale (leaves 1 to 8 unfolded) and the stage 22–28 (2–8 tillers detectable). Hand weeding proved the best weed control and was more effective than 2,4‐D applications.
Comparison of spontaneous with controlled mode of ventilation in tonsillectomy
Authors: Khan Fauzia A. , Memon Ghulam Asghar 
Published: March 2003

Methods: This randomized study compares spontaneous versus controlled ventilation in 60 ASA I and II patients undergoing tonsillectomy as regards haemodynamic stability, recovery characteristics, intra‐ and immediate postoperative complications and surgical impressions. Results: The patients in the balanced anaesthesia (B) group showed less haemodynamic variability compared to baseline after tracheal intubation, mouth gag application and removal and incision. Two patients had dysrhythmias in the B group compared to six in the spontaneous breathing (S) group. Six patients in the S group had a rise in endtidal carbon dioxide concentration above 7.8 kPa (60 mmHg). Recovery scores were higher in the B group at 10 and 20 min into recovery. The surgical impression of bleeding and jaw relaxation was similar with both groups. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and agitation was higher in the S group but did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions: Use of balanced anaesthesia offered more haemodynamic stability and a rapid recovery.
Delegation in paediatric anaesthesia: a postal survey
Authors: Lauder G R 
Published: March 2003

Background: We wished to determine a consensus view from UK paediatric anaesthetic consultants of what practical skills are safe and appropriate for an anaesthetic trainee to perform during an initial 3‐month module in paediatric anaesthesia. Methods: A postal survey was sent to all UK and Ireland members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists (APA). This questionnaire was designed to determine which tasks were delegated to trainee anaesthetists. Two hundred and four questionnaires were despatched, replies were received from 165 consultant anaesthetists (80% response rate). Results: More than 50% of the APA respondents would always or regularly allow an anaesthetic trainee in their first 3‐month module in paediatric anaesthesia to perform; an ilioinguinal block, a penile block and a caudal (but not in a neonate). Conclusions: Anaesthetic registrars undertaking an initial module in paediatric anaesthesia should learn basic airway management, ilioinguinal blocks, penile blocks and caudals (but not neonatal caudals).
Delivery characteristics of a combined nitric oxide nasal continuous positive airway pressure system
Authors: Lindwall R. , Frostell C.G. , Lönnqvist P.A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: Nitric oxide (NO), when inhaled, has a synergistic effect with airway recruitment strategies such as positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in improving oxygenation in lung injury. Methods: We modified a commercially available nasal CPAP (nCPAP) system to enable the concomitant delivery of inhaled NO (iNO) and nCPAP to neonates and term babies. Oxygen, NO and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were measured, comparing the effects of using 50 or 1000 parts per million (p.p.m.) NO stock gas cylinders. Results: Stable and accurate delivery of iNO was found for both stock gas concentrations. Using a 50 p.p.m. NO stock gas resulted in limited NO2 formation, with a maximum inspired NO2 concentration of ≤ 0.3 p.p.m. (dose range up to 37 p.p.m. iNO), which was interpreted as the result of progressive dilution with nitrogen. In contrast, using a 1000 p.p.m. NO stock gas cylinder, inspired NO2 levels increased nonlinearly as expected with an increasing inspired concentration of NO. Conclusions: Inhaled NO can be safely and reliably delivered by the system we describe. The NO2 levels generated by the system are low, at least up to a dose of 37 p.p.m. NO, regardless of a stock gas concentration of 50 or 1000 p.p.m. NO. Using a 50 p.p.m. NO stock gas concentration, up to 80% oxygen can be given at 10 p.p.m. iNO.
Target controlled infusion of propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using the paedfusor: an open pilot study
Authors: Varveris Daphne A. , Morton Neil S. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ease of use and efficacy of the Paedfusor, a computer controlled propofol infusion device with software appropriate for children down to the age of 6 months and weighing 5 kg. Methods: Thirty ASA I children, aged 6 months to 16 years, who were scheduled for elective surgery, were anaesthetized using the Paedfusor, programmed for the child's age and weight. Vital signs were recorded at 1‐min intervals during induction and every 3 min thereafter. Patients breathed spontaneously through a laryngeal mask airway (LMATM) and perioperative analgesia was provided by a regional block. Target plasma and calculated effector site propofol readings were recorded on insertion of the LMA, insertion of regional block, surgical incision and on removal of LMA. Results: A target plasma propofol level of 8 µg·ml−1 universally induced sleep within 1 min. Spontaneous respiration was maintained in the majority of patients with no cases of laryngospasm. Mean calculated effector site concentration was 4.29 µg·ml−1 for insertion of the LMA and 2.78 µg·ml−1 for LMA removal. Fifty‐seven percent moved on insertion of the local anaesthetic block and 30% responded to surgical stimulation. Mean heart rates increased slightly after each stimulus, returning thereafter to baseline values. Blood pressure remained stable. No relationship between the duration of infusion, total propofol requirements and time to patient awakening was found. The average total propofol dose was high, being highest in the youngest groups. Vital signs were within acceptable safety limits throughout. Conclusions: This open study confirms the ease of use, clinical efficacy and absence of adverse effects of the Paedfusor for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in healthy children aged over 6 months undergoing elective surgery.
Amiodarone‐induced keratopathy in healthy dogs
Authors: Bicer Sabahattin , Fuller Geraldine A. , Wilkie David A. , Yamaguchi Mamoru , Hamlin Robert L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAmiodarone has a broad spectrum as an antiarrhythmic agent and is indicated for patients with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Amiodarone‐induced corneal deposits are the most common reversible side effect (70–100%) in humans. Additional ocular effects in humans include deposits in the lens, retina and optic nerve. This study was conducted to determine ocular effects of chronic oral amiodarone in healthy dogs. Six chronically amiodarone‐treated dogs and four controls were used for this study. Ophthalmic examination was performed using biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy at the end of 4th, 7th and 11th weeks when dogs received amiodarone. Corneal microdeposits were observed at the end of the 7th week in one eye and at end of the 11th week in the other eye of one dog. Immediately following euthanasia, corneas and optic nerves were harvested for light and electron microscopic analysis. Light microscopic analysis showed corneal deposits in the basal epithelial cells of the cornea of the clinically affected dog. In addition, a significant increase in basal cell turnover as indicated by mitotic index was observed in the affected dog compared to both nondeposit amiodarone and control groups. All remaining animals were normal. One out of six dogs treated with amiodarone demonstrated corneal deposits (16%). This prevalence is low compared to humans. Explanations for this may include species variations particularly in volume of lacrimal secretion, or the need for longer administration. In addition, sunlight is believed to exacerbate the corneal deposits in humans and all dogs in this study were housed indoors.
Anisocoria in the dog provoked by a toxic contact with an ornamental plant: Datura stramonium
Authors: Hansen Philippe , Clerc Bernard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report an unusual case of anisocoria in the dog provoked by Datura stramonium, and an experimental clinical assay to reproduce the anisocoria using simple contact with part of the plant in four healthy dogs. Any part of the D. stramonium plant produced anisocoria following simple contact with the eye.
Mutations that delay flowering in Arabidopsis de‐couple symptom response from cauliflower mosaic virus accumulation during infection
Authors: Cecchini Edi , Geri Chiara , Love Andrew J. , Coupland George , Covey Simon N. , Milner Joel J. 
Published: March 2003

summaryThe development of disease symptoms in plants infected with a compatible virus involves complex signalling interactions between host and viral gene products. Photoperiod is an important influence on the transition from vegetative growth to flowering. Symptoms in wild‐type Arabidopsis plants grown under long days were much less severe than in plants grown under short days, although under long days, the levels of replicating virus were 1.5–1.8 times greater than in plants grown in short days. We tested the effects on response to CaMV infection of mutations at two of the loci that control the transition from vegetative growth to flowering, FCA and GI. In long days, CaMV‐infected fca‐1 mutants and strong gi alleles developed much more severe symptoms than wild‐type. Despite the increased symptom severity, levels and distribution of replicating CaMV in fca‐1 and gi mutants were similar to those in wild‐type. In short days, both mutants and wild‐type grew vegetatively. Virus accumulation and symptom developments in fca‐1 were similar to the wild‐type, but in strong gi alleles, symptom progression in apical leaves was very delayed, although virus accumulation was similar to the wild‐type controls. The developmental state of the plants influences the symptom response; however, it does not appear to do so by directly effecting overall virus titre or distribution. The altered symptom response of gi mutants in short days suggests an additional role for GI. These mutants provide compelling evidence for the existence of specific pathways for disease signalling.
A liquid crystal application in skin care cosmetics
Authors: IWAI H. , FUKASAWA J. , SUZUKI T. 
Published: March 2003

Intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum contribute threefold to the maintenance of a healthy skin: by hydration, cell adhesion, and reduction of transepidermal water loss. All of these functions can be attributed to the self‐organizing property of the amphiphilic molecules of the stratum corneum lipids. A new type of skin care product called Lamellar Gel was developed, which contains a (synthesized) pseudo‐ceramide. Its structure is similar to that of ceramide found among the stratum corneum lipids, which allows it to control intramolecular interactions. Compared to regular emulsions the Lamellar Gel demonstrated better skin care characteristics regarding permeability, skin hydration, and skin occlusion. This was attributed to the fact that it formed the same self‐organizing structure as natural stratum corneum lipids, hence showing a high affinity to the skin. A high moisturizing effect was observed as the Lamellar Gel combines the benefits of both O/W and W/O emulsions: it provides the same initial hydration as an O/W emulsion and at the same time the same occlusivity as a W/O emulsion. Transepidermal water loss increases under dry environmental conditions. This especially affects the skin around the eyes, where the skin is very thin, and wrinkles are very easily formed. Treatment with the Lamellar Gel recovered these wrinkles promptly and hydrated the stratum corneum for a long time.ResumeLes lipides intercellulaires de l'epiderme contribuent trois fois au maintien de la sante de la peau: par l'hydratation, l'adhesion cellulaire, et la reduction de la perte d'eau transepidermique. Toutes ces functions peuvent etre attribuees la propriete d'auto‐organisation des molecules amphiphiles des lipides de l'epiderme.On a developpe un nouveau type de produit de soin pour la peau, appele le Gel Lamellaire, qui contient un pseudo‐ceramide (synthetique). Sa structure est similaire celle du ceramide present dans les lipides de l'epiderme, ce qui lui permet de controler les interactions intramoleculaires.Par rapport aux emulsions classiques le Gel Lamellaire a montre de meilleures proprietes de soin pour la peau vis‐‐vis de la permeabilite, l'hydratation et le recouvrement de la peau. Ceci est attribue au fait qu'il forme la meme structure auto‐organisante que les lipides de l'epiderme naturel, presentant pa la une forte affinite avec la peau. Un effet fortement hydratant a ete observe puisque le Gel Lamellaire associe les avantages des emulsions H/E et E/H: il apporte la meme hydratation initiale qu'une emulsion H/E et en meme temps le meme recouvrement qu'une emulsion E/H.La perte d'eau transepidermique augmente en conditions d'atmosphere seche. Ceci touche particulierement la peau du contour de l'oeil, ou la peau est tres fine, et des rides se forment facilement. Un traitement avec le Gel Lamellaire a rapidement resorbe ces rides et hydrate l'epiderme pour une longue duree © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
Assessment of Efficiency of Repellent Formulations with N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide in Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Milutinović R. , Vuleta G. , Milić J. , Stajković N. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe affinity of N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide) (DEET) for various polymers that are potential inert carriers (PEG, PVP, NaCMC, PAA) was studied. Mixtures of DEET and the polymers were prepared and analysed for DEET vapour release using head space analysis. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) showed the highest affinity for DEET. Several insect repellent formulations in the form of a hydrogel, an o/w cream and a stick were prepared with 5% w/w DEET and either 1% w/w or no PVP. The release of DEET from the formulations was investigated by Head Space gas–mass spectrometry at 32°C. The degree of absorption of DEET through the skin was evaluated by applying these topical preparations to shaved rabbit skin and measuring DEET content in the blood samples by gas–mass spectrometry at various time intervals after application. Based on these results the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. The minimum penetration of DEET through rabbit skin was obtained with a hydrogel containing PVP as a carrier. The biological efficiency of repellent formulations containing 5% DEET (w/w) was evaluated for repellency using the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The results demonstrated that the hydrogel formulation based on polyacrylic acid containing 5% DEET (w/w) supplemented with 1% PVP (w/w), could serve as a suitable vehicle for repellent preparations containing DEET.
Acetylenic polymers for hair styling products
Authors: Martiny S. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThis paper looks at the basic requirements of hair styling products from a consumer's perspective before moving onto a very brief outline of the various chemistries available to the formulator. It then discusses the manufacture of vinyl pyrrolidone from acetylene. The properties of polyvinyl pyrrolidone are described, followed by the features and benefits of some vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers and terpolymers.The instrumental analysis of the hold, flexibility, tack and combing properties of polymer films is discussed in some detail, along with the effect of application type on these measurable properties concentrating upon vinyl caprolactam/vinyl pyrrolidone/dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide acrylates copolymer.
Les nerfs à fleur de peau
Authors: Misery L. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisSkin innervation is extremely dense and reaches the most superficial layers of the epidermis (but not into the stratum corneum). The relationship between skin and the nervous system was neglected for a long time. Nowadays, this represents one of the most widely investigated fields of skin biology.Associations between nerve fibres and skin are so close that these can be observed at the cellular level. They are anatomical and physiological. Neurotransmitters are naturally synthesized by nerve endings, but cells from the skin and the immune system are also able to produce them. They are mediators for transmission of information between skin and the nervous system. All cutaneous and immune cells express specific receptors for these neuromediators, and enzymes for degrading them. Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor induces modulation of cell properties and skin functions (immunity, cell differentiation and proliferation, pigmentation, etc.). Hence, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and the other cells of the skin or the immune system are modulated and controlled by the nerves. Reciprocally, skin is able to modulate neuronal activity and growth. All these data suggest that skin, nervous and immune systems are integrated in a unique system that we could name the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous system (NICS).Hence, we can understand how the nervous system, and further the psychism, are involved in the maintenance of cutaneous homeostasis. In dermatological diseases or in cosmetological disorders, this equilibrium is broken. New fields of research are open: neuro‐dermatology and of course neuro‐cosmetics. Neuro‐cosmetic products are supposed to modulate NICS functioning at the epidermal level. The French expression ‘avoir les nerfs à fleur de peau’ means that nervosity is so tense that one feels his nerves closely under or within skin, ready to explode. In fact, nerves are always ‘à fleur de peau’. Skin is an organ whose dense innervation involves the outermost skin layers, stratum corneum excepted. Long time neglected, the relation between skin and the nervous system are, today, a growing field of research within cutaneous biology.
Development of a natural preservative system using the mixture of chitosan‐Inula helenium L. extract
Authors: Seo S.‐B. , Ryu C.‐S. , Ahn G.‐W. , Kim H.‐B. , Jo B.‐K. , Kim S.‐H. , Lee J.‐D. , Kajiuchi T. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe aim of this study was to develop a new natural preservative system making up for the weak points of chitosan as a preservative. As reported in a previous manuscript (20th IFSCC Congress, Cannes, France, 1998), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of water‐soluble chitosan against bacteria and yeast were 0.9–3.0 mg mL−1, whereas MICs of chitosan against Aspergillus niger were over 5.0 mg mL−1. However, the result of recent study showed that the MICs of Inula helenium L. extract against A. niger were below 1.0 mg mL−1. Thus, we could develop a new preservative system containing both chitosan and I. helenium L. extract named CI‐mixture. MICs of CI‐mixture against bacteria and fungi (yeast and mould) were 2.0–4.0 mg mL−1. When 10.0% of the mixture (the ratio of chitosan to I. helenium L. extract = 7.5% : 2.5%) was applied to cosmetic formulae such as skin lotion, milk lotion, cream and pack, it revealed appropriate preservative efficacy. Our result of the patch test also showed that this preservative system reduced skin irritation by about 30–50%, as compared to the organic preservative system. Therefore, the good natural preservative system including chitosan and Inula helenium L. extract could be incorporated in cosmetic formulations.
An updated systematic review of interventions to improve health professionals’ management of obesity
Authors: Harvey E. L. , Glenny A.‐M. , Kirk S. F. L. , Summerbell C. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe objective of this article was twofold (1) to determine
the existence and effectiveness of interventions to improve health professionals’
management of obesity or the organization of care for overweight and obese people;
and (2) to update a previous systematic review on this topic with new or additional studies. The study design was a systematic review of intervention studies, undertaken according to standard methods developed by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care (EPOC) Group. Participants were trained health care professionals and overweight and obese patients. The measurements were objective measures of health professionals’ practice and behaviours, and patient outcomes including satisfaction, behaviour, psychological factors, disease status, risk factors and measures of body weight, fat, or body mass index (BMI). Twelve studies were included in the original review. A further six were included in this update. Six of the 18 studies were randomized controlled trials of health professional‐orientated interventions (such as the use of reminders and training) and one was a controlled before‐and‐after study to improve collaboration between a hospital clinic and general practitioners (GPs). Ten randomized controlled trials and two controlled clinical trials of interventions comparing either the deliverer of weight‐loss interventions or the setting of the delivery of the intervention, were identified. The heterogeneity and generally limited quality of identified studies make it difficult to provide recommendations for improving health professionals’ obesity management. To conclude, at present, there are few solid leads about improving obesity management, although reminder systems, brief training interventions, shared care, inpatient care and dietitian‐led treatments may all be worth further investigation. Therefore, decisions for the improvement of provision of services must be based on the existing evidence on interventions with patients and good clinical judgement. Further research is needed to identify cost‐effective strategies for improving the management of obesity. A full version of this review (including detailed descriptions of the included studies and their methodological quality, and results and excluded studies tables) is available in the Cochrane Library. The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic review and other evidence on the effects of health care, continuously updated as new information emerges. It is available on CD ROM from Update Software. For further information see: http://www.update‐software.com/cochrane