bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Structure
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introduction to the role of information structure in grammar discusses a wide range of phenomena on the syntax-information structure interface. It examines theories of information structure and considers their effectiveness in explaining whether and how information structure maps onto syntax in discourse. Professor Erteschik-Shir begins by discussing the basic notions and properties of information structure, such as topic and focus, and considers their properties from different theoretical perspectives. She covers definitions of topic and focus, architectures of grammar, information structure, word order, the interface between lexicon and information structure, and cognitive aspects of information structure. In her balanced and readable account, the author critically compares the effectiveness of different theoretical approaches and assesses the value of insights drawn from work in processing and on language acquisition, variation, and universals. This book will appeal to graduate students of syntax and semantics in departments of linguistics, philosophy, and cognitive science.
Seman tic Accounts of Vagueness
Authors: Heck Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crispin Wright’s reflections on vagueness have, for nearly thirty years now, been a. touchstone for all serious work on it. His most recent efforts, beginning with the paper ‘On Being in a Quandary’ and continued in this volume, seem to me extremely important. What I want to do here, however, is not to try to evaluate his new: position, nor even to engage it directly, but instead to defend one of the more traditional views he criticizes, namely, the view that vagueness is a ‘semantic’ phenomenon. I am not at all sure this sort of view is right, but I think we need a better sense than we presently have of what might be wrong with it if we are to discover a better view. I will begin, however, by discussing another question that has obviously exercised Wright a great deal, namely, what is really wrong with Epistemicism and other views that are committed to the retention of bivalence even for vague predicates.
Polysemy and Meaning Chains
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion so far in this book has been restricted to what we might call monocentric categories, where membership in the category is a function of similarity to a single prototype representation. This chapter extends the proto-type model, so as to render it applicable to a wider range of linguistic data. Many natural language categories, perhaps even the majority, exhibit a poly-centric structure, i.e. category membership is a function of similarity to one of several prototype representations. The multiple prototypes associated with the category are themselves related in what I shall call, adapting Wittgenstein’s metaphor, a family resemblance structure. Family resemblance categories will be illustrated on the examples of the lexical items climb(brieﬂy discussed in Fillmore 1982) and over(the topic of Brugman’s 1981 thesis). To conclude the chapter, some theoretical problems associated with the family resemblance model are addressed.
Category Extension: Metonymy and Metaphor
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we examined in some detail the structure of two poly-semous lexical categories in English, namely, those associated with the words climband over. Most lexical items are polysemous, to a greater or lesser extent. A polysemous item associates a phonological form with a number of more or less discrete though related meanings, which cluster in a family resemblance category. A major topic in the study of polysemy, therefore, concerns the kinds of links that can exist between meanings, and how it is that distinct meanings come to be associated in the ﬁrst place. In this chapter we look at two of the most important of these processes, metaphor and metonymy. Metonymy and metaphor are familiar concepts of traditional rhetoric. Metaphor, especially, has been the object of much research by linguists and literary scholars, and there is a vast literature on the subject. I begin, however, with the no less important phenomenon of metonymy.
Polysemous Categories in Morphology and Syntax
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polysemy is generally regarded as a property of lexical items, and it was lexical polysemy that was the focus of previous chapters. But polysemy is not just a property of words. Other categories of language structure–morphological cat-egories of number and case, morphosyntactic categories of tense and aspect, the syntactic categories of sentence types, even, as we shall see in Chapter 10, pros-odic categories like intonation contours–may also exhibit a cluster of related meanings, and must thus count as instances of polysemy. In this chapter I want to suggest a family resemblance approach to some of these non-lexical categor-ies. As illustrations, I will take examples from morphology (the diminutive) and morphosyntax (the past tense), and conclude with a brief discussion of a syntactic construction (the yes–no interrogative). First, however, I want to introduce the kinds of issues involved with some brief remarks on case.
Recombination, Causal Constraints and Humean Supervenience: An Argument for Temporal Parts?
Authors: Wasserman Ryan , Hawthorne John , Scala Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the doctrine of four-dirnensionalism, our world and every thing in it consists of stages or temporal parts; moreover, where an object exists at various times, it does so, according to the four dirnensionalist, in virtue of having distinct temporal parts at those times. While four-dimensionalism is often motivated by its pur ported solutions to puzzles about material objects and their persistence through time, it has also been defended by more direct arguments. Three such arguments stand out: (1) the argument from temporary intrinsics, (2) the argument from vagueness, and (3) the argument from recombination, Humean supervenience, and causal constraints. Not surprisingly, each of these arguments originates in the work of four-dimensionalism ‘s most prominent modern defender, David Lewis. The third of these arguments has received, by far, the least attention, critical or otherwise; it is now time to begin to address this imbalance.
Useless Content
Authors: Millikan Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central claim of teleological theories of content, certainly of my own teleological theory of content, has been that the content of a representation is determined, in a very important part, by the systems that interpret it. I should be more careful: ... by the interpreting systems with which the representation-producing systems have been designed to cooperate. Content is determined, in large part, by the ways these interpreting systems are designed to react to the representations presented to them. More exactly, content is determined by the rules or functions in accordance with which representations need to correspond to world affairs (to what they represent) if the responses of these interpreters are going to produce the effects they are designed to produce by way of normal mechanisms (LTOBC, VM).
Melissus And Parmenides
Authors: Palmer John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Association or even assimilation of the thought of Parmenides and Melissus has 1ong been standard in histories of early Greek philosophy. While certain of the more apparent differences between their two systems have always been recognized, some scholars have found reasons to criticize this traditional association at a deeper leve1. Most significantly, Jonathan Barnes has argued that Melissus, not Parmenides, should be credited with the invention of ‘real monism’, the thesis that exactly one thing exists. 1 This proposal served Barnes’s broader effort to effect a rehabilitation of Melissus’ reputation. 2
Infinitesimal Chances and the Laws of Nature
Authors: Elga Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘best-system’ analysis of lawhood [Lewis 1994] faces the ‘zero-fit problem’: that many systems of laws say that the chance of history going actually as it goes-the degree to which the theory ‘fits’ the actual course of history-is zero. Neither an appeal to infinitesimal probabilities nor a patch using standard measure theory avoids the difficulty. But there is a way to avoid it: replace the notion of ‘fit’ with the notion of a world being typicalwith respect to a theory. Take a god’s eye view. Before you is the space time manifold: the distribution of local qualities to point-sized things and the spatiotemporal relations among those things. According to the thesis of Hu mean super venience, everything that is true of the actual world is made true somehow by this arrangement [Lewis 1986b: ix]. &gt; In order to countenance laws of nature, a defender of the thesis is obliged to say how it is that this arrangement determines what laws there are.One proposal, the best-system analysis of lawhood[Lewis 1994], draws our attention to various deductive systems. Each system makes only true assertions about what happens, and (perhaps) also makes assertions about the chances of various things happening in various circumstances.
How to be a Neo-Moorean
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim here is a somewhat ambitious one: to sketch the contours of a research project. In particular, what I ‘m interested in is whether we can add some flesh to a certain style of response to the problem of scepticism, one that has historically been the source of much derision but which, as we will see, derives support from a number of theses that one can find being defended in the current literature—so long, that is, as one integrates these theses into a coherent whole.
Serial Verb Constructions in Typological Perspective
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A serial verb construction (SVC) is a sequence of verbs which act together as a single predicate, without any overt marker of coordination, subordination, or syntactic dependency of any other sort. Serial verb constructions describe what is conceptualized as a single event. They are mono clausal; their into national properties are the same as those of a monoverbal clause, and they have just one tense, aspect, and polarity value. SVCs may also share core and other arguments. Each component of an SVC must be able to occur on its own. Within an SVC, the individual verbs may have same, or different, transitivity values.
Verb Serialization in Eastern Kayah Li
Authors: Solnit David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kayah Li is a member of the Karen subgroup of the Tibeto-Burman branch of Sino-Tibetan. Kayah Li, also known as Karenni, has an estimated 100,000 speakers, mostly in Kayah State (likewise also known as Karenni) of Burma with a small number in the adjoining part of Thailand. Kayah Li dialects are broadly divided into eastern and western; this chapter describes one variety of the eastern dialect, the variety locally known as kè k𝝴 ‘lower’, spoken in Mae Hong Son province of Thailand. For details about Eastern Kayah Li grammar and dialectology, see Solnit (1997).
The Activity of Matter in Gassendi’s Physics
Authors: Lolordo Antonia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pierre Gassendi, the early seventeenth–century reviver of Epicurean atomism whom Boyle treated as one of the paradigmatic ‘mechanical philosophers’, embraced Epicurus’s claim that atoms have an intrinsic motive power and that matter is thus intrinsically active. He held that this claim could be acceptable to Christians so long as it is made clear that God is the original source of the activity of matter. Indeed, he argued that allowing the activity of matter is the only way to preserve the genuine secondary causation that is necessary for religion and morality.
The Early Stuart Masque
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Early Stuart Masque: Dance, Costume, and Music studies the complex impact of movements, costumes, words, scenes, music, and special effects in English illusionistic theatre of the Renaissance. Drawing on a massive amount of documentary evidence relating to English productions as well as spectacle in France, Italy, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire, the book elucidates professional ballet, theatre management, and dramatic performance at the early Stuart court. Individual studies take a fresh look at works by Ben Jonson, Samuel Daniel, Thomas Carew, John Milton, William Davenant, and others, showing how court poets collaborated with tailors, designers, technicians, choreographers, and aristocratic as well as professional performers to create a dazzling event. Based on extensive archival research on the households of Queen Anne and Queen Henrietta Maria, special chapters highlight the artistic and financial control of Stuart queens over their masques and pastorals. Many plates and figures from German, Austrian, French, and English archives illustrate accessibly-written introductions to costume conventions, early dance styles, male and female performers, the dramatic symbolism of colours, and stage design in performance. With splendid costumes and choreographies, masques once appealed to the five senses. A tribute to their colourful brilliance, this book seeks to recover a lost dimension of performance culture in early modern England.
Ghana: Indigenous Languages, English, and an Emerging National Identity
Authors: Anyidoho Akosua , Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like most sub-Saharan countries, Ghana is highly multilingual and linguistically complex. But at the same time, the Akan language with its close relatives squarely occupies two-thirds of the country, and has had and continues to have a strong influence on the rest of it. Although it may well be true that the national geo-political borders were a colonial creation based more on the relations between the European colonizing powers than on the local situation, it is also a fact that today’s Ghana almost exactly coincides with the territory and sphere of influence of the Akan-speaking Asante (Ashanti) empire in the nineteenth century (Wilks 1993: 203). However this does not necessarily simplify the problem of the relationships between language, ethnic identity, nationalism, and the existence and nature of Ghanaian national identity, and might even be said to complicate it.
Cooperation and the We-Perspective
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to cooperate is one of the key elements in the success of the human species and it can even be claimed that this ability is an innate property of humans, because they have evolved in a group context. Cooperation will easily come about in situations in which it is intrinsically rewarding and does not involve an incentive to freeride. Simple coordination situations are of this kind.
The fundamental Conflict in Plato’s Gorgias
Authors: Doyle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The action of Plato’s Gorgias is easily described. It is the late fifth century bc. Gorgias, the world-famous Sicilian orator, is visiting Athens. He has just for giving a display of his rhetorical virtuosity before an audience. He is with two friends and admirers— Polus, a young and avid student of rhetoric, and Callicles, a man of burning political ambition—as Socrates and his friend Chaerephon come upon the scene. After a brief opening conversation, Socrates talks at some length with Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles in turn. These three conversations are of increasing length and intensity; the last of them takes up well over half the dialogue and includes some bitterly hostile exchanges.
Psychic Disharmony: Philoponus and Epicurus on Plato’s Phaedo
Authors: Warren James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the Hellenistic philosophers were avid and careful readers of Platonic dialogues. Epicurus was no exception. Despite his generally hostile attitude to other philosophers (and especially to the suggestion that he might have learnt anything from them), there is good reason to think that Epicurus read and thought seriously about Platonic works. One might imagine that to any philosopher living and teaching in Athens the Platonic corpus would have been both interesting and available. Further, given the evident interest in Plato’s writings shown by his various followers, we should assume that Epicurus himself was similarly aware of them.
The Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language
Authors: Johnson Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Plan of a Dictionary of The English Language; Addressed to the Right Honourable philip dormer, Earl of Chesterfield, One of His Majesty’s Principal Secretaries of State My Lord, When first I undertook to write an English Dictionary, I had no expectation of any higher patronage than that of the proprietors of the copy, nor prospect of any other advantage than the price of my labour; I knew that the work in which I engaged is generally considered as drudgery for the blind, as the proper toil of artless industry, a task that requires neither the light of learning, nor the activity of genius, but may be successfully performed without any higher quality than that of bearing burthens with dull patience, and beating the track of the alphabet with sluggish resolution. Whether this opinion, so long transmitted and so widely propagated, had its beginning from truth and nature, or from accident and prejudice, whether it be decreed by the authority of reason, or the tyranny of ignorance, that of all the candidates for literary praise, the unhappy lexicographer holds the lowest place, neither vanity nor interest incited me to inquire. It appeared that the province allotted me was of all the regions of learning generally confessed to be the least delightful, that it was believed to produce neither fruits nor flowers; and that after a long and laborious cultivation, not even the barren laurel had been found upon it.
Can reduced nutritional condition really cause narrowed growth bars?
Authors: Grubb Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ptilochronology rests on the assumption that rate of feather growth is directly related to a bird’s nutritional condition and that, within limits, nutritional condition is related to net rate of energy intake. The more food, the better the nutritional condition and the greater the rate of feather growth. As Murphy and King (1991) stated in their evaluation of the method, it would be reassuring to have evidence supporting this assumption. I begin by providing experimental evidence with results from laboratory feeding trials of my own most frequently used study species, the Carolina chickadee (Grubb 1991, Figure 2.1a). I thank Robert A. Mauck for his help with this experiment. We tested the prediction that a known reduction in food intake below the ad libitum level would cause a reduction in the width of growth bars on induced feathers.
Nutritional consequences of self-cached food
Authors: Grubb Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the temperate and boreal zones, animals from honey bees to beavers store food during the growing season for use during the winter when food is non-renewing. Birds are among the better-studied examples of such food-hoarders. During the last several decades, research has focused on two aspects of caching. The first line of work has searched for the mechanisms behind some birds’ apparently extraordinary ability to remember the location of and retrieve hundreds or even thousands of individual caches they have previously sequestered within their homerange. (Russell Balda, a pioneer of this line of research, once determined that Clark’s nutcrackers, his study animal, could remember where they had cached food considerably better than could his graduate students!) The second line of investigation has focused on the adaptive value, the fitness benefits, of caching and it is to this second line that ptilochronology has made a contribution. The four studies detailed below all demonstrate, through increased rate of induced feather growth, that birds derive a nutritional benefit from retrieving food items they have previously cached.
The CD of Life: the Genome
Authors: Noble Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider an example. Before writing this page, I relaxed by listening for the first time for a long time to one of my favourite pieces of music: the piano trio. I put the CD into my player and lay down on the sofa. As the music entered the slow movement, I cried. The emotional efifect of this piece of music, which I first heard live in a concert, is always very strong. We must all have our favourite pieces that have this efifect on us. The efifect does not always depend on the music itself. It can also depend on the context, the people we were with, and the significance of the event in our lives.
The Rhythm Section: the Heartbeat and other Rhythms
Authors: Noble Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world market in computers is today counted in billions. With the be of hindsight it is easy to laugh at Thomas Watson’s prediction. I don’t. I experienced at first hand the kinds of computer that he was referring to. Even 16 years later, in 1959, computers were still very few in number –– massive, valve-based machines that took up vast space in university or industry basements and consuming so much power that, in post-war Britain, power itself was one of the factors limiting their use.
The Composer: Evolution
Authors: Noble Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are 20–30 000 genes in the human genome, which combine to produce efifects at all levels of the organism. The number of ways they can combine is enormous, as we found in Chapter 2. There I used the comparison with a pipe organ. There is another human invention that has around the same number of components. This is the Chinese writing system, used also in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea, and formerly in some other East Asian countries. Chinese characters are stylised pictures that fitting into the space of a square. Strings of these squares can be used to represent sequences of words in a language. Each picture has a meaning; in some cases the meaning is easily related to the picture.
Parasomnias when going to sleep or waking up
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strange experiences when drifting off to sleep or when waking up are surprisingly common in both children and adults.
Although they can be alarming, they are very rarely of serious significance and almost always clear up before long.
Fact: Far from it. They are, in fact, very common, including in children, who may be particularly alarmed by them but may not mention them to their parents.
Psychological Therapy
Authors: Holroyd Kenneth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache clinics may be located in primary care or in neurology, or serve as a regional or national multidisciplinary centre for headache problems not effectively managed elsewhere in the healthcare system (see also Chapters 2, 4, and 12). The clientele will vary with the referral base of a headache clinic. However, clientele of the headache clinic, especially the regional or national referral centre consists primarily of chronic headache disorders complicated by conditions that maintain pain and disability or render headache problems refractory to standard therapies.