bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IMMUNOGENICITY OF DINITROPHENYL AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Frey J. R. , de Weck A. L. , Geleick H. , Lergier W. 
Published: June 2004

Numerous dinitrophenyl amino acid preparations injected intradermally induced contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene, delayed type skin reactions to DNP-amino acids, and anti-DNP antibodies in guinea pigs. Some DNP-amino adds induced precipitating anti-DNP antibodies in rabbits as well.
Some of the DNP-ammo acids studied were regularly immunogenic, possible immunogenic impurities having been excluded by extensive purification procedures. Others were either constantly nonimmunogenic or irregularly immunogenic, e.g., their immunogenicity varying from one preparation lot to another.
By means of extensive chemical analyses and the establishment of dose-response curves, we were able to demonstrate in most cases that the immunogenicity was not due to contamination with unreacted dinitrofluorobenzene or other DNP derivatives, to photodecomposition or other degradation products, or to DNP-protein contaminants. Nevertheless, the irregular immunogenicity of several DNP-amino acid preparations can only be explained by a highly immunogenic impurity (or impurities) which we were unable to detect analytically.
The regular immunogenicity of some other DNP-amino acids (e.g. di-DNP-L-histidine) appears to be based on a "transconjugation" phenomenon, the DNP group being able to split off from its amino acid carrier and to conjugate secondarily with proteins in vivo and in vitro. Accordingly, the interpretation of some recent data concerning the immunogenicity of low molecular weight hapten-amino acids may have to be reevaluated.
RESPONSES TO IMMUNIZATION IN THE THYMUS OF THE ADULT MOUSE
Authors: Cohen Edward P. , Majer Jaroslav , Friedman Karen 
Published: June 2004

The rate of synthesis of RNA in the thymus glands of adult mice increased after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The specific activity of some fractions of RNA, separated first by density gradient centrifugation and then by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was 16-fold higher on day 3 after immunization than control mice not injected. RNA synthesis in the thymus was inhibited by rabbit anti-mouse thymus serum, injected along with antigen.
A material was found in RNA extracts from the thymus glands of mice immunized with SRBC which converted a small proportion of either spleen cells or peritoneal cells from nonimmunized mice to form sheep cell hemolysins. Neither extracts from the glands of nonimmunized mice nor the livers of immunized mice were active. Extracts from the thymus glands of mice immunized with rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) were inactive and activity was destroyed by ribonudease. The residual antigen content was not determined. Biologically active extracts from the thymus had a different electrophoretic mobility from active extracts from the spleen.
ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF CELL SURFACES
Authors: Aoki Tadao , Hämmerling Ulrich , de Harven Etienne , Boyse Edward A. , Old Lloyd J. 
Published: June 2004

The representation of mouse alloantigens belonging to three systems, H-2, θ and TL, on the surface of cells from thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and peritoneal cavity, was studied by electron microscopy with ferritin-labeled antibody. As expected from earlier serological data, TL was confined to thymocytes, θ was found on thymocytes and lymphocytes, and H-2 occurred to some extent on all cell types observed. On reticular cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils, the majority of the cell surface was occupied by H-2; thymocytes had considerably less H-2, and erythrocytes and peritoneal macrophages least of all. In every instance the representation of antigen was discontinuous, the fraction of the cell surface covered being characteristic both of the antigen and of the type of cell. H-2 and θ provide a striking example of this; H-2 is present in far higher amounts on lymphocytes than on thymocytes, whereas the converse is true of θ. Within areas positive for H-2 or θ, protuberances of the surface membrane were often antigen-negative.
A better definition of cell surface structure, gained from studies such as this, is necessary for further inquiry into how the cell surface is assembled, and into selective gene action in relation to cellular differentiation.
HEAT LABILE OPSONINS TO PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Shin Hyun S. , Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

When encapsulated type 25 pneumococci (Pn25) were opsonized with normal guinea pig serum, they consumed much more C3 than other complement (C) components. Fixation of C3 to the organisms was demonstrated by radio-labeling techniques, and its capsular localization was established by the use of monospecific anti-C3 antibody.
Treatment of the serum with an appropriate dose of a purified cobra venom factor (VF) destroyed C3 and all of the opsonic activity, without appreciably affecting the other C components. Addition of purified C3 completely restored the opsonic activity of the VF-treated serum, indicating a requirement for C3. Since purified C3 alone had no opsonic activity, it was concluded that the C3 molecules had to be cleaved (to C3b) to function as opsonins.
Experiments with C5-deficient mice revealed that C5 also plays a definite, but quantitatively less impressive, role in antipneumococcal defense.
DISTINCT EVENTS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE ELICITED BY TRANSFERRED MARROW AND THYMUS CELLS
Authors: Shearer G. M. , Cudkowicz G. 
Published: June 2004

Marrow cells and thymocytes of unprimed donor mice were transplanted separately into X-irradiated syngeneic hosts, with or without sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Antigen-dependent changes in number or function of potentially immunocompetent cells were assessed by retransplantation of thymus-derived cells with fresh bone marrow cells and SRBC; of marrow-derived cells with fresh thymocytes and SRBC; and of thymus-derived with marrow-derived cells and SRBC. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) of the direct (IgM) and indirect (IgG) classes were enumerated in spleens of secondary host mice at the time of peak responses. By using this two-step design, it was shown (a) that thymus, but not bone marrow, contained antigen-reactive cells (ARC) capable of initiating the immune response to SRBC (first step), and (b) that the same antigen complex that activated thymic ARC was required for the subsequent interaction between thymus-derived and marrow cells and/or for PFC production (second step).
Thymic ARC separated from marrow cells but exposed to SRBC proliferated and generated specific inducer cells. These were the cells that interacted with marrow precursors of PFC to form the elementary units for plaque responses to SRBC, i.e. the class- and specificity-restricted antigen-sensitive units. It was estimated that each ARC generated 80–800 inducer cells in 4 days by way of a minimum of 6–10 cell divisions. On the basis of the available evidence, a simple model was outlined for cellular events in the immune response to SRBC.
THE GENETIC CONTROL OF ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY
Authors: Mozes Edna , McDevitt Hugh O. , Jaton Jean-Claude , Sela Michael 
Published: June 2004

The immune response to a synthetic polypeptide built on multichain polyproline, poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-L-Pro-poly-L-Lys [(T,G)-Pro--L], in the offspring of a cross between DBA/1 and SJL mice is under a genetic control superficially similar to the one operating for the immune response to a similar synthetic polypeptide built on multichain polyalanine, poly-L-(Tyr,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala-poly-L-Lys [(T,G)-A--L], in the offspring of a cross between CBA and C57 mice. In both cases, the genetic control is a quantitative trait in which the major gene(s) is (are) dominant and the trait is not linked to any of the known structural genes coding for mouse immunoglobulin heavy chains. However, the genetic control of response to (T, G)-Pro--L, designated immune response-3 (Ir-3), is qualitatively different from the one operating for (T,G)-A--L [immune response-1 (Ir-1)] in that it is not linked to the histocompatibility-2 (H-2) locus.
A study of the immune response to a related polypeptide built on multichain polyproline, poly-L-(Phe,Glu)-poly-L-Pro-poly-L--Lys [(Phe, G)-Pro--L], in the DBA/1 x SJL cross has shown a genetic control of antibody specificity. F1 x DBA/1 backcross anti-(Phe, G)-Pro--L sera segregate in their ability to bind (T,G)-Pro--L, and there is no linkage of anti-(T,G)-Pro--L binding capacity with the H-2s allele of the SJL grandparent. F1 x SJL anti-(Phe, G)-Pro-L sera segregate in their capacity to bind poly-L-(Phe,Glu)-poly-D,L-Ala-poly-L-Lys [(Phe, G)-A--L] and the ability to bind (Phe, G)-A--L is clearly linked to the H-2q allele from the DBA/1 grandparent. Thus, in mice all responding well to a given antigen [(Phe, G)-Pro--L], the specificity of the antibodies produced [i.e., anti-(Phe,G) or anti-prolyl] is genetically determined. Cross-inhibition of binding m (DBA/1 x SJL)F1 anti-(Phe,G)-Pro--L antisera indicates that the anti-(Phe,G) and anti-prolyl specificities are a function of two separate and largely non-crossreacting antibody populations.
BENCE JONES PROTEINS AND LIGHT CHAINS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Solomon Alan , McLaughlin Carla L. 
Published: June 2004

Three distinct classes of κ light polypeptide chains have been detected immunochemically by an antiserum (R185) prepared against a κ Bence Jones protein with a glutamyl amino terminal residue. This antiserum had specificity for κ light chains with glutamyl amino terminal residues and differentiated κ-chains with aspartyl amino terminal residues into two classes: the three κ-chain classes have been designated as κglu, κaspII, and κaspI.
The ability of antiserum R185 to detect these antigenic differences on the intact immunoglobulin molecule, as well as on the isolated light chain or Bence Jones protein, made feasible the direct classification of type K myeloma proteins and M-macroglobulins (Waldenström). The multispecificity of the antiserum permitted the quantitation of type κglu light chains in normal, hypergammaglobulinemic, and hypogammaglobulinemic sera. Whereas the distribution of myeloma proteins and Bence Jones proteins in the κglu class correlated with the distribution of κglu chains in normal and hypergammaglobulinemic sera, the M-macroglobulins in the κglu class represented 90% of the total M-macroglobulins tested and revealed a marked divergence from the range of 24–31% of κglu immunoglobulins in normal sera. A preponderance of κglu chains was detected in the sera from patients with non-sex-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and represented 60–77% of the total type K light chain content.
The controlled cleavage of a Bence Jones protein representative of each κ-chain class into its variant half and constant half made possible the localization on the light polypeptide chain, the reactive sites for which antiserum R185 had specificity. The correlations between immunochemical and structural classification of κ light chains are discussed.
LOCALIZATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPLEXES FIXING ß1C (C3) IN GERMINAL CENTERS OF LYMPH NODES
Authors: Gajl-Peczalska K. J. , Fish A. J. , Meuwissen H. J. , Frommel D. , Good R. A. 
Published: June 2004

28 human and 60 experimentally stimulated rabbit lymph nodes were studied by means of light microscopy and immunofluorescence. 21 of the 28 human lymph nodes showed well-developed germinal centers. IgM, IgG, and the ß1C component of complement were found in the same distribution within germinal centers when examined in serial cryostat sections. 36 rabbits were stimulated with Brucella antigen, and 24 rabbits with BSA. A strikingly consistent correlation between distribution and appearance of specific staining for rabbit ß1C, IgM, and IgG was observed; when lymph nodes were stimulated with BSA, antigen and specific antibody were present. Treatment of unfixed sections with citrate-buffered saline at low pH resulted in complete elution of immunoglobulins, ß1C, and BSA from rabbit germinal centers, and in marked diminution of IgG and IgM in human germinal centers, while at the same time plasma cells remained strongly fluorescent. Specific selective fixation of heterologous (human) complement in rabbit germinal centers positive for ß1C, IgG, IgM, and BSA was also obtained.
These data present strong evidence for the existence within germinal centers of antigen-antibody complexes which fix at least the ß1C component of complement in vivo. The possibility of complete elution of immunoglobulins from rabbit germinal centers can be taken as evidence that, at least for 20 days after primary and secondary stimulation, a major component of the immunoglobulins present in germinal centers is not produced locally but accumulates at the surface of cells.
IMMUNOREACTIVE BASEMENT MEMBRANE ANTIGENS IN NORMAL HUMAN URINE AND SERUM
Authors: McPhaul J. J. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

Using a sheep antiserum to human glomerular basement membrane (GBM), studies of urine from healthy adults showed the presence of two cross-reactive antigens. These antigens were purified partially by preparative electrophoresis and electrofocusing, and separated on G-200; both appeared to be acidic, of high molecular weight, and carbohydrate rich. Their immunologic relationship to human GBM solubilized by several techniques was deduced from lines of identity with the native GBM digests in double diffusion analyses. These antigens will combine with homologous anti-GBM antibodies and block their fixation to human kidney sections, and will evoke heterologous anti-GBM antibody production in the rabbit.
Fractionation studies of normal human serum indicated the presence of trace amounts of basement membrane antigens in the circulation. Although the serum antigens appear immunologically identical to the urinary antigens, the precise anatomic structures from which both are derived is not certain.
Demonstration of immunoreactive basement membrane antigens in the circulation provides a plausible source of immunogen for the potential development of anti-GBM antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis as well as a clue to a mode for reestablishment of tolerance in such an autoimmune disorder.
CELLS INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Daguillard Fritz , Richter Maxwell 
Published: June 2004

There exists in the rabbit a population of lymphocytes carrying immunoglobulin-like receptors on their surface. These receptors interact with antigen and with anti-immunoglobulin antibodies and appear to mediate the recognition process leading to the humoral immune response.
There exists in the rabbit a second population of lymphocytes capable of reacting with phytohemagglutinin. This population of lymphocytes is different from the one capable of reacting with soluble protein antigens or anti-immunoglobulin antiserum and is probably involved in the mediation of cellular immunity.
POLYSACCHARIDE IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Gerety Robert J. , Ferraresi Rodolfo W. , Raffel Sidney 
Published: June 2004

A highly purified pneumococcal polysaccharide (Type II SSS) is a very efficient inducer of delayed hypersensitivity in random-bred guinea pigs. The cellular reactivity induced by this polysaccharide administered subcutaneously in complete Freund's adjuvant is of "tuberculin type"; it increases in intensity with time after the sensitizing injection, as judged by skin tests, the macrophage inhibition reaction and transfer of reactivity by peritoneal exudate cells.
By contrast, the cellular reactivity induced by this immunogen in the absence of mycobacterial adjuvant has the characteristics of "Jones-Mote" reactivity. It is best seen at about 1 wk after sensitization; the reactions are characteristically little indurated and show histologic differences from tuberculin type responses; and the reactive state begins to disappear by 2–3 wk, with the accession of Arthus reactivity. This type of delayed reactivity may be related to an early phase of antibody synthesis.
THE ROLE OF CHEMICAL MEDIATORS IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INDUCED BY FOREIGN BODIES: COMPARISON WITH THE SCHISTOSOME EGG GRANULOMA
Authors: Kellermeyer R. W. , Warren K. S. 
Published: June 2004

Both divinyl benzene copolymer (plastic) beads and schistosome eggs produce inflammatory reactions after intravenous deposition into the lung of a mouse. As reported previously, the schistosome egg granuloma is an immunologic reaction of the delayed hypersensitivity type; this inflammatory process is prevented by immunosuppressive measures, and characteristically demonstrates an anamnestic response. In contradistinction, the plastic bead granuloma appears to be characteristic of a foreign body reaction; it is unaffected by immunosuppressive measures and does not demonstrate an anamnestic response with repeated exposure. The data in this report suggest that the granuloma formation around plastic beads is a nonimmunologic reaction induced by chemical mediators of inflammation. This proposal is supported by the following findings: the plastic beads activate Hageman factor in normal human and mouse plasma; the plastic beads induce vascular permeability-enhancing activity as measured in guinea pig skin and kinin-like activity in normal human and mouse plasma that is dependent on Hageman factor; ellagic acid, an agent that activates Hageman factor in vivo and is reported to diminish kininogen by consumptive depletion, markedly depresses the plastic bead granuloma. These data are consistent with the idea that the plastic bead granuloma and perhaps other foreign body inflammatory reactions are in major part dependent on kinin formation.
Ellagic acid also suppressed the schistosome egg granuloma, but not to the same degree as the plastic bead granuloma. The implications of this observation are discussed in the text.
Silicosis and "blue velvet disease", pathologic processes associated with the deposition of silica and magnesium trisilicate, respectively, in the lung, and the induction of a foreign body reaction may also be dependent on the activation of chemical mediators of inflammation by the silica and magnesium trisilicate particles with immunologic mechanisms participating in only a minor way, if at all. The marked suppression of experimental silicosis and blue velvet disease in mice by ellagic acid supports this idea.
HUNDRED DAY LEUKEMIA: PREFERENTIAL INDUCTION IN RAT BY PULSE-DOSES OF 7,8,12-TRIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE
Authors: Huggins Charles , Grand Lorraine , Oka Hisao 
Published: June 2004

A series of pulse-doses of 7, 8, 12-trimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced leukemia rapidly and consistently in very high yield in rats of Long-Evans (L-E) strain. The predominant type was a diffuse hepatic leukemia of erythroblastic stem cells.
Progressive hypothermia and a decline in pituitary function are newly recognized signs of advanced leukemia in rat.
THE ROLE OF NONLYMPHOID ACCESSORY CELLS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT ANTIGENS
Authors: Shortman Ken , Diener E. , Russell Pamela , Armstrong W. D. 
Published: June 2004

Tissue culture techniques were combined with cell separation procedures to investigate the cellular requirements for a response to antigen, leading to the production of antibody-forming cells. Mouse spleen was dissociated, and the cells were separated into various groups on the basis of density, size, and active adherence. The ability of fractions to initiate a response in vivo, on transfer to an irradiated recipient, was compared to the response in vitro; and this ability was correlated with the presence or absence of phagocytic cells. Two different antigens were studied, sheep erythrocytes (SRC) and polymerized bacterial flagellin (POL).
Density distribution analysis of spleen showed a wide density range of cells responding to both antigens in vivo. The same fractions responded to POL in vitro as in vivo. By contrast, only the light density regions responded in vitro to SRC. Response occurred in regions of overlap between lymphocytes and phagocytic macrophages.
Separation by active adherence on columns of large glass beads gave a preparation containing large, medium, and small lymphocytes but no detectable phagocytic macrophages and very low levels of phagocytic polymorphs. This lymphocyte preparation responded to both antigens in vivo. In vitro it gave a full response to POL, but no response to SRC. Addition of a small quantity of the adherent fraction, enriched for phagocytic cells, restored response to SRC. The use of strain-specific antisera in a mixed culture containing a C57 phagocytic fraction and CBA lymphocytes showed that the lymphocyte fraction contributed the precursors of the final antibody-forming cells. The accessory cells from C57 spleen banded in the light regions of the density gradient where phagocytic macrophages were found. Irradiated spleen cells also activated the lymphocyte preparation, suggesting that the irradiated host provided the accessory cells for the in vivo response to SRC.
Small lymphocytes were purified from spleen by the small glass bead size filtration technique. This sample of small lymphocytes responded less well to POL than the total lymphocyte population, but it responded as well in vitro as in vivo. The small lymphocyte preparation responded in vivo to SRC but not in vitro. Addition of a small quantity of the phagocyte-rich fraction from adherence columns restored the in vitro response to SRC.
The results indicated that phagocytic cells are not required in the initiation of an immune response to POL. By contrast some accessory cell, possibly a phagocytic macrophage, is required for a response to SRC. The basis for this marked difference is discussed.
QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF IDIOTYPIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: MacDonald A. Bruce , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: June 2004

Changes and persistence of idiotypic specificities of specifically purified rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibodies were studied by quantitative methods. In each rabbit idiotypes identified 2 months after the start of immunization were still present in comparable concentrations 2 months later. After month 4, they were replaced by new and unrelated specificities; the changes were abrupt in two rabbits and gradual in the third, and were associated with an increase in the average affinity for specific hapten. In two surviving rabbits the new sets of specificities persisted in part for at least 1 yr. Quantitative changes occurred during this period, and the antibody preparation used as immunogen reacted most effectively with the homologous anti-D serum. The antibody population present at month 17 (D17) in one rabbit was deficient in idiotypic specificities present in D8 and lacked specificities present in D2, indicating the presence in D17 of a third group of specificities. The percentage of the antibody population from each rabbit reactive with homologous anti-idiotypic serum was greater at month 8 than at month 2, suggesting a decrease in heterogeneity.
Since the donor rabbits were challenged repeatedly with antigen, it appears that, after month 8, a portion of the antigen was utilized to stimulate existing cell lines and a portion to initiate new clones.
Precipitation of anti-p-azobenzoate antibodies removed idiotypic specificities, indicating that they were not present on the anti-bovine γ-globulin antibodies in the same sera.