bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of chronic medications among a large, commercially‐insured US population
Authors: Roe Catherine M. , McNamara Ann M. , Motheral Brenda R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo examine use of chronic therapies by females and males of all ages.MethodsParticipants were 1 295 948 members of a large US pharmacy benefit manager. The use of chronic medications by males and females during 1999 was examined overall and within 16 commonly‐used chronic drug groups. Dependent variables were use of a drug group, number of drug groups used, number of prescriptions filled and sum of costs, both within each drug group and overall. Combination therapy was defined as using at least two of the 16 chronic therapy groups during 1999.ResultsFemales were more likely than males to use chronic medications during the study year (36.5 vs. 22.4%, p < 0.001). Generally, the likelihood of using a chronic medication increased with age for both sexes. Commonly‐used chronic medications accounted for 54 and 50% of prescriptions for females and males respectively, and for 53% of total drug costs for both sexes. There were few meaningful sex differences in the likelihood of using particular drug groups. Of those who took chronic drugs 14% used combination chronic therapy.ConclusionsThis study provides demographic information regarding treatment of chronic conditions that can be used to aid policy decisions and to provide an impetus for future research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical studies on the S—N interaction in sulfinamides
Authors: Bharatam Prasad V. , Amita  , Kaur Damanjit 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe potential energy surface of sulfinamide H(O)S—NH2 (1) was searched, using ab initio and density functional methods, to study the conformational preferences. High‐accuracy G2MP2 calculations showed that the S—N rotational barrier in 1 is 7.0 kcal mol−1. The inversion around N in 1 goes through a very low energy barrier. Charge analysis using the NPA method was performed to elucidate the electronic factors responsible for the observed trends in the S—N interactions. The strength of negative hyperconjugation in 1 was estimated using NBO analysis and by studying the substituent effect. The repulsions between the lone pairs on oxygen and nitrogen and the nN → σ*S—O negative hyperconjugation play an important role in the conformations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized ladder C and ladder H models for sigma conjugation: chain segmentation in polysilanes
Authors: Schepers Thorsten , Michl Josef 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe parameters of the Hückel type ladder C and ladder H models of permethylated oligosilanes have been optimized to reproduce orbital energies obtained from ab initio Hartree–Fock (HF) calculations of 84 conformers with 1–8 silicon atoms at their optimized geometries. With the optimized parameters, the ladder models reproduce the top ∼5% of the ab initio occupied orbital energies with a mean error of 0.03–0.05 eV. Using Koopmans' theorem, trends in the ionization potentials of very long oligosilanes and polysilanes, including their conformational dependence, can now be predicted with the accuracy of the HF/TZ ab initio method. We use the ladder models to examine the chain‐length dependence of conformational effects in chains with up to 40 silicon atoms, with particular attention to the issue of conformationally induced chain segmentation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization: Colloidal properties, film‐water absorption, and surfactant exudation
Authors: Amalvy Javier I. , Unzué Maria J. , Schoonbrood Harold A. S. , Asua José M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article the results obtained with latexes prepared by emulsion polymerization with a conventional surfactant and a polymerizable surfactant (surfmer) are presented. For this study, well‐defined styrene‐butylacrylate latexes with a conventional nonreactive surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and a maleate diester surfmer, of which films can be easily cast, were used. The latex with the surfmer was prepared following a surfmer addition strategy to maximize the amount of surfmer bound to the particle surface, and not buried in the particle interior. The latex properties in terms of mechanical stability, film‐water absorption, and film‐surfactant exudation were assessed and compared. The mechanical stability and water‐absorption properties of the latex prepared with surfmer were better than those of the latex with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Additionally, by using a surfmer the surfactant migration to the film‐substrate and film‐air interfaces can be inhibited. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2994–3000, 2002
Novel synthesis of cyclic methylvinylsiloxanes by the reaction of methylvinyl diethoxysilane with phosphorous pentachloride
Authors: Ciolino Andrés , Vuano Bruno M. , Pieroni Olga , Villar Marcelo A. , Vallés Enrique M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report a novel synthesis of the cyclic oligomers [(H2CCH)(CH3)SiO]n obtained by the reaction between phosphorous pentachloride and methylvinyl diethoxysilane. According to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data, the reaction product consisted of a mixture of cyclic oligomers in which the most important fractions were composed of cycles with n = 5, 6, or 7. The reaction product was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Experimental results suggested a new kind of reaction between the phosphorous pentachloride and terminal olefins directly bonded to silicon, which was probably associated with sterical effects favoring COSi bond cleavage of ethoxy groups instead of the conventional addition of phosphorous pentachloride to olefinic linkages. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3182–3189, 2002
Spherulites from polyamides with a structure characterized by three hydrogen‐bond directions
Authors: Franco L. , Puiggalí J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPolyamides constituted by glycine residues have a peculiar structure characterized by the establishment of intermolecular hydrogen bonds along three different directions. Spherulites of polyglycine and nylons 2/3, 2/3/3, 2/6, and 2/11 have been obtained from evaporation of concentrated solutions or from the molten state. In all cases, a negative birefringence was detected. This fact differs from the observations on spherulites of conventional nylons where intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed along a single direction and sheet structures are postulated. Polarizing light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy showed that banded spherulites are usually formed in the crystallization of nylons 2/n. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1719–1726, 2002
Monte Carlo simulation of diepoxides and monoepoxides cured with amines
Authors: Cheng Kuo‐Chung , Don Trong‐Ming , Rwei Syang‐Peng , Li Yu‐Ching , Duann Yen‐Fang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe diepoxide–monoepoxide–diamine curing systems are investigated with a Monte Carlo simulation. The dependence of the molecular weight distribution (MWD), gel fraction, and cycle rank of the polymers on the differences in the epoxy reactivities and the contents of the monoepoxide as a reactive diluent are discussed. Before gelation, the MWD of the curing systems with a lower content of the monoepoxide is broader than the MWD of the curing systems with a higher content, and it leads to a lower critical conversion. The gel fraction and cycle rank of the polymers decrease with an increasing amount of the diluent. Even fully cured, the system with a 0.6 epoxy molar fraction of the monoepoxide still has a large fraction of sol, about 49%. Although the various reactivities of the monoepoxide result in different ways of forming gels during curing, the final gel fractions are always near 100% as long as the epoxy molar fraction of the diluent is no more than 0.2. The profiles of the molecular weights of the polymers calculated by the model are in agreement with the experimental data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1857–1868, 2002
Packing manner of graft copolymers with rigid‐rod main chains and amorphous‐crystalline diblock copolymers as side chains
Authors: Inomata Katsuhiro , Sasaki Yoichi , Nose Takuhei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have investigated the morphology and packing manner of graft copolymers consisting of rigid‐rod‐like poly(γ‐benzylL‐glutamate) (PBLG) main chains and grafted diblock copolymers of amorphous poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and crystalline poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The results of differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements for graft copolymers with higher side‐chain volume fractions suggest that the rodlike main chains and crystallized PEG chains exist in segregated domains. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering profiles for these samples show diffraction intensity maxima accompanied by higher order peaks, the positions of which suggest the formation of an ordered layered structure. From these observations, the graft copolymers are estimated to form repeated layered structure consisting of segregated PBLG, PPG, and PEG layers. A proposed model for molecular packing of the graft copolymers is consistent with the experimental observation that the repeating distance for the layered structure decreases with an increase in the volume fraction of side chains. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1904–1912, 2002
‘The doctor knows best’ revisited: physician perspectives
Authors: Freedman Tovia G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn ethnographic study was undertaken to observe in vivo medical encounters between oncology physicians and breast cancer patients. The aim of the study was to gain an inside view of how physicians and patients conceptualize the decision making process during cancer diagnosis and treatment. The confluence of the changes in the role of women in society, the shifting requirements for the delivery of medical services and a complex array of medical options have all contributed to changes in the role of the physician from ‘the doctor knows best’ to a more reciprocal role. The study revealed physician–patients perspectives that may facilitate future medical encounters. In addition, some troubling practices were observed that raise dilemmas about the parameters of informed consent and ethical concerns regarding how medical options are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palaeoclimate reconstruction on Big Lyakhovsky Island, north Siberia—hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ice wedges
Authors: Meyer Hanno , Dereviagin Alexander , Siegert Christine , Schirrmeister Lutz , Hubberten Hans‐W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLate Quaternary permafrost deposits on Big Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Islands, Russian Arctic) were studied with the aim of reconstructing the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental conditions of northern Siberia. Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analyses are presented for six different generations of ice wedges as well as for recent ice wedges and precipitation. An age of about 200 ka BP was determined for an autochtonous peat layer in ice‐rich deposits by U/Th method, containing the oldest ice wedges ever analysed for hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. The palaeoclimatic reconstruction revealed a period of severe winter temperatures at that time. After a gap in the sedimentation history of several tens of thousands of years, ice‐wedge growth was re‐initiated around 50 ka BP by a short period of extremely cold winters and rapid sedimentation leading to ice‐wedge burial and characteristic ice‐soil wedges (‘polosatics’). This corresponds to the initial stage for the Late Weichselian Ice Complex, a peculiar cryolithogenic periglacial formation typical of the lowlands of northern Siberia. The Ice Complex ice wedges reflect cold winters and similar climatic conditions as around 200 ka BP. With a sharp rise in δ18O of 6‰ and δD of 40‰, the warming trend between Pleistocene and Holocene ice wedges is documented. Stable isotope data of recent ice wedges show that Big Lyakhovsky Island has never been as warm in winter as today. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced expression of vimentin in motile prostate cell lines and in poorly differentiated and metastatic prostate carcinoma
Authors: Lang Shona H. , Hyde Catherine , Reid Ian N. , Hitchcock Ian S. , Hart Claire A. , Gordon Bryden A. A. , Villette Jean‐Marie , Stower Michael J. , Maitland Norman J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe metastatic potential of a series of prostate cell lines was analysed by measuring motility and invasiveness, and further correlated to the expression of epithelial differentiation markers.METHODSInvasion and motility were measured using in vitro assays. Immunohistochemistry of cell lines and tissues was used to identify expression of cytokeratins 8 and 1, 5, 10, 14, vimentin, prostate specific antigen, prostate specific membrane antigen, androgen receptor, desmoglein, E‐cadherin, β1 integrin, CD44, hmet, vinculin and actin.RESULTSExpression of vimentin was the only marker to correlate with motility, no markers correlated to invasion. Lower vimentin expression was observed in cells with low motility (PNT2‐C2) and high expression in cells with high motility (P4E6, PNT1a, PC‐3). Vimentin expression was not detected in well differentiated tumours, moderately differentiated tumours contained vimentin positive cells (1/9 bone scan negative, 2/5 bone scan positive), but the majority of poorly differentiated cancers (4/11 bone scan negative, 9/14 bone scan positive) and bone metastases (7/8) had high vimentin expression in tumour cells.CONCLUSIONSMotile prostate cancer cell lines express vimentin. In tissue sections, the presence of vimentin positive tumour cells correlated positively to poorly differentiated cancers and the presence of bone metastases. Prostate 52: 253–263, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphisms in the androgen receptor and type II 5α‐reductase genes and prostate cancer prognosis
Authors: Shibata Atsuko , Garcia Maria Isabel , Cheng Iona , Stamey Thomas A. , McNeal John E. , Brooks James D. , Henderson Stavonnie , Yemoto Cheryl E. , Peehl Donna M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCytosine‐adenine‐guanine repeat length of the androgen receptor gene and the A49T and V89L polymorphisms of the 5α‐reductase (SRD5A2) gene have been associated with prostate cancer.METHODSWe investigated the relationship of the three genetic polymorphisms to tumor grade among 211 men who had undergone radical prostatectomy. Subjects had prostate cancer <3 cm3 with a percentage of cancer represented by Gleason grade 4 or 5 (% Gleason grade 4/5) of either ≥20% or ≤5%. We also examined the association between those genetic markers and prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure among 112 subjects with ≥20% Gleason grade 4/5.RESULTSIn cross‐sectional analysis, none of the polymorphisms was a significant predictor of % Gleason grade 4/5. In longitudinal analysis, the LL genotype at the V89L site was associated with statistically significant four‐ to sixfold increase in PSA failure risk after adjustment for clinicopathologic variables.CONCLUSIONSWe observed poorer prognosis among men with the LL genotype at codon 89 of the SRD5A2 gene. Lack of consistency between studies must be resolved before clinical utility of this marker is established. Prostate 52: 269–278, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Susceptibility to proteolysis of triosephosphate isomerase from two pathogenic parasites: Characterization of an enzyme with an intact and a nicked monomer
Authors: Reyes‐Vivas Horacio , Martínez‐Martínez Eduardo , Mendoza‐Hernández Guillermo , López‐Velázquez Gabriel , Pérez‐Montfort Ruy , Tuena de Gómez‐Puyou Marietta , Gómez‐Puyou Armando 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe susceptibility to subtilisin of homodimeric triosephosphate isomerase from Trypanosoma brucei (TbTIM) and Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTIM) was studied. Their amino sequence and 3D structure are markedly similar. In 36 h of incubation at a molar ratio of 4 TIM per subtilisin, TcTIM underwent extensive hydrolysis, loss of activity, and large structural alterations. Under the same conditions, only about 50% of the monomers of TbTIM were cleaved in two sites. The higher sensitivity of TcTIM to subtilisin is probably due to a higher intrinsic flexibility. We isolated and characterized TbTIM that had been exposed to subtilisin. It exhibited the molecular mass of the dimer, albeit it was formed by one intact and one nicked monomer. Its kcat with glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate was half that of native TbTIM, with no change in Km. The intrinsic fluorescence of nicked TbTIM was red‐shifted by 5 nm. The association between subunits was not affected. The TbTIM data suggest that there are structural differences in the two monomers or that alterations of one subunit change the characteristics of the other subunit. In comparison to the action of subtilisin on TIMs from other species, the trypanosomal enzymes appear to be unique. Proteins 2002;48:580–590. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic breakpoint detection for retrospective cumulative sum charts
Authors: Taylor A.L. , Tait S.P. , Porter M.A. , Perry M.J. , Nicolson R.W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCumulative sum (cusum) methods can be used for monitoring processes and for retrospective (historical) data analysis. Most software only provides the former. The comment by Williamson that retrospective cusum analysis is a neglected area is still true. Though not in vogue, retrospective cusum analysis is useful for investigations such as benchmarking of processes, identifying causes of process decay, selecting reference data sets for typicality studies, and reporting of historical data. Even those texts which cover retrospective analyses, usually ignore the question of identifying multiple points of change (breakpoints), and present essentially manual methods for assessing single breakpoints. Most users of statistical methods want software solutions that are easy to use and require little user intervention or interpretation. Direct implementation of manual method does not give a user robust solution. Problems are illustrated. Attempts to use monitoring CuSums in retrospective analysis can also lead to errors. A practical recursive method is presented for breakpoint identification and significance assessment, which can be automated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An antiviral principle present in a purified fraction from Melia azedarach L. leaf aqueous extract restrains herpes simplex virus type 1 propagation
Authors: Alché Laura E. , Barquero Andrea A. , Sanjuan Norberto A. , Coto Celia E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMeliacine (MA), an antiviral principle isolated from leaves of Melia azedarach L., exhibits potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) by inhibiting specific infected‐cell polypeptides (ICPs) produced late in infection. Some of these are involved in DNA synthesis and in the assembly of nucleocapsids. The present report provides additional evidence to elucidate the mode of action of MA against HSV‐1. Time‐of‐addition experiments confirmed that MA affects a late event in the multiplication cycle of HSV‐1. We showed that MA diminished the synthesis of viral DNA and inhibited the spread of infectious viral particles when HSV‐1 that expresses β‐galactosidase activity was used. In addition, the lack of a protein with an apparent MW of 55 KD was detected in MA‐treated cell extracts. Ultrastructural analysis of infected cells showed that, in the case of MA treatment, a large number of unenveloped nucleocapsids accumulated in the cytoplasm and a minor proportion of mature virus was found in cytoplasmic vesicles.These findings suggest that MA exerts an antiviral action on both the synthesis of viral DNA and the maturation and egress of HSV‐1 during the infection of Vero cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric optimization of magnetic‐field‐assisted abrasive flow machining by the Taguchi method
Authors: Singh Sehijpal , Shan H. S. , Kumar Pradeep 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSome hybrid‐machining processes have been developed in the recent past with a view to devising composite machining processes, which are able to overcome the limitations of one process with the help of advantageous features of another similar process. The present paper identifies the parameters of abrasive flow machining (AFM) that significantly affect the material removal when a magnetic field is applied around the workpiece. The Taguchi method has been adopted for studying the effect of magnetic‐field‐assisted AFM parameters, individually, on the abrasion rate of work materials. Optimization of the process parameters has been carried out for the purpose of off‐line monitoring of the process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex symmeterized analysis of benzene vibrations
Authors: Rashev Svetoslav 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this work is to introduce specific complex coordinates and wave functions (Hamiltonian eigenfunctions) for the description of vibrational motion in benzene. When suitably chosen, these complex functions are shown to possess interesting transformation behavior under the symmetry operations of the molecular symmetrical top point group D6. This behavior is analyzed and classified as “complex symmetry types” (CSTs). CSTs can be defined for all symmetrical top point groups. The description in terms of complex symmeterized coordinates and wave functions allows for the construction of a separable symmeterized vibrational basis set for benzene. New results from calculations on vibrational energies and redeterminations of harmonic force constants in benzene, obtained using the CST description, are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Best Available Treatment Technologies Applied to Groundwater Circulation Wells
Authors: Elmore Andrew Curtis , Graff Thomas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGroundwater circulation wells (GCWs) are a quasi‐in‐situ method for remediating
groundwater in areas where remediation techniques that limit the water available for municipal, domestic,
industrial, or agricultural purposes are inappropriate. The inherently resource‐conservative nature of
groundwater circulation wells is also philosophically appealing in today's culture, which is supportive of
green technologies. Groundwater circulation wells involve the circulation of groundwater through a
dual‐screen well, with treatment occurring between the screens. The wells are specifically designed so that
one well screen draws in groundwater and the second returns the groundwater after it has been treated within the
well. Historically, the treatment has been performed with specialized equipment proprietary to GCW vendors. Two
full‐scale pilot systems at a formerly used Defense Superfund site in Nebraska used best available
technologies for treatment components. A multiple‐tray, low‐profile air stripper typically used for
pump‐and‐treat remediation systems was successfully adapted for the GCW pilot system located in a
trichloroethylene (TCE) hot spot. An ultraviolet water disinfection system was successfully adapted for
the GCW pilot system located in a hot spot contaminated with the explosive compound
hexhydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX). The pilot systems showed that
GCW technology is competitive with a previously considered pump‐and‐treat alternative for focused
extraction, and the regulatory community was supportive of additional GCW applications. A remedial design for the
site includes 12 more GCW systems to complete focused remediation requirements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.