bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can and how should the gig worker loophole be closed?
Authors: Peetz David 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis article considers, summarises, and analyses the merits of various arguments regarding options for regulating (or not regulating) ‘gig work’, concluding with observations about currently proposed legislation. There is a strong argument for regulating gig work. Many workers are vulnerable, and many of the arguments against any form or regulation – in terms of innovation, productivity, employment, or the inevitability of this trend – lack merit. Current definitions of employment, indeed current labour law, are not adequate and many, but not all, gig workers are like employees in terms of the control exercised over them. However, treating gig workers as employees would encounter several problems. The outcomes would be uncertain. Not all would be covered. Many gig workers would be opposed (despite wanting protection). The gig firms could render such legislation ineffective, or alternatively succeed in mobilising opposition, almost ensuring such legislation would be revoked at the next change of government. Regulating gig work as a form of contracting is a viable alternative. It has the potential to attract support from gig workers themselves, undermining opposition by the gig firms, and attract support from some parts of capital. The New South Wales experience shows us that regulation of gig work as contracting is feasible and politically sustainable. Despite limitations, the ‘Closing the Loopholes’ Bill provides a sustainable model for regulating and protecting many ‘gig economy’ workers. It is time to envisage labour law as something that extends not just to employees but to many contractors as well.
Staphylococcus epidermidis joint isolates: Whole-genome sequencing demonstrates evidence of hospital transmission and common antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Simon Samantha J. , Sater Mohamad , Herriott Ian , Huntley Miriam , Briars Emma , Hollenbeck Brian L. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractObjective:We investigated genetic, epidemiologic, and environmental factors contributing to positive Staphylococcus epidermidis joint cultures.Design:Retrospective cohort study with whole-genome sequencing (WGS).Patients:We identified S. epidermidis isolates from hip or knee cultures in patients with 1 or more prior corresponding intra-articular procedure at our hospital.Methods:WGS and single-nucleotide polymorphism–based clonality analyses were performed, including species identification, in silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST), phylogenomic analysis, and genotypic assessment of the prevalence of specific antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Epidemiologic review was performed to compare cluster and noncluster cases.Results:In total, 60 phenotypically distinct S. epidermidis isolates were identified. After removal of duplicates and impure samples, 48 isolates were used for the phylogenomic analysis, and 45 (93.7%) isolates were included in the clonality analysis. Notably, 5 S. epidermidis strains (10.4%) showed phenotypic susceptibility to oxacillin yet harbored mecA, and 3 (6.2%) strains showed phenotypic resistance despite not having mecA. Smr was found in all isolates, and mupA positivity was not observed. We also identified 6 clonal clusters from the clonality analysis, which accounted for 14 (31.1%) of the 45 S. epidermidis isolates. Our epidemiologic investigation revealed ties to common aspirations or operative procedures, although no specific common source was identified.Conclusions:Most S. epidermidis isolates from clinical joint samples are diverse in origin, but we identified an important subset of 31.1% that belonged to subclinical healthcare–associated clusters. Clusters appeared to resolve spontaneously over time, suggesting the benefit of routine hospital infection control and disinfection practices.
The Populist Foundations of Democracy: A Conceptual History of “the People” [Folket] in the Constitutional Struggles in Denmark, 1830–1920
Authors: Flohr Mikkel 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis article reconstructs and analyses the conceptual history of “the people” [Folket] in modern Danish history. It applies qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze new data and archival materials and provides a detailed study of the construction, development and central role of populist conceptions of “the people” in the constitutional struggles between 1830 and 1920 that transformed Denmark from an absolute monarchy into a parliamentary democracy. I argue that these populist conceptualizations of “the people” shaped and fostered the emergence of the ideas and practices of parliamentary democracy as “the people’s rule” [Folkestyre]. This case study thereby challenges contemporary assumptions about an inherently adversarial relationship between populism and democracy. Moreover, it makes a number of empirical and analytical contributions to the existing historiography, as well as the literature on the construction of “the people,” democracy and populism.
Disentangling the link between social determinants of health and child survival in Nigeria during the Sustainable Development Goals era: a hierarchical path analysis of time-to-event outcome
Authors: Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo , Muhajarine Nazeem 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWhile social determinants of health have been perennially linked to child survival in resource-limited countries, the precise and tested pathways to effect are not clearly understood. The objective of this study was therefore to identify the critical pathways as posited a priori in a model through which social factors (at maternal, household, and community levels) determine neonatal, infant, and under-five mortalities in Nigeria. Using a novel analytic approach (hierarchical path modelling for predicting accelerated failure time) to estimate (in)direct and total effects of social determinants of child survival, we analysed 30,960 live births (weighted data for representativeness), obtained from the 2016/2017 Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. There were three outcome variables: time until occurrence of neonatal, infant, and under-five mortalities. The independent variables were layered factors related to child, maternal, household and community. Geographical region, rurality of residence, infrastructural development, maternal education, contraceptive use, marital status, and maternal age at birth were found to operate more indirectly on neonatal, infant, and under-five survival. Child survival is due to direct effects of child’s sex (female), gestational type (singleton), birth spacing (children whose mothers delivered at least two years apart), and maternal age at delivery (20–34 years). According to the path coefficients, the indirect effects of geographical regions are the most influential determinants of child survival, accounting for 30% (neonatal), 37.1% (infant) and 39.9% (under-five) of the total effects. This study offers comprehensive set of factors, and linked pathways, at the maternal, household, and community levels that are associated with child survival in Nigeria. To accelerate progress towards Sustainable Development Goal targets for child survival and reduce geographical inequities, stakeholders should implement more impactful policies that promote maternal education, contraceptive use and improve living conditions of women (especially in rural areas of northern Nigeria). Future research should focus on identifying the most effective interventions for addressing these social determinants of child survival in Nigeria.
Efficacy of levamisole, ivermectin and moxidectin against Capillaria spp. in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)
Authors: Van de Weyer Y. , Santos M.C. , Williams N. , Gonçalves A.M. , Hawley W. , McVay K. , Bexton S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This randomised study aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of treatment protocols containing levamisole, ivermectin, or moxidectin against Capillaria spp. in naturally infected European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) presented to a British wildlife rehabilitation centre. Faecal analysis, consisting of wet mount and flotation, was performed for 229 hedgehogs weighing ≥200g. Animals testing positive for Capillaria spp. (81%), excluding pregnant females, were randomly allocated a treatment protocol. Initially, hedgehogs (n = 50) received one of six ‘pilot’ protocols, whereas the remaining animals (n = 97) received one of three ‘main’ protocols. Faecal analysis was repeated on day 8 and day 12 after treatment initiation. Efficacy of each treatment was assessed based on Capillaria reduction rate (CRR), weight gain, presence of respiratory clinical signs, and outcome. Pilot protocols containing only moxidectin had a significantly lower CRR (≥28.1%) compared to those with levamisole or ivermectin (≥86.6%), whereas the main protocols containing levamisole had a significantly higher CRR (≥93.0%) compared to those containing only ivermectin (≥69.3%). Clinical parameters did not differ significantly between treatments, but animals with respiratory clinical signs at the end of the trial were significantly more likely to have lower CRR and test positive for Crenosoma striatum. C. striatum often appeared refractory to treatment, and managing these infections requires additional anthelmintic therapy. Based on the formulations and dosages trialled, moxidectin is not recommended for treating capillariosis in European hedgehogs, whereas levamisole given orally for two consecutive days at 25–35 mg/kg is suggested as the treatment of choice.
Cheetahs in Tanzania's Selous–Nyerere ecosystem: lack of evidence for current persistence, and reflections on historical status
Authors: Searle Charlotte E. , Strampelli Paolo , Haule Leonard , Parsais Singira N. , Olesyapa Kandey , Salum Nasri Dadi , Ikanda Dennis , Mtoka Samuel , Hape Germanus , Mathayo Daniel , Elisa Manase , Lobora Alex L. , Dickman Amy J. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe cheetah Acinonyx jubatus has suffered considerable range contractions in recent decades. Despite the importance of up-to-date information on distribution to guide conservation, such information is lacking for large areas within the species’ remaining potential range. In Tanzania, the largest tract of potential cheetah habitat without such data is the Selous–Nyerere ecosystem. Although the cheetah is considered possibly extant in this landscape, the last confirmed sighting was in the late 1990s. During 2020–2022, we carried out sign-based (spoor) and camera-trap surveys across Selous Game Reserve and Nyerere National Park. We did not record any evidence of cheetah presence, and opportunistic enquiries with tourism operators and protected area management staff did not provide any evidence of current or recent presence. Our findings suggest that current cheetah presence is unlikely, and that Selous–Nyerere should not be treated as potential contemporary cheetah range. We discuss the possibility that Selous–Nyerere may have never hosted a resident cheetah population, and was either occasionally occupied by dispersers from other populations or represented the edge of populations that spanned areas now treated as corridors.
Songwriters vs. the recording industry: the use and abuse of statistics in UK streaming debates
Authors: Osborne Richard 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn Britain, the Select Committee of the government department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport has investigated the economics of streaming and recommended that the share of revenues for record companies should decrease so that songwriters can earn more. This article addresses lobbying activity that has resulted from this recommendation. To support their causes, songwriter representatives and record company organisations have made incorrect or misleading use of data from the report Music Creators’ Earnings in the Digital Age. This article looks at the impact of these uses and provides corrections and alternatives to the statistics that have been employed. It also looks at the importance of the issues that have been raised. In conclusion, it addresses aspects of record company accounting that will need to be considered if an increase for songwriters is to be made at their expense.
Dethroning the Mao-era Elite, Clearing the Way for Reform
Authors: Chen Hao , Wilson Saul , Xu Changxin Patrick , Cheng Cheng , Wang Yuhua 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe reform era began with the removal of Mao-era elites from leadership positions on a scale theretofore unseen in the People's Republic of China. Rather than depending on incentives to mobilize Mao-era cadres to support Reform and Opening, the new reform leadership brought in younger, better educated pro-reform elites. This article thus proposes a Personnel Model, in which the Communist Party brings in sympathetic cadres to implement major shifts in the Party line. Furthermore, personnel changes were first imposed on the military, then on the civilian apparatus. We show the large scale and rapid implementation of these reforms in 1982–1984 using an original database of over 60,000 cadres drawn fromOrganizational Histories.
Global, regional, and national disease burden and attributable risk factors of HIV/AIDS in older adults aged 70 years and above: a trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019
Authors: Du Min , Liu Min , Liu Jue 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We aimed to assess the burden and trend of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among older adults over the past three decades at different geographical levels, based on the data collected from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study 2019. This assessment identified the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) using Joinpoint regression analysis. Globally, the incidence of HIV/AIDS has decreased (AAPC = −3.107); however, the overall prevalence has consistently increased (AAPC = 5.557). Additionally, both mortality (AAPC = 2.166) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; AAPC = 2.429) have increased. The highest increasing trends in female HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence were observed in the Central Asia region. However, for males, these trends were observed in the Oceania region and the high-income Asia Pacific region, respectively. In recent decades, females aged 70–74 years had the highest incidence and prevalence, while males aged 70–74 years had highest mortality and DALYs in low social development index (SDI) regions. Unsafe sex resulted in 15 381.16 deaths, accounting for 90.73% of all HIV/AIDS deaths, and 331 140.56 DALYs, accounting for 91.12% of all HIV/AIDS DALYs. The HIV/AIDS disease burden differs by region, age, and sex among older adults. Sexual health education and targeted screening for older adults are recommended.
Post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric manifestations: a suggested therapeutic approach to ‘long COVID’ with azithromycin
Authors: Schwartz Robert A. , Suskind Robert M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The devastating effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may not end when the acute illness has terminated. A subset of COVID-19 patients may have symptoms that persist for months. This condition has been described as ‘long COVID’. From a historical perspective, it has been recognized that serious long-term neurological sequelae have been associated with RNA viruses such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses. A potential intervention for early post-COVID-19 neuropsychiatric impairment may be the commonly employed, readily available, reasonably priced macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin. We have observed a favourable clinical response with azithromycin in three patients with neurological symptoms associated with long COVID-19. We recommend considering formal clinical trials using azithromycin for patients with post-COVID-19 infection neurological changes including ‘COVID fog’ or the more severe neurological symptoms that may later develop.
Effects of kisspeptin on the maturation of human ovarian primordial follicles in vitro
Authors: Rezaei-Tazangi Fatemeh , Kooshesh Leila , Tayyebiazar Ali , Taghizabet Neda , Tavakoli Anahita , Hassanpour Ashraf , Aliakbari Fereshteh , Kharazinejad Ebrahim , Sharifi Ali-Mohammad 
Published: December 2023

SummaryAt this time, with advances in medical science, many cancers and chronic diseases are treatable, but one of their side effects is infertility. Some women also want to delay pregnancy for personal reasons. There has been some evidence that kisspeptin activates broad signals by binding to its receptor, suggesting that the role of kisspeptin in direct control of ovarian function includes follicle growth and steroid production. In this study, the effect of kisspeptin on improving the quality and results for human ovarian follicles was investigated. A section of ovary was removed laparoscopically from women between 20 and 35 years of age (n = 12). Pieces were divided randomly into two groups, control and treatment (with 1 μM kisspeptin). Real-time PCR was performed for GDF9, BMP15 and mTOR gene expression assessments. Western blotting was carried out to measure AKT and FOXO3a protein expression. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test; means were considered significantly different at a P-value < 0.05. During treatment with the kisspeptin group, maturity genes are expressed. Therefore, kisspeptin is an effective substance to improve the quality of the human ovarian medium as it increases the maturity of follicles.
Introduction: New Approaches to Music and Sound
Authors: McKenna Rebecca Tinio , Suisman David 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis introduction to the Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era’s special issue, “New Approaches to Music and Sound,” provides a historical sketch of American music and the American soundscape at the turn of the twentieth century. It also offers a discussion of relevant historiography, taking stock of recent work in sound studies and its influence on research on music and sound of the period. Finally, it introduces the four research articles featured in this special issue and marks their contributions to our understandings of listening practices, normative understandings of audition and speech, and the sonic dimensions of politics and capitalism, race and national identity, imaginings of the past and visions for the future in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
“Speak the Language of Your Flag”: Speech, Language, and Oralism During the First World War
Authors: Healey Katherrine H. R. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWith the United States’ entrance into the First World War, linguistic and cultural cohesiveness became imperative, compelling everyone—from immigrants with foreign accents to people with speech problems and hearing loss—to “sound American” by fluently speaking the language of their flag.This article examines lip-reading, speech, and auricular training prescribed to deaf and hard-of-hearing children as well as for servicemen deafened in the war to demonstrate how World War I demanded all Americans to contribute to and participate in shared national soundscapes, regardless of their hearing status. Use of American Sign Language was considered a conspicuous sign of one’s failure to integrate into hearing society, and it shared parallels with immigrants who failed to learn English and fully assimilate into American culture. Indeed, rehabilitation of deafened soldiers of the First World War through speech training and lip-reading instruction at Hospital No. 11 at Cape May, New Jersey, coincided with broader national efforts to improve Americans’ speech and language use, and in turn, their patriotism and productivity.
Three-dimensional topology-based analysis segments volumetric and spatiotemporal fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Panconi Luca , Tansell Amy , Collins Alexander J. , Makarova Maria , Owen Dylan M. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractImage analysis techniques provide objective and reproducible statistics for interpreting microscopy data. At higher dimensions, three-dimensional (3D) volumetric and spatiotemporal data highlight additional properties and behaviors beyond the static 2D focal plane. However, increased dimensionality carries increased complexity, and existing techniques for general segmentation of 3D data are either primitive, or highly specialized to specific biological structures. Borrowing from the principles of 2D topological data analysis (TDA), we formulate a 3D segmentation algorithm that implements persistent homology to identify variations in image intensity. From this, we derive two separate variants applicable to spatial and spatiotemporal data, respectively. We demonstrate that this analysis yields both sensitive and specific results on simulated data and can distinguish prominent biological structures in fluorescence microscopy images, regardless of their shape. Furthermore, we highlight the efficacy of temporal TDA in tracking cell lineage and the frequency of cell and organelle replication.
Can’t Boil, Won’t Boil: Material Inequality, Information, and Disease Avoidance during a Typhoid Epidemic in Tampere, Finland, in 1916
Authors: Peltola Jarmo , Saaritsa Sakari , Mikkola Henri 
Published: December 2023

AbstractHistorical research on urban epidemics has focused on the interaction of diseases with social and spatial gradients, such as class, ethnicity, or neighborhood. Even sophisticated historical studies usually lack data on health-related behavior or health-related perceptions, which modern analysts tend to emphasize. With detailed source material from the Finnish city of Tampere during a typhoid epidemic in 1916, we are able to combine both dimensions and look at how material and social constraints interacted with behavior and knowledge to produce unequal outcomes. We use data on socioeconomic status, location, and physical habitat as well as the self-reported behavior and expressed understandings of transmission mechanisms of the infected people to identify the determinants of some falling ill earlier or later than others. Applying survival analysis to approximately 2,500 cases, we show that disease avoidance behavior was deficient and constrained by physical habitat, regardless of considerable public health campaigning. Behavioral guidelines issued by authorities were sub-optimally communicated, unrealistic, and inadequately followed. Boiling water was hampered by shared kitchens, and access to laundry houses for additional hygiene was uneven. Centralized chemical water purification finally leveled the playing field by socializing the cost of prevention and eliminating key sources of unequal risk.
Reverberations of Empire: How the Colonial Past Shapes the Present
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: December 2023

AbstractModern colonialism from the eighteenth century onward encompassed most of the world’s surface. Today, the world is different. In theory at least, nation-states rather than empires and colonies are the global norm. The sorts of colonial conquests that mark earlier centuries appear to have ended. But does this mean colonialism in the past is not relevant for the present? Scholarly and popular discussions allude to the idea that past colonialism impacts the present, using a variety of terms like “legacies,” “imprints,” “vestiges,” “ruins,” or “afterlives.” Yet existing scholarship has yet to fully clarify and catalog the specific processes and mechanisms that connect colonial history with its putative legacies. This essay, based upon the 2022 Presidential Address to the Social Science History Association, identifies and discusses four such processes and mechanisms or “modes of reverberation”: (1) continued colonialism through simple reproduction, (2) the persistence of power through formal and informal institutionalization, (3) path dependent historical trajectories (or “colonial institutionalism”), and (4) colonialism’s archive of meaning.