bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical perspective on gene expression data analysis
Authors: Satagopan Jaya M. , Panageas Katherine S. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRapid advances in biotechnology have resulted in an increasing interest in the use of oligonucleotide and spotted cDNA gene expression microarrays for medical research. These arrays are being widely used to understand the underlying genetic structure of various diseases, with the ultimate goal to provide better diagnosis, prevention and cure. This technology allows for measurement of expression levels from several thousands of genes simultaneously, thus resulting in an enormous amount of data. The role of the statistician is critical to the successful design of gene expression studies, and the analysis and interpretation of the resulting voluminous data. This paper discusses hypotheses common to gene expression studies, and describes some of the statistical methods suitable for addressing these hypotheses. S‐plus and SAS codes to perform the statistical methods are provided. Gene expression data from an unpublished oncologic study is used to illustrate these methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear models for the relation between cardiovascular risk factors and intake of wine, beer and spirits
Authors: Ambler Gareth , Royston Patrick , Head Jenny 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIt is generally accepted that moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). It is not clear however whether this benefit is derived through the consumption of a specific beverage type, for example, wine. In this paper the associations between known CHD risk factors and different beverage types are investigated using a novel approach with non‐linear modelling. Two types of model are proposed which are designed to detect differential effects of beverage type. These may be viewed as extensions of Box and Tidwell's power‐linear model. The risk factors high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fibrinogen and systolic blood pressure are considered using data from a large longitudinal study of British civil servants (Whitehall II). The results for males suggest that gram for gram of alcohol, the effect of wine differs from that of beer and spirits, particularly for systolic blood pressure. In particular increasing wine consumption is associated with slightly more favourable levels of all three risk factors studied. For females there is evidence of a differential relationship only for systolic blood pressure. These findings are tentative but suggest that further research is required to clarify the similarities and differences between the results for males and females and to establish whether either of the models is the more appropriate. However, having clarified these issues, the apparent benefit of consuming wine instead of other alcoholic beverages may be relatively small. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Financial strategy at YPF
Authors: Grosse Robert 
Published: January 2003

AbstractYacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YPF) was formerly state‐owned and the largest company in
Argentina in 1995. It was privatized in 1993, and was planning its second annual capital budget as a
private‐sector company in the fall of 1994. When the Tequila Crisis hit Mexico in December of 1994,
international borrowing became much more difficult for emerging market borrowers in general and Argentine
borrowers in particular. This case presents the situation that faced YPF at the beginning of 1995, after most of
the pieces of its capital budget had been laid out but not finalized at the end of 1994.
Implications of the introduction of the Euro for the Mediterranean countries
Authors: Colton Nora , Neaime Simon 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe Mediterranean peripheral countries cannot afford to be passive viewers of the fundamental changes that are
taking place in Europe after the introduction of the Euro. The new developments pose formidable challenges and
opportunities. It will be argued that no single group of developing countries will be more affected by these
changes than the Mediterranean countries given their geographical proximity to the region and their long
historical record of extensive and large economic interactions (trade, finance, and migration). This
article examines the implications of the introduction of the single currency in Europe on Mediterranean central
bank reserves and foreign external liabilities, trade and capital flow, and exchange rate policies. It is shown
that since most Mediterranean trade is with the EU, Mediterranean central banks will be necessitated to hold major
portions of their foreign exchange reserves in Euros. Also, a Mediterranean currency peg to the Euro, or to a
basket of currencies where the Euro is allocated, will be important in reducing financial and trade transaction
costs. It will also be hypothesized that Mediterranean foreign debts will eventually have to be converted to
Euros. Finally, parallels between this region and the U.S–Caribbean region will be drawn to reinforce the
argument that trade and capital dependence will eventually lead to a pegging of the Mediterranean currencies to
the Euro. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Soft vs. hard approach in communicating on corporate social responsibility
Authors: Tixier Maud 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThese past years, companies have become aware that their mission went beyond mere profit‐making. Corporate social responsibility toward all stakeholders is today, more than ever, an important stake for communication. Companies must know how to communicate if a social or environmental crisis occurs. However, effective communication must be based on facts. Management must consider a new criterion for success: the ability to respond to all the actions of the company, at all levels.Faced with widespread confusion regarding what is conventionally referred to as “corporate social responsibility” and regarding all matters related to the subject, which may or may not be the result of a trend, we opt for a straightforward and practical approach by focusing on one question: Should there be more talk of the social duties of companies, and if so, how are we to tackle the issue?We have observed that there are many conflicting opinions on the matter, at least in certain countries, including France. This raises points hardly spoken of in the numerous works broaching the subject. Opinions may be based on differing attitudes on legitimacy (do companies have an obligation to their community besides being formed to make a profit?), on the legislation provided by countries on “corporate citizenship” (laws of the home and host countries), on the expectations of the society in which the firm exists, and on the logic of those putting forth those opinions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Declining global market share of Singapore's electronics exports: Is it a concern?
Authors: Wu Friedrich , Loy Chua Boon 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn contrast with the steadily rising shares of other regional exporters, Singapore's export shares in
the global electronics market have been faltering in recent years. This has given rise to concerns about its
export competitiveness. The drop in Singapore's global ranking can be attributed to shrinking exports of
end products and low‐end electronics parts, as manufacturers relocate such assembly production out of
Singapore to the regional economies. Fortunately, Singapore remains competitive in the export of
high‐end intermediate electronics components, which are characterized by capability, technology, and
automation‐intensive processes. While Singapore is progressing in the right direction, the climb up the
high‐tech value chain needs to be further accelerated in order to maintain a technology gap with
regional exporters. Besides accelerating its own industrial upgrading, Singapore needs to actively pursue
measures that would help create a more integrated and competitive production platform for ASEAN, as well as to
seek opportunities to service the rapidly enlarging consumer market in China. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Europe and the world
Authors: Hanson David P. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMichelle Egan. 2001. Constructing a European Market. Standards, Regulation and Governance.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. 362 pages; ISBN 0‐9‐24405‐7.Brigid Gavin. 2001. The European Union and Globalization; Towards Global Democratic
Governance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 242 pages; ISBN 1‐84064‐005‐7.Patrick A. Messerlin. 2001. Measuring the Costs of Protection in Europe: European Commercial Policies
in the 2000s. Washington: Institute for International Economics. 370 pages; ISBN
0‐88132‐273‐3.
Degradation kinetics of meta‐ and para‐aromatic polyamides
Authors: Horta Arturo , Coca José , Díez Fernando V. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPoly(m‐phenylenediamineisophthal)amide (MPD‐I) and poly(p‐phenylenediamineterephthal)amide (PPD‐T) are among the most important high‐tech polymers. The degradation of three MPD‐I fibers with different molecular weight distributions and a PPD‐T fiber was studied in a proprietary laboratory degradation chamber. The results were fitted satisfactorily to a kinetic model describing the degradation as a combination of thermal scission, oxidation, and hydrolysis. PPD‐T degradation is slower than that of MPD‐I, and MPD‐I resistance to degradation increases as polydispersity decreases. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 15–21, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10031
2‐D numerical simulation of differential viscoelastic fluids in a single‐screw continuous mixer: Application of viscoelastic finite element methods
Authors: Connelly Robin K. , Kokini Jozef L. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractViscoelastic effects on mixing flows obtained with kneading paddles in a single‐screw, continuous mixer were explored using 2‐D finite element method numerical simulations. The single‐mode Phan–Thien Tanner nonlinear, viscoelastic fluid model was used with parameters for a dough‐like material. The viscoelastic limits of the simulations were found using elastic viscous stress splitting, 4 × 4 sub‐elements for stress, streamline upwind, and streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG). Mesh refinement and comparison between methods was also done. The single‐screw mixer was modeled by taking the kneading paddle as the point of reference, fixing the mesh in time. Rigid rotation and no slip boundary conditions at the walls were used with inertia taken into account. Results include velocity, pressure, and stress profiles. The addition of viscoelasticity caused the shear and normal stresses to vary greatly from the viscous results, with a resulting loss of symmetry in the velocity and pressure profiles in the flow region. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 22–41, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10038
Census and distribution of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Authors: Kierulff M. Cecília M. , Rylands Anthony B. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractDuring 1990–1992, a survey of the golden lion tamarin,Leontopithecus rosalia, was carried out throughout its known distribution area. Forest remnants were identified by visual interpretation of Landsat‐TM satellite images. Localities occupied byL. rosaliawere first identified by interviews with local people. All forests more than 20 ha in size, and for which two or more interviews suggested the presence of the species, were surveyed using “play‐back” recordings of lion tamarin long calls. The total wild population ofL. rosalia, including that of the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve, was estimated to be 562 individuals in 109 groups. The lion tamarins were generally found in four major areas of forest (six or more groups per forest, not including Poço das Antas), with a further 12 groups isolated in small forest patches. Currently the species' distribution is restricted to just four municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro: Silva Jardim, Cabo Frio, Saquarema, and Araruama. Although they are typically confined to lowland forest of <300 m altitude,L. rosaliawas recorded at an altitude of 550 m in one locality. Average group size varied from 3.6 to 5.7 individuals, and densities from 0.39 groups/km2to 2.35 groups/km2(2.17 individuals/ km2to 8.53 individuals/km2). Six of the isolated groups found during the survey were successfully translocated to a forest of 2,400 ha. There is now also a significant population of reintroduced lion tamarins. Overall, however, the possibilities for further expansion of the wild population are severely limited. Am. J. Primatol. 59:29–44, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of dynamic vulcanization on properties and morphology of nylon/SAN/NBR blends: A new compatibilization method of nylon/ABS blends
Authors: Wang Zhongjian , Zhang Xiangfu , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi , Zhou Wen 
Published: January 2003

AbstractDynamically vulcanized blends of nylon, styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), and nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) were examined for mechanical properties, Shore D hardness, Vicat softening temperature, impact process, and phase morphology. The effect of a curing system such as phenolic formaldehyde resins (PF), dicumylperoxide (DCP), and a sulfur system on the mechanical properties of the nylon/SAN/NBR blends was studied, and dynamic vulcanization with a PF system was found to lead to outstanding toughness of the blends. The effect of PF content on the mechanical properties, Shore D hardness, and heat resistance of the nylon/SAN/NBR blends was also investigated. With increasing PF content the notched‐impact strength and Vicat softening temperature (VST) of the nylon/SAN/NBR (50/25/25) blends evidently improved, but tensile strength and Shore D hardness of the blends changed slightly. It can be concluded that the nylon/SAN/NBR (50/25/25) blends dynamically vulcanized by high‐content PF can attain excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, especially supertoughness, at room temperature. SEM was used to investigate the effect of dynamic vulcanization on disperse‐phase particle size, particle size distribution, and phase morphology. It was obvious that disperse‐phase particle size decreased with an increasing PF content. Thermal behavior and miscibility of dynamically vulcanized nylon/SAN/NBR with PF were investigated by DMTA. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2057–2062, 2003
Functionalization of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)
Authors: Cordella Cristina D. , Cardozo Nilo S. M. , Neto Ricardo Baumhardt , Mauler Raquel S. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) was functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Grafting reactions were carried out in an internal mixer at 170°C, using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as an initiator. The effect of three variables, % GMA, % DCP, and reaction time, on grafting were studied using a factorial design to analyze the experimental data. GMA was grafted onto SBS and its incorporation increased with the % GMA added. The factors levels studied indicated that was an optimum % DCP point about 0.1% w/w to achieve the best incorporation and conversion values. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2074–2079, 2003
Dynamic mechanical behavior of high‐density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer blends: The effects of the blend ratio, reactive compatibilization, and dynamic vulcanization
Authors: John Biju , Varughese K. T. , Oommen Zachariah , Pötschke Petra , Thomas Sabu 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe effects of the blend ratio, reactive compatibilization, and dynamic vulcanization on the dynamic mechanical properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) blends have been analyzed at different temperatures. The storage modulus of the blend decreases with an increase in the EVA content. The loss factor curve shows two peaks, corresponding to the transitions of HDPE and EVA, indicating the incompatibility of the blend system. Attempts have been made to correlate the observed viscoelastic properties of the blends with the blend morphology. Various composite models have been used to predict the dynamic mechanical data. The experimental values are close to those of the Halpin–Tsai model above 50 wt % EVA and close to those of the Coran model up to 50 wt % EVA in the blend. For the Takayanagi model, the theoretical value is in good agreement with the experimental value for a 70/30 HDPE/EVA blend. The area under the loss modulus/temperature curve (LA) has been analyzed with the integration method from the experimental curve and has been compared with that obtained from group contribution analysis. The LA values calculated with group contribution analysis are lower than those calculated with the integration method. The addition of a maleic‐modified polyethylene compatibilizer increases the storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor values of the system, and this is due to the finer dispersion of the EVA domains in the HDPE matrix upon compatibilization. For 70/30 and 50/50 blends, the addition of a maleic‐modified polyethylene compatibilizer shifts the relaxation temperature of both HDPE and EVA to a lower temperature, and this indicates increased interdiffusion of the two phases at the interface upon compatibilization. However, for a 30/70 HDPE/EVA blend, the addition of a compatibilizer does not change the relaxation temperature, and this may be due to the cocontinuous morphology of the blends. The dynamic vulcanization of the EVA phase with dicumyl peroxide results in an increase in both the storage and loss moduli of the blends. A significant increase in the relaxation temperature of EVA and a broadening of the relaxation peaks occur during dynamic vulcanization, and this indicates the increased interaction between the two phases. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2083–2099, 2003
New method for synthesizing polyorganozircosilazane as a Si/Zr/C/N‐based ceramic precursor
Authors: Liu Chunjuan , Yang Shiyan , Xu Caihong , Zhang Zhijie , Gao Wei , Xie Zemin 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA new kind of polyorganozircosilazane as a Si/Zr/C/N‐based ceramic precursor was synthesized from the condensation reaction of hexamethylcyclotrisilazane lithium salts and zirconium tetrachloride. The pyrolysis of the precursor was carried out at 800°C under nitrogen. The results indicated that the precursor preparation temperature could affect the pyrolytic yields. The precursor, which was synthesized at 80°C, gave the highest pyrolytic yield. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2080–2082, 2003
Effect of interfacial stress on the crystalline structure of the matrix and the mechanical properties of high‐density polyethylene/CaCO3 blends
Authors: Zhang Yuncan , Pan Enli 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA series of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/CaCO3 blends were prepared with different kinds of coupling agents, with CaCO3 particles of different sizes, and with matrixes of different molecular weights during the melt‐mixing of HDPE and CaCO3 particles. The mechanical properties of these blends and their dependence on the interfacial adhesion and matrix crystalline structure were studied. The results showed that the Charpy notched impact strength of these blends could be significantly improved with an increase in the interfacial adhesion or matrix molecular weight or a decrease in the CaCO3 particle size. When a CaCO3 surface was treated with a compounded coupling agent, the impact strength of the HDPE/CaCO3(60/40) blend was 62.0 kJ/m2, 2.3 times higher than that of unimproved HDPE; its Young's modulus was 2070 MPa, 1.07 times higher than that of unimproved HDPE. The heat distortion temperature of this blend was also obviously improved. The improvement of the mechanical properties and the occurrence of the brittle–tough transition of these blends were the results of a crystallization effect induced by the interfacial stress. When the interfacial adhesion was higher and the CaCO3 content was greater than 30%, the interfacial stress produced from matrix shrinkage in the blend molding process could strain‐induce crystallization of the matrix, leading to an increase in the matrix crystallinity and the formation of an extended‐chain (or microfibrillar) crystal network. The increase in the critical ligament thickness with an increasing matrix molecular weight was attributed to the strain‐induced areas becoming wider, the extended‐chain crystal layers becoming thicker, and the interparticle distance that formed the extended‐chain crystal network structure becoming larger with a higher matrix molecular weight. The formation of the extended‐chain crystal network and the increase in the matrix crystallinity were also the main reasons that Young's modulus and the heat distortion temperature of this blend were improved. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2120–2129, 2003
Thermal decomposition kinetics of photooxidized nylon 66
Authors: Singh R. P. , Desai Shrojal M. , Pathak G. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe thermoanalytical method offers a convenient means for testing a starting material before the end application. Differences in the kinetic parameters between neat and irradiated nylon 66 samples were estimated in the temperature range of 25°C–800°C by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and in the range of 25°C–300°C by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Under nitrogen flux the average activation energy for decomposition was in the range of 12.2–26.9 kcal/mol for the neat sample and 15.7–33.1 kcal/mol for the irradiated sample (250 h). Activation energy is affected by the process of bond breaking at the CN bonds, which is the rate‐determining step of the decomposition in nylon 66. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2146–2150, 2003
Preparation of porous hollow fiber membranes with a triple‐orifice spinneret
Authors: He T. , Mulder M. H. V. , Wessling M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA triple‐orifice spinneret has been applied for the preparation of hollow fiber microfiltration membranes with a high surface porosity. Considering the general rules of diffusion induced phase separation, a low polymer concentration is required at the outer layer to obtain a highly interconnected open‐porous structure. Therefore, by using N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as the external liquid at the outside orifice of the spinneret, a highly porous surface can be obtained. For a polymer solution containing a low molecular weight additive and with an initial concentration close to the cloud point, this technique shows slightly improvement on the pure water and gas fluxes since the major resistance of the membrane is located at the substructure and the inner skin. However, for a solution containing a high molecular weight additive and with an initial concentration far from the cloud point, a porous shell surface is obtained, resulting in a significant improvement in water flux. The effect of various external liquids on the morphology has been investigated as well. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2151–2157, 2003