bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Cognitive Appraisal, Locus of Control, and Level of Exposure on the Computer Anxiety of Novice Computer Users
Authors: Crable Elaine A. , Brodzinski James D. , Scherer Robert F. , Jones Phillip D. 
Published: May 2005

With the mass introduction of computers in the workplace researchers have spent considerable time, over the last two decades, investigating methods to effectively integrate this technology into the daily routines of employees at all levels within the organization [1–3]. An exogenous variable, and precursor to introduction of computers, is computer anxiety [4–6]. Computer anxiety is generally defined as an anxious response by the individual to the anticipated or actual contact with computers [7]. This article examined the relationship of cognitive appraisal, locus of control, prior exposure, and computer anxiety. It was hypothesized that an individual's appraisal of a computing situation, whether the person was internally or externally focused, and their prior experience with computers would affect their level of computer anxiety as measured by the Computer Concerns Questionnaire. A stepwise multiple regression was performed and the results indicated that cognitive appraisal and exposure were significant predictors of computer anxiety. The authors conclude that early assessments of a novice user's appraisal of the situation should be used to tailor training programs to the specific individual's needs.
Birth Order Incidence among Institutionalized Drug Addicts Compared to National Norms
Authors: Linarducci Robert P. 
Published: May 2005

The relationship of drug use to the Adlerian concept of birth order was the focus of the present study. Generally, the objective was to determine whether there was a statistically significant overrepresentation of latter born children in a sample of drug addicts. The subjects were 95 male patients of the Mental Health Clinical Research Center of Fort Worth, Texas, who were randomly selected from the Center's total population of 273. All the subjects were classified as drug addicts by the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act of 1966. Within the sample was a mixture of Anglo-Saxon, Negro, and Latin males of different ages, educational backgrounds, family incomes, and work experience. “Only children” were not used in this study because they constitute a distinct group and probably differ from first borns and latter borns in important ways. Birth order statistics from the sample were compared with national statistics on birth order which were derived from data given in Population Characteristics, Fertility of the Population, January 1969. A five-celled chi-square contingency test was used to evaluate the null hypothesis that there was no relationship between birth order and drug use in the sample under investigation. The results of the statistical analysis supported the null hypothesis; that is, there was no relationship between the Adlerian concept of birth order and drug use. In addition to the main hypothesis, racial background and family income were also considered as possible variables influencing the latter born child in the taking of drugs. Only individuals from Latin-American family backgrounds gave any suggestion of a relationship between drug use and birth order within a specific racial group. Family incomes did not appear to influence significantly an overrepresentation of latter born children in the taking of drugs. Although the present study did not support the main hypothesis, a relationship may exist; however, it was not found in this study.
Student Attitudes Concerning Drug Abuse Education and Prevention
Authors: Fagerberg Seigfred , Fagerberg Karen 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to survey the drug use patterns for three academic settings-The University of Florida, Santa Fe Community College and two local high schools. Although the statistics found are not a typical of similar data collected in other sections of the country, several useful relationships were revealed. For the total study population of 1,029 subjects, there was a high degree of drug use and experimentation, especially for alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana. Over 70 per cent of the students surveyed felt that they were well informed about drugs and that drug use should be restricted on all levels. However, approximately the same per cent were unaware of existing drug use prevention programs at their schools although they strongly favored such programs or courses especially for parents. Sports and recreational activities were chosen as preferred alternatives to drug use. Small group discussions were indicated by a majority of students at all levels as the most effective approach to drug abuse education. Doctors and physicians were considered the most reliable source of drug abuse information on the college and university level, while fellow peers were the primary source for the high school level. Generally, the survey revealed that the extent of drug use in the three populations surveyed was high and effective preventative programs were lacking or minimal. Specific recommendations to minimize these deficiencies are presented in the article.
Boater Training, Drinking and Boating, and other Unsafe Boating Practices
Authors: Bell Nicole S. , Howland Jonathan , Mangione Thomas W. , Senier Laura 
Published: May 2005

Objectives: Identify associations between lack of formal boater training, drinking and boating, and other unsafe boating practices. Methods: A telephone survey queried respondents (age 16 or older in continental United States) about boating experience, type of boat used, and training. Results: Of the 3,042 boaters surveyed (70% response), most had no formal training (73%). Boaters with formal training failed to use PFDs about as often as those without formal training and were equally or more likely to use alcohol while boating. Conclusions: The unexpected association between formal training and unsafe boating practices is probably due to reduced risk perception and inadequacies of boater training programs. Such programs seldom mention the risks of alcohol use while boating. Decisions to mandate formal training should be informed by these results; if mandated, training should address the risks of alcohol use while boating, and should be renewed frequently enough to offset reductions in risk perception.
Effect of a Marijuana Drug-Education Program: Comparison of Faculty-Elicited and Student-Elicited Data
Authors: Ebel H. C. , Katz David , Rosen Allen 
Published: May 2005

This study examines (1) effects of a drug-education course upon the relationship between drug attitudes and usage and (2) the validity of attitude-usage relationships, through a comparison of data elicited by peers and teachers. Questionnaires given to students at the beginning and end of the course indicated significant shifts in attitude-usage patterns. For student-administered surveys, attitudinal shifts took place exclusively among non-users; for teacher-administered surveys, shifts took place among drug-users. Control course students displayed no consistent precourse-postcourse pattern. In response to peers, drug-users made initially accurate statements; non-users disguised their behavior until the postcourse survey. In response to teachers, non-users respond accurately while drug-users distort until postcourse surveys.
Widowhood and Well-Being: An Examination of Sex Differences within a Causal Model
Authors: Arens Diana Antos 
Published: May 2005

National survey data (NCOA/Harris and Associates, 1974) are analyzed in a causal model to discern differences in the effects of widowhood on the well-being of older men and women. Based on previous research on mental illness, mortality differentials, and the quality of life, it is hypothesized that widowhood has an adverse impact on well-being, and that this relation is stronger for men than women. While the data support an overall decline in well-being of persons who are widowed, a direct effect of widowhood is substantial only for the negative dimension of the well-being of women. Widowed persons experience lower levels of well-being largely because they tend to be older, in poorer health, and less active in social life than their married counterparts. In the case of widowed women, low economic resources is also a key factor. A consistent pattern of greater reductions in levels of social participation in widowhood for men was not evident.
Process and Outcome Evaluation of a Drug Education Course
Authors: Schaps Eric , Moskowitz Joel M. , Condon John W. , Malvin Janet H. 
Published: May 2005

A drug education course was taught to seventh and eighth graders and evaluated in a true experiment. Students learned 1) Lasswell's framework for understanding human motives, 2) systematic decision-making procedures, and 3) information about licit and illicit drug use. The course focused primarily on “gateway” drugs—tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. The evaluation involved random assignment from nine matched pairs of social studies classes to experimental and control conditions. Pre- and posttests covered 1) drug knowledge, 2) general attitudes toward drugs, 3) perceived benefits and costs of substance use, 4) perceived peer attitudes toward, and use of, various substances, 5) intentions to use, current use, and lifetime use of various substances. Class-level univariate analyses of variance and covariance showed that the course produced predicted effects for grade 7 females, but not for grade 7 males or grade 8 males or females. For grade 7 females, the course increased drug knowledge, decreased perceptions of favorable peer attitudes toward soft drug use, and decreased personal involvement in alcohol and marijuana use. Few significant effects were obtained for the other three subgroups.
A Prospective Study of Trends in Youth Smoking
Authors: O'Rourke Thomas W. , Stone Donald B. 
Published: May 2005

To assess smoking trends of junior and senior high school youth, a prospective study was conducted over a two year period. A total of 10,565 subjects comprised the study population. The resultant data were analyzed by smoking behavior classification, grade level, and sex. Comparisons of smoking rates by matched and unmatched samples were also included. The findings supported the contention that behavioral patterns with respect to smoking and nonsmoking behavior are well established by the junior high school years. The authors maintain that from an educational point of view, smoking education programs must begin before the junior high school years. Educators need to recognize the characteristics of the target population to maximize the effect and efficiency of their educational programs.
A Drug Abuse Information Training Program for Hospital Personnel
Authors: Oelgart John , Landsman Richard 
Published: May 2005

Comparisons of the numbers of arrests for drug offenses in Nassau County, New York, from 1964 to 1970 are presented. Additionally, personality traits of heroin users are suggested. These data are used as a basis for justification of the training program described. Emphasis is placed on the role of application of research, improved treatment programs, education, and law enforcement as a means of salvaging human lives. This article describes in detail the necessity for hospitals to provide “comprehensive treatment” facilities. It is recognized that personnel directly involved in hospital care of drug abusers need to be provided with appropriate training in dealing adequately with the varieties of drug emergencies referred to hospitals. A description of a proposed training program is detailed including objectives for each of nine sessions and implementation procedures to achieve these objectives.
The Measurement of Social Age
Authors: Rose Charles L. 
Published: May 2005

A simple-variable measure of social age was developed by regressing chronological age on a number of social correlates of age. The correlates tapped life styles relating to family, work and retirement. The estimated age, in units of years, was taken as the social age. This composite measure was calculated for subjects of the VA Normative Aging Study from a ten-variable equation. “Old” social age was indicated by a greater degree of settling in to one's job, more staving off of retirement, less likelihood of moving and contacts with relatives and greater likelihood of wife's employment than is true of one's age peers. The measure is useful for interdisciplinary analysis with other “ages” similarly derived, such as psychological age, biochemistry age and auditory age, as well as for social gerontologic analysis of subpopulations defined on the basis of age-invariant criteria such as social class and stress experience.
Comparative Attitudes of University Students and School Teachers on the Use and Legalization of Marijuana
Authors: Paul Madanjit K. 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to explore the use of marijuana and attitudes toward its legalization among university students and school teachers in Alberta. It was hoped that this study would bring an awareness of the existing trends about marijuana use and attitudes toward its legalization in the Canadian Prairie provinces. One hundred seventy teachers and 171 students participated in the study. It was found that sampled students had more permissive attitudes toward marijuana use and its legalization as compared to teachers in the study. Significant relationships were found between drug use and age; legalization of marijuana and sex and religiosity. The study raised questions whether university students will hold similar liberal views on the use and legalization of marijuana when they leave the university environment and as a consequence would marijuana use increase in the general population.
Sustainable Development and Chemistry
Authors: Eissen Marco , Hungerbühler Konrad , Metzger Jürgen O. , Schmidt Eberhard , Schneidewind Uwe 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, provided the fundamental principles (Rio Declaration) and the program of action (Agenda 21) for achieving sustainable development. Sustainable chemistry is understood as the contribution of chemistry to the implementation of the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21.The conservation and management of resources for development are the main focus of interest, where chemistry will have to make a considerable contribution by more efficient and environmentally more benign chemical processes by the following: providing chemical products that are environmentally more benign and that allow us to enhance significantly the efficiency of production processes in other industrial areas combined with minor environmental impact and allowing the consumer to use resources more effectively.Innovations are investigated exemplarily for a sustainable development with regard to their ecological, economical, and social dimensions from an integrated and interdisciplinary perspective. Since base chemicals are produced in large quantities and important product lines are synthesized from them, their resource‐saving production is especially important for a sustainable development. In the long run, renewable resources that are catalytically processed could replace fossil raw materials. Separation methods existing today must be improved considerably to lower material and energy consumption. Chemistry might become the pioneer of an innovative energy technique. The design of chemical products should make possible a sustainable processing and recycling and should prevent their bioaccumulation. Methods and criteria to assess their contribution to a sustainable development are necessary. The time taken to introduce the new more sustainable processes and products has to be diminished by linking their development with operational innovation management and with efficient environmental–political control procedures.
Dependence, Tests for
Authors: Hollander Myles 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper is designed to provide a sound introduction for a reasonably well informed reader who is, however, not a specialist in tests for dependence. The paper contains references to many tests but emphasizes the parametric test of independence based on Pearson's sample correlation coefficient*rand certain nonparametric tests based on ranks. The ranks tests are generally preferable to the test based onrin that they have wider applicability, are much less sensitive to outlying observations, are exact under mild assumptions that do not require an underlying bivariate normal* population, and have good efficiency (power) properties.
Elliptically Contoured Distributions
Authors: Fang Kai‐Tai 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe elliptically contoured distribution (ECD for short) is a class of multivariate distributions that are considered as an extension of the multivariate normal distributions. In this entry, we introduce a historical perspective, basic properties, and subclasses of the ECD. The estimation of parameters of an ECD implies the study of elliptical matrix distributions. A brief review on elliptical matrix distributions is given. Some applications of ECD are discussed.
Koksma–Hlawka Inequality
Authors: Hickernell Fred J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Koksma–Hlawka inequality is a tight error bound on the approximation of an integral by the sample average of integrand values. The integration error is bounded by a product of two terms, the discrepancy of the sample points,\documentclass{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\begin{document}$D(\{\vec{x}_{i}\})$\end{document}, and the variation of the integrand,V(g). These two quantities measure the quality of the sample points and the roughness of the integrand, respectively. The Koksma–Hlawka inequality plays a key role in the development of quasi–Monte Carlo methods. Such methods replace simple random sample points by low discrepancy points. The Koksma–Hlawka inequality has also influenced the study of experimental design and led to the creation of UNIFORM DESIGNS.
Psychology, Statistics in
Authors: Everitt Brian 
Published: May 2005

AbstractStatistics is of central importance in psychology but the realtionship between staisticians and psychologists has not always been an easy one. For example, the latter's obsession with significance tests and p‐values has often not met with the approval of the former. But research in psychology offers a rich source or problems for the statistician, and developments in statistics offer the opportunity for psychologists to raise their statistical horizons beyond ANOVA and hypothesis tests.
Reduced‐Rank Regression
Authors: Reinsel Gregory 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe method of reduced‐rank regression in the multivariate linear regression model recognizes the possibility for reduction in the number of model parameters through a restriction on the rank of the regression coefficient matrix. This method directly addresses aspects of dimension‐reduction in the study of linear relationships between two sets of variables, and is closely connected with canonical correlation methods. In this article, certain results for the basic reduced‐rank regression model are surveyed. This includes details on maximum likelihood estimation of parameters in the reduced‐rank model as well as likelihood ratio testing for the rank of the coefficient matrix, and asymptotic properties of the methods. The relation between reduced‐rank regression methods and canonical correlation analysis is specifically indicated. A few extensions such as to allowance for two distinct sets of regressors with reduced‐rank structures and to connections and applications of reduced rank methods to cointegration in multiple autoregressive time series models are also briefly discussed.
Esters, Organic
Authors: Riemenschneider Wilhelm , Bolt Hermann M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Hydrolysis3.2.Transesterification3.3.Ammonolysis3.4.Reduction3.5.Claisen Condensation3.6.Pyrolysis4.Natural Sources5.Production5.1.Esterification of Carboxylic Acids5.1.1.Catalysts5.1.2.Industrial Processes5.2.Alkylation of Metal Carboxylates5.3.Acylation with Acyl Halides5.4.Acylation with Carboxylic Anhydrides5.5.Transesterification5.6.Acylation with Ketenes5.7.Carbonylation5.8.Condensation of Aldehydes5.9.Alcoholysis of Nitriles5.10.Acylation of Olefins5.11.Ethoxylation of Carboxylic Acids5.12.Orthocarboxylic Acid Esters5.13.Lactones6.Environmental Protection7.Quality Specifications and Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Uses and Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Some Curcumin Analogs
Authors: Youssef Khairia M. , El‐Sherbeny Magda A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this study, four new curcurmin analogs (compounds 1, 2, 17 and 18) were synthesized. 17 [3,5‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐5‐methylcinnamyl)N‐methylpiperidone] showed high activity with GI50, TGI, and LC50 MG‐MID values of 21.3, 70.7, and 97.7 μM, respectively. 18 [3,5‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐5‐methylcinnamyl)‐N‐ethylpiperidone] showed the highest activity in this study with GI50, TGI, LC50 MG‐MID values of 4.4, 33.8, 89.1 μM, respectively. 18 is even more active than curcumin with GI50, TGI, LC50 MG‐MID values of 38.4, 35.6, 66.0 μM; respectively. 8 showed moderate selectivity towards Leukemia cell line‐subpanel with a ratio of 5.6 (curcumin ratio: 1.2 for the same subpanel). The in vitro anti‐tumor screening reveals that the results go hand in hand with the in vitro free radical scavenging effects. The antioxidant effect of these compounds depends mainly on the stabilization of the formed phenoxy free radical for which the p‐hydroxy phenyl moiety is essential. o‐Substitution by electron‐donating groups like the o‐methoxy group (and to a even higher degree by the ethoxy group) increases the stability of phenoxy free radical, hence increasing both free scavenging and anti‐tumor effects. Increasing the alkyl group chain on the N in the series of substituted N‐alkyl piperidones as well as the extension of conjugation, increases the stabilization of phenoxy free radical and thereby the activity towards both free radical scavenging and anti‐tumor effects. This may be attributed to an increased positive inductive effect and/or increased lipophilicity of the new compounds, a fact which is proven by the superior activities of compounds 17 and 18.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Oxomemazine Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Bromocresol Green, Bromocresol Purple and Bromophenol Blue
Authors: El‐Didamony Akram M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThree simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of oxomemazine hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the formation of yellow ion‐pair complexes between the examined drug and bromocresol green (BCG), bromocresol purple (BCP), and bromophenol blue (BPB) as sulphophthalein dyes in acetate‐HCl buffer of pH 3.6, 3.4, and 4.0, respectively. The formed complexes were extracted with dichloromethane and measured at 405 nm for all three systems. The best conditions of the reactions were studied and optimized. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges 2.0–12, 2.0–13, and 2.0–14 μg mL−1 with molar absorptivities of 3.2 × 104, 3.7 × 104, and 3.1 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1 for the BCG, BCP, and BPB methods, respectively. Sandell's sensitivity, correlation coefficient, detection and quantification limits are also calculated. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in pure form and in its dosage forms. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical excipients. Statistical comparison of the results with those obtained by HPLC method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.