bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Aerogels by Gelation and Supercritical Drying in Isopropanol
Authors: Fu R. , Zheng B. , Liu J. , Dresselhaus M.S. , Dresselhaus G. , Satcher J.H. , Baumann T.F. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe report a new method for the fabrication of carbon aerogels. Resorcinol and furfural were polymerized in isopropanol using HCl as a catalyst and the resulting alcogels were then dried directly using supercritical isopropanol, followed by carbonization under a nitrogen atmosphere. The carbon aerogels can be prepared over a range of densities (0.148–0.746 g/cm3), depending on the gelation temperature and the mass content of the reactants. The textural and transport properties of the aerogels materials were characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), magnetic susceptibility, and resistivity measurements. TEM observations show that the carbon aerogels are composed of interconnected nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 20 to 30 nm. All of the aerogel samples exhibit high Brunauer– Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas in the range of 557–656 m2/g. The carbon aerogels produced by this new method have similar transport properties to those of carbon aerogels prepared by the traditional method.
Synthesis of Indium and Indium Oxide Nanoparticles from Indium Cyclopentadienyl Precursor and Their Application for Gas Sensing
Authors: Soulantica K. , Erades L. , Sauvan M. , Senocq F. , Maisonnat A. , Chaudret B. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractDecomposition of the organometallic precursor [In(η5‐C5H5)] in toluene in the presence of methanol (8 vol.‐%) at room temperature leads to the immediate formation of aggregates of indium nanoparticles of 15 ± 2 nm mean diameter. The aggregates are roughly spherical with a mean size of 400 ± 40 nm. The particles were characterized by means of transmission electron and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopies (TEM and HRTEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicate that the powder consists of the tetragonal phase of indium. The thermal oxidation in air of these nanoparticles yields well‐crystallized nanoparticles of In2O3 with unchanged morphology (aggregates of nanoparticles of 16.6 ± 2 nm mean diameter with aggregate mean size of 400 ± 40 nm) and without any sign of coalescence. XRD pattern shows that the powder consists of the cubic phase of In2O3. The electrical conductivity measurements demonstrate that this material is highly sensitive to an oxidizing gas such as nitrogen dioxide and barely sensitive to a reducing gas such as carbon monoxide. Its association with SnO2‐based sensors allows the selective detection of carbon monoxide (30 ppm) and sub‐ppm amounts of nitrogen dioxide (400 ppb) in a mixture at 21 °C and at a relative humidity of 60 %.
Conversion of Fly Ash Cenosphere to Hollow Microspheres with Zeolite/Mullite Composite Shells
Authors: Wang D.J. , Zhang Y.H. , Dong A.G. , Tang Y. , Wang Y.J. , Xia J.C. , Ren N. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA seed‐induced in‐situ hydrothermal conversion technique is proposed to prepare novel hollow microspheres with zeolite/mullite composite shells from fly ash cenosphere (FAC), a solid waste with a hollow structure from coal power stations. Two groups of hollow microspheres were prepared, one with zeolite FAU/mullite composite shells and the other with zeolite LTA/mullite composite shells. The FAC in this study plays dual roles as both the template cores and the aluminosilicate nutrition contributor. The final products inherit the hollow spherical morphology of FAC and possessed bilayered shells, the outer dense shell of zeolite crystals and the inner porous shell of mullite. Such hollow zeolitic materials are expected to have many advantages in applications such as catalysis, adsorption, separation, and as releasing capsules.
Nematic Anisotropic Liquid‐Crystal Gels—Self‐Assembled Nanocomposites with High Electromechanical Response
Authors: Huang C. , Zhang Q.M. , Jákli A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe uniqueness of liquid crystals (LCs) lies in the large anisotropies of their properties, which can be utilized to generate high electromechanical responses. In a properly oriented LC polymer system, an external electric field can induce reorientation of the mesogenic units possessing a dielectric anisotropy, which, when coupled with the shape anisotropy of the mesogenic units, can in turn produce large mechanical strain. Anisotropic LC gels, which can be obtained by in‐situ photopolymerization of the reactive LC molecules in the presence of non‐reactive LC molecules in an oriented state, are an example of such liquid‐crystal polymer systems. It is shown here that a homeotropically aligned LC gel in its nematic phase exhibits high electrically induced strain (> 2 %) with an elastic modulus of 100 MPa and a high electromechanical conversion efficiency (75 %) under an electric field of 25 MV/m. These anisotropic LC polymeric materials could provide a technologically compatible system for such applications as artificial muscles and as microelectromechanical devices.
Micro‐Nanostructured Interfaces Fabricated by the Use of Inorganic Block Copolymer Micellar Monolayers as Negative Resist for Electron‐Beam Lithography
Authors: Glass R. , Arnold M. , Blümmel J. , Küller A. , Möller M. , Spatz J.P. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis paper introduces an approach where the match of two different length scales, i.e., pattern from self‐assembly of block copolymer micelles (< 100 nm) and electron‐beam (e‐beam) writing (> 50 nm), allow the grouping of nanometer‐sized gold clusters in very small numbers in even aperiodic pattern and separation of these groups at length scales that are not accessible by pure self‐assembly. Thus, we could demonstrate the grouping of Au nanoclusters in different geometries such as squares, rings, or spheres.
Discovery and Optimization of New ZnO‐Based Phosphors Using a Combinatorial Method
Authors: Mordkovich V.Z. , Hayashi H. , Haemori M. , Fukumura T. , Kawasaki M. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe combinatorial method, which was exclusively employed for the drug discovery until recently, has invaded the field of inorganic materials and is becoming a key technology in materials science today. Phosphors, with their diversity of possible mechanisms of luminescence, represent a typical example of a field where the combinatorial approach promises to be especially fruitful. Here, we present the results of systematic combinatorial exploration of different binary and ternary ZnO:dopant systems, which resulted in identification of bright luminescence in ZnO:(Y,Eu), ZnO:V, ZnO:W, and ZnO:(W,Mg) systems. Careful “zooming in”, i.e., fabrication and screening of more detailed libraries near the identified promising compositions, allowed us to find optimum phosphor compositions for the above‐mentioned systems. The efficiency of the new phosphors in low‐voltage cathodoluminescence is high and promises their prospective use in advanced flat panel display and lighting applications.
Fabrication and Characterization of Stable Ultrathin Film Micropatterns Containing CdS Nanoparticles
Authors: Lu C.H. , Wu N.Z. , Wei F. , Zhao X.S. , Jiao X.M. , Xu J. , Luo C.Q. , Cao W.X. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractStable, ultrathin micropatterns containing CdS nanoparticles (CdS‐NPs) were fabricated in a two‐step process. In the first step, a precursor film was built‐up by the layer‐by‐layer electrostatic self‐assembly of photosensitive nitro‐diazoresin and mercaptoacetic acid capped CdS nanoparticles. In the second step, the film was selectively exposed to UV light through a photomask and developed in an aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The formation of covalently linked micropatterns was based on the different solubilities of the irradiated and non‐irradiated parts of the film in the developer. Namely, the irradiated regions were cross‐linked and insoluble, whereas the non‐irradiated regions, linked with ionic bonds, were removed by the SDS solution. The resultant patterns were systematically characterized with atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Perfluoroalkanoate‐Substituted PEDOT for Electrochromic Device Applications
Authors: Schwendeman I. , Gaupp C.L. , Hancock J.M. , Groenendaal L. , Reynolds J.R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe recent emergence of organic electrochromics on both the scientific and industrial levels has expedited the synthesis of new materials with varied electrochemical and optical properties. The structural versatility and broad usage of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has stimulated many research groups to focus on the potential of PEDOT derivatives. Here we report the first synthesis of pentadecafluoro‐octanoic acid 2,3‐dihydro‐thieno(3,4‐b)(1,4)dioxin‐2‐ylmethylester (EDOT‐F), along with its electrochemical polymerization, characterization, and incorporation into electrochromic devices (ECDs). PEDOT‐F is a cathodically coloring polymer that exhibits sub‐second switching time between a dark‐blue neutral state and a transmissive sky‐blue oxidized state, and expresses a 63 % change for both transmittance at λmax and colorimetrically determined luminance. Hexafluorophosphate‐doped free‐standing films of PEDOT‐F possess conductivities of up to 65 S cm–1. Variable transmittance ECDs constructed with PEDOT‐F and poly[3,6‐bis(2‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxythienyl))‐N‐methylcarbazole] (PBEDOT‐NMeCz) exhibit an optical contrast of 60 % at λmax (580 nm) and an overall luminance change of 60 %. Indicating the hydrophobicity of this polymer, doped PEDOT‐F exhibits a water contact angle of 110°, significantly higher than the 30° exhibited for the doped PEDOT parent.
Nanoweb Formation: 2D Self‐Assembly of Semiconductor Gallium Oxide Nanowires/Nanotubes
Authors: Graham U.M. , Sharma S. , Sunkara M.K. , Davis B.H. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis paper reports a method to produce networks of crystalline gallium oxide comprised of one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Because of the unique arrangement of wires, these crystalline networks are termed as ‘nanowebs’. Nanowebs are of great technological interest since they contain wire densities of the order of 109 cm–2. A possible mechanism for the fast self‐assembly of crystalline metal oxide nanowires involves multiple nucleation and coalescence via oxidation–reduction reactions at the molecular level. The preferential growth of nanowires parallel to the substrate enabled them to coalesce into regular polygonal networks. The individual segments of the polygonal network consist of both nanowires and nanotubules of β‐gallium oxide. Individual wire properties contribute to a nanoweb’s overall capacity and the implications for devices based on nanowebs are expected to be enormous.
Porous Materials and Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Cooper A.I. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractPorous materials are used in a wide variety of applications, including catalysis, chemical separation, and tissue engineering. The synthesis and processing of these materials is frequently solvent intensive. In addition to reducing organic solvent emissions, supercritical fluids offer a number of specific physical, chemical, and toxicological advantages as alternative solvents for the production of functional porous materials. The figure shows an electron image of a porous polyacrylate produced by the templating of a concentrated CO2‐in‐water emulsion—a process that would otherwise be highly solvent intensive.
Life insurance and breast cancer risk assessment: Adverse selection, genetic testing decisions, and discrimination
Authors: Armstrong Katrina , Weber Barbara , FitzGerald Genevieve , Hershey John C. , Pauly Mark V. , Lemaire Jean , Subramanian Krupa , Asch David A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLife insurance industry access to genetic information is controversial. Consumer groups argue that access will increase discrimination in life insurance premiums and discourage individuals from undergoing genetic testing that may provide health benefits. Conversely, life insurers argue that without access to risk information available to individuals, they face substantial financial risk from adverse selection. Given this controversy, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of breast cancer risk information on life insurance purchasing, the impact of concerns about life insurance discrimination on use of BRCA1/2 testing, and the incidence of life insurance discrimination following participation in breast cancer risk assessment and BRCA1/2 testing. Study participants were 636 women who participated in genetic counseling and/or genetic testing at a University based clinic offering breast cancer risk assessment, genetic counseling, and BRCA1/2 testing between January 1995 and May 2000. Twenty‐seven women (4%) had increased and six (1%) had decreased their life insurance since participation in breast cancer risk assessment. The decision to increase life insurance coverage was associated with predicted breast cancer risk (adjusted OR 1.03 for each 1% absolute increase in risk, 95% CI 1.01–1.10) and being found to carry a mutation in BRCA1/2 (OR 5.10, 95% CI 1.90–13.66). Concern about life insurance discrimination was inversely associated with the decision to undergo BRCA1/2 testing (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.52–0.85). No respondent reported having life insurance denied or canceled. In this cohort of women, these results indicate that information about increased breast cancer risk is associated with increase in life insurance purchasing, raising the possibility of adverse selection. Although fear of insurance discrimination is associated with the decision not to undergo BRCA1/2 testing, there was no evidence of actual insurance discrimination from BRCA1/2 testing. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new syndrome of symphalangism, multiple frenula, postaxial polydactyly, dysplastic ears, dental anomalies, and exclusion of NOG and GDF5
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Pongprot Yupada , Praditsap Oranud , Pho‐iam Theeraphong , Limwongse Chanin 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA Thai girl with a unique combination of limb and craniofacial anomalies is reported. Manifestations include blepharoptosis; prominent nose; hypodontia; multiple, hyperplastic frenula; and dysplastic ears. Limb anomalies include short stature, postaxial polydactyly of both hands and the left foot, proximal and distal symphalangism of fingers, and congenital absence of the distal phalanges of toes 2–5. Mutation analyses of NOG and GDF5, the genes responsible for symphalangism‐related syndromes, were negative. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome due to X chromosome inversion: A clinical report
Authors: Xu Weizhen , Robert Claudia , Thornton Paul S. , Spinner Nancy B. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe have studied a patient with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and a 46, inv(X),Y karyotype. The patient's mother and maternal aunt also carry the inverted X, and the mother is phenotypically normal, with a 46, inv(X),X karyotype, while a maternal aunt has CAIS with a 46,inv(X),Y karyotype. Molecular cytogenetic studies demonstrate that one of the X inversion breakpoints occurs within Xq11.2–12, which is the locus for the androgen receptor. FISH analysis demonstrated that a BAC clone containing the androgen receptor gene was disrupted by the inversion. We therefore hypothesize that disruption of the androgen receptor gene causes CAIS in this patient. This is the first report of CAIS caused by a chromosome inversion. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting performance of prenatal genetic testing by Israeli Jewish women
Authors: Sher Carron , Romano‐Zelekha Orly , Green Manfred S. , Shohat Tamy 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe number of prenatal genetic tests that are being offered to women is constantly increasing. However, there is little national data as to who is performing the tests and the reasons for doing or not doing so. This study evaluated the proportion of Jewish women in Israel who perform the various prenatal genetic tests and the factors affecting the performance of these tests. It was found that 60.9% of the women performed the triple test, 50.8% of women older than 35 years performed amniocentesis, while 63.3 and 24.3% of women performed Tay‐Sachs and fragile‐X carrier testing respectively. Ninety‐six percent of the secular women compared to only 6.7% of the ultrareligious women performed the triple test. It was also found that94.4% of the secular women, 36.4% of the religious, and none of the ultrareligious women older than 35 years performed amniocentesis. In the stepwise regression analysis, being secular, having a higher income, fewer children, and being of Ashkenazi origin remained significant factors in determining performance of Tay‐Sachs carrier testing. As regards fragile‐X carrier testing, being secular, having fewer than four children, and having a higher income and a supplementary medical insurance remained significant factors. The main reason reported by the women for not performing amniocentesis or the triple test was for religious or moral grounds (53.3 and 67% respectively). The main reason given for not performing Tay‐Sachs or fragile‐X testing was that they were not referred for the tests (76 and 82% respectively). Consideration should be given to providing first trimester prenatal diagnosis to the ultrareligious group, including state subsidized fragile‐X testing and educating the primary care givers about the importance of prenatal genetic testing. The information from the present study is vital for the planning of an equitable prenatal genetic service and provides guidelines for the implementation of such services in other countries. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual–spatial performance deficits in children with neurofibromatosis type‐1
Authors: Schrimsher Gregory W. , Billingsley Rebecca L. , Slopis John M. , Moore Bartlett D. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type‐1 (NF1) is a common genetic disorder associated with a variety of medical complications, cognitive impairments, and behavioral problems including a high incidence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The current study examined the hypotheses that deficits in visual–spatial/motor abilities enable one to discriminate and classify children with NF1 (n = 101) compared to control children (n = 37), beyond effects secondary to parent reported ADHD symptomology. Discriminant analysis showed a multivariate combination of visual–spatial/motor ability tests (Judgment of Line Orientation, Block Design subtest of the WISC‐III, Recognition–Discrimination Test, Beery Visual–Motor Integration Test) to be a significant predictor of NF1 diagnostic status (P = 0.0000004; canonical R2 = 0.2306). A significantly greater degree of ADHD behavior was found in the NF1 group, and a discriminant analysis using ADHD residualized visual–spatial motor scores indicated that the combination of tests continued to be a significant predictor of group membership after the level of ADHD behavior was controlled (P = 0.00002 and a canonical R2 = 0.1818). This combination of tests proved to be a strong discriminator of NF1. It correctly identified 90% of individuals with the diagnosis, and may be useful to educators to provide assistance and alternatives to minimize the impact of learning problems in those with either known or suspected NF1. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat shock protein 27 gene: Chromosomal and molecular location and relationship to Williams syndrome
Authors: Stock A. Dean , Spallone Patricia A. , Dennis Thomas R. , Netski Dale , Morris Colleen A. , Mervis Carolyn B. , Hobart Holly H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractHeat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is one of a number of actin‐binding proteins that regulate actin polymerization. Three related HSP27 sequences had previously been mapped to chromosomes 3, 9, and X. We have used fluorescent in‐situ hybridization (FISH) to correct and refine the map position of the transcribed HSP27 gene (locus HSPB1) to chromosome 7q11.23. This band also contains the site of the deletion associated with Williams syndrome (WS). To define the relationship between HSP27 and the WS deletion, we used two‐color FISH on previously G‐banded and photographed metaphase chromosomes from WS cell‐lines and peripheral blood. Six WS patients with longer deletions that extend telomeric to the classical WS deletion region were analyzed for deletion length using HSP27, cosmids generated from P193O22 (cos11) and B350L10 (cos64 and 82), B350L10, B161A02, and B363M4. The BAC 363M4 was selected from the Washington University database and contains HSP27. Our results indicated that HSP27 was deleted in three patients and that HSP27 is telomeric to cos11, cos64, cos82, and B350L10. B363M4 was demonstrated to overlap the telomeric end of B161A02 and HSP27 may be contained partially within the telomeric end of B161A02. The possible role of HSP27 in the cognitive features of WS is discussed. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bowen–Conradi syndrome: A clinical and genetic study
Authors: Lowry R.B. , Innes A.M. , Bernier F.P. , McLeod D.R. , Greenberg C.R. , Chudley A.E. , Chodirker B. , Marles S.L. , Crumley M.J. , Loredo‐Osti J.C. , Morgan K. , Fujiwara T.M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to delineate the anomalies and the natural life history of persons with the Bowen–Conradi syndrome [Bowen and Conradi 1976: Birth Defects: Orig Artic Ser XII(6):101–108]. We ascertained 39 cases and personally examined almost all. For those who were not seen, their clinical record were scrutinized. Pedigree analysis of all 39 was done and kinship coefficients computed. The birth prevalence was estimated to be 1/355 live births. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal monosomy 18p/distal trisomy 20p—A recognizable facial phenotype?
Authors: Wieczorek Dagmar , Bartsch Oliver , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe describe an 8.5‐year‐old boy with facial dysmorphism consisting of a round and flat face, telecanthus, periorbital fullness, short nose, downturned corners of the mouth, and micrognathia. In addition, profound mental retardation, tetralogy of Fallot, and renal dysplasia were present. Tentative clinical diagnoses during the 6‐year follow‐up included Down, Hennekam, and Noonan syndromes. Refinement of cytogenetic techniques, especially increase of banding resolution in conventional cytogenetic analysis, gave the clue to the correct diagnosis, which was proven by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with whole chromosome paints and single copy probes. We could show that he had an unbalanced translocation inherited from his father resulting in partial monosomy 18p and partial trisomy 20p. The combination of deletion 18p/duplication 20p was previously reported in three patients and seems to have a clinically recognizable face. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EEC syndrome type 3 with a heterozygous germline mutation in the P63 gene and B cell lymphoma
Authors: Akahoshi Keiko , Sakazume Satoru , Kosaki Kenjiro , Ohashi Hirofumi , Fukushima Yoshimitsu 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLines of evidence have recently indicated a relationship between mutations in the P63 gene and ectrodactyly‐ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting (EEC) syndrome type 3 (EEC3). The p63 gene (P63) has homology to P53 known as a tumor‐suppressor gene, but biological function of its protein has not yet been known well. There have been two reported patients who had EEC syndrome associated with malignant lymphoma. However, they did not undergo sequencing analysis of P63. Here, we present with a Japanese girl who had EEC3 and developed diffuse large B‐cell type non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. In this patient, we documented a heterozygous germline mutation, Asp312Gly, in P63. We speculated that p63 may exert a biological function as a tumor suppressor. Malignant lymphoma should be considered as an important complication of EEC3. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.