bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P3  The analysis of characteristics of the elderly people with high VSC level
Authors: Aizawa F , Kishi M , Moriya T , Takahashi M , Inaba D , Yonemitsu M 
Published: March 2005

Objective  The purpose of this study is to examine characteristics of the elderly people who had objectionable level of VSC.Methods  In 2002, a total of 115 people (mean age = 85 years) in Japan were surveyed. In the survey, we carried out oral examination, collecting tongue coat, measurement of the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) levels in mouth air by VSC monitor (Oral ChromaTM, Takasago, Japan), and assessment of the QOL using SF‐36.Results and discussion  Average number of present teeth among subjects was 4.30 ± 7.11, and edentulous subjects were 66 persons and dentulous subjects were 49 persons. We divided subjects into two groups by VSC levels: the bad breath group (H2S >112 ppb and CH3SH >26 ppb) had seven persons, and the group without bad breath had 108 persons. It was shown that the amount of tongue coat was significantly higher in bad breath group (P = 0.020), while there was no significant difference in the amount of tongue coat between edentulous subjects and dentulous subjects. And, it was shown that the proportion of dentulous subjects in bad breath group was significantly higher (χ2 = 5.664; P = 0.041). Further, the analysis was performed for the result of SF‐36 scores. It was shown that the scores of vitality (VT), social function (SF) and mental health (MH) were significantly higher in bad breath group. Although the levels of QOL had a tendency to be higher in dentulous subjects, there was no significant difference.Conclusion  These results showed that the elderly people with bad breath had tendency to be dentulous and had high deposit of tongue coat. And in this elderly group, people with bad breath tended to have mentally and physically improved.
P4  Parameters related to oral malodor in a population of 71 Israelis
Authors: Stamou E , Rosenberg M 
Published: March 2005

Bad breath is a common problem which is associated with a variety of factors. The contribution of dental factors related to periodontal health with bad breath remains controversial. Further, because of the problems inherent in odor judge scoring of oral malodor, other adjunct techniques have been proposed. We have recently developed one such colorimetric technique (the ‘OK2KISS’ test), based on the level of beta‐galactosidase in saliva.Aims  The aim of the present study were (i) to determine the factors associated with oral malodour in a group of 71 Israeli subjects, and (ii) to compare existing testing methodologies with a new technique, recently developed in this laboratory (the ‘OK2KISS’ test).Methods  The study population consisted of a convenience sample 71 Israeli subjects (mean age 36.2 ± 38.4; ages ranging from 15 to 65) who were either undergoing a standard medical (n = 14), checkup, were about to commence orthodontic treatment (n = 12 ), or were siblings, or parents of orthodontic patients at Tel Aviv University (n = 55). Parameters measured included whole mouth odor judge scoring, halimeter, OK2KISS, gingival index, plaque index and probing depth.Results  Odor judge scores were significantly associated with halimeter (r = 0.55; P < 0.001), as well as the OK2Kiss test (r = 0.52; P < 0.001). However, neither gingival index, plaque index, nor probing depth was significantly associated with odor judge scores or halimeter scores. Logistic regression analysis showed that both halimeter and OK2Kiss scores factored significantly (P = 0.005 and 0.018, respectively, odds ratios 14.9 and 2.7, respectively) in predicting the severity of oral malodour.Conclusion  The study suggests that (i) in this population, periodontal health and oral malodour were not related; and (ii) that the OK2Kiss, together with halimeter scores, can serve to predict the severity of oral malodour levels.
P9  Screening for severe periodontal disease in an elderly population using methyl mercaptan concentration ratio
Authors: Yamaga T , Rahardjo A , Shirone K , Miyazaki H 
Published: March 2005

Objective  The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of methyl mercaptan concentration ratio on mass screening for periodontal disease in an elderly population.Methods  One hundred and twenty‐two individuals (73 males and 49 females) aged 75 years who had at least 20 teeth in 2003 were chosen from participants of the Niigata Elderly Study (longitudinal study since 1998). Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in their mouth such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) and dimethyl sulfide ((CH3)2S) were measured, using portable gas chromatography (Oral Chroma®, Abilit Co Ltd, Osaka, Japan). The subjects were divided into periodontitis/no periodontitis groups based on having at least one site of pocket depth with more than 6 mm (PD 6+ mm). A CH3SH concentration ratio was defined as CH3SH/(CH3SH + H2S). The receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to decide the best cut off point of the CH3SH concentration ratio for screening of subjects with PD 6+ mm.Results and discussion  The best cut‐off point of the CH3SH concentration ratio was 0.35, and the sensitivity and specificity of this cut‐off point were 58.7 and 68.4%, respectively. The percentage of subjects with PD 6+ mm in the group of CH3SH concentration ratio ≥0.35 was 52.9 % (27 of 51) and that in the <0.35 group was 26.8 % (19/71), and, the groups were significantly different (P = 0.0059, χ2 test). It had been reported that VSC, in particular CH3SH concentration, was significantly higher in persons with periodontal disease than in periodontally healthy persons. Furthermore, in this study, the use of a portable gas chromatography enabled the VSC measurements for periodontal disease screening outside of the clinic.Conclusion  These findings suggest that CH3SH concentration ratio may be useful on mass screening for periodontal disease in an elderly population.
P11  Correlation of headache and problems of vision with halitosis
Authors: Iwanicka‐Grzegorek E , Lipkowska E , Kepa J , Michalik J , Aleksinski M 
Published: March 2005

Objective  Headaches are a common problem and may occur in response to several factors, e.g. high blood pressure, emotions, changes of atmospheric pressure. It is believed, that amines appearing due to halitosis may take part in this process. Different factors may cause problem of vision among humans. It is presumed that amines detected in halitosis chemically act on the neurological system. This process is sustained and the central nervous system is chemically intoxicated.Methods  Eighty‐four patients suffering from halitosis and 40 healthy subjects aged 20–62 (avg. 39.7) participated in this study. Each subject completed a questionnaire and was then examined for organoleptic score, VSC by halimeter and evaluation of low molecular weight amines by ninhydrine colourimetric reaction. Halitosis was diagnosed if the average level of VSC as measured by the halimeter was >125 ppb and the organoleptic measurement using a 5‐point scale was >2. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon's and Chi square test.Results  About 68% of respondents suffering from halitosis had problems with vision (P = 0.035). Headaches occurring among halitosis males were rare (20.0%), but were more common in females (43.0%). Differences in the incidence of headaches according to gender and diagnosis of halitosis were not statistically significant (P = 0.8).Conclusion  Problems with vision are more common in patients with halitosis. Such problems may be caused by metabolites of low molecular weight amine compounds produced during halitosis, which chemically act on the central nervous system.
P14  Characteristics of a cohort of patients suffering from halitosis and effect of a short‐term treatment
Authors: Abati S , Cargnel M , Ottolina P , Scala A , Luzi G , Strohmenger L 
Published: March 2005

Objectives  The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features of a cohort of patients suffering from bad breath observed at the Halitosis Unit of the Department of Stomatology – University of Milano. Moreover, the diagnostic and the short‐term therapeutic approach to these patients has been evaluated.Methods  The clinical chart of patients have been reviewed and relevant data collected to be analyzed with an Apple Powerbook G4 PC. Patients complaining of bad breath were admitted to the halitosis unit. At first visit they were submitted to (i) clinical interview (ii) oral and periodontal examination (iii) tongue coating index recording (iv) hedonic breath testing (count‐to‐twenty test, wrist‐lick test, spoon test, floss test) (v) measurement of oral VSC concentration with Interscan Halimeter®. By 1 week patients were submitted to professional prophylaxis and oral hygiene instructions with specific attention to tongue brushing. Patients were then prescribed with no‐alcohol chlorexidine 0.2% for 30 s mouthrinse plus 30 s gargle twice a day after brushing. At the control appointment after 2 weeks the tongue coating index, the hedonic tests and the oral VSC measurements were recorded again.Results  One hundred and nine patients (F = 52; M = 59) were observed and treated at the halitosis unit in the period 2000–2002. Thirteen patients were halitophobic without any objective evidence of bad breath whereas 14 had causal ENT diseases. Of the remaining 82 patients with halitosis from oral causes, 60 showed no evidence of active periodontitis. In this latter group a significant reduction of the hedonic test scores and of the oral VSC concentration was found in 85% of patients. Eighty percent also declared a subjective improvement.Conclusions  The clinical protocol described was effective for the diagnosis and treatment of oral halitosis; the treatment with chlorexidine 0.2% was successful in the short‐term control of the condition.Acknowledgement  This work was supported by the scientific fund FIRST 2000 – UNIMI.
P18  Clinical effectiveness of a triclosan/copolymer/ sodium fluoride dentifrice in controlling oral malodor: a three‐week clinical trial
Authors: Deyu HU , Zhang YP , Margaret Petrone JD , Volpe AR , Devizio W , Proskin HM 
Published: March 2005

Objective  The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan/2% polyvinylmethylether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride (TCF) to a commercially‐available dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride (control) for the management of oral malodor in a 3‐week, randomized double‐blind, longitudinal clinical trial.Methods  A panel of four expert judges used a nine‐point hedonic scale to evaluate breath odor using a protocol designed in accordance with the ADA Draft Acceptance Program Guideline for Products Used in the Management of Oral Malodor. Following a baseline evaluation, prospective subjects with hedonic scores above the threshold value for unpleasant breath were stratified by score and randomized into two treatment groups. Subjects brushed their teeth for 1 min with their assigned dentifrice, twice a day, for 3 weeks. Before oral malodor evaluations, the subjects refrained from eating odorigenic foods, from using mouthrinses and breath mints and from performing dental hygiene procedures.Results  Eighty‐one adult male and female subjects completed the study. The baseline hedonic scores for the TCF and control dentifrices were 7.80 and 7.84, respectively, corresponding to unpleasant breath. The final mean oral malodor scores for the TCF dentifrice differed significantly from the baseline and control values (P < 0.05) for every time point examined (1.5‐, 4.0‐, 12.0‐h and 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐week intervals). The mean final breath scores for the TCF dentifrice group were 3.06, 3.48, 3.42, 3.66, 3.42 and 3.36, respectively, for each time point. These scores correspond to pleasant breath. Conversely, the control dentifrice group scored at levels either above 5.0 (before 12 h) or above 7.0 (after 12 h) which corresponded to neutral or unpleasant breath.Conclusion  In conclusion, the results of this double‐blind clinical study clearly indicate that a dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer/NaF provides effective control of oral malodor for up to 12 h.
P20  Effect of protease tablet on reduction of tongue coating
Authors: Yoshimatsu D , Sugimura S , Ioka T , Kometani T , Yamaga T , Miyazaki H 
Published: March 2005

Objective  Practical treatment of halitosis requires tongue cleaning since volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) seems mainly to be from the tongue coating. From this point of view, mechanical tools such as tongue brushes or scrapers have been developed. However, approaches by chemical tongue cleaning have not been reported. Thus we developed tablets containing protease from kiwifruits, which could resolve tongue coating, and assessed the effects of the protease tablet to control tongue coating.Methods  Crossover studies and double blind experiments were designed using volunteers with informed consent. The trial was done twice per volunteer, that is, they had a tablet with or without the addition of protease from kiwifruits (test and placebo) with intervening washout periods of at least 2 weeks. The degree of change in tongue coating was evaluated visually using a tongue coating score which consisted of an area component (0–3) and a thickness component (0–3). An image analyzer was also used to measure the changing in actual area of coating.Results  The average value of the tongue coating scores after taking a test tablet (11.4 ± 5.2) was significantly smaller (P < 0.01) than before taking the tablet (18.8 ± 7.0). Image analyzer measurements also showed significant reduction (P < 0.01) of tongue coating by taking test tablet. On the other hand, a placebo tablet showed no significant effects in both analyses.Conclusions  This study indicated that taking protease tablets could reduce tongue coating. We are planning further clinical trials that can show reduced VSC concentrations in mouth air with decreasing tongue coating.
P23  Discrimination of oral‐halitosis substance under humidity‐rich environment by using QCM sensor array and a preconcentrator
Authors: Ito J , Nakamoto T , Uematsu H 
Published: March 2005

Objectives  A halitosis test for objective evaluation is required. Halitosis is due to Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) produced by bacterial metabolism. In this study, we proposed a method for discriminating among sulfur compounds using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor array combined with a preconcentrator. The adjustment of the temperature profile, the optimization of the flow path sequence and the use of a dehumidification filter enabled VSC measurement under a high‐humidity condition. Moreover, the result of principal component analysis indicated that three types of VSCs were separated using the sensor‐array output pattern.Methods  Multiple QCMs with different coating films were used as a sensor array and the pattern recognition of eight different sensor responses enabled the odor identification. The preconcentrator was used not only for improving limit of detection but for eliminating the influence of humidity by adjusting the desorption temperature. The headspace over the liquid (water or ODO) where VSC was dissolved with the concentration of 0.1% (w/w) was used as the samples.Results and conclusion  An experiment on the discrimination among VSCs was performed. The headspace vapor of each sample was supplied to the preconcentrator for 30 s, followed by an exposure of the vapor thermally desorbed at 170°C to the QCM sensor array. The sensing films suitable for VSCs were selected among the various candidates and the peaks of the sensor responses to VSCs were analyzed using principal component analysis. Each sample was measured 10 times at the intervals of 30 min. As a result, it was found that three kinds of VSCs were successfully discriminated. Furthermore, it was found that the sensor responses increased in case of longer accumulation time. Thus, it is possible to detect the sample with lower concentration. This measurement method will be effective to diagnose halitosis objectively.
P26  Breath odor evaluation by detection of volatile sulfur compounds – correlation with organoleptic odor ratings
Authors: Hunter CM , Niles HP , Lenton PA , Majerus GJ , Vazquez J , Kloos C , Subramanyam R , Williams MI , Cummins D 
Published: March 2005

Detection of oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by gas chromatography (GC) is a widely used method for evaluating breath odor. Air aspirated from the mouth is injected into the GC column for analysis. To eliminate discrepancies caused by variations in operator sampling or injection techniques, a new GC system designed to aspirate breath samples directly into the GC was developed.Objective  A clinical study was performed to compare this new automated breath‐sampling GC system to organoleptic evaluation by two‐trained odor judges.Methods  A randomized, two‐cell, double‐blind, parallel design was used in which subjects were tested before and 3 h after using either a mouthrinse containing zinc or a matching placebo rinse. Thirteen subjects used the zinc mouthrinse, and twelve used the placebo. Subjects with a wide range of VSC levels were studied. The average organoleptic ratings for each subject at each time point were compared to the average VSC measurements made with the GC, and Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients between the corresponding GC and organoleptic measurements were determined.Results  The correlation between the GC and organoleptic assessment methods were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for: total VSCs, 0.65; H2S, 0.63; CH3SH, 0.61; and (CH3)2S, 0.46. The correlation between the two judges was also highly significant (0.823, P < 0.001).Conclusion  These results demonstrate the utility of the automated gas chromatography method for evaluating breath odor.
O5  Clinical association of volatile sulfur compounds, Halimeter values, organoleptic score and tongue coating in oral malodor
Authors: Winkel EG , Tangerman A 
Published: March 2005

Objective  Oral malodor is now generally accepted to be the main cause (about 90%) of bad breath. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential power of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), Halimeter values, organoleptic score (OLS) and tongue coating in assessing oral malodor.Methods  We investigated the mouth‐ and nose‐breath of 42 subjects with oral malodor, visiting our bad breath clinic. The methods used were gas chromatography, Halimeter measurements, organoleptic scoring (OLS) and tongue coating measurements.Results  The concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methylmercaptan (MM, CH3SH) and dimethylsulfide (DMS, CH3SCH3) in the mouth‐breath of the 42 patients with oral malodor amounted to 0.74 ± 0.95 (s.d.), 0.42 ± 0.30, and 0.29 ± 0.19 nmol l−1, respectively. H2S and MM were absent in nose‐breath of all patients, indicating that the origin of these VSC is the mouth. DMS in nose‐breath (0.21 ± 0.12 nmol l−1) was similar to that in mouth breath, indicating that the origin of DMS lies outside the mouth. The recognition threshold value of MM is four to 30 times lower than that of H2S and about three times lower than that of DMS, indicating that MM is the major source of oral malodor. A significant correlation (r = 0.726, P < 0.001) was found between mouth‐H2S and mouth‐MM. No significant correlations were found between these two VSC and DMS. The correlations of H2S and MM with the Halimeter measurements, with OLS and with tongue coating are all highly significant.Conclusions  Oral malodor is mainly caused by MM. The Halimeter is most sensitive for H2S. Nevertheless, thanks to the good correlation between H2S and MM, the Halimeter remains a useful apparatus in predicting oral malodor. OLS and tongue‐coating assessments are also useful methods in detecting oral malodor.
P27  Comparison of ninhydrine methods of detecting amine compounds with other methods of detection in halitosis
Authors: Iwanicka‐Grzegorek E , Lipkowska E , Kepa J , Michalik J , Wierzbicka M 
Published: March 2005

Objectives  Availability of required substrate – amino acids is a factor determining the appearance of halitosis. The aim of the study was to determine whether a chemical test for low molecular weight amines in the saliva may be a new method of diagnosing halitosis.Methods  Eighty‐four patients suffering from halitosis and 40 healthy volunteers aged 20–62 (avg. 39.7) participated in the study. Halitosis was diagnosed if the average level of VSC measured by a halimeter was >125 ppb and the organoleptic measurement using a 5‐point scale was >2. In all subjects low molecular weight amines were evaluated by the ninhydrine method. Patients with halitosis were randomized into a treatment groups. Zinc tablets, tablets and mouthwash containing chlorhexidine or lyophilized lactic acid‐forming bacteria were used. Test subjects were examined at day 0, 7, 14, 21 and after 3 months and controls on day 0, 21 and after 3 months. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon's test.Results  Analysis showed, that the level of amines was highest in subjects with halitosis (0.39, s.d. 0.06) and correlated significantly with results of VSC measurement and organoleptic scores (P < 0.001). Reduction of amine levels after treatment was statistically significant (0.36, s.d. 0.06, P < 0.001). The amine levels in healthy controls was lower (0.29, s.d. 0.07) and remained at a similar, stable level.Conclusions  The ninhydrin method of detecting salivary amines may be one of the methods of diagnosing halitosis, because salivary amine levels significantly correlated with VSC levels measured by halimeter and organoleptic scores. This method may also be used to evaluate treatment efficacy.
P31  The relationship between the relative amount of Porphyromonas gingivalis in saliva and halitosis
Authors: Kato H , Awano S , Yoshida A , Ansai T , Takehara T 
Published: March 2005

Objectives  Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the microorganisms that most actively produce CH3SH and we have reported that subjects with P. gingivalis have higher CH3SH levels than subjects without P. gingivalis. However, little is known about the relationship between P. gingivalis levels in saliva and the condition of oral malodor. In this study, we evaluatedthe association between the relative amount of P. gingivalis in saliva and halitosis in mouth air.Methods  All of the subjects were patients at the Preventive Dentistry and Breath Odor Clinic of Kyushu Dental College, where they received a periodontal examination. Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC: hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan) were measured using gas chromatography. Saliva samples were collected in a sterile plastic tube over a period of 5 min while the subject chewed on paraffin wax, and were then immediately stored at –80°C until use. Template DNA was obtained from the stored saliva using an Easy‐DNA Kit (Invitrogen, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Conventional PCR assays were used to confirm the presence of P. gingivalis. A 5’ nuclease TaqMan PCR was used to quantify P. gingivalis in saliva. The relative numbers of bacteria were measured using the comparative threshold cycle method.Results  We found a quantitative relationship between the P. gingivalis levels in saliva and the condition of halitosis in mouth air.Conclusion  We analyzed the relationship between the relative amount of P. gingivalis in saliva and oral malodor.