bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reindarstellung und Kristallstruktur von Lithiumnitridhydrid, Li4NH, Li4ND
Authors: Marx Rupert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLi4NH wurde durch Reaktion von Li3N und LiH bei 490°C erhalten. Die vollständige Strukturbestimmung gelang über Röntgen‐ und Flugzeit‐Neutronen‐Pulverdiffraktion.Li4NH kristallisiert in einer Ordnungsvariante der Li2O‐Struktur (Raumgruppe I41/a, a = 489.18(1), c = 993.21(3) pm, Z = 4). N und H besetzen die Plätze von zwei ineinander gestellten gestreckten Diamantgittern. Li besetzt, in Richtung einer N2H‐Dreiecksfläche ausgelenkt, alle N2H2‐Tetraederlücken. Als Folge ist H gestaucht tetraedrisch und N verzerrt kubisch von Li koordiniert. Alternativ läßt slch die Struktur der Titelverbindung als ein [Li4N]+‐Raumnetz deuten, in dessen Hohlräume zum Ladungsausgleich Hydridionen eingebaut sind.Li4NH reagiert bei höheren Temperaturen mit N2 bzw. H2 unter Imidbildung.
Metallkomplexe von Farbstoffen. X. Neue Übergangsmetallkomplexe von Anthrachinonfarbstoffen
Authors: Kühlwein Frank , Polborn Kurt , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie zwei‐ bzw. dreizähnigen Farbstoffanionen von 1‐Aminoanthrachinon, Oracetblau (1‐Amino‐4‐anilinoanthrachinon), 1,4‐Diaminoanthrachinon, Solventgreen 3 [1,4‐Bis(4′‐methylanilino)anthrachinon], 1,1′‐Dianthrimid [Di‐(1‐anthrachinonyl)‐amin], 1‐Azo‐β‐naphtolanthrachinon, 1‐Anilido‐o‐carbonsäure‐anthrachinon und Chinizarin (1,4‐Dihydroxyanthrachinon) bilden mit den chloroverbrückten Komplexen [(R3P)MCl2]2 (M  Pd, Pt; R  Ethyl, Phenyl, n‐Butyl), [(Ph3P)2PdCl]2(BF4)2, [(η5‐C5Me5)MCl2]2 (M  Rh, Ir), [(η6‐p‐Cymol)RuCl2]2, Mono‐ bzw. Bischelat‐Komplexe. 2:1 Metallkomplexe des 1‐Aminoanthrachinon‐Anions entstehen mit CuII und PdII. Die spektroskopischen Daten der Komplexe werden vergleichend beschrieben. In allen Fällen wird ein bathochromer Shift der langwelligsten Absorptionsbande der Komplexe im Vergleich zu den freien Liganden im UV‐VIS Spektrum beobachtet. Die Strukturen von (Ethyl)3P(Cl)Pt(1‐Amino‐anthrachinon‐H+), (η‐C5Me5)(Cl)Ir(1‐Azo‐β‐ #naphtolanthrachinon‐H+) und (η‐C5Me5)Rh(1‐Anilido‐o‐carbonsäure‐anthrachinon‐2 H+) wurden röntgenographisch bestimmt.
Darstellung und Einkristall‐Strukturanalyse von Hexachloro‐μ‐dichloro‐bis[N‐(trimethylsilyl)imidazol]dititan‐Chloroform (1/2) [Ti2Cl8(C6H12N2Si)2] · 2 CHCl3
Authors: Hensen K. , Lemke A. , Näther C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHexachloro‐μ‐dichloro‐bis[N‐(trimethylsilyl)imidazol]dititan‐Chloroform (1/2) 1 wurde durch Reaktion von Titantetrachlorid mit N‐Trimethylsilylimidazol (NTMSI) in Chloroform‐Lösung als orangefarbene Kristalle erhalten. Die Struktur besteht aus zwei verzerrt oktaedrisch koordinierten TiCl5N‐Oktaedern, welche über eine gemeinsame Kante aus zwei Chloratomen zu einem zentrosymmetrischen Dimer [Ti2Cl8(NTMSI)2] ·2 CHCl3 verknüpft sind. Die N‐Trimethylsilylimidazol‐Liganden besetzen jeweils eine der axialen Positionen in beiden Oktaedern, während die äquatorialen Positionen von Chlor‐Liganden besetzt sind. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse werden unter der Annahme einer stufenweisen Bildung einer 1 : 1 und 1 : 2 Additionsverbindung diskutiert.
An assessment of a community's mental health needs
Authors: Zautra Alex , Simons Lynn Stanley 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThis study tested the potential utility of social indicators and survey data in the prediction of community mental health sevice utilization and construction of a model of community need. The results showed that both kinds of data are strongly associated with rates of usage across census tracts within the community. The social indicator data appeared to describe the social forces acting with various segments of the community. The strength of these forces were unevenly distributed, and disadvantaged areas were most likely to have higher rates of mental health center utilization rates, although to a lesser extent than the social indicators. The two sets of data were highly convergent and both were seen as useful to planning of mental health sevices. The social indicators appeared to identify best where to look in the community for high‐risk populations, while the survey data showed what to look for as mental health problems for the people of a given locale.
Toward a distinctive community psychology: An ecological metaphor for the conduct of community research and the nature of training
Authors: Trickett Edison J. 
Published: December 2004

ConclusionIn conclusion, I have attempted today to cast the current status of the field of community psychology within the framework of partial paradigm acquisition—to slightly revise Ray Lorion's phrase, of promises kept, and promises still to keep—and have outlined one fledgling perspective which, I hope, will stimulate discussion and debate about the field's future. In focusing on the conceptual connections among community research, the research relationship with citizens, and the training of community psychologists, I have put my money on the unfinished business of integrating the historical values of the field with its research and training efforts. If, when conducting our work, be it as Director of a CMHC, research scientist, social activist, or mental health practitioner, we “see,” we have a world view that focuses on the community‐embeddedness of our programs and the persons they are designed to serve, if we develop a perspective that centers on the creation and expansion of resources for our community, and if our actions for the quick fix are embedded in a vision about the long haul, then we can, by both wordanddeed, assert both the distinctiveness of community psychology and further the aspirations underlying the creation of our field.Let me close by sharing with you the only paradigm joke I know. Fortunately, it's on target for my purpose here today. René Descartes is attending a cocktail party and is approached by a waiter. Would you care for a cocktail, Mr. Descartes?, the waiter says. “I think not,” says Descartes, and promptly disappears.For Descartes, paradigm premises held consequences for ensuing behavior. Let us remember Descartes.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in pediatric renal transplantation
Authors: Mitsnefes Mark M. , Portman Ronald J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Over last two decades ABPM has evolved from a research device to an established and valuable clinical tool for BP evaluation. More than 10 yrs ago ABPM was introduced to pediatrics and since that time, its importance has been increasing in the management of hypertension in children and adolescents. This review summarizes the information gathered from the studies of ABPM in adult and pediatric patients with renal transplants. We will review the importance of hypertension in this patient subset, discuss the advantage of ABPM over CBP and focus on specific abnormalities and clinical significance of ABPM in renal transplant recipients.
Breeding success of sympatric dabbling ducks in relation to population density and food resources
Authors: Elmberg Johan , Nummi Petri , Pöysä Hannu , Sjöberg Kjell 
Published: December 2004

Breeding success in sympatric mallard Anas platyrhynchos, teal A. crecca and wigeon A. penelope in a boreal watershed in Finland was studied for 12 years. Benthic and surface‐emerging prey animals were trapped to obtain annual indices of food abundance. Mallard and teal were equally abundant over the years, being roughly twice as numerous as wigeon.Pair density, brood:pair ratio and duckling:pair ratio were used to test the hypothesis that per capita breeding success decreases in a density‐dependent fashion as either pair density or the number of nesting pairs per available food unit increases. In mallard we found no density‐dependent patterns at all. In teal per capita brood production decreased as prey animals became relatively scarcer, but this interpretation may not be robust. In wigeon, however, there were two independent significant patterns of direct density‐dependence in a temporal succession, i.e. between pair density and per capita brood production in the early part of the breeding season, and then between per capita abundance of surface‐emerging insect prey and the number of ducklings per pair. Despite wide dietary overlap and frequent co‐occurrence on single lakes among species in the guild, we found no evidence for interspecific density‐dependent effects. We hypothesize that there is no or infrequent food limitation for breeding dabblers in this system, and that behavior may be the process behind the pattern of density‐dependence in wigeon.
Behavioural plasticity in relation to egg and time limitation: the case of two fly species in the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Díaz‐Fleischer Francisco , Aluja Martín 
Published: December 2004

Reproductive opportunities in insects that deposit their eggs in discrete resource patches are frequently limited because the availability of oviposition substrates is often spatially and temporally restricted. Such environmental variability leads individuals to confront time‐ or egg‐limitation constraints. Additionally, species with different oviposition strategies (i.e. single egg layers vs clutch layers) commonly deal with different structural and ecological characteristics of larval host plants. To test the hypothesis that oviposition strategies such as laying eggs singly or in batches (clutches) are related to these constraints (i.e. egg vs time limitation), we compared the lifetime oviposition patterns of two closely related sympatric species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) with different oviposition strategies. We exposed five cohorts of A. obliqua and A. ludens females, over the course of their adult lifetimes, to three conditions of “habitat quality” (measured as host density per cage): unpredictable habitat quality (host density varied randomly from day to day between 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 hosts/cage), low habitat quality (fixed density of one host/cage) and high habitat quality (fixed density of 60 hosts/cage).

Responses to host density conditions were strikingly different in the two species. (1) Frequency of host visits and oviposition events increased in A. obliqua but not in A. ludens when host densities increased. (2) Anastrepha ludens females accepted low quality hosts (i.e. fruits on which eggs had already been laid and were therefore partially covered with host marking pheromone) significantly more often than A. obliqua females did. (3) Females of A. obliqua adjusted their oviposition activity to variations in host density, whereas A. ludens females exhibited a constant oviposition pattern (i.e. did not respond to variations in host density). Based on the above, it is likely that in A. obliqua oviposition is governed by egg‐limitation and in A. ludens by time‐limitation constraints. We discuss the relationship between the oviposition strategies of each fly species and the fruiting phenology and density of their native host plants. We also address the possible influence of oogenesis modality and parasitism by braconid wasps in shaping oviposition behaviour in these insects.
016 Daily non‐solar UV exposure
Authors: Sayre R.M. , Dowdy J.C. 
Published: December 2004

An examination of the UV emission by fluorescent and tungsten lamps often used for lighting in the home, office or school indicates a considerable amount of UV radiation load for unsuspecting individuals. The amount of UV exposure from non‐solar sources would appear to be potentially as great as 1/2–2/3 MEDs daily or 150 MED yearly. This is interesting as it exceeds the generally often‐quoted levels of expected UV accumulated from sunlight exposure during normal daily activities.Of possibly greater significance is the fact that this exposure contains wavelengths not present in sunlight reaching the earth's surface. Fluorescent lamps, activated by excited mercury wavelengths, emit significant amounts of short radiation < 290 nm, including clearly detectable 254 nm lines. Similarly, the common tungsten bulbs, even low 60 Watt bulbs, emit detectable UV radiation as short as 280 nm. Wavelengths this short do not represent a detectable risk from outdoor exposure.It would appear plausible that concern about the increasing risk of melanoma due to UV in sunlight exposure may be misplaced. Individuals at greatest risk include doctors, nurses, school teachers, lawyers and office workers and not farmers, fishermen, or construction workers. The indoor office workers would receive vastly greater exposure from artificial lighting, especially at non‐solar wavelengths, than would similar outdoor workers.
Description of the use of a risk estimation model to assess the increased risk of non‐melanoma skin cancer among outdoor workers in Central Queensland, Australia
Authors: Vishvakarman D. , Wong J. C. F. 
Published: December 2004

Background: The aim was to use the measured data on annual exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the risk estimation model to estimate the increase in risk of Non‐Melanomic Skin Cancer (NMSC) among outdoor workers compared to indoor workers in Rockhampton (lat. 23°S), Central Queensland, Australia.Methods: Results on annual occupational exposure measured on two occupational groups namely Australia Post Mail Delivery Personnel (APMDP) and Physical Education Teachers (PE) using film badge dosimeters was used in the risk estimation model to determine the increase in risk of NMSC with years of outdoor occupational exposure compared to indoor workers. The sensitivity of the model was tested for variations in recreational and childhood exposure of both groups, as well as occupational exposure of indoor workers.Results: For APMDP the increase in risk for Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) varied from 1.1 to 3.6 for 5–20 years of exposure and for Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) the risk varied from 1.2 to 5.5 for the same periods of exposure. For the PE teachers the risk for BCC varied from 1.1 to 1.8 and for SCC the range was 1.1–2.3 for similar exposure periods.Conclusion: The increased risk estimates did not show any significant changes for variations in occupational and recreational exposure. A maximum change of 20% was computed for 25% variation in childhood exposure, which was mainly for the APMDP with high occupational exposure levels and more than 10 years of occupational exposure. The increased risk estimates are useful to identify high risk groups at an early age and implement long‐term protective measures against NMSC.
Topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for cutaneous lesions: outcome and comparison of light sources
Authors: Clark C. , Bryden A. , Dawe R. , Moseley H. , Ferguson J. , Ibbotson S. H. 
Published: December 2004

Background: Topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used for superficial non‐melanoma skin cancers and their precursors.Methods: We report our 3‐year experience of topical ALA‐PDT, with a preliminary comparison of the effects of broadband and laser light sources.Results: We performed 688 treatments on 483 lesions in 207 patients. Complete clearance was achieved in 222/239 lesions of Bowen's disease (BD), superfi‐cial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) and actinic keratosis (AK) (93%) – 117/129 BD (91%), 84/87 sBCC (97%) and 21/23 AK (91%), with a median follow up of 48 weeks. Broadband and laser light sources were of similar efficacy. Recurrences have occurred in 10.3% BD, 4.8% sBCC and 4.8% AK. Adverse effects from PDT were uncommon but included pig‐mentary change (2%) and minor scarring (2%). How‐ever, severe pain was experienced in 16–21% of treatments using the high‐output broadband and laser sources, but in only 2% with the low‐output xenon arc source.Conclusion: Topical ALA‐PDT is effective for BD, sBCC and AK and has been an invaluable addition to our dermatology service. Efficacy is similar for broadband and laser light sources, although treatment at higher surface irradiance may be painful, and excellent cosmetic results can be achieved.
Photosensitive erythema multiforme and erythema multiforme‐like polymorphous light eruption
Authors: Calzavara Pinton PG. , Venturini M. , Capezzera R. , Zane C. , Facchetti F. 
Published: December 2004

Background: Photosensitive erythema multiforme (EM) is a rare disorder. It usually occurs only if a herpes virus infection or ingestion of drugs precedes exposure to sunlight in selected patients.Methods: We report a 37‐year‐old man who had recurrent EM eruptions following sun exposures over a period of 20 years. Lesions were prevalently located on exposed skin, but unexposed skin and mucosa of the oropharynx were also affected. The patient had poor tolerance to sunlight and denied having herpes simplex infection or using drugs.Results: Provocative phototest induced clinically and histologically similar lesions at low dose thresholds of UVA (10 J/cm2) and UVB (100 mJ/cm2).Conclusion: On the basis of clinical and histological findings and results of phototesting, a diagnosis of photosensitive EM was made. The EM‐like variant of polymorphous light eruption is discussed in the differential diagnosis.
A study of differences in surface roughness between sun‐exposed and unexposed skin with age
Authors: Edwards C. , Heggie R. , Marks R. 
Published: December 2004

Background: To understand and separate the roles of age and solar ultraviolet exposure (sun damage) on the surface roughness of skin.Objectives: To determine the effects of age and site (sun exposed vs. unexposed) on skin roughness in normal healthy subjects.Subjects/Methods: Using a stylus profilometer and silicone skin surface replicas, we have measured skin surface roughness parameters on habitually exposed (back of hand) and habitually unexposed (upper buttock) skin sites from the same individual in a sample of 73 subjects from the normal population. We compared the two sites in order to determine any differences in roughness caused, we postulate, by the effect of solar ultraviolet exposure on the exposed site.Results: We found that the two sites are indistinguishable in roughness until after 30 years of age. For the over 30 years group, the difference between exposed and unexposed skin roughness correlated strongly with age. For all ages, skin roughness showed a positive correlation with age on the unexposed, but not the exposed, site. On the hand site subjects aged 40 years and older had significantly smoother skin than those aged less than 40 years, as measured by one roughness parameter. On the back, the older group had significantly rougher skin than the younger group measured by two roughness parameters.Conclusions: We propose that on the back of the hands, solar damage reverses or reduces the increase in roughness which would otherwise be caused by intrinsic ageing.
Chloroplast movements in the field
Authors: WILLIAMS W. E. , GORTON H. L. , WITIAK S. M. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAn ecophysiological understanding of chloroplast movements in leaves requires measurement of these movements under field conditions. A field‐portable instrument was constructed, based on a pulsed measuring beam and lock‐in detection that measures chloroplast movements in attached leaves by sensing the resultant changes in leaf transmittance. In the instrument and generally in nature, leaves are illuminated obliquely, in contrast with the perpendicular illumination used in most laboratory experiments on chloroplast movement. Microscopic analysis of cells illuminated obliquely with bright light verified that chloroplasts move out of the light path, and transmittance changes in response to oblique light were robust. Chloroplast movements in Alocasia brisbanensis under natural sunlight express kinetics and light requirements expected from laboratory observations: chloroplasts were in the periclinal position at dawn and dusk, anticlinal position in full sunlight midday, and in an intermediate position at night. Movement in response to bright light was rapid allowing responses to brief sunflecks. Movements in Helianthus tuberosum, Eustrephus latifolius and Cissus hypoglauca were qualitatively similar with differing kinetics and magnitude. In all four species, chloroplasts were in motion most of the time, rarely achieving the extreme anticlinal or periclinal positions.
Graminicide resistance in a blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) population correlates with insensitivity of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase
Authors: PRICE L. J. , MOSS S. R. , COLE D. J. , HARWOOD J. L. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe appearance of biotypes of the annual grass weed black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides L. Huds), which are resistant to certain graminicides, is the most significant example of acquired resistance to herbicides seen so far in European agriculture. An investigation was perfomed into the basis of the specific cross‐resistance to cyclohexanedione (CHD) and aryloxyphenoxypropionoic acid (AOPP) herbicides in the ‘Notts A1’ population of A. myosuroides, which survived treatment of fields with recommended rates of AOPP herbicides. In comparison with the wild‐type ‘Rothamsted’ population, the resistant biotype showed over 100‐fold resistance to these herbicides in a hydroponic growth system. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and activity of crude extracts of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) were commensurately less sensitive to these herbicides in Notts A1 compared with the Rothamsted biotype. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the highly resistant population has arisen through selection of a mutant ACCase which is much less sensitive to the AOPP and CHD graminicides. Rapidly growing cell suspension cultures established from the Notts A1 population also showed high resistance indices for CHD or AOPP herbicides compared with cultures from the Rothamsted biotype. Fatty acid biosynthesis and ACCase activity in the cell suspensions were similarly sensitive towards the graminicides to those in the foliar tissue counterparts of the resistant and sensitive populations. Moreover, purification of the main (chloroplast) isoform of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase showed that this enzyme from the Notts A1 population was over 200‐fold less sensitive towards the AOPP herbicide, quizalofop, than the equivalent isoform from the Rothamsted population. These data again fully supported the proposal that resistance in the Notts biotype is due to an insensitive acetyl‐CoA carboxylase isoform. Overall, cell suspensions were also demonstrated to be excellent tools for further investigation of the molecular basis of the high level herbicide resistance which is prone to occur in A. myosuroides.