bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virus inactivation by pepsin treatment at pH 4 of IgG solutions: factors affecting the rate of virus inactivation
Authors: Omar A. , Kempf C. , Immelmann A. , Rentsch M. , Morgenthaler J.‐J. 
Published: March 2003

Background: IgG preparations have rarely transmitted infectious diseases; however, because such transmission has occurred a few times, manufacturers are required to present experimental proof that their specific production process removes and/or inactivates viruses that may be present in the starting material.Study Design and Methods: The kinetics of virus inactivation mediated by pepsin treatment at pH 4 during the production of intravenous immunoglobulin was assessed with spiking experiments using human immunodeficiency virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Semliki Forest virus, and pseudorabies virus. The influence of various factors on the rate of virus inactivation also was studied by modifying the composition of the IgG solutions with respect to IgG, sucrose, and NaCl content.Results: Virus inactivation at 37° C was extremely rapid and resulted in a complete loss of infectivity within 5 minutes to 1 hour. Inactivation was much slower at lower temperatures. Furthermore, inactivation was dependent on the solute composition. Increasing the sucrose content from 0 to 15 percent reduced the rate of inactivation of pseudorabies virus but did not affect the rate of inactivation of Semliki Forest virus. In contrast, increasing the NaCl content from 0 to 150 mM resulted in a reduction in the rate of inactivation of Semliki Forest virus, whereas the rate of inactivation of pseudorabies virus remained unaffected. Moreover, increasing the IgG concentration from 0 to 10 percent resulted in an increased rate of inactivation of pseudorabies virus but a decreased rate of inactivation of Semliki Forest virus.Conclusion: Inactivation of viruses by pepsin treatment at pH 4 essentially is temperature‐dependent, and the reaction rate is selectively influenced by the solute composition of the IgG solution. This has to be taken into account when safety data for different products are compared.
AS‐1 red cells for neonatal transfusions: a randomized trial assessing donor exposure and safety
Authors: Strauss R.G. , Burmeister L.F. , Johnson K. , James T. , Miller J. , Cordle D.G. , Bell E.F. , Ludwig G.A. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Despite recent optimism about the use of erythropoietin therapy to treat the anemia of prematurity, very‐low‐birth‐weight infants who are severely ill receive multiple red cell (RBC) transfusions. Many physicians transfuse relatively fresh RBCs to newborn infants, exposing them to multiple donors and possibly increasing their risk of acquiring transfusion‐transmitted infections.Study Design and Methods: A randomized, single‐blind clinical trial was conducted to determine, as the primary endpoint, whether RBCs collected from one dedicated donor and stored for ≤ 42 days in AS‐1 storage media could safely supply all small‐volume RBC transfusions (15 mL/kg/dose) needed by very‐low‐birth‐weight infants (0.6‐1.3 kg) during the first 84 days of life. Secondary endpoints were the assessment of the possible adverse clinical and biochemical effects of transfusing AS‐1 RBCs stored for ≤ 42 days. Control infants received identical nursery care, except they received fresh RBCs stored ≤ 7 days in CPDA‐1.Results: Infants transfused with AS‐1 RBCs were exposed to a mean of 1.6 donors,‐compared with an exposure to 3.7 donors for infants given CPDA‐1 RBCs (p < 0.05). Neither clinical transfusion reactions nor the results of multiple laboratory tests were significantly different in infants who received slow transfusions (15 mL/kg) of AS‐1 RBCs stored for ≤ 42 days and in infants who received the same volume of CPDA‐1 RBCs stored ≤ 7 days.Conclusion: AS‐1 RBCs, usually from only one dedicated donor, can safely supply all RBCs needed by most very‐low‐birth‐weight infants—a practice that decreases donor exposure and likely increases transfusion safety.
Evaluation of 4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid in the inhibition of rouleaux formation
Authors: Norris S. S. , Allen D. D. , Neff T. P. , Wilkinson S. L. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: DIDS (4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid) inhibits the formation of serum‐or plasma‐induced rouleaux through its ability to bind to band 3 on red cell membranes. This property of DIDS was evaluated in the serologic testing of specimens exhibiting rouleaux.STUDY DESIGN and METHODS: Optimal test conditions for DIDS treatment of reagent red cells were determined by varying the volume and concentration of DIDS solution and the incubation temperature and duration and comparing the results of antibody screening procedures using specimens that exhibit macroscopically visible rouleaux. Blind titration studies compared untreated and DIDS‐treated red cells to evaluate the maintenance of antigen integrity. The use of DIDS‐treated red cells for antibody detection and identification was evaluated by comparing the results in donor specimens containing antibodies with those in untreated and DIDS‐treated selected panel cells. In addition, 4‐percent (wt/vol) dextran in serum was used to induce rouleaux formation as a way of determining the capability of DIDS to resolve ABO serum grouping discrepancies.RESULTS: Complete inhibition of rouleaux formation occurred when reagent red cells were treated by incubation at 37 degrees C for 10 minutes with 150 microliter (approx. 5 drops) of 0.05 mg per mL of DIDS in 0.9‐percent NaCl. There were no significant differences in titration scores of untreated and DIDS‐treated red cells tested with the 19 antisera used to assess antigen integrity. Antibody identification studies showed that DIDS‐treated reagent red cells reacted similarly to untreated reagent red cells. In addition, DIDS resolved dextran‐induced ABO serum grouping discrepancies.CONCLUSION: DIDS effectively resolved the serologic problems associated with the presence of rouleaux, without affecting the results of the test system itself. Implementation of this method to inhibit the rouleaux‐forming properties of serum and plasma specimens can be useful in serologic testing.
Posttransfusion graft‐versus‐host disease in Japanese newborns
Authors: Ohto H. , Anderson K. C. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Posttransfusion graft‐versus‐host disease (PT‐GVHD) is underdiagnosed and underreported. Risk factors predisposing to PT‐GVHD in newborn recipients, the clinical manifestations of the disease in newborns, and its mechanism are not well characterized.STUDY DESIGN and METHODS: A literature review identified 27 cases of PT‐GVHD in newborns in Japan. Detailed information on volume of blood transfused, donor(s), and clinical course was analyzed. Infants with known immunodeficiency were excluded.RESULTS: Of 27 newborns, 20 were premature and 7 were full‐term. Thirteen premature neonates were transfused frequently because of anemia; in 10 cases, exchange transfusion was performed. Fresh blood (<or = 72 hours after donation) and blood from family member(s) were transfused to 25 and 22 neonates, respectively. The clinical manifestations of PT‐GVHD developed later after transfusion than is reported in adults; the median intervals were: fever, 28 days; erythematous rash, 30 days; leukopenia, 43 days; and death, 51 days. Thymic damage was a striking feature among newborns. Two thirds of the cases of PT‐GVHD were associated with overwhelming infections, and all patients died in spite of various treatments.CONCLUSION: These data suggest that cellular blood components, especially those from family members, should be irradiated before transfusion to premature and full‐term neonates. Extrathymic and/or thymic semitolerance for allogeneic‐donor cytotoxic T‐ lymphocytes may explain the longer period of latency before the onset of clinical manifestations and the longer course of disease before death in newborns than are noted in adults, as well as the fewer than expected reported cases of PT‐GVHD in neonates.
Chloramphenicol‐dependent antibody: a case report
Authors: Fried M. R. , Scofield T. L. , Stroncek D. F. , Swanson J. L. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Chloramphenicol‐dependent antibodies are a rare cause of interference in pretransfusion serologic testing. Their presence can be confirmed by the testing of red cells in both the presence and absence of chloramphenicol.CASE REPORT: A 29‐year‐old, group A, Rh‐positive man with no history of chloramphenicol exposure was found to have a chloramphenicol‐dependent panagglutinin in his serum. The antibody was IgM with a titer of 8. It showed no blood group specificity when tested with common and rare red cell phenotypes, and it failed to react with platelets and granulocytes. Confirmation attempts using a chloramphenicol sodium succinate solution as the cell‐suspending medium led to negative results. The antibody reacted serologically only in the presence of chloramphenicol, which arises from the succinate derivative by the action of blood esterases.CONCLUSION: This case is an additional example of a chloramphenicol‐dependent antibody. It demonstrates how the laboratory investigation of drug‐related phenomena is dependent on testing the drug from that reacts in vivo.
An automated system for bedside verification of the match between patient identification and blood unit identification
Authors: Jensen N.J. , Crosson J.T. 
Published: March 2003

Background: The administration of blood to the wrong patient remains the leading cause of acute hemolytic transfusion reactions and subsequent death. A process control system for blood administration was developed that verifies, at the bedside, the match between barcoded patient identification and blood unit identification.Study Design and Methods: The system is composed of 1) a portable bedside scanner that reads barcoded patient identification and blood unit identification, 2) a host computer system capable of accepting transfusion data from the bedside scanner, 3) printed documentation of the transfusion episode, and 4) audit trail monitoring of whether all steps in the automated patient and blood unit identification process have been performed. Software design, development, and validation protocols followed industry standards.Results: A pilot study was performed over a 2‐month period evaluating the blood administration process using the computerized bedside transfusion identification system prototype for transfusions in 39 oncology patients.Conclusion: This system controls the blood administration process and includes bedside verification of the match between patient identification and blood unit identification.
Determination of sibship in any two persons
Authors: Wenk R.E. , Traver M. , Chiafari F.A. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Parentage testing laboratories may be asked to provide genetic evidence that two persons are or are not related, when no other relatives are available for study. Simple methods using autosomal, codominant, unlinked genetic systems can determine if two people are blood relatives (e.g., siblings).Study Design and Methods: The odds ratios (full sibship index) of true sibling pairs were determined from two‐child paternity cases and compared with regionally and racially matched control pairs of unrelated children. The sharing of two, one, or no alleles was observed in pairs of children at three independent, polymorphic VNTR (variable number of tandem repeat) sequences loci. The sibship index was calculated as (the chance that an observation would occur if two children were siblings) divided by (the chance that it would occur if the two were unrelated). Sibship indices and the frequencies of shared alleles were determined for 20 sibling pairs and 20 control pairs.Results: Sibship index values were less than 1 in all 20 pairs of unrelated children. Sibship index values were greater than 100 in nine pairs of siblings (45%), between 10 and 100 in five pairs (25%), between 1 and 10 in four pairs (20%), and less than 1 in two pairs (10%). Siblings shared two alleles in 17 of 60 observations (28.3%); controls shared two alleles in 0 of 60 observations (0%).Conclusion: The sharing of one allele and the sharing of no alleles at a polymorphic locus of high heterozygosity provide limited information for and against sibship, respectively. The sharing of two alleles produces strong evidence favoring sibship. In a given case, the study of more than three polymorphic loci of high heterozygosity may be needed to develop the evidence that two people are siblings. The general logic and methods used for siblings apply to kinship analyses of other two‐person pedigrees.
Transfusion transmission of human T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) from an asymptomatic blood donor: conservation of LTR U3, env, and tax nucleotide sequences in a recipient with HTLV‐I‐associated myelopathy
Authors: Gasmi M. , D'Incan M. , Desgranges C. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Transfusion of human T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) contaminated blood is sometimes linked with the rapid onset of HTLV‐I‐ associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in immunocompromised recipients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study addressed the question of whether HTLV‐I variants could emerge in an immunocompromised patient who developed HAM/ TSP after the transfusion of blood from an asymptomatic HTLV‐I carrier. Base pairs (n = 2327) of the HTLV‐I genome located in the LTR U3 region and parts of the env and tax genes were sequenced and compared to the isolated identified in the asymptomatic blood donor and to well‐known ATK‐1 and H5 strains. The same analysis was performed on another set of samples from an asymptomatic HTLV‐I‐positive blood donor and a similar blood recipient.RESULTS: No critical changes in nucleotide sequences were identified in the immunosuppressed HAM/TSP patient when compared with the nucleotide sequences of the corresponding blood donor, the other asymptomatic blood donor and recipient or the ATK‐1 and H5 strains.CONCLUSION: Immunosuppression does not seem to favor the emergence of particular nucleotide sequences in the genome located in the LTR U3 region or in parts of the env and tax genes in transfused patients who develop HAM/TSP.
Activation of the contact system by filtration of platelet concentrates with a negatively charged white cell‐removal filter and measurement of venous blood bradykinin level in patients who received filtered platelets
Authors: Shiba M. , Tadokoro K. , Sawanobori M. , Nakajima K. , Suzuki K. , Juji T. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Several recent reports have described hypotensive transfusion reactions in patients receiving platelet concentrates (PCs) filtered through white cell‐reduction filters. It is well known that a negatively charged surface activates the contact system, consisting of factor XII, prekallikrein, and high‐molecular‐weight kininogen.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To clarify the mechanisms of these hypotensive reactions, the possibility that white cell‐reduction filtration activates the contact system was examined. Venous blood plasma bradykinin levels were also measured in patients receiving PC transfusions through filters.RESULTS: None of the measured values were changed by filtration through a positively charged filter. However, filtration through a negatively charged filter resulted in a decrease in the amounts of prekallikrein and an increase in the amount of bradykinin generated, which indicated the activation of the contact system. The bradykinin level was inversely related to the activity of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) in the PCs and was elevated by addition of an ACE inhibitor. Although the venous blood plasma bradykinin level did not change in two patients with a normal ACE activity during PC transfusion through the negatively charged filter, two patients who had decreased ACE activity, showed a significant increase in bradykinin during the transfusion.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the generation of a large amount of bradykinin by filtration of PCs through a negatively charged filter might cause hypotensive reactions in patients with decreased ACE activity. The clinical significance of bradykinin generation requires further study.
Autologous donation error rates in Canada
Authors: Goldman M. , Rémy‐Prince S. , Trépanier A. , Décary F. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Although certain transfusion risks are eliminated by the use of autologous blood, clerical errors may still occur. In addition, because of differences in donor selection criteria and donor‐patient expectations, the consequences of certain errors may be different in autologous and allogeneic donations.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In January 1996, autologous donation error rates in Canada from 1989 to November 1995 were estimated by 1) a detailed questionnaire sent to hospitals supplied by the Canadian Red Cross, Blood Services, Transfusion Center of Quebec at Montreal autologous donation program (n = 31), 2) a review of that institution's quality assurance non‐ compliance reports, and 3) a detailed questionnaire sent to other Canadian Red Cross centers with autologous donation programs (n = 16) and hospital‐based autologous programs in Canada (n = 3). The total number of autologous donations collected was determined from Canadian Red Cross annual reports and information supplied by hospital‐based programs.RESULTS: There were 113 errors reported for 16,873 units collected by the Montreal center (1/149 units) based on collection center and hospital data. The most frequent errors were the late receipt of units for surgery (25% of errors) or the receipt of units in the wrong hospital (23%). Other Canadian programs reported 166 errors for approximately 53,500 units collected (1/322 units). However, this figure was based mainly on collection center, and not hospital, data. The most frequent errors were in labeling (48%) and component preparation (25%). One unit of autologous fresh‐frozen plasma was transfused to the wrong recipient. Errors were more frequent if components were produced, if units were drawn in hospitals for interhospital transfer, or it units were shipped between Red Cross centers.CONCLUSION: Errors are not infrequent in autologous donation programs. Autologous transfusion should not be considered as being without risk.
The VS and V blood group polymorphisms in Africans: a serologic and molecular analysis
Authors: Daniels G. L. , Faas B.H.W. , Green C. A. , Smart E. , Maaskant‐van Wijk P. A. , Avent N. D. , Zondervan H. A. , von dem Borne A. E. , van der Schoot C. E. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: VS and V are common red cell antigens in persons of African origin. The molecular background of these Rh system antigens is poorly understood.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Red cells from 100 black South Africans and 43 black persons from Amsterdam, the Netherlands, were typed serologically for various Rh system antigens. Allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products were used to analyze C733G (Leu245Val) and G1006T (Gly336Cys) polymorphisms in exons 5 and 7 of RHCE and the presence of a D‐CE hybrid exon 3.RESULTS: The respective frequencies of all VS+ and of VS+ V‐(r's) phenotypes were 43 percent and 9 percent in the South Africans and 49 percent and 12 percent in the Dutch donors. All VS+ donors had G733 (Val245), but six with G733 were VS‐ (4 V+w, 2 V‐). The four VS‐ V+w donors with G733 appeared to have a CE‐D hybrid exon 5. T1006 (Cys336) was present in 12 percent and 16 percent of donors from the two populations. With only a few exceptions, T1006, a D‐CE hybrid exon 3, and a C410T (Ala137Val) substitution were associated with a VS+ V‐phenotype ((C)ces or r's haplotype). Two VS+ V‐individuals, with the probable genotype, (C)ces/(C)ces), were homozygous for G733 and for T1006.CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that anti‐VS and anti‐V recognize the conformational changes created by Val245, but that anti‐V is sensitive to additional conformational changes created by Cys336.
The distribution of infectivity in blood components and plasma derivatives in experimental models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Authors: Brown P. , Rohwer R. G. , Dunstan B. C. , MacAuley C. , Gajdusek D. C. , Drohan W. N. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The administration of blood components from donors who subsequently develop Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease has raised the issue of blood as a possible vehicle for iatrogenic disease.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We examined infectivity in blood components and Cohn plasma fractions in normal human blood that had been “spiked” with trypsinized cells from a scrapie‐infected hamster brain, and in blood of clinically ill mice that had been inoculated with a mouse‐adapted strain of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Infectivity was assayed by intracerebral inoculation of the blood specimens into healthy animals.RESULTS: Most of the infectivity in spiked human blood was associated with cellular blood components; the smaller amount present in plasma, when fractionated, was found mainly in cryoprecipitate (the source of factor VIII) and fraction I+II+III (the source of fibrinogen and immunoglobulin); almost none was recovered in fraction IV (the source of vitamin‐K‐dependent proteins) and fraction V (the source of albumin). Mice infected with the human strain of spongiform encephalopathy had very low levels of endogenous infectivity in buffy coat, plasma, cryoprecipitate, and fraction I+II+III, and no detectable infectivity in fractions IV or V.CONCLUSION: Convergent results from exogenous spiking and endogenous infectivity experiments, in which decreasing levels of infectivity occurred in cellular blood components, plasma, and plasma fractions, suggest a potential but minimal risk of acquiring Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease from the administration of human plasma protein concentrates.
Effect of 24‐hour whole‐blood storageon plasma clotting factors
Authors: O'Neill E.M. , Rowley J. , Hansson‐Wicher M. , McCarter S. , Ragno G. , Valeri C.R. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The current requirements for the preparation of fresh‐frozen plasma within 8 hours of whole‐blood collection were designed to maintain clotting factor activities. These requirements, however, limit the production of fresh‐frozen plasma in a large blood center. There are few data on the effect of the extension of CPD whole‐blood storage to 24 hours on clotting factor activity.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A 500‐mL unit of whole blood was collected from 10 volunteer donors. At 1 hour after collection, a plasma sample was separated by centrifugation, and each unit was equally divided into 2 half‐units, with 1 half‐unit stored at 4°C (range, 1‐6°C) and 1 half‐unit stored at 22 °C (range, 20‐24°C) for 8 hours after collection. Each half‐unit was then placed at 4°C for further storage for 16 hours. At 8 and 24 hours after collection, plasma samples were separated from each half‐unit. All plasma samples were frozen at –18°C. Factors V, VII, VIII, and X; fibrinogen; antithrombin III; protein C; and protein S were measured.RESULTS: No significant changes were noted in factors V, VII, and X; fibrinogen; antithrombin III; protein C; and protein S over the 24‐hour storage period. Factor VIII in both half‐units was significantly reduced, by 13 percent, from the baseline sample as compared to the level in the 8‐hour storage sample (p<0.05). Factor VIII was further reduced by 15 to 20 percent after the 24‐hour storage period (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: The coagulation factor activity for all factors measured, with the exception of factor VIII, showed no significant change over the 24‐hour storage period. Factor VIII was significantly decreased by 13 percent in 8‐hour storage and by an additional 15 to 20 percent in 24‐hour storage. For clinical situations not requiring the replacement of factor VIII only, 24‐hour frozen plasma has properties comparable to those of fresh‐frozen plasma.