bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histamine-3 Receptor Availability and Glutamate Levels in the Brain: A PET-1H-MRS Study of Patients With Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls
Authors: Arumuham Atheeshaan , Nour Matthew M , Veronese Mattia , Beck Katherine , Onwordi Ellis Chika , Lythgoe David J , Jauhar Sameer , Rabiner Eugenii A , Howes Oliver D 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
The histamine-3 receptor (H3R) may have a role in cognitive processes through its action as a presynaptic heteroreceptor inhibiting the release of glutamate in the brain. To explore this, we examined anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and striatum H3R availability in patients with schizophrenia and characterized their relationships with glutamate levels in corresponding brain regions.

Methods
We employed a cross-sectional study, recruiting 12 patients with schizophrenia and 12 healthy volunteers. Participants underwent positron emission tomography using the H3R-specific radio ligand [11C]MK-8278, followed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure glutamate levels, recorded as Glu and Glx. Based on existing literature, the ACC and striatum were selected as regions of interest.

Results
We found significant inverse relationships between tracer uptake and Glu (r = −0.66, P = .02) and Glx (r = −0.62, P = .04) levels in the ACC of patients, which were absent in healthy volunteers (Glu: r = −0.19, P = .56, Glx: r = 0.10, P = .75). We also found a significant difference in striatal (F1,20 = 6.00, P = .02) and ACC (F1,19 = 4.75, P = .04) Glx levels between groups.

Conclusions
These results provide evidence of a regionally specific relationship between H3Rs and glutamate levels, which builds on existing preclinical literature. Our findings add to a growing literature indicating H3Rs may be a promising treatment target in schizophrenia, particularly for cognitive impairment, which has been associated with altered glutamate signaling.
Systemic immune response to a CD40 agonist antibody in nonhuman primates
Authors: Caudell David L , Dugan Gregory O , Babitzki Galina , Schubert Christine , Braendli-Baiocco Annamaria , Wasserman Ken , Acona Gonzalo , Stern Martin , Passioukov Alexandre , Cline J Mark , Charo Jehad 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The cell surface molecule CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is broadly expressed by immune cells including B cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes, as well as other normal cells and some malignant cells. CD40 is constitutively expressed on antigen-presenting cells, and ligation promotes functional maturation, leading to an increase in antigen presentation and cytokine production, and a subsequent increase in the activation of antigen-specific T cells. It is postulated that CD40 agonists can mediate both T cell–dependent and T cell–independent immune mechanisms of tumor regression in mice and patients. In addition, it is believed that CD40 activation also promotes apoptotic death of tumor cells and that the presence of the molecule on the surface of cancer cells is an important factor in the generation of tumor-specific T cell responses that contribute to tumor cell elimination. Notably, CD40 agonistic therapies were evaluated in patients with solid tumors and hematologic malignancies with reported success as a single agent. Preclinical studies have shown that subcutaneous administration of CD40 agonistic antibodies reduces systemic toxicity and elicits a stronger and localized pharmacodynamic response. Two independent studies in cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) were performed to further evaluate potentially immunotoxicological effects associated with drug-induced adverse events seen in human subjects. Studies conducted in monkeys showed that when selicrelumab is administered at doses currently used in clinical trial patients, via subcutaneous injection, it is safe and effective at stimulating a systemic immune response.
A Guide to Fixation and Staining of Biological Samples for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hart Rachel C , Carroll Darian T , Vinogradova Maria , Krystofiak Evan S 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Proper fixation and staining of biological samples for electron microscopy (EM) is critical for preserving ultrastructure and providing sufficient contrast for imaging. Depending on experimental goals, different fixation and post-fixation staining methods can be chosen to elucidate the details needed to answer scientific questions. In this guide, we discuss the importance of primary fixation of biological samples and then focus on two major post-fixation staining schemes: the “TOU” and the “OTO” methods, with and without modifications, for highlighting specific structures within the tissue being examined. While both methods can be used for transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we discuss which imaging technique is best suited for each method.
Kinetic effects of dust size distribution on Alfvén waves in magnetized space plasmas
Authors: De Toni L B , Gaelzer R , Ziebell L F 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Dust populations in space plasmas are often described by a size distribution function, generally a power law distribution. In view of that, we include this feature in the kinetic description of a homogeneous magnetized dusty plasma with electrically charged immobile dust grains, in order to study its effects in the propagation and damping of Alfvén waves. The dispersion relation is numerically solved using parameters typically found in the dust-driven stellar winds of carbon-rich stars and in Earth’s auroral acceleration region, two space systems with unalike plasma parameters and in which Alfvén waves are known to play important roles in the plasma acceleration and heating processes. We show that the characteristics of the normal modes, namely the ion cyclotron and whistler modes, will change when one considers a power law distribution of dust sizes in the theory, as compared to a mono-sized dust population; and that these differences will depend on the exponent p of the power law, which alters the plasma charge imbalance between electrons and ions. We also notice that power-law distribution functions will modify the waves’ damping rate values. In particular, we show that in a stellar wind environment the ion cyclotron mode at very small wavenumber decreases with the reduction of p, while for higher wavenumber the damping of this mode increases with the reduction of p. For the Earth’s magnetosphere, the results obtained show that the wave damping increases with the decrease of p for all wavenumbers, for the parameters considered in the analysis.
Deep Neural Networks for estimation of gamma-ray burst redshifts
Authors: Aldowma Tamador , Razzaque Soebur 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
While the available set of gamma-ray burst (GRB) data with known redshift is currently limited, a much larger set of GRB data without redshift is available from different instruments. This data includes well-measured prompt gamma-ray flux and spectral information. We estimate the redshift of a selection of these GRBs detected by Fermi-GBM and Konus-Wind using machine learning techniques that are based on spectral parameters. We find that Deep Neural Networks with Random Forest models employing non-linear relations among input parameters can reasonably reproduce the pseudo-redshift distribution of GRBs, mimicking the distribution of GRBs with spectroscopic redshift. Furthermore, we find that the pseudo-redshift samples of GRBs to satisfy (i) Amati relation between the peak photon energy of the time-averaged energy spectrum in the cosmological rest frame of the GRB Ei,p and the isotropic-equivalent radiated energy Eiso during the prompt phase; and (ii) Yonetoku relation between Ei,p and isotropic-equivalent luminosity Liso, both measured during the peak flux interval.
ExoMol line lists – LV: hyperfine-resolved molecular line list for vanadium monoxide (51V16O)
Authors: Bowesman Charles A , Qu Qianwei , McKemmish Laura K , Yurchenko Sergei N , Tennyson Jonathan 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
The new hyperfine-resolved HyVO line lists for vanadium monoxide (51V16O) are presented. The new line list considers 15 electronic states and comprises almost 59 billion transitions between 3.4 million energy levels, up to 45 000 cm−1. Empirical energy levels obtained through the Marvel procedure are used to update calculated values to experimental accuracy, making the line list well suited for high-resolution experiments. Machine learning is utilized to refine the energies of levels in important bands, where empirical values are not known. These updates allow for the accurate prediction of line positions in regions of astrophysical interest, particularly in strong rovibronic bands in the infrared and visible. Previously published ab initio transition dipole moment curves are adjusted based on experimental lifetime measurements, resulting in increased intensities in key regions. The line list covers levels up to F = 150 and is complete up to 5400 K, making it well suited for studies of ultra-hot Jupiter and M-type stellar atmospheres where VO is believed to be a strong source of opacities. The full line list is made available via www.exomol.com.
DNA methylation landscapes in DIPG reveal methylome variability that can be modified pharmacologically
Authors: Tetens Ashley R , Martin Allison M , Arnold Antje , Novak Orlandi V , Idrizi Adrian , Tryggvadottir Rakel , Craig-Schwartz Jordyn , Liapodimitri Athanasia , Lunsford Kayleigh , Barbato Michael I , Eberhart Charles G , Resnick Adam C , Raabe Eric H , Koldobskiy Michael A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a uniformly lethal brainstem tumor of childhood, driven by histone H3 K27M mutation and resultant epigenetic dysregulation. Epigenomic analyses of DIPG have shown global loss of repressive chromatin marks accompanied by DNA hypomethylation. However, studies providing a static view of the epigenome do not adequately capture the regulatory underpinnings of DIPG cellular heterogeneity and plasticity.

Methods
To address this, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing on a large panel of primary DIPG specimens and applied a novel framework for analysis of DNA methylation variability, permitting the derivation of comprehensive genome-wide DNA methylation potential energy landscapes that capture intrinsic epigenetic variation.

Results
We show that DIPG has a markedly disordered epigenome with increasingly stochastic DNA methylation at genes regulating pluripotency and developmental identity, potentially enabling cells to sample diverse transcriptional programs and differentiation states. The DIPG epigenetic landscape was responsive to treatment with the hypomethylating agent decitabine, which produced genome-wide demethylation and reduced the stochasticity of DNA methylation at active enhancers and bivalent promoters. Decitabine treatment elicited changes in gene expression, including upregulation of immune signaling such as the interferon response, STING, and MHC class I expression, and sensitized cells to the effects of histone deacetylase inhibition.

Conclusions
This study provides a resource for understanding the epigenetic instability that underlies DIPG heterogeneity. It suggests the application of epigenetic therapies to constrain the range of epigenetic states available to DIPG cells, as well as the use of decitabine in priming for immune-based therapies.
Richard Owen (Victorian Naturalist)
Authors: Fallon Richard 
Published: February 2024

Richard Owen (b. 1804–d. 1892), best known for his skills in comparative anatomy, was one of 19th-century Britain’s most celebrated naturalists. Owen coined the term “dinosaur” to describe a series of British fossil reptiles, but, in his own lifetime, he was better known for work on other strange specimens (both extant and extinct) brought into his hands from across the British Empire and the world. These included the moa bird, the pearly nautilus, the giant ground sloth Mylodon, and the gorilla. Most of Owen’s anatomical research was carried out from the vantage point of well-stocked London museums, namely the Hunterian Museum and the natural history department of the British Museum—the latter of which, thanks chiefly to Owen’s efforts, was relocated to South Kensington’s purpose-built Natural History Museum in 1881. Although born into a lower middle-class family in Lancaster, Owen’s scientific rise enabled him to move in elevated circles. He and his wife Caroline (née Clift) thus enjoyed the patronage of the royal family and prime minister Robert Peel and the friendship of literary figures like Charles Dickens and Thomas Carlyle. During the mid-19th century, his gift for publicity made his name the byword for an almost preternatural knowledge of fossil bones. Owen’s theistic anatomy combined the functionalism of French paleontological pioneer Georges Cuvier with concepts from German transcendentalism, the latter of which inspired his notion of a divinely ordained archetype underlying all vertebrate skeletons. During the late 1850s, however, this framework came under attack from iconoclastic naturalists like T. H. Huxley, whose subsequent association with Charles Darwin and evolutionary theory overshadowed Owen’s complicated ideas of life’s progressive development. At his death, Owen’s reputation had wilted. For decades, the Darwinian winners and their acolytes wrote the history, their work made easier by Owen’s reputation for abrasiveness. In the second half of the 20th century, scholars started to take him more seriously. While the proto-evolutionary nature of his early writings has intrigued the “Darwin Industry,” other fascinating parts of his career have also become better understood, including his anglicization of German and French anatomical ideas, his mastery of serial publishing and influence on Victorian literary culture, and his formative role in Australian colonial natural history. Despite this flowering of Owen scholarship, his life and works have not received the quantity of attention granted to other similarly eminent Victorians.
Emmanuel Levinas
Authors: Cohen Richard A. 
Published: February 2024

From the 1930s to the late 1980s Emmanuel Levinas (b. 1906–d. 1995) developed an original philosophy of ethics consistent with Jewish sources. This philosophy requires a fundamental reorientation of Western thinking and spirituality from ontology to ethics by uncovering the source of intelligibility in the imperatives of moral responsibility. Because the “for-the-other” has primacy—as obligation, as responsibility—over the “for-oneself,” Levinas is critical of both liberal philosophies which begin with isolated individuals and totalizing philosophies which reduce the human to a function of larger meaning-complexes such as reason, history, will or being. The import of Levinas’s contribution derives not only from his ethical teachings—kindness toward each, justice for all—which are already widely known, but from seeing in these teachings the basis of intelligibility, including science and art. Thus he is critical of the many classical and contemporary philosophies and theologies which in one way or another give primacy to the latter. Rigorously mining the epistemic resources of phenomenology, Levinas’s thought discloses the significance of embodiment, desire, worldliness, labor, language, time, and history, not as obstacles to morality, justice and truth, but as their very medium. For Levinas “revelation” and “reason” are not opposed, because both are aspects of the same wisdom of ethics. Contrary to the abstractions of today’s prevalent positivisms, for Levinas genuine thinking is akin to “Talmudic thinking” or “biblical humanism,” i.e., a concrete and compelling knowing, a wisdom, attached to virtue. Levinas does not reduce Judaism to formal propositions or aesthetic sentimentalism, or make philosophy handmaid to arbitrary faith. Wisdom allied to virtue escapes the ancient dualisms and their debilitating superstitious and mythological rationalizations. Levinas grew up in Kaunas (Kovno), Lithuania, in a traditional but modern Jewish home. He matriculated in philosophy at the University of Strasbourg, France, also studying under Husserl and Heidegger at the nearby University of Freiburg, Germany, during 1928–1929. After his university studies, he married, moved to Paris, became a French citizen, and worked at the École Normale Israélite Orientale, where he became director after returning to Paris from four years of internment as a prisoner of war (in a camp unit reserved for Jewish soldiers) in Germany during World War II. His entire birth family was murdered by the Nazis in Kaunas. In France his wife and daughter were hidden in a convent and survived the Vichy-Nazi onslaught. When he was in his sixties Levinas became a university professor, concluding a brief academic career at the University of Paris-Sorbonne ending in 1976.
Christine Brooke-Rose
Authors: Darlington Joseph 
Published: February 2024

Christine Brooke-Rose (b. 1923 – d. 2012) was a writer and academic whose work contributed greatly to the development of British experimental writing, postmodern literature, and poststructuralist theory. She was born in Geneva, Switzerland, to a Swiss-French mother (Evelyn Brooke) and English father (Alfred Northbrook Rose). She was to live her life between the two cultures, English and French, and her work was an important crossing point for literary-critical influence. She lived in Belgium until the age of eighteen, before coming to England to study at Somerville College, Oxford. She completed her PhD at the University of London, and her thesis became her first scholarly work, A Grammar of Metaphor, in 1958 (see Academic Work). She served at Bletchley Park during the Second World War and established herself as a popular, satirical novelist in the postwar years. Her turn to experimental writing during the 1960s was inspired by the French nouveaux romanciers (including Alain Robbe-Grillet and Nathalie Sarraute) and placed her alongside novelists like B.S. Johnson, Ann Quin, Eva Figes, and Alan Burns who sought to overturn the realist presumptions of British postwar writing. In 1968 she moved to Paris to teach at the University of Paris VIII, Vincennes, where she stayed for the rest of her working life. At Vincennes she worked alongside key figures of poststructuralism including Helene Cixous, Gilles Deleuze, and Gerard Genette. Her study of their theoretical work added to her prior interest in structuralist theorists including Algirdas Julien Greimas, Roman Jakobson, and Tzvetan Todorov. After the commercial failure of her theory-inflected novel, Thru, she turned her attentions exclusively to her academic writing and critical work for nine years. She had some influence on British critics like Frank Kermode in softening attitudes to French theory (according to letters held in the Harry Ransom Archive) and on American academics who, by the 1980s, were beginning to adopt structuralism and poststructuralism as primary modes of analysis. Despite working closely with these theories, Brooke-Rose remained skeptical of her fellow literary theorists’ more extravagant social and epistemological claims. In particular, she remained committed to science as a method of analysis, visible in her science fiction works (Out, 1964; Such, 1966; Xorandor, 1986; and Verbivore, 1990) and her novel of deep history, Subscript (1999). By the end of her life, Brooke-Rose was engaged in finding new forms of autobiographical and memoir writing, the influence of which is only now beginning to be felt. Brooke-Rose’s writing remained consistently ahead of its time throughout her life. By making her books more readily available, the Internet and print-on-demand technologies have enabled a resurgence of interest in her work.
Risk of Primary Incident Hepatitis C Infection Following Bacterial Sexually Transmissible Infections Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Australia From 2016 to 2020
Authors: Harney Brendan L , Sacks-Davis Rachel , Agius Paul , van Santen Daniela K , Traeger Michael W , Wilkinson Anna L , Asselin Jason , Fairley Christopher K , Roth Norman , Bloch Mark , Matthews Gail V , Donovan Basil , Guy Rebecca , Stoové Mark , Hellard Margaret E , Doyle Joseph S 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
In Australia, the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has declined among gay and bisexual men (GBM) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since 2015 and is low among GBM using HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, ongoing HCV testing and treatment remains necessary to sustain this. To assess the potential utility of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) to inform HCV testing among GBM with HIV and GBM using PrEP, we examined the association between bacterial STI diagnoses and subsequent primary HCV infection.

Methods
Data were from a national network of 46 clinics participating in the Australian Collaboration for Coordinated Enhanced Sentinel Surveillance. GBM included had ≥1 HCV antibody negative test result and ≥1 subsequent HCV antibody and/or RNA test. Discrete time survival analysis was used to estimate the association between a positive syphilis, rectal chlamydia, and rectal gonorrhea diagnosis in the previous 2 years and a primary HCV diagnosis, defined as a positive HCV antibody or RNA test result.

Results
Among 6529 GBM with HIV, 92 (1.4%) had an incident HCV infection. A prior positive syphilis diagnosis was associated with an incident HCV diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.99 [95% confidence interval, 1.11–3.58]). Among 13 061 GBM prescribed PrEP, 48 (0.4%) had an incident HCV diagnosis. Prior rectal chlamydia (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.75 [95% confidence interval, 1.42–5.32]) and rectal gonorrhea (2.54 [1.28–5.05]) diagnoses were associated with incident HCV.

Conclusions
Diagnoses of bacterial STIs in the past 2 years was associated with HCV incidence. These findings suggest that STIs might be useful for informing HCV testing decisions and guidelines for GBM with HIV and GBM using PrEP.
Recent Advances in Understanding the Regulatory Mechanism of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase through the Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway
Authors: Lin Zhaoheng , Zhu Pan , Gao Liyang , Chen Xuanyi , Li Meijing , Wang Yuhe , He Junxian , Miao Ying , Miao Rui 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The polyhydroxylated steroid phytohormone brassinosteroid (BR) controls many aspects of plant growth, development and responses to environmental changes. Plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, the well-known PM proton pump, is a central regulator in plant physiology, which mediates not only plant growth and development, but also adaptation to stresses. Recent studies highlight that PM H+-ATPase is at least partly regulated via the BR signaling. Firstly, the BR cell surface receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and multiple key components of BR signaling directly or indirectly influence PM H+-ATPase activity. Secondly, the SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR) gene family physically interacts with BRI1 to enhance organ development of Arabidopsis by activating PM H+-ATPase. Thirdly, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) assays showed that the expression of some SAUR genes is upregulated under the light or sucrose conditions, which is related to the phosphorylation state of the penultimate residue of PM H+-ATPase in a time-course manner. In this review, we describe the structural and functional features of PM H+-ATPase and summarize recent progress towards understanding the regulatory mechanism of PM H+-ATPase by BRs, and briefly introduce how PM H+-ATPase activity is modulated by its own biterminal regions and the post-translational modifications.