bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of cultivar and cultivar‐aphid odours on the olfactory response of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani
Authors: Kalule T. , Wright D. J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:The olfactory response of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to odours in a tritrophic system involving three cultivars of common cabbage, Brassica oleracea var capitata, characterized by different levels of susceptibility to Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was studied in a four‐way olfactometer. Odours influenced A. colemani response in the olfactometer to varying degrees. The magnitude of parasitoid response to odours of uninfested cabbage depended on cultivar, with Derby Day [green‐leaved, susceptible to M. persicae and the crucifer specialist, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] and Minicole (green‐leaved, partially resistant with known antibiosis factors for B. brassicae) preferred over Ruby Ball (red‐leaved with antixenosis factors for M. persicae and B. brassicae). The odour of the cabbage cultivar on which the parasitoid had been reared was preferred over the other cultivars. However, when provided with a choice between odours of infested plants, parasitoids did not show a significant preference for the cultivar on which they were reared. Results from the study show that parasitioids differentiated between odour of the three cultivars in dependence of their rearing history when the plant is uninfested.
Mating disruption barriers in pome fruit for improved control of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) in stone fruit under mating disruption
Authors: Il'ichev A. L. , Williams D. G. , Milner A. D. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is a very important pest in commercial orchards in Victoria, Australia. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption (MD) applied in stone fruit orchards successfully controlled OFM populations for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit at the edge of peach blocks located adjacent to pear blocks under insecticide treatments has become problematic. To improve protection of stone fruit against edge damage and outbreaks of OFM, all orchards were treated with sex pheromone dispensers for MD on an area‐wide basis. Area‐wide MD treatment, including all pome and stone fruit orchards in a discrete area, successfully controlled edge infestations of OFM, but was expensive. To reduce the cost of OFM control, sex pheromone dispensers for MD were applied as barrier treatments to 54–60 m of neighbouring pears adjacent to peaches under MD. Detailed monitoring of the OFM population, shoot tip and fruit damage assessments indicated that application of MD barriers on pears during two consecutive seasons provided sufficient control of OFM on peaches. This MD barrier treatment was able to reduce the number of OFM caught in all experimental peach blocks, with damage to shoot tips and fruit giving similar results to MD treatment of the whole neighbouring pear block. Extending the MD treatment area for 54–60 m into the neighbouring pear block significantly reduced the edge damage in MD‐treated peaches in the first season and almost eliminated OFM damage in the second season.
Functional and numerical responses of Propylea dissecta (Col., Coccinellidae)
Authors: Omkar  , Pervez A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:The functional response of a ladybeetle, Propylea dissecta, to increasing density of aphid, Aphis gossypii, was of the curvilinear shape depicting Holling's type II response with fourth instar larva being the most voracious stage when compared with adult male and female. Prey handling time by different predatory stages decreased from 65.45 to 8.72 min with increase in prey density from 25 to 800. The predator aggregation and high prey density reduces the searching efficiency of the predator. Area of discovery was highest (1.4437) when a single predator was searching at minimum aphid density (25) and lowest (0.0366) when eight predators were searching at a constant aphid density (200). Mutual interference and quest constants were 0.75 and 0.40, respectively. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinearly with prey density and female laid 70.5 ± 5.55 eggs when exposed to highest prey density (400) and 12.3 ± 0.79 eggs at lowest prey density (10). The similar shapes of both functional and reproductive responses indicate that both responses are interlinked and function simultaneously.
Niche construction through phenological plasticity: life history dynamics and ecological consequences
Authors: Donohue Kathleen 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe ability of an organism to alter the environment that it experiences has been termed ‘niche construction’. Plants have several ways whereby they can determine the environment to which they are exposed at different life stages. This paper discusses three of these: plasticity in dispersal, flowering timing and germination timing. It reviews pathways through which niche construction alters evolutionary and ecological trajectories by altering the selective environment to which organisms are exposed, the phenotypic expression of plastic characters, and the expression of genetic variation. It provides examples whereby niche construction creates positive or negative feedbacks between phenotypes and environments, which in turn cause novel evolutionary constraints and novel life‐history expression.
Mortality Benefit of Transfer to Level I versus Level II Trauma Centers for Head‐Injured Patients
Authors: McConnell K. John , Newgard Craig D. , Mullins Richard J. , Arthur Melanie , Hedges Jerris R. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. To determine whether head‐injured patients transferred to level I trauma centers have reduced mortality relative to transfers to level II trauma centers.Data Source/Study Setting. Retrospective cohort study of 542 patients with head injury who initially presented to 1 of 31 rural trauma centers in Oregon and Washington, and were transferred from the emergency department to 1 of 15 level I or level II trauma centers, between 1991 and 1994.Study Design. A bivariate probit, instrumental variables model was used to estimate the effect of transfer to level I versus level II trauma centers on 30‐day postdischarge mortality. Independent variables included age, gender, Injury Severity Scale (ISS), other indicators of injury severity, and a dichotomous variable indicating transfer to a level I trauma center. The differential distance between the nearest level I and level II trauma centers was used as an instrument.Principal Findings. Patients transferred to level I trauma centers differ in unmeasured ways from patients transferred to level II trauma centers, biasing estimates based on standard statistical methods. Transfer to a level I trauma center reduced absolute mortality risk by 10.1% (95% confidence interval 0.3%, 22.2%) compared with transfer to level II trauma centers.Conclusions. Patients with severe head injuries transferred from rural trauma centers to level I centers are likely to have improved survival relative to transfer to level II centers.
The HemoCue®for point‐of‐care hemoglobin measurement and packed cell volume estimation in cats
Authors: Posner Lysa P. , Erb Hollis N. , Gleed Robin D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective:To determine conversion formulas so that values from the HemoCue®hemoglobinometer (HbHQ) could be equated to hemoglobin concentrations measured by the gold‐standard cyanomethemoglobin (HbCY) method and used for estimation of packed cell volume (PCV) in cats.Study design:Prospective,in vitro.Animals:Twelve healthy, adult, client‐owned cats.Interventions:The PCV of 12 parent blood samples was manipulated between ∼3 and ∼80% by removing or adding autologous plasma. Hemoglobin was measured by the HbCYmethod at a university clinical pathology laboratory and by the azidemethemoglobin method in a HbHQ. PCV was determined by micro‐centrifugation.Measurements and main results:Hemoglobin varied from 1–26 g/dL. Repeated‐measures regression of HbCYon HbHQdemonstrated that theY‐intercept was not different from zero. When the regression was repeated, forcing the line through the origin the coefficient for converting HbHQto HbCYwas not significantly different from 1.0 (adjustedR2=99.7%). The conversion formula was HbCY=HbHQ. Using similar methods, the conversion formula for estimating PCV was PCV=3.1 HbHQ(adjustedR2=99.8%).Conclusion:Hemoglobin concentration measured by the HemoCue®was indistinguishable from the (HbCY) method in feline blood over a wide range of hemoglobin concentrations. This study demonstrates that in cats PCV=3.1HbHQ.Clinical relevance:The HemoCue®is useful for point‐of‐care hemoglobinometry and for estimating PCV in cats.
Role of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Carcinogenesis: The Origin of Gastric Cancers and Heterotopic Proliferative Glands in Mongolian Gerbils
Authors: Tatematsu Masae , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Mizoshita Tsutomu 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori infection is well accepted to be a very important factor for the development of gastric carcinogenesis in the human stomach. In Mongolian gerbils treated with chemical carcinogens, H. pylori infection enhances glandular stomach carcinogenesis, and eradication of infection and results in curtailment of enhancing effects, particularly at early stages of associated inflammation. A high‐salt diet exacerbates the effects of H. pylori infection on gastric carcinogenesis, and these two factors act synergistically to promote the development of gastric cancers in this animal model. However, the bacterium exerts the greater effects. Early acquisition significantly increases gastric chemical carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils, as compared to later infection. While heterotopic proliferative glands, hyperplastic and dilated glands localized beneath the muscularis mucosae, frequently develop with H. pylori infection alone in this animal model, they obviously regress on eradication, suggesting a relation to severe gastritis, rather than a malignant character. Furthermore, endocrine cells, positive for chromogranin A, are observed in the heterotopic proliferative glands, in contrast to cancerous lesions which lack endocrine elements. In conclusion, H. pylori is not an initiator, but rather a strong promoter of gastric carcinogenesis, whose eradication, together with reduction in salt intake, might effectively prevent gastric cancer development.
Effect of the Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor, Acetazolamide, on Helicobacter pylori Infection in vivo: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shahidzadeh Rassa , Opekun Antone , Shiotani Akiko , Graham David Y. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTBackground.   Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have been successfully used to treat peptic ulcers. Although carbonic anhydrase restriction does not inhibit Helicobacter pylori in vitro, recent studies suggest that carbonic anhydrase inhibition reduces the ability of H. pylori to survive in an acid environment as present in the stomach.Methods.   In a pilot study, we examined the effect of acetazolamide 500 mg as twice a day for 4 days in volunteers with active H. pylori infection. Effectiveness was judged by changes in the results of the urea breath test.Results.   Eight H. pylori infected volunteers completed the test. No urea breath test reverted to negative and there was a trend for the urea breath test value to increase [e.g. delta over baseline (DOB) mean ± SE increased from 50.9 ± 13 at baseline to 64.9 ± 13 at day 5] during treatment with acetazolamide.Conclusion.   The potential effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on acid secretion may prevent effect on H. pylori in vivo and/or the sites of infection at the surface of the stomach may have a pH higher for any postulated acid‐dependent effect to have an effect clinically.
A Taxonomic Search Engine: Federating taxonomic databases using web services
Authors: Page Roderic DM 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The taxonomic name of an organism is a key link between different databases that store information on that organism. However, in the absence of a single, comprehensive database of organism names, individual databases lack an easy means of checking the correctness of a name. Furthermore, the same organism may have more than one name, and the same name may apply to more than one organism.

Results
The Taxonomic Search Engine (TSE) is a web application written in PHP that queries multiple taxonomic databases (ITIS, Index Fungorum, IPNI, NCBI, and uBIO) and summarises the results in a consistent format. It supports "drill-down" queries to retrieve a specific record. The TSE can optionally suggest alternative spellings the user can try. It also acts as a Life Science Identifier (LSID) authority for the source taxonomic databases, providing globally unique identifiers (and associated metadata) for each name.

Conclusion
The Taxonomic Search Engine is available at http://darwin.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~rpage/portal/ and provides a simple demonstration of the potential of the federated approach to providing access to taxonomic names.
Interaction of Copper-Containing Preservatives with Wood. Part 1. Mechanism of the Interaction of Copper with Cellulose
Authors: Druz N. , Andersone I. , Andersons B. 
Published: March 2005

Summary
In the present work, the state of the copper ions absorbed by cellulose from aqueous solutions with different
pH values has been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) methods. It has been shown that the curve of
copper sorption has a S-like shape characteristic for weak acid sorbents. At all pH values in ESR-spectra,
an anisotropic Cu(II)-signal is registered. At pH > 4, the anisotropy of ESR-spectra decreases.
At pH = 10, complexes connected by exchange interactions and diamagnetic clusters are formed. After
the leaching of specimens, the ESR-signal practically disappeared. The decrease of the copper content
in cellulose did not correlate with the change of the integral intensity of the spectra. The changes in ESR-spectra
of copper-containing cellulose after leaching were explained by the formation of the Cu(II) diamagnetic
clusters.
Blast-Induced Stress Wave Propagation and Attenuation: Centrifuge Model Versus Prototype Tests
Authors: Charlie WA , Dowden NA , Villano EJ , Veyera GE , Doehring DO 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This paper presents results of centrifuge model studies and full-scale field (prototype) studies designed to provide insights into the influence of water content and the degree of saturation during compaction and testing on high-strain rate loading response of medium dense sand. Objectives of the study were to determine the influence of moisture content at the time of compaction on blast-induced ground shock and stress wave propagation and to compare centrifuge model explosive tests with prototype explosive tests. Model testing was conducted using a geotechnical centrifuge to simulate prototype testing conducted at a field explosives test site. Centrifuge models were constructed at scales of 1/26.3 and 1/18.9 and tested at acceleration levels of 26.3 and 18.9 times earth's gravity. Explosives consisting of 3.50 × 10−4 kg (350 mg) and 1.031 × 10−3 kg (1031 mg) of PBX 9407 were buried at depths of 76 mm and 54 mm, respectively. These scaled model tests simulated prototype tests in which 7-kg TNT equivalent explosive charges were detonated at a depth of 1.4 m. Specimens were compacted to a dry density of 1635 kg/m3 at degrees of saturation ranging from 0 to 60 % (water contents from 0 to 14.4 %). Centrifuge model tests and the prototype tests showed similar results. Peak particle velocity, peak stress, and peak scaled acceleration were found to be a function of the degree of saturation with the lowest values at 0 % saturation. Lowest attenuation coefficients occurred in the sand compacted at degrees of saturation of 13 % for the centrifuge tests and 20 % for the prototype tests. Highest attenuation coefficients occurred in the sand compacted dry and at 60 % saturation for all the prototype tests and most of the centrifuge tests. Attenuation coefficients generally decreased with increasing seismic velocities.
Adaptation to past malarial endemia and susceptibility to common diseases in modern populations: A study of adenosine deaminase and MN blood group genetic polymorphisms
Authors: Bottini N. , Stefanini L. , Lucarelli P. , Bottini E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe carried out a study of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and MN blood group genetic polymorphisms in relation to past malarial morbidity in Sardinia and in relation to susceptibility to allergic asthma (a Th2 disorder) and Crohn's disease (a Th1 disorder) in the population of Rome. Eight hundred and eight schoolchildren, aged 7–14 years from 14 Sardinian villages located in the central area of the island, were considered. One hundred and twenty‐two children with allergic asthma and 39 adult patients with Crohn's disease from the population of Rome were also studied. The data suggest an interaction between the two systems concerning resistance/susceptibility, both to malaria and to the diseases considered. In Sardinia, the frequency of the *LM/ADA*2 gametic type is negatively correlated with past malarial endemia, suggesting an increased susceptibility to malaria leading to its decrease in areas with high malarial endemia. In Rome, this gametic type is correlated negatively to allergic asthma and positively to Crohn's disease, suggesting a protective effect against allergic asthma and increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:194‐198, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultane Verkapselung: Moleküle unter sich
Authors: Rebek Julius 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDurch reversible Verkapselung wird in Lösung ein Raum erzeugt, in dem Moleküle zeitweise von anderen isoliert werden. Die Aufenthaltsdauer dieser Moleküle innerhalb einer Kapsel reicht von Millisekunden bis Stunden, sodass sowohl die chemische und magnetische Umgebung als auch die Anordnung der Moleküle im Wirt‐Gast‐Komplex durch konventionelle NMR‐Spektroskopie untersucht werden können. Der Komplex selbstorganisiert sich nur dann, wenn der Raum in der Kapsel ausreichend ausgefüllt ist. Die schwachen intermolekularen Kräfte, die selbstorganisierende Komplexe zusammenhalten, ermöglichen eine Gleichgewichtseinstellung der Einschlusskomplexe bei Raumtemperatur und Atmosphärendruck in der flüssigen Phase. Wenn zwei oder mehr Moleküle simultan eingeschlossen werden, lassen sich intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen in Lösung erkennen, die mit anderen Methoden nicht beobachtbar sind. Wir beschreiben hier das einzigartige Verhalten von Molekülen bei einer simultanen Verkapselung, einschließlich neuer Formen von Stereochemie, Isomerie und Asymmetrie innerhalb von Kapselmolekülen.
Synthesis of water‐reducible acrylic–alkyd resins based on modified palm oil
Authors: Saravari O. , Phapant P. , Pimpan V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWater‐reducible acrylic–alkyd resins were synthesized from the reaction between monoglycerides prepared from modified palm oil and carboxy‐functional acrylic copolymer followed by neutralization of carboxyl groups with diethanolamine. Modified palm oil was produced by interesterification of palm oil with tung oil at a weight ratio of 1 : 1, using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, whereas carboxy‐functional acrylic copolymer was prepared by radical copolymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride. The amount of acrylic copolymer used was from 15 to 40% by weight, and it was found that homogeneous resins was obtained when the copolymer content was 20–35 wt %. All of the prepared water‐reducible acrylic–alkyd resins were yellowish viscous liquids. Their films were dried by baking at 190°C and their properties were determined. These films showed excellent water and acid resistance and good alkali resistance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1170–1175, 2005
Construction and characterization of pta gene‐deleted mutant of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for enhanced butyric acid fermentation
Authors: Zhu Ying , Liu Xiaoguang , Yang Shang‐Tian 
Published: March 2005

AbstractClostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 is an acidogenic bacterium, producing butyrate and acetate as its main fermentation products. In order to decrease acetate and increase butyrate production, integrational mutagenesis was used to disrupt the gene associated with the acetate formation pathway in C. tyrobutyricum. A nonreplicative integrational plasmid containing the phosphotransacetylase gene (pta) fragment cloned from C. tyrobutyricum by using degenerate primers and an erythromycin resistance cassette were constructed and introduced into C. tyrobutyricum by electroporation. Integration of the plasmid into the homologous region on the chromosome inactivated the target pta gene and produced the pta‐deleted mutant (PTA‐Em), which was confirmed by Southern hybridization. SDS‐PAGE and two‐dimensional protein electrophoresis results indicated that protein expression was changed in the mutant. Enzyme activity assays using the cell lysate showed that the activities of PTA and acetate kinase (AK) in the mutant were reduced by more than 60% for PTA and 80% for AK. The mutant grew more slowly in batch fermentation with glucose as the substrate but produced 15% more butyrate and 14% less acetate as compared to the wild‐type strain. Its butyrate productivity was approximately 2‐fold higher than the wild‐type strain. Moreover, the mutant showed much higher tolerance to butyrate inhibition, and the final butyrate concentration was improved by 68%. However, inactivation of pta gene did not completely eliminate acetate production in the fermentation, suggesting the existence of other enzymes (or pathways) also leading to acetate formation. This is the first‐reported genetic engineering study demonstrating the feasibility of using a gene‐inactivation technique to manipulate the acetic acid formation pathway in C. tyrobutyricum in order to improve butyric acid production from glucose. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genome‐wide loss of heterozygosity analysis of WT1–wild‐type and WT1‐mutant Wilms tumors
Authors: Ruteshouser E. Cristy , Hendrickson Brett W. , Colella Stefano , Krahe Ralf , Pinto Lancelot , Huff Vicki 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWilms tumor (WT) is genetically heterogeneous, and the one known WT gene, WT1 at 11p13, is altered in only a subset of WTs. Previous loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses have revealed the existence of additional putative WT genes at 11p15, 16q, and 1p, but these analyses examined only one or a handful of chromosomes or looked at LOH at only a few markers per chromosome. We conducted a genome‐wide scan for LOH in WT by using 420 markers spaced at an average of 10 cM throughout the genome and analyzed the data for two genetically defined subsets of WTs: those with mutations in WT1 and those with no detectable WT1 alteration. Our findings indicated that the incidence of LOH throughout the genome was significantly lower in our group of WTs with WT1 mutations. In WT1–wild‐type tumors, we observed the expected LOH at 11p, 16q, and 1p, and, in addition, we localized a previously unobserved region of LOH at 9q. Using additional 9q markers within this region of interest, we sublocalized the region of 9q LOH to the 12.2 Mb between D9S283 and a simple tandem repeat in BAC RP11‐177I8, a region containing several potential tumor‐suppressor genes. As a result, we have established for the first time that WT1‐mutant and WT1–wild‐type WTs differ significantly in their patterns of LOH throughout the genome, suggesting that the genomic regions showing LOH in WT1–wild‐type tumors harbor genes whose expression is regulated by the pleiotropic effects of WT1. Our results implicate 9q22.2–q31.1 as a region containing such a gene. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.