bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
52nd Street
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1930s and ‘40s New York’s 52nd Street was the jazz mecca. There were nightclubs and restaurants in most of the brownstones that lined the two-block strip, and most of them featured jazz groups. Willie “The Lion” Smith tells how the first jazz club on the Street got started: In those days the two long blocks on Fifty-second Street from Fifth Avenue to Seventh Avenue were packed with those old-fashioned brownstone houses. Damn near every one had a blind pig or speakeasy hidden away somewhere. Some of them were fancy while others were just a onetime bedroom without beds. You got the same bad whisky in them all. Several of the musicians were working in the big radio studios. They couldn’t wait to get loose from the job and run over to a speak for a taste. They made one place their second home, stashed their instruments there, took telephone calls from chicks that they didn’t dare receive at home, and even used the place for a mailing address.
Jazz Records
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recording industry developed at the same time that jazz was developing. The profits that could be made from exploiting the novelty of recorded sound caused the birth of many record companies, all eager to find marketable talent. Some early jazz artists turned down offers to record because they were afraid that recordings would make it easier for their competitors to copy their work, and some rightly suspected that musicians would eventually be competing for work with their own recordings. The value of records as a means to build a musical reputation was overlooked until the Original Dixieland Jazz Band’s recordings popularized that group almost overnight. H. O. Brunn describes some of the problems at the first date at Victor with the ODJB: The stamping of a foot would be heard very clearly, and at this time they had not yet discovered a method of “erasing” an unwanted sound from a record. For this reason LaRocca was not allowed to “stomp off” his band in the usual fashion. Instead, the musicians were instructed to watch the red signal light, count two after it came on, and then begin playing. It is indeed miraculous that they were able to start out together, and even more of a wonder that they immediately fell into the same tempo.[Musicians are not awed by these “miracles.” Ed.]
Bessie Smith
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bessie Smith, the Empress of the Blues, was appreciated by the jazz musicians of her day, and she used a number of them on her recordings. One of them was Louis Armstrong, who said: already been ordered, but the doctor could see that Bessie was in danger of bleeding to death. He was attempting to put her into the back of his car (she weighed about two hundred pounds at the time), when another car rammed into the back of his car, wrecking it completely. Five minutes later, the ambulance arrived and rushed Bessie to the Negro ward of the G. T. Thomas Hospital in Clarksdale, where one of the town’s best surgeons amputated her arm. She died fifteen minutes past noon that same day. The doctors reported that her death was probably due more to her internal injuries than to the loss of blood.
Coleman Hawkins and Lester Young
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coleman Hawkins practically invented the jazz tenor saxophone and set the mold for a generation of reed players that followed him. Known as “the father of the tenor saxophone,” his contemporaries called him “Bean,” because of his knowledge of chords and the masterful inventions he played on them. He was one of the few giants of the swing era to respond favorably to the innovations of the young bebop players. Eddie Barefield remembered working with Hawkins in New York: He never liked to look back at things. We used to do an arrangement on the “St. Louis Blues.” In rehearsal Hawk said, “We’ll play it with an old ragtime feeling, a corny feeling, and everybody take a ragtime solo.” When they got to his solo, he just went on and played. I said, “Hawk, why don’t you play one of them old Fletcher Henderson slaptongue solos that you used to play?” He says, “I never played like that. I never played anything like that.” I said, “Okay, I’ll bring you a record tomorrow.” And I brought “Dicty Blues,” where he was slap-tongueing. He said, “No, man, that wasn’t me. I don’t want to hear that.”
Charles Mingus
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Mingus was an accomplished bassist and an imaginative composer. A warm, engaging man when at ease with friends, he could quickly become bellicose and menacing when he felt threatened. He was outspoken about discrimination against blacks and particularly black artists. He displayed high energy and sensitivity, righteous anger, pride, ambition, and an attractive artistic madness, but he often seemed naïve in his confrontations with the music business establishment. Many of the dragons he fought were real; some existed only in his imagination. His book Beneath the Underdog purports to be an autobiography but should not be read for factual content. It is more a dream narrative charting the turmoil that complicated this artist’s inner life. Pepper Adams got a chance to see Mingus’s book when it was still in manuscript form: I didn’t read the whole thing, you know. That was enormous. Five big notebooks, typewritten, before they were published. Some of it was very interesting, some was excruciatingly dull, some was highly self-serving, and some was the sexual fantasies and lies he’d been telling for twenty years. And it was basically those things that the editor chose to print.
Genomic Perspectives of Human Development
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disorders that affect tissue differentiation, organogenesis, and morphogenesis constitute a significant proportion of human genetic disease. These disorders may result from any of the known genetic mechanisms and occur singly, in combination with other malformations, or complicated with systemic manifestations. Clinical and laboratory analyses of these disorders have led to the emergence of the clinical field of dysmorphology. Clinical dysmorphology is now an integral part of medical genetics. All practicing clinical geneticists and genetic counselors are required to have the basic skills in order to deal with patients who present with a developmental malformation that may occur either singly or as part of a recognizable dysmorphic syndrome (Jones, 1997). During the past two decades, dysmorphologists have delineated a large number of malformation syndromes that comprise multiple malformations affecting unrelated organs and tissues. Researchers and clinicians continue to generate more information, and the number of related syndromes continues to increase. Dedicated dysmorphology databases [London dysmorphology database (LDDB), GeneEye, Pictures of standardized syndromes and undiagnosed malformations (POSSUM)] are now available to help clinical geneticists and related professionals carry out searches. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the developmental pathology and possible causes of some of these syndromes, there remains a huge gap in our understanding of abnormal human development.
The Epilepsies
Authors: Gardiner Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological problems, affecting an estimated 50 million people worldwide. It is defined as a predisposition to recurrent unprovoked epileptic seizures, which are the clinical manifestations of transient abnormalities of neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex. Epileptic seizures represent a transient malfunction that can occur in any mammalian brain and may be provoked by a wide variety of factors from mechanical trauma to hypoglycemia. As might be anticipated in such a complex organ, their manifestations are highly variable, from the well-known, generalized tonic–clonic seizure or ‘‘grand-mal’’ convulsion in which consciousness is lost and the limbs shake, to brief sensory or cognitive disturbances only apparent to the patient. Epileptic seizures fall into two main categories: generalized, which begin simultaneously in both cerebral hemispheres, and partial (or focal), which originate in one or more localized foci in the brain.
Neuropsychiatric Diseases II: Mood Disorders
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disorders of mood affect all people irrespective of age, gender, culture, religion, and social and working background. Although, women are thought to have two to three times higher prevalence of mood disorders, a number of studies have failed to providea proof for this. It is probably due to the fact that women tend to seek medical help more frequently compared with men. Depression is a term used to classify persons suffering from a prolonged disturbance of mood (Reilly, 2004). It is not uncommon and the prevalence is rising at an alarmingly rapid rate. Some health economists are convinced that by 2020 depression will rank second only to coronary heart disease in its economic impact on society.
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Cookson William OC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asthma is a disease of the airways of the lung. Inflammation and intermittent constriction of these airways give rise to symptoms of wheeze, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Chronic disease may lead to airway scarring and irreversible airflow limitation. Asthma affects 155 million individuals in the world. Asthma is most prevalent in children and young adults and in 90% of cases is associated with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to common inhaled proteins, which are called allergens. Typical allergen sources include house dust mite (HDM), grass pollens, and animal danders (sheddings from skin and fur). The word ‘‘atopy’’ (originally meaning ‘‘strange disease’’) is now commonly used to indicate the presence of positive prick skin tests to allergens, or elevations of the total or specific serum IgE.
Complex Skin Diseases I: Psoriasis
Authors: Veal Colin , Burden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most common immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, affecting 2%–3% of Caucasian populations. It manifests in the skin as extremely well demarcated, red plaques covered in silver-colored scales. There is considerable variation in the psoriasis phenotype between individuals and in the same individual at different times. Chronic plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris) accounts for approximately 80% of disease and presents with plaques of variable diameter most frequently affecting the scalp, extensor aspects of elbows and knees, and the sacrum (Fig. 32–1). Guttate psoriasis presents with the synchronous development of many small papules of psoriasis over the trunk and proximal limbs, often in childhood and following a sore throat (Fig. 32–2). When the majority of the skin surface is affected, the disease is called erythrodermic psoriasis (Fig. 32–3). In some, rather than red scaly plaques, the disease is characterized by the presence of readily visible pustules (Fig. 32–4). These either affect large areas of skin (generalized pustular psoriasis) or are restricted to smaller areas (localized pustular psoriasis), usually the palms and soles (palmoplantar pustulosis). Approximately 30% of those affected by psoriasis also develop a distinctive seronegative spondyloarthropathy.
Stem Cell Genomics and Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Gaughwin Phil , Tam Wai-Leong , Lim Bing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to examine the relevance of genome biology in accelerating the application of stem cells in human therapy. We will first discuss how stem cells may be defined and consider their relevance to clinical medicine as transplantable cell types for tissue repair, as well as experimental models for addressing fundamental mechanisms of disease. The therapeutic manipulation of somatic stem cells, their tissue niches, the clinical and research potential of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their animal model correlate, mouse ESCs, will be highlighted.
Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI)
Authors: Parker Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasing availability of high-throughput genomic technologies such as those developed for the Human Genome Project has led to qualitative and quantitative changes on a previously unparalleled scale in the processes of biological and biomedical science and to research endeavors: often of international, consortial and industrial dimensions. For example, concerted and coordinated efforts have led to successful completion of human haplotype mapping and to significant advances in malaria research. In addition to the potential benefits of their use in medical research, genomic technologies, a rapidly changing technological playing-field, also have the potential to revolutionize medical practice more directly through the development of faster and more sensitive methods of clinical diagnosis and screening. Whilst inevitably bringing in their wake significant economic, social, educational, and workforce challenges for clinical laboratories and health service providers, such techniques are nevertheless likely to greatly enhance the clinical tools available in genetics and to bring significant benefits to patients and their families. This chapter explores some of the ethical and social dimensions of these developments in relation to the potential benefits, and the challenges in the use of genomics in research and clinical practice and identifying key questions relating to their governance.
Opioid Tolerance
Authors: Mao Jianren , Chen Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of opioid tolerance is an intrinsic pharmacological phenomenon of opioid receptors following exposure to opioid agonists (O’Brience, 1996; Reisine and Pasternak, 1996). Although the time course and degree of opioid tolerance vary in clinical settings, profound tolerance to opioid analgesics sometimes necessitates an opioid dose escalation in order to achieve the clinical analgesic effect of opioids. Opioid dependence is also an intrinsic phenomenon of opioid receptors, which may or may not be associated with the development of opioid tolerance. This chapter will focus on the clinical features of opioid tolerance, its cellular mechanisms, and clinical management.
The Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain
Authors: Brookoff Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life is full of physical pain. Normal pain is a life-sustaining protective mechanism and is not a disease. Dysfunction of normal pain mechanisms can give rise to chronic pain. We are coming to understand that chronic pain is a legitimate medical disorder worthy of medical treatment. This life is full of physical pain, but that doesn’t mean that it has to be full of physical suffering. One of the duties with which medical caregivers have been charged since antiquity is the alleviation of suffering. The Hippocratics taught us that it is the suffering individual that physicians must face, not just the pain (Rey, 1995). It is terribly unfortunate that people seeking relief for chronic pain are often mistaken for drug abusers, when these two conditions are often quite opposite. People with chronic pain who have been shut out from their lives by meaningless physical suffering seek medical treatment in order to rejoin their families and their communities. Substance abusers may take the same drugs in order to escape their families, their communities and—ultimately—their lives, which are filled with existential suffering.
Treatment of Acute Pain in the Opioid-Dependent Patient in the Perioperative Setting
Authors: Sinatra Raymond S , Mitra Sukanya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients exhibiting diminished opioid response, whether those presenting with high-grade tolerance or others demonstrating paradoxical treatment induced hyperalgesia, can pose significant and unique challenges to perioperative care providers. This chapter focuses on the clinical implications of opioid tolerance and opioidinduced hyperalgesia, and offers guidelines for patient assessment and acute pain management in the perioperative setting. For opioid tolerant patients in the perioperative setting, higher than standard doses of opioids will often be required. A balanced analgesic approach rather than high-dose opioid monotherapy is preferred. Analgesic regimens should include central or peripheral neural blockade, neuraxial analgesia, and administration of nonopioid adjuvant agents. On the other hand, patients developing opioidinduced hyperalgesia must be recognized and their analgesic plan quickly modified to minimize poor pain control. Opioid rotation, methadone substitution, administration of ketamine, as well as continuous clinical monitoring remain the key cornerstones of perioperative pain management.
Federal and State Policies at the Interface of Pain and Addiction
Authors: Maurer Martha A , Gilson Aaron M , Joranson David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relief of pain and suffering is an essential part of quality medical practice (Federation of State Medical Boards 2000, 2004). The medical and scientific communities, as well as regulatory agencies, have acknowledged the essential role of opioid analgesics as safe and effective in managing moderate to severe pain when under the supervision of a knowledgeable practitioner (Meldrum 2005; Miaskowski et al. 2005; Portenoy 1996; World Health Organization 1996). However, pain affects many patient populations, including those who need an opioid analgesic as part of a pain management program (Bernabei et al. 1998; Baker, Haffer, & Denniston 2003; Institute of Medicine Committee on Care at the End of Life 1997; SUPPORT Study Principal Investigators 1995). Misinformation about addiction, sensational media coverage of drug abuse, and highly publicized cases against certain prescribers have contributed to the stigmatization of opioid analgesics (Bennett & Carr 2002; Brushwood & Kimberlin 2004; Fishman 2005; Hyman & Brookoff 1998). Despite progress to improve the regulatory environment for pain management in several states (Gilson, Maurer, & Joranson 2005), many health-care professionals continue to fear being investigated and are unwilling to manage pain with opioid analgesics (Gilson & Joranson 2001; Institute of Medicine 1997; Martino 1998). Patients who experience chronic pain who also abuse drugs, have a diagnosable addictive disease, or have a history of substance abuse are at increased risk for inadequate relief because of an inaccurate understanding about pain and addiction (Gilson & Joranson 2002; Joranson & Gilson 2003; Savage et al. 2003). Persons with addictive disease should not automatically forfeit their access to effective pain management, and legal prescribing for pain must not be mistaken for illegal prescriptions to maintain addiction.
Justice and the Social Contract
Authors: Freeman Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Rawls (1921-2002) was one of the 20th century's most important philosophers and continues to be among the most widely discussed of contemporary thinkers. His work, particularly A Theory of Justice, is integral to discussions of social and international justice, democracy, liberalism, welfare economics, and constitutional law, in departments of philosophy, politics, economics, law, public policy, and others. Samuel Freeman is one of Rawls's foremost interpreters. This volume contains nine of his essays on Rawls and Rawlsian justice, two of which are previously unpublished. Freeman places Rawls within historical context in the social contract tradition, addresses criticisms of his positions, and discusses the implications of his views on issues of distributive justice, liberalism and democracy, international justice, and other subjects. This collection will be useful to the wide range of scholars interested in Rawls and theories of justice.
Free Will And Scientiphicalism
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s been agreed for decades that not only does Determinism pose a big problem for our choosing from available alternatives, but its denial seems to pose a bit of a problem, too. It’s argued here that only Determinism, and not its denial, means no real choice for us. But, what explains the appeal of the thought that, where things aren’t fully determined, to that extent they’re just a matter of chance? It’s the dominance of metaphysical suppositions that, together, comprise Scientiphicalism: Wholly composed of such mindless physical parts as electrons, you are a being whose powers are all physical powers, physically deriving from the powers of your parts and their physical arrangements. Scientiphicalism conflicts with your having real choice.
Projections on Blank Space: Landscape, Nationality, and Identity in Der Zauberberg
Authors: Nenno Nancy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blank space on a map represents a region of the globe that has remained unreached, untouched, unclaimed. As such, it is also a challenge, something to be conquered and possessed, as well as something to be feared. Not merely placeholders, words to fill the empty space on a map, “terra incognita” are also the articulation of a challenge to fill that space with words, with narratives. More specifically, they are a challenge to fill that empty space with proper names claiming it. As an aporia to be assigned meaning, the blank space functions as a site for the inscription of identity.
“Politically Suspect”: Music on the Magic Mountain
Authors: Vaget Hans Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far too many readings of The Magic Mountain fail to pay sufficient attention to the crucial role played by music in Mann’s larger thesis about the decline and fall of Europe before World War I. Most commentators duly take note of “Fullness of Harmony,” the rightly celebrated section of the novel’s huge seventh chapter. In it, yet another obsession of the novel’s “perfectly ordinary” hero, Hans Castorp, is revealed: his infinite susceptibility to music. We are made to listen with Castorp as he repeatedly plays a handful of his favorite records on the brand-new gramophone freshly acquired by the Berghof sanatorium for the diversion of its moribund guests.
The Magic Mountain: A “Humoristic Counterpart” to Death in Venice
Authors: Shookman Ellis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a discussion recorded by a German radio station on August 22, 1953, Thomas Mann explained how he viewed the difference between irony and humor. Irony elicits an intellectual smile, he said, whereas humor occasions hearty laughter. He added that he valued such laughter more highly, as an effect of art, and that he felt happiest when his public readings of his works produced it in his audience. He went on to say that he was always pleased when people saw in him less an ironist than a humorist, and that it would not be hard to demonstrate the humoristic element in his writing.
Sleep In Infants, Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many instances, a child is not merely a small adult. This is particularly relevant with regards to sleep and sleep disorders in the infant, child, and adolescent, in whom there are many significant differences from that of the adult. Nonetheless, there are also many similarities in the clinical features, pathophysiology, evaluation and therapy of sleep disorders between children and adults. This chapter, rather than repeating what has been described in earlier sections that dealt with adults, will, instead, emphasize the differences between these two age groups.
The physiology, regulation, organization, architecture and distribution of sleep vary across the ages of one’s lifetime, from early infancy to elderly adulthood.
Sleep among newborns is polyphasic (occurring several times throughout the 24-hour day). In early childhood, typically between the ages of 3 to 5 years, sleep becomes monophasic (occurring only once, generally at night). Some adults continue to prefer a biphasic sleep pattern with an afternoon nap and a major nocturnal sleep period. (Table 13–1).