bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of metabolic rate is a hidden variable in the allometric scaling of homeotherms
Authors: Chaui-Berlinck José Guilherme , Navas Carlos Arturo , Monteiro Luiz Henrique Alves , Bicudo José Eduardo Pereira Wilken 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYThe allometric scaling exponent of the relationship between standard metabolic rate (SMR) and body mass for homeotherms has a long history and has been subject to much debate. Provided the external and internal conditions required to measure SMR are met, it is tacitly assumed that the metabolic rate(B) converges to SMR. If SMR does indeed represent a local minimum, then short-term regulatory control mechanisms should not operate to sustain it. This is a hidden assumption in many published articles aiming to explain the scaling exponent in terms of physical and morphological constraints. This paper discusses the findings of a minimalist body temperature(Tb) control model in which short-term controlling operations, related to the difference between Tb and the set-point temperatures by specific gains and time delays in the control loops,are described by a system of differential equations of Tb,B and thermal conductance. We found that because the gains in the control loops tend to increase as body size decreases (i.e. changes in B and thermal conductance are speeded-up in small homeotherms), the equilibrium point of the system potentially changes from asymptotically stable to a centre,transforming B and Tb in oscillating variables. Under these specific circumstances the very concept of SMR no longer makes sense. A series of empirical reports of metabolic rate in very small homeotherms supports this theoretical prediction, because in these animals B seems not to converge to a SMR value. We conclude that the unrestricted use of allometric equations to relate metabolic rate to body size might be misleading because metabolic control itself experiences size effects that are overlooked in ordinary allometric analysis.
Models and the scaling of energy costs for locomotion
Authors: Alexander R. McNeill 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYTo achieve the required generality, models designed to predict scaling relationships for diverse groups of animals generally need to be simple. An argument based on considerations of dynamic similarity predicts correctly that the mechanical cost of transport for running [power/(body mass × speed)]will be independent of body mass; but measurements of oxygen consumption for running birds and mammals show that the metabolic cost of transport is proportional to (body mass)-0.32. Thus the leg muscles seem to work more efficiently in larger animals. A model that treats birds as fixed wing aircraft predicts that the mechanical power required for flight at the maximum range speed will be proportional to (body mass)1.02, but the metabolic power is found to be proportional to (body mass)0.83;again, larger animals seem to have more efficient muscles. A model that treats hovering hummingbirds and insects as helicopters predicts mechanical power to be approximately proportional to body mass, but measurements of oxygen consumption once again show efficiency increasing with body mass. A model of swimming fish as rigid submarines predicts power to be proportional to (body mass)0.5×(speed)2.5 or to (body mass)0.6×(speed)2.8, depending on whether flow in the boundary layer is laminar or turbulent. Unfortunately, this prediction cannot easily be compared with available compilations of metabolic data. The finding that efficiency seems to increase with body mass, at least in running and flight, is discussed in relation to the metabolic energy costs of muscular work and force.
Control of muscle bioenergetic gene expression: implications for allometric scaling relationships of glycolytic and oxidative enzymes
Authors: Moyes Christopher D. , LeMoine Christophe M. R. 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARY
Muscle metabolic properties vary with body size, with larger animals relying relatively less on oxidative metabolism as a result of lower specific activities of mitochondrial enzymes and greater specific activities of glycolytic enzymes. While many have argued reasons why such relationships might be grounded in physical relationships, an explanation for the regulatory basis of the differences in enzyme levels remains unexplored. Focusing on skeletal muscle, we review potential cellular and genetic explanations for the relationship between bioenergetic enzymes and body mass. Differences in myonuclear domain (the ratio of fiber volume to nuclei number) in conjunction with constitutive expression may explain part of the variation in mitochondrial content among fiber types and species. Superimposed on such constitutive determinants are (1) extrinsic signalling pathways that control the muscle contractile and metabolic phenotype and (2) intrinsic signalling pathways that translate changes in cellular milieu (ions, metabolites, oxygen,redox) arising through the contractile phenotype into changes in enzyme synthesis. These signalling pathways work through transcriptional regulation,as well as post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation, acting via synthesis and degradation.
Multi-level regulation and metabolic scaling
Authors: Suarez Raul K. , Darveau Charles A. 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYMetabolic control analysis has revealed that flux through pathways is the consequence of system properties, i.e. shared control by multiple steps, as well as the kinetic effects of various pathways and processes over each other. This implies that the allometric scaling of flux rates must be understood in terms of properties that pertain to the regulation of flux rates. In contrast,proponents of models considering the scaling of branching or fractal-like systems suggest that supply rates determine metabolic rates. Therefore, the allometric scaling of supply alone provides a sufficient explanation for the allometric scaling of metabolism. Examination of empirical data from the literature of comparative physiology reveals that basal metabolic rates (BMR)are driven by rates of energy expenditure within internal organs and that the allometric scaling of BMR can be understood in terms of the scaling of the masses and metabolic rates of internal organs. Organ metabolic rates represent the sum of tissue metabolic rates while, within tissues, cellular metabolic rates are the outcome of shared regulation by multiple processes. Maximal metabolic rates (MMR, measured as maximum rates of O2 consumption, V̇O2max) during exercise also scale allometrically, are also subject to control by multiple processes, but are due mainly to O2 consumption by locomotory muscles. Thus, analyses of the scaling of MMR must consider the scaling of both muscle mass and muscle energy expenditure. Consistent with the principle of symmorphosis, allometry in capacities for supply (the outcome of physical design constraints) is observed to be roughly matched by allometry in capacities for demand (i.e. for energy expenditure). However, physiological rates most often fall far below maximum capacities and are subject to multi-step regulation. Thus, mechanistic explanations for the scaling of BMR and MMR must consider the manner in which capacities are matched and how rates are regulated at multiple levels of biological organization.
A procedure for the virtual evaluation of the stress state of mechanical systems and components for the automotive industry: Development and experimental validation
Authors: Braccesi C , Cianetti F 
Published: April 2005

This paper is part of the research activity led by the Machine Design Group of the University of Perugia, whose main objective was to set up and develop modelling criteria and methods for dynamic simulation of mechanical systems including flexible components. The activity was finalized to the design of systems using virtual prototyping, driving the modelling accuracy to simulate real functioning conditions of the system. It was therefore possible to extract realistic and directly usable information for fatigue component design using any fatigue damage evaluation criterion. In particular, the present work was developed with the cooperation of the research centre Elasis S.C.p.a. and concerns the set-up of methods and criteria for the development of the virtual prototype of an autovehicle, with the aim of simulating the conditions of sign-off tests. This aspect of virtual prototyping has a relevant importance. The sign-off tests of the vehicle, in fact, are standardized and the results obtained constitute one of the main sources of information for product development using physical prototypes. The industry is interested in reducing, as much as possible, the tests on prototypes by developing predictive virtual prototyping methods. The results obtained in this paper show an optimum correspondence between numerical and experimental simulations and demonstrate that time-domain stress/strain numerical recovery in critical points of the chassis is not only feasible but leads to quantitative information directly usable by fatigue damage evaluation methods.
The Modern Matron's role in influencing safe practice
Authors: Keeley Olwen , Goodman Claire , Bark Pippa 
Published: April 2005

The 'Modern Matron' is one of the prominent nursing roles to emerge from the NHS Plan. The underpinning principle is to have a professional leader who is accountable for co-ordinating safe, high-quality care to improve patients' NHS experience. This paper discusses findings from a study of the implementation of the Modern Matron role in an acute NHS Trust in the East of England. The theoretical framework of 'limiting harm' was used to assess the extent to which the Modern Matron could contribute towards safe effective care and the reduction of harm. The study found that error-prone situations were clearly identified and that the Matrons were perceived to have a positive impact on a range of clinical issues. The evidence from this small study suggests that the Modern Matron role has the potential to make a positive contribution to patient safety.
The effect of accuracy of implantation on range of movement of the Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement
Authors: Tochigi Y. , Rudert M. J. , Brown T. D. , McIff T. E. , Saltzman C. L. 
Published: April 2005

When performing the Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement (STAR), the positioning of the talar component and the selection of mobile-bearing thickness are critical. A biomechanical experiment was undertaken to establish the effects of these variables on the range of movement (ROM) of the ankle. Six cadaver ankles containing a specially-modified STAR prosthesis were subjected to ROM determination, under weight-bearing conditions, while monitoring the strain in the peri-ankle ligaments. Each specimen was tested with the talar component positions in neutral, as well as 3 and 6 mm of anterior and posterior displacement. The sequence was repeated with an anatomical bearing thickness, as well as at 2 mm reduced and increased thicknesses. The movement limits were defined as 10% strain in any ligament, bearing lift-off from the talar component or limitations of the hardware. Both anterior talar component displacement and bearing thickness reduction caused a decrease in plantar flexion, which was associated with bearing lift-off. With increased bearing thickness, posterior displacement of the talar component decreased plantar flexion, whereas anterior displacement decreased dorsiflexion.
Long-term results of the cementless porous-coated anatomic total hip prosthesis
Authors: Kim Y.-H. 
Published: April 2005

Between January 1984 and January 1986, 131 porous-coated anatomic total hip replacements were performed in 119 consecutive patients. Of these, 100 patients (110 hips) who were alive at a minimum of 18 years after replacement were included in the study. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 48.4 years and that of surviving patients at the latest follow-up was 67.8 years. The mean duration of the clinical and radiological follow-up was 19.4 years (18 to 20). The mean Harris hip score initially improved from 55 points before to 95 points at two years after operation, but subsequently decreased to 91 points after six years, 87 points after 11.2 years, and 85 points after 19.4 years. At the final follow-up, 23 hips (18%) of the entire cohort and 21% of survivors had undergone revision because of loosening or osteolysis of the acetabular component and eight hips (6%) of the entire cohort and 7% of survivors for loosening or osteolysis of the femoral component. Only four femoral components (4%) were revised for isolated aseptic loosening without osteolysis and two (2%) for recurrent dislocation. On the basis of these long-term results, the porous-coated anatomic femoral component survived for a minimum of 18 years after operation while the acetabular component was less durable. The findings identify the principles of uncemented joint replacement which can be applied to current practice.
Emerging from out of the shadows? Service user and carer involvement in systematic reviews
Authors: Braye Suzy , Preston-Shoot Michael 
Published: April 2005

English
The systematic review methodology literature refers to the importance of involving stakeholders, including service users and carers, in the research. However, compared with other aspects of the methodology, this aspect of conducting systematic reviews is underdeveloped and the practice of involvement appears highly variable. This article draws on the experience of working with service users and carers in one systematic review to review the barriers to participation and the components of effective involvement. It suggests that quality standards can be identified for service user and carer involvement in systematic reviews, which will benefit policy and practice development.
From Martinson to meta-analysis: research reviews and the US offender treatment debate
Authors: Petrosino Anthony 
Published: April 2005

English
Research evidence in the form of syntheses of offender treatment evaluation has played a role in perceptions of offender rehabilitation. This article reviews the history of the offender treatment debate in the United States, but the focus is more on the reviews than the ideological and political climate of the day. There is no question that such reviews were influential within the academic community during the fall of rehabilitation in the 1960s-70s and especially during its revival since the late 1980s. Narrative reviews such as Robert Martinson’s landmark paper summarised evaluations of rehabilitation programmes and concluded that there was little evidence of treatment efficacy. By the 1980s, however, the findings from quantitative reviews or meta-analysis overturned widespread pessimism about intervention and led to the conclusion that treatment, on average, does have positive effects even if modest in size.
Addendum - Recent advances in plasma techniques for biomedical and drug engineering
Authors: Kuzuya Masayuki , Kondo Shin-ichi , Sasai Yasushi 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Plasma-induced surface radicals formed on a variety of organic polymers have been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR), making it possible to provide a sound basis for future experimental design of polymer surface processing (i.e., plasma treatment). On the basis of the findings from such studies on the nature of radical formation and radical reactivity, several novel bioapplications in the field of biomedical and drug engineering have been developed. Applications derived from the nature of plasma-induced surface radical formation include the preparation of a reservoir-type drug delivery system (DDS) of sustained and delayed release, and a floating drug delivery system (FDDS) possessing gastric retention capabilities, the combined findings leading to preparation of a novel “patient-tailored DDS” administered under consideration of the fact that the environment (pH and transit time, etc.) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract varies with each patient. Applications derived from the reactivity of plasma-induced surface radicals include the preparation of composite powders applicable to a matrix-type DDS by making a mechanical application to the surface radical-containing polymer powders with drug powders, plasma-assisted immobilization of oligo-nucleotides (DNA) onto polymer surfaces applicable to constructing a DNA diagnosis system, and basic study of plasma-assisted preparation of a novel functionalized chemo-embolic agent of non-crosslinked hydrogel, vinyl alcohol-sodium acrylate copolymer (PVA-PAANa).
Chemical speciation of environmentally significant heavy metals with inorganic ligands. Part 1: The Hg2+– Cl–, OH–, CO32–, SO42–, and PO43– aqueous systems (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Powell Kipton J. , Brown Paul L. , Byrne Robert H. , Gajda Tamás , Hefter Glenn , Sjöberg Staffan , Wanner Hans 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This document presents a critical evaluation of the equilibrium constants and reaction enthalpies for the complex formation reactions between aqueous Hg(II) and the common environmental inorganic ligands Cl–, OH–, CO3
2–, SO4
2–, and PO4
3–. The analysis used data from the IUPAC Stability Constants database, SC-Database, focusing particularly on values for 25 °C and perchlorate media. Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) was applied to reliable data available for the ionic strength range Ic
< 3.0 mol dm–3.
Recommended values of log10
βp,q,r
° and the associated reaction enthalpies, ∆r
H
m°, valid at Im
= 0 mol kg–1 and 25 °C, were obtained by weighted linear regression using the SIT equations. Also reported are the equations and specific ion interaction coefficients required to calculate log10
βp,q,r
° values at higher ionic strengths and other temperatures. A similar analysis is reported for the reactions of H+ with CO3
2– and PO4
3–.
Diagrams are presented to show the calculated distribution of Hg(II) amongst these inorganic ligands in model natural waters. Under typical environmental conditions, Hg(II) speciation is dominated by the formation of HgCl2(aq), Hg(OH)Cl(aq), and Hg(OH)2(aq).
Parental and School Correlates of Binge Drinking Among Middle School Students
Authors: Guilamo-Ramos Vincent , Jaccard James , Turrisi Robert , Johansson Margaret 
Published: April 2005

Objectives. We examined the prevalence and dynamics of binge drinking among middle school students. Methods. We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The sample was composed of approximately 5300 seventh-and eighth-grade students who were interviewed at 2 points in time. Results. Approximately 8% of seventh graders and 17% of eighth graders reported engaging in binge drinking during the past 12 months. These rates varied as a function of school characteristics. Low scores on the parenting variables—communication quality, use of reasoning, and control and supervision—and binge drinking during middle school also were predictive of binge drinking during high school. Conclusions. Binge drinking among middle school students is an important phenomenon that for many students forecasts future binge drinking during high school.
Public Health and the Politics of School Immunization Requirements
Authors: Salmon Daniel A. , Sapsin Jason W. , Teret Stephen , Jacobs Richard F. , Thompson Joseph W. , Ryan Kevin , Halsey Neal A. 
Published: April 2005

Compulsory vaccination has contributed to the enormous success of US immunization programs. Movements to introduce broad “philosophical/personal beliefs” exemptions administered without adequate public health oversight threaten this success. Health professionals and child welfare advocates must address these developments in order to maintain the effectiveness of the nation’s mandatory school vaccination programs. We review recent events regarding mandatory immunization in Arkansas and discuss a proposed nonmedical exemption designed to allow constitutionally permissible, reasonable, health-oriented administrative control over exemptions. The proposal may be useful in political environments that preclude the use of only medical exemptions. Our observations may assist states whose current nonmedical exemption provisions are constitutionally suspect as well as states lacking legally appropriate administrative controls on existing, broad non-medical exemptions.
Reforming American Indian/Alaska Native Health Care Financing: The Role of Medicaid
Authors: Schneider Andy 
Published: April 2005

Chronic underfunding of American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) health care by the federal government has weakened the capacity of the Indian Health Service, tribal governments, and the urban Indian health delivery system to meet the health care needs of the AIAN population. I describe the current role of Medicaid in financing health care services for American Indians/Alaska Natives and offer 3 suggestions for reforming Medicaid financing of AIAN health care: (1) apply a 100% federal matching rate to the cost of Medicaid services furnished by urban Indian health programs; (2) apply a 100% federal matching rate to the cost of Medicaid services furnished by referral to AIAN patients of hospitals or clinics operated by the Indian Health Service, tribes, tribal organizations, or urban Indian health programs; and (3) exempt AIAN Medicaid beneficiaries who receive services from such hospitals or clinics from state reductions in Medicaid eligibility and benefits.
Water‐soluble polymers and gels from the polycondensation between cyclodextrins and poly(carboxylic acid)s: A study of the preparation parameters
Authors: Martel B. , Ruffin D. , Weltrowski M. , Lekchiri Y. , Morcellet M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractNative cyclodextrins (CDx) and some of their derivatives were reacted with poly(carboxylic acid)s (PCAs) [citric acid (CTR), 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)]. These reactions were carried out in the dry state at a temperature greater than 140°C in air or in vacuo. They resulted in water‐soluble and insoluble polymers formed by polyesterification between CDx and PCA. In this study, the parameters of the reaction were studied, and their influence on the water solubility or swellability of the obtained polymers was investigated. High reaction temperatures, high PCA/CDx molar ratios, and long reaction times preferably yielded insoluble gels, whereas softer conditions resulted in very soluble polymers. The gels could swell up to 10 times their initial volume in water, and the water‐soluble fraction had a solubility of 1 g/mL. A reaction mechanism was proposed that required the use of PCA carrying at least three neighboring carboxylic groups (CTR, BTCA, and PAA), and it was confirmed experimentally by the unsuccessful use of some dicarboxylic acids. A preliminary characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography was also conducted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 433–442, 2005
Grafting of multifunctional groups onto the surface of high‐strength polyethylene fibers and the interface of their composites
Authors: Teng Cuiqing , Yu Muhuo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHigh‐strength polyethylene (HSPE) fibers were oxidated via chemical reactions in an acidic medium, and the carboxyl group was transferred into the acyl chloride and then reacted with pentaerythritol or diethylene triamine to graft the multifunctional group compounds onto the surface of the HSPE fibers. Subtractive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the methylene blue absorbing method were used to study the functional groups on the surface of the modified fibers and their content. The results show that the polar functional groups, including COOH, OH, and NH2, were introduced onto the surface of the HSPE fibers, and the polar groups improved the wettability. The interface shear stress (IFSS) of the composites that were made from modified fibers and epoxy was measured by means of the microdebond method. The results show that the IFSS was greatly increased by the grafting of pentaerythritol or diethylene triamine onto the HSPE fiber surface. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 449–454, 2005