bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plutarch’s Adaptation of his Source-Material
Authors: Pelling C B R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In anearlier article, I argued that six of the Roman LivesCrassus, Pompey, Caesar, Cato, Brutus, and Antony-were prepared as a single project, and rest upon the same store of source-material.1 If this is so, it affords a unique opportunity to investigate Plutarch’s techniques. There are substantial variations among these six versions, both crude inconsistencies of fact and subtler differences of interpretation. It no longer seems adequate to assume that these are simply inherited from differing source-material; they must arise from Plutarch’s individual literary methods. Their analysis should therefore illuminate those methods. How much licence did Plutarch allow himself in rewriting and manipulating detail for artistic ends? And what considerations would lead him to vary his treatment in these ways? In the first part of this paper, I examine the literary devices which Plutarch employed in streamlining his material: conflation of similar items, chronological compression and dislocation, fabrication of circumstantial detail, and the like. In the second, I turn to the differences of interpretation and emphasis among these Lives. These suggest some wider conclusions concerning Plutarch’s biographical practice, which are developed in the final section: in particular, the very different aims, interests, and conventions which are followed in different Lives, and the flexible nature of this biographical genre.
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anatolia, the vast region of mountains and upland plateaux which extend across the interior of modern Turkey from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea coasts to the Euphrates and to the Syrian desert, is a land mass whose importance may easily elude casual enquiry. In historical times it never contained a great city; it has produced no major writers or thinkers whose works have made a decisive contribution to our collective culture, either in the Western or in the Islamic tradition; and, apart from three widely separated periods-that of the Hittite empire in the second millenium BC; the eleventh to thit teenth centuries AD, when the Seljuks controlled a great kingdom from Konya; and modern times, when Ankara has become the capital of Turkey-Anatolia has not been an independent political unit but part of a larger political structure. Its history has thus often been ignored while attention has focused on the imperial capitals, under whose control it lay. The story of Anatolia, under Persia, Rome, or Constantinople, is indistinct and ill-articulated. Indeed, like many provinces of larger empires, it is, in one sense, a land without history.
The Development of the Cities
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the period that most of the cities of Anatolia were founded, the possibility that a polis might still be a genuinely autonomous or independent community was long since extinct. At the beginning of the second century AD Dio Chrysostom and Plutarch reminded their upper-class contemporaries and their fellow citizens that it was no longer possible to act as though they lived in the days of Pericles and Demosthenes.1 A community’s freedom of action was always constrained by the superior power of Rome, which was represented, at a distance, by the limitless authority of the emperors,2 and embodied, near at hand, by their legates, proconsuls, and procurators (Ch. 5). If necessary, and in the last resort, Roman will could be enforced by military intervention.
Religion and Authority in Roman Carthage from Augustus to Constantine
Authors: Rives J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the organization of religion in the Roman empire from Augustus to Constantine. Although there have been illuminating particular studies of the relationship between religious activity and socio-political authority in the empire, there has been no large-scale attempt to assess it as a whole. Taking as his focus the situation in Carthage, the greatest city of the western provinces, J.B. Rives argues that the traditional religion, predicated on the structure of a city-state, could not serve to integrate individuals into an empire. In upholding traditional religion, the government abandoned the sort of political control of religious behaviour characteristic of the Roman Republic, and allowed poeple to determine their own religious identities. The importance of Christianity was thus suited to the needs of the increasingly homogeneous Roman empire.
Introduction
Authors: Rives J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may picture a day in Carthage, when Caracalla is the ruler of the Roman empire, and the city, flush from the benefits bestowed by that emperor and his father, is at a peak of prosperity. It is a day, perhaps, shortly before one of the most important civic events in Carthage, the great games of the god Aesculapius. Tourists are pouring in from all over the province, the wealthy aristocrats are returning from their country estates. The participants in the games come from even further afield, and from the old Greek cities of the East self-important diplomatic representatives arrive. The annual priest of Aesculapius, having contributed vast sums to the celebration of these games, is making the final preparations for his hour of glory, when he will lead the procession in honour of the god and offer the sacrifices that mark the start of the festivities. In addition to the magistrates and the members of the city council, the procession will include the other civic priests of Carthage: the pontifices and augurs; the annual priest of Ceres, followed by a crowd of that goddess’s lesser priests and devotees; and the various flamens, the priests of the imperial cult. During the games, however, the priest of Aesculapius can be confident that he will outshine all these impressive personages. Not even the racy theatrical performances in the festival of Caelestis, the great patron goddess of Carthage, attract more attention than the games of Aesculapius.
Written in Stone? Liberty, Equality, Orality and the Codification of Law1
Authors: Thomas Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late fifth and fourth century Athens it was a platitude that written law brought justice for all alike, and thus that it was the basis for the democracy. As a character in Euripides’ Suppliants says (433 f.), ‘when the laws have been written down both the weak and the rich have equal justice’. Gorgias also saw written law as the guardian of justice (Diels and Kranz 1951-2: 82,fr. IIa, § 30 (Palamedes)). This close relation between justice, democracy, and written law was apparently confirmed still earlier by Solon’s codification of the laws in writing. As he says himself in one poem, ‘I wrote down laws alike for rich and poor, fitting straight justice to each’ (frag. 36W = Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians 12. 4). Aristotle criticized the Spartan ephors because they determined cases by their own judgement and not by written law (kata grammata kai tous nomous): there is an implicit comparison with the rule of law at Athens (Politics 1270b28-31). The Cretan leaders receive the same criticism a little later (Politics 1272a36-9): ‘their arbitrary power of acting on their own judgement and dispensing with written law is dangerous’.
Cupid and Psyche
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cupid and Psyche are versatile images on sarcophagi. Some representations allude to their mythological story, others treat them as individual allegorical figures. They may appear together, separately, or in multiples. Schlam (1976) has reviewed their representation in ancient art in the context of Apuleius’ telling of their story inMetamorphoses VI. Despite his conclusion that the two versions, literary and visual, are independent of each other, he is clear about the rich potential of Cupid and Psyche as artistic motifs. They are capable of expressing quite specific symbolism, but equally seem to have been used in some settings because ‘they simply remained available’ (Schlam 1992: 93). This pattern is reflected in these children’s sarcophagi. In addition they include scenes such as the marine feasts and cupidthiasoi, and the distinctive Season sarcophagus (8.18) which are found rarely (if at all) elsewhere.
Preface
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This second part of the book discusses the material under various thematic headings. Section 11 looks at the different roles played by customers and craftsmen in the generation of images, and considers in particular the special focus which use of the sarcophagus for a child would bring. Because, in my view, these are important factors in the development of iconography which have often been undervalued, this section acts as a preface to the rest. The other sections discuss the choice of subjects on children’s sarcophagi. Sections 12-14 examine different aspects of the representation of the child, in terms of child (12) and adult (13), and in the context of its death (14). Sections 15-21 consider the use of other subject-matter and its particular relevance to children’s sarcophagi: its range (15), mythological (16) and cupid (17) scenes, and scenes where the protagonists are replaced by younger figures (18). Sections 19 and 20 draw together themes from these relevant to life and death respectively, and Section 21 looks at Christian subject-matter.
Mythological Paradigms
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section I want to explore how aspects of human childhood whose depiction I have charted are also represented on these sarcophagi by mythological equivalents.1 In looking at images which commemorate the dead child I have already noted the use of mythological figures combined with human portraits (Sect. 14), and something of the same desire to exalt or dignify human life through reference to these well-known heroic tales must underlie the use of many of these mythological scenes. Others may have been chosen primarily as narratives of childhood and youth. Yet others served to comment on the human condition in moral or eschatological terms which, as Blome (1978) and Wood (1993) show, even came to affect the composition of scenes on certain sarcophagi. Such a motive might explain the changed layout of scenes on 2.19 to give greater prominence to the mourners, or the non-chronological arrangement of episodes in the Cleobis and Biton relief (A.14), so it will be useful to look further at the material for other comparable examples. Discussing the problem of unfinished portraits on children’s sarcophagi Andreae (1984a: 126 n. 12) asked if it were likely that workshops would keep in stock sarcophagi for children which were decorated with scenes whose potential allegory could only be understood in terms of adult experience. One answer to this is that a surprisingly large number of the ‘adult’ mythological scenes used on these sarcophagi can be interpreted as paradigms for aspects of the life and death of the child, as this synchronic survey will suggest.
Scenes which Substitute Cupid or Child Protagonists
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section develops themes from Sections 16 and 17 by focusing on scenes in which the usual adult protagonists are replaced by younger figures, either cupids or children.’
Almost all the cases from our total sample are to be found on mythological sarcophagi. Scenes of Meleager are most numerous: one example (2.14) depicts the boar-hunt with children as Meleager and Atalanta (who is shown like Psyche), and the others (2.15-2.18) illustrate the return of his body. The lid A.1 shows both scenes together with a lion-hunt using child-like figures.2 There is a varied group of Dionysiac examples with cupid versions of the god in a chariot procession (3.8), of the death of Pentheus (3.18), and a fragment showing cupid-satyrs and Pan (3.21). Finally there are isolated cases: two scenes of Cupid and Psyche at feasts where the other participants are depicted as cupids (7.1 and 7.7; cf. 6.42), child-Muses (5.5; cf. the lid of A.10), cupid and psyche Seasons (8.18), the cupidMercury on 9.6, and the various gods on 6.35. There is also the child hunter on 1.25 (see Sect. 1).
Sikelia
Authors: Fischer-Hansen Tobias , Nielsen Thomas Heine , Ampolo Carmine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek colonial communities began to be founded in Sicily in C8s. The earliest Greek colony was Naxos, which was founded by Chalkis (no. 365) in 735/4;3 Syracuse was founded by Corinth (no. 227) in 733/2;Megara was founded by mainland Megara (no. 225) in 728; Gela was founded from Rhodos and Crete in 689/8; and Zankle was founded, by Kyme (no. 57) and Chalkis or by Naxos, c.730.
Attika
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sources for the unification of Attika are conveniently collected and carefully discussed in Moggi, Sin. 44–81, who also gives a copious literature survey. For a recent judicious account, see Parker (1996) 11–17. The local myth was that, alongside Athens, there were eleven (Steph. Byz. 33.18–20; Etym.Magn. 352.53) or twelve (Philoch. fr. 94) other poleis in Attika which, eventually, were incorporated into Athens by Theseus.
The Propontic Coast Of Asia Minor
Authors: Avram Alexandru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to define the frontiers of the regions of north-western Asia Minor between the entrance to the Black Sea (the hieron of Zeus Ourios) and the Hellespont. Different toponyms are used by different ancient writers: Bithynia, Mysia, Phrygia, Troas, Propontis, Hellespontos, and they denote different regions in different contexts. Modern scholars allow for a certain “mobility” of the frontiers; cf., e.g., the Archaeological Reports, where the evidence concerning the Asian coast of the Sea of Marmara is grouped under the headings”Mysia and the Propontis”(Mitchell (1985) 74), “Bithynia, Mysia and the Propontis” (Mitchell (1990) 89) and “Bithynia and the Propontis”(Mitchell (1999) 129).
Latin Literature from Seneca to Juvenal
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores central aspects of the period in Latin literature often depreciatingly termed 'Silver'. It is unusual in embracing both poetry and prose, and in offering close literary discussion of a large number of particular passages. It is not a history, but a selective and comparative study--throwing fresh light on the period as a whole, on individual authors, and on differences and affinities between genres. Most space is given to epic and tragedy, and to the prose of Seneca and Tacitus; but Juvenal, Martial, the Younger Pliny, and other authors are also treated. The book also considers large features of genre and relates these to fundamental elements of style and to the treatment of some vital themes. It aims to give the reader a feeling for this brilliant, and extraordinary writing, and a sense of the excitement and fascination of the literary period. All Latin in the text is translated.
Dwarfs in Myth
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four categories of dwarfs or dwarfish beings are found in myth. Two are well documented in both literary and iconographic sources: the exotic pygmies, and the mischievous Cercopes. The two others belong to a category of deities which ‘resist the clear shapes of Greek mythology’:1 demons associated with Hephaistos and smithcraft (the Kabeiroi, the Telchines, and the Daktyloi), and anonymous kourotrophic demons.
The Literary Sources for the Pre-Marian Army
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of the arms and organization of the Roman army in and before the mid-second century BC is one of almost inextricable confusion. The amount of weight to be put on the various contradictory pieces of literary evidence is still to a great extent uncertain: which of them are antiquarian reconstructions rather than genuine tradition, and if they are reconstructions, how intelligent are they and on what sort of evidence are they based? Archaeology does not give us all the help we might expect; too often its dates are imprecise, too often also we remain unclear whether a representation relates to the natives of the place where it was found, or whether it is meant to be realistic or idealizing, which tends to mean archaizing or hellenizing.
The Eastern Clientelae of Clodius and the Claudii
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A good deal of light has been thrown on the activities of P. Clodius in recent years. His organization of the urban plebs and the collcgia has been studied with valuable results. It has been argued, and seems to be becoming accepted, that he was an independent politician rather than a hired representative of Caesar or Crassus–something that, for a member of a family with a tradition like that of the patrician Claudii, should never have been doubted. For the importance of family tradition, indeed, we need only refer to Cicero’s de Officiis r. r r6, on copying one’s own maiorcs. I would like to suggest that there was another aspect of his family’s tradition that was of great importance to Clodius, as it was to his brothers Appius and Gaius: the desire to keep up and extend the enormous hereditary clientelae that for more than two centuries we can trace gradually spreading over the whole Greek–speaking world–a process that we cannot follow in such detail for any other family.
The Agon in Euripides
Authors: Lloyd Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the agon, or formal debate, in Euripides' tragedies. In these scenes, two characters confront each other, sometimes before an arbitrator or judge, and make long speeches as if they were opponents in a lawcourt. An agon is to be found in most of Euripides’ extant plays, and is often of crucial importance in representing the central conflict of the play. Many of Euripides' most characteristic features are to be found in these scenes - including rhetorical skill, brilliance in argument, and interest in philosophy. Michael Lloyd offers a general account of the formal debate in Euripides, including a contrast with the agon in Sophocles, and contains an extended discussion of Euripides’ relationship to fifth-century rhetorical theory and practice. The main body of the book, however, is devoted to interpretations of the more important agones, giving special attention to their dramatic context and function. All Greek is transliterated, making the text accessible to non-specialists.
Sympotic Space: A Functional Aspect of Greek Dining-Rooms
Authors: Bergquist Birgitta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This very tentative effort, which is mainly intended to provoke further attention to the aspect in question, consists of an entirely internal study of the interior space of the Greek dining-rooms that have so far been identified, according to my knowledge. By ‘internal’ I wish to stress that I have intentionally not taken any textual evidence into consideration. I have regarded the limitation to material evidence as a methodological challenge. The dining-rooms studied served for private, civic, and ritual meals. Following Oswyn Murray, I use the terms Symposion and ‘sympotic’ to denote not only the drinking phase but the preceding dining phase as well, i.e. the entire feast, and for practical purposes I enlarge them here to include also pre-Archaic times and civic and ritual meals.
Entertainers at the Symposion: The Akletoi in the Archaic Period
Authors: Fehr Burkhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Homeric times a good host sends for the singer to entertain his guests. For the same purpose Kallias, in the symposion described by Xenophon, has hired a Syracusan, whose slaves—a boy and two girls—entertain the symposiasts by playing the flute, singing, dancing, and performing acrobatics and mime. Despite their low social status, such artists are called to the symposion because of their highly esteemed (and highly paid) technai. Other people, who contribute to the entertainment of the symposiasts as well, arrive without being called (akletoi). They do not possess property and-for whatever reasons-do not earn their livelihood by some useful techne. Driven by their hungry stomachs they appear wherever they hope to gain a meal. These akletoi had a not unimportant role in the Archaic cultural and social history of the symposion. My aim here is to reconstruct their impact.
Miles Ludens? The Problem of Martial Exhortation in Early Greek Elegy
Authors: Bowie Ewen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way in which symposiasts in Archaic Greece entertained themselves, especially in Ionian cities, was by singing a form of dactylic poetry that we know as elegiac. Such song was often accompanied by the aulos, and indeed it is my view that only rarely would elegy be sung in a symposion without accompaniment on the aulos.2 The practice is best attested by the song where Theognis promises that his eromenos Kyrnos, its addressee, will be present at all feasts and banquets, lying in many men’s mouths, ‘and with dear-voiced auliskoi lovely young men will sing of you beautifully and clearly in decorous manner’.3 This quite unambiguous description by an elegiac poet of how he expects his song to be performed can be supplemented by many direct and indirect references to the symposion in extant elegy, allowing the conclusion that the symposion was one of the most important occasions for performance of early elegiac poetry (as it was too of melic monody).
Logos Sympotikos: Patterns of the Irrational in Philosophical Drinking: Plato Outside the Symposium
Authors: TecuŞAn Manuela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In dealing with Plato, I shall not discuss the Platonic Symposium as a literary work nor analyse its philosophical meaning, but rather seek to establish the place of the sympotic institution in Plato’s philosophy as a whole. One may be surprised at finding how constantly Plato referred to the symposion throughout his writings, endeavouring to make judgements on or even to come to terms with it. This is unexpected not only because of the philosophical character of Plato’s work, but also because throughout it he revealed himself scarcely inclined to accept the hedonistic reality of such a practice. The impact of the symposion on Plato’s thought is one more proof of the important part which this institution played in the Greek world.
The Roman Convivium and the Idea of Equality
Authors: D’Arms John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Describing one of the more spectacular of Domitian’s public feasts, the poet Statius professed to marvel at the sight of a complete cross-section of society-’parvi, femina, plebs, eques, senatus’-taking part in a communal meal. ‘Libertas reverentiam remisi t’: the poet claims that the feelings of restraint normal in the presence of a social superior had been set aside in favour of social freedom. My focus in this study is upon the private Roman convivium and the idea of equality in the early Empire: the interplay between libertas and reverentia, one might say, transferred from the emperor’s table to the more private world of the triclinium. But ‘public’ and ‘private’ are slippery terms, as Pauline Schmitt-Pante! has usefully reminded us;2 the two spheres interconnect so constantly in Roman society that it is prudent not to be too dogmatic about where the one leaves off and the other begins.