bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of carbonic anhydrase III isoenzyme concentration in sera of racehorses with exertional rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Nishita Toshiho , Ohohashi Takahiro , Asari Masao 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The concentration of carbonic anhydrase III isoenzyme (ca-III) in serum samples from 216 clinically normal Thoroughbreds was determined by use of an enzyme immunoassay. The concentration range of ca-III was from 16.0 to 254.5 ng/ml (mean, 56.5 ± 11.9 ng/ml). Significant differences were not detected according to age or sex. To confirm whether serum ca-III concentration was high in horses with muscle disease, serum samples of 11 horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Their serum ca-III concentration was about 56 times (3,136 ± 2,610 ng/ml) that of healthy Thoroughbreds. Concentration of ca-III was higher in horses with rhabdomyolysis that had been transiently recumbent than in horses with mild disease that were reluctant to move. Blood samples obtained serially from 6 horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis were studied. Serum activities of aldolase, creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase were high. Increases and decreases in concentration of ca-III were more rapid than that for aldolase, creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities; thus, ca-III may be clinically applicable as a diagnostic marker for muscle disease in horses.
Characterization of functions of neutrophils from bone marrow of cattle with leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Authors: Nagahata Hajime , Nochi Hiromi , Tamoto Koichi , Yamashita Kazuto , Noda Hiroshi , Kociba Gary J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Marked differences in bone marrow cellularity were observed between cattle affected with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (lad) and control cattle. The number of nucleated cells in bone marrow was 2.9 to 8.8 times higher in cattle affected with lad, compared with controls. The myeloid-to-erythroid ratio of bone marrow from 3 cattle affected with lad ranged from 2.4 to 12. Deficient CD18 expression on neutrophils isolated from bone marrow of cattle with lad was clearly detected by flow cytometric analysis. Neutrophils from bone marrow of cattle affected with lad appeared round and not flat, after adherence to plastic wells under agarose, whereas neutrophils from bone marrow of clinically normal cattle were firmly spread on the surface of plastic wells. In the chemotaxis under-agarose assay, many pseudopodia were detected on bone marrow neutrophils from clinically normal cattle, but were not detected on bone marrow neutrophils from cattle with lad. Activities of chemotactic movements and phagocytosis of neutrophils isolated from bone marrow of cattle affected with lad were documented to be severely impaired.
Effects of vitamin E on immune function of dairy cows
Authors: Politis I. , Hidiroglou M. , Batra T. R. , Gilmore J. A. , Gorewit R. C. , Scherf H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of vitamin E supplementation on the immune function of dairy cows was studied. Twelve cows were assigned to 1 of the 2 experimental groups: control (no vitamin E supplementation), and vitamin E-supplemented. Supplementation of vitamin E started 4 weeks before and continued up to 8 weeks after parturition and included oral supplementation of vitamin E at the rate of 3,000 IU/cow/d. In addition, the same group of cows received 1 injection of vitamin E (5,000 IU), 1 week prior to the expected date of parturition. Data indicated that blood neutrophils isolated from control cows produced twofold less (P < 0.05) superoxide anion after parturition, compared with the corresponding value before parturition. Furthermore, blood macrophages isolated from control cows produced 15 and 35% (P < 0.05) less interleukin 1 (il-1) and major histocompatibility (mhc) class-II antigens, respectively, after parturition, compared with the corresponding values before parturition. These data, collectively, indicate that functions of blood macrophages and neutrophils are depressed during the early postpartum period in control cows. In contrast, there were no differences in superoxide anion production by blood neutrophils, or in il-1 production, and mhc class-II antigen expression by blood macrophages before and after parturition in cows supplemented with vitamin E. There were no differences in lymphocyte proliferation, or il-1 production and mhc class-II antigen expression by mammary macrophages when control and vitamin E-supplemented cows were compared. We conclude that vitamin E prevented suppression of blood neutrophil and macrophage function during the early postpartum period.
Effects of medetomidine administration on intracranial pressure and cardiovascular variables of isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Keegan Robert D. , Greene Stephen A. , Bagley Rodney S. , Moore Michael P. , Weil Ann B. , Short Charles E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Intracranial pressure and cardiovascular variables after iv administration of medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg of body weight) were evaluated in 6 healthy, mixed-breed dogs anesthetized with 1.3% end-tidal isoflurane concentration and mechanically ventilated to normocapnia (PaCO2, 35 to 45 mm of Hg). Baseline values were determined for intracranial pressure, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, central venous pressure, end-tidal CO2 tension and isoflurane concentration, arterial pH and CO2 and O2 tensions, and core body temperature. Cerebral perfusion pressure, cardiac index, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, plasma HCO3- concentration, and base excess were calculated. Intracranial pressure was measured, using a calibrated, fiberoptic transducer placed within the brain parenchyma and secured to the calvarium by means of a subarachnoid bolt. Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution. End-tidal CO2 tension and isoflurane concentration were determined, using an infrared gas analyzer. Administration of medetomidine did not change intracranial pressure, but was associated with significant (P < 0.05) decreases in values for heart rate, cardiac index, end-tidal CO2, and HCO3- and with significant increases in systolic, mean, and diastolic pressure; pulmonary artery pressure; systemic vascular resistance; central venous pressure; and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
Quantitative electroencephalographic evaluation to determine the quality of analgesia during anesthesia of horses for arthroscopic surgery
Authors: Miller Susan M. , Short Charles E. , Ekström Peter M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We compared the anesthetic combination of detomidine, ketamine, and halothane in control horses not undergoing apparently painful procedures with that in horses during arthroscopic surgery. The effectiveness of this regimen in suppressing neurologic response to surgery was, thus, evaluated. In this study, significant differences were not observed in electroencephalographic total amplitude, spectral edge, or beta-to-delta frequency ratio between surgically treated and nonsurgically treated (control) horses. On the basis of its attenuation of encephalographic responses, we conclude that detomidine (20 μg/kg of body weight, iv) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, iv) induction of anesthesia followed by maintenance with halothane is an effective regimen for control of pain in horses during arthroscopic surgery.
The insignificant frequency changes observed without any other signs of inadequate anesthesia or pain may indicate a surgical stress response. We hypothesize that brain activity monitoring may give an earlier index to initiation of surgically induced stress than do hormonal responses, because endocrine alterations are not as rapidly perceived as is the electroencephalogram. Analysis of spectral edge frequency changes could be used to evaluate anesthetic regimens to find those that cause the least stress to the cns during surgery in horses. Differences in species responses to an anesthetic agent or the regimen’s effectiveness in prevention of pain during surgery may be identified by adoption of the study model. Evaluation of cardiopulmonary variables during anesthesia, with and without surgery, did not reveal any alterations that would be relevant to cns responses. Blood pressure, heart rate, , , and pH were stabilized by use of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation in all horses, and dobutamine was administered, as needed, to avoid bias of electroencephalogram data.
Risk of feline infectious peritonitis in cats naturally infected with feline coronavirus
Authors: Addie Diane D. , Toth Sarah , Murray Gordon D. , Jarrett Oswald 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A longitudinal survey of 820 cats in 73 households was conducted over a period of 6 years to establish the fate of pet cats that were seropositive after natural exposure to feline coronavirus (FCoV). In particular, their risk of developing feline infectious peritonitis (fip) was determined. The seropositive cats were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: cats from households in which fip had recently been diagnosed; cats from households in which fip had not been diagnosed, but from which kittens had been relocated and subsequently died of fip; and cats from households in which fip had not been diagnosed. Cats in the first group were not at greater risk of developing fip than were cats in the other 2 groups. Consequently, any household in which seropositive cats live must be considered a potential source of FCoV that can cause fip. There was no evidence that the enhanced disease, which has been described after experimentally induced infection of seropositive cats, exists in nature. Thus, analysis of the survival of the seropositive cats over periods of up to 36 months indicated that their risk of developing fip decreased with time, suggesting the development of immunity rather than increased susceptibility to disease. In addition, of 56 cats deemed to have been naturally reinfected because their anti- FCoV antibody titers decreased and subsequently increased, only 3 developed fip.
Detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus in blood and milk-derived leukocytes by use of polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Nash Jerry W. , Hanson Larry A. , Coats Karen St. Cyr 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (biv) is prevalent in beef and dairy cattle, yet the mode(s) of biv transmission are undefined. Using polymerase chain reaction, which specifically targeted a 235-bp, highly conserved region of the biv pol gene, biv-infected leukocytes were detected in the blood and milk of biv- seropositive cows. These data confirm the presence of biv in milk and identify the potential for lactogenic transmission of this vims.
Comparative treatment of mares susceptible to chronic uterine infection
Authors: Troedsson Mats H.T. , Scott Mary A. , Liu Irwin K.M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Four intrauterine treatment strategies were evaluated for effectiveness in mares that were confirmed to be susceptible to chronic uterine infection. Pretreatment samples were obtained at detection of estrus, and a genital strain of Streptococcus zooepidemicus was infused into the uterus when a preovulatory (> 35 mm) follicle was detected. At 12 hours after inoculation, mares were assigned to 1 of 4 selected treatment groups: autologous plasma, 100 ml (n = 5); potassium penicillin, 5 million U in 100 ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (pbss; n = 5); 10 mg of prostaglandin F2α in 100 ml of pbss (n = 5); and large-volume lavage with normal saline solution (1,000 ml increments). A fifth group, treated with vehicle alone (100 ml of pbss), served as a negative control (n = 7). All treatments were administered into the uterus. To assess the effectiveness of the treatment, samples for culture and cytologic examination were collected at 96 hours after bacterial inoculation. An effect of treatment was observed on the number of uterine neutrophils (P = 0.02) and growth of S zooepidemicus (P < 0.01). Intrauterine treatment with potassium penicillin, prostaglandin F2α, and largevolume uterine lavage significantly reduced the growth of S zooepidemicus (P < 0.01) as well as the number of neutrophils (P < 0.02). Autologous plasma reduced the number of neutrophils (P < 0.05), but not growth of S zooepidemicus. There was significant correlation between the number of uterine neutrophils and growth of S zooepidemicus for each treatment group (r = 0.57; P < 0.05).
Ceftiofur distribution in serum and milk from clinically normal cows and cows with experimental Escherichia coli-induced mastitis
Authors: Erskine R. J. , Wilson Robert C. , Tyler Jeff W. , McClure Kim A. , Nelson Renee S. , Spears Harold J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Eight Holstein cows, 4 inoculated intracistemally in 1 quarter of the mammary gland with Escherichia coli and 4 noninfected controls, were administered ceftiofur sodium (3 mg/kg of body weight, IV, q 12 hours) for 24 hours, beginning at 14 hours after inoculation of infected cows. All challenge-exposed cows became infected, with mean ± SEM peak log10 bacterial concentration in milk of 5.03 ± 0.69 colonyforming units/ml. The infection resulted in systemic signs (mean peak rectal temperature, 41.5 ± 0.3 C; anorexia; signs of depression) and local inflammation (mean peak albumin concentration in milk, 7.89 ± 1.71 mg/ml). Ceftiofur was detectable in milk from all challenge-exposed cows, compared with only 1 of 4 noninfected cows, and the mean period after inoculation that ceftiofur was detectable in milk was longer (P < 0.05) in infected (147.7 ± 27.5 hours) than noninfected cows (1.3 ± 1.3 hours). However, maximal ceftiofur concentration attained in milk for all cows was 0.28 p.g/ml, and was 0.20 jig/ml or less for all but 2 milk samples collected for 10 days after challenge exposure. Mean serum concentration of ceftiofur peaked at 1.0 ± 0.3 μg/ml and 0.7 ± 0.1 μg/ml for infected and noninfected cows, respectively. After each ceftiofur dose, mean peak and trough concentrations of ceftiofur in serum did not differ between groups; however, concentration of ceftiofur in serum was higher at 7 hours after each dose in noninfected cows, suggesting more rapid clearance of the drug in infected cows. Ceftiofur was not detected in serum (< 0.05 μg/ml) of any cow at or after 120 hours following inoculation of infected cows.
Storage of serum samples at —20 C for 3 weeks resulted in a 98.8% decrease in ceftiofur activity, compared with that in fresh serum samples. Eightyseven percent of this loss occurred 30 minutes after mixing serum and ceftiofur; thus, about 13% of the original activity was lost in storage. Storage of milk samples under similar conditions did not result in loss of ceftiofur activity.
Despite acute inflammation, the dosage of ceftiofur used in this trial would not result in drug concentrations in milk above FDA safe concentrations, or above the reported minimum inhibitory concentration for coliform bacteria.
Ototoxicity assessment of a gentamicin sulfate otic preparation in dogs
Authors: Strain George M. , Merchant Sandra R. , Neer T. Mark , Tedford Bruce L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Vestibulotoxic and ototoxic effects often are seen after long-term, high-dose systemic treatment with gentamicin, but toxic effects after topical use have not been reported in animals, to the authors’ knowledge. Vestibular and auditory effects of twice daily otic gentamicin treatment for 21 days were evaluated in 10 dogs with intact tympanic membranes and in the same 10 dogs after experimental bilateral myringotomy. Each dog served as its own control; 7 drops of gentamicin sulfate (3 mg/ml in a buffered aqueous vehicle) were placed in 1 ear, and 7 drops of vehicle were placed in the opposite ear. Treatment and control ears were reversed after myringotomy. Vestibular function was evaluated daily by neurologic examination and behavioral assessment. Auditory function was evaluated twice weekly by determination of brain stem auditory evoked potentials. Gentamicin sulfate placed in the ear of clinically normal dogs with intact or ruptured tympanic membranes, in the quantities used in this study, did not induce detectable alteration of cochlear or vestibular function. Serum gentamicin concentration after 21 days of treatment was detectable in only 2 dogs and was an order of magnitude below documented toxic concentrations.
Encephalopathy in cattle experimentally infected with the scrapie agent
Authors: Clark Wilber W. , Hourrigan James L. , Hadlow William J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ten 8- to 10-month-old cattle were each inoculated intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracerebrally, and orally with the scrapie agent to determine whether cattle are susceptible to it. Two inocula, both 10% homogenates of cerebrum, were used. One inoculum was from a sheep used for the second experimental ovine passage of the agent from 4 naturally affected Suffolk sheep. The other inoculum was from a goat used for the first experimental caprine passage of the agent from 2 naturally affected dairy goats living with the Suffolk sheep, the source of their infection. Between 27 and 48 months after inoculation, neurologic disease was observed in 1 of 5 cattle given the sheep brain homogenate and in 2 of 5 given the goat brain homogenate. In all 3 affected cattle, the disease was expressed clinically as increasing difficulty in rising from recumbency, stilted gait of the pelvic limbs, disorientation, and terminal recumbency during a 6- to 10-week course. Neurohistologic changes, though consistent with those of scrapie, were slight and subtle: moderate astrocytosis with sparse rod cells, some neuronal degeneration, a few vacuolated neurons, and scant spongiform change. Clinically and neurohistologically, the experimentally induced disease differed from bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The differences emphasize that such infections in cattle induce diverse responses, presumably depending largely on the strain of the agent. Pathologists should keep this variability in mind when looking for microscopic evidence of a scrapie-like encephalopathy in cattle.
Pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicosis, and in vitro antibacterial activity associated with single versus multiple (three times) daily gentamicin treatments in horses
Authors: Godber Leanne M. , Walker Robert D. , Stein Gary E. , Hauptman Joe G. , Derksen Frederik J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Once-daily administration of aminoglycosides may be a safe and effective therapeutic regimen, on the basis of the microbiologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of these antibiotics. This study was designed to determine serum and tissue concentrations following IV administration of gentamicin, at dosages of 6.6 mg/kg of body weight, every 24 hours, and 2.2 mg/kg, every 8 hours, for 10 days in adult horses. Nephrotoxicosis from these dosage regimens also was compared, and microbiologic effects, including postantibiotic effects, were determined with various concentrations of gentamicin against an equine clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment at the 6.6-mg/kg dosage resulted in maximal serum concentrations (77.93 ± 19.90 μg/ml, mean ± sem) and area under the concentration-vs-time curves (83.79 ± 14.97 μg.h/ml) that were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those following treatment at the 2.2-mg/kg dosage (5.05 ± 0.50 μg/ml and 6.03 ± 0.66 μg.h/ml, respectively). Nephrotoxicosis was not induced with either dosage regimen, and postantibiotic effects were prolonged with a higher gentamicin concentration. This study provided evidence to support the use of once-daily gentamicin treatment in adult horses.
Pharmacokinetics of caffeine in lactating dairy cows
Authors: DeGraves F. J. , Ruffin D. C. , Duran S. H. , Spano J. S. , Whatley E. M. , Schumacher J. , Riddell M. G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Because caffeine is metabolized by the hepatic P-450 cytochrome oxidase system, clearance of caffeine is an excellent quantitative test of hepatic function in human beings. It is currently used in much the same way that creatinine clearance is used to assess renal function. Caffeine clearance was measured in lactating dairy cows initially to determine the suitability of caffeine clearance as an indicator of hepatic function in cattle. Pharmacokinetic variables of caffeine were studied in 6 adult lactating dairy cows after IV administration of a single dose of caffeine sodium benzoate (2 mg of caffeine/kg of body weight). Caffeine concentration was analyzed by use of an automated enzyme immunoassay. The lower limit of detection of the assay for caffeine in serum was 0.079 μg/ml. Serum caffeine concentration-time curves best fit an open two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Harmonic mean elimination half-life was 3.8 (range, 2.6 to 6.9) hours, and total clearance was 0.118 (range, 0.090 to 0.197) L/kg/h. Milk caffeine concentration was similar to serum concentration 1.5 to 24 hours after caffeine administration. Adverse effects were not observed in cows given caffeine.
Anatomic and radiographic appearance of a sesamoid bone in the tendon of origin of the supinator muscle of the cat
Authors: Wood A. K. W. , McCarthy P. H. , Martin I. C. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Results of radiologic and anatomic studies of each cubital articulation (elbow) of a group of 50 adult cat cadavers indicated that a sesamoid bone may be located in a constantly present sesamoid cartilage associated with the tendon of origin of the supinator muscle. Radiography revealed a sesamoid bone in 40 of the 100 tendons of origin of the supinator muscles dissected from the elbows. The sesamoid bone articulated with the craniolateral aspect of the head of the radius, and the larger sesamoid cartilage, which contained the bone, articulated with the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus. Of several possible functions of the sesamoid cartilage (bone), it was considered that protection of the craniolateral part of the humeroradial articulation and maintenance of the complex anatomic system during joint movement were important. In radiographic views of the elbows of lame cats, the sesamoid bone should not be mistaken for a chip fracture or an osteocartilaginous loose body.