bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wnt genes define distinct boundaries in the developing human brain: Implications for human forebrain patterning
Authors: Abu‐Khalil A. , Fu L. , Grove E.A. , Zecevic N. , Geschwind Daniel H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that govern human forebrain regionalization along the dorsal–ventral and left–right (L‐R) axes is likely to be relevant to a wide variety of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions. Recent work in lower vertebrates has identified several critical signaling molecules involved in embryonic patterning along these axes. Among these are the Wingless‐Int (WNT) proteins, involved in the formation of dorsal central nervous system (CNS) structures, as well as in visceral L‐R asymmetry. We examined the expression of WNT2b and WNT7b in the human brain, because these genes have highly distinctive expression patterns in the embryonic mouse forebrain. In the human fetal telencephalon, WNT2b expression appears to define the cortical hem, a dorsal signaling center previously characterized in mouse, which is also confirmed by BMP7 expression. In diencephalon, WNT2b expression is restricted to medial dorsal structures, including the developing pineal gland and habenular nucleus, both implicated in CNS L‐R asymmetry in lower organisms. At 5 weeks gestation, WNT7b is expressed in cerebral cortical and diencephalic progenitor cells. As the cortical plate develops, WNT7b expression shifts, demarcating deep layer neurons of the neocortex and the hippocampal formation. Spatial and temporal expression patterns show startling similarity between human and mouse, suggesting that the developmental roles of these WNT genes may be highly conserved, despite the far greater size and complexity of the human forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:276–288, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paucity of horizontal connections for binocular vision in V1 of naturally strabismic macaques: Cytochrome oxidase compartment specificity
Authors: Tychsen Lawrence , Ming‐Fong Wong Agnes , Burkhalter Andreas 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTo describe the structural basis for lack of binocular fusion in strabismic primates, we investigated intrinsic horizontal connections within striate cortex (area V1) of normal and strabismic, adult macaque monkeys. The strabismic animals had early‐onset natural esotropia (the visual axes deviated nasally), normal visual acuity in each eye, and the constellation of ocular motor deficits that typify human infantile strabismus. Horizontal patchy connections and synaptic boutons were labeled by injections of the neuronal tracer biotinylated dextran amine. Ocular dominance columns (ODCs), and blob vs. interblob compartments, were revealed by using cytochrome oxidase (CO). In layers 2/3 and 4B of the strabismic monkeys, patchy projections and boutons terminated much more frequently in same‐eye (73%) as opposed to opposite‐eye (27%) ODCs (normal monkeys 58% and 42%, respectively). The deficiency of binocular connections in the strabismic cortex was evident qualitatively as a “skip” pattern, in which every other row of ODCs had labeled patches. Analysis of V1 in normal monkeys revealed that the deficits in strabismic V1 were due mainly to a loss of binocular connections between neurons in CO‐interblob compartments. In both normal and strabismic monkeys: (1) CO‐blob compartment neurons showed a more pronounced bias for monocular connectivity, and (2) commitment of connections to the same CO‐compartment as the injection site (blob‐to‐blob, or interblob‐to‐interblob) was moderately strong (64%) but far from absolute. These findings help elucidate the relative roles of visual experience vs. innate mechanisms in the development of axonal connections between ocular dominance domains and compartments within macaque V1. They also provide the first detailed description of the V1 maldevelopments associated with unrepaired natural, infantile‐onset strabismus in primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:261–275, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral areas mediating visual redirection of gaze: Cooling deactivation of 15 loci in the cat
Authors: Lomber Stephen G. , Payne Bertram R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn humans, damage to posterior parietal or frontal cortices often induces a severe impairment of the ability to redirect gaze to visual targets introduced into the contralateral field. In cats, unilateral deactivation of the posterior middle suprasylvian (pMS) sulcus in the posterior inferior parietal region also results in an equally severe impairment of visually mediated redirection of gaze. In this study we tested the contributions of the pMS cortex and 14 other cortical regions in mediating redirection of gaze to visual targets in 31 adult cats. Unilateral cooling deactivation of three adjacent regions along the posterior bend of the suprasylvian sulcus (posterior middle suprasylvian sulcus, posterior suprasylvian sulcus, and dorsal posterior ectosylvian gyrus at the confluence of the occipital, parietal, and temporal cortices) eliminated visually mediated redirection of gaze towards stimuli introduced into the contralateral hemifield, while the redirection of gaze toward the ipsilateral hemifield remained highly proficient. Additional cortical loci critical for visually mediated redirection of gaze include the anterior suprasylvian gyrus (lateral area 5, anterior inferior parietal cortex) and medial area 6 in the frontal region. Cooling deactivation of: 1) dorsal or 2) ventral posterior suprasylvian gyrus; 3) ventral posterior ectosylvian gyrus, 4) middle ectosylvian gyrus; 5) anterior or 6) posterior middle suprasylvian gyrus (area 7); 7) anterior middle suprasylvian sulcus; 8) medial area 5; 9) the visual portion of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES); 10) or lateral area 6 were all without impact on the ability to redirect gaze. In summary, we identified a prominent field of cortex at the junction of the temporo‐occipito‐parietal cortices (regions pMS, dPE, PS), an anterior inferior parietal field (region 5L), and a frontal field (region 6M) that all contribute critically to the ability to redirect gaze to novel stimuli introduced into the visual field during fixation. These loci have several features in common with cortical fields in monkey and human brains that contribute to the visually guided redirection of the head and eyes. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:190–208, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Timing and topography of cell genesis in the rat retina
Authors: Rapaport David H. , Wong Lily L. , Wood Eric D. , Yasumura Douglas , LaVail Matthew M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTo understand the mechanisms of cell fate determination in the vertebrate retina, the time course of the generation of the major cell types needs to be established. This will help define and interpret patterns of gene expression, waves of differentiation, timing and extent of competence, and many of the other developmental processes involved in fate acquisition. A thorough retinal cell “birthdating” study has not been performed for the laboratory rat, even though it is the species of choice for many contemporary developmental studies of the vertebrate retina. We investigated the timing and spatial pattern of cell genesis using 3H‐thymidine (3H‐TdR). A single injection of 3H‐TdR was administered to pregnant rats or rat pups between embryonic day (E) 8 and postnatal day (P) 13. The offspring of prenatally injected rats were delivered and all animals survived to maturity. Labeled cells were visualized by autoradiography of retinal sections. Rat retinal cell genesis commenced around E10, 50% of cells were born by approximately P1, and retinogenesis was complete near P12. The first postmitotic cells were found in the retinal ganglion cell layer and were 9–15 μm in diameter. This range includes small to medium diameter retinal ganglion cells and large displaced amacrine cells. The sequence of cell genesis was established by determining the age at which 5, 50, and 95% of the total population of cells of each phenotype became postmitotic. With few exceptions, the cell types reached these developmental landmarks in the following order: retinal ganglion cells, horizontal cells, cones, amacrine cells, rods, bipolar cells, and Müller glia. For each type, the first cells generated were located in the central retina and the last cells in the peripheral retina. Within the sequence of cell genesis, two or three phases could be detected based on differences in timing, kinetics, and topographic gradients of cell production. Our results show that retinal cells in the rat are generated in a sequence similar to that of the primate retina, in which retinogenesis spans more than 100 days. To the extent that sequences reflect underlying mechanisms of cell fate determination, they appear to be conserved. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:304–324, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of long‐term mouse brain aggregating cultures: Evidence for maintenance of neural precursor cells
Authors: Berglund C. Mikaela D. , Aarum Johan , Budd Haeberlein Samantha L. , Nyengaard Jens R. , Hökfelt Tomas , Sandberg Kristian , Näslund Jan , Persson Mats A.A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAn extensive characterization of fetal mouse brain cell aggregates has been performed using immunohistochemical and stereological methods. Single cell suspensions from mechanically dissociated cortex and hippocampus were cultured in serum‐free, B27‐supplemented medium under constant gyratory agitation for up to 56 days. Three‐dimensional aggregates started to form immediately after seeding and reached a final average size of 500 μm in diameter. Among the cell types identified, neurons were the most abundant cells in the aggregates, followed by astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Western blotting for synaptophysin and immunostaining for neurotransmitter‐related molecules indicated the presence of well‐defined phenotypic characteristics of the neurons in this culture system, suggesting functionality. Proliferating cells, many with neural precursor cell properties, were seen throughout the culture period and could be isolated from the aggregates even after 2 months in culture. Neural precursor cells were isolated from the aggregates after more than 1 month in culture; these cells were successfully differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The aggregate culture system may provide a versatile tool for molecular dissection of processes identified in mouse models, including transgenic animals and manipulation of neural precursor cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:246–260, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obtaining high rates for the etching and ashing for large liquid‐crystal display substrates by using a surface‐wave plasma source
Authors: Aoki Katsuaki , Uekusa Shin‐ichiro , Yamauchi Takeshi , Yamage Masashi , Saito Shuichi , Takagi Shigeyuki , Kanoh Masaaki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn the manufacture of thin‐film transistor liquid‐crystal displays (TFT‐LCDs), a major goal is to scale up the production of liquid‐crystal panels and lower their production costs. For that reason, we have developed a large‐area high‐density (3.58 × 1011 cm−3) surface‐wave plasma source based on a slot antenna. This source is designed to reduce the number of separate production steps in semiconductor processing, thereby increasing the throughput of large‐area TFT‐LCD substrates. We are convinced that the use of this plasma source will not only increase the etching rate, but also reduce the need for industry‐standard photoresist liftoff processes by enabling an uninterrupted transition after etching to photoresist liftoff (ashing). We found that the etching rate for a 400 × 500 mm2 polysilicon layer on a glass substrate was 58 nm/min with a uniformity of ±6.8% when our source was used. Furthermore, when ashing was carried out in the same chamber immediately after etching, the ashing rate was 1430 nm/min with a uniformity of ±9.3%. We also found that the selectivity ratio for resist versus polysilicon and the SiO2 in an underlayer was higher than 140. This implies that our process outperforms the standard resist liftoff process; indeed, we have realized a high‐uniformity etching process with twice the etching rate of standard methods. In addition, we have made progress toward realizing an ashing process, which is almost ready for practical use. These two processes can be combined into a single integrated etching–ashing process that will reduce the need for a separate liftoff procedure and simplify processing. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(6): 28–38, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10086
Optical observation technique for SH‐type surface acoustic wave
Authors: Miyamoto Akinori , Matsuda Satoru , Wakana Shinichi , Ito Akio 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA new technology has been developed for optically visualizing the intensity distribution of the acoustic wave within a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. In this technique, the strain generated by the SH (Shear Horizontal) wave in a LiTaO3crystal is detected via the photoelastic effect as a change of polarization state of the light passing through the device. By detecting the SH component, which is the main component of the SAW on a 42°YX LiTaO3, the method provides for more direct observation of the behavior of the acoustic wave in a device than in the conventional technique that detects the SV (Shear Vertical) component, a secondary component. Based on the present technique, an acoustic wave observation setup is developed and a simple resonator is evaluated. It is found that the acoustic‐wave distributions within an IDT depend on the driving frequencies and that acoustic wave energy is leaked outside the resonator at specific frequencies. Further, a more accurate visualization of the acoustic wave component is made possible by correcting for the influence of the electro‐optical effect on the observation results. Another setup has been developed in which a probe light beam is incident from the back side of the substrate and the light reflected from the device surface is used in order to determine the distribution under an electrode. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(6): 10–17, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20066
Rapid environment adaptation method based on HMM composition with prior noise GMM and multi‐SNR models for noisy speech recognition
Authors: Ida Masaki , Nakamura Satoshi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn the use of speech recognition systems in a real environment, it is inevitable that surrounding environmental noise is present in the input speech, which degrades recognition performance. It is difficult in most cases to predict the mixing of the noise, and the discrepancy of noise environments between the input signal and the acoustic model is a reason for degradation of recognition performance. Consequently, it is desirable to construct an acoustic model which is robust to the mixing of various kinds of noise. The problem of noise mixture can be divided into two aspects, namely, diversified kinds of noise and diversified values of the SNR. In this paper, HMM composition using weight adaptation of the noise GMM is applied to the first problem, and the multi‐SNR path model is applied to the second problem. Performance evaluation is performed for a combination of these two approaches in a speech recognition experiment in a noisy environment, using the travel conversation task and the AURORA2 task. When 1 second of adaptation data is used in the AURORA2 task for SNR = 5 dB, the recognition rate is improved by 53% compared to the baseline HMM. This corresponds to the case in which 10 seconds of adaptation data is used in conventional HMM composition. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(6): 39–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20093
Road extraction VLSI processor based on optimal allocation and its application to highly safe intelligent vehicles
Authors: Hariyama Masanori , Kudoh Takao , Kameyama Michitaka 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a collision warning system that gives a warning to a driver by detecting a hazard during driving. This system has a configuration based on the fail‐safe concept that gives a warning to the driver by determining the state of danger when a path that the vehicle cannot safely drive on cannot be found within a certain processing time. Furthermore, it proposes a road extraction VLSI processor for a highly safe vehicle based on the logic‐in‐memory architecture, which eliminates transfer bottlenecks by integrating the memory and the functional units. This VLSI processor uses a VLSI‐oriented algorithm based on regular repetitions of local parallel processing of external three‐dimensional coordinate information. A memory system that allows parallel accessing with a minimal amount of hardware is desirable in designing a VLSI processor. For this purpose, optimal memory allocation for parallel accessing designed for minimal memory capacity is important. In order to resolve the problem of increased search space for obtaining optimal allocation in global search, a method of limiting the search space by focusing on the periodicity of the three‐dimensional coordinates of the memory module and the data stored in it is proposed. Evaluation of this VLSI processor reveals a significant reduction of the chip area under identical performance conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(6): 49–57, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20094
Generalized Hough transform to be extended as an affine‐invariant detector of arbitrary shapes
Authors: Kimura Akio , Watanabe Takashi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe problem of detecting an arbitrary curved shape from an image in an affine‐invariant form is an important basic research topic in image recognition. Although several conventional techniques for achieving this kind of detection goal have been proposed, none of them are able to deal with the following kinds of situations very well: (1) part of the contour of the shape to be detected is hidden due to overlap with another object and (2) breaks occur in the contour due to noise. Therefore, in this paper, the authors propose a new shape detection method that can even deal with these kinds of situations. First, to stably extract tangent information from a discontinuous contour shape that includes arbitrary curves, they propose a new tangent information extraction method based on arc fitting using a Hough transform. They then focus on the property that the “parallelism of straight lines is preserved under an affine transformation” and actively use tangent information at various contour point positions of the shape to extend Ballard's generalized Hough transform 1 as an affine‐invariant shape detection method. The authors performed evaluation experiments to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique and obtained good detection results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(6): 58–68, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20095
Sampling correction in linkage analysis
Authors: Ginsburg Emil , Malkin Ida , Elston Robert C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn a linkage analysis that requires the estimation of parameters other than the recombination fraction, we can construct a pedigree likelihood that leads to consistent parameter estimators if the sampling procedures are known. In particular, it is necessary to identify the subset of pedigree members “relevant to sampling” (RS), where by sampling we mean both pedigree ascertainment through a proband combination and the selective inclusion of the sampled pedigrees in the data that are analyzed. If both these procedures are independent of the marker phenotypes and the model of trait inheritance is known, then no sampling or ascertainment correction is needed to obtain a consistent estimator of the recombination fraction. Otherwise, the correction can be of two types: sampling‐model‐based, in which the ascertainment and inclusion procedures are modeled and used in the likelihood expression, or sampling‐model‐free, in which the data RS are “conditioned out” without any modeling of the sampling procedures. In either case, the pedigree proband sampling frame must be identified. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gamma radiation–induced apoptosis, G2 delay, and the risk of salivary and thyroid carcinomas—a preliminary report
Authors: Zheng Rong , Dahlstrom Kristina R. , Wei Qingyi , Sturgis Erich M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground.While radiation has been the only well‐established risk factor for salivary and thyroid cancers, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that individuals with altered apoptotic response to γ irradiation may be susceptible to salivary and thyroid cancers.Methods.We tested our hypothesis in a pilot case‐control study of 29 patients with neoplasms of the salivary and thyroid glands and 29 cancer‐free control subjects. Patients and control subjects were matched on age, sex, and ethnicity. In vitro γ radiation–induced apoptosis in lymphocytes was quantified utilizing the TUNEL assay and flow cytometry.Results.The mean apoptotic capacity was 13.55 ± 10.54 for control subjects, 5.75 ± 4.96 for patients with salivary gland carcinomas (p = .003), and 6.87 ± 4.45 for patients with thyroid carcinomas (p = .006). These differences were associated with a 10‐fold increased risk of salivary gland carcinoma (odds ratio [OR] = 10.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–94.86) and a four‐fold increased risk of thyroid carcinoma (OR = 3.93; 95% CI, 0.90–17.08).Conclusions.Our data suggests that γ radiation–induced apoptosis may serve as a biomarker of genetic susceptibility to salivary and thyroid carcinoma, and further confirmatory studies with larger sample size are warranted. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 612–618, 2004
IL‐6 as an intracrine growth factor for renal carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Alberti Laurent , Thomachot Marie Cécile , Bachelot Thomas , Menetrier‐Caux Christine , Puisieux Isabelle , Blay Jean Yves 
Published: May 2004

AbstractInterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is produced at high levels by renal cell carcinoma cell lines. The molecular mechanisms involved in its possible role as an autocrine growth factor were investigated. IL‐6 and IL‐6 receptor expression was investigated in 8 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. The modulation of RCC cell line proliferation by an anti‐IL‐6 Ab, an IL‐6 antisense oligonucleotide (ASON) directed against the second exon of IL‐6 and cytokines inhibiting IL‐6 production (IL‐4 and IL‐13) was investigated. All 8 RCC cell lines expressed IL‐6 mRNA, produced IL‐6 and expressed the soluble and membrane‐bound gp130 chain of IL‐6 receptor. The gp80 chain of IL‐6 receptor was undetectable at the surface of the 8 RCC cell lines tested, while the soluble form of gp80 was detectable in the supernatant of one of these cell lines. The addition of a blocking IL‐6 Ab did not inhibit the proliferation of any of the 8 RCC cell lines. In contrast, IL‐6 ASON inhibited specifically IL‐6 production and the proliferation of all RCC cell lines. Exogenous IL‐6 failed to restore RCC cell line proliferation blocked by ASON, indicating that IL‐6 acts through an intracrine loop in RCC cell lines. IL‐13 and IL‐4 inhibited the proliferation of 7 of the 8 cell lines without interfering with IL‐6 or IL‐6 receptor expression. IL‐6 ASON inhibited the proliferation of the 8 RCC cell lines tested additively with IL‐4 or IL‐13. IL‐6 is an intracrine growth factor in renal cell carcinoma cell lines. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.