bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human motion tracking using nonsynchronous multiple observations
Authors: Mori Hiroki , Utsumi Akira , Ohya Jun , Yachida Masahiko , Nakatsu Ryohei 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a method of tracking a human object by using nonsynchronous multiple‐viewpoint images. The proposed method tracks human forms efficiently by using a Kalman filter to integrate observed information which is obtained nonsynchronously from multiple viewpoints. The experimental system is composed of multiple observation nodes, which operate nonsynchronously to process the multiviewpoint images, a tracking node, which tracks the human figure, and the discovering node, which finds the human figure. The image features are matched to the tracking model in the observation node based on the prediction of the observed value which is sent from the tracking node. The image features matched to the model are sent to the tracking node, and the tracking model is updated. The image features which are not matched are sent to the discovering node to find a new human figure. With the proposed approach, it is possible to construct a large‐scale tracking system while reducing the deterioration of processing efficiency and the redundancy among observations that occur in synchronous systems. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by an experiment using real images. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(12): 84–93, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20132
Distinct expression patterns of polycomb oncoproteins and their binding partners during the germinal center reaction
Authors: van Galen Joost C. , Dukers Danny F. , Giroth Cindy , Sewalt Richard G. A. B. , Otte Arie P. , Meijer Chris J. L. M. , Raaphorst Frank M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPolycomb group (PcG) genes encode two chromatin‐binding protein complexes, the PRC1 and the PRC2 PcG complexes, which are essential for the maintenance of cell identity and play a role in oncogenesis. PcG complexes were recently identified as novel regulators of hematopoiesis, and appear to be expressed in a non‐overlapping pattern in resting and mature follicular B cells. Using highly specific antisera in combination with immunohistochemistry and triple immunofluorescence, we investigated the expression pattern of nine human PcG genes in germinal center (GC) B cells and highly purified germinal center B cell subpopulations. PcG proteins were detected in characteristic binding patterns that were not necessarily related to mutually exclusive expression of the two PcG complexes. We conclude that the two PcG complexes are expressed throughout GC development, and that the fine composition of each complex is determined by the differentiation status of the cell. In addition, a subset of dividing cells with a centrocyte CD marker profile was identified that co‐expresses core components of the PRC1 and PRC2 complex. We propose that these cells reflect a transitional stage between resting and dividing follicular B lymphocytes, and that they possibly represent the healthy precursors of nodal large B cell lymphomas.
Mini‐review: The role of peptidoglycan recognition in innate immunity
Authors: Girardin Stephen E. , Philpott Dana J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe importance of peptidoglycan detection in the host innate immune response has long been underestimated. However, the recent identification of proteins involved in the sensing of peptidoglycan in both mammals and Drosophila has revealed that the detection of this microbial motif is key to the defense response. In Drosophila, the peptidoglycan‐recognition proteins (PGRP) are the initial sensors of infecting bacteria that then trigger a cascade ultimately leading to the expression of antimicrobial peptides. In mammals, PGRP also exist and although they bind peptidoglycan, the role of these proteins in innate immune responses remains to be clearly defined. In contrast, the Nod proteins (Nod1 and Nod2), which are also involved in peptidoglycan sensing, appear to play a key role in innate immunity against bacteria by triggering host defense responses through the activation of the transcription factor, NF‐κB. Interstingly, mutations in Nod2 are related to increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease, thereby implicating defective bacterial sensing in the development at this chronic disease. In this review, we will focus on the recent findings concerning mammalian and Drosophila proteins involved in peptidoglycan recognition and the putative role of these proteins in the innate immune defense response.See an article in this issue http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425229
NOD2 mediates anti‐inflammatory signals induced by TLR2 ligands: implications for Crohn's disease
Authors: Netea Mihai G. , Kullberg Bart Jan , de Jong Dirk J. , Franke Barbara , Sprong Tom , Naber Ton H. J. , Drenth Joost P.H. , Van der Meer Jos W.M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMutations of the NOD2 gene have been associated with an increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease, but the pathogenetic mechanisms mediated by NOD2 remain elusive. In the present study, we demonstrate that the 3020insC frameshift‐mutation in the NOD2 gene associated with Crohn's disease results in defective release of IL‐10 from blood mononuclear cells after stimulation with the Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2 ligands, peptidoglycan and Pam3Cys‐KKKK, but not with bacterial LPS, a TLR4 ligand. The potential pathophysiological significance of this finding in patients with Crohn's disease and who are homozygous for this NOD2 mutation was substantiated by the finding of decreased anti‐inflammatory cytokine release when cells from these patients were stimulated with different species of Bacteroides, an enteric microorganism implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. In conclusion, defective NOD2 function results in a pro‐inflammatory cytokine bias after stimulation of mononuclear cells with TLR2 stimuli, and this could contribute to the overwhelming inflammation seen in Crohn's disease.See Mini‐review in this issue http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425095
Formation of the complex linear dunes in the central Taklimakan Sand Sea, China
Authors: Wang Xunming , Dong Zhibao , Zhang Jiawu , Qu Jianjun 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe formation of the complex linear dunes in the central Taklimakan Sand Sea is discussed based on analyses of wind regimes, sand grain size distributions on the topography of the dunes, and a combination of geomorphic and geophysical investigations into the morphology of the dunes. Complex linear dune formation is shown to have ﬁve stages. Analysis clearly shows that under the control of wind regime, sand supply and other factors, the simple linear dunes move sideways while they evolve. This is the main cause for the formation of complex linear dunes in the central Taklimakan Sand Sea. We have not collected enough evidence to show whether the complexity of the complex linear dunes is left over from previous wind regimes or whether the previous wind regimes had different dominant wind directions compared to those of modern winds. The evolutionary processes of complex linear dunes in the region partly support the theory of ‘barchan evolution’ but do not support the ‘roll‐vortex’ and ‘bimodal wind regime’ hypotheses. After the complex linear dunes were developed, the local wind regime and the other controls such as sand supply suggest it is possible for them to maintain their linear shape. The evolutionary process discussed is limited to the region indicated in this paper, and may not be applicable to the whole Taklimakan Sand Sea. There are different evolutionary processes in different duneﬁelds because of variations in the factors that control complex linear dune formation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of honeycombs and related weathering forms in Oligocene Macigno Sandstone, Tuscan coast near Livorno, Italy
Authors: McBride Earle F. , Picard M. Dane 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTwo types of cavernous‐weathering features are exposed in the Oligocene Macigno Sandstone along 5 km of the Tuscan coast south of Livorno, Italy. Honeycomb cells (type 1 features) are typical closely spaced, more or less circular pits of centimetre scale that have been eroded 2 to 6 cm below the general surface of bedding planes or joints. ‘Aberrant honeycomb’ cells (type 2 features) are highly elongate, polygonal, or irregular ﬂat depressions of decimetre scale surrounded by walls rarely higher than 2 cm, some of which pass into long, free‐standing walls or tendrils. Thus, not all type 2 ‘honeycomb’ cells are fully enclosed.We measured the geometry of 551 honeycomb cells and examined various rock properties (microscopic texture and fabric, mineralogy, porosity, permeability, and chemical composition) to isolate factors that control the size, shape, distribution, and pattern of the honeycombs. Our goal was to narrow potential origins of the features and to understand their formation.The ubiquitous occurrence of sea salt in the honeycombs and scanning electron microscope evidence of physical weathering of silicates, especially micas, favours an origin for the honeycombs chieﬂy by salt weathering. Honeycombs do not form in siltstone, iron‐oxide‐impregnated sandstone, calcite‐cemented concretions, or in case‐hardened joints. Thus, salt weathering of type 1 and 2 honeycombs is not effective in very low permeability rocks.We propose for type 1 honeycombs that seawater is drawn into micropores of the sandstone and evolves into self‐organized diffusion cells (Turing patterns). Selective evaporation at the stationary nodes of diffusion cells, which form at the same site over time, leads to the precipitation of salt, then grains spall off, and pits are formed. The deepest pits (>40 mm) formed where Turing patterns consistently formed at the same sites. Although the walls are more porous and weathered than the host sandstone, they become selectively case hardened by an unidentiﬁed component of low abundance. Initial honeycomb cell shape and gravity locally inﬂuenced type 1 honeycomb shapes.We suggest that type 2 honeycombs develop where diffusion‐controlled Turing patterns lead to case‐hardening along linear trends; gravity and rock fabric are important locally in inﬂuencing the orientation of the walls. Only type 2 cells are forming today, suggesting recent environmental changes.Gravity is not a fundamental control on honeycomb shape; in places it is a contributing factor. Pre‐existing depressions (quarry tool marks) have strongly inﬂuenced honeycomb shape locally. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Earthquake‐related geomorphic environment and pond sediment information
Authors: Kashiwaya Kenji , Tsuya Yoshikazu , Okimura Takashi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractShaking during the 1995 Kobe earthquake caused surface material to be more mobile in catchment areas in the Rokko Mountains, Kobe, where there are some active fault lines. As a result, there were many landslides associated with the earthquake. The sedimentation rate in a pond in the mountains increased several fold, then exponentially decreased with seasonality over several years. Six years after the earthquake there were no marked surface movements related to the earthquake, even though the sedimentation rates had increased slightly. A new steady state for the structure of the earthquake‐modiﬁed surface had evidently been reached. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracting the Expected Path of Monetary Policy From Futures Rates
Authors: Sack Brian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFederal funds and eurodollar futures contracts are among the most useful instruments for deriving expectations of the future path of monetary policy. However, reading policy expectations from those instruments is complicated by the presence of risk premia. This paper demonstrates how to extract the expected policy path under the assumption that risk premia are constant over time, and under a simple model that allows risk premia to vary. In the latter case, the risk premia are identified under the assumption that policy expectations level out after a long enough horizon. The results provide evidence that the risk premia on these futures contracts vary over time. The impact of this variation is fairly limited for futures contracts with short horizons, but it increases as the horizon of the contracts lengthens. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:733–754, 2004
Molecular characterization of epstein‐barr virus and oncoprotein expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Korea
Authors: Jeon Yoon Kyung , Lee Bo Young , Kim Ji Eun , Lee Seung Sook , Kim Chul Woo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground.We evaluated the characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Korea, including its clinical, pathologic, and molecular features, especially emphasizing on the EBV strains involved, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) expression, and the alterations of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and E‐cadherin expression.Methods.The presence of EBV was evaluated by EBER in situ hybridization, and the expression of LMP1, MMP9, and E‐cadherin by immunohistochemistry. The characterization of EBV type and LMP1 variant was performed by PCR.Results.EBER was detected in 55 of 57 cases (96%) of nonkeratinizing carcinoma (NKC) and undifferentiated carcinoma, but in only four of nine cases (44%) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). EBER positivity was much higher in the group with nodal metastases (p = .003). The predominant strain of EBV infection was type A (81%) and a 30‐bp deletion LMP1 variant (77%). All EBER‐positive SCCs were infected with EBV type A. LMP1 expression was detected in 36 of 59 (61%) patients with latent EBV infection and MMP9 in 41 of these 59 (69%). LMP1 positivity was much higher among the patients aged 50 years and younger. MMP9 expression was associated with LMP1 expression (p = .008), and nodal and distant metastasis (p = .019, p = .045). Loss of E‐cadherin expression was correlated with MMP9 and nodal metastasis. The survival rate was much lower in patients with a higher TNM classification, stage, and a histology of SCC. EBER positivity was associated with a better prognosis in the Kaplan‐Meier test, but had no prognostic value by Cox regression analysis. Loss of E‐cadherin expression and nodal metastasis were also correlated with local recurrence and distant metastasis.Conclusion.EBV type and LMP1 variant had no significant influence on the clinicopathologic properties of tumor. However, there was a tendency toward a better survival in the EBV type B group. Histology and clinical staging were the two most important prognostic factors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 573–583, 2004
Nucleosomes activate NF‐κB in endothelial cells for induction of the proangiogenic cytokine IL‐8
Authors: Tanner Jerome E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSolid tumors often exhibit regions undergoing apoptosis and necrosis, also referred to as “aponecrosis”, juxtaposed to sites of active angiogenesis. We explored whether nucleosomes resulting from aponecrosis induced the angiogenic factor IL‐8 in vascular endothelial cells. Results indicate that nucleosomes induced IL‐8. Nucleosomes increased IL‐6 and IL‐8 mRNA but not IL‐10, TNF‐α, VEGF or FGF‐2 mRNA. Induction of IL‐8 by nucleosomes in endothelial cells appeared to be the result of NF‐κB/RelA transcription factor activation. The increased expression of IL‐8 in vascular endothelial cells following nucleosome stimulation suggests that aponecrosis could play an important role in the promotion of tumor angiogenesis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semi‐objective classification for daily synoptic systems: application to the eastern Mediterranean climate change
Authors: Alpert P. , Osetinsky I. , Ziv B. , Shafir H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSemi‐objective classification of daily 1200 UTC synoptic systems was carried out by a discriminant‐like analysis of the National Center for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data over the eastern Mediterranean (EM) for 1948–2000. An example for a climate change application is given by the analysis of trends in the annual frequencies of the synoptic systems. The frequencies of the mostly dry Red Sea trough (RST) systems nearly doubled since the 1960s from 50 to about 100 days per year. This explains a dominant decreasing trend of rainfall in most of the EM, along with an increase in the southern part of the EM region, when the RST is deep enough to bring tropical moisture over this area. Also, the increasing tendency towards heavier daily rainfall in spite of the general decrease in the totals may be explained by the increase in the active and stormy types of RST situations. The annual frequency of the Cyprus lows was noticed to drop slightly in 1983–98 to 26, compared with about 30 during 1967–82. The high positive correlation between the recent increase in the North Atlantic oscillation index and the pressure over most of the EM countries is linked to these tendencies in the synoptic systems. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
A new seasons definition based on classified daily synoptic systems: an example for the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Alpert P. , Osetinsky I. , Ziv B. , Shafir H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new definition for seasons based on a synoptic classification is introduced. It uses the automatically classified daily synoptic systems. For the eastern Mediterranean (EM), the temporal distribution of the synoptic systems over 53 years enables a proper definition of the timing and duration of the cold rainy, warm dry and of the transition seasons. Comparisons with the astronomical, meteorological and the temperature‐based seasons definitions following Trenberth is performed. According to the synoptic definition proposed here and applied to the EM, the winter and summer seasons each last about 4 months (3 months and 23 days). The EM ‘synoptic summer’ and ‘synoptic winter’ defined here begin at about the earliest starting date, i.e. the meteorological start, and they end at about the latest ending date, i.e. the astronomical end. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Continuum approach to the numerical simulation of material failure in concrete
Authors: Oliver J. , Huespe A. E. , Samaniego E. , Chaves E. W. V. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSome new aspects of the continuum strong discontinuity approach (CSDA) to model material failure in geomaterials are addressed. A new global algorithm, for tracking multiple crack lines/surfaces in 2D/3D cases is proposed. It is based on solving a simple heat conduction‐like problem accompanying the standard mechanical algorithm. A viscous perturbation method on the crack surface is also proposed to remedy the instabilities caused by mutual interactions of multiple developing cracks. A simple procedure to compute the critical time step that ensures algorithmic uniqueness is then provided. Numerical simulations of two‐ and three‐dimensional problems displaying a multi‐crack pattern are finally presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional liquid transport in concrete cracks
Authors: Carmeliet J. , Delerue J.‐F. , Vandersteen K. , Roels S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCracks in concrete are measured in 3D by microfocus X‐ray computer tomography. The tomographic images are thresholded matching a characteristic of the measured crack attenuation profile. A methodology is proposed to convert the 3D measured voxel data into a network of parallel plates. The methodology is based on the determination of the aperture map and skeleton of the void space, and the segmentation of the void space in crack segments. The segmentation and network approach allows to study crack aperture and connectivity distributions of the crack. Static invasion percolation and moving front technique are used to analyse liquid flow in cracks. One‐dimensional simulations of transport in a crack with variable crack width exemplify the retardation effect of narrow passages. In 2D, the narrow passages can be by‐passed resulting in preferential flow patterns, where coarse crack zones remain unfilled. Mesh sensitivity in the network approach is studied showing a limited influence of the mesh size on the filling patterns, caused by a change of connectivity when refining the mesh. Comparison of 3D and 2D simulations indicates that flow in 2D crack sections can strongly underestimate possible fluid penetration depths. Finally the network model is validated analysing water uptake in a fractured brick sample. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gradient enhanced thermo‐mechanical damage model for concrete at high temperatures including transient thermal creep
Authors: Pearce Chris J. , Nielsen Claus V. , Bićanić N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA thermo‐mechanical model for concrete under transient high temperatures is presented. Particular emphasis is placed on the transient thermal creep model, which can be seen as an extension of Thelandersson's formulation, and the gradient‐enhanced damage model that has been extended here to include temperature dependency. Degradation of the material stiffness due to exposure to elevated temperatures is included via a simple thermal damage model. The model's performance is illustrated on several benchmark problems under both transient and steady state heating conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new triangular element to model inter‐laminar shear stress continuous plate theory
Authors: Chakrabarti A. , Sheikh A. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn efficient triangular element based on an inter‐laminar shear stress continuous plate theory is developed and applied to the analysis of composite and sandwich plates under different situations to study the performance of the element. The plate theory represents parabolic through thickness variation of transverse shear stresses where the continuity condition of these stresses are satisfied at the layer interfaces. It also satisfies transverse shear stress free condition at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. The most attractive feature of the plate theory is that the basic unknowns are same as those used in first‐order shear deformation theory. The only problem lies with this elegant plate theory is found in its finite element implementation, as it requires C1 continuity of transverse displacement at the element interfaces. This is a well‐known problem of thin plate elements, which is also found in some other refined plate theories. Although there are some elements based on these refined plate theories but the number of such elements is very few and they possess certain drawbacks in general. Keeping these aspects in view, an attempt has been made in this study to develop a six‐noded triangular element having equal degrees of freedom at each node. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive strategies and error control for computing material forces in fracture mechanics
Authors: Heintz Per , Larsson Fredrik , Hansbo Peter , Runesson Kenneth 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe concept of material forces pertains to a variation of the inverse motion map while the placement field is kept fixed. From the weak formulation of the self‐equilibrating Eshelby (material) stress tensor it turns out that the classical J‐integral formulations in fracture mechanics are just special cases due to the choice of particular weight functions. In this contribution, we discuss a posteriori error control of the material forces as part of an adaptive strategy to reduce the discretization error to an acceptable level. The data of the dual problem involves the quite non‐conventional tangent stiffness of the (material) Eshelby stress tensor with respect to a variation of the (physical) strain field. The suggested strategy is applied to the common fracture mechanics problem of a single‐edged crack, whereby different strategies for computing the J‐integral are compared. We also consider the case in which the crack edges are not parallel, i.e. a notch. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.