bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in the determination of enantiomeric drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids by capillary electrophoresis‐mediated microanalysis
Authors: Sueli Bonato Pierina 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis review summarizes the recent developments in the application of electromigration techniques for the enantioselective analysis of drugs and metabolites in biological fluids. During the period covered by this review, it has been observed an increase in the use of negatively charged chiral selectors, particularly sulfobutyl ether‐β‐cyclodextrin and sulfated‐β‐cyclodextrin, and the combination of two different chiral selectors in the running buffer to obtain the resolution of drugs and their metabolites. Low detection limits as required for pharmacokinetic studies were obtained by using concentration techniques, including sample stacking procedures, and more sensitive detection systems, such as laser‐induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry. Finally, the major points are discussed that can be considered to obtain reliable methods for enantioselective bioanalysis.
Recent advances in the application of capillary electrophoresis for food analysis
Authors: Frazier Richard A. , Papadopoulou Athina 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article reviews recent developments in the application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of foods and food components. CE has been applied to a number of important areas of food analysis and is fast becoming an established technique within food analytical and research laboratories. Papers are reviewed that were published during the two years to date following the previous review (Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 4197–4206).
Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 2001–2003
Authors: Hutterer Katariina , Dolník Vladislav 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis review article with 244 references describes recent developments in capillary electrophoresis of proteins and covers the two years since the previous review (Dolník, V. Hutterer, K. Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 4163–4178) through Spring 2003. It covers topics related to CE of proteins including modeling of the electrophoretic properties of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving selectivity, detection, special electrophoretic techniques, and applications.
Recent applications in capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Eeltink Sebastiaan , Rozing Gerard P. , Kok Wim Th. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe most recent and important applications in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are summarized, covering literature published since May 2001. A selection of new developments in stationary phases for CEC is highlighted, and enantiomeric separations and chiral stationary phases are discussed. Also, CEC applications of biological molecules, pharmaceuticals, and applications in the field of industrial and environmental analysis are summarized. For this review three modes of CEC were taken into account, i.e., packed‐column CEC, CEC using monolith technology, and open‐tubular CEC.
Analysis of antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Flurer Cheryl L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRecent developments in the characterization of antibiotics are reviewed. Many capillary electrophoretic techniques have been utilized in their analyses, addressing various aspects of quantifying, profiling, and monitoring. Laser‐induced fluorescence detection systems demonstrated their usefulness in clinical settings and in the monitoring of residue levels in food matrices. Different sample introduction methods have been explored, enhancing detection sensitivity, or reducing or eliminating sample manipulation prior to injection.
Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of peptides
Authors: Kašička Václav 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAn overview of the recent developments in the applications of high‐performance capillary electromigration methods, namely zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography, to analysis, preparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides is presented. New approaches to the theoretical description and experimental verification of the electromigration behavior of peptides and the methodological aspects of capillary electroseparations of peptides, such as rational selection of separation conditions, sample treatment, and suppression of adsorption, are discussed, and new developments in individual separation modes and new designs of detection systems applied to peptide separations are shown. Several types of applications of capillary electromigration methods to peptide analysis are presented: quality control and purity tests, determination in biomatrices, monitoring of physical and chemical changes and enzymatic conversions, amino acid and sequence analysis, and peptide mapping. The examples of micropreparative peptide separations are given and capabilities of capillary electromigration techniques to provide important physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
Recent progress in high‐performance capillary bioseparations
Authors: Huck Christian W. , Stecher Günther , Bakry Rania , Bonn Günther K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBioanalysis is a fast growing domain with new technological developments in the field of mass spectrometry, separation science, and bioinformatics. The central role of separation prior to detection and evaluation of analytes is indisputable. In fact, since the decipherment of the human genome via multichannel capillary electrophoresis in combination with laser‐induced fluorescence [1], the analysis of the proteome, i.e., the type and amount of all proteins expressed at a certain time by the genome in a cell or tissue [2] became of central interest. Therefore, new fast and sensitive capillary liquid chromatographic, electrophoretic, and electrochromatographic separation techniques, suitable for high‐throughput analysis of proteins, peptides and nucleic acids, are required.
Early hominid hunting and scavenging: A zooarcheological review
Authors: Domínguez‐Rodrigo Manuel , Pickering Travis Rayne 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBefore the early 1980s, the prevailing orthodoxy in paleoanthropology considered Early Stone Age archeological sites in East Africa to represent a primitive form of hominid campsites. The faunal evidence preserved in these sites was viewed as the refuse of carcass meals provided by hominid males in a social system presumptively characterized by sexual division of labor. This interpretation of early hominid life ways, commonly known as the “Home Base” or “Food Sharing” model, was developed most fully by Glynn Isaac.1–4 As Bunn and Stanford5 emphasized, this model was greatly influenced by a paradigm that coalesced between 1966 and 1968, referred to as “Man the Hunter.”6
The gasification recycling technology of plastics WEEE containing brominated flame retardants
Authors: Yamawaki Takashi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe recycling of WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) became a requirement in April 2001 in Japan under the Home Appliance Recycling Law. By 2008 the criterion for the recycling ratio will be raised to 80%–90%, and at that time plastic must also be recycled. For this work, gasification processes (feedstock recycling technology) were selected for plastics WEEE recycling. After high temperature treatment, at over 1200°C, shock cooling of the gases to a temperature of roughly under 200°C was done by this process. The generated ‘thin’ gas could then be used as raw materials for chemical industries or for electric power generation. The effect of the high temperature treatment and the shock cooling suppresses the emission of brominated dioxins to a very low level, just as for chlorinated dioxins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using heat of combustion data to estimate or assess some threshold flammability properties of materials
Authors: Hshieh Fu‐Yu , B. Hirsch David , D. Beeson Harold 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper gives a brief summary of recent studies using heat of combustion data to estimate or assess some threshold flammability properties of materials. Heat of combustion data can be used to estimate the lower flammability limit, upper flammability limit and minimum oxygen concentration for flame propagation of organic and organosilicon compounds. The data can also be used to assess the threshold oxygen pressure for the combustion of metal alloys in high‐pressure oxygen environments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear time‐domain models for irregular wave diffraction about offshore structures
Authors: Ferrant Pierre , Touzé David Le , Pelletier Karine 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of non‐linear wave diffraction by three‐dimensional (3D) surface‐piercing structures in the time domain. Two different methods are presented. First a second‐order diffraction model is described, in which a boundary‐element method combined with a time‐stepping procedure are used to solve the first‐ and second‐order diffraction problems in the time domain. The Stokes expansion approach of the free surface non‐linearities results in relatively moderate simulation times, so that long simulations in irregular incident waves become feasible. The model has previously been systematically validated by comparison with available semi‐analytical frequency domain results on regular wave diffraction about simplified geometries. In the present paper, the flexibility and stability of the time‐domain approach to second‐order wave diffraction are further demonstrated by the simulation of bichromatic wave diffraction over a large number of incident wave periods. The second part of the paper addresses the problem of fully non‐linear wave diffraction. Again, the solution procedure is based on a boundary element method (BEM) solution of the boundary‐value problem in the time domain, but the non‐linear boundary conditions are accounted for without any approximation this time. In this fully non‐linear diffraction model, an explicit description of the incident wave is exploited to solve the problem for the diffracted flow only. This approach has a number of practical advantages in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. In previous publications related to this approach stream‐function theory was utilized to model non‐linear regular incident waves. In this paper, irregular two‐dimensional (2D) incident waves are modelled by means of a recently developed fully non‐linear time‐domain pseudospectral formulation. An original coupling of this 2D pseudospectral model with the 3D non‐linear BEM model is proposed, and its effectiveness is shown on the case of 2D wave packets interacting with a vertical bottom‐mounted cylinder. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical aspects of an algorithm for the Eulerian simulation of two‐phase flows
Authors: Oliveira Paulo J. , Issa Raad I. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIt is often the case that the numerical simulation of two phase flows leads to a number of difficulties associated with the solution algorithms utilized. Those difficulties manifest themselves as an impossibility to converge the iterative solution process, typical of the finite‐volume pressure‐correction methods, and are particularly persistent in cases with phase segregation (complete, or almost complete, separation of one phase from the other) and with fine meshes. A number of effective measures to overcome such problems are here proposed and tested, encompassing: (1) modification of the momentum equations formulation in a way that avoids singularity as volume fractions (α) tend to zero; (2) bounding of the volume fractions during the iterative algorithm in a way that enforces the physical limits, α0 and 1; (3) symmetric treatment of some terms in the equations, and consistent formulation of cell‐face fluxes in order to prevent numerical‐induced oscillations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluid dynamic numerical simulation of a gas phase polymerization reactor
Authors: Gobin Anne , Neau Hervé , Simonin Olivier , Llinas Jean‐Richard , Reiling Vince , Sélo Jean‐Lof̈c 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis article presents preliminary fluid dynamic simulation results of ethylene polymerization dense fluidized bed using the two‐phase flow numerical code ESTET‐ASTRID developed by Electricité de France for CFB boilers and based on the two‐fluid modelling approach. The continuous phase consists of gas and the dispersed phase consists of catalyst particles. The particle fluctuating motion is modelled using two‐separate transport equations, on the particle kinetic energy and the fluid–particle covariance, developed in the frame of kinetic theory of granular medium accounting for particle–particle and fluid–particle interactions. Time‐dependent 2D and 3D simulations have been performed for industrial and pilot reactor operating conditions. The numerical predictions are in good qualitative agreement with the observed behaviour in terms of bed height, pressure drop and mean flow organization, such as the down falling of the PE particle layer along the walls. Moreover, these simulations help to provide information about instantaneous and time‐averaged solid concentration and velocity fields. Characteristic mechanisms and influence of model closure assumptions on flow predictions are also investigated. Finally, such numerical simulations look very powerful, when validated on exhaustive data collection, to improve design and performance of industrial facilities and to provide insight into the complex physical mechanisms involved. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulations of non‐linear wave radiation in inviscid fluid with a free surface
Authors: Markiewicz M. , Ben‐Nasr K. , Mahrenholtz O. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe paper deals with the numerical simulation of non‐linear wave radiation by vertical free‐surface piercing structures moving horizontally in water of finite constant depth. A time‐stepping approach combined with the finite element method is used to simulate the potential flows due to high‐frequency oscillations of the structure. The evolution equations for the wave elevation and velocity potential at the free surface, exact up to second order, are derived using Stokes perturbation expansion. The boundary value problems up to second order at each time‐step are solved using the Eulerian description and a fixed mesh of finite elements. The results of simulations are presented for vertical cylinders of circular cross section, and for sloshing waves in annular tanks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of functional properties of egg‐white proteins
Authors: Campbell Lydia , Raikos Vassilios , Euston Stephen R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEgg‐white proteins are extensively utilised as food ingredients due to their unique functional properties. Several attempts have been made in order to improve the functional properties of egg‐white proteins and to identify the optimal formulations for unique food products. Experimental data proves that controlled denaturation of egg‐white proteins can have a beneficial impact on various functional applications in the food industry such as emulsifying ability, heat stability, gelation. This review describes the effect of heat‐induced denaturation on protein structure and functionality. Studies on the impact of Maillard reaction, which aim to elucidate the structure‐function relationship of egg‐white proteins, are presented. A novel approach which could be the basis for the development of new methods aiming to improve the functional properties of egg‐white proteins is also discussed.
Incidence of aflatoxin B1 in the Egyptain cured meat basterma and control by γ‐irradiation
Authors: Refai Mohamed K. , Niazi Zienab M. , Aziz Nagy H. , Khafaga Nagwa Ebraheem M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn the present studies trials have been carried out to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in the Egyptian cured meat basterma and to control such contamination by γ‐rays. Basterma was prepared from fresh salted meat coated with spice paste and stored at room temperature. The total mould counts of basterma samples varied from 103 to 106 cfu/g in summer months and from 102 to 105 cfu/g in winter months. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Fusarium and Cladosporium were the most common fungal genera isolated from basterma samples and its components. Basterma samples contained total aflatoxins at levels from 2.8 to 47 μg·kg–1. Aflatoxins were determined in the spice paste at levels from 9.6 to 120 μg·kg–1 and in pepper (285.6 μg·kg–1), garlic (224.4 μg·kg–1), fenugreek (194.2 μg·kg–1), coriander (166.4 μg·kg–1) and capsicum (42.4 μg·kg–1). At an irradiation dose level of 3 kGy, only one sample each of pepper, fenugreek, and spice paste were contaminated with aflatoxins and all basterma samples and its components were free from aflatoxins at an irradiation dose level of 5 kGy.
Fractionation, solubility and functional properties of wheat bran proteins as influenced by pH and/or salt concentration
Authors: Idris Wisal H. , Babiker Elfadil E. , El Tinay Abdullahi H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe content, fractionation, solubility and functional properties of wheat bran proteins as well as the effects of pH and/or NaCl concentration on some of these functional properties were investigated. The protein content of the bran was found to be 16.80%. Albumin and glutelin are the major fractions of wheat bran proteins. The minimal protein solubility was observed at pH 5.5, the maximum at pH 11.5. The emulsifying capacity, activity and emulsion stability as well as foaming capacity and foam stability were greatly affected by pH and salt concentrations. Lower values were observed at acidic pH and high salt concentration. The least gelation concentration of wheat bran proteins was found to be 16% when the proteins were dissolved in 1.0 M NaCl. The total protein was highly viscous and dispersable with water‐holding capacity of 4.20 mL H2O/g protein, oil‐holding capacity of 1.70 mL oil/g protein and bulk density of 0.29 g/mL while dispensability was found to be 77.30%.
2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH∗︁) test demonstrates antiradical activity of Dorstenia psilurus and Dorstenia ciliata plant extracts
Authors: Kansci Germain , Dongo Etienne , Genot Claude 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPlants of the Dorstenia genus, used in traditional medicine and as food ingredient in Africa, are rich in polyphenolic compounds which can be involved in prevention of disease and food spoilage through their antioxidant activity. The antiradical activities of extracts of Dorstenia psilurus, D. ciliata and a phenolic compound (6‐prenylapigenin) from D. ciliata were evaluated with the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH∗︁) test. D. psilurus chloroform and D. ciliata ethyl acetate extracts were shown to exhibit antiradical activities, with slow kinetic action. The efficient concentrations at different kinetic times “EC50, t” for the D. ciliata extract: 699, 479, 311 and 251 g/kg after 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively, were always much lower than for the D. psilurus extract: 2341, 2312, 1672 and 1281 g/kg at the same times. The antiradical activity of 6‐prenylapigenin was weak compared to the extracts. These results suggest the antioxidant activities of Dorstenia extracts and might help to understand their traditional use. We propose “EC50, t”, calculated on the curves obtained with DPPH∗︁ test, as a parameter to screen and compare antiradical activities of plant extracts with slow kinetic behaviour.
Forecasting some low‐predictability time series using diffusion indices
Authors: Brisson Marc , Campbell Bryan , Galbraith John W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe growth rates of real output and real investment are two macroeconomic time series which are particularly difficult to forecast. This paper considers the application of diffusion index forecasting models to this problem. We begin by characterizing the performance of standard forecasts, via recently‐introduced measures of predictability and the forecast content, noting the maximum horizon at which the forecasts have value. We then compare diffusion index forecasts with a variety of alternatives, including the forecasts made by the OECD. We find gains in forecast accuracy at short horizons from the diffusion index models, but do not find evidence that the maximum horizon for forecasts can be extended in this way. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen peroxide increases gap junctional communication and induces astrocyte toxicity: Regulation by brain macrophages
Authors: Rouach Nathalie , Calvo Charles‐Felix , Duquennoy Helene , Glowinski Jacques , Giaume Christian 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCultured astrocytes are highly coupled by gap junction channels mainly constituted by connexin 43. We have previously shown that gap junctional communication (GJC) represents a functional property of astrocytes that is a target for their interaction with other brain cell types, including neurons and brain macrophages. In pathological situations, neurons as well as brain macrophages produce superoxide ions leading to the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that can be cytotoxic. We report here that 10‐min exposure to 100 μM H2O2 increases GJC in astrocytes. Moreover, 30‐min exposure to 100 μM H2O2 induces, 24 h later, an astrocyte cell death by both apoptosis and necrosis. This H2O2‐induced astrocyte cell death is not affected when gap junctions are inhibited by several uncoupling agents, including 18α‐glycyrrhetinic acid, halothane, heptanol, and endothelin‐1, indicating that the proportion of cell death is not related to the level of GJC. The effect of H2O2 on gap junction channels does not result from the production of free radicals but is rather linked to modification of the redox equilibrium in astrocytes. Indeed, an oxidative agent reproduces the H2O2‐evoked response while reducing agents prevent the effect of H2O2. Finally, when astrocytes are cocultured with brain macrophages, the effects of H2O2 on both GJC and toxicity are not observed, revealing a new protective role of brain macrophages during oxidative stress. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antioxidants are necessary for myelination of dorsal root ganglion neurons, in vitro
Authors: Podratz Jewel L. , Rodriguez Esther H. , Windebank Anthony J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe have demonstrated that myelination of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons occurs in a fully defined, serum‐free medium (B27). This implies that there may be components in B27 medium that support myelination. To determine which of the components in B27 were essential for myelination, we systematically removed components from B27 until myelination was lost. We added these components to a fully defined minimal medium (N2) that supports neuron survival but not myelination. When antioxidants were removed from B27, myelination was lost. However, the individual antioxidants did not induce myelination when added to N2 medium. Addition of ascorbic acid along with the B27 antioxidants was sufficient to induce myelination in N2 medium, which was enhanced by retinyl acetate. Removal of vitamin E from B27 caused a partial loss of myelination, and addition of vitamin E to N2 medium containing ascorbic acid induced partial myelination. Addition of serum to the B27 myelinating medium inhibited myelination completely. These results indicate that antioxidants are important for myelination, in vitro. Vitamin E may play an important role. Use of a serum‐free medium may be beneficial for in vitro myelination studies because serum has unknown inhibitory effects. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.