bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution, Externalities, and Managerial Action
Authors: Shapira Zur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the organizational sciences, the evolutionary approach of the population ecology perspective has gained a dominant position. Since its introduction (Hannan and Freeman, 1977), a debate on what constitutes proper and fruitful research in and on organizations started. In particular, questions about the proper level of analysis ensued. Research in the population ecology tradition has concentrated on studies of entire organizational populations over long periods; and ignored the role of the individual within organizations. Recently, however, some researchers have begun to examine the significance of microlevel processes for macrolevel dynamics (see for example, Burgelman and Mittman, chapter 4, this volume; March and Shapira, 1992). In this spirit, and to facilitate cross-pollination among the different levels of analysis in organizational research (cf. March and Shapira, 1982), I pursue here the idea that microlevel processes have macrolevel effects that may contribute to an increased integration of evolutionary dynamics at different levels of analysis. To explore this idea I discuss some methodological problems associated with the level of analysis question, the importance of externalities, and the emergent role of managerial action. Such an endeavor, if successful, may enhance our understanding of actions within and by organizations. For, if process (rather than content) is the focus of evolutionary analysis of organizations (see March, chapter 3, this volume), then all levels of analysis should be considered, the micro as well as the macro. Potential aggregations of interactions among these different levels should be a central theme of evolutionary analysis.
Surviving Schumpeterian Environments: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Levinthal Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is what at this point has become a rather considerable body of research documenting the dynamics of the Schumpeterian process of “creative destruction” (see Majumdar, 1982; Tushman and Anderson, 1986; Tilton, 1972; Malerba, 1985). While the collapse of market position and exit of established firms may constitute the main effect of a discontinuity in an industrial market, what this chapter considers is essentially the residual error term of such an event. The process of creative destruction is often not complete; that is, some established firms may survive such a discontinuity in their environment (Abernathy and Clark, 1985). Is this “residual” merely a purely random effect or are there some systematic forces influencing the set of established firms that persist? This question is of considerable practical importance, as well as an intriguing context in which to explore some recent debates on the nature of organizational and industry evolution. Instances of technological discontinuity and, more generally, of market disequilibria are occasions for the establishment of potentially long-enduring competitive positions. While business strategy is of importance even in situations of stable market conditions, the opportunity to change one’s competitive position fundamentally is far greater at times of change when former sources of competitive advantage decay and new opportunities for establishing competitive position emerge.
On Behalf of Nïveté
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peering Into Mirrors The phenomena we see reflect ourselves. When we report what we see, our reports tell much about ourselves-they may even tell more about us than about the phenomena we claim to be observing (Starbuck and Milliken, 1988). In research, the phenomena we see reflect our analytic procedures. When we report research findings, our reports tell much about our analytic procedures. Our reports may tell more about our analytic procedures than about the phenomena we claim to be analyzing (Starbuck, 1981; Webster and Starbuck, 1988). This chapter advocates changes in our theorizing and our testing of theories. These changes would help us to formulate more meaningful theories and to evaluate them more rigorously. Although the issues and prescriptions apply generally, the discussion emphasizes time series because these are central in studies of evolutionary dynamics. A time series is a sequence of observations collected over time-for example, annual counts of steel mills over 30 years.
Progress and Problems in Population Ecology
Authors: Tucker David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this commentary is to comment on the preceding chapters, somehow to consider how and what they contribute to knowledge about organizations, and what the implications are for future research programs. But, how to do this in a reflective and rational manner? One way is to start with the observation that over the past dozen or so years population ecology has been a very fruitful enterprise, with research studies proliferating and demonstrating ever-increasing levels of methodological sophistication. Following from this is the question of whether these chapters define and help solve important puzzles in population ecology that have not yet been addressed, and whether they do so in a scientifically rigorous manner. If the answers are yes on both counts, and they are, then it is clear that these chapters are part of the cumulative knowledge process that is helping to refine and affirm the ecological analysis of organizational populations as an important subfield in organization theory. This of course is the safe conclusion and means we are all on the right road (more or less) and can continue.
How Small Firms Can Achieve Competitive Advantage in an Interdependent World
Authors: Aharoni Yair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small firms play a larger role in the economy than is often realized. Close to 90 percent of American firms employ fewer than twenty per sons, and almost half the work force is employed by companies with fewer than 500 employees. In smaller countries, an even larger percent age of the work force is employeed by small firms. More important, these smaller organizations are creating the new employment opportunities, not their bigger, better-known counterparts. The number of these firms that have cast their eyes beyond the domestic market may come as a surprise: A survey conducted for the Small Business Administration showed that 37 percent of the U.S. firms with fewer than 500 employees are exporting overseas, and that one quarter of all exporting companies, or more than 16,000, employ fewer than 100 people.
Downscoping
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large, diversified firms face unique challenges as they compete worldwide, and corporate restructuring is one way multinationals strive for competitive advantage. Weighing the pros and cons of a variety of approaches to restructuring, Downscoping offers executives a clear, strategic path through the maze. The authors show that when a multinational conglomerate fails to compete effectively, too much diversification may be the culprit. Whether the result of weak corporate governance or poor corporate strategy, over-diversification can make managers, unfamiliar with some of the markets in which they compete, opt for safety over innovation. This risk-aversion and lack of long-range commitment to innovation lead inevitably to stagnation over the longer term. The answer is not downsizing—closing offices and laying off personnel—but downscoping: a strategic approach to restructuring. The options include incentive and compensation adjustments for executives, leveraged buy-outs and capital structure changes, focusing on core skills, diversifying internationally while focusing on businesses in which a firm has strong competencies, and buying and selling mature businesses where product development is not a great concern. Regardless of the approach, executives must exercise strategic leadership during and after restructuring, including providing strategic direction, exploiting core competencies, deeloping human capital and sustaining the corporate culture. Based on systematic research rather than casual observation, Downscoping provides a strong description of restructuring alternatives and their resulting tradeoffs. Its specific guidelines for maintaining competitiveness will be essential reading for managers involved in corporate restructuring.
Songs of Zion
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the transplantation of a creed devised by and for African Americans--the African Methodist Episcopal Church--that was appropriated and transformed in a variety of South African contexts. Focusing on a transatlantic institution like the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the book studies the complex human and intellectual traffic that has bound African American and South African experience. It explores the development and growth of the African Methodist Episcopal Church both in South Africa and America, and the interaction between the two churches. This is a highly innovative work of comparative and religious history. Its linking of the United States and African black religious experiences is unique and makes it appealing to readers interested in religious history and black experience in both the United States and South Africa.
Fractal Physiology
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text explains the use of fractal patterns and measures of fractal dimensions in describing and understanding general aspects of biology, particularly human physiology. After describing the ubiqitous nature of fratal phenoma, the authors given examples of the properties of fractals in space and time. Proceeding from mathematical definitions, they develop detailed practical methods for assessing the fractal characteristics of wave forms varying with time, tissue density variation, and surface irregularities. Most importantly, they show how fractal variation defines internal spatial or temporal correlations within the fractal system or object. Simple, recursively applied rules can give rise to complex biological structures by a variety of methods. This suggests that genetic rules govern the general structuring on an organism, while rules implied by interactions at the biochemical, cellular, and tissue levels govern ontogenic development and therefore play the major role in the growth of an organism. Chaos, or non-linear dynamics, is introduced as a stimulating way to examine biological behaviour at the cellular and whole animal levels, even though proof of the chaotic nature of normal physiologic events is as yet meager. The later chapters give sets of examples of structural and behavioural fractal phenomena in nerve and muscle, in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and in growth processes. Why molecular interactions and complex systems give rise to fractals is explored and related to the ideas of emergent properties of systems operating at high levels of complexity.
Conjunction Contiguity Contingency
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This monograph comprises three intimately related studies on the grammar of hieroglyphic Egyptian and its linear descendant, Coptic, covering a period of 4000 years of language history. Depuydt approaches the subject from the standpoint of the ‘Standard Theory’ developed by his mentor, the distinguished Egyptologist, Hans Jakob Polotsky. The first essay studies the verb form called ‘conjunctive’, arguing that the function of the conjunctive is to ‘conjoin’ a chain of two or more events into a single—though compound—notion. The second essay shows how a certain syntactic construction can be used to refer to events that are contiguous, that is, events that succeed one another rapidly in time. The third essay examines verb forms that refer to events whose occurrence is contingent on the occurrence of other events implied or explicitly mentioned in the context. The respective grammatical phenomena are labelled conjunction, continguity and contingency. Taken together, these three studies constitute a significant advance in our understanding of the ancient languages of Egypt.
Auxiliaries
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Offering a new perspective on auxiliaries in particular and language structure in general, this study argues that language cannot be explained satisfactorily with reference to linguistic variables alone; what is required in addition are extra-linguistic parameters relating to how we perceive the world around us, and how we utilize the linguistic resources available to us to conceptualize our experiences, and to communicate successfully. Rather than a closed, self-contained system, language is an entity that is constantly shaped by such external factors as cognitive forces, pragmatic manipulation, history, etc. These factors are responsible for the emergence of chain-like linguistic structures, and auxiliaries are typical examples of such structures, which Heine describes as grammaticalization chains. A limited number of concrete event schemas are discussed and these schemas are shown to be responsible for much of the linguistic diversity that auxiliary constructions exhibit in the languages of the world.
South Korea: Structure and Changes
Authors: Choo Kwang-Yung , Kang Myung-Koo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first century B.c., the Korean Peninsula has been invaded by a series of forces, including those of the Chinese Empire up until the late ninteenth century and the Japanese in 1910. The current Republic of Korea was founded in 1948. During and after World War II, Korea was once again occupied. At the Potsdam Conference, the Peninsula was divided at the 38th parallel into Soviet and U.S. spheres referred to as South and North Korea. South Korea, or Korea, occupies the southern 29,000 km2 of the Peninsula. It has a current population of 44 million people. It is one of the more remarkable growth stories in the Pacific with its current GDP at $US 240 billion.
Moore and Wittgenstein on Certainty
Authors: Stroll Avrum 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ludwig Wittgenstein’s On Certainty was finished just before his death in 1951 and is a running commentary on three of G.E. Moore’s greatest epistemological papers. In the early 1930s, Moore had written a lengthy commentary on Wittgenstein, anticipating some of the issues Wittgenstein would discuss in On Certainty. The philosophical relationship between these two great philosophers and their overlapping, but nevertheless differing, views is the subject of this book. Both defended the existence of certainty and thus opposed any form of scepticism. However, their defences and conceptions of certainty differed widely, as did their understanding of the nature of scepticism and how best to combat it. Stroll’s book contains a careful and critical analysis of their differing approaches to a set of fundamental epistemological problems.
National Security Law And The Power Of The Purse
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stuggle between Congress and the President for control of national security decision-making has been an on going one. In recent years, Congress has ceded the initiative to the President and then used the power of the purse later to ratify or restrict what the President has done. Banks and Raven-Hansen provide a comprehensive study of the history, procedures, and scope of the power of the purse in national security affairs, analysing the legal sources and issues involved.
Cases of Verb Third in Old High German*
Authors: Tomaselli Alessandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is organized into five sections. In the first section, I introduce and discuss the particular construction which this investigation will concentrate on: the cases of verb-third order in matrix clauses in Old High German (OHO henceforth). In SECTION 2 OHO data will be compared with Old English (OE) data (cf. Kemenade (1987)). The third section is devoted to the presentation and discussion of two alternative analyses of these verb-third word order pat terns already proposed in the literature: that in Lenerz (1985), and that in Kemenade (1987). Finally, in the last two sections, I will propose a partially new analysis, which will lead us to discuss two important issues: the clitic head relation and the wk-construction.
Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through Alliance
Authors: Bailey Elizabeth E , Shan Weijian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The business press is full of stories about corporate alliances: KLM and Northwest Airlines, Xerox and Fuji, Caterpillar and Mitsubishi, Amgen and Kirin Brewery, IBM, Siemens and Toshiba. Information about alliances is not limited just to the news stories. Recently, a clever advertisement in The Wall Street Journal asked “What have Bill Gates, John Sculley, Scott McNealy, John Young and Larry Ellison agreed to cooperate on?” The answer: to establish an alliance between Oracle and four other computer companies.
In recent years, the number of alliances has grown at an explosive pace. But what is the incentive for these arrangements? Who cooperates with whom? And what form do these cooperative ventures take? In this chapter we will focus on three of the major forces driving this trend—the increasingly global nature of competition, the accelerated pace of technological change, and the opening of new markets such as Eastern Europe—and how firms, and governments, are creating networks of alliances that yield sustainable competitive advantage.
Slavonic’s Closest Approach to Suffixaufnahme: The Possessive Adjective
Authors: Corbett Greville G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the aims of this volume on Suffixaufnahme is to see the phenomenon in terms of a broader typology of attributive constructions. It is in this area that the evidence of the Slavonic possessive adjectives is particularly important. Possessive adjectives clearly show similarities to Suffixaufnahme constructions; indeed, as Plank (1990: 1039) points out, some researchers have tried to treat even prototypical examples of Suffixaufnahme as adjectives. I shall show that Slavonic possessive adjectives, to varying degrees, do indeed show similarities to undisputed instances of Suffixaufnahme, but that there are also important differences. These can be explained by reference to the nature of the morphological systems of the Slavonic languages. In a nutshell, I claim that some Slavonic possessive adjectives come as close to Suffixaufnahme as is possible without contravening major regularities in the morphology.
Aspects of Discourse Configurationality in Somali
Authors: Svolacchia Marco , Mereu Lunella , Puglielli Annarita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Focus and to some degree topic are central to the syntax of Somali as there is obligatory focus of one element in every main, declarative clause. Unlike the focused verb in Somali the focused NP is syntactically marked in that it must occur in a specific position. The focused element is also lexically marked by an identifying particle, referred to as focus (indicator) particle in the literature. Owing to its obligatory syntactic and lexical indication of focus, Somali can be called a focus prominent language. It can also be considered a topic prominent language (Li and Thompson, 1976) in that topic in the form of NP dislocation and resumptive pronouns is a primary feature of Somali.
Focusing in Modern Greek
Authors: Tsimpli Ianthi Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of focusing in Modem Greek (MG). It has two major aims. The first aim is to distinguish the process of focusing from the processes of topicalization and wh-movement which are also attested in the language. The second aim is to develop a theory of focusing which accounts for the distribution of focus phrases both in the syntax and at LF.
Focus and Topic Movement in Korean and Licensing*
Authors: Choe Hyon Sook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper proposes to discuss properties of focus and topic in Korean and argue that Korean, which is head-final and known as a free word order language, employs syntactic focus movement and null (topic) operator movement to meet relevant licensing conditions on focus and topic (cf. Chomsky (1986a, 93) for the notion of licensing). The processes of focus movement under consideration are wh-movement (cf. Section 3.1.1.), movement of information focus, and movement of so-called contrastive focus (cf. Kuno’s (1973) contrastive wa in Japanese). Here, I call foci that are phonetically manifested information foci (cf. Holliday (1967)) to differentiate them from contrastive foci in Korean.
The End of Corporatism? Wage Setting in the Nordic and Germanic Countries
Authors: Lange Peter , Wallerstein Michael , Golden Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of corporatism and its successes in the 1980s fueled a “growth indus try” for comparative political economy. By the early 1990s, its decline and even collapse shifted the terms of debate. Whereas initially interest was sparked by the need to investigate corporatist success, the new focus centered on the causes and consequences of corporatism’s seeming demise. The analysis of Swedish political economy is paradigmatic of this shift. In the 1970s, Sweden embodied the model corporatist country. Its highly centralized bar gaining between densely representative organizations of labor and capital was encouraged by government, which used social and economic policies to underpin and facilitate such arrangements. The outcomes were apparently beneficial for all concerned: the economy was efficient, as indicated by Swedish competitive success internationally, but also relatively equitable, as evidenced by the country’s record of redistribution.
Strikes Around the World: A Game Theoretic Approach
Authors: Tsebelis George , Lange Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bargaining power of labor vis-a-vis capital declined in the 1980s. A series of conditions contributed to this decline. Unemployment rose in most OECD countries; left-wing governments were replaced by the political right; internal differentiation weakened labor in negotiations; increased capital mobility strengthened the bar gaining position of capital. However, these generalized conditions did not have a consistent impact on a central feature of the interaction between labor and capital in industrialized countries: strike activity. Days lost to strikes increased substantially in some OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, declined in others, and remained stable in still others (see Table 5.1).
Ellipsis
Authors: Lobeck Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lobeck elaborates a theory of ellipsis which brings the phenomenon under the aegis of very general and universal principles. She argues that the Empty Category Principle (ECP) constrain the distribution of ellipsis just as it constrains the distributions of traces and null pronouns, which has implications not only for ellipsis but for the study of empty categories as well.
Classificatory Particles In Kilivila
Authors: Senft Gunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Common among the world's languages is the phenomenon of classification, a partly or fully grammatical division of the noun lexicon into distinct classes that ultimately derives from the human need to classify and filter data on various levels while communicating. In this book, Senft describes and develops a grammar of classificatory particles in Kilivila, an Austronesian language of the Trobriand Islanders in Papua New Guinea. Drawing largely on his anthropological and linguistic fieldwork in the islands, and emphasizing the use of classifiers in a social context, Senft provides quantitative data and a statistical profile of the status and use of these particles, and the classifier system that employs them.