bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive impairment and syndromal depression in estimates of active life expectancy: the 13‐year follow‐up of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area sample
Authors: Gallo Joseph J. , Schoen Robert , Jones Richard 
Published: March 2003

Gallo JJ, Schoen R, Jones R. Cognitive impairment and syndromal depression in estimates of active life expectancy: the 13‐year follow‐up of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 265–273. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: Our hypothesis was that including cognitive status and syndromal depression in specifying functional impairment would result in significant differences in estimates of active life expectancy from specifications that included only standard functional measures (such as|activities of daily living).Method: The subjects were the 3481 continuing participants of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchments Area Program. Interviews included criterion‐based diagnosis of depression, assessment of cognitive status and standard survey questions on function.Results: Estimates of active life expectancy decreased from 9.8 years to 8.9 years at age 65 years for men, and from 10 years to 8.4 years at age 65 years for women, when the definition of active life expectancy included measures of cognitive impairment and syndromal depression.Conclusion: Measurements of active life expectancy tend to ignore dependencies related to psychological causes, and should move beyond mere enumeration of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living.
Sex differences in late‐life depression
Authors: Sonnenberg C. M. , Beekman A. T. F. , Deeg D. J. H. , van Tilburg W. 
Published: March 2003

Sonnenberg CM, Beekman ATF, Deeg DJH, van Tilburg W. Sex differences in late‐life depression.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 286–292. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: The primary aim of this study was to assess sex differences in depression in later life.Method: In a random, age and sex‐stratified community sample of 3056 older Dutch people (55–85 years) the prevalence, symptom‐reporting and risk factors associated with depression in later life were studied. Depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES‐D). Bivariate, multivariate and factor analyses were used.Results: Prevalence of depression in women was almost twice as high as in men. Controlling for age and competing risk factors reduced the relative risk for females with more than half. Symptom‐patterns in men and women were very much alike. Sex differences in associations with risk factors were small, but exposure to these risk factors was considerably higher in females.Conclusion: Very little evidence for a typical ‘female depression’ was found. Female preponderance in depression was related to a greater exposure to risk factors.
Quantitative EEG in ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ schizophrenia
Authors: Begić D. , Hotujac Lj. , Jokić‐Begić N. 
Published: March 2003

Begić D, Hotujac Lj, Jokić‐Begić N. Quantitative EEG in ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ schizophrenia.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 307–311. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: Quantitative EEG has yielded different results in schizo phrenia. The method of quantitative EEG has been relatively poorly used in the studies of the dichotomy into positive and negative schizophrenia.Method: Amplitude values of any particular frequency band (after fast Fourier transformation, FFT) were observed in 47 schizophrenic patients (25 patients with positive and 22 patients with negative schizophrenia) and in 50 normal subjects. The frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions (F3, F4, C3, C4, T3, T4, P3, P4, 01 and 02) were observed.Results: Positive and negative schizophrenia were found to differ only in the delta and theta bands over frontal regions. Positive and negative schizophrenic patients were found to differ from normal subjects in delta, theta, alpha and beta 2 bands.Conclusion: Delta and theta activity may play a role as a marker in differentiating between positive and negative schizophrenia.
Heterogeneity in schizophrenia; mixture modelling of age‐at‐first‐admission, gender and diagnosis
Authors: Welham J. , Mclachlan G. , Davies G. , McGrath J. 
Published: March 2003

Welham J, McLachlan G, Davies G, McGrath J. Heterogeneity in schizophrenia; mixture modelling of age‐at‐first‐admission, gender and diagnosis.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 312–317. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: Identifying and explaining sources of heterogeneity in schizophrenia would help elucidate its aetiology and course. In this paper we examine heterogeneity in terms of age‐at‐first‐admission, diagnosis and gender by decomposing a large dataset using mixture modelling. Method: Using the Queensland Mental Health Statistics System, we first extracted age‐at‐first‐admission data for schizophrenia (ICD8/9 295) to represent a ‘narrow’ definition of schizophrenia (N=7651); we then added paraphrenia (297) and other non‐organic psychoses (298) for a ‘broad’ definition (N=10 199). Mixture models were fitted to these narrowly and broadly defined distributions for both males and females. Results: For narrowly defined schizophrenia a three‐component model best fitted both male and female distributions. While the mean ages of these components were very similar for both males and females, the ratios of males to females crossed from an excess of males in the ‘youngest’ component to an excess of females in the ‘oldest’ component. When using the broad definition, four components best fitted the underlying distributions. While the first three were similar to those found for narrowly defined schizophrenia, the additional fourth component reverted to a male excess; however, the mean age for males was 10 years younger than for females.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that subtypes based on age‐at‐first‐admission can be identified, although the number identified depends on how inclusively schizophrenia is defined. While there appear to be the same number with similar mean ages for both genders, there are differences in the proportions of males to females. Further work to fully characterize their nature is warranted.
Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM‐IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social funtioning
Authors: Morosini P.L. , Magliano L. , Brambilla L. , Ugolini S. , Pioli R. 
Published: March 2003

Morosini P‐L, Magliano L, Brambilla L, Ugolini S, Pioli R. Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM‐IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social funtioning.Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101:323–329. © Munksgaard 2000.Objective: Development of a scale to assess patients' social functioning, the Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP).Method: PSP has been developed through focus groups and reliability studies on the basis of the social functioning component of the DSM‐TV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). The last reliability study was carried out by 39 workers with different professional roles on a sample of 61 psychiatric patients admitted to the rehabilitation unit. Each patient was rated independently on the scale by the two workers who knew them best.Results: The PSP is a 100–point single‐item rating scale, subdivided into 10 equal intervals. The ratings are based mainly on the assessment of patient's functioning in four main areas: 1) socially useful activities; 2) personal and social relationships; 3) self‐care; and 4) disturbing and aggressive behaviours. Operational criteria to rate the levels of disabilities have been defined for the above‐mentioned areas. Excellent inter‐rater reliability was also obtained in less educated workers.Conclusion: Compared to SOFAS, PSP has better face validity and psychometric properties. It was found to be an acceptable, quick and valid measure of patients' personal and social functioning.
Lithium monitoring before and after the distribution of clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Eagles John M. , McCann Ian , Neil T. , MacLeod N. , Paterson Neil 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine whether distribution of clinical practice guidelines improves lithium monitoring and whether standards of monitoring differed between patients in psychiatric contact and those seen only in primary care. Method: Standards of monitoring were assessed for patients on lithium in northeast Scotland throughout 1995 and/or throughout 1996. Guidelines were circulated in January 1996 to all local general practitioners and psychiatrists. Monitoring was compared between 1995 and 1996 and for patients with and without psychiatric contact. Results: Both primary care and psychiatric records were scrutinized for 422 and 403 patients prescribed lithium throughout 1995 and 1996, respectively. While monitoring was poor on several parameters during both years, frequency of measurement of both thyroid and renal function improved in 1996. Standards of monitoring were better for patients in psychiatric care. Conclusion: Standards of lithium monitoring require further improvement. Locally agreed practice guidelines are helpful but patients on lithium should be in continuing contact with an experienced psychiatrist.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors influences clinical dosing strategies and reduces drug costs in depressed elderly patients
Authors: Lundmark J. , Bengtsson F. , Nordin C. , Reis M. , Wålinder J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: This study was initiated in order to describe and evaluate the effects of a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) routine of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on treatment strategies and drug costs in depressed elderly patients. Method: Blood samples were drawn from elderly depressed patients and analysed for steady‐state trough serum concentrations of citalopram (n=48), paroxetine (n=48) or sertraline (n=39). A global efficacy evaluation was made at baseline and after 6–9 months. Antidepressant drug costs before and after TDM were estimated. Results: Eight samples were excluded due to technical problems or non‐compliance. In 65 of the 127 (51.2%) remaining cases, the treatment strategy was changed according to the TDM outcome, in most a reduction of the prescribed dose. Bioanalytical TDM costs included the antidepressant drug costs after TDM were reduced by 10.2%. Conclusion: The results support the utility of TDM in the search for the individual minimum effective SSRI dose in the elderly.
Quantitative and qualitative aspects of obsessive‐compulsive behaviour in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder compared with tic disorder
Authors: Moll G.H. , Eysenbach K. , Woerner W. , Banaschewski T. , Schmidt M.H. , Rothenberger A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Within the framework of associated psychopathology in child psychiatric disorders, this study focused on quantitative and qualitative aspects of obsessive‐compulsive behaviour (OCB) in both attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic tic disorder/Tourette's disorder (TD). Method: Forty‐two healthy controls, 41 children with ADHD and 38 children with TD, aged 9–13 years, were investigated using the Leyton Obsessional Inventory — Child Version (LOI‐CV), the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and an expert‐rated structured parent interview to reflect a cross‐informant view of OCB. Results: Unexpectedly, self‐reports of children with ADHD rather than children with TD showed the highest OCB scores in the LOI‐CV. Qualitatively, ADHD‐related OCB focused on the item subsets concerning ‘dirt and contamination’, ‘repetition’, ‘overconscientiousness’, and ‘hoarding’. In the parent‐rated CBCL, similar levels of OCB were reported for ADHD and TD patients. In contrast, only children with TD showed clinically relevant OCB according to expert ratings. Conclusion: Not only young TD patients but also children with ADHD should be investigated and monitored carefully for quantitative and qualitative aspects of OCB comorbidity.
Atypical antipsychotics and weightgain — a systematic review
Authors: Taylor D. M. , McAskill R. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To review systematically data relating to weight changes with atypical antipsychotics. Method: We conducted a Medline search on October 29 1999 and covered the period 1980–99. All recovered papers were examined for further relevant reports. In addition, we wrote to pharmaceutical manufacturers and 10 practising clinicians to ask them to provide other relevant reports known to them. Results: Eighty reports mentioning change in body weight were retrieved. Data relating to weight changes were of variable quality. Weight changes were indicated by a variety of measures. The majority of reports related to short‐term changes. Conclusion: All atypical drugs, with the exception of ziprasidone, have been associated with weight increases. Clozapine seems to have the highest risk of weight gain, followed by olanzapine and quetiapine. There is probably a lower risk with risperidone, sertindole and zotepine and a still lower risk with amisulpride. Ziprasidone appears not to be associated with weight gain. In the absence of more compelling data, these rankings must be considered approximate and preliminary. Longer, more robust trials are needed.
Finnish adoptive family study: sample selection and adoptee DSM‐III‐R diagnoses
Authors: Tienari P. , Wynne L. C. , Moring J. , Läksy K. , Nieminen P. , Sorri A. , Lahti L. , Wahlberg K‐E. , Naarala M. , Kurki‐Suonio K. , Saarento O. , Koistinen P. , Tarvainen T. , Hakko H. , Miettunen J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To evaluate the genetic contribution to schizophrenia using an adoption design that disentangles genetic and environmental factors. Method: Finnish hospital diagnoses of schizophrenic/paranoid psychosis in a nationwide sample of adopting‐away women are compared with DSM‐III‐R research diagnoses for these mothers. DSM‐III‐R diagnoses of their index offspring are blindly compared with adopted‐away offspring of epidemiologically unscreened control mothers. Results: Primary sampling diagnoses of index mothers were confirmed using DSM‐III‐R criteria. Lifetime prevalence of typical schizophrenia in 164 index adoptees was 6.7% (age‐corrected morbid risk 8.1%), significantly different from 2.0% prevalence (2.3% age‐corrected morbid risk) in 197 control adoptees. When adoptees with diagnoses of schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizotypal disorder and affective psychoses were added, the contrast between the index and control adoptees increased. Conclusion: The genetic liability to ‘typical’ DSM‐III‐R schizophrenia is decisively confirmed. Additionally, the liability also extends to a broad spectrum of other psychotic and non‐psychotic disorders.
Prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in Switzerland
Authors: Bondolfi G. , Osiek C. , Ferrero F. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of pathological gambling in the Swiss adult population before the introduction of new forms of gambling, and the link between pathological gambling and alcohol abuse. Method: 2526 telephone interviews were completed using standardized assessment instruments for identifying potential and probable pathological gamblers (SOGS) and alcohol abuse (CAGE). Results: The current prevalence of probable and potential pathological gamblers were estimated to be 0.8% and 2.2%, respectively. The results also show a clear correlation between alcohol abuse and gambling behaviours. Conclusion: For the first time estimations are available of the Swiss prevalence rates of pathological gambling. Considering the link between gambling availability and increases in the prevalence of pathological gambling and the correlation between alcohol abuse and pathological gambling, the implications of these results for the prevention and treatment of this debilitating disorder are discussed.
Visual perseveration: a new side effect of maprotiline
Authors: Hori H. , Terao T. , Nakamura J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe a case of visual perseveration including palinopsia during maprotiline therapy. Method: A single case report. Results: The patient, a 56‐year‐old depressive man, suffered from visual perseveration during maprotiline therapy. The visual perseveration was dose‐related and disappeared with reduction and cessation of the therapy. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that maprotiline can induce visual perseveration including palinopsia in some patients.
The classification of first episode schizophrenia: a cluster‐analytical approach
Authors: Lastra I. , Vázquez‐Barquero J. L. , Herrera Castanedo S. , Cuesta M. J. , Vázquez‐Bourgon M. E. , Dunn G. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: This paper examines, using data from the Cantabria First Episode Schizophrenia Study, the usefulness of subdividing, using a cluster analysis technique, this schizophrenia population into subgroups with similar symptoms profiles in terms of SANS and SAPS. Method: Diagnostic characteristics were determined using the Present State Examination (PSE‐9) and the SANS/SAPS. Premorbid adjustment was assessed using a scale developed combining the Gittelman and Klein's Scales, and the Goldstein's scales. Social Adjustment was evaluated using the WHO‐DAS. In addition clinical histories were used to assess the patients' clinical course. Results: Our schizophrenic patients could be subtyped into four categories: negative, positive non‐paranoid, simple and disorganized schizophrenia. There is an absence of significant association between the majority of the variables investigated and the four‐cluster model. Conclusion: Even though our sample could be subtyped into different categories, the model does not show predictive power according to the 3‐year follow‐up data.
The prevalence of personality disorder among UK primary care attenders
Authors: Moran P. , Jenkins R. , Tylee A. , Blizard R. , Mann A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine the prevalence rate of personality disorder among a consecutive sample of UK primary care attenders. Associations between a diagnosis of personality disorder, sociodemographic background and common mental disorder were examined. Method: Three hundred and three consecutive primary care attenders were examined for the presence of ICD‐10 and DSM‐4 personality disorders using an informant‐based interview. Results: Personality disorder was diagnosed in 24% (95% CI: 19–29) of the sample. Personality‐disordered subjects were more likely to have psychiatric morbidity as indicated by GHQ‐12, to report previous psychological morbidity, to be single and to attend the surgery on an emergency basis. ‘Cluster B’ personality disorders were particularly associated with psychiatric morbidity. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence rate of personality disorders among primary care attenders. These disorders are associated with the presence of common mental disorder and unplanned surgery attendance. Personality disorders may represent a significant source of burden in primary care.
Unmet needs in the community:can existing services meet them?
Authors: Lefebvre Johane , Cyr Mireille , Lesage Alain , Fournier Louise , Toupin Jean 
Published: March 2003

Objective: This prospective study of community cases examined: (a) needs for care; (b) whether services meet the needs; and (c) personal factors associated with unmet needs. Method: Two separate ‘Needs for Care Assessment Schedule – Community version’ evaluations identified 38 subjects with No Need (NN), 19 with Met Needs (MN) and 25 with Unmet Needs (UNM). Other instruments included the Diagnostic Interview Schedule – Abridged Version (DISSA) and repeated measures of symptoms and social functioning. Results: (a) Cases did not equate needs. (b) Services utilization did not equate having met needs. (c) Respondents with UNM were more likely to present high rates of lifetime DSM‐III‐R disorders, no marital relationship ever, no employment, high rates of life events, and physical or sexual abuse in childhood. They have worse outcome in terms of distress and social functioning. Conclusion: Personnal factors may prevent respondents from seeking, engaging and benefiting from treatment.
Are commonly used self‐report inventories suitable for screening postpartum depression and anxiety disorders?
Authors: Muzik M. , Klier C. M. , Rosenblum K. L. , Holzinger A. , Umek W. , Katschnig H. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The utility of several self‐report symptom inventories were examined for detecting postpartum depression (MDD) and anxiety disorders (AD). Method: Fifty women (3 or 6 months postpartum), at heightened risk for MDD, completed several depression and anxiety symptom checklists. Psychiatric diagnoses were obtained via SCID interview. Results: Rates of MDD (n=9) and AD (n=9) were equivalent in this sample, with minimal diagnostic overlap. While all the self‐report depression inventories screened accurately for MDD, none discriminated AD sensitively and reliably. Conclusion: The frequent occurrence of AD emphasizes the need to identify appropriate screening instruments for postpartum anxiety disorders.
Family interventions in schizophrenia and related disorders: a critical review of clinical trials
Authors: Barbato A. , D'Avanzo B. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To update evidence from studies on family intervention in schizophrenia looking carefully at methodological issues. Method: Twenty‐five studies were reviewed, using specific outcome criteria, and computing effect sizes whenever possible. Results: Effect on relapse is relatively well assessed, although differences emerged particularly in comparison with poor control treatments and disappeared in recent studies. Findings on patient's symptoms, social functioning or family variables are limited and affected by methodological pitfalls. No difference between intervention models emerged, although behavioural/psycho‐educational approaches were better investigated. Patients' inclusion, greater frequency and length of treatment led to better results. The main flaws were: poor control of standard treatment, small sample sizes, failure in evaluating clinical significance in continuous outcome variables. Conclusion: It remains unclear whether the effect depends on family treatment or on more intensive care. The failure to relate outcome to family‐mediating variables is a challenge to the rationale underlying family interventions.
Patient education in schizophrenia: a review
Authors: Merinder L‐B. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To identify and analyse methodology and results of studies of patient education in schizophrenia. Method: A literature search was made in the databases Medline, Excerpta Medica, Psychlit and Cinahl. Results: Most studies demonstrate that knowledge and compliance can be improved by educational interventions. Compliance seems to be most readily influenced by interventions including behavioural components. A few studies indicate that relapse and symptomatology can be influenced by educational interventions as well. No influence of the duration of interventions was found. Where educability is studied, age, medication and level of symptoms are potential predictors. Conclusion: Due to methodological limitations and insufficient reporting the results of available studies on patient education in schizophrenia are far from conclusive. The demonstration of the efficacy of patient education in improving knowledge and compliance is most consistent.