bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Plumer Eric 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Consistent with his dual role as parish priest and spiritual director of a monastic community, Augustine chose to write a commentary on Galatians that is essentially pastoral, intended not only to merely inform his audience but also to form them spiritually in the faith. In it, Augustine teaches that Christian correction plays an indispensable role in spiritual formation and should always be given and received in humility and love. The Letter to the Galatians provides Augustine with a model of Christian correction, not only because Paul corrected the Galatians and told how he once corrected Peter but also because he taught the Galatians how they ought to correct one another. The list of Christian authors that Augustine used as sources for his Commentary coincides closely with the list given in a famous passage of De Doctrina Christiana. This and numerous other links between these two works demonstrate that the Commentary is a practical example of the theory of interpretation set forth in De Doctrina Christiana and indeed paved the way for that theory.
Four-Dimensionalism
Authors: Sider Theodore 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
According to ‘four‐dimensionalism’, temporally extended things are composed of temporal parts. Most four‐dimensionalists identify ordinary continuants—the persisting objects ordinary language quantifies over and names—with aggregates of temporal parts (‘space‐time worms’), but an attractive alternate version of four‐dimensionalism identifies ordinary continuants with instantaneous temporal slices and accounts for temporal predication using temporal counterpart theory. Arguments for four‐dimensionalism include the following: (1) Either substantivalism or relationalism about space‐time is true, but given substantivalism one might as well identify continuants with regions of space‐time, which have temporal parts, or with instantaneous slices of space‐time, whereas relationalism about space‐time cannot be made to work without temporal parts. (2) It can never be vague how many objects exist; if temporal parts do not exist, then a restrictive account of which filled regions of space‐time contain objects must be given, but no such account can be given that is plausible and non‐vague. (3) Four‐dimensionalism—especially the alternate, counterpart‐theoretic version—provides the most satisfying overall account of the ‘paradoxes of material constitution’, in which numerically distinct material objects (e.g. statues and lumps of clay) apparently share exactly the same parts. Objections to four‐dimensionalism (involving, e.g., motion in homogeneous substances and de re modal properties) may be answered. While logically independent of the question of four‐dimensionalism, the book also defends related theses, including (1) a robust meta‐ontology according to which unrestricted existence‐statements are non‐vague, non‐analytic, and uninfected by human convention; (2) the B‐theory of time (the opposite of presentism); (3) unrestricted composition; and (4) counterpart theory (both modal and temporal).
Arguments Against Four‐Dimensionalism
Authors: Sider Theodore 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
If four‐dimensionalism is an ontological, rather than conceptual or ordinary‐language, thesis, some traditional objections are misguided. It then does not require any particular semantics for tensed claims, does not imply any conceptual or epistemic priority of stage‐talk, and does not preclude a distinction in ordinary thought between processes and things. A more metaphysical traditional objection is that four‐dimensionalism precludes genuine change, but there is no good reason to regard the four‐dimensionalist's conception of change as non‐genuine. A better objection: four‐dimensionalism assigns the wrong modal properties to continuants. Reply: everyone, not just a four‐dimensionalist, should accept a ‘flexible’ account of de re modal predication. Counterpart theory is one such account, but not the only one. Best objection: four‐dimensionalism precludes motion in homogeneous substances. Reply: it is only four‐dimensionalism plus Humean supervenience that has the consequence, and even then, motion in homogenous substances may be allowed in many cases, assuming a holistic account of genidentity.
Fertility and Social Interaction
Authors: Kohler Hans-Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considerable controversy exists among demographers, economists, and sociologists over the causes of fertility change in developing and developed countries. The neoclassical economic approach to fertility is embraced by its supporters because it facilitates the application of sophisticated consumer and household production theory to one of the most private and intimate questions: a couple's reproductive behaviour. Despite the theoretical appeal of the economic approach, it has been eschewed by many critics because of its lack of social and institutional context, its neglect of cultural factors and its requirements of ‘rationality’. The integration of social interaction with economic fertility models in this book emerges as a powerful tool to overcome many of these criticisms. First, the analysis provides a formal integration of economic, sociological, and other approaches to fertility and shows that there is a useful and promising agenda at the intersection of these schools. The second and more important goal is to sharpen the analytic lens with which theorists from different schools investigate fertility. For economists, the work shows the advantages of moving beyond individual decision‐making and embedding the fertility decisions in a ‘local environment’ with interpersonal information flows, ‘atmospheric’ or social externalities, norms, and customs. For sociologists, this work intends to show that the theorizing about the interaction in social network can be more sophisticated. Thirdly, the findings have important implications for population policy. The analyses in this book show when family planning is likely to diffuse and lead to rapid adoption of birth control, and they derive conditions when Pareto‐improving policy measures are likely to exist.
Introduction
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe question of how corporations should be governed to enhance corporate and economic performance has been widely discussed in the last two decades in the USA and the UK, but until recently, the subject of corporate governance has attracted much less attention on the European continent, in Asia, and in other parts of the world. By the late 1990s, however, corporate governance had become a major, and highly contentious, issue in all of the advanced economies and, increasingly, in developing countries as well. International organizations, including the OECD, the World Bank, and the IMF have devoted increasing attention to corporate governance as a topic of global concern. The starting point for the analysis of corporate resource allocation and its governance presented in this book is a concern with the dynamics of enterprise and economic performance, and central to the process through which successful enterprises and economies improve their performance over time, as well as relative to each other, is a phenomenon that can broadly be termed ’innovation’; the term is used here in a general sense to include all activities that enterprises and economies undertake to deliver higher‐quality and/or cheaper products, i.e. it has a distinctly commercial connotation, and in particular, is not reducible to technological novelty. The particular focus of the book is a comparison of the historical development of systems of corporate governance in the USA and Germany, and given the pervasive influence of the US system as a model of corporate governance in contemporary academic and policy debates, an especially detailed historical analysis of the evolution and influence of governance institutions in that country has been done; this reveals the value of the organizational control framework for understanding the economics of corporate governance in the USA, and highlights the serious deficiencies of alternative theoretical treatments of the contemporary US system that have often led to what, in historical perspective, are serious misunderstandings of its essential elements.
Transforming the Debates on Corporate Governance
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Anglo‐American debates on corporate governance that have taken place over the last two decades have been largely confined to shareholder theory, which is the dominant perspective, and stakeholder theory, which is its main challenger. The shareholder theory of corporate governance is discussed in Sect. 2.2 of the chapter, which argues that the theory precludes an understanding of the nature of corporate governance required for innovation as a result of its failure to incorporate a systematic analysis of innovation, and more generally, of production, in its conceptual framework. Rather, taking its lead from neoclassical economics (as discussed in Sect. 2.3), it regards economic activity as synonymous with exchange and, as a result, conceives of resource allocation as a transaction that is reversible, individual, and optimal. In the academic arena, one of the most sophisticated proponents of the stakeholder argument is Margaret Blair, an economist at the Brookings Institution, and her arguments are addressed in the discussion of the stakeholder theory of corporate governance in Section 2.3. The last main section of the chapter, Sect. 2.4, discusses organizational control theory––its logic, the theory in relation to innovation, and its institutional foundations.
From Managerial to Contested Control in Germany
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLike its US counterpart, the characteristic features of the post‐war system of corporate governance in the former West Germany have deep roots in the region's history. Section 7.2 of this chapter analyses the evolution of managerial control in pre‐war Germany and identifies its central institutional foundations as inter‐company shareholding and bank–industry relations. Section 7.3 describes how these institutions persisted in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) after the war, although through the institution of co‐determination, the post‐war system of corporate governance was transformed beyond its narrow pre‐war confines into a contested form of organizational control; in shaping control over corporate resource allocation, these social conditions were complemented by institutions––especially the dual system of apprenticeship––that supported the organizational integration of resources in German business enterprises. Section 7.3 further discusses how, on the basis of the system of governance that supported organizational control, German companies achieved considerable success in industrial sectors in which high quality was more important than low cost as a basis for competitive advantage; it also analyses how the type of organizational control that emerged in the post‐war period influenced the distribution of wealth in the economy. The last main section, Sect. 7.4, discusses corporate governance in relation to performance.
The Emerging Challenges to Organizational Control in Germany
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In recent decades the institutional foundations of organizational control in Germany have proven to be more enduring than those in the USA, but, nevertheless various pressures have built up on the German system of corporate governance that raise questions about its sustainability in its current form. Some of these pressures emanate from sources external to the operation of the domestic corporate economy, such as the processes of European integration and German reunification, but the more powerful pressures reflect financial and productive challenges that are integrally related to the evolving political economy of the German corporate sector. First, pressures for financial liquidity have increased; as Germans have grown wealthier, they have been moving their savings out of bank deposits and into more market‐based instruments, a trend that is likely to lead to increased demands for higher returns on corporate securities; these pressures are discussed in Sect. 8.2. The second formidable challenge to the German system of organizational control, that posed by international competition, especially from Japan, is discussed in Sect. 8.3; the Japanese competitive challenge is fundamentally an organizational one since it confronts the social foundations on which German enterprises have successfully competed in the past even in high‐quality niches in which they have previously been unrivalled. Together, and in combination with forces external to the German economy, these structural changes in the German economy (the one financial, the other productive) may challenge the foundations of the post‐war system of corporate governance; Sect. 8.4 documents some of the political responses to these challenges from key interest groups and, in particular, labour and financial interests in the German economy; Sect. 8.5 concludes by drawing out some of the possible implications of these responses for the future of German corporate governance.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe empirical analysis of the US and German systems of corporate governance presented in this book has highlighted the prevalence of organizational control across industry and over time. In both cases, the institutional foundations for organizational control were laid in the late nineteenth century, yet the comparison of the systems of governance reveals that they have taken very different forms in these two countries, with important economic and political repercussions. Furthermore, governance institutions in both the USA and Germany have evolved substantially, so that in both cases the essence of organizational control has changed considerably over the course of the twentieth century. The book has tried to illustrate the advantages of the organizational control theory for understanding the complex interaction between institutions of corporate governance and economic performance across countries and over time, and has argued that it is only by taking seriously the dynamics of enterprises and economies, that the relationship between corporate governance and corporate performance as it has existed and as it is evolving can be understood. However, there is a need for much more detailed empirical analysis in order to understand the economic logic of systems of corporate governance, and the need for further research can be identified at various levels of analysis, which are discussed.
Thresholds of Opportunity and Barriers to Change in the Right‐Sizing of States
Authors: Lustick Ian S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ian S. Lustick asks how can and do states ‘down‐size’ themselves by shrinking the ambit of their authority —a contraction that may be defined as consociationalism, or as partition, or as some combination of both such as in federative or cantonal schemes. Drawing on hegemonic theory of Antonio Gramsci, the author argues that state expansion and state contraction have a regime threshold and an ideological threshold. The elites first develop incumbency‐related interests in preserving central state control over the territory; then images of threats to the regime of the central state overshadow incumbency concerns; and then the larger conception of the state may become part of the common senses of political life. The author proposes applications of the theory to the study of state interests, conflict resolution, and the process of regime institutionalization and deinstitutionalization.
From Reshaping to Resizing a Failing State? the Case of the Congo/Zaïre
Authors: Callaghy Thomas M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Thomas Callaghy applies Lustick's theory of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization to Zaïre under the dictatorship of Mobutu Sese Seko, and the subsequent conflict under Laurent Kabila. He argues that that failing state was subject to reshaping efforts by the opposition for over fifteen years, and that these efforts resulted in a strong ‘war of position’ and a weaker ‘war of manoeuvre’. The author shows how the struggle between opposition and the regime was affected by the systemic processes of state failure and dramatic changes in regional and international dynamics in the post‐Cold War context in Central Africa.
Manufacturing Identity and Managing Kurds in Iraq
Authors: Natali Denise 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDenise Natali analyses 20 years of state‐reshaping projects in Iraq as an attempt by the Iraqi elite to draw Kurds into the state and to recognize the existence of a Kurdish ethnicity and region, while maintaining the idea of Kurds as ‘Iraqis first’ and of ‘Kurdistan’ as an internal part of sovereign Iraq. The author traces Iraq's transition from a colonized country to a modern welfare state to a military dictatorship, and shows how centre–periphery relations swung as a result of elite politics in Baghdad. The author unearths the complexity behind the national identity formation process, particularly under the uncertainty of economic transition and the centre's asymmetric relations with different ethnic groups at the periphery.
Right‐Sizing Over the Jordan: The Politics of Down‐Sizing Borders
Authors: Lynch Marc 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Marc Lynch examines the Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank in 1988 as a case of state downsizing. The author focuses on international factors and elite politics on both sides of the Jordan River, drawing conclusions on the influences of state downsizing on the changing character of the Jordanian political regime under King Hussein and his son, Abdullah. The author examines the role of public sphere changes and the political identity, the entrepreneurs played in the process, and he outlines the reflexive institutional relationship of the disengagement on state institutions, political parties, the press, and professional organizations. Finally, he examines the role of the Arab–Israeli peace process for the formula of separation between Jordan and Palestine.
Federalism Without Constitutionalism: Europe's Sonderweg
Authors: Weiler J. H. H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on the European Union, and looks at the promise and possibilities that emerge once the federal vision is liberated from ‘statist’ conceptions of political organization. The author views attempts to transform the European project into one of federal constitutionalism along statist lines as deeply misguided. The first section points out that the constitutional discipline of Europe is in most respects indistinguishable from that of advanced federal states, but with the huge difference that Europe chose not to presuppose the supreme authority and sovereignty of its federal demos. There is then a brief analysis of some of the premises on which the constitutional debate is typically based. The rest of the chapter explains why the unique brand of European federalism represents not only its most original political asset but also its deepest set of values, and offers a normative reading of the European constitutional architecture.
Centralization and Its Discontents: The Rhythms of Federalism in the United States and the European Union
Authors: Donahue John D. , Pollack Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Identifies some general themes that typically figure in particular policy debates in the USA and the European Union. It first traces, in the broadest possible outlines, the historical rhythm of centralization and decentralization in the USA and the EU, and then offers a few observations, for each polity, on the phase of the cycle at the start of the twenty‐first century, discussing the rhythms of federalism in the USA, and the EU experience of integration and subsidiarity. The generic arguments that drive the specific debates involved often concern geography‐linked diversity, the advantages and disadvantages that come with governmental scale, the role of autonomous governments as testbeds for innovation, and the alignment of choice and consequence to minimize policy externalities.
Devolution in the United States: Rhetoric and Reality
Authors: Kincaid John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Critically examines the fashionable notion that the steady trajectory of USA federalism in recent decades has been in the direction of decentralization or devolution; the case made rests above all on the pervasiveness of concurrency: ‘All public functions are likely to involve intergovernmental power‐sharing in one way or another . . . The centralization that has occurred in the USA has rarely involved wholesale federal occupation of policy fields . . . often in a positive‐sum manner in which there is a concomitant expansion of State and/or local government powers’. In this context, so‐called devolution in the USA has been far from a wholesale transfer of power but rather a series of halfway measures. More importantly, if legitimacy has not been enhanced through outright devolution—presumably an unachievable first‐best in the author's view—then ‘issues of process’ are vital. That is the legitimacy of the norms, institutions, and mechanisms that allow constant adjustment of roles and responsibilities between levels of government in response to changing circumstances and changing citizen preferences. The four sections of the chapter look in turn at definitions of devolution, explanations for the disjunction between devolution, rhetoric and devolution reality in the USA, devolution politics, and the implications for the EU.
The Role of Law in the Functioning of Federal Systems
Authors: Bermann George A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Federal systems are about the distribution of legal and political power, but law is not only one of the currencies of federalism, it is also one of federalism's most important supports; this chapter considers the role that law plays in establishing and enforcing the system by which both legal and political power are distributed within the USA and the EU. Bermann explores the various ways in which the courts can, and choose to, enforce the principles of federalism beyond the classical ‘political’ and ‘procedural’ safeguards provided by the institutional structures themselves and the constraints on the deliberative process. He describes the reluctance on the part of courts on both sides to police the borders of enumerated competences, assess the ‘necessity’ of federal action, or carve out the ‘core’ of state sovereignty, all of which are ways of ‘second‐guessing’ the political process; he then points to the recent emphasis of the USA Supreme Court on what he calls the ‘relational’ aspects of federalism, whereby courts can identify ‘forbidden interfaces’ between State and federal governments, even without specific constitutional grounds. Bermann uses the examples of sovereign immunity and of anti‐commandeering to illustrate the manner in which court‐enforced constraints on the manner in which different levels of government interact can protect and promote democratic accountability in the USA. In contrast, European Union law offers no protection against risks to democracy from commandeering, but more broadly relies almost exclusively on the representation of member states and sub‐national units in the Council as structural political safeguards.