bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redefining Determinacy
Authors: Franck Thomas M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Determinacy is a literary characteristic of rule texts and of rules; it is about transparency. It denotes a rule’s clarity of meaning: how effectively it communicates with the parties to a dispute. It also denotes the extent to which the rule’s communicative power exerts its own dynamic pull toward compliance, which may not always correlate with its textual clarity. We have noted, with regret-because it would have simplified matters were it otherwise-that the determinacy of a rule is not simply a textual property; nor is it solely a consequence of the literary form in which it is cast. Although very clear rules constructed around quantitative standards (“2500-meter isobath”) and binary categories (“red light to port, green light to starboard”) give the appearance of readly accessible determinacy, this can be misleading.
Validation and Coherence
Authors: Franck Thomas M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have examined in some depth the symbolic validation of new states and governments by their peers, the cueing familiarly known as recognition. When this is done as a collective act of the members of an international organization, it is called admission to membership or acceptance of credentials. All these confer symbolic validation and, thus, a degree of legitimacy. These validating rituals matter because the status of the new state or government is thereby enhanced: that is, it acquires status legitimacy which carries entitlements and obligations akin to those of its peers. But this legitimation only occurs, symbolically, if the symbol represents, and the cue communicates, what is perceived reality or, at least, not unreality.
An Introductory Essay: Viewing the Past
Authors: Cohen Richard I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contemplating the uses and implications of visual sources for the study of the past, one is reminded of the classic work of Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, and especially of his remarkable concluding chapters. Convinced that the various modes of artistic creation reflected the prevailing tendency of the age toward magnificence, Huizinga went so far as to characterize even the contemporary festivals and spectacles as applied literature. It was clear to him that “art was subservient to life. Its social function was to enhance the importance of a chapel, a donor, a patron, or a festival, but never that of the artist.”1 As such, its social reception was inevitably associated with the religious sentiment it intended to arouse, limiting the possibilities of appreciating beauty in its own right. But Huizinga was also intrigued by the creative force of the artistic material in relation to the literary genre of the period, remarking both on its strength in the expression of depth and detail and on its weaknesses in communicating sardonic and comical intention.
The Uses of Primitivism: Reuven Rubin in Palestine
Authors: Heyd Milly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Modem art is characterized by a series of artistic revolutions occurring over a short period of time and at a pace previously unknown in art history. Since the establishment of the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design in 1906, Jewish art in Eretz Israel has gone through a parallel process. Yet, rather than formulating various styles of their own, artists in Eretz Israel borrowed from the already established European artistic languages and adapted them to local purposes. Since artists did not use the whole spectrum of the styles available, the questions of choice emerge: Why were certain modes of expression chosen? What does the choice signify? Certain European styles and iconography were more suitable to the needs of the newly emerging art in the Jewish state-in-the-making since they expressed the artist’s struggle to adapt to the new environment.
The Visual Dreyfus Affair—A New Text? On the Dreyfus Affair Exhibition at the Jewish Museum, New York
Authors: Cohen Richard I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Virtually no event in France’s contemporary history has rivaled the Dreyfus affair in its attraction to the mind and imagination of writers and scholars. And now, just as the appearance of a recent comprehensive book1 had seemingly put the affair to rest, at least for the time being, one encounters the exhaustive exhibition on the Dreyfus affair at The Jewish Museum in New York (September 1987-January 1988), which stuns even the most voracious reader of Dreyfusiana. A whole new world, a visual one, which has only barely been assimilated into historical analysis, is revealed. Neglected or simply overlooked, the extensive graphic work assembled in the recent exhibition and its catalogue jars, provokes and humors our sensitivities while raising new questions on the nature of the affair and the interrelationship between the visual and the literary texts.2
Max Liebermann and the Painting of the Public Sphere
Authors: Rogoff Irit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, Max Liebermann has been discussed either within the framework of such stylistic characterizations as naturalism or German impressionism or within the historical institutional context of secessionist politics and later, those of the Prussian Academy of Arts, which he headed during the Weimar years.
These approaches do not, however, yield a great variety of insights beyond those relating to culture as reflective of its social conditions, as of the general social order. Instead, I propose that another notion of culture and its social and political grounding (as suggested by the work of several historians) be applied here. According to this new perspective, culture is constitutive, a signifying system through which, necessarily, a social order is communicated, reproduced, experienced and explored.1
“Home Is Where the Heart Is”: Jewish Themes in the Art of R. B. Kitaj
Authors: Barsky Vivianne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
R. B. Kitaj is an expatriate American artist who has lived and worked mainly in London for the past thirty years. An absorbing painter and outstandingly sensitive draftsman, Kitaj enjoys considerable prestige both in his adopted country and internationally. From the outset of his artistic career, Kitaj’s highly sophisticated pictures—executed in a consciously and deliberately eclectic style, often forming a kind of latter-day allegory—have conveyed an uncommonly wide range of subjects nourished by the artist’s keen and shrewd scrutiny of the most disparate aspects of modem life, copious reading and personal experience. One of the strands of that experience is Kitaj’s Jewishness, a fact that, ever since the early 1970s, has come to preoccupy him more and more and that has had a significant thematic impact on his art.
Forging Judaica: The Caseof the Italian Majolica Seder Plates
Authors: Mann Vivian B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The attempt of the art historian to understand a given work reverses, to an extent, the creative process of the artist and seeks the sources of forms, iconography and compositions. Only by discerning what was common currency in the period when the work was created can the scholar perceive its uniqueness and only by reversing the creative process can the modem observer fully understand the import of a work for the artist’s contemporaries. In the case of an undated or unsigned work, the search for sources becomes even more important. Iconographic, compositional and formal models establish a historical context that indicates the approximate date of a work’s creation. Occasionally, an investigation of sources may lead the art historian to conclude that a work, even a dated or signed one, is not what it appears to be since one or more of its constituent elements is out of context, inappropriate to its alleged age and provenance.
Heroine or Traitor? The Controversy over Manya Vilbushevich-Shohat and Her Links with Zubatov
Authors: Goldstein Yaacov 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early in 1921 the newly formed General Federation of Workers in Eretz Israel—the Histadrut—decided to send a delegation to the United States. This decision, which was implemented later that year, represented the first step in the development of a long-standing relationship between the Histadrut and the Jewish trade unions in America, which eventually expanded to embrace American labor generally.
The Meaning of Exile
Authors: Shimoni Gideon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Arnold M. Eisen’s work is a fine example of the excellent scholarship in Jewish studies currently flourishing in America, scholarship that has been enriched by exposure to Israeli learning. Characteristic of the American ambience—but in this respect contrasting somewhat with the tendency of Israeli scholarship—is the daring sweep shown by the author who, although essentially a scholar of modem Jewish religious thought, also ventures to mine the classical sources in this evocative study of the meanings for Jews, past and contemporary, of the concept Galut (exile).
Poe Detects Marie: Poe, Mary Rogers, And The Birth Of Detective Fiction
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the opening pages of “The Mystery of Marie Roget,” Edgar Allan Poe’s imaginative work based on the Mary Rogers case, Poe writes: “I can call to mind no similar occurrence producing so general and so intense an effect.” Referring, of course, to all the intense public reaction to the event that he termed the “New York tragedy,” he concluded that it was “the atrocity of this murder … the youth and beauty of the victim,” and, above all, “her previous notoriety” that conspired to bring about this “intense excitement.” Far from being a detached observer, Poe was engaged by this “intense excitement” as well as by the opportunity it offered to write an extended meditation on the death of a beautiful woman, his acknowledged favorite subject of composition. Like the press reports on which it is based, the tale is a narrative of a violent and sexually motivated death set ostensibly in 1840s Paris (a Paris that closely resembles New York)—a narrative figured around a beautiful female body that has already begun the process of decomposition. For Poe, this body, the body of Marie/Mary, becomes both the subject and object of an elaborate puzzle, a puzzle decoded by the “diseased mind” of Poe’s celebrated detective hero, C. Auguste Dupin. Here sex, violent death, and the city once again converge, initiating the actual, if unacknowledged, unities of the modem detective genre around the actual death of Mary Rogers. Through this literary transformation, what Lydia Child understood as the “Tragedy of Mary Rogers” was reinvented by Poe as the “New York tragedy.”
Tales Of New York In The Ink Of Truth: Reinventing Mary Rogers
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Toward the conclusion of Joseph Holt Ingraham’s Herman de .l. Ruyter: Or, The Mystery Unveiled, the Sequel to La Bonita Cigarera: Or the Beautiful Cigar Vender [sic]. A Tale of New York Life, a handsome young English Lord, traveling in New York, struggles to “fix and individualize” a familiar face. “Suddenly,” the narrator informs the reader, “the truth flashed upon his mind,” as the young nobleman recognizes in a young woman of seventeen the face he has seen in a “portrait of a young girl at ten.” They were, of course, one and the same: “the face answered to the face as in a mirror, and their identity was clear and decided.” The face is that of Maria, the beautiful cigar vendor of the title and the novel’s central character.
Who Rules? Economic power
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Americans normally believe that their politics are unique. Soviet analysts have found very little unique about them. In the Marxist view politics derive ultimately from the economic system and directly from the struggle of social classes to keep or obtain power. So, for the Soviets, the politics of Great Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United States are similar less because these countries call themselves democracies than because each has a highly developed capitalist economic and social system. The Soviets consider today’s capitalist economic system to be two stages removed from the capitalism Karl Marx described in the mid-nineteenth century. In his day free competition among a large number of small manufacturers was a basic feature of the capitalist system. But Marx predicted that this very competition would eliminate most competitors and that production would be concentrated in the hands of fewer and more powerful owners.
Who are the Rulers and the ruled? The class Structure
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the Soviets see differing interests as the motive for politics, then the conflict of class interests is the most significant political activity. In Soviet analyses the class struggle that goes on under the conditions of liberal democracy is the underlying dynamic fact of American political life. Like Marx himself, Soviet writers have devoted considerable attention to the class struggle in capitalist countries but little to systematically studying the class structure.1 In the Soviet case the neglect was caused mainly by the politics of Stalin’s rule, which brought the study of class effectively to a halt. Major Soviet studies on class in general and specifically on American class structure began to appear only in the 1960s.
Soviet Intellectual Contexts and the Interpretation of American Politics
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the politics of a capitalist country, American politics are supposed (in both senses of the word) to fit the mindset’s mold. At the same time many Soviet writers find much to criticize about the way American politics are studied using the concepts of SMC, bourgeois democracy, and the class struggle. How and why did this conventional Soviet analytical framework come into being? How and why did it change in some ways but remain constant in others? How do these continuities and changes affect the study of American politics? In cultural terms and most broadly conceived, the mindset is produced by the reciprocal interactions of the ideology with reality, of belief with experience, of commitment with flexibility, of prescription with adjustment, and of the Marxist-Leninist value system with “life.” Ideas and ideals often take on a life of their own. But on a less abstract level, and because they do not exist in a vacuum, these interactions are mediated by psychological factors. They live, as the saying goes, in hearts and minds, as a mixture of feelings and intellect in individuals.
Explaining American Politics: Theories of Class, Pluralism, and Elitism
Authors: Mills Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Soviet approaches to American politics highlight two of the most fundamental questions in political analysis: Who rules and how do they rule? The Soviets have answered these questions in their own way. We in turn can evaluate the quality or tenability of their replies by considering where they fall within the range of possible answers. Among the options some are more relevant to the American political experience than are others. The most relevant at first sight seem to be mutually exclusive, but further examination shows that the vitality of any alternative, the Soviet one included, depends upon its capacity for absorbing modifications, some of which may actually originate in another option.
Cell Biology of Testicular Development in the Fetus and Neonate
Authors: Orth Joanne M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The mammalian testis originates in the young fetus and continues to develop throughout the remainder of fetal life and some portion of the postnatal period. After puberty, when its development is completed, the testis will play a dual role in insuring fertility by producing sperm, its exocrine product, and androgen, its endocrine product. Although both functions are vital in the adult, the bases for these processes are established long before puberty, during perinatal development. Interestingly, in young fetuses of both sexes, the gonads evolve along identical lines through the indifferent stage, and it is only after this point that development diverges in males and females. Thus, although genetic sex is determined in an individual at fertilization, “maleness” of the gonad is a characteristic that is acquired through a series of specific developmental changes which give rise to a recognizable testis.
Genetic Control of Spermatogenesis and Steroidogenesis
Authors: Chubb Curtis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The germinal epithelium within seminiferous tubules produces millions of spermatozoa on a daily basis throughout the adult life of mammals. This proliferative process, named spermatogenesis, is even more extraordinary when one considers that the product is a motile cell with a condensed nucleus, a haploid genome, and minimal cytoplasm. It is logical to assume that the genetic control of spermatogenesis must be tightly regulated because failure to produce functional spermatozoa would doom a species to extinction.
The Seminiferous Tubular Microenvironment
Authors: Hinton Barry T , Turner Terry T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although we often speak of the seminiferous tubular microenvironment as if it were a singular thing, in reality the tubules are surrounded by and contain a series of microenvironments, each playing a necessary role in the development of spermatozoa. The developing germ cell is faced with several different microenvironments within the seminiferous epithelium and another that bathes the luminal spermatozoa and apical membranes of Sertoli cells. Even this latter microenvironment may change from one area of the tubular lumen to another and may exert different influences on germ cells or Sertoli cells along the way. Knowledge of seminiferous tubule physiology is now much more extensive than it was 20 years ago when specific studies of the intratubular microenvironment began (Tuck et al., 1970; Levine and Marsh, 1971); nevertheless, much of what is presently known about the seminiferous microenvironment is still limited to the microenvironment in the seminiferous tubule lumen. For example, we know much less about the microenvironment surrounding the developing germ cells within the seminiferous epithelium. The knowledge that is developing within this latter area comes primarily from cell biological studies, and this discussion attempts to integrate these developments with what is known about the physiology of the testicular parenchyma.
The Austro-Hungarian Banking System
Authors: Köver György 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century the Habsburg Monarchy lost its international character and the Danubian monarchy became a multinational conglomeration. The dynasty did its best to make a genuine union of the empire. With this aim in view in 1754 a protection is tariff system was adopted to establish close links on the basis of the differences of regional potentialities and a large-scale regional division of labor. In 1850 the last internal customs frontier, separating Hungary from the hereditary provinces, was abolished and the customs union created. The autonomist and separationist national struggles having been defeated in 1848/49, an unrestricted absolutism dominated the 1850s.
The Invisible Weapon
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Telecommunication is, and always has been, a political technology, as the timely flow of information is a vital instrument of power. This book examines the political history of telecommunications between 1851, the year the first telegraph cable linked France and Britain, and the end of World War II. Headrick argues that telecommunication gives people options, not orders. During periods of peace, cables and radio were, as many had predicted, instruments of peace; in times of tension, they became instruments of politics, tools for rival interests, and weapons of war. the book illuminates the political aspects of information technology: the speed of telegraphy, which could diffuse conflicts in far-flung empires, but which also hastened the deterioration of diplomacy on the brink of the First World War; the broad coverage of radio, which increased public knowledge and public pressure on governments, and consequently the political interest in controlling news; and the security of telecommunications, which made communications strategy, communications intelligence, and cryptography decisive tools during the two World Wars.
Introduction
Authors: Mattey Joe P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The federal government has a large impact on the economy of the Pacific Northwest through macroeconomic policies and timber sale policies. In recent years, many members of the forest products industry have questioned the federal government’s ability to perform effectively either of its economic policy roles-beneficent timber baron or macroeconomic policymaker. Criticism of the federal government reached a high point in 1982, when timber buyers found themselves holding contracts for national forest timber that obligated them to pay roughly five times more than the current value of the timber. They had acquired the contracts at public auctions conducted by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the United States Forest Service (USFS).
Risk-Taking by Zombie Firms?
Authors: Mattey Joe P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The “zombie effect” is the additional incentive to borrow funds and make risky investments created by insolvency of a firm. The zombie effect can be neutralized by risk sensitivity in the cost of credit to the insolvent firm. It can be quite strong if the insolvent firm can obtain credit at risk-insensitive costs and receives temporary forebearance from a closure rule that depends on the firm’s net worth position. This chapter explores whether the timber contract overbidding can be explained as rational risk-taking by zombie firms.
The Biological Roots of Human Nature
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this stimulating book, Goldsmith argues that biology has a great deal to say that should be of interest to social scientists, historians, philosophers, and humanists in general. He believes that anyone studying the social behaviour of humans must take into consideration both proximate cause – the physiology, biochemistry, and social mechanisms of behavior – and ultimate cause – how the behavior came to exist in evolutionary time. Goldsmith, a neurobiologist, draws examples from neurobiology, psychology, and ethology (behavioral evolution). The result is a work that overcomes mant of the misconceptions that have hindered the rich contributions the biological sciences have to offer concerning the evolution of human society, behavior, and sense of identity. Among the key topics addressed are the nature of biological explanation, the relationship between genes and behavior, those aspects of behavior most likely to respond to natural selection, the relationship between evolution and learning, and some probable modes of interaction between cultural and biological evolution. By re-examining the role of biological explanation in the domain of social development, the author has significantly advanced a more well-rounded view of human evolution and shed new light on the perennial question of what it means to be human. His book will appea to biologists, social scientists, traditional humanists, and interested general readers.