bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of mouthrinses on morning bad breath in healthy subjects
Authors: Carvalho M. D. , Tabchoury C. M. , Cury J. A. , Toledo S. , Nogueira‐Filho G. R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground: During sleep, a proliferation of oral bacteria is responsible for the release of offending gases in morning breath even in healthy people. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the bad breath‐inhibiting effect of four commercially available mouthrinses (0.03% triclosan, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride and essential oils) on morning breath when compared with a positive and a negative control.Method: A six‐step double‐blind, crossover, randomised study was conducted in 12 dental students with healthy periodontium, who refrained from mechanical plaque control during a 4‐day period. The subjects were instructed to rinse twice daily with the assigned product during each period. Fifteen‐day washout intervals were used. Before professional plaque and tongue coating removal (baseline), the morning breath was scored through volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) level measured by a sulphide monitor. After 4 days, VSCs and plaque index (PI) were recorded.Results: Even in the absence of mechanical plaque control, there was a decrease in VSC level with the use of all mouthrinses, with the exception of an increase with the use of the negative control. The VSC formation was inhibited in descending order, by positive control (0.2% chlorhexidine), 0.12% chlorhexidine, triclosan and essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride. Plaque formation was inhibited by chlorhexidine mouthrinses and essential oils.Conclusions: These findings suggest that mouthrinses can reduce morning bad breath, and that such a reduction is not attributable only to the reduction of supragingival plaque formation.
Radiographic parameters as prognostic indicators for healing of class II furcation defects
Authors: Horwitz Jacob , Machtei Eli E. , Reitmeir Peter , Holle Rolf , Kim Ti‐Sun , Eickholz Peter 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjective: To evaluate radiographic measurements for use as prognostic indicators for healing of class II furcation defects following regenerative therapy.Material and Methods: In 17 patients (eight females), 33 class II furcation defects (mandibular buccal (n=10) and lingual (n=12), and maxillary buccal (n=11)) were treated using the barrier membrane technique. Twenty‐six furcations were treated using a bioabsorbable membrane, while a nonresorbable membrane was used to treat the remaining seven furcation defects. Clinical parameters and standardized radiographs were obtained before as well as 6 and 24 months after therapy. All radiographs were digitized and evaluated by an examiner blinded to the clinical data. The following distances were measured: cemento‐enamel junction line (CEJ‐line) to alveolar crest (AC) at the furcation site (AC‐CEJ line), CEJ‐line to the furcation fornix (Fx‐CEJ line), width of the furcation at the level of the AC (FW) as well as the distance from Fx to a straight line between the AC mesial and distal of the tooth (Fx‐AC line).Results: Statistically significant (p<0.001) horizontal attachment gains could be observed 6 and 24 months after therapy (6 months: 1.49±0.85 mm; 24 months: 1.14±0.91 mm). However, a small but statistically significant (p=0.031) attachment loss of 0.35 mm was observed between the 6 and 24 months examination. Multilevel regression analyses identified baseline probing depth (p=0.0017) and 3 of the radiographic distances as prognostic factors: Fx‐CEJ line (p=0.014), FW (p=0.0535), Fx‐AC line (p=0.0827).Conclusion: The analysis of presurgical radiographs may yield information on the success of the regenerative therapy of buccal and lingual class II furcation defects. A long root trunk, a wide furcation entrance and an Fx coronal to the AC have negative influences on the success of therapy. Further, a deep probing depth at the furcation site at baseline increases the likelihood for more favourable horizontal attachment gain in furcations.
Validity and reliability of partial examination to assess severe periodontitis
Authors: Aída Borges‐Yáñez S. , Maupomé Gerardo , Jiménez‐García Gustavo 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjectives: To compare the extent and severity index (ESI) with a gold standard represented by actual readings of loss of attachment on six sites around all teeth present (excluding third molars).Methods: Five standardized dentists (κ=0.6) examined 712 subjects 20 years of age at a dental school (1993–1995). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and true and apparent prevalence were established.Results: True severe periodontitis prevalence was 95.8%. ESI underestimated the severity (0.1 mm), extent (4%), and prevalence (16%) of periodontitis. The severity, as established by ESI, coincided 23.4% with the gold standard. ESI failed to identify 16.7% of subjects with severe periodontal disease, but specificity and positive predictive value were very high.Conclusions: The underestimation of severe periodontitis through ESI may lead to inadequate recommendations for further treatment. Accurately identifying subjects with severe periodontitis requires a full‐mouth examination. Because the ESI relies on measurements taken on only 28 periodontal sites to estimate the periodontitis status of the entire mouth, the validity and reliability of ESI may be modified by the prevalence of severe periodontal disease and the distribution of disease according to age and operational definitions.
Prevalence of gingival overgrowth in transplant patients immunosuppressed with tacrolimus
Authors: Ellis J. S. , Seymour R. A. , Taylor J. J. , Thomason J. M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAims: The study aims to determine the prevalence and severity of gingival overgrowth in a group of adult organ transplant recipients immunosuppressed with tacrolimus in comparison with ciclosporin, and to examine various risk factors for the development of gingival overgrowth.Methods: Forty patients taking tacrolimus were compared with 197 ciclosporin patients. Demographic, pharmacological and periodontal data were recorded for all patients. Comparison between the groups was made using independent sample t‐tests, χ2 statistic or Mann–Whitney test. The effects of risk variables on overgrowth severity were examined using forward and backward stepwise regression analysis.Results: Those taking tacrolimus had a significantly lower mean gingival overgrowth score (14.1%) compared with ciclosporin (22.4%). Fifteen percent of the tacrolimus group had clinically significant gingival overgrowth compared with 30% in the ciclosporin group (p=0.053).Conclusions: The prevalence and severity of gingival overgrowth is less in adult transplant patients taking tacrolimus compared with ciclosporin. Concomitant use of calcium channel blockers and previous medication with ciclosporin are significant risk factors for the presence and severity of gingival overgrowth. Patients who have alteration of their immunosuppressant from ciclosporin to tacrolimus may persist in demonstrating gingival overgrowth attributable to their ongoing therapy with calcium channel blockers.
Quadrant root planing versus same‐day full‐mouth root planing
Authors: Apatzidou D. A. , Riggio M. P. , Kinane D. F. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that over a period of 6 months, same‐day full‐mouth scaling and root planing (FM‐SRP) resulted in greater reductions in the detection frequency of five putative periodontal pathogens compared with quadrant scaling and root planing (Q‐SRP) in chronic periodontitis patients.Materials and Methods: Forty patients were recruited into this study. Subjects were randomised into two groups. The FM‐SRP group received full‐mouth scaling and root planing completed within the same day, while the Q‐SRP group received quadrant root planing at 2‐weekly intervals over four consecutive sessions. Selected‐site analyses were performed on the deepest site in each quadrant before and after therapy, at approximately 3 and 6 months from baseline (R1 and R2) and clinical indices were recorded with an electronic pressure‐sensitive probe. In addition, subgingival plaque samples were collected from these sites at baseline (BAS), at reassessment 1 (R1), approximately 6 weeks after the completion of therapy and at reassessment 2 (R2), 6 months from baseline. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Bacteroides forsythus in plaque.Results: Both therapies resulted in significant improvements in all clinical indices both at R1 and R2. A marked reduction in the presence of all candidate periodontal pathogens was noted after both treatment modalities, reaching statistical significance for the majority of the test organisms. These improvements were maintained over a period of 6 months. When the two treatment groups were compared, a significantly higher percentage of Q‐SRP patients was positive for P. intermedia at R1 compared with FM‐SRP patients (p<0.05). In addition, a greater reduction in the patient prevalence for T. denticola was found for the FM‐SRP group than the Q‐SRP group at R1 and R2 from baseline (p<0.005), but the significance of this is questionable given the skewed detection frequency of this organism at baseline between the two treatments (p<0.01).Conclusion: This study failed to confirm that same‐day FM‐SRP resulted in greater microbiological improvements compared with Q‐SRP at 2‐weekly intervals over a 6‐month period, as determined by PCR.
Does cavitation occur around powered toothbrushes?
Authors: Lea S. C. , Price G. J. , Walmsley A. D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAims/objectives: The aim of this investigation was to determine if cavitational activity occurred around powered toothbrushes using a chemical dosimeter system based on terephthalic acid (TA).Material and Methods: Five powered toothbrushes were used in this investigation: Braun Plaque Remover D8, Braun Oral‐B 3D, Philips Jordan Sensiflex HX2520, Sonicare PS‐1 and Sonicare Elite HX 7351/02. Each brush head was inserted into a conical flask containing 50 cm3 of aqueous TA solution. Brushes were operated for 10 and 20 min and a cuvette of the solution was placed in a fluorescence spectrometer (Perkin Elmer 3000). The fluorescence emitted at wavelength 425 nm, which is proportional to •OH radical concentration, was monitored.Results: Any cavitational activity that may have been produced by the powered toothbrushes was below the limit of detection of the system (<10−8 M) for the timescales investigated.Conclusions: This work has demonstrated that cavitational activity does not occur around powered toothbrushes. Operating the toothbrushes for periods up to 20 min resulted in no cavitational activity being detected.
Review article: The dangers of polemic: Is ritual still an interesting topic of historical study?
Authors: Koziol Geoffrey 
Published: January 2004

Philippe Buc, The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory.Gerd Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik im Mittelalter: Kommunikation in Frieden und Fehde.Frans Theuws and Janet L. Nelson (eds). Rituals of Power from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages.Joëlle Rollo‐Koster (ed), Medieval and Early Modern Rituals: Formalized Behavior in Europe, China and Japan.
Cognitive factors in student nurses’ clinical problem solving
Authors: Cholowski Krystyna M. , Chan Lorna K. S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  The assumption that the acquisition and mastery of the nursing process alone is sufficient to explain problem‐solving performance has been challenged in recent literature. Researchers have argued that the quality of prior knowledge is a key component in explaining performance. In addition, motivational orientation and the quality of reasoning have been found to have different effects on performance in cognitive tasks. The aim of this study is to explore student nurses’ clinical problem solving based on a model consisting of their motivational orientation, prior knowledge, diagnostic reasoning and diagnostic solutions.Methods  One hundred and thirty‐five second‐year nursing students completed the Study Process Questionnaire and the Causal Attribution Questionnaire prior to receiving five lectures on mental illness. A knowledge test and a clinical problem‐solving task provided measures of prior knowledge, quality of diagnostic reasoning, and the quality and comprehensiveness of nursing diagnosis. A correlational design using pairwise correlations, hierarchical regression and path analysis examined the relationships among these data.Results and conclusions  The results indicated an important role for a belief in personal control, for the accessibility and structuring of prior knowledge, and the quality of diagnostic reasoning, in generating high quality and comprehensive nursing diagnoses. The findings suggest that all contributing components of clinical problem solving need to be addressed in nursing education.
Electronic Clinical Communications Implementation (ECCI) in Scotland: a mixed‐methods programme evaluation
Authors: Pagliari Claudia , Gilmour Mhairi , Sullivan Frank 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAims  The Electronic Clinical Communications Implementation programme aims to facilitate implementation of electronic systems for primary‐secondary care communication, focusing on laboratory results reporting, outpatient appointment booking, referral, discharge and clinic correspondence, and clinical e‐mail. This independent programme evaluation explored the processes and outcomes of implementation, barriers and facilitators to system adoption, and benefits and drawbacks for professional users. Methods  The mixed methods approach incorporated document review, surveys, stakeholder interviews, consensus exercises, and monthly recording of quantitative process and outcome  variables.Results  Qualitative and survey work highlighted wide variation in the technologies and implementation approaches adopted. A consensus process was used to instigate a national minimum dataset. To date, implementation of laboratory results reporting has demonstrated the greatest success and electronic outpatient booking the least. A mixed‐format survey of users in clinical practice revealed a more detailed picture of behaviour and attitudes demonstrating that where systems are available and accepted they are utilized, while product usability, process complexity and user‐engagement methods  influence uptake.Conclusions  The evaluation has demonstrated the difficulties faced when attempting to implement a multifaceted technological and behavioural change intervention on a national scale, but has also revealed unexpected benefits, including general improvements in Information Management & Technology capability across the Scottish health service.
Analysis of networks based on styrene and divinylbenzene containing iron anchored using variable pressure scanning electron microscopy
Authors: De Santa Maria L. C. , Leite M. C. A. M. , Costa M. A. S. , Ribeiro J. M. S. , Senna L. F. , Silva M. R. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThere is great demand for the development of composite materials containing small metal or metal oxides particles, owing to their variable properties and wide application. However, microscopic evaluation of these materials using high‐vacuum scanning electron microscopy is difficult because the samples must undergo a series of preparation steps to reach a high image quality and to avoid becoming shrunk inside the microscope vacuum chamber. Thus, in this study, we used variable pressure scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the morphology and iron distribution on the surface of magnetic microspheres based on poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene). These materials were obtained by suspension copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in the presence of fine iron particles. Energy‐dispersive X‐rays were also used to analyse distribution of the iron particles. The results indicate that, under the conditions used, magnetic microspheres with a relatively narrow size distribution were formed. Moreover, the micrographs show that agglomerated iron particles appeared only on the microsphere surface.
Near‐field optical microscope observation of dye‐containing nano‐domains
Authors: Yamamoto N. , Mizokuro T. , Mochizuki H. , Horiuchi S. , Hayakawa T. , Hiraga T. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryA novel method for forming dye‐containing nano‐domains in thin films using a polymer alloy system has been developed. The polymer alloy system (PS‐b‐PMMA), which consists of polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), forms microphase separation in thin films. The film was treated using a previously reported technique under vacuum conditions, and an organic dye was selectively dispersed into the PS. Selective association of the dye (diarylethene; cis‐1, 2‐dicyano‐1, 2‐bis (2,4,5‐trimethyl‐3‐thienyl) ethene) with the PS nano‐domains was then observed, with both transmission electron microscopy and scanning near‐field optical microscopy with an absorption spectrum.
A new structure for enhanced transmission through a two‐dimensional metallic grating
Authors: Van Labeke D. , Baida F. I. , Vigoureux J.‐M. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe spectral response of metallic two‐dimensional periodic structures in which circular apertures are engraved has been extensively studied. We show that in such devices transmission can be highly enhanced by partially shutting the central parts of each aperture in order to make a periodic array of subwavelength coaxial structures.
Waveguiding through a two‐dimensional metallic photonic crystal
Authors: Baida F. I. , Van Labeke D. , Pagani Y. , Guizal B. , Al Naboulsi M. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryWe present a two‐dimensional (2D) finite‐difference time domain simulation of the propagation of light through linear and bent channels in metallic photonic crystals. We took as a starting point the Bozhevolnyi experiment, consisting of the scattering of surface plasmons by a 2D structure of finitely sized periodic gold dots arranged in a triangular lattice of 400‐nm period. We model injection and propagation of light through linear channels of different widths. We also study the behaviour of light in the presence of a 90° bent line defect made in the structure. We show that the confinement depends on the orientation of the input and output line defects. The two cases of ΓM and ΓK orientations are considered and a spectral study for five different wavelengths is carried out.
Quantification and visualization of anisotropy in trabecular bone
Authors: Ketcham R. A. , Ryan T. M. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryA number of methods for measuring anisotropy in trabecular bone using high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography exist, which give different answers but have not been compared in detail. In this study, we examine the mean‐intercept length (MIL), star volume distribution (SVD) and star length distribution (SLD) methods, their algorithmic implementation for three‐dimensional (3D) data, and how their results relate to each other. A uniform ordered sampling scheme for determining which orientations to sample during analysis enhances the reproducibility of anisotropy and principal component direction determinations, with no evident introduction of biasing. This scheme also facilitates the creation of a 3D rose diagram that can be used to gain additional insights from the data. The directed secant algorithm that is frequently used for traversing pixel and voxel grids for these calculations is prone to bias unless a previously unreported normalization is used. This normalization ameliorates the bias present when using cubic voxels, and also permits calculations on data sets in which the slice spacing is not equal to the pixel spacing. Overall, the three methods for quantification of anisotropy give broadly similar results, but there are systematic divergences that can be traced to their differences in data and processing, and which may impact on their relative utility in estimating mechanical properties. Although discussed in the context of computed tomography of trabecular bone, the methods described here may be applied to any 3D data set from which fabric information is desired.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy – an attractive tool for studying the uptake of xenobiotics into plant foliage
Authors: Liu Z. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe application of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to the study of xenobiotic uptake into plant foliage is explored in this paper. Three fluorescent dyes of low molecular weight and contrasting polarities (hydrophilic, moderately lipophilic and lipophilic) were selected to represent foliage‐applied pesticides. These model compounds were applied as droplets to the surfaces of various leaves and/or fruits according to the particular experiment. The transcuticular diffusion behaviour, the compartmentation into epidermal cells and the influence of a surfactant on the uptake of these fluorescent compounds were visualized by CLSM. Distinct differences in diffusion speed across the cuticle and distribution in cell compartments were found between different fluorescent compounds. The presence of a surfactant significantly accelerated the uptake of the moderately lipophilic dye into both thin‐ and thick‐cuticled leaves. The results are discussed in relation to the current knowledge on pesticide uptake and translocation. The advantages and limitations of this technique are highlighted.
Correlation‐based methods of automatic particle detection in electron microscopy images with smoothing by anisotropic diffusion
Authors: Nicholson W. V. , Malladi R. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryTwo methods of correlation‐based automatic particle detection in electron microscopy images are compared – computing a cross‐correlation function or a local correlation coefficient vs. azimuthally averaged reference projections (either from a model or from experimental particle images). The ability of smoothing images by anisotropic diffusion to improve the performance of particle detection is also considered. Anisotropic diffusion is an effective method of preprocessing that enhances the edges and overall shape of particles while reducing noise. It is found that anisotropic diffusion improves particle detection by a local correlation coefficient when projections from a high‐resolution reconstruction are used as references. When references from experimental particle images are used, a cross‐correlation function shows a more marked improvement in particle detection in images smoothed by anisotropic diffusion.