bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Potential Differences Related to Spatial Attention in Migraineurs With and Without Aura Symptoms Support Supposed Differences in Activation.
Authors: Woestenburg J.C. , Kramer C.J. , Orlebeke J.F. , Passchier J. 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISIt is to be expected that differences in electrical activity of the brain between migraine patients with aura and those without aura can only be revealed by stimuli that provoke visual spatial processing, i.e. stimuli that trigger so called endogenous Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) activity. This is not the case for the flashes and checkerboard reversals. Those stimuli elicited exogenous activity only. During and between attacks the blood flow of migraineurs with aura changes in the posterior cerebral part of the brain, which is assumed to be specialized in the processing of spatial aspects of visual stimuli.Reaction times (RTs), early and late Event Related Potential (ERP) differences were compared at 12 scalp positions for two groups of migraineurs (with and without aura) and a control group. They had to perform a passive attention task, checkerboard reversals, and an active attention task, where attention was either divided into or focussed at spatial locations.In agreement with many studies on migraine, checkerboard stimuli did not differ on any early components. However, RTs were faster for migraineurs with aura and their early components were different when stimuli were highly attended. This is probably because these stimuli can relatively easily trigger cortical activity due to an over activated central mechanism and an enhanced level of attention.
The Prevalence of Headache and Migraine in Atopic Children: An Epidemiological Study in General Practice
Authors: Mortimer M.J. , Kay J. , Gawkrodger D.J. , Jaron A. , Barker D.C 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISThe lifetime prevalence of headache and migraine was assessed in an unselected sample of atopic (asthma, eczema or rhinitis) children in a general practice population of known socio‐economic and age/sex composition. Maternal migraine was also recorded. The prevalence of both headache and migraine was significantly and proportionally higher in children with atopic disorders compared to those without. Childhood migraine was associated with atopy and the association was strongest with rhinitis. Rhinitis in children was associated with maternal migraine. A history of atopy (especially rhinitis) supports the diagnosis of migraine in young children with paroxysmal headaches.
Transcranial Doppler Sonography in Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania
Authors: Shen Jie Ming 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISThree patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) (1 M, 2 F) and 9 healthy controls (8 M I F) were studied with transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography. One patient who was studied during the spontaneous attacks hyperventilated markedly. Middle cerebral artery velocity (VMCA) was measured in the first attack, and anterior cerebral artery velocity (VACA) in the second attack, respectively. VMCA and VACA decreased bi‐laterally during attack. VMCA started to decrease at an early stage of the attack, i.e. prior to the major hyperventilation that was observed during the attack. VACA on the symptomatic side decreased less than that on the other side (P<0.05). Cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) was expressed as the percentage change in mean blood flow velocity as a function of end‐tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) reduction induced by voluntary hyperventilation (DV/DPETCO2). In the 3 patients, a slightly lowered VMR was observed in the MCA and posterior cerebral artery on both sides, and in the ACA on the symptomatic side IP>0.05) in comparison with controls. These observations may imply an abnormal vascular reactivity in CPH.
Diagnoses and Symptom Patterns in Children Presenting to a Pediatric Headache Clinic
Authors: Gladstein Jack , Holden E. Wayne , Peralta Ligia , Raven Marybeth 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISThe diagnosis of migraine headache in children and adolescents is complex and not well understood. This study was conducted to compare diagnostic rates, using various criteria for pediatric migraine, and specific symptom characteristics in a sample of children referred for care to a specialized pediatric headache clinic. A structured interview was used at the patient's initial assessment visit to elicit symptom patterns and therapies attempted for headache. Clinical diagnoses were based on consensus agreement reached by a multidisciplinary team. Statistically derived diagnostic rates based on International Headache Society (IHS), Prensky, Vahlquist and our own criteria were significantly lower than clinical diagnostic rates. IHS diagnostic rates were differentially distributed as a function of race, but no other effects were found for demographic variables on diagnostic rates. Specific symptom patterns, however, varied as a function of race, gender and age of the child. The results underscore the need for comprehensive, developmentally based models of the evolution of migraine headache as a foundation for future research and the further development of clinically sensitive diagnostic criteria for pediatric migraine.
Headaches From Chemical Exposures
Authors: Martin Richard W. , Becker Charles 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISHeadaches are a common complaint after work place or environmental exposures. A striking index case led to a literature review which uncovered only limited information. We then performed a retrospective descriptive study of 50 subjects referred to University Clinics with the complaint of headaches associated with chemical exposures at their work place. Our data suggest a different headache may exist depending on whether the chemical exposure is routine and limitéd versus accidental and extensive. Low level work place chemical exposures appear to cause headaches that abate soon after cessation of the exposure. A single accidental and extensive exposure may lead to patient complaints of a new headache syndrome that may last from several months to years. The characteristics associated with the onset of a new headache syndrome from accidental chemical exposure includes: 1) An acute large quantity of exposure. 2) A short latency of onset of the heralding headache. 3) A severe intensity and long duration of the heralding headache. 4) New recurring headaches that were not experienced before the acute exposure. We suggest a possible term for this high exposure syndrome i.e. Chemical Headache Exposure Syndrome (CHES).
USE OF A BARIUM/GELATIN MIXTURE TO STUDY EQUINE VASCULATURE WITH POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN FREE‐FLAP TRANSFER
Authors: Bristol Davivd G. , Hudson Lola C. , Spaulding Kathy A. 
Published: May 2005

The purposes of this study were: 1) to evaluate a barium (30%) and gelatin (4%) solution as an intravascular radiographic contrast medium when perfused into intact equine cadavers, 2) to determine the most appropriate skin site to harvest a flap with direct cutaneous vasculature, and 3) to identify potential recipent vessels for free‐flap transfer.Heparinized, aspirin‐treated horses were euthanatized, exsanguinated, and perfused with the contrast media. After 24 hours refrigeration, the cadvers were dissected and radiographed. The contrast medium remained solid for the duration of studies (approximately 4 hours), and provided excellent visualization of the arterial vasculature and smaller venous vessls, but did not adequately fill large veins. Due to its location and consistent vascular supply, the skin perfused by branches of the cudal superficial epigastric artery and vein is an appropriate skin‐flap donor site. Multiple potential recipent vessels were identified.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE DORSAL AND LATERAL ASPECTS OF THE EQUINE CARPUS: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL APPEARANCE
Authors: Tnibar Mohamed , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Auer Joerg A. 
Published: May 2005

The normal ultrasonographic appearance of the dorsal and lateral soft tissue structures and anatomic landmarks of the equine carpus useful in clinical imaging are described.Both limbs of 5 cadavers and 5 clinically sound adult horses were imaged using a 7.5 MHz sector transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis‐ and the common digital extensor tendon and their tendon sheaths were easily identified. These two tendons are the most prominent structures in this region. Smaller and more difficult to identify are the tendon and tendon sheath of the extensor carpi obliquus‐, the lateral digital extensor‐ and the ulnaris lateralis muscle. The ultrasonographic appearance and course through the carpal region of the tendons and tendon sheaths mentioned are described. Other soft tissue structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament, the carpal joint capsule and the distal articular cartilage of the radius. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with gross anatomy in the cadavers limbs.
ULTRASOUND CORNER SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF PERITONEAL EFFUSION IN SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Spaulding Kathy A. 
Published: May 2005

SummaryAbdominal effusion is a common sonographic finding. The sonographic appearance of the fluid is affected by its cellular content. Transudates and modified transudates have a low cellular content, and usually are anechoic or mildly echogenic while exudates containing a high cellular content and fibrin strands are usually echogenci. Using history, laboratory values, sonographic appearance of the effusion, an estimate of the type of effusion and probable cause can be determined.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF FATTY INFILTRATION OF THE LIVER IN DAIRY CATTLE USING LIVER‐KIDNEY CONTRAST
Authors: Acorda Jezie A. , Yamada Haruo , Ghamsari Seyed Mehdi 
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of both the liver and kidney in 150 dairy cows was attempted using a grey‐scale sonograph with a 3.5 MHz transducer and a linear array electronic scanner. Liver and kidney specimens were examined microscopically and fatty occupying rate was calculated. Digital analysis of hepatic and renal ultrasonograms was performed. The echoes from different areas of the liver and kidney at 1 and 3 cm from the peritoneum were quantified as histogram mean (Emean) and histogram mode (Emode) values of echo amplitude.Liver‐kidney contrast was performed only in 38 out of 150 animals. In the other 112 animals, no images of the liver and kidney at the same distance from the peritoneum could be obtained. Out of 38 animals, 23 had a normal liver and 15 had fatty infiltration of the liver (7, 5 and 3 animals had mild, moderate and severe fatty infiltration, respectively). Fatty infiltration of the kidney was also seen in animals whose liver had >10% fatty occupying rate. At 1 cm from the peritoneum, the hepatic Emeans and Emodes were significantly different from the renal Emeans and Emodes in animals with severe fatty infiltration of the liver (p < 0.05). The results show that for diagnosis of fatty infiltration of the liver, Ultrasonography using liver‐kidney contrast has only limited use in dairy cattle.
Distinct Brain Systems for Processing Concrete and Abstract Concepts
Authors: Binder J. R. , Westbury C. F. , McKiernan K. A. , Possing E. T. , Medler D. A. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of word imageability and concreteness remain a topic of central interest in cognitive neuroscience and could provide essential clues for understanding how the brain processes conceptual knowledge. We examined these effects using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants identified concrete and abstract words. Relative to nonwords, concrete and abstract words both activated a left-lateralized network of multimodal association areas previously linked with verbal semantic processing. Areas in the left lateral temporal lobe were equally activated by both word types, whereas bilateral regions including the angular gyrus and the dorsal prefrontal cortex were more strongly engaged by concrete words. Relative to concrete words, abstract words activated left inferior frontal regions previously linked with phonological and verbal working memory processes. The results show overlapping but partly distinct neural systems for processing concrete and abstract concepts, with greater involvement of bilateral association areas during concrete word processing, and processing of abstract concepts almost exclusively by the left hemisphere.
Method Matters: An Empirical Study of Impact in Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Fellows Lesley K. , Heberlein Andrea S. , Morales Dawn A. , Shivde Geeta , Waller Sara , Wu Denise H. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A major thrust of cognitive neuroscience is the elucidation of structure-function relationships in the human brain. Over the last several years, functional neuroimaging has risen in prominence relative to the lesion studies that formed the historical core of work in this field. These two methods have different strengths and weaknesses. Among these is a crucial difference in the nature of evidence each can provide. Lesion studies can provide evidence for necessity claims, whereas functional neuroimaging studies do not. We hypothesized that lesion studies will continue to have greater scientific impact even as the relative proportion of such studies in the cognitive neuroscience literature declines. Using methods drawn from systematic literature review, we identified a set of original cognitive neuroscience articles that employed either functional imaging or lesion techniques, published at one of two time points in the 1990s, and assessed the effect of the method used on each article's impact across the decade. Functional neuro-imaging studies were cited three times more often than lesion studies throughout the time span we examined. This effect was in large part due to differences in the influence of the journals publishing the two methods; functional neuroimaging studies appeared disproportionately more often in higher impact journals. There were also differences in the degree to which articles using one method cited articles using the other method. Functional neuroimaging articles were less likely to include such cross-method citations.
Covert Speech Arrest Induced by rTMS over Both Motor and Nonmotor Left Hemisphere Frontal Sites
Authors: Aziz-Zadeh Lisa , Cattaneo Luigi , Rochat Magali , Rizzolatti Giacomo 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBlocking the capacity to speak aloud (overt speech arrest, SA) may be induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The possibility, however, of blocking internal speech (covert SA) has not been explored. To investigate this issue, we conducted two rTMS experiments. In the first experiment, we stimulated two left frontal lobe sites. The first was a motor site (left posterior site) and the second was a nonmotor site located in correspondence to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (left anterior site). The corresponding right hemisphere nonmotor SA site was stimulated as a control. In the second experiment, we focused on the right hemisphere and stimulated a right hemisphere motor site (right posterior site), and, as control sites, a right hemisphere nonmotor site corresponding to the IFG (right anterior site) and a left hemisphere anteromedial site (left control). For both experiments, participants performed a syllable counting task both covertly and overtly for each stimulation site. Longer latencies in this task imply the occurrence of an overt and/or covert SA.All participants showed significantly longer latencies when stimulation was either over the left posterior or the left anterior site, as compared with the right hemisphere site (Experiment 1). This result was observed for the overt and covert speech task alike. During stimulation of the posterior right hemisphere site, a dissociation for overt and covert speech was observed. An overt SA was observed but there was no evidence for a covert SA (Experiment 2). Taken together, the results show that rTMS can induce a covert SA when applied to areas over the brain that are pertinent to language. Furthermore, both the left posterior/motor site and the left anterior/IFG site appear to be essential to language elaboration even when motor output is not required.
Reading Fluent Speech from Talking Faces: Typical Brain Networks and Individual Differences
Authors: Hall Deborah A. , Fussell Clayton , Summerfield A. Quentin 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Listeners are able to extract important linguistic information by viewing the talker's face—a process known as “speechreading.” Previous studies of speechreading present small closed sets of simple words and their results indicate that visual speech processing engages a wide network of brain regions in the temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes that are likely to underlie multiple stages of the receptive language system. The present study further explored this network in a large group of subjects by presenting naturally spoken sentences which tap the richer complexities of visual speech processing. Four different baselines (blank screen, static face, nonlinguistic facial gurning, and auditory speech) enabled us to determine the hierarchy of neural processing involved in speechreading and to test the claim that visual input reliably accesses sound-based representations in the auditory cortex.
In contrast to passively viewing a blank screen, the static-face condition evoked activation bilaterally across the border of the fusiform gyrus and cerebellum, and in the medial superior frontal gyrus and left precentral gyrus (p &lt; .05, whole brain corrected). With the static face as baseline, the gurning face evoked bilateral activation in the motion-sensitive region of the occipital cortex, whereas visual speech additionally engaged the middle temporal gyrus, inferior and middle frontal gyri, and the inferior parietal lobe, particularly in the left hemisphere. These latter regions are implicated in lexical stages of spoken language processing. Although auditory speech generated extensive bilateral activation across both superior and middle temporal gyri, the group-averaged pattern of speechreading activation failed to include any auditory regions along the superior temporal gyrus, suggesting that fluent visual speech does not always involve sound-based coding of the visual input.
An important finding from the individual subject analyses was that activation in the superior temporal gyrus did reach significance (p &lt; .001, small-volume corrected) for a subset of the group. Moreover, the extent of the left-sided superior temporal gyrus activity was strongly correlated with speech-reading performance. Skilled speechreading was also associated with activations and deactivations in other brain regions, suggesting that individual differences reflect the efficiency of a circuit linking sensory, perceptual, memory, cognitive, and linguistic processes rather than the operation of a single component process.
Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis inducing T-cell anergy
Authors: Zappia Emanuela , Casazza Simona , Pedemonte Enrico , Benvenuto Federica , Bonanni Ivan , Gerdoni Ezio , Giunti Debora , Ceravolo Antonella , Cazzanti Francesco , Frassoni Francesco , Mancardi Gianluigi , Uccelli Antonio 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
We studied the immunoregulatory features of murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and in vivo. MSCs inhibited T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent and -independent proliferation but did not induce apoptosis on T cells. Such inhibition was paired with a decreased interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production and was partially reversed by interleukin-2 (IL-2). Thus, we used MSCs to treat myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6J mice. We injected intravenously 1 × 106 MSCs before disease onset (preventive protocol) and at different time points after disease occurrence (therapeutic protocol). MSC administration before disease onset strikingly ameliorated EAE. The therapeutic scheme was effective when MSCs were administered at disease onset and at the peak of disease but not after disease stabilization. Central nervous system (CNS) pathology showed decreased inflammatory infiltrates and demyelination in mice that received transplants of MSCs. T-cell response to MOG and mitogens from MSC-treated mice was inhibited and restored by IL-2 administration. Upon MSC transfection with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), eGFP+ cells were detected in the lymphoid organs of treated mice. These data suggest that the immunoregulatory properties of MSCs effectively interfere with the autoimmune attack in the course of EAE inducing an in vivo state of T-cell unresponsiveness occurring within secondary lymphoid organs. (Blood. 2005; 106:1755-1761)
Effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core on choice between small certain rewards and large uncertain rewards in rats
Authors: Cardinal Rudolf N , Howes Nathan J 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackgroundAnimals must frequently make choices between alternative courses of action, seeking to maximize the benefit obtained. They must therefore evaluate the magnitude and the likelihood of the available outcomes. Little is known of the neural basis of this process, or what might predispose individuals to be overly conservative or to take risks excessively (avoiding or preferring uncertainty, respectively). The nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) is known to contribute to rats' ability to choose large, delayed rewards over small, immediate rewards; AcbC lesions cause impulsive choice and an impairment in learning with delayed reinforcement. However, it is not known how the AcbC contributes to choice involving probabilistic reinforcement, such as between a large, uncertain reward and a small, certain reward. We examined the effects of excitotoxic lesions of the AcbC on probabilistic choice in rats.ResultsRats chose between a single food pellet delivered with certainty (p= 1) and four food pellets delivered with varying degrees of uncertainty (p= 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.0625) in a discrete-trial task, with the large-reinforcer probability decreasing or increasing across the session. Subjects were trained on this task and then received excitotoxic or sham lesions of the AcbC before being retested. After a transient period during which AcbC-lesioned rats exhibited relative indifference between the two alternatives compared to controls, AcbC-lesioned rats came to exhibit risk-averse choice, choosing the large reinforcer less often than controls when it was uncertain, to the extent that they obtained less food as a result. Rats behaved as if indifferent between a single certain pellet and four pellets atp= 0.32 (sham-operated) or atp= 0.70 (AcbC-lesioned) by the end of testing. When the probabilities did not vary across the session, AcbC-lesioned rats and controls strongly preferred the large reinforcer when it was certain, and strongly preferred the small reinforcer when the large reinforcer was very unlikely (p= 0.0625), with no differences between AcbC-lesioned and sham-operated groups.ConclusionThese results support the view that the AcbC contributes to action selection by promoting the choice of uncertain, as well as delayed, reinforcement.