bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of opiate analgesia by devazepide in a baboon dolorimetry model
Authors: Klein Hilton , Jackson Robert , McCormick Gwendolyn , Montgomery Tamara , Frankenfield Dale , Pouch Walter , Soper Keith , Murray Kathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrical stimulation of tooth pulp provides a means of evaluating the effects of analgesics on pain without the complicating factors associated with peripheral stimulation. It is generally accepted that tooth pulp stimulation primarily elicits pain sensation (Scorr 1972; Anderson et al. 1973; Matthews and Searle 1976; Matthews 1979; Sessle 1979). Because the impulses from the dental nerve enter the brainstem and medulla via the trigeminal nerve, the afferent conduction pathway is short and less likely to be modulated by inhibitory neurons of reflex arcs. It has also been shown that all species have essentially the same dental sensory mechanisms (Byers et al. 1982). These facts make dental nerve stimulation an ideal means of evaluating the central modulation of analgesia as well as providing a procedure in which the basic mechanism of pain remains consistent between the different species. Dental dolorimetry is the measurement of pain responses by stimulation of the tooth pulp nerves and has been used to study pain in the rat (lriki and Toda 1980a, b; Foong et al. 1982a), rabbit (Foong et al. 1982b; Wynn et al. 1984), cat (Mahon and Anderson 1970; Miyagawa et al. 1980), dog (Skingle and Tyers 1980), horse (Brunson and Majors 1987; Brunson et al. 1987), monkey (Van Hassle et al. 1972; Ha et al. 1978; Biedenbach et al. 1979; Chudler et al. 1986), and man (Matthews and Searle 1976). It provides an ideal means of studying pain perception because it is sensitive, reproducible, and allows for the quantitative evaluation of the response to pain with minimal interference from reflex responses. Dental dolorimetry also
ELF magnetic fields and promotion of cancer: experimental studies
Authors: Adey W Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major advances in medical science, particularly in the development of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic methods, have sharply r:educed the role of infectious diseases as a prime cause of death in infancy and childhood. Many more people now live to old age, when cancer may cause a significant mortality. At the same time, the persisting and significant incidence of juvenile cancer invites careful consideration of the possible separate or joint roles of environmental factors.
Collective properties of cell membranes
Authors: Adey W Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In cellular aggregates that form tissues of higher animals, cells are separated by narrow fluid channels that take on special importance in signalling from cell to cell. These channels act as windows on the electrochemical world surrounding each cell. Hormones, antibodies, neurotransmitters, and chemical cancer promoters, for example, move along them to reach binding sites on cell membrane receptors. These narrow, fluid ‘gutters’, typically not more than 150 Å wide, are also preferred pathways for intrinsic and environmental electromagnetic (EM) fields in tissue, since they offer a much lower electrical impedance than cell membranes.
Effect of low-frequency magnetic fields on the chromosomal level in human amniotic cells
Authors: Nordenson Ingrid , Mild Kjell Hansson , Sandstrom, Monica , Mattsson Mats-Olof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An increasing number of recent investigations show that weak electromagnetic fields are able to affect biological systems. There are reports from practically all levels of organization, including effects on subcellular levels upwards to man. Several studies show that fundamental processes, such as DNA synthesis, can be influenced by exposure to magnetic fields (Liboff et al. 1984); certain characteristic cell-surface properties change after exposure to weak electric as well as magnetic fields (Marron et al. 1988); chromosomal aberrations have been observed after magnetic field exposure (Nordenson and Hansson Mild 1987). Embryonal development of the chick, mouse, and rat embryos have, in several investigations, been shown to be sensitive towards weak alternating magnetic fields (Berman et al. 1990; Juutilainen 1989). An increased frequency of malformations, as well as early retarded embryos, has also been observed (Frolen et al. 1987; Tribukait et al. 1987; Frolen and Svedenstal 1988). Behavioural changes among experimental animals have been recorded after a combined exposure to static and alternating magnetic fields (Kavaliers and Ossenkopp 1988). Synergistic effects of drugs and exposure to magnetic fields are also reported. Volunteers exposed t weak 60 Hz magnetic fields exhibited a decrease in heart rate (5-10 beats per min) in conjunction with exposure, the change being most prominent during intermittent exposure (Graham et al. 1988). In addition, epidemiological studies indicating that magnetic fields with a field strength exceeding 0.2-0.3 µT are able to act as cancer promoters, have been published (recently reviewed by Ahlborn 1988). There are also reports stating that exposure to magnetic fields from electric blankets, electrically heated water-beds, and electrical floor-heating, causes disturbancies of pregnancies (Wertheimer and Leeper 1989).
Diatom motility: replication study in search of cyclotron resonance effects
Authors: Saalman Elisabeth , Galt Sheila , Hamnerius, Yngve , Norden Bengt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experiment designed to replicate the findings of Smith et al. (1987) which implicate a cyclotron resonance effect on a supposed calcium-dependent motility of the diatom Amphora cof¬ feaeformis. This diatom has been reported to have a calcium concentration threshold above which it is motile, with the motility threshold reducible by the application of a.c. and d.c. magnetic fields at cyclotron resonance conditions for calcium. The phenomenon is described in two additional papers from the same research group (McLeod etal. 1987a, b).
Insects and phytochemicals–nature’s economy
Authors: Schoonhoven L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terrestrial plant life, though restricted to less than one third of the Earth’s surface, absorbs more than twice as much solar energy as aquatic plant life. As a result terrestrial plants transformed what was once a forbidding desert planet, indistinguishable from Mars, into a luxuriant garden, in which insects, birds, and mammals could flourish. Although its uniform green hue suggests a basic homogeneity of the living plant world, its external appearance hides a wealth of chemicals. The variety of these phytochemicals is larger than chemists even in the near past could imagine and remains difficult to appreciate. Upon this seemingly endless number of organic compounds, which are constantly being trans formed and replenished, many herbivores and parasitic organisms thrive and enrich the living world with their presence. The animal kingdom, in size and shape just as diverse as the plant world, includes many herbivores, ranging from plant lice to elephants. Among the herbivores insects occupy a paramount position, as exemplified by their biomass. Total body weight of social insects alone in tropical rainforests is seven times that of vertebrates (Fig. 1.1) (Holden 1989). However, biomass is not a representative trait for their role in a biotic community, because turn over rates, which include feeding, growth, reproduction and decay, are in insects much higher than in vertebrates. Therefore their role in the dynamics of energy and nutrient cycles is much greater than their tiny sizes would suggest. It is estimated that roughly 10 per cent of plant primary production in natural ecosystems is consumed by insects. (In cultivated plants the losses are, despite intense pest control measures, higher and under western conditions amount to 13 per cent.) Actually, in view of the fact that herbivorous insects generally possess short generation cycles, high reproductive rates, and, by being winged, can easily exploit new food sources, it is surprising that, despite the omnipresence of green plants, insects under natural conditions rarely become a threat to the survival of a given plant species.
The chemistry of azadirachtin and other insecticidal constituents of Meliaceae
Authors: Kraus W , Bokel M , Schwinger M , Vogler B , Soellner R , Wendisch D , Steffens R , Wachendorff U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The insecticidal properties of extracts of Meliaceae plants have been known in Europe for a long time. As early as 1877 a ‘Synopsis on plants’ was published (Leunis 1877) in which under the heading Melia azedarach is mentioned ‘the leaves kill insects’. This statement was ignored for decades, and investigation into the active principles only started in the middle of the twentieth century (see Kraus 1984, 1986; Taylor 1984; Kraus et al. 1987a). Here, some of our earlier and more recent work on constituents of the following Meliaceae species, which show insect antifeedant and/or insect growth regulation activity, is discussed:
Cyanogenesis and foodplants
Authors: Nahrstedt Adolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plants constitute a considerable proportion of the human daily diet, with most foodplants providing non-toxic carbohydrates, proteins, or fats; others contain more or less toxic constituents which belong to the so-called secondary metabolites. One class of potentially toxic constituents are the cyanogenic glycosides. Several reviews already exist on their structure variation and distribution in the plant kingdom (Nahrstedt 1992; Seigler 1992) and in insects (Nahrstedt 1988); on their biology (Nahrstedt 1987), biochemistry and metabolism (Conn 1991), and toxicity (Conn 1979; Montgomery 1979; Oke 1980); and on their occurrence in and significance for foodplants of man and animals (Oke 1979; Nartey 1981; Poulton 1983, 1988a, 1990). Reviews concerning isolation and structure elucidation (Nahrstedt 1981; Seigler and Brinker, 1992) as well as liberation, detection, and quantification of hydrogen cyanide as the most important product of degradation have been published (Nahrstedt et al. 1981; Brinker and Seigler 1989).
Recent advances in the production of aroma compounds in plant culture systems
Authors: Charlwood Barry V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Higher plants accumulate a wide variety of aroma compounds including the aliphatic straight-chain hydrocarbons and aldehydes (typically found in flowers and fruits), the highly odoriferous derivatives of benzoic acid and phenylpropane (characteristic especially of the Umbelliferae), and a range of nitrogen and sulphur containing volatiles. However, the ubiquitous lower isoprenoids (the mono- and the sesqui-terpenoids) form by far the largest group of natural aromas and a great deal of information has been amassed concerning the role of these secondary compounds in planta. This review will be restricted to a consideration of the recent advances in the biology and biochemistry of the production of lower isoprenoids (especially the monoterpenoids) in cell, organ, and tissue cultures of higher plants.
Proales werneckii: a gall-causing rotifer
Authors: Spooner B M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proales Wemeckii (Ehrenberg) is unique amongst known rotifers in being a gall causer. It is parasitic in species of Vaucheria and Dichotomosiphon, causing characteristic lateral galls on the filaments. It appears also to be unique in being the only non-fungal causer of galls in freshwater algae. The species has other unusual features, notably the presence of males which possess fully developed jaws and a functional mastax, a situation which is of very rare occurrence amongst rotifers. Galls on Vaucheria have been known since early in the nineteenth century and the causer was described in 1834. It has proved to be widely distributed in temperate regions, occurring in both northern and southern hemispheres and is now known to parasitize at least 16 host species. However, P. wemeckii is still infrequently recorded and the process of gall formation remains little studied. A review of our current knowledge is presented here.
Thrips and gall induction: a search for patterns
Authors: Mound Laurence A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thrips suck the contents of individual cells one at a time, and in some plants the surrounding cells react by redeveloping meristematic characteristics leading to gall production. Plant reactions vary in their degree of complexity, from simple leaf curling and distortion to complex multicellular structures of regular form. These galls, however, are wound responses; cell division ceases if the thrips are removed. This ability, to produce new cells and, hence, galls in response to feeding by thrips on young tissue, has arisen in a wide range of unrelated plants. The thrips which induce these reactions in plants come from three widely separated phylctic lineages in the major subfamily, Phlaeothripinae, although most occur in a range of genera in the leaf-feeding Liothrips lineage. The ecological and behavioural relationships between thrips within any one gall, both intra- and interspecific, have not been well-studied. Many leaf-roll galls are probably induced by the feeding activity of (more than one) conspecific individuals; on some plants in India, gall induction may involve feeding by two or more thrips species, while in Australia, some galls on Acacia phyllodes are induced by single individuals who then actively protect their investment.
A willow gall from the galler’s point of view
Authors: Higton R N , Mabberley D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investigations into gall induction in the leaves of Salix fragilis var. russelliana by Pontania proxima has demonstrated the following. 1 Methods of rearing both insect and host have resulted in an extension of the insect’s flight period from 5 to 8 months, with three broods per year instead of the usual two.
The ecology of the pea galls of Cynips divisa
Authors: Gilbert Francis , Astbury Charlotte , Bedingfield Jenny , Ennis Bruce , Lawson Samantha , Sitch Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The results of a long-term study into the population ecology of pea galls is presented. Pea galls are produced by the agamic generation of the cynipid gall wasp Cynips divisa Hartig and they were studied over the period 1985-1991. Population biology is the sum effect of variations in fitness between individuals, variations which are determined by life history parameters. Components of fitness were measured for a large sample, calculating survival, size, fecundity, and maturity at eclosion: the fitness consequences of ovipositional decisions made in positioning the gall on different trees, leaves, and positions within leaves are analysed. Evidence for a 6-7 year population cycle is discussed.
Shaman as scientist: indigenous knowledge systems in pharmacological research and conservation
Authors: Cox P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indigenous knowledge systems have historically benefited pharmacological research programmes. If properly utilized, indigenous knowledge systems promise to assist in the future discovery of new drugs. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery combines two components: analysis of indigenous knowledge concerning medicinal plants, and bioassay-guided evaluation of plants used medicinally by indigenous peoples. Successful programmes of ethnobotanical drug discovery have optimized both aspects. Yet despite demonstrable historical success in drug discovery, there has been considerable resistance to incorporation of information derived from indigenous knowledge systems into modern programmes of drug discovery. This chapter examines the sometimes hostile interaction between western and indigenous cultures, yet suggests that many indigenous practices, including ethnopharmacology, fit well within current paradigms of science. Strategies for optimizing the input of indigenous knowledge systems into western drug discovery programmes are sketched. The reciprocal responsibilities of western investigators to indigenous practitioners and healers who participate in their research programmes are outlined.
New biologically active metabolites from plants used in Papua New Guinea and Bolivia
Authors: sticher O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Papua New Guinea and Bolivia are countries having wide areas of tropical rainforest which is important as a source of traditional medicines. Traditional healing methods are widespread in both countries since the medical system is underdeveloped. Many people still have a broad knowledge about the folklore uses of plants and plant-derived preparations. This knowledge may vanish in the near future because of the disappearance of indigenous cultures, the migration from the country to the towns, and the destruction of the rainforests. Hence the largest natural resource for medicinal plants will also disappear.
Bioactive polymers from higher plants
Authors: Wagner H , Gerhauser C , Samtleben R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the exception of enzymes and starches, polymers from higher plants have received little attention by chemists, biochemists, or pharmacists. This is astonishing in view of the wide use of water extracts of plant drugs in ancient times. The main reason for this lack of interest has been a shortage in highly selective tools to isolate these highly polymeric compounds in a pure form and the difficulty in structural determination. Furthermore, bioassays which could be used for systematic screening were not available until recently. Since all these shortcomings have now been overcome there is increasing interest in plant-derived polymers.
Structure and biological activity of sesquiterpene and diterpene derivatives from medicinal plants
Authors: Aquino R , De Simone F , De Tommasi N , Piacente S , Pizza C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicinal plants represent an almost unexplored reservoir of new substances with potentially useful properties. Compounds from higher plants are of great potential value as medicines, as well as starting points for synthetic analogues and industrial raw materials. Plant metabolites can also be used to establish taxonomic relationships among plants and may help for a better understanding of certain biological processes.
Active acquisition, of de11tli information by Honey-bees
Authors: Lehrer Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until quite recently, the only motion--induced behaviour investigated in the bee was the optomotor response (reviewed by Kaiser 1975). This reflex-like behaviour, common to all insects, consists of the animal’s yaw, roll., or pitch 1·esponse to large-field motion in its visual surroundings.
Energetics and the evolution of body size in small terrestrial mammals
Authors: speakman J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many species of very small terrestrial mammals exhibit clinal patterns in their body size, often with larger individuals predominating in populations from higher latitudes (Berg mann’s law). Classically, this pattern has been explained as reflecting the advantageous surface-to-volume ratio of larger animals, which provides them with a thermoregulatory advantage in colder regions, because it reduces their energy demands. Attempts to expand on this energetics explanation are, however, fraught with difficulty. A major problem relates to the fact that it is not possible to speculate on the direction of selection on body size by considering costs alone. However, when both costs and gains are considered there is a range of potential effects, which depend critically on the interspecific scaling relationships of energy gains and energy costs. Since these traits may vary in time, in space, and across species, general predictions from the energetics hypothesis of the direction of selection on body size are therefore not possible, and a wide range of directional effects of latitude on size is therefore predicted (and observed). It is generally the case that, within a species, mass explains less than 50% of the individual variation in metabolic energy expenditure. This low explained variation raises the question of why some individuals sustain high rates of metabolism, when this would be likely to make them more susceptible to failure in achieving an energy balance. In wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus, we have found a correlation between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the thermogenic capacity (noradrena line-induced metabolic rate).
Does echolocation constrain the evolution of body size in bats?
Authors: Jones Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most bats weigh less than 10 g. Megachiropterans are considerably heavier than microchiropterans, possibly because of their different ancestry or because they do not use laryngeal sonar. The predominance of medium-sized to small species of bats is compatible with general theories of extinction and speciation rates in relation to body size. There are few obvious links between diet and body size. It is more likely that biophysical factors associated with flight and/or echolocation constrain body size in bats. Models of flight power predict that flying vertebrates could weigh up to 12 kg, but the largest bat weighs under 1.5 kg. Bats radiated to fill the niche of nocturnal aerial insectivores, and echolocation is an effective way of detecting insects in the dark. However, high frequencies must be used to give strong echoes from small targets. Call frequency scales negatively with mass in five families of bats. Bats must probably be small to produce ultrasound. Because larger echolocating bats call at lower frequencies (hence long wavelengths), it has been proposed that they may not be able to detect small insects effectively. Large bats might therefore have a narrow dietary niche, and the need to rely on large, scarce prey would not favour the evolution of large size. However, large bats in fact seem to have broader dietary niche breadths than smaller species. Flapping and calling are coupled in echolocating bats as an energy-saving mechanism. Wingbeat frequency decreases as body size increases and aerial insectivorous bats generally emit one or fewer pulses per wingbeat. Aerial insectivorous bats may therefore be prevented from evolving large size because they would not be able to produce echolocation calls at a rate high enough to catch sufficient insects to meet the energetic demands associated with being large.
Dwarfing in island elephants and deer: processes in relation to time of isolation
Authors: Lister A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dwarfed populations of large mammal species evolved on many islands in the Pleistocene. Recent discoveries and advances in dating allow us to take the first steps in observing the time scale of dwarfing and the stages by which size reduction and associated morphological changes occurred. Dwarfed red deer on Jersey, and dwarfed woolly mammoths on Wrangel Island, evolved in a few thousand years or less. Their diminution probably occurred by an interplay of ecophenotypic and genetic effects, and was associated with some changes in proportion and morphology. These can be attributed to direct allometric and develop mental effects of size reduction, and may in some cases have been adaptively suboptimal. By comparison, dwarfed deer from Crete, elephants on other Mediterranean islands, and Columbian mammoths from islands off California, had probably been isolated for at least an order of magnitude longer than the Jersey and Wrangel animals. In consequence, they show modifications of cranial, dental, and limb morphology which can be interpreted as adaptive to small body size or the island habitat. Other proportions have readjusted to counter the initial developmental effects of dwarfing. Some forms evolved unique display organs implying biological speciation. In several cases, the morphology appears paedomorphic relative to the full-sized ancestor.