bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the resistance of 36Heveaclones toMicrocyclus uleiand relation to their capacity to accumulate scopoletin and lignins
Authors: Garcia D. , Troispoux V. , Grange N. , Rivano F. , D'Auzac J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThirty‐sixHeveaclones were inoculated with conidia ofMicrocyclus ulei, the causal agent of South American Leaf Blight in an air‐conditioned chamber. Components of disease resistance such as latent period, infectious period, lesion size, percentage of damaged leaf area, number of lesions, spore production and stromatic generation period were studied during a single infection cycle. The clones were easily separated on the basis of these characters that were evaluated under controlled conditions. The main components that were highly correlated were the spore production, lesion size and number of lesions with the percentage of damaged leaf area. Others, such the stromatic generation period, were slightly correlated with all other components; latent period and infectious period was slightly correlated with the lesion size; and lesion size was slightly correlated with lesion density. For screening of varieties, damaged leaf area and spore production were the two components that should be considered the most important. Furthermore, the clones were tested for their capacity to produce scopoletin, a phytoalexin ofHevea, and to produce lignins in their infection sites. A strong correlation was observed between scopoletin accumulation and clone resistance. Moreover, strong lignin accumulation was often associated with a longer stromatic generation period. These two physiological reactions could interfere by limiting fungal development in several clones. However, neither scopoletin nor lignin accumulation could individually explain the behaviour of all clones.
A modified sprayer for use in stump treatment trials to control Heterobasidion annosum
Authors: Pratt J.E. , Brooks D.J. , Macaskill G.A. , Rickwood D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryNew equipment for use in stump treatment trials against Heterobasidion annosum is described. A knapsack sprayer was modified to apply a measured dose of pesticide evenly over a circular target 270 mm in diameter. Stumps of varying size up to this diameter were treated with known doses of disodium octaborate without the need for measurement.
Effect of uninucleate Rhizoctonia on Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings
Authors: Lilja A. , Rikala R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryOne‐year‐old container‐grown seedlings were planted in spring on clear cut areas: the Norway spruce (Picea abies) on a moist upland site (Myrtillus‐type) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) on a dryish upland site (Vaccinium‐type). While still in the nursery, half of the seedlings of each species had been inoculated during the previous summer, with a uninucleate Rhizoctonia sp., a root dieback fungus. At outplanting all the seedlings appeared healthy and had a normal apical bud, although the height of the inoculated seedlings was less than that of the uninoculated control seedlings. At the end of the first growing season after planting, the mortality of inoculated Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings was 25 and 69%, respectively. After two growing seasons the mortality of inoculated seedlings had increased to 38% for Scots pine and 93% for Norway spruce. The mortality of control seedlings after two growing seasons in the forest was 2% for Scots pine and 13% for Norway spruce. After outplanting the annual growth of inoculated seedlings was poor compared with the growth of control seedlings. These results show that, although Rhizoctonia‐affected seedlings are alive and green in the nursery, the disease subsequently affects both their survival and growth in the forest.
Infections of Valdensinia heterodoxa and Pucciniastrum vaccinii on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Implications for monitoring ground vegetation
Authors: Aamlid D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTwo fungi, Valdensinia heterodoxa and Pucciniastrum vaccinii, have been found to have impact on the leaf coverage of bilberry plants. When studying forest ground vegetation assessors should therefore be aware of the biotic impact of pathogens on plants.
Pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus sexdentati, Bursaphelenchus leoni and Bursaphelenchus hellenicus on European pine seedlings
Authors: Skarmoutsos G. , Michalopoulos‐Skarmoutsos H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn Greece extensive pine wilting is associated with the presence of nematodes of the genus Bursaphelenchus. In order to check the pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus sexdentati, Bursaphelenchus leoni and Bursaphelenchus hellenicus, inoculation tests were carried out on 3‐year‐old seedlings of Pinus brutia, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra, Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris. For inoculations, 6000 nematodes in 0.5 ml of water were used per seedling. Bursaphelenchus sexdentati proved to be highly virulent causing mortality of up to 100%, followed by B. leoni whereas B. hellenicus was nonpathogenic.
An association between the fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea and the cone bug Gastrodes grossipes in cones of Pinus nigra in Italy
Authors: FECI E. , BATTISTI A. , CAPRETTI P. , TEGLI S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTip blight caused by Sphaeropsis sapinea is a well‐known disease in pine plantations in Italy. Austrian pine Pinus nigra, which was largely used in afforestation programmes during past decades, has recently suffered great damage from this pathogen. The incidence of the fungus in third‐year cones was investigated in four stands. The percentage of cones infected with the fungus varied from 17 to 62%. Infected cones were observed on trees lacking symptoms of the disease as well as on those showing tip blight. The possible association of S. sapinea with the cone bug Gastrodes grossipes, which inhabits mature and open cones of pines, was examined by log‐linear analysis. The cone bug was found in up to 67% of cones. Results revealed that the presence of S. sapinea and G. grossipes in pine cones was not independent; thus, a role of the insect in disseminating the fungus is hypothesized.
A Nurse Practitioner‐Led Farmers' Health Service: Setting Up and Evaluating a UK Project
Authors: Walsh Mike 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe farming community in the UK have significant unmet health‐care needs that have traditionally remained invisible. The project that is the subject of this paper is an attempt to improve access to health care for farmers and make their needs visible. It is based in an upland area of England and involves two nurse practitioners (NPs) and two support workers who provide health care for the farming community. The main targets of the project are farm accidents, mental health and occupational diseases. The NPs visit farms, on request, for consultations and also attend auction marts, agricultural shows and other farmers’ meetings. Evaluation is by a telephone follow‐up interview with a sample of clients seen by the NP, who will be compared with a group from a similar area who do not receive the service. A farm accident survey is underway, case notes are being audited and the NPs are keeping a reflective diary as further sources of data.
Preventing Fractures in Large Rural Centres: Sociodemographic Sub‐Groups at Risk of Osteoporosis from their Lifestyle
Authors: Peach Hedley G. , Bath Nicole E. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTMiddle‐aged people living in non‐metropolitan Victoria have higher hospitalisation rates from osteoporotic fractures than those in metropolitan areas. This may reflect a higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis. One‐fifth of Victoria’s non‐metropolitan population live in ‘large rural centres’. The aim of the present study was to identify the sociodemographic sub‐groups in a ‘large rural centre’ at risk of osteoporosis because of their lifestyle. Adults on Ballarat’s electoral rolls were invited to complete a questionnaire and have their height and weight measured. A total of 335 eligible people participated in the present study (67% response). The sub‐groups at risk of osteoporosis were identified using logistic regression analyses. Among women, being single/separated/divorced/ widowed was associated with being underweight and having low dietary calcium. A lack of exercise was associated with not completing high school and smoking with being aged 25–44 years. Among men, low dietary calcium was associated with not completing high school and smoking was associated with being employed in a non‐professional/ non‐managerial occupation. These sub‐groups must be considered when planning preventative strategies for people in ‘large rural centres’.
An Assessment of Funding to Support Rural and Remote Health Research in Australia
Authors: Patterson Carla 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTA systematic search was undertaken to ascertain the nature, source and extent of funding awarded to research projects that were directed specifically at aspects of rural health over the past decade. Comment is also made on the challenge of obtaining such information directly from databases. The sources investigated were the conventional research funding bodies, hospital trusts and foundations, university funding schemes and government sources. The results of these searches revealed a crude average of 3 million dollars per year from conventional research funding with the remaining sources adding a similar amount in total. Analysis of the data using a framework modified from the Strategic Review of Health and Medical Research in Australia shows that funding is concentrated in the health services and public health areas with a preponderance of funding being directed towards the description of conditions and interventions. Significant levels of funding have been directed towards the National Health Priority Areas.
The Impact of Coordinated Care: Eyre Region, South Australia 1997–1999
Authors: Harvey Peter 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The SA HealthPlus Coordinated Care Trial in the Eyre Region began in fortuitous circumstances. First, it coincided with the completion of the Eyre Regional Health Service (ERHS) needs assessment in 1996, which highlighted outstanding health service needs and community concerns in relation to health care across the region. Second, although conceived as a formal trial, using standard research techniques, scientific processes and formal control groups to test significant differences between intervention and control groups, the trial did not conform strictly to the rules of social science or pure science and became more an exercise in action research. More significantly still, the Eyre Region became involved in the process, not so much as a way of proving a concept (the SA Health Plus hypotheses around utilisation, funding and health outcomes), but as a way of creating opportunities for change in the regional health system. If nothing else, the region stood to benefit from the implementation of the trial and involvement in the trial process. The present paper outlines the impact of the Eyre Coordinated Care Trial, not in terms of hypotheses and data analysis, but in terms of the impact of the trial processes on systems change and the evolution of an outcome‐based health system. Such a system has the potential to deliver improved health outcomes to communities within existing financial resources and make much more effective use of resources by integrating care delivery and encouraging collaboration between health providers. In addition, the success of the change process in Eyre also supports the notion that change is not necessarily predicated upon scientific processes and research outcomes alone, but also upon the human and social structures associated with such endeavours. This perspective also contributes to the debate about the nature and role of science in the advancement of knowledge.
PANCREATITIS IN REMOTE AUSTRALIA: AN INDIGENOUS PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ah‐Tye Paul J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT:In Australia, pancreatitis has been associated with gallstones in approximately 35% of cases and alcohol in approximately 25% of cases. The present study was performed to analyse the aetiology of pancreatitis in patients admitted to a remote Australian hospital that has a population base comprising both indigenous and non‐indigenous people. A retrospective study was conducted of all cases of pancreatitis admitted to the Alice Springs Hospital from August 1993 to August 1999. One hundred and two patient records were examined, and 77% of these patients were Aboriginal. Alcohol was the most common aetiological factor (64%), with gallstone disease being the next most common. Aboriginal patients with pancreatitis were younger than non‐Aboriginal patients ( P = 0.0304) and were also more likely to have alcohol as their cause of pancreatitis (

P = 0.035), especially if they were male. In males, alcohol was implicated in at least 70% of cases. In females, the causes were gallstone disease (41%) and alcohol (49%). Patients with gallstone disease were significantly older than patients with other causes of pancreatitis (

P = 0.000). There was an overall 30% increase in admission rate per year, which was primarily due to an increase in the number of Aboriginal admissions (36% per year) (

P = 0.000). The present study highlights a difference in the aetiology of pancreatitis in Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal people from a remote Australian population.
Localization of IgG in the normal and dystrophic rat retina after laser lesions*
Authors: Chu Yi , Alder Valerie A , Humphrey Martin F , Constable Ian J 
Published: March 2003

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that access to extravasated plasma protein IgG may influence photoreceptor survival following laser photocoagulation and to determine whether this correlates with the retinal glial reaction. Methods: A total of 45 rats (18 Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) dystrophic and 18 RCS‐rdy+ congenic control) were used for this experiment. Nine non‐lasered littermates of same age were used as controls. The superior retinas of postnatal day 23 rats were irradiated with a grid pattern of 40 argon green laser lesions of 50 μm in diameter and two powers (150 and 300 mW) for 0.2 s. At various times after laser lesions (up to 14 days), animals were perfused, the retinas snap frozen and sectioned on a cryostat. A one‐step immunohistochemical technique was used by incubating with rabbit anti‐rat IgG conjugated directly to horseradish peroxidase. Adjacent sections were processed using an antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by the standard avidin–biotin complex method. Results: The labelling pattern for extravasated IgG after laser lesion was very similar in both RCS and RCS‐rdy+ rat retinas. At 6, 12 and 24 h after lesions, IgG immunoreactivity (IR) was very intense in the lesion core and flanks. The outer plexiform layer (OPL) and photoreceptor inner segments provided a ready pathway for lateral spread of IgG. However, in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), IgG localization was much more restricted. Despite very intense IgG IR in the ONL of the coagulated lesion core, there was always a very sharply delineated boundary where the label abruptly halted. The GFAP labelling in both RCS dystrophic and RCS‐rdy+ congenic control rat retinas showed that this boundary was between normal and necrotic cells because there was a core where GFAP was not produced by Müller cells. By 2 days after lesions, the coagulated cells in the lesion core were being removed by phagocytic cells that were IgG IR. Labelled phagocytic cells were also found among the inner and outer segment region on the lesion flanks. There was still IgG IR in the lesion, but the label was faint. No IgG IR was found in the retina at 3, 4, 7 and 14 days after lesions. Absorption control with pure rat IgG showed the label to be specific. Conclusions: The extravasated IgG was derived from the choroidal circulation because at no stage was IgG localized around the retinal vasculature. The IgG labelling was surprisingly widespread and, therefore, did not correlate with photoreceptor sparing, although it preceded the widespread Müller cell expression of GFAP and may, therefore, trigger glial reaction.
Evaluation of oculokinetic perimetry
Authors: Chia W‐L A , Goldberg I , Bauman A 
Published: March 2003

Background and Method: Oculokinetic perimetry (OKP) was performed on 98 patients (187 eyes) using the Damato 26‐point glaucoma screening chart. Results were compared with those obtained from a 24‐2 full threshold test on a Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA). Results: In its ability to detect pathology in individual eyes, OKP had a sensitivity of 75.0% and a specificity of 71.4%. To detect glaucoma, OKP demonstrated a sensitivity of 86.0% and a specificity of 56.1%. The number of OKP defects detected increased with increasing HFA mean defect and corrected pattern standard deviation. Whereas moderate and severe field defects were almost always detected, smaller and shallower glaucoma defects were often missed. Conclusion: The fall in sensitivity and specificity of the OKP chart in identifying milder glaucomatous field defects diminishes its value as a screening test. However, its introduction into wider use in the community may increase awareness of glaucoma amongst general practitioners and members of the public, and help to detect previously undiagnosed glaucoma with moderate to severe damage. A normal OKP finding does not exclude the presence of early glaucoma. Combined with ophthalmoscopy, OKP may improve glaucoma detection rates amongst non‐ophthalmologists.
Amphetamine Withdrawal: II. A Placebo-Controlled, Randomised, Double-Blind Study of Amineptine Treatment
Authors: Srisurapanont Manit , Jarusuraisin Ngamwong , Jittiwutikan Jaroon 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the benefits of amineptine, a dopamine agonist antidepressant, in treating amphetamine withdrawal. Method: Inpatients with amphetamine withdrawal were recruited to participate in this placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, parallel group, 2-week comparison of amineptine and placebo treatments. The treatment effects were evaluated by means of the self-administered Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire (AWQ) and the interviewer-administered Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale. An intention-to-treat analysis was applied to evaluate the therapeutic effects at the end of week 1 and week 2. Results: Twenty-two patients took part in each treatment group. The week-1 and week-2 intention-to-treat analyses showed that the mean AWQ reversed vegetative scores (combined scores of decreased energy, increased appetite and craving for sleep items) of the amineptine group were significantly lower than those of the placebo group. The general condition of the amineptine group assessed by CGI also significantly improved at the end of week 2. Although the discontinuation rate due to dissatisfaction with treatment of amineptine group (1/21) was much lower than that of placebo group (6/22), those rates were not significantly different (p = 0.09). Conclusions: Amineptine is specifically effective for treating a major component of amphetamine withdrawal: a reversed vegetative syndrome. Although more than 2 weeks of amineptine treatment may contribute further benefits, both risks and benefits should be taken into account in doing so.
Chinese Migrants’ Mental Health and Adjustment to Life in New Zealand
Authors: Abbott Max W. , Wong Sai , Williams Maynard , Au Ming , Young Wilson 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the relative importance of predictors of the self-rated adjustment and psychiatric morbidity of recent Chinese migrants. Method: Chinese migrants (n = 271) living in Auckland and aged 15 years or older completed a postal questionnaire that included the Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ). The majority of respondents came from Hong Kong and Taiwan. Results: Most respondents did not report major adjustment problems. The psychiatric morbidity rate was 19%. Major predictors of experiencing problems included rejection by locals, being aged 26–35 years or over 45 years and low English proficiency. Major predictors of poor adjustment included unemployment, low English proficiency, lack of university education, younger age, shorter residency, expectations not met and regrets about coming to New Zealand. Predictors of minor mental disorder included regretting coming, female gender and younger age. For migrants resident 2 years or less, unemployment and underemployment were additional risk factors. Mothers with absent husbands and young people with absent parents also had elevated rates of mental disorder. Conclusions: Although the overall prevalence of mental disorder for this sample of recent migrants appears to be similar to that of the general population, significant risk factors were identified. The findings extend knowledge of the adjustment and the mental health of migrants and provide potential focal points for primary and secondary prevention interventions.
Gender Differences in Living Skills and Global Assessment of Functioning Among Outpatients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Hintikka Jukka , Saarinen Pirjo , Tanskanen Antti , Koivumaa-Honkanen Heli , Viinamäki Heimo 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The aims of this paper are to study skills in personal and domestic activities, and their associations with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale scores among outpatients with schizophrenia, and to study the impact of depressive mood on functional capacity in schizophrenia. Method: Three hundred and two outpatients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia completed the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a questionnaire relating to their sociodemographic characteristics, and living and working conditions. Staff members completed the GAF scale and a questionnaire relating to the patient's medical history and current treatment. This questionnaire also included the staff's assessments on patient's skills in six personal or domestic activities (personal hygiene, homemaking, management of financial affairs, shopping, decision-making, getting about). Results: Fifty-six percent of men and 33% of women (p < 0.001) with schizophrenia did not have independent skills in at least one personal or domestic activity but there was no difference in the mean GAF score between men and women. In men, the GAF score was independently and positively associated with all living skills studied and in women with homemaking, management of financial affairs, and decision-making, respectively. The BDI scores were not independently associated with functioning in personal and domestic activities except with getting about in women. Conclusions: The GAF scale is a simple and time-saving measure for assessing overall living skills among outpatients with schizophrenia. However, assessments on the GAF scale may be biased towards poor functioning in women. Moreover, psychosocial functioning and depression should be evaluated separately.
Psychiatrists in Times of Ethnonationalism
Authors: Kecmanovic Dusan 
Published: March 2003

Objective: My goal was to determine the function served by ethnopsychological writings of prominent Croatian and Serbian psychiatrists, published between 1990 and 1998, when fierce interethnic strife between their communities occurred. Method: These writings, which deal with the national character of the Croats and Serbs, were analysed. Results: The writings have served the function of detachment. Conclusion: Croatian and Serbian psychiatrists have been affected by ethnonationalist sentiments that have prevailed in their communities, and have shown bias in stereotyping each others' population.