bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roman Culture and Society
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late Elizabeth Rawson (1934-1988) was a distinguished specialist in the history, society, and culture of the later Roman Republic and Augustan period, whose sudden death at the end of a visit to China came when she was at the height of her powers, and had just been elected as a Fellow of the British Academy. Her papers form a closely related group, published over a short period of time between 1971 and 1989. The topics covered include the workings of Roman politics and society, historical and antiquarian thinking at Rome, and literary and cultural history. They are reproduced here in the order in which they were published, and together form an essential contribution to the understanding of the central period of Roman history.
More on the Clientelae of the Patrician Claudii
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Historia 1973 I published an article on ‘The Eastern Clientelae of Clodius and the Claudii’ [ =pp. 102-24 above], setting out material gathered over a number of years on the subject of the patrician family’s connections with the Oscan and Greek-speaking world, and suggesting that these might help to explain some of the acts of P. Clodius. Nothing can be more irritating for the reader than to find mostly minor corrections and additions–some of them this time rather speculative–dribbling in a little later. My excuse must be that one or two points of general interest are raised, and one matter is of some importance to the career of that significant figure, T. Quinctius Flamininus.
Discrimina Ordinum: The Lex Julia Theatralis
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The games in Rome were not simply a supreme expression of euergetism, or a method of their giver to gain popularity with the plebs and impress foreigners with Rome’s splendour; they were central to its culture in innumerable ways. They had also always been to some extent, and were even more after Augustus’ death, as the people lost its right to elect magistrates and pass laws, political gatherings where public opinion was made known and political demands put forward. But they were more yet; not only where the Emperor met his People, but where the whole of society met to do honour to the gods.
The Social and Legal Background
Authors: Grubbs Judith Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the characteristics we associate with the world of ‘late antiquity’ had already begun to appear under the Antonines: the pressure of barbarian peoples on the borders of the Empire, the legal division of society into honestiores (‘more honourable’) and humiliores (‘more lowly’), a heightened sense of religiosity and concern for the individual In the chaotic and troubled times of the third century, these forces gained momentum, though lack of evidence prevents us from understanding exactly when and how the process occurred. Because of frequent military crises and the rapid turnover of emperors during this period, the Roman state was unable to recognize fully or to deal with these enormous changes in society until the restoration of order and imperial authority by Diocletian at the end of the third century. Constantine constructed his Empire on Diocletian’s foundations, although in some respects his policies differed significantly from those of the Tetrarchy.
Sex and Status: Legislation on ‘Mixed-Status’ Unions
Authors: Grubbs Judith Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constantine’S legislation includes ten constitutions on quasimarital relationships outside the Roman concept of legitimate marriage ( iustum matrimonium). These laws penalized and sometimes banned unions between partners of widely differing social status. This legislation has never been discussed as a whole, nor has there been an adequate explanation of its place in Constantine’s legislative policy. When individual laws are discussed by scholars, they are often mistakenly attributed to Christian influences. But, when they are examined together and considered as a comprehensive (though imperfectly worked out) policy, a rather different explanation of their purpose emerges.
Hellenistic Phoenicia
Authors: Grainger John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Phoenicians have long been known for their trading, colonizing, and seafaring skills, but their history has too often seemed to stop short at the time of Alexander the Great. Alexander's destruction of the city of Tyre, however, only marked a new stage in Phoenician history, not its end. During the next three centuries this numerically small people had to live in a violent world dominated by Greeks and Macedonians. Their cities were destroyed, their land was reduced in size, and then divided up among mutually hostile kings. Yet they survived and enjoyed long periods of peace in which they evidently prospered. This is the first full account of Hellenistic Phoenicia. Within the basic chronological framework of their political history, the study pursues the themes of trade and economic history and the Hellenization of the Phoenicians' culture. The adaptation of the Phoenicians to life in the Hellenistic world shows a number of features common to that world as a whole, but also some which are distinctive to the Phoenicians themselves. A final chapter considers the changes in their role in the world outside their homeland.
The Time Of Troubles, 360-287 BC
Authors: Grainger John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coastlands of the eastern Mediterranean can be described in various ways. A modern geographer will probably begin with the coast itself and move inland, detailing the successive longitudinal zones, first the coast, then the mountain ranges, the trench of the rift valley, and finally the desert. The Roman compiler Pliny the Elder, reflecting the political situation of his own day, started from the south and moved northwards, dealing first with Palestine, then Phoenicia, and finally northern Syria. The sailor Skylax in the mid-fourth century BC began in the north and listed the places he would call at on a coasting voyage from Greece to Egypt, ignoring the inland areas.
The Roman Take-Over, 64-15 BC
Authors: Grainger John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arrival of Cn. Pompeius Magnus in Syria in 64 BC marks, to historians, the point at which the people of Syria became Roman subjects. Their history is thus now, technically, part of Roman history, and no longer Hellenistic. To the people of Syria, however, this distinction would have been largely academic, had it ever occurred to them. In particular, it would have seemed ludicrous to them to divide their history at 64 into a preceding disturbed, civil-warring, unpleasant Seleukid phase, and a succeeding Roman phase, peaceful and prosperous, because for over thirty years after 64 they were subject as never before to a series of the most unpleasant rulers Syria had faced since the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The year 64 marks, for Syrians, only the arrival of yet another group preying on their apparent wealth. Syria’s agony continued and intensified.
Seneca Praedives
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In antiquity and ever since, Seneca has been known best, and hated most, for combining philosophy with wealth. The most persistent charges of hypocrisy centred, then as now, on his fortune and its acquisition, for no one excelled this millionaire in singing the praises of poverty. The subject of Seneca’s wealth and his pronouncements, however, concerns not only the state of his soul: what he says, regardless of his practice, is bound to be interesting, for it should show where he stood on the fundamental issues of Stoicism, and what view he presented of how the statesman should live. In De Officiis in which Cicero set out the proper conduct for the Roman gentleman, especially the public man, the subject of wealth was discussed under three of the four cardinal virtues. Since then government by a Princeps—a magnified princeps civitatis whose personal wealth played as large a part in the conduct of the state as his precursors’ had in the conduct of their careers—had greatly complicated the questions of generosity and gratitude. Seneca’s views should be worth having.
Mors Diu Meditata
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the latter part of 64, Seneca, though again refused permission to retire from Rome, surrendered part of his fortune and retreated to his room to lead the life of an invalid. Early in the next year a plot was formed to assassinate Nero and set C. Calpurnius Pisa on the throne. On the very day fixed for the murder of the Emperor, probably 19 April 65, Seneca, who had apparently left Rome again to travel in Campania, returned to his villa near the city. Seneca may well have known of the conspirators’ plans, but he was probably not a conspirator, unlike his nephew Lucan from whom Seneca differed in temperament and political outlook. Soon after, certainly before 30 April 65, when Lucan committed suicide on imperial instructions, Seneca took his own life.
Studies in Greek History and Thought
Authors: Brunt P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Brunt was Camden Professor of Ancient History at the University of Oxford until 1982. This book contains a selection of his writings on Greek history and thought, both some previously published as papers in journals and some new. Subjects covered include Greek political history of the fifth century BC and ancient historiography - including an introduction to Thucydides designed for the more general reader, to which the author has now annexed a new study of Thucydides' funeral speech. Four essays concern the relationship between Greek philosophical thinking and social and political conditions, and of these, three, which constitute about a third of the volume, are new. Two examine the extent to which Plato and his pupils sought, or were able, to make any impact on the contemporary world, and the practicality of the model city in Plato's Laws; the third discusses Aristotle's theory of slavery in relation to the actual Greek institution and to other attempts to justify slavery as well as in the context of Aristotle's own ethical doctrines.
Plato’s Academy and Politics
Authors: Brunt P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s concern with the problems of justice, law and the government of the city state is revealed in dialogues of all periods of his writing, especially in the Laws. He himself attempted to transform the government of Syracuse. We have reports of the political activities of persons who are styled his pupils. Scholars have consequently been prone to think that ‘the primary aim of education for statesmanship never left his thoughts’, that he sought ‘to produce political experts’, who would go out from the Academy ‘not as power-seekers themselves but to legislate or advise those in power’, that it was for this purpose that he founded the Academy, and that ‘the great work of his old age proves that his chief care was that of healing his fatherland’, a strange interpretation of the Laws, which designs the model of an agrarian state such as Athens could not be. Barker opined that he wished, somewhat in the spirit of Bentham, ‘to codify and modify Greek law in the light of his principles’ and that he succeeded in laying the foundations of Hellenistic law, whereas the truth is that Greek or Hellenistic law no more existed than European law when Barker was writing.
The Distribution of Religious Groups in Palestine from AD 135 to 324
Authors: Taylor Joan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BEFORE looking at developments in the early part of the fourth century that would in time establish Palestine as a holy land to which pilgrims came from the farthest corners of the Empire, it is useful to consider the centuries preceding these developments. The period from the quashing of the Bar Kochba Revolt until Constantine has often been viewed as a ‘dark age’ in the history of the land as a whole. Studies tend to concentrate on Galilee, where the Jewish rabbis were engaging in debates that would culminate in the formulation of the Jerusalem Talmud. Historians are often vague about the rest of the country.
Eleona
Authors: Taylor Joan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE fourth and final site of a Constantinian basilica is the Eleona Church on the Mount of Olives. Constantine, via Helena, constructed this edifice over a cave which, according to Bagatti, ‘had seen cult in former times, beginning with Apostolic days’. We shall consider here whether this statement is borne out by the surviving evidence, literary and archaeological. It was argued above that it is very unlikely that the tree at Mamre or the tomb and rock at Golgotha were subject to any Christian veneration before the fourth century. The cave at Bethlehem was visited by Christians in the latter part of the third century, but in fact its main identity was that of a cave of Tammuz Adonis. It is not surprising that the place of Christ’s crucifixion and burial left a distinct memory, but the Nativity did not and could not have done so, since it is very unlikely that the accounts of Christ’s birth in Bethlehem are historical.
Nazareth
Authors: Taylor Joan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WITH Capernaum, Nazareth is one of the most extensive sites in which the Bagatti-Testa hypothesis has been used to interpret the archaeological evidence. According to Bagatti and Testa, Nazareth was a Jewish-Christian town until well into the fifth century. The Byzantine holy places of Nazareth were just a continuation of those venerated by Jewish-Christians, in particular a Jewish Christian synagogue-church. This theory has been devised by putting together various pieces of literary and archaeological data.
Apollodoros the Son of Pasion
Authors: Trevett Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of an influential fourth-century BC Athenian politician, Apollodoros the son of Pasion. It provides the first full-length treatment of his career and of the seven lawcourt speeches which he delivered, and which have come down to us attributed-wrongly—to the famous orator Demosthenes. These speeches, which are our main source of information about Apollodoros, not only tell us about his political career but also illuminate Athenian banking and social attitudes, since his father had risen from servile origins to become a very wealthy banker and, ultimately, an Athenian citizen. Dr Trevett also considers the authenticity, style, and rhetorical technique of the speeches, and argues conclusively that they were all written by the same author, probably Apollodoros himself. At the same time, he shows that the speeches were composed with considerably more skill than has generally been recognized.
The Speeches of Apollodoros II: Form, Function, and Style
Authors: Trevett Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I argued that six of the speeches delivered by Apollodoros were also written by him (46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 59), but that 45 is the work of Demosthenes. I shall therefore exclude this last speech from consideration in the following two chapters. The general view of earlier scholars was that Apollodoros’ speeches are mediocre works: they are disorganized and slackly written; the narrative is far too long and often irrelevant; the arguments are brief and weak. Although these criticisms have some validity, I hope to show that they are exaggerated, and that the speeches are not only competently written but also display a number of interesting features. Hostile criticism has tended to pay too much attention to the differences between these speeches and the genuine works of Demosthenes, or to the extent to which they diverge from the rules of later rhetorical theory, and too little to the particular circumstances and demands of the individual cases for which they were written. Forensic speeches were practical works, written with the primary purpose of persuading the jurors to vote in favour of the speaker. They should therefore be judged in the first instance by their effectiveness in performing this function.
Comic Angels
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book opens up a neglected chapter in the reception of Athenian drama, especially comedy; and it gives stage-centre to a particularly attractive and entertaining series of vase-paintings, which have been generally regarded as marginal curiosities. These are the so-called `phlyax vases', nearly all painted in the Greek cities of South Italy in the period 400 t0 360 BC. Up tll now, they have been taken to reflect some kind of local folk-theatre, but Oliver Taplin, prompted especially by three that have only been published in the last twelve years, argues that most, if not all, reflect Athenian comedy of the sort represented by Aristophanes. This bold thesis opens up questions of the relation of tragedy as well as comedy to vase-painting, the cultural climate of the Greek cities in Italy, and the extent to which Athenians were aware of drama as a potential `export'. It also enriches appreciation of many key aspects of Aristophanic comedy: its metatheatre and self-reference, its use of stage-action and stage-props, its unabashed indecency, and its polarised relationship, even rivalry, with tragedy. The book has assembled thirty-six photographs of vase-paintings. Many are printed here for the first time outside specialist publications that are not readily accessible.
Phlyakes
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why, in the face of ever-increasing evidence of Athenian connections, has the association of the comic vases with the phlyax plays and with Rhinthon remained so firm? The strongest underlying argument has not been a positive one in favour of the phlyakes, but the negative sense that, whatever these plays on the vases are, they cannot be Athenian comedy, especially not Old comedy. That, one would have thought, was too topical and too local to have travelled beyond Athens, or even to have been reperformed after its original occasion. In the face of undeniable evidence to the contrary, these presuppositions have to be fundamentally reviewed. A start was made in Ch. 1, a11:d further considerations will be explored in Ch. 9 below, after more material has been gathered.
Sympotic History
Authors: Murray Oswyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Storia simpotica, storia simpatica, histoire sympotique, histoire sympathique —the play on words intended in my title is hidden in English, but expresses an important truth. Sympotic history offers an approach to the classical past which is truly sympathetic, reflecting both the ancient perception of their world and modern interests. It is also (as it should be) truly collaborative, between fields of study and national traditions, demanding a variety of approaches and of skills which no one person can possess. The purpose of this introductory essay is to place sympotic history in its context, both in terms of its functional status and in terms of the historiographical tradition.
The Adoption of the Homeric Banquet in Central Italy in the Orientalizing Period
Authors: Rathje Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his inspiring article on ‘The Symposion as Social Organisation’ Oswyn Murray lists ‘four types of approach open to us if we wish to talk about the culture and social structure of eighth century Greece … the archaeological, the Homeric, the comparative and the genetic’, and he then makes use of the last three approaches. As an archaeologist I feel challenged to supply some archaeological facts to the discussion, being well aware, however, that the archaeological evidence is not sufficient for reconstructing the past in question, but has to be combined with all the other information handed down regarding the period and the societies involved.
The Subjection of the Greeks of Asia
Authors: Cawkwell George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Herodotus’ account is curious. The Ionians were, it would seem, part of the army that Croesus led outside his kingdom and across the river Halys; Cyrus had sent heralds to the Ionians and tried to get them to abstain, but to no effect. After that battle Croesus dismissed them, and they had no part in the battle fought in the valley of the Hermus, not far from Sardis itself, nor in the unsuccessful defence of the city which ensued. Once Cyrus was established there and clearly master of the Lydian kingdom, the Ionians sent messages to him asking to be accorded the same terms of subjection as they had had under Croesus. Cyrus angrily refused; they had had their chance to secure lenient treatment but they had not taken it.
The Recovery of the Greeks of Asia
Authors: Cawkwell George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Artaxrxes thinks it just that the cities in Asia be his.’ Thus began the Royal Rescript of 387/386 which preluded the King’s Peace (Xen. Hell. 5. 1. 31), and from that year until Philip of Macedon began the invasion of Asia in 336, the complete subjection of the Greeks of Asia was never seriously challenged. On three occasions one or other of the leading states of Greece, Sparta, Athens, and Thebes, gave military support to satraps in revolt, but with no thought of liberating the Asiatic Greeks. Panhellenists like Agesilaus of Sparta or Jason of Pherae might talk of liberation, but they did nothing and could do nothing. For all practical purposes the King’s Peace had settled the matter. This chapter is concerned with the King’s progress over twenty-five years towards that successful conclusion.
Introduction:Demilitarization and Christianization
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is built around two related events at Constantinople in about the year AD 400: the Gainas crisis of 399-400 and the deposition of John Chrysostom in 403-4. Both were made possible by fundamental changes in Roman society since the Early Empire. The Gainas affair could happen only because the Empire had come to rely to a large extent on barbarian mercenaries. The career of Chrysostom involved situations unthinkable before the triumph of c. Both events illustrate the transformation of the Ancient World.
Reasons for the Recruiting of Barbarians
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reasons why the Roman government came to rely to such a large extent on barbarians are not at all clear, even if some of the factors can be identified. In the second and third centuries the Roman army was recruited from sons of soldiers, and from inhabitants of the province in which the units were stationed.• Frontier areas, especially the lands along the Rhine and Danube were devastated in the third century, and their ability to furnish recruits was surely much reduced. Loss of farmers was made good by settlement of barbarian prisoners of war on a very large scale-over so long a period and so large a scale that social historians of the Later Empire still have to explain how there could have been so much empty space within the Empire. Devastation must be part of the answer, but probably not the whole. The conditions of settlement varied a great deal. Settlers who had volunteered to enter the Empire peacefully, and others who had entered violently, and whose settlement was not so much permitted as acquiesced in by the government, received freehold. The Visigoths who were settled in Moesia in 382 even kept the right to be ruled by their own chieftains. Others, usually prisoners of war who had surrendered and were compulsorily settled, might be handed over as tenants, or even as landless agricultural workers, to landowners. In either case their status was humble.