bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socratic Puzzles: A Review of Gregory Vlastos, Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher
Authors: Irwin T H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers of this journal do not need to be told that the publication of a book on Socrates by Gregory Vlastos is a major event in the study of Greek philosophy. This book is entirely characteristic of Vlastos at his best; and it is difficult to think of any higher praise for a book on the history of philosophy. It is a remarkable achievement to write a book that can stimulate and hold the interest of readers who are not professional students of Greek philosophy. It is a remarkable achievement of a different sort to write a book that requires specialists to reexamine their basic assumptions about Socrates. It is still more remarkable, however, to write one book that combines both these achievements; and this is what Vlastos has done. I cannot think of any book written on Greek philosophy that has so much to say both to the non-specialist and to the specialist. In the breadth of its appeal it deserves comparison with E. R. Dodds’s The Greeks and the Irrational, and, like Dodds’s book, it is one of the classics of twentieth-century humanism.
Introduction
Authors: Scaltsas Theodore , Charles, David , Gill Mary Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prevailing movements in contemporary metaphysics have fuelled debate on the central books of Aristotle’s Metaphysics. For instance, recent work on essentialism by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam has motivated a rereading of Aristotle to see whether, or to what extent, his account of essentialism corresponds to theirs. But the return to Aristotle has also revealed that understanding his theory can contribute new insights to current discussion. The papers in this volume examine the nature of essences, how they differ from other components of a substance, and how they are related to these other constituents, both ontologically and definitionally. Addressing these questions is fundamental for understanding the unity of composite substances and their identity over time.
Socratic Justice and Self-sufficiency
Authors: Vander Waerdt Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My principal objective in this paper is to show that Xenophon wrote his Apology of Socrates directly in reply to Plato’s work of the same title in order to reconfigure discussion of Socrates’ trial in accordance with his own antecedent understanding of Socrates’ moral philosophy and philosophical mission. More specifically, I shall argue, Xenophon advances several controversial claims concerning the motivation of Socrates’ defense speech which correct or clarify central features of the Platonic account: that Socrates deliberately provoked his own condemnation at the trial by offering a forensically deficient but boastful response to the formal charges against him, that he aimed above all not to win acquittal on these charges, but rather to defend his reputation for justice by instructing the jury in his own, Socratic understanding of it, and that Socrates conducted himself in this manner in order to provide for posterity a publicly respectable defense of Socratic philosophy. The advantages of developing an interpretation of Xenophon’ s Apology in comparison with Plato’s account will emerge through a brief reconsideration of the ‘Socratic problem’.
Aristotle’s Epistemic Progress
Authors: Broadie Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This remarkable book is about Aristotle’s method, and it also raises fundamental questions of method and purpose in the study of historical philosophers. Aristotle’s First Principles [AFP], like several other works, tells a story of Aristotle’s development. But this is a new sort of developmental account, since the principal movements here described are revisions not of doctrine but of Aristotle’s epistemic standards. Doctrinal change is said to be a secondary phenomenon.
Aristotle on Cambridge Change
Authors: Williams C J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT seems that fourth-century Greek philosophers shared Peter Geach’s doubts about ‘merely Cambridge change’. Is it enough, for real change to have occurred, that a predicate which was at one time true of a thing should no longer be true of it? One of the prime examples used by Geach in introducing the notion was borrowed from Plato: although at the beginning of 400 BC it was true of Socrates that he was taller than Theaetetus and by the end of the year this was no longer true of him, nevertheless there had been no real change in Socrates’ height during the interval (Theaet. 155 B-C).
The Priority of Definition and the Socratic Elenchus
Authors: Benson Hugh G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am indebted to a number of people for their valuable comments and criticisms of earlier versions of this paper. I would especially like to thank Michael Hand, Joseph Mendola, Alexander Mourelatos, Gregory Vlastos, Roslyn Weiss, Nicholas White, Paul Woodruff, and the anonymous referee of this journal.
William Whewell: Omniscientist
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was virtually no area in early nineteenth-century science in which William Whewell failed to make suggestions, comments, experiments, measurements, linguistic improvements, and (always dear to Whewell’s heart) critiques of the work of others. This indefatigable industry, breadth of interest, and inventiveness of mind, although highly admirable, unfortunately sets a problem for one, such as myself, who would presume to write on Whewell’s science—the whole of Whewell’s science—in a short span. But, such is the aim of this essay.
Convergence: Metaphysical Pleasure Versus Physical Constraint
Authors: Wilson David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whewell insisted that physics and metaphysics must be combined. Not merely an inferior stage of understanding that mankind progressed through on the way to true physics, ‘the metaphysical is a necessary part of the inductive movement’. Successful physicists were characterized ‘not by having no metaphysics in their heads, but by having good metaphysics while their adversaries had bad; and by binding their metaphysics to their physics, instead of keeping the two asunder’.
Nature and Judgment
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we try to paint normative life as a part of nature, crucial parts keep looking off shape. Reasons in the picture look not quite like genuine reasons. Meanings are hardly recognizable. For reasons and for meanings both, naturalistic depiction seems wrong, or if somehow it can be got to work, artistry is needed. We have reason to do various things, or so we think, but if we try to brush that fact into a picture of nature, we risk a botched likeness; bald descriptions do not straight off yield reasons. The normative things we say have meaning, but how can we include these meanings, and others too, in a picture of nature? The job may not be impossible, but it will require invention.
Analyses Broached
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We appraise a wide variety of human attributes as rational or irrational. Not only can a person act rationally or irrationally, but he can believe rationally or irrationally, and he can be angry or grateful or envious rationally or irrationally. It is irrational, say, to be angry at the messenger who brings bad tidings, but rational to be angry at the miscreant who deliberately wrongs one. At least this is what we tend to think in the normal course of life. If the word ‘rational’ seems overly learned here, substitutes come with a more homely flavor: It “doesn’t make sense” to be angry at the person who brings bad news he had no part in making. The anger “isn’t warranted”. You “shouldn’t be grateful” to someone who benefited you only inadvertently in seeking his own gain.
Moral Emotions
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my analysis of moral judgments, I spoke of guilt and resentment: a person is to blame for something if it would make sense for him to feel guilty for having done it and for others to resent him for having done it. ‘Resent’, though, is not the right word: it suggests feeling harmed or offended, whereas the moral feeling can be impartial. ‘Indignation’, ‘outrage’, or ‘moral condemnation’ might name the feeling, but they suggest full-fledged moral judgment. We need an emotion that can be felt even by a person who thinks it makes no sense to feel that way.
Moral System
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narrowly moral inquiry is only one kind of normative inquiry. Some say we should do without it, and live together on the basis not of moral norms but of norms of other kinds. In the last chapter I championed morality: I spoke from a point of view we develop together, and found virtue in meshed norms for guilt, anger, and action. I then confronted Sym the private ruminator.
Plato’s Later Platonism
Authors: Charlton William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quine defines Platonism as the doctrine that there are abstract objects, that ‘abstract entities have being independently of the mind’. As typical abstract objects he offers us ‘classes, attributes, properties, numbers, relations and functions’, and he equates holding that ‘there are’ entities of a specified kind with admitting them as values of bound variables.
Transcendental Arguments: Objections
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the ‘official’ history of transcendental arguments goes back to Kant (though a case can be made for putting much earlier anti sceptical strategies in this form), there was little critical discussion of them as such, independently of general considerations of Kant’s epistemology and metaphysics as a whole, until Strawson brought these arguments into prominence in the late 1950s and 1960s. with the publication of Individuals and his sympathetic reconstruction of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason in The Bound} of Sense. These works stimulated not only responses to Strawson’s own position, but at the same time Jed to fruitful rereadings of Wittgenstein (amongst others) as also addressing issues in these terms. It is a curious fact, however, that while transcendental arguments have since been used in the work of some of the most prominent contemporary philosophers (such as Davidson, Putnam, and Searle), in the literature about such arguments the attitude adopted is genera11y critical and defensive. the consensus being that Strawson raised hopes in the battle with scepticism that are really unfulfilled, a verdict now apparently accepted by Strawson hjmself. Just as the contemporary infatuation with transcendental arguments can largely be traced back to the work of a specific individual. so too can the contemporary disi11usionment. For, though others may have helped to turn the tide, the central objections to these arguments are voiced in or stem out of Barry Stroud’s 1968 article on this topic.
The Problem of Causality
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, I have presented and defended a use for transcendental arguments that allies them to a phenomenological response to normativist justificatory scepticism, as attempting to show that the sceptic’s position is based on an impossibly limited conception of our perceptual content. Transcendental arguments of this sort are therefore experience-directed, in so far as they set out to demonstrate that this rich perceptual content is a necessary condition for the kind of mental life the sceptic takes as his starting-point: in this way, it is shown that we are entitled to believe much more about the world than the sceptic is prepared to allow, once the extent to which we appear to have experience of that world is established. In this chapter I wish to consider a somewhat different approach, which takes a belief-directed rather than experience-directed form, using transcendental arguments to show that the picture we have of the world rests on particular beliefs that we take for granted in constructing that picture, and that (the transcendental claim is) this picture would be impossible for us to construct without them. To this extent, the approach to be considered shares Strawson’s recent view that transcendental arguments can be used as a way of ‘investigating the connections between the major structural elements of our conceptual scheme’. in order to show that ‘one type of exercise of conceptual capacity is a necessary condition of another’.
The Privately Appointed Receiver and the Enforcement of Security Interests: Anomaly or Superior Solution?
Authors: Ziegel* Jacob S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A distinctive feature of the British system for the enforcement of security interests in property, real and personal, is the use of privately appointed receivers.1 The institution of the privately appointed receiver has been copied in many other common law jurisdictions, including Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, but not in the United States. Significantly the privately appointed receiver is not even referred to in Article 9 of the American Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)2 although in other respects Article 9 is widely regarded as a model of its kind for the design of a modern, comprehensive, and rational system of chattel security law.
Welchen Sinn hat die Suche nach Strukturen hinter Texten?
Authors: Ritschl Dietrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Es geht in der folgenden Untersuchung um das ‘Vorher’ eines (biblischen) Textes. Sobaid man nach dem ‘Vorher’ und dem ‘Nachher’ eines Textes fragt, gelangt man in die Problem- stellung, die vor einigen Jahren Anlaß gab zur bekannten Auseinandersetzung zwischen Professor Barr und Brevard Childs über die historisch-kritische Methode und über das Kanonkonzept. Diese Diskussion soli hier nicht weiter- geführt werden und ich möchte mich nicht erneut dazu äußern. Jedoch besteht eine Parallele zwischen der damaligen Gesprächslage und der hier skizzierten These, nämlich die Vorstellung, man könne das ‘Vorher’ und das ‘Nachher’ eines Textes sozusagen auf einer Zeitlinie sehen, wobei der Text dann in der Mitte steht. Das ist freilich eine ‘Außenperspektive’, die eine Innen- oder eine ‘Röhren-’ perspektive beschreiben will.
Translation and Emendation
Authors: Albrektson Bertil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It is a main concern of both scholarship and theology that the Bible should be soundly and adequately interpreted.’ These words are found on the first page of James Barr’s first book, and it is a motto that is indeed relevant to all branches of biblical scholarship. It is applicable not least to the important task of translating the Bible: a sound and adequate interpretation must be based on solid and scholarly philology and exegesis.
The Social Basis of Morality and Religion in Ancient Israel
Authors: Knight Douglas a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hebrew Bible depicts the God/human relationship and God-consciousness as fundamental and natural characteristics of life in this world. God is portrayed as the creator and sustainer of the world, the elector and saviour of the Israelites, the establisher and enforcer of religious and moral norms, and the guarantor of the future. In such a scheme, religious practices and religious beliefs belong properly to the very nature of things. The biblical tradition also pictures humans as perpetual God-seekers—if not of YHWH then of other deities. YHWH, furthermore, is believed to enter into contact with humans, whether directly or indirectly, and God’s absence at points when help is needed provokes severe national or individual distress. The world was designed to be orderly and harmonious, and both God and humans are expected to act in a fashion that upholds this order. Thus the Hebrew Bible itself advocates a system in which the moral ‘ought’ is derived from God, religion is essentially prior to morality, and religion is moral in nature.
Newton and the Bible
Authors: Wiles Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To salute one’s former colleague as Professor of Hebrew with an essay on Sir Isaac Newton might seem a somewhat quixotic choice. But to see it as such is to underestimate the range of James Barr’s interests and expertise. Indeed, as the essay will reveal, one aspect of its argument was first brought to my attention by a lecture of James Barr himself.
Prophecy and Interpretation
Authors: Sawyer John F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have frequently had occasion to comment on the timelessness of biblical prophecy, its forward-looking dimension, and the role of prophetic legends in later Jewish and Christian tradition. Elijah became the solver of Talmudic puzzles (see p. 78). The suffering servant in Isaiah 53 came to be identified with Christ. The ox and the ass at the beginning of the book of Isaiah appear on our Christmas cards. It is the nature of prophetic literature and indeed of the Bible as a whole that this phenomenon be given some emphasis if we are not to leave the texts in the dusty context of the ancient Near East, surrounded by uncertainties and probabilities. What Isaiah actually meant when he first uttered the words of the Immanuel prophecy (7: 14) will always remain a matter of probabilities. It will also be largely a matter of historical interest. But how his words were understood by Christians down the ages can be established with a fair degree of certainty and objectivity and, what is more, can readily be shown to have had the deepest possible influence on Christian theology and Church history ever since. The fact is that later interpretations of the Prophets, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim, right down to the present day, have gone far beyond the biblical sources themselves, looking for hidden meanings and allusions and devising ingenious methods of exegesis relating the texts to their own experience and bringing them alive in their own day. It is this dimension of biblical prophecy that we shall be examining in the final chapter.
The Structure of the Work
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time of the completion of Books 1-3, which were separately published (5. 26) ,2 Augustine had already planned the overall structure and scope of the work, although there is no clear indication that he knew at that stage how long the work would be. The phrase ‘magnum opus et arduum’ (r. pref.) refers to the magnitude of the task which he has undertaken, rather than to the length of the proposed work. But even if Augustine does not, at the outset, know how long the work is going to be, the preface to Book 1 introduces fundamental motifs and articulates important subdivisions of the work.3 The long opening period is rich in concentrated references to the themes to come.
The Place of the City of God m Augustine’s Writings
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The City of God, like other major works of Augustine-such as the De Trinitate (begun in 399 and concluded in the years 422-6) and De Genesi ad Litteram (written between 401 and 414)-took shape over several years. In common with the other works just mentioned, it explores central themes of Augustine’s thought. Thus Books 11-14 of the City of God give Augustine’s culminating account of the opening chapters of Genesis: it is not as broad an exegesis as that found in De Genesi ad Litteram (itself the continuation of two earlier Genesis commentaries by Augustiner), but it demonstrates, because of his repeated concentration on certain thematic clusters, that Augustine’s ideas continued to develop.
Neo-Classical and Romantic
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From ancient times the power of the word, as best exemplified in poetry, has been proverbial among the Arabs. In the tribal society of pre-Islamic Arabia the emergence of a poet, we are told by one often-quoted authority, was regarded by the members of a tribe as a momentous and joyful happening, for through his eloquence the tribe’s honour would be defended, its enemies vilified, and its heroic deeds blazoned throughout the land. Under Islam the poet’s social and political status may have suffered, but the importance of his work remained undiminished. The early Arabs used to describe poetry as ‘the register of the Arabs’, implying that it was in their poetry that the salient events of their history, their battles of long ago, their values, and their mores were consecrated and preserved. Equally, every Muslim Arab ruler of note, almost until modern times, made sure that his court attracted distinguished poets who, in their panegyrical odes, would celebrate his achievements and render his name immortal.
Other Arab Writers and Further Developments in the Short Story
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside Egypt the novel of literary merit was slow to appear. In the Lebanon, which witnessed the very first experiments in the novelistic genre, it is not until 1939 with the publication of al-Raghīf (The Loaf) by Tawfiq Yūusuf ‘Awwād (1911–89) that we find a novel of more than historical significance. However interesting in other ways works such as Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān’s romantic Al-Ajni a il-Mutakassira (The Broken Win, s, 1912) or even Mārtūn ‘Abbūd’s patriotic and revolutionary al-Amīr al-Ahmār (The Red Prince, 1948–53) which has plenty of external action, but little or no characterization, they cannot be seriously considered as novels.
Introduction
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most bedouin of Sinai and the Negev are the descendants of tribesmen that came from the Arabian peninsula at various times between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. Until the mid-twentieth century they lived, like their Arabian ancestors, in tents in the desert, where they raised livestock and migrated in search of pasture and water. They were organized in tribal confederations, which assured them access to grazing grounds and wells; and, for security while migrating in remote stretches of the desert, they formed groups of close kin to avenge violations of person, property, and honour.
Poems of Con1munication
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Illiterate cultures abound in rhymes which aid the memory in important specific areas of life, such as economics, law, and religion, as well as in everyday living. It is also not surprising to find rhymes in poems composed as missives, such as those in the present section, sent from one bedouin to another to threaten, complain, pacify, cajole, request, impart information, or share an emotion. Firstly, it is easy for an illiterate messenger from this society to remember the lines of a rhymed poem; he has heard rhymes all his life. Moreover, a bedouin message often contains more than bare information. It may convey certain subtleties and allusions (often the bulk of a composition) which can be more easily expressed in a poem than in a direct prose address.
Poen1s of Instruction
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems anomalous to speak of bedouin poems of instruction. In bedouin, as in other nomadic and pre-literate cultures, a poem with aphorisms on a variety of subjects would be too formal and systematic a method of instruction. Bedouin children or adults learn things in connection with a practical matter of immediate interest or else inadvertently as they listen to other people discussing a particular subject. Many shepherds and shepherdesses, for example, can identify by name as many as three hundred varieties of plants, grasses, flowers, and shrubs that grow in their own area of habitation or migration.
Evil And Theistic Explanation
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Have noted the existing confusion over the nature of theistic explanation. This confusion results in part from the problem presented by the justification of religious belief. Often it appears to be taken for granted that religious beliefs, for example, that God exists or that salvation is mediated exclusively through Jesus, are incapable of justification. Beliefs of this type, it is claimed, cannot be proved. They are matters for faith, not reason, and, therefore, are objects of commitment, not rational assessment.