bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFICACY OF HARTSHILL FIXATION WITH SUBLAMINAR WIRING IN MAINTAINING ANATOMICAL CORRECTION AND NEUROLOGICAL RECOVERY IN BURST FRACTURES OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINE
Authors: Garg Manish , Arora Shobha S. , Singh Girish Kumar 
Published: December 2003

Hartshill fixation of thoracolumbar burst fractures is justified on grounds of providing early stabilization and correction of deformity. It is important to answer the question of whether it is able to sustain correction so that the costs and risks of surgery of this disabling problem can be justified. Reliable answers are also needed in view of the costs and risks of surgery prognostication.This before-after study is on 49/61 consecutive cases of burst fractures of thoracolumbar spine, admitted during October 1998 to November 2000. Patients were treated with Hartshill segmental spinal fixation two segments above and below the fracture and bone grafting, and followed-up for a mean of 28 months (18–43 months) to determine the fate of radiological parameters indicating correction of kyphosis and clinical indicators predicting neurological recovery.The mean pre-operative kyphosis angle of 19.59° (17.93–21.24) initially improved by 9.73° (8.07–11.39), p < 0.05 but reverted to 19.71° (17.73–21.69) during follow-up. Vertebral height measurements indicated similar findings. Mild pain persisted in 48/49 patients while 1/49 needed analgesics. Improvement of neural function was seen in 37/44 patients having a pre-operative deficit. 6/16 variables had a significant univariate relation with neurological recovery at p < 0.3 levels; namely initial Frankel's grade 1.85 (0.81–4.22), p = 0.14; fracture level 3.83 (0.58–25.10), p = 0.16; initial kyphosis 1.11 (0.93–1.32), p = 0.24; age 1.03 (0.96–1.11), p = 0.28; sex 0.39 (0.06–2.23), p = 0.29 and post-operative kyphosis 1.07 (0.93–1.22), p = 0.30. When combined, these variables were able to correctly classify recovery in 77.78% of cases at the probability cut-off of 0.75, sensitivity of 0.77 and specificity of 0.75, while the pre-test probability of recovery of 0.84 improved to 0.93 post-test, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 0.42., +Likelihood Ratio (LR) was 3.11 and -LR was 0.29. 77% of the area was under the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curve.Although Hartshill fixation with segmental sub-laminar wiring failed to maintain kyphosis correction in thoracolumbar burst fractures, it resulted in reducing the recumbence and hospital stay, and facilitating early rehabilitation. However, the costs and the risks of such procedures have to be carefully weighed before they are recommended for wider use. We also have a rule for predicting neurological recovery in such patients.
IDEA MANAGEMENT FOR ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATION
Authors: FLYNN M. , DOOLEY L. , O'SULLIVAN D. , CORMICAN K. 
Published: December 2003

Modern organisations are under ever increasing competitive pressure to maintain market share, enhance product range, improve efficiency and reduce cost. The process by which organisations attain these improvements is through innovation. Over recent years, significant research has focused on the issue of managing the process of developing ideas towards eventual organisational innovations. However, the process by which these ideas are generated and effectively managed is one which currently operates in an "ad hoc" fashion.This paper strives to present a structured and holistic approach to managing idea generation. A literary survey of both innovation and creativity is undertaken to determine their inter-relationships and core traits. Following this, a methodology is presented to facilitate the organisational management of the "Idea Generation" process. An integrated software tool to support the process is also introduced. The purpose of this tool is to provide an infrastructure for the effective management of ideas and their transfer to the larger innovation process.
NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES AND EXPORT INVOLVEMENT: AN INITIAL INQUIRY
Authors: LIM JEEN-SU , SHARKEY THOMAS W. , HEINRICHS JOHN H. 
Published: December 2003

This study is an exploratory investigation into the role of new product development practices in the internationalisation process. Specifically, the relationship among five identified new product development practices and three export involvement stages is explored.The analysis of survey data obtained from a national sample of U.S. manufacturing firms provide support for the contention that certain new product development capabilities must exist at all stages of the internationalisation process. The results further support the argument that a subset of new product development capabilities must exist for the firm to pursue strategies that will result in a higher degree of export involvement.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION & DIFFUSION SYSTEM AND INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION BETWEEN TAIWAN AND MAINLAND CHINA
Authors: LIU CHANG-YUNG , YANG JIE 
Published: December 2003

Backwardness at technological capabilities is a common problem for all developing regions. Among catching-up economies in the developing world, Taiwan and Mainland China have achieved remarkably rapid growth in the science and technology development. More interestingly, they have done so by adopting distinctly different model of innovation and diffusion strategy.In this study, we compare the performance of industrial innovation between Mainland China and Taiwan by using the framework of national technological capabilities which includes technology push, market pull, S&T and industrial policies, factor market, innovation and diffusion system. By considering the close relationship across the Taiwan Strait, implications of cooperation on technology innovation and high-tech industry development for these two regions are also explored.
Digital Development and Disruption in South Africa: Balancing Growth and Equity in National ICT Policies
Authors: Benner Chris 
Published: December 2003

AbstractInformation and communication technologies (ICTs) are both critical for economic development and highly disruptive to existing employment opportunities. Maximizing the potential of ICTs requires both promoting their use and addressing the inequality and dislocation they may cause. This paper examines South African national policy efforts that have an explicit goal of both growth and equity in the promotion of ICT use. Through an examination of two particularly high profile programs, the paper argues that national policy underestimates the potentially negative impact of ICTs on traditional employment sectors and fails to address the volatile nature of employment and skill requirements in ICT industries themselves. As a result, unless these shortcomings are addressed, national ICT policy in South Africa seems likely to further contribute to the disruption of existing employment opportunities while contributing to growing inequality.
The Impact of Globalization on Agricultural Biotechnology in Iran: A Model for Regional Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Haghiri Morteza , Phillips Peter 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The increasing population of developing countries, which creates an increasing demand for food, is severely challenging traditional agricultural practices. Recent scientific developments have introduced biotechnology techniques to agriculture. To increase the benefits from implementing biotechnology, countries need both to continuously invest in research and development in their biotechnology sector and to implement a series of complementary policies. Establishing and enforcing the intellectual property rights of plant breeders are among of these policies. The successful institution of plant breeders' rights is influenced by market institutions and the legal system, which together comprise the environmental structure of the economy. Since property rights are not well established in most developing and developed countries, individual research and innovations cannot be protected from intellectual property piracy. As a result, there is little incentive to continue investment in research and development in biotechnology in those markets. This paper proposes a model of regional intellectual property rights for developing countries where individual intellectual property rights are not enforceable.
Latin America and the Cultural Consequences and Contradictions of Globalization
Authors: Oppenheim Lois Hecht 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the twin forces of neoliberalism and globalization on culture in Latin America. It argues that the application of a neo-liberal economic strategy over the past 25 years and the increased integration of the region's economy into the global economy have led to changes in cultural values and lifestyles. There is much evidence to support the idea that the changes denote the diffusion of a US-style market culture, which values individualism, competition, and consumerism. Chile was taken as a case study, as it has the longest and most successful experience with the neo-liberal model and globalization in the region. In Chile, and elsewhere, there are notable changes in political culture, including a less partisan and ideological electorate, increased political apathy, especially among the youth, and campaign formats that emphasize style over substance. At the same time, more complex cultural mixtures are also emerging, in which, for example, new campaign techniques are used to reinforce traditional values. There is also increasing resistance to the application of neo-liberal economic policies and to globalization in the region, although it is unclear to what extent this opposition can stem the international tide.
September 11: Early Thoughts on the Imbrication of Security, ICT, and International Relations
Authors: Tansu Okan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper provides more questions than answers and, for that matter, more questions than data. It is the hope of the author that this paper and other recent ones on the overlap of international relations, security, and informatics will stimulate other research that generates empirical data and thereby answer some of the important questions posed.
Situating Technology: Confrontations over the Use of Sonar among Turkish Fishermen and Marine Scientists
Authors: Knudsen Ståle 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSince its introduction in the Turkish fisheries in 1980, use of the fish finder device sonar has been a controversial issue among fishermen and between fishermen and scientists. Most fishermen claim that sonars scare away or kill fish while local marine scientists contend that sonars have no such effect. What can study of this conflict tell us about the use of advanced technology in regions of the world far away from the metropolitan production of such technologies? In this ethnographic approach to a study in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) the fishermen's use of and the scientists' research on the sonar are surveyed. The article discusses the degree to which the adoption of sonar in the Turkish fisheries has resulted in a standardization of fishing practices—not only technologically, but possibly also in the way the fishermen perceive the hunt. Some theoretical arguments on how people relate to technology are reviewed and a phenomenologically inspired perspective advanced. It is argued that too much attention on finding the "Truth"—in this case whether the sonar is harmful to fish or not—diverts attention from more fundamental issues, such as what kinds of change sonar has brought to the social relations of production.
A novel form of mastocytosis associated with a transmembrane c-kit mutation and response to imatinib
Authors: Akin Cem , Fumo Gerard , Yavuz Akif S. , Lipsky Peter E. , Neckers Len , Metcalfe Dean D. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Mutational analysis of the c-kit gene in a patient with a previously undescribed variant of mast cell disease revealed a germline mutation, Phe522Cys, within the transmembrane portion of the Kit receptor protein. Transfection experiments revealed that the mutation caused ligand-independent autophosphorylation of Kit, which was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate. The patient's bone marrow biopsy and aspirate displayed unique pathologic features with the presence of excessive numbers of mature-appearing mast cells and absence of aberrant mast cell surface expression of CD2, CD25, and CD35. Therapy with imatinib mesylate resulted in a dramatic improvement in mast cell burden and clinical symptoms. These results highlight the significance of the transmembrane region of Kit in activation of the molecule and its importance in mast cell development and suggest a role for screening for transmembrane c-kit mutations in patients with mastocytosis in association with the decision to use imatinib mesylate. (Blood. 2004;103:3222-3225)
Design of Macrocyclic Ligands for the Selective Extraction of f-Group Elements
Authors: Thi Kim Dung Nguyen , Kunogi Kenji , Ludwig Rainer 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The relationship between the molecular structure of [1.6]metacyclophanes (calix[6]arenes) and the extractability of trivalent lanthanides and americium was studied by solvent extraction from weekly acidic aqueous into chloroform solutions. The ligands differ in number and position of the ionophilic carboxymethoxy- and (diethylcarbamoyl)methoxy-groups, as well as in their hydrophobicity. The separation of Am(III) from Ln(III) is achieved due to cooperative binding of different ionophilic groups. The separation factor, DAm(III)/DNd(III), is 15 for an unsymmetrically substituted ligand (4) and 61 for an symmetric ligand (6) bearing the same ionophilic groups. Extraction constants were calculated for the ligands and compared with reference data.
How to Evaluate the Structure of a Tetranuclear Mn Cluster from Magnetic and EXAFS Data: Case of the S2-State Mn-Cluster in Photosystem II
Authors: Hasegawa Koji , Ono Taka-aki , Inoue Yorinao , Kusunoki Masami 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
A theoretical method to extract structural information on spin-exchange-coupled manganese tetramers from the EPR spectroscopy data is presented. This method has been applied to two EPR data, i.e. the ground-state spin (S = 1/2) and the first excitation energy (30—37 cm−1), for the S2-state Mn tetramer in the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex, which exhibits a “g = 2 multiline” EPR signal. Based on the EXAFS data and the manganese chemistry, a simplified model spin Hamiltonian to describe the S2-state Mn cluster will be presented, such that two spin-exchange interactions due to 2.7—2.8 Å and/or 3.2—3.5 Å Mn–Mn bonds can vary from weak to strong coupling, sensitively, depending upon the bridge structure, except for a strong-antiferromagnetic interaction due to a 2.7 Å Mn(III)–Mn(IV) bond and the other weak ones. By computer-search of the possible spin-exchange structures with respect to these two parametric interactions, it was found that (1) a dimer of di-μ2-oxo bridged Mn dimers, a propeller-type tetramer in which the central Mn ion is chelated by three di-μ-oxo Mn cores and some other models are highly unlikely, (2) the most promising cluster is a trimer-plus-monomer type of distorted cubane, and (3) S* = 5/2 excited states are higher than the first excited state with S* = 3/2 (majority) or S* = 1/2 (minority).
Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties of Triply Carboxylato-Bridged Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Matsushima Hideaki , Koikawa Masayuki , Nukada Ryoji , Mikuriya Masahiro , Tokii Tadashi 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
A new series of carboxylato-bridged dinuclear copper(II) complexes ([Cu2(Ph2CHCOO)3(bpy)2]BF4 (1), [Cu2(Ph2CHCOO)3(bpy)2]CF3SO3 (2; blue form), [Cu2(Ph2CHCOO)3(bpy)2]CF3SO3 (3; green form), [Cu2(Ph2CHCOO)3(phen)2]BF4 (4), [Cu2{(ClPhO)2CHCOO}3(bpy)2]BF4 (5), and [Cu2{(ClPhO)2CHCOO}3(bpy)2]ClO4 (6), where Ph2CHCOO, (ClPhO)2CHCOO, bpy, and phen are diphenylacetate anion, bis(4-chlorophenoxy)acetate anion, 2,2′-bipyridine, and 1,10-phenanthroline, respectively) has been prepared. X-Ray crystallographic analyses reveal that complexes 1—6 have a triply carboxylato-bridged dicopper(II) core. Two copper(II) ions in 1 and 2are linked by one familiar “syn–syn bridging” carboxylate and two unique “monatomic bridging” carboxylates. In 3—6, two “syn–syn bridging” carboxylates and one “monatomic bridging” carboxylate connect two copper(II) ions. Complexes 2 and 3 are geometrically isometric with each other. Magnetic susceptibility data for the present complexes indicate that a weak antiferromagnetic interaction is operative in each dicopper core in 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 with 2J values ranging from −5 to −13 cm−1, whereas a ferromagnetic coupling is operative in 3 with a 2J value of 9 cm−1.
Molecular Rearrangement Accompanied by Solid-State Isomerization of {N,N′-Di-3-ethoxysalicylidene-(R,S)(S,R)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine}oxovanadium(IV)
Authors: Hoshina Gakuse , Ohba Shigeru , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Ishida Hiroyuki , Kojima Masaaki , Tsuchimoto Masanobu 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Two geometrical isomers, exo- and endo-[VO(3-EtOsal-meso-stien)] (H2(3-EtOsal-meso-stien) = N,N′-di-3-ethoxysalicylidene-(R,S)(S,R)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine), were selectively prepared separately. X-Ray structure analyses were carried out for two different crystals of the endo-isomer: endo-[VO(3-EtOsal-meso-stien)]·3H2O, (A), monoclinic P21/c, a = 10.435(3), b = 9.696(3), c = 30.948(3) Å, β = 94.87(2)°, V = 3120(1) Å3 and Z = 4; endo-[VO(3-EtOsal-meso-stien)]·CH3CN, (B), monoclinic P21/c, a = 15.935(3), b = 9.510(2), c = 20.891(2) Å, β = 100.58(1)°, V = 3112(1) Å3 and Z = 4. Under an argon atmosphere, the endo-isomer in both crystals A and B isomerized to the exo-isomer completely upon heating at 210 °C for 20 h. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the heated crystals A′ and B′ were approximately identical with that of exo-[VO(3-EtOsal-meso-stien)]·H2O (C). In the latter the V=O bonds are arranged in crystals to form a fairly weak linear chain structure (V=O···V=O···). The drastic rearrangement of the metal complexes in the solid state accompanied by the isomerization reaction indicates that the thermal reaction proceeds in a non-topochemical fashion.
The γ-Silicon Effect. II. The Substituent Effect on the Solvolysis of 3-(Aryldimethylsilyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl p-Bromobenzenesulfonates
Authors: Nakashima Tohru , Fujiyama Ryoji , Fujio Mizue , Tsuno Yuho 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Solvolysis rates of 3-(aryldimethylsilyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl p-bromobenzenesulfonates were determined in 60% (v/v) aqueous ethanol (60E) and 97% (w/w) aqueous 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (97Tw) at 50 °C. The effects of aryl substituents at the silyl atom on these solvolyses were correlated with unexalted σ° parameters, giving the ρ values of −0.87 in 60E and −1.08 in 97Tw. This indicates that there exists a certain extent of positive charge on the γ-silicon atom reflecting the delocalization of incipient carbocationic charge by participation of the Si–Cγ bond. The size of ρ values can be regarded as the effect of aryl ring on γ-Si via percaudal interaction in the rate-determining step.
Study of Reactive Intermediates in Photoinduced Electron Transfer Anti-Markovnikov Addition of Methanol to 1-Phenylcycloalkenes
Authors: Kojima Masanobu , Ishida Akito , Kuriyama Yasunao , Wada Yuji , Takeya Haruhiko 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Irradiation of 1-phenylcycloalkenes (1) with cyanoaromatics as electron-accepting sensitizers in MeCN and PhH containing 1.0 M MeOH gave trans- (2) and cis-isomers (3) of anti-Markovnikov adducts. It was found that the isomer ratio of 2/3 depended on the ring size of 1 and solvent polarity, but not on the sensitizers used. The mechanisms for adduct formation in MeCN and PhH were studied by means of fluorescence spectroscopy, pulse radiolysis, and semiempirical molecular orbital calculation (PM3) and are discussed on the basis of the reactivities of the three kinds of intermediates involved in the reaction [cation radicals of 1 (1•+), free radicals generated by addition of MeOH to 1•+, and carbanions produced by reduction of the free radicals by anion radicals of the sensitizers]. On the basis of the results obtained by the calculation, it is concluded that the ratio of 2/3 in MeCN is dependent on the structures and stabilities of the radicals and carbanions, while for PhH the formation of exciplex between 1 and the sensitizers causes cis addition of MeOH to 1 due to steric hindrance, finally to yield 2 as the predominant adduct.
Stereochemical Behaviors of Cyclohexyl α-Sulfonyl Carbanions
Authors: Tanikaga Rikuhei , Nishikawa Takeshi , Tomita Naoki 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Diastereoisomeric 4-(t-butyl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)cyclohexanes 3 and 4-(t-butyl)-2-phenylsulfonyl-1-cyclohexanols 10 were subjected to H–D exchange, methylation, and allylation. The anions generated from 3 and 10 rapidly isomerized to those having a sulfonyl group in an equatorial position to form both equatorial and axial carbanions, in which a slight difference was found toward the subsequent electrophilic attack. The reaction of the dianion of 10 was little affected by an adjacent oxyanion and its countercation. The steric requirement of a bulky aggregate containing a sulfonyl group and a THF-solvated metal counterion may play an important role in the stereochemical behavior of α-sulfonyl carbanions.
Preparation of Cyclic Carbonates from Alkadienols, CO2, and Aryl or Vinylic Halides Catalyzed by a Palladium Complex
Authors: Uemura Kumiko , Shiraishi Daiziro , Noziri Masayoshi , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
A novel three-component reaction of alkadienol, CO2, and aryl or vinylic halide gives a vinyl group-substituted cyclic carbonate in one pot in the presence of a catalytic amount of a palladium complex. 2,3-Alkadienol affords five-membered ring carbonate in good yield, while 3,4-alkadienol effects the six-membered one successfully. 2,4-Alkadienol also takes part in this reaction to provide five-membered ring carbonate. A reaction pathway involving a π-allylic palladium species as an intermediate has been presumed.
Synthesis of 1-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic Acid Derivatives via the Intramolecular Cyclization of 4-(2-Cyanophenyl)-2-butenoic Acid Derivatives and Its Application to the One-Pot Preparation of Benzo[h]quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Tanaka Hiroto , Takabatake Harumi , Kitamura Tomohide , Nakahashi Ryoji , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The reaction of 2-(lithiomethyl)benzonitrile with 2-phenylthio-2-alkenoic acid derivatives in diglyme at −78 °C, followed by oxidation with sodium metaperiodate in aqueous MeOH at room temperature and the subsequent elimination reaction in refluxing toluene, gave 4-(2-cyanophenyl)-2-butenoic acid derivatives in moderate-to-fair overall yields. Intramolecular cyclization of these products using NaH in DMF at 0 °C gave 1-amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid derivatives almost quantitatively. Successive treatments with an isocyanate without isolation of the aminonaphthalenecarboxylates under reflux afforded benzo[h]quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones in moderate-to-good yields.
Synthesis of 2,8-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-1,3,7,9-tetrone and the Reactions with Amines
Authors: Kato Jun , Seo Atsushi , Kiso Kazuki , Kudo Kazuaki , Shiraishi Shinsaku 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
For the studies of highly-sophisticated utilization of itaconic anhydride, some compounds of polybasic carboxylic acids having a quaternary or a spiro carbon atom were prepared, starting from itaconic anhydride and isoprene. Aliphatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride having a spiro carbon atom with five- and six-membered rings, 2,8-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-1,3,7,9-tetrone (TCDA), was also obtained. The reaction of TCDA with primary amines and subsequent dehydration gave two types of products, either diimides or imide (with five-membered ring)-anhydrides (with six-membered ring), depending on the hydrocarbon moiety of the amines used. It was suggested that each imide-anhydride was formed by the intramolecular ring transformation of the intermediate amic acid-anhydride.