bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Accuracy of a Generic Field Template for Camera Calibration in Soccer Broadcast Footage
Authors: Breytenbach Gerhardt , Grobler Jacomine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Camera calibration is a fundamental process for essential sports analytics tasks, including augmented reality, player tracking, and scene reconstruction. In soccer, camera calibration aims to estimate the geometric relationship between the field and broadcast footage. The international guidelines for soccer fields, however, permit a size variance of up to

$$1850 \, \text {m}^2$$

1850

m
2

in soccer fields. This paper investigates whether a generic virtual template can serve as a calibration object for soccer broadcast footage from any internationally approved fields. An experiment is conducted to assess if the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) recommended field size can be adapted to fit any internationally-approved field. An initial experiment is conducted with regards to four extreme fields and an arbitrary camera view, after which the experiment is enlarged to cover a thousand camera views for all integer-based allowable field shapes. The direct linear transform is utilised to establish a homography matrix between the generic template and the extreme fields. The initial findings indicate that the generic template can achieve accuracies of at least

$$93\%$$

93
%

, as calculated by the standard metric, however, the extended analysis indicated that some arbitrary camera perspectives limit the accuracy to less than

$$90\%$$

90
%

. This accuracy metric, however, considers the overall area of the field rather than its distinct segments. Consequently, in addition to the standard metrics employed in the literature, a novel approach is proposed to calculate the combined intersection over union (IoU) as the average IoU per field segment within the visible plane.
The role of sensory experiences in evoking emotional responses in virtual reality
Authors: Alshaer Abdulaziz 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the impact of multisensory stimuli—visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory—on emotional responses in virtual reality, with a specific focus on trust and disgust. Drawing upon Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions, this research explores how sensory modalities evoke distinct emotional reactions within a VR simulation of a spiritual experience. Eighteen participants, all with prior experience of a similar physical ritual, were immersed in a detailed virtual environment designed with high visual fidelity and a combination of physical and olfactory stimuli to replicate the spiritual setting. The study analyzed how different sensory inputs contribute to emotional engagement. Results indicated that visual and tactile stimuli significantly enhanced trust, while olfactory inputs were associated with feelings of disgust. Furthermore, multisensory integration, particularly between tactile and olfactory cues, played a pivotal role in shaping emotional intensity. This approach offers a deeper understanding of how specific sensory inputs shape emotional responses, providing valuable insights for creating emotionally immersive and authentic VR experiences, especially in culturally and spiritually significant contexts. A key contribution of this research lies in its development of a more refined method for measuring emotional responses, moving beyond the traditional focus on presence and immersion to capture the subtle emotional effects of multisensory stimuli.
Science diplomacy and the 5th International Polar Year (IPY-5): planetary considerations across centuries
Authors: Berkman Paul Arthur 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The 5th International Polar Year (IPY-5) in 2032–2033 represents an important next step in the legacy of the oldest continuous climate research program created by humanity, which intentionally began during a Solar Maximum with IPY-1 in 1882–1883, following the Little Ice Age. Current IPY-5 planning by the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is “From IPY-4 to IPY-5” with scope since 2007–2008, considering relevant large-scale polar process, international activities and UN decades. Additionally, there are essential features to incorporate into IPY-5 planning with Indigenous knowledge as well as next-generation leadership along with international science connections across the United Nations, involving core integration of data system and Earth–Sun system research, which accelerated with the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957–1958 that was renamed from IPY-3. As memorialized in the 1959 Antarctic Treaty: “the International Geophysical Year accords with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind.” Importantly, at the height of the Cold War with “forever” legacy, the 1959 Antarctic Treaty became the first nuclear arms agreement, applying science diplomacy among allies and adversaries alike based on “matters of common interest.” Recognizing current challenges to enable inclusive dialogues – especially in the Arctic – planning for IPY-5 is far enough into the future to be imaginative and hopeful but close enough to be practical, especially to produce synergistic outcomes that inspire and empower next-generation leaders across the International Decade of Sciences for Sustainable Development from 2024 to 2033. Planning “From IPY-3 to IPY-5” – this invited Cambridge Prisms Perspective extends and amplifies the IASC-SCAR concept with its visionary principles – “striving for holistic, systemic, transdisciplinary research approaches” – for the benefit of all on Earth across generations.
Mobilizing the Rights of Homeless EU Citizens in the Netherlands
Authors: Kramer Dion 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis Article explores, from a participatory perspective of an engaged legal scholar, the case of homeless EU citizens in the Netherlands and the mobilization of their rights. By marking them as so-called niet-rechthebbenden (“non-rightholders”), Dutch municipalities have systematically denied homeless EU citizens access to overnight shelters and general homelessness services on equal footing as Dutch citizens. This legal and practical deadlock—a classic case of non-compliance through “law in action”—has most probably led to a denial of rights to EU citizens entitled to shelter as permanent residents, (former) workers, or otherwise legally residing EU citizens. The contribution explores the context and motivations that led a broad coalition of actors—ranging from homelessness organizations, advocacy groups, a public interest litigation organization and legal experts—to join efforts and consider strategic litigation a credible avenue to protect the interests of the most vulnerable under EU law within a national and local context. The case demonstrates, however, how strategic litigation is not considered the most effective or preferred strategy when other avenues for legal mobilization open up.
Can Strategic Litigation Backfire? Challenging the Crackdown on Migration NGOs in Greece Through EU Law
Authors: Kriona Saranti Elli 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn 2020, amid aggressive and inflammatory political discourse and an unprecedented wave of violent attacks against migration Non-Governmental Organizations and their staff, the Greek Government sought to establish a new legal framework for the registration of Non-Governmental Organizations active in the fields of international protection, migration and social inclusion, and their members. This Article aims at providing an overview of the EU-law based litigation brought by Greek Civil Society organizations to challenge the new framework for breaching fundamental rights, and at exploring its effects beyond the Court proceedings. This Article concludes that, counterintuitively, the existence of pending litigation against the Regulation establishing the NGO Registries hampered advocacy on this issue with the European Commission.
A Challenge to Systematic and Undifferentiated Data Collection Through Strategic Litigation: The Passenger Name Record Case (Ligue des Droits Humains) Before the Court of Justice of the EU
Authors: Forget Catherine 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAt a time when the European Union and its Member States are constantly adopting measures to combat serious crime and terrorism, particularly through the prism of data protection rules, the CJEU is acting as a bulwark by imposing compliance with strict conditions, thereby encroaching on national rules of criminal procedure, which are initially the responsibility of the Member States. In this contribution, we will examine how and on what basis the Ligue des Droits Humains was able to get the CJEU to rule on the Passenger Name Records Directive, and to what extent this action was indeed “strategic.”
Climate Legal Mobilization Under the New Aarhus Regulation
Authors: Pagano Mario 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe present contribution seeks to provide an empirical overview of how the amended internal review mechanism established under the EU Aarhus Regulation is currently being deployed by civil society organizations to mobilize EU climate change law. This Article argues that the 2021 reform of the Aarhus Regulation has broadened the legal opportunity structure available to environmental organizations, which can now challenge a much broader set of EU administrative acts. However, this contribution holds that the internal review mechanism is being used strategically by environmental NGOs with the intention to contest - even before the EU judiciary - not only EU administrative acts, but also broader policy arrangements, representing the legal infrastructure of the EU ecological transition. In this regard, the Aarhus internal review mechanism can now be considered a real scientific dispute settlement forum, where NGOs and EU institutions can confront each other and disagree on the way scientific evidence is taken into account in the EU policymaking. Finally, the new specific features of the internal review mechanism are truly empowering only those organizations owning the necessary legal and technical expertise, allowing such NGOs to act as credible scientific interlocutors of the EU institutions on behalf of the wider public.
Hidden in Plain Sight? Corporate Strategic Litigation in the EU Emissions Trading System
Authors: Fleerackers Sofie 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis Article examines how private economic actors mobilize EU law to pursue broader legal, political, economic, or societal ends. It studies the strategic nature of corporate litigation before the Court of Justice of the EU in the context of the EU Emissions Trading System, a prime illustration of neglected strategic climate litigation. Corporate cases against the ETS have so far fallen under the radar of scholarship focused on EU strategic climate litigation. Such underrepresentation is linked to a double bias in scholarship, favoring high-profile climate cases that advance public interest causes and progressive agendas. Applying a normatively open definition of strategic litigation and actor-centered methodological approach, the Article brings to light features of corporate strategic litigation in EU law which otherwise go unseen. It offers empirical observations into boundary-testing behavior by private economic actors and the notion of a private generalizable interest, untangling strategic climate litigation by private economic actors as overlooked proponents in Court. The Article finally distinguishes a selection of legal strategies through which corporate actors mobilize EU law, such as instances of coordinated litigation; futile and seemingly routine challenges initiated before the Court to test judicial waters; and the use of litigation as a political advocacy tool.
Representation of Aphrodite and Eros on Sasanian Clay Bullae: Evidence from the Fire Temple of Ādur Gušnasp at Takht-e Solaymān
Authors: Moradi Yousef , Hintze Almut 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article examines five Sasanian bullae from the fire temple of Ādur Gušnasp with seal impressions depicting Aphrodite and Eros, and Aphrodite Anadyomene. It is argued that the original seal with Aphrodite and Eros likely dates from the late 1st century BCE to the early 1st century CE, reused between the 5th–7th centuries CE, while the Aphrodite Anadyomene seal is from the 2nd or 3rd century CE. Contextualizing these findings within Graeco-Roman and Iranian cultures, this article explores reinterpretations of Graeco-Roman iconography for both Zoroastrian and non-Zoroastrian audiences, as well as highlights that bullae with concave impressions of cylindrically curved objects on the reverse had once been attached to vessels, not just documents. Additionally, this article also discusses other sealings on the new bullae, some with Middle Persian inscriptions, identifying a mgw (priest) and an astrologer, providing the first attestation of the word axtar (constellation) on a Sasanian seal.
The Noble Rank (Lie hou) and the Changing Definitions of Merit (Gong) during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)
Authors: Li Yunxin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The founding emperor of the Han envisioned the noble rank (lie hou) as a system rewarding “merit” (gong) that mainly referred to military achievements. However, the criteria for granting the noble rank changed considerably throughout the Han. This is reflected by the various categories of nobles in the Han shu tables: meritorious ministers (gongchen hou), the kings’ sons (wangzi hou), and the imperial affines and favorites (waiqi enze hou), as well as the new category of eunuch nobles (huanzhe hou) in the Eastern Han. This article argues that the Han shu tables should be read as one of the multiple narratives about the noble rank and merit during the Han rather than an objective statistical summary. Whereas the Han shu tables emphasize Gaozu’s original definition of merit, the imperial edicts granting the noble rank kept reinterpreting merit to serve the court’s contemporary needs. Recently excavated Han manuscripts provide a third way of viewing merit based on the length of service.
Reorienting Territorial Rights: The Case for Grounded Normative Theory
Authors: Jourdeuil Kaitie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article defends grounded normative theory (GNT) as a more appropriate methodology to tackle questions of territorial justice in settler states over the dominant approach in territorial rights theory. I contrast the central aims and methodological commitments of territory theories and GNT: the former are engaged in an ideal, conceptual project primarily directed at other liberals, while the latter is oriented towards addressing injustices through deep engagement with the narratives and power relations that normalize them. I then outline three limitations of the territorial rehabilitation project undertaken by territory theorists that result from their failure to engage the robust critical and empirical literatures on settler colonialism. Finally, I sketch how GNT can reorient the territorial rehabilitation project towards decolonization.
Differential impact from individual versus collective misinformation tagging on the diversity of Twitter (X) information engagement and mobility
Authors: Kim Junsol , Wang Zhao , Shi Haohan , Ling Hsin-Keng , Evans James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Fears about the destabilizing impact of misinformation online have motivated individuals and platforms to respond. Individuals have increasingly challenged others’ online claims with fact-checks in pursuit of a healthier information ecosystem and to break down echo chambers of self-reinforcing opinion. Using Twitter (now X) data, here we show the consequences of individual misinformation tagging: tagged posters had explored novel political information and expanded topical interests immediately prior, but being tagged caused posters to retreat into information bubbles. These unintended consequences were softened by a collective verification system for misinformation moderation. In Twitter’s new feature, Community Notes, misinformation tagging was peer-reviewed by other fact-checkers before revelation to the poster. With collective misinformation tagging, posters were less likely to retreat from diverse information engagement. Detailed comparison demonstrated differences in toxicity, sentiment, readability, and delay in individual versus collective misinformation tagging messages. These findings provide evidence for differential impacts from individual versus collective moderation strategies on the diversity of information engagement and mobility across the information ecosystem.
Broad substrate scope C-C oxidation in cyclodipeptides catalysed by a flavin-dependent filament
Authors: Sutherland Emmajay , Harding Christopher J. , du Monceau de Bergendal Tancrède , Florence Gordon J. , Ackermann Katrin , Bode Bela E. , Synowsky Silvia , Sundaramoorthy Ramasubramanian , Czekster Clarissa Melo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cyclic dipeptides are produced by organisms across all domains of life, with many exhibiting anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Oxidations are often key to their biological activities, particularly C-C bond oxidation catalysed by tailoring enzymes including cyclodipeptide oxidases. These flavin-dependent enzymes are underexplored due to their intricate three-dimensional arrangement involving multiple copies of two distinct small subunits, and mechanistic details underlying substrate selection and catalysis are lacking. Here, we determined the structure and mechanism of the cyclodipeptide oxidase from the halophile Nocardiopsis dassonvillei (NdasCDO), a component of the biosynthetic pathway for nocazine natural products. We demonstrated that NdasCDO forms filaments in solution, with a covalently bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor at the interface between three distinct subunits. The enzyme exhibits promiscuity, processing various cyclic dipeptides as substrates in a distributive manner. The reaction is optimal at high pH and involves the formation of a radical intermediate. Pre-steady-state kinetics, a significant solvent kinetic isotope effect, and the absence of viscosity effects suggested that a step linked to FMN regeneration controlled the reaction rate. Our work elucidates the complex mechanistic and structural characteristics of this dehydrogenation reaction, positioning NdasCDO as a promising biocatalyst and expanding the FMN-dependent oxidase family to include enzyme filaments.
Revealing catalyst restructuring and composition during nitrate electroreduction through correlated operando microscopy and spectroscopy
Authors: Yoon Aram , Bai Lichen , Yang Fengli , Franco Federico , Zhan Chao , Rüscher Martina , Timoshenko Janis , Pratsch Christoph , Werner Stephan , Jeon Hyo Sang , Monteiro Mariana Cecilio de Oliveira , Chee See Wee , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Electrocatalysts alter their structure and composition during reaction, which can in turn create new active/selective phases. Identifying these changes is crucial for determining how morphology controls catalytic properties but the mechanisms by which operating conditions shape the catalyst’s working state are not yet fully understood. In this study, we show using correlated operando microscopy and spectroscopy that as well-defined Cu2O cubes evolve under electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction conditions, distinct catalyst motifs are formed depending on the applied potential and the chemical environment. By further matching the timescales of morphological changes observed via electrochemical liquid cell transmission electron microscopy with time-resolved chemical state information obtained from operando transmission soft X-ray microscopy, hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, we reveal that Cu2O can be kinetically stabilized alongside metallic copper for extended durations under moderately reductive conditions due to surface hydroxide formation. Finally, we rationalize how the interaction between the electrolyte and the catalyst influences the ammonia selectivity.
Differential GTP-dependent in-vitro polymerization of recombinant Physcomitrella FtsZ proteins
Authors: Milferstaedt Stella W. L. , Joest Marie , Bohlender Lennard L. , Hoernstein Sebastian N. W. , Özdemir Buğra , Decker Eva L. , van der Does Chris , Reski Ralf 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Bacterial cell division and plant chloroplast division require selfassembling Filamentous temperature-sensitive Z (FtsZ) proteins. FtsZ proteins are GTPases sharing structural and biochemical similarities with eukaryotic tubulin. In the moss Physcomitrella, the morphology of the FtsZ polymer networks varies between the different FtsZ isoforms. The underlying mechanism and foundation of the distinct networks is unknown. Here, we investigated the interaction of Physcomitrella FtsZ2-1 with FtsZ1 isoforms via co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, and found protein-protein interaction in vivo. We tagged FtsZ1-2 and FtsZ2-1 with different fluorophores and expressed both in E. coli, which led to the formation of defined structures within the cells and to an influence on bacterial cell division and morphology. Furthermore, we have optimized the purification protocols for FtsZ1-2 and FtsZ2-1 expressed in E. coli and characterized their GTPase activity and polymerization in vitro. Both FtsZ isoforms showed GTPase activity. Stoichiometric mixing of both proteins led to a significantly increased GTPase activity, indicating a synergistic interaction between them. In light scattering assays, we observed GTP-dependent assembly of FtsZ1-2 and of FtsZ2-1 in a protein concentration dependent manner. Stoichiometric mixing of both proteins resulted in significantly faster polymerization, again indicating a synergistic interaction between them. Under the same conditions used for GTPase and light scattering assays both FtsZ isoforms formed filaments in a GTP-dependent manner as visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Taken together, our results reveal that Physcomitrella FtsZ1-2 and FtsZ2-1 are functionally different, can synergistically interact in vivo and in vitro, and differ in their properties from FtsZ proteins from bacteria, archaea and vascular plants.
Optimization of dried garlic physicochemical properties using a self-organizing map and the development of an artificial intelligence prediction model
Authors: El-Mesery Hany S. , Qenawy Mohamed , Ali Mona , Rostom Merit , Elbeltagi Ahmed , Salem Ali , Elwakeel Abdallah Elshawadfy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The experiments were conducted at different levels of infrared power, airflow, and temperature. The relationships between the input process factors and response factors’ physicochemical properties of dried garlic were optimized by a self-organizing map (SOM), and the model was developed using machine learning. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with 99% predicting accuracy and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) with 97% clustering accuracy were used to determine the quality characteristics of garlic. Specifically, five key areas were identified, and valuable insights were offered for optimizing garlic production and improving its overall quality. The (aw) values for the sample ranged from 0.43 to 0.48. The maximum vitamin C content was 0.112 mg/g, followed by an air temperature of 40 °C and 0.7 m/s air velocity under 1500 W/m². The total color change values increased with IR and higher air temperature but declined with higher air velocity. Also, the garlic’s flavor strength, allicin content, water activity, and vitamin C levels decreased as the IR and air temperature increased. The results demonstrated a significant impact of the independent parameters on the response parameters (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the machine learning predictions closely matched the test data sets, providing valuable insights for understanding and controlling the factors affecting garlic drying performances.