bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ratio of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) to prostate volume (PSA density) as a parameter to improve the detection of prostate carcinoma in PSA values in the range of < 4 ng/mL
Authors: Stephan Carsten , Stroebel Greta , Heinau Marc , Lenz Andre , Roemer Andreas , Lein Michael , Schnorr Dietmar , Loening Stefan A. , Jung Klaus 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to evaluate the prostate specific antigen (PSA) density (PSAD) (the quotient of PSA and prostate volume) compared with the percent free PSA (%fPSA) in different total PSA (tPSA) ranges from 2 ng/mL to 20 ng/mL. Possible cut‐off levels depending on the tPSA should be established.METHODSIn total, 1809 men with no pretreatment of the prostate were enrolled between 1996 and 2004. Total and free PSA were measured with the IMMULITE PSA and Free PSA kits (Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, CA). Prostate volume was determined by transrectal ultrasound. The diagnostic validity of tPSA, %fPSA, and PSAD was evaluated by receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.RESULTSThe PSAD differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between patients with prostate carcinoma and patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in all analyzed ranges of tPSA and prostate volume. At the 90% and 95% sensitivity levels and regarding the area under the ROC curve (AUC) within the tPSA range of 2–4 ng/mL, The PSAD was significantly better than tPSA and %fPSA. Within the tPSA range of 4–10 ng/mL, the PSAD did not perform better than %fPSA.CONCLUSIONSPSAD showed a better performance than %fPSA at tPSA concentrations < 4 ng/mL for detecting prostate carcinoma, with a significantly larger AUC for PSAD (0.739) compared with %fPSA (0.667). PSAD did not perform better than %fPSA when the tPSA range of 4–10 ng/mL was analyzed. Different PSAD cut‐off values of 0.05 at tPSA 2–4 ng/mL, 0.1 at tPSA 4–10 ng/mL, and 0.19 at 10–20 ng/mL were necessary to reach 95% sensitivity. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Localization of the endothelin system in human diffuse astrocytomas
Authors: Naidoo Vinogran , Naidoo Strinivasen , Mahabeer Rajeshree , Raidoo Deshandra M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDEndothelin‐1 (ET‐1), a vasoconstrictor and mitogen, has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of human glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, and meningioma. ET‐1, formed by proteolysis of the propeptide big ET‐1 by endothelin‐converting enzyme‐1 (ECE‐1), mediates its cellular actions through ETA and ETB receptors. Because only immunoreactive ET‐1 has been observed within human astrocytic tumor cells, the authors investigated the localization of the entire ET‐1 system (ET‐1 mRNA, ET‐1, ECE‐1, ETA and ETB receptors) in surgical samples of human diffuse astrocytomas WHO Grade II (n = 6).METHODSET‐1 mRNA expression was elucidated by in situ reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) using synthetic primers. Polyclonal antibodies were used to localize ET‐1, ECE‐1, ETA and ETB receptors by immunocytochemistry.RESULTSAll ET components were detected in the six tumor samples. Intense (3+) cytoplasmic ET‐1 mRNA labeling was observed in more than 75% of cells in all 6 astrocytomas. Up to 75% of tumor cells displayed intense ET‐1 and ECE‐1 immunolabeling distributed throughout their cytoplasm. Immunoreactive ETA and ETB receptors, observed in 25% to 75% of astrocytic tumor cells, were of moderate intensity. In addition, all components of the ET system were seen within endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels.CONCLUSIONSThe presence of ET‐1 mRNA, ECE‐1, and ET‐1 within tumor astrocytes suggests local ET synthesis and processing. The mitogenic and antiapoptotic properties of ET‐1, as well as the vasodilatory signaling of ETB receptors, may promote tumorigenesis. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The performance evaluation of spatial–temporal algorithms in W‐CDMA systems
Authors: Jeng Shiann‐Shiun , Tsung Chen‐Wan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDiffering from FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, space division multiple access (SDMA) uses space resources to improve communication system performance. Utilizing the smart antenna system is an approach to realize the SDMA technique. Smart antenna systems using the beamforming technique can reduce the co‐channel interference and multipath fading to increase the channel capacity and communication quality. In this study the smart antenna system and rake receiver are integrated. The performance of spatial–temporal structure applied to the W‐CDMA system is evaluated. From the cumulative distribution function simulation results, W‐CDMA system with spatial–temporal algorithm can exactly provide SINR gain to improve the system performance and capacity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Facile Method for the Preparation of Gold Glyconanoparticles from Free Oligosaccharides and Their Applicability in Carbohydrate‐Protein Interaction Studies
Authors: Halkes Koen M. , Carvalho de Souza Adriana , Maljaars C. Elizabeth P. , Gerwig Gerrit J. , Kamerling Johannis P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe weak binding affinity of monomeric oligosaccharides with carbohydrate‐binding proteins are hampering their use in in‐vivo and in‐vitro bio‐assays. Gold glyconanoparticles (GNPs), prepared from synthetic oligosaccharides, have been used to overcome this weak binding affinity. In this paper, a convenient method for the preparation of GNPs from free oligosaccharides is presented. The reductive amination of saccharides with trityl‐protected cysteamine, followed by de‐tritylation, afforded cysteamine‐extended saccharides that could be used for the preparation of GNPs under reducing conditions in water. The robust chemistry and facile purification of intermediate and final compounds ensure high yields and reproducible results and the, subsequent, preparation of GNPs proceeded smoothly, even with minute quantities (nanomolar scale) of the cysteamine‐extended saccharide. The described method was used to synthesize a series of gluco‐ and manno‐oligosaccharide‐containing GNPs. The prepared GNPs were validated in interaction studies with Con A, using either surface plasmon resonance (SPR), UV/Vis spectroscopy, or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The described method for the preparation of water‐soluble gold glyconanoparticles can be used for the identification of carbohydrate ligands for novel carbohydrate‐binding proteins, and can find application as inhibitors of pathological interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Electron‐Rich Cavitands via Fourfold Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Calix[4]arenes and Bromopyridines – Effect of the Nitrogen Position on Complexation Abilities
Authors: Dyker Gerald , Mastalerz Michael , Müller Iris M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe fourfold Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction is described as efficient synthetic tool for the preparation of calixarenes with relatively deep electron‐rich cavities. Reactions of halocalixarenes with terminal alkynes led to coupling products in yields up to 95 %. Two synthetic pathways to the tetraethynylcalixarene 5 were elaborated and their efficencies were compared. This calixarene was used for the synthesis of the three isomeric tetrakis(pyridylethynyl) compounds 10a–c, which were tested as hosts for the binding of pyridinium salts by mass spectrometric and 1H NMR examinations. The effect of the nitrogen position of the host systems revealed an interesting result: calixarene 3 (phenyl), 10a (2‐pyridyl), and 10c (4‐pyridyl) were able to bind NMP+ inside the cavity, calixarene 10b (3‐pyridyl) was not. Association constants were estimated for the complexes in CDCl3/CD3CN (9:1). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Neocartilage from human mesenchymal stem cells in alginate: Implied timing of transplantation
Authors: Ma Hsiao‐Li , Chen Tain‐Hsiung , Low‐Tone Ho Larry , Hung Shih‐Chieh 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPrevious reports have demonstrated the suitability of alginate microencapsulation for chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. This study examined the MSCs‐alginate constructs that were transplanted beneath the dorsal skin of nude mice for 8 weeks after a variety of in vitro culture periods. The in vitro culture had great effects on gross morphology and histological characteristics of transplants. The integrity of alginate of transplants increased as the in vitro culture period increased. Transplants were characterized by an opaque and yellowish color, fair burnish, a firm to elastic texture, but without any evidence of calcification spots. Histological findings agreed with the clinical determination of hyaline cartilage, characterized by isolated cells with basophilic ground substance positive in Safranin‐O staining and collagen type II immunohistochemistry. Transplants with exposure to TGF‐β1 for more than 2 weeks before transplantation, lost burnish, were flexible in texture, and had an increased formation of calcification spots. Accordingly, 1‐week exposure to TGF‐β1 in vitro before transplantation is appropriate for neocartilage formation of human MSCs in alginate. These findings suggested that regeneration using cell therapy or tissue engineering should assist in ascertaining the optimal timing of transplantation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Introduction to LNG safety
Authors: Alderman John A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA multitude of new liquefied natural gas (LNG) shipping, storage, and receiving projects will be undertaken in the next five years. LNG is the liquid version of natural gas and poses several unique fire and explosion hazards. This paper will discuss the safety and fire protection considerations that should be applied to new LNG projects. Essentially, LNG is characterized by unique fire and explosion hazards, which pose many safety challenges to project managers, design engineers, safety professionals, and operators over the life of these projects. It is paramount that consideration is given to the hazards and sound process safety principles are applied during all phases of these projects: design, construction, start‐up, and operation. This paper covers siting of the plant and equipment within the plant, fire protection, fire and explosion modeling, and impacts. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
LNG safety: An issue of increasing importance
Authors: West Harry H. , Chiu Chen‐Hwa 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe emergence of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to fill the growing gap in natural gas supply has led to a renewed interest in LNG safety. LNG regulations, which developed primarily in the 1970s, do not contain many process safety management concepts currently practiced by the rest of the process industry. Rather than continuous patching of federal LNG rules, a complete revamp using process safety concepts is long overdue, to maintain the excellent safety record that the LNG industry has enjoyed. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 24, 2005
First‐principles calculations of the structural, electronic and optical properties of IIA–IV antifluorite compounds
Authors: Benhelal O. , Chahed A. , Laksari S. , Abbar B. , Bouhafs B. , Aourag H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe structural, electronic and optical properties of the antifluorite semiconductors Mg2X (X = Si, Ge, Sn) have been studied using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) method. For treating the exchange‐correlation term, the local density approximation (LDA) has been chosen. The total energy approach is used to determine the equilibrium volume. The energy gap is found to be indirect for all the compounds. Results for electronic properties such as band structures, density of states and electronic charge densities are presented. The optical properties are derived and interpreted. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On dislocations in a special class of generalized elasticity
Authors: Lazar Markus , Maugin Gérard A. , Aifantis Elias C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this paper we consider and compare special classes of static theories of gradient elasticity, nonlocal elasticity, gradient micropolar elasticity and nonlocal micropolar elasticity with only one gradient coefficient. Equilibrium equations are presented but higher‐order boundary conditions are not of concern here, since they are not required for the problems considered. The connection between gradient theory and nonlocal theory is discussed for elasticity as well as for micropolar elasticity. Nonsingular solutions for the elastic fields of screw and edge dislocations are given. Both the elastic deformation (distortion, strain, bend‐twist) and the force and couple stress tensors do not possess any singularity unlike ‘classical’ theories. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum dynamics of inelastic scattering with a moving grid
Authors: Puzari Panchanan , Sarkar Biplab , Adhikari Satrajit 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe time‐dependent discrete variable representation (TDDVR) of a wave function with grid points defined by the Hermite part of the Gauss–Hermite (G‐H) basis set introduces quantum corrections to classical mechanics. The grid points in this method follow classical trajectory and the approach converges to the exact quantum formulation with sufficient trajectories (TDDVR points) but just with a single grid point; only classical mechanics performs the dynamics. This newly formulated approach (developed for handling time‐dependent molecular quantum dynamics) has been explored to calculate vibrational transitions in the inelastic scattering processes. Traditional quantum mechanical results exhibit an excellent agreement with TDDVR profiles during the entire propagation when enough grid points are included in the quantum‐classical dynamics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Cytotoxic assays for screening anticancer agents
Authors: Baharith Lamya A. , Al‐Khouli Abeer , Raab Gillian M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn the process of identifying potential anticancer agents, the ability of a new agent is tested for cytotoxic activity against a panel of standard cancer cell lines. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) present the cytotoxic profile for each agent as a set of estimates of the dose required to inhibit the growth of each cell line. The NCI estimates are obtained from a linear interpolation method applied to the dose–response curves. In this paper non‐linear fits are proposed as an alternative to interpolation. This is illustrated with data from two agents recently submitted to NCI for potential anticancer activity. Fitting of individual non‐linear curves proved difficult, but a non‐linear mixed model applied to the full set of cell lines overcame most of the problems.Two non‐linear functional forms were fitted using random effect models by both maximum likelihood and a full Bayesian approach. Model‐based toxicity estimates have some advantages over those obtained from interpolation. They provide standard errors for toxicity estimates and other derived quantities, allow model comparisons. Examples of each are illustrated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear random effects models with continuous time autoregressive errors: a Bayesian approach
Authors: De la Cruz‐Mesía Rolando , Marshall Guillermo 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMeasurements on subjects in longitudinal medical studies are often collected at several different times or under different experimental conditions. Such multiple observations on the same subject generally produce serially correlated outcomes. Traditional regression methods assume that observations within subjects are independent which is not true in longitudinal data. In this paper we develop a Bayesian analysis for the traditional non‐linear random effects models with errors that follow a continuous time autoregressive process. In this way, unequally spaced observations do not present a problem in the analysis. Parameter estimation of this model is done via the Gibbs sampling algorithm. The method is illustrated with data coming from a study in pregnant women in Santiago, Chile, that involves the non‐linear regression of plasma volume on gestational age. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The probability of germination and establishment in discrete density‐dependent plant populations with a seed bank: a correction formula
Authors: Damgaard Christian 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe effect of ignoring a seed bank in unstructured population models of annual plants is investigated under the assumption of ecological equilibrium. It is demonstrated that if delayed germination is an important life‐history strategy and seed mortality in the seed bank is relatively low then it is important to take the effect of the seed bank into account. A formula that corrects the probability of germination and establishment in unstructured population models of annual plants for the effect of a seed bank is derived. This correction formula may be used in order to apply plant ecological data to a number of published unstructured plant ecological models.
Cellular levels of TrkB and MAPK in the neuroprotective role of BDNF for embryonic rat cortical neurons against hypoxia in vitro
Authors: Meng Mao , Zhiling Wang , Hui Zhou , Shengfu Li , Dan Yu , Jiping Hua 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIntrauterine asphyxia often results in neonatal loss or mental retardation. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to be a protective agent against hypoxic damage to neurons. To understand the signaling mechanism underling the neuroprotective function of BDNF and to find therapeutic interventions for intrauterine asphyxia, we utilized an immunofluorescent technique to measure the intracellular levels of tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), phosphorylated TrkB, and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the rat embryonic cortical neurons cultured in hypoxic conditions with and without BDNF pretreatment. The results showed that the fluorescent intensity of TrkB and phosphorylated TrkB in the cytoplasm and the fluorescent intensity of MARK in both cytoplasma and nucleus of the neurons were significantly increased in the presence of BDNF. The results indicate that the neuroprotective function of BDNF against hypoxia‐induced neurotoxicity requires the participation of TrkB and is transduced via the Ras–MAPK signaling pathway.
Withdrawing an explicit request for euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide: a retrospective study on the influence of mental health status and other patient characteristics
Authors: MARCOUX ISABELLE , ONWUTEAKA-PHILIPSEN BREGJE D. , JANSEN-VAN DER WEIDE MARIJKE C. , WAL GERRIT VAN DER 
Published: July 2005

Background. Mental health status may be closely related to an instability of intentions toward a premature death, but little is known about such instability following an explicit request for euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (EAS) and patient characteristics associated with a change of mind.Method. A questionnaire was sent to 6596 general practitioners in The Netherlands (response rate 60%). Of these, 1681 provided descriptions of the most recent explicit request for EAS they had received in the preceding 18 months.Results. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were related to a change of mind, but no relationship was found with the total score of the NOSGER Mood Dimension. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that patients who changed their mind had more mental health problems and less mental clarity than those who died by EAS. They also had fewer general health problems, had less unbearable and pointless suffering (according to the physician), were less concerned about loss of dignity and alternative treatment options were more frequently available. A further analysis revealed that mental health problems were more prevalent among patients whose requests were refused than among those who changed their mind. The physicians' evaluations of the reasons why a patient requested EAS were similar to a more objective measure of the patient characteristics.Conclusions. These findings suggest that mental health status must be carefully assessed, and possible instability of desire must be taken into account in the course of a request for EAS. These results require replication, and future studies should adopt a prospective method.
Architecture of bacterial replication initiation complexes: orisomes from four unrelated bacteria
Authors: Zawilak-PAWLIK Anna , Kois Agnieszka , Majka Jerzy , Jakimowicz Dagmara , Smulczyk-Krawczyszyn Aleksandra , Messer Walter , Zakrzewska-Czerwińska Jolanta 
Published: July 2005

Bacterial chromosome replication is mediated by single initiator protein, DnaA, that interacts specifically with multiple DnaA boxes located within the origin (oriC). We compared the architecture of the DnaA–origin complexes of evolutionarily distantly related eubacteria: two Gram-negative organisms, Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori, and two Gram-positive organisms, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptomyces coelicolor. Their origins vary in size (from approx. 200 to 1000 bp) and number of DnaA boxes (from 5 to 19). The results indicate that: (i) different DnaA proteins exhibit various affinities toward single DnaA boxes, (ii) spatial arrangement of two DnaA boxes is crucial for the H. pylori and S. coelicolor DnaA proteins, but not for E. coli and M. tuberculosis proteins, and (iii) the oriC regions are optimally adjusted to their cognate DnaA proteins. The primary functions of multiple DnaA boxes are to determine the positioning and order of assembly of the DnaA molecules. Gradual transition from the sequence-specific binding of the DnaA protein to binding through co-operative protein–protein interactions seems to be a common conserved strategy to generate oligomeric initiator complexes bound to multiple sites within the chromosomal, plasmid and virial origins.
Structural, interfacial and optical characterization of ultrathin zirconia film grown by in situ thermal oxidation of sputtered metallic Zr films
Authors: He G , Fang Q , Zhang J X , Zhu L Q , Liu M , Zhang L D 
Published: July 2005

High dielectric constant ZrO2gate dielectric thin films have been prepared by means ofin situthermal oxidation of sputtered metallic Zr films. XRD reveals that the as-oxidized samples are amorphous, but can be made polycrystalline with a highly ()-preferential orientation by increasing the annealing temperature. AFM measurements confirm that high temperature annealing results in increase of the roughness root mean square value of the films. The growth and properties of the interfacial SiO2layer formed at the ZrO2/Si interface are observed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It has been found that the formation of the interfacial layer depends on the post-deposition annealing temperature. On the basis of a parametrized Tauc–Lorentz dispersion model, the optical properties of the as-oxidized and annealed films related to the annealing temperature are systematically investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The increase in the refractive index and decrease in extinction coefficient with increase of the annealing temperature are discussed in detail.
Some presentations for \overline{Γ}₀(𝑁)
Authors: Lascurain Orive Antonio 
Published: July 2005

Some presentations of the Fuchsian groups defined by the Hecke congruence subgroups
\[

Γ

0

(
N
)

=

{

(

a

a
m
p
;
b
c

a
m
p
;
d

)

∈
S
L
(
2
,

Z

)

|

c
≡
0

mod

N
}

\Gamma _{0}( N)\;=\; \left \{\begin {pmatrix} a& b c& d \end {pmatrix} \in SL(2,\mathbb {Z})\;\Big {|} \;\; c\equiv 0\;\; \text {mod}\; N \right \}

\]
are given. The first is one obtained by the Reidemeister-Schreier rewriting process, thereby completing and correcting Chuman’s work on the subject. The main result (Theorem 3) is the reduction of this huge presentation into another one which is simple and useful. In the process,

Z

N

\mathbb {Z}_N

is partitioned into three subsets that exhibit many cyclic and dual properties of its ring structure. For some cases, a minimal presentation derived from the Ford domains is given explicitly in terms of the units and its inverses.