bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Gathering People
Authors: Widlok Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living on Mangetti continues the original anthropological project of discussing general comparative and theoretical questions in the light of an ethnographic case-study. In fact my account consists largely of an extensive number of small cases, which I have called ‘case situations’ because attention is given more to a spectrum of unfolding situational factors than to temporal depth. These case situations differ from fleeting and isolated observations in at least three ways: they are systematically connected to underlying issues; they are interconnected with regard to the persons involved; and they are interconnected with regard to specific places. I feel therefore justified in generalizing from a case-study—not in a statistical manner but in an analytical manner. Similarly, I provide multiple case situations not in order to demonstrate representativeness, but in order to present the theoretically important parameters which are essential for a valid description.
Subsistence Flexibility
Authors: Widlok Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The position of the Hai‖om is not only a matter of discourses, situationally used ethnic labels, and stories of origin. There are, after all, material circumstances which form part of the conditions for their way of life and the role of hunting and gathering within it. Hai‖om life histories show that hunting initially intensified as European traders arrived but then declined within a generation. Gathering, too, has changed as exchange has become increasingly commercialized.
Social and Spatial Permeability
Authors: Widlok Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It used to be standard practice among ethnographers of hunter-gatherer societies in southern Africa and elsewhere to analyse the social organization of these groups in terms of territorially based ‘bands’. These were regarded as the ‘key unit’ of social aggregation (Barnard 1992: 226). Living in a band was accepted as the distinctive feature suggested by a comparative study of forager societies (Leacock and Lee 1982: 7). The term ‘band’ received a distinctly ecological meaning in order to accommodate ‘the flexibility of foraging life’ (Leacock and Lee 1982: 8). In its most universal sense a band was defined as ‘a group of families that habitually camp together’ (Barnard 1992: 66).
Familiar Places
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BACUP is at the head of the Rossendale Valley, in the north of England. It is surrounded on three sides by higher moorland, which means that to travel in any direction from the town centre, except west along the valley, is to travel uphill. The road to the west meanders along the valley floor to Rawtenstall, the seat of local government, while to the east it climbs over the moors into Yorkshire. To the north, the road travels over the moors past the source of the river Irwell before descending onto the Burnley plain, and to the south it climbs to cross the border between the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester. A ribbon development of dwellings punctuated by shops, public houses, and small factories lines the radial roads and it is difficult for the untutored eye to discern distinct localities sometimes named by residents as if they were separate villages and at other times as if they were neighbourhoods of Bacup. When one travels north through the sprawling conurbation of Greater Manchester and looks down on Bacup from its southern boundary, it appears to be discrete and self-contained. I imagined initially (and naïvely) that its perimeter, or at least some of it, being discernible would contain the study, providing, as it were, its own limits. But the English are adept at conceptualizing boundaries, and where they locate them, and what and whom they enclose within them, depends on the view taken and the purpose for taking it.
In-Migration and Out-Migration
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SITUATED, as many Bacup people claim, at the heart of the industrial revolution, Bacup’s histories are full of industry. Industry has entailed, at different times, a need for labour—labour which has subsequently become surplus to requirements. A demographic history of the region shows successive waves of in- and out-migration since the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1660, the population of the area covering present-day Bacup and its satellite villages is reported to comprise only 200 people, and in 1798, 1,426 people (Bowden 1972). No reliable figures are available, however, until 1851 when the census recorded a population of 10,313.1 Table 4. shows a rapid growth between 1861 and 1881 and then a steady and continuous decrease in numbers until the present. The census of 1991 recorded a population of 14,706.
Houses and Homes
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LOOKING across Bacup from one side of the valley to the other, one can see parallel rows of tiled roofs with chimneys. Some of the acclivitous streets, lined with terraced houses, are still cobblestoned but many have been ‘landscaped’. In 1987, in different neighbourhoods of Bacup, many shrubs and saplings had been planted and were struggling to establish themselves. During the post-Second World War ‘slum-clearance’ programmes, whole neighbourhoods (or sometimes only a street here or there) of back-to-back and terraced houses were demolished. Since then the tendency has been to build council and private houses in clusters rather than rows, to contain them within perimeter roads, and to call them estates. The largest council estate in Bacup was by the end of the 1980s mixed in terms of rented and owner-occupied dwellings. It is named after the road linking what were originally three smaller estates built at different times, and I refer to it here as Mount Pleasant. There is another smaller council estate, the Meadows, on the opposite side of town. Both are backed by open land, neither contain high-rise dwellings, and the majority of houses have gardens to the back and front, which gives an appearance of spaciousness which is often missing from the council estates in northern English cities.
An Expertise in Kinship
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I WENT to visit Laura Gray in the autumn of 1990. It was the kind of light, bright October day in Bacup when a watery sun shines weakly through a thin, translucent layer of cloud. We sat on her front doorstep with a cup of tea and talked of things that had happened since we last met. She told me she had recently been working in a shoe factory, but had to give it up because by the time she paid for child-minding ‘it wasn’t worth it’. She also told me about her son’s debut at school, her mother’s house move away from Bacup, and a quarrel with her neighbour; and she asked me about my son, my ex-partner, and my work. We talked about these continuing and broken relationships in our lives and I told her I was now working on a project about NRT: ‘things like sperm and egg donation, IVF, surrogate motherhood, things like that’.1 Laura’s response was swift and laden. She had already told me who should and who should not be ‘allowed’ to donate eggs or sperm, to whom, and why, before I thought to make a note of what she was saying.
Gametes Need Names
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PATTY COOPER and her friend Sarah Daley were neighbours and partners in their own business. After leaving school, both women worked in shoe factories and became skilled sewing machinists. In their early thirties, they were each married with two children, and since becoming mothers had mostly continued working either from home as outworkers or in local shoe factories in shifts that fit in with the school day. When I returned to Bacup in 1990, they were self-employed and working from Patty’s house making and fitting elegant and ornate domestic ‘window wear’. They designed, sewed, and assembled sumptuous curtains and window blinds from bold, Laura Ashley-type, printed fabric. The prints were often larger than life-size flora and fauna in designs and colours reminiscent of the late nineteenth century. Patty and Sarah skilfully and creatively dressed windows by hanging and draping large quantities of ruched fabric from pelmets covered in matching or contrasting material. The curtains were held in required places with tasselled tie-backs and/ or rosettes, while blinds were opened by threaded ribbon which pleats the material neatly and elegantly. Patty and Sarah designed and made all the accessories and trimmings (such as pelmets, tie-backs, and rosettes) by hand, and did the fitting themselves. I used to visit them when the children were at school and chat with them while they were working or taking a break.
Introduction
Authors: Galton Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spatial change occurs whenever objects possess different spatial attributes at different times. Involving as it thus does some of the most fundamental elements of our experience-space, time, and objects-it is inevitable that in various ways we all care about spatial change. All of us experience spatial change in ourselves and in others every day of our lives. Throughout our environment, things are constantly changing their positions, shapes, sizes, orientations, and since these are spatial attributes the changes we see in them are examples of spatial change. Spatial change is clearly ubiquitous; but this in itself does not explain why anyone should want to read or write a whole book on the subject!
Varieties of Spatial Change
Authors: Galton Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the survey of spatial attributes from Chapter 4 is combined with the temporal dimension to generate a survey of varieties of spatial change. The plan for the chapter is straightforward. For each spatial attribute, I shall consider what kinds of change objects can undergo in respect of that attribute. I shall be interested both in collecting illustrative examples, and in classifying these in terms of the nature of the change involved. I shall consider the attributes in the same order as they were presented in Chapter 4.
Introduction
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the fifteenth century Ragusa/Dubrovnik survived when other city-states were collapsing or were being swallowed up by larger territorial states. Not only did it remain intact, but this classic little city-state also managed to preserve the institutional arrangements of an earlier age. Braudel has argued that fifteenthcentury Ragusa was unique in the Mediterranean for it represented the ‘living image of Venice in the thirteenth century’ (1972-3: 339-41). What made it stable and enduring was an aristocratic republicanism. This was embedded in the culture of its ruling elite and in their governing institutions.
Ragusa: Trade and Territory
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dubrovnik lies on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea at nearly the same latitude as Barcelona and Rome (Carter 1972: 9). The old city lying within its encircling walls is so small and jewel-like that it is difficult to grasp its importance in the Mediterranean world of the fifteenth century. Whether one regards Dubrovnik as part of the Mediterranean world or as part of the Balkans depends on whether one stands atop its Minceta Tower and looks upward and inland towards Mount Srd and the unending white wall of mountains, as Braudel refers to them, which separate the coastline from the Balkan interior, or turns around and looks at the flat horizon of the Adriatic Sea (1972-3: 125).
Ragusan Government and the Quest for Offices
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Council was the centre of government. This council was the ultimate source of power in the state. Its members were summoned by the Great Bell about five times a month in their own chambers for regular meetings.1 There they established governing ordinances, determined policy, and elected the numerous officials who staffed the state apparatus. Diversis says, ‘here in short is all the power of the republic’.2 Only adult patrician males over the age of 18 were eligible to sit on this body. Its membership had become exclusive in 1332. In that year the Great Council directed that a committee of three should draw up a list of sitting members and all those who might deserve membership.
The Casata
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only patricians were eligible to sit on the Great Council. This council had ‘closed’ its membership about 1332, becoming a hereditary body thereafter. Very little is known about the circumstances and even the date of the closing is uncertain.1 It is known that a committee of ‘three good men’ had been given the task of drawing up a list of all currently sitting members and those others whose fathers or grandfathers had been members. Hereafter membership was restricted to these men and their legitimate male offspring. At the time of closing Ragusa belonged to Venice and was administered by a Venetian Count.2 It is significant that Venice’s own Great Council had become hereditary thirty-five years earlier in 1297.
Conclusion
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the fifteenth century drew to a close, Ragusa was rapidly moving into her Golden Age. This was to become a period of territorial consolidation, of growth in her mercantile strength and maritime power, and of relative peace at home. This was to provide the basis for the development of civic splendour, cultural achievement, and great material prosperity.1 While she may have been dwarfed by the power and splendour of Venice and Istanbul, part of her historical significance derives from her pivotal and mediating position on the great historical divide between the Ottoman East and Christian West.
Introduction: Historical Background
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than half a century ago Owen Lattimore wrote that in the early twentieth century’ Throughout Inner Mongolia, the Chinese were encroaching and the Mongols being wiped out.’ His work described a unique phase in what Lattimore considered to be an ancient cycle of relations between the agricultural societies of China and those of the pastoralists to their north. He wrote’ The underlying problems of Inner Mongolia are social and economic, more than political, although antagonisms between China and the Mongols usually take political forms. The interests of the Mongols, for geographical and climatic reasons, are as predominantly pastoral as those of the Chinese are, or have been in the past, agricultural.’ Lattimore reached these conclusions in the 1930s, at a time when Inner Mongolia’s future hung in the balance, caught between the Japanese, Chinese communist, and Guomindang (nationalist) forces. Since then Inner Mongolia has become part of the People’s Republic of China, but there has been surprisingly little written in English about the pastoral Mongolians of this region under communist rule. This book is an attempt to redress the balance, to outline the upheavals that pastoral Mongolian communities in Inner Mongolia have faced since the advent of communist control of the region, and to describe the society to emerge from the decollectivization of the livestock economy in the 1980s.
Pre-Revolutionary Society and Economy in Pastoral Inner Mongolia
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early twentieth century had seen the emergence of a new political elite of young, educated, Inner Mongolian intellectuals, with experience of Japanese, nationalist, and communist administrations, a number of whom had eventually joined Ulanhu’s following. However, at the time that the communists gained control of Inner Mongolia many rural and pastoral areas had a social order that had hardly changed since the days of the Qlng dynasty. Although the Japanese had introduced a system for appointing a qualified banner head in the areas they had administered, in general there had been no radical changes to social or political institutions. The Japanese had begun to introduce a new administrative and educational system, but they had also continued to recognize the titles, honours, and prerogatives of hereditary princes within their banners.1 Furthermore, Mongolian banners throughout Inner Mongolia had continued to use Manchu law as the basis of civil administration, right up until the advent of communist rule.
Arguments and Icons
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do initiations in Papua New Guinea often subject novices to violence and terror? Why do some cargo cults lead to regional unity and others to regional divisions? How have features of cognitive processing in missionary Christianity contributed to new forms of identity among Melanesians? The theory of `modes of religiosity' which Whitehouse here develops answers these and a range of other questions about Melanesia with reference to a set of interconnections between styles of religious transmission, systems of memory, and patterns of political association. Although building his argument on detailed Melanesian ethnography, Whitehouse goes on to suggest that the theory of modes of religiosity may have wider applicability. Thus, in the final two chapters of this book, he explores such diverse topics as the spread of Reformed Christianity in sixteenth-century Europe, the interpretation of Upper Palaeolithic cave art, the genesis of tribal warfare, and the impact of literacy on social transmission and organization.
Sustainable Livelihoods in Kalahari Environments
Authors: Sporton Deborah , Thomas David S G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This edited collection provides a comprehensive overview of the dynamics of contemporary natural resource based livelihoods and implications for their sustainability in the context of the Kalahari environment of southern Africa, a region subject to marked spatial and temporal natural variability. Each chapter is written by an active Kalahari researcher and addresses, from an environmental or a social perspective, the implications of different policies for rural livelihoods and coping strategies. In each chapter one or more of the key tenets of environment, policy and structural land use change provides the central element around which the sustainable livelihoods theme is considered. Although the focus of the book is the Kalahari, introductory and concluding chapters, in turn, contextualise the research and discuss key enviro-development issues which resonate across the individual chapters with relevance for wider global debates.
Sustainable Livelihoods in Kalahari Environments: A Contribution to Global Debates
Authors: Thomas David S G , Sporton Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the environment now figures prominently in development rhetoric and discourse (World Bank 1992). Peet and Watts (1996) have argued, for example, that poverty and its reduction through the creation of environmen tally sustainable livelihoods is central to the environment-development dialectic. Contemporary academic debates informing our understanding of this nexus have shifted in recent years away from normative First World modernist explanations that seek to generalize, to approaches that recognize both the complexity and spatiotemporal diversity of society-environment links. Emphasis is now placed on grass-roots participation and the harnessing of local knowledge to improve livelihoods that are environmentally sustainable and appropriate for successful development.
Local Lessons for Global Problems: Contributions to Global Debates
Authors: Sporton Deborah , Thomas David S G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kalahari has often been romanticized in the popular Western imagina tion as one of the last wilderness environments inhabited by ‘first peoples’ whose livelihoods, sustained by subsistence practices, are symbiotically attuned to the harsh natural environment (see for example, van der Post 1958). This interdisciplinary collection has drawn together a range of exam ples that highlight the Kalahari today as a landscape criss-crossed with fences, populated by cattle, and inhabited by ‘real’ people for whom contemporary enviro-social relations and livelihood outcomes are both embedded within a long and complex history of social and environmental change and increasingly subject to the commercial pressures of the global economy.
The Management and Staffing of Yoōgoshisetsu
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much writing on Japanese society has concentrated on the way in which the state,mainly through the Ministry of Education (Monbushoō), attempts to standardize the experience of all children from birth onwards so as to support an ideology of adult status in society being the result of hard work during the pre-adult period (a meritocracy) rather than of birth or class background. Uniformity is particularly emphasized in those institutions (hospitals, nurseries, schools) which are directly under the control of central government ministries.
The Social Organization of Life in Yoōgoshisetsu
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organization of children in different yoōgoshisetsu is normally discussed around two different axes: whether children are placed in small groups (shoōshasei) or large groups (taishasei) and whether they are placed in groups of those who are roughly the same age as themselves (yokowarisei) or in groups of children of a range of ages (tatewarisei). There is considerable debate about the merits and demerits of all four of these systems, as there is about the proximity in which boys and girls should be placed within a home and the extent to which residents should be required to participate in communal activities.
Towards a New Role for Yoōgoshisetsu
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 8 January 1996 the Koōseishoō vice-minister Tada Hiroshi held a press conference on the Ministry’s plan to reform Japan’s post-war child welfare system. In what appears to have been an unusually frank speech, he picked out yoōgoshisetsu as an institution particularly in need of change: ‘Yoōgoshisetsu were built to take in orphans in the post-war period’, he is quoted as saying in one newspaper (Kumamoto Nichinichi Shinbun, 9 Jan. 1996), ‘but times have changed.’
Keo Wayu and the Domain of Gera Ga’e
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared to the domain of Lape, which comprises villages occupied by more than ten Defenders, the Pau territories described in the previous chapter may seem small. Yet equally small is the domain of the Ga’e sibling Gera, which at present includes just two extant villages: Keo (or Keo Belo) and Munde. At the same time, lands of Gera form one half of a larger territorial whole designated binomially as Keo Wayu, and more completely as Tana Keo, Watu Wayu (Land of Keo, Stones of Wayu).
The Domain of Gewo and the Land of Pogo Raga
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although larger than the ancestral territory of Gera Ga’e, the original domain of Gewo Ga’e does not approach in size that of Lape, the eldest of the Ga’e siblings. Gewo’s domain lies mostly inland, to the north of lands claimed by Gera. Originally, the territory extended to the sea, as far as Cape Loya (Ngalu Loya) near Ma’u Ponggo. Referring also to its northern limit, a stream called Lowo Koto, the entire domain is thus formally designated as Ulu Lowo Koto, Eko Ngalu Loya.