bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concise Syntheses of Arabinogalactans with β‐(1→6)‐Linked Galactopyranosyl Backbone and α‐(1→3)‐Linked Arabinofuranosyl Side Chains
Authors: Li Ai‐Xiao , Kong Fan‐Zuo 
Published: January 2005

Abstract4‐Methoxyphenyl glycoside of β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐[α‐L‐Araf‐(1→3)‐] β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐{β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐[α‐L‐Araf‐(1→3)‐]β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐}2β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐[α‐L‐Araf‐(1→3)‐]β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐Galp was synthesized with 2, 3, 4, 6‐tetra‐O‐benzoyl‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (1), 6‐O‐acetyl‐2, 3, 4‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (11), 4‐methoxyphenyl 3‐O‐allyl‐2, 4‐di‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (2), isopropyl 3‐O‐allyl‐2, 4‐di‐O‐benzoyl‐1‐thio‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (12), 4‐methoxyphenyl 2, 3, 4‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (5), and 2, 3, 5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl trichloroacetimidate (8) as the key synthons.
Electrochemical Deposition and Properties of Nanometer‐structure Ce‐doped Lead Dioxide Film Electrode
Authors: Al Shi‐Yun , Li Jia‐Qing , Li Luo‐Ping , Peng Hui‐Qi , Yang Ya , Jin Li‐Tong 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of Ce(III) on the morphology and structure of deposited film of lead dioxide was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The results indicated that the Ce‐doped PbO2film consisted of a mixture ofα‐ andβ‐phase of PbO2. Ce doping changed the size of PbO2crystal grains and made the crystallite size on the electrode surface in the nanometer range. Owing to the formation of nanometer‐structured grains, the specific surface areas and activity sites of the electrode surface were increased, hence the catalytic activity of Ce‐doped PbO2electrode was evidently higher than that of undoped PbO2electrode.
Efficient Magnesium Bromide‐Catalyzed One‐pot Synthesis of Substituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ones Under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Salehi Hojatollah , Guo Qing‐Xiang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn efficient and environmentally friendly procedure for the one‐pot synthesis of tetrahydropyrimidinones from aldehydes,β‐diketones and urea/thiourea by using magnesium bromide as an inexpensive and easily available catalyst under solvent‐free conditions was described. Compared with the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, this new method has the advantage of good to excellent yields (74%–94%) and short reaction time (45–90 min). The structure of the Biginelli reaction product fromβ‐diketone, salicylaldehyde and urea has been proposed to possess an oxygen‐bridge by cyclization (intramolecular Michael‐addition).
Long‐term outcome after breast‐conservation treatment with radiation for mammographically detected ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Solin Lawrence J. , Fourquet Alain , Vicini Frank A. , Taylor Marie , Olivotto Ivo A. , Haffty Bruce , Strom Eric A. , Pierce Lori J. , Marks Lawrence B. , Bartelink Harry , McNeese Marsha D. , Jhingran Anuja , Wai Elaine , Bijker Nina , Campana Francois , Hwang Wei‐Ting 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is detected most commonly on routine screening mammography in the asymptomatic patient, and has a long natural history. The objective of the current study was to determine the long‐term outcome after breast‐conservation surgery followed by definitive breast irradiation for women with mammographically detected DCIS of the breast.METHODSIn total, 1003 women with unilateral, mammographically detected DCIS of the breast underwent breast‐conserving surgery followed by definitive breast irradiation. These women were treated in 10 institutions in North America and Europe. The median follow‐up was 8.5 years (mean, 9.0 years; range, 0.2–24.6 years).RESULTSThe 15‐year overall survival rate was 89%, and the 15‐year cause‐specific survival rate was 98%. The 15‐year rate of freedom from distant metastases was 97%. In total, there were 100 local failures (10%) in the treated breast. The 15‐year rate of any local failure was 19%, and the 15‐year rate of local only first failure was 16%. Patient age ≥ 50 years at the time of treatment and negative final pathology margins from the primary tumor excision both were associated independently with a lower risk of local failure in univariate analysis (P = 0.00062 and P = 0.024, respectively) and in multivariate analysis (P = 0.00057 and P = 0.0026, respectively). For favorable subgroups of patients age ≥ 50 years or with negative resection margins, the 10‐year risk of local failure was ≤ 8%.CONCLUSIONSThe current results support the use of breast‐conserving surgery followed by definitive breast irradiation for the treatment of patients with mammographically detected DCIS of the breast. Patient age ≥ 50 years at the time of treatment and negative resection margins both were associated independently with a decreased risk of local failure. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Selecting patients for flexible sigmoidoscopy
Authors: Ramakrishnan Kalyanakrishnan , Scheid Dewey C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDFlexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) is an effective method to prevent and reduce mortality from colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Incomplete depth of insertion (IDI) during FS may result in missed polyps and carcinomas. To determine whether it is possible to predict IDI, the authors analyzed factors that affected the depth of insertion in FS.METHODSFor the current study, FS results were recorded prospectively over a 5‐year period. A questionnaire was administered to the patient by the investigator prior to FS to collect data, including age, gender, weight, comorbid illnesses, history of prior abdominal and pelvic surgeries, family history of colon carcinoma or polyps, and prior FS or colonoscopies. The depth of insertion of the flexible sigmoidoscope from the anal verge, which was defined as the reading on the outside of the instrument at its maximal insertion, was measured in centimeters. IDI was defined as a depth of insertion < 50 cm. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to develop a model that included variables predictive of IDI.RESULTSThe best classification tree included gender, age < 69 years (in women), and a history of hysterectomy. Men had a < 5% risk of an IDI and women age < 69 years without a hysterectomy fared as well (6.6%). Older women and younger women who underwent hysterectomy had higher rates of IDI (29.2% and 22.3%, respectively.)CONCLUSIONSThe authors developed a model based on age, gender, and hysterectomy status that, after further validation, may be useful for predicting which patients likely will have an incomplete examination. In those patients who have a high probability of IDI, the choice can be made to offer colonoscopy or perform FS under sedation, with analgesia, or with the help of distraction techniques. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Most peptide‐containing sensory neurons lack proteins for exocytotic release and vesicular transport of glutamate
Authors: Morris Judy L. , König Peter , Shimizu Toshihiko , Jobling Phillip , Gibbins Ian L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe used multiple‐labeling immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to examine co‐expression of immunoreactivity for vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs), synaptic vesicle proteins, and soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins in peptide‐containing sensory neurons of guinea pigs, mice, and toads. Axon terminals in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord with immunoreactivity (IR) for both substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) lacked IR for synaptosome‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25), syntaxin, synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, and synapsin, although adjacent varicosities without neuropeptides had IR for these synaptic proteins. Similarly, peptide‐containing axon terminals in the superficial dorsal horn lacked IR for VGluT1 and VGluT2, despite the presence of VGluT2‐IR in nearby nonpeptide varicosities. VGluT3‐IR was sparse in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord and was not present in peptide‐containing axons. Most peripheral terminals of sensory neurons with both SP‐IR and CGRP‐IR in the skin, viscera, and autonomic ganglia of guinea pigs and mice also lacked IR for synaptic vesicle proteins, SNARE proteins, VGluT1, and VGluT2. In dorsal root ganglia from guinea pigs and mice, most small neurons with IR for both SP and CGRP lacked IR for SNAP‐25, VGluT1, and VGluT2. Thus, proteins considered essential for vesicular uptake and exocytotic release of glutamate are not expressed at detectable levels by most sensory neurons containing SP and CGRP in rodents and toads. These data raise the possibility that most peptide‐containing sensory neurons may not normally release glutamate as a transmitter. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:1–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A distinct preisthmic histogenetic domain is defined by overlap of Otx2 and Pax2 gene expression in the avian caudal midbrain
Authors: Hidalgo‐Sánchez Matías , Martínez‐de‐la‐Torre Margaret , Alvarado‐Mallart Rosa‐Magda , Puelles Luis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCorrelative in situ hybridization of Otx2, Pax2, Gbx2, and Fgf8 mRNA probes in adjacent serial sections through the chicken midbrain and isthmus at early to intermediate stages of development served to map in detail the area of overlap of Otx2 and Pax2 transcripts in the caudal midbrain. The neuronal populations developing within this preisthmic domain made up a caudal part of the midbrain reticular formation, the interfascicular nucleus, and the magnocellular (pre)isthmic nucleus, plus the corresponding part of the periaqueductal gray. The torus semicircularis—the inferior colliculus homolog—expressed Otx2 in its ventricular lining exclusively, but it never expressed Pax2. The parvicellular isthmic nucleus, although placed inside the midbrain lobe, never expressed Otx2, and its cells rapidly down‐regulated an early transient Pax2 signal; this pattern is consistent with its reported isthmic origin and forward tangential translocation. This analysis reveals the existence of four distinct midbrain histogenetic domains along the longitudinal axis, at least for the alar plate. These presumably result from step‐like isthmic organizer effects on Otx2‐expressing midbrain neuroepithelium at different distances from a caudal FGF8 morphogen source (isthmic Fgf8‐positive domain). The final phenotypes of these domains are histologically diverse and make up the griseum tectale (rostrally), the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis, and the presently characterized preisthmic domain (lying closest to the isthmic organizer). Available comparative data for reptiles and mammals suggest the general validity of this scheme. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:17–29, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interior of charged black holes and the problem of uniqueness in general relativity
Authors: Dafermos Mihalis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe consider a spherically symmetric, double characteristic initial value problem for the (real) Einstein‐Maxwell‐scalar field equations. On the initial outgoing characteristic, the data is assumed to satisfy the Price law decay widely believed to hold on an event horizon arising from the collapse of an asymptotically flat Cauchy surface. We establish that the heuristic mass inflation scenario put forth by Israel and Poisson is mathematically correct in the context of this initial value problem. In particular, the maximal future development has a future boundary over which the space‐time is extendible as a C0 metric but along which the Hawking mass blows up identically; thus, the space‐time is inextendible as a C1 metric. In view of recent results of the author in collaboration with I. Rodnianski, which rigorously establish the validity of Price's law as an upper bound for the decay of scalar field hair, the C0 extendibility result applies to the collapse of complete, asymptotically flat, spacelike initial data where the scalar field is compactly supported. This shows that under Christodoulou's C0 formulation, the strong cosmic censorship conjecture is false for this system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Java commodity grid kit
Authors: von Laszewski Gregor , Foster Ian , Gawor Jarek , Lane Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDeveloping advanced applications for the emerging national‐scale ‘Computational Grid’ infrastructures is still a difficult task. Although Grid services are available that assist the application developers in authentication, remote access to computers, resource management, and infrastructure discovery, they provide a challenge because these services may not be compatible with the commodity distributed‐computing technologies and frameworks used previously.The Commodity Grid project is working to overcome this difficulty by creating what we call Commodity Grid Toolkits (CoG Kits) that define mappings and interfaces between Grid and particular commodity frameworks. In this paper, we explain why CoG Kits are important, describe the design and implementation of a Java CoG Kit, and use examples to illustrate how CoG Kits can enable new approaches to application development based on the integrated use of commodity and Grid technologies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HBench:Java: An application‐specific benchmarking framework for Java Virtual Machines
Authors: Zhang Xiaolan , Seltzer Margo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractJava applications represent a broad class of programs, ranging from programs running on embedded products to high‐performance server applications. Standard Java benchmarks ignore this fact and assume a fixed workload. When an actual application's behavior differs from that included in a standard benchmark, the benchmark results are useless, if not misleading. In this paper, we present HBench:Java, an application‐specific benchmarking framework, based on the concept that a system's performance must be measured in the context of the application of interest. HBench:Java employs a methodology that uses vectors to characterize the application and the underlying Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and carefully combines the two vectors to form a single metric that reflects a specific application's performance on a particular JVM such that the performance of multiple JVMs can be realistically compared. Our performance results demonstrate HBench:Java's superiority over traditional benchmarking approaches in predicting relative performance of real applications and its ability to pinpoint performance problems, even with a simplified vector. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An OpenMP‐like interface for parallel programming in Java
Authors: Kambites M. E. , Obdržálek J. , Bull J. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the definition and implementation of an OpenMP‐like set of directives and library routines for shared memory parallel programming in Java. A specification of the directives and routines is proposed and discussed. A prototype implementation, consisting of a compiler and a runtime library, both written entirely in Java, is presented, which implements most of the proposed specification. Some preliminary performance results are reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel application experience with replicated method invocation
Authors: Maassen Jason , Kielmann Thilo , Bal Henri E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe describe and evaluate a new approach to object replication in Java, aimed at improving the performance of parallel programs. Our programming model allows the programmer to define groups of objects that can be replicated and updated as a whole, using reliable, totally‐ordered broadcast to send update methods to all machines containing a copy. The model has been implemented in the Manta highperformance Java system. We evaluate system performance both with microbenchmarks and with a set of five parallel applications. For the applications, we also evaluate ease of programming, compared to RMI implementations. We present performance results for a Myrinet‐based workstation cluster as well as for a wide‐area distributed system consisting of four such clusters. The microbenchmarks show that updating a replicated object on 64 machines only takes about three times the RMI latency in Manta. Applications using Manta's object replication mechanism perform at least as fast as manually optimized versions based on RMI, while keeping the application code as simple as with naive versions that use shared objects without taking locality into account. Using a replication mechanism in Manta's runtime system enables several unmodified applications to run efficiently even on the wide‐area system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel dynamic water supply scheduling in a cluster of computers
Authors: Damas M. , Salmerón M. , Ortega J. , Olivares G. , Pomares H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe parallelization of complex planning and control problems arising in diverse application areas in the industrial, services and commercial environments not only allows the determination of control variables in the required times but also improves the performance of the control procedure as more processors are involved in the execution of the parallel program. In this paper we describe a scheduling application in a water supply network to demonstrate the benefits of parallel processing. The procedure we propose combines dynamic programming with genetic algorithms and time series prediction in order to solve problems in which decisions are made in stages, and the states and control belong to a continuous space. Taking into account the computational complexity of these applications and the time constraints that are usually imposed, the procedure has been implemented by a parallel program in a cluster of computers, an inexpensive and widely extended platform that can make parallelism a practical means of tackling complex problems in many different environments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal mobility support in future service architectures
Authors: Demestichas P. P. , Tzifa E. C. , Louta M. D. , Liossis N. I. , Kaltabani A. K. , Anagnostou M. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSupport for personal mobility will be among the key factors for success in the competitive communications market of the future. This paper proposes enhancements to the personal mobility support capabilities of service architectures. The TINA service architecture is used as a reference, even though our approach is applicable to other models as well. Our starting point is a business case that falls into the realm of personal mobility. The aim of the business case is to enable users that are found outside their home domain to access services by choosing the best visited retailer, i.e. the one offering adequate quality services in the most cost‐efficient manner. In the sequel the following key issues are addressed. First, the introduction of the additional functionality that is required for supporting the business case, and the realisation through appropriate service components. Second, the integration of the new service components in the standard TINA service architecture. Third, the detailed description of a version of the logic of the new components. In this last respect, we formally state, mathematically formulate and solve problems related to the visited retailer selection. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac sympathetic innervation and blood flow regulation of the diabetic heart
Authors: Schnell Oliver 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA key problem in ischemia‐induced impairment of the vascular performance of the diabetic heart is the often‐unrecognized cardiac sympathetic dysfunction. Advanced single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) using the radiopharmaceuticals, 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I‐MIBG) and 11C‐hydroxyephedrine (11C‐HED), have shown that dysfunction of cardiac sympathetic nerves is present to a large extent in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The pattern of sympathetic disturbances is heterogeneous with a predominant effect in the posterior myocardial region. Furthermore, myocardial blood flow assessment with PET has shown that endothelial‐dependent vasodilatation is reduced in proportion to the magnitude of cardiac sympathetic dysfunction. These mechanisms are currently proposed to lead from early changes to advanced impairment of cardiac function in diabetes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An examination of the relationship between dyslexia and offending in young people and the implications for the training system
Authors: Kirk Jane , Reid Gavin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA screening study was undertaken which involved 50 young offenders, serving sentences of various lengths, all from the largest young offenders' institution in Scotland. All 50 were screened for dyslexia and a number received a more detailed follow‐up assessment. The results of the screening showed that 25 of the young offenders (50%) were dyslexic to some degree. This finding has implications for professionals, particularly in respect of follow‐up assessment and support, and for politicians in relation to issues such as school experience, prison education and staff training. These issues are discussed here in relation to the background and results of the study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From inside prison
Authors: Cox Julian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEditorial note. Part One of this paper was written in 1994, when the author, Julian Cox, having partially recovered from the trauma of his conviction for murder, sought the help of Justice, an organization concerned with helping those whose convictions seemed unfair. The complete document is a very long one, and we have published only selected extracts.After long delays, Julian's case came to the Court of Appeal in January 2000. It was unsuccessful. Apparently, it is not possible in law to reverse a jury's decision on issues of fact. His plea had, therefore, to be one of ‘diminished responsibility’, which was argued partly on psychiatric grounds and partly on the grounds of dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There was a brief mention of Julian's dyslexia in the Court of Appeal's judgement, but no understanding whatever of how it might have contributed to the original tragedy.Part Two of the paper was written specifically for Dyslexia at the editor's invitation. There has been no editing of the spelling or style. In the case of Part One, as Julian explains, the editing was done for him. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvements of and Insights into the Isolation of Bismuth Polycations from Benzene Solution – Single‐Crystal Structure Determinations of Bi8[GaCl4]2 and Bi5[GaCl4]3
Authors: Lindsjö, Andreas Fischer Martin , Kloo Lars 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe synthesis, crystal growth and structure are reported for the two salts Bi5[GaCl4]3 and Bi8[GaCl4]2. The compounds are prepared from a solution of BiCl3 and GaCl3 in benzene, using gallium metal as reducing agent. Bi8[GaCl4]2 contains a Bi82+ polycation that, essentially, adopts an ideal square antiprismatic geometry. The compound crystallizes in the P63 space group; a = 17.760(2) Å and c = 12.979(3) Å. Bi5[GaCl4]3 crystallizes in the R3c space group, a = 11.814(2) Å, c = 29.974(3) Å, and contains a Bi53+ cation adopting a trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry. The cation is slightly distorted from the ideal D3h symmetry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)