bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization of estrogen receptors in rhesus monkey ovary
Authors: Hutz R. J. , Wagner N. , Krause P. , Fisher C. , Syed N. , Dierschke D. J. , Monniaux D. , Tomanek M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that the exogenous administration of estradiol‐17β (E2) to rhesus monkeys induces atresia of the dominant preovulatory follicle (DF); and that this effect is mediated centrally, via the inhibition of follicle‐stimulating hormone, and is also exerted directly at the level of the ovarian granulosa cell. We wished to investigate whether the local effect of E2 is transduced through interaction with the nuclear receptor for estrogen, particularly in light of certain evidence that suggests a general lack of estrogen receptor (E‐R) in the rhesus monkey ovary, except in the germinal epithelium. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of E‐R by both autoradiographic and immunocytochemical techniques. Frozen sections of ovaries from rhesus females were incubated in experiment 1 with either 3H‐E2 or 125I‐E2, in the presence or absence of excess, non‐radioactive ligand or analogues diethylstilbestrol (DES) or the receptor antagonist 4‐OH‐tamoxifen (TAM). 3H‐E2 binding was most intense over functional corpora lutea, and was reduced to background with excess DES; label was also evident over antral follicles, Image analysis showed specific binding of 125I‐E2 by ovaries. In experiment 2, cryostat sections were processed for immunocytochemical staining using the per‐oxidase‐anti‐peroxidase (PAP) method and the H222 monoclonal antibody to the E‐R. Intense, specific label was observed over nuclei of germinal epithelium, but, additionally, for the first time, to granulosa cells of antral follicles and other compartments of the ovary. In this paper, we report the first evidence for estrogen binding to rhesus monkey ovary; tins binding is specific, apparently receptor mediated, and corroborated independently by autoradiographic and immunocytochemical means. We herein provide substantial support for estrogen's dramatic effects being exerted directly at the level of the monkey ovary. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Haraway's monsters. Review of simians, cyborgs, and women, the reinvention of nature, by Donna J. Haraway. New York, Routledge, 1991, x + 287 pp., $55.000, cloth, $16.95, paperback
Authors: Brent Linda 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInhabiting these pages are odd boundary creatures—simians, cyborgs, and women—all of which have had a destabilizing place in the great Western evolutionary, technological, and biological narratives. These boundary creatures are, literally, monsters.
Psychosocial and hormonal aspects of hierarchy formation in groups of male squirrel monkeys
Authors: Lyons David M. , Mendoza Sally P. , Mason William A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAccounts of primate social dominance hierarchies often imply that the achievement of superior status is a “goal”, akin to a valued resource or commodity, and that hierarchies emerge in multimale groups from prolonged competitive conflicts over social status. This possibility is not consistent with our observations of five newly formed triads of adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Stable linear hierarchies based on clear asymmetries in the direction of intermale agonism and genital displays were established quickly, with virtually no reciprocal fighting, and in the absence of rank‐related differences in plasma cortisol or testosterone. Although affiliative social overtures were initiated more often by high‐ranking and middle‐ranking males, affiliative overtures were directed equally often toward all members of each group. From the outset of the study all males, regardless of rank, spent an average of 33% of their time huddling in affiliative contact with male cagemates. These results suggest that in newly formed groups of adult male squirrel monkeys, social hierarchies reflect an expedient convention that reduces conflict and facilitates the formation of small cohesive groups. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A twenty‐one‐year study of maternal dominance and secondary sex ratio in a colony group of stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTrivers and Willard's theory of sex‐ratio adjustment, as applied to cercopithecines, predicts that the ratio of male to female offspring will be greater for dominant than for subordinate mothers. A local‐resourcexyhcompetition hypothesis predicts the reverse. To date, results from several species of macaque are inconsistent and often not statistically significant. In this 21 year study, a colony group of stumptailed macaques is added to the species previously studied. Seventy‐five offspring were born to eight mothers for whom long‐term dominance was established. Chi‐square analyses of data from these 75 offspring failed to yield a significant relationship between sex‐ratio and mother's dominance; consequently, consistent with a growing body of cercopithecine literature, neither of the competing theories was supported. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation among juvenile capuchins in social influences on exploration
Authors: Fragaszy Dorothy Munkenbeck , Vitale Augusto F. , Ritchie Bill 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe exploratory or feeding activities of others might influence the timing, the place, or both, of exploratory activities among young group‐living individuals, and this influence might affect the information gained by individuals during exploration. This study examined the temporal and spatial aspects of adults' influence on the exploratory behavior of juvenile capuchins, and on the juveniles' acquisition of a novel behavior. Two experimental apparatus, which were initially novel to the juvenile subjects but familiar to the adults, and which provided food when a tool was used properly, were presented to group‐housed capuchin monkeys. The apparatus were presented (a) in a central area, in which all animals could interact with the apparatus and in which several older group members regularly solved the tasks (group site), and (b) in a protected site within the home cage (crèche) that only juveniles could enter, but from which the rest of the cage, including the group site, could be viewed. Juveniles contacted the apparatus at the crèche more often when there was no apparatus at the group site, but only half the individuals made greater use of the apparatus at the group site than at the crèche when an apparatus was present at both sites. Seven of nine used an apparatus more often when adults also had an apparatus, than when adults did not have an apparatus. These results indicate that juveniles' exploratory activity is only weakly related to adults' activity. The linkage appears closer for younger juveniles (20 months or less) than for older juveniles. Moreover, as only older juveniles learned to solve the tasks, coordination of exploration with adults was evidently not related to learning a new skill. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The value of radio tracking in the study of neotropical rain forest monkeys
Authors: Campbell Aimee F. , Sussman Robert W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough radio tracking has been used increasingly in primate field studies over the past 15 years, some primatologists have been reluctant to use it. We present data that demonstrate benefits of radio tracking in the study of rain forest primates. Data were collected during an ecological study of Ateles geoffroyi and Cebus capucinus in hilly, dense rain forest habitat with poor visibility, in northeastern Costa Rica. We SHOW that radio tracking decreased search time for both species, which led to increased contact time and facilitated continuous data collection.Mean search time for both primate species was significantly reduced using radio tracking (Kruskal‐Wallis Test, P < 0.05). Search times for both species increased at the end of the study, when the transmitters ceased functioning. These increased search times occurred despite high levels of familiarity with the ranging patterns of the animals. The rate of marking feeding trees increased significantly with radio tracking and decreased significantly when the radios failed (Kruskal‐Wallis Test, P < 0.01).Other benefits of radio tracking include: finding animals far off trail, in dense vegetation, and in inclement weather; maintaining continuous contact with the animals, which allows for more complete knowledge of ranging and foraging patterns; and monitoring group and subgroup composition. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acoustic structure of long calls in free‐ranging groups of golden lion tarnarins, Leontopithecus rosalia
Authors: Halloy Monique , Kleiman Devra G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLike many other callitrichids, golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia, emit Long Calls. Recordings of four free‐ranging groups were made to explore different types of Long Calls. Three Long Call types were identified acoustically, and analyzed sonographically. The calls usually started with an Introductory Syllable (a chirp, a trill, or a whine) which was followed by either one, two, or three different phrases in a fixed sequential order. Each of the three phrases was unique and contained a typical number of syllables of characteristic shape, frequencies, and durations. Possible functions of these calls are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The acoustic features of gorilla double grunts and their relation to behavior
Authors: Seyfarth Robert M. , Cheney Dorothy L. , Harcourt Alexander H. , Stewart Kelly J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) give double‐grunts to one another in a variety of situations, when feeding, resting, moving, or engaged in other kinds of social behavior. Some double‐grunts elicit double‐grunts in reply whereas others do not. Double‐grunts are individually distinctive, and high‐ranking animals give double‐grunts at higher rates than others. There was no evidence, however, that the probability of eliciting a reply depended upon either the animals' behavior at the time a call was given or the social relationship between caller and respondent. The probability of eliciting a reply could be predicted from a double‐grunt's acoustic features. Gorillas apparently produce at least two acoustically different subtypes of double‐grunts, each of which conveys different information. Double‐grunts with a low second formant (typically < 1600 Hz) are given by animals after a period of silence and frequently elicit vocal replies. Double‐grunts with a high second formant (typically > 1600 Hz) are given by animals within 5 s of a call from another individual and rarely elicit replies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Yellow baboon labor and parturition at the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya
Authors: Condit Vicki K. , Smith E. O. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn observation of the birth of a feral yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) is reported. Over an approximate 45‐min period, the late stages of labor, parturition, cleaning of the infant, and consumption of the placenta were observed. The labor and parturition occurred in the late afternoon/early evening hours, and within 5 m of the observer. A review of the literature on feral births suggests that selection may have favored both the timing and the location of births. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychological well‐being in paired adult female rhesus (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Eaton G. Gray , Kelley Stephen T. , Axthelm Michael K. , Iliff‐Sizemore Susan A. , Shiigi Stanley M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe assessed the effects of social living (pairing) on improving the psychological well‐being of adult female rhesus macaques (Mucuca mulutta) housed under laboratory conditions. We measured well‐being in 12 pairs and 12 singly housed females through multiple indices of health (hematology, clinical morbidity, and body weight), stress (immune responses), behavior (preferences for social proximity, exhibition of species typical affliative behavior, and rates of abnormal behavior), and reproduction (frequency of ovulation, rates of conception, and infant survival). We selected adult females that had been living in single‐unit cages and paired them in larger cages. Care was taken to allow females to become familiar with one another before pairing took place, and pairs that fought were separated before serious injuries occurred. Singly‐housed control females were also paired for 1 week and then separated to balance the stressful effects expected to occur during the initial pairing and to assure that they were equivalent to the experimental animals in their ability to live socially. We concluded that pairing adult female rhesus monkeys was a positive experience for both the dominant and subordinate members of the pairs. They chose to spend the majority of their time involved in amicable social interactions, were more active, and they indulged in less nail biting than singly‐housed controls. There were no differences in reproduction, rates of clinical morbidity, or immune stress responses among the groups. However, pairing alone may not be sufficient to assure the well‐being of laboratory‐housed rhesus macaques, because rates of abnormal behaviors such as stereotyped movements remained high. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutathione metabolism in primate lenses: A phylogenetic study of glutathione synthesis and glutathione redox cycle enzyme activities
Authors: Rathbun William B. , Holleschau Ann M. , Alterman Lon 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLens wet weights, soluble protein, and activities of γ‐glutiamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were determined in primate lenses. The primary sources of lenses were middle‐aged adult animals. The Primates, from 23 genera, were categorized into six superfamilies: hominoids (five species), Old World monkeys (seven species), New World monkeys (five species), tarsiers (two species), lemurs (six species), and lorisids (three species). Significant differences between various groups or combinations of groups were noted for γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities. Lenticular γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase activity was very low in the Old World simian lenses and highest in the prosimians. Glutathione peroxidase activity was extraordinarily high in lenses of Old World monkeys. Glutathione reductase activity was low in all the prosimians but tenfold higher in hominoid lenses with intermediate values in monkeys of both the Old World and New World. Glutathione synthetase activity was variable, and no clear pattern which might be useful for primate classification was noted. Lenticular activity ratios of glutathione synthetase:γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase were highest in the Old World simians and lowest in the prosimians. These data with emphasis upon Aotus and the tarsiers were examined with regard to phylogenetic relationships. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative efficiency of preferred and nonpreferred patterns of lateralized foraging in the gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus)
Authors: Butler Paul M. , Stafford Donna K. , Ward Jeannette P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLateralized patterns of hand use in species‐typical bamboo shoot foraging were evaluated for efficiency in five female and six male gentle lemurs (Hapalemur griseus sp.). Efficiency was defined as amount of time required to complete a foraging response sequence. The foraging pattern consisted of four component movements: PULL‐IN, COUNTERFORCE, TURN, and FEED‐IN. These component movements had been shown in a previous study to incorporate lateral hand biases that formed subsets of patterns that were characteristic for each gentle lemur. The duration of each foraging sequence was measured from the beginning of the first component to the initiation of the terminal component. Frequency of use scores were employed to divide the pattern sequences of each subject into preferred and nonpreferred categories. A within‐subjects comparison of the mean durations of preferred patterns (M = 2.56 sec) with those of non‐ preferred patterns (M = 3.02 sec) found that preferred patterns were executed more rapidly, t(10) = 3.36, P = .007. A multiple regression showed that order of pattern preference accounted for 89% of the variance in mean duration of response time (R2 = .89, P = .056). Thus, the use of preferred lateralized hand patterns resulted in more rapid bamboo shoot harvesting. Speed in foraging may be regarded as an adaptive strategy for a species that subsists on a high bulk, low nutrient density food such as bamboo. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The upper paleolithic of Europe: An overview
Authors: Straus Lawrence Guy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Upper Paleolithic of Europe, 40,000–10,000 years ago, presents one of the richest, most complex records for the anatomy and cultural adaptations of fossil hominids in the world. New chronological information points to roughly simultaneous appearance of certain Upper Paleolithic technological traits in both SE and SW Europe, while growing evidence suggests a significant degree of biological and cultural continuity between the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. On the other hand, there is considerable evidence that evolution continued to operate in both domains throughout the course of the late Upper Pleistocene, apparently in adaptive relationship to the major environmental changes of the Upper Pleniglacial and Tardiglacial. Spectacular developments in the realms of art and ideology may be understood in the special biogeographical, social, and economic conditions of Europe at the height of the Last Ice Age; both ended rather abruptly with the onset of the Holocene as the landscapes of Europe underwent pervasive upheavals.
The resolution of genotype × environment interaction in segregation analysis of nuclear families
Authors: Eaves Lindon J. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA model is presented for the effects of one or two loci, a measured index of the environment and genotype × environment (G×E) interaction of risk for a discontinuous trait. Initial properties of the model are explored for the single locus case, with and without the effects of environment and G×E interaction. Seven data sets were simulated, each comprising 500 nuclear families on whom an environmental index has been measured. Maximum‐likelihood estimation procedures were used to obtain parameter estimates under seven models for each data set. Likelihood ratio tests were constructed, and in all cases it was possible to identify the “correct” model for the simulated data. The matrices of information realized showed that the parameters could be estimated with acceptable precision and that the effects of genes, environment, and G×E interaction could be resolved in the simulated populations. The effects on conventional segregation analysis of ignoring the environment and G×E are considered.
Segregation analyses of stuttering
Authors: Cox N. J. , Kramer P. L. , Kidd K. K. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough stuttering is known to be a familial disorder, no clear evidence regarding precise mode of transmission has arisen from previous research. In this report segregation analysis is applied to data on 386 stuttering probands and their first‐degree relatives in an effort to discriminate among possible genetic models for the transmission of stuttering. Two different segregation analysis programs, PAP and POINTER, gave comparable results with respect to both hypothesis testing and parameter estimation. Specifically, the transmission of stuttering observed in these families cannot be adequately explained by a Mendelian major locus. The hypothesis of no polygenic component in the transmission of stuttering can, however, be rejected. Existence in these data of potential heterogeneity and possible violations of assumptions concerning ascertainment are considered in interpreting the results.
The detection of major loci by segregation and linkage analysis: A simulation study
Authors: Goldin Lynn R. , Cox Nancy J. , Pauls David L. , Gershon Elliot S. , Kidd Kenneth K. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSimulated multigenerational pedigrees were analyzed using the program GENPED and POINTER to examine the 1) limits of segregation analysis for detecting single locus, two‐allele transmission of a dichotomous trait and 2) accuracy of the parameter estimates. Ten data sets of 30 pedigrees each (approximately 25 persons per pedigree) were simulated. The genotypic penetrance values were varied but the population prevalence of the trait was kept constant at 2%. For some data sets a linked marker locus was also simulated. Previous results had shown that a single major locus could be easily detected when the heterozygote penetrance (f1) was high or midway between the two homozygote penetrances. In this study, we found a single major locus could not be consistently detected by either method of segregation analysis when f1 was “low” to “intermediate.” Accuracy of the parameter estimates depended on assumptions about the population prevalence. In those cases where the major locus could not be detected by segregation analysis, linkage to a marker locus could be detected as long as the marker was closely linked and there were not phenocopies in the population. Owing to the limited number of simulations in this study, we cannot generalize these findings. However, they provide a basis for further testing of methods of segregation analysis when factors such as the parameter values, family structure, and ascertainment scheme are varied.
Major locus inheritance of apolipoprotein B in Utah pedigrees
Authors: Hasstedt Sandra J. , Wu Lily , Williams Roger R. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA major locus that determines levels of apolipoprotein B (apoB) was revealed by likelihood analysis on 331 members of 36 pedigrees. The major locus explained 43.2% of the observed variance, with the remainder attributed to random environmental factors. Estimated mean apoB levels (mg/dl) were 110.5 ± 2.5, 141.9 ± 4.4, and 208.1 ± 11.5 for low homozygotes, heterozygotes, and high homozygotes, respectively. The corresponding genotypic frequencies were 0.718, 0.259, and 0.023. the apoB locus explained 13% and 14% of the variance in total and low‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol levels, respectively. Persons with elevated apoB had normal to high levels of total serum cholesterol and triglyceride and low to normal levels of high‐density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A‐I. Sixteen members of three of the pedigrees were heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Their apoB levels were estimated as 35.72 ± 7.16 mg/dl above the apoB genotypic means, assuming that the two loci act independently. Therefore, two major loci, the FH locus and the apoB locus, affect two levels, apoB and LDL cholesterol.
Efficient methods for computing linkage likelihoods of recessive diseases in inbred pedigrees
Authors: Kong Augustine , Rao D. C. , Vogler G. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTraditional methods for computing linkage likelihoods can be infeasible for data that involve considerable inbreeding and missing information, characteristics of large pedigrees affected by rare recessive diseases. For this type of data, we propose alternative procedures that can efficiently provide good approximates of linkage likelihoods. These approximation procedures are constructed based on a new mathematical representation of the multiloci inheritance model. Instead of representing each person by a single variable, the genotype, the disease gene alleles, and the marker alleles are taken as separate variables. This allows us to break down the computations into manageable pieces. This new representation is also potentially useful for multipoint mapping.