bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of transection of the nerve trunk on the perineural epithelium with special reference to its role in nerve degeneration and regeneration
Authors: Shanthaveerappa T. R. , Bourne G. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDetailed histological and histochemical studies were made on the effect of transection on the perineural epithelium of the peripheral nerves of rat and cat. Histologically and histochemically it has been shown that the perineural epithelium does not undergo any change in the proximal as well as in distal segments of these transected nerves and is maintained as seen in the untransected nerves. These studies also show that the capsule of the muscle spindle is made up of a continuation of the perineural epithelium and maintains its histological structure, as well as its enzyme equipment. Electronmicroscopic evidences are given for the normal maintenance of this epithelium in the regenerating nerve. The only structure which does not show any change when a nerve is transected is the perineural epithelium. It has been pointed out that the perineural epithelial tube plays an important role in conducting the regenerating axons within the neurilemmal tube to the proper sensory and motor endings.
Responses of lymphocytes with “atypical nuclei” in the nodes proximal to parenteral injections
Authors: Tompkins Edna H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVariable numbers of small lymphocytes with “atypical nuclei” have been shown to occur regularly in lymph nodes from normal animals. The present studies were carried out in explanation of these cells.Mice were injected subcutaneonsly or intraperitoneally with physiologic saline or isotonic glucose, and with solutions of various organic substances in glucose. The draining nodes were fixed at various intervals thereafter, and unstained sections were examined by light and polarized microscopy.These lymphocytes increased after all of the injections. The increments were moderate and of short duration after injections of saline and glucose alone, and the nuclei were morphologically similar to those found in the controls with the techniques employed. The increments were greater and more protracted after injections of most of the organic substances, and the morphology of the nuclei in polarized light differed from that of the normal. The effect on the morphology was influenced, in part, by the degree of solubility of the organic substance and the duration of exposure of the cells to it.The conclusion is drawn that lymphocytes with “atypical nuclei” represent response to lymph drainage, in general, while modifications of their characteristic nuclear morphology are indicative of specific biologic responses.
In vivo measurements of capillaries of frogs, mice, and puppies
Authors: Beeler Henry S. , O'Brien David P. , Knisely William H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the dimensions of capilaries in various tissues, in vivo, in frogs, mice, and pups. Capillaries were measured in the web, strap muscles of the neck, mesentery and bladder of frogs, and in the mesentery of mice and pups. The light source was a fused quartz rod transilumination apparatus. In all cases the exposed tissues were kept moist by a continuous flow of Ringer's solution over their surfaces.The mean values found for the tissues of the frog are web 11.94 μ, skeletal muscle 11.30 μ, mesentery 11.97 μ, and bladder 11.40 μ. The mesenteric capillaries of the mice and pups had a mean value of 4.64 μand 7.36 μ respectively.Difficulties encountered during the course of observation included vibrations of the optical equipment, movement of the tissue under the microscope, fogging of the objective lens, and the determining of which of the microscopic vessels were “capillaries.”A statistical analysis of the data indicates that the variance in the measurements recorded on the capillaries of a single animal is greater than the variance from animal to animal.
Prenatal development of the mandibular joint in mice
Authors: Frommer Jack 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe prenatal development of the mandibular joint in mice was studied in fetuses at 15 to 20 days insemination age. The ramus of the mandible can be delineated as early as the fifteenth day by distinct differences in the degree of condensation of mesenchyme at the site of the future joint. The future condylar process of the mandible can be recognized in its relationship to the external pterygoid muscle, inferior alveolar nerve, Meckel's cartilage, pre‐cartilaginous alisphenoid process of the future basisphenoid bone, and the anlage of the squamosal bone with its zygomatic process.Differentiation is rapid through the twentieth day of gestation at which time the following major elements of the joint can be recognized: a fibrous intra‐articular disc continuous with the tendon of the external pterygoid muscle; a vascular synovial mesenchyme with upper and lower synovial spaces; an ossified squamosal bone with a fibrous joint lining; and a well developed condylar process with good representation of differentiating cells in the zones of chondrification and ossification.Among the elements not yet evident, however, are (1) hemopoietic marrow in the condyle, (2) a constricted neck at the base of the condyle, and (3) a fibrous capsule or capsular ligament.
The autofluorescent cells of the lymphocytic tissues of the rat
Authors: Sainte‐Marie Guy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe lymphocytic tissues of normal rats were fixed in cold alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Unstained sections were examined under the fluorescent microscope. The sections were stained, thereafter, by various techniques.Peculiar “autofluorescent cells” were found at the cortico‐medullary junction of each thymic lobule, associated with lymphocytic nodules, and, in the plasmocytic medullary cords of the nodes. These cells contain numerous yellow autofluorescent granules and a few blue ones. The amount of yellow granules increases in the lymphocytic organs of pregnant rats. The granules stain positively with Sudan black B and P. A. Schiff techniques, and stain pale green with toluidin blue.Comparison reveals that the “autofluorescent cells” correspond to the “Lipid‐laden foamy cells” described by Loewenthal and Smith and to the “PAS‐positive reticulum cells” of Metcalf. Unlike Loewenthal et al. it is concluded that these cells are not arising from thymic involution. Metcalf's conclusion that these cells control thymic lymphocytopoiesis is analyzed in view of new findings and his conclusion is questioned. The development of the autofluorescent cells is shown to somehow parallel the development of post‐weaning growth and of immunity. The possible function of the autofluorescent cells in both phenomena is discussed.
The leucocyte‐like cells of the oviducts during the normal estrous cycle and their modification by progestin and estrogen treatment
Authors: Nellor John E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDuring specific phases of the luteal stage of the estrous cycle, and during early pregnancy, or following progestational administration, there is a marked mobilization of lymphoblast‐like cells in the connective tissue of the plica. These cells readily penetrate the basment membrane, and assume an intercalary position in their migration between the epithelial cells to the lumen. Progestational treatment intensifies this migration during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle in the normal animal, or induces this migration in the oviducts of the ovariectomized animal. Estrogenic treatment alone, in the ovariectomized animal, will not maintain the migration of lymphoblast‐like cells in the connective tissue of the oviduct, nor their penetration between the epithelial cells and extrusion into the lumen of the tissue. Estrogenic treatment induces a marked modification of the lymphoblast‐like cells mobilized by progestational treatment, resulting in morphological reorganization and destruction of the cells in the oviductal tissues. The morphological reorganization of the cell is noted in eosinophilic granulation of the cytoplasm, followed by fragmentation of the nuclear chromatin within the cell. The eosinophilic granulation is lost, followed by dissolution of the nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes and scattering of the chromatin material into the tissue.
Origin of hypoglossal muscles in the chick embryo
Authors: Hammond Warner S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study, experiments are described in which part cr all of the occipital somites were removed from chick embryos of 8 to 25 somites. The embryos were reincubated and sacrificed 6 to 9 days after the operation. Adequate extirpations of somites 2 through 6 resulted in absence or depletion of one or more of the hypoglossal muscles, thus demonstrating their somtic origin from these levels. Somite 1 disappears early and does not make a contribution to the hypoglossal muscles. The optimal stages for operation are between 8 to 15 somites.
A study of postnatal growth of skeletal muscle in the rat
Authors: Chiakulas John J. , Pauly John E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFrom each of five litters of Sprague‐Dawley rats, littermates were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks of age. The musculi extensor carpi radialis longus, soleus and plantaris were treated with glycerine while attached to the extremities and then dissected out and fixed in formalin. A transverse section through the thickest portion of the belly of each muscle was projected by a microprojector on graph paper. The entire section and the individual muscle fibers in representative areas within it were outlined. From this the total cross sectional area of the muscle; the number of fibers contained within it; the size, in terms of cross‐sectional area, of fibers; and the ratio of muscle to connective tissue were calculated.As the animals mature, there is an enlargement of the cross‐sectional area of the entire muscle and of the individual fibers. There is a definite increase in the number of muscle fibers during the first three weeks after birth which is the result of the differentiation into myofibers of myoblasts present in muscle fiber bundles at birth. A steady increment in the percentage of muscle to connective tissue throughout the entire growth period is present.
The arterial supply of the dura mater of the rhesus monkey
Authors: Castelli Walter A. , Huelke Donald F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA study of the dural blood supply in 20 specimens by dissection, corrosion preparations and cleared specimens indicates that the dural arteries are similar to those of man yet significant differences were noted. The anterior cranial fossa is supplied by small twigs which spread through the dura of the anterior cranial fossa floor. The larger branch, the anterior meningeal artery, perforates the lateral orbital wall and supplies the lateral wall of anterior and middle cranial fossae. The middle meningeal artery, of the maxillary artery, divides into two branches in the floor of the middle fossa. The anterior or frontal branch always anastomoses with the anterior meningeal artery. Sometimes it also continues upward to the lateral wall of the middle fossa to supply it. The posterior middle meningeal branch passes backward to supply the parietal area. The posterior meningeal artery, of the occipital artery, enters the skull near the beginning of the sigmoid sinus and follows the general course of the lambdoidal suture.
The human egg in the pronuclear stage
Authors: Dickmann Z. , Chewe T. H. , Bonney W. A. , Noyes R. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA human egg in the pronuclear stage was recovered by flushing the excised oviduct that had been removed along with the uterus. The hysterectomy and right salpingectomy were performed on day 16 of the patient's menstrual cycle. The egg was examined first in the fresh state and revealed two pronuclei, a granular zona pellucida, and corona cell processes traversing the zona pellucida. The egg was subsequently fixed and stained revealing further details of the pronuclei, and the tail of the fertilizing spermatozoon lying over one of the pronuclei.The age of the egg was estimated as being 3 to 50 hours post ovulation time.
Ciliated cells in the spleen of adult rats
Authors: Abdel‐Bari Waguih , Sorenson George D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDuring a study of the effects of 600 r whole body x‐irradiation on male adult Sprague Dawley rats, rare cilia have been noted on reticular cells of normal and x‐irradiated rat spleen. They are of the 9+0 pattern and appear similar to those previously noted in other cells. The functional significance of these cilia is unknown.
Induction of pseudopregnancy in the rat by vaginal stimulation at various stages of the estrous cycle
Authors: Staples R. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNormally‐cycling female rats were electrically stimulated at various stages of the estrous cycle to test the effectiveness of a modified probe for the induction of pseudopregnancy. The ability to form decidua served as the criterion of successful response. The probe was constructed to deliver a cervical‐vaginal or vaginal‐vaginal stimulation rather than the usual cervical‐cervical stimulation. The electrical stimulus used consisted of 50 v at 200 pps for a five‐second duration. It was found to be effective throughout vaginal estrus but was much less effective during early and late proestrus or early metestrus. Placement of electrodes on the vaginal wall during stimulation was shown to be as effective as placing them on the cervices. As a result, rats may now be made pseudopregnant without visual placement of electrodes thereby simplifying and hastening the stimulation procedure and rendering it more suitable for routine use. Only 20–25 seconds were required to stimulate each animal.
In vitro development of tooth rudiments of embryonic mice
Authors: Koch William E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEmbryonic mouse mandibular tooth rudiments, completely excised from the host and placed in vitro at a “glass‐plasma clot” interface, fail to develop normally. The organization of the rudiment is destroyed by migration of cells into the cloth. Rudiment morphology is maintained and histodifferentiation occurs when such rudiments are grown on artificial filter membranes. In cultures of 16 day embryonic incisors, a “refractile” material is noted on the distal‐incisal‐labial side of the developing rudiment after three days in vitro growth; this material increases in extent during subsequent growth. Histological sections show normal differentiation of the cells of the rudiment; extracellular matrices are deposited by the odontocytes and also by amelocytes. The position of amelocyte matrix correlates with that of the “refracticle” material seen in the living culture. The sequence of changes during cellular differentiation in vitro corresponds to that occurring in vivo.
Effect of insulin antibodies on pancreatic islet insulin and beta cell granule content
Authors: Morgan Carl R. , Carpenter Anna‐Mary , Lazarow Arnold 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNormal rats injected intravenously with anti‐insulin guinea pig serum (AIS‐GP) exhibited a marked hyperglycemia which reached a maximum (>300 mg per 100 ml) at the third hour. The blood sugar was 172 mg per 100 ml by the eighth hour and was normal (100 mg per 100 ml) at 24 hours. Control animals injected with equal quantities of normal guinea pig serum did not show significant changes in blood sugar.In pancreatic tissue obtained from rats three hours after injection of AIS‐GP the aldehyde‐fuchsin staining granules of the beta cells were significantly fewer than in the controls. Quantitation studies indicated that in the AIS‐GP injected animals 26% of the islet volume was composed of 4+ and 3+ granulated beta cells as compared to 68% for rats injected with normal guinea pig serum. The cell granulation was normal 24 hours after injection of AIS‐GP. Electron microscopic studies confirmed that this decrease in aldehyde‐fuchsin staining was due to degranulation.The insulin content of microdissected islets obtained three hours after injection of AIS‐GP was significantly lower than that of the controls. The mean value (immunoassay determinations) for the AIS‐GP injected animals (89±30 units per gm dry weight of islet) was 38% that of the controls (232±66).
The cell web in the ameloblasts of the rat incisor
Authors: Kallenbach E. , Clermont Y. , Leblond C. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ameloblasts (and associated cells) of adult rat incisors were examined in sections stained with tannic acid‐phosphomolybdic acid‐amino black (TPA), a method which demonstrates the fibrillar structures of cytoplasm referred to as cell web, as well as terminal bars and desmosomes. These structures were analyzed at various stages of the life cycle of ameloblasts.The first sign of a cell web is found in the immature ameloblasts observed toward the end of the proliferation zone. Delicate vertical fibrils appear, which persist in various forms throughout the zones of differentiation, secretion, post‐secretion, pigmentation and regression. These vertical fibrils are present along the lateral cell wall in most zones. In the post‐secretion zone, a coarse fiber appears in the axis of the cell within the supranuclear region. This fiber splits at both ends into fine fibrils running toward the apex and base of the ameloblast, where delicate desmosomes are visible.A first set of terminal bars arises at the base of ameloblasts in the zone of proliferation. These “basal” terminal bars persist in all except the regression zone. A second set of terminal bars appears at the apex of the ameloblasts in the zone of differentiation. These “apical” terminal bars reach their maximal development in the secretion zone and disappear in the regression zone. Finally, desmosomes are prominent in the post‐secretion and pigmentation zones, mainly on the apical and basal surfaces of the cells.The staining of terminal bars and desmosomes with TPA is presumably due to the accumulation of cell web fibrils on these attachment sites. The cell web may impart rigidity to the cell and provide resistance to stress wherever the fibrils are inserted on desmosomes and terminal bars.
Transcallosal connections of the cingulate gyrus in monkey
Authors: Locke Simeon , Kruper Donald C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe intercingulate connections of the Macaque hemisphere were studied by the Loyez and cresyl violet techniques in 15 specimens 19 to 29 months following hemicerebrectomy. Demyelination and pathological gliosis in the posterior part of the corpus callosum were traced to the upper crown and bank of the cingulate gyrus. LC3 cortex, from which cingulum fibers arise, was devoid of these changes. The gliosis increased superiorly toward medial parietal cortex. Examined in light of known thalamic projections it appears that in general there is an inverse relation between the number of commissural connections and the thalamic afferents.
Changes in the relative organ weights in the fetal dog
Authors: Latimer Homer B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractChanges in the relative percentage weights of the organs in 187 fetal and 24 newborn dogs are presented. Nine organs increase less in total weight during fetal life than total body weight. These are, in increasing order: spinal cord, brain, suprarenals, testes, hypophysis, heart, thyroid, urinary bladder and liver. Increasing more than body weight and in increasing order are: ovaries, digestive system, uterus, spleen, lungs, thymus, digestive tube, kidneys and pancreas. No adult weights were found for seven of these, but the increases to adult weight are shown for the other organs.The organs increasing less than body weight decrease in relative percentage weight rapidly at first and then more slowly throughout fetal life and all of these, except the heart and spinal cord, decrease in percentage weight in the adult.Organs increasing more than body weight have their most marked increase in the early part of fetal life. Thus the relative organ weights are changing most rapidly in early fetal life with more gradual changes toward the end. The spleen and pancreas manifest the most marked and continued increase, while the cord, suprarenals, brain and testes decrease most precipitously in early fetal life. The kidneys, lungs and ovaries have their maximum percentages at birth.These relative changes are compared with similar relative changes in man and in the cat.
A catenary analysis of the maxillary dental arch during human embryogenesis
Authors: Burdi Alphonse R. , Lillie John H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHuman embryos aged six and one‐half through 1 weeks were studied to determine the morphological changes in shape of the maxillary dental arch during this early developmental period. Age was determined by crown‐rump lengths using the table of Patten ('53).When compared to a reference catenary curve, the embryonic dental arch exhibited several time‐linked and directional changes in shape. First, 6.5 to 8 week embryos characteristically had upper dental arches which were wide and anteroposteriorly flattened and did not conform to the catenary curve. At 7.5 to 9 weeks, the C‐shaped dental arch showed more elongation and increasing depth. It was not until weeks 9.5 to 12 that the embryonic dental arch grew enough to conform to the catenary curve.It is suggested that the catenary curvature of the postnatal upper dental arch can be first recognized as early as 9.5 weeks of development.
Cells with filopodia cultured from human synovialis
Authors: Stanfield A. B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn Rose chamber primary explant cultures of synovialis from 11 patients, large cells with motile filopodia have been observed and documented by both still and cinéphotomicrographs. Frequently the tips of the filopodia are attached to the glass surface of the cover slip in the Rose chamber. A continuous, tremulous motility is referred from this point of attachment to the cell itself. Mitosis has not been observed in the cells with filopodia although they have persisted in culture for as long as 171 days. Explants from a total of 376 individuals have been studied: 144 from rheumatoid arthritis patients and 232 from nonrheumatoid patients. Cells with filopodia were observed from only 11 explants (2.9%): eight were rheumatoid; and three were nonrheumatoid.
Goblet cell fine structure
Authors: Freeman James A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough the role of the goblet cell in mucous secretion has been known since 1837, the actual process by which mucous is formed by the cell still is open to question. There is a known proliferation of the Golgi membranes during the early formation of mucous within peripheral Golgi vacuoles. However, there also is a concomitant proliferation of rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum which contains an electron dense material within the lamellae. It is suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes a protein moiety which is transported to the Golgi apparatus. There the protein is combined with acid mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins, that are synthesized by the Golgi apparatus, to form the mucous droplets visible in the electron microscope.Examination of intestinal goblet cells of man, rat, and guinea pig, after stimulation of the cells to evacuate their mucous, also reveals a basic fine structure that clearly is distinguishable from the fine structure of columnar absorbing cells.
The human aortic ridge and cushion
Authors: Parke Wesley W. , Michels Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA ridge of fatty tissue partly encircles the midsection of the human ascending aorta. This structure was constant in occurrence, position, and form in all examined adult and late fetal specimens. The ridge terminates as an expanded cushion that is situated on the right wall of the aortic bulb in apposition to the edge of the right auricle. A fascial cleft beneath the cushion permits a mobility which would enable the structure to relieve pressure and friction caused by the expansion of the auricle against the aorta. A vascular plexus within the cushion is formed by the anastomoses of the coronary and extracardiac branches of the aortic vasa vasorum.