bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Azole Resistance in Petite Mutants of
Candida glabrata
Authors: Brun Sophie , Bergès Thierry , Poupard Pascal , Vauzelle-Moreau Carole , Renier Gilles , Chabasse Dominique , Bouchara Jean-Philippe 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

We previously showed that resistant colonies of
Candida glabrata
inside the azole inhibition zones had respiratory deficiency due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Here, we analyzed the mechanisms of azole resistance in petite mutants of
C. glabrata
obtained by exposure to fluconazole or induced by ethidium bromide. The respiratory deficiency of these mutants was confirmed by oxygraphy and flow cytometric analysis with rhodamine 123, and its mitochondrial origin was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and restriction endonuclease analysis of the mitochondrial DNA. Flow cytometry with rhodamine 6G suggested an increased drug efflux in mutant cells, which was further supported by Northern blot analysis of the expression of the
C. glabrata CDR1
(
CgCDR1
) and
CgCDR2
genes, encoding efflux pumps. Conversely, the expression of
CgERG11
, which encodes the azole target, was not affected by petite mutations, and no differences were seen in the sequence of this gene between parent isolates and mutants. Moreover, sterol analysis showed similar overall amount of sterols in parent and mutant cells, but quantitative modifications were observed in the mutants, with almost undetectable biosynthesis intermediates. Further analysis performed after separation of free sterols from steryl esters revealed a defect in sterol esterification in mutant cells, with free ergosterol representing 92% of the overall sterol content. Thus, resistance or decreased susceptibility to azoles in petite mutants of
C. glabrata
is associated with increased expression of
CgCDR1
and, to a lesser extent, of
CgCDR2
. In addition, the marked increase in free ergosterol content would explain their increased susceptibility to polyenes.
Novel Inhalational Murine Model of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Sheppard Donald C. , Rieg Gunter , Chiang Lisa Y. , Filler Scott G. , Edwards John E. , Ibrahim Ashraf S. 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

We developed a novel model of invasive aspergillosis (IA) that recapitulates human disease. Mice were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate and then infected in an aerosol chamber. This procedure reproducibly delivered 1 × 10
3
to 3 × 10
3
conidia to the lungs. Lethal pulmonary IA developed over 2 weeks and was prevented by amphotericin B.
Buckling of Composite Plates with U-Shaped Cutouts
Authors: Yazici Murat , Ozcan Resat , Ulku Sedat , Okur Irfan 
Published: April 2004

The influence of cutout shape upon the buckling stability of multilayered rectangular epoxy plates reinforced by glass fiber, with different orientation angles is investigated. U-shaped cutouts are made on the long sides symmetrically. The investigated plates are simply supported on the loaded edges (i.e. short sides) and free on the unloaded edges. The plates without cutouts are examined theoretically to confirm experimental and Finite Element (FE) results. The FE and experimental results are found out for different U-shaped cutouts sizes. U-notch shape effects are examined depending on notch depth and notch root radius. According to results, the effect of notch depth is stronger than that of the notch root radius on buckling loads of plates. But, in some cases, although plates containing U-notch, no reduction is obtained in buckling loads. Obtained results with experimental, theoretical, and FE are in good agreement with each other.
Coupling Effects of Hardening and Damage on Necking and Bursting Conditions in Sheet Metal Forming
Authors: Thibaud S. , Boudeau N. , Gelin J. C. 
Published: April 2004

New materials are appearing for sheet metal components. Their use in automotive industry require careful analysis of the influence of initial and induced properties on the formability and risks of failure during the process. The proposed approach is based on experimental investigations, mechanical modelling and FE simulations to analyse the effects of hardening and damage on the development of necking, bursting and fracture in sheet metal forming. First, the proposed study focuses on stainless steel sheet metal parts obtained by rolling at different reduction ratios. A new method has been developed to identify the initial elastic modulus from vibration tests on plates and beams. Next conventional tensile tests are used to characterise the initial hardening effect on hardening laws. Then, plastic deformations directly related to stamping conditions are imposed to the specimens. The elastic properties are measured again after unloading from vibrations tests to notice the effect of induced hardening related to processing conditions. From these experimental results, a constitutive model has been developed that takes into consideration both the initial hardening and the current one. It is based on hardening model coupled with a damage one which takes into account both the effects of initial and induced hardening. The damage model affects the elastic properties as well as the plastic ones. After that, the identification of material parameters is realised using the inverse finite elements method based on the procedure developed by the authors. The proposed material models have been implemented into a fully coupled finite element dedicated specifically to the simulation of sheet metal forming process. The limits of formability are estimated through an extension of the linear stability analysis recently developed by the authors. The numerical results have been compared with experiments and the spatial positions of the critical zones at fracture as well as the values of the limiting deformations are well-predicted.
Anomalies in Fetal Dating
Authors: Dudley NJ , Kirwin SL , Dack FJ , Bown C , Rose DH 
Published: April 2004

Gestational age (GA), which is important in the management of pregnancy, is determined from the date of onset of the last menstrual period (LMP) and may be estimated from ultrasound measurements. The LMP is not always reliable. A number of ultrasound measurements are used in the estimation of GA, and there is evidence that a biparietal diameter (BPD) measurement between 12 and 18 weeks is a more accurate predictor of delivery date than LMP. We perform a dating scan in the late first or early second trimester and an anomaly scan at 20-22 weeks GA, and have anecdotal evidence of inconsistencies in GA estimates from the two scans. The objectives of this study were to assess the fit of our measurements to the recommended BPD and femur length charts and to assess the relative uncertainty associated with GA predicted by the two scans. A total of 283 BPDs and 246 FLs were plotted on recommended charts and a visual assessment of fit made. GA estimates from dating and anomaly scans were compared (77 patients) using the available measurements (BPD, FL, crown-rump-length). BPD measurements fitted the recommended chart. FL measurements fitted the recommended chart at the dating scan, but were longer than expected at the anomaly scan. GA estimates at the two scans agreed where both were based on BPD (mean difference: -0.3 days; 95% CI: 8.8 days), but for other variables there were larger mean differences or a broader spread of differences. The anecdotal finding that our measurements are not consistent with recommended FL charts was confirmed. A commonly applied rule—if GA by LMP and GA by ultrasound agree to within 7 days, use the former, otherwise the latter—used at the dating scan, added to the uncertainty when compared with GA by BPD at the anomaly scan (mean difference: -0.2 days; 95% CI: 12 days). Ultrasound GA should always be used. A difference in dating estimates of up to 9-12 days between two scans must be accepted.
α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Rabasa‐Lhoret Rémi , Chiasson Jean‐Louis 
Published: April 2004

Abstractα‐Glucosidase inhibitors produce a significant reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia and postprandial insulin with a significant decrease of HbA1c(∼0.7%), by delaying carbohydrate absorption. For diabetic patients, α‐glucosidase inhibitors are safe agents that can be used either as monotherapy or in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The reduction of HbA1cshould substantially decrease microvascular complications and could diminish macrovascular events. α‐Glucosidase inhibitors should be considered as a treatment of choice for newly diagnosed diabetic patients. For those not well‐controlled with any other type of treatment, it can result in metabolic improvement without any additional risk. To minimize gastrointestinal side effects, treatment should be initiated at a low dose and titrated slowly. In patients with impaired glucose tolerance, acarbose has proven to be efficient in preventing or delaying the occurrence of type 2 diabetes as well as decreasing macrovascular events.
Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bajaj Mandeep , DeFronzo Ralph A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that results from defects in both insulin secretion and insulin action. Five classes of oral agents, each of which works through a different mechanism of action, are currently available to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) has shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disorder that can be treated initially with oral agent monotherapy but will eventually require the addition of other oral agents, and that in many patients, insulin therapy will be needed to achieve targeted glycemic levels. This chapter examines the goals of antihyperglycemic therapy and reviews the mechanism of action, efficacy, nonglycemic benefits, and safety profile of each of the five approved classes of oral agents. A rationale for the use of these oral agents, as monotherapy, in combination with each other, and in combination with insulin, is provided.
Use of inventory and option contracts to hedge financial risk in planning under uncertainty
Authors: Barbaro Andres , Bagajewicz Miguel J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe use of inventory and options in the management of financial risk in planning under uncertainty is analyzed. The intuitive notion that the addition of inventory can reduce risk is explored to reveal that it is only guaranteed if models managing risk are used and can otherwise lead to higher risk exposures. An example where risk is managed with options contracts is also presented, revealing that risk is also hedged only through an approach where risk is properly managed but not necessarily every time options are used. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 990–998, 2004
Autothermal reforming of gasoline using a cool flame vaporizer
Authors: da Silva J. Matos , Hermann I. , Mengel C. , Lucka K. , Köhne H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe phenomenon of cool flames can be used for mixing, evaporation, and overheating of a mixture of fuel, air, and steam. This method is used to provide a homogeneous mixture preparation. This study investigates the existence of cool flames running a stationary cool flame reactor under autothermal reforming conditions. It particularly characterizes the thermal limits of the cool flame reaction at high steam‐to‐carbon ratios. The experiments show that a cool flame vaporizer can be combined with an autothermal reformer leading to a homogeneous temperature profile in the front of the catalyst bed. This results in a good conversion of the fuel in the reforming process. 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1042–1050, 2004)
Adsorption properties of polyacrylonitrile‐based activated carbon hollow fiber
Authors: Sun Junfen , Wu Guangxiang , Wang Qingrui 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this work, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fibers are pretreated with ammonium dibasic phosphate and then further oxidized in air, carbonized in nitrogen, and activated with carbon dioxide. The adsorption properties of the resultant activated carbon hollow fibers (ACHF) prepared in different conditions were studied. The results show that the adsorption properties of ACHF change regularly with preparing conditions of ACHF. The different adsorption ratios to three adsorbates reflect the number of micropores and mesopores in PAN‐based ACHF. Pretreatment with phosphate can increase the number of mesopores. Proper oxidation temperature and time can increase the number of micropores and mesopores. When carbonization temperature is more than 900°C and carbonization time ranges from 50 to 90 min, the number of micropores and mesopores, especially mesopores, greatly increases. Compared with other treatments, activation treatment greatly increases the number of micropores and mesopores, and the dominant pore sizes of mesopores in PAN‐based ACHF are from 2 to 10 nm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 602–607, 2004
Group 1 Coordination Chains and Hexagonal Networks of Host Cyclotriveratrylene with Halogenated Monocarbaborane Anions
Authors: Ahmad Ruksanna , Franken Andreas , Kennedy John D. , Hardie Michaele J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHalogenated carbaborane ions [CB11H6X6]− in which X=Cl or Br have been combined with the host molecule cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) and Group 1 metal cations to give crystalline materials. The complexes [Na(ctv)(H2O)(CB11H6X6)](CF3CH2OH) feature chiral Na–CTV coordination chains with complexation of the [CB11H6X6]− ion by the Na+ ion, together with the CTV molecular cavity. The coordination chains are hydrogen bonded together to give a puckered two‐dimensional hexagonal grid structure. [K(ctv)(CB11H6Cl6)(CF3CH2OH)0.5] is essentially isostructural. Complexes [Rb(ctv)(CB11H6Br6)(H2O)] and [Cs(ctv)(CB11H6X6)(CH3CN)] are coordination polymers with related distorted hexagonal grid structures. Use of N,N′‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent results in an entirely different type of assembly, with [Na2(dmf)4(H2O)2(ctv)][(dmf)0.5(ctv)][CB11H6Br6]2 showing unusual {Na‐μ‐(dmf)‐Na} bridges, and once again forming a distorted hexagonal coordination polymer.
Total Synthesis of Macroviracin D (BA‐2836‐4)
Authors: Mlynarski Jacek , Ruiz‐Caro Juliana , Fürstner Alois 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe first total synthesis of the complex glycolipid macroviracin D (BA‐2836‐4) (1) is described. This antivirally active metabolite isolated from the mycelium extracts of Streptomyces sp. BA‐2836 incorporates a unique 46‐membered macrodilactone motif decorated with glycosylated fatty acid appendices. Compound 1 consists of three identical subunits which are closely related to one of the segments found in cycloviracin B1 (2), another antiviral glycoconjugate previously synthesized in our laboratory. Key steps of the synthesis route to 1 involve the stereoselective, ligand‐controlled addition of the functionalized diorganozinc derivative 9 to aldehydes 8 a, b, a series of β‐selective glycosidation reactions using appropriately protected trichloroacetimidate donors, and three esterifications via the Yamaguchi method; one of them is performed intramolecularly to forge the macrocyclic lactone ring of the target in 89 % isolated yield. This total synthesis also firmly establishes the absolute configuration of the subunits of compound 1 as 3R,17S,23R.
Enantioselective [4+2]‐Cycloaddition Reaction of a Photochemically Generated o‐Quinodimethane: Mechanistic Details, Association Studies, and Pressure Effects
Authors: Grosch Benjamin , Orlebar Caroline N. , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Kaneda Masayuki , Wada Takehiko , Inoue Yoshihisa , Bach Thorsten 
Published: April 2004

Abstract1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐2‐oxoquinoline‐5‐aldehyde (2) was prepared from m‐aminobenzoic acid and 3‐ethoxyacryloyl chloride (4) in 19 % overall yield. Compound 2 underwent a photochemically induced [4+2]‐cycloaddition reaction with various dienophiles upon irradiation in toluene solution. The exo product 10 a was obtained with acrylonitrile (9 a) as the dienophile, whereas methyl acrylate (9 b) and dimethyl fumarate (9 c) furnished the endo products 11 b and 11 c (69–77 % yield). The reactions proceeded at −60 °C in the presence of the chiral complexing agent 1 (1.2 equiv) with excellent enantioselectivity (91–94 % ee). The enantiomeric excess increases in the course of the photocycloaddition as a result of the lower product association to 1. The intermediate (E)‐dienol 8 was spectroscopically detected at −196 °C in an EPA (diethyl ether/isopentane/ethanol) glass matrix. The association of the substrate 2 to the complexing agent 1 was studied by circular dichroism (CD) titration. The measured association constant (KA) was 589 M−1 at room temperature (25 °C) and normal pressure (0.1 MPa). An increase in pressure led to an increased association. At 400 MPa the measured value of KA was 703 M−1. Despite the stronger association the enantioselectivity of the reaction decreased with increasing pressure. At 25 °C the enantiomeric excess for the enantioselective reaction 2 + 9 a→10 a decreased from 68 % ee at 0.1 MPa to 58 % ee at 350 MPa. This surprising behavior is explained by different activation volumes for the diastereomeric transition states leading to 10 a and ent‐10 a.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Prismatic NaHoF4 Microtubes and NaSmF4 Nanotubes.
Authors: Liang Lifang , Xu Huifang , Su Qiang , Konishi Hiromi , Jiang Yingbin , Wu Mingmei , Wang Yifeng , Xia Deying 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast
Authors: Lui Philip C.W. , Law Bonita K.B. , Chu Winnie C.W. , Pang Lai‐Man , Tse Gary M.K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is an uncommon lesion usually found in premenopausal women. Histologically, it is characterized by complex, anatomosing, empty slit‐like spaces in a dense collagenous stroma. These pseudoangiomatous spaces are lined by monomorphic spindle cells of myofibroblastic differentiation. Cytological features of PASH are rarely discussed and reported, and may pose diagnostic challenge to surgical pathologists. Two cases of PASH are reported with emphasis on the FNAC features and cytologic differentiation from other benign fibroepithelial lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:353–355. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical property of electro‐tunable defect mode in 1D periodic structure with light crystal defect layer
Authors: Ozaki Ryotaro , Matsui Tatsunosuke , Ozaki Masanori , Yoshino Katsumi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA liquid crystal defect layer is introduced into a one‐dimensional photonic crystal and its optical distance is varied by an electric field so that the defect mode can be controlled. An optical propagation simulation is carried out for study of optical characteristics in a model in which nematic liquid crystal is introduced as a liquid crystal defect layer in a dielectric multilayer as a one‐dimensional photonic crystal. We investigate whether the defect mode can be controlled by varying the optical length by way of change in orientation of the liquid crystal molecules. Based on the simulation results, a device is fabricated with a nematic defect layer introduced within a SiO2/TiO2 laminated periodic structure. The defect mode of the one‐dimensional photonic crystal is measured. It is confirmed that the experimental results and the simulation results agree well. Further, it is successful in shifting the defect mode wavelength by applying a voltage. Hence, it is clear that the defect mode can be modulated by changing the optical length of the defect layer by means of control of the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules by an applied voltage. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(5): 24–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10167
Asymptotic analyses of diffracted field by an aperture in a conducting screen
Authors: Kawano Toru , Ishihara Toyohiko , Murohara Eiji 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper, the integral expressing the field diffracted by an aperture sufficiently larger than the wavelength created in a conducting screen is derived by the aperture field method. By evaluating the integral asymptotically, the extended Fraunhofer approximation and a uniform asymptotic solution for the aperture field methods are derived. By comparison with the reference solution derived by direct numerical integration, the usefulness, applicable range, and physical interpretation of the asymptotic solution are investigated. A new criterion is derived for adopting a nonuniform asymptotic solution applicable outside the transition region and the conventional Fraunhofer approximation from the uniform asymptotic solution. The validity of this technique is demonstrated numerically. The effectiveness of the technique is clarified by comparing a reference solution obtained by the method of moments and uniform asymptotic solutions obtained by the three types of aperture field methods. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(5): 1–12, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10203
Structural pattern recognition of biological textures with growing deformations: A case of cattle's muzzle patterns
Authors: Kimura Akio , Itaya Kazushi , Watanabe Takashi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTextured patterns on living organisms (hereafter referred to as biological textures), which are typified by human fingerprints or cattle muzzle patterns, have features that differ according to the individual organism, and it is well known that these biological textures can be used for identification. However, the pattern structure of cattle muzzle patterns, for example, is more complex than that of human fingerprints, and since the structure features are changed or deformed during the growing stage, these pattern structures cannot be skillfully recognized by using a technique like the one used for conventional fingerprint comparison. In this paper, the authors propose a new recognition technique that is applicable even to biological textures with these kinds of growing deformations. Specifically, they focus on cattle muzzle patterns as an example of a biological texture and select graph matching based on a horizontal search as the basic strategy to create this new recognition technique consisting of a technique for determining a pair of Hough‐transformed search‐starting cycles and a muzzle pattern recognition method that improves search efficiency by incorporating processing for merging non‐searched cycles. The authors performed evaluation experiments to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique and obtained good results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(5): 54–66, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20076