bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beware of the Possibility of Fingerprinting Techniques Transferring DNA
Authors: van Oorschot RAH , Treadwell S , Beaurepaire J , Holding NL , Mitchell RJ 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Fingerprinting brushes have the potential to collect and transfer DNA during powdering. Squirrel-hair fingerprint brushes exposed to specific sets of saliva stains and brushes used in routine casework were tested for their ability to collect and transfer DNA containing material using standard DNA extraction procedures and AmpF/STR® Profiler Plus™ amplification and typing procedures. The tests found that the risk of transferring DNA during powdering and having a detrimental impact on the analysis increases if the examiner powders over either biological stains (such as blood or saliva) or very fresh prints and uses more sensitive PCR amplification and typing procedures. We advocate caution when powdering prints from which DNA may also be collected and provide options for consideration to limit the risk of transferred DNA contamination while fingerprinting.
The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A Common Structure for Microbial Biosecurity Threat Agents
Authors: Ecker DJ , Sampath R , Willett P , Samant V , Massire C , Hall TA , Hari K , McNeil JA , Büchen-Osmond C , Budowle B 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Infectious microorganisms are important to multiple communities engaged in biodefense and biosecurity, including the agencies responsible for health, defense, law enforcement, agriculture, and drug and food safety. Many agencies have created lists of high priority infectious microorganisms to prioritize research efforts or to formally control the possession and distribution of specific organisms or toxins. However, the biological classification of infectious microorganisms is often complex and ambiguous, leading to uncertainty and confusion for scientists involved in biosecurity work. To address this problem, we created a database, known as the Microbial Rosetta Stone, which resolves many of these ambiguities and includes links to additional information on the microbes, such as gene sequence data and scientific literature. Here we discuss the efforts to coordinate organism names from pathogen lists from various governmental agencies according to biological relatedness and show the overlap of high-priority organisms from multiple agencies. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive coordination of pathogens, synonyms, and correct taxonomic names. The organized tables and visual aids are freely available at http://www.microbialrosettastone.com. This website provides a single location where access to information on a broad range of disease-causing organisms and toxins is available to members of the biosecurity community.
Stable Isotope Ratios as a Tool in Microbial Forensics—Part 3. Effect of Culturing on Agar-containing Growth Media
Authors: Kreuzer-Martin HW , Chesson LA , Lott MJ , Ehleringer JR 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in microbes have been shown to be functions of the corresponding isotope ratios of the water with which the culture medium was prepared, and thus to contain a potential geographic signal. Water can evaporate from agar (solid) media during culturing, changing its isotope ratios. Here we describe the effect of drying on the isotope ratios of water extracted from agar media and the H and O stable isotope ratios ratios of Bacillus subtilis spores cultured on agar. The δ2H vs δ18O relationship of water in Petri dish agar was surprisingly constant during evaporation regardless of the ambient relative humidity, making it possible to calculate the approximate isotope ratios of the original water, even in significantly evaporated agar. The H stable isotope ratios of spores cultured on agar remained relatively unchanged as the agar dried, but the O ratio became significantly enriched.
Estimation of Sex by 3D CT Measurements of the Foramen Magnum
Authors: Uysal S , Gokharman D , Kacar M , Tuncbilek I , Kosar U 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The purpose of this prospective study is to investigate the value and accuracy of the measurements of the foramen magnum (FM) by using three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT). Cases were randomly selected among 100 patients (48 males, 52 females) who had temporal CT in the Radiology Department. Seven measurements of the foramen magnum on 3D images, modified from the nine lines previously defined by Giles and Elliot were made. Using Fisher's linear discriminant functions test, the length and width of right condyle and width of FM diameters were found to be statistically different in each sex (p &lt; 0.001) with 81% accuracy. To our best knowledge, this is the first report studying 3DCT measurements of FM, resulting with a sex determination accuracy rate of 81%. CT/3DCT can be reliably used in further investigations to provide basis for anthropometric and forensic issues.
Identification of Anhydroecgonine Ethyl Ester in the Urine of a Drug Overdose Victim
Authors: Myers AL , Williams HE , Kraner JC , Callery PS 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Toxicological evaluation of postmortem urine collected from a 41-year-old deceased white male detected anhydroecgonine ethyl ester (ethylecgonidine, AEEE), a transesterification product of smoked cocaine co-abused with ethanol. A solid phase extraction (SPE) method was used to extract cocaine, AEEE, and related metabolites from urine. SPE on a 1 mL urine sample from the decedent followed by GC-MS detected AEEE. Other metabolites identified by GC-MS included cocaine, cocaethylene, and anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME). To determine whether some or all of the AEEE was artifactually produced in the heated GC injector port, an alternative LC-MS method was developed. LC/MS following SPE found at least 50 ng/mL of AEEE in the extract. The mass fragmentation (MS/MS and MS3) of AEEE detected in the urine was compared to spectra of authentic, synthesized compound. AEEE is a potential additional forensic marker for the co-abuse of smoked cocaine and ethanol.
Adolescent Death: A 15-Year Retrospective Review
Authors: Batalis NL , Collins KA 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Adolescents comprise an eclectic mix of people vitally important to society yet long-term comprehensive studies on the circumstances of their deaths are lacking in the pediatric forensic literature. The authors reviewed all forensic cases referred to the Medical University of South Carolina Forensic Pathology section over the fifteen years between January 1989 and December 2003. In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of adolescents, only decedents 10-19 years of age were included. The authors examined the cause and manner of death, age, gender, and race of the victims in all cases. The toxicology results, perpetrator, death scenario and location, and victim traits were analyzed when available. For all adolescents, the most common manner of death was accident followed by homicide, suicide, natural, and undetermined. Within the adolescent population two distinct groups, 10-14 years old and 15-19 years old, were identified. Though both groups were similar in that they experienced a high number of accidental deaths, decedents of older age group suffered a higher percentage of violent deaths while decedents of the younger group were more likely to die of natural causes. Many of the accidental deaths in this review were preventable, including deaths due to motor vehicle collisions and drowning. In deaths due to homicide, the perpetrator was often known to the victim, whether as an acquaintance or family member. Toxicology testing was often positive in decedents of the older age group, while only rarely positive in decedents of the younger age group. With a solid understanding of the circumstances, it may be possible to predict, and hopefully prevent, future cases of adolescent death. The authors present their findings in this 15-year retrospective study to better aid forensic pathologists, death investigators, law enforcement, and epidemiologists.
Forensic Value of Pattern and Particle Transfers From Deployed Automotive Airbag Contact
Authors: Schubert GD 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Many automobile manufacturers began installing airbags on the driver's side in the late 1980's. Passenger side airbags followed in the early 1990's. Most airbags use a solid-propellant type of material that produces a hot gas to inflate the airbags. The gas in the driver side airbag leaves the inflator at a temperature as hot as 600°C. The hot gas escapes through the vent holes after deployment, but it can also leak through the stitching seams in the front and singe a pattern on the occupant's clothing characteristic of the seam pattern. The singe patterns from the driver and passenger side airbags will be different. Cornstarch, which is used as a lubricant in some driver side airbags, can transfer to the driver's shirt. Hairs, fibers and make-up can transfer from the driver or passenger to the surface of the deployed airbags. Two cases are presented, illustrating singe patterns and particle transfers, and how they helped determine who a driver or passenger were.
The Distal Humerus-A Blind Test of Rogers' Sexing Technique Using a Documented Skeletal Collection
Authors: Falys CG , Schutkowski H , Weston DA 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Continuous monitoring of existing methods of skeletal diagnosis allows improving the reliability of personal identification in forensic and archaeological contexts. This study reports on a blind test re-evaluating the sexing technique proposed by Rogers (8) involving the distal humerus. A total of 351 humeri (184 male, 167 female specimens) from the documented skeletal assemblage of St. Bride's, London, was analyzed for the following traits: trochlear constriction, trochlear symmetry, olecranon fossa shape, and angle of the medial epicondyle. Individual traits showed substantial sex-discriminatory capacity, with “olecranon fossa shape” being most consistently accurate (84.6%) in predicting sex. The combination of all four traits provided an overall accuracy of 79.1%, including those individuals assessed as “probable” male and female. This renders the technique useful for forensic applications. The distal humerus can be recommended for sex assessment in addition to more established markers, especially since this part of the skeleton is frequently well preserved.
Genetic Characteristics of Three New Y-STRs: DYS631, DYS634 and DYS635 in a Chinese Population
Authors: Zhang ZX , Gao YZ , He Y , Xia SX 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
EDTA anticoagulated peripheral blood or buccal swabs for this study were drawn randomly from 79 Han-ethnic male individuals representing various geographical counties in eastern China, with their consent. Ethnic origin was determined by self-declaration.
Allele Frequencies for Two STR Loci GATA31E08 and DXS6809 in Chinese Population
Authors: Bai P , Li YB , Zhou XP , Song XH , Yuan WA , Yan J , Jin B , Zhang J , Hou YP , Wu J 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Blood samples were collected from unrelated individuals of Chinese Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNAwas extracted using Chelex method (1). PCR amplification conditions can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/DXS6809.htm (2). The volume of PCR reaction for each locus was 37.5 µL. The PCR products were analyzed by horizontal non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by sliver staining (2,3). Data were analyzed using POWERSTATS program (4).
Genetic Polymorphisms of 15 STR Loci in Chinese Hui Population
Authors: Wang Z , Huang P , Chen L , Xu Y , He K , Zhu X 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The blood samples were obtained from 100 unrelated individuals of Chinese Hui population living in Ningxia province with known ancestor until at least the third generations. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Chelex-100 protocol as described by Walsh et al. (1). 15 STRs loci were co-amplified by using the AmpFLSTR Identifiler kit following the amplification conditions recommended by the manufacturer. All loci were amplified in GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (PE Applied Biosystem). Detection and genotyping of all PCR products were accomplished using ABI3100 DNA Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystem). Allele designation was done using GeneScan3.7 and Genotyper3.7. Evaluation of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations was carried out using the exact test and further statistical parameters of forensic interest were determined by using Arlequin version1.1 (2).
Allele Frequencies for the 15 Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Slovenian Population
Authors: Drobnic K , Pojskic N , Bakal N , Marjanovic D 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
All 193 tested individuals have been involved in legal proceedings concerning various forensic testing. Buccal swabs have been taken as the DNA source and Chelex procedure was used for DNA extraction (1). The PowerPlex 16 kit (Promega Corp., Madison, WI) has been used to simultaneously amplify by PCR 15 STR loci. The STR loci are: D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX and FGA. Similar amounts of DNA have been used in all PCR reactions. Amplification was carried out as described previously (2).
Y-STRs Haplotypes of Han Population in Xi'an of China
Authors: Shen C , Li S 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The studied samples were obtained from 105 unrelated healthy male individuals of Chinese Han population living in Xi'an city of China. The whole blood was obtained by venipuncture and collected into EDTA tubes. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Chelex100 protocol as described by Walsh et al.
Unlinked Tetrameric Microsatellites on the X Chromosome: Frequency Data in Males from Cantabria (Northern Spain)
Authors: Zarrabeitia M , Alonso A , Zarrabeitia AL , Blanco L , Riancho JA 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We studied unrelated male donors (n = 141) living in Cantabria, a region in northern Spain. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by using the Qiagen blood kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Loci of interests in the X-chromosome (DXS9895, GATA172D05 and DXS9898) were amplified in a single PCR with primers of published sequences (1-3). PCR conditions consisted of an initial denaturation step at 94° for 10 min, followed by eight cycles with denaturation at 94° for 1 min, annealing at decreasing temperature between 62° and 59° (1° decrease every two cycles) and extension at 72° for 1 min. Then 24 cycles at 94° 1 min, 58° 1 min, 72° 1 min; followed by a final extension at 72° for 30 min. PCR products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (ABI310, Applied Biosystems), with sequenced controls. Allele designation was as reported previously (1,2).
Allele Frequency Distribution of Five X-Chromosomal STR Loci in an Antioquian Population Sample (Colombia)
Authors: Moreno MA , Builes JJ , Jaramillo P , Espinal C , Aguirre D , Bravo M 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Blood samples from unrelated Caucasian individuals from Antioquia (Colombia) were collected. DNA was extracted from 200 µL of peripherical blood by the salting-out procedure (1). The primer sequences of loci and cycling conditions were as recommended in previous studies (2–4) o from Genome Database (http://www.gdb.org). The PCR products were analyzed using denaturing 4% acrylamidebis-acrilamide gel electrophoresis and detected by silver staining. Alleles were identified based on the number of repeats and their attribution was made by comparison with an in-house constructed allelic ladder and following the published nomenclature (2–4) and ISFG guidelines for STR analysis (5).
Allele Frequencies of 18 STR Loci in Chinese Population
Authors: Ji Q , Wang JW , Li R , Yin YS , Du XG , Zhang ZW , Yao JG 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Specimens of 110 unrelated individuals were collected from Han ethnic group in Jiangsu Province of China. DNA was extracted from blood specimens using Chelex 100 method. (1) Amplifications were carried out by using reagents provided in DNA examining Kit (Codon Biotechnology CD., LTD, China) and using a Mastercycler gradiend 5331 (Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany) according to the technical manual. The amplified products were separated denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with continuous buffer system and visualized by silver staining. Data were analyzed using POWERSTATS software (2). A modified 2-test was used to verify whether the genetype distribution conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium predictions (3).
Haplotype Frequencies of Four Y-chromosome STR Loci in Chinese Population
Authors: Qiang J , Yi-ping H , Jian-guo D , Ying-bi L , Jin W , Ji Z , Hai-jun Z , Ya-sha Y 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We investigated the distributions of haplotypes for four Y-STR loci, named as DYS434, DYS438, DYS439, and A10, and developed a multiplex amplified for these Y-STR markers. A total of 100 samples were analyzed. Each sample was amplified utilizing multiplex PCR for four Y-STR loci. The PCR products were analyzed by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by silver staining. A total of 37 different haplotypes were found, and 16 haplotypes were being unique. Gene diversity ranged from 0.3945 at DYS434 to 0.7051 at DYS439. The haplotype diversity, chance of exclusion and discrimination power of four Y-STR loci was 0.9628, SE 0.00429. The results indicated that they were suitable Y linked markers for forensic applications in our population studied.
Allele Frequencies and Statistic Parameters for Penta D and Penta E Loci in Chinese Han Population
Authors: Huang D , Yang Q , Zhai X , Yin H 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
EDTA whole blood samples were collected from 281 unrelated individuals of Han population living in Wuhan, China. DNA was extracted using Cheles-100 method (1). Hot-start PCR was performed in a total volume of 10 µL containing 10 ng genomic DNA, 0.2 µM each primer, 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 µM each dNTP, and 0.3 U Taq DNA polymerase (BioStar, Canada) was add when the temperature reaches 92°C. The primer sequences newly designed by us were: Penta D: 5'-cagagcaagacaccatctcaa-3', 5'-tttgcctaacctatggtcataacg-3'; Penta E: 5'-agatcacgccattgcactcc-3', 5'-gggttattaattgagaaaactccttacaat-3'. PCR cycling conditions: 95°C for 2 min soak, 32 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 62°C for Penta D and 60°C for Penta E, 35 s at 72°C followed by a 5 min extension period at 72°C. The amplification products were separated in a vertical, native polyacrylamide gel (6% T; 5% C) and visualized by silver staining (2). Allele frequencies and other statistics parameters for forensic and paternity were determined for these two locus by the PowerStats software packages (3). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test (HWE) was performed by an exact test (4). None of the analyzed loci showed deviations from HWE (P &gt; 0.05) in the population studied.
Haplotype Distribution of the Multi-copy Y-STR Loci DYS385, DYS459 and DYS464 in Chinese Han Population
Authors: Huang D , Zhu C , Jiang H , Yin H , Zhai X , Yang Q 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
EDTA-blood samples were collected from 176 healthy unrelated males of Han population living in Wuhan, China. DNA was extracted using Cheles-100 method (1). PCR was performed in a total volume of 10 µL containing 2–5 ng genomic DNA, 0.2 µM each primer, 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 µM each dNTP, and 1 U AmpliTaq Gold® DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). DYS459 and DYS464 were co-amplified in a duplex reaction and DYS385 was amplified in a singleples reaction. Primer sequences: DYS385: 5'-FAM-agcatgggtgacagagcta-3', 5'-gccaattacatagtcctcctttc-3'; DYS459: 5'FAM-caggtgaactggggtaaataat-3', 5'-gttgagcaacagagcaagactta-3'; DYS464: 5'-FAM-ctttgggctatgcctcagttt-3', 5'-gccatacctgggtaacagagagac-3'. PCR cycling conditions: 95°C for 11 min soak, 30 cycles of 40 s at 94°C, 40 s at 60°C, 50 s at 72°C followed by a 6 min extension period at 72°C. All loci were amplified in a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (PE Applied Biosystems).
Population Data for the D5S818, D13S317, D7S820 and D16S539 STR Loci in a Romanian Population Sample
Authors: Marian C , Anghel A , Dressler ML , Budowle B 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Whole blood was collected from 200 unrelated Caucasian Romanians under informed consent. DNA was extracted using the QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA) following manufacturer's instructions. PCR for the four STR loci included in the Gamma STR® Fluorescein multiplex kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI) was performed according to manufacturer's instructions. The amplicons were analyzed on a 3730 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Allele designation was made by comparison with the sequenced allelic ladders provided in the kit using the GeneMapperTM v3.5 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) software.
The Next Chapter for the Journal of Forensic Sciences
Authors: Peat MA 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
It is always sad when a long relationship ends. For the past 35 years ASTM, now ASTM International, has published the Journal of Forensic Sciences (JFS). Over this period, Abel Dominguez, Bob Gaensslen and myself have served as Editors of JFS and relied upon the wonderful staff of ASTM to help us. On behalf of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) and the past and present Editors, I thank ASTM and all those in that organization who have been instrumental in making JFS what it is today—the leading forensic science journal in the world. In particular I would like to thank the following as they have been of valuable assistance to the present Editorial Office: Therese Blyler, Robert Dreyfuss, Qiu-Ping Gong, Kathe Hooper, Margaret Lawlor, Robert Meltzer, Roberta Storer. Beginning in January 2006, Blackwell Publishing, Inc. will publish JFS. From the reader's viewpoint there will be no change—you will receive the Journal every two months and have access to web-based papers through the AAFS website, or if a non-member through www.blackwellpublishing.com. JFS will look the same and contain the same high-quality papers that you are accustomed to reading.
California Bearing Ratio Behavior of Soil-Stabilized Class F Fly Ash Systems
Authors: Leelavathamma B , Mini KM , Pandian NS 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Fly ash is a finely divided mineral residue resulting from the combustion of coal in power plants that occupies large extents of land and also causes environmental problems. Hence, concerted attempts are being made to effectively use fly ash in an environmentally friendly way instead of dumping. Several studies have been carried out for its bulk utilization, such as its addition to improve the California bearing ratio (CBR) of soil in roads and embankments. But a thorough mixing of fly ash with soil may not be possible in the field. Hence a study has been carried out on the CBR behavior of black cotton soil and Raichur fly ash (which is class F) in layers and compared with the same in mixes. The results show that the CBR values of soil-fly ash mixes are better than layers, as expected. To improve the strength of layers, cement is used as an additive to fly ash. The results show that black cotton soil can be improved with stabilized fly ash, solving its strength problem as well as the disposal problem of fly ash.
Dynamic Axial Stiffness of Typical Restrained and Unrestrained Underground Pipe Joints
Authors: Meis R , Maragakis M , Siddharthan R 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a testing program designed to determine the dynamic axial stiffness of some typical underground pipe joints, both restrained and unrestrained. Pipelines have been shown to be vulnerable to seismic motions and ground movement, causing joint damage and system failure. Many of these failures have occurred at unrestrained bell-and-spigot type pipe joints due to pull-out and intrusion of the spigot end into the bell end. The results of this research program are joint stiffness values and force capacities that can be used in the analysis and evaluation of failure potential of underground piping systems.