bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and reactions of carbonyl selenide and isoselenocyanates
Authors: Fujiwara Shin-Ichi , Kambe Nobuaki , Sonoda Noboru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with practical uses of carbonyl selenide (Se=C=O, 1) in organic synthesis and related synthetic reactions of isoselenocyanates (RN=C=Se, 2), the structures of which are isoelectronic with 1. Carbonyl selenide (1) is a selenium analogue of carbon dioxide (CO2). It is a colourless gas, b.p. -22.9°C and m.p. -122.2°C. Although carbonyl selenide (1) has potential synthetic utility, like carbon dioxide and carbonyl sulfide (SCO), especially for the introduction of selenium moieties into organic molecules, little attention had been paid to it until a few decades ago, mainly because of the lack of practical synthetic methods for obtaining 1
Species
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book On the origin of species, Darwin (1859, 1875) recognized a species as a morphologically distinct class of individuals. He avoided a formal definition of the term, and he even referred to “the vain search for the undiscovered and undiscoverable essence of the term species”. Earlier, when Linnaeus (1758) wrote Systema naturae and estab lished systematic biology, he described species as morphologically distinct kinds.A more current idea recognizes a biological species as a class of individuals that interbreed with each other, at least when they live in the same population (Mayr 1963, Klein and Takahata 2002). In most kinds of birds it is clear whether individuals are members of the same species, where sex for sex and age for age the birds look alike within a population and among geographic populations. However, some populations live in different regions and the birds can differ somewhat in plumage but otherwise appear to be the same kind of bird. This geographical separation of populations can be a challenge to the biological species concept (Cracraft 1983). However, most biologists find reasonable and rewarding the notion of species being composed of populations with restricted gene flow between these and other populations (Avise 1994).
Brood parasitism
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brood parasitism is the most fascinating feature of cuckoo biology. Cuckoo parasites use other species to rear their young, and how the behavior evolved as a reproductive strategy demands an explanation (Darwin 1859, Hamilton 1972). Brood-parasitic cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other species, their hosts, and the nesting pair that rears the cuckoos are the foster parents. These birds incubate the cuckoo eggs along with their own, and when the cuckoo egg hatches they feed the young cuckoo. The foster parents forfeit their own repro ductive success when the nestling cuckoo removes the hosts ‘ eggs or nestlings. Some cuckoo eggs mimic the background color and spot pattern of the eggs of their host, and the eggs of a single species of cuckoo may vary among females, each matching the eggs of a different species of host. Host egg mimicry in cuckoo eggs has been known for a long time. In Europe, the eggs of Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus often match the eggs of the host nest where they lay, as noted in 1850 (Kunz 1850), described in detail by Baldamus (1853, 1892), and explained as a result of selection by the host, which removes from the nest any eggs unlike its own, by A. Newton (1896). In fact, Newton cited naturalists ‘ knowledge of cuckoo egg mimicry as early as the second century CE.
Couinae
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
hair-like down on the top of head, also on back; skin black, gape bright red, edge of tongue black. Nestling pinfeathers break through the skin at 6 days when the pins are 2.5 mm long on the wing, at 11 days, feather brushes emerge from pins; the eyes open at 7 days (Frauca 1967, Pratt 1972, Hoppe 1988, Taplin and Beurteaux 1992). In New Guinea a short-tailed young was carried by the parent in flight as the adult held the body of the young in its claws (Bell 1969, 1970, 1984). Nestlings weigh 18.6 g at hatching and 123.5 g at fledging (male?), or 41% of adult male weight. Undisturbed nestlings fledge in 17 to 21 days (Cooper 1953).The natal down is gone within a week of fledging, and the young are independent at 40 days.A female may lay several clutches and rear three to four broods in a season (Mackness 1979). Breeding success, of 14 nestlings, 11 (79%) fledged, others were taken by a predator (Frauca 1967,Taplin and Beurteaux 1992).
The persistent radical effect: non-chain processes
Authors: Zard Samir Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters, we dealt mostly with chain reactions where the desired end product is elaborated in the propagation steps. The faster these were, the greater the efficiency: less initiator is needed; fewer unwanted side reactions can compete; and radical-radical interactions constituting the termination become negligible. Indeed, the whole approach was geared to reduce radical-radical interactions by keeping the steady-state concentration of the intermediate radical species as low as possible. Since these interactions are generally diffusion controlled and notoriously unselective, it might seem, at first sight, that domesticating inter-radical reactions for synthetic purposes is doomed from the outset.
Iterations and recurrence
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know, from Chapter 9, that elimination can be used to solve linear systems in a finite number of machine operations. However, there are at least two non-elementary difficulties. The first one is that the LU decomposition is approximately as bulky as the original matrix, and the Cholesky is about half as bulky as the original decomposition. However, when discretizing partial differential equations, we do not even create the matrix as an object in the computer memory. We are content to describe it by its action on vectors, and for that we do not need the whole matrix in memory, we just need an algorithm.
Finite Fields
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.1 Definitions and existence (i) A field is a set K closed under two operations+, × such that (a) (K, +) is an abelian group with identity O; (b) (Ko, ×) is an abelian group with identity 1, where Ko= K\{O); (c) x(y + z) = xy + xz, (x + y)z = xz + yz, for all .r,y, z in K. (ii) A finite field is a field with only a finite number of elements. (iii) The characteristic of a finite field K is the smallest positive integer (and hence a prime) p such that px = 0 for all x in K.
Arcs of higher degree
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A (k; n)-arc of a projective plane is the complement of a t-fold blocking set with n + t = q + 1. For this reason many of the results occurring in the next chapter in relation to multiple blocking sets may be relevant to (k; n)-arcs. In general, (k; n)-arcs are considered when n is small and t-fold blocking sets when t is small.
Introduction to Spectrum Management
Authors: Struzak Ryszard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hundred years after its invention, radio has entered a new era. The development of communication and computer technologies and their convergence generate applications that were difficult to imagine a few years ago. Radio has become indispensable for society to function. Areas in which radio waves have become irreplaceable are numerous: national defence, disaster warning, public safety, air-traffic control and weather forecasting are only a few examples. The most spectacular illustration is, however, the conquest of space; the moon landing in 1969 would never have been possible without radio (Dooling 1994). Remote sensing satellites are invaluable in discovering natural resources and monitoring the climate. With resolutions of the order of a metre available they allow the identification, quantification, mapping, and monitoring of land cover, agriculture, and water resources (Bell 1995). The world has seen an absence of major war conflicts thanks to ‘spy satellites’ that have continuously monitored military activities from space. Radio astronomy has opened new windows to the Universe and has contributed to a better understanding of the laws of nature (Zorpette 1995). Radio and television broadcasting have become the main source of everyday information for most people in the world. The Olympic Games, for instance, are watched by approximately two billion people, and there are more radio receivers than telephones throughout the world. Radio and television play a principal role in meeting the information needs of illiterate people.
Meta-Heuristics and Channel Assignment
Authors: Hurley Stephen , Smith Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The channel (or frequency) assignment problem CAP (or FAP) arises in various forms and is a computationally hard problem to solve. In the 1960s and 1970s the effort was directed at developing simple greedy methods, heuristic methods (Zoellner and Beall 1977; Box 1978), and in very specialized cases, exact methods. During the 1980s general interest in so-called meta-heuristic methods dramatically increased. This was due to their apparent widespread success in solving a variety of difficult problems. This chapter will describe three such meta-heuristics: evolutionary algorithms (EA), simulated annealing (SA), and tabu search (TS). Their development for channel assignment will be discussed. Considerable interest has also been shown in using neural networks for channel assignment, but their performance has, at the time of writing, been relatively poor. They will, therefore, not be considered in detail here.
Introduction
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of communications is a branch of the history of technology but, strictly speaking, it is in a category of its own. The goods produced by technology, whether a piece of machinery, a piece of clothing or a piece of furniture, are tangible; they perform some useful function. The goods produced by communications are messages. They are mostly useless but when they are useful they can be very, very useful. For that reason communications has always been regarded as a good thing by all peoples at all times. Even in prehistoric times a tribal chief of average intelligence would have easily appreciated both the military and economic implications. He would have dearly loved to receive reports like ‘Scores of heavily armed Mugurus sighted at edge of Dark Dense Forest’ or ‘Buffalo herd fording Little Creek at Mossy Green Meadow’.
The communications revolution
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second World War gave an enormous push to all things technological but the main beneficiary was not communications: rather it was aircraft propulsion, rockets, radar and of course the not-quite-so-peaceful side of nuclear engineering. Gigantic advances gave rise to gigantic confidence, best characterized by the American maxim: the difficult we do right away, the impossible takes a little longer.
Microwaves
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moving towards higher frequencies has two great advantages: more channels can be accommodated and it is easier to concentrate a beam in a narrow direction. A measure of the concentration achieved is the ‘gain’ which says how much more power is available at the receiver due to the directionality of the transmitting aerial.1 This gain depends on the area of the aerial and on the wavelength. In fact, it is proportional to the total area of the aerial divided by the area of a square each side of which is a wavelength (Fig. 9.1). For an aerial of 3 m diameter and a frequency of 1.7GHz (corresponding to a wavelength of 17.6cm) the gain turns out to be about 3000. Reducing the wavelength by a factor of 4, which would bring us near to some of the wavelengths used by satellite systems, the gain increases by a factor of 16. Thus the saving in power resulting from the use of shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies) is really very large.
Mobile communications
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The desire to communicate between any two points which may move relative to each other must be as old as civilization itself. I have already mentioned in the introduction a tribal chief of average intelligence who would have loved to receive reports from reconnaissance parties. And the same views must have been shared by all and sundry. Had mobile communications existed it would have been a great benefit to all. Take for example the young couple from Verona whose parents were rather antagonistic about the idea of their marriage. Had Friar Lawrence been able to phone the banished Romeo in Mantua, the impending tragedy would surely have been averted.
The fax machine
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fax, as most people will know, is a contracted form of facsimile. It comes from two latin words facere = to do (the imperative form is ‘fac’) and simile = similar. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the first use of the word appears in 1691. The sentence quoted in the dictionary is ‘a facsimile might easily be taken’ meaning by it an exact copy. In this sense taking a facsimile goes back a long time. The motivation to take an exact copy must be as old as writing itself. It seems fairly lilcely that as soon as Moses came down from the Mount of Sinai (and the little incident with the golden calf was over) several craftsmen must have been busy taking a facsimile of the stone tablets.
The communications-computing symbiosis
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbiosis means a mutually advantageous association of organisms or persons, the term coming originally from biology. It sounds a bit high-falutin’, but it is quite a good way of saying that communications and computing have been helping each other. All modern communications equipment has a computer in it, and most computers have means to communicate with other computers.
Mathematical Aspects of Heat Transfer in Rheology
Authors: Barnes H A , Edwards M F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we seek to bring an industrial perspective to the study of the mathematical aspects of heat transfer in non-Newtonian liquids. We suggest what kinds of duct geometries and what kinds of non-Newtonian liquids are really important for studies that are of immediate benefit to the process industries. In particular we are concerned about using rheological constitutive equations other than those traditionally used, i.e. simple power-law-type models, and also their application to complex geometries that provide enhanced heat transfer in order to shorten cycle times, thus increasing output and/or improving capital-asset utilisation in industrial operations. The complexity involved in mathematical studies using such models and geometries invariably means that solving actual problems entails the use of CFD-type analysis that is far beyond analytical solution. One practical difficulty then becomes the availability of good experimental data to produce the temperature-sensitive parameters necessary for the use of these complex models.
CFD Modelling of Radiative-Convective Heat Flux Sensor
Authors: Al-Far S , Qubian A , Daviesm G , Burns T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A heat flux sensor to determine the relative contribution of convective and radiative to the total heat transfer has been developed. A selection of sensor sizes has been investigated for a range of operational heat transfer modes (radiative-convective, radiative and convective). A CFD simulation has been used to assess their suitability for further modelling work, and the results from both experimental and CFD work have been compared.
Evolution of a 1D Plasma to Thermal Equilibrium
Authors: Bell G E , Walsh R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the nature of the evolution of a perturbed plasma as it relaxes back to its equilibrium state. The work arose as a result of a computational study of the response of the plasma within a Solar Coronal Loop to fluctuations in heat generation within the Solar atmosphere. Here the authors consider a much simplified model problem which includes all the salient features of the full coronal loop model in order to identify the source of oscillations observed in the numerical solution. It is shown that the simulation is merely mimicking a feature of the underlying fluid equations used in the model.
Stefan Problem in Blow Moulding Operations
Authors: Bradean R , Ingham D B , Heggs P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The solidification of a polymer in a blow moulding operation is modelled as a one-dimensional Stefan problem, and an accurate finite-difference solution is obtained based upon a boundary-immobilization formulation. For small times after solidification starts at either end, convergent numerical results could only be obtained when using an appropriate transformation of the temperature distribution within the polymer, and were found to be in very good agreement with the small-time analytical results obtained by Boley (l]. For larger times, the numerical results were found to be in good agreement with those given by an enthalpy-based numerical solution (2). A detailed discussion of the numerical results for the temperature distribution within the polymer and for the moving boundaries is presented.
Modelling of Heat Transfer in the Curing of Insulated Cables
Authors: Bragg R , Pears T J , Rushton E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A mathematical model of the continuous vulcanization process has been developed to predict the temperature and degree of cure within cables. Finite differences have been used to model single-core cables, while the more complex geometry of multiple-core cables has been modelled using the finite element method. It has been found that for cables with thick insulation, particularly those with multiple cores, temperature changes and the degree of cure at the innermost parts of the insulation can lag behind those near the surface to a significant extent.
Heat Transfer in Film Inundation Flow over a Cylinder
Authors: Wilks G , Howell C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The draining flow under gravity of condensate in a power condenser is considered, and the heat transfer characteristics of an individual coolant tube, inundated at moderate to high Reynolds numbers, are established.
A power condenser is made up of a large bank of horizontal coolant tubes. In the upper reaches of the condenser droplet condensation and drainage prevails. However, condensate accumulation ultimately leads to considerable flow of condensate over tubes at lower stations in the condenser. At moderate to high flow rates it is no longer appropriate to use thin film approximations of heat transfer based solely on a balance between gravity and viscous forces.
Maps, Game Theor . and Computer-Based Modeling
Authors: Holland John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Think first of a simple map, such as a road map (see Figure 3.1). If it is fairly complete, as is true of most state road maps, then the cities, towns, and villages are represented by dots or squares of varying sizes, and the roads connecting these population centers are represented by lines of various colors representing road quality. Some lakes and rivers may be indicated, but in general the map concentrates on population centers and roads. Two kinds of relations are preserved:
Neural Nets
Authors: Holland John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On first thought, modeling networks of neurons would seem to be an enterprise having little in common with modeling a checkersplayer. My own first reaction to Art Samuel’s checkersplayer, as I mentioned earlier, was to think the ideas fascinating but far removed from the study of neural networks. The previous chapter established Samuel’s insights as much deeper, and more far-ranging, than conveyed by the word “fascinating.” Now I must rescind the “far removed” as well. At the right level of comparison, the models of neural networks have much in common with Samuel’s checkersplayer, as we’ll soon see. We’ll also see that a close look at neural nets takes us further in our understanding of the phenomenon of emergence. We can preview the new perspective by retelling Hofstadter’s suggestive (1979) metaphor of the ant colony.
Illustration of the principles of voltammetry at solid-electrode-solvent (electrolyte) interfaces when redox active microparticles are adhered to an electrode surface
Authors: Bond A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, the basic theory describing the voltammetry associated with oxidation or reduction of an ideal thin layer was considered. Unfortunately, such ideally behaved thin films are rarely encountered in practice and cannot even be prepared for many redox active systems. Thus, concepts based on these principles have limited applicability. As an alternative to preparation of films modified electrodes, a general form of attachment of solids to electrode surfaces has arisen from the work of Scholz et al. [1–4].
Nuclear Overhauser effect
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the scientific meeting where Overhauser1 first proposed that NMR signals might be enhanced by a very large factor simply by saturating the conduction electrons in a metal, many of the physicists present could not believe it was possible. It was felt that this somehow violated the second law of thermodynamics by creating nuclear spin order some 103 times higher than it had any right to be. Overhauser’s suggestion was soon proved correct by experiments2 on lithium, and the concept of dynamic nuclear polarization was born.3 Later it became clear that an analogous cross-relaxation experiment could be performed between two different species of nuclear spins.
Fundamentals of modelling
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical modelling is the attempt to describe systematic features in observed data by mathematical means in the presence of variability. By a statistical model I mean a mathematical formulation of relationships in data that allows the probability of those observed data, and other similar data sets, to be calculated. Models that make the observed data more probable are considered to be superior, although this must be tempered by the need for simplicity.
Heterogeneous populations
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this part, I shall be dealing with responses that take the form of quantitative measurements, usually supposed to have any value on the real line. In addition, in this chapter and the next, I shall he assuming that the distribution of these observations has the symmetrical form of a normal distribution (or can be transformed to it, a,; in the log normal distribution). Classically, these have been the assumptions most often used for the analysis of repeated measurements data, so that a reasonable variety of models is available and their properties are well known.
Frailty
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters, I studied events, but generally in aggregated form as counts. However, individual events must occur in time and this will often provide additional important information. Thus, a duration is the waiting time to some event. An event history is a series of successive events, with the accompanying durations between them. Studies of such processes have at least two aspects: a continuous variable measuring the time that has passed so far and a discrete variable indicating whether an event has occurred or not at each time point. A third (set oi) variable(s), called a mark, may indicate what kind of event it is, or other relevant information, yielding a marked point process.