bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Antitrust to Corporation Governance? The Corporation and the Law:1959-1994
Authors: J.Roe Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About one-third of a century ago, the editor of The Corporation in Modem Society collected a set of essays on the state of the large public corporation in the United States, and to a modern reader the collection displays a consensus view of the American corporation, a view that must have reflected the unstated assumptions of many thoughtful Americans: the large corporation was a powerful creature that needed to be tamed. And that taming was the central task for public policy. Although the corporation was highly successful in producing wealth for Americans, public constraints had to stop it from running roughshod over employees and communities. It was a powerful actor that the public and the polity had to watch warily.
The Uses and Utility of Ideology
Authors: Silverstein Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without wishing to commit the etymological fallacy in the understanding of a word’s meaning, I would like first to comment on the traditions of usage of the term ideology, a theme elegantly announced in Woolard’s introductory discussion of “issues and approaches.” It was Antoine Louis Claude, Comte Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836), who invented the term ideologié in that naturalizing move of the French Enlightenment rendition of Locke (or, to be sure, of Condillocke [see Aarsleff 1982:146-224, especially 216-17]) that sought to understand human “nature.” Ideology was proposed as that special branch of zoology that recognizes the distinctive condition of humans, we animals who have ideas as the content of what we should call our minds. Central here is the fact that any ideas more developed than physiological sensations are dependent on such ideas’ being clothed in signs; and the organization of signs by some systematic grammar enables the discursive expression of a logical faculty of mind.
From Brown to Casey the U.S. Supreme Court and the Burdens of History
Authors: Garrow David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important lessons of the U.S. Supreme Court’s resolution of Brown v. Board of Education (Brown 1)—both for the Court itself and for attentive commentators—is the clear and indeed almost explicit manner in which Brown signifies and symbolizes the post-1954 Court’s repudiation of historical intent and meaningful evidence of historical intent in its reading and application of the reach and meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment—both, in Brown, with regard to the Equal Protection Clause, and, in later cases, with respect to the Due Process Clause as well.
The Triumph and Transformation of Antidiscrimination Law
Authors: Gewirtz Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brown both crystallized and launched a revolution in the way our society understands what equality requires, a revolution that is ongoing. I want to discuss two basic aspects of this revolution.
The first is that we have witnessed a triumph of the antidiscrimination model, by which I mean that more and more areas of social life are now viewed as raising a problem of”discrimination”—rather than viewed as raising some other kind of problem, or raising no problem at all.
Cultural Imperialism, White Anxiety, and the Ideological Realignment of Brown
Authors: Peller Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay considers the transformation from the color blindness ideology embodied in Brown v. Board to the more recent emergence of “cultural pluralism” and “multiculturalism” as the dominant categories through which progressive American whites think about racial justice. For many of us throughout the sixties and seventies, the Supreme Court’s Brown text and the eventual federal court enforcement of school desegregation policies were emblematic of progressive law reform, if not idealized as the epitome of liberatory social change through litigation. But, as I discuss in this essay, the kind of racial integration envisaged in the Brown consciousness embodied conservative assumptions about culture, identity, and difference.
Religious Arguments as a Basis of Political Choice
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I continue to pursue the question of the morally proper role of religious arguments about morality in politics. As I said at the beginning of the preceding chapter, by “morally” proper role, I mean simply the role that, taking into account every relevant consideration (other than constitutionality), we should deem it permissible or proper for religious arguments to play in politics. Whereas in the preceding chapter the “we” referred principally to those religious nonbelievers who are skeptical about welcoming religiously based moral discourse into the political discourse of a liberal democracy like the United States, in this chapter the “we” refers principally (though not exclusively) to those religious believers-in particular, to those Christians-who are skeptical about accepting any limits on religiously based moral arguments as a basis of political choice
The Embryology of Normal Gonadal and Genital Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genetic sex of the embryo is established at fertilization. Although the developmental events that subsequently occur in sex differentiation have long been known, the precise genetic, biochemical, endocrine, and molecular mechanisms have been only partially elucidated (Schafer, 1995). The evaluation of patients with chromosome anomalies, with mendelian traits, and with multifactorial conditions that involve absent, incomplete, or inadequate gonadal development and genital ambiguity has been invaluable in our effort to unravel the complexities of human sex differentiation. Similarly, studies in other mammals, particularly mice, have offered considerable insight into the various mechanisms involved.
Genetic Disorders of Sex Hormone Sensitivity
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is astonishing to consider that only 30 years ago essentially nothing was known about estrogen or androgen receptors (ER or AR). It was appreciated then that certain cells, tissues, organs had the capacity to “concentrate” estrogens or androgens. However, the idea that the same molecules serving as “concentrators” would also tum out to be direct regulators of gene transcription could hardly be imagined. In the sections below, much more space is devoted to genetic disorders of the AR than of the ER. This is largely because the AR gene is X-linked, so that only one mutation is necessary to yield an affected (XY) hemizygote. In contrast, the ER gene is autosomal, so two mutations are usually necessary for pathogenicity, either by homozygosity or by compound heterozygosity. Three other reasons for the great excess of knowledge about AR mutations are that (1) they do not impair organismal viability, (2) they almost always cause infertility (genetic lethality), and (3) there are relatively few functionally silent areas in the AR, so benign polymorphisms are relatively uncommon, apart from the one involving the (CAG)n tract that encodesa polyglutamine stretch in the N-terminal portion of the AR.
Non-Syndromal Abnormalities of Sexual Development in Males and Females
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the abnormalities discussed in this chapter as individual entities, such as cryptorchidism or vaginal atresia, can also be part of a variety of other genetic and nongenetic syndromes, and as such are covered elsewhere in this volume. Other conditions are unique defects in development that lead to either simple or complex malformations-for example, bladder exstrophy, sirenomelia. Most are not recognizably heritable, but familial aggregation is seen occasionally. It is possible that some multiplex families are not reported so that genetic factors are underappreciated.
Genetic Disorders of Gamete Delivery
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One can envision “gamete failure” as a progression of possible abnormal events beginning with impaired migration of primordial germ cells to the gonadal ridge and ending with impaired function of the egg or sperm at, and just after, fertilization. Intermediate defects could include impaired gametogenesis, impaired storage of gametes, and impaired delivery of gametes to the location of fertilization.
Rhythm and Preference Organization in English
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter emphasized the context sensitivity with which marked rhythmic transitions must be interpreted in conversation. Syncopated beats and early stresses as well as silent beats and late stresses in turn onsets, it was argued, are indexical of diverse interpretive frames for talk depending on the type of activity and conversational genre in which participants are momentarily engaged. But there may be some more abstract level at which generalizations concerning marked conversational rhythm can be made.
Rhythm and Performance: An Analysis of an Italian Radio Phone-in Program
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To cope with the polymorphic character of rhythmicity as an indexical sign, different aspects of the material have been selected for analysis. Rhythmic patterns are described in the sequential context of openings and topic nomination (§3). A global hypothesis is formulated to explain the finding that rhythmicity is strongly and persistently present at the boundaries (openings/closings) of calls, where rhythmically integrated transitions across three speakers are found (§4).
Mianzi as a Form of Face
Authors: Earley P Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The linguistic origins of face stem from ancient Chinese, with the term “mi anzi” predating “lian.” “Mian” is a term dating back to 4 B.C., and it had a connotative meaning of ego as it relates to society (Hu, 1944). The significance of mianzi takes many forms, which focus on a person’s sense of self in relation to others and the general society. “Lian” is a more modem term, relatively, dating back to the Yuan Dynasty (1277-1367), and it seems to be more dominant in northern and eastern China. To a much lesser degree, lian has penetrated the south of China, including the Guangdong Province, where the term “mianzi” is more widely used.
Harmony and Face
Authors: Earley P Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relative significance of each form of face to social interaction within a cultural context? This is a question best addressed by examining the nature of the interdependence of a person with his or her social context. This chapter focuses on developing a dynamic view of interpersonal exchange as influenced by face. Al though such an attempt is by no means original, it is crucial that face be thought of in terms of regulation and evolution if we are to connect it with the dynamics of the systems in which it is embedded and operates. Previous work on face has been largely descriptive in terms of its component elements (e.g., Hu, 1944; Ho, 1994), and such presentations using a theoretical perspective have largely ignored the dynamic aspects of its regulation.
Restorative Justice
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Restorative justice is a major development in criminological thinking, notwithstanding its grounding in traditions of justice from the ancient Arab, Greek, and Roman civilizations that accepted a restorative approach even to homicide (Van Ness 1986, pp. 64-68); from ancient Indian Hindus, for whom “he who atones is forgiven” (Weitekamp 1989); from ancient Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian traditions that one sees blended today in north Asia (Haley 1996). Taken seriously, restorative justice involves a very different way of thinking about traditional notions such as deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and crime prevention. It also means transformed foundations of criminal jurisprudence and of our notions of freedom, democracy, and community.
Treatment of Sex Offenders
Authors: Quinsey Vernon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the management and treatment of sex offenders has been driven by spectacular incidents of sexual recidivism. Such incidents create strong political pressures on everyone assessing, treating, and making release decisions concerning sex offenders either to become more conservative or to make foolproof decisions. When faced with great uncertainty and strong pressure not to make errors, people are prone to look for certainty in technology or to defer to experts with special knowledge.
Prosecution
Authors: Mccoy Candace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prosecutor is the government’s representative and advocate in all phases of criminal adjudication. Except for the daily operations of public police, prosecution is the most powerful component of the criminal justice process because of the number of offenders and victims it affects and because it dominates decision making about the legal course of every case. In the United States, the prosecutor reviews the cases of all defendants arrested by the police, exercises independent investigatory powers, determines the factual and legal sufficiency of each case and whether to dismiss or pursue it, officially files the charges, negotiates the conditions of guilty pleas, and serves as the trial attorney whose client is the state.
Probation and Parole
Authors: Petersilia Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probation is a sentence served under supervision in the community, while parole is the supervised early release of inmates from correctional institutions. Although the terms are often used interchangeably, there are three important differences: Probation is a dispositional alternative to prison, whereas parole implies that the offender has already served a portion of his or her sentence incarcerated.
Penal Theories
Authors: Hirsch Andrew Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Undertaking a survey of recent penal philosophy requires, initially, identifying the main questions to be addressed. One long-debated question is whether and why the institution of the penal sanction should exist at all. A second question is how much punishment should be imposed on those who are found to offend. Although this second “how much? ” question has received somewhat less philosophical attention than the first, it is more directly relevant to the practical concerns of penologists-hence it is the topic of this article. The distinction between “why? ” and “how much? ” is important because the answers to the two questions can differ significantly. It is possible to assert that the criminal sanction exists (at least in part) to prevent crime, and still insist (on fairness grounds) that the quanta of punishments be determined chiefly on desert-based grounds of the seriousness of the offense.
Prepositions And Particles In English
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth M. O’Dowd offers a new, discourse-functional account of the categories “preposition” and “particle” in English. She explains why certain words have membership in both categories, and solves many intriguing puzzles long associated with the syntax and semantics of these words. Based on linguistic data extracted from a series of actual conversations, O’Dowd provides new insights into how prepositions and particles are used, and how their meanings can change across different discourse contexts over time.
A Derivational Application of Interpretive Procedures
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Minimalist Program assumes that “languages are based on simple principles that interact to form often intricate structures” and that “the language faculty is nonredundant, in that particular phenomena are not ‘overdetermined’ by principles of language” (Chomsky 1993:2).1 Taking these assumptions as a mode of inquiry, this research program seeks a maximally simple design for language. Following this minimalist spirit, the linguistic levels are taken to be only those that are conceptually necessary, namely, PF and LF. Given that PF is a representation in universal phonetics (with no indication of syntactic elements or relations among them), LF is the only level where syntactic relations are expressed representationally. We might call this a “single-level” approach to syntactic relations (Chomsky 1993, 1994, 1995).
Information and the Outside World
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All companies have to be informed about the outside world: what customers need, what competitors are trying to accomplish, what regulators insist we must do. Much of a company’s internal information, in fact, describes the outside world of business—the third and final environment of an information ecology. But the external environment can also motivate our information actions. A customer demands that our different business units share information about their dealings with them. External suppliers need to know about our business so they can replenish our supply of their products efficiently. As members of an external trade association, we agree to begin collecting and sharing information on aspects of company performance.
Introduction
Authors: Keating Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My main interest in this book is to look at how power and status relations are created and negotiated through language among the Pohnpeian people of Micronesia. My goal is to show how closely examining particular social interactions between people at a “micro” level (focusing on small details) can explicate the nature and constitution of what are usually understood as “macro” (larger) social processes, such as power and status relations. Because I subscribe to the view that culture and society are constituted through activity involving social actors in particular contexts, the study of language in interaction is crucial for understanding how relations of domination are established and maintained by particular strategies that must be “endlessly renewed” (Bourdieu 1977:183). Pohnpeian interactional data provide an ideal corpus for examining how power and status inequalities are constituted and negotiated moment by moment, given the grammatical features used by the Pohnpeian language to explicitly indicate relative status among participants: honorific speech. In concert with grammar, an elaborate visual map of ranked social space is encoded onto the physical environment.
Women’s Power Etiquette: Relationships Between Gender And Honorifics
Authors: Keating Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In examining the order of a social world that constructs itself hierarchically, it is important to investigate how gender participates with other symbolic systems to constitute and sustain power inequities between the sexes and between classes and individuals. Language practices create concepts of similarity as well as difference, dichotomy, and hierarchy; the relationship between these processes and their relationship to dominance are important in examining gender. Understanding the role of gender in hierarchies and in honorific speech is more than understanding some domain conceptualized as “women’s activities.” Women are participants in the dominant structures of meaning and practice and play an important role in the renegotiation and re-creation of that structure (cf. Moore 1986) through language practices.
Glucoregulatory Factors
Authors: Cryer Philip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become conventional to refer to the glucore gulatory factors that tend to raise the plasma glucose concentration as glucose counter regulatory factors, and to refer the plasma glucose-raising hormones, such as glucagon and epinephrine, among others, as glucose counter regulatory hormones (Fig. 3.1). From this it follows that insulin, the dominant plasma glucose-lowering factor, should be referred to as a glucose regulatory hormone (Fig. 3.1). However, insulin is more appropriately viewed as both a regulatory (glucose-lowering) and a counter regulatory (glucose-raising) hormone since increments in insulin lower plasma glucose levels and decrements in insulin raise plasma glucose levels, all other factors being equal.
Integrated Physiology of Glucose Counterregulation
Authors: Cryer Philip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glucose is the predominant metabolic fuel utilized by the brain (Chapter 1). The brain cannot synthesize glucose, and it cannot store more than a few minutes’ supply as glycogen. Therefore, the brain requires a continuous supply of glucose from the circulation. At normal plasma glucose concentrations the rate of blood-to-brain glucose transport exceeds the rate of brain glucose metabolism. However, as the arterial plasma glucose concentration falls below a critical level, normally about 3.6 mmol/L (65 mg/ dL), glucose transport from blood-to-brain begins to become limiting to brain glucose uptake.
Predicates and Temporal Arguments
Authors: Fernald Theodore B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A distinction is made in formal semantics between “stage-level predicates,” predicates that describe the general state of a noun, and “individual-level predicates,” predicates that specify the specific properties of a noun. Fernald investigates various contexts in which this distinction is traditionally said to come into play. His aim is to show that the effects displayed are not uniform, and that the differences between the analyses proposed in the literature arise from the authors considering different subsets of data that they take to exemplyify the “core” meaning of the stage/individual distinction. Fernald presents alternatives and extensions that shed light on the limitations of previous theories, as well as making original observations about important aspects of the topic, including coercion, and perceptual reports vs. other phenomena.
Initial Visits to Japanese Factories
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The production floor layout and the quality of environment in which people work is often taken for granted. Many Americans work in factories that are dirty, dangerous, noisy, cluttered, and oppressive. While people may not like these conditions, they do not usually see themselves as having the opportunity or the need to change their circumstances. Many people just focus on the small area of floor space in which they work and see the other physical aspects of their workplace as the responsibility of maintenance, engineering, custodians, or others.
Constructing Employment Security
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Employment security represents a central but little understood foundation for work teams, kaizen, and virtual knowledge. For the most part, however, public attention has centered on specific employment security guarantees (such as no-layoff clauses) rather than on the complex mix of practices and processes that together make such a policy possible. The focus of this chapter is on linkages between employment security and knowledge-driven work systems.1