bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivation as a Lens for Understanding Information-seeking Behaviors
Authors: Shen Xinxu , Helion Chelsea , Smith David V. , Murty Vishnu P. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most prior research characterizes information-seeking behaviors as serving utilitarian purposes, such as whether the obtained information can help solve practical problems. However, information-seeking behaviors are sensitive to different contexts (i.e., threat vs. curiosity), despite having equivalent utility. Furthermore, these search behaviors can be modulated by individuals' life history and personality traits. Yet the emphasis on utilitarian utility has precluded the development of a unified model, which explains when and how individuals actively seek information. To account for this variability and flexibility, we propose a unified information-seeking framework that examines information-seeking through the lens of motivation. This unified model accounts for integration across individuals' internal goal states and the salient features of the environment to influence information-seeking behavior. We propose that information-seeking is determined by motivation for information, invigorated either by instrumental utility or hedonic utility, wherein one's personal or environmental context moderates this relationship. Furthermore, we speculate that the final common denominator in guiding information-seeking is the engagement of different neuromodulatory circuits centered on dopaminergic and noradrenergic tone. Our framework provides a unified framework for information-seeking behaviors and generates several testable predictions for future studies.
The Cerebellum Is Sensitive to the Lexical Properties of Words During Spoken Language Comprehension
Authors: Mechtenberg Hannah , Heffner Christopher C. , Myers Emily B. , Guediche Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past few decades, research into the function of the cerebellum has expanded far beyond the motor domain. A growing number of studies are probing the role of specific cerebellar subregions, such as Crus I and Crus II, in higher-order cognitive functions including receptive language processing. In the current fMRI study, we show evidence for the cerebellum’s sensitivity to variation in two well-studied psycholinguistic properties of words—lexical frequency and phonological neighborhood density—during passive, continuous listening of a podcast. To determine whether, and how, activity in the cerebellum correlates with these lexical properties, we modeled each word separately using an amplitude-modulated regressor, time-locked to the onset of each word. At the group level, significant effects of both lexical properties landed in expected cerebellar subregions: Crus I and Crus II. The BOLD signal correlated with variation in each lexical property, consistent with both language-specific and domain-general mechanisms. Activation patterns at the individual level also showed that effects of phonological neighborhood and lexical frequency landed in Crus I and Crus II as the most probable sites, though there was activation seen in other lobules (especially for frequency). Although the exact cerebellar mechanisms used during speech and language processing are not yet evident, these findings highlight the cerebellum’s role in word-level processing during continuous listening.
Safeguarding Freedom of Religion or Belief to Prevent Conflicts and Mass Atrocities in Southeast Asia: the Role of Parliamentarians
Authors: Hanara Desi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Southeast Asia is vulnerable to conflicts and has a long history and present dealings with various forms of human rights violations and atrocities. At the same time, the region lacks a strong human rights mechanism to ensure protection, redress, and accountability. This paper thus argues that parliamentarians should vitalise their roles and enhance synergies with existing asean mechanisms and entities to strengthen the protection of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) and the prevention of conflicts and mass atrocities in the region. This paper proposes the establishment of a network of parliamentarians to support atrocity prevention and promote the responsibility to protect (R2P) in Southeast Asia. The network will amplify various parliamentary roles to support atrocity prevention, including legislative action on atrocity prevention, sharing of best practices on the establishment of national mechanisms for atrocity prevention, and capacity building for parliamentarians in preventing mass atrocities from occurring in the future.
Resolving the Conflict in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces: Contentions between Upholding State Authority and Human Rights within the asean Context
Authors: na Thalang Chanintira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on an examination of the peace process in Thailand’s southern border provinces, this article asks what are the important lessons learned for strengthening asean’s role in conflict resolution. The argument of this article is threefold. First, asean’s entrenched norms have prevented a regularised role for asean in the area of conflict resolution. Second, due to this arrangement, asean member states have applied a varied mix of approaches to resolving or managing ethnic conflicts. From a comparative perspective, the Thai approach to resolving the conflict falls in an in-between position along the spectrum of democratic and authoritarian means used by its fellow asean member states. Third, the lack of regularised procedures is not necessarily an obstacle to resolving conflict but it reduces opportunities to deepen regional cooperation. More pressing is asean’s inability to protect minority rights, which has negatively affected asean’s centrality, and its commitment to building a people-centred community.
Responding to Atrocities in Myanmar after the February 2021 Coup: Options for asean beyond Normative and Structural Constraints
Authors: Morada Noel M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article unpacks the normative and structural challenges facing the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (asean) in responding to and preventing atrocity crimes, focusing on Myanmar. It argues that asean has been ineffective in dealing with the atrocities occurring in Myanmar, particularly after the 2021 coup, due to its adherence to its traditional norms and the “asean Way”. However, faced with the defiance of the junta in Myanmar, asean leaders may be forced to move away from its non-interference principle, and should in fact consider difficult options such as suspension of Myanmar membership in the organisation. By adopting the principle of non-indifference and holding the Myanmar military accountable for its continuing atrocities against civilians, asean could strengthen its credibility not just before the international community but, more importantly, among the people of Myanmar who are no longer willing to tolerate a return to military rule and impunity by security forces.
Educational Decision-Making–a Case Study
Authors: Smith Iain 
Published: November 2023

The study of educational administration is approached through a sociological action frame of reference. An educational decision-maker is viewed as being exposed to a variety of expectations, which he evaluates from his own perspective. The varied expectations are based on the perspectives of those holding them, which can be related to their position in the social structure, as variously categorised, and the knowledge and power available in these positions.
This framework is applied to one particular case, where an education committee introduced a policy of comprehensive education, having previously resisted it. The views of parents, teachers and other bodies are investigated, and the crucial role of the director of education is explored. The conclusion arrived at is that the director of education's views in this particular case were crucial because of the education committee’s views of what knowledge was relevant to the issues. The parents played little part in the decision-making process, and accepted that this should be so.
Merit, Equality, and Educational Opportunity
Authors: Darling John 
Published: November 2023

There are two different interpretations of equality of opportunity - meritocratic and egalitarian.
The meritocrat often has a confused idea of merit. He sees the school as a sorting house, and demands that it distribute life-chances with fairness. This demand cannot be met, partly because of the relationship between equality of opportunity and equality of income. The egalitarian interpretation of equality of opportunity is derived from the doctrine that all men are equal. The egalitarian is committed to the development of talent in every child, and is opposed to a purely academic conception of education.
A Machine Learning Explainability Tutorial for Atmospheric Sciences
Authors: Flora Montgomery L. , Potvin Corey K. , McGovern Amy , Handler Shawn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With increasing interest in explaining machine learning (ML) models, this paper synthesizes many topics related to ML explainability. We distinguish explainability from interpretability, local from global explainability, and feature importance versus feature relevance. We demonstrate and visualize different explanation methods, how to interpret them, and provide a complete Python package (scikit-explain) to allow future researchers and model developers to explore these explainability methods. The explainability methods include Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), Shapley additive global explanation (SAGE), and accumulated local effects (ALE). Our focus is primarily on Shapley-based techniques, which serve as a unifying framework for various existing methods to enhance model explainability. For example, SHAP unifies methods like local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) and tree interpreter for local explainability, while SAGE unifies the different variations of permutation importance for global explainability. We provide a short tutorial for explaining ML models using three disparate datasets: a convection-allowing model dataset for severe weather prediction, a nowcasting dataset for subfreezing road surface prediction, and satellite-based data for lightning prediction. In addition, we showcase the adverse effects that correlated features can have on the explainability of a model. Finally, we demonstrate the notion of evaluating model impacts of feature groups instead of individual features. Evaluating the feature groups mitigates the impacts of feature correlations and can provide a more holistic understanding of the model. All code, models, and data used in this study are freely available to accelerate the adoption of machine learning explainability in the atmospheric and other environmental sciences.
Mechanisms of Low-Level Jet Formation in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Offshore
Authors: de Jong Emily , Quon Eliot , Yellapantula Shashank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Low-level jets (LLJs), in which the wind speed attains a local maximum at low altitudes, have been found to occur in the U.S. mid-Atlantic offshore, a region of active wind energy deployment as of 2023. In contrast to widely studied regions such as the U.S. southern Great Plains and the California coastline, the mechanisms that underlie LLJs in the U.S. mid-Atlantic are poorly understood. This work analyzes floating lidar data from buoys deployed in the New York Bight to understand the characteristics and causes of coastal LLJs in the region. Application of the Hilbert–Huang transform, a frequency analysis technique, to LLJ case studies reveals that mid-Atlantic jets frequently occur during times of adjustment in synoptic-scale motions, such as large-scale temperature and pressure gradients or frontal passages, and that they do not coincide with motions at the native inertial oscillation frequency. Subsequent analysis with theoretical models of inertial oscillation and thermal winds further reveals that these jets can form in the stationary geostrophic wind profile from horizontal temperature gradients alone—in contrast to canonical LLJs, which arise from low-level inertial motions. Here, inertial oscillation can further modulate the intensity and altitude of the wind speed maximum. Statistical evidence indicates that these oscillations arise from stable stratification and the associated frictional decoupling due to warmer air flowing over a cold sea surface during the springtime land–sea breeze. These results improve our conceptual understanding of mid-Atlantic jets and may be used to better predict low-level wind speed maxima.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this work is to identify and characterize the atmospheric mechanisms that result in an occasional low-level maximum in the wind speed off the U.S. mid-Atlantic coastline. Our findings show that these low-level jets form due to horizontal temperature gradients arising from fronts and synoptic systems, as well as from the land–sea breeze that forces warmer air over the cold ocean surface. This work aids predictability of such jets, improves our understanding of this coastal environment, and has implications for future deployment of offshore wind energy in this region.
Childhood cumulative trauma, social support and stress as predictors of illness outcomes and quality of life in bipolar disorder
Authors: Rowe Amy-Leigh , Perich Tania , Meade Tanya 
Published: November 2023

Objective: Trauma, social support and stress have been identified as factors which may be associated with the bipolar disorder illness course. However, these are yet to be examined in prospective studies as predictors of illness outcomes and overall quality of life in bipolar disorder. Method: One hundred and fourteen participants ( N = 97; 85.1% female) living with bipolar disorder I (41.2%) or II (58.8%) completed a semi-structured interview and a range of self-report measures assessing trauma history, social support, perceived stress, depression, anxiety, mania, suicidality, number of mood episodes and quality of life, at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Results: Childhood cumulative trauma, social support and perceived stress accounted for a substantial and significant portion of the variance in quality of life (62%; 23.6%), anxiety severity (34.6%; 24.5%) and depression severity (49.6%; 26.7%), at both baseline and 6-month follow-up. Perceived stress made significant unique contributions to the prediction of all outcomes, and social support made significant unique contributions to depression and quality of life in bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Stress and social support play an important role in bipolar disorder and in quality of life for people living with this condition. Given that stress and social support are modifiable risk factors, this provides a promising direction for future intervention-based research.
Absent, Repressive, and Criminalized States: Forced Internal Displacement and Irregular Migration in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala
Authors: Boerman Thomas J. , Aguilar Umaña Isabel , Jones Richard A. 
Published: November 2023

Nearly a million people from El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala have been internally displaced in recent years, and hundreds of thousands more have fled to Mexico, the United States, Canada, and Europe. An extensive literature provides evidence that direct and structural violence are the principal drivers of this phenomenon. Largely unexamined is the way in which the governments of the region contribute to and in certain critical respects create the conditions that underlie this mass human movement. Exploration of this gang-related forced displacement and irregular migration reveals the role of absent, repressive, and criminalized state postures and the corresponding neglect of the lower-income sectors as contributors to the crisis. Casi un millón de habitantes en El Salvador, Honduras y Guatemala han sido desplazados internamente en los últimos años, y cientos de miles más han huido a México, Estados Unidos, Canadá y Europa. Una extensa literatura muestra que la violencia directa y estructural han sido los principales impulsores de este fenómeno. Sin embargo, no se ha examinado la forma en que los gobiernos de la región contribuyen y, en ciertos aspectos críticos, generan las condiciones que subyacen este masivo movimiento humano. Una exploración de dicho desplazamiento forzado y migración irregular ligados a la violencia pandillera nos revela el papel que cumplen las posturas estatales ausentes, represivas y criminalizadas, así como el correspondiente abandono de los sectores de bajos ingresos como contribuyentes a la crisis.
Effects of Study Load on Science Achievement: Searching for a Turning Point with Multilevel Piecewise Regression
Authors: Ma Xin , Luo Xingkai 
Published: November 2023

With an educational issue that has caught the attention of many countries in the world (study load), a population of 8th graders from a typical Chinese metropolitan city (40,536 from 118 schools), and an advanced statistical strategy (multilevel piecewise regression), we examined whether there was a turning point in terms of the effects of study load on science achievement. We did identify a turning point for each and every measure of study load. For weekday learning on science achievement, we identified a turning point of 22.50 hr for the effects of in-school learning, 7.50 hr for the effects of homework, and 12 hr for the effects of after-school learning. For weekend learning on science achievement, we identified a turning point of 1.50 hr for the effects of in-school learning, 5 hr for the effects of homework, and 1 hr for the effects of after-school learning. In each case, the difference in effects before and after the turning point was statistically significant, indicating that the effects of study load on science achievement were nonlinear. All of these turning points offered important implications for science education.
Prognostic factors for sublingual gland carcinoma: a population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database study
Authors: Qin Gang , Wu Lei , Li Chengxia , Zhang Qian , An Zhongjun , Qin Jianhua 
Published: November 2023

Objective To identify the clinical features and prognostic factors for sublingual gland carcinoma. Methods This was a case–control study. Patients with surgically treated sublingual gland carcinoma were retrospectively included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database and divided into adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and non-ACC groups. Primary outcome variables were disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Prognostic factors for each group were analyzed using Cox models. Results We included 251 patients (115 men and 136 women). Compared with the non-ACC group, the ACC group had a larger average tumor size and received more adjuvant radiotherapy. In patients with ACC, the pathologic grade had an independent impact on DSS and OS, and patients who were undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy had worse DSS than those who were not receiving chemotherapy. In the non-ACC group, pathologic grade IV, lymph node metastasis, and adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with poor DSS and OS, and tumor extension predicted worsening DSS. Conclusions In sublingual gland carcinoma, the pathologic grade and adjuvant chemotherapy were the most important prognostic factors, whereas lymph node metastasis had a negative impact in non-ACC patients but not in ACC patients.
Patterns of prescription opioid use and opioid-related harms among adult patients with hematologic malignancies
Authors: Nabulsi Nadia A , Sharp Lisa K , Sweiss Karen I , Patel Pritesh R , Calip Gregory S , Lee Todd A 
Published: November 2023

Introduction Treatment advances for hematologic malignancies (HM) have dramatically improved life expectancy, necessitating greater focus on long-term cancer pain management. This study explored real-world patterns of opioid use among patients with HM. Methods This retrospective cohort study identified adults diagnosed with HM from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2019 using the Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database. Across several HM types, we described rates of high-risk opioid use (based on Pharmacy Quality Alliance measures) and opioid-related harms, including incident opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnoses and opioid-related hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) visits. We used multivariable Cox regression to generate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing the risk of opioid-related harms between patients with versus without high-risk opioid use. Results Our sample included 43,190 patients with HM. Median age at HM diagnosis was 54 years (interquartile range  =  44–60). Most patients (61.9%) were diagnosed with lymphoma. Approximately half (49.2%) had an opioid dispensed in the follow-up period. Among all patients, 20.0% met criteria for high-risk opioid use, 0.9% had an OUD diagnosis, and 0.3% experienced an opioid-related hospitalization/ED visit in follow-up. High-risk opioid use increased the risk of an OUD diagnosis by 3.3 times (p < 0.0001) and an opioid-related hospitalization/ED visit 4.2 times (p < 0.0001). Conclusion High-risk opioid use was prevalent among patients with HM and significantly increased the risk of opioid-related harms. However, rates of opioid-related harms were low. These findings highlight the importance of continually monitoring pain and opioid use throughout HM survivorship to provide safe, effective HM pain management.
Branch retinal artery occlusion with unruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm post–SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: A case report
Authors: Murata Keigo , Nagasato Daisuke , Tanaka Hayato , Nakakura Shunsuke , Nagasawa Toshihiko , Mitamura Yoshinori , Tabuchi Hitoshi 
Published: November 2023

Introduction Many adverse occurrences in the eye have been reported after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. This is the first report of a patient with an unruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm (RAM) who developed branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) one day after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (BNT162b2 by Pfizer-BioNTech). Patient Report A 75-year-old man with a pertinent history of type-2 diabetes mellitus visited the hospital complaining of sudden visual loss in his right eye 1 day after receiving the fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine; his best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) decreased from 1.0 to 0.7 (Snellen decimal). The patient had previously been diagnosed with an unruptured RAM and superior paracentral acute middle maculopathy in the same eye. Fundus examination showed increased sheathing of blood vessels. Indocyanine green showed a hyperfluorescent area suggestive of RAM on the right eye disc. Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography revealed arterial obstruction findings in the upper retinal area. Diagnosis and Intervention The patient was diagnosed with BRAO with RAM and was followed up without any additional treatment. Follow-up examination after 4 months did not show any improvement in BCVA value. Conclusion This case suggested that BRAO could develop after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with unruptured RAM; however, more research is required to investigate the causes.