bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nagel: The View from Nowhere
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his introduction to this important book, Thomas Nagel writes: “There is a persistent temptation to turn philosophy into something less difficult and more shallow than it is” (p. 12). No one could accuse Nagel of shallowness; nor is his book easy reading. He tackles some of the hardest problems in philosophy with unblinking determination: the mind-body problem, the Self, the possibility of objective knowledge, thought and reality, freedom of the will, the status of moral value, the happy life and the moral life, death and the significance of living. His treatment of these issues is consistently illuminating, elegant, and provocative; and he is properly modest in the face of the problems. It is hard to see how one could become one of those philosophers who are “sick of the subject and glad to be rid of its problems” (p. 11) when there are philosophy books like this to read. The View from Nowhere is alive with the true spirit of philosophy.
McGinn: Out of Body, Out of Mind
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Take our own nature as conscious beings—something of unique fascination to us all. We want to know, among other things, how our consciousness levers itself out of the body. We want, that is, to solve the mind-body problem, the deep metaphysical question about how mind and matter meet. But what if there is something about us that makes it impossible for us to solve this ancient conundrum? What if our cognitive structure lacks the resources to provide the requisite theory? That would be distressing news for the knowledge-manufacturing industry. And the bringer of the news might expect the opprobrium that traditionally greets the unwelcome messenger: Don’t say that.
Sacks: Outpouchings
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It could be said that Oliver Sacks put neuropathology on the literary map. His first book, Awakenings, about the stunning effects of the drug L-dopa on patients afflicted with a form of Parkinsonism, attracted considerable critical acclaim from the literary world and “inspired” Harold Pinter’s rather ponderous play A Kind of Alaska. Sack’s second book, A Leg to Stand On, was similarly well received. He has published a number of short pieces in the London Review of Books, as well as in its elder American sibling, several of which are reprinted in the present collection, along with twelve previously unpublished pieces. (His book Migraine seems to have excited rather less popular interest, no doubt because it is a less popular kind of book.) Yet the scientists of the nervous system do not seem to have been similarly impressed. When I asked a colleague in neuroanatomy what he thought of Sack’s work he said he had never heard of him, and the neuroscientists I consulted who had heard of him were not inclined to attach any scientific importance to his writings. Unanimity between the two cultures is nor perhaps to be expected, but in the present case the reason for this asymmetry of esteem lies deeper than mere difference of interest. The problem is that it is quite unclear what Sacks is doing.
Singer: Eating Animals Is Wrong
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been persuaded of the rightness of the moral position advocated in Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation for the past twenty years. There is, in my view, no moral justification whatever for the human exploitation of animals. I was convinced of this principally by reading the path-breaking book, Animals, Men and Morals (1971), edited by Stanley and Roslind Godlovitch and John Harris. Singer acknowledges his debt to this pivotal work as well as to personal contact with some of the contributors, and his own 1975 book, of which there is now a welcome second edition, is largely a sustained workingout of the moral perspective developed by these earlier thinkers. I have to declare that, in my opinion, the arguments Singer mounts, and the facts he marshals, constitute a definitive and unanswerable case for the thesis that our treatment of animals, in every department, is deeply and systematically immoral. Becoming a vegetarian is only the most minimal ethical response to the magnitude of the evil. What is needed is a complete revolution in the way we deal with other species. Do not expect, then, to find me in any way “balanced” on the question: this is not really an issue on which there are two sides. It’s a won argument, as far as I’m concerned-in principle if not in practice.
Representing America
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whitman’s major work during the 1870s and 188os was not in poetry, but in prose-in the political pamphlet Democratic Vistas,his Memoranda During the War,and his personal reflections on his life and times in Specimen Days,which was published in 1882. Based on his Civil War notebooks (1861-65) and a series of notes he took during his trips to Timber Creek between 1875 and 1881 and his trips to the West, Canada, Boston, and New York between 1879 and 1881, Specimen Daysis, as Whitman said, a “prosejumble” (Corr.,III, 301). At the beginning of the volume, in a note written a few days before Independence Day 1881, Whitman resolved “to go home, untie the bundle, reel out diary-scraps and memoranda, just as they are, large or small, one after another, into print-pages, and let the melange’s lackings and wants of connection take care of themselves....
Holding the Line in Greece
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The background of the Greek civil war of 1946-49 was extremely complex. Much of the unrest stemmed from the dictatorship of General John Metaxas from 1936 to early 1941, followed by the German occupation of World War II. After Nazi liberation, British military forces put down a communist uprising in the December Revolution of 1944, which culminated in an uneasy truce at Varkiza the following February. At the Potsdam Conference of July 1945, the Soviets complained about the British troop presence in Greece and about the Greek government’s harsh policies toward dissenters. In the postwar period, the government in Athens seemed unresponsive to the people’s needs, thereby exacerbating longstanding economic and political problems and contributing to an atmosphere conducive to violence. The central question was whether King George II, who had gone into exile first to London and then to Cairo, should reoccupy the throne. This matter became the subject of bitter debate between forces on the left and right; many people believed that the principal issue was whether the small group of communists in the country could take over the government and tie it to Moscow. Indeed, former leaders of EAM were now exercising influence through the Greek Communist party (KKE).
The Need for American Military Assistance
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time the President announced the Truman Doctrine, the military situation in Greece had taken a turn for the worse. The Greek army’s first campaign against the guerrillas began in April 1947 with an attack on enemy strongholds near the Gulf of Corinth in central Greece. Bad weather at first brought operations to a halt, but by the middle of the month government soldiers had resumed their move northward through Thessaly and western Macedonia. As the army advanced toward the frontier, it intended to isolate and crush the guerrillas or drive them out of the country and seal the border—over 600 miles in length, desolate, rough, and largely unmarked. To break down resistance, the government authorized the minister of war to grant amnesty to guerrillas who surrendered, leaving those captured to courts-martial. But as the weeks passed, the offensive bogged down due to lack of organization and sheer inability to sustain the operation.1
The Joint U.S. Military Advisory and Planning Group
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By early November the Truman administration was moving toward the establishment of an advisory and planning group in Greece. Following the President’s approval of the program, the National Security Council worked out the details. The group would be comprised of ninety officers and eighty enlisted men divided among the army, navy, and air force, and would be part of the military section of the aid mission but have direct communications with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The head of USAGG as senior army officer would be director of planning and operations and responsible to the chief of the American mission. Final authority, however, would rest with the ambassador, who would approve decisions and continue to deal with the Athens government on high policy. Military matters relating to such policy would come to his attention by the director and through the mission chief’s office. Forrestal, now secretary of defense, directed the joint chiefs to select the men for the operational advisory task force.
Corollaries of a Global Strategy
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chief corollary of the new global strategy was that the United States could not overextend itself in one country. This was a difficult tendency to control. In early 1948, problems were erupting all over the world that affected American interests: the Soviet coup of February in Czechoslovakia along with continuing economic and political desperation in Europe, which would encourage congressional approval of the Marshall Plan in April; unrest in the Middle East over the impending division of Palestine; growing tension in Berlin; indications of a rift between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union that could have widespread ramifications; the movement toward the establishment of a military pact in Europe; and the intensifying civil war in China. Greece was only one part of the picture: every decision in that country hinged upon holding the line against the communists in other places as well. More than a few observers, however, continued to insist that the Cold War would be won (or lost) in Greece. The government in Washington had to resist immense pressures from those who wanted to send combat troops.
The Retributivist Backlash
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How pardons are understood and how they are used depends, to a large extent, on the values and procedures inherent in a system of punishment. The 1970s in the United States saw an important change in the predominant theory of punishment-the decline of the rehabilitationist model and its replacement by a view of punishment that more closely approximates retributivist ideals. That change set the stage for a new view of the role pardons should play in the U.S. system of justice.
How to Distinguish Forgiveness, Mercy, and Pardon
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part II, I argued that retributivism can define an important role for pardon, as an official act that removes the consequences of a criminal conviction. But what about those qualities that are so often associated with pardon-forgiveness and mercy? Can the principles of retributive justice make sense of them?
The issue has always been a difficult one for retributivism. “Retributive justice” is a comfortable phrase; the two words fit harmoniously together.
Intuitionism, Pluralism, and the Foundations of Ethics
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethical intuitionism is historically important, widely referred to, and generally considered a major position in the foundations of ethics. But it is not widely discussed in depth. This is in part because, although it is held by some leading philosophers, its resources are often underestimated. It is certainly conceived divergently among ethical theorists, and those who find its central elements compelling may often think it easier and better simply to argue for their position under another name than to indicate what kind of intuitionism they hold and defend their position under that rubric. My aim here is to clarify intuitionism, to bring out some of its strengths and weaknesses, and to reassess the case for giving it a more significant place in contemporary ethical theory.
Annotated Literal Translation of the Libretto
Authors: Marissen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this translation is to present Bach’s St. John Passion libretto in as close to a literal rendition of the German as is possible in American English (including some shifts from past to historical present tense that Luther took over from the New Testament’s Greek). The style and syntax will therefore often leave a great deal to be desired. The translation is also designed to make as convenient as possible a line-by-line comparison of the German and English texts.
Luther’s translation of the gospel of John’s passion narrative and mine of Luther’s are printed in italics. Luther’s text and, therefore, my translation do not necessarily correspond to any of today’s English or German translations of the Bible.
The libretto’s chorale responses to the biblical narrative are set in bold type, and the aria and arioso responses in regular type.
Many published translations of Bach’s St. John Passion were designed to accommodate foreign-language renderings of the work (e.g., they focus on aligning syllabic with musical rhythms, particularly in the arias and chorales). For these and other reasons, such translations often substantially alter the meanings of the German libretto and thus hamper proper interpretation of the work.
Assembling the Elements
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I began in chapter with an array of cases that motivates some challenging puzzles about moral appraisability. The resolution of many of them turned, in the end, on getting clear about the conditions that are to be satisfied if a person is to be morally appraisable for his or her actions. I have argued that three conditions are particularly germane: a control condition that says, loosely, that the person’s action must be under her control; an epistemic one that requires, roughly, that the person not be relevantly ignorant of what she is doing; and an authenticity condition that, in broad strokes, states that the person’s action issue from an evaluative scheme-the cluster of motivational and doxastic elements required for evaluative reasoning-that is “truly her own” or authentic.
On Being Appraisable for the Thoughts of One’s Dream Self
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can we be deserving of moral blame (or praise) for what we think, visualize, or imagine in our dreams? Right at the outset, this moral dream problem smacks of philosophical misgivings. It might, after all, plausibly be urged that all moral appraisability ultimately traces to appraisability for actions, and just as there is a stark difference between one’s intentionally gazing at a sunset and one’s dreaming that one so does, so there is a difference between one’s purposely undertaking the mentalact of imagining one’s engaging in adultery and one’s dreaming that one engages in adultery.
Introduction
Authors: Butchvarov Panayot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By skepticism about the external world I shall mean what Hume called skepticism with regard to the senses, that is, with regard to our knowledge through sense perception of the existence and qualities of bodies, of material objects. The problem such skepticism poses has dominated modern philosophy ever since the discovery, in the sixteenth century, of Sextus Empiricus’s manuscripts,1 and arguably it also dominated ancient Greek philosophy at least after Aristotle.
Metaethics and Methodology
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, my central aim is to clarify the sorts of second-order, metaethical issues and arguments that this book is about. In the past decade or so, significant changes have taken place in just how metaethics is conceived and practiced. These changes in conceptions of the content and method of metaethical inquiry are important for reasons that will become apparent as we proceed. So it will be useful to spend part of this chapter going over some metaethical history and explaining, in broad outline, the methodological approach to be followed in this book.
In the Houses of the Holy
Authors: Fast Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume examines the powerful ways in which identity can be shaped by rock music. Through the music, imagery and discourse surrounding one of the most innovative and commercially successful rock bands ever, Susan Fast probes such issues as constructions of gender and sexuality, the creation of myth and the use of ritual, the appropriation of Eastern musics and the blues, the physicality of the music, and the use of the body in performance. The band's influence is examined through socially-situated musical analysis, as well as an ethnographic study of Led Zeppelin fans. Fast draws on academic and journalistic writing as well as a new interview with band member John Paul Jones. Specific pieces examined include "Dazed and Confused," "Kashmir," "Stairway to Heaven," and "Whole Lotta Love."
Rancagua. — Osorio—Juan Fernandez. — Juan Enrique Rosales. — His daughter Rosario. — My mother is imprisoned— Felipe Santiago del Solar.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer, then as now, many of Santiago’s families, in search of relaxation and better air, would trade the comforts of their aristocratic homes for the rustic and uncomfortable hole in the wall that was their country house or for the no less uncomfortable lodgings that they took in one of our seaports, where they went to bathe, to dodge the waves, and to look at the ships, and for the ladies to collect little seashells to take back to Santiago as presents for their friends.
The Baron de Mackau and the corsair Quintanilla. —My voyage to France. —Rio deJaneiro—Le Havre. — The Paris if yesteryear. —Maria Ma!ibrdn Carda. —A young son if Fernando VII. —The Duchesse de Berry. — Sivela’s school. — The mathematician Vallejo. — Don Andris A. de Gorbea. — Don Leandro Ferndndez Moratin. — Don Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira, our civics teacher. — Romanticism. —Alexandre Dumas. — General San Martin in France. —General Morillo.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the European nations whose ships began to frequent our coast as soon as our war of independence permitted it, England and France were the most eager to gain the friendship of the new state that was just opening its coveted ports to the fruits of foreign industry.
Symptoms of the July Revolution of I830.— Thernnquest of Algeria. — The July Revolution. —More on the Duchesse de Berry. — The ridiculous finale to the Parisian visit of the Dey of Algiers.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles X of France, a king whose passion was the hunt, was punctilious in his religious devotions and strongly attached to the rights and privileges enjoyed by his predecessors before demagoguery and ungodliness had come, as he used to say, to shake the foundations of the peaceful and legitimate throne of his forefathers. He could not bear having occasionally to steal precious time from the pleasures of the chase and those of hearing his mass in the comfort of his royal chapel in order to attend to the affairs of state, and even less could he bear having to put up with the blasphemous authority exerted over him by parliament by virtue of an outlandish political institution called a constitution. He was old, none too bright, more good-hearted than ill-intentioned; and his reluctance to yield to the enlightened political demands of the age.
The Teno Hills. —Flogging.—Bandsof thieves. —Pay dirt.—Locusts and the Agricultural Society.— The new decor painter for SantiagoS theater.—Sarmiento, Tejedor, and Argentine literature.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back in 1847 I was renting Comalle, a ranch belonging to that distinguished writer and stern public official who, when he governed Curic6, where it was located, used to write his friend Luis Labarca whenever a rebellion threatened, ‘‘I’ll soon go and make those rascals tremble at the sound of my carriage wheels.”47 At that time Comalle and the dense forests of Chimbarongo, as they call them nowadays, were the lair of some famous bandits who skinned their victims48 and whose awful raids made the Teno Hills a fearful place;
The settlement at Llanquihue. — Early stages in its development. — Its enemies. — The acting immigration agent is arrested. — Progress of the settlement.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chile there is a great difference between the climate of the northern regions and that of the southern ones. The former are plagued by extreme dryness; the latter, by its opposite. In the north, roads are the arteries of communication; in the south, rivers and channels. It comes as no surprise that just as the north breeds men who, as we say, live and die on horseback, so the south produces the hardiest and boldest seamen. Nothing could be easier, safer, and more pleasant than navigation on the channels that connect San Carlos de Chiloe with the calm waters of Cayenel: they are wide enough and more than deep enough for every kind of vessel, with regular tides and a constant succession of harbors, or rather a single continuous harbor where one need only drop anchor to be secure. In the Chacao Channel there is a single threatening rock at the strait ofJunta Remolinos; but since it is clearly visible and lies al most a mile off shore, it offers no danger whatsoever. Anyone sailing
Government of the state of Hamburg. — How the 4% tax on personal property is collected. — The kindergarten. — Emigration agents and emigration. — What different nations do to foster it. — The Chilean agent in Hamburg encounters serious difficulties in sending emigrants to Chile. — His polemic with the Allgemeine Aeitung of Augsburg. — The necessary bases for an immigration project. — Spain. — The legendary accounts of the Gran Capitan. — The waters of Franzensbad. — The Russians. — Francisco Javier Rosales. — Abd-el-Kader. — The End.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 9, 1855, at a season of the year when tender shoots on our trees proclaim the arrival of our joyful springtime and when nature begins to put away her finery so as to bear the harsh winter of northern Europe, I arrived in the beautiful, rich, and free Hanseatic city of Hamburg. This ancient and formidable fortress, the strength of whose
Introduction
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violent entertainment is never absent for long from the public agenda. Today violent entertainment is much in the news on both sides of the Atlantic and around the world. Much publicity has been given to studies of violence in children’s television, and to the fear that violent films and video games have given rise to recent murders by young boys in England, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United States. According to Market Focus: Toys (Feb. 1995), “if there is one issue confronting toymakers and entertainment producers right now, it is the level of violence that children are exposed to in the course of their daily lives and what role they play in promoting that.” As this is written, politicians in Washing ton are considering legislation to limit violent entertainment in television, film, video games, and pop music. The United States and Canada have decided to require a V-chip on all new television sets to enable violent offerings to be filtered out. The device is also under consideration by the European Parliament.