bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of interacting invasives: ecosystem approaches
Authors: Bull Leigh S , Courchamp Franck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Too often the success of an invasive species management programme is measured solely by the decrease or eradication of that species. However, this way of thinking distracts from the ultimate goal of these programmes, which is not just the removal of the alien species but rather the restoration of the ecosystem’s biodiversity. Several decades ago, Taylor (1968) alluded to the fact that the former does not necessary lead to the latter; the incorrect management of an invaded ecosystem can in fact result in potential problems following the removal of a species.
The motor system
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado , Anderson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us start with a practical example. What could be simpler than picking up a cup of coffee? Yet this simple gesture requires a plethora of processes so closely interconnected that at first glance it is difficult to distinguish one from another. First of all we must identify the cup from the various objects vying for our attention; to do this we must swivel our head and eyes so that the image of the cup will land on our fovea where visual acuity is at its height and examine its various aspects (shape, orientation of the handle, colour, and so on).
Action understanding
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado , Anderson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the analysis of the functional properties of F5 we have seen that the majority of neurons in this area discharge during specific motor acts such as grasping, holding, manipulating, and how some of them also respond to visual stimuli. There is a clear congruence between the motor properties (for example, the type of grip they code) of these latter neurons and their visual selectivity (shape, size, orientation of the object in question), which renders decisive their role in the process of transforming the visual information regarding an object into the appropriate motor acts.
Imitation and language
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado , Anderson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as mirror neurons were discovered, the question raised was whether they might be the neural basis of the ability to imitate. Before examining this possibility, however, we must define exactly what we mean by imitation. Anyone who has dabbled in this area knows that over time the term has acquired different and sometimes contrasting meanings in various branches of research (developmental psychology, comparative psychology, ethology, etc.). For the purposes of this book we will narrow the field of possible definitions to two, even at the risk of oversimplification.
Sharing emotions
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado , Anderson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding Chapters we have considered actions carried out or perceived in contexts devoid of emotional content—a choice essentially dictated by methodological reasons, as only emotionally neutral experimental conditions are suitable to determine the specific components of actions within the intricate architecture of motor phenomena. Had a different approach been adopted, it would have been difficult to identify the mechanisms and cortical circuits of the sensory motor transformations responsible for the codification of objects, the planning and control of our actions, and the understanding of the actions and intentions of others.
Spanning Networks
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have talked about networks such as those of personal relationships and the World Wide Web that develop, if not of their own accord, with a measure of autonomy, with the growth largely determined by the will of individuals acting through their nodes. However, a more concrete and traditional way that networks arise is by overall design. Here the nodes represent places or people that wish to form a network but the infrastructure of the edges simply does not exist and has to be built. This can be a daunting job.
What the engineers might have to hand is a paper network of possible connections between nodes. Each pencilled edge could be very expensive to realize due to distance and other factors that separate the nodes.
The State of the European Union
Authors: Meunier Sophie , Mcnamara Kathleen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years ago, the leaders of six European states signed the Treaty of Rome, creating the European Economic Community and launching the process of European integration. From that starting point evolved today’s European Union (EU), the most successful example of institutionalized political cooperation in history. The EU now encompasses a much broader array of responsibilities than originally planned, its membership has widened to 25 countries, and its legislation and jurisprudence has come to supersede national law. Contestation has accompanied success, however, and the intense debate in many European countries over the EU Constitution throughout the course of 2005 revealed deep divisions between and within European countries around issues such as EU institutions, the elusive European identity, a European economic malaise, and the role of the EU as a world power. Was the constitutional crisis a turning point for European integration? This volume argues that the EU today may be at a crossroads--not because of the failed referenda but rather because of the unresolved tensions in European governance not banished with the referenda’s defeat. Meunier and McNamara’s collection is the first to comprehensively examine these challenging issues using the tools of historical institutionalism to analyze the past and future political and institutional trajectory of the European Union across a wide variety of policy areas. Together, the volume’s authors provide a remarkably coherent theoretical approach to the key questions facing Europe, drawing a portrait of the EU today that reveals a robust, but not invulnerable, set of institutions and practices
Statistical Modelling in R
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brian , Hinde John , Darnell Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
R is now the most widely used statistical package/language in university statistics departments and many research organisations. Its great advantages are that for many years it has been the leading-edge statistical package/language and that it can be freely downloaded from the R web site. Its cooperative development and open code also attracts many contributors meaning that the modelling and data analysis possibilities in R are much richer than in GLIM4, and so the R edition can be substantially more comprehensive than the GLIM4 edition. This text provides a comprehensive treatment of the theory of statistical modelling in R with an emphasis on applications to practical problems and an expanded discussion of statistical theory. A wide range of case studies is provided, using the normal, binomial, Poisson, multinomial, gamma, exponential and Weibull distributions, making this book ideal for graduates and research students in applied statistics and a wide range of quantitative disciplines.
Introducing R
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brian , Hinde John , Darnell Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical modelling is an iterative process. We have a research question of interest, the experimental or observational context, the sampling scheme and the data. Based on these data and the other information, we develop an initial model, fit it to the data and examine the model output. We then plot the residuals, check the model assumptions and examine the parameter estimates. Based on this model output, we may modify the first model possibly through some transformation or the addition or subtraction of model terms. Fitting the second model may in turn lead to further models for the data, with the form of the current model being based on the information provided by the previous models. This interactivity between the data and the data modeller is a crucial feature of the process of statistical modelling. While automatic model selection procedures provided in many software packages can provide guidance in large problems, we take a different route in this book.
Regression and analysis of variance
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brian , Hinde John , Darnell Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider a practical example from a psychological study. A sample of twenty-four children was randomly drawn from the population of fifth-grade children attending a state primary school in a Sydney suburb. Each child was assigned to one of two experimental groups, and given instructions by the experimenter on how to construct, from nine differently coloured blocks, one of the 3 × 3 square designs in the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC, see Wechsler, 1949). Children in the first group were told to construct the design by starting with a row of three blocks (row group), and those in the second group were told to start with a corner of three blocks (corner group). The total time in seconds to construct four different designs was then measured for each child.
An Introduction to Stochastic Filtering Theory
Authors: Xiong Jie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stochastic Filtering Theory uses probability tools to estimate unobservable stochastic processes that arise in many applied fields including communication, target-tracking, and mathematical finance. As a topic, Stochastic Filtering Theory has progressed rapidly in recent years. For example, the (branching) particle system representation of the optimal filter has been extensively studied to seek more effective numerical approximations of the optimal filter; the stability of the filter with “incorrect “ initial state, as well as the long-term behavior of the optimal filter, has attracted the attention of many researchers; and although still in its infancy, the study of singular filtering models has yielded exciting results. In this text, Jie Xiong introduces the reader to the basics of Stochastic Filtering Theory before covering these key recent advances. The text is written in a style suitable for graduates in mathematics and engineering with a background in basic probability.
Introduction
Authors: Xiong Jie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we first give a few motivating examples for stochastic filtering. Then, we introduce some basic definitions and state the main equations that arise in non-linear filtering theory. Finally, we give an overview of the topics to be covered in this book. In this section, we study four examples arising from different fields of application. The first example comes from wireless communication that was in fact the main motivation for filtering theory in the early stage. The second example comes from mathematical finance where the random factors affecting the stock prices are not completely observed, instead, only the stock prices themselves are observed.
Irrational Numbers
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some generalities. The theory of ‘irrational number’, as explained in text books of analysis, falls outside the range of arithmetic. The theory of numbers is occupied, first with integers, then with rationals, as relations between integers, and then with irrationals, real or complex, of special forms, such as where rand sare rational. It is not properly concerned with irrationals as a whole or with general criteria for irrationality (though this is a limitation which we shall not always respect). There are, however, many problems of irrationality which may be regarded as part of arithmetic. Theorems concerning rationals may be restated as theorems about integers; 4.4. The use of the fundamental theorem in the proofs of Theorems 43–45. It is important, in view of the historical discussion in the next section, to observe what use is made, in the proofs of § 4.3, of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic or of the ‘equivalent’ Theorem 3.
Quadratic Fields (2)
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primes of k(i). We begin this chapter by determining the There are therefore positive rational integers divisible by a contradiction unless z1 or z2 is 1. Hence zis a rational prime. Thus π divides at least one rational prime p. If it divides two, say pand p±, then one positive rational prime. The primes of a simple field are therefore to be determined by the factorization, in the field, of rational primes.
Representation By Cubes And Higher Powers
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biquadrates. We defined ‘Waring’ s problem’ in § 20.1 as the problem of determining g(k)and G(k), and solved it completely when k= 2. The general problem is much more difficult. Even the proof of the existence of g(k)and G(k)requires quite elaborate analysis; and the value of G(k)is not known for any kbut 2 and 4. We give a summary of the pre sent state of knowledge at the end of the chapter, but we shall prove only a few special theorems, and these usually not the best of their kind that are known. Cubes: the existence of G(3) and g(3). The proof of the existence of g(3) is more sophisticate d (as is natural because a cube may be negative). We prove first Theorem 388: We have now to consider representations of numbers less than 1025.
Kronecker’s Theorem
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kronecker’s theorem in one dimension. Dirichlet’s Theorem 201 asserts that, given any set of real numbers ϑ1, ϑ2, ..., ϑk, we can make nϑ1, nϑ2, ..., nϑkall differ from integers by as little as we please. This chapter is occupied by the study of a famous theorem of Kronecker which has the same general character as this theorem of Dirichlet but lies considerably deeper. The theorem is stated, in its general form, in § 23.4, and proved, by three different methods, in §§ 23.7–9. For the moment we consider only the simplest case, in which we are concerned with a single ϑ.
Geometry Of Numbers
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction and restatement of the fundamental theorem. This chapter is an introduction to the ‘geometry of numbers’, the subject created by Minkowski on the basis of his fundamental Theorem 37 and its generalization in space of ndimensions We shall need the n-dimensional generalizations of the notions which we used in §§ 3.9–11; but these, as we said in § 3.11, are straightforward. We define a lattice, and equivalence of lattices, as in § 3.5, parallelograms being replaced by n-dimensional parallelepipeds; and a convex region as in the first definition of § 3.9.† Minkowski’s theorem is then Theorem 446. Any convex region in n-dimensional space, symmetrical about the origin and of volume greater than2n, contains a point with integral coordinates, not all zero. Any of the proofs of Theorem 37 in Ch. III may be adapted to prove Theorem 446: we take, for example, Mordell’s.
Democracy, Dictatorship, and Economic Development: A Model of Reference-Dependent Choices with Experimental Data
Authors: Gould Andrew C , Maggio Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of economic development on political democracy is perhaps the most studied topic in modern comparative politics, at least since Seymour Lipset (1959). But scholars still contest the basic facts and explanations. As for the facts, scholars have yet to enunciate a consensus over the effects of economic development on the likelihood of transitions to democracy and on the likelihood of the survival of existing democracies. Nor do we have a satisfactory analysis of the explanatory mechanisms.
Data considerations and design
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end goal is to provide a ‘measure of creditworthiness’, the appropriateness of which will depend how transparent borrowers’ circumstances are, to whoever is doing the assessment. The word transparent normally refers to a substance’s ability to transmit light, but in this instance, it means ‘easy to understand and analyse’. This refers to the bulk of application form data, data on past dealings, and data provided by the credit bureaux. In contrast, something is opaque if it is either ‘impervious to light’, or ‘not easily understood’
Overrides, referrals, and controls
Authors: Anderson Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Credit scores are powerful tools, but they are not a panacea. Checks and balances are needed to ensure that the system is being used as intended, and its integrity is protected. The section is treated under the headings of: The first three sections relate to the major stages in the decision process: (i) pre-score decision, policy rules, which determine whether the cases will be considered at all; (ii) score decision, based purely on the score and associated strategies; (iii) system decision, a combination of score and policy, as determined by the system; and (iv) final decision, the end result, based upon score, policy, and any manual intervention. For the latter three, the decision can be changed in between each. Both policy and judgment can be used to override score decisions (score over-rides), whereas only judgment can be used to override system decisions (system overrides).
Linear B Script
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the ‘palaces’ (administrative centres) of Mycenaean Greece and Crete contained archives of clay tablets inscribed in the Linear B script. These tablets survived because they were baked in the fires which destroyed the palaces: substantial numbers of tablets have been found at Pylos, Mycenae, and Thebes on the mainland, and at Knossos on Crete. Linear B was so named by Arthur Evans because it is a linear (as opposed to pictographic) script that is clearly derived from an older script found at Knossos that he named Linear A. This script presumably records the language of the Minoans, which is unknown; too little survives to permit a verifiable decipherment. Linear B conveys information partly by means of words spelled out in syllabic signs (syllabograms), and partly by means of ideograms. These ideograms (often stylized drawings of the object in question) are not used in the body of the text, but typically stand at the end of a line or clause in a totalling formula, and are followed by a numeral (almost all of the tablets are lists of one sort or another). Nearly a hundred syllabic signs are used in the Linear B documents, and sound-values can be assigned to about three-quarters of these (the most common) with reasonable certainty. The script is often ambiguous: it does not represent all the phonemic distinctions of Greek (see below), and is not suited to writing consonant clusters.
Bardic Forefathers
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bardic instincts that drove Yeats to revive the lost art of speaking and chanting to musical notes are first apparent in his fragmented reveries over childhood and youth: “Since I was a boy,” he wrote in “Speaking to the Psaltery,” “I have always longed to hear verse spoken to a harp, as I imagined Homer to have spoken his, for it is not natural to enjoy an art when one is by oneself. Images used to rise up before me … of wild- eyed men speaking harmoniously to murmuring wires while audiences in many-coloured robes listened, hushed and excited” (E&I 14). His father, who read with great intensity and subtlety, had like many a Victorian father carefully superintended the growth of his son’s artistic sensibility.
Minstrel Abroad
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1907 Farr prepared for her first trip to America with great excitement, gathering letters of introduction, writing for engagements, printing publicity photographs, and seeking advice from friends who had preceded her abroad. Her mission was to introduce the psaltery as an instrument for chanting poems and classical choruses in preparation for a more extended tour with Yeats. In planning her programs, she wrote to Quinn on January 8 that “Mrs. Patrick Campbell thinks they would like me to give readings from Gilbert Murray’s Hippolytus with the choruses on a psaltery.
Dialectical approaches
Authors: Leopold David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Students are sometimes frustrated by what they see as the dominance of the analytical approach in contemporary political theory. Those frustrations can take a variety of forms, and be more or less justified. They can also make students receptive to the siren call of alternatives, both real and imagined, to that methodological mainstream. In this chapter, I cast a sceptical, but not dismissive, eye over one of the more seductively esoteric candidates for that role—the idea of a dialectical approach.
Political theory and the boundaries of politics
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of the boundaries of politics exercises many political theory students trying to find a properly political topic. Of course, it is a problem shared by all humanities and social sciences graduate students, struggling to comply with departments’ and institutions’ views about what’s properly disciplinary. But the politics case is especially interesting because ordinary political actors too, worlds away from academic work, face the challenge that they are not properly political actors. Their claims can be depoliticized, by being redefined by powerful others as personal, not political, for instance. Their speeches aren’t heard; their actions don’t count. Conversely, sometimes people find themselves on the receiving end of censure because they are behaving politically. The implication, of course, is that they are not behaving in a principled fashion, or that they are not attending to the merits of an issue so much as to the issue of who rules. Or, perhaps, they have broken a taboo and are talking out loud about matters of conviction and disagreement, rather than protecting the possibility of relatively friction-free social interaction by leaving certain tacit agreements intact.
Introduction
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tenth Muse explores writings on the cinema in the first decades of the twentieth century, examining the impact of cinema on early twentieth-century literary and, more broadly, aesthetic and cultural consciousness, and bringing together the terms and strategies of early writing about film with cinema ‘s interactions with literature in the same period. One of the book’s primary concerns is to open up the ways in which early writers about film–reviewers, critics, theorists–developed aesthetic and cultural categories to define and accommodate what was called ‘the seventh art’ or ‗the tenth muse‘ and found discursive strategies adequate to the representation of the new art and technology of cinema.