bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effectiveness of and patterns of interactions with automated searching assistance
Authors: Jansen Bernard J. , McNeese Michael D. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe report quantitative and qualitative results of an empirical evaluation to determine whether automated assistance improves searching performance and when searchers desire system intervention in the search process. Forty participants interacted with two fully functional information retrieval systems in a counterbalanced, within‐participant study. The systems were identical in all respects except that one offered automated assistance and the other did not. The study used a client‐side automated assistance application, an approximately 500,000‐document Text REtrieval Conference content collection, and six topics. Results indicate that automated assistance can improve searching performance. However, the improvement is less dramatic than one might expect, with an approximately 20% performance increase, as measured by the number of user‐selected relevant documents. Concerning patterns of interaction, we identified 1,879 occurrences of searcher– system interactions and classified them into 9 major categories and 27 subcategories or states. Results indicate that there are predictable patterns of times when searchers desire and implement searching assistance. The most common three‐state pattern isExecute Query–View Results: With Scrolling–View Assistance.Searchers appear receptive to automated assistance; there is a 71% implementation rate. There does not seem to be a correlation between the use of assistance and previous searching performance. We discuss the implications for the design of information retrieval systems and future research directions.
Out of the mouths of middle school children: I. Developing user‐defined controlled vocabularies for subject access in a digital library
Authors: Abbas June 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRepresentation and retrieval obstacles within a digital library designed for use by middle school children are presented. Representation of objects is key to retrieval. Tools used to create representations for children's resources, such as controlled vocabularies, need to be more age appropriate. Development of age‐appropriate controlled vocabularies requires us to learn more about the ways children interact with systems and form search strategies to represent their information needs. Children's search terms and questions are a rich resource for learning more about their information seeking process, their question state, and their formulation of searches. A method for gathering and using children's own search terms and the benefits of their utilization in developing more age‐appropriate controlled vocabularies are discussed.
Scavenging efficiency of rainfall on black carbon aerosols over an urban environment
Authors: Latha K. Madhavi , Badarinath K. V. S. , Reddy P. Manikya 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) aerosols are the optically absorbing part of carbonaceous aerosols that have significantly different optical and radiative properties. The present study addresses the estimation of black carbon aerosol scavenging coefficient by using ground‐based measurements over an urban environment of India, namely, Hyderabad. Extensive ground measurements of black carbon have been carried out during January to December 2004 over a tropical urban environment of Hyderabad. Seasonal variations of black carbon aerosol mass concentration showed high values during dry season and low values during monsoon season. The diurnal variations of BC suggest that the concentrations increased by a factor of ∼2 during morning and evening hours compared to afternoon hours. Drastic reduction in black carbon aerosol loading has been observed during rainy days. The statistical fit between black carbon aerosol mass concentration and rainfall suggests the reduction of ∼3.6 µg/m3 in atmospheric black carbon aerosol loading for every 1‐mm increase in rainfall intensity over the study area. The scavenging coefficient of black carbon aerosols is found to be 1.64 × 10−5 s−1. © Crown Copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of downwelling long‐wave radiation using cloud fraction obtained from laser cloud‐base measurements
Authors: Rooney G. G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA method is described for the estimation of downwelling long‐wave radiation in both cloudy and clear‐sky conditions. This method uses an estimate of cloud fraction, obtained from the output of a laser cloud‐base recorder, to modify the clear‐sky emissivity as calculated from standard near‐surface measurements. © Crown Copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal nutritional programming of fetal adipose tissue development: Long‐term consequences for later obesity
Authors: Budge Helen , Gnanalingham Mo G. , Gardner David S. , Mostyn Alison , Stephenson Terence , Symonds Michael E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAs obesity reaches epidemic levels in the United States there is an urgent need to understand the developmental pathways leading to this condition. Obesity increases the risk of hypertension and diabetes, symptoms of which are being seen with increased incidence in children. Adipocyte development begins in the fetus and, in contrast to all other tissues whose growth ceases in late juvenile life, it has the capacity for “unlimited” growth. In normal healthy individuals, the increase in fat mass with age is accompanied by a parallel increase in cortisol sensitivity, i.e., increased glucocorticoid receptor abundance and increased activity of the enzyme 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Enhanced adipocyte sensitivity to cortisol is promoted in offspring born to mothers that were nutrient‐restricted in utero in conjunction with increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α. This adaptation only appears to be associated with greater fat mass in the offspring when maternal nutrient restriction is confined to late gestation, coincident with the period of maximal fetal growth. In these offspring, increased fat mass is accompanied by glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, in conjunction with an adipose tissue specific reduction in glucose transporter 4 abundance. In conclusion, changes in maternal and, therefore, fetal nutrient supply at specific stages of gestation have the potential to substantially increase the risk of those offspring becoming obese in later life. The extent to which changes in dietary habits, both during pregnancy and in later life, may act to contribute to the current explosion in childhood and adult obesity remains a scientific and public health challenge to us all. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 75:193–199, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vertebrate myotome development
Authors: Hollway Georgina , Currie Peter 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe embryonic myotome generates both the axial musculature and the appendicular muscle of the fins and limbs. Early in embryo development the mesoderm is segmented into somites, and within these the primary myotome forms by a complex series of cellular movements and migrations. A new model of primary myotome formation in amniotes has emerged recently. The myotome also includes the muscle progenitor cells that are known to contribute to the secondary formation of the myotome. The adult myotome contains satellite cells that play an important role in adult muscle regeneration. Recent studies have shed light on how the growth and patterning of the myotome occurs. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 75:172–179, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional control of chondrocyte fate and differentiation
Authors: Lefebvre Véronique , Smits Patrick 
Published: September 2005

AbstractChondrogenesis is an essential process in vertebrates. It leads to the formation of cartilage growth plates, which drive body growth and have primary roles in endochondral ossification. It also leads to the formation of permanent cartilaginous tissues that provide major structural support in the articular joints and respiratory and auditory tracts throughout life. Defects in chondrogenesis cause chondrodysostoses and chondrodysplasias. These skeletal malformation diseases account for a significant proportion of birth defects in humans and can dramatically affect a person's expectancy and quality of life. Chondrogenesis occurs when pluripotent mesenchymal cells commit to the chondrocyte lineage, and through a series of differentiation steps build and eventually remodel cartilage. This review summarizes and discusses our current knowledge and lack of knowledge about the chondrocyte differentiation pathway, from mesenchymal cells to growth plate and articular chondrocytes, with a main focus on how it is controlled by tissue patterning and cell differentiation transcription factors, such as, but not limited to, Pax1 and Pax9, Nkx3.1 and Nkx3.2, Sox9, Sox5 and Sox6, Runx2 and Runx3, and c‐Maf. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 75:200–212, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro galactosylation of human IgG at 1 kg scale using recombinant galactosyltransferase
Authors: Warnock Dale , Bai Xiaomei , Autote Katie , Gonzales Johnny , Kinealy Kyle , Yan Boxu , Qian Jun , Stevenson Tom , Zopf David , Bayer Robert J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Fc effector functions of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are in part determined by structural features of carbohydrates linked to each of the paired gamma heavy chains in the antibody constant domain (CH2). One glycoform that has been shown to be advantageous is G2, where both arms of complex bi‐antennary N‐glycans terminate in galactose. In vitro treatment with glycosyltransferases can remodel heterogeneous IgG glycoforms, enabling preparation of IgG molecules with homogeneous glycan chains. Here we describe optimization of conditions for use of a soluble recombinant galactosyltransferase in vitro to remodel glycans of human serum IgG, and we demonstrate a scaled‐up reaction in which >98% of neutral glycans attached to 1 kg IgG are converted to the G2 glycoform. Removal of glycosylation reagents from the product is achieved in one step by affinity chromatography on immobilized Protein A. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcriptional and metabolic response of recombinant Escherichia coli to spatial dissolved oxygen tension gradients simulated in a scale‐down system
Authors: Lara Alvaro R. , Leal Lidia , Flores Noemí , Gosset Guillermo , Bolívar Francisco , Ramírez Octavio T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEscherichia coli, expressing recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP), was subjected to dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) oscillations in a two‐compartment system for simulating gradients that can occur in large‐scale bioreactors. Cells were continuously circulated between the anaerobic (0% DOT) and aerobic (10% DOT) vessels of the scale‐down system to mimic an overall circulation time of 50 s, and a mean residence time in the anaerobic and aerobic compartments of 33 and 17 s, respectively. Transcription levels of mixed acid fermentation genes (ldhA, poxB, frdD, ackA, adhE, pflD, and fdhF), measured by quantitative RT‐PCR, increased between 1.5‐ to over 6‐fold under oscillatory DOT compared to aerobic cultures (constant 10% DOT). In addition, the transcription level of fumB increased whereas it decreased for sucA and sucB, suggesting that the tricarboxylic acid cycle was functioning as two open branches. Gene transcription levels revealed that cytrochrome bd, which has higher affinity to oxygen but lower energy efficiency, was preferred over cytochrome bO3 in oscillatory DOT cultures. Post‐transcriptional processing limited heterologous protein production in the scale‐down system, as inferred from similar gfp transcription but 19% lower GFP concentration compared to aerobic cultures. Simulated DOT gradients also affected the transcription of genes of the glyoxylate shunt (aceA), of global regulators of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism (fnr, arcA, and arcB), and other relevant genes (luxS, sodA, fumA, and sdhB). Transcriptional changes explained the observed alterations in overall stoichiometric and kinetic parameters, and production of ethanol and organic acids. Differences in transcription levels between aerobic and anaerobic compartments were also observed, indicating that E. coli can respond very fast to intermittent DOT conditions. The transcriptional responses of E. coli to DOT gradients reported here are useful for establishing rational scale‐up criteria and strain design strategies for improved culture performance at large scales. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ measurement of bioluminescence and fluorescence in an integrated microbioreactor
Authors: Zanzotto Andrea , Boccazzi Paolo , Gorret Nathalie , Van Dyk Tina K. , Sinskey Anthony J. , Jensen Klavs F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractReporter strains of bacteria that emit light or a fluorescent marker in response to specific conditions in their environment are having a significant impact in many areas of biology, including toxicity assays for environmental pollutants, chemical detection, and gene expression profiling. We have demonstrated methods for in situ measurements of bioluminescence and fluorescence from bacterial cultures grown in 50 µL instrumented microbioreactors. Results from microbioreactors were compared to results obtained from conventional 500 mL batch bioreactors and shake flasks. Experiments were conducted with reporter strains of Escherichia coli in which luxCDABE or gfp was fused to a promoter that was either expressed constitutively, or that responded to oxygen limitation. With these reporter strains, we have demonstrated the ability to obtain information on growth conditions within the microbioreactor. We have also shown that the large aspect ratio of the microbioreactor provides a unique advantage over measurements in larger bioreactors by reducing the inner filter effect in on‐line measurements and eliminating the need for error‐prone off‐line dilutions. In addition, continuous on‐line monitoring of genes in real‐time, when expanded to include entire reporter libraries, could potentially provide a true dynamic picture of cellular gene expression from which the kinetics of gene expression can be untangled and elucidated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Value of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in women with breast cancer
Authors: Landheer M L E A , Steffens M G , Klinkenbijl J H G , Westenberg A H , Oyen W J G 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the staging of high-risk women with primary or recurrent breast cancer.

Methods
FDG-PET was performed in 42 women with a primary breast cancer and unfavourable characteristics, or who had a suspected relapse. FDG-PET and conventional staging methods were compared. In case of abnormality on FDG-PET, confirmation was always attempted.

Results
Increased uptake was found in five of 17 women with a primary cancer. In the 25 women with a suspected relapse, FDG-PET showed increased uptake in 43 areas, 22 correctly confirming the area of suspected relapse and 21 indicating other sites of metastases. Compared with conventional imaging, FDG-PET revealed additional (confirmed) lesions in two women with primary cancers and three with relapse. Patient management was changed for five women.

Conclusion
FDG-PET is a sensitive diagnostic method for the detection of distant metastatic disease. Its exact role in women with breast cancer remains to be defined.
Coexistence of a Meckel's diverticulum and a urachal remnant
Authors: Özel L.Z. , Talu M. , User Y. , Aydin N. , Marur T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMeckel's diverticulum, which is a remnant of the omphalomesenteric or vitelline duct, is the most common congenital abnormality of the gastrointestinal system. Urachal abnormalities, resulting from anomalous urogenital development, are not observed frequently and case reports are mainly represented in literature. The presence of these two congenital anomalies together is a very rare pathology. Complications arising from a Meckel's diverticulum or urachal remnant may clinically mimic acute appendicitis and other surgical pathologies. We report on a patient who underwent surgery for acute appendicitis when it was discovered that the symptoms were produced by a perforated Meckel's diverticulitis. In the course of the surgery, a urachal remnant was found to coexist with the diverticulum. Clin. Anat. 18:609–612, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superficial ulnar artery terminating in a normal ulnar artery
Authors: Mannan Ashim , Sarikcioglu Levent , Ghani Samuel , Hunter Alistair 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRoutine dissection of the left upper limb of an 86‐year‐old male cadaver showed a superficial ulnar artery that anastomosed with the ulnar artery. The superficial ulnar artery arose from the third part of the axillary artery, coursed distally over the flexor muscles of the forearm, and terminated by anastomosing with the ulnar artery in the distal third of the forearm. Arterial and neural variations were also observed on the contralateral side. The presence of a superficial ulnar artery is important clinically when raising forearm flaps in reconstructive surgery. Clin. Anat. 18:602–605, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical significance of suprascapular nerve mobilization
Authors: Bodily Kale D. , Spinner Robert J. , Shin Alexander Y. , Bishop Allen T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of the suprascapular nerve is important to surgeons when focal nerve lesions necessitate surgical repair. Recent experience with a patient who had a complete suprascapular nerve lesion in the retroclavicular region (combined with axillary and musculocutaneous nerve lesions) is presented to illustrate that successful direct nerve repair is possible despite resection of a neuroma. Specifically, we found that neurolysis and mobilization of the suprascapular nerve and release of the superior transverse scapular ligament provided the necessary nerve length to achieve direct nerve repair after the neuroma was removed. A combined supraclavicular and infraclavicular approach to the suprascapular nerve provided excellent visualization, especially in the retroclavicular region. Postoperatively, the patient recovered complete shoulder abduction and external rotation with the direct repair, an outcome uncommonly achieved with interpositional grafting. Based on our operative experience, we set out to quantify the length that the suprascapular nerve could be mobilized with neurolysis. Mobilization of the nerve and release of the superior transverse scapular ligament generated an average of 1.6 cm and 0.7 cm of extra nerve length respectively, totaling 2.3 cm of additional usable nerve length overall. The ability to expose the suprascapular nerve in the retroclavicular/infraclavicular region and to mobilize the suprascapular nerve for possible direct repair has not been previously emphasized and is clinically important. This surgical approach and technique permits direct nerve repair after resection of a focal neuroma in the retroclavicular or infraclavicular region, thus avoiding interpositional grafting, and improving outcomes. Clin. Anat. 18:573–579, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Heterometallic Clusters (Ir2Rh, Ir2W, Rh3) Containing 1,2‐Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12)‐1,2‐dithiolate Chelate Ligands, [(B10H10)C2S2]2−
Authors: Wang Jian‐Qiang , Cai Shuyi , Jin Guo‐Xin , Weng Lin‐Hong , Herberhold Max 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe 16‐electron half‐sandwich complex [Cp*Ir{S2C2(B10H10)}] (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5) (1 a) reacts with [{Rh(cod)(μ‐Cl)}2] (cod=cycloocta‐1,5‐diene, C8H12) in different molar ratios to give three products, [{Cp*Ir[S2C2(B10H9)]}Rh(cod)] (2), trans‐[{Cp*Ir[S2C2(B10H9)]}Rh{[S2C2(B10H10)]IrCp*}] (3), and [Rh2(cod)2{(μ‐SH)(μ‐SC)(CH)(B10H10)}] (4). Complex 3 contains an Ir2Rh backbone with two different IrRh bonds (3.003(3) and 2.685(3) Å). The dinuclear complex 2 reacts with the mononuclear 16‐electron complex 1 a to give 3 in refluxing toluene. Reaction of 1 a with [W(CO)3(py)3] (py=C5H5N) in the presence of BF3⋅EtO2 leads to the trinuclear cluster [{Cp*Ir[S2C2(B10H10)]}2W(CO)2] (5) together with [{Cp*Ir(CO)[S2C2(B10H10)]}W(CO)5] (6), and [Cp*Ir(CO){S2C2(B10H10)}] (7). Analogous reactions of [Cp*Rh{S2C2(B10H10)}] (1 b) with [{Rh(cod)(μ‐Cl)}2] were investigated and two complexes cis‐[{Cp*Rh[S2C2(B10H10)]}2Rh] (8) and trans‐[{Cp*Rh[S2C2(B10H10)]}2Rh] (9) were obtained. In refluxing THF solution, the cisoid 8 is converted in more than 95 % yield to the transoid 9. All new complexes 2–9 were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 11B NMR) and X‐ray diffraction structural analyses are reported for complexes 2–5, 8, and 9.
Exploring and Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of Glycoconjugates
Authors: Doores Katie J. , Gamblin David. P. , Davis Benjamin G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCarbohydrates, either bound to proteins or in lipids, play essential roles as communication molecules in many intercellular and intracellular processes. In particular, carbohydrates are important mediators of cell–cell recognition events and have been implicated in related processes such as cell signaling regulation, cellular differentiation and immune response. This diverse utility has long suggested the power of carbohydrates in therapeutic approaches. This Concepts article highlights the recent potential uses of glycoconjugates as therapeutics, with particular reference to glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycodendrimers, and glycoarrays.
Asymmetric Sulfonium Ylide Mediated Cyclopropanation: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (+)‐LY354740
Authors: Aggarwal Varinder K. , Grange Emma 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe reaction of ester‐stabilized sulfonium ylides with cyclopentenone to give (+)‐5 ((1S,5R,6S)‐ethyl 2‐oxobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane‐6‐carboxylate), an important precursor to the pharmacologically important compound (+)‐LY354740, has been studied using chiral sulfides operating in both catalytic (sulfide, Cu(acac)2, ethyl diazoacetate, 60 °C) and stoichiometric modes (sulfonium salt, base, room temperature). It was found that the reaction conditions employed had a major influence over both diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. Under catalytic conditions, good enantioselectivity with low diastereoselectivity was observed, but under stoichiometric conditions low enantioselectivity with high diastereoselectivity was observed. When the stoichiometric reactions were conducted at high dilution, diastereoselectivity was reduced. This indicated that base‐mediated betaine equilibration was occurring (which is slow relative to ring closure at high dilution). Based on this model, conditions for achieving high enantioselectivity were established as follows: use of a preformed ylide, absence of base, hindered ester (to reduce ylide‐mediated betaine equilibration), and low concentration. Under these conditions high enantioselectivity (95 % ee) was achieved, albeit with low diastereocontrol. Our model for selectivity has been applied to other sulfonium ylide mediated cyclopropanation reactions and successfully accounts for the diastereoselectivity observed in all such reported reactions to date.