bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual function tests, eye disease and symptoms of visual disability: a population‐based assessment
Authors: Ivers Rebecca Q , Mitchell Paul , Cumming Robert G 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: To examine associations between eye disease and tests of visual function with self‐reported visual disability. Methods: The Blue Mountains Eye Study is a cross‐sectional census‐based survey of eye disease in two postcode areas in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, Australia. Of 4433 eligible residents, 3654 (82.4%) participated. Subjects had a detailed eye examination, including tests of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, disability glare and visual field. Lens and retinal photographs were taken and graded according to standardized protocols for presence of cataract, early and late age‐related maculopathy, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion and other eye diseases. An interviewer‐administered questionnaire included questions about perception of visual disability. Results: Scores on all tests of visual function significantly decreased with age (P < 0.0001). This decrease persisted for all tests except disability glare after excluding subjects with identifiable eye disease. The presence of one or more eye diseases was significantly associated with all (self‐reported) measures of visual disability (trouble driving at night, difficulty recognizing a friend across the street, reading a newspaper or recognizing detail on television); mixed cataract (cortical and nuclear, or posterior subcapsular and nuclear) was associated with trouble driving at night and difficulty recognizing a friend across the street. A 10‐letter (two‐line) decrease in best corrected or presenting visual acuity was significantly associated with all self‐reported measures of visual disability, as was a two‐step decrease in contrast sensitivity. A five‐point increase in points missing in the visual field was weakly but significantly associated with all self‐reported measures of visual disability except trouble driving at night. Conclusions: Visual function declines with age. Impaired visual function was strongly, and eye disease relatively weakly associated with reports of visual disability.
Diplopia from peribulbar ropivicaine
Authors: Wells Anthony P , Maslin Keith 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report a previously undescribed side‐effect of ropivicaine (Naropin) used in peribulbar anaesthesia. Methods: We report nine cases identified prospectively with symptomatic diplopia, predominantly vertical, following Ropivicaine use for peribulbar anaesthesia in routine cataract surgery. These nine cases occurred in a 10‐week period from a total of 77 patients given 7 mL peribulbar ropivicaine (10 mg/mL) with 750 units hyalase prior to cataract extraction by a single surgical team. Results: None of the cases had preoperative ocular motility disturbances and none had superior rectus traction sutures. All diplopia resolved in less than 30 h. Conclusions: Ropivicaine may have a prolonged motor block resulting in diplopia of up to 30 h duration after peribulbar anaesthesia.
Comparison of orbital colour Doppler findings with computed tomography angiography
Authors: Gillies Bill , Scott Mark , Brooks Anne , Kay Jenny , Ryan Lyn 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTColour Doppler imaging (CDI) of orbital vessels is non‐ invasive but may be fallacious, while computed tomography (CT) angiography displays a visual outline of orbital vessels. We compared clinical findings of the two methods in 33 patients with a wide variety of clinical conditions. It was not possible to visualize the central retinal arteries with CT angiography, but it was possible to show the intracranial carotid, which CDI could not. Changes in the ophthalmic arteries on CDI usually showed changes in calibre on CT angiography. Patients with unexplained or gross visual loss often showed marked abnormalities on CT scanning, not entirely consistent with the clinical picture. Several patients showed marked ectasia of the intracranial carotid along with variable clinical findings. Findings on CT angiography complement and augment those on CDI, and are likely to be more clinically valuable in the future.
Beta radiation as an adjunct to low‐risk trabeculectomy
Authors: Barnes Rachel M , Mora Justin S , Best Stephen J 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess a single dose of intraoperative beta radiation used to enhance the success rate of trabeculectomy in a population of low‐risk glaucoma patients in whom antimetabolites might not be indicated. Methods: A prospective randomized trial of 65 eyes was designed, with 31 eyes receiving 750 rads of intraoperative beta radiation (group 1), and 34 eyes receiving no supplementation (group 2). Results: Mean follow‐up time was 24 months. Mean postoperative intraocular pressure was 12.2 mmHg in group 1, and 13.7 mmHg in group 2 (P = 0.16). Mean decrease in intraocular pressure was 10.3 mmHg in group 1, and 9.3 mmHg in group 2 (P = 0.49). The two groups were not significantly different in terms of surgical complications. Conclusion: For this population of low‐risk patients, there was no significant difference in outcome after applications of a single intraoperative dose of beta radiation.
Ocular trauma in an urban population in southern India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study
Authors: Dandona Lalit , Dandona Rakhi , Srinivas M. , John Rajesh K. , McCarty Catherine A , Rao Gullapalli N 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the cumulative prevalence of ocular trauma and presence of vision loss due to ocular trauma in an urban population in southern India. Methods: As part of the population‐based Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study, 2522 people of all ages from 24 clusters representative of the population of Hyderabad city in southern India, underwent a detailed interview and standardized dilated ocular evaluation. An eye was considered to be blind due to trauma if best corrected distance visual acuity was worse than 6/60 due to trauma. Results: One hundred and thirteen subjects gave a history of ocular trauma and another two had evidence of ocular trauma by examination, a combined age–sex‐adjusted rate of 3.97% (95% CI 2.52–5.42%). Blindness in one eye due to trauma was present in 17 subjects, and in both eyes in one subject, a combined age–sex‐adjusted prevalence of 0.60% (95% CI 0.23–1.04%). Visual acuity in all the blind eyes except one was worse than 3/60. With multiple logistic regression, the odds of blindness in at least one eye due to trauma were highest for current age range of 30–39 years (odds ratio 6.33, 95% CI 1.69–23.77 compared with a current age of less than 30 years), were significantly higher for lower socioeconomic status (3.74, 95% CI 1.18–11.84), and were higher for males (2.48, 95% CI 0.91–6.82) though this did not reach statistical significance. Trauma resulting in blindness had occurred by the age of 15 years in 55% of subjects, and before the age of 40 years in 92.1% of subjects; this had occurred most commonly while playing (53.6% of the cases). With multiple logistic regression, the odds ratios for any ocular trauma were significantly higher for males (2.10, 95% CI 1.40–3.15), and for labourers than for other occupations (2.50, 95% CI 1.62–3.86). Conclusions: Ocular trauma affects one in 25 people in this urban population in India, and one in 167 people in this population are estimated to be blind in at least one eye due to trauma. The majority of the trauma resulting in blindness occurs during childhood and young adulthood, and slightly more than half occurs while playing. Targeting mothers and children of lower socioeconomic strata in eye health awareness strategies to reduce blindness due to trauma needs to be considered in urban India. Key words: blindness, India, population‐based, trauma, urban.
Primary posterior capsulorhexis with optic capture and intracameral heparin in paediatric cataract surgery
Authors: Dada Tanuj , Dada V K , Sharma Namrata , Vajpayee Rasik B 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Purpose: To study the efficacy of using a primary posterior capsulorhexis with optic capture and intracameral heparin in preventing secondary posterior capsule opacification, in paediatric cataract surgery. Methods: Primary posterior capsulorhexis and optic capture with a heparin‐coated intraocular lens (IOL) was performed after lens aspiration in 14 cataractous eyes of 13 children (group 1). Ten international units of heparin were added in the irrigating solution. The results were compared with 14 eyes of 11 children who underwent a similar surgical procedure but without a posterior capsulorhexis (group 2). Results: The mean age of the patients in group 1 was 4.2 ± 1.5 years (mean ± SD) and in group 2 was 4.5 ± 1.8 years (range 3–6 years in both the groups). The mean duration of follow up was 36 ± 6.4 months in group 1 and 38 ± 8.1 months in group 2. A best corrected visual acuity of 6/24 or better was achieved in 12 eyes in group 1 and 11 eyes in group 2. The visual axis remained clear in all the eyes in group 1, while 8 eyes (57.14%) in group 2 developed posterior capsule opacification (P = 0.0034) which required a neodymium:yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser capsulotomy. Conclusions: Lens aspiration using intracameral heparin, combined with primary posterior capsulorhexis and optic capture of a heparin‐coated IOL, is a useful technique to prevent secondary visual axis opacification in paediatric cataracts.
Infectious keratitis in orthokeratology
Authors: Hutchinson Kenneth , Apel Andrew 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOrthokeratology is a method of changing refraction in myopic patients by using rigid contact lenses to reduce the curvature of the cornea. This treatment was in use in the two cases of corneal ulcer described in this paper and appears to have contributed to the development of their disease. As with extended wear contact lenses, patients undergoing orthokeratology treatment are frequently advised to wear the orthokeratology lenses overnight increasing the risk of corneal ulceration and infection. Patients should be adequately warned of the associated risks and advised that any envisaged benefits of the procedure are temporary.
Visual field assessment and the Austroads driving standard
Authors: McLean Isabel M , Mueller Elisabeth , Buttery Robert G , Mackey David A 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Purpose: To compare the conventional (Humphrey 24‐2) automated visual field testing with the Goldmann standard visual field test for driving, and to predict how many patients with glaucoma may not meet the Australian driving standard with respect to visual fields. Methods: Four patients (retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma or vigabatrin treatment) with marked visual field defects as determined by uniocular static computerized perimetry (conventional testing) were re‐evaluated with binocular kinetic Goldmann IV4e target field test (Australian driving standard). A series of 48 consecutive patients seen by the Glaucoma Inheritance Study in Tasmania were assessed with both static computerized perimetry and the Goldmann IV4e target test. Results: The four patients with severe visual field defects (on computerized perimetry) were found to meet the driving standard on the binocular Goldmann IV4e target test. On computerized perimetry, 15 of 48 patients from the Glaucoma Inheritance Study in Tasmania were found to have visual field defects of sufficient severity that they may not meet the driving standard. However, only five of these patients failed the driving standard for visual fields, two of whom were still driving. Conclusions: Patients with severe field defects on conventional uniocular automated perimetry may still meet the Goldmann standard visual field test for driving. Approximately 30% of glaucoma patients would have visual field loss shown on Humphrey 24‐2 test of a severity that requires further testing to determine if they meet the driving standard. Ten per cent of glaucoma patients tested did not meet the driving standard for visual fields.
Relationship between intraocular pressure and systemic health parameters in a Korean population
Authors: Lee Jong Soo , Lee Sang Hyup , Oum Boo Sup , Chung Joo Sup , Cho Byung Mann , Hong Jong Wook 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and age and obesity, adjusted for systemic health parameters such as sex and mean blood pressure, in a Korean population. Methods: A total of 13 212 healthy participants underwent automated multiphasic tests, including tonometry, automated perimetry, fundus photography, blood pressure and body mass index (BMI). Six age groups were used, divided by decades ranging from 20−29 years to 70+ years. The association between IOP and systemic health para­meters was examined using cross‐sectional analysis. Results: The median age of participants was 47.6 years (range 20−84 years), and 6684 (50.6%) of participants were men. The mean IOP of participants was 15.5 mmHg. The mean IOP, blood pressure and BMI values were significantly higher in men than in women (P < 0.05). The overall prevalence of ocular hypertension, defined as IOP >21 mmHg without signs of glaucomatous visual field loss or optic disc damage, was 6.1% in men and 2.5% in women. Intraocular pressure was associated with mean blood pressure, sex, age and BMI by multiple regression analysis (P < 0.05). The relationship between IOP and age adjusted for sex, mean blood pressure and BMI had a significantly negative tendency for both sexes (P < 0.05). Body mass index had a significantly positive relation with IOP after controlling for age, sex and mean blood pressure in men (P < 0.05), but not in women. Conclusions: In this Korean population, after multiple adjust­ment, IOP was found to decrease with age and to increase with BMI in men.
Femoral Vein Stasis During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Effect of an Intermittent Sequential Pneumatic Compression Device
Authors: Isoda Norio , Suzuki Takanori , Ido Kenichi , Kawamoto Chiaki , Nagamine Nobuhiko , Sohara Hiromitsu , Ono Kazunori , Kumagai Machio , Hirayama Yoshimi , Sugano Kentaro 
Published: March 2003

Background:
During laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), venous stasis of the legs may occur which cannot be prevented by a graded compression bandage used for a standard laparotomy. In this study, we investigated whether femoral vein stasis during LC could be prevented using an intermittent sequential pneumatic compression device (IPC).Methods:
The effects of an IPC on blood flow in the legs prior to pneumoperitoneum (baseline), at pneumoperitoneum, at postural change and at deflation were examined by color Doppler ultrasonography on each of two groups, namely the patients without an IPC on the lower extremities (group 1, n = 20) and the patients with an IPC (group 2, n = 20).Results:
The peak femoral vein velocity in group 1 at a pneumoperitoneum pressure of 10 mmHg in the reverse Trendelenburg's position was significantly decreased to 29.3 ± 3.4% of the baseline value (P < 0.05). However, in group 2, the velocity was maintained and there was no significant decrease. The blood flow velocity when the IPC was used significantly differed from that when the IPC was not used (P < 0.01). The area of the femoral vein in group 1 at a pneumoperitoneum pressure of 10 mmHg in the reverse Trendelenburg's position significantly increased to 379.5 ± 16.3% of the baseline value (P < 0.05). In group 2, it significantly increased to 387.0 ± 19.1% (P < 0.05). However, the area of the femoral vein when the IPC was used did not significantly differ from that when the IPC was not used.Conclusion:
The use of an IPC maintained the peak femoral vein velocity even under pneumoperitoneum and in the reverse Trendelenburg's position.
Gastric Wall Structure Using a 30 MHz Endoscopic Ultrasound Probe, Focusing upon Delineation of the Muscularis Mucosae
Authors: Yoshino Junji , Nakazawa Saburo , Inui Kazuo , Katoh Yoshimichi , Wwkabayashi Takao , Okushima Kazumu , Kobayashi Takashi , Nakamura Yuta , Watanabe Shinya , Asakura Naoko 
Published: March 2003

Background:
The normal gastric wall has been reported to appear to be a five‐layered structure. The structure of the gastric wall using a 30 MHz endoscopic ultrasound probe and especially the identification of the muscularis mucosae (MM), has not been analyzed clearly.Methods:
In a basic study, 11 sections of normal gastric wall with 26 horizontally inserted nylon sutures were immersed in water. The sections were scanned and the findings correlated using standard histology. In a clinical study, 15 early gastric cancers were examined by a 30 MHz endoscopic ultrasound probe.Results:
In a basic study, layers deeper than the lower part of the submucosa could not be seen using ultrasonography. The first to fourth layers represented the mucosal layer except the MM, the fifth layer (high‐echo layer) represented the boundary echo and a part of the MM, while the sixth layer (low‐echo layer) represented the rest of the MM. The muscularis mucosae was seen clearly in all samples. In a clinical study the layers deeper than the submucosal layer could not be seen and the MM was visible in 87% of cases. The depth of invasion was estimated accurately in 90% of mucosal cancers and in 80% of submucosal cancers.Conclusion:
A 30 MHz endoscopic ultrasound probe, which cannot image the entire gastric wall, can visualize the MM and may help to confirm the structure of gastric wall layers and improve the ability to determine the depth of invasion in gastric cancer.
INTRABILIARY OBSTRUCTION DUE TO RUPTURED HEPATIC HYDATID CYST: EVALUATION WITH COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: Tsitouridis Joannis , Kouklakis George , Tsitouridis Kostantinos , Melidis Dimitrios , Krokos Nikolaos , Emmanoyilidoy Maria 
Published: March 2003

Background: One of the most common and very serious complications of a hepatic echinococcal cyst is the intrabiliary rupture of the cyst and, in some cases, the obstruction of the biliary system. The effectiveness of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was evaluated for the preoperative diagnosis of hydatid cyst into the biliary tree.Methods: The techniques of CT, MRI and magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography were used to examine nine cases of intrabiliary rupture of the hepatic hydatid cyst. The confirmation of the diagnosis was made at surgery in four cases and with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in five cases.Results: By using CT and MRI, the intrabiliary rupture of an echinococcal cyst was diagnosed readily and accurately in all cases. In eight cases, we found a dilated intrahepatic biliary vessel near the ruptured echinococcal cyst, without any evidence of communication between the cyst and the biliary system. Also in six cases there was an abnormal configuration of the terminal part of the biliary radicle.Conclusion: This study suggests that a dilated biliary radicle with conical configuration of its end‐part and in close proximity with hydatid cyst is strong evidence of previous or active rupture of hydatid cyst into the biliary system. A combined study of CT or MRI and MR cholangiography is mandatory for proper preoperative evaluation of the intrabiliary rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst.
LAPAROSCOPIC WEDGE BIOPSY OF THE LIVER WITH USE OF AN ULTRASONICALLY ACTIVATED SCALPEL
Authors: Seki Shuichi , Sakaguchi Hiroki , Kadoya Hirokazu , Morikawa Hiroyasu , Kitada Takuya , Habu Daiki , Tamori Akihiro , Nishiguchi Shuhei , Shiomi Susumu 
Published: March 2003

Background: Wedge biopsy of the liver yields more accurate diagnosis of liver diseases than does needle biopsy, but is usually more invasive. We have designed a new method for laparoscopic wedge biopsy under local anesthesia with use of an ultrasonically activated scalpel.Methods: We performed wedge biopsy in seven patients with liver diseases. Under local anesthesia, two trocars punctured the abdomen and the edge of the liver was dissected with the scalpel. We evaluated the differences in operating time, grade of pain during/after the biopsy, changes of laboratory data and changes of body temperature, between seven wedge and 18 needle biopsies.Results: No differences were found in all factors between wedge and needle biopsies.Conclusions: This new method of laparoscopic wedge biopsy under local anesthesia was safe and more useful than needle biopsy. It was also no more invasive than needle biopsy.
Korean experience of superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancer
Authors: Kim Hyun Shig , Lee Jung Dal , Kim Kwang Yun 
Published: March 2003

Background: Unlike the adenoma–carcinoma sequence theory, the de novo carcinoma theory has been highlighted recently because of the emergence of superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancers. In addition, some flat‐elevated or sessile‐type early colorectal cancers have been identified as originating from superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancers. Thus, studies of superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancers may provide an opportunity to clarify the morphogenesis of colorectal cancers in the foreseeable future.Methods: The authors studied 231 cases of early colorectal cancer from 1997 to 2000. Among them, 17 cases (7.4%) were superficial depressed‐type. According to Kudo's classification, the 17 lesions were classified as three types based on their growth patterns: IIc, IIa + IIc, and Is + IIc. They were also classified as sm‐s (sm1) and sm‐m (sm2–3) cancers based on the depth of submucosal invasion according to Kudo's classification. They were analyzed with emphasis on size, depth of submucosal invasion and treatment.Results: Type IIc lesions were 11 mm in diameter on average; types IIa + IIc and Is + IIc had diameters of 15 mm and 11 mm on average, respectively. Sm‐m cancers' diameters were all larger than 10 mm. Fifty‐seven percent (57%) of type IIc cancers were submucosally invasive, while 90% of type IIa + IIc and type Is + IIc cancers together were submucosally invasive. The overall surgical resection rate was 41.2%, and surgical resection was performed in 80% of the sm‐m cases.Conclusion: Recognition of superficial depressed‐type early colorectal cancers, especially type IIa + IIc and type Is + IIc cancers, is important because their biological behavior will most likely be different from that of the usual protruding early cancers. Accordingly, the treatment modality should be selected prudentially, and early detection is imperative in order for their sizes to be less than 10 mm.