bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historias de migrantes y sus razones para la emigración: guatemaltecos en movimiento
Authors: Spohn Monica 
Published: October 2023

Este estudio instrumental de caso único está diseñado para conocer los motivos que tienen los migrantes para emigrar, en el marco de los desafíos y las oportunidades existentes en Guatemala, su país de procedencia. Se entrevistó a ocho emigrantes (dos mujeres y seis hombres) para comprender mejor sus experiencias personales y también para analizar el papel que tienen la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, por sus siglas en inglés), el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Centroamérica (CAFTA, por sus siglas en inglés) y las condiciones internas de Guatemala en las decisiones que tomaron los participantes de emigrar a los EE.UU. El estudio estuvo guiado por las siguientes preguntas centrales: (1) ¿Cómo explican los emigrantes sus razones para salir de su país? (2) ¿De qué manera las condiciones internas de Guatemala motivan la emigración? (3) Y ¿de qué manera se relacionan estas razones con las políticas de los EE. UU., si están relacionadas? Los datos se obtuvieron de varias fuentes. Las publicaciones sobre la historia de Guatemala y las inversiones e impactos actuales del USAID ayudan a comprender el contexto que existe en Guatemala por el que ocurre la emigración, asimismo, las entrevistas con los emigrantes en los EE.UU. y Guatemala proporcionan datos sobre las experiencias personales en cuanto a la emigración. Los principales resultados obtenidos fueron que las grandes dificultades económicas y la falta de oportunidades fueron las razones por las que los emigrantes decidieron irse a los EE.UU. Ninguno de los participantes, salvo uno de ellos, recibió asistencia y esta no influyó en la decisión de emigrar de dicha persona. La mitad de los participantes indicó que no hubiese emigrado si los programas de desarrollo les hubieran ofrecido oportunidades educativas y laborales.
A Solution Verification Study for URANS Simulations of Flow Over a 5:1 Rectangular Cylinder Using Grid Convergence Index and Least Squares Procedures
Authors: Nandi Tarak N. , Yeo DongHun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A verification study was conducted for URANS (Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes) simulations of flow around a 5:1 rectangular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 56,700 (based on the cylinder depth) using the k–ω SST (shear stress transport) turbulence model and the γ−Reθ transition model for three types of grids (a fully structured grid and two hybrid grids generated using Delaunay and advancing front techniques). The grid convergence index (GCI) and least squares (LS) procedures were employed to estimate discretization error and associated uncertainties. The result indicates that the LS procedure provides the most reliable estimates of discretization error uncertainties for solution variables in the structured grid from the k–ω SST model. From the six solution variables of interest, the highest relative uncertainty was typically observed in the root-mean-square (rms) of lift coefficient, followed by time-averaged reattachment length and peak rms of pressure coefficient on the top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder. The solution variable with the lowest uncertainty was Strouhal number, followed by time-averaged drag coefficient. It is also noted that the GCI and LS procedures produce noticeably different uncertainty estimates, primarily due to inconsistences in their estimated observed orders of accuracy and safety factors. To successfully apply the procedures to practical problems, further research is required to reliably estimate uncertainties in solutions with “noisy” grid convergence behaviors and observed orders of accuracy.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of Toddlers' Regional Foot Pressure Distribution and Center of Pressure at Antero-Posterior Axis During Learning of Standing
Authors: Pourreza Elmira , Yaradanakul Naci B. , Cengiz Berat C. , Duyan Camurdan Aysu , Zinnuroglu Murat , Gurses Senih 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We investigated quiet stance of newly standing toddlers every three months (trimesters) of their second year of life. Their anteroposterior center-of-pressure (CoPx) velocity and centroidal frequency (CFREQ: 2.36 ± 0.10 to 1.50 ± 0.11 Hz) decreased over time. Besides, mean pressures revealed a potential role-sharing of foot regions in learning and control aspects of standing, with hindfoot carrying the highest (23.89 ± 6.47 kPa) pressure while forefoot the lowest (10.26 ± 2.51 kPa). The highest CFREQ of pressure signal was at midfoot. Through regional CoPx, forefoot has manifested the highest CFREQ (2.10 ± 0.40 Hz) and 90% power frequency (90%PF), whereas hindfoot presented the lowest (CFREQ: 1.80 ± 0.33 Hz). CFREQ and 90%PF of pressure and regional CoPx significantly decreased throughout the trimesters.
Modeling Study on the Geometric Optimization of Thermoelectric Modules
Authors: Zhu Yuhao , Li Kewen , Linghu Jianshe , Yuan Pei , Zuo Sheng , Weng Zhenkun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The performance of thermoelectric power generators (TEGs) primarily depends on the properties of the thermoelectric materials employed. For conventional thermoelectric modules (TEM) utilizing the same material, the geometric parameters also play a significant role in determining TEM performance. As such, optimizing the geometry of TEM can lead to improved performance. In this study, TEM were modeled, designed, fabricated, and tested to investigate the effects of different geometric parameters on their performance. Numerical simulations were conducted under both constant temperature and constant flow boundary conditions, and the results were validated through experimental testing. The simulation results under constant flow boundary conditions exhibited good agreement with the experimental results. The effects of thickness, cross-sectional area, and filling ratio of thermoelectric legs on TEM performance were investigated through numerical simulations and compared with findings from previous studies. It was observed that increasing the cross-sectional area of the thermoelectric legs led to a decrease in the power output of TEM. Conversely, increasing the filling ratio effectively enhanced the TEM's performance. Furthermore, an optimal thermoelectric leg thickness was identified through the numerical simulations that could yield the maximum power output of TEM. The underlying mechanism behind this observation was explained, shedding light on why different reports have identified different optimal thicknesses. Optimizing the thermoelectric leg thickness can help maintain a high effective temperature difference and low internal resistance, which can vary based on the specific type of TEM and the thickness and thermal conductivity of the insulating substrates and copper sheets.
Trends in antifungal resistance in
Candida
from a multicenter study conducted in Madrid (CANDIMAD study): fluconazole-resistant
C. parapsilosis
spreading has gained traction in 2022
Authors: Díaz-García Judith , Machado Marina , Alcalá Luis , Reigadas Elena , Pérez-Ayala Ana , Gómez-García de la Pedrosa Elia , Gónzalez-Romo Fernando , Cuétara María Soledad , García-Esteban Coral , Quiles-Melero Inmaculada , Zurita Nelly Daniela , Muñoz-Algarra María , Durán-Valle María Teresa , Sánchez-García Aida , Muñoz Patricia , Escribano Pilar , Guinea Jesus ,   on behalf of the CANDIMAD study group, Díaz-García Judith , Mesquida Aina , Gómez Ana , Machado Marina , Alcalá Luis , Reigadas Elena , Sánchez-Carrillo Carlos , Muñoz Patricia , Escribano Pilar , Guinea Jesús , Pérez-Ayala Ana , Pérez-Muñoz Rosaura , Vera-González María del Carmen , Gómez-García De La Pedrosa Elia , González-Romo Fernando , Merino-Amador Paloma , Cuétara María Soledad , Sánchez-García Aída , García-Esteban Coral , Cuevas-Lobato Oscar , Bernal Guadalupe , Zurita Nelly Daniela , Gutiérrez-Cobos Ainhoa , Muñoz-Algarra María , Sánchez-Romero Isabel , Quiles-Melero Inmaculada , San Juan-Delgado Florinda , Durán-Valle María Teresa , Gil-Romero Yolanda , Fraile Torres Arturo Manuel 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

We previously conducted a multicenter surveillance study on
Candida
epidemiology and antifungal resistance in Madrid (CANDIMAD study; 2019–2021), detecting an increase in fluconazole-resistant
Candida parapsilosis
. We here present data on isolates collected in 2022. Furthermore, we report the epidemiology and antifungal resistance trends during the entire period, including an analysis per ward of admission.
Candida
spp. incident isolates from blood cultures and intra-abdominal samples from patients cared for at 16 hospitals in Madrid, Spain, were tested with the EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2 method against amphotericin B, azoles, micafungin, anidulafungin, and ibrexafungerp and were molecularly characterized. In 2022, we collected 766
Candida
sp. isolates (686 patients; blood cultures, 48.8%).
Candida albicans
was the most common species found, and
Candida auris
was undetected. No resistance to amphotericin B was found. Overall, resistance to echinocandins was low (0.7%), whereas fluconazole resistance was 12.0%, being higher in blood cultures (16.0%) mainly due to fluconazole-resistant
C. parapsilosis
clones harboring the Y132F-R398I ERG11p substitutions. Ibrexafungerp showed
in vitro
activity against the isolates tested. Whereas
C. albicans
was the dominant species in most hospital wards, we observed increasing
C. parapsilosis
proportions in blood. During the entire period, echinocandin resistance rates remained steadily low, while fluconazole resistance increased in blood from 6.8% (2019) to 16% (2022), mainly due to fluconazole-resistant
C. parapsilosis
(2.6% in 2019 to 36.6% in 2022). Up to 7 out of 16 hospitals were affected by fluconazole-resistant
C. parapsilosis
. In conclusion, rampant clonal spreading of
C. parapsilosis
fluconazole-resistant genotypes is taking place in Madrid.
Kinetics of severe dengue virus infection and development of gut pathology in mice
Authors: Pliego Zamora Adriana , Kim Jaehyeon , Vajjhala Parimala R. , Thygesen Sara J. , Watterson Daniel , Modhiran Naphak , Bielefeldt-Ohmann Helle , Stacey Katryn J. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

Severe dengue virus (DENV) infection can cause hemorrhage and shock, with onset at a time when viremia is decreasing and fever has abated. The factors contributing to the sudden deterioration of patient condition are debated. Gastrointestinal symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are prevalent in severe diseases. The reported correlation of serum lipopolysaccharide levels with disease severity suggests that the gut barrier is compromised. We examined gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pathology in dengue infection, employing AG129 and
Ifnar1
−/−
mice, as models of primary or antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, respectively. DENV replication peaked early in the spleen, with infected cells appearing later in the GIT, followed by kidney and liver. On day 4 of infection, histological examination showed that DENV-mediated inflammation and tissue damage were severe in the GIT, with non-GIT tissues showing only limited pathology. The inflammatory pathology was found in focal areas, first in the small intestine and later in the proximal and distal colon. The main features included infiltration by neutrophils and monocytes, edema, villus blunting, exfoliation of enterocytes, crypt abscesses, lymphocyte depletion within Peyer’s patches, and mucus discharge from goblet cells. Loss and thinning of the mucus layer resulted in aberrant contact of luminal bacteria with the gut epithelial cells. We hypothesize that DENV-induced gut inflammation compromises the integrity of the gut barrier, subsequently promoting severe dengue disease.

IMPORTANCE
Dengue virus, an arbovirus, causes an estimated 100 million symptomatic infections annually and is an increasing threat as the mosquito range expands with climate change. Dengue epidemics are a substantial strain on local economies and health infrastructure, and an understanding of what drives severe disease may enable treatments to help reduce hospitalizations. Factors exacerbating dengue disease are debated, but gut-related symptoms are much more frequent in severe than mild cases. Using mouse models of dengue infection, we have shown that inflammation and damage are earlier and more severe in the gut than in other tissues. Additionally, we observed impairment of the gut mucus layer and propose that breakdown of the barrier function exacerbates inflammation and promotes severe dengue disease. This idea is supported by recent data from human patients showing elevated bacteria-derived molecules in dengue patient serum. Therapies aiming to maintain gut integrity may help to abrogate severe dengue disease.
A double-negative feedback loop between NtrBC and a small RNA rewires nitrogen metabolism in legume symbionts
Authors: García-Tomsig Natalia I. , García-Rodriguez Fernando M. , Guedes-García Sabina K. , Millán Vicenta , Becker Anke , Robledo Marta , Jiménez-Zurdo José I. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

The nitrogen (N) status transduced
via
the NtrBC two-component system is a major signaling cue in the root nodule endosymbiosis of diazotrophic rhizobia with legumes. NtrBC is upregulated in the N-limiting rhizosphere environment at the onset of nodulation but silenced in nodules to favor the assimilation of the fixed N into plant biomass. We reported that the
trans
-acting sRNA NfeR1 (Nodule Formation Efficiency RNA) broadly influences the symbiotic performance of the α-rhizobium
Sinorhizobium meliloti
. Here, we show that NfeR1 is indeed an N-responsive sRNA that fine-tunes NtrBC output during the symbiotic transition. Biochemical and genetic approaches unveiled that NtrC and the LysR-type symbiotic regulator LsrB bind at distinct nearby sites in the NfeR1 promoter, acting antagonistically as repressor and activator of transcription, respectively. This complex transcriptional control specifies peak NfeR1 steady-state levels in N-starved and endosymbiotic bacteria. Furthermore, NfeR1 base pairs the translation initiation region of the histidine kinase coding mRNA
ntrB
, causing a decrease in both NtrB and NtrC abundance as assessed by double-plasmid genetic assays. In the context of endogenous regulation, NfeR1-mediated
ntrBC
silencing most likely amends the effective strength of the known operon autorepression exerted by NtrC. Accordingly, a lack of NfeR1 shifts the wild-type NtrBC output, restraining the fitness of free-living rhizobia under N stress and plant growth upon nodulation. The mixed NtrBC-NfeR1 double-negative feedback loop is thus an unprecedented adaptive network motif that helps α-rhizobia adjust N metabolism to the demands of an efficient symbiosis with legume plants.

IMPORTANCE

Root nodule endosymbioses between diazotrophic rhizobia and legumes provide the largest input of combined N to the biosphere, thus representing an alternative to harmful chemical fertilizers for sustainable crop production. Rhizobia have evolved intricate strategies to coordinate N assimilation for their own benefit with N
2
fixation to sustain plant growth. The rhizobial N status is transduced by the NtrBC two-component system, the seemingly ubiquitous form of N signal transduction in Proteobacteria. Here, we show that the regulatory sRNA NfeR1 (nodule formation efficiency RNA) of the alfalfa symbiont
Sinorhizobium meliloti
is transcribed from a complex promoter repressed by NtrC in a N-dependent manner and feedback silences
ntrBC
by complementary base-pairing. These findings unveil a more prominent role of NtrC as a transcriptional repressor than hitherto anticipated and a novel RNA-based mechanism for NtrBC regulation. The NtrBC-NfeR1 double-negative feedback loop accurately rewires symbiotic
S. meliloti
N metabolism and is likely conserved in α-rhizobia.
Orientia tsutsugamushi:
comprehensive analysis of the mobilome of a highly fragmented and repetitive genome reveals the capacity for ongoing lateral gene transfer in an obligate intracellular bacterium
Authors: Giengkam Suparat , Kullapanich Chitrasak , Wongsantichon Jantana , Adcox Haley E. , Gillespie Joseph J. , Salje Jeanne 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

The rickettsial human pathogen
Orientia tsutsugamushi
(Ot) is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium with one of the most highly fragmented and repetitive genomes of any organism. Around 50% of its ~2.3-Mb genome is composed of repetitive DNA that is derived from the highly proliferated Rickettsiales amplified genetic element (RAGE). RAGE is an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) that is present in a single Ot genome in up to 93 copies, most of which are partially or heavily degraded. In this report, we analyzed RAGEs in eight fully sequenced Ot genomes and manually curated and re-annotated all RAGE-associated genes, including those encoding DNA mobilization proteins, P-type (
vir
), and F-type (
tra
) type IV secretion system (T4SS) components, ankyrin repeat- and tetratricopeptide repeat-containing effectors, and other piggybacking cargo. Originally, the heavily degraded Ot RAGEs have led to speculation that they are remnants of historical ICEs that are no longer active. Our analysis, however, identified two Ot genomes harboring one or more intact RAGEs with complete
F-T4SS
genes essential for mediating ICE DNA transfer. As similar ICEs have been identified in unrelated rickettsial species, we assert that RAGEs may play an ongoing role in lateral gene transfer within the Rickettsiales. We also identified a conserved set of gene transfer agent genes in all Ot genomes. Together these findings indicate that, despite their obligate intracellular lifestyle and host range restricted to mites, rodents, and humans, Ot genomes are highly dynamic and shaped through ongoing invasions by mobile genetic elements and virus-like elements.

IMPORTANCE
Obligate intracellular bacteria, or those only capable of growth inside other living cells, have limited opportunities for horizontal gene transfer with other microbes due to their isolated replicative niche. The human pathogen Ot, an obligate intracellular bacterium causing scrub typhus, encodes an unusually high copy number of a ~40 gene mobile genetic element that typically facilitates genetic transfer across microbes. This proliferated element is heavily degraded in Ot and previously assumed to be inactive. Here, we conducted a detailed analysis of this element in eight Ot strains and discovered two strains with at least one intact copy. This implies that the element is still capable of moving across Ot populations and suggests that the genome of this bacterium may be even more dynamic than previously appreciated. Our work raises questions about intracellular microbial evolution and sounds an alarm for gene-based efforts focused on diagnosing and combatting scrub typhus.
Interactions among human papillomavirus proteins and host DNA repair factors differ during the viral life cycle and virus-induced tumorigenesis
Authors: Wendel Sebastian , Wallace Nicholas A. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
This review focuses on the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes on DNA repair pathways with a particular focus on how these relationships change as productive HPV infections transition to malignant lesions. We made specific efforts to incorporate advances in the understanding of HPV and DNA damage repair over the last 4 years. We apologize for any articles that we missed in compiling this report.
Racialised staff–patient relationships in inpatient mental health wards: a realist secondary qualitative analysis of patient experience data
Authors: Hua Phuong , Shakoor Sania , Fenton Sarah-Jane , Freestone Mark , Weich Scott , Bhui Kamaldeep 
Published: October 2023

BackgroundThe current study is a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected as part of EURIPIDES, a study which assessed how patient experience data were used to improve the quality of care in National Health Service (NHS) mental health services.ObjectiveWe undertook a detailed realist secondary qualitative analysis of 10 interviews in which expressions of racialisation were unexpectedly reported. This theme and these data did not form part of the primary realist evaluation.MethodsInterviews were originally conducted with the patients (18–65 years: 40% female, 60% male) from four different geographically located NHS England mental health trusts between July and October 2017. Secondary qualitative data analysis was conducted in two phases: (1) reflexive thematic analysis and retroduction; (2) refinement of context–mechanism–outcome configurations to explore the generative mechanisms underpinning processes of racialisation and revision of the initial programme theory.FindingsThere were two main themes: (1) absence of safe spaces to discuss racialisation which silenced and isolated patients; (2) strained communication and power imbalances shaped a process of mutual racialisation by patients and staff. Non-reporting of racialisation and discrimination elicited emotions such as feeling othered, misunderstood, disempowered and fearful.ConclusionsThe culture of silence, non-reporting and power imbalances in inpatient wards perpetuated relational racialisation and prevented authentic feedback and staff–patient rapport.Clinical implicationsRacialisation in mental health trusts reflects lack of psychological safety which weakens staff–patient rapport and has implications for authentic patient engagement in feedback and quality improvement processes. Larger-scale studies are needed to investigate racialisation in the staff–patient relationships.