bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and practicability of novel additives for copper electroplating with semiconductor packaging
Authors: Sugimoto Masaharu , Yamaguchi Kazuki , Kouzai Hiroaki , Honma Hideo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractConnection reliability between Large Scale Integrated circuit (LSI) and electronic devices is increasingly important with the miniaturization of electronic devices. For the formation of fine conductors on wiring in electronic devices, copper electroplating is generally applied and is controlled with various organic additives. In this study, for the purpose of developing additives capable of working on a finer conductive copper circuit, we focused our attention on the synthesis of organic additives with inhibition action for the plating. Generally, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as an inhibitor. We synthesized the PEG derivatives, which were α‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐ω‐chloropoly(oxyethylene) (PEG‐Cl) and α‐(2‐sulfoethyl)‐ω‐sulfopoly(oxyethylene)disodium, and evaluated them for their Via‐filling properties. Good filling properties were achieved by the addition of these synthesized materials to a normal copper‐plating bath. Furthermore, with PEG‐Cl, good filling properties were achieved without chlorine ions, which were usually added to the bath. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 837–840, 2005
Cold forging behavior of semicrystalline polymers
Authors: Nagarajan Pratapkumar , Yao Donggang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCompared with molding processes, polymer solid‐phase forming has several advantages. Particularly, polymer forging is able to reduce cycle time for thick parts, process difficult‐to‐mold materials, and enhance mechanical performance through self‐reinforcment. Although much research has been carried out in the past on solid‐phase forming, little has been done on polymer forging. This can be partially attributed to the lack of fundamental understanding of the process, e.g., lack of understanding on instantaneous recovery and viscoelastic recovery and lack of a modeling and simulation capability. In the present study, upsetting experiments were conducted to study the forging behavior of nylon. The instantaneous elastic recovery and the time‐dependent postrecovery were found to be significantly affected by upsetting speed and dwell time. The dimensional recovery behavior of upset samples was interpreted using the Burgers model. The stress–strain data from the upsetting experiment was used in a viscoplastic simulation of forging a cylindrical hole. The simulation result about load versus forging displacement agrees well with that from the forging experiment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 764–771, 2005
Neutral sterols of representatives of two groups of hemiptera and their correlation to ecdysteroid content
Authors: Svoboda J. A. , Lusby W. R. , Aldrich J. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe sterols of four species of Pentatomomorpha—Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), Nezara viridula (L.), Dysdercus cingulatus (F.), and Podisus maculiventris (Say)—and threé species of Cimicomorpha—Rhodnius prolixus Stal, Arilus cristatus (L), and Cimex lectularius (L.)—were isolated and examined in order to compare neutral sterol utilization and content with the known ecdysteroids of these species. In the phytophagous Pentatomomorpha, O. fasciatus, N. viridula, and D. cingulatus, the low content of cholesterol and the high content of C28 and C29 phytosterols (< 1% and > 99% of the tissue sterols, respectively) indicated that these species are unable to dealkylate the C‐24 position of sterols. These insects appear to have adapted to the challenge of both insufficient dietary cholesterol and inability to dealkylate phytosterols by evolving the ability to produce a C28 ecdysteroid (makisterone A). The secondarily predacious P. maculiventris has adequate cholesterol available for C27 ecdysteroid production, but appears to have retained the ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathways of its phytophagous ancestors because it produces a C28 ecdysteroid. Cholesterol was the major sterol of each of the three species of Cimicomorpha, and these insects are only able to produce C27 ecdysteroids.
Phospholipid fatty acids from exocrine and reproductive tissues of male american cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.)
Authors: Stanley‐Samuelson David W. , Pipa Rudolph L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe present the phospholipid fatty acid compositions, determined by GLC,* of four individual tissues (testes, mushroom glands, conglobate glands, and salivary glands) from adult male cockroaches, P. americana. The testes phospholipids contained higher proportions of palmitic acid than did the exocrine tissues (16% vs about 8%). This was also true for palmitoleic (2.3% vs 0.4–1.3%), oleic (49% vs 30–35%), and linolenic acids (7% vs 0.5–2.8%). Testicular extracts were lower in linoleic acid (16%) than were the exocrine gland extracts (at 40–45%). All four tissues also contained low proportions of several long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of both omega‐3 and omega‐6 metabolic families, including C20:3n6, C20:4n6, and C20:5n3. The data suggest that the phospholipid fatty acid profiles of specific tissues differ from each other and from those obtained from whole‐insect extracts. The presence of several polyenoics from the n3 and n6 metabolic families is interpreted in the context of complex fatty acid requirements at the tissue level.
The oviduct musculature of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae and its response to various neurotransmitters and hormones
Authors: Cook Benjamin J. , Holman G. Mark , Meola Shirlee 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe musculature of the oviduct consists of an outer, irregular layer of longitudinal muscle and an inner layer of circular muscle. The four basic modes of activity—compression, segmentation, peristalsis, and reverse peristalsis—were evident in the isolated oviduct. These spontaneous events often occurred in an organized sequence. In fact eggs could be transported down the lateral oviducts by this myogenic activity once the sphincter between the common oviduct and vagina was severed. Myographic recordings were made of only the contractions of the longitudinal muscles.L‐glutamate caused a distinct phasic contraction at 2.2 × 10−5 M. The response became larger and more complex as the concentration of the amino acid was increased. Acetylcholine (1.6 × 10−5 M) caused either a phasic or tonic response, or a combination thereof. By contrast, 5HT and tyramine simply increased the frequency of small phasic contractions, although in some preparations both monoamines caused an inhibition. The ecdysones, a juvenile hormone analogue (1 × 10−6 M), and prostaglandin E2 had no effect on oviduct activity.Initially high KCI solutions (162 mM) without Ca++ induced a strong contraction but subsequent additions failed to do so. However, when a high KCI solution (158 mM) with 2 mM Ca++ was added to the preparation the response was partially restored. Also the potent calcium antagonist Mn++ (2mM) can suppress spontaneous activity.
Dietary fatty acid effects on morphogenesis in bithorax mutants
Authors: Anastakis D. , Rapport E. , Rogers I. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree bithorax alleles of Drosophila melanogaster were tested to determine if dietary additions of fatty acids would alter their gene expression. For the bx1 allele, myristic, oleic, and linoleic acids were all effective in reducing gene expression while fatty acid supplementation was ineffective with the bx3 and bx34e alleles. For bx1 the nutritionally sensitive period was found to occur in the first 48 h of larval life.
Purification of phenolic compounds and a phenoloxidase from larval cuticle of the red‐humped oakworm, Symmerista cannicosta francl
Authors: Barrett F. Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA phenoloxidase has been extracted, purified, and characterized from cuticle of last‐instar larvae of the red‐humped oakworm, Symmerista cannicosta. It is a typical tyrosinase (EC 1.10.3.1., o‐diphenol:O2 oxidoreductase), active toward o‐diphenols but not p‐diphenols, inhibited by thiourea and phenylthiourea, with a pH optimum between 6.0 and 7.2. In these respects it resembles enzyme A of C. vicina, one of the few species from which this presumed wound healing enzyme has been purified and characterized.Hydrolysis of either exuviae or intact cuticle from last instar larvae yielded a number of ketocatechols of which the most abundant, 2‐hydroxy, 3′,4′‐dihydroxyacetophenone, represented 2.9% of the dry weight of head capsule exuviae, 0.3% of exuviae from the remainder of the body, and 4.6% of the dry weight of head capsule cuticle from previously frozen intact larvae. Differences in the type and amount of ketocatechol recovered from these cuticles are described.
Metabolism of Δ0‐, Δ5‐, and Δ7‐Sterols by Larvae of Heliothis zea
Authors: Ritter Karla S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHeliothis zea was reared on artificial diets containing Δ5‐sterols (cholesterol, campesterol, or sitosterol), Δ7‐sterols (lathosterol, epifungisterol, or spinasterol), or Δ0‐sterols (cholestanol, epicoprostanol, campestanol, or sitostanol) in order to determine how different dietary sterols affect the type of sterols present in the tissues of the late‐sixth‐instar larva. Although all of the dietary sterols (except epicoprostanol) supported the growth of the larvae, not all of the sterols were metabolized to the same end products. In each case, at least 80% of the sterols in the tissues of the larvae retained the same nucleus as that of the dietary sterol, indicating that H. zea carries out very little metabolism of ring B of Δ5‐, Δ7‐, and Δ0‐sterols. The larvae dealkylated the Δ5‐, Δ7‐, and Δ0‐alkylsterols to 24‐desalkylsterols, but a greater percentage of the Δ5‐alkylsterols were metabolized in this manner. The sterols present as free sterols in the larva were also present as esterifed sterols which accounted for 2–4% of the total sterols. Therefore, the sterol composition of the tissues of H. zea can be altered by varying the dietary sterols.
Microsomal marker enzymes of Manduca sexta (L) midgut
Authors: Weirich Gunter F. , Adams Jean R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe subcellular distribution of four enzymes (glucose‐6‐phosphatase, phosphodiesterase I, NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase, and p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylase) in the midgut of “wandering” fifth‐instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L), was determined and the composition of mitochondrial and microsomal pellets was examined by electron microscopy. Most of the glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity and one‐third of the phosphodiesterase I activity were found in the high‐speed supernatant. NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase activity was marginal and O‐demethylase activity was undetectable in the supernatant. The highest specific activities for phosphodiesterase I, NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase, and p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylase were measured in microsomes, but the relative specific activity of phosphodiesterase I was only half that obtained with the latter two enzymes. In all subcellular preparations the relative specific activities of NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase and p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylase were closely correlated. It is concluded that glucose‐6‐phosphatase and phosphodiesterase I are not microsomal marker enzymes in the midgut, but the activities of NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase and p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylase are quantitative measures of microsomal content.
Neuromuscular and hormonal control of post‐eclosion processes in flies
Authors: Fraenkel Gottfried , Su Jack , Zdarek Jan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFlies (exemplified by Sarcophaga bullata) expand after eclosion from the puparium by processes of “pulsing” (slow rhythmical abdominal contractions) and “pumping” of air (fast rhythmical contractions of the cibarial pump). Pulsing and pumping are inhibited if a newly eclosed fly is kept in an enclosed space (sand, a glass tube, an empty puparium). This inhibition no longer applies if such flies are injected with either hemolymph from flies 10–15 min old or cAMP, or are confined at the age of 10 min. This suggests a hormonal control of pulsing and pumping. Pumping alone, without pulsing, occurs in flies treated with certain paralyzing agents like ether, tetrodotoxin, bee venom, or “FlyNap,” or have the connectives in the neck cut or interrupted by cauterization. Application of FlyNap or neck cauterization leads to excessive pumping which results in bloating. Expansion by bloating is confined to the soft membranes, leaving sclerites and wings largely unexpanded. The function of pulsing is probably that of “plasticizing” and stretching the cuticle to make it respond to increased steady pressure by air‐pumping. Flies ligated at the proboscis show almost regular pulsing and pumping, but without intake of air, and consequently no expansion. Cuticle (sclerites) and wings, however, become plasticized. Some plasticization occurs even in the absence, or reduction, of pulsing (in a neck‐cauterized fly), brought about by a hormonal process. Eclosion from the puparium is also initiated by a hormonal action. Thus, the following processes during fly emergence are controlled by hormones: eclosion proper, pulsing, pumping, plasticization, and tanning. These hormones are separate entities, with the possible exception of the pulsing/pumping hormone(s).
Ecdysteroid titre and metabolism to novel apolar derivatives in adult female Boophilus microplus (Ixodidae)
Authors: Wigglesworth Kim P. , Lewis David , Rees Huw H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe free ecdysteroid titre determined by radioimmunoassay in adult female Boophilus microplus showed a peak just prior to full engorgement and detachment of the ticks and decreased subsequently to a very low value. In contrast, the titre of polar ecdysteroid conjugates was very low. Ecdysone was the major ecdysteroid at peak titre and was accompanied by much lower levels of 20‐hydroxyecdysone. In newly detached ticks, injected [3H]ecdysone was metabolized primarily (80%) into much less polar compounds, which could be resolved into at least three groups by reversed‐phase h.p.l.c. These [3H] “apolar” metabolites were transferred to the newly laid eggs, where they accounted for the vast preponderance of ecdysteroids, the level of free hormone being low. Hydrolysis of the three groups of compounds with an esterase preparation from porcine liver yielding [3H]ecdysone, together with the release of [3H] ecdysteroid and fatty acids upon alkaline saponification of the compounds, suggests that they are of a fatty acyl ester nature. The chemical transformation of these “esters” into the corresponding acetonide derivatives indicates that the 2‐ and 3‐hydroxyls of ecdysone remain unsubstituted in these compounds. Several tick tissues, including Malpighian tubules, ovaries, gut, and fat body, metabolized [3H]ecdysone in vitro forming the “apolar esters” as major products. The maternal ecdysteroid “esters” may function as storage forms of hormone (presumably hormonally inactive), which could be hydrolysed enzymically during embryogenesis releasing free ecdysteroids. Such enzymic hydrolysis of [3H]ecdysone “esters” by homogenates from developing eggs of B. microplus has been demonstrated.
Characterization of proteolytic enzymes of the midgut and excreta of the biting fly Stomoxys calcitrans
Authors: Borovsky Dov 
Published: February 2005

AbstractProteolytic enzymes were characterized in the midgut and the excreta of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L) with proteins, synthetic substrates, and inhibitors. Inhibition studies suggested trypsinlike activity in sugar‐fed fly midguts, whereas excreta and blood‐fed fly guts exhibited other proteases.Trypsinlike activity in midguts removed 20 and 30 h after a blood meal increased from 20% to 50% of the total proteolytic enzymes present. Trypsinlike activity was inhibited with human sera, trypsin‐specific inhibitors, and a protein isolated from the stable fly thorax. When human albumin and globulin fractions were incubated with trypsinlike enzymes isolated from the midgut and excreta, the albumin fraction was less inhibitory than the globulin fractions and was readily hydrolyzed by the proteolytic enzymes. These results may indicate that the proteolytic enzymes produce an abortive complex with the globulin fractions of the sera. Such a complex may explain the temporary inhibition of proteolysis by the blood meal.Soybean trypsin inhibitor fed to stable flies caused 50% inhibition in proteolytic activity in the midguts of sugar‐fed stable flies and 25% inhibition in the midguts of blood‐fed stable flies. Complete inhibition of proteolytic enzyme activity was achieved only in vitro.pH profiles of proteolytic enzyme activity isolated from the excreta of blood‐fed stable flies indicated that several proteolytic enzymes were excreted.
N‐acetylglucosaminyl transferases from the pupal instar of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans
Authors: Mayer Richard T. , Chen Andrew C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractN‐acetylglucosaminyl transferases from pupae of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) were studied in 10,000g pellet suspensions. Characterization of these enzymes was based on formation of glycolipids (ie, Dol·PP‐GlcNAc and Dol·PP‐(GlcNAc)2), oligosaccharide lipids, and giycoproteins. Studies on transferase activity during the pupal instar showed that there were two peaks of activity; the first peak was on day 0 (prepupae) and the second at 3 days after pupation. Subcellular fractionation indicated that 10,000g and 100,000g pellets contained most of the transferase activities. The transferases required divalent cations (either Mn2+ or Mg2+). The pH optimum, which varied for each of the products formed, was 7.5 for glycolipids, 7.0 for oligosaccharide lipids, and 6.5 for glycoprotein. Inclusion of dolichol monophosphate doubled the amount of Dol·PP‐GlcNAc and Dol·PP·(GlcNAc)2 formed, but had little effect on oligosaccharide lipid and glycoprotein formation.Tunicamycin was a potent inhibitor of glycolipid formation with an I50 of 1.8–4.8 nM. It was confirmed that tunicamycin acts by preventing the transfer of GlcNAc‐1‐P from UDP‐GlcNAc to Dol·P. UMP reverses glycolipid formation, yielding UDP‐GlcNAc. Some characterization of the products was performed. Glycolipids were shown to be Dol·PP‐GlcNAc and Dol·PP‐(GlcNAc)2. Glycoprotein was rapidly solubilized by protease and detergent treatments, whereas oligosaccharide lipids appeared to be acid‐labile, pyrophosphate‐containing lipids. The apparent kinetic constants for the formation of glycolipids were as follows: UDP‐GlcNAc Km = 1.55 ± 0.47 μM, Vmax = 0.66 ± 0.21 pmol·min−1·mg−1; Dol·P Km = 2.08 ± 0.85 μM, Vmax = 0.13 ± 0.06 pmol·min−1·mg−1 protein.
Binding of [3H]phencyclidine to membranes from housefly thoracic muscles
Authors: Filbin Marie T. , Eldefrawi Mohyee E. , Eldefrawi Amira T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe binding of [3H]phencyclidine ([3H]PCP) to a preparation of housefly thoracic muscle membranes was studied. Specific [3H]PCP binding saturated with both time and at concentrations of the radiolabeled ligand greater than 20 nM. One binding site with a KD of 10.7 nM and a Bmax of 3.9 pmol/mg protein was observed. Specific [3H]PCP binding was also readily reversible with a half‐time of dissociation (t1/2) of 13.8 min and varied proportionately with tissue concentration. Of the drugs tested, specific [3H]PCP binding was inhibited by PCP analogs, antipsychotics, antidepressants, Ca2+ channel antagonists, and K+ channel blockers. [3H]PCP binding was unaffected by addition of carbamylcholine or L‐glutamate in absence or presence of ATP, GTP, cAMP, or cGMP. Though the identity of the [3H]PCP binding protein in housefly muscle membranes is still unclear, it is more likely to be an ionic channel such as K+ or Ca2+ channels than a neurotransmitter receptor.
Effects of octopamine on fluid secretion by isolated salivary glands of a feeding ixodid tick
Authors: Pannabecker Tom , Needham Glen R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOctopamine elicited a dose‐related secretory response by salivary glands isolated from the feeding female tick Amblyomma americanum. Half‐maximal stimulation occurred at about 60 μM. Phentolamine (10 μM) failed to inhibit the octopamine‐mediated response; however, thioridazine (50 μM) inhibited both octopamine (1,000 μM) and dopamine‐stimulated (0.1 μM) secretion. Maximal stimulation by dopamine (1.0 μM) showed no further increase in the rate of secretion after adding octopamine (1,000 or 0.1 μM). Glands responded to octopamine (100 μM) with rates significantly lower than controls following exposure to amphetamine (1,000 μM). Octopamine receptors do not appear to mediate the secretory response, and octopamine may stimulate secretion by releasing catecholamines from presynaptic neurons. These results support the hypothesis that dopamine is the natural transmitter mediating fluid secretion in the feeding tick salivary gland.
Synthesis and deposition of chitin in larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina
Authors: Retnakaran A. , Hackman R. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractChitin synthesis in third‐instar Lucilia cuprina larvae cultured at 23 °C was investigated using in vivo and in vitro systems, the latter with whole and with homogenized integuments. Synthesis was at a maximum between 24 and 48h after ecdysis from the second instar. Chitin was deposited in layers, and labeled GlcNAc was rapidly cleared from the hemolymph. In in vitro homogenate systems, the rapid conversion of UDP‐([14C]GlcN)Ac to ([14C]GlcN)Ac and its 1‐phosphate derivative contributed to the low incorporation of this precursor into chitin. The extent of the conversion was reduced by the addition of KCN or phenylthiourea. In in vivo and in vitro tissue systems the level of incorporation of ([14C]ClcN)Ac was higher than that of UDP‐([14C]GlcN)Ac. However, in in vitro homogenate systems there was no difference unless UTP was added when the level of incorporation of only ([14C]GlcN)Ac was increased (by a factor of 9). Incorporation of UDP‐([14C]GlcN)Ac, but not that of ([14C]GlcN)Ac, was decreased when larvae were deprived of food. Soluble oligosaccharides were detected in in vitro homogenate systems. They were formed during chitin synthesis and may represent newly initiated chitin chains. A reappraisal of current ideas on chitin synthesis in insects is needed.
Purification and partial characterization of mosquito egg development neurosecretory hormone: Evidence for gonadotropic and steroidogenic effects
Authors: Borovsky Dov , Thomas Billy R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEgg development neurosecretory hormone (EDNH), a hormone that stimulates vitellogenesis in mosquitoes, was purified 10,000‐fold from the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The purification procedure included chromatography on hydrophobic, ion exchange, and gel filtration columns, and preparative electrophoresis to give an almost homogeneous preparation. The hormone is a polypeptide monomer of molecular weight of 18,700 ± 500 as determined from SDS electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. Using lowpressure chromatography throughout the purification procedure, the hormone was recovered at a high yield (39%). The amount of EDNH in a mosquito is about 0.6‐1.6 ng, corresponding to 32–85 fmol.Injection of purified EDNH into female mosquitoes resulted in the conversion of [14C]cholesterol into labeled ecdysone and 20‐hydroxyecdysone which were separated and identified using thin‐layer chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography separation procedures.Egg development and vitellogenin synthesis were also induced when EDNH was injected into several mosquito species, indicating that the hormone is not species‐specific.This report is the first to show that a purified preparation of EDNH has both steroidogenic and a gonadotropic effects on female mosquitoes.