bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivars of Arabica coffee: Characterization and interception of solar radiation
Authors: Trindade Lídia Raiza Sousa Lima Chaves , Carvalho Alves Marcelo , Sanches Luciana 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

The importance of coffee crops in the global agricultural scenario goes beyond economic aspects, also encompassing political and sociocultural factors. Brazil stands out in this scenario as the largest producer and exporter of coffee in the world, with a particular emphasis on the state of Minas Gerais. Coffee production is mainly focused on the
Coffea arabica
L. species. However, several factors directly impact coffee crop productivity, resulting in significant losses. Among the most relevant factors are adverse climatic conditions, nutritional deficiencies, and the presence of pests and diseases. Therefore, it is essential to seek an efficient metabolic response from coffee crops in the face of biotic and abiotic stresses, developing plants that are more resistant to climate variations. Based on the literature, this review is structured as follows: first, the characteristics and growth habits of coffee crops are presented; second, 18 cultivars of Arabica coffee analyzed in the study are discussed, providing specific agronomic information for each of them; subsequently, the coffee’s phenological cycle and productivity are addressed; finally, radiometric variables such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (f
APAR
), transmittance, reflectance, and leaf area index (LAI) are treated. The evidence gathered in this review unanimously points to the need for intensified studies on solar radiation interception and LAI in different cultivars of Arabica coffee. The literature highlights the importance of using field-obtained datasets to complement information on the characteristics and growth patterns of varieties, as well as their phenological cycle, in order to understand the plant’s behavior before and after harvesting and its relation to productivity.
Thermoelectricity: from the iron arc of Alessandro Volta to radioisotope thermoelectric generators
Authors: Chikina I , Goupil C , Sharapov S G , Varlamov A A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We start with an overview of the fascinating history of thermoelectricity, which included such famous scientists as Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta, Thomas Johann Seebeck, Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, and even the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Then we move on to the basic concepts for describing thermoelectric phenomena and how, as our understanding of nature improves, thermoelectricity finds more and more applications. We formulate the requirements for the materials necessary for the wide practical use of thermoelectricity and will mention those that exist, and those that Nature has forgotten to create but will be discovered/invented by scientists. Finally, we enumerate several more significant applications of thermoelectricity.
Topology-based optimization of handcuff graphs on 3D lattice
Authors: No Sungjong , Oh Seungsang , Yoo Hyungkee 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the field of macromolecular chemistry, handcuff-shaped catenanes and pretzelanes have a conformation consisting of two distinct loops and an edge connecting them. In spatial graph theory, this shape is referred to as a handcuff graph. One topological aspect of interest in these molecular structures involves determining the minimal number of monomers required to create them. In this paper, we focus on a handcuff graph situated in the cubic lattice, which we refer to as a lattice handcuff graph. We explicitly verify that constructing a lattice handcuff graph requires at least 14 lattice sticks, except for the two handcuff graphs: the trivial handcuff graph and the Hopf-linked handcuff graph. Mainly we employ the properly leveled lattice conformation argument, which was developed by the authors to find the lattice stick number of knot-shaped and link-shaped molecules.
Design and Fabrication of Test Rig for Static Pushing and Pulling Experiments
Authors: Izzat Muhammad Nadzirul , Halim Isa , Abidin Muhammad Zaimi Zainal , Abdullah Zulkeflee , Umar Radin Zaid Radin , Rahman Husna , Kasim Mohd Shahir 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Muscular strength data associated with pushing and pulling forces are crucial for ergonomists to design tasks and equipment in manual materials handling. Usually, ergonomists measure pushing and pulling forces using a force gauge. Subjects participating in the pushing and pulling experiments need to grip and hold the force gauge. Additional weight from the force gauge can affect the muscular strength of the subjects, which impacts the validity and reliability of the pushing and pulling data. However, research on the design and fabrication of test rigs for facilitating pushing and pulling experiments seems to be scarce. This study aimed to design and fabricate a test rig to facilitate ergonomists and subjects in performing symmetric two-handed static pushing and pulling experiments. To develop the test rig, the researchers performed a maximum force measurement, a computer-aided design model, materials selection, a finite element analysis, a functionality test, and a reliability test. Seven subjects with a body mass of more than 120 kg participated in the validation of the developed test rig. Key findings of this study showed that the test rig could sustain the pushing and pulling forces up to 900 N, representing almost double the muscular strength of the subjects. This study concluded that the developed test rig was sturdy and helpful for facilitating ergonomists in quantifying the magnitude of pushing and pulling forces.
Maximum spreading diameter of a water droplet after impact on a hot surface beyond Leidenfrost temperature
Authors: Juhar M Z F , Mohamad M S , Illias S , Amin N A M , Hussain S , Ani M H 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The impact of liquid droplets on heated surfaces are relevance across a range of applications. The maximum spreading diameter of water droplet during impact on hot surface was experimentally studied. The surface was made of aluminium. The diameter and height of the aluminium block was 70.0 mm and 30.0 mm, respectively. During experiment, the test surface was heated beyond Leidenfrost temperature. A high-speed video camera was used to capture the droplet images from the first impact until the droplet reached maximum spreading condition. The frame rate was set to be 2,000 fps. Distilled water was used as the test liquid. The impact height was set to be about 65.0 mm. From the high-speed images analysis, the droplet diameter was found to be approximately 4.5 mm. The measured droplet maximum spreading diameters were found to have a good agreement with theoretical calculation.
Flow Fluctuation during Flow Boiling of Binary Mixtures in High Aspect Ratio Microchannel
Authors: Widyatama Arif , Venter Mandi , Mohamad Muhammad Sofwan Bin , Dirker Jacob , Orejon Daniel , Sefiane Khellil 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Flow boiling performance is affected by several factors, such as channel characteristics and working fluid types. It is found that there is still limited study that discusses the use of binary mixtures combined with high aspect ratio microchannels. The aim of this study is to investigate the flow fluctuation during flow boiling of binary mixtures in rectangular microchannels. Here, a 6 mm width and 0.3 mm depth rectangular channel was utilised, and it represents a hydraulic diameter of 571 μm and an aspect ratio of 20. In the present works, a mass flux of 10 kg m-2 s-1 was used, and the heat flux ranged from 15.2 and 21.0 kW m-2. The image processing technique was applied to track the bubble tail movement. In addition, the thermal camera was utilised to gather the wall temperature distribution of the channel. The preliminary results show that the use of binary mixtures influences the vapour fraction in the channel and the flow fluctuation characteristics. Some differences are observed in terms of wall temperature characteristics. However, the rapid increase of wall temperature is found in the outlet region for high flux cases under all liquid types which suggests the dominance of dry out event.
K-means Algorithm Based on Flower Pollination Algorithm and Calinski-Harabasz Index
Authors: Aik Lim Eng , Choon Tan Wee , Abu Mohd Syafarudy 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Aiming at the problems that the Flower Pollination (FP) algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimum, the searchability is weak, and the k-means algorithm is easily affected by the selection of the initial clustering centre, a k-means algorithm based on the FP algorithm is proposed. Six benchmark functions test the improved FP algorithm. The effectiveness of the k-means algorithm based on the improved FP algorithm was tested and verified with UCI machine learning and artificial datasets. The verification results showed that the improved FP algorithm improved based on ensuring a faster convergence speed. Compared with other algorithms, the performance of this algorithm has been significantly improved in all aspects.
PCMs’ performance and the benefit enhancement
Authors: Zhang Xinyue 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
At present, non-renewable energy sources such as oil are being consumed in large quantities and, along with this energy consumption, large quantities of carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases) are being produced, contributing to increased global warming. The energy used to control the interior temperature of a building area cannot be disregarded since the building industry, as a significant energy consumer and CO2 emitter, has a significant influence on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Due to their enormous thermal energy storage capacity, phase change materials may be employed in building envelopes, where they can help conserve energy and somewhat lower carbon emissions. In this paper, the thermal performance of phase change materials that can be applied to the building sector is summarised and compared, while various ways of improving the ratio of thermal efficiency to cost are proposed based on their practical use, from material enhancement, production method enhancement, and the choice of use and location for efficiency enhancement.
Inverter design trade-off for photovoltaic power generation
Authors: He Xie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is a very important way of energy conversion. It can convert solar energy into electricity. As the core photovoltaic power generation device, the microinverter design has many challenges. Limitations that need to be considered include high-frequency leakage current generated by parasitic capacitance, the front DC voltage gain of the inverter, and switch components’ number and power consumption. In many cases, these limitations are difficult to solve perfectly simultaneously in a standard H-bridge or three-phase inverters. A front boost converter requires a high DC voltage gain with fewer switches, and Z-source or split-source structures can be applied. But these structures can lead to high leakage current. A traditional half-bridge inverter can solve the problem but with low efficiency. H5 or HERIC full-bridge inverter for PV can eliminate leakage current while more switches are used. A dual-boost common-grounded H-bridge topology can remove the leakage current and achieve a high DC voltage gain with only four switches. However, the power consumption of different switches varies greatly, which may cause an imbalance in heating and damage the device.
The state-of-the-art wireless power transmission technology in electric vehicles
Authors: Yang Yebing 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since the 21st century, people have been paying attention to energy and environmental protection issues, and the world is accelerating the development and promotion of new energy vehicles. At present, the mainstream charging method of new energy vehicles is wired charging, but this charging method has certain safety hazards. So using wireless charging technology can effectively make up for this shortcoming. This paper starts with the development history of wireless charging technology, and expounds the birth and development of wireless charging technology. Then three common wireless charging technologies are introduced. This article will introduce the three wireless charging technologies from their principle, topology and advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, by comparing the three wireless charging technologies, it is concluded that IPT technology is the most mature and widely used technology at present, at the same time, CPT technology is also promising. Finally, the technical challenges and development prospects of wireless charging technology are discussed.
Design of preamplifier circuit for ECG circuit of wearable devices
Authors: Ren Chenyang 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this study, a wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition system with high performance instrumentation amplifier is presented. It adopts a 3-op-amp circuit and utilizes 180nm CMOS technology to achieve large input impedance. Furthermore, a drive-right leg module is used to configure the input’s common-mode range, increasing the common-mode rejection rate. Simulations in standard 180nm CMOS technology show bandwidths ranging from 0.1Hz to 251Hz. The front-end circuit operates on a 0.8V power supply. At the same time, using LTspice to conduct a preliminary test on the performance of the circuit, the total integrated input-referred noise of the circuit is 3.98 µVRMS
, and the power consumption is 5.059 µ W . This satisfies the need for an ECG circuit with low power and noise requirements for wearable technology. The preliminary research findings presented in this paper have established a solid theoretical framework for the amplifier used in the measuring of ECG signals.
The accuracy analysis of different algorithms for 4-Bit absolute value detector
Authors: Ren Binyi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper proposes and compares three different algorithms for implementing a 4-bit absolute value detector (AVD) using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The demand for low power, low delay and high-performance drive the need for AVDs. The proposed algorithms are analysed based on logical effort theory and simulation results for delay and energy performance. The circuits employ a range of logical gates, including multiplexers, NAND gates, XNOR gates, XOR gates, and inverters. The chosen proposed algorithm achieves the lowest delay and energy cost while maintaining high accuracy. Sizing and Vdd optimization can be used to optimize energy, and a 53.7 FO4(1V), 39.91Eu(1V) 4-bit Absolute-Value Detector can be achieved. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of AVDs using CMOS technology, which can have important applications in developing electronic systems.
Design and optimization of CMOS layout structure for improved semiconductor device performance
Authors: Huang Peihao 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
CMOS layout structure plays a very important role in the field of semiconductor. Since the invention of CMOS technology in the 1970s, engineers have developed many other CMOS layout technologies based on it. This paper will also focus on the CMOS transistor layout structure, focusing on the analysis of three more important structures, demonstrating their impact on the performance of semiconductor devices. Before that, this paper will first introduce the basic theory of CMOS, such as the drift and diffusion of charge carriers in PN junctions, and the working principle of PMOS and NMOS, so as to facilitate us to further describe the optimization and improvement of CMOS structure. Then, the performance and characteristics of each structure are introduced in detail, and finally the comparison is made to highlight their advantages in technology and performance compared with traditional structures. In the future, CMOS structure layout will also become a hot spot, constantly creating more reasonable and advanced structures to improve semiconductor performance.
Design of 4-bit absolute value detector with low energy
Authors: Zhang Beining 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The article highlights the latest developments in the design of low-power 4-bit Absolute Value Detector (AVD) circuits that are utilized in digital signal processing (DSP) applications. DSP applications like audio and video processing, biological signal processing, and digital communication systems rely heavily on the AVD circuit, which determines the absolute value of an input signal. The article introduces a low-energy 4-bit AVD circuit based on pass transistors that incorporates advanced optimization techniques like adiabatic logic, approximation techniques, and layout optimization. This optimized AVD circuit achieves remarkable results in terms of power consumption and energy efficiency. With a power consumption of just 0.6 nW and an energy efficiency of 0.6 pJ per cycle, the circuit maintains precision and rapid response time. These advancements in AVD circuit design can be highly beneficial for portable and battery-powered devices such as earplugs, implants, and cell phones, as well as electronic components like Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) and motherboards. Overall, the proposed low-energy 4-bit AVD circuit is a significant development in the DSP field, enabling more efficient and effective processing of digital signals.
High-performance LFSR circuit design based on XOR gates
Authors: Xiao Haoyuan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research discussed in this article is focused on analysing the effects of XOR gates based on different logic families, namely MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML), dynamic current logic, and PTL, on the performance of linear feedback shift register (LFSR) circuits. The aim of the study is to evaluate the power dissipation and critical path latency of the circuits while comparing the results with earlier works in the field. To achieve this, the researchers implemented the 3, 4, and 5-bit LFSR circuits using Verilog HDL code and synthesized them on the Cadence tool using 90nm CMOS technology. The study concludes that LFSR circuits based on XOR gates outperform previous LFSR circuits in terms of power dissipation. The research also offers a comparative analysis of the different types of XOR gates used in the LFSR circuits, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The results of the study can be useful for researchers working in the field of circuit design, as well as for practitioners who are interested in developing low-power and efficient LFSR circuits.
Dynamic path planning in autonomous driving
Authors: Wen Sheng 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
With the development of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and fifth-generation cellular network technology (5G), good conditions are provided for the level of automation, providing the necessary assistance to coordinate the environment, planning decisions and path optimisation for self-driving vehicles. This paper briefly outlines and analyses the key technologies required to realize autonomous driving and summarizes the corresponding research results for each part; by considering the operation process of self-driving vehicles, this paper chooses path planning as the focus of research and presents it in the form of a methodology; finally, it concludes with a summary of personal opinions and a discussion of possible future research directions.
Design of UAV wireless communication system
Authors: Bai Xinyue 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The increasing demand for communication has led to a surge in the development and deployment of wireless communication technology in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). As a result, there has been extensive research conducted on UAV wireless communication systems over the past five years. This article provides an overview of the advancements made in three key areas of research: transmission of UAV wireless communication systems, wireless communication networks, and design optimization of UAV wireless communication systems. The article summarizes the existing literature on these topics and highlights the main findings and challenges faced by researchers. In addition, it explores the principles and implementation approaches of three types of UAV wireless communication systems, including a UAV wireless communication system, a UAV wireless transmission system based on the AD9361+ZYNQ7045 platform, and a UAV communication system based on wireless data transmission module. Overall, the research in UAV wireless communication systems has shown great potential for future applications in various fields such as aerial photography, disaster monitoring, and search and rescue operations. By improving the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication between UAVs, the technology can enhance their performance and increase their usefulness in a range of industries.
Design of low-noise low-power ECG amplifier circuit with high integration level
Authors: Wang Wenzhao 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a common tool in medicine and is an important indicator for diagnosing many diseases. Nowadays, aspects such as low noise, low power, and high integration have become important indicators for ECG circuit design. Also, due to the low amplitude of ECG signals, ECG circuits need to have high gain to ensure accurate signal detection and analysis. Second, ECG signals are usually subject to interference from other parts of the body, so a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is required to suppress these interfering signals. In this paper, we propose an ECG circuit composed of an amplifier with a drive right leg circuit (DRL) using pseudo-resistors as well as capacitors to improve the common instrumentation amplifier. The simulation using industrial-grade simulation software LTspice shows that the circuit has a voltage of 1.8 V, a bandwidth of 17 mHz-1 KHz, a gain of 55 dB, and an INR of 3.4 μVrms, and because the signal amplifier part of this circuit design consists of only pseudo-pseudo-resistors, capacitors, and mos tubes. Therefore, it has a smaller size and a higher degree of integration. In addition, the circuit has less power loss for the same amplification design. Overall, this design has excellent characteristics such as low noise, low power, and small size.
A comparison study between the lithium sulphur battery and fuel cell in new energy vehicle applications
Authors: Gan Boyuan , Li Yilong , Wu Yunshang 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the development of new energy vehicles has been rapid to solve the emerging energy depletion and carbon emission problems. Lithium-sulfur batteries and fuel batteries have become the most competitive two development directions in the new generation of power batteries for electric vehicle applications. Lithium-sulfur battery has a high specific capacity, low production cost and is environmentally friendly. However, some problems include low coulomb efficiency and short life span in the process of lithium-sulfur battery production. Fuel cells are also environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and drive efficiently. But fuel cells are extremely expensive, and their longevity problems regarding the membranes and electrode materials and supporting infrastructure, such as the hydrogen and oxygen storage obstacles, must also be overcome. This paper focuses on analyzing the two new energy vehicle power resource principles, advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of typical batteries, the current development bottleneck, and respectively put forward suggestions for future development.