bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Snow water equivalent retrieval over Idaho – Part 1: Using Sentinel-1 repeat-pass interferometry
Authors: Oveisgharan Shadi , Zinke Robert , Hoppinen Zachary , Marshall Hans Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract. Snow water equivalent (SWE) is identified as the key element of the snowpack that impacts rivers' streamflow and water cycle. Both active and passive microwave remote sensing methods have been used to retrieve SWE, but there does not currently exist a SWE product that provides useful estimates in mountainous terrain. Active sensors provide higher-resolution observations, but the suitable radar frequencies and temporal repeat intervals have not been available until recently. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has been shown to have the potential to estimate SWE change. In this study, we apply this technique to a long time series of 6 d temporal repeat Sentinel-1 C-band data from the 2020–2021 winter. The retrievals show statistically significant correlations both temporally and spatially with independent in situ measurements of SWE. The SWE change measurements vary between −5.3 and 9.4 cm over the entire time series and all the in situ stations. The Pearson correlation and RMSE between retrieved SWE change observations and in situ stations measurements are 0.8 and 0.93 cm, respectively. The total retrieved SWE in the entire 2020–2021 time series shows an SWE error of less than 2 cm for the nine in situ stations in the scene. Additionally, the retrieved SWE using Sentinel-1 data is well correlated with lidar snow depth data, with correlation of more than 0.47. Low temporal coherence is identified as the main reason for degrading the performance of SWE retrieval using InSAR data. We also show that the performance of the phase unwrapping algorithm degrades in regions with low temporal coherence. A higher frequency such as L-band improves the temporal coherence and SWE ambiguity. SWE retrieval using C-band Sentinel-1 data is shown to be successful, but faster revisit is required to avoid low temporal coherence. Global SWE retrieval using radar interferometry will have a great opportunity with the upcoming L-band 12 d repeat-pass NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) data and the future 6 d repeat-pass Radar Observing System for Europe in L-band (ROSE-L) data.
Disentangling the drivers of future Antarctic ice loss with a historically calibrated ice-sheet model
Authors: Coulon Violaine , Klose Ann Kristin , Kittel Christoph , Edwards Tamsin , Turner Fiona , Winkelmann Ricarda , Pattyn Frank 
Published: February 2024

Abstract. We use an observationally calibrated ice-sheet model to investigate the future trajectory of the Antarctic ice sheet related to uncertainties in the future balance between sub-shelf melting and ice discharge, on the one hand, and the surface mass balance, on the other. Our ensemble of simulations, forced by a panel of climate models from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), suggests that the ocean will be the primary driver of short-term Antarctic mass loss, initiating ice loss in West Antarctica already during this century. The atmosphere initially plays a mitigating role through increased snowfall, leading to an Antarctic contribution to global mean sea-level rise by 2100 of 6 (−8 to 15) cm under a low-emission scenario and 5.5 (−10 to 16) cm under a very high-emission scenario. However, under the very high-emission pathway, the influence of the atmosphere shifts beyond the end of the century, becoming an amplifying driver of mass loss as the ice sheet's surface mass balance decreases. We show that this transition occurs when Antarctic near-surface warming exceeds a critical threshold of +7.5 ∘C, at which the increase in surface runoff outweighs the increase in snow accumulation, a signal that is amplified by the melt–elevation feedback. Therefore, under the very high-emission scenario, oceanic and atmospheric drivers are projected to result in a complete collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet along with significant grounding-line retreat in the marine basins of the East Antarctic ice sheet, leading to a median global mean sea-level rise of 2.75 (6.95) m by 2300 (3000). Under a more sustainable socio-economic pathway, we find that the Antarctic ice sheet may still contribute to a median global mean sea-level rise of 0.62 (1.85) m by 2300 (3000). However, the rate of sea-level rise is significantly reduced as mass loss is likely to remain confined to the Amundsen Sea Embayment, where present-day climate conditions seem sufficient to commit to a continuous retreat of Thwaites Glacier.
Audiovisual translation, translators, and technology: From automation pipe dream to human–machine convergence
Authors: Granell Ximo , Chaume Frederic 
Published: February 2024

Audiovisual translation (AVT), broadly understood as a synonym for media content localization, and not only as a particular practice of linguistic transfer, is undergoing a revolution that was unthinkable only a few years ago – even in those territories where viewers are less accustomed to localized content. Digitalization and technological changes, which have had such an impact on the way audiovisual texts – whether original, localized, or adapted – are produced, distributed, edited, consumed, and shared have also had a substantial impact on the AVT profession. This article explores the ways in which technology has been evolving as an aid to translators: from being merely a clerical aid for transcribing digital texts to automating tasks and integrating machine translation into human translation processes. This it does by providing a range of tools to assist translators in their work processes, progressively migrating both tools and processes to cloud-based environments. The focus is then on AVT, and more particularly on dubbing, where digitalization has shaped the consumer market and posed several challenges to language technology developments and AVT professional practices. Academia has also paid attention to such developments and has increasingly dealt with a number of matters affecting both practice and training to cater to the needs of current media markets. A final word is devoted to proposing a literacy-based framework for the training of translators that embraces technology so as to incorporate automation as an additional aid and which redefines the audiovisual translator’s workstation.
PENGARUH LATIHAN STROKES SMASH DAN LATIHAN DRILLS SMASH TERHADAP KETEPATAN JUMPING SMASH DIPERSATUAN BULUTANGKIS BUNGO SPORT
Authors: Saputra Deddy Rahmat , Mori Saputra Deka Ismi , Zahra Jumiya Ginti 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

This research aims to find out whether there is an effect of stroke smash and drill smash training on the accuracy of jumping smash shots. This research is experimental research with a quantitative approach. The population in the study were all players at the Bungo Sport Badminton Association, totaling 20 people.
The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The sample in this study was 12 U 12-17 players. The results of this research show that (1) the first hypothesis states that there is an influence of smash stroke training on jumping smash accuracy at the Bungo Sport Association, with a value of t = 6.708 while t table = 2.570 with a significance level of 0.05. These results show that tcount is greater than ttable. Soha is accepted and ho is rejected. (2) the second hypothesis which states that there is an influence of drills smash training on the accuracy of jumping smashes at the Bungo Sport Association, with a value of t = 6325 while t table = 2.570 with a significance level of 0.05. These results show that tcount is greater than ttable. Soha is accepted and ho is rejected. (3) the third hypothesis which states that there is a difference between stroke smash training and drill smash training on jumping smash accuracy at the Bungo Sport Association, with a value of t = 0.000 while t table = 2.228 with a significance level of 0.05. These results show that tcount is smaller than ttable. Soha is rejected and ho is accepted, meaning there is no difference between the two exercises.

Keywords: practice smash strokes, drill smash, jumping smash, badminton
PEGASUS Centrifugal Particle Receiver CentRec300S - Optimization, Manufacturing and Test
Authors: Barbri Hicham , Rheinländer Jens , Ebert Miriam , Lubkoll Matti , Thomey Dennis , Lackovic Luka 
Published: February 2024

The centrifugal particle receiver (CentRec®) developed by DLR for high-temperature solar applications, previously tested on sun in a 500 kWth prototype at the solar tower in Jülich was further developed and tested at slightly smaller scale of 300 kWth. The test with artificial sunlight provided more stationary and controllable boundary conditions. Outlet temperature of 681 °C was reached at an irradiating input power of 214 kW. The performance was determined with particle mass flow and temperature measurement systems. The data confirms the thermodynamic model for this receiver, indicating an extrapolated performance of 81% at nominal conditions.
Tax Incentives for the Space Economy and the Potential Impact of Pillar Two
Authors: ScuderI Erika Isabella 
Published: February 2024

The space industry is one of the world’s most promising and rapidly growing sectors, offering numerous opportunities for economic development and scientific advancement. As the industry matures, policymakers might want to connect its potential to societal benefits by promoting its development or redistributing the related wealth. Against this background, fiscal policies in the form of taxes and tax incentives are critical tools at the policymakers’ disposal. The recent developments in the international tax framework could ‘dilute’ the attractiveness and effectiveness of tax incentives. This is due to the potential application of a top-up tax under the Global Anti- Base Erosion Model Rules and implementing domestic legislations. This article aims to clarify the role that the tax system and, more specifically, tax incentives can play in the space economy, and highlight the importance of assessing the potential impact of Pillar Two on tax incentives from which space companies benefit the most.
Space economy, Tax incentives, International taxation, Pillar Two, R&D, BEPS, Space commerce, Space taxation
Decoding the Future of Artistic Creations: The Legal Challenges and Possible Solutions for the Regulation of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)
Authors: Granadeiro Catarina 
Published: February 2024

As novel digital assets built on blockchain technology with a wide range of applications in the arts, entertainment, fashion and marketing for companies, brand owners and individuals, Non-Fungible Tokens (hereinafter ‘NFTs’) can be anything such as videos, images, audio, documents and even video games.
When new disruptive technologies emerge and shake existing rules, regulators must identify inherent risks and develop policy strategies to balance the various interests that innovation touches upon.
As the technology matures and its adoption spreads, some of the legal challenges faced by NFTs, as an emerging crypto token, are highlighted in this text as well as the author’s opinion on how to resolve them from a regulatory standpoint. Both the academic literature and several court cases have already tackled the underlying difficulties of regulating blockchain and the particulars of NFTs.
Despite NFTs offering a very profitable new market for artists and creators, there are perils and concerns regarding, namely, intellectual property protections, personal property considerations and money laundering vulnerabilities which must be addressed by the legal rules governing blockchain.
This paper endeavours to provide an analysis of this triad of problems at a time where there is no comprehensive legal act, in a European and international context, properly addressing what the technology behind NFTs is doing. As such, it intends to contribute to the global issue of defining the right legal rules to properly address them within the digital asset ecosystem of NFTs.
Blockchain, Crypto Assets, Digital Assets, Cryptocurrency, Distributed Ledger Technology, DLT, Metaverse, Tokens, Utility tokens, Non-Fungible Tokens, NFTs, Tokenized art, Smart Contracts, Blockchain regulation, NFT regulation, Copyright, Intellectual Property, Trademark, Anti-money laundering, Terrorist financing, AML-CFT, Fifth AMLCFT Directive, GAFI, MiCA
Vedanta and Okpabi: A Step Forward in Corporate Group Accountability?
Authors: Spotorno Pilar 
Published: February 2024

This paper examines the evolving landscape of corporate group accountability, with a focus on recent pivotal judgments by the UK Supreme Court in Vedanta v. Lungowe and Okpabi v. Shell. These landmark cases have highlighted the potential for parent companies to be held liable for the actions of their overseas subsidiaries, based on the duty of care under tort law. The paper delves into the broader implications of these decisions, including their significance in piercing the transnational corporate veil and their unintended consequences. It also explores the debate surrounding whether these rulings encourage or deter multinational corporations (MNCs) from disclosing corporate-wide policies and conducting human rights due diligence in their subsidiaries, impacting corporate social responsibility and international standards. The paper concludes by offering insights into potential solutions to address the complex issue of the ‘perverse incentive’ created by Vedanta and Okpabi.
duty of care, corporate group accountability, transnational corporate veil, parental corporate liability, Shell, Vedanta
Preliminary rulings before the General Court: What judicial architecture for the European Union?
Authors: Bobek Michal 
Published: February 2024

This contribution critically examines the implications of the Request submitted by the Court of Justice with a view to amending Protocol No. 3 on the Statute of the Court of Justice of November 2022, which suggested the General Court be given the jurisdiction to hear and decide questions referred for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU. The key argument is that the structural consequences of the Court´s Request for the judicial architecture of the European Union go well beyond another mere technical (re)arrangement of a head of competence within Article 256TFEU. If implemented – and potentially further expanded in the future by transferring jurisdiction on preliminary rulings in other specific areas to the GC – the structure of the Union judiciary and the preliminary ruling procedure itself is bound to change significantly.
preliminary rulings, General Court, CJEU reform, Article 256 TFEU
Copyright as democracy of aspiration: Rethinking EU law’s approach to a protected “work”
Authors: Kraetzig Viktoria , Lennartz Jannis 
Published: February 2024

Copyright has become flawed. Technical production hurdles have disappeared, so we live in a creator economy, where anyone can be an author. Legal boundaries become more important and need to be narrowed. But EU copyright law is developing in the opposite direction, encouraged by the ECJ case law. The concept of a “work”, which was supposed to protect valuable art, has become blurred; as well as works of art, copyright now protects digital traces of everyday life. This is not only a problem of legitimacy for copyright law itself, but entails risks for the fundamental rights of third parties since, in the digital age, we communicate more and more via copyright works. To mitigate these risks, the subject matter of copyright protection needs rethinking. Copyright must take its roots seriously: they lie in the literary, scientific, and artistic domain, as described by the Berne Convention.Without making aesthetic judgements, judges must determine whether someone’s work shows“a will to form”.To be accepted as a“work” and to be protected by copyright law, a subject matter does not need to be a masterpiece, but should at least aspire to be a valuable work. Copyright can thus be understood as “democracy of aspiration”.
Copyright, intellectual property, concept of work, art, author’s rights, Berne Convention
DAC8 and Extraterritoriality: How to Enforce Compliance for non-EU Operators
Authors: Cipollini Claudio 
Published: February 2024

Directive on Administrative Cooperation (DAC8) extends its scope to non-EU operators to improve the effectiveness of the exchange of information on crypto-asset transactions. Nonetheless, it is still for the Member States to determine the nature and size of the penalties for non-compliance and address their extraterritorial enforcement. Starting from this assumption, the present article aims to explore what penalties the Member States can adopt against non-compliant operators based in third countries. Furthermore, this study focuses on the multilateral, bilateral, and unilateral instruments for the extraterritorial enforcement of such penalties. To this scope, the author conducts doctrinal research followed by a conceptual analysis of the existing literature as well as interdisciplinary research focusing on the effectiveness of DAC8 for decentralized crypto-assets. The conclusions underline that the Member States should introduce a combined set of monetary and non-monetary penalties, including internet content blocking and a ban on cryptoasset transactions with blacklisted non-EU operators assisted by a sanctions program. Besides, to ensure their extraterritorial enforcement, Member States should adopt a broader definition of tax claim within the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters (CMAAT) and the OECD Model Tax Convention as well as appropriate dissuasive measures against noncooperative jurisdictions in the area of recovery assistance.
Administrative cooperation, Tax transparency, Exchange of information, DAC8, Crypto-assets, Monetary penalties, Nonmonetary penalties, Internet content blocking, Extraterritorial enforcement, Non-EU operators
Forum Contribution: Speculative Crypto-Assets and VAT: Why It Is (Almost) All Exempt.
Authors: Barth Fabian 
Published: February 2024

Following the judgment Hedqvist in 2015, it appeared settled that cryptocurrencies fall within the same (Value Added Tax) VAT exemption as their more traditional counterparts. Discussions however have recently emerged around Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), for which an exemption appears not to be in reach. The article argues that a re-evaluation is now necessary. Most crypto-assets have proven themselves to be useful, and in fact used, predominantly for speculative purposes only, i.e., as high risk investments which might generate significant returns or losses. As such, the paper argues that cryptocurrencies and other volatile NFTs should be placed on the same footing, and discusses whether they are not in fact properly classified as ‘other securities’.
VAT, Crypto, Bitcoin, Ethereum, NFT, Exemption, Financial Services
Strategic Autonomy: The Legal Contours of a Security Policy Construct
Authors: Wessel Ramses A. , Kassoti Eva 
Published: February 2024

Following-up on the many academic analyses of strategic autonomy over the past decade, this special issue aims to take a more comprehensive perspective on ‘security’ by analysing the notion of strategic autonomy from a legal vantage point. After two more general contributions – on the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union and on the ‘supranationalization’ of security despite the key role of EU Member States in this area – the focus turns on specific policy areas. Subsequent contributions thus address strategic autonomy in the context of EU defence-industrial spending, sanctions, data autonomy, energy and investment and economic measures. Together, these contributions highlight different dimensions of the challenges the EU is currently facing. The question that is central to this Introduction –and to the special issue as whole – is to identify and shed light on the important legal contours of an essentially political concept.
strategic autonomy, comprehensive security, EU external relations, security and defence, EU competences
Strategic Autonomy in Military Production: The EDF and the Constitutional Limits to EU Defence-Industrial Spending Power
Authors: Vroege Bram 
Published: February 2024

The European Defence Fund (EDF) has for the first time enabled the European Union (EU) to fund military equipment development in pursuit of its strategic autonomy. But the EDF was based on competences for supporting industrial and research competitiveness, and not on the Common Foreign and Security Policy/Common Security and Defence Policy (CFSP/CSDP). Since EU legal acts must be based on the functionally most appropriate competence, this choice of legal basis raises questions. This article therefore analyses whether the EDF was correctly adopted under a non-CFSP/CSDP legal basis, and if so, how its legal basis affects its capacity to contribute to EU strategic autonomy. The analysis reveals that the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) grants the EU a competence to support defence-industrial competitiveness which is separate from the CFSP/CSDP, but stands in service to its military-strategic objectives. As the EDF is politically subordinate to the CFSP/CSDP, its defence-industrial impact depends on the Member States’ ability to achieve political consensus on the EU’s defence objectives and to determine strategic research and development (R&amp;D) priorities in line with those objectives. Yet even in the face of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, such consensus seems far off.
European Defence Fund, CSDP, strategic autonomy, EU constitutional law
The EU DLT Pilot Regime for Digital Assets [pre-publication]
Authors: Maume Philipp , Kesper Finn 
Published: February 2024

On 23 March 2023, the DLT-Pilot-Regime came into force. It provides market operators the opportunity to offer blockchain-/DLT-based securities trading subject to full EU financial markets regulation. Although this piece of legislation has not attracted as much attention as the Regulation on markets in crypto-assets (MiCAR), the impact of the DLT-Pilot might be signification. In this article, we outline how the EU legislators have identified the shortcomings of current EU market regulation when applied to DLT-based trading, and addressed them one by one. If successful, the DLT-Pilot could become a ‘test kitchen’ for the development of DLT-based securities and crypto-asset trading in the EU.
distributed ledger technology, DLT Pilot, financial instrument, MiCAR, regulatory sandbox, settlement system, multilateral trading facility
Knowledge of Facts and Personal Scope of Customs and Excise Duties
Authors: Lasiński-Sulecki Krzysztof 
Published: February 2024

The personal scope of customs debt and excise taxation differ. It is clearly noticeable, however, that legislators – in the spheres of customs and excise duties – tend to eliminate the possibility of untaxed consumption of goods. In order to achieve this aim, the legislators impose duties on the holders of untaxed goods. The author of this article analyses the relevance of knowledge of the holders for the personal scope of respectively customs and excise duties in the legal system of the European Union (EU) with particular emphasis placed on Poland and undertakes an attempt to assess the rules from the perspective of the principle of legal certainty.
customs debtor, taxpayer, possession of untaxed goods, knowledge