bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histology Of The Nervous System
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In terms of breadth, depth, and originality, this work ranked Cajal with Pasteur and Darwin as giants of 19th century biology. Summarizing almost 20 years of intense research, Cajal systematically described the cellular organization of almost every part of the nervous system in all five classes of vertebrate, and provided a synthetic account of their embryogenesis as well. This revolutionary work laid a broad foundation for modern neuroscience. Neuroscientists, neurologists, psychologists, computer and cognitive scientists, and nonspecialists will find this work of great use. Modern neuroanatomical terminology is used wherever possible, while attempting to preserve the style of the original text. Summarizing almost 20 years of intense research, Cajal systematically described the cellular organization of almost every part of the nervous system in all five classes of vertebrate, and provided a synthetic account of their embryogenesis as well. This work was revolutionary and laid a broad foundation for modern neuroscience because two new concepts - the neuron doctrine and the law of functional polarity - were used to interpret the data, and because the resulting interpretations opened vast new fields of research with profound clinical implications in neurology and psychiatry. In terms of breadth, depth and originality, this work is second only to that of Vesalius in the history of anatomy, and ranked Cajal with Pasteur and Darwin as the giants of 19th century biology. In many ways, the Histology is as valuable today as when it was written, and these volumes will be of use to a broad spectrum of neuroscientists, neurologists, psychologists, and computer and cognitive scientists. To make this work accessible to non specialists, the translators have used modern neuroanatomical terminology wherever possible, while attempting to preserve the style of the original text. They have also provided extensive cross-referencing of synonyms in the index, and notes to clarify difficult passages.
Topical Areas of Interest for Promoting Health: From the Perspective of a Nurse
Authors: Broering Jeanette M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In reading these chapters, which reflect various topical areas of interest for health promotion, I am impressed with the researchers’ ability to clarify and describe comprehensive approaches within individual domains such as positive mental health, sexual well-being, or optimal oral health. Yet, across these diverse areas, integration is not complete. In addition, the various disciplines lack the necessary consensus to formulate a master strategy for optimal, comprehensive, and develop­ mentally focused health promotion programs for youth. In particular, we see a need for programs that are practice oriented and incorporate essential life experiences.
Kaspar Hauser and the Wolf-Children
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ifitard fell short of achieving his stated goal to civilize Victor, Victor taught Itard what Itard needed to know to forever change the lives of the blind and deaf It is comforting to think that our failures may become successes; less so that probable or seeming successes may become failures. Itard’s hope to show the influence of education on a human being previously untrained and unaccustomed to human ways was not met. Victor was not to become socialized as a human being, despite Itard’s teaching and Madame Guerin’s life-long care. Itard worked for five years at the project, and Madame Guerin cared for Victor as boy and man for thirty; however, neither enabled Victor to enter the socialized and civilized activities of humankind. What Itard and Victor accomplished would serve as an example and a promise of what might be done for those born with sensory and mental defects. Victor did not change society’s attitude toward these unfortunates, to be sure, any more than Itard singlehandedly invented Braille, sign language, and ways for the sensory-deprived to communicate both with one another and with those with frill capacity for speech, seeing, and hearing. Yet Itard and Victor inspired later generations to take seriously the problem of how to communicate with those unable to do so in usual ways. Even more than this, the recent work that teaches apes communication owes much to Itard, and he, in turn, to the example of Peter, the wild-boy.
The Interior Organization of a Bookstore
Authors: Zboray Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fragmented array of institutions surrounded the literary life of antebellum Americans. Under the rapidly changing conditions of economic development, publishers scrambled to get books to readers near and far.. That quintessential image of antebellum growth, the railroad, had a great impact upon local communities; down the rails came books that salved some of the dilemmas with which the transportation revolution presented people. And as individuals moved down the pathway to literacy they often stumbled upon the contradictions inherent in the wide range of institutions of literary socialization, themselves adjusting to the intensification of economic activity. But do the inevitable dislocations of sweeping and dramatic material socioeconomic transformation perforce result in a culture with the same fragmentation? Could not the underlying culture remain relatively stable, almost necessarily so, in order to help Americans preserve a sense of continuity in a time of change?
Grammatical Structure and Distributed Representations
Authors: Elman Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural networks have a number of properties which make them attractive computational systems for modelling cognitive behaviour (McClelland, Rumelhart, and Hinton 1986; Rumelhart and McClelland 1986). One of the useful characteristics is their sensitivity to contextual factors, and another is their ability to seek a solution which satisfies multiple constraints. For example, work by Kawamoto and McClelland (1986) and by St. John and McClelland (in press) has shown how grammatical cues can be combined with context information to make inferences about events. Elman (1990) demonstrated that sequential context can provide the basis for adducing the category structure of internal representations of lexical items. Mikkulainen and Dyer (in press) showed how a similar effect could be achieved for external representations (i.e., forms which could then be used by other processing modules).
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Marjorie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imaginary companions often get bad press. In movies and novels, they tend to be equated with psychological disturbance. Look what happens to Danny Torrance, the child character in the movie based on Stephen King’s novel The Shining. Near the beginning of the story, Danny describes Tony, a small invisible boy who lives in his mouth and gives him advice whenever he needs it. This movie is filled with shots of a haunted hotel, an elevator filled with blood, and violent deaths, yet one of the most psychologically chilling scenes occurs when Danny becomes so traumatized by the unfolding events that he is no longer able to function. In this scene, Danny’s mother finds him in a trancelike state and tries to rouse him by shaking him, repeating his name, and telling him to wake up. When the boy responds, it is in the distinctive monotonic voice of Tony saying, “Danny can’t wake up, Mrs. Torrance … Danny’s gone away, Mrs. Torrance.——
What Are Imaginary Companions Like?
Authors: Taylor Marjorie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One 4-year-old who participated in our research told us about two invisible birds named Nutsy and Nutsy (a male and a female) who lived in a tree outside her bedroom window. According to the child, the two Nutsys had brightly colored feathers, were about 12 inches tall, and talked incessantly. Sometimes the little girl was irritated by the clumsy and generally raucous behavior of these birds, but usually their silliness made her laugh. The child’s parents were well aware of the Nutsys; they regularly observed their daughter talking and playing with them, and they were frequently informed about the Nutsys’ opinions and activities. In fact, Nutsy and Nutsy were al¬ most like part of the family. The birds went along on outings by riding on top of the car, they had their own places set at the dinner table, and their antics were enjoyed by all. I met the Nutsys myself one day when they accompanied the little girl to my lab. I provided a chair for them, and the little girl laughed at how funny they looked as they stood on tiptoe to peer over the table at her. Two years after she first told us about Nutsy and Nutsy, the child still remembered them, and her mother reported that she and her daughter sometimes reminisced about their exploits.
Do Children Think Their Imaginary Companions Are Real?
Authors: Taylor Marjorie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Colleague recently told me about an incident involving her 6- year-old son and his constant companion, a small stuffed dog. On the first leg of a family trip, the boy inadvertently left his toy dog behind at a picnic site. The family had traveled many miles before the absence was noted, so the parents vetoed the child’s request to go back immediately to retrieve the toy. The little boy handled this decision pretty well, but over the course of the weekend, he was preoccupied with thoughts about what the dog might be doing to pass the time while waiting for the family’s return. It was clear that the fate of his toy dog was weighing on his mind. Two days later, the family embarked on the return journey home. As they neared the location of the picnic, the boy’s excitement and the parents’
The Politics Of National Security
Authors: Blechman Barry M , Ellis W Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past twenty years, controversy has raged over the greatly expanded role of Congress in the formulation of US national defence policy. Barry Blechman, who served as Assistant Director to the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and as a consultant to the Pentagon and numerous congressional committees, here analyses this fundamental shift in US policy-making. Based in part on interviews with Congress members and their staff, the book explains how and why these changes came about and what their consequences have been for the defence of American interests.
Imagery and Intuition in Creative Scientific Thinking: Albert Einstein’s Invention of the Special Theory of Relativity
Authors: Miller Arthur I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Albert Einstein’s (1879–1955) special theory of relativity, a monumental achievement, was the reaction of a single scientist, working alone and out of the academic mainstream, to the frontier problems of 1905, the year he published his discovery. How did this come about? What was the situation in physics in 1905? What feats of imagination did it take to make this advance? The basic problems in cognitive studies-How is knowledge acquired? and How are new ideas produced?-are essentially the same as a basic problem in the philosophy of science–How are the statements of a scientific theory obtained from data? Thus, for example, our understanding of the invention of special relativity is incomplete unless we can unlock the black box of the mind that made it, that is, explore Einstein’s thinking itself. A valuable clue for how to proceed is to take seriously an observation made by Einstein, whose research led him to investigate the process of thinking itself: “scientific thought is a development of pre-scientific thought” (1934).
Wavelets
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The semantics of this language are somewhat simpler and clearer than C*, and it is well-suited to both SIMD and MIMD parallel programming. This language has been developed in conjunction with a MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer - the Triton system, being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. They have implemented Modula* on the CM-2 Connection Machine, and the MasPar MP-1, and intend to implement it upon their MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer, the Triton/1, when it is complete. The discussion in this section follows the treatment of Modula* in [68], by Christian Herter and Walter Tichy.
Watershed Cases:Brown v. Board of Education)1954
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘‘This is the first indication that I have ever had that there is a God.” This caustic comment to two former law clerks was Justice Frankfurter’s reac tion to ChiefJustice Vinson’s death in September 1953, just before reargu ment was scheduled in the Brown school segregation case. Had Vinson presided over the Court that decided Brown) the result would have been a divided decision. In a May 20, 1954, letter to his colleague Stanley Reed, three days after the unanimous Brown decision was announced, Frank furter wrote, “I have no doubt that if the Segregation cases had reached decision last Term there would have been four dissenters-Vinson, Reed, Jackson and Clark-and certainly several opinions for the majority view. That would have been catastrophic.”
The Frontal Lobes
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Anderson, Steven W , Tranel Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although this is a time of unprecedented progress in cognitive neuroscience, clinicians who evaluate and treat frontal lobe dysfunction still face many of the frustrations encountered by prior generations. Damage to the frontal lobes can disrupt in various ways a set of very complex neuroanatomical and functional systems, which for the most part remain incompletely understood. The frontal lobes make up over one-third of the human cerebral cortex and have diverse anatomical units, each with distinct connections to other cortical and subcortical regions and to each other. Although progress has been made in elucidating the connectional pattern and physiology of some of its subregions in nonhuman primates (see below), the means have not existed to map equivalent complexity in the human brain. Paralleling the challenges presented by the anatomical complexity of the frontal lobes are those that stem from the nature of the signs and symptoms of frontal damage, and most saliently, the fact that such signs and symptoms do not lend themselves easily to quantitative analysis in a laboratory setting. Nonetheless, new findings on frontal lobe dysfunction are appearing regularly and have provided support for some longheld suppositions, as well as new ideas regarding the operations of the frontal lobes. For example, the central role of the frontal lobes in higher cognitive activities is not in question, and there is also growing evidence that frontal dysfunction may contribute to certain psychiatric disorders.
Creativity
Authors: Drago Valeria , Miller, Bruce , Heilman Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will review the concept of creativity, how the brain might mediate creativity, and how neurological diseases can affect creativity. Creativity is a very important human attribute, and the construct of creativity has interested people in a variety of disciplines, including educators, psychologists, and neuroscientists. However, creativity is difficult to study—there is little agreement even about its definition—and it therefore remains poorly understood.
Members
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychotherapy can be one of the most practical types of assistance to offer another human being, or it can be an incredible waste of time, energy, and money. In some cases, it can even affect a patient negatively (Mohr, 1995); in others, it can produce modest to significant benefits. In the context of this book and a previous one (Prigatano, et al., 1986), I have argued that psychotherapy can be a useful component of neuro psychological rehabilitation for some patients after brain injury (i.e., Principle 7). The purpose of this chapter is to develop this theme more fully and to discuss my own interpretation of approaches that have been useful in this work. This chapter also describes how and why psychotherapy has emerged as a potentially useful treatment in the rehabilitation of brain-injured patients. The essential ingredients of psychotherapy and various forms of psychotherapeutic interventions are considered. These observations are related specifically to the problem of lost normality after brain injury.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1920, Toomer had met Frank at a party in New York City given by Lola Ridge, an editor of Broom, a small literary magazine. Their friendship grew intense by 1922, with a mutual fascination and respect for each other’s ideas about life and literature, and Frank, the successful, established author, encouraging Toomer to write and publish. In the fall of 1922, while Toomer was working on Cane, and Frank was writing his novel Holiday, set in the South, the two authors traveled to Spartanburg, South Carolina. At this point in their careers, both deeply immersed in their work, Toomer and Frank were intellectually and emotionally close to each other. However, this intense relationship ended in 1923 when Toomer and Margaret Naumburg, Frank’s wife, fell in love. Toomer wrote his letter to Frank of July 19, 1922, inanticipation of their traveling together in the South, the trip that brought them to Spartanburg. The references to Georgia reflect Toomer’s sojourn in Sparta, where he was a substitute principal of Sparta Agricultural and Industrial Institute for two months in 1921. “Murder” is part of City Block, a novel by Frank, privately printed in 1922. Double Dealer was a little magazine from New Orleans, edited by John McClure. Gilbert Seldes was an editor of Dial. The Liberator was a magazine based in New York City, edited by Floyd Dell, Max Eastman, Michael Gold, and Claude McKay, among others.
Post-Cane
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For two weeks I have worked steadily at it. The book is done. From three angles, CANE’S design is a circle. Aesthetically, from simple forms to complex ones, and back to simple forms. Regionally, from the South up into the North, and back into the South again. Or, From [sic] the North down into the South, and then a return North. From the point of view of the spiritual entity behind the work, the curve really starts with Bona and Paul (awakening), plunges into Kabnis, emerges in Karintha etc. swings upward into Theatre [sic] and Box Seat, and ends (pauses) in Harvest Song..
Introduction
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a mistake to believe that most of those who feel prejudice do not want to feel it. On the contrary. They want to feel it. It serves their ends. If to change, they must change so that they desire ends, other ends, in relation to which prejudice will be seen and recognized as an impediment. Weapons will be discarded for tools only when we cease desiring the ends that weapons attain and begin desiring the ends that only tools can achieve. Words were the original germ carriers of the majority of our prejudices. Without words it is doubtful that we would contract the prejudices-or that they ever would have started and multiplied. How without words could prejudices be passed on and worked up from generation to generation? Seal the mouths of all of us, prohibit writing, destroy all printed matter, and when those who are now infants come of age they would have acquired from us only those antagonisms communicable by gestures. (Much else too would be lost, but this is another matter.)
Parasites and the Behavior of Animals
Authors: Moore Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume presents ecological consequences and evolutionary mechanisms that may be associated with behavioral alterations in parasitized hosts. Alterations may result from natural selection favoring the host or parasite, or there may be side effects of physiological changes associated with symbiosis. This book summarizes the literature in this area, showing that reports of alteration may frequently be consistent with more than one evolutionary explanation and that rigorous tests are needed before the phenomenon can be understood and placed in a predictive framework. Such understanding is important, because these behavioral alterations have been shown to have the potential to affect the distribution of animals in nature and their interactions with predators and competitors, and the alterations may have implications for vector biology.
Behavioral Alterations and Parasite Transmission
Authors: Moore Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, parasites are transmitted in a variety of ways, and almost all major transmission modes offer examples of transmission-enhancing behavioral alterations that are associated with parasitism. In May and Anderson’s (1992, and references therein) Basic Model, an increase in transmission rate results in an increase in reproductive ratio if everything else is equal. Thus, when parasites induce such behavioral alterations, not only may they be favored by natural selection, but several aspects of parasite epidemiology, including host population levels necessary for their establishment, also diverge from those predicted by models that do not assume such enhancements.
Isolated Invariant Sets and Isolating Blocks
Authors: Easton Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy to see that an isolating block is an isolating region and that not all isolating regions are isolating blocks. We will show that each isolated invariant set is the maximal invariant set contained inside an associated isolating block. One can use the topology of a block and the way it maps across itself to prove that it isolates a nonempty invariant set. Further properties of this isolated invariant set can sometimes be deduced using symbolic dynamics. We give a general construction of isolating blocks using epsilon chains. Isolating blocks are stable with respect to perturbations of the map and therefore properties of the dynamics which can be deduced from blocks persist.
A Bestiary
Authors: Holman J Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter consists of synoptic remarks about all the Pleistocene orders, families, and genera of amphibians and reptiles from mainland North America (excluding Mexico) with references to regions delineated in this book in which their species occur. The precise localities of these Pleistocene species will be found in the regional accounts in Chapter 5.The arrangement of taxonomic groups and nomenclature mainly follows the widely distributed checklist of Banks, McDiarmid, and Gardner (1987). Exceptions include changes in the spelling of several scientific names since the 1987 publication (e.g., Conant and Collins, 1991); the fact that snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians are considered orders rather than suborders following Estes (1983) and Rage (1984); and the fact that the Rhinuridae is considered a separate family (Estes, 1983).
Identification Of North American Pleistocene Herpetological Fossils
Authors: Holman J Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most North American Pleistocene herpetological fossils occur as scattered postcranial bones or parts of bones or as broken pieces of skulls and jaws. Occasionally, more complete fossils may be found, such as complete turtle shells (Figs. 42, 43) or even skulls of various tax but these occurrences are rare. Individual bones that are used for the identification and study of amphibians and reptiles generally must satisfy two criteria: (1) they must be of common occurrence, and (2) they must have useful characters for the identification of the animals that bore them.