bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic levels of human Factor VIII in mice implanted with encapsulated cells: potential for gene therapy of haemophilia A
Authors: García‐Martín Carmen , Chuah Marinee K. L. , Van Damme An , Robinson Kelly E. , Vanzieleghem Beatrijs , Saint‐Remy Jean‐Marie , Gallardo Dominique , Ofosu Frederick A. , Vandendriessche Thierry , Hortelano Gonzalo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundA gene therapy delivery system based on microcapsules enclosing recombinant cells engineered to secrete a therapeutic protein has been evaluated. The microcapsules are implanted intraperitoneally. In order to prevent cell immune rejection, cells are enclosed in non‐antigenic biocompatible alginate microcapsules prior to their implantation into mice. It has been shown that encapsulated myoblasts can deliver therapeutic levels of Factor IX (FIX) in mice. The delivery of human Factor VIII (hFVIII) in mice using microcapsules was evaluated in this study.MethodsMouse C2C12 myoblasts and canine MDCK epithelial kidney cells were transduced with MFG‐FVIII (B‐domain deleted) vector. Selected recombinant clones were enclosed in alginate microcapsules. Encapsulated recombinant clones were subsequently implanted intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 and immunodeficient SCID mice.ResultsPlasma of mice receiving C2C12 and encapsulated MDCK cells had transient therapeutic levels of FVIII in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice (up to 20% and 7% of physiological levels, respectively). In addition, FVIII delivery in SCID mice was also transient, suggesting that a non‐immune mechanism must have contributed to the decline of hFVIII in plasma. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis confirmed directly that the decline of hFVIII is due to a reduction in steady‐state hFVIII mRNA, consistent with transcriptional repression. Furthermore, encapsulated cells retrieved from implanted mice were viable, but secreted FVIII ex vivo at three‐fold lower levels than the pre‐implantation levels. In addition, antibodies to hFVIII were detected in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice.ConclusionsImplantable microcapsules can deliver therapeutic levels of FVIII in mice, suggesting the potential of this gene therapy approach for haemophilia A. The findings suggest vector down‐regulation in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The electronic dissemination of policy information; experiences from the livestock–environment toolbox
Authors: Morton John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmong the many implications for development of the global revolution in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is the possibility of using ICTs to assist policy makers. This paper reflects on the author's experience drafting the policy modules of the ‘Livestock‐Environment Toolbox.’ Using an electronic web‐based format for the Toolbox allowed it to be highly compact and non‐linear, while remaining accessible through Web and CD‐ROM versions. Some policy issues for the application of ICTs are raised: no field of policy is self‐contained. There are trade‐offs between global outreach and regional specificity, and between participation and authority. The electronic dissemination of policy information must be supported through training and capacity‐building. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How institutional quality and economic factors impact technological deepening in developing countries
Authors: Clarke George R. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper assesses the effect of institutional and economic factors on research and development (R&D) expenditures in developing countries. The paper finds that several measures of institutional quality are correlated with R&D expenditures. Since the institutional variables increase as institutional quality improves, this suggests that stronger institutions and better protection of property rights encourage greater R&D expenditures. In addition, foreign direct investment is negatively correlated within R&D expenditures, while defense expenditures are positively correlated with R&D expenditures in some model specifications. Although R&D is not the primary way that developing countries gain access to technology, these results are of interest since R&D might encourage technological deepening better than other methods that developing countries use to gain access to technology (e.g., through FDI or capital goods imports). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaling‐up information services for development: a framework of increasing returns for telecentres
Authors: Tschang Ted , Chuladul Mathurot , Le Thuy Thu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTelecentres are an important type of information and communication technology (ICT) system particularly assisting rural and urban communities in developing countries, but the focus is often put on social development, sometimes on static economic returns, and rarely on dynamic economic aspects. This paper develops a basis for understanding the factors behind financial success in a dynamic setting based on the concept of increasing returns. This is applied to telecentres according to the stage of maturity of their information services. The framework is illustrated with literature‐ and interview‐based cases, and will help an understanding of ways in which telecentres can scale‐up their operation and impact. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3,4,3 LI 1,2 HOPO labelled with 14C
Authors: Burgada R. , Bailly T. , Noël J. P. , Gomis J. M. , Valleix A. , Ansoborlo E. , Hengé‐Napoli M. H. , Paquet F. , Gourmelon P. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract3,4,3 LI 1,2 HOPO 1 or LIHOPO (1,5,10,14‐tetra (1‐hydroxy‐2‐pyridone‐6‐oyl)‐1,5,10,14‐tetraazatetradecane.) is a decorporation agent used against actinides. It was synthesised labelled with carbon 14 with a view to metabolism studies. [6,9‐14C]‐LIHOPO 2 was obtained in two radioactive steps through a very convenient synthesis in 50% radioactive yield from commercially available [1,4‐14C]‐spermine, hydrochloride and 1‐benzyloxy‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyridine‐2‐carbonyl chloride 7. The synthesis of 7 is also described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radioiodinated α1‐adrenergic receptor ligands
Authors: Hamill Terence G. , Burns H. Donald , Gibson Raymond E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis and preliminary characterization of three radioiodinated α1‐adrenergic receptor ligands [125I]5a–c are described. These tracers are analogs of L‐760,478, 1b, itself an analog of prazosin, 1a. The highest affinity tracer, [125I]5a, has six fold higher affinity for the α1 receptor subtypes than prazosin. These ligands could be useful for autoradiographic studies of the α1 receptor subtypes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of [phenyl‐3H] clonidine hydrochloride at high specific activity
Authors: Filer Crist N. , Ahern David G. 
Published: August 2002

Abstractp‐Aminoclonidine hydrochloride 1 was converted to m‐dibromo‐p‐iodoclonidine 3 and the latter was used as a precursor to prepare [phenyl‐3H] clonidine hydrochloride 4 at high specific activity via a selective catalytic dehalogenation with tritium. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses of [14C]‐detergents: octaethylene‐glycol‐[1‐14C]‐dodecylether, [1‐14C]‐dodecyl‐β‐D‐maltoside and dibromo‐analogues
Authors: Georgin Dominique , le Maire Marc , Noël Jean Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOctaethylene‐glycol‐dodecylether and dodecyl‐β‐D‐maltoside are two widely used detergents in membrane protein studies. We describe here the synthesis of the 14C‐labelled brominated analogues, and of the 14C‐labelled forms. [1‐14C]‐5,6‐Dibromo‐dodecylether was prepared by coupling [1‐14C]‐(Z)‐1‐bromo‐dodec‐5‐ene with octaethylene glycol followed by bromination. [1‐14C]‐5,6‐Dibromo‐dodecyl‐β‐D‐maltoside was synthesised from [1‐14C]‐(Z)‐dodec‐5‐en‐l‐ol via a coupling with α‐bromohepta‐O‐acetyl‐maltose followed by a deprotection step and bromination. Following similar methods, octaethylene‐glycol‐[1‐14C]‐dodecylether and [1‐14C]‐dodecyl‐β‐D‐maltoside were also obtained. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast [18F]FDG synthesis by alkaline hydrolysis on a low polarity solid phase support
Authors: Lemaire C. , Damhaut Ph. , Lauricella B. , Mosdzianowski C. , Morelle J.‐L , Monclus M. , Van Naemen J. , Mulleneers E. , Aerts J. , Plenevaux A. , Brihaye C. , Luxen A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐D‐glucose ([18F]FDG) has been simplified by the use of a tC18 Sep Pak cartridge to effect purification and hydrolysis of the tetraacetylated [18F]fluoro‐glucose compound ([18F]TAG). After radiolabelling, this derivative was trapped on a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and the residual reaction solvent (CH3CN), reagents (K222, K2CO3,…) and by‐products removed by washing the support with water. After this cleaning step, the acetyl groups were cleaved on the same tC18 column using 2N sodium hydroxide. This fast reaction proceeded near quantitatively (>98%) at room temperature in less than 2 min. The [18F]FDG was then recovered with a small amount of water, neutralized with a slight excess of 2N hydrochloric acid, buffered for pH with a citrate solution and finally purified on a neutral alumina oxide and a second tC18 column. After filtration, the radiochemical yield of this [18F]FDG isotonic solution after more than 100 production runs was found to be very reliable and reproducible (70±6% decay corrected). The synthesis time was about 22 min. Quality controls showed that the radiochemical purity was higher than 98% and in any case no [18F]FDM was detected. Only traces of 2‐chloro‐2‐deoxy‐glucose (ClDG) were found in the final sample (64±9 μg/ batch of 16 ml). [18F]FDG specific activity averaged between 1 and 20 Ci/µmol (EOS). No evaporation and use of ion retardation resin (AG11A8) are required. Moreover, this new approach is suitable for complete remote operation using available single use medical components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecularly imprinted polymer using­p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, p‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid and p‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acid as templates
Authors: Sun Bao Wei , Li Yuan Zong , Chang Wen Bao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMolecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (p‐HB), p‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p‐HPA) and p‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (p‐HPPA) as templates were synthesized. The performance of the templates and their analogues on polymer‐based high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns was studied. The imprinting effect of the MIP using p‐HB as template is more obvious than that of MIP using either p‐HPA or p‐HPPA as template, and the mixture of p‐HB and p‐HPA can be well separated on the MIP using p‐HB as template, but not on the blank. Interestingly, the recognition of MIP (p‐HB as the template) to p‐HB showed a synergistic effect. The retention factor of p‐HB is not the sum of those of phenol and benzoic acid. We also found that the imprinting effect decreased when increasing the concentration of acetic acid in mobile phase. The possible reason is that acetic acid molecules occupied the binding sites of the polymer, thereby decreasing the concentration of binding sites. Furthermore, polymers, which showed specificity to 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, can be prepared with p‐HB as template. It is thus possible to synthesize a specific polymer for a compound that is either expensive or unstable by using a structurally similar compound as template. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid quantitative lung 1H T1 mapping
Authors: Jakob Peter M. , Hillenbrand Claudia M. , Wang Tungte , Schultz Georg , Hahn Dietbert , Haase Axel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this contribution, a rapid and robust technique for quantitative T1 mapping of the human lung is presented. Based on a series of Snapshot FLASH tomograms acquired after a single inversion pulse, high quality and quantitative T1 parameter maps acquired in under five seconds were obtained from six healthy volunteers. The measured T1 values are in good agreement with previously reported literature values. T1 maps were also acquired with the volunteers breathing room air or 100% O2. The T1 difference between breathing room air and 100% O2 is statistically significant at P < 0.0001. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:795–799. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ovarian veins: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in an asymptomatic population
Authors: Nascimento Alessandra B. , Mitchell Donald G. , Holland George 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the magnetic resonance (MR) venographic appearance of the ovarian veins in a healthy population, correlated with surgical findings. Our data can be used as a basis for comparison to patients with suspected pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS).Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed exams of 22 women who had MR angiography for potential renal donation evaluation (age range, 19.3–60.5 years; mean, 38 years). We evaluated the diameter of the ovarian veins on dynamic multiphasic postcontrast coronal images, the phase of contrast appearance in these veins, the apparent direction of flow, and the presence of ovarian or pelvic varices. Surgical correlation was obtained in 12 patients. Clinical charts were reviewed and patients were asked about symptoms of chronic pelvic pain and the number of their children.ResultsOf the 22 exams, 21 left gonadal veins were identified. Passive reflux from the left renal vein into the left gonadal vein was suggested in eight exams (38%). These veins had a mean diameter of 6.4 ± 1.6 mm, significantly larger than 4.5 ± 1.3 mm for the other 13 left gonadal veins without reflux (P < 0.005). The right gonadal vein was identified in 8 of 22 women, with a mean diameter of 4.4 ± 0.5 mm. No patient reported symptoms of chronic pelvic pain.ConclusionPassive reflux from the left renal vein to the left gonadal vein can occur in asymptomatic women. Diagnosis of PCS depends heavily on appropriate clinical history. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:551–556. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated registration of dynamic MR images for the quantification of myocardial perfusion
Authors: Bidaut Luc M. , Vallée Jean‐Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCardiac dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after contrast media injection suffers from motion induced by free breathing during acquisition. This work presents an automated approach for motion correction of the heart. The registration is based on the multipass/multiresolution iterative minimizing of intrinsic differences between each image and a reference image coupled to a two‐dimensional/3 parameters rigid body correction. The efficiency of this correction method was evaluated with anatomical landmarks, various cost functions, and for a compartment model fit of the data with 2 parameters: K1, the blood to myocardium transfer coefficient; and Vd, the distribution volume of the contrast media. The variability of K1 and Vd, derived from the fit of the registered images (using the manual correction as a gold standard), was significantly reduced by comparison with the variability obtained from the uncorrected images (P < 0.04). This motion correction method also clearly improves the analysis of dynamic cardiac MRI after contrast media injection in comparison to manual correction. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:648–655. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffusion tensor MRI of the human kidney
Authors: Ries Mario , Jones Richard A. , Basseau Fabrice , Moonen Chrit T.W. , Grenier Nicolas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study characterizes the diffusion anisotropy of the human kidney using a diffusion‐weighted, single‐shot echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence in order to access the full apparent diffusion tensor (ADT) within one breathhold. The fractional anisotropy (FA) of the cortex and the medulla were found to be 0.22 ± 0.12 and 0.39 ± 0.11, respectively (N = 10), which emphasizes the need for rotationally invariant diffusion measurements for clinical applications. Additional limitations for clinical diffusion imaging on the kidney are the strong susceptibility variations within the abdomen that restrict the use of imaging techniques employing long echo trains, and the severe motion sensitivity that limits the available imaging time to one breath‐hold. To overcome these problems an isotropic, diffusion‐weighted, segmented EPI protocol that facilitates the acquisition of high‐resolution diffusion‐weighted images within a single breath‐hold was implemented. Using this method, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the cortex and medulla were found to be 2.89 ± 0.28 · 10−9 m2/s and 2.18 ± 0.36 · 10−9 m2/s (N = 10). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:42–49. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial variation in cartilage T2 of the knee
Authors: Smith Harvey E. , Mosher Timothy J. , Dardzinski Bernard J. , Collins Belinda G. , Collins Christopher M. , Yang Qing X. , Schmithorst Vincent J. , Smith Michael B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTechnical limitations imposed by resolution and B1 homogeneity have thus far limited quantitative in vivo T2 mapping of cartilage to the patella. The purpose of this study is to develop T2 mapping of the femoral/tibial joint and assess regional variability of cartilage T2 in the knee. Quantitative in vivo T2 mapping of the knee was performed on 15 asymptomatic adults (age, 22–44) using a 3T MR scanner. There is a consistent pattern of spatial variation in cartilage T2 with longer values near the articular surface. The greatest variation occurs in the patella, where T2 increases from 45.3 ± 2.5 msec at a normalized distance of 0.33–67 ± 5.5 msec at a distance of 1.0. These results demonstrate feasibility of performing in vivo T2 mapping of femoral tibial cartilage. Except for the superficial 15% where T2 values are lower, the spatial variation in T2 of femoral and tibial cartilage is similar to patellar cartilage. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:50–55. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multi‐slice dynamic imaging: Complete functional cardiac MR examination within 15 seconds
Authors: Bornstedt Axel , Nagel Eike , Schalla Simon , Schnackenburg Bernhard , Klein Christoph , Fleck Eckart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new magnetic resonance (MR) sequence was developed to acquire real‐time images in a multi‐slice dynamic imaging mode to cover the complete heart in 15 seconds without the need for electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering and multiple breath holds. In 34 patients, left ventricular function was assessed with the new technique and a standard technique. The new technique proved to be feasible and accurate for functional cardiac examinations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:300–305. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometry of steroid glucuronide conjugates. I. Electron impact fragmentation of 5α‐/5β‐androstan‐3α‐ol‐17‐one glucuronides, 5α‐estran‐3α‐ol‐17‐one glucuronide and deuterium‐labelled analogues
Authors: Thevis Mario , Opfermann Georg , Schmickler Hans , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOwing to the developments of analytical instruments and interfaces (e.g. coupling high‐performance liquid chromatography to mass spectrometry), there has been increased interest in new reference materials, for example in doping analysis with steroid glucuronide conjugates. The synthesized reference material has to pass several characterization steps including the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for its structure confirmation. In the present study, the fragmentation and mass spectrometric behaviour of several steroid glucuronide conjugates of endogenous and anabolic steroids after derivatization to pertrimethylsilylated products and to methyl ester pertrimethylsilylated products were investigated using GC/MS ion trap and GC/MS quadrupole instruments. The mass spectra of the derivatives of androsterone glucuronide, d5‐androsterone glucuronide, epiandrosterone glucuronide, etiocholanolone glucuronide, 11β‐hydroxy etiocholanolone glucuronide, 19‐norandrosterone glucuronide, d4‐19‐norandrosterone glucuronide and 1α‐methyl‐5α‐androstan‐3α‐ol‐17‐one glucuronide are presented and the origin of typical fragment ions of the glycosidic and steroidal moieties is proposed, based on different derivatization techniques including derivatization with d18‐bistrimethylsilylacetamide, methyl ester and trimethylsilyl ester derivatization and selected reaction monitoring. Typical fragmentation patterns which are related to the steroid structure are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gabapentin quantification in human plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Application to bioequivalence study
Authors: Ifa Demian R. , Falci Márcio , Moraes Maria E. , Bezerra Fernando A. F. , Moraes Manoel O. , Nucci Gilberto de 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA rapid, sensitive and specific analytical method was developed and validated to quantify gabapentin in human plasma using acetaminophen as an internal standard. The method employs a single plasma protein precipitation. The analytes are chromatographed on a C4 reversed‐phase chromatographic column and analyzed by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method has a chromatographic run time of 4 min and a linear calibration curve over the range 50–10 000 ng ml−1 (r > 0.999). The between‐run precision, based on the relative standard deviation for replicate quality controls, was ≤4.8 % (200 ng ml−1), 6.0% (1000 ng ml−1) and 4.4% (5000 ng ml−1). The between‐run accuracy was ±2.6, 4.4 and 0.5% for the above‐mentioned concentrations, respectively. This method was employed in a bioequivalence study of two gabentin capsule formulations (Progresse from Biosintética, Brazil, as a test formulation, and Neurotin from Parke‐Davis, as a reference formulation) in 24 healthy volunteers of both sexes who received a single 300 mg dose of each formulation. The study was conducted using an open, randomized, two‐period crossover design with a 7‐day washout interval. The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the individual ratio geometric mean for Progresse/Neurotin was 87.9–115.6% for AUC(0–36 h) and 88.6–111.7% for Cmax. Since both 90% CI for AUC(0–36 h) and Cmax were included in the 80–125% interval proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration, Progresse was considered bioequivalent to Neurotin according to both the rate and extent of absorption. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.