bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of ion sputtering yields for depth profile analyses
Authors: Suzuki Toshiko , Hirokawa Kichinosuke , Fukuda Yasuo , Suzuki Ken‐ichi , Hashimoto Satoshi , Usuki Noriaki , Gennai Norio , Yoshida Shizuo , Koda Mitsuru , Sezaki Hiroshi , Horie Akira , Tanaka Akihiro , Ohtsubo Takashi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractResults are reported of the second phase of joint research on ion sputtering that was conducted by the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. Various effects on sputtering yields were studied in detail, and the yields for Ni and Zn were determined by analysing the depth profile of electrodeposited steel sheets with an Auger electorn spectrometer, Ar+ ions were used as the bombarding species, and a Faraday cup, which was fitted with a front plate incorporating a small hole in the centre for the ions to pass through, was used to measure the electric current of the incident ions. To calculate the ion current density, a correction for the effective transmittance efficiency of the hole was made according to its cross‐sectional shape. The sputtering yields determined in several laboratories by using this correction agreed with each other better than those obtained in the first phase of the work. The angular dependence and energy dependence of the sputtering yields for Ni and Zn were measured.A standard procedure is proposed for the measurement of ion sputtering yields to analyse depth profiles, including methods to measure the ion current, to calculate the current density, to optimize the sample position and to tune lenses of the ion gun.
Chemical effect on the XPS spectra of the valence band and on O KLL and Pd MNN Auger spectra in pumice‐supported catalysts
Authors: Venezia A. M. , Duca D. , Floriano M. A. , Deganello G. , Rossi A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectra of the valence band and X‐ray‐excited O KLL Auger transition of pumice‐supported Pd and Pt catalysts have been obtained and compared to the corresponding spectra of pumice (a naturally occurring amorphous aluminosilicate). The changes observed indicate interaction between metal and support.The valence region of the catalysts consists of three large peaks: one due to the d band of the metals and the other to the O 2p non‐bonding orbitals and bonding‐type orbitals formed by a mixing of the atomic orbitals (O 2p, Si 3s and Si 3p) of oxygen and silicon from the support. The intensity decrease of the component due to the bonding orbitals, observed in the catalyst spectra, suggests electron donation from the support to the metal.The O KLL valence Auger spectra of pumice and of catalysts have been analysed. The changes in the Auger pattern are attributed to variations of the atomic orbital composition of the valence levels due to the presence of the supported metals.
Study of ion implantation and annealing effects in silicon wafers using high‐frequency phonon scattering
Authors: Strickland K. R. , Edwards S. C. , Wigmore J. K. , Collins R. A. , Jeynes C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor the first time, high‐frequency phonon scattering has been used to study ion implantation damage in silicon wafers. Diffusive scattering of reflected heat pulses was found to be greatly increased by self implantation at a dose of 1015 cm−2, which is known to produce an amorphous layer. Subsequent low‐temperature (250°C) annealing produced a reduction in scattering which could be attributed to smoothing of the amorphous–crystalline (a–c) interface, i.e. to a reduction in the short‐wavelength components of the interface roughness.
Boumans' equation revisited. Part II: A new sputtering equation
Authors: Payling Richard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn Part II, a modified form of Boumans' equation for the sputtering rate in a Grimm‐style glow discharge lamp is presented

where q is the sputtering rate, CQ and V0 are matrix‐dependent constants, ig and Vg are the lamp current and voltage, respectively, and n ≈︁0.74. Previous work in support of the original equation is shown to be in error because this earlier work used a constant time for sputtering to measure the effect of varying current and voltage. This meant that sputtering rates were being recorded over widely varying depths. It is shown, in a Grimm‐style glow discharge lamp, that sputtering rate increases with depth. The new equation is supported by measurements on thin films and on bulk samples where the time has been varied to keep the depth nearly constant. The impact of the new equation on bulk analysis and quantitative depth profiling is also described.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of iron oxides with known 18O/16O contents
Authors: Lu Q. , Hultquist G. , Mathieu H. J. , Gopalakrishnan R. , Younes C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIron oxide films with known 18O and 16O content were prepared by thermal oxidation of iron metal in H218O/H216O gas mixtures at 400°C. The oxide films were analysed in four laboratories with SIMS within a month after they were produced. One oxide sample (with 91% 18O) was also analysed after storage in air for 15 months. It turns out that the oxides are stable over that time period. The yield ratios of the detected ionic species based on negative 18O and 16O ions and metal–oxygen‐containing ions were compared with the nominal, known values. The effect of interference of residual 16O and 16OH on the results is discussed and appropriate measures for reducing this effect are proposed. Reasonably good agreement is found between the four laboratories.
XPS and ISS studies on the interaction of H2S with polycrystalline Cu, Cu2O and CuO surfaces
Authors: Galtayries A. , Bonnelle J.‐P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe first steps of H2S adsorption have been studied on polycrystalline copper samples, which are more relevant to industrial copper samples than to single‐crystal surfaces. The tools for characterization are ultrahigh vacuum spectroscopic methods, such as x‐ray photoelectron and ion scattering spectroscopies. The H2S adsorption on metallic copper and on the corresponding Cu2O and CuO oxides is dissociative and highly dependent on the chemical nature of the exposed surface rather than on the temperature, from room temperature up to 623 K. In our conditions, Cuo sulphidation deals with the top Cuo layer whereas two to three oxide surface monolayers are modified at H2S saturation. The results on oxides are interpreted by an oxygen/sulphur replacement mechanism following the dissociative adsorption. Contaminated copper surfaces by phenanthrene or H2O treatments are hardly sulphided. As far as surface reactivity is concerned, the adsorbed sulphide species have been shown to be quite strongly bound to the different surface states tested in this work: only oxidative treatments induce desorbing products at 623 K.
Quantitative methods for the characterization of the auger peaks of SrTiO3
Authors: Horvath G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSegregated layers of heat‐treated single and polycrystalline SrTiO3 samples were investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. Heat treatments were carried out in air, N2 and in 5% H2 + 95% N2 at 800°C. For evaluation of the detected signals, different quantification methods were applied. It is shown that a ‘first principle’ calculation without standards gives reliable results with a maximum relative error of 15%. Employing methods with standard samples, the usage of compound standards considerably improves the accuracy. The Palmberg formula with elemental standards has ∼100–120% relative error, while with a compound standard this value is ∼15%. The best result was obtained in the case of a compound standard with matrix factor correction, where the relative error was found to be 5–10%. However, in the case of segregated materials the crucial point is whether monolayer or multilayer segregation takes place.
Fluence, flux, current and current density measurement in faraday cups for surface analysis
Authors: Gilmore I. S. , Seah M. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe manufacture and design of ideal Faraday cups for measuring currents and current densities in electron and ion beams is well understood and yet laboratories can still report values for surface science parameters involving sputtering that diverge by a factor of two. This is because the constraints of space and lack of properly designed specimen stages lead to difficulties in cup design. We have designed, here, Faraday cups for current and current density measurements that are simple, compact and may be inserted into a surface analysis system on a normal sample stub without the need for special electrical feed‐throughs. The design parameters and operating conditions to achieve efficiencies demonstrated to be within 2% of the ideal behaviour are given in detail. The problems encountered in achieving this level of accuracy are discussed.
Laterally resolved chemical analysis of solid surfaces by laser‐SNMS
Authors: Berthold W. , Wucher A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe prospects of laser‐based secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) as a technique for quantitative and fast imaging of the chemical composition of a solid surface are evaluated on a model sample consisting of different nickel grids pressed into a silver substrate. In the experiment, neutral atoms sputtered from the sample surface by a finely focused Ga+ ion beam are post‐ionized by non‐resonant two‐photon absorption from a pulsed 248 nm excimer laser and detected by a reflectron‐type time‐of‐flight spectrometer. Particular emphasis is put on the interrelation between image acquisition time and detection sensitivity. It is demonstrated that multiple mass images taken with only one single laser shot per pixel allow the safe detection of 0.1 at.% impurities at a lateral resolution of 1 μm, the total image acquisition time being only of the order of minutes. In order to convert the measured signals into element concentrations, a quantitation scheme is described that allows correction of the acquired images for influences of surface topography, fluctuations and drift of primary ion current, etc.
Determination of miller indices of side faces of small crystallites from scanning force microscopy angle measurements
Authors: Schwarz A. , Schwarz U. D. , Bluhm H. , Wiesendanger R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe calculation of Miller indices from out‐of‐plane angle measurements with scanning force microscopy (SFM) is demonstrated on three different systems: rutile on haematite, rutile on sapphire and haematite on sapphire. The height of the investigated crystallites ranges from several millimetres (rutile on haematite) down to <10 nm (haematite on sapphire). General issues of goniometry by means of SFM, such as the influence of the scanner calibration, the adjustment of the feedback loop on the error involved in out‐of‐plane angle measurements and the limitation of SFM goniometry due to tip geometry, are discussed and a comparison with other methods are given.
Advances in the analysis of surfaces of biomedical interest
Authors: Ratner Buddy D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMaterials used in biomedical applications often function based upon their surface properties. Thus, understanding their surfaces is critical to the design and engineering of new biomaterials and medical devices. Modern surface analysis tools have been developed largely around the needs for the microelectronics and petrochemicals industries, where durable, inorganic surfaces are studied. This paper examines how surface analysis methods can be applied to biomaterials which are typically hydrated and fragile. In particular, vacuum compatibility, sample damage, the aqueous/solid interface; spatial information, buried interfaces, chemical complexity and correlation with bioreactivity will be addressed.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of carbon‐fiber surfaces. 19. Surface chemical changes during electrochemical oxidation in base
Authors: Weitzsacker Cara L. , Sherwood Peter M. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrochemical oxidation of polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon fibers in a basic electrolyte was studied and the surface chemical changes monitored by core and valence‐band x‐ray photoelectron studies. These studies show that potentionstatic treatment under strongly oxidizing conditions in a sodium hydroxide electrolyte for 20 min leads to a surface consisting of a substantial amount of weakly attached carbonate ions with a lesser contribution from carbosylae and other C/O groups attached to the carbon‐fibre surface.The valence‐band spectrum for a carboxylated carbon fibre calculated by a multiple‐scattered wave Xα calculation on a CO2−−Substituted coronene (C36O) shows that a carboxylate‐functionalized carbon fiber would make only a partial contribution to the observed spectrum, which shows considerable similarities with the spectrum of the carbonate ion. The weakly attached carbonate ions were reduced in surface concentration by repeated washing.
Study of a zinc chloride in poly(ethylene glycol) layer on an aluminium oxide surface by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
Authors: Line M. J. , Pritchard R. G. , Pynenburg R. , Latham R. J. , Linford R. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy is used to compare the adsorption onto aluminium oxide of poly(ethylene glycol) of relative molar mass 400 (PEG400) with poly(ethylene glycol) that has been coordinated with zinc chloride. This work carried out on a low‐molecular‐weight analogue of a polymer electrolyte reveals that the steric hinderance brought about by the coordination of zinc chloride with poly(ethylene glycol) changes the mechanism by which the polymer bonds to an aluminium oxide surface. The zinc bonds both to atmospheric water and to the ether oxygens in the polymer, which restricts the conformational freedom of the polymer. This restriction causes the attachment of the polymer to the aluminium oxide substrate to be primarily by hydrogen bonding, which reveals itself through the appearance of an extra peak in the inelastic electron tunneling spectrum at ∼440 meV. The implication is that when monolayer coatings of PEG400/ZnCl2 are adsorbed on aluminium oxide, the coordination of the zinc with the polymer imposes a structure upon the latter.
How to cope with new and proposed regulations affecting PVC additives: The right time for the right cadmium‐containing stabilizers
Authors: Kauder Otto S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStabilizers containing relatively toxic metals such as cadmium or lead have long been used whenever regulations permit because, on a cost‐performance basis, they have been far superior to available alternatives. Recent and proposed regulatory changes increase the regulatory compliance cost connected with the use of traditional products. Argus Chemical's efforts have approached the problem from several directions, including: 1) minimizing compliance cost by providing products less hazardous in use; for example, solid stabilizers with minimal dusting tendency, and liquid stabilizers able to replace solids; 2) upgrading performance by providing more efficient products; 3) providing products in which relatively toxic ingredients have been replaced by less toxic materials. Applications of these approaches in the specific areas of general‐purpose flexible calendering and extrusion compounds, vinyl plastisols, and phonograph record compounds will be described. The paper will also compare and contrast the regulatory status as it now exists in the U.S.A. with the situation currently prevailing in other world areas.
The influence of additives on the primary particle nucleation and agglomeration in poly(vinyl‐chloride)
Authors: Törnell Bertil E. , Uustalu Jaan M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe formation and agglomeration of PVC primary particles were studied in bulk polymerization experiments. In the absence of additives, the primary particles started to agglomerate at low conversions. The agglomeration conversion, as well as the size of the agglomerated particles, decreased when the agitation speed increased. At the highest speed tested, the agglomeration started already at 0.05 percent conversion. The primary particle size was about 0.16‐0.18 μm, and seemed to be constant in the conversion interval studied (up to 5 percent). This indicated that the nucleation rate of primary particles was almost constant and that the growth rate of agglomerated particles was very low. The addition of sorbitan monolaurate produced a decrease in primary particle size. Polymeric additives such as PMMA, EVA, and PVAc stabilized primary particles against agglomeration but had no marked effect on the primary particle size. The monomer‐soluble fraction of poly(vnyl alcohol‐b‐vinyl acetate) with high content acetate groups did not affect either the particle size or the agglomeration process.
Classification of lubricants for PVC by compaction testing
Authors: Fahey Timothy E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCompaction testing was used to classify 10 lubricants for PVC, spanning the range of chemical types. Lubricants are defined as internal or external by their effect on compaction on being added to a standard base formulation. The results show excellent correlation by chemical type, in which the lubricants are divided into three distinct categories—external lubricants: paraffin waxes and low‐density polyethylenes; intermediate lubricants: montanic ester waxes and bisstearmides; internal lubricants: glycerol and monostearate and fatty acid alcohols. A test is proposed by which new additives may be easily classified or present lubricant systems evaluated.
High damping poly (vinyl chloride)/polyurethane blends by tailoring the molecular structure of polycaprolactone‐based polyurethanes
Authors: Bandyopadhyay P. K. , Shaw M. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBecause a blend of limited miscibility level produces high damping characteristics in a composite, copolyurethanes of different molecular structure were synthesized to achieve a desired level of miscibility in PVC. A study of the viscoelastic properties of blends of a 50‐to‐50 weight ratio of polyurethanes and PVC showed a steady decrease in miscibility on replacement of polyurethanes synthesized from polycaprolactone diols with a molecular weight of 2000, with polyurethanes synthesized by poly(ethylene oxide) diols, up to 80 mol percent, whereupon the polyurethanes became immiscible. The temperature range of damping for a particular polyurethane could be controlled by adjusting the ratio of PVC to the polyurethane. More polyurethane in the blend shifts the damping range toward lower temperature, and vice versa.
Characterization of selected pigments for exterior poly(vinyl chloride) applications
Authors: Mathur K. , Kramer K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPigments selected from the iron oxide, chromium oxide and furnace black families, which offer the possibility of preferred earthtone colors, were characterized for: their stability at PVC processing temperatures; their effect on long‐term ultraviolet exposure, and their infrared absorption properties that relate to heat buildup and buckling in the composite. This study has basically ranked the pigments into three categories in terms of their overall performance. Besides the earthtone color, the added economics of these pigments makes them of prime interest for external applications.
The chemical mechanisms of outdoor weathering in polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Summers James W. , Rabinovitch Elvira B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPolyvinyl chloride weathering is a free radical mechanism started by absorption of energy sufficient to break chemical bonds. Absorption chromophores are often related to PVC heat history. Chemical bond energies are examined to indicate weak sites susceptible to initial degradation. Mechanisms of yellowing, oxidation, bleaching, and surface erosion are described. Some of the techniques for controlling the degradation of PVC are described. These techniques allow the PVC degradation to be controlled sufficiently so that PVC is accepted commercially as an excellent outdoor weathering material.
The all‐acrylic weatherable impact modifier for PVC
Authors: Rabinovic I. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRigid poly (vinyl chloride), PVC, is finding increasing use in outdoor applications as a replacement for conventional materials such as wood, aluminum, steel, and other materials. Formulating PVC for outdoor applications requires special attention to several essential properties in order to achieve the high‐quality standards needed over a long period of time. One area that needs modification in a rigid PVC formulation for outdoor applications is toughness. Impact modifiers used to improve the toughness of PVC in outdoor use are CPE, EVA copolymers, and acrylates.The all‐acrylic weatherable impact modifier is designed especially to modify PVC for outdoor use and ease of processability. We will review its key performance features with special emphasis on the processing advantages of the all‐acrylic impact modifier. The study of the influence of processing conditions on the physical performance of weatherable PVC compounds in a Ba/Cd stabilized window profile shows an acrylic modifier to give consistently high toughness over a wide temperature range and shearing friction.
Elimination of plate‐out problems in barium‐cadmium‐zinc stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) wire coating compounds
Authors: Choi Jae Hong , Drexler Leonard H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA laboratory two‐roll mill technique and chemical analysis procedures were used to determine the source of plate‐out problems associated with plasticized, barium‐cadmium‐zinc stabilized, poly(vinyl chloride) extrusion wire coating compounds. The results of this study indicated that the barium‐cadmium‐zinc heat stabilizer was the main contributor to the plate‐out problem. It was further shown that the plasticizer participated in the plate‐out process while a secondary heat stabilizer system did not. Using the two‐roll mill technique, it was possible to optimize the poly(vinyl chloride) compound to minimize plate‐out while maintaining optimum physical properties.
Stabilizer comparison exterior PVC profile applications
Authors: Weiler Robert G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper compares the performance of Estertin mercaptide, alkyltin mercaptide, barium/cadmium carboxylate, inorganic lead, and organotin carboxylate PVC heat stabilizers for exterior PVC profile applications. These stabilizers were all evaluated for heat stability performance, exterior and accelerated weatherability, and lubrication and processability. Since their lubrication characteristics vary greatly, several formulation modifications were employed including European and U.S. types. While all stabilizers could be processed acceptably into exterior rigid profiles, with the possible exception of the tin carboxylate, the Estertin mercaptide and the alkyltin mercaptide exhibited fewer processing difficulties. The barium/cadmium carboxylate provided the best weatherability at low titanium dioxide loadings. At high titanium dioxide loadings, only small differences could be detected between all types of stabilizers evaluated.