bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature on isotopic enrichment inDaphnia magna: implications for aquatic food‐web studies
Authors: Power M. , Guiguer K. R. R. A. , Barton D. R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted withDaphnia magnaandHyalellasp. grown on a single food source of known isotopic composition at a range of temperatures spanning the physiological optima for each species.Daphniaraised at 26.5°C were enriched inδ13C andδ15N by 3.1 and 2.8‰, respectively, relative to diet.Daphniaraised at 12.8°C were enriched 1.7 and 5.0‰ inδ13C andδ15N, respectively. Results imply a significant negative relationship between theδ13C andδ15N of primary consumers when a temperature gradient exists. Similar responses were observed forHyalella.Results indicate a general increase inδ13C enrichment and decrease inδ15N enrichment as temperature rises. Deviations from the commonly applied isotopic enrichment values used in aquatic ecology were attributed to changes in temperature‐mediated physiological rates. Field data from a variety of sources also showed a general trend towardδ13C enrichment with increasing temperature in marine and lacustrine zooplankton. Multivariate regression models demonstrated that, in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes, zooplanktonδ13C was related to lake‐specific POMδ13C, lake surface temperature and latitude. Temperature‐dependent isotopic separation (enrichment) between predator and prey should be taken into consideration when interpreting the significance of isotopic differences within and among aquatic organisms and ecosystems, and when assigning organisms to food‐web positions on the basis of observed isotope values. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
About one application of the general method of Lyapunov functionals construction
Authors: Kolmanovskii V. , Shaikhet L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSome peculiarities of the general method of Lyapunov functionals construction proposed and developed by the authors during last decade for stability investigation of stochastic hereditary systems are considered. It is shown, in particular, that using this method one can construct a sequence of extended stability regions for stochastic difference Volterra equations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On decoupling of linear time delay systems by generalized output feedback
Authors: Rabah Rabah , Malabre Michel 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe consider the row‐by‐row decoupling problem for linear delay systems by output feedback. The characterization of the solvability of this problem is given in terms of some easily checkable structural conditions. The main contribution is, in particular, to use generalized output feedback laws which may incorporate derivatives of the delayed new reference. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integral science: rethinking civilization using the learning universe lens
Authors: Goerner S. J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe agoras dialogues are part of a larger transformation, the rise of integral society, which reflects the birth of a unified ‘web’ worldview emerging throughout the global community. The natural child of Systems Theory, a similar renaissance is sweeping through every field in science. Integral science, the fusing of ‘web’ insights into a single lens, provides the logically coherent framework we need to unify the social movement by showing how all parts fit within an evolving ecological whole. Ironically, however, the story that will unite us, is not simply one of a web world, but of a Learning Universe in which humanity is a collaborative learning species that still follow natural laws. This article summarizes how the integral renaissance concretizes our understanding of humanity as a learning society and how nature's laws of learning help illuminate the causes, goals and direction of the current social transformation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and performance analysis of leader election and initialization protocols on ad hoc networks
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Shun , Sheu Jang‐Ping 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLeader election and initialization are two fundamental problems in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The leader can serve as a coordinator in the MANETs and the initialization protocol can assign each host a sequential, unique, and short ID. As we know, no research on initialization for IEEE 802.11‐based MANETs has been done. Here, we propose two contention‐based leader election and initialization protocols for IEEE 802.11‐based single‐hop MANETs. We also provide an efficient approach to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols, such that the performance can be evaluated in polynomial time. The evaluation results provide a guideline to set the size of the contention window and thus improve the performance of the proposed leader election and initialization protocols. The results can also be used as a guideline to set the size of the contention window for any contention‐based protocol. Simulation results justify that the evaluation results provide a good guideline to set the size of the contention window. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is ‘world music’ the ‘classic music’ of our time?
Authors: Ling Jan 
Published: July 2003

On the way to my library there is a little shop named ‘World Music. The Oasis of Music from Asia, Africa’. One morning I stopped my bike and went in just curious to see what world music could be in my little town. In the racks even the smallest country from Asia or Africa was represented with one or two CDs, most of them produced in Paris or London. The other customers were half my age (around thirty to thirty-five, nobody over fifty or under twenty). The owner, an immigrant who has lived in Sweden for more than ten years, had this to say:The youngsters do not come here, all my customers are between twenty-five and forty. There is a growing interest in world music: people with money are visiting foreign countries as tourists and when they come home they come to me, asking for artists or groups they have heard. Most of them have an academic background and speak English fluently.
Experiments with a new customisable interactive evolution framework
Authors: Collins Nick 
Published: July 2003

This article collates results from a number of applications of interactive evolution as a sound designer's tool for exploring the parameter spaces of synthesis algorithms. Experiments consider reverberation algorithms, wavetable synthesis, synthesis of percussive sounds and an analytical solution of the stiff string. These projects share the property of being difficult to probe by trial and error sampling of the parameter space. Interactive evolution formed the guidance principle for what quickly proved a more effective search through the multitude of parameter settings.The research was supported by building an interactive genetic algorithm library in the audio programming language SuperCollider. This library provided reusable code for the user interfaces and the underlying genetic algorithm itself, whilst preserving enough generality to support the framework of each individual investigation.Whilst there is nothing new in the use of genetic algorithms in sound synthesis tasks, the experiments conducted here investigate new applications such as reverb design and an analytical stiff string model not previously encountered in the literature. Further, the focus of this work is now shifting more into algorithmic composition research, where the generative algorithms are less clear-cut than those of these experiments. Lessons learned from the deployment of interactive evolution in sound design problems are very useful as a reference for the extension of the problem set.
Interactivity, where to from here?
Authors: Paine Garth 
Published: July 2003

This article is intended to raise some points of interest and mark out some pointers for alternative approaches to the design and execution of interactive music systems and artworks which pursue interaction that:[bull ] does not include any pre-defined pathways,[bull ] takes dynamic morphology as its foundation, and[bull ] implements dynamic software infrastructures, built on the object-oriented model, providing dynamic instrument
instantiation, orchestration and timbral control.It is intended that such design would be a precursor to a new approach to interactivity that responds more directly and uniquely to those who engage in the work, and in so doing rewards them more richly for their time, energy and enthusiasm.
Despite increased plasma concentration, inflammation reduces potency of calcium channel antagonists due to lower binding to the rat heart
Authors: Sattari Saeed , Dryden William F , Eliot Lise A , Jamali Fakhreddin 
Published: July 2003

Rheumatoid arthritis reduces verapamil oral clearance thereby increases plasma concentration of the drug. This coincides with reduced drug effects through an unknown mechanism.
The effect of interferon‐induced acute inflammation on the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiogram of verapamil (20 mg kg−1, p.o.) and nifedipine (0.1 mg kg−1, i.v.) was studied in Sprague–Dawley rats.
The effect of both acute and chronic inflammation on radioligand binding to cardiac L‐type calcium channels was also investigated.
Acute inflammation resulted in increased plasma concentration of verapamil but had no effect on that of nifedipine. Verapamil binding to plasma proteins was unaffected.
As has been reported for humans, the increased verapamil concentration coincided with a reduction in the degree to which PR interval is prolonged by the drug. The effect of nifedipine on PR interval was also reduced by inflammation.
Maximum binding of 3H‐nitrendipine to cardiac cell membrane was significantly reduced from 63.2±2.5 fmol mg−1 protein in controls to 46.4±2.0 in acute inflammation and from 66.8±2.2 fmol mg−1 protein in controls to 42.2±2.0 in chronic inflammation.
Incubation of the normal cardiac cell membranes with 100 and 1000 pg ml−1 of rat tissue necrosis factor‐α did not influence the binding indices to the calcium channels.
Our data suggest that the reduced calcium channel responsiveness is because of altered binding to channels.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 945–954. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705202
VIP and PACAP are autocrine factors that protect the androgen‐independent prostate cancer cell line PC‐3 from apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Cañas Irene , Rodríguez‐Henche Nieves , Bolaños Oscar , Carmena María J , Prieto Juan C , Juarranz María G 
Published: July 2003

In the present study, we describe the expression of the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) as well as their receptors in PC‐3 cells, a human prostate cancer cell line. In addition, we have investigated their role in apoptosis induced by serum starvation.
By RT–PCR and immunocytochemistry assays, we have demonstrated the production of VIP and PACAP in PC‐3 cells.
We have demonstrated by RT–PCR and binding assays the expression of common PACAP/VIP (VPAC1 and VPAC2) receptors, but not PACAP‐specific (PAC1) receptors. The pharmacological profile of [125I]‐VIP binding assays was as follows: VPAC1 antagonist=VPAC1 agonist>VIP>VPAC2 agonist (IC50=1.2, 1.5, 2.3 and 30 nM, respectively). In addition, both receptor subtypes are functional since VIP, PACAP‐27 or VPAC1 and VPAC2 agonists all increased the intracellular levels of cAMP.
The expression of both peptides and their receptors is similar in serum‐cultured and serum‐deprived PC‐3 cells. The treatment of serum‐deprived PC‐3 cells with exogenous VIP or PACAP‐27 increases cell number and viability in a dose‐dependent manner, as demonstrated by cellular counting and MTT assays. The increased cell survival is exerted through the VPAC1 receptor, since a VPAC1, but not VPAC2, receptor agonist, mimics the effects and a VPAC1 receptor antagonist blocks it. Moreover, VIP and PACAP‐27 inhibit genomic DNA fragmentation in PC‐3 cells triggered by serum starvation, and increase the immunoreactivity of the antiapoptotic protein bcl‐2.
Our results suggest that VIP and PACAP are autocrine/paracrine factors that protect PC‐3 cells from apoptosis through VPAC1 receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 1050–1058. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705317
Various intracellular compartments cooperate in the release of nitric oxide from glycerol trinitrate in liver
Authors: Kozlov Andrey V , Dietrich Barbara , Nohl Hans 
Published: July 2003

Glycerol trinitrate (GTN) has been used in therapy for more than 100 years. Biological effects of GTN are due to the release of the biomediator nitric oxide (NO). However, the mechanism by which GTN provides NO, in particular in liver, is still unknown. In this study, we provide experimental evidence showing that cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are required for the release of NO from GTN in the liver.
NO and nitrite (NO2−) were determined using low‐temperature electron paramagnetic resonance and the Griess reaction, respectively.
The first step of GTN biotransformation is the release of NO2−. This step is performed in cytoplasm and catalyzed by glutathione‐S‐transferase. The second step is the rate‐limiting step where NO2− is slowly reduced to NO. This is mainly catalyzed by cytochrome P‐450. The second phase can be significantly enhanced by decreasing the pH value, a situation which occurs during ischemia. At high NADPH concentrations exceeding physiological values, cytochrome P‐450 catalyzes GTN biotransformation without the involvement of cytoplasmic glutathione‐S‐transferase.
In conclusion, our data show that NO2− derived from the first step of biotransformation of GTN in the liver is the precursor of NO but not a product of NO degradation; consequently, NO2− levels are not likely to be a marker of NO release from GTN as earlier suggested.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 989–997. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705323
Evidence that central 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2B/C receptors regulate 5‐HT cell firing in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the anaesthetised rat
Authors: Boothman L J , Allers K A , Rasmussen K , Sharp T 
Published: July 2003

Systemic administration of phenethylamine‐derived, 5‐hydroxytryptamine2 (5‐HT2) receptor agonists inhibits the firing of midbrain 5‐HT neurones, but the 5‐HT receptors involved are poorly defined, and the contribution of peripheral mechanisms is uncertain. This study addresses these issues using extracellular recordings of 5‐HT neurones in the dorsal raphe nucleus of anaesthetised rats.
The 5‐HT2 receptor agonists DOI ((±)‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine hydrochloride) and DOB ((±)‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐bromoamphetamine hydrobromide), caused a dose‐related (10–100 μg kg−1 i.v.) inhibition of 5‐HT neuronal activity, with the highest dose reducing firing rates by >80%.
Pretreatment with the 5‐HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin (1 mg kg−1 i.v.) completely blocked the action of DOI. The 5‐HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 100,907 (0.2 mg kg−1 i.v.) blocked the action of both DOI and DOB. In comparison, the 5‐HT2B/C receptor antagonist SB 206553 (0.5 mg kg−1 i.v.) caused a small, but statistically significant, shift to the right in the dose response to DOI and DOB.
Pretreatment with the peripherally acting 5‐HT2 receptor antagonist BW 501C67 (0.1 mg kg−1 i.v.) had no effect on the DOI‐induced inhibition of 5‐HT cell firing, but completely blocked the DOI‐induced rise in mean arterial blood pressure.
These data indicate that the inhibition of 5‐HT cell firing induced by systemic administration of DOI and DOB is mediated predominantly by the 5‐HT2A receptor‐subtype, but that 5‐HT2B/C receptors also play a minor role. Moreover, central and not peripheral mechanisms are involved. Given evidence that 5‐HT2 receptors are not located on 5‐HT neurones, postsynaptic 5‐HT feedback mechanisms are implicated.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 998–1004. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705328
Manipulation of the endocannabinoid system by a general anaesthetic
Authors: Di Marzo Vincenzo 
Published: July 2003

An article appearing in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology shows for the first time that the general anaesthetic propofol inhibits one of the enzymes catalysing endocannabinoid hydrolysis and inactivation, the fatty acid amide hydrolase, thereby enhancing the brain levels of anandamide and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol in mouse brain. The authors provide evidence that this effect of propofol underlies part of the sedative effects of this compound. The importance of these findings in the light of the likely role of the endocannabinoid system in the control of sleep–wake cycles, and of the possibility of developing therapeutic drugs from substances that manipulate endocannabinoid levels, is discussed.British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 885–886. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705333
The general anesthetic propofol increases brain N‐arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) content and inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase
Authors: Patel Sachin , Wohlfeil Eric R , Rademacher David J , Carrier Erica J , Perry LaToya J , Kundu Abhijit , Falck J R , Nithipatikom Kasem , Campbell William B , Hillard Cecilia J 
Published: July 2003

Propofol (2,6‐diisopropylphenol) is widely used as a general anesthetic and for the maintenance of long‐term sedation. We have tested the hypothesis that propofol alters endocannabinoid brain content and that this effect contributes to its sedative properties.
A sedating dose of propofol in mice produced a significant increase in the whole‐brain content of the endocannabinoid, N‐arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide), when administered intraperitoneally in either Intralipid or emulphor‐ethanol vehicles.
In vitro, propofol is a competitive inhibitor (IC50 52 μM; 95% confidence interval 31, 87) of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the degradation of anandamide. Within a series of propofol analogs, the critical structural determinants of FAAH inhibition and sedation were found to overlap. Other intravenous general anesthetics, including midazolam, ketamine, etomidate, and thiopental, do not affect FAAH activity at sedative‐relevant concentrations. Thiopental, however, is a noncompetitive inhibitor of FAAH at a concentration of 2 mM.
Pretreatment of mice with the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 (1 mg kg−1, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of mice that lost their righting reflex in response to propofol. Pretreatment of mice with the CB1 receptor agonist, Win 55212‐2 (1 mg kg−1, i.p.), significantly potentiated the loss of righting reflex produced by propofol. These data indicate that CB1 receptor activity contributes to the sedative properties of propofol.
These data suggest that propofol activation of the endocannabinoid system, possibly via inhibition of anandamide catabolism, contributes to the sedative properties of propofol and that FAAH could be a novel target for anesthetic development.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 1005–1013. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705334
Automated three‐dimensional analysis of particle measurements using an optical profilometer and image analysis software
Authors: Bullman V. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe automated collection of topographic images from an optical profilometer coupled with existing image analysis software offers the unique ability to quantify three‐dimensional particle morphology. Optional software available with most optical profilers permits automated collection of adjacent topographic images of particles dispersed onto a suitable substrate. Particles are recognized in the image as a set of continuous pixels with grey‐level values above the grey level assigned to the substrate, whereas particle height or thickness is represented in the numerical differences between these grey levels. These images are loaded into remote image analysis software where macros automate image processing, and then distinguish particles for feature analysis, including standard two‐dimensional measurements (e.g. projected area, length, width, aspect ratios) and third‐dimensional measurements (e.g. maximum height, mean height). Feature measurements from each calibrated image are automatically added to cumulative databases and exported to a commercial spreadsheet or statistical program for further data processing and presentation. An example is given that demonstrates the superiority of quantitative three‐dimensional measurements by optical profilometry and image analysis in comparison with conventional two‐dimensional measurements for the characterization of pharmaceutical powders with plate‐like particles.
Disseminated aspergillosis due to Aspergillus flavus in an experimental model: efficacy of azole therapy
Authors: Kaliamurthy J. , Geraldine P. , Thomas P. A. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe aim of this investigation was to create a reproducible experimental model of disseminated Aspergillus flavus aspergillosis, and to compare the relative therapeutic efficacies of itraconazole and fluconazole in this model. Temporarily immunosuppressed male Wistar rats received intravenous challenge by A. flavus conidia. Treatment was initiated 24 h later with oral itraconazole (1 mg kg−1 BW day−1), oral fluconazole (1 mg kg−1 BW day−1) or excipient only (infected‐untreated rats); this was continued for 10 days. At this time, although 100% mortality had occurred among all infected‐untreated rats, no mortality was noted among the control‐uninfected, infected‐itraconazole‐treated or infected‐fluconazole‐treated rats. After killing, essential organs were processed for microbiological and histopathological studies. Aspergillus flavus was recovered in high colony counts from the organs of infected‐untreated rats (lungs > liver > brain > kidneys), but in significantly lower colony counts, or not at all, from the organs of itraconazole‐treated and fluconazole‐treated rats. Histopathological alterations were pronounced in tissues of infected‐untreated rats, but less so in treated rats. These data suggest that administration of itraconazole or fluconazole sufficiently early may prevent, or retard, progression of lesions in disseminated aspergillosis.
Antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans to four antifungal drugs determined by two techniques
Authors: Moraes E. M. P. , Prímola N. S. , Hamdan Júnia Soares 
Published: July 2003

SummaryA total of 64 Cryptococcus neoformans strains, including clinical and environmental Brazilian isolates var. neoformans and var. gattii, were tested for susceptibility to amphotericin B, 5‐flucytosine, fluconazole and itraconazole. The tests were performed according to the recommendations of National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards and the method of macrodilution in liquid medium of Shadomy et al. [Manual de Microbiologia Clínica, 4th edn. Buenos Aires: Editorial Medica Panamericana, 1987: 1229–38]. For most drugs there was a significant difference between the readings taken at 24 and 48 h with both methods. When the minimum inhibitory concentrations obtained by the two techniques were compared, significant differences were observed for amphotericin B and fluconazole. Overall, differences in drug susceptibility with respect to the origin of the isolates or the variety of the fungus were not observed. As an exception, the gattii variety exhibited a high resistance rate to amphotericin B when the technique of Shadomy et al. was applied, a fact possibly related to the greater difficulty for treatment of the disease caused by this fungal variety.