bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of prollferatlve, cytostatlc, and cytolytlc activity of cytoklnes
Authors: Burke Frances , Balkwill Frances R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most cytokines have proliferative, cytostatic and/or cytolytic activity depending on the context in which they are acting. IFN-α, -β. and -γ, TNF-α and -β. IL-1, and IL-4, have all been shown to have proliferative, cytostatic, and cytolytic activity depending on the conditions (1). Synergistic interactions between cytokines can often produce powerful antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects (2), as can a combination of cytokines and inhibitors of transcription. For some cytokines, such as IFN-γ, the cytokine has to be continually present in the tissue culture medium for two or more days to have an irreversible effect on cell growth (3). Other cytokines such as Fas ligand and TRAIL can induce apoptosis within hours. Some of the methods used to assess the above parameters will be described in this chapter. Other assays for measuring the action of cytokines on cell growth are described in Chapter 13, this volume.
Human B-cell responses to cytoklnes
Authors: Gallard Robin E , Katowicz Karolena T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B-lyrnphocyte responses are determined by complex interactions between antigen, cell-surface ligands, and soluble growth and differentiation factors (cytokines) binding to specific receptors on the cell surface. To date, at least 17 out of more than 40 recombinant cytokines are known to stimulate B-cell activation, proliferation, and/or differentiation (Table 1 ). Many of these cytokines are derived from T cells and are involved in T-cell/B-cell collaboration, but some are made by B cells, monocytes, and a variety of non-lymphoid cells such as endothelial cells and :fibroblasts.
The generation and quantltatlon of cell-mediated cytotoxlclty
Authors: Grimm Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cell-mediated cytoxicity (CMC) is defined as the process by which a cell of the immune system directly kills another cell. CMC is composed of a specific series of events occurring between an effector cell (lymphocyte or monocyte) and a susceptible target cell, which ultimately results in the delivery of a ‘lethal hit’ by the effector to the target cell. An obligate event in CMC, which distinguishes it from other modes of immunologically mediated target-cell killing (e.g. com­plement-mediated cytolysis) is intimate cell membrane contact between the effector and the target, referred to as conjugate formation. This brief chapter will be restricted solely to the description of lymphocyte-mediated CMC systems. Many excellent reviews cover the complicated processes which encompass effector cell-mediated recognition, conjugate formation, triggering, and delivery of the lethal hit ultimately resulting in the death of the specific target (1, 2).
Assays for leucocyte migration
Authors: Van Damme Jo , Lenaerts Jean-Pierre , Struyf Sofie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the recent developments in cytokine research, there has been a revived interest in chemotaxis assays. Indeed, within a short time a number of novel chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) have been identified. These low molecular weight proteins are different from other cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), previously reported to be chemotactic for leukocytes. Chemokines belong to a large family of small proteins that exert their chemotactic activity different leucocytic cell types (1-4). Like several other chemotactic substances, such as formylmethionyl peptides (e.g. fMLP), the anaphylatoxin C5a, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), chemokines bind to distinct serpentine-like receptors. Some chemokine receptors are essential for HN-entry into monocytes or lymphocytes. Several chemokines, such as IL-8, have now been studied in detail with respect to leucocyte migration in vitro and in vivo. More recent members of the chemokine family have so far only been biochemically characterized and their role in cell migration has not yet been studied in great detail.
Assays for macrophage activation by cytokines
Authors: Doyle Anthony , Stein Michael , Keshav Satish , Gordon Siamon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The circulating monocyte may undergo a wide spectrum of functional changes during its further differentiation. In the absence of inflammatory stimuli monocytes enter the tissues constitutively to become resident macrophages (1). These cells are relatively quiescent with respect to secretory or microbicidal activity and may have as yet uncharacterized trophic functions. In contrast, inflammatory recruitment causes monocytes to rapidly induce their secretory activity. These cells produce a large variety of enzymes, growth factors, and cytokines when appropriately triggered. Lymphokines produced at the site of inflammation regulate the fate of elicited macrophages determining whether they are further stimulated to a heightened state of activation with maximal host-defence func­tion, e.g. by IFN-γ, or whether their secretory and defence activity is held in check (e.g. by IL-4 and IL-10).
Flow cytometrlc detection of Intracellular cytoklnes
Authors: Pennycook Alasdair M J , Pala Pietro , Matthews Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent technological advances in the availability and capability of flow cytometric analysis, coupled with advances in knowledge over the last 10 years, have made intracellular staining for cytokine expression an increasingly ubiquitous technique. It began with the pioneering work of the Anderssons at Stockholm University in the 1980s, who developed a system of cell fixation and permeabilization that left target antigens intact (1). Modifications since then have optim­ized the technique to allow the detection and further characterization of very few cytokine secreting cells within a heterogeneous population (2, 3).
Development of antibodies to cytoklnes
Authors: Poole S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibodies to cytokines can greatly facilitate research on many aspects of these mediators, including: the development of specific and sensitive immunoassays (see Chapter 12); the detection of cytokines in biological fluids, tissues, and cells using immunochemical and immunocytochemical techniques; immmunoneutralization of biological activities; and delineation of external regions (epitopes) of the cytokines.
Cadherin adhesion regulation in keratinocytes
Authors: Braga Vania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will describe the keratinocyte system as a model to study the regulation of cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion. However, some of the principles discussed here can be applied to the analyses of different adhesive systems in other cell types. The chapter describes the potentials and pitfalls of the keratinocyte culture system and the various techniques used to investigate the regulation of cell–cell adhesiveness. Among these, a detailed description is given of microinjection in epithelial cells as a technique to investigate regulation of cadherin function by members of the small GTPase family. The analysis of the microinjection results by immunostaining and confocal microscopy is also presented. In addition, this chapter illustrates biochemical methods to determine the composition of cadherin complexes and their phosphorylation status (orthophosphate labelling and phosphopeptide mapping). Finally, two functional assays are discussed: the use of inhibitory antibodies to block cadherin-dependent adhesion and a technique to cluster cadherin receptors artificially.
Analysis of intercellular adhesion molecules in endothelial cells
Authors: Bazzoni Gianfranco , Lampugnani Maria G , Martinez-Estrada Ofelia M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intercellular adhesion between endothelial cells (ECs) is mediated by members of the cadherin, immunoglobulin, integrin, and proteoglycan families of cell adhesion molecules. Some of these molecules are concentrated at intercellular structures known as adherens junctions and tight junctions. Other molecules, such as platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), are localized at cell–cell contacts, but outside of the junctional complexes. Although the morphological and molecular organization of these complexes are similar in ECs and in other cell types, some components are more specific for the endothelium. For instance, vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) is expressed exclusively in ECs at the adherens junctions, while claudin-5 and the alpha minus isoform of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), two tight junction components, are expressed preferentially in the endothelium (1, 2). By interacting (either homophilically or heterophilically) with their receptors, junctional adhesive molecules provide physical links that hold ECs together and regulate the paracellular passage of ions, solutes, and transmigrating leukocytes. Also, by interacting with intracellular partners, the adhesive receptors may strengthen their own linkage with the cytoskeleton. Finally, besides providing attachment for neighbouring cells and the cytoskeleton, junctional molecules may also impinge upon cell signalling and trigger responses that are translated into changes in cell morphology and eventually in the organization of three-dimensional networks of patent tubes (3).
Studying cell interactions during development of the nervous system in Drosophila
Authors: Shepherd David , Block Louise , Folwell James , Williams Darren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the key model organisms for studying both the genetic and molecular mechanisms of cell interactions. The versatility of the fly as a model experimental organism means that by working with Drosophila it is possible to combine molecular, genetic, and micromanipulation techniques to address fundamental questions in embryology, cell biology, and neurobiology. This versatility has attracted many research workers to Drosophila and has generated a vast literature. The volume of work done and the high degree of evolutionary conservation have meant that Drosophila has had a huge impact on many areas of biological research. The completed sequencing of the Drosophila genome further adds to its power as a research organism. The combination of the genome database and the available experimental tools mean that the humble fruit fly will play a key role in the post-genomic era in establishing the functions of the gene sequences held in the databases. This will ensure that Drosophila will remain one of the key model organisms. Within the scope of this chapter it would be impossible to provide a comprehensive review of the techniques and strategies used to study Drosophila. This chapter, therefore, focuses specifically on techniques used to study cell interactions during nervous system development and function. Many of these techniques can be applied to other areas of Drosophila research. It is our aim that the chapter will be useful to newcomers and experienced research workers alike. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first describes techniques and strategies for visualizing cells in the nervous system. The second details strategies for experimentally manipulating cells. Each describes the methodologies used in our laboratory and gives full details of the techniques.
Reflective Theories
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, and the four chapters that follow, we consider how endings can be addressed from the perspectives of a variety of prominent clinical practice theories. All these theoretical perspectives have much in common with regard to our topic, but they also contain significant differences. It is not my intention to endorse one or several of these theories as inherently preferable for clinical practice but rather to provide an assortment so that you can make comparisons and get a sense of the breadth of current thinking about appropriate ways to end intervention. Those of you who utilize a theoretical framework described in the next five chapters may recognize some of the ending principles from that perspective, but I hope that you may get ideas for using ending procedures associated with other theories as well.
Aida Luz Maisonet Giachello: Improving Health in the Latino Community
Authors: Sherraden Margaret S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a frigid and windy Chicago morning, Aida Luz Maisonet Giachello pulled over in her old black Mercedes to pick me up for our breakfast interview. After driving back and forth on North Avenue several times looking for Nellie’s, a popular Puerto Rican restaurant, Aida turned to me and smiled. ‘‘I’m a little absent-minded,’’ she admitted. Her mind was not on details. Like most other mornings, her mind was on work.
Professor Armaity Desai: Interpreting Social Work in a Developing Country
Authors: Banerjee Mahasweta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am honored to be able to write about a person I loved and admired in the initial years of my professional life. Dr. Armaity Desai has been a role model, mentor, and someone I have known since 1984. At that time, I was catapulted, through a set of unforeseen circumstances, into the positions of acting prin- cipal of the Calcutta School of Social Work and deputy director of the Jaya Prakash Institute of Social Change. I had yet to go back to school for my doctorate, and it was Dr. Desai who helped me to see the necessity of this move.
Building Research into Practice
Authors: Fischer Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to focus on the process of technique building and validation in practice with individuals. It is hoped that this will encourage explicitness in the kind of outcome-oriented approach that can serve as the foundation for clinical experimentation and innovation. A general term for such practice-oriented research has been proposed by Chassan (1967) who distinguishes between the “extensive” and “intensive” models of research. The extensive design refers primarily to the testing of hypotheses with respect to groups of subjects, e.g., controlled group experimental designs (it also has been called “nomothetic research,” i.e., research concerned with statements regarding general classes of events; Marx, 1963). Such a design might profitably, in fact, should, be used when there is substantial evidence from practice that its hypotheses can be validated. This is not to negate the importance of hypothesis-testing with the potential for discarding untenable positions such as already has occurred in the field of casework.
Research and Knowledge-building: The Case for Research Reviews
Authors: Fischer Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is particularly important to point out right at the outset of this chapter that knowledge development, as a field, includes more than research (see, e.g., the Sage Publication journal, Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, Utilization [first issue, September 1979]). Perhaps the seminal work in social work in this arena has been Ed Thomas’ attempts to conceptualize the knowledge development process in a series of articles (Thomas, 1978a, 1978b, 1978c). Thomas has proposed a systematic way of looking at a whole range of sources of basic information for social work. These sources include contributions from basic, applied, indigenous research; technology from science, allied technologies, social innovation, and practice; values and ideology; legal policy; and practice experience. Thomas translates each of these into five generation or transfer processes (the processes by which information from the basic source is converted for use by social workers) and spells out operational steps for the phases of the knowledge development process (the phases are analysis, development, evaluation, diffusion, and adaptation).
Increasing the Relevance of Research Education: The University of Hawaii Research Program
Authors: Fischer Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is substantial evidence that research training of graduate social work students has been less than successful. Research courses often are viewed by the students as the least helpful courses in the curriculum (1). After graduation, few practitioners either conduct research (2) or read, consult, utilize, or share research findings, especially when faced with difficult practice situations (3). And even when they do read research, it appears that social workers’ judgments of the quality of the research and its implications for practice are strongly influenced by whether the findings support their own biases (4).
Uniformity Myths in Eclectic and Integrative Psychotherapy
Authors: Fischer Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost thirty years ago, Kiesler (1966) described a number of “uniformity assumption myths” that he believed were impeding progress in psychotherapy research. His argument was that nearly all domains of variables in psychotherapy and psychotherapy research are considerably more heterogeneous than the then-current descriptive labels implied. Thus, lack of progress in psychotherapy research was based partly on assuming that those variables (e.g., clients, problems, psychotherapists) were homogeneous and thereby asking the wrong questions. While it is not clear that Kiesler’s concerns have been adequately addressed, even today, it does appear as though a new class of uniformity myths may be affecting the newest developments in the field of psychotherapy. These myths are assumptions underlying some of the key foundations of the fields of integrative and eclectic psychotherapy. In sum, these myths are: (1) that all psychotherapies have equivalent outcomes; (2) that all theories (or systems) of psychotherapy are equally sound; and (3) that cultural homogeneity exists for all eclectic and integrative clients and psychotherapists, encouraging the uncritical dissemination of Western approaches to psychotherapists from other traditions and cultures.
Mobilizing Communities for Social Change: Integrating Mindfulness and Passionate Politics
Authors: Todd Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laura Pulido (2003) suggests that political action is not just about changing the external world but is also an ‘‘exercise in creating and changing ourselves’’ (p. 51). For Pulido, the interior includes ‘‘such things as our emotions, psychological development, souls and passions, as well as our minds’’ (47). In this chapter I explore the ways that mindfulness practices can be useful in mobilizing community members and sustaining community change. In particular, I will explore what these practices offer for communities that are negotiating passionate emotions and are attempting to engage others in their activities, and that want to enhance people’s ability to listen to each other and want to create sustainable change. Through this integration, I will articulate the possibilities for progressive social change that can be enhanced and sustained by an understanding of how our interior lives shape our external worlds and the possibilities that mindfulness practices have for increasing the transformative potential of this interaction.
Complete Loss of RelA and SpoT Homologs in Arabidopsis Reveals the Importance of the Plastidial Stringent Response in the Interplay between Chloroplast Metabolism and Plant Defense Response
Authors: Inazu Masataka , Nemoto Takanari , Omata Yuto , Suzuki Sae , Ono Sumire , Kanno Yuri , Seo Mitsunori , Oikawa Akira , Masuda Shinji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The highly phosphorylated nucleotide, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), functions as a secondary messenger in bacteria and chloroplasts. The accumulation of ppGpp alters plastidial gene expression and metabolism, which are required for proper photosynthetic regulation and robust plant growth. However, because four plastid-localized ppGpp synthases/hydrolases function redundantly, the impact of the loss of ppGpp-dependent stringent response on plant physiology remains unclear. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking all four ppGpp synthases/hydrolases and characterized its phenotype. The mutant showed over 20-fold less ppGpp levels than the wild type under normal growth conditions and exhibited leaf chlorosis and increased expression of defense-related genes as well as salicylic acid and jasmonate levels upon transition to nitrogen-starvation conditions. These results demonstrate that proper levels of ppGpp in plastids are required for controlling not only plastid metabolism but also phytohormone signaling, which is essential for plant defense.
Effects of glucocorticoid use on survival of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Li Nijiao , Zheng Xuliang , Gan Jinyan , Zhuo Ting , Li Xiaohong , Yang Chuyi , Wu Yanbin , Qin Shouming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background:
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for the majority of cases. Patients with NSCLC have achieved great survival benefits from immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used for palliation of cancer-associated symptoms, as supportive care for non-cancer-associated symptoms, and for management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The aim of this study was to clarify the safety and prognostic significance of glucocorticoid use in advanced patients with NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Methods:
The study searched publications from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China Biology Medicine disc, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database up to March 1st, 2022, and conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effects of glucocorticoid use on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs through the available data. The study calculated the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:
This study included data from 25 literatures that were mainly retrospective, with 8713 patients included. Patients taking GCs had a higher risk for tumor progression and death compared with those not taking GCs (PFS: HR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.33–1.86, P <0.001; OS: HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.41–1.88, P <0.001). GCs used for cancer-associated symptoms caused an obviously negative effect on both PFS and OS (PFS: HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.32–2.29, P <0.001; OS: HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.52–2.04, P <0.001). However, GCs used for irAEs management did not negatively affect prognosis (PFS: HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.46–1.00, P = 0.050; OS: HR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.83, P = 0.005), and GCs used for non-cancer-associated indications had no effect on prognosis (PFS: HR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.63–1.32, P = 0.640; OS: HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.59–1.41, P = 0.680).

Conclusions:
In advanced NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, the use of GCs for palliation of cancer-associated symptoms may result in a worse PFS and OS, indicating that they increase the risk of tumor progression and death. But, in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, the use of GCs for the management of irAEs may be safe, and the use of GCs for the treatment of non-cancer-associated symptoms may not affect the ICIs’ survival benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to be careful and evaluate indications rationally before administering GCs in individualized clinical management.