bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased levels of antiviral MxA protein in peripheral blood of patients with A chronic disease of unknown etiology*
Authors: Chieux Vincent , Chehadeh Wassim , Hautecoeur Patrick , Harvey Jeanne , Wattré Pierre , Hober Didier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInterferon alpha (IFN‐α) is synthesized in response to viral infections. MxA protein, induced specifically by IFN‐α and β, expressed in peripheral blood cells, is detected more consistently than circulating IFN‐α in serum of patients with viral infections. Thus, activation of the IFN‐α/MxA system can be used as additional marker of the presence of a virus in patients. Therefore MxA protein and IFN‐α levels were measured in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic neurological disease of unknown etiology, in order to investigate the possible role of viruses in the expression of this disease. The means of MxA values obtained by using an immunochemiluminescent assay were significantly higher in blood of patients with remitting (n = 197) or relapsing (n = 39) multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and in patients with viral infections than in blood from healthy controls (n = 25) and from patients with bacterial infections (n = 12). Intra‐individual variance in MxA levels in seven clinically stable remitting patients with MS was observed in the course of a follow‐up, and high MxA levels were detected in three of them in blood samples collected consecutively over several months. By using an ultra sensitive assay, a higher MxA‐inducer activity was obtained with sera from MS patients (n = 39) than with those from healthy controls (n = 12). Experiments with neutralizing antibodies proved that this activity in serum from patients was due to IFN‐α, whereas IFN‐α could not be detected by other methods. Altogether these results demonstrate that there is an activation of the IFN‐α/MxA system in MS patients, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a viral infection may be associated with MS. J. Med. Virol. 65:301–308, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiquantitative PCR analysis of Epstein‐Barr virus DNA in clinical samples of patients with EBV‐associated diseases
Authors: Meerbach Astrid , Gruhn Bernd , Egerer Renate , Reischl Udo , Zintl Felix , Wutzler Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe laboratory diagnosis of primary and reactivated Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection is based on serologic methods in immunocompetent patients. However, in immunocompromised patients, serologic data are difficult to interpret and do not often correlate with clinical data. In order to find a useful and practical marker for diagnosis of EBV‐related diseases, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was established for semiquantitative detection of EBV sequences. The method was based on a nested PCR, using primers of the virus capsid antigen p23 region and an endpoint dilution. This method was carried out on 68 plasma samples, 68 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and 5 cerebrospinal fluid samples of 39 patients with various diseases to evaluate the EBV‐genome copy number. Samples from patients suffering from infectious mononucleosis served as positive controls for active EBV infection. In 5 patients with infectious mononucleosis, high copy numbers of EBV genomes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected within a range of 1,000–40,000 copies in 105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In contrast, samples from 19 latently infected persons either showed low copy numbers (10–100 in 105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells) or were EBV PCR negative. Comparable results were observed in seven renal transplant patients without any symptoms. The practical value of the semiquantitative detection of EBV DNA was demonstrated in three bone marrow transplant recipients. Two developed a lymphoproliferative disease associated with extremely high amounts of EBV DNA in plasma (16,000 and 50,000 copies/ml, respectively) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (100,000 and 6.5 million copies in 105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively). The high EBV load in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was reduced dramatically after successful antiviral therapy in one case. The third bone marrow transplant recipient developed an EBV‐induced transverse myelitis with an increased number of EBV‐genome copies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and EBV‐positive cerebrospinal fluid samples. After combined antiviral and immune therapy, the EBV‐genome copy numbers decreased and the patient recovered completely. These data demonstrate a good correlation between semiquantitative detection of EBV genomes and clinical findings. The method is recommended for the diagnosis of EBV‐associated diseases in patients after transplantation, as well as for monitoring the response to therapy. J. Med. Virol. 65:348–357, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Host range studies of GB virus‐B hepatitis agent, the closest relative of hepatitis C virus, in New World monkeys and chimpanzees†
Authors: Bukh Jens , Apgar Carl L. , Govindarajan Sugantha , Purcell Robert H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGB virus‐B (GBV‐B) is a member of the Flaviviridae family of viruses. This RNA virus causes acute resolving hepatitis in experimentally infected tamarins, but its natural host remains unknown. GBV‐B and a related virus, GBV‐A, were recovered from serum containing the “GB agent,” which was believed to have originated from a surgeon (initials: GB) with acute hepatitis. GBV‐B has special interest because it is the virus related most closely to hepatitis C virus, which is an important cause of acute and chronic liver disease in humans. In the present study, we found that the host range of GBV‐B includes owl monkeys. Tamarins and owl monkeys belong to two different families of New World monkeys. The natural history of GBV‐B in the two owl monkeys studied was similar to that previously found for tamarins and was characterized by early appearance of viremia and viral clearance. However, the peak viral titers of GBV‐B observed in owl monkeys (105 genome equivalents [GE] /ml) were lower than those observed in experimentally infected tamarins (107–108 GE/ml) and acute hepatitis was observed in only one animal. If GBV‐B were indeed a virus of humans, it would be expected to infect chimpanzees, a surrogate of humans, because all recognized human hepatitis viruses are transmissible to chimpanzees and cause hepatitis. However, in the present study, we failed to transmit GBV‐B to a naive chimpanzee. In addition, a second naive chimpanzee transfected intrahepatically with RNA transcripts from an infectious clone of GBV‐B did not become infected. Thus, chimpanzees are apparently not susceptible to GBV‐B. Finally, we failed to detect GBV‐B in acute‐phase serum from surgeon GB. Our data suggest that GBV‐B is not a human virus and that GBV‐B, like GBV‐A, is a virus of New World monkeys. J. Med. Virol. 65:694–697, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a human monoclonal antibody obtained after immunization with plasma vaccine and a booster with recombinant‐DNA hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Heijtink R.A. , Kruining J. , van Bergen P. , de Rave S. , van Hattum J. , Schutten M. , Osterhaus A.D.M.E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA human monoclonal antibody type IgG4, designated 1Ff4, was obtained by Epstein Barr virus transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from a hepatitis B vaccinee (HB‐VAX: plasma‐derived vaccine) after one boost of yeast recombinant DNA derived vaccine (Engerix‐B). 1Ff4 binds preferentially to HBsAg/adw2 and HBsAg/ayw1. In binding experiments, it competes with antibodies induced by vaccination with HB‐VAX‐DNA (yeast recombinant) and HB‐VAX (plasma‐derived vaccine). 1Ff4 competes in part with a monoclonal antibody for the w/r region. Partial inhibition of binding of HBsAg/adw2 to solid phase anti‐HBs was detected, resembling inhibition obtained using other human monoclonal specific for the “a”‐loop. 1Ff4 does not bind to linear peptides covering the two “a”‐loops or to an adw2/G145R mutant, its binding to wild type HBsAg strongly depends on the presence of disulphide bonds. In a large series of HBsAg‐positive samples from an endemic area, 1Ff4 antibodies were successfully used to discriminate between an adw2 and an adrq+ strain. The characterisation of 1Ff4 and other human monoclonal anti‐HBs antibodies may help to understand the fine specificity of protective antibodies elicited by immunization. J. Med. Virol. 66:304‐311, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promoting axonal regeneration in the central nervous system by enhancing the cell body response to axotomy
Authors: Plunet Ward , Kwon Brian K. , Tetzlaff Wolfram 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeurons projecting into the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate their axons after injury, in contrast to those confined to the central nervous system (CNS). Both neuronal and nonneuronal factors contribute to the lack of CNS regeneration. In this review we concentrate on the differential gene expression response to axotomy in PNS vs. CNS neurons. In general CNS neurons fail to up‐regulate or sustain the expression of regeneration‐associated proteins (RAGs), including trophic factors and their receptors. The presumed lack of trophic support of axotomized CNS neurons provided the rationale for the exogenous application of trophic factors, either to the lesion site or to the cell bodies. Here, we review our data on the application of trophic factors to rubrospinal and corticospinal neurons. Cell body treatment of axotomized rubrospinal neurons with brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) reversed atrophy, increased GAP‐43 and Tα‐1 tubulin mRNA expression, and promoted axonal regeneration into peripheral nerve grafts. Importantly, BDNF cell body treatment was still effective in the chronic setting, i.e., when initiated 1 year after injury, but BDNF had no effect when applied to the chronic spinal cord injury site. The ability to promote regeneration in chronically injured neurons will hopefully contribute to the development of treatment strategies for chronic spinal injuries. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synucleins in ocular tissues
Authors: Surguchov Andrei , McMahan Belinda , Masliah Eleizer , Surgucheva Irina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSynucleins are small proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases and some forms of cancer. Most studies of this group of proteins have been directed to the elucidation of their role in the brain and their connection to the formation of depositions in brain tissues. Here we describe the localization of different types of synucleins in ocular tissues. By Western blot analysis, all members of the synuclein family are found in the retina and optic nerve, where their relative ratio varies. The data on immunohistochemical staining show that different members of the synuclein family have different localizations in ocular tissues. α‐Synucleins and β‐synucleins are present predominantly in the inner plexiform layer, whereas γ‐synuclein is in the nerve fiber layer. In transgenic mice overexpressing α‐synuclein, a different pattern of localization depending on the promoter used for the expression was observed. In Alzheimer's disease patients, immunohistochemical staining for γ‐synuclein revealed the loss of immunoreactivity in the nerve fiber layer and the nerve fiber layer and the appearance of immunopositive cells in or near the outer nuclear layer. We conclude that, in mature eyes, synucleins are present predominantly in the retina and optic nerve, and the immunoreactivity of γ‐synuclein changes specifically in the retina of Alzheimer's disease patients. In transgenic mice overexpressing α‐synuclein, immunopositive deposits in the optic nerve and accumulation of immunoreactivity in specific retinal cells were found. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:68–77, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐cell responses to oligodendrocyte‐specific protein in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Vu T. , Myers L.W. , Ellison G.W. , Mendoza F. , Bronstein J.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOligodendrocyte‐specific protein (OSP) is concentrated in CNS myelin and is a potential autoantigen in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). We performed proliferation assays with lymphocytes from MS patients and normal controls. OSP peptide‐induced proliferation was common in relapsing‐remitting MS and controls samples but was less pronounced in samples from secondary progressive MS subjects. These data demonstrate that OSP‐reactive T cells are part of the normal immune repertoire and therefore have the potential to contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. Given the lack of specificity to MS, OSP‐reactive T‐cells are unlikely to be solely responsible for the disease process. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:506–509, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wintertime temperature anomalies in Alaska correlated with ENSO and PDO
Authors: Papineau John M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWintertime (November–March) surface air temperatures at 14 stations throughout the state of Alaska are correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index, for the years 1954–2000. On the seasonal and monthly timescales, the principal results are: (i) During El Niño winters, temperatures are near normal in western Alaska but significantly warmer than normal for the eastern two‐thirds of the state. (ii) La Niña winters produce significant below normal temperatures statewide. (iii) Temperature patterns produced during El Niño, La Niña, and neutral winters are modified by the concurrent state of the North Pacific sea‐surface temperature anomalies, as indicated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index.On the sub‐monthly timescale, temperatures across Alaska are to the first order correlated with the alternating zonal to meridional Pacific/North American pattern. Analysis of daily winter temperatures at Fairbanks indicates that cold anomalies are more frequent and are longer in duration than warm anomalies, primarily due to radiational cooling of the boundary layer and the subsequent formation of deep temperature inversions. The development of strong inversions over the interior of Alaska limits the response of temperatures to changes in the synoptic‐scale flow pattern. Warm anomalies in contrast to cold anomalies, are primarily a function of warm air advection, therefore temperatures during warm anomalies fluctuate in phase with changes in the synoptic‐scale flow. Ultimately, air temperatures across Alaska are a function of: synoptic‐scale forcings, radiative cooling of the boundary layer as well as local and regional effects such as downslope and drainage winds. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Force constant calculation from Raman and IR spectra in the three non‐cubic phases of BaCeO3
Authors: Gupta H. C. , Simon P. , Pagnier T. , Lucazeau G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRaman spectroscopic data for BaCeO3 were modeled with the use of a small set of force constants in its three phases (Pnma, Imma and R3c) using experimental IR and Raman data. An IR reflectance spectrum of BaCeO3 in its Pnma phase is provided for the first time. Raman band symmetry assignments in the Pnma phase were re‐examined and the assignments of Genet et al. were confirmed. The distribution of the Raman bands of the Pnma phase between the zone center and X point in Imma is provided and band assignments were extended to the Imma and R3c phases. Calculated values for both Raman‐ and IR‐active modes are provided in the three phases. The variations in force constants throughout the phase transitions are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency–time and time–space mappings for single‐shot coherent four‐wave mixing with chirped pulses and broad beams
Authors: Naumov A. N. , Zheltikov A. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe possibilities of using chirped pulses and broad beams for single‐shot measurements in coherent four‐wave mixing (FWM) are examined. The idea of such measurements is based on the fact that chirped pulses define a linear transform, mapping the difference between the instantaneous frequencies of pump pulses on to the delay time between these pulses. This delay between the pump pulses can be then mapped onto the spatial coordinate with the use of a broad‐beam FWM geometry. We consider various modifications of chirped‐pulse FWM techniques, including degenerate and non‐degenerate four‐wave mixing, coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering and Raman‐induced Kerr effect. The ways of extending the single‐shot broad‐beam FWM concept to multidimensional wave‐mixing techniques are discussed, and the possibilities of full reconstruction of the third‐order non‐linear optical susceptibility in the time domain as a function of its time variables for non‐stationary molecular systems are explored. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical analysis of resonant Raman scattering by 2LO phonons
Authors: Semenova L. E. , Prokhorov K. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA detailed theoretical treatment of the second‐order Raman efficiency is given for incident photon energies below an excitonic resonance. The Wannier excitons are considered as intermediate states in the scattering process. By using the Green's function method, the expression for the Raman efficiency is obtained. The contributions of the two sequences of the intermediate states, s–s–s and s–p–s, are analyzed. The second‐order Raman efficiency is calculated for CdS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applicability of microbiological assay and affinity chromatography purification followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in studying folate contents in rye
Authors: Kariluoto M Susanna , Vahteristo Liisa T , Piironen Vieno I 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study the folate contents in several rye varieties and their fractions were determined. Total folate content was analysed microbiologically using chloramphenicol‐resistant Lactobacillus rhamnosus as the growth organism. The amount of folate in rye grains was high, 630–780 µg kg−1, and variation between varieties was 8% (% CV). Affinity chromatography purification (with folate‐binding protein from bovine milk) followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis proved to be an effective method for determining folate vitamers. 5‐Formyltetrahydrofolate showed a lower affinity to the folate‐binding protein than other vitamers; in order to obtain recoveries over 90%, the total folate load should not exceed 25% of the column capacity. Owing to intefering compounds, fluorescence detection was not always as specific as UV detection and thus not adequate for peak identification and quantitation alone. Formylated folates and 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate were the most abundant vitamers in rye, with tetrahydrofolate and folic acid representing only a minor proportion. However, different milling fractions had different folate vitamer distribution patterns. Both microbiological and HPLC methods were useful and reliable in determining folates in rye.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Bcl‐X expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Association with tumor progression and prognosis
Authors: Takayama Tomoyoshi , Nagao Mitsuo , Sawada Hidetomo , Yamada Yukishige , Emoto Kouji , Fujimoto Heisuke , Ueno Masato , Hirao Shuya , Nakajima Yoshiyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objectives:Bcl‐2 family proteins are regulators of programmed cell death and important in the development and progression of human various tumors. The role of these proteins in the development, progression and differentiation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear.Methods:We investigated the expression of Bcl‐2, Bcl‐X, and Bax using immunohistochemistry in 86 ESCCs, and scored the expression by the weighted score.Results:Bcl‐2 expression related to pT category (P=0.043) and histological grade (P = 0.001). Bcl‐X expression related to pT category (P = 0.003), pN category (P = 0.041) and the number of positive nodes (P = 0.036), and had a tendency to relate to histological grade (P = 0.086). Bax expression had a tendency to relate to pN category (P = 0.081). The inverse relationship between Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐X expression was detected (P = 0.001), while the positive one between Bcl‐X and Bax expression was detected (P = 0.014). Patients with low Bcl‐X weighted score had a significantly longer survival compared with those with high Bcl‐X weighted score. Multivariate analysis revealed Bcl‐X expression as the independent prognostic factors (P = 0.022).Conclusion:These results imply that Bcl‐2 family proteins, especially Bcl‐X, may contribute to the progression in ESCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:116–123. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substituted p‐hydroquinones as a chain‐breaking antioxidant during the oxidation of styrene
Authors: Loshadkin Denis , Roginsky Vitaly , Pliss Evgeny 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe technique based on monitoring oxygen consumption was applied to test 13 substituted p‐hydroquinones (QH2) as a chain‐breaking antioxidant during the oxidation of styrene initiated by 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) at 37°C. The methodology originally developed to test monophenolic antioxidants was modified to fit it to specific features of oxidative transformation of QH2. Chain‐breaking capability of QH2 was characterized by two parameters: the rate constant k1 for reaction of QH2 with the peroxy radical LO2·: (1) QH2 + LO2· → QH· + LOOH and the stoichiometric factor of inhibition, f, which shows how many kinetic chains may be terminated by one molecule of QH2. Rate constants k1 × 105 (in M−1 s−1) were found to be 5.54 (nonsubstituted QH2); 7.13 (Me‐QH2); 13.1 (Et‐QH2); 12.0 (t‐Bu‐QH2); 15.6 (2,6‐Me2‐QH2); 18.8 (2,3‐Me2‐QH2); 17.1 (2,5‐Me2‐QH2); 13.7 (2,6‐(MeO)2‐QH2); 4.70 (2,6‐Ph2‐QH2); 0.90 (2,5‐Cl2‐QH2); 23.2 (Me3‐QH2); 4.40 (2,3‐(MeO)2‐5‐Me‐QH2). Parameter f never exceeds 2; for the majority of QH2, f was found to be visibly less than 2, decreasing when the rate of initiation decreased. Both experimental data and results of computer kinetic simulations suggest that, contrary to monophenolic antioxidants, the main path of QH· transformation is the self‐disproportionation rather than recombination of QH· with LO2·. Most likely, f is commonly lower than 2 because of the reaction of QH· with molecular oxygen. The latter may result in faster depletion of QH2 and the increase in the rate of inhibited oxidation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 162–171, 2002; DOI 10.1002/kin.10041
Landscape ecological planning and design of degraded mining land
Authors: Wang Y. , Dawson R. , Han D. , Peng J. , Liu Z. , Ding Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLandscape ecology belongs to the macroecological spatial studies and its theory focuses on spatial heterogeneity and ecological holism. Landscape rehabilitation based on ecological planning and design can be used satisfactorily to restore degraded mining land to make it productive and reestablish a stable ecological equilibrium that is coordinated with its surroundings in order to attain ecological holism. Degraded mining land can be classified into diverse types, with different rehabilitation methods possible for each of the classifications. In addition, degraded mining lands are also associated with various types of landscape. Accordingly, landscape rehabilitation goals can only be realized by working out reasonable macrolandscape patterns and establishing suitable microecological conditions based on the landscape ecology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.