bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Frequency of Famines as Demographic Correctives in the Japanese Past
Authors: Saito Osamu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first edition of his book An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Robert Malthus regarded famines as ‘the last, the most dreadful’ of all positive checks on population growth (Malthus 1798: 51-2). In its later editions, however, he became concerned more with factual aspects of the matter, especially with the issue of how frequently famines occurred in relation to plagues and other epidemics. Using data assembled by Dr Thomas Short, he noted in the sixth edition of his book that the periodic returns of epidemics were ‘at the interval of about 4 1/2 years’, while the mean interval between the visits of great famines and dearths was ‘about 7 1/2 years’. Malthus suggested that ‘plagues, violent diseases, and famines have been certainly mitigated, and have become less frequent’ than in past times (Malthus 1826: II, 308 and 315). It is not quite certain if the later Malthus jettisoned his earlier view that famines were a mighty corrective to overpopulation, but few will question the later Malthus’ stance that the frequency of famines was one of the factors accounting for changing rates of natural increase of populations in the past.
The Geography of Revolution in Ireland
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The revolution of 1917-23 represents a marriage of activists and outcomes almost unique in the history of Irish nationalism. Revolutionaries there had been—of one sort or another-for well over a century, political upheavals and crises were frequent, but rarely had one anything to do with the other. ln the aftermath of the Easter Rising of 1916, however, radicals did achieve radical change: a Sinn Ftéin majority in Ireland in the 1918 general election; an avowedly separatist parliament, Dáil Éireann, in 1919; republican local governments, police, and courts in 1910; the AngloIrish Treary in 1921; and ultimately, in 1922, an independent Free State separate from both Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The Social Structure of the Irish Republican Army
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
W. B. Yeats ‘met them at close of day I Coming with vivid faces I From counter or desk’. Fdith Somerville dismissed them variously as ‘tom fools’ and ‘half-educated cads and upstarts’.’ Erskine Childers praised them as ‘the soul of a new Ireland, taken as a whole the finest young men in the country’. To their neighbours and supporters, they were most often simply ‘the boys’. ‘They’ were the Irish Volunteers-after 1919 the Irish Republican Army-and the question of what sort of people they were is a crucial one for our understanding of the organization, and of the Irish revolution as a whole.
Politics
Authors: Weiler Bjorn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The central Middle Ages witnessed dramatic political change. Within a few centuries, Latin Europe was transformed from a society deeply rooted in the Carolingian revival of classical Roman values and institutions into one that, despite its many fundamental differences, foreshadowed the concerns, the organizational mechanisms, and the ideologies of the early modern period. At the same time, underneath this rapid change, continuities remained. The aim of this chapter is to highlight this complexity, and it will do so by sketching out some common norms of political life in Latin Christendom during this period.
Religion
Authors: Barrow Julia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Religion was one of the principal means of identification in this period. It provided many of the rituals that articulated social and political activity, and supplied a store of learning, transmitted orally, in writing, and pictorially. It was central to everyone’s experience. Since in western Europe in this period the dominant religion was Christianity, this will receive most attention in what follows, but with discussion of other religions at the end of the chapter.
The Sale Of Land
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It must be assumed that the draftsman of the article has deliberately used the word ‘chose’ (thing) to indicate that it applies to both immovable and movable property of every kind. Such a provision which envisages a verbal as well as a written agreement is, of course, a significant departure from the venerable rule of English law in respect of sales of land which is enshrined in section 40 of the Law of Property Act 1925 that contracts for the sale or other disposition.
Compromis De Vente
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This kind of contract, the proper title of which is promesse synallagmatique de vente, corresponds to the contract used in England in a land transaction to bind the parties to buy and sell subject to such conditions as may be contained in the contract. Such a contract is said to be one valant vente since by the agreement of the parties on the thing sold and the price the requirements of Code civil (C.civ. art.1582) as noted in Chapter 3 have been fulfilled. It will normally be (but is not required by law to be) in writing and in the form of a single document but may be for example by an exchange of letters.
Joint Ownership Of Land
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There exist in French law three types of co-ownership. These are ownership en indivision, en tontine and en copropriété. The third form of co-ownership is when applied to realty, for all practical purposes, limited to the ownership of flats forming parts of a single building and is treated separately in Chapter 15. It must be remembered that in the absence of any trust law in France, the interests of each co-owner are in effect individual legal estates in the land so owned.
Residential Leases
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fundamental law on this subject is to be found in C.civ.arts.1709 to 1778. These articles cover the leasing of properties under what are known in French law as baux de droit commun (translatable as basic statutory law and not as common law). However, in certain important respects, this law is overlaid with the effect of special legislation which applies broadly to leases of premises for private occupation. A fair analogy would be to describe the law in England relating to leases as that enacted in Part V of the Law of Property Act 1925 but subject to the effect of various other Acts including and in particular the various Rent Acts when in force.
Inheritance Law
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is possibly no branch of French law which is so inimical to the English as that relating to the inheritance of property on death. Its application to assets in France owned by English persons whatever may be their domicile at the date of their death and to all assets wherever situate if their domicile is French is frequently misunderstood. This can lead to much confusion and dismay and often recrimination among beneficiaries who find that they are deprived as a result of the impact of French law of assets which clearly they were intended to inherit. None suffers more noticeably than the surviving spouse even if, of very recent time, his or her position has been ameliorated to a considerable extent.
The English Trust
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not only is the trust unknown in French law but ‘it is surrounded by considerable legal and fiscal doubts It is an institution the nature of which it is always difficult to grasp, which can only be understood at best imperfectly by reference to and comparison with a system of law with which the French are familiar. Until such a solution has been found, one must be satisfied with answers which are necessarily incomplete and unclear.’ That quotation from so distinguished a source as Memento Lefebvre ‘Patrimoine’ is not a very hopeful beginning to an understanding by the English lawyer, weaned on trust law, of the appreciation of that law by the French.
Administration Of An Estate
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
C.civ.art.720 the terms of which were set by the Law of 3 December 2001 is brief: ‘Les successions s’ouvrent par la mort’. This evident statement can be somewhat inadequately translated as meaning that ‘death is the precursor of inheritance’. The short article qualifies the relevant death as taking place ‘au demier domicile du defunt’ which must be understood in neutral terms as ‘at the place of the last residence of the deceased’. This article has combined and amended the previous articles 110 and 718, the latter referring to the ‘natural death’ as opposed to ‘the death’ of the deceased. The Code originally spoke of the ‘natural death’ and the ‘civil death’ of the deceased but the latter was abolished by the Law of 31 May 1854.
Comments
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Europe is best described as a tribal mosaic. It consists of a great many individual sociological identities, peoples living alongside each other, each identifying more or less exclusively with one of a great many parallel histories. Given this backdrop, it seems no accident that Europe was the cradle of the Western nation-state. Because that notion has been frequently abused—and because Europeans continue to treat its ethnic minorities poorly, even to this day—Europe has been a traditional source of migration, to the United States and Canada, to South America, and to Oceania.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Peter M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dependence structure across time occupies a key role in the modelling of macroeconomic and financial data. Increasing interest has been shown in capturing the possibility of ‘long memory’ (also sometimes referred to as ‘long-range dependence’, or ‘strong dependence’ or ‘persistence’). By long-memory time series I mean not only stationary ones but, a fortiori, nonstationary ones in which dependence falls off even more slowly across time. This volume collects together some articles on long memory which I hope have particular relevance or potential to modelling and statistical inference in an econometric context.
Estimation of the Memory Parameter for Nonstationary or Noninvertible Fractionally Integrated Processes
Authors: Hurvich Clifford M , Ray Bonnie K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A key problem in time series analysis is the determination or estimation of the degree of integration, d , of the series. In the case of autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models, for example, a series with a unit root in the AR polynomial (and all MA roots outside the unit circle) has d = 1 and is nonstationary, a series with a unit root in the MA polynomial (and all AR roots outside the unit circle) has d = — 1 and is noninvertible, while a series with all roots of the AR and MA polynomials outside the unit circle has d = 0 and is both stationary and invertible. The Dickey-Fuller test (Dickey and Fuller 1979) is a method for deciding, on the basis of the observed data, whether to use d = 0 or d = 1 in building a model for the series. The test proposed by Saikkonen and Luukkonen (1993) for a unit root in the MA polynomial is a method for deciding between d = 0 and d = — 1.
‘Commonplaces of memory’: Visual Regimes and Charmed Spaces
Authors: Engel William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The epigraph to this chapter comes from lines chanted by those who ‘look not like inhabitants o’ the earth I And yet are on’t’. These words herald the last of the dumb shows that presage the culmination of Macbeth’s fatal destiny. The mimed action is conjured up, within the world of the play, using supernatural means. The imagination is thus haunted by an arresting set of memory images involving a pageant of history, revealing to Macbeth a succession of kings that will come in the future, but to the Jacobean audience a succession of kings from the past leading up to the present.
‘O eloquent, iust, and mighty Death!’: Ending The History of the World
Authors: Engel William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is with this last sentence that Ralegh concluded his monumental History of the World, but using the Latin Vulgate and not the King James English translation, as quoted here (see the Appendix). How did it come to this? What did Ralegh seek to communicate by making this biblical sentence serve, quite literally, as the last word of his History? What sorts of assumptions in his own day would have been made about this cunning conclusion? And to what extent did it reflect cunning, in the sense of the term discussed in Part I?
Ways of Remembering
Authors: Woolf Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much Has Been written about the classical and Renaissance ‘arts of memory’, those systems inherited from ancient writings such as the pseudo-Christian Rhetorica ad Herennium and revived in the later Middle Ages by sages such as Ramon Lull, whence they later figured prominently in the work of English magi such as John Dee and Robert Fludd. Studies by Paolo Rossi and the late Frances Yates demonstrated some interesting implications of the artificial memory of the Renaissance for the development of later philosophical and scientific interests. Jonathan D. Spence has shown how ‘place memory’ could be put to practical pedagogical use in his study of the Jesuit Matteo Ricci’s mission to China. Most recently, William E. Engel has provided a richly suggestive connection between the mnemonic processes at work in literary and iconographic representation and the seventeenth century’s melancholic preoccupation with death and wider questions of temporality.
Arbitrage and Discounting Formulae
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We know by the definition of an equilibrium asset cash flow matrix Z, that there cannot exist a portfolio α∈ ℝΩ+1 such that there exist arbitrage opportunities. The absence of arbitrage gains places restrictions on the form of Z, particularly when there are portfolios of assets that give the same pay-offs as other portfolios.
Education, Career Opportunities, and Changing Patterns of Fertility: A Study of Women in the Labour Market in Twentieth-Century Sweden
Authors: Stanfors Maria , Svensson Lars 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two distinct features of societal change in twentieth century Sweden are the changing socio-economic roles of women and the changing patterns of fertility. As the Swedish economy has changed, from being a predominantly agrarian economy at the turn of the century, to an industrial and further to a post-industrial economy, Swedish women have increased their level of education and made more use of it through increased labour force participation. They have also moved into new sectors and occupations and the earnings gap between men and women has been reduced. Together with these changes, period fertility rates have fluctuated dramatically and at some points in time, as for instance the late 1980s and early 1990s, Sweden showed a combination of one of the highest birth rates in Western Europe and a very high female labour force participation rate. Cohort fertility has, however, been remarkably stable at about two children per woman, during more than half of the twentieth century.
Scientific Travellers, Colonists, and Africans: Chains of Knowledge and the Cape Vernacular, 1770–1850
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anders Sparrman arrived at the Cape from Sweden aged 24 in 1772. He had studied with Linnaeus, the renowned Swedish botanist, qualified as a doctor, and, as a young man, travelled to East Asia.1 After a sojourn in Cape Town, he spent nearly two years as an assistant naturalist on Captain Cook’s Resolution, travelling to the Polynesian islands and the Antarctic. He returned in 1775 to make a nine-month journey through the rural Cape collecting botanical and zoological specimens. Sparrman was not the first eighteenth-century scientific traveller to record the Cape environment, nor was he necessarily the most accurate. But his book, A Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, published in English in 1785, was widely read and often cited in subsequent travel texts. It included sharp insights about colonial society, and he evinced considerable sympathy towards the indigenous Khoisan people. Sparrman sought explicitly to discuss the natural world and was amongst the first to record environmental problems.
The Night of the Jackal: Sheep, Pastures, and Predators, 1890–1930
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Debates about improvements in the Cape pastoral economy were bedevilled by the shadowy presence of predators, and especially jackals, on farm boundaries. Jackals stalked the countryside and the imagination of farmers. It was the losses they caused, and the perceived losses they might cause, which were so often cited as a major reason for the kraaling system. Jackals were the enemy of farmers because they killed sheep. They became a particular concern for progressives and conservationists because they inhibited the changes in livestock farming that were being advocated with ever-stronger convic-tion. For different reasons, jackals also became a target of the poor.
Ritual, Memory, and Religion
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anthropologists have struggled very hard to appreciate things from the participant’s point of view, and in the native language, as far as possible. A sensitivity to indigenous expressions and their translation has greatly improved the ethnographic reporting of religious phenomena in particular, but ‘beliefs and rituals’ are more than a matter of words. Language and the collective morphology of signifying action are best teased apart, before we can explore more lucidly their interconnection. Many of the shaped ceremonial actions of mundane life have a quasi-religious aspect; and religious phenomena, however defined, if we are to use the word as a general category, must share much with the ceremonial qualities of the mundane.
The ‘Home-Made’ Patterns of Livelihood
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Across the world it is the dwelling and local settlement, or set of temporary settlements, that provide a concrete focus for the understanding of lived social space and its resonances for the development of the individual’s experience of belonging to a patterned world. A study of the sites of daily working activity is relevant not only to the ‘traditional’ worlds of subsistence or semi-subsistence production, but also to the life of localities well within the reach of capitalism, state influence, or modern communication networks. Before writing The Wealth o(Nations in the late eighteenth century, Adam Smith visited a pin factory.
Towards Large-Scale Modern Forms
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is true that anthropologists have tended to concentrate on the small scale, relatively face-to-face phenomena of social relations, rather than on the abstract workings of capitalism, government, or global cultural movements. At the same time it is equally true that there is a ‘human’ scale, and a ceremonial character, to the way these phenomena work too-though the relationship between power, politics, personal participation, and ceremony in modern, large-scale forms is admittedly not the same as in the more coherent local context of classic anthropological research. However, anthropologists, as I suggested in my early chapters, are in fact extremely curious about hidden principles and connections and can be quite creative when they look at large-scale systems. Many today are involved in revealing the layers of complexity involved in local/regional/world connections. Some still study at the ‘village’ level, but a growing number are investigating the dispersed networks of refugees, transnational migrants, or international entrepreneurs, and a few are going for central institutions of the global power structure such as the European Parliament or the BBC. Modern, large-scale, and urban society has typically been assumed to be amorphous, just a mass of anonymous individuals who show up as statistics in social trends.
Introduction
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though some make slight of Libells, yet you may see by them how the wind sitts; as, take a straw, & throw it upp into the Aire, you shall see by that which way the wind is, which you shall not doe by casting up a stone— More solid things doe not shew the Complexion of the times so well as Ballads and libels. Taking it for granted that you are a Lounger, I shall not detain you longer than the time allowed for a stroll up and down the High-street, including one gaze at the print shop . . . I think you will allow the time better employed, than in gaping it away over a set of ill-natured caricatures.
Theory and Values in Public Law: A Response
Authors: Craig* Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peter Cane has, in the previous chapter, presented a challenging argument as to the role of theory and values in public law. The challenge is directed in part towards the utility of the distinction between red- and green-light theories of administrative law used by Harlow and Rawlings. The argument is also directed more generally against the use of political theory by public lawyers, the claim being that it has diverted attention away from legal values.
‘The Peculiarities of the English’: Resisting the Public/Private Law Distinction
Authors: Taggart* Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most persistent themes in Carol Harlow’s oviferous work is the denial of any useful substantive distinction between private law and public law. This view coincides with that of the much maligned but resilient A.V. Dicey. This continuity of resistance to the public/private law distinction is worthy of discussion.
The Spectacle of Exhibitions
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The annual Royal Academy exhibition was the main showcase of the nation’s art, at the time often referred to simply as ‘The Exhibition’. It was here that Reynolds’s doctrines and the efforts of the Academy schools were meant to yield their first fruits and help disseminate taste among students and a wider, though select, public. The press measured the ‘improvement of the British School of Arts by the comparative excellence of these annual exhibitions’. For the Academy’s Secretary for Foreign Correspondence, Prince Hoare, they were the ‘trial of national ability and national character’ . Throughout the late Hanoverian period, the exhibition was also a key event in London’s social season, a space where the discussion of art underlay polite sociability. Visitors went to the Great Room in order to see, be seen, and converse with one another, encouraged by a panoply of images which reflected a wide range of topical concerns. The Academicians were status-conscious professionals whose appointment by the Sovereign went with the elevation from ‘Mr.’ to ‘Esq.’ (1.11).3As hosts at Somerset House they strove to frame the exhibition experience as a polite occasion in a civic space, free from the commercial and sexual connotations of the auction room, pleasure garden, and commercial galleries.