bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenic analysis of four species of the genus Ehrlichia by use of protein immunoblot
Authors: Nyindo Mramba , Kakoma Ibulaimu , Hansen Richard 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The antigenic profile of Ehrlichia canis, E risticii, E sennetsu, and E equi was investigated by the use of protein (western) immunoblot technique. Results of analysis of serum from acutely and chronically infected animals indicated that the 4 Ehrlichia species share a unique 25- kD polypeptide in addition to other peptides. Immune sera from dogs inoculated with E canis recognized a wide range of E canis polypeptide antigens, as determined by western blot analysis. A larger number of E sennetsu polypeptides were detected when homologous antiserum and antiserum to E equi were used. The latter antiserum did not recognize antigens of E canis or E risticii. Antisera to E canis, E risticii, and E sennetsu detected E equi antigens. Data indicate that a 25-kD protein is a common antigen among the species of the genus Ehrlichia and that the ascending order of abundance of immunodominant determinants in the 4 species of Ehrlichia studied would be: E risticii → E equi → E sennetsu → E canis. Implications of these findings for diagnosis of ehrlichial infections and prophylaxis are evident.
Actinobacillus Suis-like organisms and evidence of hemolytic strains of Actinobacillus lignieresii in horses
Authors: Samitz Eileen M. , Biberstein Ernst L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Thirty-seven local isolates of Actinobacillus suis-like organisms from diseased and clinically normal horses and 1 llama were compared with reference strains of A suis, A lignieresii, A equuli, A capsulatus, A hominis, A (Pasteurella) ureae, and equine A suis-like organisms (aslo) previously described in literature. Comparison was by cultural characteristics, carbohydrate fermentation, enzyme profiles, and whole-cell protein polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Carbohydrate fermentation, determined by API-CH gallery, divided 36 equine aslo isolates into 6 API-CH biotypes. The llama isolate was an additional distinct biotype. The biochemical comparisons between A suis and aslo did not reveal remarkable and consistent differences.
Enzyme analysis revealed 5 API-ZYM biotypes, one of which included the same strains as one of the API-CH biotypes and consisted in both instances of 4 esculin-negative aslo cultures and the reference strain of A lignieresii. We conclude that the 4 strains were hemolytic variants of A lignieresii.
Protein electrophoresis disclosed 15 banding patterns, 10 of which represented equine aslo strains. The reference strains of A suis shared the pattern predominant among equine aslo. Four of the remaining reference strains of Actinobacillus species each had a unique profile, whereas the type strain of A capsulatus and the llama isolate had similar profiles.
The groupings of cultures resulting from the different testing methods had little relation to each other and to the anatomic source of the strains except the strains comprising API-CH biotype III, which originated in the equine respiratory tract, and the A lignieressii cluster.
Antagonistic effect of atipamezole on xylazine-induced sedation, bradycardia, and ruminal atony in calves
Authors: Thompson James R. , Kersting Karl W. , Hsu Walter H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Three doses of an α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, atipamezole, were administered to reverse xylazine-induced sedation, bradycardia, and ruminal atony in calves. Once a week for 4 weeks, each of 6 calves was administered iv 1 treatment of: 0.3 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight, followed in 10 minutes by 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl; 0.3 mg of xylazine/kg, followed in 10 minutes by 3 μg of atipamezole/kg; 0.3 mg of xylazine/kg, followed in 10 minutes by 10 μg of atipamezole/kg; or 0.3 mg of xylazine/kg, followed in 10 minutes by 30 μg of atipamezole/kg. The order of the 4 treatments in each calf was selected at random. Xylazine alone caused lateral recumbency for 33.6 ±7.1 minutes (mean ± sem-). Atipamezole administered at dosages of 3, 10, and 30 μg/kg shortened xylazine-induced lateral recumbency to 20.5 ± 3.0, 10.2 ± 0.2, and 9.3 ± 0.5 minutes, respectively. Calves given xylazine alone stood at > 60 minutes after the onset of recumbency. Atipamezole given at 3, 10, and 30 μg/kg shortened the time from onset of lateral recumbency to standing to 40.2 ± 6.9, 12.8 ± 1.1, and 10.0 ± 0.7 minutes, respectively. Drowsiness was found in calves given the lowest dosage of atipamezole (3 μg/kg) after the calves stood.
Atipamezole given at dosages of 10 and 30 μg/kg reversed xylazine-induced ruminal atony in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 30 μg of atipamezole/kg reversed xylazine-induced bradycardia, but the lower dosages of this antagonist did not. Results indicated that 30 μg of atipamezole/kg should be a useful antidote for xylazine overdose in cattle.
Acute effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser-induced uveitis in dogs
Authors: Millichamp Nicholas J. , Dziezyc Joan , Rohde Brooks H. , Chiou George C. Y. , Smith William B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Dogs were treated with flunixin meglumine, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; L-651,896, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; and matrine, a herbal anti-inflammatory drug. Acute inflammation was induced in the eyes by disruption of the anterior lens capsule, using a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and eicosanoid production in the aqueous humor were measured. Statistically significant effects were seen in the eyes of flunixin meglumine-treated dogs where mydriasis was maintained and aqueous prostaglandin E2 concentration was reduced.
Cytologic, microbiologic, and biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from 24 healthy cats
Authors: Padrid Philip A. , Feldman Bernard F. , Funk Kathleen , Samitz Eileen M. , Reil Darlene , Cross Carroll E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Twenty-four healthy cats underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage to determine the normal cytologic environment of the lower respiratory tract of cats. Initial screening to ensure the health of the study population included complete histories, physical examinations, thoracic radiography, cbc, serologic tests for feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and occult heartworm, and sugar and Baermann fecal flotation. In 18 cats, protected catheter brush samples of airway secretions from the lavaged lung segment were taken for culture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and mycoplasma. Bronchial lavage fluid (5 sequential 10-ml aliquots of normal saline solution) was pooled and filtered with cotton gauze. The unspun sample was used for determination of a total nucleated cell count. Lavage fluid was cytocentrifuged and 500 cells/slide were scored for determination of the cellular differential. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and concentrations of total protein and IgG within the supernatant were measured, and assays were performed to detect the presence of IgA and IgM. Complete histologic evaluation of the lavaged lung of each of 6 random-source cats was performed after differential cell counting revealed 18% eosinophils within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid recovered from this group.
Alveolar macrophages were the predominant cells encountered; however, a quarter of all cells recovered were eosinophils. A significant relationship was not found between the abundance of eosinophils in the lavage fluid, and either isolation of aerobic bacteria, high total nucleated cell counts, total protein concentrations, or activity of lactate dehydrogenase. Histologic evaluation of the lungs of 5 of 6 random-source cats revealed normal lungs in 2 cats, and minimal abnormal change in 3 others. Evaluation of the lungs from 1 random source cat revealed acute, mild eosinophilic bronchiolitis. We conclude that large numbers of eosinophils may be retrieved from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of healthy cats.
Protective immunity to toxoplasmosis in pigs vaccinated with a nonpersistent strain of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Urban J. F. , Davis S. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The rh strain of Toxoplasma gondii is highly virulent; 1 infective organism is uniformly lethal for mice. Three pigs inoculated sc with 103 tachyzoites of the rh strain developed fever, but otherwise remained normal, and T gondii was not demonstrated in their tissues by bioassay into mice. To determine whether vaccination with the rh strain could induce protective immunity to oral challenge with T gondii oocysts, 12 pigs were divided into 3 groups (A, B, C) of 4 pigs each. Pigs in groups A and B were inoculated im with 106 tachyzoites of the rh strain and 4 pigs in group C served as uninoculated controls. Except for fever, the pigs remained clinically normal after inoculation with the rh strain and T gondii was not found by bioassay in mice of tissues from 4 pigs euthanatized 64 days after inoculation. Pigs in groups B and C were challenge-inoculated orally with 104 (4 pigs) or 105 (4 pigs) T gondii oocysts 72 days after vaccination with the rh strain. The previously uninoculated pigs developed fever, anorexia, and diarrhea from 3 to 8 days after the oocyst challenge. One of the 2 pigs given 105 oocysts became moribund because of toxoplasmosis and was euthanatized 9 days after inoculation. Pigs vaccinated with the rh strain remained free of clinical signs after challenge with oocysts. Results of the bioassays indicated that fewer tissue cysts developed in the rh strain-vaccinated pigs than in the previously uninoculated control pigs.
Molecular epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys
Authors: Carpenter Tim E. , Snipes Kurt P. , Kasten Rick W. , Hird David W. , Hirsh Dwight C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys during an outbreak of fowl cholera was characterized by serotype and heterogeneity of genes encoding rrna (ribotype) to investigate the epidemiology of the organism. Isolates were collected between October 1985 and July 1986. The M9 or Clemson University fowl cholera vaccine-like strain was detected in 17% of the flocks with fowl cholera. One particular strain, isolated only from breeder flocks, was recovered from 7 of the 10 breeder flocks examined in this study. Intracompany transmission appeared to be common, implying a failure in biosecurity. Circumstantial evidence indicated that in the field, the incubation period of P multocida in a turkey flock may be between 2 to 7 weeks. Wildlife did not appear to be an important reservoir of P multocida for turkeys during this study period. Ribotyping results tended to discount several of the possible interflock transmissions, as suggested by examination of serotyping results alone; however, serotyping in combination with ribotyping proved helpful in understanding the epidemiology of P multocida in turkeys.
Effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on airway function in neonatal calves
Authors: LeBlanc Patrick H. , Baker John C. , Gray Peter R. , Robinson N. Edward , Derksen Frederik J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and calves. Neonatal respiratory tract infection in children often produces persistent changes in lung function. The specific objective of this study was to determine whether neonatal calves have transient or persistent alterations in pulmonary function and airway reactivity following rsv infection. Six 2- to 3-day-old Holstein bull calves were inoculated with 10 ml of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) inoculum (102.7 to 103.8 cell culture infective doses/ml) intranasally and 10 ml of brsv inoculum (104.8 to 105.9 cell culture infective doses/ml) intratracheally for 4 consecutive days, and 5 other calves were sham-inoculated. Prior to inoculation (day 0) and on days 4, 14, and 30 after the last inoculation, body weight (kg), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), pulmonary resistance (RL), and 2 indices of airway reactivity (effective dose [ed] 65Cdyn and ed200RL) were measured. Control calves gained weight progressively throughout the study, whereas rsv-inoculated calves failed to gain weight for 14 days, but equaled control calf weight by 30 days after inoculation. The Cdyn of control calves increased significantly by 30 days, but did not in the rsv-infected calves. Pulmonary resistance was increased significantly at 4, 14, and 30 days, but was unaffected by sham inoculation. The ed65Cdyn and ed200RL indicated an age-dependent increase in reactivity to histamine and an increase in responsiveness in the infected group beginning at 14 days and persisting until the end of the study. The data indicate that brsv causes airway obstruction and hyperreactivity in neonatal calves, which persists for at least 30 days following viral exposure.
β-Adrenergic receptor activity in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Scott Jacqueline S. , Berney Cathy E. , Derksen Frederik J. , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pulmonary function measurements were made in control ponies and in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease (principals) during clinical remission and during an attack of acute airway obstruction. The ponies were given β-adrenergic antagonists and agonists to determine the role of β receptors in recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease, and to determine the subtypes of β receptors mediating bronchodilation in ponies. Aerosol administration of the β antagonists, propranolol (β1 and β2), atenolol (β1), and butoxamine (β2) decreased dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and increased pulmonary resistance (RL) in the principal ponies during airway obstruction, but were without effect when the ponies were in clinical remission. Intravenous administration of atropine reversed the effect of atenolol on Cdyn and RL, but was without effect on the decrease in Cdyn and increase in RL observed after butoxamine administration. The β antagonists did not affect airway function in the control ponies. The effect of β blockade on Cdyn and RL suggests β-adrenergic activation in the central and peripheral airways of principal ponies, mediated through both β2- and β1-adrenergic receptors. The aerosol β agonists, isoproterenol (β1 and β2), and clenbuterol (β2) attenuated histamine-induced airway obstruction to a similar extent in control ponies that were given histamine iv. In addition, the β1 antagonist, atenolol, did not attenuate the bronchodilation observed with isoproterenol. We concluded that, although β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors exist in pony airways and are activated during acute airway obstruction, bronchodilation in response to β agonists in ponies seems to be mediated primarily by β2-adrenergic receptors.
Influence of sedative and anesthetic agents on intradermal skin test reactions in dogs
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , Eicker Steven W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To determine the effects of 9 sedative/anesthetic drug protocols on intradermal skin testing, an experimental state of type-I hypersensitivity was created. Intradermal skin tests were performed on 6 dogs, using positive and negative controls and a series of tenfold dilutions of Asc-1 allergen prior to drug administration. Approximately 4 hours later, the dogs were given 1 of the following drugs: acepromazine (low dose and high dose); ketamine hydrochloride with diazepam; thiamylal; oxymorphone; halothane; methoxyflurane; or isoflurane. The intradermal skin test then was repeated, and was scored objectively and subjectively. Objective scores were unaffected by any of the drugs. Subjective scores were affected in that acepromazine decreased wheal size and the induration of the intradermal skin test reaction sites.
Pharmacokinetic properties of doxorubicin encapsulated in glutaraldehyde-treated canine erythrocytes
Authors: Tonetti M. , Astroff A. B. , Satterfield W. , De Flora A. , Benatti U. , DeLoach J. R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Canine erythrocytes were loaded with the antineoplastic drug doxorubicin and then treated with 0.16% glutaraldehyde. This procedure has been previously shown to slow down the efflux of doxorubicin from erythrocytes and to result in the selective targeting of the carrier erythrocytes to liver. Three dogs were treated each with 2 different schedules of iv bolus administration of doxorubicin (0.4 mg/kg of body weight): free drug and doxorubicin encapsulated in glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes. The 2 treatments yielded consistent differences in the plasma pharmacokinetic properties of doxorubicin and of its only metabolite, doxorubicinol. A triphasic exponential decay of doxorubicin plasma concentrations was observed on injection of the free drug. Conversely, in the case of erythrocyte-encapsulated doxorubicin, 4 phases of plasma concentrations of doxorubicin were found. The plasma concentrations of doxorubicinol, after a steady increase during the first hour, followed patterns of decay comparable to those of the parent drug. On the basis of the kinetic variables calculated with the 2 administration schedules, area under curve concentrations of plasma doxorubicin were 136 μg·h/L (free infusion) and 734 μ-g·h/L (erythrocyte-encapsulated drug). Significant alterations of hematologic and hematochemical factors were not observed in the 3 dogs during and after the 2 treatments. On the basis of our findings, doxorubicin-loaded and glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes may potentially be used in the treatment of systemic and hepatic tumors in dogs.
Electrophoretic profiles of Pasteurella multocida isolates from animals with hemorrhagic septicemia
Authors: Johnson Ronald B. , Dawkins Hugh J. S. , Spencer Terence L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We determined that the protein profiles of 14 isolates from animals with hemorrhagic septicemia were relatively homogeneous and could be placed in 2 distinct groups on the basis of their country of origin. Such differences correlated with the serotypic properties of the individual isolates; hemorrhagic septicemia isolates of Asian and North American origin (Carter B) had a major protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa, whereas those of African origins (Carter E) had a major protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 37 kDa. The possession of a major 32-kDa protein band appeared to be unique to Carter B isolates, suggesting that electrophoresis may be a useful nonserologic technique for the identification of organisms of this serotype. Other major bands with apparent molecular masses of 27, 45, and 47 kDa were shared by all strains, regardless of their serotype. The lipopolysaccharides were of low molecular mass and relatively uniform from 1 isolate to the next.
Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity in anesthetized horses, maintained at 1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration of halothane
Authors: Hellyer Peter W. , Dodam John R. , Light Gwen S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity for increasing arterial pressure (dbsi) was used to quantitatively assess the effects of anesthesia on the heart rate/arterial pressure relationship during rapid (≤ 2 minutes) pressure changes in the horse. Anesthesia was induced with iv administration of xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane at a constant end-tidal concentration of 1.1 to 1.2% (1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration). Systolic arterial pressure (sap) was increased a minimum of 30 mm of Hg in response to an iv bolus injection of phenylephrine HCl. Linear regression was used to determine the slope of the r-r interval/sap relationship. During dynamic increases in sap, a significant correlation between r-r interval and sap was observed in 8 of 8 halothane-anesthetized horses. Correlation coefficients between r-r interval and sap were > 0.80 in 5 of 8 horses. Mean (± sd) dbsi was 4.8 ± 3.4 ms/mm of Hg in anesthetized horses. A significant correlation between r-r interval and sap was observed in only 3 of 6 awake horses during dynamic increases in sap. Lack of correlation between r-r interval and sap in 3 of 6 awake horses indicated that rapidly increasing sap with an iv phenylephrine bolus is a poor method to evaluate baroreceptor-mediated heart rate changes in awake horses. Reflex slowing of heart rate in response to a rising arterial pressure appeared to have been overridden by the effects of excitement. Mean (± sd) dbsi (3 horses) was 7.3 ± 3.3 ms/mm of Hg in awake horses.
Effect of a passive heat and moisture exchanger on esophageal temperature in tumor-bearing dogs during whole-body hyperthermia
Authors: Meyer Robert E. , Page Rodney L. , Thrall Donald E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of a passive heat and moisture exchanger on tracheal and large airway temperature, as reflected by esophageal temperature at the thoracic inlet, was determined for 12 anesthetized and ventilated tumor-bearing dogs undergoing whole-body hyperthermia at 42 C. Delivered thermal dose to the esophagus and rectum during 120 minutes of whole-body hyperthermia was quantified as the thermal dose summary measure EQ43. The heat and moisture exchanger significantly increased esophageal EQ43 from 7.3 minutes to 12.1 minutes. Esophageal EQ43, however, remained lower than rectal EQ43. Although use of a heat and moisture exchanger improved esophageal temperature during whole-body hyperthermia, presumably through improved airway temperature, additional methods will be necessary to increase esophageal and airway temperature to the target value of 42 C.
Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin as determinants of inflammation in dogs
Authors: Solter Philip F. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Hungerford Laura L. , Siegel Joel P. , St. Denis Suzanne H. , Dorner Joseph L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Assay procedures for determining serum haptoglobin concentration and ceruloplasmin oxidase activity in dogs were validated, and reference values were established. Serum haptoglobin concentration is reported as milligrams per deciliter of cyanmethemoglobin binding capacity, whereas serum ceruloplasmin oxidase activity was determined by use of p-phenylenediamine as substrate. Both assays were used to analyze serum samples from 288 dogs. In each dog’s case record, clinical history and final diagnosis were evaluated to determine whether the dog had an inflammatory condition. Complete blood cell counts were performed in 265 dogs, using simultaneously collected blood samples. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was determined for 161 dogs. A positive correlation (P < 0.01) was found for serum haptoglobin concentration and for ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, compared with wbc counts, segmented neutrophil and band neutrophil counts, and plasma fibrinogen concentration. Ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and haptoglobin concentration were up to 6 times more sensitive than fibrinogen concentration or leukocyte counts in detecting inflammation. Specificity of ceruloplasmin oxidase activity was comparable to fibrinogen concentration and leukocyte counts, whereas haptoglobin concentration was found to be slightly less specific. Specificity of haptoglobin concentration improved slightly (from 0.82 to 0.88) when dogs with a history of glucocorticoid administration were excluded from analysis. Predictive value of a negative test result (haptoglobin concentration < 125 mg/dl; ceruloplasmin oxidase activity < 20 IU/L) and predictive value of a positive test result for haptoglobin concentration and ceruloplasmin activity were comparable to or better than fibrinogen concentration or various oxidase leukocyte counts in detection of inflammation in a variety of disease conditions. We concluded that serum haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin oxidase assays could be used as adjuncts for diagnosis of the inflammation in dogs.