bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A practical method for the calculation of the non‐steady temperature fields in solid bodies
Authors: Haksever Ataman 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe load‐bearing capacity and deformation response of structural members in fire are mainly influenced by non‐steady temperature distributions in heated bodies. The determination of the temperature fields in these members is therefore the primary assumption for the further computational treatment of fire problems. In this study a new practical calculation method is presented by which the determination of the temperature fields in solid bodies in the case of non‐steady heating becomes easy, and even a simple calculator can solve the problem with sufficient accuracy for practical use. The calculation method is based on the principles of conformal transformations from applied mathematics whereby the Gauss error law is used for the description of unidimensional temperature fields. The efficiency of the method is shown by means of an example.
Quarter‐scale room‐fire tests of interior finishes
Authors: Lee Billy T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA technique for estimating fire‐buildup in rooms with combustible interior finish is discussed. Use of the technique resulted in good agreement between fires conducted in one‐quarter‐scale rooms with a doorway opening and those performed in full‐scale rooms. The effects of burner location and heating rate on flashover in a well‐insulated room were also studied to help select a suitable ignition source size and placement for testing of interior‐finish materials.
Review of Interflam'85
Authors: Allender Peter J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe International Conference Interflam'85 was held at the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, on 26–8 March 1985. This third conference in the Interflam series was set up with the specific aim to bring together the 1985 state of the art of fire science and to show particularly how this information can be put to practical use in the saving of lives. Over 45 speakers, each specialists in their own field of work, some 15 different countries contributed papers. Dr Peter Allender, formerly of Metro‐Cammell and now with John Allen Associates, has seen the Conference both from the lecturing platform and from the audience. He has been invited to give his views about Interflam'85.
Molybdenum compounds as flame‐retardants and smoke‐suppressants in halogenated polymers
Authors: Skinner G. A. , Haines P. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe hazards resulting rom smoke emission were widely recognized in the early 1970s as a result of several major fire disasters. Since that time considerable interest has been shown in the development of smoke‐suppressants. This paper reviews some of the very promising results that have been obtained using molybdenuem comounds as flame‐retardants and smoke‐suppressantes in halogenated polymers. They have been shown to be effective in both rigid and flexible grades of PVC. In the rigid grades these compounds can reduce smoke emission by at least 80%. Reductions in excess of 50% have been observed with typical plasticized formulations, although the magnitude of the effect here depends on both the type and level of plasticizer. Comparisons of the results of different smoke tests suggest that the small‐scale tests commonly used do not fully reflect the true extent of the smoke‐reductions that are obtainable with these combounds. Significant reductions in smoke‐emission have also been obtained with halogenated polyester thermosets and chlorinated elastomer formulations. With the polyesters some of the best results occurred when molybdenum oxide was used in conjunction with alumunium trihydrate. In all cases these compounds proved to have significant flame‐retardant properties. Reference has been made in the paper to their mode of activity but the actual mechanistic investigations have not been discussed in detail.
Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymers (ABS): Pyrolysis and combustion products and their toxicity—a review of the literature
Authors: Rutkowski Joseph V. , Levin Barbara C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA review of literature was undertaken to ascertain the current knowledge of the nature of the thermal decomposition products generated from ABS and the toxicity of these evolved products in toto. The literature review encompasses English language publications available through June 1984. This literature surveyed showed that the principal ABS thermooxidative degradation products of toxicologic importance are carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. The experimental generation of these and other volatile products is principally dependent upon the combustion conditions and the formulation of the plastic. The toxicity of ABS thermal degradation products has been evaluated by fire methods. The LC50 (30 min exposure + 14 day post‐exposure period) values for flaming combustion ranged from 15.0 mgl−1 to 28.5 mgl−1. In the non‐flaming mode of combustion, the LC50 values ranged from 19.3 Mgl−1 to 64.0 mgl−1. Therefore, no apparent toxicological difference exists between the flaming mode and the non‐flaming mode. The toxicity of ABS degradation products was found to be comparable with the toxicity of the thermal decomposition products of other common polymeric materials.
A simple mathematical model of flashover in compartment fires
Authors: Zdanowski M. , Teodorczyk A. , Wójicicki S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to examine the phenomena which determine the possibility of flashover occurrence and progress in compartment fires. A number of experimental fire tests were performed aimed at simplifying the phenomenon in successive tests by eliminating the factors influencing the main mechanisms which determine the occurrence of flashover in compartment fires. A physical model has been proposed as well as mathematical description of the flashover, including a simplified first stage of fire development. A new method for mathematical description of chemical mechanisms of combustion in gas mixture was employed according to which the experiments were considered to be simplified kinetic tests permitting the derivation of a substitute formula for chemical change. A computer program was developed enabling computation of the dynamics of the pre‐flashover fire phase. By means of this program, extensive theoretical analysis was performed of the influence on fire development of a number of compartment factors, including fire load, ventilation and potential fire size.
Preliminary results from an examination of house survival in the 16 February 1983 Bushfires in Australia
Authors: Ramsay G. Caird , McArthur N. A. , Dowling V. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a survey which was undertaken to ascertain those features of house design and construction which were important to the survival of house in the ‘Ash Wednesday Bushfires’ of 16 February 1983. The Otway Ranges are of Victoria was chosen and 1153 house, with varying degrees of damage, were included in the survey. Results of a preliminary analysis of data collected are given, together with observations made concerning the so‐called ‘exploding house’ phenomenon, the role of wind and the part that people played in house survival. Evidence for the ways that houses were ignited (i.e. by radiation, flame contact and wind‐blown embers) was also gathered. The importance of these ignition modes is discussed and examples given. Preliminary observations on the rebuilding process are also given.
Study of solid char residues after thermal degradation of polystyrene, PVC and polyamide—Part II
Authors: Ševěček P. , Stužka V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStructural residues of the original polymer remain in the char portion of degraded polymer depending on the temperature and duration of the thermal degradation and the temperature. Elementary analysis and infrared spectroscopy have been used for the identification of char residues.
The use of the ISO/TC92 test for ignitability assessment
Authors: Hu XiFang , Clark Ferrers R. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe ignitability of solids, including fire‐retardant‐containing polystyrene, is reported using results of a small‐scale thermal radiation exposure test (a modified ISO ignitability test procedure). Additional information is provided from the results of exposure to convective heating and from oxygen index determinations. The use of a permanent sample mask and smaller samples than described in the ISO procedure proved convenient. The ISO procedure was found useful for determining the response of ignition time to changes in radiant flux. Good agreement was found with the analysis of Quintiere and Harkleroad for most samples but not with polystyrene, with and without halogen fire retardant. The increase in ignition resistance with fire retardant concentration suggested by the oxygen index is not always consistent with the ignition delay times under radiative or convective assault.
Effect of environmental conditions on smoke propagation
Authors: McIlhagger R. , Hill B. J. , Brown A. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the influence of oxygen and environmental temperature on the generation of smoke from burning polystyrene sheet. The experimentation was performed using a Stanton Redcroft HFTA linked to a Stanton Redcroft FTB Smoke Box. The results showed that different forms of smoke were formed depending upon the environmental conditions. For example, in oxygen‐enriched atmospheres and at elevated environmental temperatures, as in spacecraft fires, large smoke particles were formed with a lower level of obscuration. This phenomenon was accompanied by higher rates of burn and high fire temperatures. At lower oxygen contents, as in real‐life fire conditions, close to the Critical Oxygen Index, finer smoke particles were formed which gave a higher level of obscuration. The time to maximum obscuration was comparatively long.
The combustion of cigarette paper
Authors: Baldry P. J. , Cullis C. F. , Goring D. , Hirschler M. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStudies have been carried out of the thermal decomposition and combustion of cigarette paper with heating rates and final temperatures similar to those encountered during the smoking of cigarettes. Measurements have been made in particular of the amounts of carbon monoxide formed from the paper, both on its own and when it forms part of a cigarette. The extent of formation of char from cigarette paper decreases as the heating rate is increased, but carbon monoxide yields pass through a maximum at a heating rate of ca 60° s−1, due to the competing effects of temperature on the several different mechanisms by which carbon monoxide is produced. Measurements on cigarette papers impregnated with a wide range of inorganic and organic salts show that all the additives used tend to decrease carbon monoxide yields at low heating rates but to increase them quite sharply at very high ones. With cigarettes containing impregnated papers the concentration of carbon monoxide is increased in both the mainstream and sidestream smoke. Possible reasons for the behaviour observed with the various individual salts are discussed. Certainly, on the assumption that the results obtained with cigarettes are a good reflection of those on paper alone it seems unlikely that treatment of cigarette paper can ever reduce the amounts of carbon monoxide formed under cigarette smoking conditions, for all additives affect char formation in such a way that there is an overall increase in carbon monoxide yields.
One‐dimensional mathematical modelling of enclosure fire dynamics
Authors: Gupta A. K. , Kumar Surendra , Singh Bani 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a one‐dimensional mathematical model of enclosure fire dynamics. The model is based on the fundamental equations of mass, momentum and energy and uses the top hat velocity and temperature profiles for the movement of plume gases. A computational algorithm is also developed to solve the set of transient model partial differential equations. In addition, the explicit equations have been derived for computing the steady state velocity and temperature profiles. These derivations are based on the assumption that the plume width follows the relationship given by Eqn (12). Further, these relationships help to identify a dimensionless parameter, Frs, known as source Froude number, which has a significant effect on the behaviour of the plume gases. It may be noted that this assumption is only applicable for the case of Frs = 1. The plume behaviour is studied with reference to three cases of source Froude numbers, i.e. Frs < 1, Frs = 1, Frs > 1.
Flame spread properties of forest products. Comparison and validation of prescribed Australian and North American flame spread test methods
Authors: Gardner W. D. , Thomson C. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNineteen forest products in sawn board and panel form (including three fire retardant treated) have been tested to AS1530.3—Test For Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials and ASTM E84—Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. These tests are used in the building codes to regulate the flame spread properties of all combustible building materials in Australia and interior finsihes in North America, respectively. A correlation was established between Time to Ignition (AS1530.3) and Flame Spread Index (ASTM E84) for the forest products that had not been fire retardant treated. Room fire testing of eight of the forest products validaded Time to Ignition (AS1530.3) and Flame Spread Index (ASTM E84) as reliable test criteria for regulating the use of combustible materials.
The flammability of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers IV. The flame retardant mechanism of ammonium polyphosphate
Authors: Zhang J. , Horrocks A. R. , Hall M. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAmmonium polyphosphate is shown to be an effective flame retardant for homopolymeric and selected fibre‐forming copolymers of acrylonitrile. Compared with other phosphates and phosphorus‐containing species, it significantly increases both limiting oxygen index and char levels. The mechanism of retardancy is shown to be both physical and chemical in character. When heated to 300°C, the polyphosphate melts and converts to polyphosphoric acid which acts as a physical barrier to surface polymer oxidation and promotes nucleophilic oligomerization of pendant, adjacent nitrile groups. A reduction in the activation energy of this first stage of acrylic polymer degradation suggests that the favoured decomposition route gives rise via oligomerization to char‐promoting precursors. Char analyses indicate an empirical formula of C30H13N7P2, which compares favourably with that of a proposed phosphorylated, polynuclear, aromatic heterocyclic structure.
Quantifying the ignition propensity of cigarettes
Authors: Ohelemiller Thomas J. , Villa Kay M. , Braun Emil , Rberhardt Keith R. , Harris Richard H. , Lawson J. Randall , Gann Richard G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractResearch funded under the Fire Safe Cigarette Act of 1990 (United States Public Law 101–352) has led to the development of two test methods for measuring the ignition propensity of cigarettes. The Mock‐Up Ignition Test Method uses substrates physically similar to upholstered furniture and mattresses: a layer of fabric over padding. The measure of cigarette performance is ignition or non‐ignition of the substrate. The Cigarette Extinction Test Method replaces the fabric/padding assembly with multiple layers of common filter paper. The measure of perfomance is full‐length burning or self‐extinguishment of the cigarette. Routine measurement of the relative ignition propensity of cigarettes is feasible using either of the two methods. Improved cigarette performance under both methods has been linked with reduced real‐world ignition behavior; and it is reasonable to assume that this, in turn, implies a significant real‐would benefit. Both methods have been subjected to interlaboratory study. The resulting reproducibilities were comparable to each other and comparable to those in other fire test methods currently being used to regulate materials which may be involved in unwanted fires. Using the two methods, some current commercial cigarettes are shown to have reduced ignition propensities relative to the current best‐selling cigarettes.
Progressive optimization on unstructured grids using multigrid‐aided finite‐difference sensitivities
Authors: Catalano L. A. , Dadone A. , Daloiso V. S. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes an efficient and robust progressive‐optimization procedure, employing cheap, flexible and easy‐to‐program multigrid‐aided finite‐differences for the computation of the sensitivity derivatives. The entire approach is combined with an upwind finite‐volume method for the Euler and the Navier–Stokes equations on cell‐vertex unstructured (triangular) grids, and validated versus the inverse design of an airfoil, under inviscid (subsonic and transonic) and laminar flow conditions. The methodology turns out to be robust and highly efficient, the converged design optimization being obtained in a computational time equal to that required by 11–17 (depending on the application) multigrid flow analyses on the finest grid. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voltage‐dependent orientation of membrane proteins
Authors: Blumenthal Robert , Kempf Christoph , Van Renswoude Jos , Weinstein John N. , Klausner Richard D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn order to study the influence of electrostatic forces on the disposition of proteins in membranes, we have examined the interaction of a receptor protein and of a membrane‐active peptide with black lipid membranes. In the first study we show that the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor can insert spontaneously into lipid bilayers from the aqueous medium. Under the influence of a trans‐positive membrane potential, the receptor, a negatively charged protein, appears to change its disposition with respect to the membrane. In the second study we consider melittin, an amphipathic peptide containing a generally hydrophobic stretch of 19 amino acids followed by a cluster of four positively charged residues at the carboxy terminus. The hydrophobic region contains two positively charged residues. In response to trans‐negative electrical potential, melittin appears to assume a transbilayer position.These findings indicate that electrostatic forces can influence the disposition, and perhaps the orientation, of membrane proteins. Given the inside–negative potential of most or all cells, we would expect transmembrane proteins to have clusters of positively charged residues adjacent to the cytoplasmic ends of their hydrophobic transmembrane segments, and clusters of negatively charged residues just to the extracytoplasmic side. This expectation has been borne out by examination of the few transmembrane proteins for which there is sufficient information on both sequence and orientation. Surface and dipole potentials may similarly affect the orientation of membrane proteins.
A monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope common to an avian‐specific nuclear antigen and to cytokeratins
Authors: Franklin Richard M. , Emmons Lyman R. , Emmons Rebecca P. , Kai Osamu , Oommen Anna , Pink J. Richard , Rijnbeek Anne‐Marie , Schnetzler Marianne , Tuderman Leena , Vainio Eeva 
Published: December 2004

AbstractX3, a monoclonal antibody of unusual specificity, is described. This antibody reacts with one or more cytokeratin polypeptides and also reacts with an avian (chicken, quail) nuclear antigen that appears to be present in all cell types (chicken) tested, although with variable staining pattern and intensity. This antigen is distinct from the cytokeratins but does have an epitope in common with this class of proteins. It disappears from the nucleus during the early stages of cell division and reappears during anaphase as a granular cytoplasmic structure. In late telophase the antigen is relocated in the nucleus. This antigen, which we have designated as avian‐specific nuclear antigen (AVNA), is not associated with chromatin or ribonucleoproteins. From immunoblotting experiments on chicken fibroblast nuclei, AVNA is probably a complex composed of one or several polypeptides, one of which has a molecular weight of approximately 60 kD. The proteins were identified as nuclear matrix proteins rather than pore complex‐lamina proteins by immunoblotting experiments on the purified nuclear matrix of chicken erythrocytes. The major polypeptide had a molecular weight of 60 kD and the minor polypeptide a molecular weight of 69 kD.
Golgi/granule processing of peptide hormone and neuropeptide precursors: A minireview
Authors: Steiner Donald F. , Docherty Kevin , Carroll Raymond 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProteolytic processing of precursor proteins is a phylogenetically ancient and widely used mechanism for producing biologically active peptides. Proteolytic cleavage of proproteins begins only after transport to the Golgi apparatus has been completed and in most systems may continue for many hours within newly formed secretory vesicles as these are stored in the cytosol or transported along axons to more peripheral sites of release. Paired basic residues are required for efficient proteolysis in most precursors, suggesting that a small number of specialized tryptic proteases exist that have great site selectivity but can process many sites within the same precursor or in different precursors within the same cell, or in different cells or tissues. Cleavage‐site choice may be strongly influenced by other factors, such as secondary and tertiary structure, but definitive structural information on precursor proteins is lacking. Modifications such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation also are Golgi associated but are not known to influence proteolytic processing patterns. Golgi/granule processing also rarely occurs at sites other than pairs of basic amino acids, including single basic residues (trypsinlike), Leu‐Ala, Leu‐Ser, or Tyr‐Ala bonds (chymotrysinlike) as well as other specialized nontryptic cleavages, suggesting that mixtures of proteases coexist in the Golgi/granule system. Cathepsin B‐like thiol proteases, or their precursors, have been implicated as the major processing endopeptidases in several systems. Carboxypeptidase B‐like enzymes also have been identified in secretion granules in several tissues and appear to be metalloenzymes similar in mechanism to the pancreatic carboxypeptidases, but with a lower pH optimum. The role of the Golgi apparatus in sorting newly formed secreted products from lysosomal hydrolases may have permitted the development in evolution of an intimate relationship between certain of the lysosomal degradative enzymes, such as cathepsin B or its precursors, and the Golgi/granule processing systems. The sequestration of the proteolytic products of precursors within secretion granules leads to the coordinate discharge of highly complex mixtures of peptides having related or overlapping biological activities. The cosecretion of nonfunctional peptide “leftovers,” such as the proinsulin C‐peptide, can serve as useful markers of secretion or cellular localization, as well as of evolutionary relationships. Errors in cleavage due to point mutations in precursors have been identified in several systems, leading to the accumulation of incorrectly processed materials in the circulation. These and/or defects in converting proteases per se represent interesting areas for study in the search for disturbances in the production of neuroendocrine substances.