bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PKCδ protects human breast tumor MCF‐7 cells against tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand‐mediated apoptosis
Authors: Zhang Jindan , Liu Ning , Zhang Jingchun , Liu Shilian , Liu Yanxin , Zheng Dexian 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in a number of tumorogenic or transformed cells, yet is relatively non‐toxic to most normal cells, therefore, it is a promising agent for cancer therapy. However, some cancer cell lines were resistant to TRAIL cytoxicity, including MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. The mechanism is not clear. Here, we report that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) protects MCF‐7 cells from the recombinant soluble TRAIL (rsTRAIL)‐ mediated apoptosis. It was demonstrated that rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor, sensitized MCF‐7 cells to rsTRAIL cytoxicity. Combination of rottlerin and rsTRAIL inhibited PKCδ translocation from the cytosol to membrane, and PKCδ kinase activity on the cell membrane was kept pace with the change of PKCδ expression. Moreover, inhibition of PKCδ by interference RNA could facilitate apoptosis of MCF‐7 cells induced by rsTRAIL. Further experiments on the signal machinery showed that rottlerin increased the sensitivity of MCF‐7 cells to rsTRAIL by suppressing the transcription activity of NF‐κB, and enhancing the caspase‐processing to generate executive apoptotic signals. These findings indicate that PKCδ functions as a survival factor protecting MCF‐7 cells from the apoptosis induced by rsTRAIL. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatio‐temporal expression of immediate early genes in the central nervous system of SJL/J mice
Authors: Gerhauser Ingo , Alldinger Susanne , Ulrich Reiner , Baumgärtner Wolfgang 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGene products of immediate early genes (IEGs) interact with specific binding sites in promoter regions of inducible and constitutively expressed genes. Thereby, they control transcription of down‐stream targets, like pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic genes and matrix‐metalloproteinases (MMPs), known to play an important role in development, plasticity, response to injury and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). A real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical investigation was performed to study mRNA expression levels and protein distribution patterns of IEGs in cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord of SJL/J mice between postnatal weeks 1 and 40. A down‐regulation of c‐jun, NF‐κB1, Max, Ets‐1, and p53 mRNA, and an up‐regulation of c‐fos mRNA was noticed. Down‐regulations of Ets‐1 and p53 were most prominent between week 1 and 3. The prominent role in CNS development for c‐jun, Ets‐1 and Max was supported by immunohistochemistry. One‐week‐old mice were strongly positive for all three proteins in cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, and gray matter of the spinal cord. A high staining intensity was detected in the developing granule cell layer of the cerebellum for c‐jun and Ets‐1, and in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum for Max. In addition to the general down‐regulation of most mRNAs, minor up‐regulations of all IEG proteins could be detected in restricted parts of the CNS indicating regional variations and differential expression and translation during development. Apoptosis was demonstrated using immunohistochemistry for active caspase‐3. The expression patterns of IEGs might represent the key to understand the balance of proteolytic activities by MMPs, myelination, and the induction of apoptosis during the development of the CNS.
The Atheistic Answer
Authors: Crenshaw James L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe simplest response to the problem of evil is to deny that God exists and therefore to view evil as a matter of chance, like everything else. Two biblical psalms, 10 and 14 (which has an almost exact duplicate in 53), denounce this approach as a moral flaw rather than a cognitive deficiency and attribute such thinking to fools. The perspective is championed in Prov 30:1–14 by a certain Agur, whose practical atheism nevertheless possesses admirable moral values.
Suffering as Atonement
Authors: Crenshaw James L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the ancient world, breaches of covenantal loyalty were thought to have been forgiven through substitutionary atonement. This “wiping the slate clean” took several forms: for example, human sacrifice, animal oblations, gifts of wine and cereal, and a ritual involving a scapegoat that carried transferred human guilt into the wilderness. Beyond these, episodic instances of innocents suffering because of other’s folly are recorded such as Jephthah’s daughter’s “immolation” and the death of the first child born to David and Bathsheba. This substitutionary concept reaches its highest point in the suffering servant of Isa 52:12–13 and is echoed in the passion of Jesus.
Disinterested Righteousness
Authors: Crenshaw James L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGiven divine hiddenness, every depiction of God is a literary construct, and when reified, becomes a source of consternation to religious people. The book of Job dramatizes both the negative consequences of absolutization and the positive results of struggle for truth about God. Spiritual allegiance does not depend on external circumstances, for a truly devout person will serve God without thought of reward and punishment. Reflecting on the book of Job, Saadia Gaon grounds all worship in nature itself, noting that the creator has already bestowed life, the highest gift, on humankind and therefore owes us nothing.
Characteristics and Functions of Rituals
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The study of symbols and rituals raise several problems given their ambiguous nature and central importance to human communities. This chapter discusses the problems of objectivity in describing rituals, the relationship of power to rituals, their ambiguous nature, and their uniqueness. It introduces the areas of human life in which rituals play a central role: maturation, friendship and marriage, meals, healing, and death and dying.
Rituals of Prayer, Worship, and the Eucharist
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
From the very beginning, Christians have gathered together every week to pray together, read from their sacred texts (the Word of God) and interpret those readings, and to share a ritual meal. This is exemplified in the different names given to the ritual including “Lord’s Supper” and “Mass”. In this ritual, Christians believe that the risen Christ is present to them, although they differ greatly in their understanding of how the risen Christ makes that presence felt. This chapter describes the history and theology of this ritual, noting those areas where Christians disagree on the meaning and practice of this central ceremony.
Rituals of Service and Ministry
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Beginning with a discussion of the need for organized religion, the theology and history behind the different forms of Christian ministry are introduced, including the offices (orders) of bishops, priests, deacons, ministers, and the papacy. The history of the ritual of ordination is discussed, as well as the influence of monasticism on the evolution of Christian ministry.
The Fourth Factor: Symbolic Resonance
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A church that is rich in symbolic associations conveys a strong sense of sacrality—the presence of the holy within the sacred. Different forms of symbolic association in the classic sacramental tradition are discussed in connection with Santa Maria Novella at Florence. Orientation (planning a church with the altar at the east end), legends of foundation, and ceremonies of consecration are all seen as ways of cultivating symbolic resonance. The “Cathedral of Huts” at Maciene in Mozambique is seen as one example of how churches reflect a process of indigenization in Africa.
Rudolf Schwarz
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Rudolf Schwarz: modern churches in a modern culture. In the twentieth century, religious communities often employed architects who were not grounded in the traditions for which they were building. Rudolf Schwarz, however, was a prominent Roman Catholic architect who had studied theology and was closely involved in the movement of liturgical reform. He was a friend and associate of the theologian Romano Guardini and of the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. He worked in the years between the world wars (when modernist architecture was known for the boldness and clarity of its design) and again after World War II (when modern architecture was more widely accepted and sometimes risked falling into idiosyncracy and cliché—charges that have been raised against the famous chapel at Ronchamp, which Schwarz himself held in disdain). His churches were designed very largely as contemplative spaces, in which the congregation would have a clear sense of presence before God. They tend toward minimalism of form, but with multivalent symbolism that made for plenitude of meaning: Schwarz worked out a system of seven church plans, each of which had a richness of symbolic association, and he conceived each of his churches with specific symbolic reference. While the Roman Catholic worship had long been held in the longitudinal “Wegkirche” (pathway-church), Schwarz preferred the “Ringkirche” (ring-church) in which the congregation with the priest was gathered about the altar.
Reading the Signs of the Times
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter describes the way that readers use the Left Behind series to “read” and understand contemporary culture and the signs of the end of the world. Drawing on a wide range of beliefs and expectations about how the world will end, readers examine culture for signals that their understanding of the world is true. This chapter focuses specifically on technology and consumer culture as significant elements within end-times reasoning. When taken together, these cultural readings suggest that evangelical dispensationalism is taking on increasingly world-engaged forms and dispensing with its more escapist elements.
Is the OECD Jobs Strategy behind U.S. and British Employment and Unemployment Success in the 1990s?
Authors: Schmitt John , Wadsworth Jonathan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe authors investigate the extent to which the logic of flexibility that underpins the OECD’s Job Study can explain the relative labor-market performance of the United States and the United Kingdom. Greater labor-market flexibility should be associated with relatively lower unemployment and higher employment of less-skilled workers, particularly young workers and those with lower levels of formal education: lower labor costs should “price” these workers back into jobs. Their principal findings call into question this central orthodox thesis. Labor market outcomes of both young and less-skilled workers in the flexible United States and United Kingdom are no better and frequently are far worse than those of their counterparts in most of the rest of the OECD. Regarding the U.K., Schmitt and Wadsworth conclude that “the serious restructuring of the country’s labor market since the early 1980s appears to have produced no noticeable improvement in the labor market prospects facing less-skilled workers in the 1990s relative to the 1980s.” Indeed, they find that all of the improvement in U.K. unemployment rates is accounted for, not by workers being priced into the labor market, but by workers dropping out of the labor market.
An Overview of Compliance for Pension Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview and interpretation of the major laws and regulations for both private and public pension plans. It focuses on three primary areas of compliance: the obligations related to reporting and disclosure; the funding requirements for defined benefit; and the requirements that a private pension plan must satisfy to count as a “qualified” plan under the tax code. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) is discussed, which has implications of which pension decision makers should be aware.
The Pension Plan as Shareholder
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter begins by providing an overview of how US corporations are governed. It then reviews the empirical work that has tried to determine whether active shareholding actually makes a difference. It outlines the alternative strategies available to pension fund managers who wish to be more active in the affairs of the companies in which they are invested. The reasons why some pension funds are not active shareholders and some practical issues to be considered by funds that choose to be more active shareholders are discussed.
Prologue: The Virtue of Scholarly Hope
Authors: Sawatsky Rodney J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Conservative Protestants often assume that there was a time when American higher education was controlled by Christian saints, but whose legacy was lost via the slippery slope of secularization. Sawatsky writes that it is time to set aside this myth of declension and to celebrate the vibrant reality of contemporary Christian scholarship. The vocation of the Christian scholar is to seek wisdom as part of “a community of pilgrims on a journey into a hope-filled future.”
Militant Protestants
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The suspicion of Catholics that grew in the wake of the Boston Common arrests soon took on broader dimensions. In the late 1880s it focused on a contest over the city’s public schools, largely led by two women’s groups, the Loyal Women of American Liberty and the Independent Women Voters, both of them strongly anti-Catholic. The contest also raised moralistic tensions around social class, as evangelical Protestant temperance forces found themselves in political conflict with an alliance of convenience between upper-class Protestants and Roman Catholics. Conspiratorial thinking among conservative Protestants was also spurred by anti-Masonic rhetoric, British-American immigrants and their resentment of Irish-Catholics, and a form of premillennial eschatology that encouraged evangelicals to see themselves as an embattled but righteous minority in cosmic struggle with the forces of irreligion.
Early Years: 1891–1914
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Michael Polanyi was born in Budapest on March 11, 1891 to Mihály Pollacsek and Cecile Wohl, the fifth of their six children. This chapter describes Polanyi's family and cultural heritage, his education at the Minta Gymnasium ("Model School"), his studies in medicine at the University of Budapest, and his first publications on colloid chemistry. From his youth, Polanyi possessed the same breadth of interest from the physical sciences to the humanities that he exhibited later in life.
Coming of Age in the Great War: 1914–1919
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Polanyi served as a medical officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army. As time allowed, he worked on the Nernst Heat Theorem, a novel theory about the adsorption of gases and the paradoxes associated with isotopes. His experience of war left him with a life-long concern about understanding the strength of the liberal tradition that had enriched European civilization from 1870 to 1914 as well as the loss of faith in the tradition that had led Europe down the path of self-destruction.
The Strange Hybridity of Spinoza'sEthics
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter shows how Spinoza's severe ontology is at odds with his commitment to the general ethical program. It then tries to explain why, as a recent commentator expresses it, “Spinoza's ethical theory has been historically less influential than the ethical theories of such early modern philosophers as Hume and Kant”. However, the same commentator suggests that “in its naturalism, its practical rationalism, its asymmetrical conception of moral freedom and responsibility, its nonretributivism, its emphasis on virtue as well as consequences, and its close relations to social and political theory, it is a forerunner of and of special relevance to contemporary trends in ethical theorizing”. It is argued that the vector of contemporary moral theory is irreversibly pointed away from Spinozism and shares few assumptions with it.
Berkeley, God, and Explanation
Authors: Jesseph Douglas M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter is divided into three sections. The first summarizes the three supposedly different arguments Berkeley used to show the existence of God and gives a brief overview of the interpretive puzzles posed by this classification. The second section considers Berkeley's requirement that any proof of God's existence must show that God is immediately present in the world; this section also makes the case for seeing all three of Berkeley's arguments as instances of a common strategy of inference to the best explanation. The final section explores some difficulties that arise for this sort of argument, particularly in connection with Berkeley's account of causation and explanation.
Israel and Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
According to biblical and prophetic tradition, God wills that there shall be empires and superpowers: Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and Persia are all, at different times, said to rule by God’s mandate, but also within the limits of God’s sovereignty. That sovereignty is concerned for the well-being of Israel, but also for justice and courtesy among all the nations. Empires that flout God’s sovereignty bring destruction upon themselves, for not even a superpower can long defy God. Where, however, there is acknowledgment of God’s sovereignty, there may (as in the case of Persia) be cooperation between Israel and Empire. Israel itself, as an imperial power (as it was under David and Solomon), is subject to the same conditions: the Israelite king may no more absolutize himself or his power than may a pagan emperor.
Jesus and Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Jesus appeared as a prophet, proclaiming the Kingdom (Sovereignty) of God. As regards foreign rule over Israel, he stood within the biblical and prophetic tradition and seems to have accepted the second option noted in chapter 2: he accepted such rule but challenged rulers to remember why they held power and to whom they were answerable. Thus he is delighted when Zacchaeus the tax collector reforms, but does not suggest Zacchaeus stop working for Rome. He regards payment of Caesar’s head-tax as “permitted.” He accepts the faith of the centurion, described in terms of the latter’s service to imperial authority. Jesus is nowhere portrayed as attacking the imperial system. There is no evidence that his healing miracles symbolized the overthrow of Rome.
Jesus' Followers and the Roman Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Luke’s primary purpose is theological, but he is also interested in preparing his readers for persecution, whatever its source, and he is concerned with “legitimation”: the process whereby those who become members of a new order need to have it explained and justified, especially if they have commitments that bind them to the old. Luke portrays some Roman officials negatively; he portrays many more positively. As Luke’s narrative begins, Mary’s obedience to Caesar is God’s instrument, bringing her to the place where she may fulfill God’s purpose; as it ends, Paul’s Roman citizenship is God’s instrument, protecting him and bringing him to proclaim the gospel in Rome. 1 Peter tells believers to “honor” the Emperor, though they are to “fear” no one but God. The seer of Revelation attacks Rome for what he sees as its idolatry (worship of emperor and empire), but even he does not counsel resistance to Rome or rebellion.
Unscientific Postscript
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The biblical tradition subverts human order not by attempting to dismantle or replace it with other structures, but by confronting its representatives with the truth about its origin and its purpose. Its origin is that God wills it. Its purpose is to serve God’s glory by promoting God’s peace and God’s justice for all. There is no evidence that Jesus or his followers stood aside from this tradition. Jesus made no common cause with those whose agenda was to exchange one structure—imperial Roman rule—for another: Jewish home rule. Power is a sacred trust, and those who have it may not abandon their responsibility. The Bible offers two images of the life of God’s people: that of exile (an image of weakness) and that of exodus (an image of power). We may not abandon either, nor may we escape the problem of violence that goes with the latter image. We, too, are constantly under judgment for our use of power.
Pursuit of the Concept of Truth
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay explores the shift in Quine’s thinking about the relation between meaning and truth. Quine has long been a deflationist about truth. A deflationist is one who holds that to say of a sentence in one’s own language that it is true, is to say no more than one says by uttering that sentence. In Pursuit of Truth (1990), Quine takes shared external circumstances as the key to the correct interpretation of observation sentences rather than shared patterns of stimulation; this shift has saved the natural relation between meaning and truth.
What is Quine's View of Truth?
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay explores Quine’s concept of truth. Quine substitutes radical translation for translation which aims to preserve ‘meaning’. Although radical translation does not always preserve truth value, much less meaning, truth is nevertheless very much in view in the practice of radical translation. Meaning, as preserved by radical interpretation, is needed to apply our truth predicate to any speech but our own, and we need truth to understand meaning. Such basic relations between truth and meaning are incompatible with a deflationary attitude toward the concept of truth.
The Third Man
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay discusses the series of ‘Blind-Time Davidson’ drawings made by artist Robert Morris, which were inspired by Davidson’s Essays on Actions and Events. Each drawing contains a fragment from an essay by Davidson and a description of the artist’s intention in making the drawing (blindfolded). It argues that Morris depicted the essential element on which the concept of an autonomous object (and world) depends — an intersubjective measure of error and success, of truth and falsity. He has put his viewers in a position to triangulate with him the location of his creative acts.
Locating Literary Language
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This essay explores the constraints on the interpretation of a literary text. The possibility of language, thought, and interpretation depends on the triangular situation which relates speaker and listener, and both to a shared object in the public world which they can observe together, and to which they can observe each other’s responses. Such a triangular situation exists in literature. Interpretations of a text will vary from person to person, culture to culture, and century to century. However, it does not follow that a text means whatever its readers take it to mean, since disagreements about the meaning of a text are only possible against a shared basis of agreement.