bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro comparison of the standard short limb cast and three configurations of short limb transfixation casts in equine forelimbs
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Bronson Dwight G. , Ashman Richard B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Axial stability of equine oblique proximal phalangeal osteotomies with application of the standard short limb cast or 1 of 3 configurations of transfixation casts was determined in vitro. Transfixation cast methods included use of parallel pins, divergent pins, or parallel pins incorporating a metal walking bar. Displacement at the osteotomy was recorded for each limb at 4,448 N. Standard short limb casts provided significantly (P = 0.0002) less axial stability than did any form of transfixation cast. Significant differences were not found between the 3 transfixation casts.
Effect of isoflurane on hematologic variables in ferrets
Authors: Marini Robert P. , Jackson Lynn R , Esteves Maria I. , Andrutis Karl A. , Goslant Carol M. , Fox James G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of isoflurane on the cbc in ferrets were studied. There was rapid decrease in all hematologic variables after induction of anesthesia. Percentage reductions in indices of the erythron (hematocrit, rbc count, hemoglobin concentration) exceeded those of plasma protein concentration and wbc count at the first postinduction time point. There was little additional decrease in these variables for the duration of anesthesia. The values had partially recovered to preanesthetic baseline at 45 minutes after anesthesia. Although these alterations appear to be well tolerated in healthy ferrets, care should be exercised when subjecting anemic, geriatric, or debilitated ferrets to isoflurane-induced anesthesia.
Enteric pathogens in intensively reared veal calves
Authors: McDonough Sean P. , Stull Carolyn L. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Observations were made on development of diarrhea in special - fed calves (n = 460) on 8 commercial facilities during 2 successive 16-week production cycles at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. A total of 23% were affected, with peak number of calves with diarrhea observed at week 0. Suspected enteropathogens were identified in 86 % of these calves, most commonly cryptosporidia, coronavirus, and rotavirus. Identified potential zoonotic pathogens included Giardia and Salmonella spp and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from 6 calves that had repeated bouts of illness. Only 22% of calves entering the veal facilities had adequate transfer of passive immunity. At week 0, serum IgG concentration in calves that subsequently died or had diarrhea was lower (P < 0.001) than that in healthy calves. All calves that died (n = 6) during the first 4 weeks of production had complete failure of transfer of passive immunity.
Effect of early lactation milk yield on reproductive disorders in dairy cows
Authors: Gröhn Yrjö T. , Hertl Julia A. , Harman Jane L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Association between individual cumulative milk yield and various reproductive disorders in 56,772 Finnish Ayrshire cows belonging to 5,912 herds in 80 communities was studied. All cows delivered calves between September 1985 and September 1986.
Five logistic regression models were fitted, 1 for each outcome disorder of interest: early metritis, late metritis, silent heat, ovarian cyst, and other infertility. Cumulative individual 37-day milk yield was used in the early metritis model, and cumulative individual 60-day milk yield was used in the other models, on the basis of median days in milk when these disorders developed. Cumulative 305 - day herd milk yield, parity, calving season, presence or absence of other disorders, and community were also included in the models. Point estimates from the models represented odds ratios for the likelihood of having the outcome disorder.
Lactational incidence risks for the 5 reproductive disorders studied were: early metritis (2.4%), late metritis (1.1 %), silent heat (5.4%), ovarian cyst (6.6 %), and other infertility (2.1 %). The risk of early metritis decreased with increasing 37-day milk yield. The risk of silent heat, ovarian cyst, and other infertility increased with increasing 60-day milk yield; 60-day milk yield had no effect on late metritis. The 305-day herd milk yield increased the risk of early metritis, ovarian cyst, and other infertility; it had no effect on late metritis or silent heat.
Parity had an effect on all disorders, except late metritis. Cows that delivered calves during the colder, darker seasons of the year had a higher risk of reproductive disorders than did those that delivered calves at other times of the year. A number of other disorders, reproductive and otherwise, were significant predictors of development of the outcome disorders.
Comparison of body surface area-based and weight-based dosage protocols for doxorubicin administration in dogs
Authors: Arrington Kathryn A. , Legendre Alfred M. , Tabeling Gretchen Simpson , Frazier Donita L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of a single dose of doxorubicin, at dosages of 30 mg/m2 of body surface area and 1 mg/kg of body weight, were compared in 17 dogs. Effects of doxorubicin on complete blood cell count, platelet count, and the dogs' clinical condition were evaluated for 14 days. Cluster analysis, on the basis of clinical signs of doxorubicin toxicosis at the 30- mg/m2 dosage, revealed that 6 of 7 small dogs (≤ 10 kg) became ill, whereas 7 of 10 large dogs (> 10 kg) remained clinically normal. Small dogs that received doxorubicin at a dosage of 30 mg/m2 had higher peak plasma concentrations, greater area under the curve for plasma drug concentration vs time, longer drug elimination half - lives, greater volumes of distribution, and more clinical signs of toxicosis than had large dogs (P ≤ 0.05). Five of 9 small dogs that received doxorubicin at a dosage of 30 mg/m2 developed severe myelosuppression (<1 × 103 granulocytes/μl). In contrast to the toxicoses with body surface area - based dosing, myelosuppression was not induced in small dogs that received doxorubicin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg. In small and large dogs given doxorubicin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, pharmacokinetic characteristics and clinical signs of toxicosis were similar. Mean wbc counts and granulocyte counts for all dogs were lower on day 7 with 30 mg of doxorubicin/m2 (n = 17), compared with that for 1 mg of doxorubicin/kg (n = 14; P ≤ 0.01).This study indicated that a body weight - based (milligram per kilogram) dosing regimen may result in more uniform therapeutic and toxic responses in dogs. Limited toxicosis was observed in dogs weighing > 10 kg treated with doxorubicin with either dosing scheme; however, differences in pharmacokinetic profiles suggested that 1 mg/kg may be an inappropriately low dosage.
Evaluation of the single-injection plasma disappearance of technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine method for determination of effective renal plasma flow in dogs with normal or abnormal renal function
Authors: Itkin Randall J. , Krawiec Donald R. , Twardock A. Robert , Gelberg Howard B. , Koritz Gary D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effective renal plasma flow (erpf) was evaluated, using continuous-infusion p-aminohippurate clearance (clpah) and single-injection plasma clearance of technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3; clmag3) methods. Simultaneous clearance determinations were made in 6 dogs: 2 determinations for each dog before, and 1 determination after renal failure was induced by administration of amphotericin B. Linear regression analysis was used to derive an equation to estimate erpf from clmag3 after the single iv injection. A Student’s t-test was used to compare pharmacokinetics between the dogs when they were healthy and when they were in renal failure. An F-test was used to determine the appropriate Student’s t-test. Results indicated that clmag3 correlated reasonably well (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001) with erpf obtained from the clpah value. The volume of distribution and elimination of 99mTc-MAG3 decreased during renal failure. Although there was minimal binding of 99mTc-MAG3 to erythrocytes, it was significantly (P = 0.0008) lower during renal failure. Protein binding was not significantly different during renal failure. All dogs had signs of nausea and emesis at variable times after injection of 99mTc-MAG3. Determination of clmag3 after a single injection provides an adequate means to rapidly assess erpf in dogs. The technique could easily be performed in dogs with renal disease, thus providing valuable information regarding progression of naturally acquired renal failure.
Effects of subject stance time and velocity on ground reaction forces in clinically normal Greyhounds at the trot
Authors: McLaughlin Ronald M. , Roush James K. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Force plate gait analysis was used to study the effects of subject stance time and velocity on ground reaction forces in 6 adult Greyhounds at the trot. Data for 210 valid trials were obtained. Stance time negatively correlated with velocity (r = −0.85 for the forelimbs, r = −0.61 for the hind limbs), decreasing as velocity increased. Stance time in the forelimbs and hind limbs correlated more closely with changes in vertical peak force and impulse than did velocity. The trials were divided into 3 distinct velocity ranges (V1 = 1.5 to 1.8 m/s, V2 = 2.1 to 2.4 m/s, and V3 = 2.7 to 3.0 m/s), 3 distinct forelimb stance time ranges (fst1 = 0.144 to 0.176 second, fst2 = 0.185 to 0.217 second, and fst3 = 0.225 to 0.258 second), and 3 distinct hind limb stance time ranges (hst1 = 0.105 to 0.132 second, hst2 = 0.139 to 0.165 second, and hst3 = 0.172 to 0.198 second). Peak forces increased as velocity increased and decreased as stance time increased. Vertical impulse decreased as velocity increased and increased as stance time increased. The relation between stance time, subject velocity, and ground reaction forces was documented for clinically normal Greyhounds at the trot. Changes in stance time accurately reflected changes in subject velocity and ground reaction forces in clinically normal dogs and could be used to normalize trial data within a sampling period.
Prevalence of aerobic bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from healthy pigs
Authors: Hensel Andreas , Ganter Martin , Kipper Sabine , Krehon Silvester , Wittenbrink Max M. , Petzoldt Klaus 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in pigs to assess bacterial contamination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (balf) obtained by use of the method and to determine the aerobic bacterial species in bronchoalveolar airways of healthy pigs. Bacterial contamination of balf caused by insertion of the bronchoscope was evaluated, using a chromogenic bacterial tracer strain, and was found to be 0.22% of total colony-forming units (cfu), with range between 0 and 1.6%. A total of 164 pulmonary-healthy pigs from 6 closed herds were selected. The balf obtained from these pigs were examined bacteriologically. Bacteria could not be isolated from 10.4% of all balf; 5.5% of the balf samples yielded pure cultures; and 84.1% yielded mixed aerobic bacterial growth. In balf from 29.2% of the pigs, ≤ 5 × 102 cfu of bacteria/ml were isolated. The total number of bacteria in balf from 50% of the pigs varied between 5 × 102 and 103 cfu/ml; 10.4% of balf samples contained between 103 cfu/ml and 5 × 103 cfu/ml. More than 1 bacterial species were isolated from a single lung lavage of 84.1% of the pigs. Up to 6 species were isolated from a single balf sample. A total of 443 bacterial isolates were differentiated into 25 bacterial genera and species. Samples of balf yielded staphylococci (67.6%: Staphylococcus hyicus from 13.4% of the samples and S aureus from 2.4%), α-hemolytic streptococci (49.4%), Escherichia coli (42.1%), non-hemolytic streptococci (26.2%), Klebsiella spp (18.3%), micrococci (12.8%), and Coryneformes (11.0%). Other bacterial species were found, but less frequently. In our study, balf from all pigs yielded < 5 × 103 cfu/ml. Thus, low numbers of bacteria known to be facultative pathogens were isolated from balf without causing detectable pneumonia.
Effects of vincristine and prednisone on platelet numbers and function in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Mackin Andrew J. , Allen Dana G. , Johnstone Ian B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of a single iv administered therapeutic dose of vincristine sulfate on platelet numbers and function were evaluated in 16 clinically normal dogs over the 2 weeks after drug administration. Results were statistically compared with those of a previous control study in which the same 16 dogs were administered saline solution (iv), instead of vincristine. Of the 16 dogs, 8 were orally administered daily immunosuppressive doses of prednisone concurrently throughout the saline-control and vincristine study periods. Platelet numbers and mean platelet volume were measured, using an automated hematology analyzer. Platelet function was evaluated by turbidimetric measurement of platelet aggregation in response to collagen, platelet-activating factor, and adenosine diphosphate (adp), and by clot retraction (diluted whole-blood method) and buccal mucosa bleeding time.
Vincristine had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on circulating platelet numbers. Vincristine induced a transient mild decrease in platelet numbers, followed by a moderate increase in numbers, with peak platelet count observed 8 days after drug administration. Mean platelet volume was not significantly affected by administration of vincristine.
Vincristine had no significant effects on platelet aggregation in response to collagen, low or high doses of platelet-activating factor, and a high dose of adp. The maximal degree of platelet aggregation attained in response to a low dose of adp was not significantly affected by prior administration of vincristine. The maximal rate of platelet aggregation induced by a low dose of adp after vincristine administration, however, was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the rate of aggregation induced by a similar dose of adp in the previous control study. Vincristine had no significant effects on clot retraction and bleeding time. Prednisone did not significantly affect platelet numbers and function, and did not modify vincristine's effects on the same variables.
Effect of venipuncture sites on hematologic and clinical biochemical values in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
Authors: Gottender Nicole L. , Jacobson Elliott R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Paired blood samples were collected from the postoccipital venous plexus and jugular vein of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) for hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses. Comparison of hematologic values revealed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower pcv, rbc count, wbc count, and hemoglobin values for samples obtained from the occipital site. When comparisons were made between plasma biochemical values for the 2 sites, significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were measured for: glucose, potassium, chloride, uric acid, calcium, phosphorous, total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and total cholesterol. Significant differences between hematologic and plasma biochemical values from the occipital region samples vs jugular vein samples were attributed to hemodilution of the occipital region samples with extravascular fluid or lymph or both.
Aggregate risk study of exposure to endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue as a risk factor for laminitis in horses
Authors: Rohrbach Barton W. , Green Eleanor M. , Oliver Jack W. , Schneider John F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Loline and ergot alkaloids found in endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue (eitf) cause vasoconstriction of equine vessels in vitro. An aggregate risk study was used to evaluate the association between horses exposed to eitf and development of laminitis. Veterinary teaching hospitals participating in the Veterinary Medical Data Base were grouped by whether equine accessions were likely to have been at high, moderate, or low risk for exposure to eitf. From 1980-1990, there were 185,781 accessions, of which 5,536 had diagnosis of laminitis. Proportion of equine accessions with laminitis reported by veterinary teaching hospitals for high, moderate, and low risks, were 3.41, 3.04, and 2.00 cases/100 accessions, respectively (P < 0.0001). Comparison of the proportion of accessions with laminitis in the high- and moderate-risk groups with that in the low-risk group revealed significant differences between risk groups over all months (P = 0.063) and differences from month to month within risk groups (P = 0.0001). If the difference among risk groups is attributed entirely to exposure to eitf, the population-attributable risk is 7 cases/1,000 admissions, or 15% of all admissions for laminitis at veterinary teaching hospitals in our data base. Preliminary data support an association between horses exposed to eitf and increased risk of laminitis; however, studies at the individual animal level are indicated to confirm this hypothesis.
Investigation of pseudorabies virus DNA and RNA in trigeminal ganglia and tonsil tissues of latently infected swine
Authors: Cheung Andrew K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pseudorabies virus (prv) nucleic acids in the trigeminal ganglia and tonsils of swine latently infected with the virus were analyzed. By use of dna-polymerase chain reaction (pcr), 14 of 14 trigeminal ganglia and 12 of 14 tonsils were positive for prv genomes. By use of rna-pcr, rna containing the large latency transcript splice junction were detected in 4 of 4 trigeminal ganglia and 4 of 5 tonsils. In general, results of both pcr procedures indicated that the amounts of prv dna and rna per microgram of cellular nucleic acids were higher in trigeminal ganglia than in tonsils.
Identification of peripheral tissues that harbor latent prv is an important asset for prv research. The presence of large latency transcript in tonsil tissues, in the absence of virus replication, is a critical characteristic, which indicates that the tonsil is a site of prv latency. For diagnostic purposes, animals need not be euthanatized to obtain their nervous tissue to determine latency; instead, tonsil biopsy specimens could be obtained from live animals for analysis. For pathogenesis studies, multiple specimens obtained sequentially from the same animal would be available for examination for the duration of the experiment.
Ultrasonographic morphology of the bicipital tendon and bursa in clinically normal Quarter Horses
Authors: Crabill Mark R. , Chaffin M. Keith , Schmitz David G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The bicipital tendons and bursae of 25 healthy adult Quarter Horses were ultrasonographically examined. Cross-sectional images of the right and left bicipital tendons were obtained from each horse, using a 7.5-MHz transducer held in the frontal plane at the point of the shoulder. The bicipital tendon at the point of the shoulder appeared as a bilobate structure overlying the echogenic surface of the humerus. Median distance from the skin surface to the cranial surface of the tendon on the medial sagittal plane of the tendon was 23 mm (range, 16.5 to 30 mm); median distance on the lateral sagittal plane was 14 mm (range, 8.5 to 19 mm). Median distance from the skin surface to the tendon on the midsagittal plane of the tendon was 17 mm (range, 10.5 to 22 mm). Median cranial-to-caudal widths of the lateral and medial lobes of the tendon at their greatest dimensions were 20.5 mm (range, 18 to 27.5 mm) and 16 mm (range, 13 to 20.5 mm), respectively. The median cranial-to-caudal width of the central (midsagittal) portion of the tendon was 10 mm (range, 7 to 13.5 mm). The bicipital bursa was ≤ 3 mm wide at all locations at which it was measured. Ultrasonographic imaging was easily performed and allowed evaluation of the bicipital tendon, bursa, and surface of the underlying humerus.
Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block and intravenous administration of xylazine on intraocular pressure and corneal thickness in horses
Authors: van der Woerdt A. , Gilger B. C. , Wilkie D. A. , Strauch S. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Intraocular pressure (iop) was measured, using applanation tonometry, in both eyes of 20 horses after topical application of 0.5% proparacaine to the cornea. Ultrasonic pachymetry was used to measure central, mid-peripheral, and peripheral corneal thickness (ct) in all 4 quadrants of both eyes of 25 horses. All measurements were repeated after auriculopalpebral nerve block, sedation by iv administration of xylazine, or combination of nerve block and sedation. Mean iop after topical anesthesia of the cornea was 20.6 ± 4.7 mm of Hg for the left eye and 20.35 ± 3.7 mm of Hg for the right eye. Mean central ct was 793.2 ± 42.3 μm. The peripheral part of the cornea was significantly (P < 0.05) thicker, on average, than the central part of the cornea. Auriculopalpebral nerve block had no significant effect on iop or ct. Intravenous administration of xylazine resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in iop, but had no effect on ct.
Antiphagocytic properties of uterine isolates of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and mechanisms of killing in freshly obtained blood of horses
Authors: Causey Robert C. , Paccamonti Dale L. , Todd William J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A total of 22 clinical streptococcal isolates, pre-dominantly Streptococcus zooepidemicus, associated with endometritis in horses were tested for their ability to withstand the natural bactericidal properties of freshly obtained blood. During a 3-hour incubation in blood from a single horse, 8 of these isolates survived and grew; the remainder were killed. To determine whether this ability to grow extended to blood of other horses, 5 of these growing isolates were tested for their ability to grow in the blood of 5 additional horses. The same 5 horses were used for each isolate. The isolates grew in blood of some of the horses, but were killed in blood of the others. However, the horse’s blood that mediated killing was different for each isolate. Killing required leukocytes, but the specificity for killing appeared to reside in plasma, although plasma by itself was not bactericidal. Heatstable and heat-labile components in plasma, interpreted as antibody and complement, respectively, appeared necessary for killing. Isolates that could grow in fresh blood lost this ability after 10 passages in artificial media. Results of these experiments of phagocytosis in fresh blood may provide helpful insights into the phagocytosis of S zooepidemicus in equine uterine fluid.
Tissue and serum enzyme activities in the yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta quadrivitatta)
Authors: Ramsay Edward C. , Dotson Thomas K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Activities of diagnostically important enzymes were measured in serum and lysates of liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, intestine, lung, and pancreatic tissues from wild-caught yellow rat snakes, Elaphe obsoleta quadrivitatta. All samples were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (ld), aspartate transaminase (ast), alanine transaminase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and creatine kinase (ck) activities. The major enzyme activities found in the liver were ld and ast. The kidney had moderate activities of ld, ast, alanine transaminase, and ck. Skeletal muscle and heart contained high ck activity. Intestine, lung, and pancreas had low activities for most enzymes analyzed. Little to no γ-glutamyltransferase activity was found in serum or tissues analyzed. Serum enzyme activities in yellow rat snakes were similar to those described for other reptile species, except for serum ck activity, which was increased in rat snakes.