bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuptiality Among the Oing Nobility, 1640-1900
Authors: Lee James , Feng, Wang , Ruan Danching 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clearly, whether by fiat or tradition, marriage in imperial China was supposed to be early and universal. On the one hand, because of a primordial and political preference for children, young people were supposed to marry early, and on the other hand, because of the pervasive and protean nature of the Chinese family, they could do so virtually regardless of economic circumstances. In contrast with the classic Western Europe, where individuals had to inherit or establish independent means in order to marry, Chinese couples could draw on the resources of the multiple-family household (Hajnal, 1982). Marriage in China is, therefore, assumed to have been early, universal, and largely immune from social, economic, and demographic pressures.
Ancestry and Education, 19I8-1948
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My lineage on both my father’s and my mother’s side is devoid of any intellectual or artistic distinction. It so happens that my Little forebears have been traced back at least to the fourteenth century, but not because of high distinction. My Little grandfather, born in 1810, became a full general and was knighted. One earlier Little. a doctor, was also knighted: him apart, there were no professionals-no clergymen, lawyers, bankers, or civil servants. They seem to have been mostly merchants, farmers, and land agents. None before my generation went to a university, but one did win the Grand National. My father, who, like his father, commanded the Ninth Lancers, went to Sandhurst.
Mainly Self-Employment and Semi-Retirement (1978-1997)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having built a house one kilometre from the village of La Garde Freinet in Provence, my wife and I intended to retire there in 1978. However, a little late in the day, I realized that I would be bored if I had no work to do. I toyed with the idea of changing subjects, but fairly quickly decided cautiously to stick with development economics. So I submitted to the Twentieth Century Fund a plan to write a survey of development theory and policy. This was accepted. The Fund wanted me to do it in two years. I insisted that this was impossible from my base in Provence. They agreed to three years, but would pay me for only two years. However, they were generous in allowing my wife to be paid as research assistant, so I agreed.
Macroeconomic Analysis and the Developing Countries, I970-I990 (I993)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1982 I wrote that ‘the short and medium term macroeconomic management of LDCs was a much neglected subject until very recently, when some work began to appear’. ‘But this is too recent,’ I added, ‘and perhaps as yet too tenta¬tive, for me to have been able to absorb it’ (Little 1982).
Reflections: Management and Governance
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter expresses some general views on the nature of public management reform. As we move through these reflections, the reader may care to speculate on how far the concept of governance attributed to Sir Robert Cecil (above) should also be applied to public management. The chapter is organized in four main sections-two pairs of contrasting perspectives. The first pair concern the overall nature of public management reform----or, at least, that almost twenty-year slice of it upon which this book has been focused.
The Environment-Creating Mechanism of a Firm: Sony and Samsung
Authors: Cho Dong-Sung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neoclassical economists preach that there is no firm that can enjoy above normal profits in the long run. Reality defies them. Du Pont de Nemours in the chemical industry, GM in the automotive industry, and Cargill in the grain trading industry; all have been leaders in their respective industries for several decades with handsome profit margins over the years. Intel and Microsoft have also joined this elite group of companies based on their unchallenged technology leadership. Such superstars exist in virtually every industry.
R & D in British Industry
Authors: Horrocks Sally M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a literature dominated by the analysis of the experiences of American and Japanese enterprises, the efforts of British firms to develop their organizational capabilities have received comparatively little attention. Much that has been written on this issue, notably the work of leading US scholars, has been highly critical. Chandler (1990: 392), writing of the inter war period, identified a ‘general failure to develop organizational capabilities’ which ‘weakened British industry and with it the British economy’. These observations have been extrapolated to include later periods, without always considering in detail the evidence of substantial organizational change in at least some British firms after 1945.
Transformational Entrepreneurship at NEC
Authors: Yonekura Seiichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on debates and historical studies, a broad consensus has emerged that entrepreneurs kick off innovations while professional managers institutionalize them. Of course, there are exceptions: entrepreneurial new business founders or gifted technologists can build organizations and institutionalize innovation. In most cases, however, entrepreneurs usually do not pay attention to the institutionalization of innovation. Similarly, professional managers tend not to promote innovations, since they create irregularity or discontinuous change in organizations. Because of this confrontation, there arises the dilemma whereby good managers may be unable to foster, or, indeed, may even impede, innovation. Lazonick (1983) pointed out this dilemma in the British cotton industry, while Christensen (1997) referred to the conflict between good innovators and good managers in the hard-disk industry. We can find similar cases among major firms.1 This dilemma makes it difficult for established firms to change or innovate, because they became large by institutionalizing innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Amann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past ten years have witnessed radical shifts in the character of Brazilian economic development. Inward-orientated growth strategies have been abandoned and the private sector given an ever greater role in production and allocation decisions. This movement towards liberalization has coincided with a return to democracy and an increased emphasis on regional integration. More recently, Brazil has finally succeeded in bringing inflation under control after two decades of chronic price instability. These profound changes in the economic environment provide the background for this book. Focusing on the 1982-95 period., this book sets out to analyse how one crucially important industrial sector the non-serial capital goods sector* reacted to the forces of liberalization as it was forced to compete in an increasingly open and private sector-dominated domestic market. In examining the response of the Brazilian non-serial capital goods sector to policy liberalization, a very important set of theoretical and empirical issues is addressed. These issues turn out to have very broad implications for the conduct of industrial and trade policy in other emerging market economies.
Policy Liberalization and the Production Process
Authors: Amann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 demonstrated the profound change in policy environment which the Brazilian non-serial capital goods sector has been faced with since 1987 and most particularly since 1990. Central to the objectives of this book is to determine whether this policy shift has been accompanied by alterations in aspects of sector performance, in particular, those related to changes in static and dynamic efficiency. Perhaps the most widely employed measure of change in efficiency employed in the literature has been that of productivity. To begin the investigation., an examination of alterations in productivity therefore seems appropriate, especially since such changes may indicate underlying shifts in both static and dynamic efficiencies, whose importance has crucial implications for other facets of enterprise behaviour examined in subsequent chapters.
Building an Internal Market System: Insights from Five R. & D. Organizations
Authors: birkinshaw Julian , Fey carl f. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the networks of relationships that exist between entities inside the boundaries of the firm. As argued in Chapter 1, there is a widespread shift away from what might be called the ‘traditional’ hierarchical organization model, and towards various ‘network’ models. One variety of network involves building stronger and more interdependent relationships between separate companies. These have been discussed at length in Chapters 2 to 4. Another variety involves freeing up the relationships within the firm, to foster entrepreneurship and responsibility in individual units, and to make the entire organization more adaptive to environmental changes. A number of different terms are used to refer to this model. In this chapter we will call it an ‘internal market’ as a means of highlighting several important features such as freedom of choice, entrepreneurship, competition, and the use of a price system.
Relaxing the Boundaries of the Firm
Authors: Hagström Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An underlying theme of the contributions in this book is that firms find themselves embedded in internal and external networks of relationships within which there are neither ‘pure’ arm’s-length nor formal hierarchical transactions. It follows that it is these relationships-rather than the nodes per se that are of primary interest. It has also been posited that capabilities are nourished and grow in such networks. Essentially we are then left with ‘the firm’ defined as a legal entity and with a claim to be the natural and only unit of analysis. This is problematic as we then lack unambiguous terminology for identifying the ‘correct’ unit(s) of analysis. Many of the contributions point to capabilities residing at different organizational levels.
A Unit Root Test in the Presence of Structural Changes in 1(1) and 1(0) Models
Authors: Hatanaka Michio , Yamada Kazuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the unit root literature on structural changes of deterministic trends the changes are admitted either in 1(0) models only, as in Zivot and Andrews (1992), orin both 1(1) and 1(0) models, as in Perron (1989). However, in Perron (1989) the break fractions ( Tb/ T) are specified outside the inference on the unit root, while the fractions are regarded as unknown parameters inside the inference in Zivot and Andrews (1992). Vogelsang and Perron (1994) compare the correctly and incorrectly specified break fractions that enter into both I(l) and 1(0) models, and point out the inapplicability of Zivot and Andrews’ procedure to such models. In the present paper we shall admit the structural changes in both I(l) and 1(0) models, while incorporating the inference on the break fractions within the unit root test.
Actor-Network Theory and Information Infrastucture
Authors: Monteiro Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the economics of infrastructure has already begun to show how the development, introduction, and use of an information infrastructure are an involved socio-technical process of negotiation. The open-ended character of this process—the stumbling, the compromises, the way non-technical interests get dressed up in technical disguise—calls for an analytic vehicle that helps tease out interesting and relevant issues related to the ‘management’ of such processes. This chapter introduces, outlines, and illustrates one such vehicle—namely, actor-network theory (ANT). We introduce ANT by briefly positioning it within the broader landscape of conceptualizations of technology and society. This exercise is intended to be neither comprehensive nor systematic. It is aimed at spelling out those underlying aspects of an information infrastructure towards which ANT makes us sensitive.
Post face: From Infrastructure to Networking
Authors: Dahlbom Bo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Internet is often described as an infrastructure for information society, but it is not immediately obvious that the notion of infrastructure, originally introduced to describe the foundation of industrial society, is useful in an analysis of the role of information technology. In this final chapter we will question the idea of information technology as foundational infrastructure, and suggest that this technology is best understood as a flexible medium by which social structures are formed, reformed, and dissolved, in a continuous process of networking.
Central Control and Provincial Discretion during Decollectivization: System-Level Analyses
Authors: Chung Jae Ho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study utilizes an intergovernmental perspective with which the operational effects of post-Mao administrative decentralization on provincial discretion in the implementation of the household responsibility reform are investigated. The household responsibility reform refers to a set of policy measures that brought about fundamental changes in the incentive structure and the size of the primary unit of agricultural production in 1978-84? While there were a variety of responsibility systems based upon the production brigade, the production team, the work group, the individual labourer, or the household, this study concentrates on the last form as it was the system that the overwhelming majority of peasants in China eventually settled with. More specifically, two types of household-based responsibility systems are the focus of this study: baochan daohu and baogan daohu.
Managing the Corporate Story
Authors: Larsen Mogens Holten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managers are increasingly broadening their perspective from the strictly rational, to include more emotional and imaginative aspects of doing business. In my opinion, one of the most important implications of this shift is the potential for ownership of words and images in the minds of stakeholders. Ownership of words and images relates to those (often emotional) associations that occur in one’s mind when a company name is mentioned. Associations that are meaningful and relate to long-term corporate strategy create differentiation of the organization from its competitors in the eyes of its customers and a sense of belonging for employees and other constituencies.
The Communication Advantage: A Constituency-Focused Approach to Formulating and Implementing Strategy
Authors: Argenti Paul A , Forman* Janis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1970s, numerous studies have identified how organizations develop their strategies and, in some instances, how they succeed or fail as they attempt to move from a formulated strategy to its implementation. These studies include Collins and Porras’s book Built to Last (1994) on the long-term corporate success of eighteen visionary companies; Prahalad and Hamel’s (1990) work on core competence, as well as the Hamel and Prahalad (1989) article on strategic intent; and D’Aveni’s (1994) work on hypercompetition. Some of these studies also discuss the importance of communication to the process of implementing strategy, but none of them considers communication to be a central focus.
Identity Lost or Identity Found? Celebration and Lamentation over the Postmodern View of Identity in Social Science and Fiction
Authors: Czarniawska Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One persistent topic in the recent wave of so-called postmodernist thinking is that of individual identity. The insertion of the problematizing adjective ‘so called’ suggests at the outset that there is some doubt as to the kind of thinking that may be called ‘postmodern’. Indeed, the adjectives ‘postmodern’ and ‘postmodernist’ are frequently used in social science and humanities writing nowadays. Sometimes they stand contrasted to ‘modern’ and ‘modernist’, sometimes not; sometimes they are used synonymously, sometimes not. I have no ambition to sort out various semantic confusions once and for all, but I wish to propose a temporary order for the purposes of this chapter. I shall use the word ‘postmodern’ to denote a special kind of attitude, a sensibility that has its roots in one or another kind of disenchantment with what Lyotard (1979/1987) calls ‘The Modern Project’. It often comes in one of two versions: despairing or celebratory.
Global City-Regions Trends, Theory, Policy
Authors: Scott Allen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are now more than three hundred city-regions around the world with populations greater than one million. These city-regions are expanding vigorously, and they present many new and deep challenges to researchers and policy-makers in both the more developed and less developed parts of the world. The processes of global economic integration and accelerated urban growth make traditional planning and policy strategies in these regions increasingly inadequate, while more effective approaches remain largely in various stages of hypothesis and experimentation. 'Global City-Regions' represents a multifaceted effort to deal with the many different issues raised by these developments. It seeks at once to define the question of global city-regions and to describe the internal and external dynamics that shape them; it proposes a theorization of global city-regions based on their economic and political responses to intensifying levels of globalization; and it offers a number of policy insights into the severe social problems that confront global city-regions as they come face to face with an economically and politically neoliberal world. At a moment when globalization is increasingly subject to critical scrutiny in many different quarters, this book provides a timely overview of its effects on urban and regional development, one of its most important (but perhaps least understood) corollaries. The book also offers a series of nuanced visions of alternative possible futures.
Istanbul’s Confiicting Paths to Citizenship: Islarnization and Globalization
Authors: Isin Engin f. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any discussion of citizenship inevitably involves related issues of modernization and postmodernization and economic, cultural, and political globalization (Isin and Wood 1999). If we define postmodernization as both a process of fragmentation through which various group identities have been formed and discourses through which “difference” has become a dominant ideology, its effect on citizenship has been twofold. On the one hand, various groups that have been marginalized and excluded from modern citizenship have been able to seek recognition (Fraser 1997; Young 1990). Groups based upon ethnic, “racial;’ ecological, and sexual concerns have articulated claims for citizenship to include group-differentiated rights. Women have fought to expand their citizenship rights to include social rights such as access to childcare, pay equity, and rights to safe cities; ethnic and racialized minorities have sought recognition and representation; aboriginal peoples have sought rep resentation and self-government rights; gays and lesbians have struggled to claim rights that are already extended to heterosexual couples, such as spousal benefits and common-law arrangements; immigrants have struggled for naturalization and political rights; and various ability groups have demanded recognition of their needs to become fully functional citizens of their polities.
Introduction: The Intern Ional Law Commission 1949-1998
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broadly speaking, the International Law Commission is the latest stage in a process which began as an intellectual aspiration in the late eighteenth century, made progress through non-governmental initiatives in the nineteenth century, dcvdopcd through ad hoc inter-governmental action in the late nineteenth and first part of the twentieth century, and led finally to its establishment in 1947 as a permanent international institution.
Special Missions
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In modern times, and indeed for the past two or three centuries, permanent diplomatic and consular missions have been the principal forms of a State’s representation for the pursuit of its interests in foreign countries. Yet before the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries diplomatic relations were primarily a matter for ad hoc missions, special envoys being sent as occasion demanded for the conduct of official business on a particular matter (such as the negotiation of a treaty or the resolution of some particular bilateral dispute), or to participate in some ceremonial function (such as attendance at a coronation or a State wedding or funeral).
Non-Navigational Uses Of International Watercourses
Authors: Arthur Watts 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a long time international rivers have been a source of legal concern. Nearly two hundred years ago navigation on European international rivers was the subject of regulation at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1868 the Convention of Mannheim laid the foundation for the navigational regime on the River Rhine. In those earlier times interest concentrated almost exclusively on the use of rivers for navigational purposes, although in a different context their function as geographical frontiers between States was also important.
Diplomatic Couriers
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The immunity and inviolability of diplomats is usually thought of as one of the well-established cornerstones of the law of diplomatic relations, just as, also, is the absolute protection due to diplomatic communications, in particular the diplomatic courier and the diplomatic bag which he accompanies: the former is necessary if the diplomat is to be able to do his job in the receiving State, while the latter is necessary if there is to be free communication between an embassy and its home State.
An ‘Ever Closer Union’ in Need of a Human Rights Policy: The European Union and Human Rights
Authors: Alston Philip , Weiler J H H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century’s most important proclamation of human rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948.1 It provided not only the inspiration but also the basis for the drafting of the European Convention on Human Rights, which was adopted less than two years later. Between them, the two instruments enabled the work of building a European community to proceed without a separate human rights foundation.
The Internal and External ‘Other’ in the Union Legal Order: Racism, Religious Intolerance and Xenophobia in Europe
Authors: Gearty Conor A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the centre of the plan for a new European landscape there is to be found a hard seed of hate. Though small, it has been carefully nurtured by the malevolent and has thrived on the past inattention of Europe’s master-gardeners. In the excitement of the march to unity, the push for the single currency, and the rejuvenation of our Euro-wide institutions, it has been tempting to ignore its venomous potential and to concentrate instead on the rekindled Renaissance that seems to beckon for the Europe of the New Millennium. This seed of hate is however more than a mere detail or the pedantic obsession of a gardener responsible for only a small part of the whole. It is the evil of racism and its associated negative passions of religious intolerance and general xenophobia.