bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annotation: Understanding the development of psychopathy
Authors: Viding Essi 
Published: January 2005

Background:  Psychopaths are not only antisocial, but also have a callous and unemotional personality profile. This article selectively reviews evidence that psychopathic personality traits are an important factor in understanding and predicting the development of persistent antisocial conduct. Cognitive neuroscience research and more tentative genetic work on psychopathy will be discussed, especially as they relate to possible developmental trajectories to psychopathy.Results:  A personality‐based approach has been successful in clarifying the conceptual boundaries of psychopathy and delineating a group of antisocial individuals with a distinct profile of offending and clear neurocognitive markers indicating problems in processing distress in others and punishment directed to oneself. These markers are also present in children with psychopathic tendencies, suggesting that psychopathy may be a developmental disorder. The neurocognitive profile relates to the callous and unemotional personality traits at the core of psychopathy and may index particular vulnerability to persistent antisocial conduct. Preliminary twin studies suggest that personality traits at the core of psychopathy are much more highly heritable than other personality traits. There are as yet no molecular genetic studies of psychopathy.Conclusions:  It is argued that an interdisciplinary approach that integrates cognitive neuroscience and genetics will enhance understanding of the development of psychopathy.
Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: a follow‐up of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers at early adolescence
Authors: MacCallum Fiona , Golombok Susan 
Published: January 2005

Background:  An increasing number of lesbian women and single heterosexual women are bringing up children with no male involvement. This study follows up to adolescence a sample of children raised in fatherless families from birth or early infancy.Methods:  Twenty‐five lesbian mother families and 38 families headed by a single heterosexual mother were compared with 38 two‐parent heterosexual families. The quality of parenting by the mother, and the social and emotional development of the child, were assessed using standardised interview and questionnaire measures administered to mothers, children and teachers.Results:  Children in fatherless families experienced more interaction with their mother, and perceived her as more available and dependable than their peers from father‐present homes. However, there were no group differences in maternal warmth towards the children. Mothers raising their child without a father reported more severe disputes with their child than did mothers in father‐present families. The children's social and emotional development was not negatively affected by the absence of a father, although boys in father‐absent families showed more feminine but no less masculine characteristics of gender role behaviour. No major differences in parenting or child development were identified between families headed by lesbian and single heterosexual mothers.Conclusions:  The presence or absence of a father in the home from the outset does appear to have some influence on adolescents‘ relationships with their mothers. However, being without a resident father from infancy does not seem to have negative consequences for children. In addition, there is no evidence that the sexual orientation of the mother influences parent–child interaction or the socioemotional development of the child.
Associations among adolescent risk behaviours and self‐esteem in six domains
Authors: Wild Lauren G. , Flisher Alan J. , Bhana Arvin , Lombard Carl 
Published: January 2005

Background:  This study investigated associations among adolescents’ self‐esteem in 6 domains (peers, school, family, sports/athletics, body image and global self‐worth) and risk behaviours related to substance use, bullying, suicidality and sexuality.Method:  A multistage stratified sampling strategy was used to select a representative sample of 939 English‐, Afrikaans‐ and Xhosa‐speaking students in Grades 8 and 11 at public high schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants completed the multidimensional Self‐Esteem Questionnaire (SEQ; DuBois, Felner, Brand, Phillips, & Lease, 1996) and a self‐report questionnaire containing items about demographic characteristics and participation in a range of risk behaviours. It included questions about their use of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, solvents and other substances, bullying, suicidal ideation and attempts, and risky sexual behaviour. Data was analysed using a series of logistic regression models, with the estimation of model parameters being done through generalised estimation equations.Results:  Scores on each self‐esteem scale were significantly associated with at least one risk behaviour in male and female adolescents after controlling for the sampling strategy, grade and race. However, specific self‐esteem domains were differentially related to particular risk behaviours. After taking the correlations between the self‐esteem scales into account, low self‐esteem in the family and school contexts and high self‐esteem in the peer domain were significantly independently associated with multiple risk behaviours in adolescents of both sexes. Low body‐image self‐esteem and global self‐worth were also uniquely associated with risk behaviours in girls, but not in boys.Conclusions:  Overall, the findings suggest that interventions that aim to protect adolescents from engaging in risk behaviours by increasing their self‐esteem are likely to be most effective and cost‐efficient if they are aimed at the family and school domains.
Being Gay
Authors: Stychin Carl F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe article provides an overview of gay identity politics today. It begins with an introduction to the historical trajectory of the post-1945 period, and then turns to the challenges posed by queer politics and theory to gay identity politics. The related issue of the globalization of being gay is then considered, in terms of the universalizing of identity politics. Finally, the ramifications for gay identity politics of the political and legal recognition of same-sex relationships are discussed, leading to the obvious final question: whether being gay will continue to have a political logic in the years ahead.
Retrograde replacement of andalusite by Ca–Na mica in chloritoid‐bearing metapelites. PTX modelling of rocks with different Al content in the MnNCKFMASH system
Authors: MARTINEZ F. J. , RECHE J. , ARBOLEYA M. L. , JULIVERT M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAndalusite porphyroblasts are totally pseudomorphosed by margarite–paragonite aggregates in aluminous pelites containing the peak mineral assemblage andalusite, chlorite, chloritoid, margarite, paragonite, quartz ± garnet, in a NW Iberia contact area. Equilibria at low P–T are investigated using new KFMASH and (mainly) MnCNKFMASH grids constructed with Thermocalc 3.21. P–T and T–X pseudosections with phase modal volume isopleths are constructed for compositions relatively richer and poorer in andalusite to model the assemblages in an andalusite‐bearing rock that contains a thin andalusite‐rich band (ARB) during retrogression. Their compositions, prior to retrogression, are used in the modelling, and have been retrieved by restoring the pseudomorph‐forming elements into the current‐depleted matrix, except for Al2O3 which is assumed to be immobile. Compositional differences between the thin band and the rest of the rock have not resulted in differences in andalusite porphyroblast retrogression. The absence of chloritoid resorbtion implies either a pressure increase at constant reacting‐system composition, or that its composition changed during retrogression at constant pressure, by becoming enriched in the progressively replaced andalusite porphyroblasts. T–X pseudosections at 1 kbar model this latter process using as end‐members in X, first, the restored original rock and ARB compositions, and, then the same process, taking into account the change in composition of both as retrogression proceeded. The MnNCKFMASH pseudosections of rocks with different Al contents facilitate making further deductions on the rock‐composition control of the resulting assemblages upon retrogression. Andalusite eventually disappears in relatively Al‐poor rocks, resulting, as in this study, in a rock formed by chloritoid–chlorite as the only FM minerals, plus margarite–paragonite pseudomorphs of andalusite. In rocks richer in Al, chlorite would progressively disappear and a kyanite/andalusite–chloritoid assemblage would eventually be stable at retrograde conditions. The Al‐silicate, stable during retrogression in Al‐rich rocks, indicates pressure conditions and hence the tectonic context under which retrogression took place.
Low‐P–high‐T metamorphism and the role of heat transport by melt migration in the Higo Metamorphic Complex, Kyushu, Japan
Authors: MIYAZAKI K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper characterizes the metamorphic thermal structure of the Higo Metamorphic Complex (HMC) and presents the results of a numerical simulation of a geotherm with melt migration and solidification. Reconstruction of the geological and metamorphic structure shows that the HMC initially had a simple thermal structure where metamorphic temperatures and pressures increased towards apparent lower structural levels. Subsequently, this initial thermal structure has been collapsed by E–W and NNE–SSW trending high‐angle faults. Pressure and temperature conditions using the analysis of mineral assemblages and thermobarometry define a metamorphic field P–T array that may be divided into two segments: the array at apparent higher structural levels has a low‐dP/dT slope, whereas that at apparent lower structural levels has a high‐dP/dT slope. This composite array cannot be explained by heat conduction in subsolidus rocks alone. Migmatite is exposed pervasively at apparent lower structural levels, but large syn‐metamorphic plutons are absent at the levels exposed in the HMC. Transport and solidification of melt within migmatite is a potential mechanism to generate the composite array. Thermal modelling of a geotherm with melt migration and solidification shows that the composite thermal structure may be formed by a change of the dominant heat transfer from an advective regime to a conduction regime with decreasing depth. The model also predicts that strata beneath the crossing point will consist of high‐grade solid metamorphic rocks and solidified melt products, such as migmatite. This prediction is consistent with the observation that migmatite was associated with the very high‐dP/dT slope. The melt migration model is able to generate the very high‐dP/dT segment due to the high rate of heat transfer by advection.
Unveiling of Novel Radiations within
Trichodesmium
Cluster by
hetR
Gene Sequence Analysis
Authors: Lundgren Pernilla , Janson Sven , Jonasson Sara , Singer Alon , Bergman Birgitta 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

The filamentous nonheterocystous cyanobacterial genus
Katagnymene
is a common diazotrophic component of tropical and subtropical oceans. To assess the phylogenetic affiliation of this taxon, two partial 16S rRNA gene sequences and 25 partial
hetR
gene sequences originating from the genera
Katagnymene
and
Trichodesmium
collected from open, surface waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans were compared. Single trichomes or colonies were identified morphologically by using light microscopy and then used directly as templates in
hetR
PCR analyses. In addition, three cultured strains, identified as
Katagnymene pelagica
,
Katagnymene spiralis
, and
Trichodesmium
sp., were examined. The data show that the genus
Katagnymene
is in the
Trichodesmium
cluster and that
K. pelagica
Lemmermann and
K. spiralis
Lemmermann are most likely one species, despite their different morphologies. Phylogenetic analyses also unveiled four distinct clusters in the
Trichodesmium
cluster, including one novel cluster. Our findings emphasize the conclusion that known morphological traits used to differentiate marine nonheterocystous cyanobacteria at the genus and species levels correlate poorly with genetic data, and a revision is therefore suggested.
Autotrophic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria Contribute Minimally to Nitrification in a Nitrogen-Impacted Forested Ecosystem
Authors: Jordan Fiona L. , Cantera J. Jason L. , Fenn Mark E. , Stein Lisa Y. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Deposition rates of atmospheric nitrogenous pollutants to forests in the San Bernardino Mountains range east of Los Angeles, California, are the highest reported in North America. Acidic soils from the west end of the range are N-saturated and have elevated rates of N-mineralization, nitrification, and nitrate leaching. We assessed the impact of this heavy nitrogen load on autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing communities by investigating their composition, abundance, and activity. Analysis of 177 cloned β-
Proteobacteria
ammonia oxidizer 16S rRNA genes from highly to moderately N-impacted soils revealed similar levels of species composition; all of the soils supported the previously characterized
Nitrosospira
clusters 2, 3, and 4. Ammonia oxidizer abundance measured by quantitative PCR was also similar among the soils. However, rates of potential nitrification activity were greater for N-saturated soils than for soils collected from a less impacted site, but autotrophic (i.e., acetylene-sensitive) activity was low in all soils examined. N-saturated soils incubated for 30 days with ammonium accumulated additional soluble ammonium, whereas less-N-impacted soils had a net loss of ammonium. Lastly, nitrite production by cultivated
Nitrosospira multiformis
, an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium adapted to relatively high ammonium concentrations, was significantly inhibited in pH-controlled slurries of sterilized soils amended with ammonium despite the maintenance of optimal ammonia-oxidizing conditions. Together, these results showed that factors other than autotrophic ammonia oxidizers contributed to high nitrification rates in these N-impacted forest soils and, unlike many other environments, differences in nitrogen content and soil pH did not favor particular autotrophic ammonia oxidizer groups.
Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed in Extraradical Mycelium and Ectomycorrhizal Roots during
Paxillus involutus-Betula pendula
Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis
Authors: Morel Mélanie , Jacob Christophe , Kohler Annegret , Johansson Tomas , Martin Francis , Chalot Michel , Brun Annick 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

The development of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis leads to drastic changes in gene expression in both partners. However, little is known about the spatial regulation of symbiosis-regulated genes. Using cDNA array profiling, we compared the levels of expression of fungal genes corresponding to approximately 1,200 expressed sequenced tags in the ectomycorrhizal root tips (ECM) and the connected extraradical mycelium (EM) for the
Paxillus involutus
-
Betula pendula
ectomycorrhizal association grown on peat in a microcosm system. Sixty-five unique genes were found to be differentially expressed in these two fungal compartments. In ECM, a gene coding for a putative phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd) was up-regulated by 24-fold, while genes coding for urea (Dur3) and spermine (Tpo3) transporters were up-regulated 4.1- and 6.2-fold in EM. Moreover, urea was the major nitrogen compound found in EM by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. These results suggest that (i) there is a spatial difference in the patterns of fungal gene expression between ECM and EM, (ii) urea and polyamine transporters could facilitate the translocation of nitrogen compounds within the EM network, and (iii) fungal Psd may contribute to membrane remodeling during ectomycorrhiza formation.
Genes Involved in Formation and Attachment of a Two-Carbon Chain as a Component of Eurekanate, a Branched-Chain Sugar Moiety of Avilamycin A
Authors: Treede Irina , Hauser Gerd , Mühlenweg Agnes , Hofmann Carsten , Schmidt Maraike , Weitnauer Gabriele , Glaser Steffen , Bechthold Andreas 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Eurekanate belongs to the important class of branched-chain carbohydrates present in a wide variety of natural sources. It is a component of avilamycin A, a potent inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit. The present work provides experimental proof for the function of two genes of the avilamycin biosynthetic gene cluster,
aviB1
and
aviO2
, that are both involved in avilamycin structure modification. The functions of both genes were identified by gene inactivation experiments and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of extracts produced by the mutants. We suggest that both AviO2 and AviB1 are involved in the biosynthesis of eurekanate within avilamycin biosynthesis. Moreover, two other genes (
aviO1
and
aviO3
) have been inactivated, resulting in a breakdown of avilamycin production in the mutants ITO1 and ITO3, which clearly shows the essential role of both enzymes in avilamycin biosynthesis. The exact functions of both
aviO1
and
aviO3
remained unknown.
Isolation and Characterization of a Native Composite Transposon, Tn
14751
, Carrying 17.4 Kilobases of
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Chromosomal DNA
Authors: Inui Masayuki , Tsuge Yota , Suzuki Nobuaki , Vertès Alain A. , Yukawa Hideaki 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

A native composite transposon was isolated from
Corynebacterium glutamicum
ATCC 14751. This transposon comprises two functional copies of a corynebacterial IS
31831
-like insertion sequence organized as converging terminal inverted repeats. This novel 20.3-kb element, Tn
14751
, carries 17.4 kb of
C. glutamicum
chromosomal DNA containing various genes, including genes involved in purine biosynthesis but not genes related to bacterial warfare, such as genes encoding mediators of antibiotic resistance or extracellular toxins. A derivative of this element carrying a kanamycin resistance cassette, minicomposite Tn
14751
, transposed into the genome of
C. glutamicum
at an efficiency of 1.8 × 10
2
transformants per μg of DNA. Random insertion of the Tn
14751
derivative carrying the kanamycin resistance cassette into the chromosome was verified by Southern hybridization. This work paves the way for realization of the concept of minimum genome factories in the search for metabolic engineering via genome-scale directed evolution through a combination of random and directed approaches.
Contribution of Folate Biosynthesis to
Ralstonia solanacearum
Proliferation in Intercellular Spaces
Authors: Shinohara Rena , Kanda Ayami , Ohnishi Kouhei , Kiba Akinori , Hikichi Yasufumi 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

The vigorous proliferation of
Ralstonia solanacearum
OE1-1 in host intercellular spaces after the invasion of host plants is necessary for the virulence of this bacterium. A folate auxotroph, RM, in which a mini-Tn
5
transposon was inserted into
pabB
encoding
para
-aminobenzoate synthase component I, lost its ability to vigorously proliferate in intercellular spaces along with its systemic infectivity and virulence after inoculation into roots and infiltration into leaves of tobacco plants. Complementation of RM with the
pabB
gene allowed the mutant to multiply in intercellular spaces and to cause disease. In tobacco plants that were pretreated with folate, RM was able to vigorously proliferate in the intercellular spaces and cause disease. Interestingly, when it was inoculated through cut stems, the mutant multiplied in the plants and was virulent. Moreover, the mutant multiplied well in stem fluids but not in intercellular fluids, suggesting that the folate concentration within intercellular spaces may be a limiting factor for bacterial proliferation. Therefore, folate biosynthesis contributes to the vigorous proliferation of bacteria in intercellular spaces and leads to systemic infectivity resulting in virulence.
Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Analysis of Deformed Wing Virus Infection in the Honeybee (
Apis mellifera
L.)
Authors: Chen Y. P. , Higgins J. A. , Feldlaufer M. F. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Deformed wing virus (DWV) can cause wing deformity and premature death in adult honeybees, although like many other bee viruses, DWV generally persists as a latent infection with no apparent symptoms. Using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and Southern hybridization, we detected DWV in all life stages of honeybees, including adults with and without deformed wings. We also found DWV in the parasitic mite
Varroa destructor
, suggesting that this mite may be involved in the transmission of DWV. However, the detection of the virus in life stages not normally associated with mite parasitism (i.e., eggs and larvae) suggests that there are other modes of transmission. The levels of DWV in different life stages of bees were investigated by using TaqMan real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The amounts of virus varied significantly in these different stages, and the highest levels occurred in pupae and in adult worker bees with deformed wings. The variability in virus titer may reflect the different abilities of bees to resist DWV infection and replication. The epidemiology of DWV is discussed, and factors such as mite infestation, malnutrition, and climate are also considered.
Gene Structure and Transcriptional Organization of thednaKOperon ofBifidobacterium breveUCC 2003 and Application of the Operon in Bifidobacterial Tracing
Authors: Ventura Marco , Zink Ralf , Fitzgerald Gerald F. , van Sinderen Douwe 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe incorporation and delivery of bifidobacterial strains as probiotic components in many food preparations expose these microorganisms to a multitude of environmental insults, including heat and osmotic stresses. We characterized thednaKgene region ofBifidobacterium breveUCC 2003. Sequence analysis of thednaKlocus revealed four genes with the organizationdnaK-grpE-dnaJ-ORF1, whose deduced protein products display significant similarity to corresponding chaperones found in other bacteria. Northern hybridization and real-time LightCycler PCR analysis revealed that the transcription of thednaKoperon was strongly induced by osmotic shock but was not induced significantly by heat stress. A 4.4-kb polycistronic mRNA, which represented the transcript of the completednaKgene region, was detected. Many other small transcripts, which were assumed to have resulted from intensive processing or degradation of this polycistronic mRNA, were identified. The transcription start site of thednaKoperon was determined by primer extension. Phylogenetic analysis of the available bifidobacterialgrpEanddnaKgenes suggested that the evolutionary development of these genes has been similar. The phylogeny derived from the various bifidobacterialgrpEanddnaKsequences is consistent with that derived from 16S rRNA. The use of these genes in bifidobacterial species as an alternative or complement to the 16S rRNA gene marker provides sequence signatures that allow a high level of discrimination between closely related species of this genus.
Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents
Authors: Rose Laura J. , Rice Eugene W. , Jensen Bette , Murga Ricardo , Peterson Alicia , Donlan Rodney M. , Arduino Matthew J. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Seven species of bacterial select agents were tested for susceptibility to free available chlorine (FAC). Under test conditions, the FAC routinely maintained in potable water would be sufficient to reduce six species by 2 orders of magnitude within 10 min. Water contaminated with spores of
Bacillus anthracis
spores would require further treatment.