bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cichlid biogeography: comment and review
Authors: Chakrabarty Prosanta 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPhylogenetic analyses dealing with disjunct distributions (distributions that require marine dispersal or vicariant events) are reviewed for the Cichlidae. The most corroborated relationship between clades across a Gondwanan disjunction is the sister relationship between Indian and Malagasy cichlids. The minimum age of the Cichlidae as implied by the fossil record is at odds with the timing of the Cretaceous break of the Indian–Madagascar landmass. All well sampled phylogenies for this group fit a pattern reflecting Gondwanan break‐up. Grounds for strictly dispersalist hypotheses are not well founded for any cichlid disjunct distribution, leaving vicariance alternatives as the only explanation.
Twelve‐ and 18‐month‐olds copy actions in terms of goals
Authors: Carpenter Malinda , Call Josep , Tomasello Michael 
Published: December 2004

Abstract In the context of an imitation game, 12‐ and 18‐month‐old infants saw an adult do such things as make a toy mouse hop across a mat (with sound effects). In one condition (House), the adult ended by placing the mouse in a toy house, whereas in another condition (No House) there was no house present at the final location. Infants at both ages usually simply put the mouse in the house (ignoring the hopping motion and sound effects) in the House condition, presumably because they interpreted the adult's action in terms of this final goal and so ignored the behavioral means. In contrast, infants copied the adult's action (both the hopping motion and the sound effects) when no house was present, presumably because here infants saw the action itself as the adult's only goal. From very early, infants’ social learning is flexible: infants focus on and copy either the end or the means of an adult action as required by the context.
Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children
Authors: Noble Kimberly G. , Norman M. Frank , Farah Martha J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract Socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly associated with cognitive ability and achievement during childhood and beyond. Little is known about the developmental relationships between SES and specific brain systems or their associated cognitive functions. In this study we assessed neurocognitive functioning of kindergarteners from different socioeconomic backgrounds, using tasks drawn from the cognitive neuroscience literature in order to determine how childhood SES predicts the normal variance in performance across different neurocognitive systems. Five neurocognitive systems were examined: the occipitotemporal/visual cognition system, the parietal/spatial cognition system, the medial temporal/memory system, the left perisylvian/language system, and the prefrontal/executive system. SES was disproportionately associated with the last two, with low SES children performing worse than middle SES children on most measures of these systems. Relations among language, executive function, SES and specific aspects of early childhood experience were explored, revealing intercorrelations and a seemingly predominant role of individual differences in language ability involved in SES associations with executive function.
Nightly home hemodialysis: Five and one‐half years of experience in Lynchburg, Virginia
Authors: Lockridge Robert S. , Spencer Maureen , Craft Viola , Pipkin Mary , Campbell Dolores , McPhatter Lesley , Albert Jeanette , Anderson Helen , Jennings Floyd , Barger Terry 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Lynchburg Nephrology Dialysis Incorporated initiated a nightly home hemodialysis (NHHD) program in September 1997. As of April 30, 2003, 40 patients had completed training; 28 patients were at home and 2 patients were in training. The average age of the patients at the initiation of the home‐based therapy was 50 years, with a range of 23 to 81 years. There have been 24,239 treatments at home with a total of 84.86 patient‐years on NHHD, the longest patient for 66.7 months and the shortest for 1 month.Methods: Patients dialyzed using the Fresenius 2008H machine, 6 to 10 hr, 5 to 6 nights per week. Treatment parameters included a blood flow rate of 200 to 250 mL/min; a dialysis flow rate of 200 to 300 mL/min; and a standard dialysis solution with 2.0 mEq/L potassium, 3.0 to 3.5 mEq/L calcium concentrations, 35 mEq/L HCO3, and 140 mEq/L sodium. The longitudinal data of each patient in the program for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were compared to the same patient's pre‐NHHD data. There were 25 patients in the program for 1 year, 19 patients for 2 years, 14 patients for 3 years, 6 patients for 4 years, and 4 patients for 5 years.Results: Statistically significant improvement occurred in all five groups' need for antihypertensive medications and phosphate binders, SF36 scores, calcium/phosphorus product, blood pressure, number of hospital admissions, and number of days of stay in the hospital. The mortality rate was 2.4% deaths per patient‐year with a 95% confidence interval of 0.9% to 9.4%.Conclusions: In a longitudinal study, NHHD showed significant improvements in patient secondary outcomes. The improvement in these secondary outcomes was associated with an improvement in mortality rate.
Peptide‐Coated Vascular Grafts: An In Vivo Study in Sheep
Authors: Hill A. , Li C. , Tio F. , Imran M. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of neo‐intimal tissue in‐growth present at the arterial and venous sides of the anastomosis and the degree of endothelial cell lining of the graft lumen in sheep using commercial vascular grafts coated with the P15 cell‐binding peptide.Methods:  ePTFE vascular grafts were coated with the cell‐binding P15 peptide using a newly developed plasma surface treatment method. 4 P15‐treated grafts and 2 control grafts were implanted as arterio‐venous fistulas between the femoral artery and vein and between the carotid artery and jugular vein in 2 sheep. 1 animal was euthanized after 14 days and the other animal after 28 days. The grafts along with the connecting arteries and veins were explanted and evaluated for the length of tissue in‐growth along the luminal surface of the ePTFE graft from the anastomosis at the arterial and venous sides. Intimal thickness was carefully measured. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to confirm the endothelial cell lining.Results:  The study showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in intimal thickness between the coated and uncoated grafts in the venous side of the anastomosis. The average intimal thickness of coated samples (551 μm) was 3 times thinner than that of uncoated ones (1657 μm). The endothelial cell lining appeared to be thicker, and its coverage was more uniform for the peptide‐coated grafts than the uncoated ones. Overall, there was more neo‐intimal tissue in‐growth at the venous side than the arterial side of the anastomosis. The intima at the venous side was also thicker and more bulky compared to the arterial side.Conclusion:  This study has demonstrated that P15‐coated ePTFE grafts had less intimal tissue in‐growth developed at the venous side of the anastomosis than the uncoated ePTFE grafts. The degree of endothelial cell lining for coated samples was also higher than uncoated ones, which is consistent with our in vitro studies using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. P15‐coated ePTFE graft materials had significantly improved cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration in vitro over uncoated ePTFE.
Is There Any Relationship between Serum Levels of IL‐10 and Atherosclerosis in Hemodialysis Patients?
Authors: Seyrek N. , Balal M. , Karayaylali I. , Paydas S. , Aikimbaev K. , Cetiner S. , Seydaoglu G. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Cardiovascular complications due to atherosclerosis (AS) are the major cause of mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Inflammation may play an important role in the development of AS. Several studies have demonstrated the association of acute‐phase proteins and cytokines with AS in the general population and in HD patients. Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is an anti‐inflammatory cytokine. The aim of study was to compare serum levels inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory indicators in HD patients according to the presence or absence of AS.Methods:  Thirty‐three HD patients were enrolled. AS was defined as the detection of plaques by Doppler ultrasonography. The patients were subgrouped according to the presence or absence of plaques. Serum levels of IL‐1, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐10, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were measured. The factors for AS such as age, gender, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and HD duration were also evaluated.Results:  We found that the patients with AS had significantly higher hs‐CRP and lower IL‐10. Blood pressure values were also increased in patients with AS. Additionally, there was an increased correlation between CRP and IL‐10.Conclusions:  AS(+) patients undergoing HD had low serum levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 and high serum levels of hs‐CRP. These results may suggest that the limitation of anti‐inflammatory response in atherosclerotic uremic patients is a triggering or contributing factor for AS.
Importance of Phosphate Control for Restoration of Vascular Responsiveness in End‐Stage Renal Disease Patients Converted to Nocturnal Hemodialysis
Authors: Chan C.T. , Harvey P.J. , Pierratos A. , Miller J.A. , Floras J.S. 
Published: December 2004

Hyperphosphatemia and poor uremia control are established cardiovascular risk factors in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with impaired endothelial dependent and independent vasodilation (EDV and EIV). Nocturnal hemodialysis [6 × 8 h/week] augments dialysis dose and offers normal phosphate (Pi) balance. We hypothesized that NHD would restore EDV (endothelial function) and EIV (vascular smooth muscle cell function) by simultaneously improving uremia and Pi control. 2 groups of ESRD patients (mean age 41 ± 2 years) stratified according to their baseline plasma Pi levels (normal Pi <1.8 mM, high Pi >1.8 mM) were studied. Dialysis dose (Kt/V per session), plasma Pi, blood pressure (BP) and brachial artery responses to reactive hyperemia (EDV), and sublingual nitroglycerin (EIV) were examined before, 1 and 2 months after conversion from conventional hemodialysis (CHD) [3 × 4 h/week] to NHD. After 2 months, NHD increased dialysis dose (from 1.24 ± 0.06 to 2.04 ± 0.08; p = 0.02) and lowered BP (from 140 ± 5/82 ± 3 to 119 ± 1/71 ± 3, p = 0.01) in all patients. In patients with adequate Pi control during CHD, EDV was normalized after 1 month of NHD. In contrast, in the high Pi group, 1 month of NHD was sufficient to reduce plasma phosphate levels, but 2 months of NHD was required for EDV to improve.

Variables
Normal Pi (n=10) CHD
NHD (1month)
NHD (2months)
High Pi (n=8) CHD
NHD (1month)
NHD (2 months)

Pi (mM)
−1.44 ± 0.09
1.08 ± 0.07*
1.14 ± 0.11*
2.52 ± 0.3
1.40 ± 0.17*
1.26 ± 0.05*

EDV (%)
−3.4 ± 2.7
7.5 ± 1.9*
7.6 ± 1.3*
−1.7 ± 1.3
0.37 ± 1.6†
8.8 ± 1.2*

EIV (%)
−8.2 ± 4.8
10.3 ± 2.0
15.1 ± 2.0*
5.1 ± 1.1
6.6 ± 0.8†
16.9 ± 1.7*

p < 0.05 from values during CHD.

p < 0.05 between the normal and high Pi groups.

Correction of uremia without normalization of plasma Pi is insufficient to improve EDV. The time course over which this improvement in vascular responsiveness occurs is delayed in hyperphosphatemic patients, suggesting that improvement in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function requires restoration of normal intracellular Pi balance.
Unphysiology Is the Major Factor Influencing Cardiovascular Instability during Hemodialysis
Authors: Kjellstrand C.M. , Ing T. , Blagg C.R. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Hemodialysis is often complicated by cardiovascular instability (CVI). We studied factors contributing to this problem during 720 hemodialyses (HDs) in 20 patients; 480 dialyses were 6/week and 240 were 3/week.Methods:  Dependent variables were increase in pulse rate (PR) and maximal (MAX) and overall (OV) fall of systolic blood pressure (BP). Independent variables were dialyses/week (DIAL), ultrafiltration (Uf), % of body weight (BW), pre‐post BUN (ΔBUN), time on dialysis (T), speed of dialysis (K/V in mL min–1 kg–1 BW), target‐postdialysis BW (Ta‐Po BW), Kt/V, ΔPO4, Δbicarbonate, Δpotassium, ΔBUN, an ‘unphysiology index’ summing up changes in electrolytes, and BUN and BW during dialysis (UPI). The relations were analyzed by backward multiple regression analysis.Results:  PR increased 0.5 ± 11/min; MAX BP fall was 23 ± 17 mmHg; OV BP fall was 12 ± 19 mmHg. In multiple stepwise backward regression analysis, independents in order of importance: PR = 38 – DIAL × 4 + T × 0.1 + Uf × 1.8 +ΔPO4 × 1.8 – UPI× 0.2 – K/V × 2, r = 0.30, p < 0.0001; MAX BP = UPI × 0.4 – ΔBUN × 0.3 + ΔPO4 × 2.6 + 11, r = 0.34, p < 0.0001; OV BP = UPI × 0.4 – ΔBUN × 0.3 +ΔPO4 × 2.7 + 1, r = 0.33, p < 0.0001.Conclusion:  To prevent BP fall and tachycardia during hemodialysis, the most important factor to decrease is unphysiology, i.e., the oscillations in electrolytes, fluid spaces, and osmolality that occur during dialysis. The best way to do this is to dialyze patients daily. An unexpected finding worthy of further investigation was the large detrimental influence of ΔPO4 on CVI.
Mortality Risk between For‐Profit and Not‐For‐Profit Dialysis Facilities
Authors: Foley R.n. , Fan Q. , Gilbertson D.t. , Ebben J.p. , Weinhandl E. , Collins A.J. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  A recent meta‐analysis suggested that the relative risk of mortality is 8% higher in private for‐profit hemodialysis (HD) centers than private not‐for‐profit HD centers (Devereaux et al. JAMA 2002; 288: 2449).Objective:  To assess the association between dialysis center profit status and mortality using USRDS data in the current era under DOQI guidelines.Methods:  We studied incident HD patients from 1995 to 2000 who had Medicare as primary payer during the 4th through 6th month after ESRD initiation. Patients who died or underwent transplant during the 6 months after initiation were excluded. Primary dialysis provider was determined from the majority provider during the 6 months after initiation. Patient mortality for the following 12 months was evaluated via Cox regression, which adjusted for age, gender, primary cause of ESRD, race, cumulative hospital days, and comorbidity measures, which were assessed through both Medicare claims during the entry period and the Medicare Evidence form 2728. Patients were followed up until transplantation, death, or completion of the 12 months.Results:  189,932 patients receiving HD during 1995–2000 were included in our analysis. The adjusted mortality rate was 271.6 per 1000 person‐years at the private for‐profit centers and 272.2 at the private not‐for‐profit centers. The mortality risk relative to private for‐profit vs. not‐for‐profit centers was 1.009 (95% CI, 0.978–1.042; p = 0.558). Sub‐analyses that excluded hospital‐based facilities showed similar results. Although public not‐ for‐profit facilities were excluded from the analysis, a sub‐analysis performed with these also showed similar results.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that dialysis center profit status was not associated with mortality. This lack of association was found in the combined 1995–2000 population and in separate models for each year. Freestanding vs. hospital‐based and public vs. non‐public facility had no impact on the results.
Phosphorus‐Enriched Hemodialysis for the Treatment of Hypophosphatemia in a Patient with Severe Lithium Poisoning
Authors: Chebrolu S.b. , Chaudhury S. , Bidani A. , Kjellstrand C.m. , Ing T.s. 
Published: December 2004

Severe lithium poisoning requires intensive and prolonged hemodialysis (HD) treatment in addition to supportive therapy. Aggressive dialytic therapy can bring about hypophosphatemia, especially, in those patients who are normo‐ or hypophosphatemic to begin with. We report here the use of phosphorus (P)‐enriched HD in a hypophosphatemic patient with lithium poisoning. A 58‐year‐old woman with a long history of bipolar disorder treated with chronic lithium therapy presented with progressively worsening confusion and incoherent speech. She was noted to be confused with a labile mood. The serum levels were lithium 3.6 mM, creatinine 1.7 mg/dL, Na 136 mM, K 4.2 mM, CO2 21 mM, BUN 23 mg/dL, and P 2.1 mg/dL. After a conventional, 4‐h HD session, she became more hypophosphatemic with a P level of 1.8 mg/dL. A P‐enriched dialysate, prepared by adding a Fleet® oral saline laxative preparation (containing NaH2PO4.H2O and Na2HPO4.7H2O) to the “base concentrate” of a dual concentrate, bicarbonate‐based dialysate generating system to obtain a final dialysate containing 3 mg (0.97 mM) of P/dL was used. She underwent 3 subsequent HD sessions using this P‐enriched dialysate, followed by normalization of the serum levels of both lithium and P.Our data suggest that hypophosphatemic patients suffering from severe lithium poisoning requiring intensive HD therapy and becoming more hypophosphatemic as a result of the dialysis treatment can be further dialyzed with a P‐enriched dialysate both to treat the lithium poisoning and to rectify the hypophosphatemia. In general, the use of such dialysates can play an important role in the prevention and treatment of dialysis‐induced hypophosphatemia.

Day
Length of HD (h)
Lithium level predialysis (mM)
Lithium level postdialysis (mM)
P level in the final dialysate (mg/dL)
Serum P level postdialysis (mg/dL)

1
4 (1st session)
3.4
0.87
0
1.8

4 (2nd session)
1.53
0.59
3
3.0

2
4 (3rd session)
1.13
0.59
3
3.3

3
4 (4th session)
0.69
0.52
3
3.4
Echocardiographic Evidence of Altered Cardiac Status in Predialysis Diabetics and Those on Dialysis
Authors: Iqbal M.m. , Banerjee S.k. , Islam N. , Islam S. , Hossain R.m. , Rahman A. , Banik D. 
Published: December 2004

Cardiovascular complications affect diabetic subjects early and the more susceptible ones are those on hemodialysis.Objective:  This study was designed to observe prevalent cardiac involvement in both pre‐ and already on dialysis diabetics.Method:  Sixty diabetics, 30 predialysis (predialysis diabetics, group 1), and 30 on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD, group 2) were randomly selected and their different clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic parameters were compared.Result:  Both groups of patients were matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Features like systolic and diastolic blood pressure were lower in predialysis diabetics group than in MHD group [138 ± 19 vs. 152 ± 32, p < 0.02 and 74 ± 10 vs. 87 ± 10 mmHg (p < 0.001)]; hemoglobin higher [10.3 ± 2.1 vs. 7.5 ± 1.5 g/dL (p < 0.001)]; serum creatinine was lower [3.49 ± 1.8 vs. 9.5 ± 2.5 mg/dL (p < 0.001)] (due to recruitment criteria); left ventricular muscle mass index (LVMI) also lower [137 ± 96 vs. 211 ± 77 g/m2 (p < 0.001)]; left ventricular end diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) less [58 ± 21 vs. 85 ± 25 mL/m2 (p < 0.001) and fractional shortening (FS, %) higher [33 ± 4.3 vs. 28 ± 5.8 (p < 0.006)]. Only 11% of Pre subjects had LV hypertrophy (LVMI >131 g/m2 in male and in female LVMI >110 g/m2) whereas it was 51% in MHD (p < 0.001). Systolic dysfunction (FS = <25%) was 4% in Pre subjects and 24% in MHD (p < 0.03) group. Correlation study showed systolic and diastolic blood pressure; both had positive correlation with LVMI (r = 0.38, p < 0.008 and r = 0.32, p < 0.02) and LVEDVI (r = 0.36, p < 0.01 and r = 0.35, p < 0.01) and also similarly positive with serum creatinine (r = 0.35, p < 0.02 and r = 0.5, p < 0.001).Conclusion:  It may be concluded that cardiac parameters are grossly altered in majority of diabetics on dialysis and higher serum creatinine and uncontrolled blood pressure may be responsible for this.
Return on Investment: An Economic Guideline for Selecting Home Daily/Nocturnal Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Kroeker A. , White S. , Lindsay R.m. 
Published: December 2004

Starting any new program, especially one without a proven track record, raises questions about cost‐effectiveness of the treatment.Purpose:  This research investigated how long patients should be expected to remain as daily/nocturnal hemodialysis patients in order to justify the initial investment in sending them home.Methods:  Costs for 10 short‐hour daily (SHD) and 12 slow nocturnal hemodialysis (NHD) were compared with the savings incurred by switching those patients from conventional hemodialysis (CHD). One‐time expenses were divided by net savings to determine the minimum length of time the patients should be expected to remain at home on these modalities.Results:  One‐time training, installation, and home equipment expenses were comparable for the SHD and NHD patients. NHD patients without monitoring noticed that these costs recovered in 1 year. NHD patients with monitoring took approximately 16 months to recover these costs, while initial SHD costs were offset in 20 months.Conclusions:  Patients selected for home NHD and SHD should be expected to be able to remain at home for at least 12–20 months. Subsequent investigation indicates that these costs and time periods may be further reduced.

NHD

Costs ($Can)
Daily (SHD)
Excluding monitoring
Including monitoring

One‐time
$21,281
$19,772
$21,465

Savings
$12,836
$20,484
$16,703

ROI (years)
1.7
1.0
1.3
Hot Water Reuse (HWR) of Dialyzers Gives Smoother Dialysis than Single Use (SU) or Chemical Reuse (CRU)
Authors: Kjellstrand C.M. , Twardowski Z.J. , Bower J. , Jackson M.S. , Blagg C.R. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Hemodialyzers can be used once or reused after treatment with chemicals or hot water. SU results in infusion of plastic compounds, particularly phthalic acid metabolites, into patients and chemical reuse releases formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or peracetic acid into the blood during dialysis.Methods:  We studied the increase in pulse rate (PR) and fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and patients' subjective overall quality evaluation (OE) of dialysis (1 worst, 5 best) during 3706 daily dialyses in 23 patients. Fall in blood pressure and rise in PR during dialysis and overall quality evaluation were compared as patients changed from SU or chemical reuse to hot water reuse. During SU and chemical reuse, dialysis time was shorter (121 vs. 148 min), urea clearance higher (241 vs. 175 ml/min) but ultrafiltration lower (1.5 vs. 1.7 kg/dialysis) than during hot water reuse.Results:  The results are summarized in the table.

Methods
n
Systolic BP
Diastolic BP
PR
OE

CRU
98
−30 ± 19
−17 ± 21
4 ± 4
3.8 ± 0.4

SU
2443
−17 ± 21
−6 ± 13
2 ± 13
4.0 ± 0.7

HWR
1165
−8 ± 21
−1 ± 11
−0.2 ± 12
4.2 ± 0.7

All comparisons were of SU and chemical reuse to hot water reuse, p < 0.0001. The results were the same whether cellulosic or polysulfone membranes were used. Hot water reuse, up to 25 times, did not result in changes in urea clearance, albumin leakage or Kuf, and β‐2‐microglobulin reduction rates declined by only 10% over 15 reuses.Conclusion:  Hot water reuse results in the most comfortable dialysis and the best cardiovascular stability, with less decline in blood pressure and less tachycardia, when compared to chemical reuse or SU of dialyzers.