bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of pounding countermeasures and serviceability of elevated bridges during seismic excitation using 3D modeling
Authors: Zhu Ping , Abe Masato , Fujino Yozo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper conducts elaborate analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of pounding countermeasures and the serviceability of elevated bridges subject to severe ground motions using detailed 3‐dimensional non‐linear modeling of an entire bridge structure system. A three‐span elevated steel bridge is selected for a case study. The peak and residual magnitude of gaps between girders and the maximum shear deformations of bearings are computed and used in the serviceability evaluation. The results show that under proper configurations the mitigation devices work effectively in reducing pounding actions in both the longitudinal and rotational directions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlating measured and simulated dynamic responses of a tall building to long‐distance earthquakes
Authors: Pan Tso‐Chien , Brownjohn James M. W. , You Xu‐Ting 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFor almost a decade, a 66‐storey, 280m tall building in Singapore has been instrumented to monitor its dynamic responses to wind and seismic excitations. The dynamic characteristics of the tall building have been investigated via both the finite element method and the experimental modal analysis. The properties of the finite element model have been shown to correlate well with those derived from the data recorded during the ambient vibration tests. During the study period, 21 sets of earthquake ground motions have been recorded at the building site. The basement motions may be divided into three categories based on their predominant frequency components with respect to the building's fundamental frequency. The calibrated three‐dimensional finite element model is employed to simulate the seismic response of the tall building. Correlation analysis of the time histories between the recorded data and the simulated results has been carried out. The correlation analysis results show that the simulated dynamic response time histories match well with those of the recorded dynamic responses at the roof level. The results also show that the simulated maximum response at the roof level is close to the peak response recorded during the earthquakes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic performance of laminated timber frames with fiber‐reinforced joints
Authors: Kasal B. , Pospisil S. , Jirovsky I. , Heiduschke A. , Drdacky M. , Haller P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA series of dynamic experiments was performed on two‐story glue‐laminated timber frames. The tests included sinusoidal sweeps in one direction, arbitrary signals simulating earthquake loads in two directions, and harmonic free vibration at the fundamental frequency. Two experimental frames were manufactured and tested: (1) a control with horizontal laminations and no reinforcement at joint areas, and (2) a new frame design with densified material in the joint area that was further reinforced by glass‐fiber composite material. Preliminary tests of scaled and full‐size beam‐to‐column connections were performed to obtain connection characteristics needed for subsequent analytical modeling. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the essential oils of Lantana camara L. occurring in south China
Authors: Sundufu Abu James , Shoushan Huang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSteam‐distilled volatile oils from the leaves and ﬂowers of Lantana camara L. were analysed by GC and GC–MS. The oils are characterized by a high percentage of sesquiterpenes. The main components detected are germacrene D (15.85%), β‐caryophyllene (12.35%), α‐humulene (9.31%) and germacrene‐B (6.19%). 1,8‐Cineole (4.61%), an oxygenated monoterpene is also reported. The role of the essential oils and their isolates in insect pest control is mentioned. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Nepeta meyeri Benth. from Iran
Authors: Seﬁdkon F. , Shaabani A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWater‐distilled volatile oil from the aerial parts of Nepeta meyeri Benth. was analysed by a combination of GC and GC–MS. Eighteen components were identiﬁed, constitut approximately 99.3% of the oil. The main constituents of the essential oil were 4aα‐7α‐7aβ‐nepetalactone (53.2%), 1,8‐cineole (29.3%) and camphor (4.1%). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the mechanism of microwave‐assisted extraction of Mahonia bealei (Fort.) leaves and Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) petals
Authors: Gao Shan , Han Wei , Deng Xiu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA study of microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) for berberine in Mahonia bealei (Fort.) was carried out with batch equipment, in order to investigate the mechanism of the extraction related to structural changes in the glands. The extracts were analysed by ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry at 347 nm. The parameters investigated were solvent types, the intensity of microwave energy and the process ratio (g/ml) of materials to solvent volume. The microwave‐assisted extraction of different moisture content of materials was developed and optimized by means of three‐factor and three‐level orthogonal designs. Electron and optical micrographs of M. bealei (Fort.) leaves and Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) petals showed that the mechanism of the extractions was related to structural changes in the plant cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline and volatile components from pandan leaves
Authors: Laohakunjit Natta , Noomhorm Athapol 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe ﬂavour of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) leaves was extracted by supercritical ﬂuid with CO2 (SC‐CO2) under different conditions of pressure, temperature and contact time to determine the yield of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (ACPY) and various other components; 14 volatile compounds on the gas chromatogram were identiﬁed, and the predominant constituents were ACPY and 3‐methyl‐2(5H)‐furanone. The interaction of different conditions signiﬁcantly inﬂuenced the yield of ACPY and various volatile compounds. There is a potential for high yield of ACPY by SC‐CO2 at 200 bar, 500 °C and 20 min. The SDE–ether extract was found to have a very small amount of ACPY and an undesirable odour, as compared to the dark green ethanol extract, which contains a relatively larger quantity of ACPY and even more 3‐methyl‐2(5H)‐furanone. Although at least 34 new components were uncovered from SC‐CO2, SDE, and ethanol extraction, both ACPY and 3‐methyl‐2(5H)‐furanone were the components tentatively obtained by all three methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oils of Cinnamomum rhyncophyllum Miq. as natural sources of benzyl benzoate, safrole and methyl (E)‐cinnamate
Authors: Jantan Ibrahim bin , Ayop Norsiha , Mohd Ali Nor Azah , Ahmad Abu Said , Yalvema Mira Febrina , Muhammad Kartiniwati , Azizi Azlina Razimahwati 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe leaf, bark and wood oils of Cinnamomum rhyncophyllum Miq. were investigated by gas chromatography on two columns of different polarity, retention indices and GC–MS. The oils were composed mainly of phenylpropanoids and benzylic compounds. The leaf oil may be a potential natural source of benzyl benzoate, since it constituted up to 77% of the oil. Other compounds present in appreciable amounts in the oil were β‐phellandrene (6.3%) and methyl (E)‐cinnamate (4.2%). The bark and wood oils were found to possess compositional similarities with little variation in the levels of each component. Safrole (43.3–51.0%) and methyl (E)‐cinnamate (40.5–43.1%) were the major constituents in these oils. However, the bark oil could be distinguished from the wood oil by containing a higher concentration of benzyl benzoate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of growing location of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) samples by comparison of essential oil proﬁles
Authors: Novak Johannes , Pank Friedrich , Langbehn Jan , Blüthner Wolf‐Dieter , Vender Carla , Van Niekerk Léon , Junghanns Wolfram , Franz Chlodwig 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA canonical discriminant function analysis (CDA) was applied to essential oil compounds proﬁles to determine the growing location of marjoram samples. 12/21 essential oil compounds were integrated into two discriminant functions as the best predictors for geographical differences. Stepwise integration allowed the determination of the essential oil compounds mainly responsible for the geographical variation, viz. myrcene, terpinene‐4‐ol, γ‐terpinene and p‐cymene. The two discriminant functions themselves showed a strong association between the locations and the predictors. The two functions allowed a correct classiﬁcation of 95% of samples (cross‐validated). The high positive classiﬁcation rate demonstrates the CDA's ability as a quality assurance tool enabling authenticity control. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils of Phlomis species growing in Greece: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Aligiannis N. , Kalpoutzakis E. , Kyriakopoulou I. , Mitaku S. , Chinou I. B. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Phlomis fruticosa, P. cretica and P. samia, growing in Greece, were analysed by GC and GC–MS. From the 72 identiﬁed constituents, representing 84.3%, 90.4% and 67.4% of the oils, respectively, α‐pinene, limonene, β‐caryophyllene, linalool, (E)‐β‐farnesene, germacrene D, (Z)‐γ‐bisabolene and cis‐β‐ocimene were the major components. Furthermore, all the oils exhibited an interesting antimicrobial proﬁle after they were tested against two Gram‐positive and four Gram‐negative bacteria and three pathogenic fungi. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the volatile oil from Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lemmaire (Rutaceae) leaves by GC–MS
Authors: Santos Ana Paula , Lopes Melânia Cornélio , Limberger Renata P. , Apel Miriam Anders , Henriques Amélia T. , Moreno Paulo R. H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe oil obtained by steam distillation of dried and powdered Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lemmaire leaves was analysed by GC and GC–MS. The major components were tridecane (56.7%) and pentadecane (25.5%). Additionally, γ‐muurolene (6.6%), spathulenol (2.6%), β‐elemene (2.1%), β‐caryophyllene (1.2%) and eugenol (0.3%) were also found in the crude oil. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inﬂuence of drying methods on the essential oil content and composition of Roman chamomile
Authors: Omidbaigi R. , Seﬁdkon F. , Kazemi F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe ﬂowers of Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L. All. var. ﬂora plena) cultivated in Iran were dried by three different drying methods of sun‐drying, shade‐drying and oven‐drying at 40 °C. The essential oils of every treatment were obtained by hydrodistillation of the ﬂowers, and were analysed by GC and GC–MS. The oil content of the shade‐dried ﬂowers was the largest (1.9% w/w) compared to sun‐drying (0.4% w/w) and oven‐drying at 40 °C (0.9% w/w). Drying methods had no effect on the number of chemical components of the essential oil, as 14 components were identiﬁed in the oil of every drying method. The major components were isobutyl angelate, 2‐methyl butyl angelate, propyl tiglate, isoamyl angelate and 3‐methylbutyl isobutyrate. However, the drying method had a signiﬁcant effect on the proportion of the various components. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on anthocyanins and ascorbic acid in blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum)
Authors: Kouniaki Soﬁa , Kajda Paul , Zabetakis Ioannis 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe stability of two anthocyanins and ascorbic acid present in fruit juices made from blackcurrants that were subjected to high‐pressure processing (HHP) was studied. HHP is a non‐thermal food preservation method and its impact on the nutritionally important anthocyanins, cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside, delphinidin‐3‐rutinoside and also ascorbic acid (vitamin C), in blackcurrants was assessed. Fruit samples were treated at 200, 400, 600 and 800 MPa for 15 min under controlled temperature (20–22.5 °C). After high‐pressure treatment the samples were stored at fridge temperature (5 °C), room temperature (20 °C) and at 30 °C. The analysis of the anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents were carried out by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The best stability for cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside pigment was found when blackcurrants were treated at a HP of 600 MPa and were stored at 5 °C. Delphinidin‐3‐rutinoside had the lowest losses when treated at 800 MPa and stored at 5 °C. High pressure at 600 MPa gave the best preservation for all the samples stored at 5 °C and 20 °C. The rates of losses observed for anthocyanins were linked to those observed for the ascorbic acid and these results are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of three sample preparation methods on the recovery of volatiles from taheebo (Tabebuia impetiginosa Martius ex DC)
Authors: Park Byeoung‐Soo , Lee Kwang‐Geun , Takeoka Gary R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe volatile constituents of taheebo (the dried inner bark of Tabebuia impetiginosa Martius ex DC) were isolated by three methods: solvent‐assisted ﬂavour evaporation (SAFE); steam distillation under reduced pressure, followed by continuous liquid–liquid extraction (DRP‐LLE); and high‐ﬂow dynamic headspace sampling (including closed‐loop stripping) (DHS). The extracts were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The masses of total volatile components recovered from 50 g taheebo by SAFE, DRP‐LLE and DHS were 26.3 ± 2.0, 19.4 ± 1.0 and 1.2 ± 0.2 mg, respectively. The major constituents isolated with the SAFE method were 4‐methoxyphenol (121.65 µg/g), 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol (96.49 µg/g), 1,2‐propanediol (92.95 µg/g) and 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde (31.33 µg/g). The DRP‐LLC method yielded 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde (64.54 µg/g), 4‐methoxyphenol (42.30 µg/g), 5‐(2‐propenyl)‐1,2,3‐trimethoxybenzene (elemicin; 41.22 µg/g), and 1‐methoxy‐4‐(1E)‐1‐propenylbenzene (trans‐anethole; 39.16 µg/g) as major volatiles, while the main compounds recovered with the DHS method were 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde (2.61 µg/g), 4‐methoxyphenol (2.10 µg/g), 2‐methyl‐5‐(1‐methylethenyl)‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one (carvone; 1.71 µg/g) and 3,7‐dimethyl‐1,6‐octadien‐3‐ol (linalool; 1.64 µg/g). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aroma compounds of some Hyblean pasture species
Authors: Carpino S. , Mallia S. , Licitra G. , Van Soest P. J. , Acree T. E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe Hyblean pastures are characterized by a great variety of native forages, and offering opportunity for selective feeding by animals. Over 100 plant species belonging to over 25 families occur, although not all of these may occur in single pasture.1 The occurrence of pasture species and the selective forage behaviour of dairy cattle in very complex pastures was part of a larger study on the inﬂuence of diet upon cheese ﬂavour. The plant diversity may contribute to cheese ﬂavour.2 The animals were individually followed on the pasture and the kind of species and plant parts selected were recorded.3 The volatile constituents of the above‐ground (aerial) parts of the most commonly occurring and selected plant species in the Hyblean pasture were extracted by steam distillation and analysed by GC–olfactometry (GC–O) and GC–MS. The number of odour‐active compounds identiﬁed in the plants ranged from 12 in Sinapis to 26 in Erodium. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regions syntenic to human 17q are gained in mouse and rat neuroblastoma
Authors: Łastowska Maria , Chung Yeun‐Jun , Cheng Ching Ngan , Haber Michelle , Norris Murray D. , Kees Ursula R. , Pearson Andrew D. J. , Jackson Michael S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractGain of chromosome arm 17q is the most frequent chromosomal change in human neuroblastoma and is a powerful predictor of adverse outcome of disease. This suggests that the region of gain includes a gene or genes critical for tumor pathogenesis. Analyses of breakpoint positions have revealed that the shortest region of gain (SRG) extends from MPO (17q23.1) to 17qter. Because this encompasses >300 genes, it precludes the identification of candidate genes from human breakpoint data alone. However, mouse chromosome 11, which is syntenic to human chromosome 17, is gained in up to 30% of neuroblastoma tumors developed in a murine MYCN transgenic model of this disease. To confirm that this key genetic change indicates the involvement of a molecular pathway conserved between mouse and man and is not occurring coincidentally in the transgenic model, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization to analyze sporadic cases of both mouse and rat neuroblastoma. Our results confirmed the presence of chromosome 11 gain in all three of the mouse cell lines we analyzed, with the SRG extending from Stat5b (101.6 Mb) to tel. In addition, the rat neuroblastoma cell line harbors an extra copy of distal chromosome 10, extending from 92.8 to 109.3 Mb, which is also syntenic to human 17q. Comparison of the regions gained in all three species has excluded 4.2 Mb from the previously defined region of 17q gain in humans as a likely location of the candidate gene or genes, and strongly suggests that the molecular etiology of neuroblastoma is similar in all three species. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling non‐demanders in choice experiments
Authors: Ryan Mandy , Skåtun Diane 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDiscrete choice experiments have the advantage that they can study preferences in health care where revealed preference data is not readily available. However, as a substitute for actual observed market led data, the experimental set‐up for hypothetical situations must mimic the circumstances under which actual choices are made. One situation that a consumer/patient might face is an opt‐out option. They might not choose to accept any of the positive actions available and as such will be a non‐demander of the health care on offer. This paper explores issues raised in the modelling of such data within an experiment looking at women's preferences for cervical screening services. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P/Q Ca2+ channel blockade stops spreading depression and related pyramidal neuronal Ca2+ rise in hippocampal organ culture
Authors: Kunkler Phillip E. , Kraig Richard P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCa2+ channels and pyramidal cell Ca2+ are involved in hippocampal spreading depression (SD), but their roles remain elusive. Accordingly, we characterized Ca2+ changes during SD in CA3 pyramidal neurons and determined whether Ca2+ channel antagonists could prevent SD. SD was induced in hippocampal organotypic cultures (HOTCs), in which experimental conditions can be rigorously controlled. SD was triggered by transient exposure to sodium acetate (NaAc)‐based Ringer's coupled to an electrical pulse in the dentate gyrus and its occurrence confirmed with interstitial DC recordings. Pyramidal cell Ca2+ was measured with fura‐2 filled cells and was quantified at the soma, proximal and more distal apical dendrites. Regional Ca2+ changes began simultaneously with the triggering pulse of SD and reached three distinct peaks before returning to baseline concomitant with the interstitial DC potential of SD. The first peak occurred within 5 s of the triggering pulse, was smallest, and heralded the onset of SD. The second Ca2+ change was the greatest and reached a peak 6 s later, during the early phase of SD. The third was intermediate in size and occurred 18 s later, as SD reached its maximum interstitial DC change. SD was prevented by nonselective Ca2+ blockade (Ni2+ and Cd2+) but not by either L‐Ca2+ channel (nifedipine) or N‐Ca2+ channel inhibition (ω‐conotoxin GVIA). Importantly, SD was blocked by P/Q Ca2+ channel antagonism (ω‐agatoxin‐IVA), which also prompted a significant reduction in pyramidal cell Ca2+ change and hyperexcitability. These results show that the spatiotemporal pattern of pyramidal cell Ca2+ change with SD is multiphasic; they provide further evidence that these changes begin before electrophysiologic evidence of SD. Furthermore, they show that P/Q Ca2+ channel antagonism can prevent SD in HOTCs and it appears to do so by preventing the NaAc‐induced increased pyramidal cell excitability from NaAc exposure, which may involve altered GABAergic transmission. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of field groundwater table control on water and salinity balance and crop yield in the Qingtongxia Irrigation District, China
Authors: Wang Xiugui , Hollanders P. H. J. , Wang Shaoli , Fang Shuxing 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe Qingtongxia Irrigation District (QID) is one of the key agricultural bases in the Yellow River Basin. It is located in the upstream part of the Yellow River in the north of China and covers about 350 000 ha of farmland. The climate in the district is arid and semi‐arid. The annual average precipitation is about 200 mm. Water shortage is one of the main restrictions on agricultural development. In recent years, large amounts of water have been drawn from the Yellow River, which not only contributes to the severity of water shortages in the middle and downstream part of the Yellow River Basin, but also leads to the rise of the groundwater table and related waterlogging and salinization of the farmland.This article focuses on the analysis of the effects of field groundwater table control under different irrigation water amounts on the soil water and salinity content and on relative crop yield. Two experimental areas, Pingluo and Huinong, were selected to collect the required field data. The agro‐hydrological model SWAP was used to analyse the water flow and salt transport for different groundwater table and irrigation scenarios. Six scenarios, which resulted from two groundwater table regimes combined with three irrigation amounts, were simulated. The groundwater table regimes represent the present and future target groundwater table situation and the three irrigation amounts represent different water‐saving options. Waterlogged land is also simulated. The results show that:

High regional groundwater tables are the main reason for the large amount of drainage water and low crop yield.
Due to the regional high groundwater table, reducing irrigation amounts in the field without lowering the field groundwater table will not lead to a large reduction of drainage water, and will cause a further reduction in crop yield.
The salinity storage in the soil profile at the end of the growing season will increase when the irrigation amount is reduced, and when the groundwater table is lower. But the increase is very small.
To lower the field groundwater to the target water table is an effective way to increase crop yield. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.