bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sortals
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMany philosophers have said that the reference to an object depends on knowing what sort of thing it is. But there seems to be many cases in which we refer to objects without knowing the sort; conscious attention to an object does not demand knowledge of its sort. There has to be an explanation of how it is that the subject is visually singling out one object rather than any other in the environment at any one time; but this is provided by the use of one rather than another mechanism for cross‐referencing processing streams. This use of various strategies for solving the binding problem is a more low‐level phenomenon than sortal classification.
Sense
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
We need the notion of sense to characterize which inferences involving demonstratives are valid; the account developed so far suggests that this will be when conscious attention uses the same locations in keeping track of the object. This does not mean we have here a descriptivist account of the sense of a demonstrative; rather, the role of the content of the conscious attention emerges in which propositions involving the demonstrative term are immune to error through misidentification. There is a detailed comparison between the present approach and the views of Kaplan and Evans.
The Relational View of Experience
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn a relational view of experience of objects, the qualitative character of your experience is constituted by the qualitative character of the scene perceived. Alternatively, the qualitative character of experience might be held to be constituted by the occurrence of visual sensations or by representations of the surroundings. But the relational view seems best placed to acknowledge the role of experience in making it possible for us to think about the objects around us.
The Anti‐Realist Alternative
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Michael Dummett argued that rather than thinking in terms of a sign's having a reference with which the use of the sign must keep faith, the use of the sign is subject to a constraint of ‘harmony’: that the consequences of accepting statements involving the sign should be appropriate, given what is demanded for confirmation of a statement made using the sign. I argue that the account of demonstratives developed so far shows a way of resisting this idea, by providing an account of what knowledge of the reference of a sign could consist in, over and above a mere ability to use the sign. These issues over anti‐realism can be restated for spatial reasoning in terms of whether mental models should be analysed as of harmony.
Indeterminacy and Inscrutability
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Quine's notion of stimulus meaning did not give due weight to the phenomenon of attention; but that means the notion of stimulus meaning is ill defined. When we take attention into account, however, we also have to acknowledge that attention is allocated to objects. It thus appears that there is no standpoint from which to state Quine's thesis that the data underdetermine the ascriptions of references to our terms. I also look at the implications of the present approach for the indeterminacy of translation.
Dispositional Vs. Categorical
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
I have emphasized that we need the relational view of experience to explain how it is that we have the conception of objects and properties as categorical. Some, though, have said that we have only the conception of objects and properties as complexes of dispositions. I use a puzzle of Shoemaker's to show that if we abandon the conception of the categorical, we lose our grip on the notion of the existence of individual objects altogether.
The Case for Materialism
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe basic causal argument for materialism is that since physics is causally complete, conscious states must either be physical, or they must be epiphenomenal “danglers” with no causal influence on the physical world. Papineau explores this argument in detail, paying particular attention to the concept of causation, the meaning of “physical”, the relevance of functionalism and other versions of nonreductive physicalism, and the status of the claim that physics is causally closed.
The Impossibility of Zombies
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSaul Kripke challenges materialists to explain why zombies should seem possible, if they are in fact impossible; and he points out that it is not plausible that this is because terms for conscious states such as “pain” refer by invoking some contingent property of their referents. In response, Papineau argues that the conceivability of zombies is no guide to any kind of possibility, and that those who suppose that it is are committed to the archaic view that direct reference involves some kind of transparent acquaintance.
Prospects for the Scientific Study of Phenomenal Consciousness
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Many scientists hope that brain research will identify the material nature of conscious states. Papineau argues that when it comes to the “hard problem” of identifying the material referents of phenomenal concepts, scientific research can only take us so far. This is because phenomenal concepts are vague and do not point determinately to specific material states. This chapter also looks at Higher‐Order Thought (HOT) and representational accounts of consciousness.
Libertarianism without Inequality
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe aim of this book is to vindicate left‐libertarianism, a political philosophy which combines stringent rights of control over one's own mind, body, and life with egalitarian rights of ownership of the world. The book shows how John Locke's Second Treatise of Government provides the theoretical foundations for a left‐libertarianism that is both more libertarian and more egalitarian than the Kantian liberal theories of John Rawls and Thomas Nagel. The author's libertarianism is founded on a right of self‐ownership. Unlike ‘right‐wing’ libertarians such as Robert Nozick who also endorse such a right, the author argues that self‐ownership is compatible with a fully egalitarian principle of equal opportunity for welfare. In embracing this principle, his version of left‐libertarianism is more strongly egalitarian than others which are well known. The author argues that an account of legitimate political authority based upon the free consent of each is strengthened by the adoption of such an egalitarian principle. He defends a pluralistic, decentralized ideal of political society as a confederation of voluntary associations.
Self‐Ownership and Equality
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDelineates the nature of a libertarian right of self‐ownership. Assesses Robert Nozick's claim that taxation is on a par with forced labour. Contends that the most defensible version of the Lockean ‘enough and as good’ proviso calls for acquisition of unowned natural resources that is consistent with equality of opportunity for welfare. Argues, contrary to both Nozick and G. A. Cohen, that a robust right of self‐ownership is compatible with this welfare‐egalitarian proviso across a wide range of circumstances.
Making the Unjust Provide for the Disabled
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractConsiders those circumstances in which self‐ownership and equality cannot be reconciled in the manner proposed in Chapter 1. Argues that, in such circumstances, liberal egalitarians and libertarians can find common ground in support of provision for the disabled by means of the coercive taxation of only those able‐bodied individuals who have committed crimes.
The Right to Punish
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOffers a Lockean account of a natural right to punish, which is grounded in a natural right of self‐protection. Endorses Warren Quinn's derivation of the right to punish from a right of self‐protection, but argues, against Quinn, that his account will succeed only if one is allowed, when justifying punishment, to appeal to the fact that the punishment of the guilty will deter others. Also argues that Quinn's account will succeed only if the right to engage in lethal measures to protect the lives of individuals against innocent aggressors is highly circumscribed.
Political Society as a Voluntary Association
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Offers a reconstruction of John Locke's voluntaristic theory of legitimate political authority with the aim of overcoming the following two problems with tacit consent via residence: that it fails to bind either because it is unfreely given or because it is offered in circumstances of inequality. Builds on the author's defence in Ch. 1 of an egalitarian version of the Lockean proviso to remedy these problems and endorses a highly voluntaristic, pluralistic, and decentralized account of legitimate political authority.
The Problem of Intergenerational Sovereignty
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractConsiders the merits of the Locke‐inspired Jeffersonian idea that laws enacted by those who once lived in one's country but are now dead have no authority over the living and hence should lapse unless they are reaffirmed by a democratic majority vote of the living. Considers and rejects consequentialist, communitarian, and Madisonian attempts to justify the authority of the dead over the living. Draws on Ch. 5 to propose and endorse an account based on unanimous Lockean consent of how the laws of the dead can legitimately bind the living.
The Population Debate in Historical Perspective: Revisionism Revised
Authors: Kelley Allen C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the key aspects of the population debate that have influenced the dominance of population revisionism among scholars in the United States since the 1950s. It reviews four benchmark studies: the 1953 and 1973 United Nations Reports on The Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends, and the 1971 and 1986 National Academy of Sciences Reports. Insights on the reasons for the apparent ebb and flow of ideas centres on three hypotheses: swings in the relative number of economists in relation to other scholars participating in the populations assessments, the stimulus of Julian L. Simon’s The Ultimate Resource in 1981, and the impact of accumulated empirical evidence from the 1970s and early 1990s.
Economic and Demographic Change: A Synthesis of Models, Findings, and Perspectives
Authors: Kelley Allen C. , Schmidt Robert M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact of demographic change on economic growth, using convergence-type models. Demographic trends over the period 1960-95 were evaluated. It is shown that demography had a positive impact on economic growth. Fertility and mortality changes accounted for nearly 22% of changes in output growth, corresponding to 21% of 1.50%, the average growth of per capita output over the period.
Population and Poverty in Households: A Review of Reviews
Authors: Merrick Thomas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter evaluates studies on the links between household demographics and welfare, focusing on factors affecting gender relations in society and within households. The studies reveal an interplay of forces that are far more complex than the links between family size and welfare outcomes. They identify reasons why parental expectations about the benefits and costs of child rearing may not be realized, or lead to a decline in their own and their children’s well-being.
Demographic Changes and Poverty in Brazil
Authors: Paes de Barros Ricardo , Firpo Sergio , Guedes Barreto Roberta , Pereira Leite Phillippe George 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of demographic changes on poverty levels in Brazil. Demographic transition had an impact on poverty close to 15% of the corresponding impact of economic growth. Despite regional differences in the timing and speed of demographic change, these accounted for just a small fraction of regional differences in poverty. When families were ranked by their average income per adult, the demographic differences between poor and rich families were small.
Western Actors and the Promotion of Democracy
Authors: Smith Karen E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the particular role of Western actors in strengthening the process of democratic consolidation in Eastern Europe. The actors involved in the ‘Western project’ are individual Western states and primarily European multilateral organizations: the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe and NATO. The first section of this chapter analyses the Western objectives with respect to Eastern Europe, such as helping with the economic transformation and maintaining stability thus promoting democracy. The second section discusses the instruments that the West has used to promote democratic consolidation—from aid to the conditional offer of membership in European organizations (conditionality). The third and final section evaluates the impact that the West has had on democratic consolidation in Eastern Europe.
The Impact of External Economic Factors: The Role of the IMF
Authors: Senior Nello Susan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the external economic influences that have affected democratic consolidation. The analysis concentrates on the role played by external economic actors, taking as a case study the IMF and a comparison of its role with that of the EU. The first section considers the IMF provision of financial and technical assistance to facilitate the political and economic transition process. It also examines the role of the IMF in providing policy advice and acting as a catalyst to obtain financial support from other resources. The second section describes the activities of the IMF in transition countries. The third discusses links between a market‐oriented economy and democratization at a general level, while the fourth indicates how tensions may arise between the two in specific cases of post‐communist transition. The fifth section discusses IMF conditionality as applied to the transition countries with regard to the needs, objectives, and characteristics of the country itself, its ability to bargain with the international organization in question, and the international economic and political environment. The sixth section assesses how appropriate the policy descriptions of the IMF were for the economies in transition and what kind of positive and negative lessons might be drawn from applying conditionality. Lastly, the chapter discusses the implications in this context of proposals for IMF reform.
International Security and Democracy Building
Authors: Seidelmann Reimund 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDescribes the interrelation between security and democratic consolidation as a process in specific national and regional contexts. The analysis combines a systematic approach to hypothesis building with an empirically based discussion, and seeks to place developments in Eastern Europe into a wider analytical framework. The chapter argues that the relationship between security and democracy in Eastern Europe is based on the concept of dual conditionality. The relationship is a reciprocal one in which security conditions democratic development as much as democratic consolidation conditions regional security and peace building. Finally, the chapter discusses several caveats concerning the interrelation between security and democratic consolidation in Eastern Europe.
International Migration and the Consolidation of Democracy
Authors: Morawska Ewa 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the relationship between westbound international migrations and the consolidation of democracy in contemporary East Central Europe (ECE). The chapter focuses on Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. It is argued that, paradoxically, in view of the rapidly expanding connection of ECE with the West, the relationship has weakened between the westbound travel by the vast majority of migrants and democratization processes in their home countries. The chapter focuses on the common features of the migration‐democracy relationship in East Central Europe. The author seeks to initiate a conversation between specialists in transnational migration and experts in democratization. The conclusion considers some of the generalizations and lessons are drawn from the study on the relationship between migration and democracy.
Crime, Corruption, and Politics: Transnational Factors
Authors: Holmes Leslie 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the internationalization of crime and corruption in post‐communist states and its serious implications for both established democracies and democratizing countries. The main hypothesis is that the post‐communist regimes have experienced legitimacy problems because of popular perceptions that the new putatively democratizing systems are often too tolerant of the new criminality, and in some cases directly involved with benefiting from it. The section of the chapter provides a brief overview of the crime situation in the region, highlighting changes in the incidence of crime. The second and third parts of the chapter are concerned with the rise of crime in terms of the interplay of domestic and international/transnational factors. In the fourth section, the implications of the rise of crime for the whole democratization and transition project are assessed. The fifth section provides an overview of international responses to crime in Central Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union states. The conclusions to the chapter locate the criminalization issue in the broader context of the problems besetting post‐communist transition and democratic consolidation.
Estonia and Latvia: International Influences on Citizenship and Minority Integration
Authors: Pettai Vello 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that the Baltic states, mainly Estonia and Latvia, represent examples of the complicated sequence of endogenously derived transition and exogenously influenced consolidation. These democratic transitions set certain parameters for their subsequent democratic consolidation. In particular, Estonia and Latvia opted for a nationalist, ‘legal restorationist’ view of independence. This interpretation of transition represented a somewhat problematic combination of two paths towards redemocratization—‘society‐led regime termination’ and ‘internal restoration after external reconquest’. The first section of this chapter examines this apparent contradiction. The second part examines the Estonian and Latvian cases, focusing on the major international actors involved in these transitions and the mechanisms of their engagement up to early 2000. In conclusion, it is argued that international influences (mainly from the European Union) have increased as the two countries have integrated more closely with the West. Overall, this case study of Estonia and Latvia argues that the specific path a country chooses towards democratic transition is likely to create certain path‐dependent problems that it (and the rest of the democratic community) will ultimately have to face during democratic consolidation.
Hungary: Understanding Western Messages
Authors: Valki László 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDescribes the Western influence on the democratic consolidation in Hungary in the 1980s and the 90s, focusing primarily on problems and conflicts, yet pointing out the historically unprecedented task of successful democratic consolidation. The West provided the Hungarian political and economic elite with an attractive democratic pattern as early as the 1980s. The chapter shows that democratic consolidation has proceeded more easily in Hungary than in most East European countries. In 1989, the Hungarian political and economic elite was relatively well prepared to establish democratic political institutions and to introduce a market economy. New reforms introduced between the 1960s and 1989 contributed to the establishment of a ‘social compromise’ reached between the political leadership and the nation. The increasing deficit in Hungary's balance of payments in the 1980s as a result of the oil crises, meant that the country had to obtain Western loans and became increasingly dependent on Western political decision makers, who used this opportunity to apply the policy of conditionality.
Poland: Compatibility of External and Internal Democratic Designs
Authors: Kamiński Antoni Z. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPoints out the remarkable progress in Poland in its transition to market capitalism and liberal democracy was due in part to support from Western governments and international institutions as well as to Poland's historical compatibility with the Euro‐Atlantic liberal‐democratic political and economic order. In order to assess the role of international factors in the development of democratic consolidation, this chapter examines four areas of change in the years following the breakthrough of 1989: (1) the economic stabilization programme known as ‘Balcerowicz Programme’; (2) Poland's foreign policy reorientation; (3) civilian control over the military; and (4) the reorganization of the Polish State. The chapter also examines the determinants of domestic responses to external factors, including the limited number of such actors, a well defined set of expectations, good understanding of the problems faced by internal political actors, and a willingness of internal policy makers to adopt, and the support of domestic public opinion.
The Czech Republic: The Unexpected Force of Institutional Constraints
Authors: Vachudová Milada Anna 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDescribes the influence of the international institutions in shaping democratic consolidation and economic reform in the Czech Republic as a case study of an East European state that strongly wished to join those institutions. The chapter traces the changing nature of international influence on the consolidation of Czech democracy as the polity passed through four stages. The first was characterized by profound yet diffuse influence. In the second stage, Western influence was delimited by two factors: (1) ‘homemade’ reform by Prime Minister Václav Klaus, a mix of Czech provincialism, free market ideology, and political pragmatism; and (2) insufficient pressure of NATO and the EU to compel reforms. The third stage saw increased EU criticism of economic performance, corruption, and racism. The fourth stage was characterized by the weakening of the EU membership argument for difficult reforms. Overall, the Czech case shows that the conditionality of the EU depends on a certain tension between confidence in securing membership and fear of suffering rejection due to inadequate reform.