bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpretation
Authors: De Cat CéCile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is uncontroversial that the essential function of conversation is to exchange information and that speaker and hearer cooperate to that effect (see e.g. Roberts 1998). Given this, the way we say things depends on what we think our addressee already knows or believes. Put more formally, the information structure of an utterance is ‘the tailoring of [that] utterance by a sender …] that reflects the sender’s hypotheses about the receiver’s assumptions and beliefs and strategies’ (Prince 1981: 224). The module of linguistic competence which determines that sort of encoding and decoding of information is referred to in various ways in the literature, e.g. information structure (Lambrecht 1994), information packaging (Vallduví 1992), f-structure (Erteschik-Shir 1997).
Syntax
Authors: De Cat CéCile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will argue that French Dislocation is a unified syntactic phenomenon including both left and right dislocation, regardless of whether it is resumed by a clitic or a non-clitic element. Narrow syntax will be shown to play a minimal role in its derivation: all that is required is the merging of the dislocated element by adjunction to a Discourse Projection (generally a finite TP with root properties). No agreement or feature checking is necessary, hence no syntactic movement of any sort need be postulated. The so-called resumptive element is argued to be a full-fledged pronoun rather than a true syntactic resumptive.
Judgment of Nuremberg
Authors: Schwarzenberger Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘We must never forget that the record on which we judge these defendants to-day is the record on which history will judge us to-morrow.’ International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals has been described as a tribunal of a totally unprecedented character. It has been held that there is no precedent for this Tribunal,¹ and that there is no need for any precedent.² ;e first proposition seems hardly tenable, while the second is based on rather questionable assumptions.
Medication
Authors: Matthews David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are five types of oral medication available: metformin, sulphonylureas, glitazones, acarbose, and meglitinides. The most commonly prescribed first-line medications are metformin, which acts to enhance the effects of insulin, and sulphonylureas, which increase insulin secretion. The main side effects of metformin are nausea and diarrhoea, but these do improve with time and can be reduced by increasing the dose gradually. The main side effect of sulphonylureas is hypoglycaemia. Glitazones are useful if metformin is not tolerated or as a third medication to add to metformin and a sulphonylurea if the blood sugars are not controlled. Acarbose and the meglitinides are useful for controlling post-meal rises in glucose. There are currently three drugs available to aid weight loss, but these must be used in conjunction with diet and exercise.
Your child’ s development
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Down syndrome, development is not only slower than normal, but is also less complete, and your child, in adulthood, will need more help than the average person. Children with Down syndrome also vary in their rate of development, with some developing more slowly and others at a faster rate. We should aim to help each child with Down syndrome develop to his own greatest potential, but we should not attempt to drive a child beyond his capacity.
Your child’ s behaviour
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The behaviour and temperament of people with Down syndrome varies from one person to another, just as it does for people without the syndrome. There are no behaviour problems unique to children with Down syndrome. Behaviour modification is a form of teaching, employed in situations where explanation alone does not succeed. Two statements are often made about the behaviour of children and adults with Down syndrome. One is that they are placid individuals who are easy to manage. The other is that they are strong-willed and difficult to control. The co-existence of two such strong conflicting views reflects the real truth about the behaviour of people with Down syndrome—namely, that it varies markedly from one person to another. Some are placid, some determined, and many fall temperamentally somewhere between these two extremes. Some parents find their children with Down syndrome easier to control than their normal children; others have to cope with a wide range of behaviour problems.
A guide to services
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the parent of a child with Down syndrome, you will have special needs over and above those of most other parents. Services are continually changing, and it is difficult to keep track of them. You have to keep your eyes open, read advertisements, and talk to other parents. It is often good to have a non-medical professional take on the role of key support person. Such a worker should be easy to contact, approachable, and able to work with the other professionals who are involved with your child’ s care. As the parent of a child with Down syndrome, you will have special needs over and above those of most other parents. It is important to know how to get the most out of services available to your child. Services are continually changing, and it is difficult to keep track of them. You have to keep your eyes open, read advertisements, and talk to other parents. The latter can be particularly helpful with first-hand experience of services they have used. Some local authorities produce excellent guides to services available in their areas. The description in a leaflet or an advertise- ment is often incomplete, however, and it is useful to talk to a professional who has knowledge of local services, and can give you the benefit of his or her experience.
Adolescence
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most adolescents with Down syndrome, the physical changes of puberty occur at the same age as they do in normal adolescents. In adolescents with Down syndrome the hormonal changes and associated physical and emotional effects occur in a child who is immature intellectually. The adolescent with Down syndrome needs to be taught many everyday skills, and given ample opportunity to practise them.
Special phenomena
Authors: könig Christa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, some special phenomena that are relevant for a better understanding of the behavior of case in Africa are highlighted. These are in particular tone as a means of case expression (5.1), definiteness as a crucial feature in case marking (5.2), and the rule “no case before the verb”, which is the most important split condition (5.3). Definiteness is important both as a condition for split and as a historical source for case markers. Section 5.4 sheds some light on the emergence of case in the Khoisan languages !Xun and Khwe. Marked nominative is also a phenomenon that belongs here. It has been treated extensively in the preceding chapter but there remain some issues that need to be further discussed, relating to some western Bantu languages which have been claimed to be marked-nominative (section 5.1.1). Most of the topics have already been discussed in previous chapters in some way or other but require further analysis, as we will see below.
Introduction
Authors: Rodin David , Shue Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can a soldier be held responsible for fighting in a war that is illegal or unjust? This is the question at the heart of a new debate that has the potential to profoundly change our understanding of the moral and legal status of warriors, wars, and indeed of moral agency itself. The debate pits a widely shared and legally endorsed conviction about war—that combatants have equal rights and responsibilities irrespective of whether they are fighting in a war that is just or unjust—against a set of striking new arguments. These arguments challenge the idea that there is a separation between the rules governing the justice of going to war (the jus ad bellum) and the rules governing what combatants can do in war (the jus in bello). If ad bellum and in bello rules are connected in the way these new arguments suggest, then many aspects of just war theory and laws of war would have to be rethought and perhaps reformed.
A Presumption of the Moral Equality of Combatants: A Citizen-Soldier’s Perspective
Authors: Zupan Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have started and restarted this chapter it seems like a million times. The moral equality of combatants (MEC) is a just war principle whose legitimacy I have assumed probably since I began thinking about just war theory many years ago. Now I am not so confident of its plausibility, much less its legitimacy. Nonetheless, after considering the issue from many sides, and considering the very powerful arguments of those theorists who question MEC, I still feel there is something to say in favour of MEC and that the jus in bello/jus ad bellum distinction provides some reason to believe that combatants on any side of a war are moral equals (provided they fight in accordance with the laws of war, a notion that itself requires clarification but is not the focus of this chapter). So I want to discuss a couple of ideas, ways of looking at MEC, that make its legitimacy seem plausible.
The Principle of Equal Application of the Laws of War
Authors: Roberts Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principle that the rules relating to the conduct of armed conflict should apply equally to all belligerents in an armed conflict, regardless of its causes and the issues at stake in it, is always under contestation. This principle comes under particular stress when wars are fought on the basis of highly moralistic rhetoric. In many contemporary wars the claim is made—sometimes on both sides—that the conflict is not about the pursuit of interest or of limited goals, but should be seen as a struggle of world-historical importance; as a war between right and wrong; as a fight against adversaries who violate both the law about resort to force and the law about the conduct of war; or as having humanitarian or transformative purposes so fundamental that they may on occasion take priority even over foundational rules of international law such as the non-intervention principle.
Dealing with problems
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all face difficulties and problems in our lives, and being ill can create a new batch to go with the ones you had before. At every stage of your illness things change; some problems get easier, but new ones crop up—even getting better can cause some problems! Managing problems in the best way is very much part of managing your illness and giving yourself the best chance of improvement.
Managing relationships and people
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being ill often changes relationships. Even the best relationships can be put under strain, and one that was a little rocky to begin with may become very difficult. You may be grieving for the past, for your lost job perhaps or the things that you cannot do now. However, people close to you may also have lost by your illness. A carer may have had to have taken on the responsibility of housework or earning the money, and have had to give up a lot of things they previously enjoyed on their own or with you. Their grief needs to be acknowledged too. You may feel that they are not caring enough; they may feel that you are asking too much. There may be resentment on both sides.
Public Service Motivation and Ethical Conduct
Authors: Maesschalck Jeroen , Wal Zeger van der , Huberts Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our goal in this chapter is to bring together and synthesize two research traditions on topics that, so far, have been studied separately, even though they are in many aspects interrelated and perhaps even interdependent: ‘public service motivation’ and ‘organizational ethics’. Although some studies attempt to combine both topics of research (Brewer & Selden, 1998; Choi, 2004), they are the exception rather than the rule. Drawing from the broader literature on organizational ethics, we hope to contribute to the understanding of public service motivation with additional insights on which values public sector employees embrace and espouse, and how these relate to antecedents of ethical conduct. Because the literature on organizational ethics is very broad, we limit ourselves primarily to research on ethics in public service organizations.
Nota Government Monopoly: The Private, Nonprofit, Voluntary Sectors
Authors: Steen Trui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of public service motivation relates to the claim that public service is a special calling and that people working in public service differ from people working in other sectors (Perry & Wise, 1990). This chapter discusses the broad relevance of the public service motivation concept and its utility outside the government sector. The first section argues that, even assuming that public service-motivated individuals are more likely to work in public and nonprofit organizations, they will also work in the private sector. The second section discusses differences in public service motivation among public and nonprofit staff and volunteers. The third section looks at public service motivation in the private sector and discusses ways in which highly public service-motivated employees in commercial settings can act in accord with their motivations. We examine how the organization affects behavior when employees perceive the organizational culture to support public service motivation, as well as when the organization is perceived as not fitting one’s prevailing public service values.
Parliamentary Elites of New European Party Families: Unsuccessful Challenges or Chaotic Signs of Change?
Authors: Tronconi Filippo , Verzichelli Luca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the logic of a long-term comparative analysis of parliamentary elite transformations in Europe, the study of political and sociological profiles of green, “new left/alternative left”, and ethno-regionalist MPs could be considered as a “residual” exercise, given the limited size of such political elites and their relatively short historical impact.
Introduction
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Books on discrimination tend to tell you what the law says. They either relate to one of the six ‘strands’ of discrimination (sex, race, disability, sexual orientation, religion or belief and age) or alternatively cover discrimination more generally but with chapters on each strand of discrimination. We have aimed to make the approach of this book different in three respects:
• first, we take a practical task-based approach with pragmatic guidance, checklists and examples. By taking a task-based approach, we are able to explain, for example, how to carry out a recruitment process from advertising the post, through selection and interview to appointment, ensuring that the process is compliant with all discrimination legislation and best practice.
The Legal Framework
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aspirational legal promise of equality and the enjoyment of rights without 2.01 discrimination can be traced back, at least, to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. However, the attempts to give legal effect in the British workplace to the general objective of non-discriminatory treatment have been faltering, and, at times, confused. The structure of discrimination law in Britain is—at least until the much-anticipated Single Equality Bill becomes a reality—not so much a clear framework as a rambling patchwork.
Recruitment and Promotion
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both recruitment and promotion are essential to the promotion of equality and diversity, dealing as they do, respectively, with entry and progress in employment and the rewards that follow. The equality enactments for each strand make it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against a person in the arrangements it makes for, amongst other things, recruitment and promotion. We have chosen to put recruitment and promotion together into one chapter as they share many of the same characteristics, in particular the selection of an appropriate candidate to take a particular job.
Handling Requests for Information and Grievances
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘Handling Customer Complaints’ section of a particular international restaurant chain’s employee manual suggests that only one in ten diners complain if they are dissatisfied with their meal or the service they have received: the other nine pay their bill and never return. A complaint is therefore seen by that company as an opportunity to rescue a failing relationship. Translating that principle to the employment context, an employee grievance represents an opportunity to resolve an issue that might otherwise result in morale and staff retention problems or, in extreme cases, stress and sickness and ultimately litigation.
The Equality and Human Rights Commission and a Single Equality Act: The Future?
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As this book goes to print, the British discrimination law landscape continues to be in a state of flux: the EHRC, formerly known as the CEHR, is beginning its role; and promise of a Single Equality Act, which would provide a more accessible and consistent source of discrimination legislation, appears closer than ever. In this chapter we consider these developments and offer our thoughts on the road ahead.
Established by section 1 of the EA this new body corporate takes on the work of the dissolved former commissions (the CRE, EOC and DRC) with additional responsibilities in relation to the three newer strands of discrimination (sexual orientation, religion or belief and age) and human rights.
Asthma
Authors: Jackson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asthma is a familiar and growing disease today, but its story goes back to the ancient world, as we know from accounts in ancient texts from China, India, Greece and Rome. It was treated with acupuncture and Ayurveda. As Western medicine developed, the nature of asthma became clearer, and its basis in the lungs recognized. But cultural perceptions of the disease shifted too. By the 18th century, with recognition that the disease was centred on the lungs, the idea of environmental triggers such as dust and smoke first became recognized. And with that, asthma also became identified as a disease of artisans. Things changed again in the 19th century, as medical understanding grew with the advent of the stethoscope and new techniques such as percussion of the chest. New treatments included the promotion of mountain spas, for asthma now rose in social status, and became associated with the upper classes and the literati. For Marcel Proust and Charles Dickens, asthma shaped their lives and their creativity. From early in the 20th century, the idea of asthma as an allergic disease became established, and the search for environmental causes was on. Hay fever was closely linked, and pharmaceutical companies began to make antihistamines, anti-inflammatories and bronchodilators. Asthma sufferers were warned to beware of pets, simplify their furnishings, and take holidays by the sea far from pollens. But a newly emerging concept was that attacks could be triggered by stress and psychological factors. With musicians such as Schoenberg and Berg as celebrity sufferers, the idea of asthma as an élite disease persisted. In recent years, attitudes have changed again, as incidences of asthma grew dramatically across the world, especially among the young. The disease has now become closely linked to modern lifestyles and the many products of civilization. The battle against house-dust mites began, and whole new lines of anti-allergenic products and foods were launched - asthma has proved highly lucrative over the years. But the disease has remained fashionable, even becoming the theme of several pop songs. Asthma: the biography is part of the Oxford series, Biographies of Diseases, edited by William and Helen Bynum. In each individual volume an expert historian of medicine tells the story of a particular disease or condition throughout history - not only in terms of growing medical understanding of its nature and cure, but also shifting social and cultural attitudes, and changes in the meaning of the name of the disease itself.
Asthma Redefined
Authors: Jackson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1552, the apparent superiority of new Italian modes of learning and investigation were adroitly demonstrated by the celebrated physician and mathematician Girolamo Cardano (1501–76). During the 1540s and early 1550s, John Hamilton (1511–71), the Roman Catholic archbishop of St Andrews who was a member of one of the most powerful families in Scotland and a prominent architect of church reform, had developed an increasingly severe and recalcitrant form of asthma, characterized by a cough, expectoration, and shortness of breath.
Using language
Authors: Blake Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it is true that language serves to exchange and accumulate information, another pervasive function is to maintain harmony or cohesion between people, or simply to put one human in touch with another. Where relations between people are cordial, talk is exchanged, and failure to talk or to respond to talk can be quite upsetting. People who feel that someone in their group has betrayed them, may ‘send them to Coventry’, that is, refuse to talk to them. Some strict religious groups will ‘shun’ a member who fails to live up to the required code of behaviour.
Phonology
Authors: Blake Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech sounds are regularly affected by neighbouring sounds. We described[n] as an alveolar nasal and[l] as an alveolar lateral, but in words like tenth or plinth the[n] will be dental and in words like health and wealth the[l] will be dental. The th-sound[y] is dental and the tongue anticipates the dental position in making the preceding[n] or[l]. It would be hard not to do this. It is difficult to detect any difference in sound between a dental and an alveolar nasal or lateral, but you can trying saying tent slowly and feel where your tongue goes, and then try saying tenth and feel where your tongue goes.