bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acidic derivatives of the fungicide fenpiclonil: effect of adding a methyl group to the N‐substituted chain on systemicity and fungicidal activity
Authors: Chollet Jean‐François , Rocher Françoise , Jousse Cyril , Delétage‐Grandon Céline , Bashiardes Georges , Bonnemain Jean‐Louis 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA new acidic derivative of the fungicide fenpiclonil was synthesized containing a methyl group on the alpha‐position of the carboxyl function of N‐carboxymethyl‐3‐cyano‐4‐(2,3‐dichlorophenyl)pyrrole. The phloem mobility of the resulting N‐(1‐carboxyethyl)‐3‐cyano‐4‐(2,3‐dichlorophenyl)pyrrole was comparable with that of the former compound, but was higher at external pH 5.0. Unlike the derivatives previously synthesized, it was comparable with fenpiclonil in its fungicidal activity against the pathogenic fungus Eutypa lata. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Inter‐populational variation in the cost of autotomy in the metallic skink (Niveoscincus metallicus)
Authors: Chapple David G. , Swain Roy 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMany species of lizard use tail autotomy to escape from potential predators. While frequency of tail loss is an unreliable indicator of predation intensity it may enable inter‐populational comparisons of predation costs. This reasoning was applied to a study of the metallic skink Niveoscincus metallicus. A total of 368 lizards was sampled from across four populations to compare the frequency and position of tail loss and ultimately to examine whether the implications of tail autotomy differ between populations. The overall frequency of tail loss was 72%, although between populations the incidence of tail autotomy varied from 61.4% (Laughing Jack Lagoon) to 78.2% (Dynnyrne). No sexual differences were observed in the frequency of tail loss; however, the incidence of autotomy increased with age. The estimated position of tail loss did not vary between the sexes, although individuals from Dynnyrne experienced more proximal tail breaks than the other populations. This resulted in the predicted energetic cost of tail loss being significantly higher in the Dynnyrne population and, when combined with a high frequency of tail loss and relatively smaller body size, suggests that this population incurs relatively high costs as a result of autotomy. Overall, measures of tail loss in N. metallicus were found to be useful for examining inter‐populational variation in the cost of tail autotomy.
Inhibitory effect of BIBN4096BS on cephalic vasodilatation induced by CGRP or transcranial electrical stimulation in the rat
Authors: Petersen Kenneth A , Birk Steffen , Doods Henri , Edvinsson Lars , Olesen Jes 
Published: November 2004

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is believed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of migraine via activation of CGRP receptors in the trigeminovascular system. The CGRP receptor antagonist, BIBN4096BS, has proven efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine attacks and represents a new therapeutic principle.
We used an improved closed cranial window model to measure changes of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and cortical pial artery/arteriole diameter (PA) and changes in local cortical cerebral blood flow (LCBFFlux) in anaesthetised artificially ventilated rats.
The ability of BIBN4096BS (i.v.) to prevent the vasodilatatory actions of rat‐αCGRP, βCGRP and endogenously released CGRP following transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) was investigated.
BIBN4096BS was per se without vasoactive effect on any of the measured variables and significantly inhibited the hypotension induced by both types of CGRP (P<0.001).
The αCGRP induced MMA dilatation was reduced from 97.4±14 to 2.1±1.3% (P<0.001) and the βCGRP induced dilatation was fully blocked by BIBN4096BS. ID50 was 5.4±1.6 μg kg−1 for αCGRP and 16.3±1.6 μg kg−1 for βCGRP.
Transcranial electrical stimulation induced a 119.1±6.9% increase in MMA diameter. BIBN4096BS (333 μg kg−1) attenuated this increase (19.8±2.1%) (P<0.001).
Systemic CGRP and TES induced an increase in PA diameter that was not significantly inhibited by BIBN4096BS. The CGRP induced increase in LCBFFlux was similar not prevented by the antagonist.
We suggest that systemic BIBN4096BS exerts its inhibitory action mainly on large dural blood vessels (MMA).

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 697–704. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705966
Sympathectomy reveals α1A‐ and α1D‐adrenoceptor components to contractions to noradrenaline in rat vas deferens
Authors: Cleary Linda , Slattery James , Bexis Sotiria , Docherty James R 
Published: November 2004

We have previously demonstrated that contractions of rat vas deferens to exogenous noradrenaline involve predominantly α1A‐adrenoceptors, but that contractions to endogenous noradrenaline involve predominantly α1D‐adrenoceptors. In this study, we have examined the effects of sympathectomy on the subtypes of α1‐adrenoceptor in rat vas deferens in radioligand binding and functional studies.
In vehicle‐treated tissues, antagonist displacement of [3H]prazosin binding to α1‐adrenoceptors was consistent with a single population of α1‐adrenoceptors. Binding affinities for a range of α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists were expressed as pKi values and correlated with known affinities for α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes. The correlation was significant only with α1A‐adrenoceptors.
In tissues from rats sympathectomised with 6‐hydroxy‐dopamine (2 × 100 mg kg−1 i.p.), binding affinity for the α1D‐adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 fitted best with a two‐site model.
In functional studies, the potency of noradrenaline at producing total (phasic plus tonic) but not tonic contractions was increased in tissues from sympathectomised rats.
Results obtained from sympathectomised rats suggest that phasic contractions are mainly α1D‐adrenoceptor mediated, whereas tonic contractions are mainly α1A‐adrenoceptor mediated, based on the effects of BMY 7378 and the α1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist RS 100329.
It is concluded that the predominant α1‐adrenoceptor in vehicle‐treated rat vas deferens is the α1A‐adrenoceptor, both in terms of ligand binding and contractions to exogenous agonists. The α1D‐adrenoceptor is only detectable by ligand binding following chemical sympathectomy, but is involved in noradrenaline‐evoked contractions, particularly phasic contractions, of rat vas deferens.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 745–752. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705987
Cleon's hidden appeals (Thucydides 3.37–40)
Authors: Andrews James A. 
Published: November 2004

πƤΟƩ ΗΔΟΝΗΝ ΛΕƮΕΙΝAt 2.65 Thucydides says of Pericles that he did not speak to please (πρòς ήδoνν λέγειν): he had no need of such means for acquiring influence, since he already enjoyed it because of his recognized merits. But his successors were on the same plane as one another, each one striving to establish himself as the man first in influence with the demos. And in this drive for ascendancy, they began to allow the people's pleasures to shape the advice they gave (༐τράπoντo καθ’ ήςoνàς τŵ δήμω καì τà πράγματα ༐νδιδóναι).
The Athena Nike dossier: IG I 35/36 and 64 A–B
Authors: Mattingly Harold B. 
Published: November 2004

Stephen Tracy's neat demonstration that IG I3 35—authorizing the building of a temple and appointment of a priestess for Athena Nike—was cut by the man responsible for the Promachos accounts (IG I 435) at first seemed decisive for the traditional c. 448 B.C. against my radical down-dating. Ira Mark then argued that this decree provided for the naiskos and altar of his Stage III in the 440s: the marble temple belonged to Stage IV over twenty years later. Despite these two powerful interventions the matter is not closed. David Gill has, I fancy, convincingly refuted Mark on archaeological and architectural grounds. And there is still more to be said from the epigraphic angle.IG I 36, cut on the back of the stele, looks like a delayed rider to 35. But just how delayed was it? It arranged for the regular payment of the priestess's salary by the kolakretai in office in the month Thargelion. On the traditional view the gap would be close to a quarter of a century, since 36 is firmly dated 424/3 B.C. This is quite extraordinary, though reasons have been found for it. More serious perhaps is some neglected epigraphic evidence. We have eighteen other examples in fifth-century Attic epigraphy where decrees are followed on the same stone by other texts; but virtually all the gaps are short, never more than a few years. The relevant texts are IG I 4, 11/12, 41, 42/43, 52 A–B, 59, 61, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 89, 93, 101, 127/II1, 156, 1454. It is true that 42/43 are dated c. 445–442 and c. 435–427 B.C. in IG I, but this is quite arbitrary.
Video in teacher training: the use of local materials
Authors: Cullen Richard 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This article discusses two approaches to using video excerpts of real lessons for English language teacher training. The first approach may be described as trainer-directed: the points to be focused on are predetermined by the trainer in the form of a worksheet, which is given to the trainees to complete as they watch the excerpt. The second approach is only semi-directed by the trainer: the trainees themselves decide which points to focus on, on the basis of given background information about the excerpt, while the trainer uses these points as a springboard for further questions for discussion. It is argued that the second approach has the advantage of relating more closely to the trainees' own concerns, although it requires a good deal more flexibility and experience on the part of the trainer. In neither approach is the excerpt set up as a model to follow, but rather as an example of one teacher’ practice for analysis and discussion. The purpose of the analysis is for the trainees to discover the rationale behind a particular procedure, on the principle that the successful adoption of any new technique or procedure must be based on a clear understanding of the reasons for it.
A consciousness-raising approach to the teaching of conversational storytelling skills
Authors: Jones RE 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Anecdotes and personal narratives are frequently heard in day-to-day human interaction, and it would, therefore, seem reasonable to conclude that the teaching of storytelling skill should feature as a component in second language conversation courses. After outlining the generic features of one frequently heard story type, this paper goes on to describe a consciousness-raising activity involving a picture story and story transcript designed to raise learner awareness of some of the linguistic realizations of these features. We then consider how this activity may be supplemented by other activities which encourage students to make use of this growing awareness, and generate the type of language which will help them develop their own conversational storytelling ability.
The Revival Of The Cult Of Purgatory In France (1850–1914)
Authors: Cuchet Guillaume 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The cult of souls in purgatory underwent a massive revival in France during the second half of the nineteenth century and recorded, at least down to the Great War, a success that made a stunning contemporary impact. The importance of the cult of the dead, the hopes and fears it aroused among the clergy, the necessity of striking an expiatory balance between the decline of belief in Hell and the hope of going to Heaven, plus the desire to counteract those developments that called into question the Catholic belief in ‘last things’, all help to explain the phenomenon. The nineteenth-century movement, which was situated in the context of a long history of belief in purgatory, was endowed with specific features, on the doctrinal as well as on the devotional and institutional levels. The two most significant innovations were prayers for ‘abandoned souls’, and the recourse to souls in purgatory as intercessors for the living. In welcoming the advent of this thaumaturgical dimension, which had hitherto been lacking, the cult was provided with a solid foundation, which turned the nineteenth century into the age par excellence of the cult of souls in Purgatory.
Romance, Religion and the Republic: Bruno's Le tour de la France par deux enfants
Authors: Strachan John 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This essay explores how previous understandings of Bruno's most celebrated text have tended to assimilate authorial intent with the traditional interpretation of Republican modernization. Early readings of the Tour de France were coloured by a largely uncritical acknowledgment of the extent to which the Third Republic had revolutionized education and forged a new and durable sense of national identity. But historians emphasize that change rarely took place in the short term, and Bruno is similarly indicative of the complex compromise that was worked out between the Republic and the religious establishment, and between regional and national identity in the years 1870–1914. This essay uses the work of Michelet and others to demonstrate the co-existence in the Tour de France of Romantic, religious and modernist narratives of the nation.
FTIR reveals structural differences between native β‐sheet proteins and amyloid fibrils
Authors: Zandomeneghi Giorgia , Krebs Mark R.H. , McCammon Margaret G. , Fändrich Marcus 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe presence of β‐sheets in the core of amyloid fibrils raised questions as to whether or not β‐sheet‐containing proteins, such as transthyretin, are predisposed to form such fibrils. However, we show here that the molecular structure of amyloid fibrils differs more generally from the β‐sheets in native proteins. This difference is evident from the amide I region of the infrared spectrum and relates to the distribution of the ϕ/ψ dihedral angles within the Ramachandran plot, the average number of strands per sheet, and possibly, the β‐sheet twist. These data imply that amyloid fibril formation from native β‐sheet proteins can involve a substantial structural reorganization.
Possible role of region 152–156 in the structural duality of a peptide fragment from sheep prion protein
Authors: Megy Simon , Bertho Gildas , Kozin Sergey A. , Debey Pascale , Hui Bon Hoa Gaston , Girault Jean‐Pierre 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe conformational conversion of the nonpathogenic “cellular” prion isoform into a pathogenic “scrapie” protease‐resistant isoform is a fundamental event in the onset of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). During this pathogenic conversion, helix H1 and its two flanking loops of the normal prion protein are thought to undergo a conformational transition into a β‐like structure. A peptide spanning helix H1 and β‐strand S2 (residues 142–166 in human numbering) was studied by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. This peptide in aqueous solution, in contrast to many prion fragments studied earlier (1) is highly soluble and (2) does not aggregate until the millimolar concentration range, and (3) exhibits an intrinsic propensity to a β‐hairpin‐like conformation at neutral pH. We found that this peptide can also fold into a helix H1 conformation when dissolved in a TFE/PB mixture. The structures of the peptide calculated by MD showed solvent‐dependent internal stabilizing forces of the structures and evidenced a higher mobility of the residues following the end of helix H1. These data suggest that the molecular rearrangement of this peptide in region 152–156, particularly in position 155, could be associated with the pathogenic conversion of the prion protein.
Overexpression of a Novel Lymphocyte Population, Positive for an Intracellular CD14-Like Antigen, in Patients Positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Turner Dan , Hoffman Michael , Yust Israel , Fried Mordechai , Bleiberg Margalit , Tartakovsky Boris 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTCD14, originally recognized as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, has recently been implicated in the process of T-cell suppression and apoptosis. Its soluble form has been shown to bind, in vitro, to human T cells, a process that may carry a negative signal onto these cells. We recently described a novel lymphocyte population in human peripheral blood, a population that expresses an intracellular CD14-like antigen. This novel T-cell population, composed mainly of CD8 cells and of very few CD4 cells, was found to be greatly enhanced in asymptomatic, untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. In the present study, we further characterized this cell population and found that it differed from other CD8 subpopulations associated with HIV infection such as CD8/CD38. In addition, we followed HIV patients under conditions of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and observed two groups of patients: patients in whom the CD14-like positive-testing T cells returned to normal within 1 to 3 months, and patients in whom it did not, in spite of a significant plasma HIV-RNA viral load decrease. Thus, this new CD14-like positive-testing lymphocyte population may represent an interesting and important component of the cellular events associated with HIV infection. On the basis of its modulation following HAART, we speculate that it may be used, in the future, as a drug-monitoring cellular marker in antiretroviral treatment.
Improved Affinity of a Human Anti-Entamoeba histolyticaGal/GalNAc Lectin Fab Fragment by a Single Amino Acid Modification of the Light Chain
Authors: Tachibana Hiroshi , Matsumoto Naohisa , Cheng Xun-Jia , Tsukamoto Hideo , Yoshihara Eisaku 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTWe previously produced, inEscherichia coli, a human monoclonal antibody Fab fragment, CP33, specific for the galactose- andN-acetyl-d-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin ofEntamoeba histolytica. To prepare antibodies with a higher affinity to the lectin, recombination PCR was used to exchange Ser91and Arg96in the third complementarity-determining region of the light chain with other amino acids. The screening of 200 clones of each exchange by an indirect fluorescent antibody test showed that 14 clones for Ser91and nine clones for Arg96reacted strongly withE. histolyticatrophozoites. Sequence analyses revealed that the substituted amino acids at Ser91were Ala in five clones, Gly in three clones, Pro in two clones, and Val in two clones, while the amino acid at position 96 was substituted with Leu in three clones. The remaining eight clones exhibited no amino acid change at position 91 or 96. These mutant Fab fragments were purified and subjected to a surface plasmon resonance assay to measure the affinity of these proteins to the cysteine-rich domain of lectin. Pro or Gly substitution for Ser91caused an increased affinity of the Fab, but substitution with Ala or Val did not. The replacement of Arg96with Leu did not affect affinity. These results demonstrate that modification of antibody genes by recombination PCR is a useful method for affinity maturation and that amino acid substitution at position 91 yields Fabs with increased affinity for the lectin.
Evaluation of an In Vitro Assay for Gamma Interferon Production in Response to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Infections
Authors: Taggart Edward W. , Hill Harry R. , Ruegner Roland G. , Martins Thomas B. , Litwin Christine M. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

The tuberculin skin test (TST) is the “gold standard” for detecting infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. We compared the TST using purified protein derivative to the QuantiFERON-TB test (QFT). Two groups were examined. Group 1 individuals (
n
= 66) (low risk) were at low risk for exposure to
M. tuberculosis
and were not
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG vaccinated. Group 2 (
n
= 29) include individuals who were likely to have been exposed to a high prevalence of
M. tuberculosis
infections and were BCG vaccinated. Group 1 individuals were given a TST. Group 2 individuals were not given a TST because of possible adverse reactions. A 10- to 15-mm indurated area 48 h after TST was considered positive. A positive QFT result was defined as a significant gamma interferon response to
M. tuberculosis
antigen,
Mycobacterium avium
antigen, and a nonspecific mitogen stimulus and no response in the negative control. In group 1, 60 of 66 individuals (90.9%) were negative by both methods, and 1 person was positive by both methods. There was one QFT-negative, TST-positive case, one QFT-positive, TST-negative case, and three conditional QFT-positive, TST-negative cases. In group 2, 12 of 29 (41.4%) were positive by QFT and considered likely to be TST positive because of prior BCG vaccination. QFT testing in our low-risk group resulted in an agreement of 96.8%, a sensitivity of 50%, and a specificity of 98.4% compared with TST results. QFT testing with TST in low-risk groups can aid in the detection of latent
M. tuberculosis
infections.
Establishing Phenotypic Features Associated with Morbidity in Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Brito-Melo G. E. A. , Souza J. G. , Barbosa-Stancioli E. F. , Carneiro-Proietti A. B. F. , Catalan-Soares B. , Ribas J. G. , Thorum G. W. , Rocha R. D. R. , Martins-Filho O. A. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HT). Although it is widely believed that virus infection and host immune response are involved in the pathogenic mechanisms, the role of the immune system in the development and/or maintenance of HT remains unknown. We performed an analysis of the peripheral blood leukocyte phenotype for two different subcohorts of HTLV-1-infected individuals to verify the existence of similar immunological alterations, possible laboratory markers for HT. The leukocyte population balance, the activation status of the T lymphocytes, and the cellular migratory potential of T lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils were evaluated in the peripheral blood of HTLV-1-infected individuals classified as asymptomatic individuals, oligosymptomatic individuals, and individuals with HT. Data analysis demonstrated that a decreased percentage of B cells, resulting in an increased T cell/B cell ratio and an increase in the CD8+HLA-DR+T lymphocytes, exclusively in the HT group could be identified in both subcohorts, suggesting its possible use as a potential immunological marker for HT for use in the laboratory. Moreover, analysis of likelihood ratios showed that if an HTLV-1-infected individual demonstrated B-cell percentages lower than 7.0%, a T cell/B cell ratio higher than 11, or a percentage of CD8+HLA-DR+T lymphocytes higher than 70.0%, this individual would have, respectively, a 12-, 13-, or 22-times-greater chance of belonging to the HT group. Based on these data, we propose that the T cell/B cell ratios and percentages of circulating B cells and activated CD8+T lymphocytes in HTLV-1-infected patients are important immunological indicators which could help clinicians monitor HTLV-1 infection and differentiate the HT group from the asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic groups.