bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Height improvement by L‐thyroxinetreatment in subclinical hypothyroidism
Authors: Cetinkaya Ergun , Aslan Ayse Tana , Vidinlisan Sadi , Ocal Gonul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Background
: Subclinical hypothyroidism(SH) is most commonly an early stage of hypothyroidism. Althoughthe condition may resolve or remain unchanged, within a few yearsin some patients overt hypothyroidism develops, with low free T4levels as well as a raised thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Patientswith SH may have subtle hypothyroid symptoms with mild abnormalitiesof serum lipoproteins and cardiac functions. L‐thyroxinein a dosage that maintains serum TSH levels within the normal rangeis the preferred therapy in these patients. Although short statureis a well‐known clinical sign of overt hypo­thyroidism,the effect of SH in growth is not well established. The aim of thepresent study is to show the effect of treatment on height in thesepatients.
Methods
: In the present study, 2067 patientswho were admitted to the Endocrinology Department of SSK AnkaraChildren's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, with the complaintof short stature were evaluated and 39 were diagnosed with SH bythyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test. The anthropometricdata of the patients who were subdivided into two groups (prepubertaland pubertal) were analyzed before and after 6−12 months of L‐thyroxine treatment. Growth velocity (GV) and GV standard deviation score(GVSDS) of the groups before and after the treatment were statisticallyanalyzed.
Results
: Both groups showed significantincreases in GV and GVSDS by L‐thyroxinetreatment.
Conclusion
: Patients with short staturehave to be evaluated for SH in addition to other potential causes. L‐thyroxinetreatment in these patients provides significant improvement inheight.
Serum leptin concentrations in children with mild‐to‐moderate protein‐energy malnutrition
Authors: Büyükgebİz Benal , Öztürk YeSim , YIlmaz Şebnem , Arslan Nur 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Background
: The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between nutritional anthropometric parameters and serum leptin concentrations in otherwise healthy children with mild‐to‐moderate protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) secondary to inadequate energy intake.
Methods
: Eighty‐one otherwise healthy children with poor appetite and inadequate energy intake were enrolled in the study. The anthropometric values were evaluated in all subjects. Fasting serum leptin concentrations were assessed.
Results
: Of the 81 otherwise healthy children, 30 were found to have mild‐to‐moderate PEM. The control group consisted of 51 healthy children who had normal anthropometric values, even though they had inadequate energy intake. There was a significant difference in serum leptin concentrations between the two groups (P < 0.01). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between mean serum leptin concentrations and percentage of standard weight for height in the patient and the control group (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that percentage of standard BMI was the best predictor for serum leptin concentrations (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
: In addition to BMI, percentage of standard weight for height is a valuable nutritional anthropometric parameter for serum leptin concentrations in PEM and inadequate energy intake. However in the present study, percentage of standard BMI was the best predictor for serum leptin concentrations. Serum leptin concentrations are low not only in severe PEM, but also in children with mild‐to‐moderate PEM without chronic disease.
Discharge diagnoses in infants with apparent life‐threatening event
Authors: Okada Kazuko , Miyako Motoko , Honma Satoshi , Wakabayashi Yasuko , Sugihara Shigetaka , Osawa Makiko 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Background
: There are various identifiable diseases or conditions that can be associated with an apparent life‐threatening event (ALTE) in infancy. The present study was carried out to investigate the etiology of ALTE based on the discharge diagnoses.
Methods
: A protocol for the complete work‐up used to examine the cause of ALTE was designed, and was carried out for 69 infants with ALTE.
Results
: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was demonstrated in 38 cases, and chronic gastric volvulus (CGV) was diagnosed in 21 (associated with GERD in 13 infants). Four cases of pertussis and two cases each of sepsis, laryngomalacia, respiratory immaturity, and premature ventricular contractions were found. Others cases presented with pneumonia, meningitis, intussuception, food allergy, epilepsy, and adenoid vegetations. In 12 of the 69 infants with ALTE, no abnormalities were found in any of the studies performed, including two patients with breath‐holding spells. In 17 cases, two or more possibly contributing findings were diagnosed.
Conclusion
: It is important to recognize that gastroesophageal impairments such as GERD or CGV could be responsible for many incidences of ALTE in infancy. The authors recommend a trial be established to investigate the causes of ALTE, including gastroesophageal evaluations in all infants with ALTE.
Evaluation of 80 children with prolonged fever
Authors: Cogulu Ozgur , Koturoglu Guldane , Kurugol Zafer , Ozkinay Ferda , Vardar Fadil , Ozkinay Cihangir 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Background
: Several studies have been published regarding the etiology and evaluation of a child with prolonged fever, however, the reasons for the prolonged fever have changed during the years. The present study aims to determine the causes of prolonged fever, to investigate the relationship of fever using some basic laboratory tests, and to establish guidelines for the approach in those children.
Methods
: The charts of 80 out of 17 490 hospitalized children who were seen between 1996 and 2001 with prolonged fever of longer than 2 weeks and unknown origin were reviewed in the university hospital of Izmir, Turkey. Their charts were evaluated in respect of age, sex, growth curves, educational level of their families, the duration and the magnitude of fever, causes of fever, and basic laboratory investigations such as white blood cell, blood smear, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C‐reactive protein.
Results
: Forty‐four (55.00%) were boys and 36 (45.00%) were girls. Forty‐four children (55.00%) were aged between 1 month and 2 years, 21 (26.25%) were aged 3−6 years, seven (8.75%) were aged 7−10 years, and eight (10.00%) were older than 10 years. The mean age was 3.87 ± 4.17 years (range 3 months−17 years). Forty‐six children (57.50%) had a prolonged fever that had lasted from 15−30 days, 18 (22.50%) from 31−60 days, and 16 (20.00%) had fever lasting more than 60 days. Final diagnosis had been reached in 70 of the 80 children (87.50%). The most common causes were infection (47/80), followed by immune deficiency (6/80), collagen tissue disorder (5/80), neoplasia (2/80), and miscellaneous (10/80) such as central fever in three, diabetes insipidus in two, familial Mediterranean fever in two, Kawasaki disease, foreign body in the respiratory system, and Crohn disease in one patient each. Among the laboratory tests white blood cell count, hemoglobin level and blood smear distribution of infection group were statistically significant.
Conclusions
: The most common cause of fever of unknown origin remains infection. The proportion of collagen tissue disorders and neoplasia have been found to be decreased. Unusual reasons such as diabetes insipidus and foreign body in the respiratory system in the miscellaneous group have been detected. Age plays important role in the diagnosis of prolonged fever, while some basic laboratory tests might give clues in the evaluation and may suggest a diagnosis.
Criteria for medical intervention in obese children: A new definition of ‘Obesity disease’ in Japanese children
Authors: Asayama Kohtaro , Ozeki Takehiko , Sugihara Shigetaka , Ito Keiko , Okada Tomoo , Tamai Hiroshi , Takaya Ryuzo , Hanaki Keiichi , Murata Mitsunori 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Committee of the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity reported the new criteria for ‘obesity disease’ for Japanese adults in 2000. We defined the criteria for the diagnosis of obesity in children with medical problems, corresponding to the ‘obesity disease’ criteria in adults. Obesity in childhood was defined as follows: percentage of overweight (POW) and body fat exceeded the criteria. ‘Obesity disease in childhood’ was defined as obesity associated with health or medical problems, and with indications for medical intervention. Medical problems with indications for immediate intervention were grouped as A problems, which consisted of (i) hypertension; (ii) sleep apnea or hypoventilation; (iii) Type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance; and (iv) increased waist circumference or accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. Metabolic derangements or equivalent associated with obesity were grouped as B problems: (i) liver dysfunction; (ii) hyperinsulinemia; (iii) hypercholesterolemia; (iv) hypertriglyceridemia; (v) low serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; (vi) acanthosis nigricans, and (vii) hyperuricemia. Obese children over 5 years of age with following conditions were diagnosed as ‘obesity disease in childhood’: (i) any ‘A problem’, (ii) POW ≥ 50% and any ‘B problem’, or (3) POW < 50% and more than one ‘B problem’ or equivalent. We decided to take physicosocial problems related to obesity into consideration as the criteria. The resultant criteria are proposed by the Committee for Research of Appropriate Body Build in Children*.
Medical management of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract
Authors: Hiraoka Masahiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRenal damage in children has been found to be more congenital in origin than was previously thought. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) involve renal dysplasia, renal hypoplasia, urinary tract obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux. CAKUT are sometimes bilateral and different types often coexist. Depending on their types and severity, children with CAKUT often have varying degrees of a reduced number of nephrons at birth. CAKUT are now the leading cause of renal failure in children. Children with renal dysplasia or obstructive uropathy may have abnormal renal tubules, and tend to lose essential water and sodium in urine. This can lead to poor body growth unless they are supplemented with water and sodium. Children with severe ureteric reflux often develop urinary infection and renal scarring. Renal scarring can further increase the risk of renal failure in children who already have other CAKUT and fewer nephrons than normal. Hypertension and proteinuria may develop in children with renal dysplasia and further aggravate renal function unless they are treated. Recent advances in the understanding and management of CAKUT make it possible for children with CAKUT to grow normally, have fewer complications such as urinary infection, have longer renal survival, and survive even with end‐stage renal diseases through renal replacement therapy.
Causes and determinants of outcome of intestinal perforations in a semiurban African community
Authors: Adesunkanmi Abdul Rashid K. , Badmus Tajudeen A. , Ogundoyin Olukayode 
Published: October 2003

Background:  Intestinal perforations are common causes of generalized peritonitis, it is often severe because of faecal contamination and overwhelming sepsis resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to determine the causes and factors affecting the prognosis in patients with generalized peritonitis as a result of intestinal perforation.Study design:  Patients with acute generalized peritonitis from intestinal perforation were prospectively studied during a 6‐year period from 1995 to 2000. Personal, preoperative and postoperative clinical information of all the patients was entered into a predesigned proforma. Data were analysed and the effect of individual causes of peritonitis on the postoperative outcome was determined.Results:  More males were affected by a ratio of 3 : 1, with the overall mean age of 27.6 ± 18.3 years (SD). The mean age in patients with typhoid perforation was 21 ± 14 years (SD) and highest in traumatic intestinal perforations (47.2 ± 17.6 years, SD). Typhoid perforation occurred in 75 (58%) patients, acute appendicitis in 21 (16.3%), peptic ulcer disease in 18 (14%), trauma in eight (6.3%), five were idiopathic and one malignant sigmoid carcinoid tumour. Wound infection occurred in 74 (58.3%) and mortality in 24 (18.8%) of the patients. Mortality was high in traumatic and typhoid intestinal perforation than other causes of intestinal perforation. Factors such as age, cause of intestinal perforation, and amount of pus drained during operation independently predicts the postoperative morbidity and mortality rates.Conclusion:  Typhoid intestinal perforation was the most common cause of acute generalized peritonitis, followed by perforated acute appendicitis. Prognostic factors include age, the causes of perforation, amount of pus, wound infection, wound dehiscence, faecal fistula, and intra‐abdominal abscess.
Free air or colon?
Authors: Iyer Shridar G , Leow CK 
Published: October 2003

Background:  Subphrenic abscess can present with respiratory symptoms with minimal or no abdominal signs. The air/fluid level seen on chest X‐ray can be misinterpreted as that within a loop of intestine (Chilaiditi's sign) thus leading to delayed diagnosis.Methods:  Case report.Results:  An 83‐year‐old female presented with respiratory symptoms. Chest X‐ray showed an air/fluid level under the right hemi‐diaphragm. This was initially interpreted as Chilaiditi's sign. The subphrenic abscess was confirmed by a computed tomography scan. At laparotomy, the abscess was communicating with a perforation in the fundus of the gall bladder. In addition, there was a fistula connecting the neck of the gall bladder and the second part of the duodenum. The abscess was drained and the fistula tract disconnected. Post‐operatively the patient had an uneventful recovery.Conclusion:  Patients with subphrenic abscess can present with symptoms mimicking a respiratory infection. The air/fluid level seen on chest X‐ray can be misinterpreted as Chilaiditi's sign. Most subphrenic abscesses occur secondarily to an underlying pathology within the gastrointestinal tract. A thorough search for an underlying intra‐abdominal pathology must be made.
Impact of programmed second endoscopy with appropriate re‐treatment on peptic ulcer re‐bleeding: A systematic review
Authors: Chiu Philip Wai‐Yan , Lau Tai‐Shing , Kwong Kwok‐Hung , Suen Dacita To‐Ki , Kwok Samuel Po‐Yin 
Published: October 2003

Objectives:  The aim of the present systematic review is to critically appraise the current evidence from published medical trials on the role of programmed second endoscopy with appropriate therapy on peptic ulcer re‐bleeding.Methods:  A systematic review of five prospective randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of programmed second endoscopy against conservative management on peptic ulcer re‐bleeding was carried out.Results:  From the meta‐analysis of the combined results from the five trials on the effect of programmed second endoscopy in ulcer bleeding, we found that a programmed second endoscopy with appropriate therapy reduced the number of recurrent bleeding significantly (Peto odds ratio = 1.97, Mantel Haenszel‐Peto P < 0.01). The number of patients needed for treatment with a programmed second endoscopy in order to prevent one recurrent bleeding ranged from four to 11.Conclusion:  Programmed second endoscopy with appropriate therapy reduced the number of recurrent bleeding significantly in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers. Individual trials also showed a possible benefit in reduction of the number of surgical interventions.
Karl Barth's Critically Realistic Dialectical Theology
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book, the first of two volumes, seeks to challenge the prevailing view in the historiography of 20th century theology — that Karl Barth was a leading representative of a “neo-orthodoxy” which was dominant between 1930 and 1960. It lays the foundation for a revision through a genetic-historical interpretation of Barth’s theological development. It argues that the “turn” to a “neo-orthodox” form of theology that was believed to have occurred with the Church Dogmatics in 1931-32 never took place. Subsequent to his break with “liberalism” in 1915, Barth became and remained a critically realistic dialectical theologian.
The Von Balthasar Thesis and the Myth of the Neo‐Orthodox Barth
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion on how the interpretation of Karl Barth’s theological development has been dominated by Hans Urs von Balthasar’s book, Karl Barth: Darstellung und Deutung seiner Theologie (1951) for over forty years. It identifies three studies that have challenged von Balthasar’s thesis: Eberhard Jüngel’s ‘Von der Dialektik zur Analogie’, Ingrid Spieckermann’s Gotteserkenntnis, and Michael Beintker’s Die Dialektik in der’dialektischen Theologie. A new paradigm for interpreting Barth’s development is then presented.
The Marburg Background
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter explores Karl Barth’s theological and political writings prior to the First World War. It begins with a discussion on his upbringing and student years, and the theological situation at the turn of the century. Barth’s earliest writings showed him to be a very dedicated follower of Wilhelm Herrmann’s theology. These also reflected his strong attachment to the general epistemological theory of Cohen and Natorp.
Socialism and Religious Socialism in Safenwil
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Karl Barth was a dedicated theological liberal prior to the outbreak of the First World War. In August 1914, 93 German intellectuals, among which were Barth’s theological teachers, declared their support for the war policy of Wilhelm II. This precipitated his break with liberal theology. Barth adopted a new Ansatz — a new starting point for theological reflection, which placed knowledge of God the central question.
The Righteousness of God
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Barth’s critique of Romans marked his first major effort to explain his new theology. He sought to establish an eschatologically conditioned theological realism which would overcome every attempt to ground theology in the human subject. He wanted to speak of a knowledge of God grounded in itself alone, place God’s reconciling activity in Christ beyond the reach of historical investigation, and faith beyond the reach of psychological investigation.
Theology in a Revolutionary Age
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Barth’s theology underwent further change between November 1918 and October 1920, in that his process eschatology gave way to the consistent eschatology which would stamp the second edition of his commentary on Romans. The turbulent social-political upheavals during this period such as the Russian Revolution did not have a significant influence on his theological development. More decisive was his reaction to reviews of his commentary, which showed how easily his organological model of eschatology could be misunderstood.
Shift to a Consistent Eschatology
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter explores the factors that influenced Karl Barth’s shift from the process eschatological model which stamped Romans I to the consistent eschatology of Romans II. The influence of his philosopher brother Heinrich Barth and Franz Overbeck was more important than that of Søren Kierkegaard. From Kierkegaard, Barth learned a style of communication, an attitude, and the Kierkegaardian understanding of the paradoxicality of the incarnation.
Honorary Professor of Reformed Theology
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter chronicles Karl Barth’s teaching career in Göttingen, Germany in the 1920s. During his first five semesters in Göttingen, his attitude towards doctrine became more positive, and he came to view the Church as a locus of authority in theology rather than the locus of judgement. Aside from the transformation of his esteem for the Church, Barth began analysing the problem of the contingency of revelation, i.e., what it means to affirm that one piece of history has been qualified by revelation as the site of the salvation history. This sets the stage for a thorough reconsideration of the doctrine of incarnation.
The Göttingen Dogmatics
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Karl Barth’s theology entered a new phase when he adopted the anhypostatic-enhypostatic model of Christology. However, his basic orientation was towards the revelation-event which occurs in the here and now basis of God’s Self-revelation in Christ. Thus, though the ground of his theology was now Christological, his theology was largely pneumatocentric. This is most evident in his doctrine of election, which was centred in the concrete situation of the person who is addressed by revelation in the here and now.
Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis in Münster
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A great deal of attention is given to the revised version of Barth’s prolegomena lectures published in 1927 under the title Die christliche Dogmatik im Entwurf in treatments of Barth’s development. However, a synchronic comparison, section by section, of all three versions of the prolegomena (the Göttingen and Münster versions together with Church Dogmatics I/I and I/2) shows the extent of which the fundamental decisions which control even the Church Dogmatics I/I and I/2 were already made in 1924-25 in Göttingen. This chapter discusses the events and works which influenced decisions made by Barth.
Fides Quaerens Intellectum
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter explores Karl Barth’s writing of a book on Anselm, Fides quaerens intellectum. Barth’s main goal was to treat the ‘problematic Anselm’ of Proslogion 2-4 in a new way. He wanted to show that the so-called “ontological proof” set forth by Anselm was not a proof at all. The existence of anything new in the Anselm book, which would have compelled Barth to view Die christliche Dogmatik as a ‘false start’ is discussed.
The Eternal Will of God in the Election of Jesus Christ
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter explores the “christocentrism” in Barth’s theology. For Barth, “christocentrism” refers to the attempt to understand every doctrine from a centre in God’s Self-revelation in Jesus Christ. “Christocentrism” was a methodological rule, and not a priori principle. It is shown that a lecture by Parisian pastor Pierre Maury on the subject of election paved the way for a form of “christocentrism” synonymous with the name of Karl Barth.
Conclusion
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter presents a synthesis of the preceding discussions on the theological development of Karl Barth. Through all the phases of his development, Barth was a critically realistic dialectical theologian. All of his efforts in theology may be considered as an attempt to overcome Kant by means of Kant; not retreating behind him and seeking to go around him, but through him. It is important to note that however critical Barth may have been of modern theology, the form in which he taught dialectical theology was a thoroughly modern option.