bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herakles and Hercules: The Hero's Ambivalence in Euripides and Seneca
Authors: Papadopoulou Thalia 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMadness presents Herakles/Hercules in an unprecedented state of extreme vulnerability and becomes an apt device for dramatizing the fragility of life and the responses to tragic reversals of fortune. The present article compares the dramatic treatments of this theme by Euripides and Seneca not in terms of a strict adaptation of a source/model but in terms of the dramatic purposes underlying and determining both similarities and differences. It investigates the connotations of madness and explores the ways in which the associations of themes such as the reversal of fortune, the nature of violence or the political overtones may have guided the reception of each drama by a Greek and a Roman audience respectively.
Tempestuous Poetry: Storms in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Heroides and Tristia
Authors:   Bate
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article considers the most prominent storm-narratives within the Ovidian corpus. These storm-narratives include the description of the storm in the first book of the Metamorphoses, the story of Ceyx and Alcyone in the eleventh book of the Metamorphoses, the story of Hero and Leander in the Heroides (Her. 18-9), and the three storm-poems in the first book of the Tristia (1.2, 1.4, 1.11). A brief summary on the literary tradition of storms provides the necessary context for my discussion of these individual passages. Three principal arguments are put forward in my analysis of the specific storm-narratives. Firstly, I point out that there are extensive verbal and thematic inter-connections between the various passages, and that this encourages us to see the 'storm theme' as a poetic subject which Ovid consciously exploits. Secondly, I focus on Ovid's treatment of the generic conflict between the epic and elegiac aspects of storms. Here I show that Ovid is capable of producing 'epic storms', but more often deploys storms within elegiac, or erotic, narratives. Thirdly, I consider how Ovid utilises the symbolic capabilities of storms to reflect the psychological turmoil of lovers like Alcyone and Leander, and exiles like himself.
Settlers and Dispossessed in the Athenian Empire
Authors:   Zelnick-Abramovitz
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Athenian settlements overseas during the fifth and fourth centuries BC have been much discussed, and the ancient sources give a fairly clear picture of the Athenian imperial machinery. The question of the status of local inhabitants in places where the Athenians settled, whether as colonists, cleruchs, or as private holders of lands, however, is very rarely referred to and remains to a large degree a riddle. This article tries to handle this question and suggests some possible answers. By illustrating the ways by which the Athenians acquired land abroad and by analyzing the ancient sources, including those which do not relate directly to the subject of Athenian settlements abroad, the article presents the hypothesis that these locals were used as leaseholders and hirelings on lands which had formerly belonged to them. This situation is reflected in Thucydides' and Ps.-Xenophon's depiction of the Athenians' operations against other Greek poleis as 'enslavement'.
Martial 12.32: An Indigent Immigrant?
Authors: Watson Lindsay 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWhen, in Epigrams 12.32, Martial graphically and unsympathetically depicts the eviction of Vacerra and his family from their lodgings for non-payment of rent, he is drawing upon a long-established literary tradition which viewed the penniless as legitimate targets for mockery. Of particular importance as formal models are Catullus' deeply sarcastic attack on the destitution of Furius and his relatives (Catul. 23) and the so-called parva casa motif, which Martial has here refashioned with sardonic intent. The most striking and original feature of the epigram is that, as indicated by a number of ethnically-coloured details, Vacerra and his relatives are depicted as Celts who have taken up residence in Rome: hence one purpose of 12.32 was to express the Schadenfreude and gleeful sense of superiority which Martial, himself of Celtiberian origin, felt towards immigrants who had met with disaster in the metropolis where he had so conspicuously made his mark.
The Earth Charter and Ecological Integrity—Some Policy Implications
Authors: Mackey Brendan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe concept of ecological integrity is deeply embedded within the Earth Charter. Ecological integrity refers to the full functioning of a suite of natural processes. "Natural" refers to processes that exist without human input. Arguments against the scientifi c validity of ecological integrity are based on the proposition that the current state of ecological systems merely refl ects past contingencies and consequently there is no natural, healthy condition that can be prescribed scientifi cally. Hence, nature conservation and environmental management goals are a matter of individual and social values and priorities. This argument can be rejected largely on the grounds that integrity of ecosystem processes can be empirically demonstrated, and that the continued wellbeing of humanity depends on the ecological integrity of various natural processes known as Earth's life support systems. The main policy implications of ecological integrityfl ow from accepting that the future wellbeing of the human endeavour is irrevocably coupled to the ongoing integrity of the total Earth system. The caring and compassionate attitude towards wild animals also promoted by the Earth Charter provides additional moral impetus to protecting habitat in situ and consequently ecological integrity. Protecting ecological integrity will require both reorientating the human endeavour towards new patterns of production and consumption together with a commitment to making room for wild nature.
The Earth Charter and Beyond: Prioritizing Natural Space
Authors: Lucier Ruth Miller 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper I give reasons for holding that the Earth Charter's support for the preservation of natural ecosystems needs to be undergirded by rigorous theory. To assist with this, I off er a continuum-based defi nition of the concept of "Natural Primordial Space" (viz. NPS) and then off er reasons for believing that NPS is worthwhile both (1) intrinsically, and (2) contingently—as an enhancer of the moral quality of human life. I conclude by suggesting that the merits of this part of earth's environment justify giving the preservation of NPS a pre-eminent ranking on any prioritized list of Earth Charter concerns.
Chartering the Earth for Life's Odyssey
Authors: Donnelley Strachan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis essay argues for considering the Earth Charter as a text requiring ongoing interpretation, embodying a philosophic worldview (or worldviews) needing continuous exploration. The author off ers his own interpretations, explorations, and critiques of the Earth Charter from a philosophical naturalist perspective, centrally informed by evolutionary biology and ecology, which hefi nds insuffi ciently presented in the Earth Charter as it presently stands.
Integrated Earth Charter Ethics
Authors: Hessel Dieter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAfter a brief review of the spirit and content of Charter principles, this essay proposes that integrated ethical re fl ection should deliberately: draw on main principles and supporting principles as interactive imperatives for a sustainable way of life; think across the four parts of the Earth Charter to emphasize combinations of principles; and bring Charter principles to bear both as general ideals and as practical guidelines. Moreover, these principles become quite lively, and we gain multi-dimensional issue perspective, when we hold the Charter in one hand and material presenting a contemporary issue analysis in the other. The essay moves on to illustrate how to make integrated use of Earth Charter principles in ethical refl ection on three key global issues: destructive economic integration, loss of biologically diverse habitat, and close confi nement of animals. In each case, the author "gathers" Earth Charter principles that illumine the problem's philosophical, ecological, socio-economic, and political dimensions, and help to shape a constructive response.
A Covenant Model of Global Ethics
Authors: Engel J. Ronald 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThere is increasing conviction that to enjoy and promote the mutual fl ourishing of human life in mutual relationship to the fl ourishing of all life on Earth is the ultimate meaning of human history. Yet the contemporary human condition is one of profound alienation from that meaning. The metaphor and model of a new global covenant, a new covenant with Earth, provides the most constructive and practical way individuals and communities can respond to this spiritual situation, and inspires e ff orts such as the Earth Charter, and draft International Covenant on Environment and Development, to articulate a new global ethic. The new model of Earth covenant has emerged over a long course of history from interactions between Earth-affirming religious sensibilities, evolutionary/ecological understandings, and democratic ideals. Although it is still very much in the making, and requires much wider global dialogue, we can extrapolate ten major normative themes central to the new covenantal vision.
Negotiating with Villains Revisited: Research Note
Authors: Spector Bertram 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAn earlier article examined the conditions under which it is reasonable to negotiate with rogue states. This article extends the argument to non-state terrorist "villains". Despite the risks inherent in negotiating with terrorists, the risks of following a no-negotiation policy are likely to be more deadly. States need to assess terrorist interests and intentions to find if there are reasonable entry points for negotiation and take advantage of these to transform the conflict.
The Moscow Theater Hostage Crisis: The Perpetrators, their Tactics, and the Russian Response
Authors: Pilch Richard , Dolnik Adam 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Moscow theater hostage crisis was a spectacular media event, which sparked a wide domestic and international debate concerning the appropriateness of the Russian response. This article attempts to reconstruct and assess the events that took place in terms of negotiability of the incident, and seeks to provide an analytical perspective on the possible alternatives that were available to the Russian authorities throughout the crisis. Part I provides a brief overview of the events that unfolded. This section of the article also places Chechen motivations behind the incident into perspective with regard to past Chechen operations and to their overall strategy. Part II focuses on the details of the attack itself, particularly the Russian response. Special attention is devoted to analyzing the successes and failures of both the negotiations and the tactical assault. The conclusion discusses the implications of the Moscow theater incident for the future, including its potential impact on the likelihood of success of crisis negotiation strategies and the future tactics of the Chechen rebels.
Contrasting Dynamics of Crisis Negotiations: Barricade versus Kidnapping Incidents
Authors: Dolnik Adam 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOver the past several decades, crisis negotiation has become the primary method of dealing with hostage incidents in many countries of the world. This article uses the analytical framework of interest-based negotiation to provide a comparative analysis of the negotiation dynamics involved in barricade versus kidnapping incidents. The primary difference between the two scenarios is that the location of the victim(s) as well as that of the perpetrator(s) is unknown in kidnappings. As a result, many of the components of crisis negotiation that have been so successful in resolving barricade situations are inapplicable to kidnappings. This article should help the reader understand the critical differences between the two scenarios, and the implications of those differences for the likelihood of success of different crisis negotiation strategies. Central focus is devoted to premeditated incidents perpetrated by organized groups with a political, criminal, or religious motivation.
Negotiating with Terrorists
Authors: Zartman I. William 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNegotiating with terrorists is possible, within limits, as the articles in this issue show and explore. Limits come initially in the distinction between absolute and contingent terrorists, and then between revolutionary and conditional absolutes and between barricaders, kidnappers and hijackers in the contingent category. Revolutionary absolute are nonnegotiable adversaries, but even conditional absolutes are potentially negotiable and contingent terrorists actually seek negotiation. The official negotiator is faced with the task of giving a little in order to get the terrorist to give a lot, a particularly difficult imbalance to obtain given the highly committed and desperate nature of terrorists as they follow rational but highly unconventional tactics. Such are the challenges of negotiating with terrorists that this issue of the journal explores and elucidates.
Negotiating the Non-Negotiable: Dealing with Absolutist Terrorists
Authors: Kaminski Stacey , Beres Steven , Hayes Richard 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTerrorism has taken on a new form in which loss of life is par for the course and where terrorist demands are often impossible to meet. To combat these new absolutist terrorists, the US government has developed innovative approaches to defend national security, including negotiating with state sponsors of terrorism with the threat of force for noncompliance, isolating the violent actors by offering financial rewards for assistance in combating terror, and offering and employing international intelligence assistance. Each of these approaches, whether it results in a reward or punishment, involves some form of negotiation with the terrorists or those who support them to gain the information necessary to disrupt terrorist networks and convict those responsible.
Group Decision Support Systems and Patterns of Interpersonal Communication to Improve Ethical Negotiation in Dyads
Authors: Fairchild Alea , Rutkowski Anne-Françoise , Rijsman John 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article demonstrates experimentally that in the context of dyadic conflict, patterns of interpersonal communication (PIC), supported by a particular Group Decision Support System (GDSS) technology, affect the quality of decision making. A GDSS technology that supports confrontation of strongly-internalized personal meanings appears less efficient in supporting the resolution of ethical dilemmas than in stimulating interdependent co-construction of shared-meanings between opposing parties. Intersubjectivity and reciprocity are adapted when the conflict is linked to variables of personality and cultural identity. GDSSs are an efficient tool to support intergroup communication and relations. This article discusses the direct implications of our research for the study of intercultural negotiation and conflict resolution.
Innovation in Teaching Negotiation Towards a Relevant Use of Multimedia Tools
Authors: Lempereur Alain Pekar 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article examines four cases of innovation in teaching negotiation, developed mostly in France, that involve the intensive use of multimedia techniques. These tools address some of the shortcomings of current teaching methods discussed in earlier literature. The use of multimedia innovations seems to improve teaching the subject of negotiation by enabling instructors to better bridge the gaps between theory and practice, and simulation and reality. These innovations also facilitate multiple perspectives, which are needed in cross-cultural negotiations.
Business Negotiation Support: Theory and Practice
Authors: De Moor Aldo , Weigand Hans 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBusiness negotiation support systems (NSS) are slowly entering the market, although they lack a clear theoretical basis as of yet. Negotiation is a complicated process with many aspects that have only partially been described with the formal rigidity needed to build support systems. Most theories about negotiation are descriptive and not prescriptive, which, among other things, prevents their use as a basis for negotiation support systems. Complicating matters is that a negotiation process consists of several distinct stages, each with its own characteristics. Furthermore, there are many types of negotiations, depending on the domain. This suggests that we should not strive for one general negotiation support system, but for a set of domain-specific tools. To ground the development and application of these tools in different scenarios, we propose an integrated theoretical framework. After presenting an overview of existing negotiation support approaches, we construct a business negotiation support metamodel for NSS analysis. The metamodel is illustrated by analyzing the MeMo project, which concerns contract negotiations in small and medium enterprises in the European construction industry. The MeMo system is one of the first business NSS with an explicit international orientation.
The Effect of CMC and FTF on Negotiation Outcomes between R&D and Manufacturing Partners in the Supply Chain: An Anglo/Nordic/Latin Comparison
Authors: Lincke Andreas , Ulijn Jan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe growing significance of global electronic commerce has led to the increased use of computer support during negotiation of deals, which until now has been carried out almost exclusively via face-to-face (FTF) communication or other high-feedback media (e. g., telephone), but not via computer-mediated communication (CMC). To analyze this process and its outcomes, the following research questions were examined in this study: How do CMC and FTF contribute to a win-win strategy in negotiation? How do CMC and FTF affect the participants' ability to empathize with each other? Are the negotiation strategies of Anglo, Nordic, and Latin negotiators affected differently depending on the medium? Is the ability of Anglo, Nordic, and Latin negotiators to empathize with each other affected differently depending on the medium? On the basis of our results, we surmise that CMC does not allow negotiators to employ a cooperative win-win strategy (as recommended by negotiation-strategy training). We see significant differences when we examine the use of personal pronouns and speech acts by the Anglo, Nordic, and Latin culture clusters. When we look at the use of cooperative speech acts, a similar situation occurs: in contrast to Anglos, who behave in a cooperative way, Latins are significantly less cooperative and Nordics use many more general speech acts in the CMC setting.
Lifeworld, Discourse, and Realism
Authors: Seemann Axel 
Published: July 2004

In this paper, I give a systematic account of the core features of Jürgen Habermas’s revised approach to truth that comprises both realist and epistemic components. While agents in the lifeworld are pragmatic realists and work on the basic assumption that (most of) their beliefs about the world are true, beliefs that have become problematic can be scrutinized only in the form of validity-claims in rational discourses. Thus Habermas introduces a discursive truth predicate that involves a procedural idealization of the conditions of discourse in terms of ‘justified acceptability under conditions that are currently ideal’. He argues that this truth predicate has to be understood in connection with agents’ pragmatic realism to give a comprehensive account of truth. This paper is concerned with the tension between truth-in-the-lifeworld and discursive truth. I argue that Habermas’s account is troubled by two problems: firstly an unclear conception of the role of the truth predicate; and secondly, the suggestion that agents in discourse temporarily abandon their lifeworldly realism. While the first problem can be remedied by exploring the distinction between a truth predicate and a truth criterion, the second difficulty requires a modification of Habermas’s account. I show that the consistency of his approach depends on the acceptance of the principle of bivalence throughout (in both lifeworld and discourse), and hence on the subscription to a certain kind of realism that extends beyond the lifeworld.
Targeting autocrine and paracrine VEGF receptor pathways inhibits human lymphoma xenografts in vivo
Authors: Wang Eunice S. , Teruya-Feldstein Julie , Wu Yan , Zhu Zhenping , Hicklin Daniel J. , Moore Malcolm A. S. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The role of angiogenesis in lymphoproliferative diseases is not well established. We demonstrate here that human lymphoma cells secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and express VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) and VEGFR-2. Proliferation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cells under serum-free conditions was enhanced by the addition of VEGF and was blocked by VEGFR-1– and VEGFR-2–specific antibodies. To differentiate between VEGF-mediated autocrine and paracrine effects on lymphoma growth, NOD/SCID mice engrafted with human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were treated with species-specific antibodies against human VEGFR-1 (6.12), human VEGFR-2 (IMC-1C11), murine VEGFR-1 (MF-1), or murine VEGFR-2 (DC101). Treatment with 6.12 or DC101 (targeting tumor VEGFR-1 and host VEGFR-2) reduced established DLBCL xenograft growth, whereas treatment with IMC-1C11 or MF-1 (targeting tumor VEGFR-1 and host VEGFR-1) had no effect. Decreased tumor volumes after 6.12 and DC101 treatment correlated with increased tumor apoptosis and reduced vascularization, respectively, supporting the presence of autocrine VEGFR-1– and paracrine VEGFR-2–mediated pathways in lymphomagenesis. Inhibition of paracrine VEGF interactions (DC101) in these models was equivalent to their inhibition with rituximab. Combining DC101 with therapeutic agents (rituximab, 6.12, methotrexate) consistently improved tumor responses over those of single-agent therapy. These data support the further clinical development of VEGFR-targeted approaches for the therapy of aggressive DLBCL.
Differential expression of granzymes A and B in human cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets and T regulatory cells
Authors: Grossman William J. , Verbsky James W. , Tollefsen Benjamin L. , Kemper Claudia , Atkinson John P. , Ley Timothy J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells use the perforin/granzyme pathway as a major mechanism to kill pathogen-containing cells and tumor cells.1,2 Dysregulation of this pathway results in several human diseases, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Here we characterize the single-cell expression pattern of granzymes A and B in human lymphocytes using a flow cytometry-based assay. We demonstrate that most circulating CD56+8- NK cells, and approximately half of circulating CD8+ T lymphocytes, coexpressed both granzymes A and B. In contrast, few circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes expressed granzymes A or B. Activation of CD8+ T lymphocytes with concanavalin A (ConA)/interleukin-2 (IL-2), and activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes with antibodies to CD3/CD28 or CD3/CD46 (to generate T regulatory [Tr1] cells), induced substantial expression of granzyme B, but not granzyme A. Naive CD4+CD45RA+ cells stimulated with antibodies to CD3/CD46 strongly expressed granzyme B, while CD3/CD28 stimulation was ineffective. Finally, we show that granzyme B-expressing CD4+ Tr1 cells are capable of killing target cells in a perforin-dependent, but major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/T-cell receptor (TCR)-independent, manner. Our results demonstrate discordant expression of granzymes A and B in human lymphocyte subsets and T regulatory cells, which suggests that different granzymes may play unique roles in immune system responses and regulation.