bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of lung surface area to apoptosis and proliferation in human emphysema
Authors: Imai K. , Mercer B. A. , Schulman L. L. , Sonett J. R. , D'Armiento J. M. 
Published: January 2005

Pulmonary emphysema is associated with alterations in matrix proteins and protease activity. These alterations may be linked to programmed cell death by apoptosis, potentially influencing lung architecture and lung function.To evaluate apoptosis in emphysema, lung tissue was analysed from 10 emphysema patients and six individuals without emphysema (normal). Morphological analysis revealed alveolar cells in emphysematous lungs with convoluted nuclei characteristic of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation was detected using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) and gel electrophoresis. TUNEL revealed higher apoptosis in emphysematous than normal lungs. Markers of apoptosis, including active caspase-3, proteolytic fragment of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, Bax and Bad, were detected in emphysematous lungs. Linear regression showed that apoptosis was inversely correlated with surface area. Emphysematous lungs demonstrated lower surface areas and increased cell proliferation. There was no correlation between apoptosis and proliferation, suggesting that, although both events increase during emphysema, they are not in equilibrium, potentially contributing to reduced lung surface area.In summary, cell-based mechanisms associated with emphysematous parenchymal damage include increased apoptosis and cell proliferation. Apoptosis correlated with airspace enlargement, supporting epidemiological evidence of the progressive nature of emphysema. These data extend the understanding of cell dynamics and structural changes within the lung during emphysema pathogenesis.
Pulmonary ischaemia–reperfusion injury: role of apoptosis: Fig. 1—
Authors: Ng C. S. H. , Wan S. , Yim A. P. C. 
Published: January 2005

The central role of lung ischaemia–reperfusion injury in pulmonary dysfunction after cardiac surgery, particularly thoracic organ transplantation, has been well recognised.Lung tissue necrosis after prolonged ischaemia is known to worsen lung function, which was believed to be due largely to adjacent tissue inflammation. Recent studies suggest that lung apoptosis following ischaemia–reperfusion could be equally important in the development of post-operative lung dysfunction.The current literature on the mechanism and pathways involved in pulmonary dysfunction and, in particular, its relationship with apoptosis after lung ischaemia–reperfusion is briefly reviewed here.A better understanding of lung apoptosis, as well as the upstream pathways, may help in the development of therapeutic strategies that could benefit patients undergoing cardiac and lung transplantation.
Bronchoalveolar lavage in COPD: fluid recovery correlates with the degree of emphysema
Authors: Löfdahl J. M. , Cederlund K. , Nathell L. , Eklund A. , Sköld C. M. 
Published: January 2005

Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is an important research tool for assessing airway inflammation in a variety of inflammatory lung diseases. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), BAL recovery is often low, making analysis of the recovered fluid difficult to interpret. The present authors hypothesised that the degree of emphysema may predict BAL recovery.A total of 20 COPD patients (mean age 57 yrs, range 49–69) with a median (interquartile range) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 51 (33–69)% predicted underwent BAL. Matched “healthy” smokers and nonsmokers served as controls. Emphysema index in COPD patients was calculated on computed tomography scan as the percentage of the right lung with pixels <−950 Hounsfield units. The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung (DL,CO) was determined by the single-breath method.COPD patients had lower BAL recovery than controls. COPD patients with an emphysema index <1 had higher BAL recovery than patients with an emphysema index >1. BAL recovery correlated negatively to emphysema index and positively toDL,CO. However, no correlation was found between recovery and FEV1.In conclusion, the extent of emphysema evaluated by computed tomography-scan index and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung may predict a low bronchoalveolar lavage recovery in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. These parameters may, therefore, be useful when chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients are selected for bronchoscopy with bronchoalveloar lavage. The present study underlines the importance of careful phenotyping of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
Obesity increases the risk of incident asthma among adults
Authors: Rönmark E. , Andersson C. , Nyström L. , Forsberg B. , Järvholm B. , Lundbäck B. 
Published: January 2005

The annual incidence of asthma in adults in northern Sweden has been estimated at 2.3 per thousand population. Risk factors for incident asthma among adults were studied in a case–referent study based on incident cases of asthma during 1995–1999.The healthcare providers reported suspected cases of incident asthma. After clinical examination, 309 (65% female) of 473 reported subjects were included. Inclusion criteria were a history of incident asthma (onset <12 months) and verified bronchial variability. Referents were randomly selected and stratified by age, sex and area of residence.The significant risk factors were hay fever, a family history of asthma, ex-smoking status and elevated body mass index (25.0–29.9 and ≥30). The risk factor pattern was similar for females and males, and increased body mass index was a significant risk factor for both males and females, as well as for allergic and nonallergic subjects.In conclusion, in addition to hay fever, a family history of asthma, allergic sensitisation and ex-smoking status, increased body mass index was a significant risk factor for incident asthma independent of sex and allergic status.
Survival with first-line bosentan in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension
Authors: McLaughlin V. V. , Sitbon O. , Badesch D. B. , Barst R. J. , Black C. , Galiè N. , Rainisio M. , Simonneau G. , Rubin L. J. 
Published: January 2005

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a progressive disease with high mortality. Administration ofi.v.epoprostenol has demonstrated improved exercise tolerance, haemodynamics, and survival. The orally active, dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan improves exercise endurance, haemodynamics, and functional class over the short term. To determine the effect of first-line bosentan therapy on survival, this study followed 169 patients with PPH treated with bosentan in two placebo-controlled trials and their extensions.Data on survival and alternative treatments were collected from September 1999 (start of the first placebo-controlled study) to December 31, 2002. Observed survival up to 36 months was reported as Kaplan-Meier estimates and compared with predicted survival as determined for each patient by the National Institutes of Health Registry formula.Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were 96% at 12 months and 89% at 24 months. In contrast, predicted survival was 69% and 57%, respectively. In addition, at the end of 12 and 24 months, 85% and 70% of patients, respectively, remained alive and on bosentan monotherapy. Factors that predicted a worse outcome included World Health Organization Functional Class IV and 6-min walk distance below the median (358 m) at baseline.First-line bosentan therapy was found to improve survival in patients with advanced primary pulmonary hypertension.
Is it bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome or is it chronic rejection: a reappraisal?: Fig. 1—
Authors: Verleden G. M. , Dupont L. J. , Van Raemdonck D. E. 
Published: January 2005

Chronic rejection (obliterative bronchiolitis) is the single most important cause of chronic allograft dysfunction and late mortality after lung transplantation. As this condition is difficult to prove using biopsy specimens, a clinical term, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) has been in use for >10 yrs to describe the progressive decrease of pulmonary function. However, before diagnosing a patient as having BOS, based on a sustained and progressive decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second and/or forced mid-expiratory flow between 25–75% of forced vital capacity, different confounding factors have to be eliminated.Treatment of BOS mainly consists of an increase or a change in the immunosuppressive drug regimen, which may lead to more pronounced infectious complications. Recently, two new options have become available to treat patients with BOS, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux and azithromycin.In the present paper, the authors give an overview of the current data on these two modalities, which may lead to a restoration of the pulmonary function in some of the patients, illustrating once more the fact that bronchitis obliterans syndrome is not always a manifestation of chronic rejection.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and steroid therapy
Authors: Mussaffi H. , Rivlin J. , Shalit I. , Ephros M. , Blau H. 
Published: January 2005

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection, particularly due toMycobacterium abscessus, is an emerging disease that can be relentlessly progressive, particularly in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The risk factors that were associated with this increasingly symptomatic infection in a group of CF patients were investigated.A total of 139 CF patients aged 2–52 yrs were reviewed. Sputum was cultured for NTM annually or whenever clinical deterioration was unexplained.In total, 12 patients (8.6%) had positive cultures and six (4.3%) met the criteria for NTM pulmonary disease (five withM. abscessus). Five had allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) compared with one out of 133 patients without NTM disease. Five had received systemic steroids (four as a treatment for ABPA) compared with only one out of 133 without NTM lung disease. All six NTM patients deteriorated markedly following mycobacterial infection, and forced expiratory volume in one second dropped 18–46%. Despite prolonged triple antibiotic therapy,M. abscessuswas not eradicated, and four out of six did not return to baseline clinically.In conclusion, severe nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease, particularly withMycobacterium abscessus, is becoming a perplexing challenge in cystic fibrosis patients. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and systemic steroids appear to be risk factors, although small patient numbers limit this to a descriptive observation. When pulmonary condition deteriorates, increased surveillance for mycobacteria would enable prompt diagnosis and treatment.
A chart of failure risk for noninvasive ventilation in patients with COPD exacerbation
Authors: Confalonieri M. , Garuti G. , Cattaruzza M. S. , Osborn J. F. , Antonelli M. , Conti G. , Kodric M. , Resta O. , Marchese S. , Gregoretti C. , Rossi A. 
Published: January 2005

Knowing the likelihood of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could indicate the best choice between NPPV and endotracheal intubation instituted earlier. For this purpose, two risk charts were designed (at admission and after 2 h of NPPV) that included all relevant measurable clinical prognostic indicators derived from a population representing the patients seen routinely in clinical practice.Risk stratification of NPPV failure was assessed in 1,033 consecutive patients admitted to experienced hospital units, including two intensive care units, six respiratory intermediate care units, and five general wards. NPPV was successful in 797 patients.Patients with a Glasgow Coma Score <11, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II ≥29, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1and pH at admission <7.25 have a predicted risk of failure >70%. A pH <7.25 after 2 h greatly increases the risk (>90%). The risk charts were validated on an independent group of 145 consecutive COPD patients treated with NPPV due to an acute ventilatory failure episode. To identify patients with a probability of failure >50%, the sensitivity and specificity were 33% and 96.7% on admission and 52.9% and 94.1% after 2 h of NPPV, respectively.The prediction chart, based on data from the current study, can function as a simple tool to predict the risk of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and thus improve clinical management of patients tailoring medical intervention.
Prone position improves expiratory airway mechanics in severe chronic bronchitis
Authors: Mentzelopoulos S. D. , Roussos C. , Zakynthinos S. G. 
Published: January 2005

Based on lung parenchyma-airways' interdependence, the present authors hypothesised that prone positioning may reduce airway resistance in severe chronic bronchitis.A total of 10 anaesthetised/mechanically ventilated patients were enrolled. Partitioned respiratory system (RS) mechanics during iso-flow experiments (flow = 0.91 L·s−1, tidal volume (VT) varied within 0.2–1.2 L), haemodynamics, gas-exchange, expiratory airway resistance (Raw,exp), functional residual capacity (FRC), change in FRC (ΔFRC), end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), expiratory airway resistance at EELV (Raw,exp,EELV), intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi), and mean end-expiratory flow were determined in baseline semirecumbent (SRBAS), prone, and post-prone semirecumbent (SRPP) postures.PronationversusSRBASresulted in significantly reducedRaw,exp(atVT≥0.8 L),Raw,exp,EELV(18.3±1.4versus31.6±2.6 cm H2O·L−1·s−1), inspiratory airway resistance (atVT≥1.0 L), static lung elastance (atVT≤0.6 L), “additional” RS/lung resistance (at a range ofVTs), ΔFRC (0.35±0.03versus0.47±0.03 L), EELV (4.92±0.49versus5.65±0.65 L), RS/lung PEEPi (6.7±1.1/5.4±0.6versus8.9±1.7/7.8±1.1 cm H2O), mean end-expiratory flow (63.9±4.2versus47.9±4.0 mL·s−1), and shunt fraction (0.16±0.03versus0.21±0.03); benefits were reversed in SRPP.In severe chronic bronchitis, prone positioning reduces airway resistance and dynamic hyperinflation.
Incidence of bipolar affective disorder in three UK cities
Authors: Lloyd Tuhina , Kennedy Noel , Fearon Paul , Kirkbride James , Mallett Rosemarie , Leff Julian , Holloway John , Harrison Glynn , Dazzan Paola , Morgan Kevin , Murray Robin M. , Jones Peter B. 
Published: January 2005

BackgroundThere has been a relative dearth of epidemiological research into bipolar affective disorder. Furthermore, incidence studies of bipolar disorder have been predominantly retrospective and most only included hospital admission cases.AimsTo determine the incidence of operationally defined bipolar disorder in three areas of the UK and to investigate any differences in gender and ethnicity.MethodAll patients who contacted mental health services with first-episode psychosis or non-psychotic mania between September 1997 and August 1999 were identified and diagnosed according to ICD–10 criteria. Incidence rates of bipolar affective disorder were standardised for age and stratified by gender and ethnic group across the three areas.ResultsThe incidence rate per 100 000 per year in south-east London was over twice that in Nottingham and Bristol. There was no significant difference in the rates of disorder in men and women. Incidence rates of bipolar disorder in the combined Black and minority ethnic groups in all three areas were significantly higher than those of the comparison White groups.ConclusionsThe incidence of bipolar disorder was higher in south-east London than in the other two areas, and was higher among Black and minority ethnic groups than in the White population.
Time trends in eating disorder incidence
Authors: Currin Laura , Schmidt Ulrike , Treasure Janet , Jick Hershel 
Published: January 2005

BackgroundDuring the years 1988–1993 the primary care incidence of anorexia nervosa in the UK remained stable, but the incidence of bulimia nervosa increased threefold.AimsTo determine whether the incidence of anorexia nervosa remained stable, and that of bulimia nervosa continued to increase, in the years 1994–2000.MethodThe General Practice Research Database was screened for new cases of anorexia and bulimia nervosa between 1994 and 2000. Annual incidence rates were calculated for females aged 10–39 years and compared with rates from the previous 5 years.ResultsIn 2000 primary care incidence rates were 4. 7 and 6. 6 per 100 000 population for anorexia and bulimia nervosa, respectively. The incidence of anorexia nervosa remained remarkably consistent over the period studied. Overall there was an increase in the incidence of bulimia, but rates declined after a peak in 1996.ConclusionsThis study provides further evidence for the stability of anorexia nervosa incidence rates. Decreased symptom recognition and changes in service use might have contributed to observed changes in the incidence of bulimia nervosa.
Experience of social stigma by people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Sing , Lee Margaret T. Y. , Chiu Marcus Y. L. , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: January 2005

BackgroundResearch on stigma often focuses on general public attitudes and overlooks patients' subjective experiences of everyday stigma arising from significant others.AimsTo document and compare the interpersonal experiences of stigma in patients with schizophrenia and patients with diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong.MethodFour focus groups were conducted to generate a self-report questionnaire. Data were collected from out-patients with schizophrenia (n=320) and diabetes (n=160).ResultsSignificantly more patients with schizophrenia (>40%) than diabetes (average 15%) experienced stigma from family members, partners, friends and colleagues. Over 50% anticipated stigma and about 55% concealed their illness. Dysphoria occurred in over half.ConclusionsInterpersonal (especially intrafamilial) stigma was pervasive, hard to avoid and devastating to patients with schizophrenia. Family support had to be realised rather than assumed, despite the emphasis on relationship bonds in Chinese society Programmes that build the family as a rehabilitative resource should start early to reduce the development and adverse impacts of stigma.
Career choices for psychiatry: national surveys of graduates of 1974–2000 from UK medical schools
Authors: Goldacre Michael J. , Turner Gill , Fazel Seena , Lambert Trevor 
Published: January 2005

BackgroundConcerns continue about recruitment levels of junior doctors into psychiatry in the UK.AimsTo report career choices for and career progression in psychiatry.MethodPostal questionnaire surveys of qualifiers from all UK medical schools in eight qualification years since 1974.ResultsTotals of 75% (21 845 out of 28 980) and 74% (17 741 out of 24 044) of doctors responded atone and three years after qualification. One and three years after qualification, 4–5% of doctors chose psychiatry This has changed very little between 1974 and 2000. Most doctors who chose psychiatry one and three years after qualification were working in psychiatry at year 10. Hours and conditions of work, the doctor's personal assessment of their aptitudes and skills and their experience of the subject as a student influenced long-term career choices for psychiatry.ConclusionsGreater exposure to psychiatry for clinical students and in junior hospital jobs might improve recruitment.
Impact of a foot and mouth disease crisis on post-traumatic stress symptoms in farmers
Authors: Olff Miranda , Koeter Maarten W. J. , Van Haaften E. Heleen , Kersten Paul H. , Gersons Berthold P. R. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryCulling 27000 farm animals during an epidemic of foot and mouth disease in The Netherlands in 2001 resulted in substantial psychological distress among Dutch farmers. We investigated the association of exposure to this crisis with symptoms of intrusions and avoidance as found in post-traumatic stress disorder. Survey results from the Impact of Event Scale administered to 661 Dutch dairy farmers showed that about half of those whose animals were culled suffered from severe post-traumatic distress; we conclude that such agricultural crises can have a substantial impact on mental health.
Patient-centred psychiatry. Training and assessment: the way forward
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Holsgrove Gareth 
Published: January 2005

Patient-centred psychiatry depends upon delivering care which is patient focused. Patient-centred care is defined as(Care) which explores the Patients' reasons for their visit, their concerns and need for information, seeks an integrated understanding of the patient's world i.e. their whole person, emotional needs and life issues and finds common ground on what the problem is and mutually agrees on management, enhances prevention and health promotion and enhances the continuing relationship between the patient and the doctor (Stewart, 2001)
Copying letters to patients: a study of patients' views
Authors: Marzanski Marek , Musunuri Padmapriya , Coupe Tim 
Published: January 2005

Aims & MethodTo investigate patients' views on receiving copies of letters sent by their healthcare professionals, 72 patients were asked about their willingness to receive a copy of the letter sent to their general practitioner and about preferences for the type of information to be included in such letters. We also asked what concerns, if any, they had about the process.ResultsThree-quarters of the respondents (n=55) said they would like to receive a copy of the letter. Patients accepted the inclusion of information about their illness but were reluctant for data about their family, work and finances to be included.Clinical ImplicationsAlthough the majority of the patients we interviewed wished to have the copy letter, many of them expressed concerns about confidentiality, the risk of distress and the cost of the process to the National Health Service. The rights of those who do not want copy letters should also be respected.
Organising a mock OSCE for the MRCPsych Part I examination
Authors: Pryde Iain , Sachar Amrit , Young Stephanie , Hukin Amanda , Davies Teifion , Rao Ranga 
Published: January 2005

Aims and MethodWith the changes introduced recently to the Part I clinical examination, trainers will be expected to modify MRCPsych course teaching accordingly. The aim of this paper is to describe the procedure for organising a mock objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) for MRCPsych trainees.ResultsPrior to the introduction of the new OSCE, we organised an authentic mock OSCE for our trainees. We have now run three consecutive mock examinations which have been successfully evaluated.Clinical ImplicationsA well-organised mock OSCE requires significant investment in terms of planning, resources and enthusiasm, but can have a potentially beneficial impact on and preparation for the real OSCE and training in general.
A Mixed-metal Single-molecule Magnet: [Mn8Fe4O12(O2CCH2Cl)16(H2O)4]
Authors: Yang Chen-I , Tsai Hui-Lien , Lee Gene-Hsiang , Wur Ching-Shuei , Yang Shwu-Fen 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The synthesis, X-ray crystal structure and magnetic properties of a new single-molecule magnet [Mn8Fe4O12(O2CCH2Cl)16(H2O)4]·2CH2ClCOOH·2CH2Cl2 (3·2CH2ClCOOH·2CH2Cl2) are reported. Reduced magnetization data of complex 3 indicate an S = 4 ground state, and the out-of-phase components of AC magnetic susceptibilities have frequency dependent maxima.
Control of Morphology and Reaction Activity of CeO2–TiO2 Composite Nanostructures by Changing the Mole Ratio of Cerium to Titanium Alkoxides
Authors: Nakagawa Keizo , Murata Yusuke , Kishida Masahiro , Adachi Motonari 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Crystallized CeO2–TiO2 composite nanostructures were prepared by surfactant-assisted method using mixed solution of alkoxides at 353 K. The morphology and crystalline structure of CeO2–TiO2 composite were varied with changing the mole ratio of cerium n-butoxide/tetraisopropyl orthotitanate. These nanostructured materials after calcinations showed reaction activity to oxidize I− to I2 owing to Lewis acid sites without irradiation of light.