bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
House Prices as Predictors of Consumer Price Inflation?
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a consensus among ‘mainstream’ economists about how asset price fluctuations should be treated for purposes of monetary policy in principle, but no consensus in practice. The mainstream would have the monetary authorities, usually an independent central bank, give primacy to achieving price stability, preferably defined as an inflation target, where inflation is itself measured by some variant of the Retail or Consumer Price Index (RPI or CPI). Such an index consists of prices of current goods and services, but not assets directly.1 The consensus in principle is that the monetary authorities, whom we will hence- forth term the Central Bank, or CB, should adjust their current policy in so far as asset price fluctuations have predictive content for future RPI or CPI inflation. This was the message of Gertler et al. (1998), Vickers (1999), and Bernanke and Gertler (1999).
Convergence in Theory and Practice
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we have already encountered the question of whether the incomes of distinct infinitely lived agents will converge together. This issue can be considered from either a theoretical or an empirical angle. For example, the Stiglitz model that was examined in Chapter 3 represents the theoretical approach. In fact the boundary between theory and the empirical is never absolute and not always obvious. So the striking theoretical findings of Stiglitz force us to view the empirical evidence in a new light. If persistent inequality is obvious and self-evident, then there is no need to seek out its major causes. But if that same persistent inequality is contrary to what theory would predict, as the simple Stiglitz model indicates, then the empirical evidence has to be viewed and analysed in a different way.
The Real Exchange Rate
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term real exchange rate is used so liberally in the economics literature that one might think that it has a unique unambiguous meaning. In fact it is used both to indicate relative price levels for traded goods in different countries, and also as a theoretical variable that measures the relative price for one country of its non-traded goods in comparison with traded goods. For the time being assume that goods are divided strictly and completely between tradeable goods that move freely in international trade, and non-tradeable goods that cannot be traded at all. This assumption is used by Dornbusch (1980). The assumption entails that the quality of traded goods, if it varies, can be readily and costlessly assessed. The non- traded goods may include immobile factors, as in the HOS model.
International Trade Rules, Politics, and the Environment
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The question that forms the first heading of this chapter admits of a simple, and short, answer: because actors are large. To confirm that this is the correct answer, one only needs to go back to the Arrow-Debreu general equilibrium model. In that model agents simply trade in order to achieve the best result possible from their private point of view, given the prices that they face. The same is true of the HOS model, and its derivatives, all of which are special cases of the Arrow-Debreu model. It makes no difference to that model if some of its agents are large, provided that these large agents maximize at given prices. Once agents are large, however, it becomes artificial to suppose that they will fail to understand the fact that the prices at which they trade are not independent of their choices and actions.
Reform through the Conventional Channels of the Church: The Conservative Approach
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our interest in this chapter is in the intellectual elite of Piagnone history: those persons who, having acquired considerable renown in the world of letters, found themselves attracted by the Savonarolan concept of reform and devoted their gifts to its advancement. Girolamo Benivieni, brother of Domenico, was one; Giovan francesco Pico another. The first was among the foremost Florentine poets of his generation; the second inherited the mantle of his illustrious uncle, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, and was respected on both sides of the Alps as one of the foremost philosophers of the age. Although never to devote all their energies to the Savonarolan cause, which, while it was an important concern, always remained only one of several interests, they were never to renounce their allegiance to it. Faithful throughout their lives to the reforming ideal which Savonarola had advocated, they became identified with it and lent it their own particular aura of intellectual distinction. Even if their contribution to the movement was overshadowed by that of others more outspoken than they, the air of respectability with which they endowed it was of immeasurable benefit, and may indeed have helped to postpone its inevitable suppression.
‘By the Waters of Babylon’: The Death of a Movement
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The capitulation of Florence was followed by a short period of respite. For a while at least, Bartolomeo Valori, who ruled Florence almost single-handed, as Clement VII’s deputy, was able to maintain a semblance of normality, despite an atmosphere charged with fear, hate, and despondency and a desultory attempt by the mob to attack and sack S. Marco.’ Indeed, the first major decisions taken to dismantle the republican political structure were characterized by punctilious legality and by the determination to preserve a degree of continuity between the old and new regime. As in 1512, a parlamento was called in order to appoint a Bafia with full powers to reform the government.
Epilogue
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having weathered the crisis of 1545-6, the worst it had faced till then, S. Marco resumed its activities and continued on its slow road to recovery. Once the memory of the humiliating defeat had faded, Cosimo ceased troubling the convent and even began to single it out for special favour. After years of mutual enmity it became convenient once again to emphasize the connection between S. Marco and the Medici which had existed from the time of Cosimo pater patriae. For its part, S. Marco gave the Prince the obeisance and honour he regarded as his due and ensured that no criticism either of the Medici or of the political system imposed on Florence would ever again emanate from its precincts.
New Phenomena as a Challenge to the Interpretation of the Berne and Rome Conventions
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All legal norms, whether in a national law, an international treaty, or other legal instrument, were drafted at a particular point in time against the factual back ground prevailing at that time. In order to continue to be useful, the norms have to be adapted to new phenomena such as new technical, economic, and legal developments. Such adaptations may occur through amendments to legislation, revisions of treaties, or the conclusion of new treaties; where these are not realistic options (as in the case of the Rome and (after 1971) Berne Conventions), interpretation may help to a certain degree. Regarding the Berne and Rome Conventions, many new developments took place after 1961 and 1971, when the Rome Convention and the last revision of the Berne Convention were respectively adopted. They constituted challenges for the interpretation of these Conventions. This chapter illustrates these challenges on the basis of selected examples in order to show the need for new international provisions that indeed were later adopted as part of the TRIPS Agreement, the WCT, and the WPPT.
Bilateral Treaties
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fundamentally new development since the mid-1980s to include intellectual property into international trade law was not limited to the multilateral frame work. It extended to bilateral and regional treaties as well as unilateral trade measures. In all cases, the driving forces behind this new development were industrialized countries. The USA and the EC concluded most of the bilateral trade agreements covering intellectual property. Less known are similar treaties in other parts of the world. The agreements reveal major differences in content, scope, and policy.
The Protection of Audiovisual Performances
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To date, audiovisual performances (ie performances which may be or are fixed on a visual or audiovisual medium), are hardly protected in multilateral treaties. Like other performances, they are not protected as works under any copyright treaties. In addition, their protection under the Rome Convention was largely excluded following insistence by the USA, which, however, never acceded to the Convention. The TRIPS Agreement covers audiovisual performances only in respect of the rights of live broadcasting and communication to the public; for other rights, it is limited to performances fixed on phonograms.3 Finally, recent attempts by WIPO to achieve an international protection for audio visual performances have failed, and little hope seems left to reach this aim in the near future. The lack of a meaningful international protection is exceptional: in all other important areas of copyright and neighbouring rights covered at the national level, international protection has been achieved. The reasons for this lack of international protection may be better understood when analysing the discussions and experiences made at the WIPO Diplomatic Conferences of 1996 and 2000, and thereafter.
From Victory to Defeat: Drumcree, 1996–1998
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the second Drumcree marching season approached in 1996, a propaganda war broke out between Loyalists and Republicans, and the RUC Chief Constable, Hugh Annesley, kept both sides guessing as to his final decision. In a reprise of 1995, Orangemen, joined by many paramilitary elements, began massing in their thousands. In the crowd, different currents collided. Though united in their determination to get the march down the road, David Trimble, Ian Paisley, Joel Patton, Martin Smyth, and the paramilitary leaders possessed varying agendas and vied for leadership of the event. The tragic death of the Catholic taxi driver Michael McGoldrick showed that the paramilitary element had few qualms about venting its spleen through violence.
Framework for Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Policing in the twenty-first century is a potpourri of sectors, levels, systems, and models that co-exist in a whirlpool of continual interaction. Policing and law enforcement is stretched and fragmented beyond its usual territorial boundaries into a global context that has transformed the way policing business is done and will be done in the future. Local policing is now global policing and the management of police knowledge requires a holistic global framework.
This chapter provides the conceptual underpinnings for such a holistic frame- work that incorporates the complexities and diversity of policing sectors, levels, and systems as well as its predominant models of practice in carrying out the business of policing in a global context.
Systems in Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the systems that underpin Knowledge Management (KM) in the policing and law enforcement environment. It is important to be clear about a basic distinction between an ‘information system’ and a ‘knowledge system’. An information system collects, stores, and retrieves information, whereas a knowledge system takes the captured information and creates knowledge. Moreover, depending on the sophistication of the knowledge system, it can then recreate the ‘created knowledge’ and further recreate the recreated ‘created knowledge’ in an ever expanding iterative cycle of knowledge creation.
Surveillance and Covert Human Intelligence Sources: The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 Pt II
Authors: Hopkins Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As set out in the preceding chapters, a number of cases initiated in the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg in the late 1990s identified the absence of a lawful basis, within the meaning of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), for certain types of covert surveillance. Part III of the Police Act 1997 (PA) provided such a statutory framework in respect of surveillance which involved entry on or interference with property or with wireless telegraphy. However, where police used covert listening devices on their own premises, such as covert surveillance of suspects held in police cells, it remained the case that there was no domestic law regulating the use of covert listening devices in such circumstances.
Disclosure
Authors: Rhodes David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The right of every accused to a fair trial is a basic or fundamental right. That means that under our unwritten constitution those rights are regarded as deserving of special protection by the courts. However, in our adversarial system, in which the police and the prosecution control the investigatory process, an accused’s right to fair disclosure is an inseparable part of his right to a fair trial. That is the framework in which the development of common law rules about disclosure by the Crown must be seen.
Sentence
Authors: Browne Shereener , Hobcraft Gemma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘What do you think I’ll get?’ As early as arrest or first appearance, this question inevitably gets asked by those faced with the prospect of a criminal prosecution. It is undoubtedly at the forefront of an individual’s mind. It is the sentence that deprives an individual of their liberty, or has the potential to—sentencing is a necessary and powerful arm of the criminal justice system. The Human Rights Act 1998 has, to a certain extent, changed the landscape of criminal law. Its impact upon the specific area of sentencing has been less dramatic, but its significance must not be underestimated—especially for those who are and will continue to be deprived of their liberty on the basis of criminal offending.
The Age of the Euro: A Structural Break? Europeanization, Convergence, and Power in Central Banking
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The coming of the age of the euro, signalled by the establishment of the European Central Bank (ECB) in 1998, represented a bold novelty in the history of central banking. It involved the birth of a small, untested, supra-national central bank, which was cast directly into the role of the second most powerful in the world, only half a decade after the European Exchange-Rate Mechanism (ERM) had been convulsed by crises in 1992–3 (on which Dyson 1994).
The Banca d’Italia: Between Europeanization and Globalization
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Banca d’Italia is one of the largest central banks in the European Union (EU). It is a relatively powerful player in the Eurosystem, which it joined when the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) began in 1999. In an interview released in the run up to the third stage, its Governor, Antonio Fazio, expressed his concerns about Italy’s membership of the single currency, arguing that it would be a ‘purgatory’ (Financial Times , 10 November 1998).
Bank of England: Learning to Live with the Euro
Authors: Goodhart Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
1997 was a climacteric year for the Bank of England, and for political developments in the UK. In early May, the Labour Party won a resounding General Election victory. Thirteen years of Conservative government came to a crashing end, marked in the years since 1992 by internal infighting between euro-sceptics and euro-philes. Within a week the incoming Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, had awarded the Bank of England operational independence, and within two weeks had stripped it of its role in both banking supervision and debt management.
Much Ado About Nothing
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At some early stage in our lives most of us are suddenly hit by the question: ‘Where did everything come from?’ We may also wonder where our conscious self was before our birth. Can you identify your earliest memory? When I first started school, I had clear memories of the previous two or three years, especially of summer holidays at the seaside, but when I tried to recall earlier events the visions became more hazy, disappearing into nothingness. I was told that this was because I had only been born five years previously, in 1945. Meanwhile my parents spoke of a war, and of things that had happened to them before the war, but it all meant nothing to me. The world that I knew had not existed then and appeared to have been created at my birth, filled with ready-made parents and other adults. How could they have existed ‘before’ my conscious universe?
Space
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was many years ago when still a novice in popularization that I was asked to convince an Anglican bishop, versed in the creation myths of Genesis, that the universe had emerged 14 billion years previously from a Big Bang. ‘Tell me; is the steady state theory no longer accepted?’ God’s representative asked me. The steady state hypothesis was that matter is being continually created and that, implicitly, the universe has existed for infinite time. While this avoided the great paradoxes of what was God doing the day before He made the universe, it also ran counter to observational astronomy and had fallen out of favour. I explained this and was pleasantly surprised at the reaction. The bishop almost seemed relieved: the Genesis concept was confirmed, it was just a matter of time scales.
Dispute Resolution in the GATT, 1948–941
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a common place that dispute resolution and remedies in international law are not as developed as the corpus of substantive rules designed to govern the behaviour of states, or as dispute resolution and remedies available in domestic law. In fact the comparison between domestic and internal legal systems is flawed at both ends; the system of civil remedies in virtually all countries is far from fully effective; and the system of dispute resolution and remedies in controversies between states (putting aside war/peace issues) is more developed than is commonly supposed.
The Environment and International Economic Law
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
International concern for the environment, except in particular areas such as marine pollution and aircraft noise, is of relatively recent origin. Not a word is said about the environment in the Charter of the United Nations (1945), nor in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947), nor in the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (1957). Beginning in the 1950s, a number of widely read books and films, notably by Rachel Carson and Jacques-Yves Cousteau, stimulated a worldwide movement dedicated to preservation of the environment. Initially, the movement was propelled by non-governmental organizations, but they in turn pressured governments to become involved in the subject.
International Monetary Law and Private Activity
Authors: Smedresman Peter S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much of the discussion in the preceding chapters, while focused on states and international organizations, has inevitably involved the role of private parties. The creditors of the developing countries and the ‘countries in transition ‘ have been in significant part commercial banks (see Ch. 20); the holders of 5nancial assets that make up much of a state ‘s balance of payments are also to a large extent private parties, as are those who trade in goods and services or make transnational investments. Indeed, one way to view the demise of the Bretton Woods system (see Ch. 18, Sect. 18.9) and the demise of the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System (see Ch. 22, Sect. 22.2) is as the triumph of individual decisionmaking over the will of governments. Still, the preceding chapters have on the whole been devoted to the public international law of monetary affairs. This chapter is addressed to selected subjects at the frontier between public and private international law.
British India’s Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa
Authors: Onley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having entered the Indian Civil Service in 1907 and served for eighteen months in the Punjab, I was admitted to the Indian Political Service. This Service, of which the Viceroy was the Head, was concerned with: most of the self-governing States which extended over a third of the area of India and accounted for a quarter of the country’s population; with the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan; and with areas beyond the frontiers of India such as Aden, the Persian Gulf, parts of Persia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet. Its personnel of about 150 [British] officers was recruited approximately two-thirds from the Indian Army and one-third from the Indian Civil Service.
The Decline of British India’s Native Agency System in Bahrain and the Gulf
Authors: Onley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the mid-1890s on, Britain faced a new challenge in the Gulf. Growing European rivalry in the region threatened British paramountcy in Eastern Arabia and British influence in Persia. The resulting need for a stronger political presence eventually caused the British to abandon their native agency system throughout the entire region. Between 1900 and 1911, in an effort to counter the threat, the British replaced all but two of their native agencies with political agencies or consulates run by British political officers. This process began with Bahrain.
Financial Structure And Corporate Governance In Europe, The Usa, And Asia
Authors: Allen Franklin , Chui Michael K F , Maddaloni Angela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the trend of globalization in recent years, the financial structures of economies and the way in which corporate governance is implemented remain diverse. In this chapter we compare the structure of the euro area with the UK, the, This is based on Allen, Chui, and Maddaloni 2004 but is updated and includes a section on corporate governance.
Takeovers
Authors: Panunzi Mike Burkart Fausto 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A takeover typically involves much more than the mere transfer of ownership since the acquired firm subsequently undergoes a major reorganization. Its divisions are merged with or subordinated to those of the acquiring firm, divested, or even dissolved. Furthermore, such restructuring takes hold of entire industries as takeovers occur in waves and are within each wave clustered by industries (Andrade, Mitchell, and Stafiord 2001).
Financial Structure And Monetary Transmission In The Emu
Authors: Worms Boris Hofmann Andreas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monetary policy is transmitted to output and prices via various, interrelated transmission channels (for an overview, see Worms 2004 or Mishkin 1996). Those channels which are deemed to be the most important are the interest rate channel, the exchange rate channel, the wealth or asset price channel, and the credit channel. The interest rate channel refers to the direct efiects of policy measures on investment and consumption decisions via changes of the cost of capital and the intertemporal discount rate.