bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A bolt from the blue
Authors: Baggott Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The confrontation between Einstein and Bohr over the interpretation of quantum theory has been painted in the past as a direct conflict between realism and positivism. However, more recent attempts to uncover the philosophical positions of both Einstein and Bohr have revealed that these were not so black and white. Einstein’s realism was conditioned by the strong empiricist influence in his own early experiences as a theorist and the growing wariness that led him eventually to reject Machian positivism. His was a realism born of a sense of necessity: a belief that a realist stance is the only one that leads to productive theorizing about the physical world. Bohr’s philosophy went through some quite marked changes, principally in response to Einstein’s challenges. The father of modem atomic theory could hardly subscribe to an uncompromising positivist position that rejected the reality of atoms. But the reality of the inner workings of those atoms was, Bohr contended, beyond the reach of a knowledge founded on complementary classical concepts of waves and particles. As Einstein’s challenges became deeper and more subtle, so Bohr’s position shifted to that of a distinctive anti-realism. Add to this a rhetoric in Bohr’s speeches and published writings that insisted on the logical inevitability of the Copenhagen interpretation, that insisted on its status as the only feasible interpretation, and that countenanced no other alternative, and you have dogma in the making. Heisenberg called it ‘Kopen hagener Geist der Quantentheorie’, the Copenhagen spirit of quantum theory which, he declared in 1930, ‘has directed the entire development of modem atomic physics’. Einstein frequently referred to the Copenhagen doctrine as ‘Talmudic’.
Pilot waves, potentials, and propensities
Authors: Baggott Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So, where do we go from here? It is apparent from the last two chapters that nature denies us the easy way out. The clear experimental demonstration of quantum entanglement rules out the idea of local hidden variables, one of the simpler solutions to the conceptual problems of quantum theory. For the time being at least, we are forced to live with the consequences of entanglement, non-locality, and ‘spooky’ action at a distance. This might make some of us uncomfortable, but there is no solace in the Copenhagen interpretation, which does not provide us with any answers and is still regarded by many to be no interpretation at all. And, lest we forget, there remain the problems of interpreting the meaning of quantum probability and the collapse of the wave function. Even those who adhere to the Copenhagen view tend to put aside or disregard the conceptual difficulties that these issues raise as they analyse the results from the latest particle-accelerator experiment. This is not a very satisfactory situation.
An irreversible act
Authors: Baggott Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we are not persuaded of the approach to recovering causality in quantum physics through the de Broglie-Bohm theory (perhaps because, like Einstein, we think this route ‘too cheap’) or Popper’s reinterpretation of the meaning of probability, we must seek alternative solutions to the problems of quantum probability and the collapse of the wave function. Even if we choose to accept what quantum probability tells us concerning the fundamental indeterminism and acausality of the quantum world, we are still left to trouble over quantum measurement.
Many worlds, one universe
Authors: Baggott Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of the collapse of the wave function was introduced into quantum theory by John von Neumann in the early 1930s and has since become an integral part of the theory’s orthodox interpretation. But if we were to ask ourselves what evidence we have that this collapse is a real physical phenomenon, we would have to admit that we have none. The notion of a collapse is necessary to explain how a quantum system initially present in a linear superposition state before the process of measurement is converted into a quantum system present in one, and only one, of the measurement eigenstates after the process has occurred. It was introduced into the theory because it is our experience that pointers point in only one direction at a time.
Introduction
Authors: Hodgkin Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
M. de Montmort was working for some time on the History of Geometry. Every Science, every Art, should have its own. It gives great pleasure, which is also instructive, to see the path which the human spirit has taken, and (to speak geometrically) this kind of progression, whose intervals are at first extremely long, and afterwards naturally proceed by becoming always shorter.
Greeks, practical and theoretical
Authors: Hodgkin Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But, unlike Euclid, who attempts to prove musical propositions through mathematical theorems, Nicomachus seeks to show their validity by measurement of the lengths of strings. (Entry ‘Nicomachus of Gerasa’ in Dictionary of Scientic Biography) The leading Greek geometricians were all master carpenters. Euclid, the author of the Book of Principles, was a carpenter and known as such. The same was the case with Apollonius, the author of the book on Conic Sections, and Menelaus and others.
Planning the plantation enterprise
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the previous two chapters, indeed most of this book, impinges on the subject of planning. Forest planning identifies activities and their timing to achieve the goals of forest management. It is at the foundation of any project, industrial, environmental, or social (rural development) forestry because it is all those processes and steps, which involve data collection, analysis, projections of supply and demand, estimates of equipment, manpower and training needs, and so on. Planning is primarily the responsibility of managers. It introduces order into any development to avoid haphazard and ill-conceived (unplanned) activities. Put simply, planning is the thinking behind the doing of a project to help it succeed.
Nutrition of tree crops
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trees, like all plants, require supplies of certain chemical elements for growth. Elements needed in large quantities, called ‘macronutrients’, are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). Elements needed in minute or trace amounts, ‘micronutrients’, are iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo). Of course, in addition to these elements, which are mostly supplied from the soil, plants require carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), the primary constituents of all organic matter, which are obtained from water and air. Atmospheric sources of nutrients in precipitation in general represent a tiny fraction of the requirements for growth.
Thinning
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thinning is the operation that artificially reduces the number of trees growing in a stand. It is normally carried out several times and starts a few years after canopy closure. For example, in Kenya Pinus patulaplantations grown for saw logs are thinned three times during a 30-year rotation and the number of trees per hectare reduced from 1110 to 250 (Anon. 1996). In Nilambur, Kerala state, India, teak plantations are thinned six times during a 50–55-year rotation, which reduces the number of trees from 2500 ha-1 to 100–150 (Chundamannii 1998).
Protection—an introduction
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A planted forest of any kind: commercial, amenity, or village woodlot, is a considerable investment and an accumulating asset of raw material. Its protection is an essential part of silviculture. The nature of a plantation, its uniformity in age, species, and genetic make-up, together with the environmental conditions of the site it occupies, renders it more susceptible to some forms of damage, notably fire and climatic hazards. Whether this also applies to diseases and pests is considered in Chapter 24. Successful plantation forestry is only possible provided there is adequate protection. Managers accept there are risks associated with plantations but are becoming increasingly risk adverse.
Tree planting for ecosystem rehabilitation and restoration
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globally, natural forest has been exploited, cleared, and has gradually declined in extent (Chapter 2). In some countries the area of forests has been decreasing for centuries, in others it is a recent occurrence. The rate of resource depletion has increased sharply in recent years in most tropical countries. Deforestation and/or forest degradation has resulted in losses of forest productivity in terms wood and non-wood products and environmental services. Biodiversity has been greatly reduced, especially in the species-rich tropical rain forests, and few forests can recover unaided. While some deforestation may be justified, the global community is concerned about the environmental consequences.
Extensions to the basic coalescent
Authors: Hein Jotun , Schierup Mikkel H , Wiuf Carsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic coalescent process is based on the Wright–Fisher model of reproduction, assuming constant population size, random mating, and absence of selection. These are very strict conditions, which are rarely, if ever, met in nature. Fortunately, the coalescent framework can easily be extended to include simple deviations from these basic assumptions, resulting in a process that is believed to model the true mating pattern more closely. In what follows, we consider in turn how to deal with the following scenarios: fluctuating population size, population structure, and different kinds of selection. It should be stressed that it is relatively easy to combine these extensions in a single model if necessary.
The focus here is to provide means to simulate the distribution of the genealogy of a sample of genes and the distribution of the sample configuration. Further, it is our interest to point out some major differences between genealogies generated under the basic coalescent and under the scenarios discussed here. In Chapter 2 we learned how a sample configuration under neutrality can be generated in two steps: First simulate the genealogy, then add mutations to the genealogy. In the scenarios involving selection the genealogy and the sample configuration. can be simulated at the selected site. Subsequently, neutral (intra-allelic) mutations can be added to the genealogy in a second step, cto the procedure just mentioned above.
The coalescent with recombination
Authors: Hein Jotun , Schierup Mikkel H , Wiuf Carsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic recombination occurs in most organisms on earth, including euca- ryotes, bacteria, and viruses. Recombination occurs by quite different mechanisms in these three different types of organisms. In eucaryotes recom- bination is usually associated with sexual reproduction. Thus, it is generally believed that sexual reproduction exists because it facilitates genetic recom- bination. No generally accepted theory is available to explain why genetic recombination is so common, but in its favour are arguments that genetic recombination ensures that favourable variants are brought together in the same sequence (or, equivalently, that sequences are created which do not harbour any deleterious variants), and that recombination can maintain more variation which may enable survival over an evolutionary time scale.
The simple coalescence process, including the various extensions in the previous chapter assumes no recombination and this body of theory can therefore strictly speaking only be used on non-recombining sequences. In animals, only Y-chromosomes and perhaps mitochondrion satisfies this constraint, and it is therefore pertinent for practical analysis that recom- bination can be build into the process. Fortunately, this is possible as shown by Hudson in 1983 very shortly after the coalescent process was first formulated. However, recombination adds much more complexity than any of the extensions discussed in Chapter 4, mainly because no single ‘coalescent tree ‘ can describe a sample of recombining sequences. A graph is required to describe the ancestral process which complicates the math- ematical description considerably. However, the presence of recombination makes some estimators of evolutionary parameters more accurate than when applied on non-recombining sequences (see Chapter 6).
Getting parameters from data
Authors: Hein Jotun , Schierup Mikkel H , Wiuf Carsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One strength of the coalescent approach is that it is data-oriented with emphasis on the sample of sequences that the investigator has collected. It aims at describing the processes that generated the data, retrospectively describing the sample in terms of possible previous events. In contrast, pre- coalescent population genetics is typically prospective: given the present what is the likely outcome of evolution? In the previous chapters we have shown how it is possible to simulate and predict quantities under the coalescent. In particular we have seen that it is possible to simulate data sets under various conditions and with different parameters, and that it is possible to calculate the probability of a data set for a fixed set of parameter values. This situation is depicted in Figure 6.1. The evolutionary parameters (collectively referred to as ψ ) can generate a variety of data where a given data set is just a single point in the possible space of data sets for a given ψ
Theory of Neural Information Processing Systems
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theory of Neural Information Processing Systems provides an explicit, coherent, and up-to-date account of the modern theory of neural information processing systems. It has been carefully developed for graduate students from any quantitative dsicipline, including mathematics, computer science, physics, engineering or biology, and has been thoroughly class-tested by the authors over a period of some 8 years. Exercises are presented throughout the text and notes on historical background and further reading guide the student into the literature. All mathematical details are included and appendices provide further background material, including probability theory, linear algebra and stochastic processes, making this textbook accessible to a wide audience.
Support vector machines for binary classification
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Support vector machines (SVMs) carry out binary classifications. They involve a preprocessing stage which aims to transform data sets that are not linearly separable into ones that are. First, however, we will have to return to the properties of linearly separable problems, for reasons which will become clear. The preprocessing will be introduced afterwards.
Notes and suggestions for further reading
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In carrying out dynamical studies such as those in the previous three chapters one always relies on general background knowledge of stochastic processes (at the microscopic level of description), and of non-linear dynamical systems (at the level of deterministic macroscopic observables); recommended general textbooks on these topics are the ones by van Kampen [79] and by Khalil [81], respectively.
The discovery of long-term potentiation
Authors: Lomo Terje 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes circumstances around the discovery of long-term potentiation (LTP). In 1966, I had just begun independent work for the degree of Dr medicinae (PhD) in Per Andersen’s laboratory in Oslo after an eighteen-month apprenticeship with him. Studying the effects of activating the perforant path to dentate granule cells in the hippocampus of anaesthetized rabbits, I observed that brief trains of stimuli resulted in increased efficiency of transmission at the perforant path-granule cell synapses that could last for hours. In 1968, Tim Bliss came to Per Andersen’s laboratory to learn about the hippocampus and field potential recording for studies of possible memory mechanisms. The two of us then followed up my preliminary results from 1966 and did the experiments that resulted in a paper that is now properly considered to be the basic reference for the discovery of LTP.
Kainate receptors and the induction of mossy fibre long-term potentiation
Authors: Bartolotto Zuner A , Lauri Sari , Isaac John T R , Collingridge Graham L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. Significant progress in our understanding of LTP has followed from studies of glutamate receptors, of which there are four main subtypes (a:-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), mGlu and kainate). This article summarizes the evidence that the kainate sub-type of glutamate receptor is an important trigger for the induction of LTP at mossy fibre synapses in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. The pharmacology of the first selective kainate receptor antagonists, in particular the GLUKs subunit selective antagonist LY382884, is described.
Silent synapses: what are they telling us about long-term potentiation?
Authors: Kullmann Dimitri M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At several cortical synapses glutamate release events can be mediated exclusively by NMDA receptors, with no detectable contribution from AMPA receptors. This observation was originally made by comparing the trial-to-trial variability of the two components of synaptic signals evoked in hippocampal neurons, and was subsequently confirmed by recording apparently pure NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs with stimulation of small numbers of axons. It has come to be known as the ’silent synapse’ phenomenon, and is widely assumed to be caused by the absence of functional AMPA receptors, which can, however, be recruited into the postsynapic density by long-term potentiation (LTP) induction.
Structural changes at dendritic spine synapses during long-term potentiation
Authors: Harris Kristen M , Fiala John C , Ostroff Linnaea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two key hypotheses about the structural basis of long-term potentiation (LTP) are evaluated in light of new findings from immature rat hippocampal slices. First, it is shown why dendritic spines do not split during LTP. Instead a small number of spine-like dendritic protrusions may emerge to enhance connectivity with potentiated axons. These ’same dendrite multiple synapse boutons’ provide less than a 3% increase in connectivity and do not account for all of LTP or memory, as they do not accumulate during maturation. Second, polyribosomes in dendritic spines served to identify which of the existing synapses enlarged to sustain more than a 30% increase in synaptic strength.
Introduction
Authors: Etingof Pavel , Latour Frédéric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quantum dynamical Yang–Baxter equation (QDYBE) was first considered by physicists Gervais and Neveu, and later studied systematically by Felder. It is an equation with respect to a (meromorphic) function R : 𝔥* → End𝔥 (V ⊗ V ), where h is a commutative finite dimensional Lie algebra over C, and V is a semisimple 𝔥-module.
Intertwiners, Fusion and Exchange Operators for 𝔘q(𝔤)
Authors: Etingof Pavel , Latour Frédéric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section, we will let q be a nonzero complex number which is not a root of unity. We could also let q = eℏ/2, where n is a formal parameter. Let 𝔤 be a semisimple Lie algebra. We can define intertwining operators and the fusion operator for 𝔘 q (𝔤) in the same way as we did for g. The fusion operator JWV (λ) : W ⊗ V → W ⊗ V will then satisfy the following.
The literature of the astrolabe to 1450
Authors: Lorch Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the astrolabe, a flat circular plate (the rete) carrying a representation of the ecliptic and some of the stars, is rotated against another circular plate (the plate), on which the horizon and parallels to the horizon (the almucantars) are marked. The instrument may thus imitate the rotation of the celestial sphere against the horizon co-ordinates and, in particular, the Sun and the stars can be seen moving over the altitude circles. Normally, there are other markings on the plates, such as the division of the ecliptic on the rete and unequal-hour lines on the plate. (An ‘unequal’ or ‘seasonal’ hour (there were other terms for this) was one-twelfth of the daylight hours or night hours; they were commonly used for civil purposes in preference to ‘equal’ or ‘astronomical’ hours.) Any method of flattening the sphere onto the plane will do, if it is sufficiently even, but usually a stereographic projection is used — from the south pole for the northern parts of the celestial sphere (northern projection) and from the north pole for the southern regions (southern projection). One reason for this choice is to facilitate the work of the instrument-maker, for in stereographic projection, circles on the sphere are transformed into circles (or straight lines) on the plane. On the back of the instrument, there is an alidade or rule with sights, with which the altitude of the Sun and the stars may be measured on a scale on the rim of the instrument, which is sus- pended so as to hang vertically. Altitudes form the link between the sky and the astrolabe. In general, writings on the astrolabe may be classified according to the following three types: those on the construction of the instrument; those on its use; and those on the theory of stereographic projection.
From brass to text: the European astrolabe in literature and print
Authors: Turner A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first and most important [instrument] encountered is once again, the astrolabe; perhaps this has not been sufficiently noted, for concerning it, the number of works published in all the countries of Europe from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, is prodigious. And in these it is described as being useful not only for astronomical and nautical observations, but also for [surveying] operations in the field. It would be virtually impossible to give a bibliography of it which would always remain incomplete.
Astrological scales on the National Maritime Museum astrolabes
Authors: Ackermann Silke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then he [the barber] put his hand in his leather bag and took out an astrolabe with seven plates inlaid with silver and, going into the courtyard, held the instrument up to the sun’s rays and looked for some time. Then he said to me, ‘O my lord, eight degrees and six minutes have elapsed of this day, which is Friday, the eighteenth of Safar, in the six hundred and fifty-third year of Hijra and the seven thousand three hundred and twentieth year of the Alexander era, and the planet now in the ascendant, according to the mathematical calculations of the astrolabe, is Mars, which is in conjunction with Mercury, a conjunction that is favorable for cutting hair. I can also see that you are intending to meet another person and for that the time is inauspicious and ill-advised.