bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why A Lot of People With Selfish Genes are Pretty Nice Except For Their Hatred of The Selfish Gene
Authors: Nesse Randolph M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirty years ago, Western ideas about human nature bounced off The Selfish Gene and changed direction. Responses and related ideas continue to careen into each other with little diminished fury and successful variations are now creating their own lineages. It is a good time to assess both what The Selfish Gene accomplished and why so many people still hate it with such passion. The answers to these two questions are intimately related, but an analysis of the argument in The Selfish Gene gets nowhere without first acknowledging and seeking the source of its emotional impact.
What the whale wondered: evolution, existentialism, and the search For ‘meaning’
Authors: Barash David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not really surprising that Douglas Adams, a great fiction writer, and Richard Dawkins, a great non-fiction writer, were good friends. At one point in Adams’ hilarious A Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, a sperm whale plaintively wonders to itself: ‘Why am I here? What is my purpose in life?’ as it plummets toward the planet Magrathea. This appealing but doomed creature had just been ‘called into existence’ several miles above the planet’s suface because a nuclear missile, directed at our heroes’ spaceship, was inexplicably transformed into a whale via an ‘Infinite Improbability Generator’. As Richard Dawkins has emphasized so effectively, evolution, too, is a kind of improbability generator, although its range of outcomes is considerably more finite.
Saying what we Mean: An Argument against Expressivism
Authors: Cuneo Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some years ago I heard a well-known professor tell an audience that the best response he had witnessed to expressivism was that of a colleague who pointed to an expressivist paraphrase of a moral sentence on a blackboard and exclaimed, while rapping his knuckles on the board, that this paraphrase did not capture what he meant to say when engaging in moral discourse. On that occasion, I recall feeling that this was a simple-minded response to a very subtle position. I think now, however, that this response is in its fundamentals correct, and I shall endeavor in this essay to explain why. The argument I will develop is not a variant of what is now the standard objection to expressivism, namely, that it cannot explain the phenomenon of so-called embedded contexts. Rather, it is one that draws upon contemporary speech act theory and maintains that expressivism is false on account of its being unable to accommodate properly the illocutionary act intentions of agents who engage in ordinary moral discourse. More precisely, the objection hinges on the question of whether, when agents engage in ordinary moral discourse, they intend to assert moral propositions.
Defining the Indefinable
Authors: Bolinger Dwight 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Picture an overzealous gardener who broadcasts onion seed at the rate of a dozen per square inch, lets the plants grow to a tangled mass, and extracts one to describe. Its central stalk is more or less intact but its roots are torn and the resulting description, while grossly true, will forever stand in need of repair because of those missing tendrils. Lexicography is an unnatural occupation. It consists in tearing words from their mother context and setting them in rows – carrots and onions and beetroot and salsify next to one another – with roots shorn like those of celery to make them fit side by side, in an order determined not by nature but by some obscure Phoenician sailors who traded with Greeks in the long ago.1 Half of the lexicographer’s labor is spent repairing this damage to an infinitude of natural connections that every word in any language contracts with every other word, in a complex neural web knit densely at the center but ever more diffusely as it spreads outward. A bit of context, a synonym, a grammatical category, an etymology for remembrance’s sake, and a cross-reference or two – these are the additives that accomplish the repair. But the fact that it is a repair always shows, and explains why no two dictionaries agree in their patchwork, unless they copy each other. Undamaged definition is impossible because we know our words not as individual bits but as parts of what Pawley and Syder (1983) call lexicalized sentence stems, hundreds of thousands of them, conveniently memorized to repeat – and adapt – as the occasion arises. And also as part of an associative network involving words of similar and opposite meaning, words of similar sound, similar spelling, similar register, and similar affect. A speaker who does not command this array, as Pawley and Syder point out, does not know the language, and there is little that a dictionary can do to promote fluency beyond offering a few hints.
The Sketch Engine
Authors: Kilgarriff Adam , Rychly Pavel , Smrž Pavel , Tugwell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Word sketches are one-page automatic, corpus-based summaries of a word’s grammatical and collocational behaviour. They were first used in the production of the Macmillan English Dictionary (Rundell 2002) and were presented at Euralex 2002 (Kilgarriff and Rundell 2002). Following that presentation, the most-asked question was “Can I have them for my language?” In response, we have now developed the Sketch Engine, a corpus tool which takes as input a corpus of any language (with appropriate linguistic markup), and which then generates, amongst other things, word sketches for the words of that language. Those other things include a corpus-based thesaurus and “sketch differences”, which specify, for two semantically related words, what behaviour they share and how they differ. We anticipate that sketch differences will be particularly useful for lexicographers interested in near-synonym differentiation. In this paper we first provide, by way of background, an account of how corpora have been used in lexicography to date, culminating in a brief description of the word sketches as used in the preparation of the Macmillan dictionary. We then describe the Sketch Engine, including the preprocessing it requires, the approach taken to grammar, the thesaurus, and the sketch differences. We end with a note on our future plans. The second age commenced with the COBUILD project, in the late 1970s (Sinclair et al. 1987). Sinclair and Atkins, its devisers, saw the potential for the computer to do the storing, sorting and searching that was previously the role of readers, filing cabinets and clerks, and at the same time to make it far more objective: human readers would only make a citation for a word if it was rare, or where it was being used in an interesting way, so citations focused on the unusual but gave little evidence of the usual.
Major Linguistic Theories of Modality
Authors: Portner Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section will present three semantic theories of modality which have been developed within linguistics. My goal here is to provide a clear, detailed, and accurate understanding of each theory. In order to achieve this goal, we will focus on those linguistic phenomena which have been the most important in developing the theories, even though this focus necessarily means that many important issues of the semantics of modality will be left out. The next chapter will turn around this relationship between theory and research issues: my goal there will be to provide a broad understanding of the nature of modality, using theories of modality as a basis. In short, this chapter is primarily about theories of modality; the next chapter is primarily about modality itself. Of course the ultimate goal of linguistics is to unify the goals of these two chapters, to develop a theory of modality which in itself provides the best possible understanding of the nature of modality. But for the time being, while our theories are still imperfect, it is helpful to look at the topic from two angles separately.
Sentential Modality
Authors: Portner Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, I distinguished three linguistic domains in which modality operates: sentential, sub-sentential, and discourse. Sentential modality operates, as the name suggests, at the level of the entire clause. Most treatments of modality take sentential modality to be the central case; for example, in English, we see an emphasis on the semantics of modal auxiliaries. While these modals may be important at the sub-sentential and discourse levels as well, they clearly are grammatically linked to the sentence, and they have an obvious effect on sentence meaning. They interact syntactically and semantically with other clause-level elements, such as negation, tense, and aspect. It is their sentence-level meaning and sentence-level grammar which we aim to understand better in this chapter.
Medical And Psychological Characteristics Of Patients With Chronic Daily Headache With Migrainous Features: Compared With Migraineurs In The French General Population. GRIM 3 Survey
Authors: Lucas C , Lantéri-Minet M , Massiou H , Radat F , Pradalier A , Nachit-Ouinekh F , Hasnaoui A El 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic daily headache (CDH) with migrainous features more than 15 days/month and for at least 3 months is one of the main reasons for visits to specialized headache centres and accounts for up to 3 per cent of primary headaches. Investigations of migraine comorbidity have confirmed its association with diverse psychiatric conditions. This association appears to be strongest for major depression and anxiety disorders. Relatively small studies have reported a level of higher psychological distress in patients with CDH than in patients with episodic migraine.
Electronic Charts And Diaries In A Headache Clinic
Authors: Cutrer Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise of computerized record keeping and reporting revolutionized many aspects of life in the late twentieth century. The development of small, portable peripheral devices that can download information via the internet has fuelled much of this change. The availability of this technology has significant implications for the practice of medicine in general and, if judiciously applied, may be an important means of improving the standard of care. These technologies certainly increase the convenience of gathering more detailed and accurate information from patients and allow for improvements in the efficiency of medical practice. A headache subspecialty practice is particularly well suited to profit from the advantages afforded by these technologies.
Can Anyone Really Be Talking About Ethically Modifying Human Nature?
Authors: Daniels* Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of human enhancement remains, in my view, confounded by a failure to distinguish important concepts, issues, and cases. Improving specific individuals phenotypically, including with regard to important cognitive and behavioral traits, is something we do all the time. Indeed, we see doing so as our obligation as parents, teachers, health care providers, managers, and citizens through environmental manipulation (sometimes biological, sometimes social) that affects gene-environment interactions. Yet many novel biological and especially genetic interventions, including embryonic selection, are feared as threats to human nature. The suggestion made by some, that we might ethically improve human nature, presupposes we have a clear idea what that means, let alone that it may become feasible.
Should We Improve Human Nature? An Interrogation from an Asian Perspective
Authors: Ida* Ryuichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in the life sciences and in associated technologies has tremendously increased the possibilities offered by medicine. Today we have the capacity to replace parts of the human body and to increase its functions beyond normal levels. We call this ‘ ‘improvement ‘ ‘ or ‘ ‘enhancement ‘ ‘ of the human body and of nature. However, consideration of the attitudes of Japanese and other Asian people may lead to a different understanding of human nature to that common in the West, in particular with respect to the relation of human beings to the natural world.
Life Enhancement Technologies: The Significance of Social Category Membership
Authors: Overall Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sceptical about the benefits of deliberately manufactured life enhancement, Michael Sandel advocates that we not ‘ ‘override a child ‘s natural capacities [by means of artificial life-enhancement technologies] but permit them to flourish ‘ ‘ (Sandel 2004, 8). Perhaps no one would disagree that natural capacities should be allowed to flourish. But what is not clear is what constitutes a ‘ ‘natural ‘ ‘ capacity. Since every human environment is a social environment, ‘ ‘natural ‘ ‘ capacities do not and cannot reveal themselves as such. What is perceived as a capacity, whether it is recognized in a particular individual, and how and to what extent people believe it should be developed and permitted to flourish, are socially determined processes that make the existence of raw ‘ ‘natural ‘ ‘ abilities an illusion.
The Wisdom of Nature: An Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement
Authors: Bostrom Nick , Sandberg Anders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings are a marvel of evolved complexity. Such systems can be difficult to enhance. When we manipulate complex evolved systems, which are poorly understood, our interventions often fail or backfire. It can appear as if there is a ‘ ‘wisdom of nature ‘ ‘ which we ignore at our peril. Sometimes the belief in nature ‘s wisdom— and corresponding doubts about the prudence of tampering with nature, especially human nature— manifest as diffusely moral objections against enhancement. Such objections may be expressed as intuitions about the superiority of the natural or the troublesomeness of hubris, or as an evaluative bias in favor of the status quo. This chapter explores the extent to which such prudence-derived anti-enhancement sentiments are justifled.
Eubacteria
Authors: Battistuzzi Fabia U , Hedge S Blair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extremophiles are common among species in the Super kingdom Eubacteria (also called “Bacteria,” Fig. 1) is subdivided into 25 recognized phyla (1), although other classifications have been proposed (2) and putative lineages await taxonomic assignment (e.g., 3, 4). In contrast to most eukaryotic groups, eubacterial phylogeny has been di1cult to resolve at the highest level (i.e., phyla and class relationships) despite the availability of many complete genome sequences. The small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene has been widely used to study prokaryote phylogeny and first revealed the distinction of eubacteria from archaebacteria (Archaea) (5, 6). However, because of its limited length and the large genetic distances among prokaryote species, it is also subject to biases such as long-branch attraction, base composition differences, and a generally poor resolving power. theseissues mostly have been addressed in more recent years by using genome-scale data sets (e.g., multiple genes, gene content, and insertion–deletion events) and increased taxonomic sampling (7–19, 88). While these studies have shown increasing support for lower-level phylogenetic clusters (e.g., classes and below), they have also shown the susceptibility of eubacterial phylogeny to biases such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (20, 21).
Eukaryotes (Eukaryota)
Authors: Bhattacharya Debashish , Yoon Hwan Su , Hedgesand S Blair , Hackett Jeremiah D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Resolving the tree of life for eukaryotes is an important challenge for biologists. 7is challenge has largely been taken on by molecular evolutionists because of the increasing availability and ability of genome data to resolve ancient relationships, combined with the lack of an extensive fossil record from this period in eukaryotic history. theearliest eukaryote fossil that can be assigned to a living lineage is the sexual red algal fossil Bangiomorpha, which is dated at 1200 Ma (1, 2), and only a handful of other taxonomically resolved eukaryotes are known between then and the Ediacaran Period (635 Ma) (3–5). All multicellular clades trace their roots to protist—eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi (6)—ancestors, therefore solving the basal splits in the tree with regard to protists (Fig. 1) as well providing a timeline for these events are of paramount importance.
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)
Authors: Medlin Linda K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diatoms are one of the most easily recognizable groups of major eukaryotic algae, because of their unique siliciAed cell walls (frustules), which consist of two overlapping thecae, each in turn consisting of a valve and a number of hooplike or segmental girdle bands (1). Well-preserved frustules are found in the earliest known deposits of fossil diatoms, from the early Albian (125 Ma) of what is now the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, but these diatoms bear no resemblance to modern diatoms in their morphology (2).
Asterids
Authors: Bremer Birgitta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asterids constitute one of the major clades of the Powering plants (Fig. 1). It comprises more than 80,000 species or nearly one-third of all Powering plants. 7ey are grouped in 10 orders and about 100 families (1, 2). Two of the Ave most species-rich Powering plant families are asterids, the sun Power Family Asteraceae with 23,000 species and the coffee or madder Family Rubiaceae with about 13,000 species. 7ere are hundreds of economically important species within the asterids, and some families are particularly important sources for foods, spices, Pavorings, or drugs. Active chemical substances (e.g., alkaloids) are common in many species. themost important are coBee (CoZea arabica in Rubiaceae) and tea (Camellia sinensis in 7eaceae), which both contain caBeine and similar alkaloids. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with its active substance nicotine is a member of Solanaceae, a family that contains several other poisonous and hallucinogenic plants. Periwinkles (Catharanthus roseus) of the Apocynaceae yield potent alkaloid drugs, which have drastically lowered mortality in leukemia.
Eurosid II
Authors: Forest Félix , Chase Mark W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rosids are divided into two main assemblages, Eurosid I and II, and a certain number of unplaced families and orders. This chapter deals with Eurosid II (malvids) and the putatively closely related families and orders (Geraniales, Crossosomatales, Aphloiaceae, Ixerbaceae, Strasburgeriaceae). Eurosid II comprises the Orders Sapindales, Malvales, Brassicales, and Huerteales, and the small Family Gerrardinaceae of uncertain position within the group. Eurosid II was established based on DNA sequence studies whereas morphological characters uniting it remain elusive. They diverged from their closest relatives 104–97 million years ago (Ma) and representatives of each order were present from the early Paleocene (66–56 Ma).
Bees, ants, and stinging wasps (Aculeata)
Authors: Bradya Seán G , Larkin, Leah , Danforth Bryan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aculeate wasps are characterized by the modification of the ovipositor into a sting. All other Hymenoptera deposit their eggs through their ovipositor, while aculeates instead lay their eggs from the base of their sting, and this structure now serves to inject venom into prey and enemies. All members of Aculeata form a monophyletic lineage comprising three superfamilies: Chrysidoidea (seven families), Apoidea (11 families; includes bees and digger wasps; Fig. 1), and Vespoidea (10 families; includes spider wasps, hornets, and ants). Aculeata contains most major groups of eusocial insects, including social wasps, bees, and ants. We review the relationships and divergence times of Aculeata with particular reference to bees and ants, the two taxa that have been the focus of previously published molecular dating studies in this group.
Notothenioid fishes (Notothenioidei)
Authors: Near Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notothenioids represent an adaptive radiation of teleost Ashes in the frigid waters of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica (1). Of the 129 recognized species, 101 are found in marine costal habitats of Antarctica (Fig. 1), and the remaining species are distributed along costal areas of southern South America, the Falkland Islands, southern New Zealand, southern Australia, and Tasmania (2). In addition to a diverse array of adaptations to survive in the freezing Antarctic marine habitats, notothenioids are unique in that they completely dominate the Ash fauna of the Southern Ocean. Among benthic Ash samples taken on the Antarctic shelf, notothenioids comprise nearly 77% of the species diversity, more than 91% of the species abundance, and 91% of the biomass (3).
Turtles (Testudines)
Authors: Shaffer H Bradley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a group, the turtles, tortoises, terrapins, and marine turtles (collectively, the Order Testudines) are one of the most instantly recognizable and well-known clades of non-avian reptiles (Fig. 1). Whether kept as pets, revered in temples, or slaughtered for the marketplace, turtles and tortoises are an integral and sometimes sacred part of many societies. Recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies (the latter are primarily mitochondrial) have led to considerable reshueing of generic boundaries and taxonomic instability as apparently nonmonophyletic groups have been identified and reclassiAed (1). However, at deeper levels, most researchers agree that the 313 living turtle species are distributed among 14 monophyletic families (2). Although species-level diversity is modest, turtles are found in most major habitats and continents on Earth and many island systems.
Waterfowl and gamefowl (Galloanserae)
Authors: Pereiraa Sérgio L , Bakera,B Allan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galloanserae is an ancient clade of birds including the Orders Anseriformes (waterfowl; Fig. 1) and Galliformes (gamefowl). Waterfowl are strong Pyers, and most members are also good swimmers. 7ere are about 48 extant genera and 161 species distributed in four families (1). theFamily Anhimidae includes three species of South American screamers, named aJer loud calls emitted when threatened. themonotypic Anseranatidae includes the Australian Magpe Goose, which is unusual among waterfowl because it is the least aquatic species, has partial molt of Pight feathers and copulates on land instead of water. theFamily Dendrocygnidae groups all eight species of tropical and subtropical whistling ducks in only one genus. Whistling ducks have long necks and legs, and longer hind toes than most ducks. Unlike other families in the order, the Anatidae is more diverse, with 45 genera and about 150 species of geese and swans (Subfamily Anserinae) and true ducks (Subfamily Anatinae). 7ey have fully webbed feet and a worldwide distribution. thefamily can be divided in two subfamilies: Anserinae (geese and swans) and Anatinae (true ducks).