bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LIVER INJURY, LIVER PROTECTION, AND SULFUR METABOLISM
Authors: Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Protein-depleted dogs are very susceptible to injurious agents—in particular, chloroform. Methionine given shortly before chloroform anesthesia will give complete protection against chloroform. Methionine (or cysteine plus choline) given 3 or 4 hours after chloroform anesthesia will give significant protection against the liver injury of chloroform anesthesia. Methionine given more than 4 hours after chloroform anesthesia gives no protection against liver injury. Choline alone given before chloroform gives no protection against liver injury.
The protein-depleted dogs have livers which are deficient in both nitrogen and sulfur, but sulfur is depleted more than is the nitrogen. The N/S ratio therefore rises. Methionine or cystine feeding promptly makes up this liver sulfur deficit. Viable liver cells are necessary for this uptake of sulfur.
Livers of fetuses in utero or of newborn pups tolerate a chloroform anesthesia which will cause fatal liver injury in adults. The nitrogen and sulfur values of these fetus or pup livers are within the high normal values for adults. Blood-forming cells are present in the fetus or pup livers during this period. When these blood islands are eliminated during the 3rd or 4th week of life, the liver then becomes normally susceptible to chloroform liver injury.
Methionine or methionine-rich protein digests (e.g. casein) or various proteins by mouth or by vein should prove useful to protect the liver against certain types of injury and to aid in organ repair.
THE METABOLISM OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Racker E. , Kabat Herman 
Published: June 2004

1. During paralysis, the brain of the mouse infected with poliomyelitis virus shows on test after mincing a decrease in anaerobic glycolysis with no significant change in oxygen utilization. The decrease in anaerobic glycolysis varies from 5 per cent to 50 per cent.
2. Sodium fluoride produces a greater inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis in normal than in poliomyelitic brain.
3. Dehydrogenase activity is higher for poliomyelitis-infected brain without added substrate. This difference from normal disappears when substrates are added.
4. The ratio of
See PDF for Equation
for the sliced motor cortex is higher than
for sliced visual cortex of the dog and cat.
5. The oxygen consumption of the anterior horn of the sliced spinal cord of dog and cat is much less than that of the cerebral cortex.
6. The findings are in keeping with the view that, at a certain stage of the infection, the nerve cells may be reversibly injured but not yet destroyed by the virus.
STUDIES ON HYPOALBUMINEMIA PRODUCED BY PROTEIN-DEFICIENT DIETS
Authors: Elman Robert , Davey Harriet Wolf 
Published: June 2004

1. It proved possible to correct dietary hypoalbuminemia in dogs by large plasma transfusions (about 50 cc. per kilo per day). After 1 week of injections the increase of plasma protein exceeded the normal level although but 10 to 13 per cent of the injected protein remained in the blood. There was an associated increase in plasma volume and a marked diuresis. During the following 2 weeks the plasma volume and protein returned to their previous low levels.
2. The nitrogen introduced was retained and produced no change in urinary excretion during the week of plasma injections, but in the following 2 weeks there was an increased nitrogen output. The inference would seem to be that the large amounts of plasma injected in these experiments were not permanently utilized by the body as nitrogenous nourishment but after some delay were largely excreted in the urine.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF SULFONAMIDE RESISTANCE
Authors: Kirby William M. M. , Rantz Lowell A. 
Published: June 2004

1. In vitro experiments were performed with E. coli, using a method designed for the quantitative study of various aspects of sulfonamide resistance.
2. Resistance was found to be a gradually developing process, and was demonstrated for all four drugs tested, sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, and sulfadiazine.
3. It was shown that the degree of resistance developed was correlated with the bacteriostatic potency of the sulfonamides, and that organisms resistant to certain bacteriostatic concentrations of one sulfonamide were equally resistant to similar bacteriostatic concentrations of the other sulfonamides.
4. These observations were interpreted as indicating that the development of sulfonamide resistance represents an interaction between the organisms and the one common structural unit of all the sulfonamides, namely, the p-amino nucleus. It is also suggested that this interaction may involve the same enzyme system (or systems) as those concerned in the antagonism of the sulfonamides by para-aminobenzoic acid.
5. The relation of these findings to the broader aspects of sulfonamide resistance is discussed, and it is postulated that, despite reports to the contrary, all organisms susceptible to the bacteriostatic action of the sulfonamides are capable of becoming resistant to all of the sulfonamides.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. During a 3 year study of the lungworm as intermediate host for the swine influenza virus 98 transmission experiments, using 216 swine, have been conducted. Of these, 50 gave negative results. In the remaining 48, transmission of swine influenza virus by way of the lungworm was demonstrated in one or more animals of each experiment. Irregularities in the results would appear to be due not so much to lack of transmission of masked virus by the lungworms as to failure to evoke its pathogenic capabilities.
2. The stimulus of choice that was most successful in the provocation of swine influenza consisted of multiple intramuscular injections of H. influenzae suis. In several experiments pigs developed swine influenza virus infections 9 to 17 days after infestation with infected lungworms in the absence of any known provocative stress. In these instances an immune response of the swine to the lungworms themselves is suspected of having furnished the provocation.
3. During May, June, July, and August, swine prepared by the ingestion of lungworms carrying virus were absolutely refractory to the provocation of influenza, and they were relatively refractory in September and October. The masked virus was activated most readily during the first 4 months of the year.
4. In a single experiment we succeeded in demonstrating by direct means the presence of swine influenza virus in the neighborhood of lungworms at the base of the lung at a time when the virus was not demonstrable anywhere else in the respiratory tract.
5. Masked swine influenza virus was found to be present in lungworm ova obtained either from the respiratory tracts or the feces of infected swine.
6. In a number of instances, masked swine influenza virus has been found to persist for over a year in lungworm larvae within the earthworm intermediate hosts, and in one case its presence was demonstrated after 32 months.
7. Two varieties of a single species of earthworm, namely, Allolobophora caliginosa f. typica (Savigny) and A. caliginosa f. trapezoides (Dugès), have been found separately capable of serving as intermediate hosts for virus-infected lungworms.
8. Lungworm ova, obtained from convalescent swine which are no longer carrying swine influenza virus in infectious form in their respiratory tracts, contain masked virus.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION WITH THE NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES
Authors: Havens Walter P. , Watson Dennis W. , Green Robert H. , Lavin George I. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

Antigens capable of fixing complement specifically with the appropriate antibodies have been prepared from brain tissue of hamsters and mice infected with the viruses of St. Louis, Japanese, Western, and Eastern encephalitis, and with the West Nile virus. The antigens were freed of the material which reacts with normal serum by means of centrifugation at relatively high speed. In addition, the infectivity of the preparation was destroyed by irradiation with ultraviolet light.
Cross reactions were demonstrated by means of the complement-fixation technique with materials from animals infected with the viruses of Eastern and Western equine encephalitis. No relationship was detectable by this procedure between St. Louis, Japanese, and West Nile viruses. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation and correlation of the immunological reactions of the groups of neurotropic viruses, since the equine agents are apparently unrelated when studied by neutralization and cross-immunity tests while these methods provide evidence of the presence of common antigenic structures in the St. Louis, Japanese, and West Nile agents.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES BETWEEN BLOOD AND SKELETAL MUSCLE IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Eichelberger Lillian ,   With the Technical Assistance of Michael Roma
Published: June 2004

The effect of an abnormal renal circulation and a resulting hypertension on the distribution of water and electrolytes in skeletal muscle of dogs was as follows: (1) By analysis of the muscle the total content of sodium and chloride was found increased and the total potassium content decreased. (2) A redistribution of water occurred in the muscle involving a shift of water from the muscle cells to the extracellular phase. The calculated mean values per kilo of muscle were, extracellular phase (F) = 254, ± 54 gm.; intracellular water (H2O)C = 532, ± 47 gm., and total solids (S) = 214, ± 8 gm. This extracellular phase volume of 254 gm. represents an increase of 65 per cent over that found in normal dog muscle.
After subjecting the hypertensive dogs to large increases in total body water produced by the intravenous injection of normal isotonic salt solution, the total bulk of 1 kilo of muscle increased a mean average of 103 gm. of which one half was attributed to the extracellular phase and the other half to the swelling of the muscle cells.
Whether the changes found in this study are the result of the functional disturbances caused by the experimental renal abnormalities, or the hypertension, or a combination of both is uncertain at this time. The significance of the results is that there is quantitative evidence that a redistribution of water has occurred in skeletal muscle so that a real extracellular edema exists.
THE STATE OF THE VESSELS OF THE MESENTERY IN SHOCK PRODUCED BY CONSTRICTING THE LIMBS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF THE VESSELS FOLLOWING HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Page Irvine H. , Abell Richard G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Direct observations of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, and lymphatics in the mesentery of anesthetized cats put into shock by incomplete occlusion of the circulation of the limbs showed that:
(a) Marked constriction of the arteries and arterioles, produced by muscular contraction, occurred usually within an hour after incomplete occlusion of the limbs, lasted several hours, and finally gave way in most instances to relaxation an hour or more before death. The constriction reduced the blood supply to the mesentery and intestine and the venous return from them. It did not, however, interrupt the blood flow. No pooling or stagnation of blood was seen even as a terminal phenomenon.
(b) The veins of the mesentery also became constricted but showed less tendency to dilate as death approached. The lymphatics likewise became somewhat narrowed. Even during the terminal stage the leukocytes moved along without change in shape or sticking to the walls of the capillaries or venules.
(c) Hematocrit determinations showed progressive hemoconcentration of moderate degree.
(d) Autopsy usually showed the presence of small hemorrhages in many parts of the body, especially the heart, liver, spleen, and lungs.
(e) Bilateral nephrectomy, suprarenalectomy, and pancreatectomy did not significantly alter the morphological picture elicited by shock induced by restriction of the circulation to the limbs.
2. Removal of large amounts of blood was always followed within a short time by constriction of arteries, arterioles, veins, and lymphatics of the mesentery.
3. Fall in arterial pressure produced by pithing was not accompanied by change in diameter of the arteries, arterioles, veins, or lymphatics, or by blanching of the mesentery or gut.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Chambers Leslie A. , Henle Werner 
Published: June 2004

A considerable fraction of the influenza A virus contained in infected allantoic fluid of the developing chick is not sedimentable under conditions which remove virus activity almost completely from filtrates of emulsified mouse lung. The infectious unit from tissue suspensions is about 100 mµ in diameter and is of the same chemical composition as particles of the same size and abundance separated from normal tissues by an identical procedure. Evidence has been presented showing that the infectivity can be, and probably is, carried on such normal cell components as an adsorbate. Other non-infective particles such as erythrocytes may also become infectious units through adsorption of the virus.
The virus occurs in allantoic fluid in two states of dispersion. A variable percentage is associated with particles considerably less than 100 mµ in diameter, probably more nearly 10 mµ, while the remainder is reversibly aggregated. Reversal to the more disperse state may be effected by dilution, sonic vibration, or moderate heat treatment.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Chambers Leslie A. , Henle Werner , Lauffer Max A. , Anderson Thomas F. 
Published: June 2004

The pathogenic agent of influenza A has been sedimented from infected extra-embryonic fluids of the developing chick, embryo by ultracentrifugation. Material so obtained contains two fractions resolvable in the analytical centrifuge cell. The first, a homogeneous fraction, showed a sedimentation constant S20 = 20 to 31 x 10–13. The second showed a sedimentation constant S20 = about 800 ± 100 x 10–13, was much less homogeneous than the first, and was shown to consist principally of aggregated particles of the more disperse fraction. Both fractions contained the virus in essentially equal amounts per unit of protein weight as calculated from nitrogen determinations.
Electron micrographs of the isolated virus protein indicated that the predominating unit is roughly spherical in shape and has a modal particle diameter of about 11 mµ, in good agreement with the sedimentation data in indicating a molecular weight of about 650,000.
Approximately 300 of the particles having molecular weight of 650,000 were present in the minimal dose producing infection in mice after nasal instillation.
The influenza A virus may now be regarded as one of the smallest pathogenic agents thus far isolated. Preliminary analyses indicate that it is also one of the least complex, being composed principally of nucleoprotein.
MAMMALIAN RED CELLS AS A SOURCE OF "SMALL PARTICLES"
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn 
Published: June 2004

1. Small particles essentially similar to those previously isolated from other tissues have been isolated from mammalian red blood cells (horse blood).
2. About one-third of the dry weight of the particles is lipids.
3. The particles produce hemolysins against the homologous erythrocytes when inoculated into a foreign species.
4. The fact that the particles can be isolated from mammalian red cells which do not contain visible granules is taken to indicate that some at least of the particles isolated from whole organs represent disintegrated "stroma."
INDUCED RESISTANCE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Schlesinger R. Walter , Morgan Isabel M. 
Published: June 2004

Under none of the experimental conditions here described was treatment of the infection induced by the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis in mice and guinea pigs with specific hyperimmune rabbit serum effective if begun after the onset of signs of encephalitis. In mice, after intracerebral inoculation of virus, serum was ineffective when given even before that stage. After peripheral introduction of virus in guinea pigs the disease was completely arrested in certain animals by single or multiple doses of antiserum if treatment was begun within 24 to 48 hours after virus inoculation. In others the incubation period was prolonged to 2 or even as long as 7 weeks.
In untreated guinea pigs, injection of virus alone led to active immunity in those which survived. Antiserum blocked the antigenicity of active virus in the serum-treated animals. The decrease in titer in the sera of all antiserum-treated animals proceeded at the same rate as in those of control guinea pigs which received antiserum alone. Thus it was not possible to predict which ones would survive and which would succumb after a prolonged incubation period. Delayed fatal disease occurred at a time when the neutralizing antibody of the treated guinea pigs had fallen to a low titer. It is therefore likely that the virus which persisted throughout this long incubation period had been prevented from passing to and infecting other cells but reached them when antibody fell to an ineffective level in the surrounding medium. The relative frequency of such delayed reactions limits to a further extent the degree to which antiserum can be depended on for effective treatment of infection with the virus of equine encephalomyelitis.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SHOCK
Authors: Engel Frank L. , Winton Mary G. , Long C. N. H. 
Published: June 2004

During and following the production of shock by hemorrhage in the normal, suprareno-demedullated, and suprarenalectomized rat, the following significant changes in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism have been observed.
1. In the intact, suprareno-demedullated, and suprarenalectomized rat there is a progressive rise in the whole blood and plasma amino acid nitrogen levels during and after a fatal, shock-inducing hemorrhage. The rate of rise varies inversely with the survival time. In animals surviving the hemorrhage there is little or no elevation in whole blood amino acid levels during the 8 hours following hemorrhage, and a decrease in 24 hours due to hemodilution. The plasma amino acids, however, rise slightly.
2. The blood amino acid nitrogen elevation occurs only after the blood pressure has fallen to between 85 and 90 mm. of Hg.
3. The blood keto acids, as pyruvate, and the blood lactate become elevated during shock in the normal, suprareno-demedullated and suprarenalectomized rat.
4. In the normal fasted rat with low liver glycogen stores the blood sugar may rise moderately or may not rise at all during hemorrhagic shock. In animals with high liver glycogen levels (fed rats or fasted rats previously fed high protein diets) shock generally induces a marked hyperglycemia. In both groups hypoglycemia may occur terminally.
5. In the suprareno-demedullated and suprarenalectomized rats shock is always accompanied by a fall in the blood sugar.
6. There is no significant difference between the liver glycogen levels of suprareno-demedullated rats fasted 48 hours and those similarly fasted but surviving 24 hours after a hemorrhage.
The blood chemical changes have been interpreted as due to a decrease in hepatic function resulting from early anoxia of the liver and to the later effects of anoxia on the peripheral tissues causing an increased rate of protein breakdown and of glucose utilization and an accumulation of lactate and pyruvate in the blood and tissues.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HETEROPHILE ANTIGEN AND SOMATIC POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Adams Mark H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The lipocarbohydrate or F polysaccharide derived from a rough variant of Type I pneumococcus (I R) is antigenic in rabbits and gives rise to precipitins and sheep cell hemolysins. The somatic or C carbohydrate on the other hand is not antigenic.
2. Antisera for the rough variant of Type 1 pneumococcus contain also bacterial agglutinins immunologically unrelated to the C and F precipitins and the heterophile antibody.
3. A study has been made of the quantitative precipitin reaction of the C and F polysaccharides in the serum of rabbits immunized with the IR pneumococcus clarifying certain of these relationships.
ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP OF BRITISH SWINE INFLUENZA STRAINS TO STANDARD HUMAN AND SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Hudson N. Paul , Sigel M. Michael , Markham F. S. 
Published: June 2004

The antigenic relationships of Type A (PR 8, WS) and Type B (Lee) human strains and the Shope and British (Cambridge, North Ireland) swine strains were studied by specific antiserum inhibition of chicken red cell agglutination by the influenza virus.
The Cambridge and North Ireland strains were found to be closely related to the Type A strains and differentiated from the Shope virus.
The distinctive antigenicity of the Lee strain of Type B was confirmed.
Specific antibodies were developed in chickens following single intraperitoneal injections of influenza virus. Inhibition tests yielded results, in the antigenic analysis of the influenza viruses examined, comparable to those obtained with ferret antisera.
Specific inhibition of hemagglutination by influenza virus proved an effective method for the study of strain relationships.
IMMUNITY TO YELLOW FEVER ENCEPHALITIS OF MONKEYS AND MICE IMMUNIZED BY NEURAL AND EXTRANEURAL ROUTES
Authors: Fox John P. 
Published: June 2004

Monkeys and mice surviving cerebral infection with yellow fever virus of relatively avirulent strains have been found to resist maximal intracerebral doses of yellow fever virus of a highly neurotropic strain. Such animals, however, do not resist more than very small doses of intracerebrally inoculated virus of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis.
Animals immunized by extraneural routes, on the other hand, are not uniformly resistant to neural infection with neurotropic yellow fever virus. Monkeys which have undergone systemic infection with virus of the avirulent 17D strain or of several jungle strains resist only small intracerebral doses of neurotropic virus; while mice, even when possessed of very high serum-antibody levels as the result of intraperitoneal hyperimmunization, manifest only an irregular resistance to intracerebral challenge inocula.
The difference in the resistance of neurally and extraneurally immunized animals is not related to similar differences in the levels of protective antibody in the sera. Indeed, the average of the serum-antibody titers of the hyperimmune mice is several times that of the intracerebral immunes.
A possibly significant relation does exist, however, between the resistance of mice to neural infection and the content of protective antibody in the brain. The protective activity of suspensions of brains from mice surviving cerebral infection was found to be several times that of brain suspensions from the hyperimmunized animals.
It is concluded that the superior resistance to neural infection of animals whose immunity results from a previous non-fatal infection of the nervous system is effected by a specific local mechanism which is based at least in part upon an increased concentration of antibody in the cerebral tissue.