bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Manufacturing Systems and Ex Post Dynamic Capabilities: A Case of Toyota's Final Assembly Operations
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter focuses on changes that have occurred in the Toyota production system over the last decade, the factors including these changes, and the processes of change. It is proposed that, while foreign observers often had assumed that production workers at Toyota were generally pleased with the work environment that was in place in the late 1980s, this was not completely so, and a tightening of the Japanese labour market provided strong incentives to Toyota to revise their production system. The paper shows that the process of changes at Toyota involves a combination of a broadly oriented ‘vision’, a considerable amount of trial and feedback learning, a considerable amount of discussing in order to get broad agreement on what is desirable and acceptable and what is not, and revision of the vision to provide a rationale for the evolving consensus. The chapter treats Toyota's continuing success, in the face of periodic external changes and continuing internal ones, as an indication of the fact that it has achieved strong dynamic capabilities.
Transfer and Replication of Organizational Capabilities: Japanese Transplant Organizations in the United States
Authors: Florida Richard , Kenney Martin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOrganizational theory has long held that it is difficult to transfer organizations from one environment to another and that organizations that are transferred will take on characteristics of the new environment. The authors argue that organizations have the capabilities and the resources to transfer and to some degree replicate key capabilities in a new environment, and further to alter those environments in light of their functional requirements. We explore the question of organizational transfer and replication through the lens of a specific class of transplant organizations—Japanese automotive assembly plants and their suppliers in the US. We believe that these transplant organizations provide an ideal case to explore such questions because they represent organizations which are being transferred from a supportive to a foreign environment. We find that these Japanese automotive transplants have effectively transferred and to some degree replicated key organizational forms and capabilities at both the intra‐ and inter‐organizational levels.
Incentives and Political Economy
Authors: Laffont Jean-Jacques 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book presents a detailed exposition of models of incentives in political economy using the tools of contemporary information economics. The emphasis is on small, loosely connected models that describe the rationale behind many of today's political procedures, while paying attention to the intellectual history of the ideas that are discussed. A number of topics in constitutional design are detailed including corruption, separation of powers, and reciprocal supervision. The book is also concerned with the relationship between economists and politicians and looks at the trade‐off between discretion and economic efficiency. Topics in industrial policy and environmental policy are reconsidered from a political economy point of view, emphasizing the role played by politicians, elections, and interest groups in the choice of policy instruments. Additionally, the optimal choice of government centralization is discussed.
The Complete Contract Approach to Constitutional Design
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter introduces a simple supervision model based on Tirole's methodology in which the Constitution has to be designed, given the need for informed politicians who act as supervisors. It is shown how an optimal Constitution will have to create incentives so as to avoid the capture of politicians by interest groups. Also, improved supervision is shown to increase welfare and decrease corruption.
An Incentive Theory of the Separation of Powers
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe design of a complete Constitution is further augmented by focusing on the need for separation of powers to avoid regulatory capture. The economic concepts used are yardstick competition and Bayesian Nash behaviour. A number of models using different assumptions regarding separation between politicians and/or regulatory agencies are explored and an equilibrium involving excessive bribery is found to be robust. Additionally, the social costs of side‐contracting are shown to be limited by the separation of powers.
Collusion and Decentralization
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter models the optimal degree of delegation and centralization of government as the degree of availability of communication between periphery and centre in a hierarchy. Under bounded rationality, delegation is shown to be superior as it uses more information than centralization. Under delegation with risk‐averse agents, it is shown that new transaction costs are introduced since the risk‐averse agent will require a risk premium for incentive compatibility.
Commercial Policies in the 1930s
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDescribes the collapse of the international economic system during the 1930s as governments disrupted the flow of international trade and turned trade increasingly into bilateral channels. Section 1 analyses the move to higher tariffs, especially following the 1930 tariff increase by the USA and Britain's abandonment of free trade in 1931. Section 2 analyses the growing use of non‐tariff barriers to international trade, including exchange controls. Section 3 addresses the revival of Imperial Preference among the British dominions and colonies at the 1932 Ottawa Conference. Section 4 analyses the consequences of 1930s trade policies in terms of increased bilateralism and regionalization of trade. Section 5 looks ahead by describing moves already underway by the late 1930s to reverse the trade policy errors of the decade.
Non‐Discrimination in the GATT
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the treatment of discriminatory trade policies in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Despite a strong commitment to unconditional MFN treatment, the GATT allowed some exceptions under a grandfather clause for Imperial Preferences (Sect. 1), Article XXIV for customs unions (Sect. 2), Article XIX to deal with market disruption (Sect. 3), and for other reasons (Sect. 4).
Discrimination in International Trade, 1947–1985
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses the erosion of adherence to the non‐discrimination principle between 1947 and 1985. Section 1 analyses the discriminatory removal of quantitative restrictions on intra‐European trade during the 1950s, and why this did not have any lasting effect in eroding the MFN principle. Section 2 analyses Western European Economic Integration, and Sect. 3 analyses the European Union's external trade polices. Section 4 analyses the less‐developed countries’ attitudes to the GATT, focusing on preferential trading arrangements among LDCs and on tariff preferences granted by high‐income countries to imports from LDCs. Section 5 describes the USA's principled support for the non‐discrimination principle during the 1960s and 1970s, and the erosion of this position during the 1980s. Section 6 describes other discriminatory trading arrangements and trade policies.
The Mainstream from Viner to the JCM Proposition
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with mainstream customs union theory, starting with the Vinerian concepts of trade creation and trade diversion (Sects. 1–3). Section 4 analyses differences between customs unions and free trade areas, and the phenomenon of trade deflection. Section 5 provides a general equilibrium framework, pioneered by Vanek and Kemp.
The New Regionalism
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses the new regionalism that emerged in the mid‐1980s. By downplaying the significance of trade diversion and emphasizing scale‐based and pro‐competitive benefits of integration, the new regionalism had a more positive vision of RTAs than mainstream customs union theory had. Section 1 introduces economies of scale and imperfect competition. Section 2 analyses non‐tariff barriers to trade. Section 3 covers ‘new areas’ of foreign investment, competition policy, and monetary integration, which had not featured in mainstream customs union theory. Section 4 deals with rules of origin, which had emerged as a major trade policy issue in the 1980s and 1990s.
North America
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with empirical work on North American regional trading arrangements. Section 1 reports estimates of the impact of a free trade area between the USA and Canada. This literature was innovative in trying to account for scale economies and general equilibrium effects of an RTA. The remainder of the chapter deals with the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the three signatories (Sect. 2) and on non‐member countries (Sect. 3). Section 4 draws conclusions.
Other Free Trade Areas and Customs Unions
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOther free trade areas and customs unions have been less intensively studied than the EU or NAFTA. RTAs among developing countries have not had a great impact, often because paper agreements were not fully implemented, or where they have had an impact they have not survived, sometimes because they involved trade diversion that turned out to be costly for some members. Section 2 deals with RTAs among centrally planned economies.
The Evolution of New Markets
Authors: Geroski Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sheds some light on how markets develop. In particular, it suggests that the ‘new economy’ is not much different from the ‘old economy’ and that in general, the early evolution of markets can significantly shape their later structure. The main arguments are elaborated in four chapters, each of them extensively illustrated with product‐case studies (internet, automobiles, television, or mobile phones, etc.). Ch. 2 explores the drivers of innovation and concludes that new technologies are basically pushed on to the market from the supply side. Ch. 3 looks at the dynamics of entry in a new market. Ch. 4 deals with the emergence of a dominant design as a consensus good. Ch. 5 shows how the dominant design shapes the nature of the competition in the new mass market and describes the logistical growth pattern characteristic of most new markets. The last chapter is devoted to sketch out the basic features of market evolution that follow from the events in the early stages of development.
Where Do New Technologies Come From?
Authors: Geroski P. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the drivers of innovation. It discusses, with the help of several product‐case studies (including television, e‐grocery, and internet service provision), whether innovation is induced by a demand pull or by a supply push. It argues that although demand (either inchoate or articulated) plays a role in technological change, it cannot fully explain it. It suggests that new technologies are pushed on to the market from the supply side, following the guideposts set out by scientific knowledge in the form of technological trajectories.
The Structure of New Markets
Authors: Geroski P. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes and analyses the evolution of the structure of new markets. It evaluates a few case studies (particularly that of automobiles) highlighting the dynamics of market entry and exit. After noting the typical early proliferation of firms and products in a new market, it devotes the rest of the chapter to explain the nature of this proliferation and of its speed of entry. Special attention is given to the role of entry barriers, product characteristics, and sources of the entrants.
The Growth of the Market
Authors: Geroski P. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Shows how the dominant design shapes the nature of the competition in the new mass market. Using the mobile market as an example, it describes the typical pattern of market growth as a logistic one, with an initial slow rate, followed by a sudden take‐off into a period of rapid growth, which, eventually, slows. It devotes the rest of the chapter to look into the factors that might explain this S‐shaped growth. Genetically modified food and shipbuilding are some of the product‐case studies used to illustrate the analysis.
The Place of Economic Values in Environmental Valuation
Authors: Turner R. Kerry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Various aspects of the environmental values debate are first examined within the wider context of the sustainable economic development strategy and goal. Next, an expanded values classification is set out in order to define the limits of the conventional environmental economics concept of total economic value (use plus non‐use values). Particular attention is paid to the definition and measurement of bequest and existence values, as well as to some recent findings in the newly emerging ‘ecological economics’ literature that have implications for resource systems valuation. The chapter concludes with some environmental conservation policy implications.
The Economic Theory of WTP and WTA
Authors: Hanemann W. Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine the properties of welfare measures under alternative preference structures for q (the item being valued) and to identify the observable implications for measured WTA (willingness to accept) or WTP (willingness to pay), whether measured through indirect methods based on revealed preference or direct methods such as contingent valuation. Section 3.2 sets out the basic economic model of individual utility, Sect. 3.3 then reviews how WTP or WTA vary with the magnitude of the perceived change in the item being valued, and Sects. 3.4 and 3.5 deal with how WTP and WTA vary with the individual's income. Sect 3.6 deals with the theory of the disparity between WTP and WTA, and Sect. 3.7 considers a related phenomenon – the disparity between values for gains and losses. Section 3.8 reviews some other explanations of the gain/loss disparity that have appeared in the literature, including prospect theory and the concept of loss aversion, and Sect. 3.9 reviews explanations based on models of individual behaviour under uncertainty, including uncertainty about preferences or what the item might be worth. Section 3.10 touches on substitution and complementarity among alternative qs and how this affects WTP and WTA, and conclusions are summarized in Sect. 3.11.
Public Goods and Contingent Valuation
Authors: Sugden Robert 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some of the special problems involved in eliciting preferences for public goods (with which many applications of contingent valuation are concerned) are considered. The defining characteristic of a public good is that the same units of the good are consumed by, or give utility to, more than one individual. The different sections of the chapter address: the theory of public goods, incentive compatibility—as a theoretical problem and as a problem for survey research, the link between preference and choice, voluntary contributions to public goods, and voting to elicit preferences.
Information, Uncertainty, and Contingent Valuation
Authors: Munro Alistair , Hanley Nick D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter is organized around two important questions. First, what are the consequences for contingent valuation (CV) of the fact that subjects are likely to bring a wide variety of beliefs to the issue being discussed, and second, what is the optimal amount of information that should be given in CV? This is an issue that need not be faced if information has no effect on valuation, so a short survey is provided of the empirical work done so far on the impact of the provision of information on the results of CV studies. The theoretical ideas underlying valuation under uncertainty and the effects of giving extra information are then considered before returning to the problem of the optimal level of information.
A Monte Carlo Comparison of OLS Estimation Errors and Design Efficiencies in a Two‐Stage Stratified Random Sampling Procedure for a Contingent Valuation Study
Authors: Choe Kyeongae , Parke William R. , Whittington Dale 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In many settings, a random sample may not be cost‐inefficient, so that a two‐stage stratified random sample is adopted in contingent valuation (CV) studies. The first stage comprises identifying a number of enumeration areas from which to sample households in the second stage. The Monte Carlo simulation, from a CV case study, suggests that increasing the second‐stage sample size within a limited number of enumeration areas selected at the first stage of sampling will result in a greater return in statistical and sampling design efficiency than will increasing the number of enumeration areas with a limited second‐stage sampling size. In both approaches, the marginal return diminishes as the number of sampling units increases.
Multi‐Level Modelling and Contingent Valuation
Authors: Langford Ian H. , Bateman Ian J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores, in an introductory manner, the potential advantages of using multi‐level modelling in a range of contingent valuation (CV) survey designs. Section 12.2 briefly reviews the theoretical basis of the generalized linear model (GLM) most often used to model dichotomous‐choice (DC) willingness‐to‐pay data, namely, the logistic regression model. The reasons this model may not provide an adequate description of the data are discussed in Sect. 12.3, while Sect. 12.4 describes the statistical basis of random coefficient models as an extension to GLMs. Section 12.5 systematically develops an example of a random coefficient model called a multi‐level model, using data from a survey undertaken on the Norfolk Broads (a wetland resource in eastern England); the implications of using a multi‐level model are discussed in Sect. 12.6, and other applications are suggested. A summary of the main conclusions is given in Sect. 12.7.
Option and Anticipatory Values of US Wilderness
Authors: Walsh Richard G. , McKean John R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The concept of an option is extended to an access right, and behavioural consequences of the concept and its economic significance is mapped out. An ex ante model of the planned expenditure function is specified and tested in a case study. Site visits are not essential to an indirect use value of options for resource‐related activities such as obtaining information from reading, watching TV, and discussing the site with other persons. Recreation options include both complementary and substitute linkages.
Willingness‐To‐Pay Question Format Effects in Contingent Valuation Studies
Authors: Bateman Ian J. , Langford Ian H. , Rasbash Jon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) or willingness‐to‐accept (WTA) question is the central focus of any contingent evaluation (CV) exercise, and is the point at which the valuation being sought is elicited. However, a review of the literature reveals a variety of methods for asking such questions, and in this chapter results are presented from a study examining the impact of varying the elicitation method for WTP responses, and the results show that each is open to criticism. Five approaches are assessed: open‐ended, single‐bound dichotomous‐choice, double‐bound dichotomous‐choice, triple‐bound dichotomous‐choice, and iterative bidding. Particular attention is paid to the dichotomous‐choice approaches, which are dominant in recent literature.
Contingent Valuation Methodology and the US Institutional Framework
Authors: Loomis John B. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Contingent valuation has been used officially and unofficially by Federal and State agencies in the USA for a number of decades, although its use accelerated in the early 1980s. The results of CV studies have guided resource regulation and environmental protection, and they have been accepted by Courts in legal cases. Contingent valuation is one of the recognized valuation methods employed in assessments under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (1980).
Green States and Social Movements
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans-Kristian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Social movements take shape in relation to the kind of state they face, while, over time, states are transformed by the movements they both incorporate and resist. Social movements are central to democracy and democratization. This book examines the interaction between states and environmentalism, emblematic of contemporary social movements. The analysis covers the entire sweep of the modern environmental era that begins in the 1970s, emphasizing the comparative history of four countries: the US, UK, Germany, and Norway, each of which captures a particular kind of interest representation. Interest groups, parties, mass mobilizations, protest businesses, and oppositional public spheres vary in their weight and significance across the four countries. The book explains why the US was an environmental pioneer around 1970, why it was then eclipsed by Norway, why Germany now shows the way, and why the UK has been a laggard throughout. Ecological modernization and the growing salience of environmental risks mean that environmental conservation can now emerge as a basic priority of government, growing out of entrenched economic and legitimation imperatives. The end in view is a green state, on a par with earlier transformations that produced first the liberal capitalist state and then the welfare state. Any such transformation can be envisaged only to the extent environmentalism maintains its focus as a critical social movement that confronts as well as engages the state.
States, Movements, and Democracy
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans‐Kristian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe analysis of the book is grounded in the comparative history of states and social movements. A focus on the environmental movement is explained and justified. States are classified into four different types in terms of the kind of interest representation they feature, with major consequences that are elaborated in the chapters that follow. Social movements take form in a context largely shaped by the state, so the story begins with a history of the state and its basic priorities. Core concepts such as the state, social movements, and civil society are explained, and the strategy of inquiry is outlined.
The Perils of Political Inclusion: Moderation and Bureaucratization
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans‐Kristian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter looks at the implications of inclusion in the state for the movement itself, especially in terms of moderation and bureaucratization. Groups themselves can change in two ways as a result of being included within the state. First, they may have to moderate their positions substantially in order to be more consistent with the political mainstream—especially as conditioned by state imperatives. Second, they may have to develop a much more professional and bureaucratic character, replete with a large full‐time staff, internal hierarchy, and division of labour, and specialists in fund‐raising, organizational maintenance, and management. Moderation and bureaucratization compromise the ‘social movement’ character of environmental groups. Developments in the US, UK, Germany, and Norway are documented, and comparisons are made across time and space in their character and degree, and the possibility of movement resistance to them are considered.