bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral regions processing first‐ and higher‐order motion in an opposed‐direction discrimination task
Authors: Dupont P. , Sáry G. , Peuskens H. , Orban G. A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractUsing PET, we studied the processing of different types of motion in an opposed‐direction discrimination task. We used first‐order motion and two types of higher‐order motion (presented as moving gratings with stripes defined by flickering texture and kinetic boundaries, respectively). In these experiments, we found that all types of motion activate a common set of cortical regions when comparing a direction discrimination task to a detection of the dimming of the fixation point. This set includes left hV3A, bilateral hMT/V5+ and regions in the middle occipital gyrus, bilateral activations in the posterior and anterior parts of the intraparietal sulcus, bilateral precentral gyrus, medial frontal cortex and regions in the cerebellum. No significant differences were observed between different types of motion, even at low statistical thresholds. From this we conclude that, under our experimental conditions, the same cerebral regions are involved in the processing of first‐order and higher‐order motion in an opposed‐direction discrimination task.
Morphological and molecular heterogeneity in release sites of single neurons
Authors: Morgenthaler Florence D. , Knott Graham W. , Floyd Sarria J.‐C. , Wang Xin , Staple Julie K. , Catsicas Stefan , Hirling Harald 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe have previously shown that labelling intensities for synaptic proteins vary strongly among synaptic boutons. Here we addressed the questions as to whether there are heterogeneous levels of integral membrane synaptic vesicle proteins at distinct active release sites of single neurons and if these sites possess the ultrastructural features of synapses. By double‐immunostaining with specific antibodies against synaptophysin, synaptotagmin I, VAMP1 and VAMP2, we identified different relative levels of these integral membrane proteins of synaptic vesicles in comparison to boutons of the same rat cortical neuron. This heterogeneity could also be observed between the two isoforms VAMP1 and VAMP2. By studying pairs of these proteins implicated in neurotransmitter release, including both VAMP isoforms, we also show that the sites that contained predominantly one protein were nevertheless functional, as they internalized and released FM1‐43 upon potassium stimulation. Using electron microscopy, we show that these active sites could have either synaptic specializations, or the features of vesicle‐containing varicosities without a postsynaptic target. Different varicosities of the same neuron showed different intensities for synaptic vesicle proteins; some varicosities were capable of internalizing and releasing FM1‐43, while others were silent. These results show that integral membrane synaptic vesicle proteins are differentially distributed among functional release sites of the same neuron.
The mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal cortex: insights into its role in memory retrieval
Authors: Kostopoulos Penelope , Petrides Michael 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAlthough it is widely known that the prefrontal cortex plays a role in memory, the specific contribution of particular prefrontal regions in mnemonic functions remains controversial. The present investigation examined whether the mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is selectively involved in active memory retrieval in situations in which mnemonic traces are embedded in ambiguous relations and automatic recollection cannot lead to successful retrieval. Thirteen subjects participated in this event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. Throughout the scanning session, trials belonging to an experimental and a control condition were administered in a pseudorandom fashion. During the encoding phase of any particular trial, subjects were presented with a stimulus‐complex that was a combination of a face and a spatial location on the screen. In the experimental active retrieval condition, a question cue following the encoding phase instructed the subjects to retrieve selectively one of the two aspects of the encoded stimulus‐complex, i.e. the face or the location. In the control condition, the question cue that followed the encoding phase instructed the subjects simply to recall the initially presented stimulus‐complex, so as to be able to make a decision during the test phase based on simple stimulus familiarity. The comparison of the signal obtained during the retrieval phase of these two conditions yielded an increase in activity selective to the right mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal region. These results therefore establish a specific link between the mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and active retrieval mechanisms.
Early (E12) cortical progenitors can change their fate upon heterotopic transplantation
Authors: Gaillard Afsaneh , Nasarre Cécile , Roger Michel 
Published: May 2003

AbstractTo help understand how the cortical map is set up during the early stages of corticogenesis, we have examined the developmental fate of embryonic day (E) 12 cortical progenitors in the rat. We have analysed the pattern of thalamic connections and cytoarchitectonic organization developed by progenitor cells removed at E12 from the presumptive parietal or occipital cortex and grafted into the parietal cortex of newborn hosts. Occipital progenitors grafted into the parietal cortex differentiated into neurons that developed reciprocal connections with the ventrobasal complex of the host thalamus. They could also form barrel‐like structures, within which axons of the ventrobasal complex were distributed in dense patches. Some of these barrel‐like structures were arranged in rows. Moreover, these progenitors failed to develop characteristic traits of occipital cortex cells as they did not establish connections with the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. We propose that cortical progenitors are not committed at E12 and, upon heterotopic transplantation, have the capacity to respond to local cues and to subsequently differentiate and maintain major phenotypic characteristics of neurons in their new environment. Only early progenitors are multipotent. By E13/E14, indeed, most cortical cells become irreversibly committed and upon heterotopic transplantation differentiate neurons with phenotypic characteristics of their cortical site of origin (Pinaudeau et al., 2000, Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 2486–2496).
Noxious‐evoked c‐fos expression in brainstem neurons immunoreactive for GABAB, µ‐opioid and NK‐1 receptors
Authors: Pinto Marta , Lima Deolinda , Castro‐Lopes José , Tavares Isaura 
Published: May 2003

AbstractModulation of nociceptive transmission at the brainstem involves several neurochemical systems. The precise location and specific characteristics of nociceptive neurons activated in each system was never reported. In this study, the presence of GABAB, µ‐opioid, and neurokinin‐1 (NK‐1) receptors in brainstem nociceptive neurons was investigated by double‐immunocytochemical detection of each receptor and noxious‐evoked induction of the c‐fos proto‐oncogene. Noxious cutaneous mechanical stimulation significantly increased the proportions of neurons double‐labelled for Fos and GABAB receptors in several brainstem regions, namely, the reticular formation of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLMlat and VLMrf), lateral reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars caudalis (Sp5C), nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal reticular nucleus, ventral reticular nucleus, raphe obscurus nucleus and dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB). For µ‐opioid receptors, the proportions of double‐labelled neurons in noxious‐stimulated animals were higher than in controls only in the VLMlat, VLMrf, Sp5C, DPB and A5 noradrenergic cell group. As for the NK‐1 receptor, no significant differences were found between control and stimulated animals. According to these results, neurons expressing GABAB, µ‐opioid and NK‐1 receptors at several pain control centres of the brainstem are differentially involved in processing nociceptive mechanical input. The data provide the definition of new supraspinal targets for selective modulation of nociceptive neurons in order to define better strategies of pain control.
Role of specific muscarinic receptor subtypes in cholinergic parasympathomimetic responses, in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and pilocarpine‐induced seizure activity
Authors: Bymaster Frank P. , Carter Petra A. , Yamada Masahisa , Gomeza Jesus , Wess Jürgen , Hamilton Susan E. , Nathanson Neil M. , McKinzie David L. , Felder Christian C. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMuscarinic agonist‐induced parasympathomimetic effects, in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis and seizures were evaluated in wild‐type and muscarinic M1–M5 receptor knockout mice. The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine induced marked hypothermia in all the knockout mice, but the hypothermia was reduced in M2 and to a lesser extent in M3 knockout mice. Oxotremorine‐induced tremor was abolished only in the M2 knockout mice. Muscarinic agonist‐induced salivation was reduced to the greatest extent in M3 knockout mice, to a lesser degree in M1 and M4 knockout mice, and was not altered in M2 and M5 knockout mice. Pupil diameter under basal conditions was increased only in the M3 knockout mice. Pilocarpine‐induced increases in in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis were completely absent in hippocampus and cortex of M1 knockout mice, but in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis was unaltered in the M2–M5 knockout mice. A high dose of pilocarpine (300 mg/kg) caused seizures and lethality in wild‐type and M2–M5 knockout mice, but produced neither effect in the M1 knockout mice. These data demonstrate a major role for M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes in mediating parasympathomimetic effects. Muscarinic M1 receptors activate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in cortex and hippocampus of mice, consistent with the role of M1 receptors in cognition. Muscarinic M1 receptors appear to be the only muscarinic receptor subtype mediating seizures.
Cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes
Authors: Mackie A. D. R. , Thornton S. J. , Edenborough F. P. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) has been recognized as a complication of cystic fibrosis (CF) for almost 50 years and commonly develops around 20 years of age. The prevalence increases with age and, with improved survival of those with CF, approaches 30% in certain centres. Its development appears to have a significant impact on pulmonary function and may increase mortality by up to six‐fold. Subjects with CF are rarely ketosis‐prone and phenotypically lie between Type 1 and Type 2 DM. Microvascular complications are recognized, although paucity of data does not permit a clear description of their natural history. An annual oral glucose tolerance test from the age of 10 years is recommended for screening, but logistical difficulties have led some groups to develop specific algorithms to aid diagnosis. Insulin sensitivity in CF is much debated and may depend upon the degree of glucose intolerance. Insulin resistance occurs in the presence of infection, corticosteroid usage and hyperglycaemia, whilst hepatic insulin resistance is considered an adaptation to CF. There is no universal consensus on the treatment of hyperglycaemia. With increased longevity of individuals with CF, greater numbers will develop diabetes and the diabetes physician is destined to play a greater role in the multidisciplinary CF team.Diabet. Med. 20, 425–436 (2003)
Comparison among different insulin sensitivity indices in obese patients
Authors: Mannucci E. , Bardini G. , Rotella F. , Rotella C. M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAims Recently, several indices have been proposed for the measurement of insulin sensitivity (IS). We set out to make a comparison between fasting insulin, and different IS indices in obese subjects.Patients and methods Fasting and post load (75 g) glucose and insulin were measured in a consecutive series of 767 (626 F, 141 M) obese (body mass index > 30 kg/m2) out‐patients, with no known history of diabetes (DM). Mean (± sd) age was 46.7 ± 13.8 years in females and 45.6 ± 14.3 years in males. Indices of IS based on fasting homeostasis assessment model (HOMA) and post‐load (ISI) glucose and insulin and either parameter (1A, and 1B scores) were determined.Results DM was diagnosed in 21.4% of females, and 20.6% of males, and impaired glucose tolerance in 24% females and 21.3% males. Fasting and post‐load glucose, triglyceride and HDL‐cholesterol were correlated with all indices in both sexes (P < 0.05). The relative risk of different conditions in the upper quartile of ISI was similar to that observed in the upper quartile of HOMA. The HOMA index was similarly associated with low HDL‐cholesterol and hypertriglyceridaemia as fasting insulin, while it showed a greater association with diabetes; ISI was similarly associated with all three conditions as the HOMA index.Conclusions Indices of IS based on fasting glucose and insulin show a greater association with diabetes, but not with other abnormalities related to insulin resistance, when compared with fasting insulin levels. Indices based on post‐load glucose and insulin do not offer any advantage over those based on fasting values.Diabet. Med. 20, 462–466 (2003)
Studies of variability in the islet amyloid polypeptide gene in relation to Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Pildal J. , Lajer M. , Hansen S. K. , Almind K. , Ambye L. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Carstensen B. , Hansen T. , Pedersen O. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAims To explore whether the coding region of the islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) gene contains genetic variants associated with Type 2 diabetes and whether a previously reported association of the promoter variant −132g→a with Type 2 diabetes could be reproduced in Danish Caucasians.Methods The coding region was analyzed using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and heteroduplex analysis in 192 Type 2 diabetic patients. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was employed to screen for the promoter variant in 414 Type 2 diabetic patients and 182 glucose‐tolerant control subjects.Results The SSCP analysis identified an IVS+75a→g variant in two patients. The frequency of heterozygous carriers of the promoter variant in the case–control study was 4.1% (17/414) and 7.1% (13/182), respectively. Odds ratio of the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in carriers compared with non‐carriers was estimated to be 0.47 (95% confidence interval 0.19, 1.15).Conclusion Neither variability in the coding region of the IAPP gene nor the −132g→a promoter variant was associated with Type 2 diabetes among the studied Danish Caucasians.Diabet. Med. 20, 491–494 (2003)
Neuroglycopenia in normoglycaemic patients, and the potential benefit of ketosis
Authors: Willemsen M. A. A. P. , Soorani‐Lunsing R. J. , Pouwels E. , Klepper J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe report a patient with recurrent symptoms of neuroglycopenia due to a defective glucose transport into brain. The potential benefit of ketosis in neuroglycopenia is discussed from the therapeutic concept of a ketogenic diet in GLUT1‐deficiency syndrome.Diabet. Med. 20, 481–482 (2003)
Serum interleukin‐6 levels and bone mineral density at the femoral neck in post‐menopausal women with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Rachoń D. , Myśliwska J. , Suchecka‐Rachoń K. , Semetkowska‐Jurkiewicz B. , Zorena K. , Łysiak‐Szydłowska W. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBackground Although osteopenia is often reported in Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. Oestrogen deficiency also leads to decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Enhanced interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) production among Type 1 diabetic patients could be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic bone loss since it is a potent bone resorbing cytokine.Aims To evaluate the relationship between serum bioactive IL‐6 levels and BMD at the femoral neck of post‐menopausal women with Type 1 diabetes.Methods We studied BMD, urine excretion of deoxypirydynoline crosslinks, serum bioactive IL‐6 and soluble IL‐6 receptor (sIL‐6R) levels in 20 post‐menopausal women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, and compared these results with 20 matched healthy post‐menopausal controls.Results Post‐menopausal women with Type 1 diabetes had significantly lower BMD at the femoral neck and increased serum bioactive IL‐6 levels compared with the control group, but no relationship was observed between these variables in a multiple regression analysis. Using BMD at the femoral neck of diabetic women as the dependent variable in the multiple step regression analysis model, we found that independent variables that were strongly associated with bone mass at the femoral neck in this group were: time since menopause and duration of diabetes.Conclusions Although our study had a small sample size, we found that post‐menopausal women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus present lower bone mass and higher serum bioactive IL‐6 levels than matched healthy controls, but we were unable to find a correlation between these two parameters.Diabet. Med. 20, 475–480 (2003)
The effectiveness of screening for diabetic retinopathy by digital imaging photography and technician ophthalmoscopy
Authors: Scanlon P. H. , Malhotra R. , Thomas G. , Foy C. , Kirkpatrick J. N. , Lewis‐Barned N. , Harney B. , Aldington S. J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAims To evaluate the introduction of a community‐based non‐mydriatic and mydriatic digital photographic screening programme by measuring the sensitivity and specificity compared with a reference standard and assessing the added value of technician direct ophthalmoscopy.Methods Study patients had one‐field, non‐mydriatic, 45° digital imaging photography prior to mydriatic two‐field digital imaging photography followed by technician ophthalmoscopy. Of these patients, 1549 were then examined by an experienced ophthalmologist using slit lamp biomicroscopy as a reference standard. The setting was general practices in Gloucestershire. Patients were selected by randomizing groups of patients (from within individual general practices) and 3611 patients were included in the study. Patients for reference standard examination were recruited from groups of patients on days when the ophthalmologist was able to attend. The main outcome measure was detection of referable diabetic retinopathy (DR) as defined by the Gloucestershire adaptation of the European Working Party guidelines.Results For mydriatic digital photography, the sensitivity was 87.8%, specificity was 86.1% and technical failure rate was 3.7%. Technician ophthalmoscopy did not alter these figures. For non‐mydriatic photography, the sensitivity was 86.0%, specificity was 76.7% and technical failure rate was 19.7%.Conclusions Two‐field mydriatic digital photography is an effective method of screening for referable diabetic retinopathy. Non‐mydriatic digital photography has an unacceptable technical failure rate and low specificity.Diabet. Med. 20, 467–474 (2003)
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy associated with carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Gottsäter A. , Rydén‐Ahlgren Å. , Szelag B. , Hedblad B. , Persson J. , Berglund G. , Wroblewski M. , Sundkvist G. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAims To clarify if cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is associated with carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques in Type 2 diabetic patients.Methods Cardiovascular autonomic nerve function was related to carotid artery ultrasound in 61 Type 2 diabetic patients 5–6 years after diagnosis of diabetes.Results Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy [abnormal age corrected expiration/inspiration (E/I) ratio or acceleration index (AI)] was found in 13/61 (21%) patients. Patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy showed increased degree of stenosis in the common carotid artery (24.6 ± 13.2% vs. 14.7 ± 9.2%; P = 0.014) and a tendency towards a higher plaque score (4.0 ± 1.7 vs. 3.2 ± 1.6; P = 0.064). Controlled for age, AI correlated inversely with degree of stenosis (r = −0.39; P = 0.005), plaque score (r = −0.39; P = 0.005), and mean (r = −0.33; P = 0.018) and maximum (r = −0.39; P = 0.004) intima‐media thickness in the common carotid artery. In contrast, E/I ratio correlated only slightly with mean intima‐media thickness in the common carotid artery (r = −0.28; P = 0.049).Conclusions Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was associated with carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetic patients. Abnormal E/I ratios reflect efferent structural damage to parasympathetic nerves whereas abnormal AI reflects afferent autonomic dysfunction possibly due to impaired baroreceptor sensitivity secondary to carotid atherosclerosis.Diabet. Med. 20, 495–499 (2003)
The association between satisfaction with services provided in primary care and outcomes in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Alazri M. H. , Neal R. D. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBackground Patient satisfaction is of increasing importance, is taken into account when planning services, and is used by healthcare providers as a measure of healthcare quality. Satisfaction with medical care, including diabetic care, has been associated with various health‐related behaviours and outcomes that have a direct bearing on health and illness. The association between satisfaction and health outcomes is poorly understood.Aim The aim of the study was to determine whether there is an association between satisfaction in patients with Type 2 diabetes and the outcome of their diabetic care, and to determine the contribution of different aspects of satisfaction with the primary care.Methods Patients with Type 2 diabetes were identified from two general practices in Leeds.Patients scores on the General Practice Assessment Survey Questionnaire (GPAS) were correlated with the outcome of care, as measured by HbA1c level collected from patients’ medical records.Results Data from 106 patients were analysed. There was a generally high satisfaction rate for all GPAS domains. The correlation between different GPAS domains and HbA1c level showed significant positive correlations (P < 0.001) for continuity of care, trust and overall satisfaction; and positive correlations (P < 0.01) for access, receptionists, interpersonal care, communication skills, knowledge of patient about the doctor, technical care, and practice nursing.Conclusion The findings from this study demonstrate that there is an association between satisfaction and outcome in diabetes, which goes across all the GPAS domains. This suggests that processes that can act to increase patient satisfaction may be contributing to improved clinical outcomes. More development work is needed in this field to explore and elucidate the complex relationship between satisfaction and clinical outcomes.Diabet. Med. 20, 486–490 (2003)