bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐administered psychosocial treatments for children and families
Authors: Elgar Frank J. , McGrath Patrick J. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractSelf‐administered psychosocial treatments for child health problems have the potential to circumvent barriers to traditional models of care. They are convenient and inexpensive to families and, for some types of problems, may be as effective as therapist‐based care. In a review of past research on child‐ and parent‐facilitated self‐administered treatments, it was found that a stronger evidence base exists in support of some formats (manual‐ and multimedia‐based treatments) than for others (inspirational literature and support groups). The practical, ethical, and legal issues associated with self‐administered treatments are discussed as well as avenues for future research. How psychologists and health care systems respond to the opportunities associated with self‐administered treatments for children will likely affect the face of the profession and the health of children in the future. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 59: 321–339, 2003.
Frequency‐volume chart: The minimum number of days required to obtain reliable results
Authors: Schick Erik , Jolivet‐Tremblay Martine , Dupont Charles , Bertrand Pierre E. , Tessier Jocelyne 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAimsThere is wide variation in the number of days necessary to maintain a diary and still furnish reliable data on which to base a sound clinical assessment. Estimates range from 1 day to 2 weeks, 7 days probably being the criterion standard. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate how much the 7‐day period could be shortened without compromising the reliability of data.MethodsVarious lengths of frequency‐volume (FV) charts (from 1 day to 6 days) were compared with the standard 7‐day charts on 14 FV parameters.ResultsOverall results show that a 4‐day dairy is nearly identical to the 7‐day chart (most r ≥ 0.95). Results of the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐day charts were frequently different statistically from the 7‐day chart, whereas comparison of the 4‐day chart with the 7‐day chart showed no statistically significant differences. In addition, results of 4‐day FV charts from a new control cohort showed no significant differences from the 7‐day charts of the main cohort.ConclusionsIn conclusion, our study indicates that the 4‐day chart is as reliable as the 7‐day chart. This reduction in the length of time, although easier for the patients, does not compromise the diagnostic value of the FV charts. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:92–96, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overactive bladder symptoms: Do we need urodynamics?
Authors: Digesu G. Alessandro , Khullar Vik , Cardozo Linda , Salvatore Stefano 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAimsThe aim of our study was to determine whether the urodynamic diagnosis is useful in the management of women with symptoms of an overactive bladder (OAB).MethodsWomen with lower urinary tract symptoms, attending a tertiary referral urogynaecology clinic were studied. All women were fully evaluated, with history, urinary symptoms questionnaire, frequency‐volume chart, vaginal examination, and videocystourethrography. Women with symptoms consistent with an overactive bladder (urinary frequency, urgency, and/or urge incontinence) were selected. Women with neurological disorders were excluded. Finally, urinary symptoms and urodynamic diagnosis were correlated. All terms and definitions are in accordance with the International Continence Society [Abrams et al., 1988, Scand J Urol Nephrol 114(Suppl):5–19.].ResultsA total of 4,500 women 22–73 years of age were studied. Only 843 women (18.7%) could be classified as having an OAB. Of these, 457 women (54.2%) had urodynamically proven detrusor instability, whereas 386 women (45.8%) had a stable urodynamic trace. Sixty‐eight (8.1%) of the women studied had postvoid residual greater than 100 mL. Of the 4,500 women studied, 1,641 (36.5%) had detrusor instability on laboratory urodynamics. Only 27.5% of these women (457 of 1,641) had OAB symptoms.ConclusionsSymptomatic diagnosis of OAB does not correlate with a urodynamic diagnosis of detrusor instability. The diagnosis of overactive bladder based on urinary symptoms underdiagnoses the condition of detrusor instability in a population of women suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms. Therefore, symptomatic diagnosis of OAB alone is not recommended. Our study suggested that urodynamic evaluation is mandatory in the management of the women with symptoms of an overactive bladder. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:105–108, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning at the nanoscale: The impact of students' use of remote microscopy on concepts of viruses, scale, and microscopy
Authors: Jones M. Gail , Andre Thomas , Superfine Richard , Taylor Russell 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe rapid pace of development is bringing advanced technologies to the World Wide Web (WWW), and, as a result, schools have access to new tools for science investigations. In this exploratory study, we investigated how an educational experience organized around students' use of a WWW‐controllable atomic force microscope (AFM) influenced students' understandings of viruses. The context for the study was a weeklong unit on viruses for two high school biology classes which incorporated student use of the WWW controllable AFM. We also investigated how the haptic (involving kinesthetics and touch) experiences afforded by this tool might influence students' knowledge of viruses, microscopy, and nanometer scale. Fifty students from two high school biology classes participated in a series of instructional activities and pre‐ and postassessments (knowledge test, opinion questionnaire, and interviews). Results showed that students' understandings of microscale, virus morphology, and dimensionality changed as a result of the experiences. Students' conceptions moved from a two‐dimensional textbook‐like image of a virus to a three‐dimensional image of an adenovirus. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the use of the technology as a tool for learning about morphology of materials too small to see may be beneficial. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 303–322, 2003
Coordinate induction of both cytochrome P4503A and MDR1 by St John's wort in healthy subjects
Authors: Dresser George K. , Schwarz Ute I. , Wilkinson Grant R. , Kim Richard B. 
Published: February 2003

BackgroundMany drugs are cosubstrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and MDR1; furthermore, their disposition is markedly affected by pretreatment with inducing agents, including St John's wort. Such drug interactions reflect induction of both proteins through a common mechanism involving the steroid X receptor/pregnane X receptor. However, the relative contributions of enhanced metabolism and efflux transport to the overall induction process are unknown.MethodsThe effects of 12 days' pretreatment with St John's wort on the disposition of selected in vivo probe drugs were determined in 21 young healthy subjects. Midazolam after oral and intravenous administration was used to assess CYP3A activity in both the intestinal epithelium and the liver, whereas the disposition of fexofenadine after an oral dose was assumed to be a measure of MDR1 function, and the oral plasma concentration‐time profile of cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin) was considered to reflect both CYP3A and MDR1 activities.ResultsSt John's wort markedly affected the plasma concentration‐time profiles of all of the drugs, with associated increases in their clearance. With midazolam, the enhancement was considerably less after intravenous administration (approximately 1.5‐fold) than after oral administration (approximately 2.7‐fold), and estimated intestinal and hepatic extraction ratios were higher by approximately 1.2‐ to 1.4‐fold. By contrast, the oral clearances of fexofenadine and cyclosporine were equally increased by approximately 1.6‐fold and 1.9‐fold, respectively; these changes were both statistically less than for midazolam's oral clearance and greater than its estimated intestinal extraction.ConclusionsAlthough the disposition of all 3 drugs was altered by St John's wort, the extent of induction measured by oral clearance was different with CYP3A activity (midazolam), apparently increasing more than MDR1 function (fexofenadine), whereas with cyclosporine the change in oral clearance appeared to be more closely associated with the increase in MDR1 rather than CYP3A, despite the fact that both proteins are importantly involved in its disposition. These discordances indicate that, although a common molecular mechanism may be involved, the quantitative aspects of induction are complex and depend on the particular drug and the relative contributions of CYP3A and MDR1 in its disposition.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, 41–50; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2003.10
Transcriptional Regulation of
xyn2
in
Hypocrea jecorina
Authors: Würleitner Elisabeth , Pera Licia , Wacenovsky Christian , Cziferszky Angela , Zeilinger Susanne , Kubicek Christian P. , Mach Robert L. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT

The xylanase system of the filamentous fungus
Hypocrea jecorina
(
Trichoderma reesei
) consists of two specific xylanases, Xyn1 and Xyn2, which are simultaneously expressed during growth on xylan but respond differentially to low-molecular-weight inducers. Using in vivo footprinting analysis of xylan-induced and noninduced mycelia, we detected two adjacent nucleotide sequences (5′-AGAA-3′ on the noncoding strand and 5′-GGGTAAATTGG-3′, referred to as the xylanase-activating element [XAE], on the coding strand, respectively) to bind proteins. Among these, binding to the AGAA-box is only observed under noninduced conditions, whereas binding to XAE is constitutive. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with heterologously expressed components of the
H. jecorina
Hap2/3/5 protein complex and the cellulase regulator Ace2 suggests that these two transactivators form the protein complex binding to XAE.
H. jecorina
transformants, containing correspondingly mutated versions of the
xyn2
promoter fused to the
Aspergillus niger goxA
gene as a reporter, revealed that the elimination of protein binding to the AGAA-box resulted in a threefold increase in both basal and induced transcription, whereas elimination of Ace2 binding to its target in XAE completely eliminated transcription under both conditions. Destruction of the CCAAT-box by insertion of a point mutation prevents binding of the Hap2/3/5 complex in vitro and results in a slight increase in both basal and induced transcription. These data support a model of
xyn2
regulation based on the interplay of Hap2/3/5, Ace2 and the AGAA-box binding repressor.
Ssk1p Response Regulator Binding Surface on Histidine- Containing Phosphotransfer Protein Ypd1p
Authors: Porter Stace W. , Xu Qingping , West Ann H. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT

Ypd1p, a histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein, plays an important role in a branched His-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction pathway that regulates cellular responses to hyperosmotic stress in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Ypd1p is required for phosphoryl group transfer from the membrane-bound Sln1p sensor histidine kinase to two downstream response regulator proteins, Ssk1p and Skn7p. To investigate the molecular basis for interaction of Ypd1p with these response regulator domains, we used an approach that coupled alanine-scanning mutagenesis of surface-exposed residues in Ypd1p with a yeast two-hybrid interaction screen. Mutated residues that adversely affected the interaction of Ypd1p with the C-terminal response regulator domain of Ssk1p were identified and found to cluster on or near the αA helix in Ypd1p. Our results, supported by analysis of a modeled complex, identify a binding site on Ypd1p for response regulators that is composed of a cluster of conserved hydrophobic residues surrounded by less conserved polar residues. We propose that molecular interactions involving Ypd1p are mediated primarily through hydrophobic contacts, whereas binding specificity and strength of interaction may be influenced by select polar side chain interactions.
Respiratory patterns and oxygen consumption in singing zebra finches
Authors: Franz Michele , Goller Franz 
Published: February 2003

SUMMARYSong production in birds is driven by temporally complex respiratory patterns. In zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), song consists of repetitions of a stereotyped sequence of distinct syllables (motif). Syllables correspond to distinct expiratory pulses, which alternate with short deep inspirations. We investigated the effect of the song motor pattern on respiration using a newly developed mask system to measure oxygen consumption while simultaneously monitoring subsyringeal air sac pressure. The metabolic cost of song is closely related to song duration (mean=85.7 μl O2 g-1 min-1 over pre-song levels) and confirms earlier estimates for this species. When motif duration is controlled for, there is only small interindividual variability in oxygen consumption per motif. The oxygen measurements were also used to evaluate various methods of estimating and reporting the metabolic cost. Up to 20s before song,respiratory activity and oxygen consumption increased. Shortly before and during the introductory notes of the song bout, respiration and oxygen consumption decreased markedly. In some individuals, significant hyperventilation occurred during song, causing almost complete apnea after the song. In three different birds, we measured tracheal airflow and air sac pressure during song. Birds with higher airflow during song relative to flow during quiet respiration had a more pronounced decrease in respiratory activity after the song bout. These results suggest that gas exchange continues in the lung during the song bout and that long expiratory pressure pulses of the song motif can lead to hyperventilation but that no oxygen debt resulted from song. This research allows a first assessment of respiratory constraints that may influence the evolution of song complexity.
Probability and amplitude of novelty responses as a function of the change in contrast of the reafferent image inG. carapo
Authors: Caputi A. A. , Aguilera P. A. , Castelló M. E. 
Published: February 2003

SUMMARYPulse electric fish evaluate successive electrosensory images generated by self-emitted electric discharges, creating a neural representation of the physical world. Intervals between discharges (system resolution) are controlled by a pacemaker nucleus under the influence of reafferent signals. Novel sensory stimuli cause transient accelerations of the pacemaker rate(novelty responses). This study describes quantitatively the effect of changes in contrast of reafferent electrosensory signals on the amplitude and probability of novelty responses. We found that: (i) alterations of a single image in an otherwise homogeneous series cause a novelty response; (ii) the amplitude of the elicited novelty response is a linear function of the logarithm of the change in image contrast; (iii) the parameters of this function, threshold and proportionality constant, allowed us to evaluate the transference function between change in stimulus amplitude and the amplitude of the novelty response; (iv) both parameters are independent of the baseline contrast; (v) the proportionality constant increases with the moving average of the contrast of hundreds of previous images. These findings suggest that the electrosensory system (i) calculates the difference between each reafferent electrosensory image and a neural representation of the past electrosensory input (`template'); (ii) creates the comparison template in which the relative contribution of every image decreases with the incorporation of successive images. We conclude that contrast discrimination in the electrosensory system of G. carapo obeys the general principle of appreciating any instantaneous input by the input's departure from a moving average of past images.
K+ transport in Malpighian tubules ofTenebrio molitorL.: a study of electrochemical gradients and basal K+uptake mechanisms
Authors: Wiehart U. I. M. , Nicolson S. W. , Van Kerkhove E. 
Published: February 2003

SUMMARYMalpighian tubules of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor were isolated for intracellular measurement of basolateral (Vbl) and,indirectly, apical (Vap) membrane potentials. In control Ringer (50 mmol l-1 K+, 140 mmol l-1Na+), Vbl was 24mV, cell negative, and Vap was 48 mV, cell negative with reference to the lumen. Ion substitution experiments involving K+ and Na+indicated that both Vbl and Vap were sensitive to the bathing K+ concentration, with the change in Vap being 60-77% that of Vbl. A 10-fold drop in bath [K+] irreversibly decreased fluid secretion rates from 6.38±0.95 nl min-1 (mean ± S.E.M.) to 1.48±0.52 nl min-1 (N=8). In the presence of 6 mmol l-1 Ba2+, a blocker of basal K+ channels,fluid secretion rates reversibly decreased and the hyperpolarization of both Vbl and Vap seen in 50 mmol l-1 and 140 mmol l-1 K+ indicated a favourable electrochemical gradient for basal K+ entry. In 5 mmol l-1 K+, Ba2+ induced two different responses: Vbl either hyperpolarized by approximately 10 mV or depolarised by approximately 14mV, according to the electrochemical gradient for K+, which was either inward or outward in low bath[K+]. Rubidium, a `permeant' potassium substitute, caused a hyperpolarization of Vbl, indicating the specificity of K+ channels found in Tenebrio tubule cells. Other possible K+ uptake mechanisms located in the basolateral membrane were investigated. Blocking of the putative electroneutral Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter by 10 μmol l-1 bumetanide reversibly decreased fluid secretion rates, with no detectable change in membrane potentials. Ouabain (1 mmol l-1), an Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, irreversibly decreased fluid secretion rates but had no effect on electrical potential differences either in the absence or presence of Ba2+. The results implicate K+ channels, the Na+/K+/2Cl-contransporter and the Na+/K+-ATPase in basal K+ and fluid transport of Tenebrio tubule cells.
Skiing across the Greenland icecap: divergent effects on limb muscle adaptations and substrate oxidation
Authors: Helge Jørn W. , Lundby Carsten , Christensen Dirk L. , Langfort Jozef , Messonnier Laurent , Zacho Morten , Andersen Jesper L. , Saltin Bengt 
Published: February 2003

SUMMARYThis study investigates the adaptive response of the lower limb muscles and substrate oxidation during submaximal arm or leg exercise after a crossing of the Greenland icecap on cross-country skies. Before and after the 42-day expedition, four male subjects performed cycle ergometer and arm-cranking exercise on two separate days. On each occasion, the subjects exercised at two submaximal loads (arm exercise, 45 W and 100 W; leg exercise, 100 W and 200 W). In addition, peak oxygen uptake(V̇O2max) was determined for both leg and arm exercise. Before and after the crossing, a muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis and the triceps brachii muscles prior to exercise (N=3). After the crossing, body mass decreased by 5.7±0.5 kg (in four of four subjects), whereas V̇O2max was unchanged in the arm (3.1±0.2 l min-1) and leg(4.0±0.1 l min-1). Before the crossing, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values were 0.84±0.02 and 0.96±0.02 during submaximal arm exercise and 0.82±0.02 and 0.91±0.01 during submaximal leg exercise at the low and high workloads, respectively. After the crossing, RER was lower (in three of four subjects) during arm exercise(0.74±0.02 and 0.81±0.01) but was higher (in three of four subjects) during leg exercise (0.92±0.02 and 0.96±0.01) at the low and high workloads, respectively. Citrate synthase andβ-hydroxy-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase activity was decreased by approximately 29% in vastus lateralis muscle and was unchanged in triceps brachii muscle. Fat oxidation during submaximal arm exercise was enhanced without a concomitant increase in the oxidative capacity of the triceps brachii muscle after the crossing. This contrasted with decreased fat oxidation during leg exercise, which occurred parallel to a decreased oxidative capacity in vastus lateralis muscle. Although the number of subjects is limited, these results imply that the adaptation pattern after long-term, prolonged, low-intensity,whole body exercise may vary dramatically among muscles.
Active NaCl absorption across posterior gills of hyperosmoregulatingChasmagnathus granulatus
Authors: Onken Horst , Tresguerres Martin , Luquet Carlos M. 
Published: February 2003

SUMMARYSplit lamellae of posterior gills of Chasmagnathus granulatusadapted to 2.5‰ salinity were mounted in a modified Ussing chamber. With NaCl-saline on both sides of the preparation a transepithelial voltage(Vte) of 4.1±0.5 mV (outside positive) was measured. After voltage-clamping, the negative short-circuit current(Isc) amounted to -142±21 μA cm-2 at a conductance (Gte) of 44±5 mS cm-2. Substitution of either chloride (by nitrate) or sodium (by choline) on both sides of split gill lamellae significantly reduced Isc (by 70-80%) and Gte (by 30-50%). External CsCl (but not BaCl2 or furosemide) inhibited the negative Isc without affecting Gte. Addition of ouabain, BaCl2 or diphenylamine-2-carboxylate to the internal bath inhibited Isc at unchanged Gte. Internal acetazolamide did not affect Isc or Gte across split gill lamellae. Unidirectional Na+ influx across isolated and perfused posterior gills, however, was reduced by internal acetazolamide by approximately 20% at constant Vte. The results suggest that posterior gills of hyperosmoregulating C. granulatus display a high conductance epithelium that actively absorbs NaCl in a coupled way by an electrogenic mechanism similar to that seen in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and, to a minor degree, by an electroneutral mechanism,presumably via apical Na+/H+- and Cl-/HCO3--antiports.
Fluid mechanics of slot-coating in photopolymer-based rapid composites manufacturing
Authors: Haberer M , Zak G , Park C B , Paraschivoiu M , Benhabib B 
Published: February 2003

This paper describes the fluid mechanics of the slot-coating process in the context of rapid layered manufacturing. It has been conjectured that slot-coating would successfully address a number of common difficulties encountered in the formation of thin layers from a highly viscous fibre—photopolymer composite liquid. The objective of the present study was therefore the development of an engineering analysis tool to assist with the design of a slot-coating-based liquid layer formation mechanism for use as an integral part of a lithography-based rapid layered composite parts manufacturing (RLCM) system. In addition to an analytical model, the paper presents a numerical model based on a volume-of-fluid (VOF) algorithm. This algorithm allows (a) solution of non-steady-state problems, (b) tracking of the free surface of the fluid undergoing large deformations and (c) easy modification of the model's domain to facilitate experimentation with coater geometry. Results from a set of simulated experiments establish a relationship between the liquid-coat height and several design and process parameters. Physical examination of cross-sections of several test parts built on an RLCM prototype system in the authors’ laboratory confirmed the ability of the new coater design to form solid layers of good quality, as predicted by the numerical simulations.