bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Software defect prediction using a bidirectional LSTM network combined with oversampling techniques
Authors: Khleel Nasraldeen Alnor Adam , Nehéz Károly 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSoftware defects are a critical issue in software development that can lead to system failures and cause significant financial losses. Predicting software defects is a vital aspect of ensuring software quality. This can significantly impact both saving time and reducing the overall cost of software testing. During the software defect prediction (SDP) process, automated tools attempt to predict defects in the source codes based on software metrics. Several SDP models have been proposed to identify and prevent defects before they occur. In recent years, recurrent neural network (RNN) techniques have gained attention for their ability to handle sequential data and learn complex patterns. Still, these techniques are not always suitable for predicting software defects due to the problem of imbalanced data. To deal with this problem, this study aims to combine a bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) network with oversampling techniques. To establish the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model, the experiments have been conducted on benchmark datasets obtained from the PROMISE repository. The experimental results have been compared and evaluated in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, f-measure, Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC), the area under the ROC curve (AUC), the area under the precision-recall curve (AUCPR) and mean square error (MSE). The average accuracy of the proposed model on the original and balanced datasets (using random oversampling and SMOTE) was 88%, 94%, And 92%, respectively. The results showed that the proposed Bi-LSTM on the balanced datasets (using random oversampling and SMOTE) improves the average accuracy by 6 and 4% compared to the original datasets. The average F-measure of the proposed model on the original and balanced datasets (using random oversampling and SMOTE) were 51%, 94%, And 92%, respectively. The results showed that the proposed Bi-LSTM on the balanced datasets (using random oversampling and SMOTE) improves the average F-measure by 43 and 41% compared to the original datasets. The experimental results demonstrated that combining the Bi-LSTM network with oversampling techniques positively affects defect prediction performance in datasets with imbalanced class distributions.
Employment protection and labour productivity growth in the EU: skill-specific effects during and after the Great Recession
Authors: Fedotenkov Igor , Kvedaras Virmantas , Sanchez-Martinez Miguel 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDoes employment protection affect sectoral productivity growth differently during crises and recovery periods? This paper sheds light into this question by investigating the relationship between employment protection legislation (EPL hereafter) and sectoral labour productivity growth in the EU in the context of the Great Recession. We consider the crisis and recovery periods, evaluate the relevance of both levels and changes in EPL for productivity growth, and explore the conditioning role played by sectoral differences in terms of cumulativeness of knowledge as well as the skills of the labour force, captured by different levels of education. We find that stricter labour protection reduces labour productivity growth in sectors with a large share of workers with tertiary education, whereas this effect is negligible or positive in sectors where workers with secondary or only primary education are more prevalent (such as agriculture, mining and quarrying). We attribute this to a more intensive labour hoarding in the former, as EPL strengthens labour hoarding in sectors that rely on firm-specific knowledge accumulation and skilled human capital that are difficult to substitute with physical capital. Whereas it is simple to dismiss (and to find later) unskilled employees. They not only can be substituted more easily with capital, but also the costs of their firing are lower, they are overrepresented among workers holding temporary contracts, and they might be unequally informed and able to exercise their rights. This leads to low (if any) labour hoarding and little impact of EPL on labour productivity in such sectors. We also document that the negative effect is prominent only during the crisis, and an increase in the stringency of EPL over an extended period stimulates employers to substitute labour with investments in physical and knowledge capital.
The landscape of data and AI documentation approaches in the European policy context
Authors: Micheli Marina , Hupont Isabelle , Delipetrev Blagoj , Soler-Garrido Josep 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNowadays, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is present in all sectors of the economy. Consequently, both data-the raw material used to build AI systems- and AI have an unprecedented impact on society and there is a need to ensure that they work for its benefit. For this reason, the European Union has put data and trustworthy AI at the center of recent legislative initiatives. An important element in these regulations is transparency, understood as the provision of information to relevant stakeholders to support their understanding of AI systems and data throughout their lifecycle. In recent years, an increasing number of approaches for documenting AI and datasets have emerged, both within academia and the private sector. In this work, we identify the 36 most relevant ones from more than 2200 papers related to trustworthy AI. We assess their relevance from the angle of European regulatory objectives, their coverage of AI technologies and economic sectors, and their suitability to address the specific needs of multiple stakeholders. Finally, we discuss the main documentation gaps found, including the need to better address data innovation practices (e.g. data sharing, data reuse) and large-scale algorithmic systems (e.g. those used in online platforms), and to widen the focus from algorithms and data to AI systems as a whole.
Generative AI models should include detection mechanisms as a condition for public release
Authors: Knott Alistair , Pedreschi Dino , Chatila Raja , Chakraborti Tapabrata , Leavy Susan , Baeza-Yates Ricardo , Eyers David , Trotman Andrew , Teal Paul D. , Biecek Przemyslaw , Russell Stuart , Bengio Yoshua 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe new wave of ‘foundation models’—general-purpose generative AI models, for production of text (e.g., ChatGPT) or images (e.g., MidJourney)—represent a dramatic advance in the state of the art for AI. But their use also introduces a range of new risks, which has prompted an ongoing conversation about possible regulatory mechanisms. Here we propose a specific principle that should be incorporated into legislation: that any organization developing a foundation model intended for public use must demonstrate a reliable detection mechanism for the content it generates, as a condition of its public release. The detection mechanism should be made publicly available in a tool that allows users to query, for an arbitrary item of content, whether the item was generated (wholly or partly) by the model. In this paper, we argue that this requirement is technically feasible and would play an important role in reducing certain risks from new AI models in many domains. We also outline a number of options for the tool’s design, and summarize a number of points where further input from policymakers and researchers would be required.
Analysis of the capsular bend in posterior capsular opacification using anterior segment optical coherence tomography
Authors: Gamal El-Deen Asmaa M 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the link between the capsular bend and the morphological types and characteristics of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography.MethodsThirty eyes with PCO were examined, and three types of PCO were identified: pearl, fibrosis, and mixed. We assessed anterior capsular overlap, intraocular lens-capsule adhesion, and capsular bending. In addition to measuring the intraocular lens-posterior capsule distance and capsule bending angle (CBA), the PCO parameters (area, density, and score at 6-, 5-, and 3-mm intraocular lens optic regions) were recorded. The associations between capsular bend and PCO type and characteristics were investigated. A control group of 12 eyes without PCO was used to compare the study variables.ResultsWith p values greater than 0.001, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean PCO area and score at the 6-, 5-, and 3-mm optic zones in different PCO types, with the pearl type having the highest value, followed by the mixed type, and finally the fibrosis type. The PCO group had a significantly higher mean CBA than the control group (P = 0.001). CBA was positively related to intraocular lens-posterior capsule distance, PCO area, and PCO score at the 6-, 5-, and 3-mm zones (P = 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve's cut-off point for CBA was 96.85° when comparing PCO cases to controls. Partial overlap and incomplete adhesion were statistically more common in the PCO eyes than in the control (P = 0.001, 0.003, respectively).ConclusionPCO types and CBA have a strong relationship with PCO score and intraocular lens-posterior capsule space. In PCO's eyes, CBA has a cut-off value of 96.85°.
Cerebrospinal fluid circulating tumour DNA genotyping and survival analysis in lung adenocarcinoma with leptomeningeal metastases
Authors: Bai Kaixuan , Chen Xin , Qi Xuejiao , Zhang Yu , Zou Yueli , Li Jian , Yu Lili , Li Yuanyuan , Jiang Jiajia , Yang Yi , Liu Yajing , Feng Shuanghao , Bu Hui 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The prognosis of patients with leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) remains poor. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has been proven to be abundantly present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); hence, its clinical implication as a biomarker needs to be further verified.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of 35 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with LM, and matched CSF and plasma samples were collected from all patients. All paired samples underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 139 lung cancer-associated genes. The clinical characteristics and genetic profiling of LM were analysed in association with survival prognosis.

Results
LM showed genetic heterogeneity, in which CSF had a higher detection rate of ctDNA (P = 0.003), a higher median mutation count (P < 0.0001), a higher frequency of driver mutations (P < 0.01), and more copy number variation (CNV) alterations (P < 0.001) than plasma. The mutation frequencies of the EGFR, TP53, CDKN2A, MYC and CDKN2B genes were easier to detect in CSF than in LUAD tissue (P < 0.05), possibly reflecting the underlying mechanism of LM metastasis. CSF ctDNA is helpful for analysing the mechanism of EGFR-TKI resistance. In cohort 1, which comprised patients who received 1/2 EGFR-TKIs before the diagnosis of LM, TP53 and CDKN2A were the most common EGFR-independent resistant mutations. In cohort 2, comprising those who progressed after osimertinib and developed LM, 7 patients (43.75%) had EGFR CNV detected in CSF but not plasma. Furthermore, patient characteristics and various genes were included for interactive survival analysis. Patients with EGFR-mutated LUAD (P = 0.042) had a higher median OS, and CSF ctDNA mutation with TERT (P = 0.013) indicated a lower median OS. Last, we reported an LM case in which CSF ctDNA dynamic changes were well correlated with clinical treatment.

Conclusions
CSF ctDNA could provide a more comprehensive genetic landscape of LM, indicating the potential metastasis-related and EGFR-TKI resistance mechanisms of LM patients. In addition, genotyping of CSF combined with clinical outcomes can predict the prognosis of LUAD patients with LM.
Urbanization related changes in lepidopteran community
Authors: Vähätalo Anssi V. , Pulli Ahti , Kulmala Topias , Marin Roosa , Haimi Jari 
Published: October 2023

AbstractUrbanization displaces natural habitats with impervious surfaces and managed ornamental green infrastructure. This study compared the structure of lepidopteran community in an office campus cleared from forest to that in the remaining forest. For the comparison, we trapped 2,233 lepidopteran specimens of 56 species from an office campus and adjacent forest. The species richness of lepidopteran assemblage in the office campus was half of that in the forest and consisted primarily of the same species found in the forest. The abundance and biomass of Lepidoptera in the office campus was a quarter of that in the forest. The biomass and abundance of Lepidoptera decreased along with the impervious area within 100-meter radius around the traps and approached zero when impervious surfaces covered the area entirely. The specimens in the trapped lepidopteran assembly from the office campus were on average larger, indicating elevated mobility, than those caught from the forest. Our results support earlier studies concluding that fragmented urban landscape selects for large mobile species, which can feed on ornamental plants or can disperse between high-quality habitats within urban landscape. Green infrastructure with native plants, high-quality native habitats and their connectivity can maintain species-rich lepidopteran communities in urban landscapes.
Environmental potential of fungal insulation: a prospective life cycle assessment of mycelium-based composites
Authors: Alaux Nicolas , Vašatko Hana , Maierhofer Dominik , Saade Marcella Ruschi Mendes , Stavric Milena , Passer Alexander 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPurposeBio-based insulation materials are one of the most promising solutions for reducing the environmental impacts of building envelopes. Among these materials, the environmental benefits of mycelium-based materials have merely been investigated, despite their promising technical and thermal properties. In this paper, we perform a first prospective cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) of mycelium-based composite blocks.MethodsAn attributional cradle-to-gate LCA of the laboratory production of mycelium-based composites was first performed, including 11 environmental impact indicators. Then, scenarios were defined to scale up the technology to the level of industrial production, including the remaining life cycle modules to perform a cradle-to-grave analysis. Biogenic and metabolic carbon were considered by applying the static −1/+1 approach and following the current LCA standards. Future-oriented energy and transport mixes were also included as an additional scenario, systematically modifying both the foreground and background data. Finally, the industrially scaled-up technology and alternative insulation materials were compared with these future conditions (as applied to both materials).Results and discussionConsidering climate change, the results are encouraging in comparison to those for traditional plastic insulation, but do not necessarily surpass those for other existing materials such as rock wool. However, trade-offs are observed in other indicators, for which mycelium-based composites tend to perform worse than traditional insulation materials. The industrial scale-up reduced impacts for most indicators, but a considerable trade-off was observed with regard to terrestrial ecotoxicity. The main driver for the remaining greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was found to be the electricity use during the manufacturing phase. We consider the inclusion of the other life cycle stages as relevant, as this increased the GHG emissions by 10%. Limitations of the current LCA standards, however, are noted and discussed, especially regarding the cascading use of biogenic materials, and highlight the relevance of this case study.ConclusionsMycelium-based composites show a potential for future development, but careful attention should be paid to reducing electricity needs in their manufacturing process. Further improvements could also be made by using fast-growing biogenic materials as a substrate. In particular, we encourage researchers to include all of the life cycle stages in future studies, especially if biogenic emissions are considered.
Theoretical study on bubble dynamics under hybrid-boundary and multi-bubble conditions using the unified equation
Authors: Zhang A-Man , Li Shi-Min , Cui Pu , Li Shuai , Liu Yun-Long 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis paper aims to use the unified bubble dynamics equation to investigate bubble behavior in complex scenarios involving hybrid free surface/wall boundaries and interactions between multiple bubbles. The effect of singularity movement on the unified equation’s form is analyzed after deriving the bubble pulsation equation using a moving point source and a dipole, followed by discussions on the effect of migration compressibility-related terms on the bubble dynamics. In addition, the present study accounts for the impact of hybrid boundaries, including crossed and parallel boundaries, by introducing a finite number of mirror bubbles for the former and an infinite number of mirror bubbles for the latter. Spark bubble experiments and numerical simulation are conducted to validate the present theory. The application of the unified equation in multi-bubble interactions is exemplified by computing a spherical bubble array containing more than 100 uniformly distributed cavitation bubbles under different boundary conditions. The bubble cluster-induced pressure peak can reach nearly two times or even higher than that of an individual bubble, highlighting the damage potential caused by cavitation bubble clusters.
Influence of surface cracking, anchor head profile, and anchor head size on cast-in headed anchors in geopolymer concrete
Authors: Karmokar Trijon , Moyheddin Alireza 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this study, the concrete cone capacity, concrete cone angle, and load–displacement response of cast-in headed anchors in geopolymer concrete are explored using numerical analyses. The concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model in ABAQUS is used to simulate the behavior of concrete substrates. The tensile behavior of anchors in geopolymer concrete is compared with that in normal concrete as well as that predicted by the linear fracture mechanics (LFM) and concrete capacity design (CCD) models. The results show that the capacity of the anchors in geopolymer concrete is 30%–40% lower than that in normal concrete. The results also indicate that the CCD model overestimates the capacity of the anchors in geopolymer concrete, whereas the LFM model provides a much more conservative prediction. The extent of the difference between the predictions by the numerical analysis and those of the above prediction models depends on the effective embedment depth of the anchor and the anchor head size. The influence of concrete surface cracking on the capacity of the anchor is shown to depend on the location of the crack and the effective embedment depth. The influence of the anchor head profile on the tensile capacity of the anchors is found to be insignificant.
Staging TEVAR after FET — an exception or the rule?
Authors: Di Marco Luca , Nocera Chiara , Snaidero Silvia , Campanini Francesco , Buia Francesco , Lovato Luigi , Murana Giacomo , Pacini Davide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Purpose
Frozen elephant trunk (FET) was born as an ideal one-step procedure to treat complex arch and descending thoracic aorta pathology. It was then proved that it frequently needs reintervention, which can often be performed by thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) extension since FET provides a safe proximal landing zone. We hereby describe our experience in TEVAR extension after FET, its main indications, technique, and outcomes.

Methods
Between 2007 and 2022, 371 patients underwent FET at our center. Of these, 119 needed TEVAR extension. Some required more than one TEVAR, with a total of 154 procedures. The preoperative characteristics, indications, and outcomes were analyzed retrospectively.

Results
Of 154 TEVAR procedures, 15 were performed in an urgent setting. Mean time from FET to TEVAR was 22,2 ± 28,73 months. Two patients died in the operating room; no others died during the hospital stay. Survival after 1, 2, 5, and 10 years was 96.2%, 93.9%, 90.1%, and 70.5% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of TEVAR extension for patients in which a Thoraflex™ vs E-vita™ graft was used, nor for zone 2 vs zone 3 anastomosis and stent length.

Conclusion
Though TEVAR extension is often required after FET, it is a safe and effective procedure with excellent post-operative outcomes in the short-, mid-, and long-term and allows successful treatment of complex aortic pathologies. Rigorous and specialized follow-up after FET is central to identify the right moment to intervene.
A Novel Paired Somatosensory-Cerebellar Stimulation Induces Plasticity on Cerebellar-Brain Connectivity
Authors: Ginatempo Francesca , Manzo Nicoletta , Spampinato Danny A. , Loi Nicola , Burgio Francesca , Rothwell John C. , Deriu Franca 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe cerebellum receives and integrates a large amount of sensory information that is important for motor coordination and learning. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether peripheral nerve and cerebellum paired associative stimulation (cPAS) could induce plasticity in both the cerebellum and the cortex. In a cross-over design, we delivered right median nerve electrical stimulation 25 or 10 ms before applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum. We assessed changes in motor evoked potentials (MEP), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), short-afferent inhibition (SAI), and cerebellum-brain inhibition (CBI) immediately, and 30 min after cPAS. Our results showed a significant reduction in CBI 30 minutes after cPAS, with no discernible changes in MEP, SEP, and SAI. Notably, cPAS10 did not produce any modulatory effects on these parameters. In summary, cPAS25 demonstrated the capacity to induce plasticity effects in the cerebellar cortex, leading to a reduction in CBI. This novel intervention may be used to modulate plasticity mechanisms and motor learning in healthy individuals and patients with neurological conditions.
Quantitative Speech Assessment in Ataxia—Consensus Recommendations by the Ataxia Global Initiative Working Group on Digital-Motor Markers
Authors: Vogel Adam P. , Sobanska Anna , Gupta Anoopum , Vasco Gessica , Grobe-Einsler Marcus , Summa Susanna , Borel Stephanie 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDysarthria is a common and debilitating symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, including those resulting in ataxia. Changes to speech lead to significant reductions in quality of life, impacting the speaker in most daily activities. Recognition of its importance as an objective outcome measure in clinical trials for ataxia is growing. Its viability as an endpoint across the disease spectrum (i.e. pre-symptomatic onwards) means that trials can recruit ambulant individuals and later-stage individuals who are often excluded because of difficulty completing lower limb tasks. Here we discuss the key considerations for speech testing in clinical trials including hardware selection, suitability of tasks and their role in protocols for trials and propose a core set of tasks for speech testing in clinical trials. Test batteries could include forms suitable for remote short, sensitive and easy to use, with norms available in several languages. The use of artificial intelligence also could improve accuracy and automaticity of analytical pipelines in clinic and trials.