bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis During Maternal Deprivation
Authors: Schmidt M. , Enthoven L. , Van Woezik J. H. G. , Levine S. , De Kloet E. R. , Oitzl M. S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA close contact between the dam and the litter is essential for the normal development of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis in rats and mice. Maternal signals, as licking and feeding, have been shown to sustain the HPA axis of the pups in a hypo‐responsive state. Disruption of this mother–pup interaction by 24 h of maternal deprivation activates the otherwise quiescent stress system of the neonates, resulting in an enhanced adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and a decreased expression of central HPA markers, such as corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH). However, the dynamics of these central and peripheral changes over the 24h period are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the time course of some of the central and peripheral indices of HPA activity during 24 h of maternal deprivation. We measured corticosterone and ACTH in the blood as well as CRH, mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor expression in the brain. Our results demonstrate that each of the components of the HPA axis responds to maternal deprivation at different time points following removal of the mother and with a very specific time course. The main activation of the HPA axis occurred between 4 h and 8 h of maternal absence. By contrast, during the second half of the deprivation period, negativefeedback mechanisms restrained the further increase in ACTH and corticosterone release. We conclude that maternal deprivation triggers a cascade of sequential changes at the various levels of the stress system, and that measuring only one aspect of the system at one time point does not accurately reflect the dynamic alterations of the HPA axis.
Differing involvement of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol in photosystem II in two species of unicellular cyanobacteria
Authors: Aoki Motohide , Sato Norihiro , Meguro Ayano , Tsuzuki Mikio 
Published: February 2004

Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) is involved in the maintenance of photosystem II (PSII) activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii[Minoda, A., Sato, N., Nozaki, H., Okada, K., Takahashi, H., Sonoike, K. & Tsuzuki, M. et al. (2002) Eur. J. Biochem.269, 2353–2358]. To understand the spread of the taxa in which PSII interacts with SQDG, especially in cyanobacteria, we produced a mutant defective in the putative sqdB gene responsible for SQDG synthesis from two cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. The mutant of PCC6803, designated SD1, lacked SQDG synthetic ability and required SQDG supplementation for its growth. After transfer from SQDG‐supplemented to SQDG‐free conditions, SD1 showed decreased net photosynthetic and PSII activities on a chlorophyll (Chl) basis with a decrease in the SQDG content. Moreover, the sensitivity of PSII activity to 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea and atrazine was increased in SD1. However, SD1 maintained normal amounts of cytochrome b559 and D1 protein (the subunits comprising the PSII complex) on a Chl basis, indicating that the PSII complex content changed little, irrespective of a decrease in the SQDG content. These results suggest that the role of SQDG is the conservation of the PSII properties in PCC6803, consistent with the results obtained with C. reinhardtii. In contrast, the SQDG‐null mutant of PCC7942 showed the normal level of PSII activity with little effect on its sensitivity to PSII herbicides. Therefore, the difference in the SQDG requirement for PSII is species‐specific in cyanobacteria; this could be of use when investigating the molecular evolution of the PSII complex.
Fas‐induced apoptosis is a feature of progressive diabetic nephropathy in transgenic (mRen‐2)27 rats: Attenuation with renin‐angiotensin blockade
Authors: KELLY DARREN J , STEIN‐OAKLEY ALICIA , ZHANG YUAN , WASSEF LESLEY , MAGUIRE JULIE , KOJI TAKEHIKO , THOMSON NAPIER , WILKINSON‐BERKA JENNIFER L , GILBERT RICHARD E 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARY:Background and Aim:  Tubular atrophy is a major feature of most renal diseases and is closely associated with the loss of renal function. The present study sought to investigate whether Fas/FasL‐induced tubular epithelial cell apoptosis was a feature of experimental diabetic nephropathy. The effects of renoprotective therapy with blockade of the renin‐angiotensin (RAS) system were also examined.Method:  Six‐week‐old female Ren‐2 rats were injected with streptozotocin and maintained diabetic for 12 weeks. Further groups of diabetic rats were treated with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril, for 12 weeks.Results:  Widespread apoptosis, identified by using mediated Terminal dUTP nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) staining was noted in the tubules of diabetic Ren‐2 rats. These changes were associated with an increase in both Fas mRNA and Fas L (ligand) within the tubules (P < 0.01). Treatment of diabetic Ren‐2 rats with perindopril (6 mg/kg per day) reduced the apoptosis to control levels and was associated with a reduction in Fas mRNA and Fas L protein (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  In conclusion, Fas/Fas L‐induced tubular apoptosis is a feature of diabetic Ren‐2 rats and is attenuated by the blockade of the RAS.
Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried seeds of three native eastern North American winter annuals
Authors: BASKIN CAROL C. , BASKIN JERRY M. , CHESTER EDWARD W. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractLong‐term studies of seasonal changes in temperature and light : dark requirements for germination were conducted on seeds of Plantago virginica (87 months), Silene antirrhina (32.5 months) and Triodanis perfoliata (36.5 months), buried under natural temperature regimes in central Kentucky, USA. Seeds of P. virginica exhibited an annual conditional dormancy/non‐dormancy cycle; thus, the species has the potential to behave as a facultative winter annual. Seeds of T. perfoliata and S. antirrhina had an annual dormancy/non‐dormancy cycle, but dormancy induction was not completed until April or May. Thus, depending on the year, 3–21% and 1–97% of the S. antirrhina and T. perfoliata seeds, respectively, germinated in March and these species also have the potential to behave as facultative winter annuals. Data from long‐term buried seeds studies in central Kentucky are now available for 16 native (including the three species reported in this paper) and nine non‐native winter annuals of eastern North America. Buried seeds of non‐natives, as well as those of natives whose geographic range extends beyond eastern North America, tend to have a conditional dormancy/non‐dormancy cycle, while those of natives with a range restricted to eastern North America tend to have a dormancy/non‐dormancy cycle. However, testing of this hypothesis will have to await data for more winter annuals so that a phylogenetically independent analysis can be conducted.
Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence
Authors: Arseneault Louise , Cannon Mary , Witton John , Murray Robin M. 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundControversy remains as to whether cannabis acts as a causal risk factor for schizophrenia or other functional psychotic illnesses.AimsTo examine critically the evidence that cannabis causes psychosis using established criteria of causality.MethodWe identified five studies that included a well-defined sample drawn from population-based registers or cohorts and used prospective measures of cannabis use and adult psychosis.ResultsOn an individual level, cannabis use confers an overall twofold increase in the relative risk for later schizophrenia. At the population level, elimination of cannabis use would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia by approximately 8%, assuming a causal relationship. Cannabis use appears to be neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause for psychosis. It is a component cause, part of a complex constellation of factors leading to psychosis.ConclusionsCases of psychotic disorder could be prevented by discouraging cannabis use among vulnerable youths. Research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which cannabis causes psychosis.
Predictors of antisocial personality
Authors: Simonoff Emily , Elander James , Holmshaw Janet , Pickles Andrew , Murray Robin , Rutter Michael 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundAntisocial behaviour in adult life has its roots in childhood.AimsTo explore the independent and joint effects of childhood characteristics on the persistence of antisocial behaviour into adult life.MethodA clinical sample of twins who were systematically ascertained in childhood was followed up 10–25 years later. A total of 225 twins were interviewed regarding childhood and adult psychiatric disorder, psychosocial functioning, and psychosocial and cognitive risk factors.ResultsIn univariate analyses, childhood hyperactivity and conduct disorder showed equally strong prediction of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and criminality in early and mid-adult life. Lower IQ and reading problems were most prominent in their relationships with childhood and adolescent antisocial behaviour. In multivariate modelling childhood conduct disorder and hyperactivity predicted adult ASPD even when intervening risk factors were accounted for. The number of hyperactive and conduct symptoms also predicted adult outcome.ConclusionsChildhood disruptive behaviour has powerful long-term effects on adult antisocial outcomes, which continue into middle adulthood. The importance of number of symptoms, the presence of disruptive disorder, and intermediate experiences highlight three areas where interventions might be targeted.
Salivary cortisol response to awakening in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Roberts Amanda D. L. , Wessely Simon , Chalder Trudie , Papadopoulos Andrew , Cleare Anthony J. 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundThere is accumulating evidence of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis disturbances in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The salivary cortisol response to awakening has been described recently as a non-invasive test of the capacity of the HPA axis to respond to stress. The results of this test correlate closely with those of more invasive dynamic tests reported in the literature; furthermore, it can be undertaken in a naturalistic setting.AimsTo assess the HPA axis using the salivary cortisol response to awakening in CFS.MethodWe measured salivary cortisol upon awakening and 10, 20, 30 and 60 min afterwards in 56 patients with CFS and 35 healthy volunteers.ResultsPatients had a lower cortisol response to awakening, measured by the area under the curve.ConclusionsThis naturalistic test of the HPA axis response to stress showed impaired HPA axis function in CFS.
Patient education to encourage graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Powell Pauline , Bentall Richard P. , Nye Fred J. , Edwards Richard H. T. 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundAn earlier trial demonstrated good outcomes after 1 year for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) who received an educational intervention designed to encourage graded activity.AimsTo determine 2-year outcomes for the same treated patients and the response to treatment of patients formerly in the control condition.MethodPatients in the treatment groups (n=114) were followed up at 2 years; 32 patients from the control group were offered the intervention after 1 year and were assessed 1 year later. Assessments were the self-rated measures used in the original trial.ResultsAt 2 years 63 of the treated patients (55%) no longer fulfilled trial criteria for CFS compared with 64 patients (56%) at 1 year. Fourteen of 30 crossover patients (47%) achieved a good outcome at 1 year and seven (23%) no longer fulfilled criteria for CFS.ConclusionsBenefits of the intervention were maintained at 2 years. Delaying treatment is associated with reduced efficacy and required more intensive therapy.
Prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorder in the French elderly population
Authors: Ritchie K. , Artero S. , Beluche I. , Ancelin M.-L. , Mann A. , Dupuy A.-M. , Malafosse A. , Boulenger J.-P. 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundFrance has high rates of psychotropic drug consumption and suicide in the elderly population, but it has not yet been possible to determine whether this is due to exceptionally high morbidity rates.AimsTo describe the first longitudinal population study of psychiatric disorder undertaken in France, and to estimate current and lifetime prevalences and age of onset of psychiatric disorder.MethodA study group of 1873 non-institutionalised persons aged 65 years and over was randomly recruited from the Montpellier district electoral rolls. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess current and lifetime symptoms. Cases identified by the application of DSM–IV criteria were reexamined by a clinical panel.ResultsForty-six percent of the study population had experienced a mental disorder in their lifetime, and 3.7% had made a suicide attempt. Lifetime prevalence of major depression was 26.5% and 30% for anxiety disorders. Current prevalence rates were 14.2% for anxiety disorders, 10.7% for phobia, 3% for major depression and 1.7% for psychosis.ConclusionsResults show very high rates of lifetime but not current major depression. Rates of current phobia and suicidal ideation in the very elderly are also high compared with other studies. The rates reported are likely to be underestimates.
Antidepressants and public health in Iceland
Authors: Helgason Tómas , Tómasson Helgi , Zoëga Tómas 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is the second leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years in developed regions of the world and antidepressants are the third-ranking therapy class worldwide.AimsTo test the public health impact of the escalating sales of antidepressants.MethodNationwide data from Iceland are used as an example to study the effect of sales of antidepressants on suicide, disability, hospital admissions and outpatient visits.ResultsSales of antidepressants increased from 8.4 daily defined doses per 1000 inhabitants per day in 1975 to 72.7 in 2000, which is a user prevalence of 8.7% for the adult population. Suicide rates fluctuated during 1950–2000 but did not show any definite trend. Rates for outpatient visits increased slightly over the period 1989–2000 and admission rates increased even more. The prevalence of disability due to depressive and anxiety disorders has not decreased over the past 25 years.ConclusionsThe dramatic increase in the sales of antidepressants has not had any marked impact on the selected public health measures. Obviously, better treatment for depressive disorders is still needed in order to reduce the burden caused by them.
Epidemiology of involuntary placement of mentally ill people across the European Union
Authors: Salize Hans Joachim , Dressing Harald 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundDespite the tendency for harmonisation of strategies for mental health care delivery, rules and regulations for involuntary placement or treatment of mentally ill persons still differ remarkably internationally. Rapid European integration and other political developments require valid and reliable international overviews, sound studies and profound analyses of this controversial issue.AimsTo give an overview of compulsory admission data from official sources across the European Union (EU).MethodData on the legal frameworks for involuntary placement or treatment of people with mental illness and their outcomes were provided and assessed by experts from all EU member states.ResultsTotal frequencies of admission and compulsory admission rates vary remarkably across the EU. Variation hints at the influence of differences in legal frameworks or procedures. Time series suggest an overall tendency towards more or less stable quotas in most member states.ConclusionsFurther research is greatly needed in this field. Common international health reporting standards are essential to the compilation of basic data.
Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools
Authors: Seedat S. , Nyamai C. , Njenga F. , Vythilingum B. , Stein D. J. 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundThere is a lack of comparative data on the prevalence and effects of exposure to violence in African youth.AimsWe assessed trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress symptoms and gender differences in adolescents from two African countries.MethodA sample of 2041 boys and girls from 18 schools in Cape Town and Nairobi completed anonymous self-report questionnaires.ResultsMore than 80% reported exposure to severe trauma, either as victims or witnesses. Kenyan adolescents, compared with South African, had significantly higher rates of exposure to witnessing violence (69% v. 58%), physical assault by a family member (27% v. 14%) and sexual assault (18% v. 14%). But rates of current full-symptom post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (22.2% v. 5%) and current partial-symptom PTSD (12% v. 8%) were significantly higher in the South African sample. Boys were as likely as girls to meet PTSD symptom criteria.ConclusionsAlthough the lifetime exposure to trauma was comparable across both settings, Kenyan adolescents had much lower rates of PTSD. This difference may be attributable to cultural and other trauma-related variables. High rates of sexual assault and PTSD, traditionally documented in girls, may also occur in boys and warrant further study.
Stigma: the feelings and experiences of 46 people with mental illness
Authors: Dinos Sokratis , Stevens Scott , Serfaty Marc , Weich Scott , King Michael 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundStigma defines people in terms of some distinguishing characteristic and devalues them as a consequence.AimsTo describe the relationship of stigma with mental illness, psychiatric diagnosis, treatment and its consequences of stigma for the individual.MethodNarrative interviews were conducted by trained users of the local mental health services; 46 patients were recruited from community and day mental health services in North London.ResultsStigma was a pervasive concern to almost all participants. People with psychosis or drug dependence were most likely to report feelings and experiences of stigma and were most affected by them. Those with depression, anxiety and personality disorders were more affected by patronising attitudes and feelings of stigma even if they had not experienced any overt discrimination. However, experiences were not universally negative.ConclusionsStigma may influence how a psychiatric diagnosis is accepted, whether treatment will be adhered to and how people with mental illness function in the world. However, perceptions of mental illness and diagnoses can be helpful and non-stigmatising for some patients.
Adaptation of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders for assessing depression in women during pregnancy and post-partum across countries and cultures
Authors: Gorman Laura L. , O'Hara Michael W. , Figueiredo Barbara , Hayes Sandra , Jacquemain Frédérique , Kammerer Martin H. , Klier Claudia M. , Rosi Simone , Seneviratne Gertrude , Sutter-Dallay Anne-Laure 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundTo date, no study has used standardised diagnostic assessment procedures to determine whether rates of perinatal depression vary across cultures.AimsTo adapt the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Disorders (SCID) for assessing depression and other non-psychotic psychiatric illness perinatally and to pilot the instrument in different centres and cultures.MethodAssessments using the adapted SCID and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were conducted during the third trimester of pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum with 296 women from ten sites in eight countries. Point prevalence rates during pregnancy and the postnatal period and adjusted 6-month period prevalence rates were computed for caseness, depression and major depression.ResultsThe third trimester and 6-month point prevalence rates for perinatal depression were 6.9% and 8.0%, respectively. Postnatal 6-month period prevalence rates for perinatal depression ranged from 2.1% to 31.6% across centres and there were significant differences in these rates between centres.ConclusionsStudy findings suggest that the SCID was successfully adapted for this context. Further research on determinants of differences inprevalence of depression across cultures isneeded.
Aims, measures, study sites and participant samples of the Transcultural Study of Postnatal Depression
Authors: Asten Paul , Marks Maureen N. , Oates Margaret R. 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundAlthough postnatal depression is a common condition, with adverse effects on the child, mother and partner, there has been no research to date linking analyses of its origins and consequences with studies of service provision in different national health and social systems.AimsThe Transcultural Study of Postnatal Depression (TCS–ND)was setup to develop a set of instruments to facilitate such research.MethodSeven research instruments were piloted in studies carried out in ten centres in eight countries. A qualitative study looked at the cross-cultural equivalence of the concept of postnatal depression.ResultsThe results are reported in the individual papers in this supplement.ConclusionsReliable and culturally valid measures are now available for future comparative research into postnatal depression within different health systems and countries.
Maternal attachment style and depression associated with childbirth: preliminary results from a European and US cross-cultural study
Authors: Bifulco Antonia , Figueiredo Barbara , Guedeney Nicole , Gorman Laura L. , Hayes Sandra , Muzik Maria , Glatigny-Dallay Elisabeth , Valoriani Vania , Kammerer Martin H. , Henshaw Carol A. 
Published: January 2004

BackgroundInsecure attachment style relates to major depression in women, but its relationship to depression associated with childbirth is largely unknown. A new UK-designed measure, the Attachment Style Interview (ASI), has potential for cross-cultural use as a risk marker for maternal disorder.AimsTo establish the reliability of the ASI across centres, its stability over a 9-month period, and its associations with social context and majoror minor depression.MethodThe ASI was used by nine centres antenatally on 204 women, with 174 followed up 6 months postnatally. Interrater reliability was tested and the ASI was repeated on a subset of 96 women. Affective disorder was assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV.ResultsSatisfactory interrater reliability was achieved with relatively high stability rates at follow-up. Insecure attachment related to lower social class position and more negative social context. Specific associations of avoidant attachment style (angry–dismissive or withdrawn) with antenatal disorder, and anxious style (enmeshed or fearful) with postnatal disorder were found.ConclusionsThe ASI can be used reliably in European and US centres as a measure for risk associated with childbirth. Its use will contribute to theoretically underpinned preventive action for disorders associated with childbirth.