bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stimulus to Economic Development
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaluating the institutional dimensions of the contribution of decentralization to economic development requires answers to complex questions. Decentralization is only one among numerous factors influencing development for any locality, and may be far less important than the national context or international opportunities. Economic outcomes in our seven cases are shaped by a combination of four factors drawn from different disciplines.
Conclusions
Authors: Estella Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work has analysed the principle of subsidiarity and examined the judicial implementation of the principle. The aim of the first part (the analysis of subsidiarity) was to construct a more sustained legal critique of the principle. The purpose of the second part was to consider the extent to which the Court is implementing the principle and to explain the Court’s current position on subsidiarity. My thesis was the following. Subsidiarity is ill adapted for use as a counter-majoritarian instrument and, more generally, for solving the federal legitimacy problems of the Community, for both functional and normative reasons. Functionally speaking, the principle seems devoid of any clear legal content, which makes its implementation, especially its legal implementation, problematic. In this I agreed with the classical legal critique of the principle.
Synopsis
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with the Jaw and practice of statutory nuisances falling under Part III of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’). Statutory nuisance lies at the heart of the controls available to local councils with which to deal with environmental complaints. Situated at the front line of public health are to be found local authority environmental health professionals. Seldom does their work catch the public eye in the same way as that of the national enforcement agencies, but the moment a local resident finds himself embroiled in a public health issue, then it is the local council which is the first port of call. Whether a complaint is about noise, sme11s, accumulations of rubbish, or other such nuisances, it wi11 be dealt with locally by publicly accountable authorities whose decisions and actions will have an immediate impact on the quality of life of ordinary residents and people working in the area.
The Regulatory Framework
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enforcement of statutory nuisance legislation is done primarily by local authorities using powers defined in section 80 of the Environmental Protection Act CEPA 1990’). English 1ocaJ authorities enforcing the Act comprise district councils outside of Greater London and London borough councils in Greater London. Unitary authorities in non-metropolitan counties are responsible for enforcement.
The Concept Of Statutory Nuisance
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statutory nuisances are, as their name implies, creatures of statute, which are an now consolidated and re-enacted in Part III of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’), or incorporated by reference into this Act. They are listed in section 79 of the 1990 Act. The list contains a range of potentia1ly offending activities with separate statutory origins.1 Each statutory nuisance was passed to deal with different problems relating to public health and the quality of life. As a result, to discuss statutory nuisances in generic terms is not always possible since differences in application result from their distinct histories.
Atmospheric Emissions
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the following heads of statutory nuisances under section 79 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’) which cause emissions to the atmosphere as follows: section 79( 1 )(b): smoke emitted from premises; section 79(1)(c): fumes or gases emitted from premises; section 79( 1 )(d): dust, steam, smell or other effluvia arising on industrial, trade or business premises; and section 79( 1 )(gb): smoke, fumes or gases emitted from any vehicle, machinery or equipment on a street so as to be prejudicial to health or a nuisance (other than from any vehicle, machinery or equipment being used for fire brigade purposes).
Appeals Against Abatement Notices
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recipient of an abatement notice may appeal to a magistrates’ court1 to have it quashed or to have the requirements varied to make them less onerous.2 The appeal is a ci vil matter which is commenced by way of making a complaint to the court.3 The grounds for appealing the notice need to be specified and are set down in the Statutory Nuisance (Appeals) Regulations 1995.4 All relevant grounds of appeal should be included. If in doubt whether a particular ground is relevant, it should be included. It can subsequently be withdrawn if the appellant decides not to pursue the point at the hearing, in which case it should be withdrawn as early as possible to avoid wasting legal costs or the court’s time.
Defences
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defence of best practicable means has been included in environmental health legislation since the nineteenth century when the approach was designed to achieve a balance between the needs of industry and the interests of the local population. An important feature of the defence has been its flexibility to take account of local and individual circumstances. Its use has also been marked by a degree of discretion to accommodate technical requirements. This approach has been the hallmark of public health controls in the past to the extent that they encouraged a conciliatory, rather than a confrontational, approach by regulators.
Regulation of Financial Intermediaries: A Discussion
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Santomero Anthony M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, the theory of banking regulation has undergone important changes. This has been the consequence of a number of compounding effects that have been occurring in the financial sector. First among these is on-going financial innovation, which has caused a virtual revolution in both financial instruments and markets. As a result, the markets and institutions that must be regulated have changed substantially over time. At the same time, regulation has evolved, as the regulators have learned the lessons from the recents pat of banking crises. As a consequence of these experiences, regulation has become more sophisticated, with the introduction of capital requirements and more complex restrictions on operating procedures.
Introduction
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economics of information is centredona fundamental aspect of contractual rela tionships: the effect on the contractual format when one party has, or will have, an informational advantage over the other. Aside from this characteristic, the only interesting cases are when the participants have opposing objectives. In allourmodels, one of the participants, the principal, has all the bargaining power.
The Moral Hazard Problem
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the moral hazard model. The model studies those situations in which the agent’s behaviour is not a verifiable variable in the relationship. Therefore, it cannot be included in the terms of the contract and so the systems of payment pro posed by the symmetric information model are no longer adequate.
Res Judicata, Estoppel, and Foreign Judgments
Authors: Barnett Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This clear and original book provides a much-needed analysis of the doctrines of res judicata and abuse of process as applied to foreign judgments recognized in England for their preclusive effect. In particular, it examines the four preclusive pleas which are encountered in practice, namely: (i) cause of action estoppel; (ii) issue estoppel; (iii) former recovery per section 34 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982; and (iv) the rule in Henderson v Henderson. So far as foreign judgments are concerned, the book examines separately the preclusive effects of foreign judgments recognized according to the English common law and related statutory rules, and foreign judgments which the English courts are obliged to recognize under the Brussels and Lugano Conventions. It also includes a discussion of the preclusive effects of judgments recognized under the proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in civil and commercial matters. Although the complex and technical doctrines of res judicata and abuse of process are well known in the context of domestic judicial decisions, little has hitherto been written analysing how these doctrines apply when the judgment emanates from a foreign court. It is not surprising, therefore, that this area of law has been frequently confused and mis-applied. And yet the recognition of foreign judgments for preclusive purposes is an increasingly important area for practitioners and academics - especially for those interested in international commercial litigation, and not least given the important treaty developments that are occurring. For these reasons, this book is a very timely work. Written with a practitioner focus, it includes extensive references to res judicata authorities in the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada.
Foreign Judgments and the Doctrine of Res Judicata
Authors: Barnett Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pace of technological change in the last quarter-century has been extraordinary. Today we live in a global village, but it was only a few years ago that talk of globalisation was impressive yet unreal, and the notion of a global economy almost impossible to imagine. In those days, governments, multi-national corporations and a few wealthy individuals and organisations were virtually the only players upon the world stage who tripped across legal boundaries, generating transnational litigation. For the majority of people, their lives and commercial activities were lived almost entirely at home, and regulated, for the most part, by their local system of law. If it were ever necessary for most people to sue or be sued, typically their local court or tribunal would assume jurisdiction, apply its own law, and render judgment.
Conclusions
Authors: Barnett Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study has sought to show that a foreign judgment can be relied upon 9.01 for preclusive purposes by parties or privies in subsequent proceedings in England. Indeed, it is clear that an English court will countenance preclusive pleas where founded upon a prior foreign judgment, provided that the foreign judgment can be recognised as a res judicata. Inevitably, therefore, the recognition process itself is important, given that recognition is the sine qua non for attributing any legal effect to a foreign judgment within England—enforcement, preclusive or otherwise.
Regional Growth Dynamics: A Capabilities Perspective
Authors: Best Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wealth, for Smith, is created by a process of increasing specialisation and division of labour. Specialisation involves the decomposition of the commodity into an ever greater number of constituent activities; each activity, in tum, is targeted for a refine ment in skills and technique. Every increase in the extent of the market increases the number of activities that are subject to ‘new improvements of art’.
The paradoxes and natural language †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the beginning of this century human language has been belittled by logicians. It has been said that language was not ‘logical’, that it was ‘vague’, ‘ambiguous’, and generally unreliable. As a result, language was, for a long time, considered unworthy of serious logical investigation. More recently, for the last twenty years or so, the logicians have mellowed a little with regard to language. Yet even now one finds that whenever it seems convenient, logicians are ready to deny to language the precision and internal coherence found in modern logical systems. Needless to say, our point of view is radically opposed. We take the view, which for us is basic, that language, i.e. each natural language, represents a precise and fully formalizable system. Moreover, and this is something which the logicians have never taken time to look at, language is exquisitely functional. It has managed to combine logical purity with the functional demands of a communicative system that has to be linear and rapid, in given contexts and under conditions of infinite variety. Language is not an independent system. It functions amidst a number of other systems on which it depends to work properly. Every sentence, every language, and language in general depend in a very basic sense on a variety of cognitive and contextual parameters. This dependence is constitutive for language and must be taken into account in any adequate linguistic theory.
Negative’s travels †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall argue not only that Negative Raising (NR) is a rule of English syntax, but also that it applies in a number of unexpected cases. The applicability of NR in these cases lends support to the view that operators are verbs in deep structure, and to the theory of semantic syntax in general. Chomsky’s claim (1972b: 134) that in the semantic representation of sentences ‘such matters as scope of ‘‘logical elements’’ and quantifiers ... are determined by rules that take surface structure ... into account’ is shown to be false: surface structure reflects not so much the scope of operators as the order in which they have been lowered into the S which forms their scope. It follows, furthermore, that G. Lakoff’s constraint on the lowering of quantifiers (1971a: 238-52) must be modified in such a way that it is sensitive to the order in which quantifiers (and other operators) are lowered, and not to their semantic scope. This conclusion places the rules of Quantifier Lowering firmly into syntax.
A discourse-semantic account of Topic and Comment †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic-comment problem dates back to about 1850, when mainly German philosophers and philologists discovered that the traditional Aristotelian definition of a proposition as consisting of a subject term and a predicate (a proposition consists of a predicate that assigns a property to a given entity, denoted by the subject term), if applied to sentences in discourse, often assigns subject and predicate status to sentence constituents that are not the grammatical subject and predicate. This led to a long-lasting and widespread debate about distinctions between logical, psychological, and grammatical subjects and predicates, a debate which ended inconclusively about 1930 as a result of empirical and definitional uncertainties and confusions (see Seuren 1998a: 120-33).
London in Transition
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The GLA was conceived as an administrative solution to a long-standing political problem. Yet it had no sooner been put together than ancient political conflicts arose to upset its major assumptions. For New Labour, the biggest obstacle to the success of the enterprise was starkly simple: the ambitions of Ken Livingstone and other Blair opponents to restore the former GLC leader to London’s top position. The process of creating the new London authority differed from previous local government reorganizations in that the transition was rapid and carried out under the watchful eye of central government.
Commodity and Community: Institutional Design for the Networked University
Authors: Agre Philip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information technology and its uses unsettle the university as an institution. Institutions are shaped by the practicalities of information, and they exist largely to mitigate information problems (Melody 1987). Now, however, we are confronted with radically improved technologies of information. It stands to reason that the university as an institution will change. But how? Proposals are strikingly diverse. Some proposals treat the university as a purveyor of human capital; they envision a micromarket place in learning services. Other proposals treat the university as a site for the pooling of knowledge; they envision the Internet as a tool to amplify this pooling on a global basis. Each type of proposal isolates one feature of the university as we know it today.
Belgium
Authors: Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belgium is almost prototypical of the Continental European system of corporate governance. Not only are there few companies listed on the Brussels Stock Exchange (only 140 in 1999 on the first market, a reduction compared to 1990 when 182 were listed), but these companies also have a highly concentrated ownership structure. As in France, Italy, and Spain, financial and industrial holding companies hold a voting majority in the average company (Becht and Roell, 1999). As in Germany, industrial firms also hold large shareholdings in other listed and unlisted companies. Usually, complex ownership structures-with holding companies as intermediate investment vehicles-are used to lever control (Goergen and Renneboog forthcoming). The ultimate owner is often a family. This implies that Belgium can be portrayed as a Franco-German ‘insider system’ rather than an Anglo-American corporate governance system (Crama et al. 1999; Becht and Mayer 2001).
Privacy and Celebrity
Authors: qc* Michael Tugendhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Celebrity is sought by many as an honour. In a democracy it is normally a reward for success. Sportsmen and artists earn it by skill. Businessmen and TV personalities earn it by wit. Politicians earn it by votes. Anyone can aspire to it. It is the public who confer celebrity. The public are stimulated by the media. But in the end celebrity is conveyed by the public’s choices as consumers and electors. There is also a type of celebrity which is more or less involuntary. Princes and princesses acquire it by birth or by marriage. Other people acquire it by their chance involvement in newsworthy events.
Privacy, Publicity Rights and Merchandising: Hello!
Authors: Jaffey* peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Douglas and Zeta-Jones v. Hello Ltd , the claimants Douglas and ZetaJones granted the magazine OK, the third claimant, the exclusive right to publish photographs from their wedding. At the wedding, security measures were taken to ensure that no unauthorised photographs were taken, but by unknown means unauthorised photographs were taken and supplied to the defendant, the magazine Hello! . The claimants sought an interlocutory injunction to prevent publication by the defendant pending full trial. Applying the principles governing interlocutory injunctions,1 the court held that the claimants had an arguable case, but denied an injunction on the balance of convenience, principally because if the claimants succeeded at trial damages would be an adequate remedy. Below ‘claimants’ refers to Douglas and Zeta-Jones.
Disloyal Competition and Common Law Liability: England and France, a Comparative Study
Authors: Burkitt* Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of digital technology has forced lawyers to develop novel legal arguments in many areas of practice and, moreover, has led to an increasing overlap and blurring of distinctions between various branches of law, particularly in relation to acts committed online. In the face of widespread, ubiquitous copying and re-use of material via digital media, commercial entities have often sought to enforce their intellectual property rights, only to find their progress impeded by evidential obstacles and legal lacunae. It has often been suggested that unfair competition laws offer a flexible alternative to intellectual property rights in this context, allowing the courts to impose liability for unfair or dishonest acts of commercial copying without being hindered by the formal legal requirements or ‘social’ discourse of copyright law. While harmonisation and reform of copyright laws may well resolve some of these difficulties, unfair competition will continue to provide residual protection and, in some instances, may even be preferred to an action for copyright or trade mark infringement.
Libel Law
Authors: Barendt Eric , Gorman* Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Civil Procedure Rules have now been in force for two years and their impact on the conduct of defamation actions is beginning to emerge. The Rules have been joined by the outstanding sections of the Defamation Act 1996 concerning the defence of offer of amends and summary judgment, which came into force on 28 February 2000. The Pre-Action Protocol for defamation claims1 also came into force in October 2000, designed to reduce the necessity for proceedings altogether, and to encourage parties to act reasonably in exchanging information relevant to the claim at an early stage.
Reporting Restrictions
Authors: qc Andrew Nicol , Rogers* heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Survey on Reporting Restrictions in the Yearbook for 2000 noted, the Civil Procedure Rules have put a greater emphasis on admitting the public into court (or at least treating sympathetically their requests for admission) than had previously been the case. This has thrown into sharper relief the question of just what is meant by ‘open’ court. Two cases with contrasting results illustrate the kinds of problems that can arise.
The Problem and the Approach
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At its core, this is a book about what a word is. Many linguists have assumed the correctness of the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis, the hypothesis that words are composed according to morphological principles that differ in kind from the syntactic principles responsible for the composition of sentences. According to this hypothesis, the morphological composition of a word is not accessible to the rules of syntax, and items manipulated by syntactic rules (i.e. words) cannot be manipulated by the morphology (see, for example Di Sciullo and Williams 1987, Bresnan and Mchombo 1995). The facts of Udi challenge these basic assumptions. In this language, person markers (PMs) may occur between the bound morphemes of a verb, as for example the third person singular PM -ne-in aš-ne-b-sa [work-3SG-DO-PRES] ‘she works’, which may not be so surprising, but also inside a monomorphemic verb, as in e-ne-f-sa ‘she keeps (it)’, where -ne-splits the unanalyzable morpheme ef-‘keep’. The problem is that the rules that position -ne- and other PMs must be in part syntactic rules, given that PMs may occur on words outside the verb, as in (1). (In (1a) -ne is attached to the noun yaq’ ‘road’ used adverbially, while in (1b) it is attached to the noun ait, the direct object of the sentence.)