bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE OCCURRENCE IN THE RABBIT OF AN ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
Authors: Anderson H. C. , McCarty Maclyn 
Published: June 2004

The occurrence in the rabbit of an acute phase protein analogous to human C-reactive protein has been confirmed. The acute phase protein of the rabbit reacts with a special form of the pneumococcal somatic polysaccharide, designated Cx polysaccharide, in the same manner that the human C-reactive protein reacts with the classical C polysaccharide. The method of preparation and some of the properties of the Cx polysaccharide are described.
The rabbit Cx-reactive protein has been shown to be remarkably similar to human C-reactive protein in its general properties and in the conditions which govern its appearance in the blood. It has been obtained in crystalline form, and appears to be antigenically distinct from the proteins of normal rabbit serum.
THE ADSORPTION OF PROTEINS ON ERYTHROCYTES TREATED WITH TANNIC ACID AND SUBSEQUENT HEMAGGLUTINATION BY ANTIPROTEIN SERA
Authors: Boyden Stephen V. 
Published: June 2004

Treatment of sheep erythrocytes with suitable concentrations of tannic acid render them capable of adsorbing certain protein molecules from solution in saline. Red cells which have adsorbed proteins in this way are agglutinated after washing by the homologous antiprotein sera, even by high dilutions.
Through hemagglutination sera can be titrated for antibodies against antigens adsorbed on the cells exposed to tannic acid. Furthermore, small amounts of the antigens can be detected through their power to inhibit hemagglutination of the treated cells.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Coons Albert H. , Leduc Elizabeth H. , Kaplan Melvin H. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Jeanne M. Connolly
Published: June 2004

The fate of three proteins, crystalline hen's egg albumin, crystalline bovine plasma albumin, and human plasma γ-globulin, was traced after intravenous injection into mice. This was done by preparing frozen sections of quick-frozen tissue, allowing what foreign protein might be present in the section to react with homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein, and examining the section under the fluorescence microscope. By this means, which employs the serological specificity of the protein as a natural "marker," all three of these proteins were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the connective tissue, the vascular endothelium, the lymphocytes of spleen and lymph node, and the epithelium of the kidney tubules, the liver, and in very small amounts in the adrenal. The central nervous system was not studied.
All three persisted longest in the reticulo-endothelial system and the connective tissue, and in the doses employed egg white (10 mg.) was no longer detectable after 1 day, bovine albumin (10 mg.) after 2 days, and human γ-globulin (4 mg.) after 6 days, although in a somewhat higher dose (10 mg.) human γ-globulin persisted longer than 8 days. Egg albumin differed from the others in not being detectable in the cells of the renal glomerulus.
It was found that each of the three proteins was present in the nuclei of each cell type enumerated above, often in higher concentration than in the cytoplasm. Further, some of the nuclei not only contained antigen, soon after injection, but were also surrounded by a bright ring associated with the nuclear membrane. By means of photographic records under the fluorescence microscope of sections stained for antigen, and direct observation under the light microscope of the same field subsequently stained with hematoxylin and eosin, it could be determined that the antigen was not adsorbed to chromatin or nucleoli, but was apparently in solution in the nuclear sap.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION WITH A VIRULENT (CG 179) AND AN AVIRULENT (B) STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Karzon David T. , Bang Frederik B. 
Published: June 2004

The comparative growth rates of a virulent (CG 179) and an avirulent (B) strain of NDV in the chicken were analyzed. Following intramuscular inoculation, the CG 179 and B strains both increased at the same rate in the extraneural tissues, i.e. the blood, lung, rectum, and spleen, but the CG 179 strain showed an accelerated growth rate in the brain.
The CG 179 strain also multiplied more rapidly in the brain than the B strain following intracerebral administration of minimal inocula.
Recovery with the B strain was associated with a decline in virus titer, first in the circulating blood, then in the visceral organs, and lastly in the central nervous system.
Certain neuropathological observations were correlated with the pattern of virus growth.
THE EFFECT OF LIVER REGENERATION ON TUMOR FORMATION IN RATS FED 4-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE
Authors: Glinos André D. , Bucher Nancy L. R. , Aub Joseph C. 
Published: June 2004

Partial hepatectomies were performed on five groups of rats which had been maintained on a diet containing 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene for various lengths of time. The effect of regeneration on the incidence of hepatic tumors was compared with that in similarly treated non-hepatectomized controls.
Regeneration, and the time of exposure to the carcinogen as well, were relatively effective in accelerating the rate of appearance of tumors, although not markedly so. These factors were without effect on final total tumor formation.
These findings support the concept that during chemical carcinogenesis tumor formation proceeds in stages.
THE ROLE OF l-METHIONINE IN VIRUS PROPAGATION
Authors: Ackermann W. W. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Elaine Kleinschmidt
Published: June 2004

dl-Methoxinine and dl-ethionine prevent the propagation of influenza PR8 virus in a medium ordinarily favorable.
The inhibitors do not act by destroying the virus, the host tissue, or by preventing the infection of the cells, but by interfering with the synthesis of the virus.
The action of the inhibitors can be blocked by l-methionine.
l-Methionine is involved in the biosynthesis of influenza PR8 virus.
ELABORATION OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE BY STREPTOCOCCI IN THE RESTING STATE AND INHIBITION OF THE ENZYME BY A SUBSTANCE EXTRACTABLE FROM THE COCCI
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Ruffier Norma K. 
Published: June 2004

As a preliminary to the study of desoxyribonuclease elaboration by resting cells, 34 strains of streptococci were examined for their capacity to produce desoxyribonuclease in broth cultures. The largest amounts of enzyme were found to be produced by strains belonging to Lancefield group A and by certain strains belonging to groups C and D. Many strains, especially those belonging to other groups, produced little or no enzyme.
Washed cocci of certain strains elaborated desoxyribonuclease extracellularly upon suspending them in a solution containing an energy source, phosphate and magnesium ions. When any one of these factors was omitted, no enzyme was produced. The appearance of extracellular desoxyribonuclease was found to be inhibited by a variety of enzyme poisons, and this and other findings indicate that desoxyribonuclease is synthesized in the resting cell system.
Cocci were found to contain a substance which partially inhibits the desoxyribonuclease formed by group A strains but which fails to inhibit the desoxyribonuclease formed by strains belonging to groups B and C or to inhibit the desoxyribonuclease derived from yeast, barley, and pancreas.
The inhibitor of group A desoxyribonuclease has been identified as streptococcal ribonucleic acid. Preparations of ribonucleic acid derived from yeast differed from streptococcal ribonucleic acid in failing to inhibit the group A desoxyribonuclease.
THE ROLE OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN OSTEOGENESIS
Authors: Siffert Robert S. 
Published: June 2004

The role of alkaline phosphatase in osteogenesis has been investigated by histochemical techniques with particular attention to its relationship to phosphate metabolism and matrix elaboration. The upper tibial epiphysis mainly, and other epiphyses as well of growing rabbits, and the costochondral junctions of newborn human beings were studied, as were bone grafts in growing rabbits. The findings in the newborn human beings were identical with those in the rabbits.
Phosphatase activity and free phosphate localization do not universally coincide. The enzyme appears to be intimately related to preosseous cellular metabolism and to the elaboration of a bone matrix that is chemically calcifiable. It remains possible, however, that phosphatase may be in some way involved in making inorganic salts available to the calcifiable matrix. If this function does exist it is a secondary one, since the elaboration of bone matrix, which is always associated with phosphatase activity, can and does occur in the absence of calcification. Calcification may occur later, in the absence of the enzyme.
There is evidence to suggest that cartilage matrix is utilized in the formation of bone matrix.
Phosphatase is physiologically active only in the presence of living cells. Where it is demonstrable in the absence of living cells, as in the cartilage remnants of the metaphysis, it appears to be physiologically inactive. Since phosphatase is temporarily inactivated in weakly acid media, and readily reactivated by alkaline solutions it is possible that the enzyme might survive in a physiologically inactive state in weakly acid tissues, and yet remain capable of histochemical demonstration in vitro in an alkaline medium.
Phosphatase is not related to the disappearance of chondroitin sulfate.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Stetson Chandler A. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented to indicate that a profound thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia occur during the second stage of the Shwartzman phenomenon, prior to the actual onset of hemorrhage in the prepared skin areas. These hematologic alterations appear to be due to accumulation of the cells mentioned in the capillary bed of the lungs and perhaps other internal organs. This seems to be consequent on certain changes in the platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which result in the formation of clumps of these elements.
In skin areas prepared for the Shwartzman phenomenon, the capillaries and small veins become occluded by masses of platelets and granulocytes after the intravenous challenging injection has been given. Following the interruption of blood supply necrosis of the involved vessels takes place, and hemorrhage occurs later where the vessel walls have lost their integrity.
LYMPHOID LESIONS IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sommers Sheldon C. , Wilson Joan C. , Hartman Frank W. 
Published: June 2004

Examination of 50 autopsied cases of human poliomyelitis showed prominent hyperplastic and inflammatory changes in the lymphoid tissues of 41, the most frequent and severe lesions observed save those in the central nervous system. Histologically the germinal centers showed prominent degenerative and regenerative alterations, fluid transudation, giant cell formation, and rare inclusion bodies, all consistent with virus effects.
Treatment of mice with x-rays, aminopterin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone increased poliomyelitis infections following intraperitoneal injection of MEF strain virus, potentiated by intracerebrally injected corn starch. This was ascribed to the damage to lymphoid tissues produced by these agents. On the basis of combined morphologic and virus studies, the presence of gastrointestinal, lymphoid, nervous tissue, and nerve cell defense barriers to poliomyelitis virus is suggested. Use of irradiated mice might prove useful in primary isolation of virus from human poliomyelitis.
HISTOGENESIS OF SEBACEOUS GLAND CARCINOMAS PRODUCED IN RATS BY 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE
Authors: Skoryna Stanley C. , Ross Roderick C. , Rudis L. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Tumors of the external auditory canal region were produced by oral administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene in 71 rats out of 124 which survived a 6 month period of administration of the compound. In 12 animals the tumors were bilateral. Tumors in other locations, such as the liver, breast, etc., were less frequent.
2. Tumors were found to originate in the compound sebaceous gland located at the medial end of the external auditory canal.
3. Histologically the tumors were sebaceous or keratinizing squamous-cell carcinomas.
4. The tumors were found to arise in cystic lobules of the gland, produced by stasis of secretion.
5. Cystic lesions of the sebaceous glands appear to be a frequent condition in older rats. The outward bulging of the tympanic membrane with interference in drainage from the gland seems to be a promoting factor in the stasis of sebum.
6. The localizing effect of the preexisting cystic lesions in the sebaceous glands on the carcinogenic action of 2-acetylaminofluorene is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MYOFIBRILS INDUCED WITH ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE
Authors: Ashley Charles A. , Porter Keith R. , Philpott Delbert E. , Hass George M. 
Published: June 2004

Skeletal myofibrils isolated either by tryptic digestion at 0° C. or by a colloid mill and suspended in buffer solution (pH 7.0, µ; 0.154) containing 20 per cent glycerin and 0.0025 M adenosinetriphosphate at –5° C. contracted slowly and progressively when the temperature was raised above 0° C. Formalin fixation halted this contraction. With the aid of these procedures myofibrils in progressive stages of contraction were then studied with the electron microscope.
Electron micrographs showed that uncontracted fibrils isolated by the colloid mill were structurally similar to those described by other workers. Treatment of fibrils with trypsin removed the Z bands and disorganized the I bands. This enzymatic modification of structure did not impair the contractile response. The principal structural changes during contraction consisted of a migration of dense material from the A band into the A-I junction or the Z band, a gradual increase in width of the fibril, a gradual decrease in length of sarcomeres, an apparent increase in the mean diameter of filaments, and a disorientation of these latter from their parallel arrangement.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF 17-HYDROXY-11-DEHYDROCORTICOSTERONE (COMPOUND E) AND OF THE ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RABBITS
Authors: Germuth Frederick G. , Oyama Jiro , Ottinger Barbara ,   With the Technical Assistance of Kenneth Q. Grow
Published: June 2004

The concurrent administration of compound E at a daily dosage of 2 mg. per kg. to rabbits receiving daily intracutaneous injections of crystalline egg albumin markedly inhibited the development of anaphylactic hypersensitivity of the Arthus type. ACTH, when given at a similar dosage, produced a much less marked effect. Both hormones suppressed circulating antibody and as with the Arthus reaction, the suppression produced by compound E was much greater than that obtained with ACTH.
When treatment with compound E was started following sensitization, there was a rapid decline in circulating antibody and, if the pretreatment serum antibody was low, there was also a progressive decrease in skin reactivity, becoming negative after 5 days of treatment. When the pretreatment serum antibody concentration was great, so that by the termination of treatment the antibody concentration was still above the level ordinarily sufficient for a maximal skin response, the Arthus reaction was unaffected by treatment.
These considerations as well as the failure of compound E to inhibit the systemic passive Arthus reaction suggest that the inhibitory effect of compound E and ACTH on the development of experimental hypersensitivity results from the hormonal reduction of circulating antibody.
Treatment with compound E had no effect on the rate of disappearance of circulating antibody in the passively immunized rabbit. This finding suggests that ACTH and compound E reduce circulating antibody by inhibiting antibody formation rather than by promoting antibody destruction.
The question is raised as to whether the marked lymphoid atrophy produced by these hormones may be related to the interference with antibody production.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF RED CELL MEMBRANES AFTER EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH THE VIRUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
Authors: Epstein B. , Fonseca N. M. , De Robertis E. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs were inoculated with the Vallée O type strain of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. 42 to 48 hours after inoculation red blood cells washed in saline were found to be infective for normal guinea pigs suggesting that erythrocytes carry virus entities at the height of generalization of the disease. This infection is no longer obtained at 92 hours after inoculation when general symptoms of the disease decline. A replica-transfer technique was developed with which hemolyzed blood smears could be observed under the electron microscope.
By direct examination and also shadow-casting with palladium, normal red cell membranes show only a very fine structure on the surface. Rounded masses of high electron density appear in the ghosts between 24 and 72 hours after inoculation with virus. The number and particularly the density of these masses tend to increase from 24 to 42 and 72 hours. In some cases they are disposed preferentially in single lines forming ring figures; in other cases they are distributed at random. At 42 hours after inoculation it was possible to detect dense particles of 20 to 70 mµ. within the masses. Measurements of 100 masses at 72 hours gave results ranging from 116 to 437 mµ with a mean diameter of 246 mµ. Results based on 105 electron micrographs and on thousands of cells demonstrate that practically all red cell membranes contained dense masses 24 to 72 hours after inoculation. 92 hours after inoculation, coinciding with the disappearance of infectivity of the erythrocytes, the masses could no longer be seen and the membranes looked entirely normal.
Although the facts reported here may be suggestive of a relationship between the dense masses within the red cell membranes and the presence of virus entities in washed erythrocytes, no definite interpretation of these findings is postulated at present.
THE FIRST TWO STEPS OF THE INVASION OF HOST CELLS BY BACTERIAL VIRUSES. II
Authors: Garen Alan , Puck Theodore T. 
Published: June 2004

At 37°C., the attachment of T1 virus to its host cell in solution containing 10–3 M CaCl2 or 10–2 M NaCl is extremely rapid (in the neighborhood of 100 per cent collision efficiency) and irreversible. At 1°C., the attachment rate is almost equally rapid but largely reversible.
If a suboptimal concentration of the necessary ions is employed when T2 virus attaches to host cells, the resulting binding is largely reversible, even at 37°C.
Reversible T2 attachment to host cells leaves the cell undamaged and capable of normal reproduction. Irreversible attachment results in death of the cell.
Zn++ exercises a specific inhibitory action on the invasion of E. coli B by T1 virus. The virus can still attach to the host cell at a rate closely approximating the maximum value, but the reaction remains reversible and the cell is protected against permanent damage.
The protective action of the Zn against T1 invasion is exerted through an action on the cell, rather than on the virus.
Studies of the uptake of radioactive Zn65 show that cells become completely immune to T1 invasion when, on the average, 4 x 107 atoms of Zn have been taken up by each cell.
Cells killed by ultraviolet irradiation still bind T1 at the maximum rate, but the reaction is reversible even when taking place at 37°C., in optimum salt concentration.
The tryptophane-deficient mutant of T4 bacteriophage requires its specific cofactor for the initial step of attachment to the host cell.
These experiments support the picture previously developed that virus invasion of host cells consists in an initial, reversible attachment whose properties are those to be expected from the operation of electrostatic binding forces. The step is followed by an enzymatic transformation which is irreversible, strongly temperature-dependent, and in the case of T1 virus, susceptible to inactivation by ultraviolet radiation.
The resistance of mutant cells to specific bacteriophages is of two types, depending on whether the first or second of these steps is blocked.
THE HALF-LIFE OF PASSIVELY ACQUIRED ANTIBODY GLOBULIN MOLECULES IN INFANTS
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. 
Published: June 2004

By following the titer of passively acquired Rh antibodies in newborn infants, it is calculated that the half-life of the placenta-passing Rh antibody molecule is approximately 30 days. Evidence is offered that this estimate applies not only to placenta-passing Rh antibodies, but also to other placenta-passing antibodies, and not improbably to serum gamma globulin molecules in general.
Studies on the fate of free Rh antibodies in erythroblastotic babies show that these antibodies often are eliminated no more rapidly in Rh-positive babies than in Rh-negative babies. On the other hand, incompatible alpha and beta antibodies, as a rule, are quickly neutralized and eliminated from the body of newborn infants. These observations provide one explanation for the lower incidence of erythroblastosis due to A-B sensitization in comparison with cases resulting from Rh sensitization.
THE PERSISTENCE IN MICE OF CERTAIN FOREIGN PROTEINS AND AZOPROTEIN TRACER-ANTIGENS DERIVED FROM THEM
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Kruse Heinz 
Published: June 2004

Methods have been devised whereby the persistence of foreign antigens in mice can be detected. A highly diffusible, blue azo dye, echt-säure-blau was coupled to bovine γ-globulin and human serum albumin and injected into the animals. In this way deep blue tracer antigens were obtained. These were promptly stored in cells widely distributed throughout the body, especially in the reticulo-endothelial elements of the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. The dye as such was not stored but rapidly excreted.
A blue coloration in the organs just mentioned was still perceptible after 85 to 120 days in the case of the azoglobulin and 36 to 44 days in that of the azoalbumin. To determine whether these substances had actually persisted, as well as to learn how long uncoupled globulin and albumin remained after injection, recourse was had to the phenomenon of reversed passive anaphylaxis, which was found to be characterized by extraordinary changes in the vessels of the ears (EVR) in the mouse, plainly visible under the microscope when called forth by an antiserum specific for the antigen to which the animal had been sensitized. So sensitive is the vascular response that as little as 0.5 to 0.1 µg. of protein as antigen, previously injected into the peritoneal cavity of a 30 gm. mouse, can be detected a few days later by an intravenous injection of antiserum.
By means of the EVR the globulin antigen has been detected in the blood and livers of injected mice for as long as 56 and 101 days, respectively; the albumin and azoalbumin for only 21 and 36 days. In the mesenteric lymph nodes of injected mice the albumin and azoalbumin antigens were found after 42 and 44 days, respectively.
The hepatic tissue and that of the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice injected with azoalbumin, containing in consequence stored blue material, when transferred to recipient mice yielded positive tests for antigen (EVR) as long as blue color could be perceived in these tissues with the unaided eye, or at low magnification. After the color had disappeared from the tissues the transfer tests were found to be negative. This fact speaks for the antigenicity of the colored material.
In summary it is plain that certain antigenic proteins, after introduction into the blood stream of mice, are stored in certain tissues and that they may persist there for weeks or even months, far longer than has generally been supposed. This persistence of antigen within the body, especially after detectable amounts of antigen have apparently disappeared from the blood, provides a reason for prolonged antibody formation, a phenomenon for which no adequate explanation has hereto been offered.