bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creoles, Intertwined Languages, and “Bicultural Identity”
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As creolists have widened their purview beyond trade pidgins and plantation creoles, it has become increasingly apparent that certain contact languages strain the boundaries of categories established on the basis of languages like Chinese Pidgin English and Haitian Creole French. “Intertwined” languages such as Media Lengua have been especially interesting in this vein. In this chapter I argue that a common analysis of these languages as products of a cultural configuration distinct from those that produced creoles does not account for the data when we pull the lens back from the relatively few languages usually addressed on the subject.
Inflectional Morphology and Universal Grammar
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A tradition in the Principles and Parameters framework of theoretical syntax hypothesizes that Universal Grammar includes parameters that differ in terms of the presence or absence of inflectional morphology. More specifically, various researchers hypothesize that inflectional morphology, or its absence, constitutes one of the signals that infants are innately disposed to attend to in setting the parameters that determine the structure of the grammar they are acquiring. Baker (1996) is a particularly explicit and comprehensive argument of this kind, paralleled by the school arguing that inflectional affixation determines whether or not the verb moves to INFL (e.g., Roberts 1993, Bobalijk 1995, Bobalijk and Thrainnson 1998, Rohrbacher 1999, and others).
The Assessment of Sex
Authors: Brůžek Jaroslav , Franciscus Robert G , Novotný, Vladimír , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of the interpretations of the Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov human remains is dependent in part on the sex of the individuals. We have therefore attempted to assign sex to as many of the remains as is reasonable, using the skeletal elements available for each individual. The assessment of sex from these skeletal remains involves considerations of several aspects of their skeletal morphology. The first, and most important, involves their pelvic remains, which are assessed from qualitative, degenerative, discrete trait and morphometric perspectives. The second is the form of their cranial and mandibular remains, involving both overall dimensions and detailed traits. The third is an evaluation of overall body size, in the context of the levels of skeletal sexual body size dimorphism present in recent humans and inferred for Upper Paleolithic European populations.
The Auditory Ossicles
Authors: Lisoněk Petr , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four auditory ossicles have been preserved from two of the individuals in the triple burial, Dolní Věstonice 14 and 15 (Figures 9.1 and 9.2). The former individual retains a left malleus and incus, both of which are well preserved but have their surfaces covered by thin calcareous encrustations. The malleus of Dolní Věstonice 15 is preserved only from the head to the neck, and the head is damaged. There is a number of surface defects on its right incus, the deepest one lying on the corpus close to the beginning of crus breve incudis.
The Pelvic Remains
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov pelvic remains consist principally of the three largely complete pelves, those of the triple burial individuals. To these are added pieces in varying states of completeness and distortion for Dolní Věstonice 3 and 16 (Figures 7.1–7.4, 7.6, 17.1–17.7). Dolní Věstonice 3 has portions of both ilia, but they were either crushed (on the left side) or reduced to an inferior section (on the right side). The associated sacrum retains only portions of three bodies crushed into the left ilium. The pelvis of Dolní Věstonice 16 is largely present, but it is currently in eight identifiable pieces and innumerable smaller fragments. Its sacrum, as with all of its vertebral remains caudal to T1, was reduced to unidentifiable fragments. None of the pelvis of Pavlov 1 survives, and no isolated human pelvic pieces have been identified from these sites. The morphological features that relate to sexual diagnosis are presented and evaluated in Chapter 7, and the overall breadths of the more complete pelves as they relate to body proportions are compared in Chapter 12. This section, therefore, addresses the remaining features, primarily those related to detailed morphological aspects of the hip bones (ossa coxae) and sacra by individual. De- spite a wealth of morphometric values that can be derived from these remains, especially those of Dolní Věstonice 13 to 15 (Sládek et al., 2000), comparative Late Pleistocene data are scarce and most of the values relate to either sexual diagnosis or overall size. Parturitional issues (per Tague, 1992) are not directly relevant since only Dolní Věstonice 3 is female (Chapter 7) and her pelvic remains are insufficiently preserved to evaluate such reproductive issues.
Phonetics
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phonetics describes the sounds of language. Learning how the sounds of English are pronounced puts us in a better position to understand some of the allomorph we encounter in English words. The same principles also bring out striking similarities between Latin, French, and English words despite several hundreds of years of sound changes. An example is Latin *cape, the source of the French word chef and, through French, the source of the English words chief and chef. Basic phonetics also helps us to appreciate the similarities among the Germanic languages and Latin and Greek, despite several millennia of sound changes. For example, in chapter 10 we trace the English word fire back to the same source as the Greek root pyr, showing along the way that the difference in pronunciation between /f/ and /p/ is a highly regular one.
Regular Allomorphy; Numeric Elements
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our overview of allomorph in chapter 4, we discussed a set of variations that simply have to be memorized on a morpheme-by-morpheme or a word-by-word basis. But some allomorph is regular—that is, generally predictable—because it is due to the operation of some simple phonetic principles. Regular allomorph that applies to all native English words, such as the variation in the pronunciation of the plural morpheme in cats, dogs, and finches, comes to English speakers so naturally that they may be completely unaware of it at a conscious level. But some regular allomorph is more challenging because it applies only to Latinate vocabulary. Such alternations result from changes due to classical Latin and Greek phonology, and they require study before we moderns can apply them fluently.
Later Changes: From Latin to French to English
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most of the previous chapters of this book and in all the Word Elements lists, we have been considering Latin and Greek elements from the point of view of how they were spelled and pronounced in classical Roman times. We have done so because that is the best way to account for the spelling and the allophonic changes undergone by the morphemes used in the technical and scientific vocabulary of English. Because the great bulk of the learned vocabulary was borrowed from the classical languages using the original Latin spelling, for all practical purposes English has incorporated much of the phonology and morphology of Latin into this higher vocabulary.
Walden Pond A History
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps no other natural setting has as much literary, spiritual, and environmental significance for Americans as Walden Pond. Some 700,000 people visit the pond annually, and countless others journey to Walden in their mind, to contemplate the man who lived there and what the place means to us today. Here is the first history of the Massachusetts pond Thoreau made famous 150 years ago. W. Barksdale Maynard offers a lively and comprehensive account of Walden Pond from the early nineteenth century to the present. From Thoreau’s first visit at age 4 in 1821—”That woodland vision for a long time made the drapery of my dreams”—to present day efforts both to conserve the pond and allow public access, Maynard captures Walden Pond’s history and the role it has played in social, cultural, literary, and environmental movements in America. Along the way Maynard details the geography of the pond; Thoreau’s and Emerson’s experiences of Walden over their lifetimes; the development of the cult of Thoreau and the growth of the pond as a site of literary and spiritual pilgrimages; rock star Don Henley’s Walden Woods Project and the much publicized battle to protect the pond from developers in the 1980s; and the vitally important ecological symbol Walden Pond has become today. Exhaustively researched, vividly written, and illustrated with historical photographs and the most detailed maps of Thoreau country yet created, Walden Pond: A History reveals the many ways an ordinary pond has come to be such an extraordinarily inspiring symbol.
In Morning Time
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At five A.M. the power shuts off to an electromagnetic gate, which automatically unlocks. With the cessation of current and the click of the latch, another day begins at Walden Pond State Reservation, fifteen miles west of Boston. This system, like everything at Walden, is a compromise—it allows fishermen to drive down a steep road and unload their boats into the water, but never quite as early as they would like. Sometimes they complain and ask for 4:30, but in the end they accept the limitations that are imposed, as must all users of the park. The gate discourages nocturnal mischief makers, and in the hours of darkness it divides the pond from the larger world of traffic and noise that rushes by on Route 126.
All Honest Pilgrims (1862–1882)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Snow-clad hills around Walden echoed to the laughter of Frank Sanborn’s schoolchildren out for a skating party in January 1862. Julian Hawthorne was among them, and his sister Rose skated that day at Goose Pond. Sanborn loved Walden, having published poems to “Walden Woods” and “Walden Water.” “Edward and Mary and I rode down to Walden on the sled with James to find some skating,” Ellen Emerson wrote on the twenty-ninth, “But finding none went to Goose Pond, which was also covered with snow, so there was nothing for it but to trudge home again.
Thoreau’s Country (1883–1921)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the first year of the post-Emerson era, it had been more than three decades since Heywood cut the trees on his shore, and one could stand beneath “the great pines on the eastern side” and admire the sweep of blue water. “Thoreau’s cove, so long the abode of solitude, is devoted to the very social amusement of over two hundred boys, black and white,” one visitor wrote in amazement. “Walden Pond offers fine opportunities for bathing,” a newspaperman said.
Notwithstanding This Abstract View the changing context of constitutional law
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us jump ahead for a moment, to the year 1834. Settled for many years in peaceful retirement at his family’s gracious estate in Montpelier, James Madison—”the last of the fathers”1—wrote the following remarkable letter: Dear Sir,—Having alluded to the Supreme Court of the United States as a constitutional resort in deciding questions of jurisdiction between the United States and the individual States, a few remarks may be proper, showing the sense and degree in which that character is more particularly ascribed to that department of the Government.
Prologue Four Days in the Nineties: The Making of a Defendant
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Richard Allen was finishing up his last day of work before leaving for a long-awaited 10-day vacation. He had just completed a preoperative evaluation of a 60-year-old woman that had been requested by a local orthopedic surgeon. Although aware of the woman’s history of chronic back pain and disability, Dr. Allen remained concerned about whether she was really suitable for elective surgery. In examining her, he had noted her marked obesity, poorly controlled hypertension, and an anemia that had been neither definitively diagnosed nor treated. He recommended that she be evaluated for this latter condition before surgery. The last thing he did before leaving town was to sign out, as usual, to his partner, who would cover for him.
Disclosure After an Adverse Event
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Common sense tells us that when something bad happens, physicians should talk about it with the patient and family. The American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Medical Ethics states that “it is a fundamental requirement that a physician should at all times deal honestly and openly with patients.” In situations that result from a mistake or poor judgment, “the physician is ethically required to in- form the patient of all the facts necessary to ensure understanding of what has occurred.” Most physicians believe that the obligation to disclose is a basic function of open communication with the patient and that any outcome—good or bad— should be discussed. Remaining silent is not an option and attempting a cover-up is not only unethical but, in today’s world, probably impossible.
Coping with the Stress Associated with Litigation
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will do anything to avoid the law again. I would go to the law if the principle were truly powerful. But for me, it’s like going to war. I’m not a pacifist. I believe that if you go to war, you go to war but never delude yourself for one moment on the cost of the war. You have to know in advance that the cost of the war is going to be an order of magnitude greater than you ever thought it would in your worst-case scenario. I expect to take serious wounds to my capital, my self-esteem, and my sense of loyalty to people associated with the case because betrayal becomes a big part of lawsuits. However we react to the accusation, we have been wounded by an assault from the legal system that now takes over our lives. We are now defendants, and al- though lawyers and insurers line up beside us, we stand alone in the dock to defend our competence and integrity. Some lawyers tell us that we should not take this charge of negligence personally, that in today’s world, litigation is “just the cost of doing business.” Perhaps litigation is inevitable, we feel, but it is never less than highly personal. A hurricane may be impersonal but it still devastates everything that is personal to those it touches.
To Settle or Not to Settle
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, the discovery process gives all participants a realistic view of each side’s chances to prevail at trial. Only about 7 percent of cases nationwide are finally tried to verdict. Before or during trial, as noted in Figure 7–1, approximately 29 percent of the malpractice cases nationally are settled with awards of monetary damages to the plaintiff.
Tortured Reasoning
Authors: Dershowitz Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although this is a book about the substantive issues surrounding the use of physical torture as a means to obtain information deemed necessary to prevent terrorism, I have decided to write my essay about the tortured reasoning and arguments that tend to typify much of the debate about this emotionally laden issue. I have already expressed my views with regard to controlling and limiting the use of torture by means of a warrant or some other mechanism of accountability, and these views are easily accessible to anyone who wishes to read and criticize them. Here, in a nutshell, is my position.
NSC-68 and the Korean War
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems odd, at first glance, that George Kennan, the most graceful prose stylist to serve in Washington in modern times, never took the trouble while in an official capacity to write down his complete concept of containment. Much of his thinking found its way into policy papers, to be sure, and the Truman administration did implement many of Kennan’s recommendations between 1947 and 1949. But one had to glean the elements of his strategy from pronouncements delivered in a variety of forms before a variety of audiences. Kennan undertook no systematic exposition of his program.
Implementing Flexible Response: Vietnam as a Test Case
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to discuss the implementation of “flexible response,” it is necessary to make a choice. One can examine in overview a series of events in which that strategy manifested itself: the Bay of Pigs, Laos, Berlin, the Cuban missile crisis, the Dominican Republic. Or, one can focus in detail on the event that because of its duration, divisiveness, and cost, over-shadowed them all: the war in Vietnam. There are two good reasons for choosing the second approach. First, American policy in Southeast Asia reflected in practice virtually all of the elements of “flexible response.” Second, Kennedy, Johnson, and their advisers regarded Vietnam as a fair test of that strategy. It had been Eisenhower’s inability to deal with comparable problems that had produced the “flexible response” critique in the first place. If the strategy could not be made to work in Vietnam, then there would be serious grounds upon which to question its applicability elsewhere. American leaders took on this test fully aware of the potential difficulties, but at the same time fully confident of their ability to surmount them.
Reagan, Gorbachev, and the Completion of Containment
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time Henry Kissinger stepped down as Secretary of State with the departure of the Ford administration from office in January 1977, the limits of both symmetrical and asymmetrical containment had become clear. Symmetry offered protection against incremental threats, against the danger that peripheral challenges to the balance of power might become major ones, if not in fact, then psychologically, which amounted to the same thing. It made available multiple levels of response, affording policymakers choices wider than those of escalation or humiliation. But it also involved letting adversaries select the nature and location of competition, and that, for the nation on the defensive, required virtually unlimited resources. Despite expansionist economic theory, the United States never generated either the capabilities or the will that would have been necessary to support symmetrical containment over an extended period of time. Attempts to do so, as in Korea and Vietnam, had only led to frustration, disillusionment, and exhaustion. One might, in such situations, win battles—even that was not always assured—but one could as well, in doing so, lose the war.
Epilogue: Containment After the Cold War
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great grand strategies are bounded by time and space, but they also transcend time and space. They all arise, as containment did, within particular periods, places, and sets of circumstances. They cannot be divorced, in this sense, from the historical contexts in which they originated. And yet, the adjective “great” implies relevance beyond context. It suggests that the strategy in question can serve as a guide in periods, places, and circumstances yet to come.
Causes of Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most important question in cancer biology is what causes the cellular alterations that produce a cancer. The answer to this question has been elusive. If the actual cause of these alterations were known, the elimination of factors that produce cancer and the development of better treatment modalities would likely follow. Cancer prevention might become a reality. A cancerous growth has a number of predictable properties. The incidence rates of various cancers are strongly related to environmental factors and lifestyle, and cancers have certain growth characteristics, among which are the abilities to grow in an uncontrolled manner, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize. Also, when viewed microscopically, cancer cells appear to be less well differentiated than their normal counterparts and to have certain distinguishing features, such as large nuclei and nucleoli. Most cancers arise from a single clone of cells, whose precursor may have been altered by insult with a carcinogen. In most cases cancer is a disease of aging. The average age at diagnosis is over 65 and malignant cancers arise from a lifetime accumulation of “hits” on a person’s DNA.
The Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Cancer
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of knowledge about the biochemistry and cell biology of cancer comes from a number of disciplines. Some of this knowledge has come from research initiated a century or more ago. There has been a flow of information about genetics into a knowledge base about cancer, starting with Gregor Mendel and the discovery of the principle of inherited traits and leading through Theodor Boveri’s work on the chromosomal mode of heredity and chromosomal damage in malignant cells to Avery’s discovery of DNA as the hereditary principle, Watson and Crick’s determination of the structure of DNA, the human genome project, DNA microarrays, and proteomics. Not only has this information provided a clearer picture of the carcinogenic process, it has also provided better diagnostic approaches and new therapeutic targets for anticancer therapies.
The Public Stake
Authors: Cott Nancy F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marriage is paradoxical and perhaps unique in legal terms because it involves both a contract and a status, although these two concepts are distinct—almost opposite—legally. It has been this way ever since monogamous marriage was codified in Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, first by ecclesiastical and then by secular authorities. A contract is characteristically consensual, joined by private agreement. No contract need be exactly like another, since the parties themselves decide on its substance and extent. A status, on the other hand, means a legal standing fixed by public authority, attaching certain rights or limitations to those in a defined group or class. (A minor’s status differs from an adult’s, for example, and a citizen’s from a noncitizen’s.) Marriage has both features. Two individuals who consent to marry form a contract that continues when they marry and thus enter a new status. In other words, the contract of marriage is no ordinary contract. The state is a party to it along with the couple, authorizing the marriage and mandating its form and some of its terms, preventing the couple from making the contract fully their own. The involvement of state authority also implies that the public supports the couple’s bond, will enforce it, and values it as something worthwhile to the community at large.