bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of pseudorabies viral DNA in tonsillar epithelial cells of latently infected pigs
Authors: Brown Talmage T. , Shin Kwang Ok , Fuller Frederick J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The Rice strain of pseudorabies virus (prv) was intranasally instilled in pigs that were seronegative to prv. Cells were scraped or brushed from tonsillar surfaces biweekly until pigs were euthanatized at either 10 or 16 weeks after infection. The dna extracted from tonsillar cells or parenchyma were subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis, using either a single set of oligonucleotide primers or nested primers from the prv gII glycoprotein gene. Pigs became seropositive to prv by 3 weeks after infection. The virus was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia and tonsils of pigs that were euthanatized or died 1 to 2 weeks after infection, but not from pigs that were euthanatized 10 or 16 weeks after infection. The prv gene products were consistently detected in trigeminal ganglia and tonsils of all pigs at 1, 10, and 16 weeks after infection, and sporadically in the nasal mucosa, lymph nodes, and lungs of pigs that were euthanatized or died during the first 2 weeks after infection. Cells collected biweekly from tonsillar surfaces were mostly nucleated, squamous epithelial cells with fewer lymphocytes and neutrophils. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of dna extracted from these cells revealed prv dna in a large proportion of the samples when sufficient cells were collected to provide 1 μg of extracted dna for use in the reaction mixtures.
A second group of pigs had prv strain 4892 intranasally instilled. The virus was isolated from tonsillar swab specimens until 3 weeks after infection. Tonsillar brushing specimens were collected biweekly until 14 weeks after infection. Some brushing specimens contained all nucleated, squamous epithelial cells, whereas other specimens contained a mixture of epithelial cells and up to 15% neutrophils, lymphocytes, and small mononuclear cells. Results of polymerase chain reaction analysis of dna extracted from tonsillar cells collected 5,11, and 14 weeks after infection were consistently positive for prv gene products. Intact cells collected from tonsillar surfaces were placed in polymerase chain reaction mixtures with nested oligonucleotide primers from the prv gII glycoprotein gene and were subjected to multiple amplification cycles. Afterward, the specificity of the amplified prv gene products was determined by hybridization procedures, using a virus-specific oligonucleotide probe. Most nucleated, squamous epithelial cells stained positive for prv dna, suggesting that these cells were the primary source of prv gene products in tonsillar brushing specimens.
Comparison of methods for measurement of enzootic pneumonia lesions in pigs
Authors: Davies Peter R. , Bahnson Peter B. , Grass Julie J. , Marsh William E. , Dial Gary D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A rapid subjective method for estimating the extent of gross pneumonia lesions in slaughtered pigs was compared with dissection of lungs in 51 slaughtered pigs. After standardization for prevalence in the regional industry, regression analysis indicated that the subjective method was highly predictive of the extent of pneumonic lesions (R2· = 0.88). Part of the error with the subjective method was attributed to approximations used for the relative proportions of lung lobes, which result in overestimation of the affected tissue by approximately 20%. Retrospective analysis of data from a slaughter monitoring program revealed strong associations (R2, 0.54 to 0.91) between prevalence, mean, median, and maximal lung scores in groups of pigs. Maximal lung score was biased by sample size, but prevalence and mean or median lung scores could be used to describe pneumonia severity in groups of pigs. Our results indicate that error in measurement of the extent of pneumonic tissue in slaughtered pigs is unimportant if the time of onset, clinical severity, and duration of disease are not quantified.
Ultrastructural study of the uptake of ferritin by M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium in the small and large intestines of pigs
Authors: Liebier Elisabeth M. , Lemke Christine , Pohlenz Joachim F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Uptake of ferritin by M cells in follicle-associated epithelium at various sites in the small and large intestines was examined in 4 healthy 5-week-old pigs by use of electron microscopy. A 2.5% solution of ferritin in saline was injected into ligated loops of the jejunum and ileum containing aggregations of lymphoid follicles (Peyer's patches), as well as into intestinal loops containing lymphoglandular complexes at the ileocecal junction, in the central colonic flexure, and in the rectum. As negative control, saline solution was injected into loops at identical localizations. After an exposure period of 2 hours, uptake of ferritin by M cells, but not by enteroabsorptive cells of the small and large intestines, was observed. Numbers of M cells with ferritin and total M cells were counted and the percentage was calculated. Total number of M cells was highest in lymphoglandular complexes in the rectum and lowest on domes of the ileal Peyer's patch. High numbers of M cells with ferritin were found on domes of the jejunal Peyer's patch, and in lymphoglandular complexes at the ileocecal entrance and in the rectum. Only a few M cells on domes of the ileal Peyer's patch and in lymphoglandular complexes in the central colonic flexure contained ferritin. The percentage of M cells with internalized ferritin was similar on domes of the ileal Peyer's patch, and in lymphoglandular complexes at the ileocecal junction and in the rectum. It was higher on domes of the jejunal Peyer s patches and lower in lymphoglandular complexes of the central colonic flexure. Ferritin was found in the apical tubulovesicular system, multivesicular bodies, and a few vacuoles in the central area of M cells. Ferritin was exocytosed into the lateral intercellular spaces next to M cells. Uptake of ferritin by intraepithelial cells in the follicle-associated epithelium could not be documented, but ferritin was present in vesicles of subepithelial macrophages.
Partitioning of total pulmonary resistance in horses
Authors: Lavoie J. P. , Pascoe J. R. , Kupershoek C. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The partitioning of total pulmonary resistance (Rl) into upper airway resistance and lower airway resistance (Rl) was studied in 8 Thoroughbred geldings. In addition, the phase shift and amplitude distortion of 3 catheters used for pressure measurements in this study were evaluated under static and dynamic conditions.
Flow rate was obtained from a heated pneumotachograph attached to a tight-fitting mask placed over the nose. Electronic integration of the flow signal gave tidal volume. Transpulmonary pressure (Pl) was obtained from calculation of the difference between the esophageal balloon catheter pressure and mask pressure. Lateral tracheal pressure was measured from a polyethylene catheter placed percutaneously in the middle portion of the trachea. Lower airway pressure (Pl) was calculated as the difference between esophageal pressure and lateral tracheal pressure. Similarly, upper airway pressure was defined as the difference between lateral tracheal pressure and mask pressure. Pressures are reported as the difference between the maximal and the minimal pressures recorded during a respiratory cycle. Airway resistance was calculated, using the isovolume method, at 50% of tidal volume.
There were individual and group variations in Pl and Pl/Pl, although Pl accounted for more than 60% of Pl in all horses. In 6 horses, RI was more than 50% of Rl whereas in 2 horses, Rl was only 30 and 34% of Rl.
Amplitude distortion was minimal for the 3 catheters under static conditions in the in vitro study. Under dynamic conditions, amplitude distortion varied according to the catheter studied, the frequency, and the resistance of the system. There were no phase differences under static conditions at low frequency. However, phase discrepancy, which was variable through the cycle, was observed for some catheters at high frequency under static and dynamic conditions. It was concluded that, until measuring techniques are standardized in horses, variations in the partitioning of Rl are likely to be obtained between studies and between animals within studies.
Definition of chemiluminescence and superoxide production responses of bovine neutrophils to selected soluble and particulate stimulants, and comparisons with the responses to Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Watson G. L. , Slocombe R. F. , Robinson N. E. , Sleight S. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We defined methods for use of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (ldcl) and superoxide anion (O2-) production as parameters of the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils isolated from 1.5- to 5-week-old neonatal calves. We determined how variations in blood sample handling, agonist preparation, individual variability, and age of calves influenced the ldcl and O2- responses to certain agonists, and defined concentrations of soluble and particulate agonists that maximally stimulated the oxidative metabolism of bovine neutrophils. Oxidative responses, particularly ldcl, were characterized by marked day-to-day variability, differed greatly within and between calves, were partially age-dependent, and were partially dependent on the individual agonist. Superoxide anion production had substantially less variability.
We compared the in vitro oxidative (ldcl and O2-) responses of neutrophils isolated from neonatal calves stimulated by defined concentrations of the agonists–latex, phorbol myristate acetate, calcium ionophore, and opsonized zymosan–with responses to formylated oligopeptides and zymosan-activated serum, and to live, dead, live opsonized, and dead opsonized Pasteurella haemolytica organisms. Opsonization of particulates, pathogenic or nonpathogenic, enhanced the ldcl and O2- responses of stimulated neutrophils although P haemolytica was a less potent stimulant of oxidative functions than were nonbiological agonists.
We conclude that the generation of reactive oxygen species by bovine neutrophils in response to P haemolytica is highly dependent on the presence of opsonins and is greatly enhanced in live vs killed bacteria. Furthermore, the in vitro generation of reactive oxygen species, including O2- by stimulated neutrophils, may be of biologic importance if similar events occur in vivo, and could have a major role in the pathogenesis of the acute lung injury associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis.
Effects of various risk factors on plasma protein and serum immunoglobulin concentrations of calves at postpartum hours 10 and 24
Authors: Perino Louis J. , Wittum Thomas E. , Ross Gary S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In an attempt to identify important predictors of failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer (< 800 mg of IgG/dl), identify calves with failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer, and determine the effects of a colostrum supplement, blood samples were collected from 263 calves at postpartum hours 10 and 24. Calves of dams diagnosed with mastitis had lower mean plasma protein and IgG concentrations at 10 (P < 0.05) and 24 (P < 0.01) hours. Plasma protein and IgG concentrations were similar for single and twin calves at 10 hours, but IgG concentration at 24 hours was higher (P < 0.01) in twin calves. Calves born to dams that had dystocia had numerically lower mean plasma protein and IgG concentrations than did calves born to dams that had normal delivery. However, observed differences were small and, after adjustment for other important factors, these differences were not significant. Age of dam was associated with plasma protein (P < 0.05) and IgG (P < 0.10) concentrations at 10 hours, but had no effect at 24 hours. Plasma protein and IgG concentrations decreased as calves were born later in the calving season, although the association of birth date with IgG concentration at 24 hours was marginal (P = 0.07). Calf sex, dam body condition score, and birth weight were not related to plasma protein or IgG values. The sensitivity and specificity of a cutoff value of 4.8 g of protein/dl of plasma, measured at 10 hours, for diagnosing failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer at 10 hours were 78 and 94%, and for diagnosing failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer at 24 hours were 88 and 73%, respectively. A colostrum supplement administered to calves with low plasma protein concentration at 10 hours had no effect on plasma protein or IgG values at 24 hours or on pre-weaning morbidity and mortality.
Ventilatory and arterial blood gas tension adjustments to strenuous exercise in Standardbreds
Authors: Art Tatiana , Lekeux P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Five healthy, fit Standardbreds (mean ± sem, 490.4 ± 15.0 kg, 4.0 ± 0.5 years) were studied during a standardized test carried out on a treadmill. The test consisted of an 8-minute warm-up and a 9-minute exercise period (1 minute at 1.7, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 m/s; 2 minutes at 4 m/s; and a 1-minute walk at a 6% slope). Respiratory airflow, tidal volume (Vt), and respiratory frequency (f) were continuously recorded, using 2 ultrasonic pneumotachographs connected to a face mask and mass spectrometer. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, and expired minute volume (V˙e) were obtained on a breath-by-breath basis. Arterial blood was tested at the end of each step for O2 and CO2 partial pressures. Heart rate was continuously recorded, using a heart rate recording system. Stride frequency was measured at each step, and the stride frequency-to-f ratio was calculated. Venous blood was tested for plasma lactate concentration before and 2 minutes after completion of the test.
Some horses had a locomotion-respiration coupling (lrc), but this coupling was occasional and intermittent. The f was lower and Vt was higher than values reported for Thoroughbreds working under similar experimental conditions. Nevertheless, maximal V˙e did not overshoot maximal V˙e reported in Thoroughbreds. All horses were hypoxemic and hypercapnic, but there was wide variability between subjects. The horses with the highest oxygen uptake and the lowest plasma lactate concentration were more hypoxemic and hypercapnic.
The Standardbreds, studied under our laboratory conditions, did not have constant lrc and had lower f with higher Vt than did Thoroughbreds under similar experimental conditions. Despite these differences in breathing strategy, the Standardbreds did not have higher V˙e than did Thoroughbreds, and they were hypoxemic and hypercapnic. The fact that these Standardbreds, which obviously freely selected their breathing strategy, were unable or unwilling to adopt compensatory hyperventilation reinforces the hypothesis that, in strenuous exercising horses, there could be a physiologic limit to ventilation, most probably related to mechanical factors, but independent of any lrc.
Evaluation of oncofetal protein-related mRNA transport activity as a potential early cancer marker in dogs with malignant neoplasms
Authors: Stromberg Paul C. , Schumm Dorothy E. , Webb Thomas E. , Ward Heidi , Couto C. Guillermo 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A 55-kd protein with mRNA transport activity found in fetal rat liver cells and plasma from mice, rats, and human beings with malignant neoplasms has been designated oncofetal protein 55 (ofp55). Monoclonal antibody produced to rat ofp55 cross-reacts with human ofp55. Using this monoclonal antibody in a bioassay measuring mRNA transport stimulated by ofp55, we tested the plasma from 19 dogs with a variety of malignant neoplasms, including carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and melanomas, and compared the results with plasma from 20 clinically normal dogs without evidence of neoplasia. The mean mRNA transport activity from the group of dogs with malignant neoplasms was 0.43 ± 0.28%/mg of protein. Mean transport activity from the group of control dogs was 0.04 ± 0.02%/mg of protein. These means were significantly different (P < 0.0001). The degree of overlap between these 2 groups in their ofp55-related mRNA transport activity was minimal, and measurement of this protein appears to have potential for the early detection of malignant neoplasms in dogs.
Gross and histologic evaluation of hepatogastric ligaments in clinically normal dogs and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Willer Randy L. , Seim Howard B. , Powers Barbara E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate any potential structural differences in hepatogastric ligaments between clinically normal dogs and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (gdv).

Design
Case-control study.

Animals
Hepatogastric ligaments were examined in 13 large-breed control dogs and in 13 large-breed dogs referred for surgical treatment of gdv.

Procedure
Measurements and biopsies of hepatogastric ligaments were performed at the time of surgery, circumcostal gastropexy, for correction of gdv. Serial sections from each ligament were stained with H&E, Masson's trichrome, and elastin stains to assess morphology, including smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic fiber contents.

Results
There were no differences observed by light microscopy in incidence or degree of histopathologic alterations between the 2 groups of dogs. The lengths of hepatogastric ligaments in gdv-affected dogs, however, were significantly longer than those of control dogs (gdv-affected dogs, 7.0 [5.0 to 9.5] cm median [range]; control dogs, 5.0 [3.0 to 7.5] cm median [range]; P = 0.01).

Conclusions
Causality can not be inferred from this study. It is not known whether the ligaments were lengthened as a result of gdv or whether the lengthened ligaments predisposed dogs to gdv.

Clinical Relevance
This finding may reflect increased laxity of the supporting hepatogastric ligament in the right quadrant of the abdomen. An elongated ligament may permit increased stomach mobility and predispose dogs to partial or complete gastric volvulus.
Abnormalities in oxygenation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis in colonic blood of horses with experimentally induced strangulation obstruction
Authors: Kawcak C. E. , Baxter G. M. , Getzy D. M. , Stashak T. S. , Chapman P. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure arterial and venous blood gas, coagulation, and fibrinolysis variables in blood from isolated segments of control and ischemic large colons for the purpose of identifying variables for rapid, indirect assessment of colonic mucosal injury.

Design
Variables were determined at specific intervals during the 4-hour study (3 hours of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion).

Animals
Seven clinically normal horses between 2 and 15 years old.

Procedure
Horses underwent laparotomy and occlusion of the lumen and vasculature of the mid-portion of the pelvic flexure of the large colon. During ischemia of 1 randomly-chosen colonic segment, variables were measured to determine colonic mucosal damage and were compared with histologic scores of colonic biopsy specimens.

Results
Significant (P < 0.05) differences from control values were observed over time for venous pH, Pco2, Po2, oxygen saturation, oxygen content, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and lactate and glucose concentrations. Mean histologic scores of biopsy specimens obtained from ischemic colons were significantly (P < 0.05) greater (indicating greater damage) than those from control colons, and increased significantly (P < 0.05) with duration of ischemia.

Conclusions
Venous lactate, oxygen saturation, and Po2 values were the most significant predictors of the severity of histologic damage within the ischemic colons (R2 = 0.661).

Clinical Relevance
Venous blood gas and lactate values in the large colon are good predictors of the amount of intestinal damage incurred during 3 hours of ischemia, and may be clinically useful for the rapid determination of colonic viability.
Kinematic evaluation of gait in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: DeCamp Charles E. , Riggs Craig M. , Olivier N. Bari , Hauptman Joe G. , Hottinger Heidi A. , Soutas-Little Robert W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
Noninvasive, computer-assisted, three-dimensional kinematic gait analysis was used to describe lameness in a chronic model of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs.

Design
Hind limb lameness was evaluated prior to and at 1, 3, and 6 months after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament.

Animals
Seven clinically normal large dogs.

Procedure
Dynamic flexion and extension angles and angular velocities were calculated for the coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joints. Distance and temporal variables were determined. Essential Fourier coefficients were used to develop mean flexion extension curves for all joints and to compare changes in movement that developed with CCLR over time.

Results
Each joint had a characteristic pattern of flexion and extension movement that changed with CCLR. The femorotibial joint angle was more flexed throughout stance and early swing phase of stride and failed to extend in late stance. Angular velocity of the femorotibial joint was damped throughout stance phase, with extension velocity almost negligible. The coxofemoral and tarsal joint angles, in contrast to the femorotibial joint angle, were extended more during stance phase. These changes were documented as differences noted in the essential Fourier coefficients. Stride length and frequency also varied significantly after CCLR.

Conclusions
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture affects movement of the coxofemoral and tarsal joints, as well as the femorotibial joint, in gait. A pattern of joint movement may be discerned in which the coxofemoral and tarsal joints compensate for the dysfunction of the femorotibial joint.

Clinical Relevance
Methods were developed that will improve objective evaluation of CCLR and its treatment in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:120-126)