bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Must We Draw Blood?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unfortunately, the history and physical examination are not enough to diagnose or manage lupus, so yes, we must draw blood. Blood testing can make a difference. It is essential in order to diagnose a disease correctly and to gauge the patient’s response to therapy. And specific tests are employed to monitor the safety of medications that might be used to treat the disease. Finally, some lupus patients have specific complications that can be diagnosed only by blood testing. This chapter offers an overview of the tests doctors order and why.
Pants and Pulses: The Lungs and Heart
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every grammar school child learns that the heart and lungs are the heart of the engine that runs the human body. If you suffer from chest pains or notice shortness of breath, you are reminded of the importance of these two organs. And for those of us treating lupus patients, studying the effect of systemic lupus on the heart and lungs is critical. Most lupus patients have complaints pertaining to the chest. This chapter will review the pulmonary and cardiac manifestations of lupus. Figures 14.1 and 14.2 depict the principal anatomic areas in the lungs and heart that are relevant to our discussion.
Taming Inflammation: Anti-inflammatory Therapies
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though most patients with SLE don’t like it, more than 90 percent take medication. Of the many drug therapies for lupus, and among the most pre- scribed and accepted are what doctors call “the anti-inflammatories.” These remedies include aspirin products and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs. A survey has documented that at any given time, 80 percent of all SLE patients are taking one of these agents on a regular or intermittent basis. This chapter will endeavor to help lupus patients negotiate the tricky ins and outs of NSAIDs in an effort to maximize potential benefits while minimizing toxicity.
Fighting Infections, Allergies, and Osteoporosis
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most recent surveys, infection has now taken second place as one of the most common causes of death among lupus patients, after cardiovascular complications. Why are lupus patients so susceptible to infection and what can be done about it? Should at-risk patients receive vaccinations, or would that make the disease worse? And what about allergies and allergy shots? Moreover, one of the major problems facing women after they go through the change of life is osteoporosis, and women with lupus are especially vulnerable to this disease. This chapter outlines a practical approach for dealing with infections and vaccines while promoting awareness of the issues involved in infection, allergy, and lupus. Finally, the management of osteoporosis is reviewed as it applies to lupus.
Economic Impact of Lupus in the United States and Disability Issues
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few efforts have analyzed the impact that 14–22 million Americans with 120 different autoimmune conditions have on our economy. Two studies have con- firmed that 2.5 percent of our Gross Domestic Product is spent on managing musculoskeletal conditions. This approximated $193 billion dollars in the late 1990s. Further extrapolation of these figures suggest that lupus costs the public somewhere between $10 and $20 billion a year in direct and indirect costs. The average lupus patient has an average of $10,000 to $20,000 in health care related expenses annually.
New Therapies for Lupus and Future Directions
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What advances will take place in the next 15 years? Will we be able to cure lupus or prevent it? Is there anything to look forward to? Let’s take a look at what the future holds—and it is indeed promising! If developments proceed at the expected rate, my crystal ball suggests that by the year 2020, an integrated health-care system will be in place, allowing all lupus patients to receive optimal treatment regardless of socioeconomic status or medical insurability. A national data network should reveal exactly how many lupus patients there are as well as their gender and their racial, ethnic, and occupational background. The gene or combination of genes that predispose one to SLE and the environmental factors (viruses, chemicals, drugs, etc.) that turn these genes on will be known. It should be possible to identify individuals at risk for developing the disease and perhaps to vaccinate them so as to prevent autoimmune reactions. By 2020, we will know why 90 percent of patients with lupus are women, and we’ll be able to manipulate hormones to decrease the disease’s severity.
Diction and Intelligibility
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acoustical vowels are those that are harmonic with a specific pitch. Speech vowels only accidentally, if then, encourage the vibrations of the vocal folds to be harmonic with the pitch. The belief that singing is just speaking on pitch is erroneous. Regional accents abound in any chorus, and they often determine what each singer believes to be a correct vowel. Singing a “pure” vowel is probably an impossibility; see the Discussion below. Any tinkering with mouth openings or thinking one vowel while singing another are efforts at finding an acoustically compatible vowel; therefore they are vowel modifications, often just imprecise ones. Using speech vowels or “pure” vowels exclusively can only result in vocal problems that undermine the singing of your choir. For both the choir and the director, the advantages of using acoustical vowels and vowel modifications far outweigh the task of learning to do them.
Whose Diet?: An Introduction to the Hominin Fossil Record
Authors: Wood Amanda G , Bernard Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the hominin fossil record by using two alternative hominin taxonomies, a “splitting” one and a “lumping” one, and reviews the taxa within each of six crude grades. It uses tables to provide summaries of each taxon, including the regions of the skeleton represented within each hypodigm. Finally, we focus on the fossil evidence from the relatively well-dated East African hominin fossil record that spans the time interval between 2.5 and 1.5 Myr. We indicate the quality and quantity of the fossil evidence available within each taxon for the anatomical regions (i.e., the dentition, jaws, and face) relevant to the reconstruction of diet. Taxonomy Within paleoanthropology, most taxon-based reconstructions of diet are made at the level of the species rather than the individual. The way individual fossils are distributed among hominin taxa will obviously affect the parameters of those taxa, and therefore they potentially influence the inferences that are drawn about the diets of the taxa. It is thus important that species-level inferences about an important functional adaptation such as diet are based on a sound taxonomy.
The Evolution of the Hominin Diet from a Dental Functional Perspective
Authors: Lucas Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No other part of the modern human body suffers from disruptions as our mouths; they are so frequently diseased that an entire health profession, dentistry, specializes in them. Its various parts do not seem to fit together properly. The teeth, which develop in the jaws, often have insufficient space to erupt into its cavity. This causes rotation, twisting, tilting, impaction, and sometimes even a reversal of development, where even if some tooth germs form, they fail to mineralize and are resorbed. All this has been documented very thoroughly in dental journals along with a battery of techniques for coping with these problems. What have not been thoroughly examined are the root causes or the functional consequences of these disturbances, basically because the dentition tends to be treated as semiredundant. The dental profession adopts treatment protocols that are protective of dental state and of structures known to be vulnerable, notably the temporomandibular joint, but has done relatively little to investigate dental function in a broad context. Yet it is not just dentists who feel this way. Physical anthropologists have long regarded the size reduction of the dentition in the genus Homo (Brace, Rosenberg, and Hunt, 1987; Calcagno and Gibson, 1991) as indicative of its gradual loss of function due to increased tool use (Brace, 1963, 1964). Recently, Wrangham and colleagues (1999) have suggested that cooking, rather than tool use, explains a trend toward the reduction of tooth size as far back as 1.9 million years ago.
Energetic Models of Human Nutritional Evolution
Authors: Leonard William R , Robertson Marcia L , Snodgrass J Josh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, biological anthropologists have increasingly begun to rely on energetic models for understanding patterns and trends in hominin evolution (e.g., Leonard and Robertson, 1994, 1997a; Aiello and Wheeler, 1995; Leonard, 2002). The study of energetics is important to evolutionary research for several reasons. First, food energy represents a critical interface between organisms and their environment. The search for food energy, its consumption, and ultimately its allocation for biological processes are all critical aspects of an organism’s ecology (McNab, 2002). In addition, the energy dynamic between organisms and their environments—energy expenditure in relation to energy consumed—has important adaptive consequences for both survival and reproduction. Energy thus provides a useful currency for measuring fitness. Indeed, the two components of Darwinian fitness—survival and reproduction—are reflected in the way that total energy budgets for animals are typically divided (see fig. 18.1). “Maintenance” energy expenditure represents the costs of keeping an animal alive on a day-to-day basis.
Masters of Deceit: Red Spies and Red Hunters in the McCarthy Era
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Early Years of the cold war, when teams of scientists around the world were racing to discover the structure of DNA, an American chemist stood out among the contenders as the individual most likely to answer the fundamental question about the nature of life. One of the most brilliant scientists of the century, Linus Pauling was the leader of revolutions in quantum chemistry and molecular biology. The California professor had written several seminal works in chemistry, including his groundbreaking Nature of the Chemical Bond, and he published forty-three scientific papers from 1950 to 1952 alone. European scientists, excited by Pauling’s latest research, organized a meeting in London in May 1952 to discuss his recent discoveries.
Roger Williams
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The founder of Rhode Island and of the first Baptist Church in America, an original and passionate advocate for religious freedom, a rare New England colonist who befriended Native Americans and took seriously their culture and their legal rights, Roger Williams is the forgotten giant among the first English colonists. Now, Edwin S. Gaustad, a leading expert on the life of Roger Williams, offers a vividly written and authoritative biography of the most far-seeing of the early settlers--the first such biography written for a general audience. Readers follow Roger and Mary Williams on their 1631 journey to Boston, where he soon became embroiled in many controversies, most notably, his claim that the colonists had unjustly taken Native American lands and his argument that civil authorities could not enforce religious duties. Soon banished for these troubling (if farsighted) views, Williams wandered for fourteen weeks in bitter snow until he bought land from the Narragansett Indians and founded Providence, which soon became a sanctuary for religious freedom and a refuge for dissenters of all stripes. The book discusses Williams’ journey back to London, where he sought legal recognition of his colony, spread his enlightened views on Native Americans, and (alongside John Milton) fought passionately for religious freedom. Gaustad also describes how the royal charter of Rhode Island, obtained by Williams in 1663, would become the blueprint of religious freedom for many other colonies and a foundation stone for the First Amendment. Here then is a vibrant portrait of a great American who is truly worthy of remembrance.
Founder Of Rhode Island
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During his five years in the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies, Roger Williams was always the outsider: complaining about this or that practice, agitating for this or that reform. But as of the middle of 1636, he was the insider. Now he could not protest against the authorities, for suddenly he had become the authority. He had a town and a colony to run, and how did one do that, anyway?
The Champion Of Religious Liberty
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Roger Williams Arrived In London In 1643, HE HAD three major matters on his mind. First, he was determined to gain some kind of legal recognition for his colony. Second, he wanted to find a wider audience for his observations on Native Americans. And third, he desired to make the case, as strongly and as passionately as possible, on behalf of religious freedom. This was the driving force for Williams for a half-century or more.
Roger Williams And America
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Roger Williams Was Exiled From Massachusetts In 1635, John Cotton explained that Williams had not so much been banished as “enlarged” to the whole wild country beyond the Bay Colony’s borders. Cotton was speaking with some sarcasm. No one, centuries later, would be more surprised than Cotton to learn that Williams has indeed been “enlarged.” His influence has grown, while that of Cotton has diminished. The pleas of the Rhode Island radical for liberty of conscience spoke more for an age that would come than it did to his own time.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Assault
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A trauma is an extremely painful emotional experience that poses threat of injury or death and makes the person feel terrified and helpless. Thus, trauma includes both objective aspects of threat and subjective aspects of extreme negative emotions. Accordingly, a car accident may or may not be traumatic. If it severely disrupts the person’s life and causes substantial emotional distress, we call it a trauma. If it causes some transitory fear and does not leave much of a mark on the person, we wouldn’t call it a trauma. Therefore, a trauma is in part defined by what is traumatic for you. Also, a traumatic experience does not necessarily mean that you yourself have been threatened. One can become traumatized by witnessing someone else being killed or injured, or even by hearing about a disaster that happened to significant others. For example, witnessing someone burning in a fire is traumatic as is the visit of army representatives to notify a mother that her son was killed in the war.
Common Reactions to Assault
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss again some of the common reactions to assault. Throughout this discussion, we urge you to think about your own reactions and how your own experiences are similar or different from what we describe. If you are currently in therapy, it is helpful to discuss this with your therapist as well. You may find it helpful to write down your thoughts and observations about yourself. The act of writing down some of the reactions and problems will help you see more clearly what you are experiencing as a result of the assault, and this in turn will help you and your therapist design your treatment program. You may identify a notebook or diary that you can devote to this program.
Other Cognitive Techniques
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes our thinking is troublesome in another way. Unwanted thoughts may pop into our head in a way that interferes with our functioning. Thought-stopping is a distraction technique that is used in cognitive therapy to decrease intrusive, unwanted thoughts about the assault or other distressing events. This technique is a way for you to combat a distressing thought which appears at a time that you cannot do exposure, such as in the middle of a meeting with your boss or in the middle of a party. Thought stopping is intended for unending thinking that goes nowhere, such as obsessions, ruminations, and “crying over spilt milk.” Often we do have to think about it in order to find a solution. However, when you find yourself caught in futile thinking, just looping around the same unpleasant thought or in a “why me” mood, it may be helpful to use thought-stopping to shut these thoughts off. At that point, it may be better to stop thinking about your problem. However, the use of thought-stopping for your assault-related thoughts is only temporary. In a later time during the day, you will need to come back to the thought for challenging and cognitive restructuring. Thought-stopping is a technique that you can use for relief. It is not a substitute for the careful working through discussed in the previous chapter or for imaginal exposure to the memory of the assault.
Introduction
Authors: Troy Gil , Cannato Vincent J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time, back in 1980, when people heard about “AIDS, “ they thought of assistants or helpers, not a deadly disease. An “Apple “ was something you ate, not something you would boot up. Windows could break but did not crash. “Trump “ was a term from bridge, not the brand name of a celebrity tycoon. “Madonna “ evoked feelings of spirituality rather than provoking controversy about a pop star’s aggressive sexuality. The “Moonwalk “ referred to the astronaut Neil Armstrong’s famous first steps on the moon not the singer Michael Jackson’s silky-smooth dance move. And most people thought PC meant “partly cloudy, “ not “personal computer “ or “politically correct. “
The Reorientationof Liberalism In The 1980s
Authors: Greenberg David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most of the twentieth century, liberalism reigned as the dominant ideology in American political life. Despite periods of conservative retrenchment in the 1920s and 1950s and radical agitation in the 1930s and 1960s, the first two-thirds of the last century represented a heyday for the liberal creed. Mid-century observers deemed liberalism the nation’s consensus philosophy and considered the Democrats—the primary instrument of liberalism—the nation’s majority party.
Reaganomics: The Rebirth Of The Free Market
Authors: Phillips-Fein Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1981, Ronald Reagan proposed a new economic program to Congress, boldly entitled “America’s New Beginning. “1 The heart of his vision was tax reduction: across-the-board rate cuts by 30 percent over three years. “In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem, “ he declared in a speech. “It is time to reawaken this industrial giant, to get government back within its means and to lighten our punitive tax burden. “2
Where is graceland? 1980s pop culture through music
Authors: Greenberg Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1979 the disco boom, which had dominated the pop music landscape over the previous three years, ended abruptly. That summer, in Chicago, a radio Disco Jockey named Steve Dahl led an antidisco rally at Comiskey Park between games of a White Sox double-header. A box overflowing with fan’s disco records was detonated in the outfield as the overwhelmingly white male crowd shouted “Disco sucks. “ Racial and homophobic epithets were thrown into the mix, reflecting disdain for disco’s roots in the black and gay communities. The ensuing riot forced the White Sox to forfeit the second game of the double-header.1
Pragmatically Speaking
Authors: Macaulay Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is mainly philosophers, linguists, and other exotic breeds who are concerned with the literal meaning of simple statements. Ordinary people are more interested, as the philosopher J. L. Austin put it, in “how to do things with words.” Austin pointed out that we can do a variety of things when we speak. We do such things as asserting, denying, questioning, requesting, promising, threatening, offering, wagering, thanking, apologizing, insulting, flattering, welcoming, congratulating, excommunicating, declaring war, christening, and dismissing someone from a job. In some cases we actually perform the act by speaking, as when you make a promise or when the judge sentences you to a spell in prison. However, the act is valid only if certain conditions are met. I cannot legitimately promise something that is beyond my capabilities to accomplish and I cannot sentence you to prison unless I have been given that authority.
Theories of Language Development
Authors: Macaulay Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinguished linguist James McCawley once remarked in a talk, “When you hear a linguist use the word theory you should put your hand on your wallet.” In the past half century a great many people have been in danger of losing their wallets. The Fagin figure in this dubious enterprise has been Noam Chomsky, whose own theories of children’s language development have spawned many rival versions. (See the appendix for an account of Chomsky’s work.) Fifty years ago Chomsky attacked the then-current theories of children’s language acquisition. The prevailing view claimed that children learned by attempting to imitate the speech of adults and were reinforced to improve their early inadequate efforts by rewards and punishments. Chomsky argued that there was no way that infants could develop language by this method since language is too complex for such an approach. Instead, he argued that human beings are born with an innate knowledge of how language is structured and use this innate knowledge to work out how to acquire competence in the language to which they are exposed. Chomsky initially called this innate knowledge a language acquisition device (L AD) but latterly has referred to it as universal grammar (UG). Central to this notion is the claim that all languages are basically the same, though they differ in many superficial characteristics.