bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ia Fiber Architecture: Implications for the Functional Role of Presynaptic Inhibition
Authors: Mendell Lorne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presynaptic inhibition was first advanced in the 1950s as an explanation for reduction in EPSP amplitude in motoneurons without any accompanying change in the postsynaptic membrane. At that time it was generally considered to play a role in selective control of inputs to those postsynaptic cells (reviewed in Burke and Rudomin, 1977). This problem arises from the convergence of many different functional inputs onto cells such as moto neurons (the final common path). Postsynaptic inhibition exerted at the cell body would reduce the efficacy of all inputs regardless of their source.
Neuronal Systems Involved In Modulating Synaptic Transmission From Group II Muscle Afferents
Authors: Jankowska Elzhieta , Riddell John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synaptic actions of group II muscle afferents are modulated by two neuronal systems. Neurons of the first system are spinal interneurons and operate by GABA-mediated presynaptic inhibition (associated with primary afferent depolarization; PAD). These neurons have several features in common with interneurons that mediate PAD of other afferent fibers. Neurons of the second system belong to supraspinal monoaminergic neurons that operate by releasing noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), or dopamine (DA) and that either depress or facilitate synaptic transmission from group II muscle afferents.
Modulation of Excitatory Perineal Reflexes and Sacral Striated Sphincter Motoneurons During Micturition in the Cat
Authors: Shefchyk Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During micturition, activation of the sacral parasympathetic outflow responsible for contracting the bladder occurs at the same time as a decrease in activity in the striated urethral sphincter muscle. This reciprocal pattern allows for the efficient emptying of the bladder in humans and in the cat (for review see deGroat, 1990; however, see Kruse et al., 1993 for differences in the rat). Failure of the mechanisms responsible for suppressing sphincter activity during micturition is a hallmark of many suprasacralneural lesions and is referred to as bladder-sphincter dyssynergia (for discussion see Rudy et al., 1988; Sethiet al., 1989). It is this inappropriate sphincter activity that often leads to deterioration of upper urinary tract function and thus represents a major clinical problem for such patients.
social Learning and Culture
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As manifest in the domains of activity reviewed in the previous two chapters, the social interaction of primates depends on individuals’ abilities to learn about other members of their groups and how they are likely to behave in certain situations and to learn various social and communicative strategies for manipulating those groupmates for their own ends. In both of these cases the processes of learning involved may be broadly construed as social in the sense that the learning is about social interaction. However, most psychologists typically use a somewhat narrower definition of social learning to indicate situations in which one individual attempts to actually reproduce or match the behavior of another (e.g., Bandura, 1986). This narrower definition thus does not include interactions in which an individual learns a new behavior or behavioral strategy through reciprocal social interaction: an individual does A and a groupmate responds with B, as happens in the learning of a social strategy or the ritualization of a communicative gesture. Rather, in the narrower definition of social learning, the individual learns a new behavior or behavioral strategy by observing and attempting to reproduce a conspecific’s behavior in situations in which they are both aiming toward a similar goal, either physical or social. The complement of social learning narrowly defined is the process by which an individual attempts to demonstrate for another, or to teach another, how some common goal might be accomplished.
Theory of Mind
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the social cognitive skills reviewed in the previous three chapters shed light on what different species of primates understand about the behavior of conspecifics. In chapter 7 it was established that most primates recognize familiar individuals and their relationships to one another and use this information, along with general skills in “reading” behavioral cues, to predict the behavior of conspecifics. In chapter 8 it was established that most primates formulate social strategies and communicate with one another intentionally not just in order to predict, but also in order to influence and manipulate, the behavior of conspecifics. In chapter 9 it was established that primates are capable of learning from the behavior of conspecifics many things about both their physical and social environments. The question posed in this chapter is whether in addition to this knowledge of the behavior of conspecifics, primates also have knowledge of their psychological states-their minds. On most accounts, an understanding of the psychological states of others would allow for more accurate and flexible social predictions and manipulations, especially in novel contexts in which there has been no opportunity to learn particular behavioral sequences. There is no question that primates behave intentionally; the question is whether they also understand the behavior of others as intentional.
Theories of Primate social cognition
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most primate species live in complex and dynamic social groups that present them with difficult cognitive problems on a continuing basis. All theories of primate social cognition assume this fact, although whether and in what ways primate social life is more complex than that of other mammalian species is a difficult question. Cheney et al. (1987) noted that although differences between primates and other mammals are not especially obvious, there are three characteristics of primate social life that together may make for special complexities. First, in a purely quantitative sense, most primates live in complex social groups that result in “a complex network of interactions, with many alternative strategies for survival and reproduction.” Second, primates form various types of long-term social relationships with others involving kinship, dominance, and short-term coalitions, and these may change over the life cycle. Third, primates have an extremely varied repertoire of means for expressing themselves socially in terms of species-typical displays that make manifest their emotional states and behavioral intentions. Although it would be difficult to document primate uniqueness in any one of these characteristics, together they make for a highly complex form of sociality that may encourage the development of all kinds of social knowledge, social strategies, and social learning (see Cords, in press, for a review).
Conclusion
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We cannot say that Darwin’s dream of understanding the human mind by studying the nonhuman primate mind has become a reality, but, as we have documented in this book, progress is being made. As we look to the future, there are important issues of three types that will affect our prospects. These issues concern, first, the kinds of theories we need to guide our future research, second, the kinds of methodological considerations we should take into account in future research, and third, the kinds of efforts we need to ensure that primate research may continue, given the precarious futures of many primate species. We conclude our investigation into primate cognition by briefly discussing each of these.
Where Do Stories Come From, and Where Can They Go?
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where do our stories come from? We take our perceptions and construct them into what we may believe to be considered an accurate story. But our experiences, emotions, motives, and cognitions affect our stories. Our individual personality traits may also lead us to perceive things in different ways. This background serves as the basis for the themes in our stories, and it very much affects the kind of story (happy or sad, long or short, heroic or villainous) that we put together.
Changing the Face of Science and Engineering
Authors: Bissell Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we enter the twenty-first century, this essay presents an overview of key issues concerning minority children’s experiences in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology dnring the elementary grades. It discusses new opportunities provided by extended day after-school programs, college and university summer camps, and telecommunications projects to strengthen and expand minority students’ learning experiences. It d isc11sses research and pol icy implications for identifying and evalating new avenues to enhance minority children’s early experiences and create a snhstrate for their fntnre participation and success in the science and engineering work force.
Introduction
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A patient sat in my office. Fifty-three years old, she is a veteran of our outpatient clinic, having come there for the last seven years. I am seeing her for the first time. Every July 1, a new crop of psychiatry and psychology students enters the clinic and an old group of graduates moves out into practice after their seven years of postgraduate training. As the Director of Outpatient Services, I [LB] was personally evaluating all patients being transferred to new therapists at the beginning of a new training year and was interested in Mrs. T because her medical record showed no substantial symptoms of emotional disorder for six years.
Animation
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scene One: The great, hulking predator brooded silently in the dim light, waiting for some signal that prey had blundered into its vicinity. The beast had roamed far in recent days but its hunts had failed. It had been many days since the creature fed. Now it seemed unable to decide where to go next. Such an amorphous blob of an organism—it has no discernable brain—could not be “thinking” what to do, but it definitely looked indecisive. First it would push a flattish, gelatinous tongue out from its central mass, as if to test the possibility of heading in one direction. But then the protrusion would shrink back, disappearing like a wrinkle on a pulled bed sheet, and another lobe of jelly would extrude itself in a different direction. But it, too, would fall back.
Two Lives Become One
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The creation of a new human being neither begins at “conception” nor ends at birth. Although often obscured by the emotionalism of the abortion debate, these facts are becoming inescapably obvious as biomedical researchers battle against unwanted pregnancy and against birth defects. Scientists searching for better contraceptives, for example, are finding that the creation of a human embryo is not an instantaneous event but a process of many steps over a period of more than a week and, depending on how the embryo is defined, up to two weeks. Each step is, at least theoretically, a moment when some form of intervention could prevent pregnancy.
Pumping Protein
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Read this first paragraph and then put down this book and try the experiment it suggests. Look at the inside of your wrist. Now clench and unclench your fingers repeatedly. You should be able to see the skin rise in places and fall in others. If you unroll your sleeve and look farther up the arm near the elbow while doing the same exercise, you can probably see motions there also.
Revolution
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is one of life’s most fascinating phenomena. To be sure, it is a fearsome threat, but as cell and molecular biologists learn more about how the disease starts and develops, they are learning that cancer has an extraordinary natural history, one that is shedding light on the most fundamental workings of life itself, even as it moves medicine closer to the conquest-if such a thing is possible—of cancer.
The Absorption Spectrum and Radiation Transport
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The radiation field in an infinitesimal volume in space, at any given moment, is characterized by three parameters: (a) the direction of the propagation of the radiation, (b) the energy spectrum of the photons (equivalently, one can characterize the spectrum by means of the frequency, or the wavelength, or the wavenumber), (c) the polarization of the radiation. In the case of unpolarized radiation, which we shall assume in the following, only the first two of these parameters are meaningful.
Figurative Language and Figurative Thought: A Review
Authors: Katz Albert N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a race of creatures with the head of a human and the body of a light-house. As far as I am aware no such creature exits, and there is no noun, in any language, to label that race. And yet we know that people can, with little effort, create such concepts. Analogous (albeit equally fictional) creatures have been conceptualized-and labeled-in the past: the sphinx (head of man/body of lion), the centaur (head of man/body of horse), or, in more recent years, transformers (toys that turned into half-person, half-killing machine).
Nationalism and Group Loyalty
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where should we draw the line in our moral concerns? Most of us think about our concerns in terms of expanding circles. We care first about ourselves and our families, then about various communities that we identify with—our friends, our professions, our towns, our ethnic groups then perhaps our nation. Some people go further. They think about people in other nations, animals, perhaps even trees, as having the right to moral consideration.
My-side Bias and Violent Conflict
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Central Africa, Sri Lanka, India, Ireland, the Middle East, the Balkans, and elsewhere we have seen conflicts in which people on both sides are willing to kill and die because they believe that they are morally right. Many of these conflicts are religious, so part of the problem is differing beliefs about what is natural or morally required. I shall discuss this in chapters 8 and 9. Here, I turn to the nature of the bias that preserves beliefs from challenge, even when the evidence for them is weak and the evidence against them strong.
Horn of Darkness
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The worlds rhinoceroses face extinction because a part of their anatomy is valued too much. Poachers hunt and slaughter them because their horns are treasured. Once an estimated 100,000 black rhinos roamed from the Sahara to the Cape of Good Hope but now less than 3% remain. In all of Africa, there is but a single infenced population numbering more than 100 individuals, in the inhospitable barrens of the Namib Desert. The hunger for money has resulted in the deaths of more than 160 Zimbabwean poachers as they tried to kill fro the valuable horns, Few options remain to stop the deadly harvest, Although guarded sanctuaries may now be working in Kenya, elsewhere foot patrols, helicopters, and high tech solutions have been tried and most have failed. In 1989 a radical strategy has developed - cutting the horns, The rationale is simple. If a rhino has no horns, the incentive to kill it should disappear. What has since unfolded is a biological and political drama, Carol Cunningham and Joel Berger describe their passionate quest to help conserve Africa's black rhinos. Arriving with their 19 month old daughter in the fiercely independent country of Namibia, they undertook a fascinating study to understand how horns are involved in the social lives of this charismatic species. This book blends natural history and biology, adventure and adrenaline. Africans and local attitudes. It moves beyond the typical nature study by bringing in real world components of conservation - the delicate mix of western science, politics and economics, and personal despair and hope.
In the Rhino’s Path
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
he black rhino is nature’s tank. A charging rhino can gallop at 50 kilometers per hour, chug through dense thornbush, an’d scatter a herd of elephants. Adult black rhinos have no predators. All animals fear them. Stalking lions will break off a hunt to detour around them. Black rhinos have been amazingly successful. At the turn of the century, there may have been I 00,000 in Africa, scattered from below the Sahara to the Cape. Now, in the entire continent, only one unfenced population of more than 100 animals remains. This remnant roams one of the least hospitable spots on earththe Namib Desert in northwest Namibia. But even this last refuge is not safe.
It Depends on Your Perspective
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We returned to Doros Crater and the Ugab River. During the next few weeks we would try to find rhinos on our own. Here rhino densities were lowest, the heat most extreme, the tracking most treacherous. Volcanic extrusions, blackened domes, and canyons brindled with ancient gneiss offered dreary reminders of past days with no rhinos. Our first camp was in the bed of a canyon we named San Cave, the spot with Bushman paintings that we’d hiked to when we first arrived in Namibia. Joel and I unloaded the Land Rover and secured shade netting to the ground. Then JB hiked with a full backpack to the cave, where he planned to keep watch for three nights to see rhinos as they came to drink. Soni and I waited at the vehicle. Each day Joel hiked back out to us and reported his observations. One night he saw a klipspringer, a small monogamous antelope, thick in the hindquarters with small pointed hornsanother night, a band of mountain zebras. He asked anxiously about our nights.
The Zimbabwe Massacre
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just after dark a gray shape with a long regal horn strolled across the vlei. I had been reading to Sonja from the front seat of the Land Rover and clicked off the flashlight. Why the Ostrich Can’t Fly would have to wait for a few minutes. “Was that the daddy or mommy ostrich?” “Whisper, Sonja, we don’t want to scare this rhino. Maybe it’s one we know.” Slowly, I lifted my binoculars. “Who is it, Mommy? Is it Tina?” Before I could answer, a hairy face appeared at the window. Hanging upside down from the rack above, Joel hissed a quiet order. “Shhh.”
The Witch Doctor’s Revenge
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
he familiar sound of rock against rubber, shrub against chassis, returned as we left bthe gravel road. The red sandstone at Twyfelfontein was behind us. Soon mud and stick huts appeared near the site where, three years earlier, several men had stoned a rhino calf and eaten some of its meat.
The Detection And Measurement Of Maternal Effects
Authors: Roff Derek A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the existence of maternal effects is no longer doubted, their detection and most particularly their quantitative measurement still present serious statistical and logistical problems. Maternal effects may be defined broadly as any phenotypic variation in offspring that is a consequence of the mother’s phenotype rather than the genetic constitution of the offspring. Such effects may have a genetic basis or be entirely environmental; for example, offspring growth may be a function of the size of the mother, which itself may be inherited or entirely determined by environmental conditions during development (i.e., the size of the grandmother plus other environmental influences). The phenotypic response of the off spring may itself be a function of the offspring’s genotype, and there may even be an interaction between the genes controlling the maternal effect and the response of the offspring. Because of the complexity of the interaction between parental and offspring phenotypes, both theoretical and empirical studies of the significance of maternal effects have been slow in development. The general view has been that maternal (or paternal) effects are nuisances to be experimentally eliminated.
Cognition/Emotion Interactions
Authors: Eich Eric , Schooler Jonathan W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a revival of research interest in the interplay be tween cognition and emotion—a subject that stimulated much debate and discussion among psychologists in the nineteenth century, but was shunned throughout most of the twentieth. As other writers have remarked (Izard, Kagan, & Zajonc 1984; Kitayama & Niedenthal, 1994; LeDoux, 1996; Watts, 1987), the reasons for this renaissance are several and varied. In the first place, emotion theorists have come to recognize the pivotal role that appraisal, expectations, and other cognitive constructs play in the experience of emotion and to rely on basic cognitive concepts and methods for insight in creating new models of affective space. Also, the successful application of cognitive therapies to the affective disorders has prompted clinical psychologists to work toward a clearer understanding of the connections between cognitive processes and emotional problems. Social psychologists, for their part, have shown how moods influence people’s perceptions of both themselves and others. And whereas most cognitive revolutionaries of the 1960s regarded emotions with suspicion, viewing them as nagging sources of “hot” noise in an otherwise coolly rational and computer like system of information processing, cognitive researchers of the 1990s regard emotions with respect, owing to their potent and predictable effects on tasks as diverse as episodic recall, word recognition, and risk assessment. These intersecting lines of interest have made cognition and emotion one of the most active and rapidly developing areas within psychological science. This same convergence makes Cognition and Emotion a prime candidate for inclusion in the Counterpoints series of texts published by Oxford University Press.
The Emotional Unconscious
Authors: Kihlstrom John F , Mulvaney Shelagh , Tobias Betsy A , Tobis Irene P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest marks of the cognitive revolution in psychology was a revival of interest in consciousness, rather than behavior. The cognitive psychology that emerged immediately after World War II to replace functional behaviorism focused on the span of apprehension, primary memory, attention, and imagery. Now, as we approach the twenty-first century, cognitive psychology has begun to seriously explore unconscious mental life and the psychological unconscious: the idea that conscious experience, thought, and action is influenced by percepts, memories, and other mental states that are inaccessible to phenomenal awareness and somehow independent of voluntary control.
In the modern history of cognitive psychology, one can discern four early stages in the conceptualization of the psychological unconscious (Kihlstrom, 1995b, 1999). The first of these might be called the wastebasket view: that the unconscious includes unattended and unrehearsed events and memories lost through decay or displacement. There is also the file cabinet view: that the unconscious includes passively stored memories that must be actively retrieved into short term or working memory in order to play any role in cognitive processing. Neither view allows dynamically active unconscious percepts, thoughts, and memories. Thus, they do not really satisfy the definition of the psychological unconscious.