bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concluding Dogmatic Postscript
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. I noted earlier that, in both the Philosophical Fragments and its Postscript, Johannes Climacus emphasizes that the pivotal difference between belief in God and belief in the Christian God (between religiousness A and religiousness B) is the conviction that human beings exist in the condition of original sin. He is, however, unforthcoming about the detailed content of, and the justification for, this seemingly paradoxical conviction (which, as its alternative title of ‘hereditary sin’ underlines, apparently conceives of guilt as a biological inheritance beyond any exercise of individual responsibility), and thus leaves undeveloped what he presents as the critical manifestation of faith in Jesus Christ as the Son of God. Does Climacus intend this striking lacuna to tempt us to supplement his words by turning to what is often taken to be the immediate source of this Christian doctrine—the Genesis narrative of Adam and Eve, and their transgression of God’s command concerning the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil? If so, that tale’s talk of forbidden apples and aprons of shame is very likely to suggest that a belief in original sin amounts to an opening of one’s eyes to the inherent evil of human sexuality and sensuality, and hence to the taintedness of human existence as such. Nietzsche would call it a libel against the body.
The US Industrial Corporation and The Theory of the Growth of the Firm
Authors: Lazonick William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, more than four decades after its initial publication, Edith Penrose’s The Theory of the Growth of the Firm fits the definition of a ‘classic’ work: a book that everyone cites but few have read. Written in an abstract theoretical style that reflects the author’s training as an economist, the book is nevertheless rich in ‘real-world’ insights into a complex social phenomenon. The prime purpose of this chapter is to argue that to make full use of The Theory of the Growth of the Fim1 requires an understanding of both the substance of her theory of the modem industrial corporation and the actual social conditions of the industrial corporation that, when the book was written in the late 1950s, her theory sought to capture.
Function and Concatenation
Authors: Pietroski Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For any sentence of a natural language, we can ask the following questions: what is its meaning; what is its syntactic structure; and how is its meaning related to its syntactic structure? Attending to these questions, as they apply to sentences that provide evidence for Davidsonian event analyses, suggests that we reconsider some traditional views about how the syntax of a natural sentence is related to its meaning.
A Grammatical Argument for a Neo-Davidsonian Semantics
Authors: Hornstein Norbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the beginning of the modern generative enterprise a central question has concerned the ‘points of connection between syntax and semantics’ (Chomsky, 1957: 93). Different frameworks have postulated different points of contact; from the kernel sentences of Syntactic Structures, the deep structures of Aspects, through the multi-level theories of the extended standard theory (see Jackendoff, 1972) to the more recent LF-based proposals in the GB (Government-Binding) era. This last LF-centered approach has been widely adopted. The central idea is that LF, a post overt syntax phrase marker, is the unique level of linguistic representation to interface with the semantic component. It provides all the grammatical structure relevant to semantic interpretation.
Saving the Soul of the University: What is to be Done?
Authors: Benson Lee , Harkavy Ira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin this action-oriented, real-world, strategic, problem-solving chapter, we sketch a futurist good news/bad news scenario. In our scenario’s optimistic version, the twenty-first century becomes the global Democratic Century-the century in which the irrepressible information and communication (ICT) revolution powerfully contributes to the worldwide democratization, civic engagement, and action-oriented social responsibility of universities. In tum, socially responsible and engaged, participatory action-oriented, democratic universities powerfully contribute to the worldwide democratization of cosmopolitan
communities and societies committed to the worldwide abolition of poverty and racism. Greatly compressed, woefully oversimplified, that’s our futurist, optimistic, good news scenario.
Plato’s Refutation of Protagoras in the Theaetetus
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Protagoras, ‘a man is the measure of all things, of those that are that they are, and of those that are not that they are not’ ( Tht. 152 a 2–4).1 In Theaetetus 169 d–171 d, Plato argues that Protagoras’ measure doctrine (P) is in some sense self-refuting.2 It is unclear, however, precisely how we are to understand the measure doctrine, and so it is also unclear whether Plato succeeds in refuting it.
Relational Entities
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s theory of universals is sometimes thought to differ from Plato’s in being nonrelational;it does not hold that Socrates’ being a man, or being rational, consists in or involves his standing in some relation to the universal man, or to the universal rationality. Thus G. E. M. Anscombe, for example, writes that Aristotle was concerned ‘to attack the doctrine of the Platonists whereby if Socrates is a man, then Socrates stands in some relation to what he is said to be’.1 Matthews and Cohen, in their provocative article ‘The One and the Many’, agree: ‘In place of Plato’s relational account Aristotle’s doctrine of primary and secondary substance offers a nonrelational way of understanding what it is for Felix to be a cat.’2
Aristotle’s Scientific Demonstrations as Expositions of Essence
Authors: Tierney Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is almost universally held that Aristotle’s theory of demonstrative science involves a conception of scientific demonstrations as being, in one way or another, inextricably linked to some notion of explanation.’ There is far less widespread agreement as to the exact nature of the relationship between the two, however, or of the explanatory relation thought to be associated with scientific demonstrations.
Aristotle’S Basic and Non-Basic Virtues
Authors: Gardiner Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure of Aristotelian virtue ethics has been substantially misunderstood. Conventional wisdom has it that Aristotle, as indeed all of the major philosophers of ancient Greece, believed that the virtues are reciprocally entailing (RV): a person can have one of the virtues of character if and only if she has them all.’ Since Aristotle claims that 1Jtiu,µovia, or happiness, requires a virtuous charnctcr, RV implies that a person needs all the virtues in order to be happy.
Introduction
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume begins where my interest in its central topic began, with our everyday classification of animals. That central topic, which informs to some degree every chapter, is classification, the sorting of things into kinds. The first two sections concern the sorting of animals into kinds, the next two the sorting of humans into kinds, and the final section considers some of the main ways in which we are inclined to distinguish ourselves, as a kind, from non-human, ‘lower’, animals.
On the Impossibility of a Monistic Account of Species
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the classification of any series of objects, is meant the actual, or ideal, arrangement of those which are like and the separation of those which are unlike; the purpose of this arrangement being to facilitate the operations of the mind in clearly conceiving and retaining in the memory, the characters of the objects in question. Thus there may be as many classifications of any series of natural, or of other, bodies, as they have properties or relations to one another, or to other things; or, again, as there are modes in which they may be regarded by the mind.
Human Kinds
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A critical dimension of debate about any large-scale scientific theory is the question of the scope of its generalizations. It is this issue, with respect to the application of evolutionary theory to behaviour, particularly human, that I want to address in this paper. Many very disparate academic disciplines claim relevance to the understanding of human behaviour, and these disciplines vary very widely in their pretensions to scope. At one extreme are the main humanistic disciplines (though excluding most of philosophy). Historians may or may not imagine universal processes or laws emerging from the narratives they construct, but they have not primarily achieved fame for the vindication of such generalizations. Literary critics may have general theories about the social functions of texts, but their main professional activity is the study of the most idiosyncratic of cultural artefacts.
What the Theory of Evolution Can’t Tell Us
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin by saying that I am a great enthusiast for evolutionary theory. Darwin’s ideas and their subsequent development over the last 140 years are surely among the greatest insights into nature that humans have so far achieved. I make this perhaps perfunctory genuflection because scepticism about some of the more extreme claims made for the insights to be derived from evolutionary theory can incite accusations of insufficient respect for Darwin’s achievement. In further exculpation, let me note that it seems to me a common sequel to great scientific insight that enthusiasts will exaggerate the range of its implications. No disrespect is implied to Newton’s achievement by the observation that Laplacean visions of an entire universe to be understood in terms of the collisions of tiny billiard balls have proved to be an overstatement of his theory’s capabilities.
Introduction
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Levenson’s challenging contention that the launch of the Criterion in 1922 marks a modernist ‘coming of age’ would require agreement about his definition and use of the nebulous terms ‘modernism’, ‘institutionalization’, and ‘cultural legitimacy’ to gain widespread assent. It does, all the same, neatly frame a number of methodological presuppositions raised in the study of the Criterion as a periodical text, and more broadly of literary journalism as a distinctive genre. In the first instance, consideration of the institutional role of the Criterion in the cultural and intellectual debates of the inter-war period necessitates constant attention to the periodical qua periodical; at the very least a more discriminating exploration of the Criterion’s contextual setting than has been the case in existing scholarship.
The Adelphi
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T. S. Eliot’s editorial policy on the Criterion dictated that the journal perform the office of a public platform upon which contributors and readers might come together and conduct debate about ‘fundamentals’. Examination of the prolonged classicism and romanticism debate in the Criterion and the Adelphi has become a sine qua non of studies of the intellectual development of Eliot and Murry. However, what accounts of this episode often overlook is the extent to which the exchange was not simply a contribution to intellectual debate, but an important means of providing good copy for both periodicals.
New Verse
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geoffrey Grigson’s New Verse stands alongside Wyndham Lewis’s Enemy as the supreme example of a twentieth-century little magazine dominated by a combative and controversial editor. In 1980 Grigson explained: ‘There is no excuse for such a magazine unless it promulgates the strong message of a new clique or group.’ The strength and vigour of New Verse has never been in doubt and the image of Grigson plotting his literary campaigns from the brasserie of the Café Royal has not dimmed. New Verse occupies a central place in the literary-historical mythology of the 1930s. In the words of A. T. Tolley: ‘Undoubtedly the most important periodical in the history of poetry in the nineteen-thirties was New Verse.’
Michael Roberts and Janet Adam Smith
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Roberts’s significance as an anthologist who provided a platform for a younger generation of poets in his anthologies New Signatures (1932), New Country (1933), and, most importantly of all, The Faber Book of Modern Verse (1936), has long been recognized. However, Eliot’s collaboration with Michael Roberts and his wife, Janet Adam Smith, on the Criterion has not received due attention. In fact, the extensive reviewing of Roberts and Adam Smith is particularly helpful in ascertaining the Criterion’s relative standing among the literary periodicals of the 1930s. It sheds some light on the silent rapprochement between the ‘Public School Communists’ (F. R. Leavis’s dismissive description of the Auden group of writers) and the Tory Anglican stalwarts who appeared in the Criterion.
Existentialism, Quietism, and the Role of Philosophy
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Hume remarks in his Treatise of Human Nature that while he is consumed by philosophy in his study, being often lost to questions that generate sceptical anxiety within him, he regains his composure as soon as he departs the study and takes up more practical pursuits. The suggestion often read into this remark—fairly or unfairly is that though philosophy may be a compelling and satisfying pastime, much philosophizing leaves no impact on ordinary experience or behaviour. Philosophy has no place in practice. It is a quiet and inert presence in life, not one that radiates its influence in other spheres.
Contemporary Opinion on Bank Lending
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has already been established that for the commercial banks the period 1860–1913 was one of significant institutional growth and systemic consolidation, and that the early and middle decades of the nineteenth century experienced a series of banking crises. Those crises raised anxieties about bank practices and the liquidity of bank balance sheets. By the beginning of the twentieth century, in contrast, English banks were apparently very sound, with possibly the most stable banking system in the world. As we have already argued, a number of factors contributed to this stability—not least, growth in the scale of banking firms’ resources and operations, the greater spread of risk achieved through bank amalgamations and the extension of branch networks, the adoption of a more liquid balance sheet, and (in the form of the Bank of England) the existence of an increasingly effective lender of last resort.
The Logic of Success
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of induction reminds us that science cannot wait for empirical hypotheses to be verified and Duhem’ s problem reminds us that we cannot expect full refutations either. We must settle for something less. The shape of this something less depends on which features of full verification and refutation we choose to emphasize. If we conceive of verification and refutation as arguments in which evidence entails the hypothesis or its negation, then the central problem of the philosophy of science is to explicate a relation of confirmation or support that is weaker than full entailment but that serves, none the less, to justify empirical conclusions.
The Theory of Knowledge: Saving Epistemology from the Epistemologists
Authors: Morton Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When philosophers of science address questions about confirmation, evidence, knowledge and rational belief they are usually addressing special cases of more general epistemological questions. But the flavor of the discussion is often quite different. Philosophers of science are concerned with a particular complex of belief acquiring institutions and practices. They want to know how they work, how well they work, and how they can be kept in good working order. Mainstream epistemologists, on the other hand, are usually motivated by concerns coming from within philosophy, or from pure intellectual puzzlement. This can make epistemology a very academic business.
Seneca in his Philosophical Milieu
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophical environment in which Seneca wrote was very different from the one which Cicero knew, and I want to present a somewhat exploratory sketch of that environment, one which will show how distinctive Seneca’s philosophical world was. No doubt many of the differences between them were matters of personal temperament and decision, and such factors cannot really be understood in a non-circular way. But many other differences were, I think, the result of social and political evolution at Rome; for during the century separating their careers, Roman society underwent a rapid and indeed revolutionary phase of social change. It would be remarkable if such change did not have some impact on the work of pagan Rome’s two greatest philosophical writers.
Moral Judgement in Seneca
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are all familiar with the notion of a moral judgement. In the vocabulary of ethical debate, this term is so common as to be acliche´. While we have different theories about how we make such judgements, it would seem distinctly odd to observe that ‘judgement’ is a term transferred from another semantic do- main and to attempt to sort out its meaning by scrutinizing its source or to impugn the clarity or usefulness of the term on the grounds that it began its conceptual career as a mere metaphor. Whatever origins the term may have had, they now seem irrelevant. But is this really so? I want to argue that moral judgement has not always been taken as a bland general synonym for moral decisions and that it need not be; to see that we can consider uses of the terminology of moral ‘ judgement’ in which the original semantic sphere for such language (the judicial sphere) is still relevant to understanding how it is used.
Reason, Rationalization, and Happiness in Seneca
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ancient Stoicism of all periods, the cultivation of rationality is taken to be the key to happiness. Following the Socratic ideal, the Stoics focused their efforts on the care of the soul, convinced that this was a necessary condition for human happiness and that perfection in this endeavour was indeed a sufficient condition. They held, further, that the adult human soul was essentially rational: reason permeates the entire soul and there are no distinct anti-rational forces within it which require cultivation or appeasement. It is true that they allowed for a division of the soul into eight ‘ parts’, but seven of these play such a clearly subordinate role that in practice only the ‘leading part’ of the soul, the he gemonikon, needs to be considered. (The subordinate seven are, of course, the five senses, necessary for supplying information about the world, the reproductive function, necessary for passing on our human nature to our off- spring, and the power of utterance, necessary for interaction with other rational and articulate agents.)
Seneca on Freedom and Autonomy
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hardly a new notion that the idea of ‘freedom’ was crucially important to Stoic thought. But it is an issue which has been bedevilled by a number of misconceptions and confusions, most significantly the mistaken notion that ‘freedom’ was an import- ant part of the debate on determinism and responsibility— which is for us most often cast in terms of fate and ‘free will’ or determinism and human freedom. In the wake of an import- ant recent book, though, Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophyby Susanne Bobzien, it is possible to disentangle these issues and to see how novel Epictetus’ contribution was. As Bobzien shows in her chapter 7, the concept of freedom and the concept of ‘what depends on us’ were originally quite distinct in Stoicism and it is only after Epictetus that we find them definitively linked.
Morality’s Progress
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morality's Progress is the summation of nearly three decades of work by a leading figure in environmental ethics and bioethics. The twenty-two papers here are invigoratingly diverse, but together tell a unified story about various aspects of the morality of our relationships to animals and to nature. Jamieson's direct and accessible essays will convince sceptics that thinking about these relations offers great intellectual reward, and his work here sets a challenging, controversial agenda for the future.
Political Community Beyond the Sovereign State, Supranational Federalism, and Transnational Minorities
Authors: Bauböck Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cosmopolitan perspective needs not only a conception of global identities and global governance, but also of forms of political community beyond state borders. We can imagine the relations between political communities within a larger supranational context in four different ways: as separate, nested, multilevel or overlapping. The Hobbesian paradigm in international relations imagines sovereign states as separate communities; Kant’s vision of eternal peace promoted a confederation of free republics; the EU moves towards a regional model of multi-level governance and citizenship. These three ways of constructing a political community beyond the state, use existing state-based polities as building blocks for the larger structure. This is different from the transnational minorities whose political membership or aspirations for self-government cut across the boundaries of state-based communities. I discuss three types of such groups: trans border national minorities, indigenous minorities and immigrant minorities.
Bridging the digital divide : new route to development or new form of dependency?
Authors: Wade Robert Hunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Catholic Church has the practice of appointing a ‘devil’s advocate’ (Advocatus Diaboli) when considering a person for sainthood. The role of the advocate is to ferret out all the reasons why that person should not be made a saint and present them forcefully in the discussion among the cardinals who make the decision. The current campaign to promote the uptake of ICT in developing countries and to get aid donors to redirect their aid budgets needs devil’s advocates to challenge what J. S. Mill once called ‘the deep slumber of a decided opinion’.
Introduction
Authors: Ariew André , Perlman Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans often create objects with a purpose in mind, endowing the objects with particular functions. It is taken to be relatively unproblematic to have artifacts receive their functions from the intentions of their inventors. For example, can-openers are invented with the function of opening cans. But functions have a checkered philosophical history when applied to the natural world. In the past, they have been expected to carry a lot of explanatory weight, sometimes to the point of investing every event and every part of every object with either some cosmic function or some end-directing inner force.