bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Geotechnical Engineering Consolidation and Physical Science Filtration Testing Techniques for Soils and Suspensions
Authors: Stickland AD , Scales PJ , Styles JR 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTraditionally, there have been two approaches to the modelling and prediction of the extent and rate of dewatering of particulate networks: consolidation theory and filtration theory, developed by geotechnical engineers and physical scientists, respectively. The physical situations and governing equations for Terzaghi's consolidation model (Terzaghi and Peck 1967) and Landman and White's filtration model (Landman and White 1997) are essentially the same. However, their methods of determining the relative dewatering parameters differ. The consolidation method matches experimental data from oedometer testing to the theoretical predictions of the model in order to determine the coefficient of consolidation, cv. The filtration method determines a solids diffusivity coefficient, D, based upon the experimental data from a filtration rig, which is then used in modelling to make predictions.This work aims to highlight the similarities between the two approaches, initially by demonstrating the theoretical relationship between the two parameters, cv and D, and then through experimental determination. The material characteristics of a kaolin sample undergoing one-dimensional (zero lateral strain) compression are determined using both oedometer and filtration testing and equated using the developed theoretical relationship. The results indicate that the two testing methods are essentially the same, and that their relevant analysis techniques give similar outcomes. Consequently, geotechnical engineers can use filtration methods and physical scientists can use consolidation methods.
Optimization of Aspect Ratio of Waste Tire Shreds in Sand-Shred Mixtures Using CBR Tests
Authors: Ghazavi M , Sakhi MA 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The advantage of optimizing aspect ratio (length to width) of waste tire shreds on California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of sand-tire shred mixtures is investigated in this paper. The mixtures were composed of a relatively uniform sand and tire shreds with 2-, 3-, and 4-cm widths and various lengths. Shred contents of 15, 30, and 50 % by volume were mixed with sand at two sand matrix unit weights of 15.5 kN/m3 and 16.8 kN/m3. The results show that the influencing parameters on CBR of the mixtures are sand matrix unit weight, shred content, shred width, and aspect ratios of tire shreds. The variation of aspect ratios can increase CBR up to 850%. The average value for the influence of the shred aspect ratio on CBR was about 161%. For a given shred width, there is only a certain length giving the greatest CBR for sand-tire shred mixtures, regardless of shred contents and compaction effort. This is the main objective sought in this paper.
Statistical Evaluation of the Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Lateritic Soil
Authors: Nwaiwu CMO , Osinubi KJ , Afolayan JO 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This paper examines the variation of hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lateritic soil with molding water content, dry unit weight, and initial degree of saturation under as-compacted conditions. Trends in the hydraulic conductivity versus molding water content relationships are similar to those obtained for nonlateritic, temperate zone soils. Hydraulic conductivity generally decreased as dry unit weight and initial degree of saturation increased. However, for the same values of dry unit weight, specimens compacted on the wet side of optimum water content yielded lower hydraulic conductivities than those compacted on the dry side of optimum water content. For lateritic soil specimens compacted at about 2% or more on the wet side of optimum water content, hydraulic conductivities less than 1 × 10−7 cm/s can be achieved when the dry unit weight is greater than or equal to 16.3 kN/m3 and initial saturation is greater than or equal to 88%. Statistical analysis of the results obtained in this study show that relatively weak relationships exist between hydraulic conductivity and molding water content or dry unit weight. Stronger relationships are obtained when hydraulic conductivity is plotted against initial degree of saturation. It is shown that a more accurate prediction of hydraulic conductivity can be achieved when a multiple regression equation is used to relate degree of saturation and compaction energy to hydraulic conductivity. The British Standard heavy compactive effort offers a wider range of molding water contents within which soils can be compacted to yield low hydraulic conductivity. This range is, however, limited by consideration for long-term desiccation and shear strength.
Combined TDR and P-Wave Velocity Measurements for the Determination of In Situ Soil Density—Experimental Study
Authors: Fratta D , Alshibli KA , Tanner WM , Roussel L 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This paper summarizes a new nondestructive approach for the evaluation of soil density and water content. This new measurement methodology involves evaluating the dielectric permittivity and the P-wave velocity in soils as the water content is increased. These values are then related to the volumetric water content, porosity, and skeleton shear stiffness, which are needed to back-calculate the density and water content of the tested soil specimens. Experimental laboratory results are briefly summarized. These test results show a potential for developing a new device. Electronic equipment and sensors for the proposed device include a TDR system, miniature piezoelectric accelerometers, signal conditioner system, and oscilloscope for data acquisition.
Engineering Properties of Wet-Pluviated Hollow Cylindrical Specimens
Authors: O'Kelly BC , Naughton PJ 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA hollow cylinder apparatus was used to study some engineering properties of hollow cylindrical sand specimens prepared using the wet-pluviation technique. The refined specimen preparation method had good repeatability. Wet pluviation produced inherently cross-anisotropic specimens, with the initial level of anisotropy reducing with decreasing initial void ratio. The variation in the initial void ratio of the sand specimens was related to the volume of the specimens. The stress-strain responses under isotropic consolidation were not significantly affected by the small variations in the initial void ratios that occurred for a target initial specimen volume. The levels of membrane penetration recorded for the different specimens were independent of the applied cell confining pressure, and the amount of membrane penetration compared well with other experimental studies.
Effect of Alloying Elements and Impurities on in-BWR Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Sell H-J , Trapp-Pritsching S , Garzarolli F 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe data base on the corrosion behavior of Zr alloy materials under BWR conditions was evaluated with respect to the burnup target of 70 MWd/kgU. At high burnups, corrosion rate and the rate of hydrogen pickup (HPU) may increase. This onset of increase obviously depends on the material, but also seems to be significantly affected by the coolant water chemistry. Because small differences in corrosion behavior at lower burnup might become more and more important with increasing burnup, Framatome ANP has performed several studies on the separate and combined effects of (1) alloying content of the claddings, (2) cladding material condition, (3) impurity content of the cladding, and (4) the coolant chemistry. This paper focuses on the effects the concentration of alloying elements and of impurities (including microstructural differences imposed by the annealing treatment) have on corrosion. The corrosion effects were evaluated in material test irradiation programs in two BWRs. Zircaloy type materials processed at low temperatures (LTP), defined by a low particle growth parameter (PGP) value, exhibit a maximum corrosion resistance between 1.2 and 1.5 % Sn. Impurities, such as C, O, and P can increase the corrosion of Zircaloy in BWRs at high burnup. The higher the corrosion resistance of the base material, the more pronounced is the increase seen at high burnup. Above a critical PGP value, in-pile corrosion increases. At high burnups, Zry-4 shows a higher increase with increasing PGP than Zry-2, whereas at lower burnups both behave similarly. The critical PGP value varies with the chemical composition, such as Fe, Cr, and Ni content and the distribution of second phase particles (SPP). The effect of Si is more complex. Si increases in-pile corrosion at contents in excess of 140 ppm. Contents at 80 to 140 ppm can be beneficial, when the β-quench rate applied during fabrication is not high enough to ensure a uniform distribution of the SPP, and the alloying composition and the concentration of impurities is in a beneficial range. The hydrogen pickup fraction (HPUF) of Zircaloy type samples in BWRs decreases with decreasing corrosion resistance but differs from plant to plant. There are indications that the difference can partially be attributed to the Fe content in the coolant.The results are in agreement with the irradiation experience with Zry-2 LTP cladding extending up to 73 MWd/kgU in different BWRs.
Comparison of the High Burn-Up Corrosion on M5 and Low Tin Zircaloy-4
Authors: Bossis P , Pêcheur D , Hanifi K , Thomazet J , Blat M 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The corrosion and hydriding behavior of M5 and low tin Zircaloy-4 in PWR have been compared at high burn-ups (&gt;70 GWd/t). Whereas low tin Zircaloy-4 reached about 90 μm in oxide thickness and is subjected to significant precipitation of hydride rims at the metal/oxide interface, the oxide layer on M5 remains below 20 μm, and a hydrogen content remains below 100 ppm. Owing to the modification of the oxide structure and hydrogen localization observed, it is proposed that, concerning the high burn-up corrosion acceleration of Zircaloy-4, the tin content is the parameter governing the onset of the high burn-up corrosion acceleration, which is further accelerated by hydride precipitation at the metal/oxide interface and dissolution of precipitates. On M5, since no significant evolution of the oxide structure was observed, and none of the parameters identified as contributors to acceleration are present, no acceleration of corrosion kinetics is expected at higher burn-ups.
Enhanced Recovery and Real-Time PCR Based Quantification of Mycobacteria from Metalworking Fluids
Authors: Yadav JS , Selvaraju SB , Khan IUH 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, especially Mycobacterium immunogenum and M. chelonae, that are associated with metalworking fluids (MWF) have been implicated in occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), asthma, and other respiratory illnesses in the MWF exposed metal workers. Cultural recovery and quantification of mycobacterial population from the contaminated MWF is often cumbersome, especially due to the presence of other microbial contaminants and due to the frequently coexisting culturable and non-culturable fractions of the mycobacterial population in these fluids triggered by improper fluid management and storage conditions. Here we report on role of sample storage conditions in reducing cultural recovery, optimization of methods for enhanced recovery, and culture-independent DNA-based quantification of mycobacteria (culturable and non-culturable) from MWF matrices. The recovery optimization included strategies for selective suppression of gram-positive and gram-negative co-contaminants using antibiotic mixture and revival of the injured cells (viable-but-non-culturable, VBNC). A real-time PCR method designed based on Mycobacterium-specific PCR primers [9] was further developed to attain a minimum quantification limit of 1 CFU/ml, using pristine or used MWF simulated with M. immunogenum in the background of microbial co-contaminants. The method was validated by comparing its quantification efficiency with conventional agar plating and evaluated for direct quantification of total mycobacteria, including culturable and non-culturable, using contaminated field MWF. The state-of-the art methods developed in this study for selective recovery and real-time PCR based quantification would allow rapid and efficient analysis of field MWF samples for mycobacteria including both culturable and non-culturable sub-populations.
Modelling the Redistribution of Residual Stresses at Elevated Temperature in Components
Authors: Lee H-Y , Nikbin KM 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
In this study the effects of high temperature relaxation on the residual stresses has been examined for T-plate and tubular T-joint geometries by numerical analysis using elasto-plastic-creep finite element modelling. It is shown that residual stresses are important, especially at the early stages of lifetime before the residual stresses relax rapidly. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying the creep properties and geometric constraint under plane stress and plane strain conditions. A comprehensive residual stress profile derived from measured residual stresses of a range of steels and different geometries that have been welded, cold bent, repair welded, or overloaded, was used as a ‘Master curve’ of the residual stresses. In all cases compared, it has been shown that the transverse measured residual stresses were tensile at the surface The stress intensity factor (SIF) estimates using the master curve profile for the T-Plate, and tubular T-joint geometries are lower compared to current case specific residual stress profiles used in R6 and BS7910 procedures but is still sufficiently conservative when compared with experimental measured residual stress data. It has also been shown that the numerically calculated residual stresses induced by overload in this study compare well at the surface with the master curve but decrease more rapidly with respect to crack depth compared to experimental values. Furthermore, by considering creep stress relaxation rates from the present FE calculations, it is shown that the peak surface residual stresses drop rapidly to about 50% at the relatively short duration of the first 1000 h. The SIF values of the predicted residual stresses are found to be lower than the experimentally measured data, and they are also found to be insensitive to stress relaxation in the through depth of the T-plate and tubular T-joint geometries. It was shown that the master curve gives an overall conservative SIF, though reduced, for the weld residual stresses as well as for residual stresses derived from overload. Furthermore, where redistribution of the residual stresses is concerned, it is shown that present profiles may all be unduly conservative in their SIF estimations.
Discriminating Sex in South African Blacks Using Patella Dimensions
Authors: Dayal MR , Bidmos AB 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
For many years, sex determination has been carried out on skeletal remains to identify individuals in forensic cases and to assess populations in archaeological cases. Since it has been shown that not all bones are found in a forensic case, discriminant function equations should be derived for all bones of the body to assist in sex determination. Numerous studies have shown the usefulness of bones of the lower extremity (e.g. femur, tibia) in sex determination using discriminant function analysis, but the use of patella measurements has not been extensively investigated for this purpose. It is therefore the aim of this study to derive discriminant function equations for sex determination from measurements of the patella of South African blacks as represented in the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons. A total sample of 120 (60 male, 60 female) patellae were measured using six measurements. The Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) program was used to derive the equations. Stepwise and direct analyses were performed with the highest rate of classification of 85% thereby making the patella useful for sex determination. Thus, the proposed equations derived from this study should be used with caution and only on the South African black population group.
Fungal DNA Challenge in Human STR Typing of Bone Samples
Authors: Calacal GC , De Ungria MCA 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The present study focuses on possible cross-reaction of fungal DNA with human STR primers that may affect subsequent forensic DNA analysis of forensic samples. Specificity of human STR markers namely HUMAMEL, HUMCSF1PO, D8S306, HUMTH01, HUMvWA, HUMFES/FPS, HUMF13A01, HUMDHFRP2, HUMFGA and HUMTPOX was tested using DNA of 24 different filamentous fungal isolates obtained from exhumed bone samples. The specificity of these ten STR markers for human DNA was demonstrated. Presence of non-human DNA in five bone samples analyzed did not alter scoring of detected alleles. Notably, amplification was inhibited in the presence of a high proportion of fungal DNA compared to human DNA (1000 ng: 1 ng) in DNA mixture experiments. The results of the present study underscore the importance of carefully analyzing the presence of non-human biological contaminants that may affect DNA typing of environmentally challenged forensic samples to avoid spurious data interpretation.
Semi-automated Ultrasound Facial Soft Tissue Depth Registration: Method and Validation
Authors: De Greef S , Claes P , Mollemans W , Loubele M , Vandermeulen D , Suetens P , Willems G 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
A mobile and fast, semi-automatic ultrasound (US) system was developed for facial soft tissue depth registration. The system consists of an A-Scan ultrasound device connected to a portable PC with interfacing and controlling software. For 52 cephalometric landmarks, the system was tested for repeatability and accuracy by evaluating intra-observer agreement and comparing ultrasound and CT-scan results on 12 subjects planned for craniofacial surgery, respectively. A paired t-test evaluating repeatability of the ultrasound measurements showed 5.7% (n = 3) of the landmarks being significantly different (p &lt; 0.01). US and CT-scan results showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.01) using a Wilcoxon signed rank test analysis for 11.5% (n = 6) of the landmarks. This is attributed to a difference in the volunteer's head position between lying (CT) and sitting (US). Based on these tests, we conclude that the proposed registration system and measurement protocol allows relatively fast (52 landmarks/20 min), non-invasive, repeatable and accurate acquisition of facial soft tissue depth measurements.
Commentary on: Budowle B, Shea B, Niezgoda S, Chakraborty R. CODIS STR loci data from 41 sample populations. J Forensic Sci 2001;46:453–489.
Authors: Kornfield IL 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSir, Analysis of CODIS data from a large study of human populations by Budowle et al. (1) raised concerns articulated in a Commentary by Krane et al. (2) and rebutted in the Authors' Response by Chakraborty et al. (3). One aspect of this exchange merits additional discussion.
The Stalking of Public Figures: Management and Intervention
Authors: Hoffmann JM , Sheridan LP 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Public figures are at relatively high risk of unusual contact initiated by fixated individuals. Prior research on managing the threat presented by public figure stalkers concludes that although direct threats rarely precede attacks, there is usually evidence of pre-planning. Furthermore, some public figure attackers do attempt to communicate with their future intended victim prior to attack. Thus, early warning signs from unusual contact behavior can be a powerful tool in threat assessment and risk management. The current paper offers a systematic concept for managing public figure stalking and constitutes five stages: (i) screening, (ii) first analysis, (iii) passive research, (iv) active research and finally (v) considered management strategy. It is concluded that assessment and management of risk are dynamic procedures, requiring ongoing monitoring and flexibility. Furthermore, although different stalkers will engage in ostensibly similar behavior, their motives and underlying psychopathologies may vary considerably. As such, all interventions require individual construction.
Isotopic Fractionation of Carbon and Nitrogen During the Illicit Processing of Cocaine and Heroin in South America
Authors: Casale JF , Ehleringer JR , Morello DR , Lott MJ 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The forensic application of stable isotope analysis to cocaine and heroin for geolocation of exhibits must take into account the possible enrichment and/or depletion of 13C and 15N during the illicit manufacturing process. Continuous-flow elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was utilized to measure changes in the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen for both cocaine (N = 92) and heroin/morphine (N = 81) exhibits derived from illicit manufacturing processes utilized by South American clandestine chemists. In controlled settings in South America, there was no siginficiant carbon isotope fractionation during the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine HCl using current illict methodologies. In contrast, nitrogen isotope fractionation for this conversion was 1‰. There was a kinetic carbon isotope ratio fractionation during the acetylation of Colombian morphine to heroin and as a result heroin exhibits will almost always have more negative δ13C values than the original morphine. There was an isotopic fractionation against 15N during the acetylation of morphine base to heroin base, but this effect was not expressed since all of the heroin base was precipitated during the manufacturing process. However, the clandestine process of converting a single batch of heroin base usually involved two consecutive crops of heroin HCl and the latter crop was isotopically depleted as expected from a Rayleigh distillation process. When heroin was deacetylated to morphine, the morphine produced resulted in δ13C values that were indistinguishable from the original morphine. The kinetic carbon isotope fractionation factor for the South American process of morphine acetylation was -1.8‰, allowing calculation of the δ13C values of the acetic anhydride from deacetylated heroin δ13C values.
An Ideal Material for the Preparation of Known Toolmark Test Impressions
Authors: Petraco N , Petraco ND , Pizzola PA 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Traditionally, toolmark test exemplars are produced by applying a tool's working surface to a piece of soft metal such as lead. Soft, pliable metals are primarily used for this purpose because they will replicate the microscopic grooves present on a tool's working surface without damaging the tool. In this paper the authors present an alternative material for the preparation of test toolmarks. Jewelry modeling or carving waxes are utilized in this study. These waxes are designed for the jewelry modeling industry to create very fine, highly detailed wax models of jewelry pieces that will be cast in various metals utilizing the lost wax casting method. Jeweler's waxes have been found to be ideal for preparing test toolmarks from exemplar tools. The test tool's working surface is applied to a piece of the appropriate wax in a manner consistent with the tool's design. The replicas obtained are exact, highly detailed, 1:1, negative impressions of the exemplar tools working surface, have a long shelf-life, and are suitable for use in toolmark examination and comparison cases.