bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MECHANISM OF THE VOMITING INDUCED BY ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE (TARTAR EMETIC)
Authors: Weiss Soma , Hatcher Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that tartar emetic acts on the stomach to induce emesis after its oral administration, that only traces are present in the vomitus following its intravenous injection (Kleimann and Simonowitsch), and that it does not induce emesis when it is applied directly to the vomiting center (Thumas).
2. In the present study, which was made with cats except when otherwise specifically stated, the intravenous injection of tartar emetic caused emesis (typical vomiting movements) after the removal of the entire gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the anus.
3. Cutting the vagi inhibits emesis after the intravenous injection of any dose of tartar emetic, though nausea may be induced.
4. Cutting the vagi and simultaneously extirpating the stellate ganglia inhibits both nausea and vomiting after the intravenous injection of tartar emetic.
5. Extirpation of the celiac ganglion and simultaneous cutting of the vagi just below the level of the diaphragm does not prevent emesis following the intravenous injection of tartar emetic.
6. Cutting the vagi prevents vomiting after the introduction of large doses of tartar emetic into the stomach, but massive doses may still cause emesis. Vagotomy probably has less influence on the emetic action of a moderately large dose of tartar emetic introduced into a loop of the duodenum.
7. Atropine has very nearly the same effect on the emetic action of tartar emetic as cutting the vagi, but much larger doses are necessary to abolish the effect of the introduction of tartar emetic into the stomach in moderate amounts than that of equal amounts injected intravenously.
8. The facts just stated point to the heart as the seat of reflex vomiting following the intravenous injection of tartar emetic.
9. The intravenous injection of tartar emetic induces afferent emetic impulses which pass from the heart to the vomiting center mainly by way of the vagus, to a much less extent by way of the sympathetic nerve and the stellate ganglia.
10. The introduction of tartar emetic into the stomach induces afferent emetic impulses which pass upward mainly by way of the vagus, to a much less extent by way of the sympathetic nerve.
11. The introduction of tartar emetic into the duodenum induces afferent emetic impulses which pass upward partly by way of the sympathetic nerve, partly by way of the vagus.
12. It seems probable that the path taken by afferent emetic impulses induced in the gastrointestinal tract by tartar emetic depends on the innervation of the organ concerned, and not on any selective action of the poison on the afferent nerve.
BLOOD DESTRUCTION DURING EXERCISE
Authors: Broun G. O. 
Published: June 2004

A definite increase in the percentage of reticulocytes occurs after exercise in animals previously kept to a sedentary life. Concomitant changes in the hemoglobin percentage, plasma-cell ratio, and red count offer evidence in addition to that already reported by the author of the occurrence of an increase in blood destruction under such circumstances.
Replacement by transfusion of blood destroyed during exercise prevents the reticulated cell reaction. Animals rendered plethoric and then exercised show no increase in reticulated cells while the plethora persists.
The fact is emphasized that exercise must be an important factor in the maintenance of an efficient hematopoietic tissue.
BLOOD DESTRUCTION DURING EXERCISE
Authors: Broun G. O. 
Published: June 2004

Animals recently caged do not show as large a decrease in cell volume after exercise as those which have been confined several months.
When a dog kept for a long time under sedentary conditions is exercised continuously for several weeks, a decrease in cell volume occurs in the 1st or 2nd week of exercise, but usually by the end of the 3rd week the loss has been made up. Apparently by this time the hematopoietic tissues have adapted themselves to the increased demands made upon them by the hastened rate of destruction. There is, furthermore, some anatomical evidence that such is the case.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

Mice bred at The Rockefeller Institute vary in their susceptibility to mouse typhoid infection caused by a certain strain of Bacillus pestis caviæ.
This graded variation may be roughly analyzed as follows: in any series infected per os with a fixed dose, 20 to 30 per cent show no sign of infection, no positive blood cultures, and no agglutinins; 5 or 10 per cent present symptoms of disease, positive blood cultures, and then recover with or without homologous agglutinins; 70 or 80 per cent develop positive blood cultures and succumb in a more or less constant ratio relative to time.
The strain of Bacillus pestis caviæ employed throughout a 10 month series of experiments has shown no permanent change in virulence. Blood cultures taken from infected mice early in disease, shortly after death, and 6 days after death, chronic stool carrier cultures, and chronic septicemia cultures, all show approximately the same degree of virulence.
THE INCREASED ABSORPTION OF X-RAYS BY VITALLY STAINED WHITE RATS
Authors: Baldwin Wesley M. 
Published: June 2004

The object of this investigation was to test out the sensitizing effect of various vital stains upon rat tissues in the presence of x-ray energy. For the purposes of the experiment, it had been found that a dosage of
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at 50 kilovolts induced death in white rats within 110 to 120 hours. This amount of energy was selected as a tentative standard for the experiments. The preliminary injection of small amounts of such stains as trypan blue in 0.5 per cent aqueous solution sensitized the rat tissues to such an extent that the period of viability of these rats after administration of the standard dosage of x-ray energy, was shortened to from 60 to 70 hours. The cause of death in the stained rats has not been ascertained despite careful histologic study. Considerable variation in the susceptibility of rats to the combined procedure was noted.
THE DETERMINATION OF LUNG VOLUME WITHOUT FORCED BREATHING
Authors: Van Slyke Donald D. , Binger Carl A. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for the determination of lung volumes without forced breathing.
2. The method determined total capacity and its subdivisions coincidently.
3. The values obtained were independent of the length of time during which the subject rebreathed after gas mixture was once established.
4. The maximum error of the method is estimated at ± 3 per cent of the lung volume determined. Considerably greater variation from the mean may be encountered, however, because of inconstancy in the lung positions assumed by the subject.
STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF TETANUS BACILLI IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT TO TETANUS ANTITOXIN IN THE BLOOD
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl , Bauer Johannes H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The sera of twenty-six individuals who carried tetanus bacilli in their digestive tracts all contained appreciable amounts of antitoxin.
2. The sera of thirty individuals in whose stools no tetanus-like organisms were found were, with two exceptions, free from tetanus antitoxin.
3. Although we have been unable to measure accurately the antitoxin content of these human carriers of tetanus bacilli, 0.1 cc. of serum neutralizes 10 or more M.L.D. of toxin and it is evident that they have acquired an active immunity due to the bacilli in the intestinal tract.
4. These results definitely prove that tetanus bacilli grow in the intestinal tract of man.
5. Many of the individuals who have no tetanus bacilli in their intestinal tracts and whose serum is free from antitoxin show agglutinins to tetanus bacilli. It is probable that they have been carriers of the bacilli in the past and that the agglutinins have persisted longer than the antitoxins. It seems likely, therefore, that these individuals are potentially immune to tetanus.
6. If tetanus bacilli can be established in the digestive tract of man we have a means of immunization which might be useful in armies or in regions where tetanus infections are common, though we do not recommend this method of immunization at present.
THE RELATION OF ANTIBODY TO THE RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF CIRCULATING ANTIGEN
Authors: Mackenzie George M. ,   With the Assistance of Emily Frühbauer.
Published: June 2004

1. In rabbits previously immunized to horse serum the rate of disappearance of horse serum after reinjection is somewhat more rapid than in control animals not previously immunized. But when the average duration of the persistence of antigen in ten previously immunized rabbits is compared with the average duration of persistence in ten normal controls, the difference is not impressive. This holds true for animals previously immunized by repeated injections but having no free circulating antibody, as well as for animals having a high titer of antibody at the time of reinjection. The same animal may dispose of circulating antigen as rapidly at a time when the blood contains no precipitin as when there is a high titer of circulating precipitin.
2. The intravenous injection of large amounts of potent antihorse rabbit serum immediately after an injection of horse serum does not materially accelerate the rate of disappearance of the horse serum from the circulation. While the number of days that circulating antigen was demonstrable in two experiments of this type was less than the average of controls the duration of persistence was within the limits of variation of normal controls.
3. Under the condition of the experiments intravascular union of antigen and antibody is an unimportant factor in the mechanism for disposal of antigen. By exclusion it therefore seems probable that the rate of disappearance of antigen is largely dependent upon cell avidity for the antigen.
4. Rabbits show a wide range of individual variation in the rapidity with which foreign serum is appropriated by the tissue cells, and in their ability to form precipitins. There does not appear to be any close relation between the amount of precipitin set free in the circulation and the rate of disappearance of precipitinogen.
5. The type of interrelation between precipitin and precipitinogen—demonstrable not infrequently in patients with serum disease—in which the precipitinogen diminishes rapidly when the precipitin rises to the crest of its curve is sometimes reproduced in rabbits. The type of curve which has been observed in patients with little or no serum disease in which the precipitinogen persists steadily in the circulation for many weeks and little or no antibody is formed, has not been observed in the present series of rabbits.
THE MECHANISM OF BACTERIOSTASIS
Authors: Churchman John W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Between Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms gentian violet exhibits the same type of selective activity whether the dye be added to the media on which the bacteria are planted unstained (extrinsic bacteriostasis), or the organisms be stained with it before being planted on plain agar (intrinsic bacteriostasis). In both instances the Gram-positives are inhibited and the Gram-negatives unaffected.
2. Between Gram-positive spore-bearing aerobes and the commoner Gram-negative bacteria, acid fuchsin, related sulfonic substances, and the flavines exhibit one type of selective activity when the dye is added to the media (extrinsic bacteriostasis) and the opposite type when it is added directly to the bacteria (intrinsic bacteriostasis). In the former case, the Gram-positive spore bearers are inhibited and the Gram-negatives unaffected; in the latter case the Gram-negatives are inhibited and the Gram-positive spore bearers unaffected.
3. Selective bacteriostasis is not necessarily conditioned by selective penetrability. Stained organism may grow, and dyes which do not stain well may inhibit reproduction.
4. There is evidence that the phenomena of bacteriostasis may be due to changes effected by the dye at the surface of the organisms.
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM SALICYLATE UPON THE ARTHRITIS OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Boots Ralph H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits inoculated intravenously with non-hemolytic streptococci, while under the influence of full therapeutic doses of sodium salicylate, developed almost as many inflamed joints as the untreated controls similarly inoculated.
2. The salicylated rabbits, on the other hand, had a much higher proportion of mildly inflamed Joints than did the controls.
3. This anti-inflammatory action was most evident in the animals inoculated with streptococci of the lowest virulence, and could not be demonstrated in animals inoculated with hemolytic streptococci.
STABLE SUSPENSIONS OF AUTOAGGLUTINABLE BACTERIA
Authors: De Kruif Paul H. , Northrop John H. 
Published: June 2004

Autoagglutinating cultures of Type G, bacillus of rabbit septicemia, can be rendered stable by suspension in glycocoll-acetate-phosphate buffer mixtures pH 7.5 and 7.1. Distilled water suspensions can also be employed if the normal and immune serum under test is diluted with buffers of this pH instead of with 0.85 per cent NaCl.
Five intensely autoagglutinable strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus have been stabilized by washing and by suspending in 0.001 N NaOH. Specific agglutination of these stable suspensions by rabbit antistreptococcus serum could be demonstrated by diluting the serum with M/320 NaCl.
ANTAGONISTIC GROWTH-ACTIVATING AND GROWTH-INHIBITING PRINCIPLES IN SERUM
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

The substances precipitated by CO2 from the serum of chickens 1 or 2 years old slightly increased the activity of pure cultures of a 10 year old strain of fibroblasts, an indication that a growth-promoting substance had been obtained from the serum. The rate of growth of fibroblasts was slower in serum deprived of its globulins and the increase of the inhibiting effect of the treated serum is thus manifested. It would appear that the inhibiting action of serum is referable to one or several growth-activating substances which precipitate by CO2, and to one or several growth-retarding substances which remain in the supernatant serum after the precipitate has been thrown down by centrifugation.
It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:
1. A substance enhancing the proliferative activity of homologous fibroblasts is precipitated from serum by CO2.
2. The serum from which the precipitate has been removed inhibits the proliferation of homologous fibroblasts more markedly than does the original serum. The solution of the precipitate in the treated serum has about the same effect on fibroblasts as the original serum.
3. The restraining effect of serum on the activity of homologous fibroblasts is due in part to the antagonistic action of growth-activating and inhibiting substances.
THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES IN RABBITS BY A SIMPLIFIED INTRATRACHEAL METHOD
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

The method described of producing antibodies by the administration of antigens through the larynx is simple. The results obtained, however, conform closely to those obtained through intraperitoneal injection. The procedure is relatively a safe one and may well be employed in experimental inoculations. The advantages of rapidity and painlessness are obvious. In addition, gross injury has not been observed. Injections may be repeated at frequent intervals without danger to the life of the animal. The tube illustrated in Text-fig. 1 extends a little over 1 cm. into the trachea. The tube designed for the guinea pig reaches 2 or 3 mm. below the glottis. While the doses indicated in the protocols are small, 7 to 10 cc. of liquid have been given to rabbits by means of the tube without ill effects. It has been shown by the injection of India ink that the material is well distributed throughout the lungs in both the rabbit and guinea pig.
Under certain conditions it may be advisable to inject more deeply into the trachea, especially in the rabbit. The tube illustrated in Text-fig. 1 is not adaptable for this purpose. A cannula of larger diameter has proved of distinct advantage as a shield for introducing flexible catheters well down the trachea. A cannula 9 cm. long and 4 mm. in diameter when bent at an angle of 45° may be passed through the larynx of a rabbit without difficulty. A No. 8 (French) woven or No. 10 soft rubber catheter may be inserted into the cannula beyond the bend before the tube is passed through the glottis. After the tube has entered the glottis the catheter then may be introduced as deeply as desired into the teachea. The metal cannula enables the operator to "feel" the glottis.
From the experiments one seems justified in concluding that the results obtained by administering antigens by way of the trachea are about the same as those obtained by the intraperitoneal route. With the tubes described injury has been largely eliminated. The procedure is relatively a safe one.
THE DEPOSITION AND SUBSEQUENT COURSE OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE AND MANGANESE META-SILICATE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO CATS AND TO RABBITS
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Shaw Louis A. , Drinker Katherine R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Suspensions of manganese dioxide given intravenously to the cat are virtually eliminated from the body in 1 week (168 hours).
2. As this process of removal goes on, there is a transfer of manganese from lungs to liver.
3. Similar suspensions of manganese dioxide given intravenously to rabbits are excreted more rapidly, owing to the fact that in these animals the lungs are not involved and the whole process of removal from the blood is carried on by the liver.
4. A method for the quantitation of rhodonite (manganese metasilicate) is given.
5. Three different suspensions of rhodonite, varying in the size of the largest particles from 1.3 to 0.2µ, when injected intravenously into cats show a greater and greater tendency toward arrest in the liver as the size of the individual particles becomes smaller.
6. When rhodonite suspensions containing particles averaging 1.1µ in diameter are injected intravenously into cats, the primary sites of deposition are similar to those observed for manganese dioxide suspensions similarly injected. The disappearance of rhodonite is exceedingly slow and is apparently completed in about 50 days following injection.
7. Rhodonite should prove a suitable substance with which to attempt the production of lung fibrosis in cats through the medium of intravenous injection. Manganese dioxide, while a useful agent for studying the immediate sites of localization of particulate material carried by the blood, lacks permanency after deposition and is consequently unsuitable for studies upon chronic changes induced by foreign substances.
ARSENICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE TREATMENT OF BLACKHEAD IN TURKEYS
Authors: Tyzzer Ernest Edward 
Published: June 2004

The natural form of blackhead, although very fatal to young turkeys, is favorably influenced by treatment with certain of the newer arsenical compounds.
Neoarsphenamine injected intravenously in toxic doses has a somewhat favorable effect on the course of the spontaneous disease and evidently lowers the mortality. Its instability, its pronounced toxicity for young turkeys, as well as the difficulty of obtaining amounts suitable for the cases to be treated on any one occasion, serve to make its employment impracticable.
Less favorable results were obtained with atoxyl.
Arsenious acid fed daily in small doses failed to prevent blackhead and possibly increased the incidence of infection. In larger doses it failed to cure spontaneous blackhead.
Tryparsamide may be injected in cases of spontaneous blackhead in doses as high as 1 gm. per kilo of body weight either intravenously or subcutaneously without serious toxic effect. Prompt clinical improvement usually follows and the mortality is undoubtedly greatly lowered.
With inoculated blackhead recovery is more difficult to obtain. Birds treated by injections of either neoarsphenamine or atoxyl failed to recover. There were two recoveries among three tryparsamidetreated cases. An attempt to cure inoculated blackhead at an advanced stage by the injection of tryparsamide failed.
The study of the lesions of treated turkeys shows that tryparsamide, and to some extent neoarsphenamine, have a more pronounced effect on the liver lesions than on the disease in the lung, which accounts for the discrepancy in the results of the treatment of spontaneous and inoculated blackhead. There is histological evidence of prompt absorption of necrotic liver parenchyma; moreover, the protozoa are destroyed more rapidly in the liver than in the lung.
Tryparsamide has the most pronounced curative action on blackhead infection of any of the drugs thus far tested. Either intravenous or subcutaneous injection of appropriate doses of this drug at the first appearance of symptoms should serve to cure the majority of cases of blackhead.
CHANGES IN THE PARAOCULAR GLANDS ACCOMPANYING THE OCULAR LESIONS WHICH RESULT FROM A DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINE A
Authors: Lambert Robert A. , Yudkin Arthur M. 
Published: June 2004

There is evidence suggesting that the ophthalmia which results from a deficiency of vitamine A is secondary to some change outside the eyes, and that this change may lie in the paraocular glands. In rats these glands consist of the lacrimal, with its watery secretion, the Harderian, with a probable fatty product, and the Meibomian glands. A histological study of these structures shows questionable changes in the lacrimal and Meibomian glands, and marked changes in the Harderian gland.
The changes in the Harderian gland are both degenerative and inflammatory. The degenerative changes consist of swelling, vacuolation, and occasionally complete epithelial disintegration. The inflammatory lesions may be either acute or chronic. The acute reactions are sometimes diffuse, but are more often focal. Definite suppuration occasionally results. The acute process generally passes over into a chronic inflammation with mononuclear cell infiltration, fibrosis, and atrophy. The changes demonstrated indicate a serious disturbance in the secretion of the Harderian gland, such as may conceivably render the conjunctiva susceptible to infection.
Theses studies suggest the importance of investigating the paraocular glands in other types of conjunctival infection. It is possible that they may have a definite relation to the origin and course of such infections.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CELL CONSTITUENTS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Heidelberger M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The protein precipitated by acetic acid from solutions of pneumococci shows chemical reactions characteristic of nucleoprotein and mucoid.
2. The protein of pneumococcus, as contrasted with the non-protein soluble specific substance, exhibits species specificity rather than the type specificity characteristic of the latter.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX ON THE GONADS OF RABBITS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Marine David 
Published: June 2004

1. Moderate or marked ovarian enlargement has been observed in 76 per cent of rabbits which survived double suprarenalectomy over 30 days.
2. The ovarian enlargement consists essentially of an hypertrophy of the interstitial cells.
3. The hypertrophy of the interstitial cells is a compensatory reaction and adds further data to the functional interrelation between the suprarenal cortex and the interstitial cells.