bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cervical Sympathetic Deficit in Unilateral Migraine Headache
Authors: Drummond Peter D. 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISPupil diameter was measured during the headache‐free interval in 38 migraine sufferers selected from the general community. In each case, at least 70 percent of attacks recurred on the same side. Anisocoria was greater than in 40 control subjects, but miosis was not consistently greater on the usual side of headache. Average pupil diameter was similar in migraine sufferers and controls. In patients with pupillary dilatation lag on the usual side of headache, miosis persisted after 4% cocaine eyedrops. These findings suggest that cervical sympathetic outflow was lower on the usual side of headache in a subgroup of migraine sufferers. Pupillary dilatation to tyramine eyedrops was greater in control subjects than in migraine sufferers, consistent with decreased function of post‐ganglionic cervical sympathetic fibres. Pupillary dilatation to 1% phenylephrine eyedrops did not differ consistently between the headache and headache‐free sides, and was similar in migraine sufferers and controls. Thus, adrenergic supersensitivity of the pupils was not evident in this community sample of migraine sufferers. Vasodilatation or swelling of the arterial wall in the carotid canal could cause minor cervical sympathetic deficit in patients with frequent or severe attacks of migraine. Loss of sympathetic vascular tone could increase vasodilatation and pain during attacks.
Ear Pain Due to Cervical Spine Arthritis: Treatment With Cervical Facet Injection
Authors: Lamer Tim J. 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISTwo patients with cervical spine arthritis and ear pain were recently evaluated at our clinic. Injection of the C1–2 facet joints with local anesthetic plus corticosteroid resulted in relief of the pain. Therapeutic cervical facet injections may be indicated in cases of recalcitrant head and neck pain due to cervical spine arthritis.
Cluster‐like Headache and a Median Intracranial Calcified Lesion: Case Report
Authors: Narbone Maria Carola , D'Amico Domenico , Di Maria Franco , Arena Maria Grazia , Longo Marcello 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISA 69 year old man complaining of a cluster‐like headache is reported. CT scan showed a median intracranial calcified lesion. Two main considerations are: 1) the importance of searching for an underlying structural lesion in patients with an “atypical” cluster headache; 2) the possible significance of a lesion localized close to the midline structures in the pathogenesis of cluster headache.
RAPID BACTERIAL‐BASED BIOASSAYS FOR QUANTIFYING METHIONINE BIOAVAILABILITY IN ANIMAL FEEDS: A REVIEW
Authors: FROELICH C.A. , RICKE S.C. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT Animal and digestibility assays are the current method to quantitate methionine bioavailability. However, in addition to the costs, the variability and the time response can be hindered by a variety of factors. Ultimately, there is considerable need to develop and to optimize rapid, inexpensive in vitro assays to accurately and consistently measure the amount of digestible methionine that exists in feeds and to correlate them with in vivo assays. Attaining these objectives will allow for an inexpensive and rapid methionine assessment and will ultimately enable a timely assessment of the nutritional profiles of feedstuffs.
COMPARISON OF A RAPID PROCEDURE WITH THE MPN AND PETRIFILM METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF COLIFORMS IN PASTEURIZED MILK
Authors: RAYBAUDI M. ROSA M. , ZEA ZORAIDA ALEXANDRA , CURINI GABRIELE , MARTÍNEZ Y. AMAURY J. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT In the present study, a simple rapid test based on lactose fermentation, suggested in 1990 by Shrestha and Sinha for the rapid detection of coliforms in pasteurized milk, was evaluated. In the rapid test, a concentrate of the product (heat‐treated and inoculated with different levels of Escherichia coli – 102, 104and 106cells/mL), obtained by centrifugation, was mixed with an equivalent amount of double‐strength broth before incubation at 37C. A total of 60 samples of pasteurized milk was studied. Thirty of them were analyzed by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and by the rapid test. Mac Conkey, Brilliant Green Bile (BGB) and Violet Red Bile (VRB) were used as selective broths. A statistically significant negative relationship between the MPN method and the rapid detection time (obtained by rapid test) was found. The other 30 samples were used to compare the MPN, the rapid test and the Petrifilm® methods for rapid detection of coliforms. The detection times using VRB were shorter. The differences among the three methods were statistically significant.
RAPID AND EFFICIENT GENERATION OF PCR TEMPLATES FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AND ORYZA SATIVA USING A MICROWAVE AND BY BOILING
Authors: HE RAN , LUO XI , WANG QIANG , ZHANG YING , LIU QIUYUN , LI GANG , CUI LIANG , WANG ZHIXUE , CAO YAN , LI ZIJIN ,   DU CHENG, ZHANG WENQING , LI BAOJIAN , PANG YI 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT Simple methods for the preparation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) templates from Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oryza sativa using a microwave and by boiling are described without the need for any special chemical reagent such as a detergent. The microwave and boiling methods were robust for the preparation of both plasmid and genomic templates of E. coli, as was the boiling approach for S. cerevisiae DNA. The microwave procedure was only suitable for dry yeast colonies with fair efficiency as absence of water (H2O) was critical for a successful PCR. Oryza sativa genomic DNA was amplified with both approaches with satisfactory efficiency. Escherichia coli plasmids can be prepared using a microwave with a yield equivalent to 15–20% of an alkaline lysis mini‐prep. PCR templates were also efficiently generated from Pichia pastoris and Ganoderma lucidum by using the boiling method.
ESTIMATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF EGG USING CHROMOGENIC LIMULUS AMOEBOCYTE LYSATE ENDPOINT ASSAY
Authors: DANCER G.I. , KANG D.H. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT Gram‐negative microorganisms, including Pseudomonas and Aeromonas, are widely implicated in the spoilage of liquid egg products. The ratio of gram‐negative to gram‐positive organisms in egg is essentially constant, and the aerobic plate count (APC) gives a good indication of the overall microbiological quality of egg. However, this method requires 5 days to complete, which limits its practical application. Our objective was to determine whether the rapid chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay could be applied to assess the microbiological quality of eggs. A modified LAL (BioWhittaker, Inc., Walkersville, MD) procedure was compared with the APC. LAL values were plotted against conventional plate counts, and a strong correlation (R2 = 0.93; n = 40) was observed. Subsequent experiments showed that LAL values allow an accurate prediction of APC (R2 = 0.81; n = 50). These results indicate that the LAL assay is a viable alternative to APC for the estimation of the microbial load in egg, requiring just 16 min to complete.
A BIOSENSOR METHOD FOR A COMPETITIVE IMMUNOASSAY DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN B (SEB) IN MILK2
Authors: MEDINA MARJORIE B. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT A sensitive and more rapid biosensor method for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) is needed by the food industry. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is highly heat resistant and is a potential bioterrorism agent. Our research objective was to develop a competitive immunoassay using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for the detection of SEB below 1 ng/mL [part per billion (ppb)] in fresh fluid milk. The assay consisted of SEB immobilization on the sensor surface. An anti‐SEB was allowed to bind with the SEB in samples off line prior to the biosensor analysis. The excess and unbound anti‐SEB was then captured by SEB sensor. The assay conditions were optimized to detect SEB in HEPES buffer and in whole milk. An analysis of milk samples spiked with 0.312–50 ppb. SEB consisted of heating the samples at 95C followed by rapid cooling and centrifugation at 2961 × g to separate the skim fraction. Aliquots of the skim fraction containing SEB were allowed to bind with anti‐SEB for 30 or 60 min. The SEB and anti‐SEB complex were separated from the free anti‐SEB by centrifugation, and the supernatants were injected over the sensor. SEB was detectable in buffer at 0.78–50 ppb and in spiked whole and skim milk from 0.312–25 ppb. The biosensor analysis including the sensor regeneration was 15 min per sample in a fully automated system. The competitive assay format resulted in higher detection sensitivity and greater sample throughput than the SPR biosensor sandwich assay. The competitive assay will be utilized for the detection of SEB in various foods and will be optimized for the detection of other staphylococcal toxins in foods.
Ground water nitrate‐nitrogen trends in relation to urban development, Helena, Montana, 1971–2003
Authors: Drake Vivian M. , Bauder James W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGround water nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3−‐N) concentrations in the area of Helena, Montana, have increased in both magnitude and extent over the past three decades. It is hypothesized that increases are due to land‐use changes associated with urbanization. Population in the Helena area increased by 28.7% between 1990 and 2000, with a commensurate increase in subsurface waste water disposal. Aquifer NO3−‐N trends were examined using standard statistical methods applied to identical data sets compiled from 10 publicly funded investigations carried out between 1971 and 2003. Although these analyses indicated an overall increase in NO3−‐N over time, conventional statistical techniques applied to flawed data sets are not appropriate for analysis, nor do they illustrate combined temporal and spatial trends of anthropogenic aquifer impacts. In order to use publicly available data collected over decades, geographic information system spatial analysis using inverse distance–weighted interpolation was employed. Isopleth maps graphically depicting temporal changes in NO3−‐N concentrations and distribution throughout the study area (35,340 ha) were created. Analysis of these maps revealed increases in NO3−‐N concentration and extent over each separate decade. NO3−‐N increases were most evident in areas overlying bedrock aquifers and locales with high density and unpermitted septic systems. NO3−‐N concentrations did not appear to be increasing extensively in areas overlying the shallow alluvial aquifer or along major stream corridors. Urban development and concurrent loss of native and agricultural properties were the main changes in land use in the Helena, Montana, area over the 32‐year study period.
Behavior of a chlorinated ethene plume following source‐area treatment with Fenton's reagent
Authors: Chapelle Francis H. , Bradley Paul M. , Casey Clifton C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMonitoring data collected over a 6‐year period show that a plume of chlorinated ethene–contaminated ground water has contracted significantly following treatment of the contaminant source area using in situ oxidation. Prior to treatment (1998), concentrations of perchloroethene (PCE) exceeded 4500 μg/L in a contaminant source area associated with a municipal landfill in Kings Bay, Georgia. The plume emanating from this source area was characterized by vinyl chloride (VC) concentrations exceeding 800 μg/L. In situ oxidation using Fenton's reagent lowered PCE concentrations in the source area below 100 μg/L, and PCE concentrations have not rebounded above this level since treatment. In the 6 years following treatment, VC concentrations in the plume have decreased significantly. These concentration declines can be attributed to the movement of Fenton's reagent–treated water downgradient through the system, the cessation of a previously installed pump‐and‐treat system, and the significant natural attenuation capacity of this anoxic aquifer. While in situ oxidation briefly decreased the abundance and activity of microorganisms in the source area, this activity rebounded in <6 months. Nevertheless, the shift from sulfate‐reducing to Fe(III)‐reducing conditions induced by Fenton's treatment may have decreased the efficiency of reductive dechlorination in the injection zone. The results of this study indicate that source‐area removal actions, particularly when applied to ground water systems that have significant natural attenuation capacity, can be effective in decreasing the areal extent and contaminant concentrations of chlorinated ethene plumes.
Are marketing campaigns in Taiwan by foreign tobacco companies targeting young smokers?
Authors: Wen C P , Chen T , Tsai Y-Y , Tsai S P , Chung W S I , Cheng T Y , Levy D T , Hsu C C , Peterson R , Liu W-Y 
Published: May 2005

Objective:To assess the impact of promotions on cigarette sales in Taiwan after the cigarette market opened to foreign companies, and to assess whether young smokers were targeted by these companies.Methods:Trends in cigarette sales, advertising expenditure, brand preference, and cigarette consumption were examined for the period following the 1987 opening of the cigarette market. Tobacco industry internal documents from Legacy Tobacco Documents Library of the University of California, San Francisco, were searched for corporate strategies on promoting youth consumption in Taiwan.Results:Between 1995 and 2000, the inflation adjusted advertising expenditures by all foreign firms increased fourfold. Much of the expenditure was spent on brand stretching the Mild Seven (Japan) and Davidoff (Germany) brands in television advertising. By 2000, the market share of foreign cigarettes exceeded domestics by three to one among young smokers and the leading brand preferred by this segment shifted from the most popular domestic brand (Long Life) to a foreign brand (Mild Seven). Furthermore, there was a sudden increase of 16.4% in smoking rates among young adults (from 36.1% to 42.0%) during the first five years after the market opened. This was also accompanied by increased per capita cigarette consumption and decreased age of smoking initiation. Industry documents confirmed the use of strategies targeted at the young. In particular, establishing new point of sale (POS) retail stores or promotional activities at POS were found to be more effective than advertising in magazines.Conclusions:This study provides evidence that advertising increased with increased competition following the market opening, which, in turn, spurred cigarette sales and consumption. Foreign tobacco companies have deliberately targeted youth in Taiwan and succeeded in gaining three quarters of their cigarette purchases within a decade. Expanding youth consumption will incur excessive future health care costs borne by society. Foreign tobacco companies should be obligated to reimburse these expenses through higher tariffs on cigarettes.
Effect of cigarette tax increase on cigarette consumption in Taiwan
Authors: Lee J-M , Liao D-S , Ye C-Y , Liao W-Z 
Published: May 2005

Objectives:This study evaluates the effect of a 5 New Taiwan Dollar (NT$5) Health and Welfare Tax increase on the consumption of domestic and imported cigarettes and cigars.Methods:Using statistics published annually from 1971 through 2000, we set up a model based on the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) demand model to estimate price and expenditure elasticity coefficients of cigarettes and cigars.Results:Our results showed that the price elasticity coefficients for domestic and imported cigarettes were −0.644 and −0.822. The consumption of imported cigarettes was reduced by 7.51 packs per capita, and the consumption of domestic cigarettes was reduced by 15.21 packs per capita. Total per capita consumption of cigarettes was reduced by 22.72 packs (18%).Conclusions:From the public health and financial perspectives, the increase in this excise tax on tobacco to the Taiwan government will have significant effect in reducing cigarette consumption; it will also generate additional tax revenues.
Smoking behaviour among young adults: beyond youth prevention
Authors: Hammond D 
Published: May 2005

Objective:There is a widespread assumption that smoking behaviour is largely established by the age of 18 years. As a result, smoking prevention has focused almost exclusively upon youth. However, recent trends suggest that young adulthood may be an important—and largely overlooked—period in the development of regular smoking behaviour. The current study sought to examine patterns of tobacco use among young adults (aged 18–29 years) and to address the implications for tobacco control policy.Design:Data are presented from the 2003 Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey, a national survey of smoking behaviour (n  =  10 559, response rate 89%).Main outcome measures:Measures of smoking behaviour, smoking initiation, susceptibility to smoking, and occupational status.Results:A total of 1.4 million or 28% of young adults in Canada currently smoke, the highest proportion among all age groups. The prevalence of daily smoking rose from 8% among youth to 22% among young adults, and approximately one fifth of smokers tried their first cigarette after the age of 18 years. Smoking behaviour among young adults was also distinct from older smokers: young adults were more likely to be occasional smokers and reported lower daily consumption. Finally, smoking prevalence and cessation rates varied substantially within subgroups of young adults, as characterised by occupational setting.Conclusions:Dramatic increases in the proportion and intensity of smoking occurs after the age of 18 years. Smoking behaviour among young adults is distinct from both youth and older adults, and warrants immediate attention from the public health community.
Protective Effects of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> Leaf Extracts on Trichloroethylene-Induced Human Keratinocyte Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis
Authors: Zhu Q.-X. , Shen T. , Tu D.-Y. , Ding R. , Liang Z.-Z. , Zhang X.-J. 
Published: May 2005

The objective of this study was to assess the protective effects of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> leaf extracts (EGb) on trichloroethylene (TCE)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Cytotoxicity was determined by neutral red uptake, and lipid peroxidation of the cells was assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Electron microscopy and flow cytometry were used to evaluate NHEK apoptosis. Treatment of NHEK with various concentrations of TCE caused a substantial decrease in cell viability. NR<sub>50 </sub>from the cytotoxicity assay was found to be 4.53 m<i>M</i>. TCE caused an increase in MDA, while an inhibition of SOD activity, in a concentration-dependent manner. Electron microscopic examination revealed typical morphologic changes of apoptosis in cells treated with TCE. Incubation of NHEK with TCE (0, 0.125, 0.5, 2.0 m<i>M</i>) for 4 h increased the proportion of apoptotic cells from control of 19.23% to nearly 44.35%. Pretreatment of EGb at 10–200 mg/l dose-dependently attenuated the cytotoxic effect of TCE, prevented TCE-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation and decline of antioxidant enzyme activities. Similar inhibition by EGb on TCE-mediated NHEK apoptosis was also observed. These results suggest that EGb can protect NHEK from TCE-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which may be associated with the superoxide scavenging effect and enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities.
Zoos and Eyes: Contesting Captivity and Seeking Successor Practices
Authors: Acampora Ralph 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper compares the phenomenological structure of zoological exhibition to the pattern prevalent in pornography. It examines several disanalogies between the two, finds them lacking or irrelevant, and concludes that the proposed analogy is strong enough to serve as a critical lens through which to view the institution of zoos. The central idea uncovered in this process of interpretation is paradoxical: Zoos are pornographic in that they make the nature of their subjects disappear precisely by overexposing them. The paper asserts that the keep are thus degraded or marginalized through the marketing and consumption of their very visibility and criticizes the pretense of preservation. Furthermore, the paper subjects the related framework of captivity to Foucauldian analysis and critique—we see that the "zoöpticon" deserves designation as an island of power in the carceral archipelago of hegemonic social institutions mapped by Foucault. Hence, this paper suggests that the zoo as we know it be phased out in favor of richer and less oppressive modes of encountering other forms of life; toward this end, the paper explores and assesses alternative approaches to, and practices of, nonhuman animal spectatorship and cross-species conviviality.
Designer Cows: The Practice of Cattle Breeding Between Skill and Standardization
Authors: Grasseni Cristina 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCattle fair arenas are panopticon-like spaces that are instrumental in dissecting the cow's body into functional parts or traits. The arena aestheticizes a partitioning gaze that is codified in a marking system: the "linear evaluation protocol" for milk cows. The positioning of the nonhuman animal body into a highly artificial context allows one to view the cow as a self-standing object, ready to be partitioned. The exhibition space of the cattle fair and the surveying eye of the cattle fair judge aim to recreate a laboratory space within the relatively "artisanal" and approximate context of the breeding practice. However, there are several limitations, down sides, and contingencies that contrast the project of standardization of the skilled practice of breeding.
Trophy Shots: Early North American Photographs of Nonhuman Animals and the Display of Masculine Prowess
Authors: Brower Matthew 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis essay examines the relationship between the display of non-human animal trophies and masculinity through an analysis of progressive-era American wildlife photography. In the 1890s, North American animal photographers began circulating their images in sporting journals and describing their practice as a form of hunting. These camera hunters exhibited their photographs as proof of sportsmanship, virility, and hunting prowess.
Falling in Love with Horses: The International Thoroughbred Auction
Authors: Cassidy Rebecca 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBased on fieldwork in Newmarket, England, and Kentucky, this paper examines the acts of looking that take place at international thoroughbred horse auctions. Racehorse caretakers (owners) employ bloodstock agents to select the yearling thoroughbred who will make the best racehorse as a 2-year-old and, hopefully, successful stallion or broodmare after retiring from the track as a 4- or 5-year old. The paper assesses the criteria used to assess yearlings: pedigree, conformation, and "that something extra."The paper concludes that the ambiguous status of the bloodstock agent derives from the liminal task the agent performs, communicating with a young, nonhuman animal to discover the animal's essential properties. Selecting yearlings depends upon a process of divination that mitigates against the characterization of western thought as "rational" and opposed to decision-making processes conventionally thought of as "non-normal" or irrational.