bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photocuring systems composed of vinyl ether terminated polyurethane and maleate
Authors: Zeng Zhaohua , Zhang Liping , Yang Jianwen , Chen Yonglie 
Published: March 2005

AbstractVinyl ether terminated polyurethane (VE–PU) was synthesized in this investigation. The copolymerization behavior of VE–PU and dimethyl maleate (DMA) was investigated by 13C‐NMR. It was found that the copolymerization of VE–PU and DMA is of alternating composition, and no homopolymer structure was found in the polymerization products. Differential photocalorimetry results show that, when the monomer feed molar ratio was close to 1 : 1, the total conversion increased, whereas the effective conversion decreased. The rate of copolymerization was affected by oxygen and reaction temperature and depended on the square root of both the initiator concentration and the light intensity. The rheological properties of VE–PU/DMA system were also studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1930–1935, 2005
Comparison of the pervaporation separation of a water–acetonitrile mixture with zeolite‐filled sodium alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol)–polyaniline semi‐interpenetrating polymer network membranes
Authors: Naidu B. Vijaya Kumar , Bhat S. D. , Sairam M. , Wali A. C. , Sawant D. P. , Halligudi S. B. , Mallikarjuna N. N. , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe pervaporation (PV) separation performance of ZSM‐5‐ and Na‐Y‐type zeolite‐filled sodium alginate (NaAlg) membranes were compared with those of pure NaAlg and semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with polyaniline (PANI) for the dehydration of acetonitrile. The PV separation characteristics of the zeolite‐filled membranes showed a dependence on the nature of the zeolites. The variation of the acidity function of the ZSM‐5 zeolite had an influence on the flux and selectivity of the membranes when compared to unfilled membranes. The crosslinked membranes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Increasing the PANI content of the semi‐IPN network increased the separation selectivity. Among the NaAlg membranes, the plain NaAlg membrane showed the highest selectivity of 414 at 30 mass % water in the feed mixture, whereas the Na‐Y‐ and ZSM‐5 (40)‐filled NaAlg membranes exhibited much lower values of selectivity, that is, 7.3 and 4.3, respectively for 30 mass % water in the feed. When the flux and selectivity data of ZSM‐5 (250)‐filled NaAlg membranes were compared with that of Na‐Y‐ or ZSM‐5 (40)‐filled NaAlg membranes, a noticeable increase in the selectivity for the ZSM‐5 (250)‐filled NaAlg membrane was observed, but a somewhat comparable flux was observed compared to the plain NaAlg membrane. For the first time, PANI was polymerized with PVA to yield a semi‐IPN. The total flux and water flux increased systematically, whereas the selectivity decreased greatly from 251.87 to 5.95 with increasing amounts of water in the feed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1968–1978, 2005
Carbon nanotube core–polymer shell nanofibers
Authors: Liu Jing , Wang Tong , Uchida Tetsuya , Kumar Satish 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSingle‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/poly(methyl methacrylate) and SWNT/polyacrylonitrile composite nanofibers were electrospun with SWNT bundles as the cores and the polymers as the shells. This was a novel approach for processing core (carbon nanotube)–shell (polymer) nanofibers. Raman spectroscopy results show strain‐induced intensity variations in the SWNT radial breathing mode and an upshift in the tangential (G) and overtone of the disorder (G′) bands, suggesting compressive forces on the SWNTs in the electrospun composite fibers. Such fibers may find applications as conducting nanowires and as atomic force microscopy tips. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1992–1995, 2005
Membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR): Sludge cake formation and fouling characteristics
Authors: Ping Chu Hiu , Li Xiao‐yan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) with a working volume of 1.4 L and a hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was used to treat a contaminated raw water supply at a short hydraulic retention time (HRT) of ∼1 h. Filtration flux tests were conducted regularly on the membrane to determine various fouling resistances, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the biofouling development and sludge cake formation on the membrane. The experimental results demonstrate that the MBR is highly effective in drinking water treatment for the removal of organic pollutants, ammonia, and UV absorbance. During the MBR operation, the fouling materials were not uniformly distributed on the entire surface of all of the membrane fibers. The membrane was covered partially by a static sludge cake that could not be removed by the shear force of aeration, and partially by a thin sludge film that was frequently washed away by aeration turbulence. The filtration resistance coefficients were 308.4 × 1011 m−1 on average for the sludge cake, 32.5 × 1011 m−1 on average for the dynamic sludge film, and increased from 10.5 × 1011 to 59.7 × 1011 m−1 for the membrane pore fouling after 10 weeks of MBR operation at a filtration flux of 0.5 m3/m2·d. Polysaccharides and other biopolymers were found to accumulate on the membrane, and hence decreased membrane permeability. More important, the adsorption of biopolymers on the membrane modified its surface property and led to easier biomass attachment and tighter sludge cake deposition, which resulted in a progressive sludge cake growth and serious membrane fouling. The sludge cake coverage on the membrane can be minimized by the separation, with adequate space, of the membrane filters, to which sufficient aeration turbulence can then be applied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethnic hierarchies, ethnic prejudice, and social dominance orientation
Authors: Snellman Alexandra , Ekehammar Bo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPrevious research in multi‐ethnic societies has shown that people rank, or form hierarchies of, the ethnic groups on the basis of social distance. Based on self‐report data from a community sample (N = 150 non‐psychology students), this study examined (1) the correspondence of ratings and rankings of six ethnic target groups among various subgroups of participants (Swedish and immigrant men and women), and (2) the relationship of inclination to ethnic ranking with ethnic prejudice and social dominance orientation. In accord with our hypotheses, the results disclosed that (1) irrespective of gender and ethnic origin, the various subgroups of participants ranked and formed similar hierarchies of the six ethnic target groups, and (2) people's inclination to ethnic ranking showed significant correlations with their ethnic prejudice as well as social dominance orientation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exploration of the interplay between psychological sense of community, social identification and salience
Authors: Obst Patricia L. , White Katherine M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPast research indicates that there is a strong relationship between the constructs of psychological sense of community (PSOC) and social identification. The current study draws on data (N = 219) examining participants' membership in a number of different communities to present an examination of the relationship between these constructs. In particular, the study examines the relative strength of the separate aspects of social identification (based on Cameron's 2004, Three Factor Model of Social Identification) as predictors of overall PSOC, accounting for situational salience. Results indicate that Ingroup Ties is consistently the strongest predictor of PSOC and that the strength of Ingroup Affect and Centrality alter according to the group or community context. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed in terms of the interplay and overlap of these important community processes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A qualitative study of adaptation to the euro in the Republic of Ireland: I. attitudes, the ‘euro illusion’ and the perception of prices
Authors: Ranyard Rob , Burgoyne Carole B. , Saldanha Gabriela , Routh David A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis is the first of two reports of a study using semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews to explore the current and recollected experiences of Irish people for the period before, during, and after the introduction of euro notes and coins (1 January 2002). Twenty‐four adults, 12 males and 12 females, covering a range of ages and educational attainment, were interviewed between October 2002 and February 2003. We found that most had welcomed the new currency initially, though some had felt less positive about it, whilst current experiences were more mixed. People's explanations for their attitudes seemed to focus more on the economic and practical aspects of currency change rather than symbolic meanings. Initially, most had experienced a euro illusion (prices in euros seeming to be more expensive than in punts). However, for most, the strength of the illusion appeared to diminish quite quickly. Nonetheless, current prices were believed to be higher, and many respondents attributed this either directly or indirectly to the change of currency. Although independent evidence found that there had been price increases in certain sectors, it was concluded that perceived price rises were, in part, illusory, and driven by expectations and selective price monitoring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social representations of organ donors and non‐donors
Authors: Lauri Mary Anne , Lauri Josef 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper illustrates the empirical investigation of social representations by means of photographs as stimulus material and the technique of correspondence analysis to study the resulting data. The research was part of a campaign carried out to promote organ donation in Malta. The study tries to find out whether a public communication campaign could change perceptions. Five focus groups were held before the campaign and another five, two months after the campaign. Part of the data collected through these focus groups was analysed using correspondence analysis. The results showed that before the campaign, donors were generally perceived to be either young or important people or public personalities. After the campaign, donors were perceived more to be ordinary family people, educated, generous and religious. On the other hand, before the campaign, non‐donors were seen as conservative, uncouth and uncaring, whereas after the campaign non‐donors were generally perceived to be older, uninformed and uneducated people. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of analytical bias when comparing two or more measuring methods
Authors: de Castro Mário , Galea‐Rojas Manuel , Bolfarine Heleno , de Castilho Márcio V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to consider maximum likelihood inference for models used in the detection of analytical bias in the comparison of two or more methods of measurement. We embrace a functional errors‐in‐variables regression model with an EM‐type algorithm for computing maximum likelihood estimates and to obtain consistent estimators for the asymptotic variance of the maximum likelihood estimators, which seems not to be found in the literature. Wald‐type statistics are proposed for testing hypotheses related to the bias of the analytical methods with the asymptotic chi‐square distribution which guarantees correct asymptotic significance levels. Some approaches specific for the two‐methods comparison problem are not directly extendable to this more general situation. Results of simulation studies and an application to a real data set are also reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of methods for analysing regression models with both spectral and designed variables
Authors: Jørgensen Kjetil , Segtnan Vegard , Thyholt Kari , Næs Tormod 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn many situations one performs designed experiments to find the relationship between a set of explanatory variables and one or more responses. Often there are other factors that influence the results in addition to the factors that are included in the design. To obtain information about these so‐called nuisance factors, one can sometimes measure them using spectroscopic methods. The question then is how to analyze this kind of data, i.e. a combination of an orthogonal design matrix and a spectroscopic matrix with hundreds of highly collinear variables. In this paper we introduce a method that is an iterative combination of partial least squares (PLS) and ordinary least squares (OLS) and compare its performance with other methods such as direct PLS, OLS and a combination of principal component analysis and least squares. The methods are compared using two real data sets and using simulated data. The results show that the incorporation of external information from spectroscopic measurements gives more information from the experiment and lower variance in the parameter estimates. We also find that the introduced algorithm separates the information from the spectral and design matrices in a nice way. It also has some advantages over PLS in showing lower bias and being less influenced by the relative weighting of the design and spectroscopic variables. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extensions to peak alignment using reduced set mapping: classification of LC/UV data from peptide mapping
Authors: Magnus Åberg K. , Torgrip Ralf J. O. , Jacobsson Sven P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPeak alignment using reduced set mapping (PARS) is extended with a new baseline approximation and a new dendrogram alignment scheme, which is designed to avoid the issue of selecting a target chromatogram for the alignment. Two data sets with LC/UV data are studied and it is shown that peak alignment with PARS increases the class separation substantially in the principal component score space. The results indicate that it is possible to use PARS for calibration transfer of multivariate models of chromatographic data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis‐Chelated Imine‐Alkoxytitanium Complexes: Novel Chiral Dopants with High Helical Twisting Power in Liquid Crystals
Authors: Braun Manfred , Hahn Antje , Engelmann Marco , Fleischer Ralf , Frank Walter , Kryschi Carola , Haremza Sylke , Kürschner Katrin , Parker Robert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEnantiomerically and diastereomerically pure bis‐chelated imine‐alkoxytitanium complexes 6 and 7 have been synthesized and used as chiral dopants for converting nematic into cholesteric phases. The dopants were tested in mainly commercially available nematic liquid crystalline compounds or mixtures: LC1 (BASF), ZLI‐1695 and ZLI‐1840 (Merck), as well as N‐(4‐methoxybenzylidene)‐4′‐butylaniline (MBBA). The values of the helical twisting power (HTP) were determined by the Grandjean–Cano method. Exceptionally high helical twisting powers were obtained. Thus, the titanium complex 6 h displayed a HTP value of 740 μm−1 in MBBA, the highest HTP value reported. The helical twisting power has been found to depend strongly on the structure of the nematic phase and the substitution pattern of the chiral ligand in the titanium complexes 6 and 7. Crystal structure analysis of 6 f confirmed the A,R,R configuration of the metal complex. The chiral imine ligands 4 and 5 were derived from the regioisomeric amino alcohols 1 and 2.
The role of clofarabine in hematologic and solid malignancies—Development of a next‐generation nucleoside analog
Authors: Faderl Stefan , Gandhi Varsha , Keating Michael J. , Jeha Sima , Plunkett William , Kantarjian Hagop M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractClofarabine is a new‐generation nucleoside analog that has been synthesized to combine the most favorable pharmacokinetic properties of its congeners fludarabine and cladribine. In addition to inhibition of DNA polymerases and DNA synthesis, clofarabine acts as a strong inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RnR), an enzyme involved in regulating intracellular deoxynucleotide pools, and has a high affinity to the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCyd), the rate‐limiting step in nucleoside phosphorylation.A review of the English literature was performed that included original articles and related reviews from the MEDLINE (PubMed) data base and from abstracts based on the publication of meeting materials.Although it was synthesized early in the 1980s, the development of clofarabine was stalled until 1993, when, through efforts at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, animal toxicology studies were conducted, and the first Phase I study was initiated in patients with hematologic and solid malignancies. Since then, clofarabine has demonstrated single‐agent antitumor activity in pediatric and adult acute leukemias. By way of its unique metabolic properties, clofarabine also has lent itself to biochemical modulation strategies with other nucleoside analogs, such as cytarabine. Combinations of clofarabine with cytarabine have been studied in acute leukemia and currently are being evaluated in untreated elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Novel schedules are being explored in lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumors.Clofarabine is a new nucleoside analog with considerable activity and an acceptable safety profile in acute leukemias. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Intraoperative, radio‐guided sentinel lymph node mapping in laparoscopic lymph node dissection for Stage I testicular carcinoma
Authors: Satoh Makoto , Ito Akihiro , Kaiho Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Haruo , Saito Seiichi , Endo Mareyuki , Ohyama Chikara , Arai Yoichi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe management of regional lymph nodes in patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma is a controversial problem. The authors investigated the feasibility and accuracy of radio‐guided mapping of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) for men with clinical Stage I testicular tumors.METHODSTwenty‐two patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma were enrolled in the study. One day before surgery, 99mTechnetium‐labeled phytate was injected around the testicular tumor. After undergoing radical orchiectomy, patients underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (L‐RPLND). All radioactive lymph nodes were marked in the L‐RPLND procedure, and three‐dimensional SLN maps were made. All resected lymph nodes were evaluated by routine histopathologic examination, and the clinical significance of intraoperative SLN mapping was evaluated.RESULTSSLNs were detected in 21 of 22 patients (95%). Nearly all SLNs were detected at the ventral or lateral side of the vena cava or at the aorta between the levels of the aortic bifurcation. All SLNs were detected easily in a surgical procedure. Only 1 radio‐positive area per patient was identified in 15 patients, and approximately 2–4 positive areas were detected in 6 patients. Two patients had micrometastasis only in SLNs. In 2 patients who had seminoma, lymph node recurrences (at the level of the renal vein and in the obturator lymph node area) occurred at 10 months and 20 months after surgery.CONCLUSIONSRadio‐guided mapping of SLNs with laparoscopy was feasible, and nearly all SLNs were detected accurately by the procedure. In the near future, the standard retroperitoneal lymph node dissection may be avoided in most patients with clinical Stage I testicular carcinoma by utilizing focused examination of SLNs. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression
Authors: Machado José A. F. , Mata José 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe propose a method to decompose the changes in the wage distribution over a period of time in several factors contributing to those changes. The method is based on the estimation of marginal wage distributions consistent with a conditional distribution estimated by quantile regression as well as with any hypothesized distribution for the covariates. Comparing the marginal distributions implied by different distributions for the covariates, one is then able to perform counterfactual exercises. The proposed methodology enables the identification of the sources of the increased wage inequality observed in most countries. Specifically, it decomposes the changes in the wage distribution over a period of time into several factors contributing to those changes, namely by discriminating between changes in the characteristics of the working population and changes in the returns to these characteristics. We apply this methodology to Portuguese data for the period 1986–1995, and find that the observed increase in educational levels contributed decisively towards greater wage inequality. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing chaotic dynamics via Lyapunov exponents
Authors: Fernández‐Rodríguez Fernando , Sosvilla‐Rivero Simón , Andrada‐Félix Julián 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe propose a new test to detect chaotic dynamics, based on the stability of the largest Lyapunov exponent from different sample sizes. This test is applied to the data used in the single‐blind controlled competition tests for non‐linearity and chaos that were generated by Barnettet al.(1997), as well as to several other chaotic series. The results suggest that the new test is particularly effective when compared to other stochastic alternatives (both linear and non‐linear). For large sample sizes the power of the test is one, although for small sample sizes it diminishes occasionally. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggregate vs. disaggregate data analysis—a paradox in the estimation of a money demand function of Japan under the low interest rate policy
Authors: Hsiao Cheng , Shen Yan , Fujiki Hiroshi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe use Japanese aggregate and disaggregate money demand data to show that conflicting inferences can arise. The aggregate data appears to support the contention that there was no stable money demand function. The disaggregate data shows that there was a stable money demand function. Neither was there any indication of the presence of a liquidity trap. Possible sources of discrepancy are explored and the diametrically opposite results between the aggregate and disaggregate analysis are attributed to the neglected heterogeneity among micro units. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a cointegrating relation among aggregate variables when heterogeneous cointegration relations among micro units exist. We also conduct simulation analysis to show that when such conditions are violated, it is possible to observe stable micro relations, but unit root phenomena among macro variables. Moreover, the prediction of aggregate outcomes, using aggregate data, is less accurate than the prediction based on micro equations, and policy evaluation based on aggregate data ignoring heterogeneity in micro units can be grossly misleading. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.