bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stimulant cathartic, emodin, contracts the rat isolated ileum by triggering release of endogenous acetylcholine
Authors: Ali S. , Watson M. S. , Osborne R. H. 
Published: December 2004

Summary 1 Anthraquinone stimulant cathartics, such as emodin, are believed to increase the rate of contraction of ileum tissue in vitro via multiple mechanisms. The aim of this study was to probe the effects of emodin on acetylcholine (ACh)‐induced contraction of the rat isolated ileum preparation. 2 Ileal sections were incubated in Tyrode's solution and responses to methacholine, ACh and emodin obtained in the absence and presence of the muscarinic antagonist atropine and the choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium (HC‐3). Depletion of endogenous ACh in the presence of HC‐3 was achieved by construction of an ACh dose–response curve, using exogenous ACh, prior to re‐testing the effects of emodin in the presence of HC‐3. 3 Emodin caused dose‐dependent tissue contraction that was abolished by inclusion of atropine (1 μm) in the buffer. Atropine (1 μm) antagonized the response caused by methacholine. 4 Incubation of tissues with HC‐3 (1 and 10 μm) reduced the maximum response caused by emodin by 45% and 71% respectively, but had no effect on ACh‐induced tissue contraction. 5 These data suggest that, emodin causes contraction of the ileum by triggering the release of endogenous ACh which acts on muscarinic receptors to cause contraction of the rat isolated ileum preparation.
The roles of α‐ and β‐adrenoceptor stimulation in myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Broadley K. J. , Penson P. E. 
Published: December 2004

Summary1 β‐Adrenoceptor (AR) ligands have been the mainstay of cardiovascular therapy for decades, withβ‐AR antagonist being used for hypertension, angina and myocardial infarction and adrenaline in use for cardiopulmonary resuscitation for nearly 100 years.2 Ischaemia of the heart through coronary artery occlusion causes cell injury and death through necrosis and apoptosis. Reperfusion of the ischaemic myocardium results in cardiac dysfunction and infarction.3 Stimulation ofα‐ andβ‐ARs in the ischaemic heart have variable and inconsistent effects depending on when the agonist is applied. This review describes the different effects of stimulation of the three establishedβ‐AR subtypes (β1‐,β2‐ andβ3‐ARs) either before ischaemia (preconditioning) or during ischaemia and reperfusion of the heart (postconditioning).4 Brief periods of ischaemia preceding a major ischaemic episode can have a protective effect against post‐ischaemia–reperfusion damage, known as ischaemic preconditioning. This review considers the role of endogenous catecholamines released during preconditioning and the nature of the adrenoceptor subtypes that mediate these effects. The clinical significance of this to the use ofβ‐AR antagonists is considered.5 The transduction pathways and effects on apoptosis of the cardioprotective and deleterious effects of AR activation are considered.6 This commentary reviews the literature and attempts to bring together a unified synopsis of the effects of adrenoceptor stimulation in myocardial ischaemia and the potential clinical relevance.
Luke 6:5D Reexamined
Authors: Derrett Duncan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt is very doubtful whether Lk 6:5D goes back to Jesus, but two things are clear: (i) it suits a background lacking a firm common ethical authority, and (ii) for that reason it is repugnant to any who would enforce substantive norms. It comes early in the church's development, though it is no part of any gospel. Parallels at Jn 7:49, 9:41; Lk 11:52Q; and Mt 23:3 are worth comparing with it. In general it takes a position opposite to that adopted by Apostolic Fathers. The idea can be traced to Pentateuchal and Prophetic texts (but not via a Jewish exegesis); and so scripture still influenced norms (irrespective of apologetic). Former explanations of the verse are shown to be superfluous and misdirected.
Virtuelle tomografische Rekonstruktionsbilder infolge ungeeigneter Abtastraten (Virtual Tomographic Reconstruction Images due to Unsuitable Scanning Rates)
Authors: Hoppe Dietrich 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Bei tomografischen Bildrekonstruktionen können zu große Detektorabstände oder zu wenige Projektionen Aliasing-Artefakte hervorrufen. Betrachtet werden Objekte, die eine drehsymmetrische Struktur enthalten. Von ihr entsteht neben dem reellen auch ein virtuelles tomografisches Abbild. Gezeigt wird, dass es schwierig sein kann, ein solches virtuelles Abbild als Aliasing-Artefakt zu identifizieren.
Vergleich von Kompensations- und Ausschlagprinzip am Beispiel der Wägetechnik (Comparison between the Principles of Compensation and Deflection Demonstrated by the Example of Weight Measurements)
Authors: Krause Lutz 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Es werden Ausschlag- und Kompensationsverfahren in der Wägetechnik mithilfe rückgekoppelter Übertragungsglieder behandelt. Diese Betrachtungsweise erlaubt es, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede einfach zu veranschaulichen. Es wird deutlich, dass sowohl Ausschlag- als auch Kompensationssysteme zur Kraft- oder Massemessung als rückgekoppelte Trägheitsglieder aufgefasst werden können.
Ultraschall-Werkstoffprüftechnik für Untersuchungen an Fluid-Strömungen mit Blasen/Partikeln (An Ultrasonic Test Set-up for Measuring Fluid-Flows with Bubbles or Particles)
Authors: Sommerlatt Hans-Dieter , Kaiser Erwin 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Ultraschall-Werkstoffprüftechnik ist für Messungen an Blasenströmungen einsetzbar. Die bisherige Mess- und Auswerte-Konzeption ermöglichte Messungen an maximal zwei Orten. Die sinnvolle Messzeit war auf 2 s begrenzt. Einige Aufgaben erfordern Messzeiten von mindestens 120 s und gleichzeitige Messungen an vielen Orten. Nach einer Analyse und Beseitigung der Schwachstellen sind Messungen an 8 Orten und mehr als 180 s effektive Messzeit möglich. Zusätzlich konnte die Auflösung von 4 ms auf 1 ms verbessert werden.
Black Diversity in New York City: West Indians, Haitians, African Americans
Authors: Robotham Don 
Published: December 2004

Islands in the City: West Indian Migration to New York. Nancy Foner. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.312 pp.Trends in Ethnic Identification among Second‐Generation Haitian Immigrants to New York City. Flore Zephir. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2001. 248 pp.
Oxidation of Titanium, RGD Peptide Attachment, and Matrix Mineralization of Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Mante Francis K. , Little Kevin , Mante Mamle O. , Rawle Christopher , Baran George R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of attachment of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide to titanium surfaces oxidized by different methods. Titanium surfaces were treated as follows: (1) treatment A: passivation in nitric acid, (2) treatment B: heated in air at 400°C for 1 hour, (3) treatment C: immersed in 8.8 M H2O2/0.1 M HCl at 80°C for 30 minutes, and (4) treatment D: treated as in treatment C and then heated at 400°C for 1 hour. RGD was attached to titanium samples treated as in treatments A through D. The quantity of attached RGD was determined by an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Mineralization of a rat bone marrow stromal cell (RMSC) culture on the titanium surfaces after 21 days was determined y atomic absorption spectroscopy. The treatments were ranked according to quantity of RGD attached as C, A, B, and D. Twenty-one days after RMSC culture, the degree of mineralization was significantly higher for treatment C than for treatments A, B, and D and for controls. The efficacy of RGD attachment varies with the oxidation treatment given to titanium. Oxidation in H2O2/0.1 M HCl at 80°C provided the best overall surface for RGD attachment as well as calcified matrix formation of RMSCs.
Transmission disequilibrium tests confirm the link between DRD4 gene polymorphism and infant attachment
Authors: Gervai Judit , Nemoda Zsofia , Lakatos Krisztina , Ronai Zsolt , Toth Ildiko , Ney Krisztina , Sasvari‐Szekely Maria 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFollowing up the results of a previous population association study (Lakatos et al. [2000: Mol Psychiatry 5:633–637; Lakatos et al. [2002: Mol Psychiatry 7:27–31]) by analyses based on parental genetic data confirmed the link between infant attachment and the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. Extended transmission disequilibrium tests (ETDT) were performed to determine whether biased transmission of exon III 48 basepair repeat alleles occurred to infants displaying disorganized and secure attachment behavior with their mothers. The overall allele‐wise TDTs were significant for both groups (P = 0.038 and 0.020, respectively): a trend for preferential transmission of the seven‐repeat allele to disorganized infants was observed (TDT = 3.27, df = 1, P = 0.071), and there was a significant non‐transmission of the same allele to securely attached infants (TDT = 6.00, df = 1, P = 0.014). Analysis of haplotypes of the exon III repeat and the −521 C/T promoter polymorphisms in family trios showed that the transmission bias in the larger secure group was due to the low‐rate transmission of the T.7 haplotype containing both the seven‐repeat and the −521 T alleles (TDT = 4.46, df = 1, P = 0.035). This suggests that not carrying the T.7 haplotype of the DRD4 gene may act as a resilience factor in the optimal development of early attachment. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hormone profiles and reproductive characteristics in wild female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Fujita Shiho , Sugiura Hideki , Mitsunaga Fusako , Shimizu Keiko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study we investigated the reproductive characteristics of wild female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) in 2 nonconsecutive years using noninvasive methods to monitor physiological events. We detected ovulation dates and ascertained conceptions from fecal hormone profiles. First ovulations occurred from middle October to early November in 1997, and from middle to late November in 1999. Most females conceived during their first ovarian cycle. On average, postconception bleeding occurred 18.4 days after ovulation, and menstruation occurred 13.7 days after ovulation. The average gestation length was 176.3 days. The average degree of facial redness and the percentage of females that copulated synchronously changed across the ovarian cycle and peaked in the periovulatory period. Although prolonged periods of postconception copulation have been reported in previous studies, they did not occur in this study, which suggests that such behavior may not be a species‐typical characteristic. Female fertility varied between the 2 years. The copulation rates of females with no infant <1 year of age were 100% (14/14) in 1997 and 45.5% (5/11) in 1999. The ovulation rates of the female subjects that we chose for hormonal assays were 100% (9/9) in 1997 and 50.0% (3/6) in 1999. Th conception rates of these selected females were 100% (9/9) in 1997 and 16.7% (1/6) in 1999. The birth rates (the number of females that delivered divided by the total number of adult females in the troop) were 73.3% (11/15) in 1998 and 6.7% (1/15) in 2000. The modified birth rates (the number of females that delivered /the number of adult females with no infant <1 year of age) × 100 were 78.6% (11/14) in 1998 and 9.1% (1/11) in 2000. Am. J. Primatol. 64:367–375, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparing maternal styles in bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: De Lathouwers Mieke , Van Elsacker Linda 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStudies on Cercopithecine primate maternal styles, using factor analysis on a set of maternal behaviors, commonly render two factors that describe separate dimensions of maternal behavior: protectiveness and rejection. The aims of this study were to 1) investigate whether this method for determining maternal styles in Cercopithecine species can be applied to bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 2) determine whether they follow the same pattern, and 3) assess whether species differences in maternal style are apparent. We performed a factor analysis on nine maternal behaviors using data on eight mother–infant pairs of each species. This resulted in three factors: protectiveness, distance, and refusal. Protectiveness is positively correlated with time spent in ventral contact, making contact, approaching, and restraining. Distance is positively related with breaking contact and leaving. Refusal is positively correlated with rejecting and nipple‐rejecting. The pattern of protectiveness corresponds with the pattern found in Cercopithecine species, suggesting a high consistency of this dimension across species and higher taxa. The retention of the other two factors indicates that in the Pan species, breaking contact and leaving represent another dimension, apart from rejecting and nipple‐rejecting, which usually fall under one dimension in Cercopithecine species. An interspecific comparison of the factor scores for each dimension of maternal behavior reveals that, on average, bonobos and chimpanzees score equally on protectiveness. Scores on distance increase positively with infant age in chimpanzees, and negatively in bonobos, and on average bonobos have higher scores on refusal. These interspecies differences in maternal style are discussed in the light of interspecies differences in infant development, infant vulnerability to aggression, interbirth intervals, and female sociality. Am. J. Primatol. 64:411–423. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantifying remaining forested habitat within the historic distribution of the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia: Implications for long‐term conservation
Authors: Miller L. , Savage A. , Giraldo H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLandsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were used to classify forested areas within the historic distribution of the endangered cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia. This species continues to be threatened by habitat destruction, and we observed a 31% decrease of the forested habitat within the tamarins' historic distribution in 1990–2000. It is estimated that since the establishment of some protected areas for cotton‐top tamarins and other native Colombian wildlife (Parque Nacional Natural Paramillo, Santuarío de Fauna y Flora Los Colorados, and Reserva Forestal de Montes de Maria), almost 43% of the original forested area has been lost. Given that the human population of Colombia increases annually by 1.6% [Patel, 2002], it is important to target specific areas for tamarin protection while creating mitigation strategies to compensate for economic growth. The results of this study provide valuable information to assist in the long‐term development of effective conservation strategies for this endangered primate. Am. J. Primatol. 64:451–457, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mirrors as environmental enrichment for African green monkeys
Authors: Harris Heather G. , Edwards Amanda J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStainless steel circular mirrors were employed in an enrichment plan for 105 singly housed male African green monkeys. We observed 25 randomly selected males to measure mirror use and to assess the mirrors' effectiveness as an enrichment item. We conducted additional mirror‐use surveys on all 105 males using fingerprint accumulation as an indicator (rated on a scale of 0 to 4). Use was defined as either being in contact with the mirror (contact use (CU)) or looking directly into the mirror without contact (non‐contact use (NC)). Mirror‐use data were collected 10 months after the initial introduction of the mirrors and again at 16 months. The two time points were compared by paired t‐tests. No significant difference in use was found between the two data collection points. On average, the monkeys used the mirrors 5.2% of the total time intervals recorded (approximately 3 min/hr). Results from the five fingerprint‐accumulation surveys showed that 102 of 105 males (97%) had CU with their mirrors over the survey points. Based on the sustained use of the mirrors over a 6‐month period, we concluded that the mirrors were an effective enrichment tool that the vast majority of our monkeys routinely used. Habituation did not appear to occur even a year after the mirrors were introduced. Am. J. Primatol. 64:459–467, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NADP-Malate Dehydrogenase from Unicellular Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A First Step toward Redox Regulation?
Authors: Lemaire Stéphane D. , Quesada Alberto , Merchan Faustino , Corral Juan Manuel , Igeno Maria Isabel , Keryer Eliane , Issakidis-Bourguet Emmanuelle , Hirasawa Masakazu , Knaff David B. , Miginiac-Maslow Myroslawa 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The determinants of the thioredoxin (TRX)-dependent redox regulation of the chloroplastic NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) from the eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. The results indicate that a single C-terminal disulfide is responsible for this regulation. The redox midpoint potential of this disulfide is less negative than that of the higher plant enzyme. The regulation is of an all-or-nothing type, lacking the fine-tuning provided by the second N-terminal disulfide found only in NADP-MDH from higher plants. The decreased stability of specific cysteine/alanine mutants is consistent with the presence of a structural disulfide formed by two cysteine residues that are not involved in regulation of activity. Measurements of the ability of C. reinhardtii thioredoxin f (TRX f) to activate wild-type and site-directed mutants of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) NADP-MDH suggest that the algal TRX f has a redox midpoint potential that is less negative than most those of higher plant TRXs f. These results are discussed from an evolutionary point of view.
A Robot-Based Platform to Measure Multiple Enzyme Activities in Arabidopsis Using a Set of Cycling Assays: Comparison of Changes of Enzyme Activities and Transcript Levels during Diurnal Cycles and in Prolonged Darkness[W]
Authors: Gibon Yves , Blaesing Oliver E. , Hannemann Jan , Carillo Petronia , Höhne Melanie , Hendriks Janneke H.M. , Palacios Natalia , Cross Joanna , Selbig Joachim , Stitt Mark 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A platform has been developed to measure the activity of 23 enzymes that are involved in central carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Activities are assayed in optimized stopped assays and the product then determined using a suite of enzyme cycling assays. The platform requires inexpensive equipment, is organized in a modular manner to optimize logistics, calculates results automatically, combines high sensitivity with throughput, can be robotized, and has a throughput of three to four activities in 100 samples per person/day. Several of the assays, including those for sucrose phosphate synthase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, glycerokinase, and shikimate dehydrogenase, provide large advantages over previous approaches. This platform was used to analyze the diurnal changes of enzyme activities in wild-type Columbia-0 (Col-0) and the starchless plastid phosphoglucomutase (pgm) mutant, and in Col-0 during a prolongation of the night. The changes of enzyme activities were compared with the changes of transcript levels determined with the Affymetrix ATH1 array. Changes of transcript levels typically led to strongly damped changes of enzyme activity. There was no relation between the amplitudes of the diurnal changes of transcript and enzyme activity. The largest diurnal changes in activity were found for AGPase and nitrate reductase. Examination of the data and comparison with the literature indicated that these are mainly because of posttranslational regulation. The changes of enzyme activity are also strongly delayed, with the delay varying from enzyme to enzyme. It is proposed that enzyme activities provide a quasi-stable integration of regulation at several levels and provide useful data for the characterization and diagnosis of different physiological states. As an illustration, a decision tree constructed using data from Col-0 during diurnal changes and a prolonged dark treatment was used to show that, irrespective of the time of harvest during the diurnal cycle, the pgm mutant resembles a wild-type plant that has been exposed to a 3 d prolongation of the night.
Solution Structure of the B3 DNA Binding Domain of the Arabidopsis Cold-Responsive Transcription Factor RAV1[W]
Authors: Yamasaki Kazuhiko , Kigawa Takanori , Inoue Makoto , Tateno Masaru , Yamasaki Tomoko , Yabuki Takashi , Aoki Masaaki , Seki Eiko , Matsuda Takayoshi , Tomo Yasuko , Hayami Nobuhiro , Terada Takaho , Shirouzu Mikako , Osanai Takashi , Tanaka Akiko , Seki Motoaki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yokoyama Shigeyuki 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe B3 DNA binding domain is shared amongst various plant-specific transcription factors, including factors involved in auxin-regulated and abscisic acid–regulated transcription. Herein, we report the NMR solution structure of the B3 domain of the Arabidopsis thaliana cold-responsive transcription factor RAV1. The structure consists of a seven-stranded open β-barrel and two α-helices located at the ends of the barrel and is significantly similar to the structure of the noncatalytic DNA binding domain of the restriction enzyme EcoRII. An NMR titration experiment revealed a DNA recognition interface that enabled us to propose a structural model of the protein–DNA complex. The locations of the DNA-contacting residues are also likely to be similar to those of the EcoRII DNA binding domain.
Phosphorylation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase by MPK6, a Stress-Responsive Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Induces Ethylene Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis[W]
Authors: Liu Yidong , Zhang Shuqun 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are implicated in regulating plant growth, development, and response to the environment. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown because of the lack of information about their substrates. Using a conditional gain-of-function transgenic system, we demonstrated that the activation of SIPK, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) stress-responsive MAPK, induces the biosynthesis of ethylene. Here, we report that MPK6, the Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog of tobacco SIPK, is required for ethylene induction in this transgenic system. Furthermore, we found that selected isoforms of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS), the rate-limiting enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis, are substrates of MPK6. Phosphorylation of ACS2 and ACS6 by MPK6 leads to the accumulation of ACS protein and, thus, elevated levels of cellular ACS activity and ethylene production. Expression of ACS6DDD, a gain-of-function ACS6 mutant that mimics the phosphorylated form of ACS6, confers constitutive ethylene production and ethylene-induced phenotypes. Increasing numbers of stress stimuli have been shown to activate Arabidopsis MPK6 or its orthologs in other plant species. The identification of the first plant MAPK substrate in this report reveals one mechanism by which MPK6/SIPK regulates plant stress responses. Equally important, this study uncovers a signaling pathway that modulates the biosynthesis of ethylene, an important plant hormone, in plants under stress.