bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Outcome Characteristics of Children With Adrenocortical Tumors: A Report From the International Pediatric Adrenocortical Tumor Registry
Authors: Michalkiewicz E. , Sandrini R. , Figueiredo B. , Miranda E.C.M. , Caran E. , Oliveira-Filho A.G. , Marques R. , Pianovski M.A.D. , Lacerda L. , Cristofani L.M. , Jenkins J. , Rodriguez-Galindo C. , Ribeiro R.C. 
Published: February 2004

Purpose We created a registry for pediatric adrenocortical tumors (ACTs), which are rare and are not well characterized. We provide a descriptive analysis of 254 patients registered on the International Pediatric Adrenocortical Tumor Registry. Patients and Methods Between January 1990 and December 2001, 254 patients younger than 20 years of age with newly diagnosed or previously treated ACTs were registered. A histologic diagnosis of ACT was required, although central review was not mandatory. Follow-up information was periodically requested from the referring physician. Treatment was chosen by the primary physician. Results The overall female-male ratio was 1.6:1, but it varied widely among age groups. The most common presenting sign (84.2%) was virilization. Cushing's syndrome without virilization was uncommon (5.5%). Tumors were completely resected in 83% of patients. Patients with disseminated or residual disease received mitotane, cisplatin, etoposide, and/or doxorubicin, and rarely, radiation therapy. At a median follow-up of 2 years and 5 months, 157 patients (61.8%) survived without evidence of disease and 97 patients (38.2%) had died. The 5-year event-free survival estimate was 54.2% (95% CI, 48.2% to 60.2%). In a multivariate analysis, disease stage, presenting signs of endocrine dysfunction, and age were independently associated with prognosis. Conclusion Childhood ACTs occur predominantly in females and almost always causes clinical signs. Complete resection is required for cure. Residual or metastatic disease carries a poor prognosis. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a disease-specific database for obtaining meaningful clinical and outcome information.
Modelling the entrainment and motion of particles in a gap: Application to abrasive wear
Authors: Kusano Y , Hutchings I. M. 
Published: February 2004

The microscale abrasion or ball-cratering test is being increasingly applied to a wide range of bulk materials and coatings. The response of materials to this test depends critically on the nature of the motion of the abrasive particles in the contact zone: whether they roll and produce multiple indentations in the coating, or slide causing grooving abrasion. Similar phenomena also occur when hard contaminant particles enter a lubricated contact. This paper presents simple quantitative two-dimensional models which describe two aspects of the interaction between a hard abrasive particle and two sliding surfaces. The first model treats the conditions under which a spherical abrasive particle of size d can be entrained into the gap between a rotating sphere of radius R and a plane surface. These conditions are determined by the coefficients of friction between the particle and the sphere, and the particle and the plane, denoted by μs and μp respectively. This model predicts that the values of (μs + μp) and 2μs should both exceed √2d/R for the particles to be entrained into the contact. If either is less than this value, the particle will slide against the sphere and never enter the contact. The second model describes the mechanisms of abrasive wear in a contact when an idealized rhombus-sectioned prismatic particle is located between two parallel plane surfaces separated by a certain distance, which can represent either the thickness of a fluid film or the spacing due to the presence of other particles. It is shown that both the ratio of particle size to the separation of the surfaces and the ratio of the hardnesses of the two surfaces have important influences on the particle motion and hence on the mechanism of the resulting abrasive wear. Results from this model are compared with experimental observations, and the model is shown to lead to realistic predictions.
Über einige lokal verallgemeinernde Speicher und ihre Weiterentwicklung, Teil 1: CMAC/AMS und MIAS (One some Locally Generalizing Storage Methods and their further Development, Part 1: CMAC/AMS and MIAS)
Authors: Tolle Henning 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Bei der Modellierung, Steuerung und Regelung nichtlinearer Prozesse werden häufig zwei- bzw. mehrdimensionale Kennfelder eingesetzt. Sie können äußerst effektiv in lokal verallgemeinernden Speichern abgelegt werden. Der Beitrag stellt an Hand von drei Beispielen und ihren Weiterentwicklungen dar, dass sehr verschiedenartige Ansätze möglich sind und die Auswahl gemäß ihren inherenten Vor- und Nachteilen von der ins Auge gefassten Anwendung bestimmt werden sollte. Teil I behandelt mit 〟CMAC/AMS〞 ein neurobiologisch motiviertes und mit 〟MIAS〞 ein aus der grafischen Datenverarbeitung abgeleitetes Verfahren.
Benutzeranforderungen für den Einsatz von mobilen Endgeräten in der Industrieautomatisierung (User Requirements for the Use of Mobile Devices in the Industrial Automation)
Authors: Wittenberg Carsten 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt, wie unter frühzeitiger Einbeziehung potentieller Endnutzer Anforderungen für ein geeignetes User Interface Konzept für mobile Endgeräte im Bereich der industriellen Automatisierungstechnik aufgenommen wurden. Als ein Ergebnis der Anforderungsanalyse wird ein besonderer Vorteil des Einsatzes von mobilen Geräten im Service- und Wartungsbereich erkannt. Eine Usability Testreihe mit unterschiedlichen Benutzergruppen hat gezeigt, dass durch die Umsetzung der Anforderungen in einen Prototyp ein User Interface entsteht, welches Wartungstechniker bei ihren täglichen Aufgaben in industriellen automatisierten Produktionssystemen unterstützt.
Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit bei Durchflussmessungen (Determination of the Uncertainty of Flow Measurements)
Authors: Adunka Franz 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit bei Durchflussmessungen unterscheidet sich prinzipiell nicht von jener anderer Messungen. Im Folgenden werden daher die Grundkonzepte des GUM vorausgesetzt und jene Fragen diskutiert, die typisch für den Problemkreis Durchflussmessungen sind. Aus dem großen Gebiet der Durchflussmesstechnik sollen hier vorwiegend Strömungen flüssiger Medien in Rohrleitungen betrachtet werden, aber nicht in Kanälen oder offenen Gerinnen. Die Vorgehensweise bei der Gasmessung wird in einem Beispiel angeschnitten.
Messunsicherheitsbetrachtung bei der Oszilloskopkalibrierung (Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty in Calibrating Oscilloscopes)
Authors: Berg Klaus-Peter 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Die Messunsicherheitsbetrachtung bei der Kalibrierung von Oszilloskopen hat sich bisher als ausgesprochen schwierig erwiesen, weil entsprechende Kalibrierrichtlinien nicht zur Verfügung standen, und weil auch in den Kalibrieranweisungen der Hersteller nicht auf dieses Thema eingegangen wird. Mit der VDI/VDE/DGQ/DKD-Richtlinienreihe 2622 „Kalibrieren von Messmitteln für elektrische Größen“ hat sich die Situation grundlegend geändert. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit bei der Kalibrierung von Oszilloskopen auf der Grundlage dieser Richtlinie.
Praxisgerechtes Bestimmen der Messunsicherheit nach GUM (Practical Determination of the Measurement Uncertainty under GUM)
Authors: Sommer Klaus-Dieter , Siebert Bernd R. L. 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Der von der ISO im Auftrag mehrerer internationaler Organisationen herausgegebene „Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement“, kurz GUM genannt, ist in den letzten Jahren ein weltweit akzeptierter Standard für die Bewertung und Angabe der Messunsicherheit geworden. Die entscheidenden Aufgaben der Messunsicherheitsbewertung nach GUM sind die Beschreibung der Messaufgabe, die Einschätzung der beteiligten Größen mithilfe von Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen und das Aufstellen der Modellgleichung. Alle weiteren Verfahrensschritte folgen festen mathematischen Regeln und lassen sich daher rechnergestützt ausführen. Das Hauptproblem für den Praktiker ist das Aufstellen der Modellgleichung. Dafür wird im Beitrag ein GUM-konsistentes Verfahren gezeigt, das leicht an konkrete Messaufgaben angepasst werden kann. Damit lässt sich das GUM-Verfahren durchgängig als praxisgerechte, schrittweise abarbeitbare Prozedur darstellen und anwenden.
Weiterentwicklung des GUM und Monte-Carlo-Techniken (New Developments of the GUM and Monte Carlo Techniques)
Authors: Siebert Bernd R. L. , Sommer Klaus-Dieter 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Der „Leitfaden zur Angabe der Unsicherheit beim Messen“ (GUM) wird von ISO, DIN und anderen Institutionen als das grundlegende Dokument für die Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit angesehen. Er wurde vor etwa 10 Jahren veröffentlicht. Vermutlich schon im Jahr 2004 werden Ergänzungen erscheinen, die Weiterentwicklungen präsentieren. Eine dieser Ergänzungen betrifft Messprobleme mit mehr als einer Ausgangsgröße und eine andere wird, insbesondere für nichtlineare Modelle zur Auswertung der Messunsicherheit, Monte-Carlo-Techniken empfehlen, in die dieser Bericht einführt.
Werkstückeinflüsse in der Koordinatenmesstechnik (Workpiece Influence in Coordinate Metrology)
Authors: Keck Christian , Franke Matthias , Schwenke Heinrich 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Einflüsse, die bei taktilen Koordinatenmessungen vom Werkstück ausgehen. Er beschreibt ihre Entstehung und macht Vorschläge, wie sie bei der Planung, Durchführung und Auswertung von Koordinatenmessungen sowie bei der Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit berücksichtigt werden können.
Messunsicherheitsbestimmung in der Nanotechnologie am Beispiel eines Nanoclusters (Determining Measurement Uncertainty in Nanometrology with the example of Nanoclusters)
Authors: Weckenmann Albert , Wiedenhöfer Thomas , Sommer Klaus-Dieter 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Die Zuordnung der Messunsicherheit zu einem Messergebnis im Bereich der Nanomesstechnik ist eine neue Herausforderung für die angewandten Wissenschaften. Es mangelt bisher an Modellen und Vorgehensweisen zur Analyse und Interpretation der Messaufgaben und Einflüsse. Auch die zu Grunde liegenden technologischen Mechanismen sind häufig nur unzureichend bekannt. Anhand von Nanoclustern wird versucht, eine Messunsicherheitsbetrachtung in diesem Bereich zu erläutern. Typische Einflüsse werden gemäß ISO-„Guideline to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement“ (GUM) modelliert, Unsicherheitsbeiträge quantifiziert und zugehörige Unsicherheitsbereiche festgelegt, bevor das vollständige Messergebnis, bestehend aus Erwartungswert und beigeordneter Messunsicherheit berechnet, sowie das resultierende Messunsicherheitsbudget analysiert wird.
Electrospinning Nanofibers as Uniaxially Aligned Arrays and Layer‐by‐Layer Stacked Films
Authors: Li D. , Wang Y. , Xia Y. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe conventional procedure for electrospinning has been modified to generate nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays over large areas. The key to the success of this method was the use of a collector composed of two conductive strips separated by an insulating gap of variable width. Directed by electrostatic interactions, the charged nanofibers were stretched to span across the gap and became uniaxially aligned arrays. Two types of gaps have been demonstrated: void gaps and gaps made of a highly insulating material. When a void gap was used, the nanofibers could readily be transferred onto the surfaces of other substrates for various applications. When an insulating substrate was involved, the electrodes could be patterned in various designs on the solid insulator. In both cases, the nanofibers could be conveniently stacked into multi‐layered architectures with controllable hierarchical structures. This new version of electrospinning has already been successfully applied to a range of different materials that include organic polymers, carbon, ceramics, and composites.
Discrete simulation of gas‐liquid bubble columns and gas‐liquid‐solid fluidized beds
Authors: Chen Caixia , Fan Liang‐Shih 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA computational scheme for three‐dimensional (3‐D), discrete simulation of bubble dynamics in gas‐liquid bubble columns and gas‐liquid‐solid fluidized beds is presented. This scheme describes the motion of the gas, liquid, and solid phases, respectively, based on the level‐set interface tracking method, the locally averaged time‐dependent Navier‐Stokes equations coupled with the Smagorinsky Sub‐Grid Scale stress model, and the Lagrangian particle motion equations. Various gas, liquid, and solid interactive forces are considered, which include those due to drag, added mass, interfacial tension, bubble‐particle collision and particle‐particle collision. The accuracy and validity of the simulation based on this scheme is examined through computational experiments on some well‐known bubbling phenomena including the rise behavior of a single gas bubble in liquids and the bubble formation process from an orifice embedded in liquids. The computed bubble rise velocity, bubble shapes and their fluctuations, and bubble formation behavior in liquids show a good agreement with existing theories and experimental findings. The simulation is extended to investigate the effects of solids concentration on bubble formation and rise behavior. It is found that the bubbles are less coalesced in a fluidized bed with a higher solids concentration. A circulatory motion of particles with an upward flow in the center region and a downward flow near the wall, and a lateral solids concentration distribution in a gas‐liquid‐solid fluidized bed can also be predicted. The bubble formation and rise behavior in a multi‐nozzle bubble column are simulated, and the limitation of the Smagorinsky Sub‐Grid Scale stress model is discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 288–301, 2004
Hybrid membrane materials comprising organic polymers with rigid dispersed phases
Authors: Moore Theodore T. , Mahajan Rajiv , Vu De Q. , Koros William J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDispersing highly selective rigid “inserts” such as zeolites and carbons into polymers can produce novel membrane materials with improved gas mixture permselectivity. Rigid inserts frequently cause the permeability in an “interphase” surrounding individual inserts to differ markedly from the intrinsic permeability of the matrix polymer. While existing theoretical models describe permselectivity reasonably well, they fail to predict the absolute permeabilities for individual components in such hybrid media. In fact, the degree of deviation from the simple model predictions provides insight into the detailed properties of the interphase, which has been neglected in previous analyses of these hybrid materials. Extension of an existing model provides a framework to analyze gas permeation properties of model systems with rigid molecular sieve inserts in glassy matrices. Inhibited segmental motion due to surface attachment and matrix contraction at the interface during preparation of these materials is hypothesized as the key cause of the observed behavior. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 311–321, 2004
Advanced rate‐based simulation tool for reactive distillation
Authors: Kenig E. Y. , Górak A. , Pyhälahti A. , Jakobsson K. , Aittamaa J. , Sundmacher K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA rigorous rate‐based modeling approach to reactive distillation equipment is presented in detail. This approach has succeeded from the three‐year project “Reactive Distillation” initiated by SUSTECH and supported by the EU in the frame of the BRITE‐EURAM program. As a result, a steady‐state rate‐based simulator DESIGNER has been created and tested with industrially important reactive distillations. First, a thorough description of the model development, including process hydrodynamics and kinetics, is given. The general structure of DESIGNER is highlighted. Furthermore, numerical problems, simulation issues, and validation of the developed simulator are discussed, whereas several industrially important applications are demonstrated. The main advantages of DESIGNER are the direct account of mass and heat transport (rate‐based approach), multicomponent mass‐transport description via the Maxwell‐Stefan equations, consideration of a large spectrum of reactions (homogeneous and heterogeneous; slow, moderate, and fast; equilibrium and kinetically controlled), reaction account in both bulk and film phases, availability of different hydrodynamic models, and a large choice of hydrodynamic and mass‐transfer correlations for various types of column internals (trays, random and structured packings, catalytic packings). Particular attention is devoted to the mass‐transfer model, including the reaction in the film region, to the catalyst efficiency determination based on the mass transfer inside the catalyst and to the hydrodynamic models for reactive trays. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:322–342, 2004
Water‐in‐oil coalescence in micro‐nanofiber composite filters
Authors: Shin C. , Chase G. G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCoalescence filtration is very effective for the separation of secondary emulsions that contain water droplets with diameters less than 50 μm. The factors that control the performance of coalescer filter media are fiber size and wettability. High wettability materials for water‐in‐oil dispersion promote coalescence. New experimental results investigating the performance of nonwoven filter media glass fiber augmented with polymer nanofiber are presented in relation to the relevant parameters (wettability, filter depth, flow velocity, and filter materials). A decrease in fiber size improves the overall separation efficiency of the process. However, the nanofibers cause a significant increase in the pressure drop through the filter. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 343–350, 2004
Prediction of binary gas diffusion in carbon molecular sieves at high pressure
Authors: Qinglin Huang , Farooq S. , Karimi I. A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA dual‐resistance model, in which a barrier resistance confined at the micropore mouth is assumed to act in series with pore diffusional resistance distributed in the micropore interior, has been proposed for multicomponent transport of gases in carbon molecular sieves (CMS). Excellent predictive power of the model has been thoroughly validated by means of extensive unary/binary integral uptake and breakthrough measurements involving large pressure steps on Takeda and Bergbau Forschung (BF) CMS samples. Quantitative agreement between the experimental and predicted results is truly remarkable considering the fact that all the predictions are strictly based on independently measured single‐component equilibrium and kinetic parameters. Impact of two mixture isotherms, namely ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory and extended Langmuir (E‐L) model, on mixture uptakes has also been investigated. This study undeniably establishes the following: (1) effectiveness of a dual‐resistance approach for gas transport in CMS micropores, and (2) much stronger concentration dependence of the transport parameters than that predicted from the use of a chemical potential gradient as the driving force for diffusion with constant intrinsic mobility. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 351–367, 2004
A ceramic microfiltration tube membrane dispersion extractor
Authors: Chen G. G. , Luo G. S. , Sun Y. , Xu J. H. , Wang J. D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAlthough the phase‐free membrane extraction process has shown many advantages over the traditional extraction, the process is still at the experimental stage. On the other hand, in a new extractor a microfiltration membrane is used as a dispersion medium. The mass‐transfer performance of the new extractor was tested with 30% TBP (in kerosene)–nitric acid–H2O as an experimental system. The overall mass‐transfer coefficient and the equipment efficiency were calculated with the concentrations of the inlet and outlet. The extractor was designed and constructed with two special inner elements for improving the performance further. The effects of the transmembrane pressure, the continuous‐phase flow rate, and the geometric parameters of the inner elements on the mass‐transfer performance, as well as on the flux of the dispersion phase, are discussed. The experimental results showed that very higher efficiency was reached. The inner elements could improve the mass‐transfer performance greatly by changing the two‐phase contact status. The results suggested that the mass‐transfer process could be completed quickly while the drop size was in the range of micrometers. In addition, the flux of the dispersed phase was mainly influenced by the transmembrane pressure, not by the equipment structures, inner elements, and the continuous‐phase flow rate. The new extractor can be operated with very higher efficiency and higher flux, and the efficiency can be predicted with a cubic polynomial. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 382–387, 2004
PCA‐based fault diagnosis in the presence of control and dynamics
Authors: Gertler Janos , Cao Jin 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn PCA‐model‐based fault diagnosis, using the isolation enhancement approaches of analytical redundancy, mis‐isolation of some sensor and actuator faults may arise if the training data is collected under constant control. A detailed analysis is provided of how control actions affect PCA‐model‐based diagnosis. Ratio and feedback control in linear static and discrete dynamic systems, with full and partial PCA models is investigated. It is shown that all that it takes to eliminate the adverse effects is to vary the control set point (in feedback control) or the ratio coefficient (in ratio control) in the course of collecting the training data. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 388–402, 2004
Scheduling intermediate storage multipurpose batch plants using the S‐graph
Authors: Romero Javier , Puigjaner Luis , Holczinger Tibor , Friedler Ferenc 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA graph theoretical approach is proposed for the optimal scheduling of multipurpose batch plants when constraints on intermediate storage allocation are met. The novel S‐graph representation is extended and combined with a set of rationales to consider intermediate storage policy in production scheduling. This set of rationales accelerates the optimization procedure, reducing the searching tree from the very beginning, without losing optimality. It is assumed that the storage units can be commonly used throughout the plant to achieve maximum plant flexibility. Therefore, the problem solved suggests the more general batch‐process transfer strategy, common intermediate storage policy (CIS). This policy is suggested for more flexible use of intermediate storage units. The accuracy of this proposed algorithm is tested with an exhaustive B&B search algorithm. The methodology is compared with other CIS algorithms and is applied to solve several case studies. The benefits of considering this kind of storage coupled with the use of the proposed algorithm are discussed through motivating examples. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 403–417, 2004
Characterization of flow distribution in microchannel reactors
Authors: Pfeifer P. , Wenka A. , Schubert K. , Liauw M. A. , Emig G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe applicability of thermal anemometry with constant wire temperature for characterization of the flow distribution in microchannel reactors was first proven by a comparison of simulation and experimental results using uncoated microchannels. The anemometry was then applied for structured reactor foils with different nanoparticle washcoats. Homogeneity of the coatings observed by scanning electron microscopy showed good correlation to the results of the anemometry. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 418–425, 2004