bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Gohdes Anita R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The final chapter discusses the central findings and reflects on the implications they hold for our understanding of domestic cyber controls, for future research, and for activists faced with the consequences of online controls in their everyday life. The findings suggest that cyber capabilities in the form of online surveillance and censorship have taken a supportive role in a state’s repressive apparatus. The findings expand our understanding of state coercion by studying how the control of digital infrastructure is supercharging states’ abilities to engage in information management. Online monitoring has facilitated state access to previously hard-to-reach sectors of society as it bypasses the need for local in-person intelligence gathering that necessitates long-term investment in trustworthy personnel. Online censorship has accelerated states’ abilities to flexibly stifle or even shut down popular coordination and information exchange for short periods of time, thereby avoiding long-term information vacuums that could prove dangerous for regime stability
Explaining Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Given the heightened complexity and uncertainty of the world we live in, creativity, or the ability to develop new and effective ideas, products, or solutions, has grown in societal interest internationally. There is a recognition of the need for creative problem solving to address complex problems, and thus, new areas of creativity studies and applications have rapidly emerged. Creativity is increasingly recognized as a highly coveted and prized skill for the future of work and life. This book builds on the essential foundations of creativity research and practice that were established in the first and second editions of the book. It provides an up-to-date and exhaustive review of research findings, as well as chapters on new topics were not included in prior books: technology, wellbeing, and self-beliefs. Explaining Creativity takes an interdisciplinary approach that explains concepts, topics and themes related to creativity in ways that are accessible to students and non-experts, yet thorough and detailed enough to be useful to academics or other experts. This broad and practical, yet still detailed, approach covers a broad terrain of the creativity landscape, investigating core aspects of creative cognition, creative practice, and social and cultural contexts for creativity.
Fiscal Barriers in the Internal Market
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
How do the EU Treaties remove fiscal barriers within the internal market; and in particular: what are the constitutional principles under its four fundamental freedoms? This chapter aims to explore these two questions. Section II begins with an analysis of the constitutional principles governing the free movement of goods. We shall see there that the existence of two textual regimes for regulatory and fiscal barriers has translated, over time, into two different constitutional regimes for both types of measures: regulatory measures would be subject to a highly integrationist—federal—regime that significantly cut into the internal sovereignty of each Member State, whereas fiscal barriers would continue to be governed by a traditional international model that focuses on discrimination within and by a national legal order. Would this ‘fiscal affairs exception’, with regard to goods, apply to the other three fundamental freedoms too; or would the Court here assimilate regulatory and fiscal barriers? Section III shows that the European Court has—despite the absence of a textual Treaty distinction—also adopted the non-assimilation solution here by introducing a category approach that implicitly distinguishes between regulatory and fiscal barriers. Are there constitutional reasons for this? Section IV hopes, in a final step, to point to objective differences between regulatory and fiscal national measures.
Tax Powers and the EU State Aid Regime
Authors: de Cecco Francesco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter explores the EU state aid regime from the perspective of fiscal powers. It is divided into four sections. The first considers the relevance of state aid law to business taxation. It elucidates the manner in which the EU state aid regime constrains both the internal allocation of tax powers and the exercise of those powers in relation to cross-border economic activities and examines some of the controversies surrounding the interpretation of key elements in the notion of state aid that determine these constraints. The second links the discussion on the reaches of state aid law with the underlying rationale for state aid control and rejects the claims that the Commission’s approach to tax rulings amounts to competence creep and harmonization by stealth. The third section goes on to consider whether the instrumental approach at play in this area represents a threat to the rule of law. The fourth and final section draws the threads together and casts a tentative glance into the future.
The Harmonization of Indirect Taxes
Authors: Traversa Edoardo , Masseglia Elena 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The harmonization of indirect taxation is inextricably linked to the achievement of the internal market and the Customs Union. Owing to the immediate effects on cross-border trade of national disparities as regards taxes on goods and services, the Commission has been able to convince Member States to adopt common rules in an area where sovereignty concerns are particularly strong. Such a harmonization process has facilitated free movement within the EU. However, it cannot be regarded as mere technical–legal process but has a clear political dimension. In both VAT and excises duties, harmonization slowly started in the 1960s and peaked with the single market and the abolition of fiscal frontiers in the early 1990s. Since then, the legal framework has only undergone minor changes. Despite innovative and potentially far-reaching Commission proposals in various fields, such as CO2 and energy taxation, taxation of financial transactions, or a cross-border VAT, recent reforms concern only relatively marginal aspects of the existing directives—at least as regards the horizontal and vertical division of taxing powers within the EU.
The Harmonization of Direct Taxes
Authors: Panayi Christiana HJI 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter has examined the extent to which there is harmonization of direct taxes in the European Union. It was shown that, broadly, what could currently be considered as the direct tax legislation of the European Union is a patchwork of minimum rules (enacted through directives) which try to address some of the distortions caused by the co-existence of different and largely unharmonized tax systems of Member States. Most of the rules that exist deal with corporate tax matters. This patchwork of rules is significantly enriched by—but also sometimes in contradiction with—the voluminous case law of the Court of Justice, which establishes how some of the fundamental freedoms are to be interpreted in various increasingly complex tax scenarios.
Epilogue
Authors: Piketty Thomas , Vauchez Antoine 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A ‘Hamiltonian turn’ of the European Union would require it to strengthen its ‘metabolic’ capacity by means of both an autonomous fiscal capacity and more autonomous democratic credentials. The T-Dem proposal (Treaty for the Democratization of Europe) provides a possible way forward in this respect. The T-Dem thereby suggests imposing direct taxes on those firms and individuals that have made the most of the opportunities of the Single Market and of the euro (major multinationals, households with high incomes and high assets). Last but not least, it anchors the collective decisions about European solidarity and about European public goods in firm democratic hands with the creation of a transnational Parliament (the European Assembly) composed of delegations from the European and the national parliaments. Among the reasons for the new role given to national parliaments lies the fact that one of the main obstacles to fiscal integration in the past has been the refusal of national parliaments (most often backed by constitutional courts) to lose their monopoly over fiscal prerogatives.
Revelation
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the radical theology of the English Revolution, in its confrontation with speculative knowledge, as a symptom of a wider and deeply gendered epistemological shift which gave newly politicized meaning to mystical theology. I compare the cultural significance of female prophets and preachers in the Revolution (‘silly women’) to that of Catholic female mystics, sought after for their pure, untainted spiritual perception. I focus especially on Augustine Baker and his muse Gertrude More, whose mystical writings published in the 1650s influenced the Restoration reaction against both Catholic mysticism and ‘enthusiasm’ or radical prophecy. The second part of the chapter examines the relationship between the high, even ultimate, status given to experiential knowledge as revelation, and women’s status in the mystical radical milieu, not least among the Fifth Monarchists in the Dublin congregation of John Rogers.
Aharonov–Bohm Effect and Charge–Flux Composites
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We give a basic introduction to the Aharonov-Bohm effect, and use this effect to construct a toy-model of anyons known as the“charge-flux” model. We explore some of the basic properties of this model, including fusion of anyons, antiparticles, and the degeneracy of the ground state on a torus, which is related to the number of species of anyons. This degeneracy can in principle serve as a quantum memory.
Defining Topological Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Atiyah systematized the general principles of topological quantum field theories in terms of the mathematics of gluing together manifolds and combining vector spaces. A TQFT roughly is a partition function Z(M) with M a manifold, that returns a number of M has no boundary and a wavefunction on the boundary if M has a boundary. Manifolds can be glued together on their boundaries by taking inner products of wavefunctions. We roughly describe this approach and describe how it relates to the physics of anyons as we have discussed in prior chapters. We also introduce the important notion of the modular S-matrix as a change of basis.
State-Sum TQFTs
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Manifolds can be decomposed into simplicies (triangles in 2D or tetrahedra in 3D). TQFTs can be constructed as state sums over discrete quantum numbers on the on these discretized manifolds. Such sums appear like partition functions, statistical mechanics sums of Boltzmann weights. In order to for these sums to yield manifold invariants the sum must be independent on the particular simplicial decomposition (or triangulation) of the manifold. The so-called “Pachner Moves” describe all possible changes of the decomposition, so a sum which is unchanged under Pachner moves gives a manifold invariant. One such state sum is the the Turaev-Viro state sum, which takes as an input a (spherical) fusion category (F matrices satisfying the pentagon equation) and then allows one to assign a (scalar) manifold invariant to a 3D manifold. The corresponding TQFT is known as the quantum double, or Drinfeld double of the fusion category. Much of the study of the Turaev-Viro model has been in the context of so-called spin-network models of quantum gravity. A very similar state sum TQFT is the Dijkgraaf-Witten model, which (in 3D) takes as an input a group and a 3-cocyle (acting as F-matrices). The Dijkgraaf-Witten model is generalizable to any dimension.
Anyon Condensation
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A mechanism for constructing one anyon theory from another is anyon condensation, akin to Bose condensation. It is believed that any continuous phase transition between TQFTs must occur by such a condensation transition. We describe the main steps in such a condensation: Identification/Splitting, and Confinement. We give simple examples when the condensing boson is a simple current then describe the more general structure. We explain how the idea of a Chern-Simons coset can be understood under the framework of condensation. Finally we discuss the relationship between condensation and gappable boundaries.
Learning Latin in the Roman Army
Authors: Speidel Michael A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Although this chapter, contrary to some recently expressed views, accepts that Latin was the official language of the Roman army, it challenges the common view that soldiers and veterans were key vectors of linguistic change in the provinces of the Roman Empire. The argument is based mainly on the demographic realities in the provinces, in which, numerically, soldiers and veterans made up far too small a proportion of the population to have had a notable impact on the spreading of Latin into non-Latin-speaking communities. Moreover, at the level of the rank and file, service in the army required only a basic knowledge of Latin. Non-native speakers of Latin therefore needed to acquire advanced levels of the language of the Romans only if they intended to advance to higher ranks. Finally, a significant number of auxiliary veterans returned to their former homes after discharge and used their native tongue when communicating with the local population. Hence, such veterans hardly contributed to the diffusion of Latin in the provinces. The Roman army, therefore, does not emerge as a major agent in the spreading of Latin in the Western provinces.
Religion, Language Maintenance, and Language Shift
Authors: Cazanove Olivier De , Tolosa MarÍa JosÍ EstarÁn 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of religious practice in the linguistic changes of Roman-period Gaul, both as a conservative factor in the retention of the local language, Gaulish, and as a Latinizing factor. Epigraphic sources show that domain-based choices linked to religious practices can be a crucial factor for evaluating linguistic shift, generating complex and heterogeneous situations during the period where both local and Roman practices coexisted. We argue that in Gaul this transitional period lasted for longer than is usually assumed. These situations are illustrated with relevant case studies of epigraphic ensembles from Vieille-Toulouse and Alesia framed in their archaeological and sociolinguistic context, and a perspective on the pillar of the nautae, an enigmatic piece in the study of the Latinization of Gaul.
The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices
Authors: Rochette Bruno 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the focus is on the attitudes of the Roman emperors towards language practices, which sometimes become ideologies mirrored in language usage throughout the Empire, in order to highlight the political aims that lay behind the use they made of Latin and Greek and how languages were used as a political weapon. The first Julio-Claudian emperors understood the importance of the quality of Latin and its use in administration as an element to create a Roman identity in the Imperium Romanum, without making any attempt to impose it in any part of the Empire. After Augustus and Tiberius, who demonstrated an interest in regulating the use of languages in public life, linguistic policy appears to be flexible and adapted to the circumstances. About the situation after Nero’s reign there is less information available. Under the Antonine emperors, a balanced bilingualism is reached. The period from Marcus Aurelius’ death (180) to Constantine’s death (337) is relatively barren in terms of commentary on linguistic attitudes, which can mainly be found in the texts of the classical jurists, which culminated under the Severi. I conclude by briefly taking into account the situation after Constantine until Justinian’s reign (527–65). The documentary sources from the Roman Empire are an important resource for seeing these attitudes and developments possibly reflected in practice and in linking Latin to the Imperium Romanum.
Membership and Congruence
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To help us understand better the challenges of legislative capacity and accountability within the three ideal-typical models of legislative assemblies developed in Chapter 1 (the members’ assembly, the leaders’ assembly, and the voters’ assembly), this chapter focuses on the membership and composition of the legislative assembly. As with any multi-person body, the composition of a chamber can be analyzed according to an almost-infinite set of characteristics. Many scholars and voters believe that the partisan, demographic, economic, and professional characteristics of legislators may matter a great deal. In this chapter, we explore in particular two of the most important and commonly studied dimensions by which the membership of legislative chambers has been assessed: (1) the degree to which the membership of the chamber reflects the partisanship of the citizenry and (2) the proportion of assembly members that are female. Both aspects are important to popular representation in any assembly. Specifically, a voters’ assembly will have a membership that broadly reflects the partisanship of the voters and in which both genders are significantly represented. We discuss the importance of such member–voter congruence.
Committees
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To help us understand better the challenges of legislative capacity and accountability within the three ideal-typical models of legislative assemblies developed in Chapter 1 (the members’ assembly, the leaders’ assembly, and the voters’ assembly), this chapter focuses on committees. The chapter discusses why a legislative assembly would create and empower a system of committees. The scholarly literature on committees has offered competing explanations of why committees have been such a popular form of legislative organization. This chapter therefore reviews the four most prominent explanations. We describe the primary contours and variation in how real-world legislative committees are designed and relate such organizational design to our concepts of voters’, members’, and leaders’ assemblies. Formal structures and powers define a legislative assembly’s committee system. Our focus is on the number of committees, their membership, and their powers. This will help identify the degree to which committees play a significant role in the life of a legislative assembly. It will also aid our understanding of whom, if anyone, this legislative organization privileges, and how. Having described the components of a legislative committee system, we next examine variation in their structure across different assemblies.
The society project
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDuring the war, the Taliban judicial system participated in the production of an alternative social order characterized by social conservatism and moral rigour. As a whole, its verdicts show the movement’s plan to preserve—that is, to reproduce—the property structures and social hierarchies of the pre-war period. Thus, as had happened during the 1990s, the judges imposed an identity regime, which followed the main lines of the pre-war regime in favouring the Pashtuns by denying the ethnic question and relegating the Shiites to second-class status. In addition, they guaranteed private property by combating the violent land grabs by 1990s commanders and regime strongmen, but also ensured the reproduction of economic inequalities around land. When it came to gender issues, while the Taliban appeared to be more flexible than in the 1990s with respect to certain practices (music, mobile phones, films, games), quite the opposite was the case. Here, the judges ruled with particular severity: they guaranteed a system of patriarchal domination based on repressing deviance in the public sphere and on delegating the resort to violence in the domestic space to the heads of families. This conservative programme legitimized the social rise of religious elites. Indeed, the judges’ attending to the public good concealed a work of universalizing the special interests of the ulama. By reshaping the state and society through the application of Islamic law, judges promoted an order in which religious status would determine access to positions of power, at the obvious expense of non-religious elites.
Pakistan's Nuclear Exclusion
Authors: Rahim Sana 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Developed over six chapters, Pakistan’s Nuclear Exclusion offers an account of how Orientalism is a lived experience of post-colonial racism, injustice, and inequality amongst members of the nuclear community in Pakistan. The account is produced through interviews with members of the community consisting of students, academics, and physicists in Pakistan. The book offers unique insights into how Pakistan’s nuclear community is not only perceived/represented but also, therewith, how it seeks to operate in a wider nuclear community dominated by Western nuclear powers. The provision of such highly contextualized insights is enabled by the book setting out to both (a) provide analytical space for and (b) ‘give voice’ to how Orientalism and othering is experienced in their everyday lives. Consequently, the book provides (1) an analysis of how ‘dominant discourses’ of nuclear management and their ‘pictures of reason’ are exclusionary, (2) an analysis of the core features of Orientalism as they pertain to Pakistan’s nuclear weapons and nuclear community, and (3) empirical findings which produce categories of the experience of Orientalism into areas of the everyday—exclusion, making a career, Islamophobia, technology denial, self-reliance, and identity. The book is enormously valuable to the research community as well as extremely well conceived and researched. In addition, much of the methodology chapter offers a level of sophistication and self-reflection that translates well in the interview material and its subsequent analysis.
Birth and Death of Ancient Cities
Authors: Shankar Pratyush 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with the discussion about cities in the Indian sub-continent right from the time period of Indus Valley civilization. This is amongst the most intriguing period of history especially from the point of view of development of cities as we have very scant evidence on the nature of society and the state. The cities show a level of sophistication that points toward a highly organized state. The cities after this period were predominantly built with wood originated in the North Indian flood plains can only be imagined through textual reference as not much of physical evidence remains on ground anymore.
Temple Towns of South India
Authors: Shankar Pratyush 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The temple-based settlements in South India might be amongst the oldest surviving examples of cities in India. The origin and evolution of these ‘temple towns’ were intricately connected with the establishment of new irrigation project to make agricultural land more productive and thereby increase surplus. The temple as an institution was absolutely in the centre of the management of these large-scale irrigation projects. This was the single most important reason that led to formation of cities with the temple as its symbolic centre. The temple here works as a proxy to the state and becomes the nuclei of the diagram of the city that signifies power and control.