bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The How and Why of a Good Machine Check
Authors: Horton Charles N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anesthesiologists are like pilots: our work, and the safety of those who rely on us, requires us to have a safe and reliable machine. And like pilots, we ensure that our machines are working well by checking them rigorously every day—either with an automated self-check (on the newest machines) or manually. Since most machines currently in use do not have an automated self-check, here’s how to check the machine yourself. First, quickly look at the machine to check that nothing is obviously broken or dangling loose. Then turn on all the different parts of it: the main switch, the gas analyzer, the patient monitor, and the bispectral index (BIS) unit. Don’t switch on the ventilator just yet. The gas analyzer takes awhile to warm up, so while you’re waiting, check the rest of the machine.
The ABCs Start with “Airway” How to Intubate and Maintain Anesthesia
Authors: Horton Charles N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of our most important tasks is to manage the patient’s airway. There are multiple tools we use for this, and we will examine each of them in this chapter. They can be divided into a few categories: Supplemental oxygen devices take a few forms, such as nasal cannulas or loose-fitting masks, but all do only one thing: they increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the lungs with each breath.
Ubiquitous Computing and Spatial Privacy
Authors: Uteck Anne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1991, Mark Weiser envisioned a world in which computing would become an integral part of our everyday experience. This vision assumed a paradigmatic shift, not only in computing, but also in society. Enabling technologies would be everywhere, embedded in everyday things, people, and places. As they are combined, integrated, and connected, invisibly and remotely to networks, we move toward a society characterized by ubiquitous computing (ubicomp). Emerging location, communication, and mobile technologies, such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), and advanced wireless devices enhance and extend the ability to locate and track people and things in the real physical world anywhere, anytime, accurately, continuously, and in real time. There are compelling advantages to such capabilities that are important to serving the public interest, as for example, more effective emergency services, security applications by law enforcement, and child safety. The privacy implications, however, are profound.
A Conceptual Analysis of Identity
Authors: Davis Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are three notions of identity that must be distinguished that I shall call metaphysical identity, cultural/social/political identity, and epistemological identity. I shall concentrate my discussion on the last of these and illustrate it by discussing identity theft. Because the central interest is in epistemological identity and its relation to identity theft, I shall describe the first two notions only to the extent that it is necessary to distinguish them from epistemological identity. Let us begin with metaphysical identity and with the following question. At a particular time, t, what makes it the case that a given object, A, is synchronically identical to B: Consider a simple object, a wooden chair, which I shall call ‘Alfred.’ Imagine that reflected in a mirror is an image of a chair—one that I shall call ‘Natalie.’ Now at a given time, t, Natalie and Alfred might well be the same chair. Properties play an important role in determining the conditions under which Natalie and Alfred are identical. A property is something an object has; it is a characteristic or quality of an object that is true of the object. Red objects, for example, have the property of being red and it is true of them that they are red. Properties come in different varieties: monadic and relational and accidental and essential. A monadic property is a quality of an object that does not relate it to another object—for example, being square—while a relational property, such as being to the left, relates an object to another object.
Real Options in Theory and Practice
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Decision makers in business and economics face a staggering array of problems. Managers of growing firms have to decide which growth options will expand their business. Governments have to decide which infrastructure investments to undertake. Managers of oil firms must decide how rapidly to deplete their reserves. Owners of land must decide when and how to develop. Operators of power plants must decide when to start them up and when to shut them down. While these problems seem quite diverse, they share many important features. In each case, the decision maker must choose when to take a particular action that will be difficult, if not impossible, to reverse. In each case, the consequences of taking (or not taking) that action are uncertain. The timing and nature of these actions directly affect revenue. Real options that often vary radically from one problem to another. The book focuses on building a general approach to solving problems from the ground up to show readers how real options can be assembled in a way appropriate to the individual problem being analyzed. The book will inform both practitioners who want to develop their analytical techniques and also graduate students who will eventually become practitioners. The real-options approach to capital budgeting (and business decision-making more generally) was introduced 30 years ago and is now widely accepted. While there are now many books that introduce the concept of real options to a general business audience, students and practitioners have been given little guidance as to how to actually implement these concepts in practice.
Learning Options
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The costs associated with launching a new product do not stop once development of the product is complete. Building distribution infrastructure can be expensive and the cost of marketing can be substantial, especially for particularly innovative products for which no market currently exists. Much of this expenditure is irreversible. Testing a new product in a small set of markets prior to a full- scale launch allows a firm to acquire considerable information about the product’s potential. If testing produces good news then the product can be launched on a much larger scale, and the main cost of the test marketing to the firm is that the payoff has been delayed for the duration of the testing. However, if it produces bad news then the firm has avoided the incremental costs of a full-scale launch.
Calibration Using Spot and Futures Price Data
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In many situations it is natural to adopt the spot price of a traded asset (often a commodity) as the state variable. For example, in the resource extraction problem of Section 8.3 the state variable was the price of copper, while in the machinery- replacement problem of Section 10.3 it was the price of fuel. Ready availability of spot price data also makes the spot price an attractive candidate for the state variable since such data can be used to estimate the parameters needed to build the tree (the size of up and down moves and the probabilities that they occur). Moreover, because the observed price of the traded asset reflects the market’s attitude towards the risk of holding that asset in a portfolio, price data can also be used to estimate the risk-neutral probabilities.
Calibrating Trees of Alternative State Variables
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous two chapters have considered situations where the state variable is the price of a traded asset or commodity. We were able to exploit two key features. First, there is usually plenty of historical data to use to calibrate our models. Second, observed prices incorporate market-determined adjustments for risk, so that we do not always need to impose theoretical risk-adjustment models on the data.
Mothballing an Ethanol Plant
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Total US ethanol production rose from 1.6 billion gallons in 2000 to 6.5 billion gallons in 2007 (EIA, 2008, Table 4a). The increased output reflected rising capacity from a wave of investment in new production facilities. Despite the increasing supply of ethanol, the spread between the ethanol price and the cost of its main inputs (corn and natural gas) continued to widen, at least for a while. However, ethanol prices fell in the middle of 2006 and corn prices began to rise. By 2008 construction of many partly-completed ethanol plants had been halted. Some completed plants had suspended operations and some had defaulted on debt obligations.
The Limited Appeal and Value of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With decades of cascadological prophecy and, effectively, apocalyptic cheerleading for would-be proliferators behind us, one might be set to wondering why more countries haven’t taken the nuclear plunge. As analyst MoeeId Yusuf observes, not only “has the pace of proliferation been much slower than anticipated,” but the very considerable majority of the states arrayed on the alarmists’ lists “never came close to crossing the threshold”—indeed, “most did not even initiate a weapons program.”1
Adherence to Mental Health Treatment
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patients’ failure to complete a simple prescription course presents a tremendous public health problem and a considerable challenge for practicing clinicians. For those with chronic mental illnesses, non-adherence is an even greater problem than in other patient populations and substantially lowers the possibility of improvement or recovery. Additionally, adherence to treatment is further undermined by impairments in insight that often accompany mental illness. Much has been written about non-adherence across medical specialties. Yet, the topic of non-adherence in psychiatric patients is so common and complex that it merits review in its own right. Using the most up-to-date research available, this book summarizes the current knowledge concerning non-adherence in mental illness, presenting concise, practical information on such topics as the reasons behind medication non-adherence, detection of non-adherence, and the pharmacological and non-pharmacological options available to clinicians to manage non-adherence. The authors review the effectiveness of psycho-education, brief counseling, compliance therapy, cognitive adaptive strategies, reminder electronic monitoring strategies, family therapy, peer support and recovery, and assertive community treatment (ACT), as well as assess the legal issues around patient adherence, including outpatient commitment and Kendra’s law. Importantly, the text also addresses the ever evolving role of psychiatrists in managing adherence, focusing on the rapid advances in pharmacology, in light of the new and broadening recovery concept for mental illness. The data is presented in a “ready-to-use” manner, utilizing algorithms, diagrams, tables, and figures to convey helpful information to clinicians in order to improve all aspects of psychiatric patient adherence.
Clinical features and diagnosis
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Making the diagnosis of asthma is not always straightforward. Unlike many other conditions in medicine, the diagnosis of asthma is usually based on typical features in the history, often with no specific confirmatory examination, radiological, or laboratory findings. However, it is important to identify key features in the medical history, perform a careful physical examination, and ideally demonstrate reversible airflow obstruction.
Asthma in primary care
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Asthma is a common condition, and the responsibility for both the diagnosis and subsequent long-term management often rests with the primary health-care team. Indeed, asthma is one of the chronic conditions most frequently diagnosed in a primary care setting, and many patients are initially managed by the primary team, with subsequent referral to a specialist to help manage the more challenging cases.
Asthma lends itself to assessment of quality of care by outcome measures.
New treatments and the future
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although inhaled corticosteroids are a fundamental component in the management of asthma, in some patients, adherence is often poor, in part due to concerns about long-term systemic and local adverse effects. Ciclesonide is a novel lipophilic inhaled corticosteroid that has recently become licensed in the United States for once-daily use in asthma. It represents an exciting development because it becomes activated in the lung by esterase cleavage, minimizing extrapulmonary adverse effects. The unique pharmacological properties of ciclesonide, fewer local adverse effects, and limited effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis due to onsite lung activation (in addition to its once-daily dosing regimen) make it particularly attractive in encouraging compliance without the concerns of local and systemic complications.
The Modernist Self
Authors: Butler Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1899) anticipates many of the philosophical and psychological concerns of the early decades of the twentieth century concerning the nature of personal identity. It also poses its questions against a fantastic, even Symbolist, background which leads to deep ambiguities, and is an early contribution to a long debate on the nature of the ‘civilized’ and the ‘primitive’, which affects all the arts in the Modernist period.
Aspects of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Butler Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My central theme has been the relationship between changes in artistic technique and the ideas which inspired them, such as Schoenberg’s belief in an unfolding law of musical progress and his reliance upon the ‘unconscious’ to help him discover it, or the Nietzschean and primitivist assumptions about the personality which gave artists the courage to explore divisions in consciousness, or the defence of collagist and Simultaneist methods of presentation as symptomatic of the confusingly multiple narratives of modern life. As ideas like these spread, they brought about profound stylistic changes in the arts all over Europe, as artists became aware of the new conventions, and adapted them in their own experiments.1 In the process, new ideas were adapted to ‘native’ cultural traditions and to the individual artistic temperament, in a process which often enough involved a successfully creative mistranslation.
Los and Jesus
Authors: Otto Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most discussions of Los proceed along a linear path and note the changes in Blake⌘s conception of this figure as his oeuvre proceeds. However, one of the major thrusts of the poems that I have been discussing is that the linear time which appears to the closeted man is not the only or in fact the most fundamental experience of time. It therefore offers us only a partial view of Los.
Some Reflections on the Metre of Christ III
Authors: Roberts Jane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some time ago Eric Stanley drew together all the A3 verses of Beowulf, thus providing a valuable tool for the understanding of the poem’s metre. In this article I should like to begin by using his tool in an investigation of the comparable verses of a much shorter poem, Christ III. Like Stanley’s, my corpus depends upon a conservative estimate, more conservative than Alan Bliss’s would have been, and certainly far smaller than a selection made according to the criteria put forward more recently by Kendall.3 There is a virtue in holding to old conventions, if the resulting data allow interesting comparisons to be drawn. Although Christ III is approximately a quarter the length of Beowulf, it yields some 100 comparable verses, rather more than might be expected by comparison with their distribution in the longer poem.
Apocalypse and Invasion in Late Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Godden Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The moral and theological problems posed by successful invasion, and particularly invasion of a sophisticated Christian civilization by heathen barbarians, were a recurrent issue in Anglo-Saxon writings. Bede took up the issue briefly in his Historia Ecclesiastica,suggesting that the Anglo-Saxon invaders were agents of the divine wrath against the slothful and sinful Britons: ‘the fire kindled by the hands of the heathen executed the just vengeance of God on the nation for its crimes’. Alcuin touched on the issue again in his letters on the sack of Lindisfarne by the Vikings, suggesting a parallel with the earlier Anglo-Saxon invasions and hinting that the attack might have been divine punishment for fornication, adultery, incest, avarice, robbery, or perhaps bad judgements. It was a major concern in Alfredian prose, and seems to have influenced the choice of Latin works to translate. Alfred hinted at the idea of divine punishment as an explanation for the Vikings in his preface to the Pastoral Care but explored the issue much more fully and profoundly in his version of Boethius: he introduced the discussion with his own account of the barbarian invasion of Italy and the imprisonment of Boethius, and then used that as a basis for questioning the apparent dominance of evil in a world supposedly ruled by a benevolent God.
Cultural Materialism, Othello, and the Politics of Plausibility
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cassio, in Shakespeare’s Othello, is discovered in a drunken brawl. He laments: “Reputation, reputation, I ha’ lost my reputation!” (2.3.254). Iago replies, “You have lost no reputation at all, unless you repute yourself such a loser” (2.3.261-63), but this assertion is absurd (though attractive), since reputation is by definition a social construct, concerned entirely with one’s standing in the eyes of others. In fact, language and reality are always interactive, dependent upon social recognition; reputation is only a specially explicit instance. Meaning, communication, language work only because they are shared. If you invent your own language, no one else will understand you; if you persist, you will be thought mad. Iago is telling Cassio to disregard the social basis of language, to make up his own meanings for words; it is the more perverse because Iago is the great manipulator of the prevailing stories of his society.
Protestantism: Questions of Subjectivity and Control
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I arrived at a study of protestantism in early modern England through Philip Sidney. The image of him that prevailed in literary studies was that of the ideal courtier, poet, scholar, patron of letters, and soldier. He seemed to heal the rift between practical affairs and writing-he at least could not be called a sissy (see chapter 10 below). Further exploration showed an attractive modification of this image: Sidney was a political activist who annoyed the establishment of his time. He and his friends opposed Queen Elizabeth’s foreign policy, wanting a principled rather than a prudent attitude to religion in Europe; supported puritan ministers; and held that subjects (admittedly only upper-class subjects) may resist monarchs when the latter are tyrannical. The popular image had Sidney as the queen’s favourite in an ideal administration without conflict, but actually she distrusted his politics, ignored his advice, and only reluctantly employed him.
Introduction
Authors: Hunter G K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a book not about Shakespeare the solitary genius but rather about the world that constituted his life as a writer-the world of the public dramatists, actors, audiences, playhouses, impresarios, who provided him with the basic definition of his metier. It was from these that he learnt how to encode his own daily experience and that of his audience inside available forms of expression; they presented examples of what to follow and what to avoid, defined the rivals he had to outshine if his company (and his income) were to survive. A comprehensive explanation of what was involved in living in that situation is, of course, inaccessible to us; historians like to invoke the great events of the time in terms of their now-perceived consequences, but at the actual rime these could not be given any generalized or objective meaning outside the local languages that were being invented (cu”ente calamo) and communicated inside the communities that the writer drew on and served. So it can be no part of a literary investigation to ‘explain’ the life of the past, but only to propose an unstable dialectic between our own inescapable modernity and the languages of the locally experienced and documented past-one in which Shakespeare was known in the terms of ‘our fellow’, with his ‘right happy and copious industry’,2 as a working dramatist among working dramatists, though endowed with a marvellous vein of ‘honey-tongued’ eloquence.
Chaucer and His Age
Authors: Bennett S H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The city of London in the fourteenth century, despite the fact that it was incomparably the greatest city of the kingdom, was comparatively small—indeed insignificant when compared with the ‘great Wen’ of to-day. It was separated from the city of Westminster by a badly paved way—the Strand—on each side of which stood great palaces such as Chester’s Inn, or the homes of the lawyers, such as the Temple or Lincoln’s Inn. The city itself was surrounded by its wall which ran down to the Thames, and at intervals there stood the gates which gave entrance to the city from various points. Above each of them was the little gatehouse, and in that at Aldgate during the years 1374—86 Geoffrey Chaucer lived. It was not an imposing apartment: it consisted of one large room, with one window looking into the city and another looking outward to the open country. There were also a smaller room and two very small rooms, together with cellars below.
Text and Image
Authors: Tooke Adrianne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Flaubert was hailed as a practitioner of plastic writing by all his contemporaries. He was placed in the same category as Leconte de Lisle, as Gautier, and as Hugo (including by Leconte de Lisle himself).
Baudelaire too was sensitive to this aspect of Flaubert’s writing, describing Madame Bovary as ‘vraiment belle par la minutie et la vivacite des descriptions’.2 Not all contemporary critics were so appreciative, however. Salammbo attracted the most comments on this score, and almost all were negative. The most vitriolic critic was Barbey d’Aurevilly.
Anne Duden, ‘übergang’ (1982)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anne Duden has been acclaimed as one of the most innovative writers of her generation, her distinctive poetic voice combining political engagement with experimental form. When her first major publications appeared in the 1980s the appeal of her writing to a feminist readership was readily understood. The linked themes of violence against women, the horror of the Holocaust, and fears of ecological catastrophe reflected a wider cultural pessimism which resonated with many women readers. In terms of feminine aesthetics, her poetic prose style could be described as ecriture feminine, its rhythmic patterns and play with ambiguity pointing beyond the symbolic dimension of language. Given the relentless and often disturbing focus on the body in her work, Duden’s writing also lends itself to postmodern readings concerned with sexual difference and embodiment. In fact, the reception of Duden’s first prose collection