bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Twentieth Century:
From the Balkans to Southeast Europe
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Balkan societies were increasingly drawn into the European and world economies in the course of the twentieth century, urbanization, mass education, secularization, and industrialization eroded and ultimately overwhelmed traditional peasant cultures. When the American classicist Milman Parry traveled through Yugoslavia in the 1920s and 1930s, he recorded the singing of illiterate bards whose techniques dated back, in his view, to the days of Homer, but a traveler in the 1980s would have been more likely to encounter local rock bands singing American favorites. The twentieth century also saw the gradual disappearance of the extraordinary ethnic and cultural diversity that had been characteristic of the region for a millennium. With the exception of Yugoslavia, all the Balkan states had become essentially monoethnic by the 1950s, thereby losing much of their specifically Balkan character. With the collapse of multiethnic Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the creation of more or less homogeneous successors over most of its territory, the Balkans, in the traditional sense, would cease to exist. Finally, the end of the century saw the Balkan region begin to lose its traditional borderland position. The rapid integration of most countries in the region into pan-European and trans-Atlantic institutions such as NATO and the European Union indicates that twentieth-century developments transformed the Balkans from an exotic, thoroughly marginal, semicolonialized third world into an integral part of Europe.
Creating “A Little Heaven for Poor People” : Decent Housing and Respectable Communities
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the small isolated farm town of Win fall, North Carolina, on Virginia’s border, Clara Perry Gordon’s parents, Bolson and the elder Clara Perry, planted cotton. The tenth of eleven children, the young Clara, along with her three remaining siblings (three sisters had already migrated and four did not make it to adulthood), helped pick the cotton and heap it on the family wagon for transport to market. When not plucking white from thorny bolls or working in the family garden at her mother’s side, little Clara hastened down the dirt road to the little wooden school or the one-room wooden church.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In law as in life, we want people to get what they deserve. Indeed, many (probably most) people, both legal experts and ordinary citizens, think that is a fundamental reason (and perhaps the reason) that we have a legal system at all: to help give people what they deserve when life has not. If one person wrongs another, the law makes the wrongdoer pay. On the other hand, if someone has done nothing wrong, we expect the law to leave that person alone, as she does not deserve to be sanctioned or punished.
Making the Most of Limited Resources
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A third practical constraint used to justify doctrines of deviation from desert is the simple impossibility, given limited investigative and adjudicative resources, of finding, prosecuting, and suitably punishing every criminal offender. Police and prosecutors must be selective in their allocation of resources to focus on the most serious offenses and on offenses for which they can most certainly or easily bring a successful prosecution. From this tension between doing justice and limited resources springs the prosecutor’s reliance on plea bargains: negotiated arrangements whereby an offender agrees to plead guilty, typically to a lesser offense than the one charged or in return for more lenient treatment at sentencing than he might expect if he had pleaded not guilty and been convicted. Prosecutors simply lack the resources to bring every case to trial, nor would they want to do so. Because police investigations do not always turn up overwhelming admissible evidence against the accused, it is not always clear ex ante whether a trial will result in a conviction. Accordingly, to clear their caseloads and make sure of getting at least half a loaf rather than none, prosecutors make deals.
Controlling Crime and Criminals
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several different reasons for deviating from desert can be grouped together under the category of utilitarian or crime-control purposes. A utilitarian (or consequentialist) agenda is one that orients itself toward achieving some future goal, as opposed to redressing or correcting a past wrong, which is one common motivation—though, as we will discuss, not the only possible motivation—of a desert-based system of criminal law. For a utilitarian, justice has “utility” not as an end in itself, but as a means of increasing social welfare; specifically, criminal rules and their enforcement are expected to promote welfare by reducing the amount of crime in society. In the area of criminal law, the broad utilitarian goal is advanced using three mechanisms, each of which has a targeted goal that is thought to promote the overall goal of crime reduction. Deterrence seeks to dissuade, in advance, those who may contemplate committing a crime in the future. An ideal, perfectly effective system of deterrent rules would need no enforcement, as the mere threat of sanctions would prevent potential crimes from ever occurring. Rehabilitation aims to transform those who were formerly motivated to commit crimes into law-abiding citizens. Unlike deterrence, rehabilitative efforts are typically applied after the fact to people who have already committed crimes (although in principle, there is no reason they need be so limited).
Unladylike Lady
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
About the time of her dismissal from Shaw—perhaps even partly because of it—an invitation arrived that changed Ida’s life once again. Yellow fever had left her an orphan, a stand-in parent, and her family’s primary breadwinner. Relatives and friends pulled together, of course, as they often do in times of trouble. Grandmother Peggy watched the children while Ida taught in the country. When Peggy was felled by a stroke, one of Lizzie’s old friends stepped in. Aunt Belle, Lizzie’s sister, agreed to care for ‘Genie, paralyzed from scoliosis. But for over two years the burden of worry, if not of constant supervision, fell to Ida. The invitation came sometime in 1881—from Aunt Fannie Butler, her father’s stepsister. Aunt Fannie suggested Ida come to Memphis. Fannie had lost her husband to the yellow fever epidemic, just as Ida had lost her parents. Living together would ease housing costs and provide companionship—not only for Ida and Fanny— but for Annie and Lily, Ida’s two younger sisters, who could play with Fannie’s children. (Ida’s brothers, Jim and George, had by this time apprenticed themselves out as carpenters’ assistants.)
“The Hosannas of the Multitude”: The Great Awakening in America
Authors: Bonomi Patricia U 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Great Awakening—that intense period of revivalist tumult from about 1739 to 1745—is one of the most arresting subjects of American history. The eighteenth century, and the latter part of the seventeenth, were of course punctuated with religious episodes that seemed to erupt without warning and draw entire communities into a vortex of religious conversions and agitations of soul. Yet those episodes tended not to spread beyond the individual churches or towns in which they originated. By the third decade of the eighteenth century, however, a number of currents were converging to prepare the way for an unprecedented burst of religious fervor and controversy.
The two major streams of thought shaping western religious belief in the eighteenth century—Enlightenment rationalism and Continental pietism—were by the 1720s reaching increasing numbers of Americans through the world of print, transatlantic learned societies, and such recently arrived spokesmen as the Anglican moderate George Berkeley, on the one side, and the Dutch Reformed pietist Theodore Frelinghuysen, on the other.
The Stamp Act Crisis
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the colonists conducted operations against the duties on molasses, the most thoughtful among them worried about the possibility that still another tax would be levied on America. They owed the worry to George Grenville, who on March 9, 1764, the day he introduced the proposals for the new molasses duties, warned that to meet the national expenses “it may be proper to charge certain Stamp Duties in the said Colonies and Plantations.”1 Grenville didn’t say much more about what he had in mind except that he would postpone introducing the necessary legislation until the colonies had an opportunity to offer objections.
The Constitutional Movement
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Caesar rode into Annapolis on December 19, 1783. At least some hoped— and others feared—that he was Caesar. He turned out to be George Washington, and as much as he may have admired Caesar he admired the republic more. He had come to Annapolis, where Congress sat, to surrender the commission he had accepted eight years before. Washington might simply have written a letter of resignation and enclosed his commission. The occasion offered too much of the dramatic and the symbolic to be passed by with such a flat performance, however, and Washington recognized the dramatic and symbolic importance of his resignation as commander in chief.
Old Ways Made New, 1530–1570
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the world of 1450 to 1700, many people were dissatisﬁed with the religious and moral life around them, but almost no one wanted to make a radical break with tradition. They dreamed of the old gods and the ancient sages. Europeans wanted a renaissance, that is, a rebirth of the noble ways of ancient Greece and Rome. They wanted not a break with Christianity, but a puriﬁcation, a reformation. Asians sought a personal vision of the god Krishna or a pure way to become sages themselves, morally perfect people, like the ancient teacher Confucius and the sage kings he revered.
A Conclusion: Conscious Listening, Mindful Presence -A Lesson Learned
Authors: Moller David Wendell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The inner-city dying poor have been the greatest teachers in my life. From listening to their stories, I have come to realize that presence is extremely important. In the Buddhist view of the world, there are two kinds of suffering-the kind that leads to more suffering and the kind that brings an end to suffering. Although dying is a form of suffering that ultimately ends with death, the weight of loss and grief hovering over dying persons and their loved ones is lifted by caring partnerships. When real care is present, it has a capacity to heal the spirit and render the dying whole. This care must encompass an integrated array of medical, nursing, psychosocial, community, and spiritual support. Its cornerstone is empathy, that is to say, an understanding of and appreciation for both the cultural milieu and the unique circumstances of each person ‘s life. When patients and loved ones are isolated and abandoned by indifference, real care cannot be present, and thereby suffering is intensified. As Emily Dickinson wrote, “Pain prepares us for peace,” but this peace can be fully realized only within connectedness to others. The centerpiece of connectedness with the dying poor is the ability to successfully imagine their world, putting oneself in their place. Thus, a major lesson demonstrated in these stories is the importance of conscious listening and mindful presence in bringing about an end to suffering.
The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To be human is to be curious. And one of the things we are most curious about is how we came to be who we are--how we evolved over millions of years to become creatures capable of inquiring into our own evolution. In this lively and readable introduction, renowned anthropologist Ian Tattersall thoroughly examines both the fossil and archeological records to trace human evolution from the earliest beginnings of our zoological family Hominidae, through the emergence of Homo sapiens, to the Agricultural Revolution. He begins with an accessible overview of evolutionary theory and then explores the major turning points in human evolution: the emergence of the genus Homo, the advantages of bipedalism--the trait that most strongly distinguishes humans from other primates--the birth of the big brain and symbolic thinking, Paleolithic and Neolithic tool-making, and finally the enormously consequential shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and elsewhere. Focusing particularly on the pattern of events and innovations in human biological and cultural evolution, Tattersall offers illuminating commentary on a wide range of topics, from early intimations of symbolism in Africa to our earliest known artistic expressions--the exquisite Cro-Magnon cave paintings and 30,000 year--old flutes made from vulture bones-to ancient burial rites, the beginnings of language, the likely causes of Neanderthal extinction, the relationship between agriculture and Christianity, and the still unsolved mysteries of human consciousness. Complemented by a wealth of illustrations and written with the grace and accessibility for which Tattersall is widely admired, The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE invites us to take a closer look at the strange and distant beings who, over the course of millions of years, would become us.
The Turks in the Modern World Reform and Imperialism
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Turkic peoples’ first great transition, their integration into the world of Islam, had depended on movement in two senses: some Turks had come to Islam by migrating into the old Islamic lands of the Middle East, whereas Islam had come to other Turks by spreading into the formerly non-Islamic lands of Inner Asia. In the Turks’ second great transition, their absorption into the world of modernity, they did not have to go anywhere for modernity to come to them, although eventually a diasporic dispersion of global proportions occurred.
Assets and Public Policy
Authors: Sherraden Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Poverty and development are determined by resources, broadly defined. But what constitutes “resources” is open to many alternative theories and measures. As noted by Robert Haveman and Edward Wolff in their chapter in this book, there is today growing discussion about conceptualizations and indicators of poverty and well-being, occurring in the wake of ideological and political challenges to the welfare state that evolved in the late twentieth century. This will likely be a fruitful inquiry and debate, though it is impossible to predict where the discussion and research will lead and what policies might eventually result. In this book, we explore one possible direction—a focus on tangible and financial assets as a measure of poverty and a strategy for household development.
Human Rights and Health
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The modern human rights movement was born from the devastation of World War II.Nonetheless, appeals to universal human rights are at least as old as human government. When Jean Anouilh produced Sophocles’s Antigone in Nazi-occupied Paris in early 1944, the French audience identified Antigone with the French resistance. Antigone was sentenced to be buried alive for defying King Creon’s order not to bury her dead brother (whom the King considered a traitor) but to leave his body to rot in public. The Nazis in the audience also applauded the performance, apparently because they identified with Creon and his difficulty in maintaining law and order in the face of seemingly fanatical resistance.
Patient Rights
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The physician–philosopher head of President George W. Bush’s Bioethics Council, Leon Kass, wrote in 1991, and repeated in 2002, that although “bioethics is where the action is,” the action itself is “mostly talk” and abstract theory, with little impact on actual physician practice: “Though originally intended to improve our deeds, the reigning practice of ethics, if truth be told, has, at best, improved our speech.” There is, of course, some truth to this overgeneralization, and it helps explain why patients and their advocates turn to law rather than bioethics to improve health care and patient safety. Both modern bioethics and the modern patient rights movement can be seen as reactions to medical paternalism— but, in America at least, the patient rights movement has been considerably more powerful. Rights talk has even been seen as a substitute for a national health program, perhaps under the theory that rights in health care are much less expensive than are rights to health care. American law on patient rights is almost exclusively state law, and federal regulations, like the HIPAA medical record privacy regulations, are aberrations to this rule. Nonetheless, it is well worth considering whether a national patient bill of rights might help us move more decisively from bioethics talk to action in health care.
Partial Birth Abortion
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No bioethics or health law issue in America has defied so many attempts to alter its contours as abortion. Abortion was a contentious issue in bioethics when American bioethics entered early adolesence in the late 1960s, and it remains intransigent today. The political and bioethics debates on abortion over the past 30 years have shifted among various dichotomous views of the world: life versus choice, fetus versus woman, fetus versus baby, constitutional rights versus state rights, government versus physician, and physician and patient versus state legislatures. Hundreds of statutes and almost two dozen U.S. Supreme Court decisions on abortion later, the essential aspects of Roe v. Wade, the most controversial health-related Court decision in history, remain substantially the same as they were in 1973. Both courtroom and legislative attempts to overturn Roe have failed. Pregnant women have a constitutional right to choose abortion. The fetus is not a person under the Constitution. States still cannot make abortion a crime (either for the woman or the physician) before fetal viability. States can outlaw abortion after fetal viability only if there is an exception that permits abortion to protect the life or health of the pregnant woman. And states can impose restrictions on abortion before fetal.
Medical ethics in the scottish enlightenment
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some who are interested in medical ethics in the twenty-first century might as­ sume that, since the days of ancient Greece, the Hippocratic Oath and its ethic have always been at the center of Western medical ethics. That would be a mistake. Aside from the brief and ambiguous flirtation with Hippocratic/Greek medical ethics in the Middle Ages, there is precious little surviving evidence of the Hippocratic influence in late medieval and early modem medical ethics in the Western world, at least in the English-speaking part of that world. By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries surely the Hippocratic Oath was known, but I cannot find evidence that it played any significant role in the thought of the physicians, theologians, or philosophers of the time in the English-speaking world. The ethics for medicine, like the ethics of any other aspect of life, was derived from the dominant religious and philosophical systems of the day. An ethic for medicine, as we shall see dramatically in Chapter 8, was crafted by theologians following the methods, organizational scheme, and content of the broader religious system.
The Beginnings of Medicine as an Isolated Science
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The medical elite of mid-eighteenth-century Scotland were a remarkable lot. They came from families that provided classical educations rich in Greek and Latin and study of classical rhetoric (which included the transmission of Greek and Roman moral insights) as well as natural and moral philosophy. But one of the unintended effects of the Enlightenment was to change the nature of the educated man. The cadre of educated persons changed rather quickly from a group of generalists who regularly could converse, socialize with each other, and even gain employment in widely different fields to a group of more narrow, specialized experts. Of course, in any era it would be possible to find those of less profound education, and certainly more ordinary physicians, even more ordinary medical faculty members, could be cited as lacking broad cultural education and knowledge. But the story to be told here is the increasing isolation of even the elite of the medical world.
Being Poor, a Woman, and Self-Employed
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1986, while I was visiting a small village in Bankura district in Bengal, a tiny shrunken woman said to me, “Kaaj naahi, kaaj kori maroo,” meaning, “I have no work, but the grind of work is killing me.” These words cut right through me, because they spoke of the life of every working poor man and woman in India-a lifetime of hard labor, but with earnings so meager that an end to poverty is nowhere in sight. Among the poor, every woman works. Although she toils from dawn to dusk, she feels that she has no work, and she is ever searching for work. All her life she waits for this elusive work, which can provide her with a steady income to feed her family, step out of poverty, and build a secure life. To be poor is to be vulnerable. The condition of being poor, of being self-employed, and of being a woman are all distinct yet interrelated states of vulnerability. Poverty makes one become a chronic victim of forces beyond one’s control. With every misfortune, problems compound, leaving one increasingly powerless and setting in motion a spiral descent into starker poverty. Only work, a steady source of income, and asset ownership can break one’s fall.
Embroiderers
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Radhanpur and Santhalpur talukas of the Banaskantha district in northern Gujarat are some of the poorest and underdeveloped districts of Gujarat. The district is essentially a scrub desert, where some 200,000 people live in about 110 villages under harsh climatic conditions. The area has an average annual rainfall of about twenty inches. The soil and water are saline. The ground water table is sinking at an alarming rate every year. Chronic droughts alternate with flash floods year after year, relentlessly devastating the land and its population. In 1987, I visited the interior villages of Santhalpur and Radhanpur with a team of SEWA members to look into a proposed Indo-Dutch program of supplying drinking water through pipelines to these villages. Rajiben, our Danapith vendor-member, whose family came from Radhanpur, often talked about the area, and she told me how their families had migrated from Pakistan, before partition, in search of land and water. When we visited these desert districts, they had suffered three consecutive years of drought. Village after village in this vast arid land was enveloped by blowing winds that deposited the desert at every doorstep. Men were absent from their homes-most had left in search of work. Older men sat quietly, smoking bidis, in the shade.