bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV/AIDS in Historical Profile
Authors: Valdiserri Ronald O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That epidemics of infectious disease leave behind their footprints in history is not a novel observation. Some of humanity’s most intriguing episodes document the unexpected effects of human-microbial interaction. A significant consequence of the Black Death among European bourgeoisie, it has been argued, was a new conception of time, a pronounced sense of urgency that was manifest in longer working days, night work, and the increasing popularity of clocks and time-keeping bell chimes (1). Cortez’s victory over the Aztecs was almost certainly facilitated by smallpox carried to the New World by the conquistadors who, unlike the hapless Aztecs, were largely immune (2). And after an aggressive 1,250 square mile advance, which brought German artillery within striking range of Paris, the offensive was halted in July 1918, when thousands of German soldiers succumbed to influenza, giving Allied forces the opportunity to replenish their troops and lead a counteroffensive that eventually ended the war (3)
HIV and AIDS Surveillance: Public Health Lessons Learned
Authors: Buehler James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To prevent and control specific diseases, public health has an ongoing need to monitor trends in the occurrence and characteristics of particular health problems. This process is called “public health surveillance,” and the structures and procedures used to conduct this monitoring are called “surveillance systems.” Typically, surveillance efforts grow from ad hoc systems developed in response to the recognition of new problems to more elaborate systems that evolve as prevention and control programs are established (1). This is indeed the case with surveillance systems aimed at monitoring the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV/ AIDS surveillance has included not only monitoring the various stages of HIV infection and associated diseases, including AIDS, but also monitoring the behaviors that place individuals at risk for infection, as well as the use of preventive or treatment services by those at risk for, or already infected with, HIV.
HIV/AIDS’ Contribution to Community Mobilization and Health Planning Efforts
Authors: Valdiserri Ronald O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public health can be described as an “organized community effort to address the public interest in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health” (1). The U.S. Constitution makes clear that government assumes the responsibility for protecting community health (2). At the federal level, the ability to tax, spend, and regulate interstate commerce is the most important power that government has at its disposal to prevent injury and disease and to promote the public’s health (3). But it is state and local governments that have the predominant role in population-based health services, based on the “inherent authority of the state to enact laws and promulgate regulations to protect, preserve, and promote the health, safety . . . and general welfare of the people” (3).
Contributions of HIV Prevention Evaluation to Public Health Program Evaluation
Authors: Leviton Laura C , Guinan Mary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe the evaluation of HIV prevention efforts and suggest ways in which it has contributed to evaluation in public health generally. Although important questions about evaluation also arise in the context of HIV treatment and care programs, they will not be the focus of this chapter. In the first section we describe the context of the contributions. In the middle section, we appraise the contributions made by research demonstrations and their evaluation in HIV prevention. In the final section, we discuss the shift over time to established, large-scale programs for HIV prevention and describe how the increase in program dollars has led to increased evaluation capacity at national, regional, state and local levels.
The Evolving Impact of HIV/AIDS on Global Health
Authors: Lamptey Peter , Ruckstuhl Kristen , Cates Willard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of its history to date, HIV/AIDS has been viewed primarily as a public health issue. With the increasing realization of its vast impact on social, economic, and political systems, however, the disease is emerging as a major factor in global development strategies. As a result, HIV/AIDS is commanding much more attention from world leaders.
Creating, Organizing, and Transforming the Holidays
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Schedule of rituals that we call our calendar emanates from the vast differences among the seasons that we all experience. Traditionally, we think of the seasons as four in number—summer, fall, winter, and spring. But this taxonomy turns out to be largely a nineteenth-century reinvention of the ancient habit of pivoting the year about the pendulum like northerly and southerly migration points of the sun (the solstices) and their midpoints (the equinoxes). (Most Indo-European languages have root words for winter, spring, and summer only, which may mean that there once were only three seasons.) In stark contrast, the ancient Celtic calendar set four seasonal marking posts at dates that lie at approximately the middle of our four seasons. Halloween, Groundhog Day, May Day, and the now defunct Lammas, or the First of the Harvest Festival (August 1), once signaled the changing of the fourfold seasonal guard.
Spring Equinox: Watching the Serpent Descend
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four o’clock in the afternoon, March 20, 2001—the first equinox of a new millennium. Modern astronomers and timekeepers recognize it as a seasonal dividing line, the date when night and day are equivalent, when cosmic symmetry causes sunrise and sunset to transect the north-south line precisely.
Labor Day: Remembering the Great Time Wars
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nobody appreciates a support staff more than I—especially on Labor Day, the most vivid annual reminder to me of just how much my job depends on my fellow workers. Labor Day is usually the first week, sometimes the first day of classes at Colgate University, where I teach; but because it is a national holiday, the support staff (though, for reasons that make sense only in the world of academia, not faculty and students) are given the day off. Year after year I dutifully show up on Labor Day morn to a pile of unsorted mail, unerased blackboards, unswept floors, and a men’s room devoid of basic necessities, to teach my two Monday classes. Oh, how I miss my secretary and all those unheralded, underpaid keepers of old Lathrop Hall in whose company I pass most of my daylight hours! Labor Day’s message to me is this: nobody makes it in the workaday world on his or her own. We all live in a society where we depend on one another perhaps more than we would like to admit. Our accomplishments are the result of a team effort. I learn this lesson by living it.
Thanksgiving: Transcending Pilgrims’ Progress
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
writes Thoreau of his relationship with the mile-long pole-bean rows he comforted in solitude throughout the New England summer of 1846. Too little sun, too much rain, invading crows, pesky groundhogs, an early frost, a prolonged drought—over the long summer we gardeners deflect the missiles of misfortune nature hurls at our adopted children from the botanical kingdom as we count the days until we can savor that initial batch of early cherry tomato, savory squash flower, or crisp Bibb lettuce—our first fruits.
Christmas: From Resurrection to Rudolph
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the Inuit who live in the Canadian Arctic, what happens on the winter solstice (December 21) is far more dramatic than any comparable cosmic phenomenon those of us who live in temperate and tropical latitudes witness. Christmas time there doesn’t just bring lengthier noontime shadows and longer nights. It is a time of total darkness— both day and night.
“What Goes Around”
Authors: Aveni Anthony F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This IS the Story of our love affair with time—as I characterized it in an earlier work. Those red-letter days that mark the resting points, the reflective moments in our journey around the annual wheel of time, follow this temporal rondo. We have celebrated the year’s ebbing and flowing, key notes in its musical strain, its moments of tension followed by relaxation, the returning themes of life and death, germination, and harvest that guide us through the seasons in various guises.
Assessing Stress and Population Genetics Through Noninvasive Means
Authors: Wasser Samuel K , Hunt Kathleen E , Clarke Christine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monitoring changes in animal abundance, the presence of pathogens, and physiological well-being of wildlife is critical for effective management of wildlife diseases. Monitoring animal abundance enables one to recognize when a potential die-off is occurring. Pathogen monitoring enables one to examine potential causes of the mortality. Monitoring physiological stress alerts investigators to conditions that could increase susceptibility to disease. Monitoring reproductive function can do this as well, in addition to alerting investigators to other problems such as endocrine disruption resulting from exposure to pollutants. These latter measures may also rule out alternative diseases that may present clinical signs similar to those of emergent diseases.
Linking Human and Ecosystem Health on the Amazon Frontier
Authors: Murray Tamsyn P , Kay James J , Waltner-Toews David , Ráez-Luna Ernesto F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our ability to enhance the health of ecosystems is predicated on an understanding of the interactions among ecosystem dynamics, natural resource use, and human health. Since 1996, a team of Canadian and Peruvian researchers has been developing an adaptive ecosystem approach to human health. In keeping with the standard definition of methodology used in the systems literature (Checkland and Scholes 1990), the ecosystem approach provides an interdisciplinary, holistic guide to how to investigate complex socioecological problems, drawing on and bringing together a wide variety of methods, actors, and scales of investigation.
Ecotourism: Unforeseen Effects on Health
Authors: Wilson Mary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The desire to find regions untouched by human development leads travelers to explore increasingly remote areas and brings them in contact with relatively isolated human and animal populations. Current materials, equipment, and methods of travel allow individuals to rapidly penetrate physical and vegetation barriers that would have stopped, or markedly slowed, even intrepid explorers in the past. The time to reach remote areas is often short, and travelers may sample remote areas for a brief time, sometimes a few days or less.
Introduction
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 11, 2001, the United States experienced an event unprecedented in the living memory of the American people—a devastating attack on two major population centers, resulting in the loss of 3,056 lives and in untold economic damage. America’s political leaders responded dramatically and forcefully: within days, Congress appropriated $40 billion for homeland defense and for rebuilding. President George W. Bush announced a worldwide war on terrorism, and shortly thereafter, American troops were engaged overseas. The American people also responded resolutely and generously, donating over $2.3 billion to private charities for rescue and rebuilding efforts. A great sense of purpose and determination bound us together as a nation, both to sustain those who had suffered directly from the attack and to restore the security that we had previously enjoyed.
The Historical Foundations of American Health-Care Entitlements
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two primary public health insurance entitlement programs of the United States, Medicare and Medicaid, were created by the Social Security Amendments of 1965 and became effective on July 1, 1966. Although these programs were the product of a vigorous, decades-long debate to which many contributed, they were most immediately the creation of Wilbur Mills, the then-powerful chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee. Mills combined three proposals—President Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration’s Medicare proposal then before Congress as the King–Anderson bill; the American Medical Association’s “Eldercare” proposal; and a Republican alternative sponsored by Representative John W. Byrnes, sometimes referred to as “Bettercare”—to form the “three-layer cake,” that became Medicare and Medicaid. The Johnson administration’s Medicare proposal, a traditional social insurance program, became the Part A hospital insurance program; the AMA’s Eldercare, a limited, means-tested approach to insuring the elderly, became Medicaid; and Byrnes’s proposal for subsidizing private insurance became Part B of Medicare.
Health Insurance for the Poor: Disentitlement through Devolution
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its beginning, the Medicaid program has been operated jointly by the federal and state governments. Its roots as a federal/state cooperative program run deep, emerging most immediately from the Kerr–Mills program that began in 1960, running back through the vestigial medical vendor payment program that first supplemented the federal/state cash-assistance programs in 1950, and originating in the Old Age Assistance and Aid to Dependent Children programs of the original Social Security Act. All of these programs (as well as the Sheppard–Towner Act, which came even earlier), were attempts to provide federal funds to undergird what was traditionally a state—indeed, a local—function: taking care of the medical needs of the poor. This history was told in Chapter 4 and is not repeated here.
Communism and the Cultural Front
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asked By The Musicologist Vivian Perlis in 1979 about his political activities in the 1930s, Copland replied: “Well, I never joined anything. In that sense I wasn’t aligned, but I was very sympathetic for the more radical side of things. It was a kind of feeling of the period, one was going to carry it along.” While granting his interest in left-wing causes during the 1930s, Perlis maintains that “Copland was not by nature a political person” and describes the composer as a “fellow traveler” during the Depression era, someone associated with but not committed to the Communist Party and its activities. She details “several influences” that “nudged Copland toward the Left,” including Harold Clurman and the Group Theatre, Copland’s experiences in Mexico, his association with the Composers Collective, and the Marxist aesthetics of Marc Blitzstein and Hanns Eisler, as well as the Depression itself The composer’s most recent biographer, Howard Pollack, credits Copland with greater personal and political agency, arguing that the composer was truly “an engaged citizen.” Pollack carefully documents Copland’s involvement with socialism in the 1920s, affiliation with Communism in the 1930s, and estrangement from the New Left in the 196os.
“The Dancing of an Attitude”
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Critical And Imaginative Works,” Kenneth Burke explains in his theory of literary form, “are answers to questions posed by the situation in which they arose.” More than that, “they are strategic answers, stylized answers.” Arguing that artistic creations reveal a personal and cultural perspective on social situations, Burke characterizes symbolic acts as “the dancing of an attitude.” The metaphor captures the ways in which aesthetic expression manifests the individual subjectivity of an artist, the influence of his material conditions, and a public as well as private response to social circumstances. “The dancing of an attitude” is but a figure of speech that relates the personal and political to the aesthetic, but the phrase might well be interpreted more literally in the case of Copland’s music for the ballets Billy the Kid (1938) and Rodeo (1942).
Innovations in the Legal System’s Response to Domestic Violence Thinking Outside the Box for the Silent Majority of Battered Women
Authors: Barasch Amy P , Lutz Victoria L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My dad’s heart attacks always seemed to occur between midnight and 5:00 A.M. And he had many. This was in the 1950s and 1960s, when doctors still made house calls. Dr. Lidle, our family physician, would arrive within minutes of my mother’s emergency call. I would look out my bedroom window and see Dr. Lidle’s old Chevy station wagon pull into our driveway and know that my dad would get the immediate help that he needed. I didn’t expect Dr. Lidle to cure my dad permanently, but each time that Dad received the help he needed at the time he needed it, I knew he would be better.
A National Study of the Integration of Domestic Violence Assessment Into State Child Welfare Practice
Authors: Mills Linda G , Petrucci Carrie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The link between domestic violence and child abuse is now well established in the literature (American Humane Association, 1994; Bowker, Arbitell, & McFerron, 1988; Edleson, 1999; Hart, 1992; Hotaling & Sugarman, 1986; Lyon, 1999; McKay, 1994; Mills, 1998a; O’Keefe, 1995; Stark & Flitcraft, 1988; Straus & Gelles, 1986; Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980; Zorza, 1995). Despite the overlap of these two abuses, and the obvious practice implications posed when child protective services (CPS) workers detect domestic violence in a family with which they are working, little research has been done to explore the extent to which child protective agencies have integrated domestic violence into their actual assessment practices. Research generally focuses on efforts to train CPS workers to be sensitive to issues related to domestic violence (Aron & Olson, 1997a, 1997b; Fleck-Hender-son & Krug, 1997; Magen, Conroy, Hess, Panciera, & Simon, 1995; Mills, 1998a; Mills et al., 2000).
Domestic Violence Among Lesbian Couples
Authors: Ricks Janice L , Vaughan Carol (Jan) , Dziegielewski Sophia F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout history, lesbian women have been affected in every aspect of their lives by traditional male-centered beliefs and societal norms that provide the basis for heterosexual standards. These heterosexual norms and standards have given rise to myths about lesbian women, creating misrepresentations that are deceptive and destructive. Furthermore, these misperceptions can contribute to present-day expectations that lead to heterosexism and homophobia. According to Richards (1990), in the late 1800s a woman was suspected of being a lesbian if she had any of the following traits.
E
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ECCLESIASTICUS: a small book, belonging to the category of Wisdom literature, included in the Greek version of the Jewish Scriptures. Wisdom literature, such as Ecclesiasticus or the Old Testament books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, is not concerned with philosophy. Rather, it seeks to tell people how to live in proper relation to God and to each other. As such, Ecclesiasticus is an important link with ancient Judaism and the later developments of rabbinical Judaism.
L
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LABÉ, LOUISE (1524–1566): French poet. Although her father was a wealthy but illiterate ropemaker, Labé was given an education typically lavished only upon court ladies of the Italian Renaissance. Labé knew Latin and Italian, was an accomplished lute player and singer, and a fine horsewoman. After her much older husband died, she carried on a love affair with the poet Olivier de Magny, who was not only unfaithful but tactless. Because of his indiscreet talk, Labé was often considered to be a kind of cultivated courtesan.
M
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MAB: the fairies’ midwife, employed by them to deliver man’s brain of dreams. When Romeo says, “I dreamed a dream tonight,” then Mercutio replies, “Oh, then I see Queen Mab hath been with you.”When Mab is called queen it does not mean sovereign, because *Titania, as wife of King *Oberon, was queen of the fairies, but means simply “female.” Shakespeare gives an excellent description of Mab in Romeo and Juliet, act 1, scene 4; Ben *Jonson, Robert *Herrick, and Michael Drayton also describe Mab well.
Too Much of the Wrong Kind of Data: Implications for the Practice of Micro-Scale Spatial Modeling
Authors: O’Sullivan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing at the end of the northern hemisphere’s summer of 2001, in the wake of market “corrections” and the consequent subsidence of millennial excitement about a “new economy,” it is easier now than it would have been even a year ago to suggest that everything has not changed utterly. Distance is still alive and kicking; personal data assistants are just electronic notebooks; and a computer is just another tool.
Chastity
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When she was nine, Wendy Shalit’s parents arranged that during sex education classes at her school, she would be permitted to go to the library instead of hearing about masturbation. When she was fourteen, she went to pursue an argument about political economy with her twenty-four-year-old counselor at debate camp, in his room, at one in the morning, but fled when he began to stroke her hair-the impulse of chastity following hard upon the first stirrings of sexual arousal. A few years later she went to Williams College and was disgusted to find that she had to use unisex bathrooms in the coed dorms. She wrote an article about it for Reader’s Digest, and after she graduated in 1997 the college changed the policy. Now she offers herself as the prophet of a sexual counterrevolution.
Cohen on Inequality
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If You’re an Egalitarian, How Come You’re So Rich? is an unusual book, a remarkably successful blend of autobiography, intellectual history, and moral philosophy that reflects the author’s distinctive outlook and background. It is the published result of the Gifford Lectures delivered in 1996 by G. A. Cohen, a lapsed Marxist who is Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. Cohen’s historically self-conscious reflection on the ideal of social and economic equality-and on the form in which that ideal can survive once its Marxist version is recognized to be morally, politically, and economically bankrupt-presents, I believe, the most important contemporary challenge to the egalitarian form of liberalism found in the work of John Rawls and others. The questions he asks are the ones we should all be worrying about.
Raz on Liberty and Law
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberalism of one kind or another is the dominant political tradition of Western culture; that is why it is under such constant attack. But while the conflicts between liberalism and various authoritarian, repressive, radical, romantic, or theocratic alternatives produce a good deal of excitement on a world scale, a quieter and intellectually more demanding argument has gone on within the tradition about the best way to interpret liberalism, both theoretically and in application to concrete social and political problems.