bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Interview with Chinua Achebe
Authors: Rowell Charles H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charles H. Rowell: Mr. Achebe, here in the United States, those of us who read twentieth-century world literature think of you as one of the most important writers in this era. We view you as an artist—and for us the word artist has a certain kind of meaning. In the African world, does artist have the same meaning as that conceptualized in the Western world? Or, more specifically, what do Nigerians conceive the writer to be? Is he or she thought of as an artist, a creator of the kind that we think of here in the United States when we speak about writers?
Chinua Achebe: Well, I think that there are obviously certain common factors when anybody talks about an artist, whether in America or in Africa. I think there are certain factors which would apply to either place—and so we can leave those aside, if you like. But there are differences definitely, in emphasis if not absolute, and it is these that one should draw attention to. The artist has always existed in Africa in the form of the sculptor, the painter, or the storyteller, the poet.
A World Financial Authority
Authors: Eatwell John , Taylor Lance 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our prime objective in proposing the creation of a WFA was to assess the regulatory needs of today’s liberal financial markets. Whether a single regulator is created or not, the tasks that the model WFA should perform must be per formed by someone if international financial markets are to operate efficiently. The goal of this chapter is to identify what those tasks might be and to develop proposals about how they might best be performed. In moving from our initial proposal to more concrete, policy-oriented discussion, we found that we needed to consider not only the practical developments that have taken place up to now, but also the international legal and institutional implications of our proposals.
Recasting the International Financial Agenda
Authors: Ocampo* Jose Antonio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The crisis set in motion positive responses: a concerted expansionary effort in the midst of the crisis, led by the United States, which was probably the crucial step that facilitated the fairly rapid though incomplete normalization of capital markets; the approval of new credit lines and the expansion of IMF resources; the recognition that incentives must be created to induce adequate debt profiles in developing countries, and that some capital account regulations may serve this purpose and provide a breathing space for corrective macroeconomic policies; the parallel recognition that financial liberalization in developing countries should be carefully managed and sequenced; a special impetus to international efforts to establish minimum standards of prudential regulation and supervision, as well as of information; the acceptance that no exchange rate regime is appropriate for all countries under all circumstances; the partial acceptance by the IMF that fiscal overkill is inappropriate in adjustment programs; the improvement of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries’ (HIPC) Initiative; and the greater emphasis given to the design of adequate social safety nets in developing countries.
Financial Regulation in a Liberalized Global Environment
Authors: D’Arista* Jane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
0ver the last three decades, the use of technology has accelerated the process of innovation and brought about changes in financial markets and institutions that have undercut the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks in place in many nations since at least the immediate post-World War II period. The response of public authorities has generally been to accede to pressures from the private financial sector to dismantle the old framework. Thus, most of the changes in financial structure and regulation that have taken place have been driven by market forces rather than shaped through the deliberative processes of law and regulation. With one important exception--capital adequacy requirements for banks-there has been very little rebuilding of a rule-based foundation. And even capital adequacy standards are now being questioned by U.S. regulators as promoting evasive innovation that is making them ineffective, outmoded, and inefficient (Greenspan 1998; Meyer 1998). Their preferred strategy for ensuring soundness relies on self-regulation at the level of the individual institution through systems of internal controls.
International Capital Mobility, Macroeconomic Imbalances, and the Risk of Global Contraction
Authors: Blecker* Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the Mexican and East Asian financial crises of the 1990s, economists of various persuasions have noted the increasing international mobility of financial capital as a major new aspect of the contemporary global economy. It is now well known that the volume of international financial transactions far exceeds what is necessary to finance ordinary trade in goods and services, and that the lion’s share of those transactions are driven by purely financial considerations such as hedging strategies, arbitrage opportunities, and currency speculation.
Rhodotorula, Malassezia, Trichosporon,and Other Yeast-Like Fungi
Authors: Vazquez Jose A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Yeasts are found ubiquitously in nature, in association with plants, mammals, and insects. Accordingly, humans are continually exposed to multiple genera of yeasts via various routes. Depending on the interaction between host mucosal defense mechanisms and fungal virulence factors, yeast colonization may be transient or persistent, with either systemic or local disease. Yeast organisms are usually of low virulence, and frequently require a significant alteration or reduction in host defenses prior to tissue invasion. Recently, because of the increased population of immunocompromised patients, the frequency of yeast infections as well as the organisms causing disease continues to grow. Rhodotorulosis results from infection with the genus Rhodotorula. Although the yeast is recovered world-wide from a variety of sources, infection is generally only seen in the immunocompromised host. The fungi from the genus Rhodotorula are imperfect basidiomycetous yeast belonging to the family Crypto-coccaceae. There are 8 species in the genus Rhodotorula (Fell, 1984a; Kreger-van Rij, 1984). Rhodotorula rubra (R. mucilaginosa) is the species most frequently associated with human infection. The other less commonly isolated species include R. glutinis, R. pilimanae, R. pallida, R. aurantiaca, R. minuta (syn, R. marina). The majority of Rhodotorula species produce red-to-orange colonies due to the presence of carotenoid pigments (Rippon, 1988; Kwon-Chung and Bennett, 1992). The yeast is mucoid, encapsulated, rarely forms mycelia, and readily grows on almost all types of culture media. Rhodotorula is very similar to the Cryptococcus in rate of growth, cell size and shape, presence of capsule, and the ability to split urea. The difference includes Rhodotorula’s inability to assimilate inositol and ferment sugars (Kwon-Chung and Bennett, 1992). Rhodotorula can be differentiated from other red-pigmented yeast, such as Sporobolomyces, by the lack of ballistospore formation.
Phaeohyphomycoses
Authors: Perfect John R , Schell Wiley A , Cox Gary M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Phaeohyphomycosis, which is a term first introduced by Ajello and colleagues (Ajello et al, 1974), has become a common clinical description for a series of infections produced by darkly pigmented moulds (Fader and McGinnis, 1988; Rinaldi, 1996). In its simplest definition, phaeohyphomycosis is an infection caused by fungi that are characterized by a brown to black color within the cell wall of vegetative cells, conidia, or both. Dark pigmentation of the moulds is caused by the cell wall deposition of dihydroxynaphthalene melanin that is formed through pentaketide metabolism. In most cases the brown–black coloration is observed within specimens of host tissue but at times it is revealed only when the fungus is grown in culture. The term phaeohyphomycosis, which means “condition of fungi with dark hyphae,” is not based on the name of a particular fungus but includes many genera and species. In addition, another descriptive term for these fungi is dematiaceous fungi. This term has gained clinical favor even though its Greek meaning of “bundle” does not reflect the pigmented structures that represent the unifying feature of these fungi (Revankar et al, 2002).
The Electroconvulsive Therapy Stimulus, Seizure Induction, and Seizure Quality
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A few basic electrical concepts are required to understand the properties of the ECT stimulus. Although most ECT devices utilize alternating current, some of the principles involved are more readily presented through the simpler situation that obtains for direct current. The primary variables of direct current electricity are voltage, current, and resistance, which are measured in units of volts, amperes, and ohms, respectively. Voltage is an electromotive force that drives a current of electrons through a conductor just as hydraulic pressure drives water through a pipe. The greater the resistance to the flow of current, the greater is the voltage required to maintain the same current.
Who Gets Fibromyalgia and Why?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until recently, nobody knew how many people had fibromyalgia. Several surveys suggest that while 2 percent of the adult U.S. population have full-blown fibromyalgia (3.5 percent of adult women and 0.5 percent of adult men), 11 percent have chronic widespread pain and 20 percent have chronic regional pain. Recently, Dr. Larry Bradley at the University of Alabama has found that for every diagnosed fibromyalgia patient in the United States, there is an undiagnosed individual who has the requisite tender points, but never seeks medical attention for this. This has been termed community fibromyalgia. A survey in Great Britain found that 13 percent of the population had chronic widespread pain, 72 percent of whom sought medical attention for it. Of those, 21 percent fulfilled the ACR criteria for fibromyalgia. In other words, of individuals with chronic neuromuscular pain, less than half have diagnosed fibromyalgia or community fibromyalgia.
Fibromyalgia is the third or fourth most common reason for consulting a rheumatologist. Approximately 15–20 percent of all patients seeking rheumatology referrals have fibromyalgia. The 5,000 rheumatologists in the United States who are trained in internal medicine and subspecialize in managing more than 150 musculoskeletal and immune system disorders are very familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of fibromyalgia.
The Basic Science of Fibromyalgia
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we’ll explore what makes fibromyalgia a pain amplification syndrome. Why does the patient hurt in places where there was often no injury and all laboratory tests are normal? What creates what doctors call allodynia, or a clinical situation that results in pain from a stimulus (such as light touch) that normally should not be painful? Fibromyalgia is a form of chronic, widespread allodynia, as well as sustained hyperalgesia, or greater sensitivity than would be expected to an adverse stimulus.
The nervous system consists of several components. The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system. Nerves leaving the spinal cord that tell us to move our arms or legs are part of the “motor” aspects of the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, all sorts of information about touch, taste, chemicals, and pressure are relayed through “sensory” pathways back to the spinal cord, where they are processed and sent up to the brain for a response. The autonomic nervous system consists of specialized peripheral nerves. Fibromyalgia is characterized by an inappropriate neuromuscular reaction that leads to chronic pain. Patients with fibromyalgia usually react normally to acute pain.
Fibromyalgia-Related Complaints
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a syndrome rather than a disease, and as such has a variety of features. Any part of the body can be involved, especially when fibromyalgia is induced or aggravated by multiple factors.
Complaints can be subjective and hard to verify or quantify. They consist of symptoms, or expressions of what is bothersome, and signs. Physical signs are observed during a physical examination, such as a rash or an irregular heartbeat, and are easier to validate. Constitutional symptoms or signs are generalized and do not belong to any specific organ system or region of the body.
Generalized fatigue is a prominent feature of fibromyalgia. Between 60 and 80 percent of fibromyalgia patients complain of fatigue, which is defined as physical or mental exhaustion or weariness. However, there are many reasons for fatigue. In a recent survey, 20 percent of the women in the United States and 14 percent of the men rated themselves as being significantly fatigued. This feeling can come on like a wave or be continuous.
What are the Regional and Localized Forms of Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The definition of fibromyalgia includes widespread pain in all four quadrants (areas) of the body. What happens when you have fibromyalgia-like pain located in only one or two quadrants of the body? Limited forms of the syndrome have distinct features and terms used to describe them. Myofascial pain syndrome encompasses many regional pain conditions ranging from temporomandibular joint dysfunction in the jaw to a low back pain syndrome. The diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome requires that at least one trigger point be present and that, when it is pressed, pain is referred to another site. This chapter will review regional myofascial pain, relate it to fibromyalgia pain pathways, and discuss its management and prognosis.
Most regional myofascial discomfort is produced by trauma. Unlike fibromyalgia, in which nearly 50 inciting factors have been implicated, localized or regional myofascial pain syndrome is usually due to either a single traumatic event or repetitive injury.
A Modest Proposal to Improve Judicial Incentives
Authors: Landsburg Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a recurring American nightmare: The accused criminal out on bail commits a grisly murder while awaiting trial. The judge who signed the release order is second-guessed in the press and sometimes at the voting booth. Politicians decry the leniency of the justice system and call for stricter standards in the granting of bail.
More Justice for Less Money: A Step beyond Cimino
Authors: Friedman David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Cimino v. Raymark,1 Judge Parker of the Eastern District of Texas implemented a radical solution to the problem of litigating mass torts. Instead of conducting individual trials for several thousand plaintiffs, he selected a random sample of 160 of them, tried their cases, and based the awards given to the remaining plaintiffs on the outcome of those trials. In defending the procedure against the charge that it deprived the parties of due process, he argued that if he had instead required individual trials, most of the cases would never have been resolved.
The Question: Reinforcement or Renewal?
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the realm of American democracy, the year 2000 ushered in the twenty-first century with the most uncommon of presidential elections. It had been 88 years since a minor-party candidate showed strongly enough to tip the election, and 112 years since the winner of the popular vote lost in the electoral college. That these events occurred together, in the same election in which the Supreme Court ultimately settled the contest, made it a rare political year indeed.
The 2000 election stands out for another reason also. It was the year in which campaigning through the Internet became de rigeur, opening up a new mode of candidate-voter interaction. Candidates 3 had experimented with the Internet for several electoral cycles, going as far back as 1994, but the 2000 elections represented a leap forward by candidates in the degree of effort, money, and innovation dedicated to the Internet. In 1995, Representative Charlie Rose, Democrat from North Carolina, predicted that “by the year 2000 [the Internet] is going to be an indispensable campaign tool.”
At War with Ourselves
Authors: Hirsh Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As correspondent for Newsweek, Michael Hirsh has traveled to every continent, reporting on American foreign policy. Now he draws on his experience to offer an original explanation of America’s role in the world and the problems facing the nation today and in the future. Using colorful vignettes and up-close reporting from his coverage of the first two post-Cold War presidents, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Hirsh argues that America has a new role never before played by any nation: it is the world’s Uberpower, overseeing the global system from the air, land, sea and, increasingly, from space as well. And that means America has a unique opportunity do what no great power in history has ever done—to perpetuate indefinitely the global system it has built, to create an international community with American power at its center that is so secure it may never be challenged. Yet Americans are squandering this chance by failing to realize what is at stake. At the same time that America as a nation possesses powers it barely comprehends, Americans as individuals have vulnerabilities they never before imagined. They desperately need the international community on their side. In an era when democracy and free markets have become the prevailing ideology, Hirsh argues, one of America’s biggest problems will be “ideological blowback”—facing up to the flaws and contradictions of its own ideals. Hence, for example, the biggest threat to political stability is not totalitarianism, but the tricky task of instituting democracy in the Arab world without giving Islamic fundamentalists the reigns of power. The only way for Washington to avoid accusations of hypocrisy is to allow the global institutions it has built, like the U.N., to do the hard work of promoting U.S. values.
The House of Mirth: A Novel of Admonition
Authors: Wagner-Martin Linda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The New Woman was a harbinger of change—in family life and culture, as well as in women’s existences—and it is about the turn-of-the century New Woman that much of Edith Wharton’s fiction revolves. Wharton herself was a product of many of the conflicts that the women’s movement had set off. She had to face the issues of what an appropriate life for a woman should be and to decide for herself whether or not to marry and bear children, whether she should have a career or profession or become the social butterfly her society preferred. Naturally, Wharton’s fiction would show her interest in the possibilities for changes in women’s lives in the twentieth century. In both England and the United States, many women were dissatisfied with their roles during the later part of the nineteenth century. Women of wealth wanted more than to be “protected,” but “the long, golden Edwardian garden-party”—with its emphasis on women as beautiful, innocent objects, the desirable icons of an acquisitive patriarchal culture—only reinforced the idea that women needed to be taken care of.1
The “Perfect Jew” and The House of Mirth: A Study in Point of View
Authors: Goldman-price Irene c. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Edith Wharton received a copy of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, she thanked the author, saying: “it’s enough to make this reader happy to have met your perfect Jew” (emphasis Wharton’s), and went on to praise the luncheon scene and the characterization of Meyer Wolfsheim as the parts of the novel that “make me augur still greater things!” (6/8/1925 in Lewis & Lewis 481). Wolfsheim, of course, was the man looking for a “gonnection,” the man who fixed the 1919 World Series. Nick describes him as: “A small, flat-nosed Jew... with two fine growths of hair which luxuriated in either nostril,” who eats “with ferocious delicacy” and talks about witnessing the gangland murder of his old friend, Rosy Rosenthal (69–71). In short, Wolfsheim is physically repugnant, socially unacceptable, morally reprehensible, and stinking rich. This, in 1925 at least, is Edith Wharton’s “perfect” Jew.
Lily Bart and the Drama of Femininity
Authors: Wolff Cynthia Griffin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I wrote an essay [in 1974] entitled “Lily Bart and the Beautiful Death,” an argument I still think true, though it did not answer certain questions adequately (Why must Lily die at the novel’s conclusion? What are we to make of Selden—of his passivity and his self-important moral pronouncements? What is the meaning of Nettie Struther and her belated appearance?). If, as I argued, Edith Wharton’s knowledge of the visual arts provided insights into the The House of Mirth, perhaps the answers to these persistent questions about her first New York novel can be found by exploring another of her artistic interests—the busy, varied world of Edwardian drama. Between 1890 and 1905 (when House of Mirth was published), New York theater life was lively and colorful. There was a relatively flexible sense of international theater: major productions in London and Paris were regularly reviewed in the New York papers; touring companies traveled back and forth across the Atlantic. Moreover, turn-of-the-century stage was an art form for average Americans, not just for a wealthy elite.
The Crumbling Structure of “Appearances”: Representation and Authenticity in The House of Mirth and The Custom of the Country
Authors: Gair Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At One Point In The House of Mirth (1905), Carry Fisher, Lily Bart’s social facilitator and general fixer for the seemingly endless supply of monied Americans seeking the contagious prestige gained through association with faded British aristocracy, complains that “ ‘ the London market is so glutted with new Americans that, to succeed there now, they must be very clever or awfully queer’ “ (188). The utterance appears to invite readings of selfhood as something tentative or provisional, with the metaphor of society as a stock exchange confirming the impression that identity is speculative and depends on a combination of inventiveness and chance. At the moment of Carry’s pronouncement, it would seem that the value of American selfhood is down in the old world, the victim of a saturated market, and that only the production of an even newer, improved model will be enough to generate fresh interest among the discerning names of London society.
Gender, Citizenship, and the Liberal State, 1860-1899
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historians typically discuss the organized campaigns for women’s suffrage within three explanatory frameworks. The first is as a single-issue campaign, beginning with women’s parlia-mentary engagement with the Second Reform Bill in 1867 that extended the vote to urban working men, continuing through disappointments in 1867 and 1884, and culminating in the emergence of militancy during the Edwardian period. These accounts approach women’s suffrage either in terms of the parliamentary context and the political calculus involved or as social movements led by feminists. The second approach taken by historians is to treat the campaigns as engagements with party politics, particularly with the Liberal Party and emerging Labour Party. A third approach is to see women’s suffrage, particularly the campaigns waged in the twentieth century, as part of the “crisis of the British state,” the fragmentation of the liberal consensus of the nineteenth century that ultimately resulted in replacement of laissez-faire state government with collectivist forms in the twentieth century.