bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the hypoglycaemic effects of extracts of four Mexican medicinal plants in normal and Alloxan‐diabetic mice
Authors: Alarcon‐Aguilar F. J. , Roman‐Ramos R. , Flores‐Saenz J. L. , Aguirre‐Garcia F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe hypoglycaemic activities of four water ethanol extracts (WEE) prepared from Bidens pilosa L., Salvia officinalis L., Psacalium peltatum H.B.K. (Cass) and Turnera diffusa Willd. were investigated in healthy and alloxan‐diabetic mice. The WEE of S. officinalis significantly reduced the blood glucose of fasting normal mice 120 (15.7%) and 240 min (30.2%) after intraperitoneal administration (p < 0.05). The WEE of P. peltatum and B. pilosa also significantly diminished glycaemia in healthy mice at 240 min (19.6% and 13.8%, respectively). In mildly diabetic mice, the WEE of P. peltatum lowered the basal blood glucose level 120 (16%) and 240 min (54%) after intraperitoneal administration (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). The WEE of B. pilosa and S. officinalis also significantly diminished the hyperglycaemia in mildly diabetic mice at 240 mins (32.6% and 22.7%, respectively). The administration of these three extracts to animals with severe hyperglycaemia did not cause a significant decrease. The WEE of T. diffusa did not show any hypoglycaemic activity. Thus, three of the WEE studied conserved the hypoglycaemic activity originally detected in the traditional preparations of the studied antidiabetic plants. It appears that these extracts require the presence of insulin to show hypoglycaemic activity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What's new?
Authors: Bohaychuk Wendy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe What's New? section in the Quality Assurance Journal aims to draw attention to items of importance to QA professionals. As there is a three‐month period between final submission of manuscripts and distribution of the journal, the items noted below will be at least three months old when you read them: for this issue, the entries arise from the period of 25 February 2002 to 31 May 2002. If you feel that there is any other new information that should be brought to the attention of readers, please let us know by e‐mailing: wbohaychuk@gcrpc.com Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the frequency‐dispersion effects on the Raman spectra of small polyenes
Authors: Quinet Olivier , Champagne Benoît 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe time‐dependent Hartree–Fock scheme is applied for determining the frequency‐dependent Raman intensities of C2nH2n+2 molecules with n = 1–3. This analytic scheme, recently developed and implemented in the GAMESS program (Quinet, O.; Champagne, B. J Chem Phys 2001, 115, 6293), takes advantage of the 2n + 1 rule to express the polarizability derivatives in terms of first‐order derivatives. It is found that including frequency dispersion strongly modifies the intensity activy coefficients of many vibrational normal modes and therefore changes the aspect of the spectra. On the other hand, the depolarization ratio is much less frequency dependent. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Molecular structure, conformational analysis and charge distribution of pralidoxime: Ab initio and DFT studies
Authors: Castro Alexandre T. , Figueroa‐Villar Jose D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA detailed structural study of pralidoxime (2‐PAM), the main antidote against organophosphate intoxication, was performed using Hartree‐Fock, Möller–Plesset (MP2), and density functional theory (Becke, Lee, Yang, and Paar [B3LYP]) methods. Rotational barriers, equilibrium geometries, and charge distributions were calculated, showing important differences between the two forms available in physiological conditions, namely with the oxime group protonated or unprotonated. For the protonated form, conjugation between the side chain and the pyridinium ring, although present, has little importance, resulting in a flexible structure. On the other hand, the unprotonated form has a more rigid structure and a smaller charge density on the oxime oxygen. Contrary to the common belief, those results strongly suggest that it may be the protonated form of 2‐PAM, instead of the unprotonated form, that is responsible for the antidote activity of this compound. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Application of visual tracking for robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Payandeh Shahram 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWith the increasing popularity of laparoscopic surgery, the demand for better modes of laparoscopic surgery
also increases. The current laparoscopic surgery mode requires an assistant to hold and manipulate the endoscope
through commands from the surgeon. However, during lengthy surgery procedures, accurate and on‐time
adjustment of the camera cannot be guaranteed due to the fatigue and hand trembling of the camera assistant.
This article proposes a practical visual tracking method to achieve automated instrument localization and
endoscope maneuvering in robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery. Solutions concerning this approach, such
as, endoscope calibration, marker design, distortion correction, and endoscope manipulator design are described
in detail. Experimental results are presented to show the feasibility of the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Implications of flood pulse restoration for populus regeneration on the upper Missouri River
Authors: Bovee Ken D. , Scott Michael L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe developed a mass balance flow model to reconstruct unregulated daily peak flows in the National Wild and Scenic reach of the Missouri River, Montana. Results indicated that although the observed frequency of large peak flows has not changed in the post‐dam period, their magnitude has been reduced from 40 to 50% as a consequence of flow regulation. Reductions in the magnitude of these flows should reduce the expected frequency of large flood‐pulses over a longer time‐scale. Results of a two‐dimensional hydraulic model indicated that limited cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. Monilifera) recruitment occurs at relatively small peak discharges, but to maximize establishment of cottonwoods in the Wild and Scenic reach, a threshold of 1850 m3/s would be necessary at the Virgelle gauge. Floods of this magnitude or greater lead to establishment of cottonwood seedlings above the zone of frequent ice‐drive disturbance. Restoring the frequency, magnitude, duration and timing of these flood pulses would benefit important natural resource values including riparian cottonwood forests and native fish species in the upper Missouri River basin. However, efforts to naturalize flow must be made in the context of a water management system that was authorized and constructed for the primary purposes of flood control, power generation and irrigation. Using the synthesized flow model and flood damage curves, we examined six scenarios for delivering flows ≥1850 m3/s to the Wild and Scenic reach. Whereas some scenarios appeared to be politically and economically infeasible, our analysis suggested that there is enough operational flexibility in the system to restore more natural flood pulses without greatly compromising other values. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The emphasis given to evolution in state science standards: A lever for change in evolution education?
Authors: Skoog Gerald , Bilica Kimberly 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study analyzed the science frameworks of 49 states and the District of Colombia to determine the emphasis given to evolution in these documents at the middle and secondary levels. These concepts were species evolve over time, speciation, diversity of life, descent with modification from common ancestry, evidence of evolution, natural selection, pace and direction of evolution, and human evolution. Collectively, the 50 science frameworks emphasized evolution in a manner that suggests that if the public's support for standards‐based curricula is a reality, the study of evolution will be emphasized in an unprecedented manner in the nation's schools in the near future. However, all concepts were not emphasized equally in these documents. For example, human evolution was included in only seven documents. The word evolution is absent from some standards. Despite these negatives, recent actions to improve existing standards or to adopt new standards that emphasize evolution have occurred. The metaphor “lever of change” is often used in the context of school reform. This metaphor suggests a simple system where one change can result in a desired outcome. However, in classrooms where curriculum decisions evolve constantly, multiple factors interact and reinforce one another in response to both internal and external contingencies that emerge. Educational change can not be reduced to a simple linear cause/effect situation. The change process involved is nonlinear where what goes in is not proportional to what comes out because of feedback loops and other factors that complicate results. This nonlinearity is reflected in the varied responses of teachers to specific contingencies. Yet, systems can be changed and nudged towards a structure where desired outcomes will emerge. Judicial rulings indicating that the teaching of evolution cannot be prohibited or equal time for creationism mandated, improved coverage of evolution in secondary school biology textbooks, the negative response of many leaders, scientists, organizations, and editorial writers to the 1999 decision of the Kansas State Board of Education to deemphasize and misrepresent evolution in the state's science standards, and the emphasis given to evolution in the standards reviewed for this study, all coalesce to provide needed support for administrators and teachers who are striving to create science curricula that emphasize evolution in a manner commensurate with its importance in understanding the natural world and our place within it. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 86:445–462, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10014
Definition of a similarity measure between cases based on auto/cross‐fuzzy thesauri
Authors: Nomoto Kohei , Kise Wakasa , Kosuge Yoshio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA similarity measure between cases is needed in order to evaluate the degree of similarity when using past similar cases in order to resolve current problems. In similar case retrieval, multiple indices are set up in order to characterize the queries and individual cases, then terms are given as values to each. The similarity measure between cases commonly used is defined using the rate at which the values provided from the corresponding indices match. In practice, however, values cannot be expected to be mutually exclusive. As a result, a natural expansion of this approach is to have relationships in which mutually similar meanings are reflected in the similarity measure between cases. In this paper the authors consider an auto‐fuzzy thesaurus which gives the relationship for values between corresponding indices and a cross‐fuzzy thesaurus which gives the relationship for values between mutually distinct indices, then defines a similarity measure between cases which considers the relationship of index values based on these thesauri. This definition satisfies the characteristics required for the operation of case‐based retrieval even when one value is not necessarily given in the index. Finally, using a test similar case retrieval system, the authors perform a comparative analysis of the proposed similarity measure between cases and a conventional approach. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(9): 99–108, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1156
An interaction mechanism of multimodal dialogue systems
Authors: Takahashi Kazuko , Takezawa Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe propose a mechanism to handle ellipsis/anaphora resolution effectively for a dialogue system with multimodal interfaces. This mechanism uses a new method of storing/searching through the history of a dialogue. We express the object referred to by the current utterance as the packed data of all the related terms appearing in the preceding utterances. We formalize the mechanism and present an evaluation of a multimodal guidance system that has this mechanism. Experimental results show that this mechanism achieves natural dialogue with high interaction. We also discuss a method of evaluating interactive spoken dialogue systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(11): 70–79, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1165
Precise object pose estimation in range image considering measurement error
Authors: Okatani Ikuko Shimizu , Deguchi Koichiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a method for estimating the position and pose of an object from its range image when its shape model is given. The measurement errors of the range image in the viewing direction are much larger than those in the directions parallel to the image plane and their magnitudes differ at every measurement point. We estimate the precise position and pose by considering these characteristics. The observed shape under consideration obtained discretely as a range image is regarded as a plane locally and expressed by a set of triangular patches. On the other hand, the model is expressed by a set of points. The respective points of the model are regarded originally on their corresponding triangular patch plane. The gaps between the model points and their corresponding triangular patches are considered as caused by the measurement errors. Its possibility of occurrence is called the matching value and the goodness of the registration of the set of triangular patches to the set of model points is expressed by the sum of the square of these matching values at the respective model points. The distribution of these matching values in the space is called the matching map. The coordinate transformation in the space the best match is determined by moving the model points in the space. For this purpose, to evaluate the goodness of the registration by the coordinate transformation, the gradient of the matching map is directly calculated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(11): 107–116, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1168
Quantitative AES depth profiling of a Ge/Si multilayer structure
Authors: Hofmann Siegfried , Kesler Valeri 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAuger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profiling of a Ge/Si multilayer structure with Ge layers of 2.2, 4.3 and 2.2 nm thickness in Si was performed with Ar+ ions of 1.5 and 3 keV energy and at 74° incidence angle to the normal to the surface. The plot of the Ge LMM Auger peak intensity as a function of the sputtering time was analysed quantitatively using the MRI (mixing–roughness–information depth) model. As a result, the optimum MRI parameters w (mixing length), σ (roughness) and λ (here, used as information depth) were found to be 1.7, 0.8 and 1.6 nm, respectively, for 1.5 keV Ar+ bombardment. For an appropriate evaluation of the 3 keV Ar+ data, w had to be increased to 3.0 nm and σ to 1.4 nm, respectively, while λ was kept constant. In the first run, the MRI calculation results could not be fitted optimally to the profiling results, and therefore the assumed in‐depth distribution of Ge had to be changed accordingly. After a few modifications of the latter and of the roughness parameter, an optimized fit was obtained by changing either the thickness of the layers or the average Ge concentration within the layers, or, most favourably, by a combination of both approaches. Comparison with densitometer measurements on transmission electron microscopy images confirm the thicker layer structure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth profile analysis of ion‐implanted photoresist by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Nagai N. , Imai T. , Terada K. , Seki H. , Okumura H. , Fujino H. , Yamamoto T. , Nishiyama I. , Hatta A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStructural distribution at different depths in a novolac photoresist after boron ion implantation was analysed using infrared spectroscopy with gradient shaving preparations and spectral simulation techniques. The generation of graphite‐like structures and B–O and/or B–C bonding was observed only near the surface at approximately ∼0.1 µm for a sample that was ion implanted at 10 keV acceleration voltage and at ∼0.2 µm for a sample ion implanted at 100 keV. The main chemical change appears to be bond‐breaking (namely, the generation of voids) in inner films. In the process of mechanical shaving, the peel strength, degree of adhesion and shear strength were determined. Decreases in peel strength and degree of adhesion after ion implantation are thought to be primarily the result of bond‐breaking. The method described in this paper is effective for studying chemical bonding changes with depth and would be of help in understanding mechanical strength from the viewpoint of chemical bonding. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface physico‐chemistry of corona‐discharge‐treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) film
Authors: O'Hare Lesley‐Ann , Smith Julie A. , Leadley Stuart R. , Parbhoo Bhukan , Goodwin Andrew J. , Watts John F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of energy of corona discharge treatment (CDT) on the physico‐chemistry of the surface of a polyester film was investigated systematically using a number of complementary surface analytical techniques: contact angle analysis, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy. The energy of treatment can be controlled by either varying the speed of the treatment with constant power input or by varying the power of the treatment with constant speed. The changes in surface energy, surface chemistry and surface morphology of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) induced by these two modes of CDT have been investigated.The surface energy and the polar contribution of the film increased with increasing energy of corona. Phenolic‐OH, carbonyl and carboxylic acid (HOC=O) have been identified as the functional groups incorporated onto the surface. Low‐molecular‐weight oxidized materials were observed in the form of a globular morphology on the surface of the film. By washing the film in methanol–water prior to surface analysis, it was shown that the oxygen content at the surface of the film decreased and the globular morphology was removed.Differences in the surface energy of corona‐treated PET films have been observed under similar corona energy conditions, depending on whether the sample was treated with constant speed or constant power. However, the total surface oxygen content was found to be similar at low‐energy treatments. When the high‐resolution C 1s XPS spectrum was peak fitted, the relative concentrations of functional groups introduced and other changes to the original polymer structure were shown to be independent of the mode of treatment.These observations may be explained because although the total energy transferred from the power source to the PET under the conditions of ‘constant power, variable speed’ and ‘variable power, constant speed’ is theoretically the same, these experimental conditions are not interchangeable. At constant power, the concentration of active species, radiation and dielectric breakdowns in the discharge are independent of speed. However, in the case of constant speed, the concentration of active species, radiation and dielectric breakdown increase with increasing power, resulting in a different surface energy between the two sets of samples. However, because the composition of the active species will not change, the functional groups on the surface of the film will be the same across comparable energy levels, independent of mode of treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of the time‐dependent vaccine efficacy from a measles epidemic
Authors: Eichner M. , Diebner H. H. , Schubert C. , Kreth H. W. , Dietz K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present a method to estimate the time‐dependent vaccine efficacy from the cohort‐specific vaccination coverage and from data on the vaccination status of cases and apply it to a measles epidemic in Germany which involved 529 cases, 88 of whom were vaccinated and 370 unvaccinated (for the remaining 71 cases the vaccination status is unknown). Our epidemiological model takes into account that maternal antibodies prevent successful vaccination and that vaccine immunity may be lost over time. Model parameters are estimated from the data using maximum likelihood. Vaccination coverage, as determined in school surveys, ranged from 27.6 per cent for the cohort born in 1974 to 85 per cent for the 1986 cohort, which is far too low to prevent measles transmission. Cohorts for which no school surveys were performed are omitted from analysis. Thus, sufficient data are available for only 282 cases, 69 of whom are vaccinated. According to our estimates, measles vaccinations provided no immunity before 1978 (95 per cent CI: 0 to 47 per cent), for the period 1978‐1982, the estimated vaccine efficacy was 80per cent (95 per cent CI: 67 to 89 per cent), and for 1982–1990 it was 97 per cent (95 per cent CI: 93 to 99 per cent). After 1990, the estimated value dropped to 89 per cent, but its confidence interval widely overlaps with that of the previous period (95 per cent CI: 74 to 97 per cent). Loss of immunity was estimated to be zero (95 per cent CI: 0 to 0.003/year). Several sensitivity analyses were performed with respect to the model assumptions. A modified model which assumed constant efficacy at all vaccination times yielded a high estimate of 96 per cent (95 per cent CI: 92 to 98 per cent) for primary vaccine efficacy but also a high loss rate of immunity of 0.007/year (95 per cent CI: 0.001 to 0.012) to explain the high fraction of vaccinated cases among older individuals. The likelihood score value is however significantly inferior compared to the score value of the model with time‐dependent vaccine efficacy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taming access control security: extending capabilities using the views relationship
Authors: Markiewicz Marcus E. , Lucena Carlos J. P. , Cowan Donald D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ‘views’ relationship indicates how an object‐oriented design can be clearly separated into objects and their corresponding interface. This paper uses the concept of ‘views’ in order to achieve full separation between the application and the security policy in the design and implementation. The result is achieved by providing a model for capabilities using ‘views’ that is richer than the traditional capability model. In addition, a distributed access control model is shown to be effective through the use of Secure Object Communication Channels (SOCCs) to allow for secure connections at the abstract object level. This security is applicable in the e‐commerce application domain, bringing security directly to the application abstraction level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.