bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization design initiated by information system development: a methodology and its practice in Japan
Authors: Oura Jun , Kijima Kyoichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of the present paper is to propose a methodology for initiating effective organization design by information system development. The primary emphasis of our methodology is on organization design rather than on information system design. We also apply it to a Japanese manufacturing company to acquire theoretical and practical findings as well as validate its efficiency and effectiveness. Although many business companies have information systems developed and implemented so far in an attempt to enhance work efficiency, most of them have not necessarily been evaluated. The present study first reviews several well‐known methodologies for information system development in terms of organization design, which include the waterfall methodology and Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). After examining them carefully according to the experience of one of the authors at a food manufacturing company in Japan, we propose our original methodology based on them. We also validate its effectiveness in terms of Japanese organization culture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systems view of the evolution in information systems development
Authors: Jan Tain‐Sue , Tsai Fu‐Longe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a three‐stage information systems development (ISD) model based on the Ackoff systems view to analyze the ISD evolution from the 1950s to the 1990s. For organization as a machine, information systems (IS) are designed by information professionals. For organization as an organism, IS are developed according to the selected methodology of ISD. For organization as a social system, IS would be dualistic, one for itself and another for its components, and IS departments would also be dual: one would be inward and another outward. The study investigates the changing roles and missions of IS for the three stages and explores the evolution of ISD strategies. The model also suggests that in the social stage ISD acquiring and utilizing both the inward and the outward resources of ISD to create more value is the greatest challenge and most important task for contemporary IS managers. The implications of the model are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive fuzzy control: theory versus implementation
Authors: Faravelli Lucia , Rossi Roberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe long‐term goal of our research programme is to conceive a stand‐alone controller for driving the reaction of a semi‐active control device to a given feedback. The resulting control scheme must be robust and is required to react instantaneously. Both these aspects led the authors to adopt commercial fuzzy chips as controllers. The work covered in this paper is the development of an adaptive capability, i.e. the ability to detect changes in the system response and to modify the controller properties accordingly. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward the determination of sufficient mutant operators for C†
Authors: Barbosa Ellen Francine , Maldonado José Carlos , Vincenzi Auri Marcelo Rizzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMutation testing (MT) has been found to be effective at revealing faults. However, its high cost of application, due to the high number of mutants created and the effort to determine the equivalent ones, has motivated the proposition of alternative approaches for its application. One of them, named ‘selective mutation’, aims to reduce the number of generated mutants through a reduction in the number of mutant operators. A previous relevant study resulted in the proposition of a sufficient mutant operators set for FORTRAN, indicating that it is possible to have a large cost reduction in MT application, whilst preserving a high MT score. This work investigates procedures for the determination of a sufficient mutant operators set for C programs with the perspective of contributing to the establishment of low‐cost, effective mutation‐based testing strategies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Half a century of programming and not much progress
Authors: Barnes John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a somewhat gloomy view of the progress of mankind in devising programming languages during the past half century. The paper is in two parts. This first part presents two overall themes. The first theme concerns the use of best practice in reducing risk and possible legal liability in the face of disasters arising from malfunctioning software. JOHN BARNES' paper asserts that little is known about what constitutes best practice and that what is known is not used in constructing the vast majority of software anyway. The second theme concerns the evolutionary use of abstraction in controlling complexity and its underlying flavour in the progress that has been made. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occurrence, co‐occurrence and topographic distribution of choline acetyl transferase, Met‐enkephalin and neurotensin in the stellate ganglion of the cat
Authors: Jiménez B. , Mora‐Valladares E. , Zetina M.E. , Morales M.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe presence of the classical ganglionic transmitter acetylcholine (ACh), its occurrence and possible co‐occurrence with the neuromodulator peptides methionine enkephalin (Met‐ENK) and neurotensin (NT), as well as the possible coexistence of these peptides in the preganglionic axon terminals of the cat stellate ganglia were investigated with light and confocal microscopy using immunofluorescence. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), Met‐ENK, and NT immunoreactivity was detected with light microscopy in axon terminals near tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive (IR) cells. Cell bodies immunopositive for ChAT or Met‐ENK were also detected and were TH‐negative or TH‐positive. Denervation by sectioning preganglionic axons produced two effects: the almost complete elimination of IR fibers and an increase in the number of ChATIR and Met‐ENKIR cell bodies, together with the appearance of NTIR cell bodies. Preganglionic ChATIR fibers and boutons form a dense network throughout the entire ganglion, with a homogeneous regional distribution. ChAT, Met‐ENK, and NT are essentially stored in different nerve endings, although a low level of co‐occurrence was detected. NTIR and Met‐ENKIR networks of boutons were observed to have independent and somewhat complementary regional distributions. Further analysis with simultaneous triple labeling for NT, Met‐ENK, and TH, and confocal microscopy showed fibers and boutons containing Met‐ENK or NT reached distinct neurons separately, or both converge onto the same cells. This finding suggests that modulation (the facilitation–inhibition balance) of ganglionic transmission is achieved mainly by the selective and complementary innervation of boutons containing NT (facilitation) and Met‐ENK (inhibition) and only rarely by terminals which coexpress both peptides. Synapse 43:163–174, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of spinous synapses in the mouse organ of corti
Authors: Sobkowicz Hanna M. , Slapnick Susan M. , August Benjamin K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe inner hair cells, the primary auditory receptors, are perceived only as a means for transfer of sound signals via the auditory nerve to the central nervous system. During initial synaptogenesis, they receive relatively few and mainly somatic synapses. However, around the onset of hearing (10–14 postnatal days in the mouse), a complex network of local spinous synapses differentiates, involving inner hair cells, their afferent dendrites, and lateral olivocochlear terminals. Inner hair cell spines participate in triadic synapses between olivocochlear terminals and afferent dendrites. Triadic synapses have not yet been confirmed in the adult. Synaptic spines of afferent dendrites form axodendritic synapses with olivocochlear terminals and somatodendritic synapses with inner hair cells. The latter are of two types: ribbon‐dendritic spines and stout dendritic spines surrounded only by a crown of synaptic vesicles. Formation of spinous afferent synapses results from sprouting of dendritic filopodia that intussuscept inner hair cell cytoplasm. This process continues in the adult, indicating ongoing synaptogenesis. Spinous processes of olivocochlear synaptic terminals contact adjacent afferent dendrites, thus integrating their connectivity. They develop about 14 postnatal days, but their presence in the adult has yet to be confirmed. Differentiation of spinous synapses in the organ of Corti results in a total increase of synaptic contacts and in a complexity of synaptic arrangements and connectivity. We propose that spinous synapses provide the morphological substrate for local processing of initial auditory signals within the cochlea. Synapse 45:10–24, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute and repeated administration of the selective 5‐HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 significantly alters the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons: An in vivo electrophysiological study
Authors: Minabe Yoshio , Hashimoto Kenji , Watanabe Kei‐Ichiro , Ashby Charles R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined the effect of the acute and repeated administration of M100907 (formerly MDL 100907), a selective 5‐HT2A receptor antagonist, on spontaneously active dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of rats. This was accomplished using in vivo, extracellular single unit recording. The i.v. administration of M100907 (0.01–0.64 mg/kg) did not significantly alter the basal firing rate or pattern of spontaneously active SNC and VTA DA neurons. A single injection of either 0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg i.p. of M100907 did not significantly alter the number of spontaneously active DA neurons in either the SNC or VTA areas. However, 0.1 mg/kg i.p. of M100907 significantly increased the number of spontaneously active SNC and VTA DA neurons compared to vehicle‐treated animals. A single injection of all doses of M100907 significantly decreased the degree of bursting in VTA DA neurons, whereas the 0.1 mg/kg dose increased the degree of bursting in SNC DA neurons. The repeated administration (one injection per day for 21 days) of 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg i.p. of M100907 produced a significant decrease in the number of spontaneously active SNC and VTA DA neurons compared to vehicle‐treated animals. The repeated administration of M100907 did not significantly alter the firing pattern of VTA DA neurons but significantly altered the firing pattern of SNC DA neurons. The results of this study indicate that M100907 administration alters the activity of midbrain DA neurons in anesthetized rats. Synapse 40:102–112, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EIA IS 731 compared to CMMISM‐SE/SW
Authors: Minnich Ilene 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper provides the reader with a high‐level comparison between the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) Interim Standard (IS) 731, the Systems Engineering Capability Model (SECM) [G47 Systems Engineering Committee, 1999], and the Capability Maturity Model IntegrationSM (CMMISM) for Systems Engineering (SE) and Software Engineering (SW) [CMMISM Product Development Team, 2000a]. A brief background of the SECM and its contents is provided, followed by a comparison of Focus Areas of the SECM to Process Areas of the CMMISM. Also compared are the Capability Levels and Generic Practices of the two models, and the scoring rules associated with the two respective appraisal methods. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 62–72, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sys.10013
Requirements management—A tool designer's view
Authors: Ögren Ingmar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe third issue of the Journal in 2001 contained two interesting articles concerning requirements management, one about requirements completeness and one about use of requirements management tools for verification management. The latter also included a challenge to tool developers to produce tools that meet the combined requirements from requirements and verification management. The issues in the articles are discussed from a tool developer's point of view. Concerning the issue of requirements' completeness, it is suggested that we should not try to reach completeness, but rather “sufficiency” with a changing meaning through a project's life cycle. Concerning use of requirements management tools for verification, it is explained how the three processes of requirements management, design, and verification must be concurrent and interacting, something that must be recognized by the designers of the tools used. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 145–150, 2002
Model based systems engineering using a continuous‐time extension of the Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Authors: Axelsson Jakob 
Published: August 2002

AbstractModeling languages intended for capturing essential properties of complex technical systems need to cover both software and physical components in a holistic framework. Object‐oriented modeling languages are often used for software, and possess many features that are attractive also in a general modeling notation for systems engineering. However, software oriented languages lack certain features that are essential when modeling physical components, in particular the ability to deal with the continuous‐time relationships needed to describe the dynamics of such components. In this paper, we investigate how the expressiveness of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) can be increased to make it suitable also for describing physical components. A case study of an automotive mechatronic system is elaborated to show the practical usefulness of the results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 165–179, 2002
Adding temporal modeling to the UML to support systems design
Authors: Neill Colin J. , Holt Jon D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe UML has been proposed as a suitable modeling language for systems engineering. There are questions, however, regarding the language's suitability. For example, the interfaces between heterogeneous systems must be precisely defined during design, and the completeness and precision of that definition is heavily dependent on the modelling language used. This article contends that the UML in its current form is insufficient for this purpose because it has no provision for the analysis of complex time‐based interactions typical of such an interface. The solution proposed here is to translate the UML models that define those interfaces into a formal method. This translation can be automated, therefore “hiding” the formalism from the user, but still providing the analytical benefits. The formal method used is the Q‐model. This is a mathematically based computational model used primarily in the design of time‐critical systems and includes support for sophisticated temporal analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5, 213–222, 2002
Strategies for value: Quality, productivity, and innovation in R&D/technology organizations
Authors: Rouse William B. , Boff Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe nature of value and how R&D/technology organizations provide value are considered. Value is defined in terms of three dimensions: quality, productivity, and innovation. This framework provides the basis for formulation of value strategies in terms of where value is to be provided, how it will be provided, enterprise designs that support these intentions, benchmarking to identify gaps, and specification of action plans. Implementation of value strategies is discussed relative to strategies for change, multistage decision processes, organizational implications, balanced scorecards, and adaptation of strategies to different types of enterprises. Illustrations of multistage decision criteria and balanced scorecards for R&D/technology organizations are provided. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 87–106, 2001
Requirements completeness: Absolute or relative? Comments on "System function implementation and behavioral modeling"[Syst Eng 4 (2001), 58‐75]
Authors: Carson Ronald S. , Shell Tony 
Published: August 2002

AbstractShell [Syst Eng 4 (2001), 58–75] raised the issue of requirements “completeness,” concluding that its proof is not possible. This communication is intended to clarify the original intent of the assertion and identify a set of conditions under which completeness may be verified. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 230–231, 2001
Semi‐active friction system with amplifying braces for control of MDOF structures
Authors: Gluck J. , Ribakov Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development and applications of a semi‐active friction damping system with amplifying braces is studied. A system of dampers and braces, defined as the friction damping system with amplifying braces (FDSAB) is considered. Active control theory with velocity and acceleration feedback is used to obtain the control forces in the proposed system. The system can be used efficiently to enhance the damping of a structure and improving its response. The efficiency of the proposed system is demonstrated by the numerical simulation of a seven storey building subjected to earthquakes. The simulation shows that the behaviour of the damped structure with the FDSAB is significantly improved. The required control forces are much less compared with a control system with semi‐active friction dampers connected either to chevron or diagonal braces. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of D‐003: Mixture of very long chain fatty acids
Authors: Gámez Rafael , Rodeiro Idania , Fernández Ivonne , Acosta Pilar Caridad 
Published: August 2002

AbstractD‐003 is a mixture of very long chain aliphatic acids purified from sugar cane wax, wherein octacosanoic acid represents the major component. Previous experimental studies have shown that D‐003 inhibits platelet aggregation in rodents. Also, its lowers total (TC) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) in normocholesterolemic rabbits in a dose‐dependent manner and inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in fibroblast cultures. The present study was performed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic potential effects of D‐003 assessed through two tests: the neutral red (NR) assay and the Ames test. Positive and negative controls were included in each experimental series. Compared with controls, no cytotoxicity was evident after 24 and 72 h of treatment with doses up to 1,000 μg/ml in the NR assay. On the other hand, D‐003 (5–5,000 μg/plate) did not increase the frequency of reverse mutations in the Ames test in both alternatives with or without S9 mix metabolic activation and a pre‐incubation step. The positive control chemicals included in each experiment, namely, treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in the NR assay and sodium azide (NaAz), 2‐aminofluorene (AF), and dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) in the Ames test, induced the expected changes, such as a decrease in optical density (OD) values in the NR assay and an increase in the frequency of reverse mutations in the Ames test. The present results indicate that D‐003 did not show evidence of cytotoxic or genotoxic potential in tests able to detect the ability of chemicals to disrupt cells (NR assay) or to induce gene mutations (Ames test). Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:175–181, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of asbestos‐induced transformation of rat pleural mesothelial cells in co‐culture with rat macrophages
Authors: Kravchenko I.V. , Furalyov V.A. , Vasylieva L.A. , Pylev L.N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the influence of macrophages on the process of rat pleural mesothelium cells (RPMC) transformation in vitro. For this purpose prolonged many‐passage co‐cultivation of rat pleural mesothelial cells and rat peritoneal macrophages was performed both in the presence (to study macrophage influence on asbestos‐induced morphologic transformation) and in the absence (to study spontaneous transformation) of asbestos. It was shown that spontaneous transformation of RPMC slightly accelerated in the co‐cultures, whereas asbestos‐induced transformation was strongly inhibited. For instance, RPMC acquired the ability to form multilayer cell growth foci and colonies in semisolid agar at 22–24 passages in the absence and at 14–16 passages in the presence of asbestos, while in co‐culture with macrophages these signs of transformation appeared at 17–19 passages without asbestos treatment and were not observed at the 40th passage under exposure to asbestos. It was shown that the observed inhibition of transformation was caused by preferential depletion of transformed cells in co‐cultures of mesothelium and macrophages in the presence of asbestos: when equal concentrations of macrophages and asbestos were taken, the viability of early‐passage RPMC was greater as compared with late passages, and the viability of late‐passage RPMC was greater than that of mesothelioma cells. The amount of late‐passage RPMC and mesothelioma cells able to form colonies in semisolid media was also drastically decreased in these conditions. These findings suggest that though macrophages can influence the process of asbestos‐induced mesothelium transformation by different ways, as a whole the inhibitory action appears to be the strongest. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:315–323, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpretations of a teratogen warning symbol
Authors: Daniel Katherine Lyon , Goldman Karen Denard , Lachenmayr Sue , Erickson J. David , Moore Cynthia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundWarning symbols are used on teratogenic medications to communicate the message that women should (1) not take that medication if they may already be pregnant, and (2) not get pregnant while taking that medication. Communications research indicates that people interpret symbols or pictures in different ways. Other studies have shown that patients do not always receive education materials that are part of prescription protocol. Researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) tested the interpretation of the teratogen warning symbol and its ability to convey the correct information without accompanying education.MethodsA teratogen warning symbol currently printed on some medication packaging uses graphics and text warning the user not to get pregnant. Researchers interviewed women of childbearing age about their interpretation of the warning symbol and its meaning. Ninety‐seven women were interviewed in a variety of locations, including public health clinics, literacy and job training offices, health clubs, and malls.ResultsOnly 21% of women interpreted correctly without prompting that they should either not take the medication if they are pregnant or not get pregnant while taking the medication. Twenty‐seven percent of women first thought the symbol meant the package contained birth control medication, and 24% said it simply indicated the package contained drugs or medicine. An additional 7% said they did not know what the symbol was supposed to mean; 39% of respondents offered circumstances in which prescription medications might be shared.ConclusionsMisinterpretation of warning symbols can result in serious consequences. This research should serve as an urgent call for mandating education for all patients receiving drugs with teratogenic properties, and careful pretesting and modification of warning symbols before they are used on medications with teratogenic effects. Teratology 64:148–153, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.