bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unfinished Symphony, 1933–4
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Walton returned to London in the spring of 1933, he took the completed first movement and Scherzo of the symphony with him and played them to Angus Morrison. At this time, too, he learned that Harty had resigned as conductor of the Halle and become conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. In June, while in Amsterdam for the ISCM performance of Belshazzar’sFeast,he showed the two movements to Foss, who wrote to his wife: ‘Willie’s symphony is most exciting-really on the big scale and in the purest symphonic manner: just like Beethoven and Sibelius and yet very personal. Rather tragic and the second movement scherzo really sinister. I think I have persuaded him to use for the slow movement that ravishing idea he played to us ages ago on 18 October 1931, when he was starting the work .. .’
Violin Concerto, 1938–9
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walton was deeply interested in everything his fellow composers were doing. He had been at all the rehearsals for Vaughan Williams’s new Fourth Symphony in April 1935 and heard Constant Lambert tell Arthur Benjamin on the day of the first performance that it was ‘the greatest symphony since Beethoven’. He also noted the arrival on the scene of a new talent, Benjamin Britten, whose Our Hunting Fathershad its first London performance on 30 April 1937. Perhaps it was Walton’s interest in this astonishingly adventurous and imaginative score that led to their first meeting. Britten’s diary for 28 July 1937 (he was then 23) contains this entry:
Birth of An Opera, 1947–8
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1947 Walton went with Alice Wimborne, Alan Bush and Gerald Abraham to represent British music at the Prague Festival. In November he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society, which was presented to him by Vaughan Williams. But the most significant and far reaching event of the year was the letter written to Walton on 8 February 1947 by Victor Rely-Hutchinson, BBC Director of Music: ‘The BBC has decided to commission an opera and would like you to compose it. I do not at all know how you are placed as regards time, but I very much hope that you will be interested in the idea.’
The Bear, 1964–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walton laid aside composition for almost a year while he went on his travels. He visited Israel in July 1963, conducting performances of Belshazzar’sFeastin Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Jerusalem. From there he flew to Chicago, where he conducted three programmes of his music at Ravinia Park, summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. In February 1964 he went to New Zealand, leaving Lady Walton (who had broken her leg) in Ischia. He visited his sister, Mrs Nora Donnelly, at Hastings and conducted his works in concerts in Auckland, Dunedin, Wellington, and Christchurch.
Britten and Bagatelles, 1969–72
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notwrthstanding his chagrin over The Battle of Britain,Walton was busy completing another orchestral commission between August and November 1969. This was his work for the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, commissioned by its benefactor, the scientist Dr Ralph Dorfman, in memory of his first wife Adeline Smith Dorfman. Choice of composer had been left to the orchestra’s conductor, Josef Krips, and Walton was approached (and accepted) in the autumn of 1967. He began work during 1968. On 9 September he wrote to Britten:
Seventieth Birthday, 1972
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain likes to make a fuss of its famous men and women when they become septuagenarians and octogenarians. But Walton approached his seventieth anniversary with mixed feelings. He would enjoy the celebrations, but he was still smarting from the wounds inflicted on him by his critics over the previous twenty years, and would not a prolonged celebration involving many performances of his music reopen barely healed scars? ‘Thank you so much for your telegram of good wishes,’ he wrote to Peter Heyworth. ‘I shall need them, especially from you.’ But he was encouraged by Malcolm Arnold and even more by the knowledge that Edward Heath, the Prime Minister, was to hold a dinner party for him at No. 10 Downing Street on the evening of his birthday.
Deception in the Burma Campaign
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier chapters have contained several examples of the combined use of sigint and deception, usually with sigint both monitoring the effects of deception already practised and suggesting the next episode. Although I had no hand in any deception scheme I have been interested in the subject ever since I learnt that my father had been involved in a particular version of deception in the 1914-18 war, serving as radio-operator on a Q-boat, the Helvetia. This was a converted and disguised trawler whose job was to discourage German U-boats from attacking unarmed fishing vessels in the North Sea. When a U-boat hove in sight and ordered them to abandon ship the Helvetia’s crew, who had been carefully trained, gave a convincing imitation of panic. They lowered the ship’s boat so ham-handedly that one end was submerged while the other dangled in the air with davit jammed. They rushed to and fro excitedly. The SOS message was bungled, and with luck the U-boat drew nearer to watch the pandemonium. When they were within range the order was given: one pull at a lever collapsed the hinged sections of the deckhouse, revealing a gun whose team hoped to sink the enemy before he sank them.
The Latin East 1098–1291
Authors: Phillips Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First Crusade established a Latin Christian presence on the eastern Mediterranean seaboard which lasted for almost 200 years. The expedition contained contingents from many areas of Europe, including Flanders, Normandy, Languedoc, and Lorraine. Notwithstanding their different origins, the crusaders who settled in the Levant were identified by the word ‘Franks’ by contemporary Muslims and Latins in the East.
Art 1n the Latin East, 1098–1291
Authors: Folda Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the armies of the First Crusade took Jerusalem on 15 July 1099, they succeeded wonderfully in fulfilling many of the main goals articulated by Pope Urban II in his famous speech at Clermont. Urban had vividly described the oppression of Christian churches in the East, and how the infidels had desecrated or destroyed Christian monuments.
Architecture in the Latin East, 1098–1571
Authors: Pringle Denys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost five centuries of architectural development, from Romanesque to Renaissance, are represented in the buildings of the Latin settlers on the Levantine mainland and in Cyprus. In view of the mixed cultural background of the incomers and the diversity of local cultures and building traditions that they encountered in the East, what is perhaps most striking is that there do seem to have emerged styles that were both coherent and distinctive.
Break-down of the Sleigh—Fresh Vehicle—The “Scavenger’s Daughter”—The Sea of Aral—A Salt Breeze—Less Snow—Christmas Day in Russia— Amorous Females in Search of a Husband-—Supper for Two—Kasala, or Fort Number One—The Garrison—The Aral Fleet—The Inn of Morozoff— Comparisons in Dirt—In Search of a Lodging—”Go with God, Brother”— The Jews’ Quarter—A Commandant
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The jolting imparted by the motion of the camels to the sleigh had been too much for the wooden framework. An inspector who gave me this information declared that it would be impossible for us to continue the journey save in another carriage.
The Turkoman on his Donkey—Jana Darya—A once Fertile Country—A Barren Waste—The Grandfather of the Khan—English Horses and Kirghiz Horses—Russian Cavalry—A Sea like Molten Gold—Isles as if of Silver— Kamstakak—A Fresh Water Pond—A Return to Vegetation—Saigak— Pheasants—The Camel Driver is taken Ill—The Moullahs—Conjuring the Evil One—A Dog of an Unbeliever—The Guide’s Fight with the Khivan— A Revolver is sometimes a Peace-maker—Khivan method of Preserving Grass throughout the Winter—Deep Chasms—Tombs—The Vision of the Kirghiz—The Kazan-Tor Mountains—Auriferous nature of the Soil.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a quaint spectacle to watch my little caravan as we rode away from our different encampments. First came the guide, clad in a long dressing-gown of crimson cloth, which he had exchanged for the more homely garment in which he commenced the journey. His robe, which was lined with sheepskin, was tightly girt round his loins with a broad blue sash; a tall, conicalshaped black hat surmounted his bronzed countenance. His sword dangled at his side, and he used the weapon sheathed as a whip to urge on his steed, now a little done up by this constant marching through the snow.
Benito mussolini, ‘Trenchocracy’
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word is ugly. No matter. There are uglier ones which have long enjoyed citizenship rights in the Italian language. We don’t give a fig about ‘purists’ who snarl at ·neologisms’. It’s all part of the eternal conflict between the old sensibility and the new! The trenchocracy is the aristocracy of the trenches. It is the aristocracy of tomorrow! It is the aristocracy in action. It comes from the depths. Its ‘quarterings of nobility’ are a splendid blood red. On its coat of arms there may be depicted a ‘Frisian horse’,5 a dugout, a hand-grenade.
The Development of the Classical Inheritance
Authors: Crompton Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social class and inequality have been amongst the central topic areas within sociology. It is not surprising, therefore, that the investigation of these topics over the last half-century should have been significantly shaped by debates taking place within sociology itself Thus debates in social theory, as well as the specific theoretical contributions of Marx and Weber, have also had an important impact on class analysis. Our primary objective in this chapter, besides giving an account of Marx’s and Weber’s classic contributions, will also be to explore the impact of these varying theoretical inputs on the developing project of class and stratification analysis.
Fractured Identities
Authors: Haraway Donna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become difficult to name one’s feminism by a single adjective-or even to insist in every circumstance upon the noun. Consciousness of exclusion through naming is acute. Identities seem contradictory, partial, and strategic. With the hard-won recognition of their social and historical constitution, gender, race, and class cannot provide the basis for belief in ‘essential’ unity. There is nothing about being ‘female’ that naturally binds women. There is not even such a state as ‘being’ female, itself a highly complex category constructed in contested sexual scientific discourses and other social practices. Gender, race, or class consciousness is an achievement forced on us by the terrible historical experience of the contradictory social realities of patriarchy, colonialism, and capitalism. And who counts as ‘us’ in my own rhetoric? Which identities are available to ground such a potent political myth called ‘us’, and what could motivate enlistment in this collectivity? Painful fragmentation among feminists (not to mention among women) along every possible fault line has made the concept of woman elusive, an excuse for the matrix of women’s dominations of each other. For me-and for many who share a similar historical location in white, professional middle-class, female, radical, North American, mid-adult bodies-the sources of a crisis in political identity are legion.
The Social Imaginary
Authors: Castoriadis Cornelius 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That which, since 1964, I have termed the social imaginary —a term which has since been used and misused in a number of different ways —and, more generally, that which I call the imaginary has nothing to do with the representations currently circulating under this heading. In particular, it has nothing to do with that which is presented as ‘imaginary’ by certain currents in psychoanalysis: namely, the ‘specular’ which is obviously only an image of and a reflected image. in other words a reflection, and in yet other words a by product of Platonic ontology (eidolon) even if those who speak of it are unaware of its origin. The imaginary does not come from the image in the mirror or from the gaze of the other. Instead, the ‘mirror’ itself and its possibility, and the other as mirror, are the works of the imaginary, which is creation ex nihi!o. Those who speak of ‘imaginary’, understanding by this the ‘specular’, the reflection of the ‘fictive’, do no more than repeat, usually without realizing it, the affirmation which has for all time chained them to the underground of the famous cave: it is necessary that this world be an image of something.
Levels of Class Formation
Authors: Formation Levels of Class 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a concept, class has soaked up so much meaning that it has become bulky to use. Because it is often employed without a clearly specified definition, debates about class often become conversations in which people talk past each other because they are talking about different dimensions of class. Without clear analytical distinctions between levels or layers of class, it is hard to improve on the ‘class in itself-for itself’ model. With the specification of different levels it becomes possible to construct the various cases of class formation in their own terms and to explore the competing capacities of various macrohypotheses about linkages between the levels. Above all, the distinctions that follow are meant to be aids to concrete description and explanation.
A People and a Class
Authors: Joyce Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The icons of popular art suggest the force and longevity of populist notions over this period. They also indicate that rather than a single populism, it is a variety or ‘family’ of populisms that should be considered, a variety in which the capacity for change and adaptation was marked. In the northern, industrial districts there was, however, a decided continuity amidst this variety and change.
Govemmentality
Authors: Foucault Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus, throughout the seventeenth century up to the liquidation of the themes of mercantilism at the beginning of the eighteenth, the art of government remained in a certain sense immobilized. It was trapped within the inordinately vast, abstract, rigid framework of the problem and institution of sovereignty. This art of government tried, so to speak, to reconcile itself with the theory of sovereignty by attempting to derive the ruling principles of an art of government from a renewed version of the theory of sovereignty—and this is where those seventeenth-century jurists come into the picture who formalize or ritualize the theory of the contract.
‘Them’ and ‘Us’
Authors: Hoggart Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presumably most groups gain some of their strength from their exclusiveness, from a sense of people outside who are not ‘Us’. How does this express itself in working-class people? I have emphasized the strength of home and neighbourhood, and have suggested that this strength arises partly from a feeling that the world outside is strange and often unhelpful, that it has most of the counters stacked on its side, that to meet it on its own terms is difficult. One may call this, making use of a word commonly used by the working-classes, the world of’Them’. ‘Them’ is a composite dramatic figure, the chief character in modem urban forms of the rural peasant-big-house relationships. The world of ‘Them’ is the world of the bosses, whether those bosses are private individuals, or as is increasingly the case today, public officials. ‘Them’ may be, as occasion requires, anyone from the classes outside other than the few individuals from those classes whom working-people know as individuals.
The Language of Orders in Early Modem Europe
Authors: Burke Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mousnier has two main sources of inspiration: seventeenth-century lawyers. notably Charles Loyseau, and twentieth-century sociologists, notably Bernard Barber (whose study, Social Stratification, had itself drawn on Mousnier’s work in its brief discussion of ‘Estate Society’), but going back behind him to the functionalist school of Talcott Parsons and behind Parsons to Emile Durkheim.
The Failure of the Bourgeoisie
Authors: Wiener Martin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nineteenth-century Britain was a pioneer of modernization. Yet, the path it took to modernity was one all its own. Britain’s transition was marked by admirably peaceful gradualism, but also, thereby, by a certain incompleteness. From this incompleteness stemmed long-lasting cultural consequences. Modernization has never been a simple and easy process. Wherever and whenever it has occurred, severe psychological and ideological strains and stresses have resulted, though they have not always taken the dramatic form they found in Germany, or received so much attention. In Britain these tensions have been particularly easy to overlook, as the transition to modernity was relatively smooth and involved no political upheaval. However, that very mildness, I shall suggest, fostered a self-limiting element in Britain’s development. The industrial revolution in other countries came at least partly from without and thus challenged and disrupted traditional social patterns. In Britain, on the other hand, industrialization was indigenous, and thus more easily accommodated to existing social structures, which did not need to change radically.
The State and the Language of Class
Authors: Mckibbin Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the argument of this book has been largely thematic it is clear that there were throughout the period marked chronological influences. In particular, the two world wars represented important discontinuities. In my book The Evolution of the Labour Party I certainly underestimated the effects of the First Wodd War. It was partly responsible for the emergence of the Labour Party as one of the two main parties and a rapid growth of working-class organizations, and (more doubtfully, perhaps) a stronger ‘democratic’ impulse in British society. C. F. G. Masterman suggested that the course of the war, by discrediting much of the military caste, discredited also the pre-war social hierarchy to which it was attached, while contact with Australians, Canadians, and Americans opened up an alternative set of political relationships, much more favourable to the working class. It is likely, furthermore, that the state itself was compelled to promote working-class politics, if only to secure the allegiance of the industrial working class to the war effort. It is fair to assume that what it did more powerfully in the Second World War it did in weaker form in the First.
The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism
Authors: Hartsock Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the difficulties feminists have correctly pointed to in Marxian theory, there are several reasons to take over much of Marx’s approach. First, I have argued elsewhere that Marx’s method and the method developed by the contemporary women’s movement recapitulate each other in important ways. This makes it possible for feminists to take over a number of aspects of Marx’s method.
Black Women and Feminism
Authors: Hooks Bell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than a hundred years have passed since the day Sojourner Truth stood before an assembled body of white women and men at an anti-slavery rally in Indiana and bared her breasts to prove that she was indeed a woman. To Sojourner, who had traveled the long road from slavery w freedom, the baring of her breasts was a small matter. She faced her audience Witham fear, without shame, proud of having been born black and female. Yet the white man who yelled at Sojourner, ‘I don’t believe you really are a woman,’ unwittingly voiced America’s contempt and disrespect for black womanhood. In the eyes of the 19th century white public, the black female was a creature unworthy of the title woman; she was mere chattel, a thing, an animal. when Sojourner Truth stood before the second annual convention of the women’s rights movement in Akron, Ohio, in 18;2, white women who deemed it unfitting that a black woman should speak on a public platform in their presence screamed: ‘Don’t let her speak! Don’t let her speak! Don’t let her speak!’ Sojourner endured their protests and became one of the first feminists to call their attention to the lot of the black slave woman who, compelled by circumstance to labor alongside black men. was a living embodiment of the truth that women could be the work-equals of men.
Feminism and the Technological Fix
Authors: Stabile Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As struggles over definitions of femaleness intensify, impelled largely by technological advances in areas such as reproductive technologies and genetic engineering, feminists have either withdrawn into reactionary essentialist fom1ations (what I describe as technophobia) or equally problematic political strategies framed around fragn1emary and destabilized theories of identity (techmomania). In each instance. however differently manifested, the absent category of analysis is that of class.
The German Empire 1871-1918
Authors: Wehler Hans-Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the concluding passages to one of the classic texts advocating the Sonderweg thesis, Hans-Ulrich Wehler argues for the need to understand National Socialism through analysis of authoritarian structures and culture going back to the ‘configuration of 1871’.The unbroken tradition of government by pre-industrial power-elites, the prolongation of absolutism among the military, the weakness of liberalism and the very early appearance of deliberalising measures suggest on the surface a depoliticising of society, but one which deep down favoured a continuation of the status quo. The same can be said of the barriers to social mobility, the holding over of differences and various norms between separate estates, which is such a revealing aspect of Imperial Germany, and the essentially elitist character of education. Much of this resulted from the political weakness and defeats suffered by the bourgeoisie in the nineteenth century, and all these factors, which are given here only as examples, had assumed their importance during a phase of historical development which was uninterrupted by a successful revolution.
The Special Path of German History: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Groh Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dieter Groh’s article on the Sonderweg debate from which these passages are taken examines the arguments for and against the thesis. While accepting the criticisms of Blackboum and Eley, he suggests that they have been more successful in undermining a pre-existing explanatory model than they have been in offering a new one.Where the history of West Germany is concerned, the positive image of the Sonderweg disappeared once and for all in the late 1960s and early 1970s with the widening of the historiographical perspective resulting from the ‘Fischer controversy’. This controversy was sparked off by the work carried out by Fritz Fischer, a historian at Hamburg University; since 1958 he had been trying with his students to prove empirically the overwhelming culpability of the German Empire in triggering the First World War. The debate first used the traditional methods of narrative history; but soon moved away, as regards both content and method, from its immediate purpose. The history of the Second Reich in all its aspects, above all its social and economic history, became the number one theme of historiography in the German Federal Republic.