bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the detection of 21 anabolic steroid residues in bovine urine
Authors: Van Poucke Christof , Van De Velde Mario , Van Peteghem Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor the detection of anabolic steroid residues in bovine urine, a highly sensitive liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) method was developed using both positive and negative ionization. For four compounds the ESI mode was not sensitive enough and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric GC/MS detection was therefore still necessary as a complementary method. The sample clean‐up consisted of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) on a C18 column followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and a second solid‐phase extraction on a combination of a C18 and a NH2 column. After this last SPE clean‐up, the eluate was split into two equal aliquots. One aliquot was further purified and after derivatization used for GC/MS analysis. The other aliquot was analyzed with LC/MS/MS in both ESI+ and ESI− modes. The method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Decision limits (CCα) were between 0.16 and 1 ng ml−1 for the compounds detected with the LC/MS/MS method. The developed method is used in routine analysis in our laboratory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryoablation and cryolocalization in the management of breast disease
Authors: Whitworth Pat W. , Rewcastle John C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCryotechnology is currently used for both treatment and diagnosis of breast disease. Due to the natural analgesic effect of cold, cryoablation is potentially more patient‐friendly than other technologies which raise tissue temperature. Freezing produces a predictable volume of necrosis and is easily observed and controlled during treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that, as a primary therapy for breast fibroadenoma, cryoablation is safe and effective with durable results that can be reproduced in community practices. Certain barriers do exist before cryoablation, or any other in situ ablation, can become a standard therapy for the treatment of localized breast malignancy. Investigations are underway to refine patient selection criteria and develop valid confirmatory assays so that clinical trials can begin. Cryolocalization, which creates a well‐delineated, palpable mass of frozen tissue encompassing a tumor, is a relatively new application of cold in medicine. This strategy promises to reduce positive margin rates during lumpectomy of non‐ or barely‐palpable tumors. Finally, cryotechnology now also aids in the collection of tissue for histological analysis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;90:1–9. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful use of letrozole in male breast cancer: A case report and review of hormonal therapy for male breast cancer
Authors: Zabolotny Brent P. , Zalai Christian V. , Meterissian Sarkis H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMale breast cancer is an uncommon occurrence. Treatment of male breast cancer is typically extrapolated from data on the treatment of female breast cancer. Recently, aromatase inhibition has been proven as an effective therapy for female breast cancer, particularly in the setting of advanced cancers. The efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in males, however, has not been established. We report the successful treatment of a male with locally advanced breast cancer using the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;90:26–30. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous rupture of adrenal pheochromocytoma: Review and analysis of prognostic factors
Authors: Kobayashi Takashi , Iwai Akira , Takahashi Ryo , Ide Yoshihiro , Nishizawa Koji , Mitsumori Kenji 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBecause of its rarity, the clinical characteristics of the manifestation of a ruptured pheochromocytoma and factors influencing on treatment outcomes in patients are still unclear.MethodsA comprehensive MEDLINE review of the literature on pheochromocytomas, rupture and hemorrhage was performed. Based on the review and one additional case of our hospital, statistical analysis was undertaken to analyze the association of clinical outcome with clinical presentation, preoperative diagnosis, and treatment modality.ResultsWe identified 49 other cases of hemorrhagic pheochromocytoma in the literature. After our case was added, a review of all 50 cases revealed that 17 of 38 that could not undergo adequately prepared (elective) surgery died, while all 12 patients who underwent elective surgery survived (P = 0.004). An accurate preoperative diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was associated with elective surgery (P < 0.0001), and hemodynamic instability (shock status) was a significant factor for a failed diagnosis and inadequate management, resulting in a poor prognosis (P = 0.023).ConclusionsAlthough it is a very rare condition, physicians should be aware that a pheochromocytoma can bleed and present acutely in the abdomen with shock; an accurate diagnosis and adequately prepared surgical removal are important for a good postoperative prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;90:31–35. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatectomy plus intraoperative radiofrequency ablation and chemotherapy to treat technically unresectable multiple colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Elias Dominique , Baton Olivier , Sideris Lucas , Boige Valérie , Malka David , Liberale Gabriel , Pocard Marc , Lasser Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundResults and indications of intra‐operative radiofrequency (RF) ablation of liver metastases (LM) are not well defined in the literature.AimTo appreciate the survival rate of patients with strictly unresectable LM (defined on technical but not oncological criteria) when undergoing liver resection plus RF, along with optimal systemic chemotherapy.Patients and MethodsSixty three patients with technically unresectable LM (either >5, or bilateral with no sparing of at least one sector of the liver, or with tumor proximity to central major vascular structures) were treated. Extrahepatic metastases were also resected in 27% of patients. All patients received perioperative chemotherapy. The median follow‐up was 27.6 months (range: 15–74).ResultsThere was no postoperative mortality and the morbidity rate was 27%. The 2‐year overall survival rate of the 63 patients was 67% with a median survival of 36 months. The local recurrence rates were similar for the three types of local treatments: 7.1% for the 154 RF ablations, 7.2% for the 55 wedge resections, and 9% for the 44 segmental anatomic resections (P = 0.216). Hepatic recurrences occurred in 71% of patients.ConclusionThe combination of anatomic segmental and wedge resections, RF ablation, and optimal chemotherapy in patients with technically unresectable LM results in a median survival of 36 months. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;90:36–42. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of inorganic salts during the etching process in the fabrication of chemically modified capillaries for open tubular electrochromatography
Authors: Pesek Joseph J. , Matyska Maria T. , Velpula Sunandini 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCapillaries for use in electrophoretic analyses are etched with ammonium bifluoride and in some cases a second inorganic salt is included in the process. The effects of the presence of these inorganic components in the surface matrix on the electromigration of heterocyclic aromatic amines and enkephalins are evaluated. Resolution, efficiency, and peak shape are used to compare the various columns. In one instance, the etched surface is then modified by the addition of an octadecyl moiety using a silanization/hydrosilation procedure. The surface properties of the various etched capillaries are also compared by electroosmotic flow measurements.
The effect of landscape and retreating glaciers on wind erosion in South Iceland
Authors: Gisladottir F. O. , Arnalds O. , Gisladottir G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe retreat of glaciers in Iceland due to climate warming during the last century has resulted in changed hydrological conditions at glacial margins and in larger sandy areas. Subsequently, aeolian processes have become more active. The aim of this research was to study wind erosion south of Langjökull glacier and the development of encroaching sand, as well as the influence of macro and micro topography on the processes. Automatic instruments and aeolian dust traps were used to monitor wind erosion and to estimate its dependence on surface roughness. Digital elevation model was used to analyse the effect of macro topography on sand encroachment. The study indicates that large quantities of sand have moved southwards from the glacial moraine and drained lakes. The spatial distribution of the sand confirms a dominating aeolian transportation by northerly dry winds. The topography influences wind directions and the flux of aeolian materials. Threshold velocities (wind speed measured at 2 m height) ranged from 6·2 m s−1 on level land to 10·7 m s−1 on rough surfaces. Flux can exceed 1000 kg m−1 hr−1 at 17 m s−1 wind speed. Slopes exceeding 7 per cent reduce or halt sand movement. Rough surfaces immobilize the aeolian material until accumulated material has leveled the surface, after that the flux continues. The intensified aeolian processes have buried previously vegetated areas and it is likely that continued glacier retreat due to climate warming will cause further land degradation in this area. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing secondary salinity of rivers in South‐Western Australia: An evaluation of the water resource recovery catchment approach
Authors: Lothian J. , Conacher A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSalinization of soils and water is an increasing problem of land degradation in many countries, including large parts of Australia. Recognition of the problem has led to a number of government‐directed programs both nationally and regionally. Direct support has been provided by the Western Australian Government to manage secondary water salinization of rivers in what are termed Water Resource Recovery Catchments (WRRCs) of the state's south‐west. The goal of the WRRC approach is to maintain or restore the quality of water at the potential or existing damsites to potable levels.The research reported in this paper evaluated the merits and limitations of the WRRC approach by examining scientific and agency literature and data, surveying government agencies, and interviewing representatives of stakeholders directly involved in managing the WRRCs. It was found that substantial efforts have been made to encourage on‐ground implementation of fencing, revegetation, establishing perennials and other salinity‐management strategies. However, these strategies generally have been insufficient to prevent continuing degradation of the WRRCs due to lack of clearing control enforcement, the slow response of upper catchments to treatment, and the insufficient scale of the treatments. Objectives other than dealing with salinization in particular also need to be identified and pursued. A newly‐created government agency—the Department of Environment—is well‐placed to direct such a broadened approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of unconfined mine tailings on the geochemistry of soils, sediments and surface waters of the lousal area (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Southern Portugal)
Authors: Da Silva E. Ferreira , Fonseca E. Cardoso , Matos J. X. , Patinha C. , Reis P. , Santos Oliveira J. M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe former Lousal mine, on the SW limb of the Lousal anticline, closed in 1988. Today Lousal is a small village, with much evidence of environmental and landscape disturbance. This is largely the legacy of mining and mine tailings dumped around the site, which, in turn, caused soil contamination and acid mine drainage. Particular attention is being given by the Portuguese Government to this sort of problem, bearing in mind the State's responsibilities for the abandoned mine sites that occur in many parts of the Country.Despite the semiarid climatic conditions of the area, a visual inspection of the mine site indicates that the tailings are affected by considerable water erosion, particularly during large rainfall events.Significant amounts of Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd and Hg, occur within the soil collected near the tailing deposits (292–7013 mg kg−1 Cu, 871–12 930 mg kg−1 Pb, 126–7481 mg kg−1 Zn, 597–6377 mg kg−1 As, 0·2–16·4 mg kg−1 Cd and 1–130 mg kg−1 Hg) and in stream sediments downstream of the tailings site (1–1986 mg kg−1 Cu, 41‐5981 mg kg−1 Pb, 17–1756 mg kg−1 Zn, 6–1988 mg kg−1 As and 0·2–5·7 mg kg−1 Cd). All the soil samples collected in the tailings deposits exceed the permissible levels.Near the mine site, significant acid mine drainage is associated with the pyritic material and such waters show values of pH ranging from 1·9 to 2·9 and concentrations of 9249 to 20 700 mg L−1 SO, 959 to 4830 mg L−1 Fe and 136 to 624 mg L−1 A1. Meanwhile, the acid effluents and mixed stream waters also carry high contents of SO, Fe, Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As, generally exceeding the Fresh Water Aquatic Life Acute Criteria. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Land degradation control and its global environmental benefits
Authors: Gisladottir G. , Stocking M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAcknowledged by world leaders as a global problem, land degradation has been taken seriously in three ways: its extent and the proportion of the global population affected; international environmental policy responses; and its inter‐relation with other global environmental issues such as biodiversity. Messages about land degradation have, however, suffered from abuses, which have rendered appropriate policy responses ineffective. For control to be effective, the paper argues that the synergies between land degradation and the two other main global environmental change components (biodiversity and climate change) should be more fully exploited. A focus on the interlinkages, of which there are six possible permutations, is fully supported by empirical findings that suggest that land degradation control would not only technically be better served by addressing aspects of biodiversity and climate change but also that international financing mechanisms and the major donors would find this more acceptable. The DPSIR (Driving Force, Pressure, State, Impacts, Response) conceptual framework model is used to illustrate how land degradation control could be more effective, tackling not only the drivers of change but also major developmental issues such as poverty and food insecurity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue failure of coarse‐grained alumina under contact loading
Authors: Fett T. , Kraft O. , Munz D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBars cyclically loaded by oppositely concentrated forces via rollers are appropriate test specimens for the determination of fatigue under contact loading. The contact strengths and numbers of cycles to failure under contact loading were determined for coarse‐grained alumina. From theoretical considerations, it can be concluded that delayed failure in contact fatigue tests is caused by a reduction of the friction between the crack surfaces due to cyclic loading and the related increase of the effective stress intensity factor until the fracture toughness is reached.
Isothermal and Thermal‐Mechanical Fatigue of Alumina
Authors: Nejma R. , Lang K.‐H. , Löhe D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIsothermal four‐point‐bending tests and uniaxial tension‐compression tests with different mean stresses at 25 °C and 900 °C as well as thermal mechanical fatigue (TMF) test with Tmin = 400 °C and Tmax = 900 °C were carried out in laboratory air on an alumina ceramic with a small amount of intergranular glass phases resulting from sintering aids (MgO, SiO and CaO). From four‐point‐bending tests characteristic strength date were determined. The fatigue tests were performed at different mean stresses. From the resulting lifetime data Haigh diagrams were evaluated. The fatigue strength for mean stress below about 180 MPa at T = 900 °C is higher than at T = 25 °C because of stress relaxation processes in the failure critical sites like triple points, grain boundaries and micro‐pores. The thermal‐mechanical fatigue (TMF) behaviour was investigated using the “out‐of‐phase” test procedure with a triangle shape temperature time curve and total mechanical strain control. Under TMF loading conditions the number of cycles to failure decreases with increasing mechanical total strain amplitude. The maximal stress induced in the particular cycles within a particular test increases with increasing number of cycles. This is the more pronounced the higher the total mechanical strain amplitude is. On average, failure of the specimen take place when the induced maximal stress reaches 150 MPa.
Phenotypic variability in myotonia congenita
Authors: Colding‐Jørgensen Eskild 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMyotonia congenita is a hereditary chloride channel disorder characterized by delayed relaxation of skeletal muscle (myotonia). It is caused by mutations in the skeletal muscle chloride channel gene CLCN1 on chromosome 7. The phenotypic spectrum of myotonia congenita ranges from mild myotonia disclosed only by clinical examination to severe and disabling myotonia with transient weakness and myopathy. The most severe phenotypes are seen in patients with two mutated alleles. Heterozygotes are often asymptomatic but for some mutations heterozygosity is sufficient to cause pronounced myotonia, although without weakness and myopathy. Thus, the phenotype depends on the mutation type to some extent, but this does not explain the fact that severity varies greatly between heterozygous family members and may even vary with time in the individual patient. In this review, existing knowledge about phenotypic variability is summarized, and the possible contributing factors are discussed. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Excitatory synaptic potentials in spastic human motoneurons have a short rise‐time
Authors: Suresh Nina L. , Ellis Michael D. , Moore Jennifer , Heckman Heather , Rymer William Zev 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study assessed whether changes in size or time‐course of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in motoneurons innervating spastic muscle could induce a greater synaptic response, and thereby contribute to reflex hyperexcitability. We compared motor unit (MU) firing patterns elicited by tendon taps applied to both spastic and contralateral (nonspastic) biceps brachii muscle in hemiparetic stroke subjects. Based on recordings of 115 MUs, significantly shortened EPSP rise times were present on the spastic side, but with no significant differences in estimated EPSP amplitude. These changes may contribute to hyperexcitable reflex responses at short latency, but the EPSP amplitude changes appear insufficient to account for global differences in reflex excitability. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Optical resources provisioning: multipoint‐to‐point lightpaths mapping in all‐optical networks
Authors: Bouabdallah Nizar , Pujolle Guy 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn wavelength‐division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, the bandwidth request of a traffic stream can be much lower than the capacity of a lightpath. Efficiently grooming low‐speed connections onto high‐capacity lightpaths will improve the network throughput and reduce the network cost. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a new concept of traffic aggregation in WDM mesh networks that aims to eliminate both the bandwidth under‐utilization and scalability concerns that are typical in all‐optical wavelength routed networks. This approach relies on the multipoint‐to‐point lightpath concept. In order to assess the efficiency of our proposal, all underlying network costs are compared. To achieve this aim, we devise a new provisioning algorithm to map the multipoint‐to‐point lightpaths in the network. Our results show that the proposed aggregation technique can significantly improve the network throughput while reducing its cost. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability and accuracy of finite element methods for flow acoustics. II: Two‐dimensional effects
Authors: Gabard G. , Astley R. J. , Ben Tahar M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis is the second of two articles that focus on the dispersion properties of finite element models for acoustic propagation on mean flows. We consider finite element methods based on linear potential theory in which the acoustic disturbance is modelled by the convected Helmholtz equation, and also those based on a mixed Galbrun formulation in which acoustic pressure and Lagrangian displacement are used as discrete variables. The current paper focuses on the effects of numerical anisotropy which are associated with the orientation of the propagating wave to the mean flow and to the grid axes. Conditions which produce aliasing error in the Helmholtz formulation are of particular interest. The 9‐noded Lagrangian element is shown to be superior to the more commonly used 8‐noded serendipity element. In the case of the Galbrun elements, the current analysis indicates that isotropic meshes generally reduce numerical error of triangular elements and that higher order mixed quadrilaterals are generally less effective than an equivalent mesh of lower order triangles. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of thermomechanical behaviours of shape memory alloys via a non‐linear mesh‐free Galerkin formulation
Authors: Liew K. M. , Ren J. , Reddy J. N. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA new computational approach is developed based on the mesh‐free method for the numerical simulation of shape memory alloys. A thermomechanical constitutive model is used to describe the complex material response. The incremental displacement‐based mesh‐free formulation is constructed in a total Lagrangian description by employing the moving least square shape function and rate form of the shape memory alloy constitutive model in the variational equations. This mesh‐free formulation is not only applicable to large deformation problems, but also accounts for both stress and thermally induced phase transformation. Moreover, the newly developed mesh‐free codes can deal with complex loading paths and multiple temperature cycles in numerical simulation. The performance of the proposed mesh‐free scheme for the simulation of shape memory alloys is demonstrated in several numerical examples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P‐type ZnO thin films prepared by plasma molecular beam epitaxy using radical NO
Authors: Liang H. W. , Lu Y. M. , Shen D. Z. , Liu Y. C. , Yan J. F. , Shan C. X. , Li B. H. , Zhang Z. Z. , Zhang J. Y. , Fan X. W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractN‐doped p‐type ZnO thin films were grown by plasma molecular beam epitaxy (P‐MBE) on c‐plane sapphire (Al2O3) using radical NO as oxygen source and nitrogen dopant. The reproducible ZnO thin films have maximum net hole concentration (NA – ND) of 1.2 × 1018 cm–3 and minimum resistivity of 9.36 Ω cm. The influence of N incorporation on the quality of the ZnO thin films was studied using X‐ray diffraction and absorption spectra. The photoluminescence spectra at 77 K of p‐type ZnO thin films are dominated by the emission from donor–acceptor pair recombination. The formation mechanism of p‐type ZnO is explained by the optical emission spectra of radical N2 and radical NO. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)