bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renormalization Methods
Authors: McComb W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is unique in occupying a gap between standard undergraduate texts and more advanced texts on quantum field theory. It covers a range of renormalization methods with a clear physical interpretation (and motivation), including mean-field theories and high-temperature and low-density expansions. It then proceeds by easy steps to the famous epsilon-expansion, ending up with the first-order corrections to critical exponents beyond mean-field theory. Nowadays there is widespread interest in applications of renormalization methods to various topics ranging over soft condensed matter, engineering dynamics, traffic queueing and fluctuations in the stock market. Hence macroscopic systems are also included, with particular emphasis on the archetypal problem of fluid turbulence. The book is also unique in making this material accessible to readers other than theoretical physicists, as it requires only the basic physics and mathematics which should be known to most scientists, engineers and mathematicians.
This Taint of Blood
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence reviewed at the end of the previous chapter all pointed strongly to a role for hereditary factors in psychosis. This would seem to add madness to that long list of medical conditions for which particular genes are implicated. Our understanding of the genetics of diseases is currently advancing at a staggering pace. It is not just that we know the patterns of transmission that can occur; these have been understood at a theoretical level for over 100 years, ever since Gregor Mendel performed his famous experiments on the proportions of different flower types in hybrid peas. The cur rent revolution is different. We now know the structure of DNA itself, and have cracked the code in which its instructions to body cells are written. We also have, admittedly indirect but none the less astounding, techniques for reading sequences of DNA from the chromosomes of living individuals. Thus, for hereditary diseases, we can now go hunting for the actual gene involved, and, having found it, establish how it does its work.
The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Should I let anyone know that there are moments in the schizophrenia that are ‘special’? Where there’s a different sort of vision allowed me? It’s as if … I’ve gone around the corner of humanity to witness another world where my seeing, hearing, and touching are intensified, and everything is a wonder … I won’t tell myself it’s all craziness.
Such tricks hath strong imagination
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I have been doing my job well, the preceding chapters will have convinced you of four propositions. Firstly, psychosis is a reasonably common part of human experience, affecting something like 1 in 30 people in a typical population. Secondly, the major psychoses-schizophrenia and affective psychosis-consist of severe disruptions of cognition and emotion, which have a basis in the brain. Thirdly, the consequences of these disruptions are personally disastrous. They come on in the prime of life, and frequently lead to suicide, the loss of intimate relationships, and the loss of one’s capacity to provide for oneself. One can imagine no more severe impairment of social success than a major psychosis, short of actually dying. Fourthly, the liability to these disruptions is dependent on personality and, like other personality factors, it is substantially inherited in the genes.
Staying Sane
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me restate the genetic-creativity argument one final time. The major psychoses are basically genetic in origin, though the genetic liability may need triggering by unfavourable aspects of the environment. The genes that underlie psychosis affect the personality trait of psychoticism, by coding for aspects of brain chemistry and anatomy. These personality traits are not wholly negative. As well as madness, they are associated with great creativity. Great creativity is highly attractive, and so the traits, and the genetic variants behind them, persist in the gene pool.
Superconductivity, Superfluids, and Condensates
Authors: Annett James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book covers three main strands, Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), superfluid and superconductivity. The subjects are developed in a way which gradually builds up the key concepts and the necessary mathematical machinery. The book begins with the simplest of the three topics, BEC, and first thoroughly reviews the basics of the Bose-Einstein ideal gas before going into the techniques of magnetic trapping and cooling of atoms and the discovery of BEC in dilute atomic gases. Superfluidity in helium-4 is more difficult to understand, because it is a strongly interacting quantum liquid. The book introduces the main physical phenomena of superfluidity, and how it follows from the key concept of macroscopic quantum coherence and off-diagonal long ranged order. The theory of superconductivity is developed in stages, starting with the simpler London and Ginzburg Landau theories and their main applications, before developing the mathematical concepts of a quantum coherent state and the Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer (BCS) theory. The final chapter deals with the more advanced topics, including superfluid helium-3 and evidence for unconventional Cooper pairing in exotic superconductors. No prior knowledge of quantum many-body theory is assumed, and the necessary mathematical concepts are introduced in a self-contained manner where needed.
Superconductivity
Authors: Annett James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes some of the most fundamental experimental facts about superconductors, together with the simplest theoretical model: the London equation. We shall see how this equation leads directly to the expulsion of magnetic FB01elds from superconductors, the Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect, which is usually considered to be the fundamental property which deFB01nes superconductivity.
The chapter starts with a brief review of the Drude theory of conduction in normal metals. We shall also show how it is possible to use the Drude theory to make the London equation plausible. We shall also explore some of the consequences of the London equation, in particular the existence of vortices in superconductors and the differences between type I and II superconductors.
The Dirac operator
Authors: Hitghin Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Take a trip to London and go to Westminster Abbey. Enter by the main door, follow your way round past the clusters of tourists, the tombs of kings and queens and long-forgotten bastions of society, out into the cloisters, back into the nave, cross over past the unknown soldier to reach the backwater by the screen which is where science holds sway.
Introduction
Authors: Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his introductory essay on the hardness of metals O’Neill (1934) has wisely observed that hardness, ‘like the storminess of the seas, is easily appreciated but not readily measured’. In general hardness implies the resistance to deformation. If we accept the practical conclusion that a hard body is one that is unyielding to the touch, it is at once evident that steel is harder than rubber. If, however, we think of hardness as the ability of a body to resist permanent deformation, a substance such as rubber would appear to be harder than most metals. This is because the range over which rubber can deform elastically is very much larger than that of meta.ls. Indeed with rubber-like materials the elastic properties play a very important part in the assessment of hardness. With metals, however, the position is different, for although the elastic moduli are large, the range over which metals deform elastically is relatively small. Consequently, when metals are deformed or indented (as when we attempt to estimate their hardness) the deformation is predominantly outside the elastic range and often involves considerable plastic or permanent deformation. For this reason, as we shall see, the hardness of metals is bound up primarily with their plastic properties and only to a secondary extent with their elastic properties. In some cases, however, particularly in dynamic hardness measurements, the elastic properties may be as important as the plastic properties of the metals.
Deformation of Metals by Spherical Indenters Metals which Work-Harden
Authors: Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have discussed the deformation of a metal by a spherical indenter when the metal has a yield stress Y that is essentially unaffected by the deformation produced by the indentation process itself. In practice this behaviour is characteristic of metals which are very • worked, so that its practical application is somewhat limited. In this chapter we shall consider the extension of this analysis to metals which are annealed or only partially worked, so that they experience work-hardening during the indentation process. It may be said at the outset that a theoretical treatment of this problem has not been solved even for the case of two-dimensional deformation. We must therefore approach the problem in an empirical way.
Area of Contact Between Solids
Authors: Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may now discuss a more general problem which frequently occurs in one form or another in engineering practice. When two metal surfaces are placed in contact, what is the real area of contact between them ? However carefully the surfaces are prepared they will be covered with hills and valleys which are large compared with atomic dimensions, so that the surfaces when first placed in contact will be supported on the tips of their asperities. The question is thus modified to a discussion of the way in which the surface asperities are deformed when the surfaces are placed in contact. We may first assume that one surface is harder than the other and that the asperities on the harder surface are hemispherical at their tips. Suppose such an asperity presses on to a flat asperity of the softer surface. We may at once use the results discussed in Chapter IV. At first the deformation is elastic, but for asperities of the order of l 0-4 cm. radius the minutest loads will produce plastic deformation. Indeed full plasticity may occur even for the hardest steels at a load of the order of a few milligrams. Consequently for loads used in practice each asperity produces plastic flow and behaves like a minute Brinell indenter.
Effect of Frictional Heating on Surface Flow
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall discuss the effect of surface temperatures produced by frictional heating on surface melting and surface flow. The first part deals with the process of polishing; the second with the sliding on ice and snow. The usual method of polishing surfaces is to rub them together with a fine powder between them. By this process a rough surface having visible irregularities is changed into one where the irregularities are invisible. If the surface gives specular reflection the height of these irregularities will be less than half a wave-length of visible light.
Friction of Clean Surfaces: Effect of Contaminant Films
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we have dealt with friction experiments carried out on metal surfaces which have been cleaned in the atmosphere. It is clear, however, that when solids arc cleaned in air their surfaces are still covered by a thin film of oxide, water vapour, and other adsorbed impurities. The contaminant film is usually at least several molecular layers in thickness, and any complete theory of friction must take this film into consideration. As we shall see, even the thinnest surface films may have a profound effect on the friction.
Boundary Friction of Lubricated Metals
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In hydrodynamic or fluid lubrication the surfaces in relative motion are separated by a lubricant layer of appreciable thickness and under ‘ideal’ conditions there is no wear of the solid surface. The resistance to motion is due entirely to the viscosity of the interposed layer. In practice, how ever, it is often impossible to obtain fluid lubrication, particularly if the sliding speeds are low or the loads are high. In such cases the thick lubricant layer breaks down and the surfaces are separated by lubricant films of only molecular dimensions. Under these conditions, which Hardy (1936) referred to as boundary conditions, the friction is influenced by the nature of the underlying surface as well as by the chemical constitution of the lubricant. The bulk viscosity plays little or no part in the frictional behaviour.
Hut no. 2
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the university ‘s scientific staff were gone, already set to work on war projects in secret defence research stations. The nuclear physicists had formed their own private group within the Cavendish Laboratory, concentrating on nuclear flssion and the possibility of an atomic bomb. Former staff had come out of retirement to continue the teaching, and the place livened up when the University of London evacuated its students away from the bombing to the rather safer Cambridge. What Hoyle recalled as a ‘blizzard of regulations ‘ was imposed upon the nation, Cambridge included: all men of working age were to be registered, children in cities sent to the country, all windows blacked out after nightfall, and food rationed.
New world
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hoyle’s academic output for the early 1950s was relatively slight. He published only 13 new papers in the years 1950 to 1953, half the number for the years 1946 to 1949.1 Nor were colleagues citing his papers in their own work as frequently as before. He was actively producing papers, but Hoyle felt he was suffering from ‘a sort of revenge’ by scientific colleagues because of his public profile and the success of the radio programmes.
New Genesis
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After their collaboration with Fowler in Cambridge, Geoffrey and Margaret Burbidge had joined him in California, where they continued to work on the origin of the elements. With Hoyle there too, they pondered the nuclear reactions that might produce elements in stars. They were encouraged by a recent review article, ‘The Abundance of the Elements ‘ by the nuclear physicists Hans Seuss and Harold Urey, whom the Bur bidges knew from their time in Chicago, which much clarified the abundance data, and indicated that an important process in the formation of new elements must be that nuclei catch and hold on to neutrons.
Eclipsed
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unanimity was reached on only one point: Is [this poll] helpful to scientific progress? 0.0 100.0 0.0Had Martin Ryle been polled, he would no doubt have been among the60.5 per cent who had high hopes of radio-astronomy. Although a Cambridge colleague of the steady-state authors, he had already clashed with them, publicly, many times. But the long history of animosity would be trumped by events in 1961.
His institute
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 15 October 1964, Harold Wilson’s Labour Party ousted Sir Alec Douglas-Home’s Conservatives, after 13 years in Opposition. The Labour victory was seen by many as a triumph for the working man, for the North over the South, and for the grammar-school meritocracy over the aristocrats. The pronouncements of the new Prime Minister would be delivered from Downing Street in a Yorkshire accent. Hogg and Boyle both held their seats in Parliament, but with the change of government they lost their ministerial responsibilities for Education and Science. The civil servants, however, spent election day preoccupied with Hoyle. Cockcroft saw
Location, structure and function of incubation sites
Authors: Hansell M H , Deeming D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is only in a minority of species of birds that the role of caring for eggs is the sole responsibility of the parents, instead most birds build some kind of nest to which they devolve some of the role of parental care. Indeed the interaction between the bird-nest unit is central to successful incubation (Chapter 1). This requires an investment of time and energy into the construction of a nest, with the benefit to parents of removing later costs, giving them greater flexibility in allocating time and energy to other activities.
Intermittent incubation: predictions and tests for time and heat allocations
Authors: Hainsworth F R , Voss M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parental behaviour to maintain a stable thermal environment is important for normal development of avian embryos (White and Kinney 1974; Hainsworthet al. 1998). Thus, single-sex intermittent incubation is a particularly interesting parental behaviour because when the parent leaves the nest there are cycles of egg cooling and heating over often short periods of time. Temperature variation should influence rate of embryo development because of lower average egg temperatures (White and Kinney 1974; Hainsworth 1995; Hainsworthet al. 1998). Since continuous incubation should be most beneficial for developing embryos, intermittent incubation has been thought to represent a compromise in development forced by requirements for parental survival (White and Kinney 1974; Hainsworthet al. 1998). It would be interesting to investigate if this compromise can be measured quantitatively so as to test the validity of this belief.
Peatswamp Forests
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peat is a soil type with a very high organic content. It is defined, for the purposes of this chapter, as a soil at least 50 cm deep which, when dried and burned, will lose more than 65% of its mass (Driessen 1977), and is therefore more than 65% organic matter. Certain international agricultural-oriented criteria now define peat as a soil with more than 30% organic matter (Driessen and Soepraptohardjo 1974), but peatswamp forests do not develop on such soils (Anderson 1964). It is estimated that the natural area of peat soils in Sumatra was once 7.3-9.7 million ha (Andriesse 1974), or about one-quarter of all tropical peat lands (Driessen 1977).
Lowland Forests
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lowland forests of Sumatra are among the most diverse, awe-inspiring, complex and exciting ecosystems on Earth. They are probably the best-studied forested natural ecosystem on the island, but for information on how these forests actually function it is frequently necessary to turn elsewhere in the Sunda Region. In many respects, the Sunda Region lags behind tropical America in unravelling and understanding ecological interactions. For this reason, occasional examples are taken from lowland forests in countries such as Costa Rica, when illustrations of particular aspects of ecology are required.
Mountains
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sumatra has a large number of mountains, some, such as most of those in the Barisan Range, formed by uplift of sedimentary deposits and others, such as Mt. Kerinci, Mt. Sinabung, Mt. Merapi and Mt. Singgalang, formed by volcanic action. The physical environment changes up a mountain, thus providing a gradual change of conditions against which the fauna and flora can be examined. These differences between the montane ecosystems and the luxuriant, hot and humid lowland forest ecosystems are stimulating subjects for study.
Caves
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very few studies have ever been conducted in Sumatran caves. Musper (1934) explored a number of caves in the hills around Gumai (near Lahat), and Bronson and Asmar (1976) describe a little of the biology of Tiangko Panjang cave in Sarko, Jambi (p. 53). Some brief studies of a few caves in northern Sumatra have been conducted by teams from CRES but the most detailed collecting work was undertaken by van der Meer Mohr (1936), also in North Sumatra. He describes the fauna of two caves south of Medan (also visited by a CRES team) and one near Balige, south of Lake Toba.
Agricultural Ecosystems
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter does not attempt an exhaustive review of all the different agricultural ecosystems found on Sumatra, nor an analysis of ecological constraints to tropical agriculture (for which see Janzen 1983d), Nor does this chapter discuss the fascinating home garden ecosystems which cover 20% of the available arable land in some areas of Indonesia, particularly Central Java (Penny and Ginting 1980; Sastrapradja 1979; Widagda 1981). Elsewhere, where Javanese have been settled for 20 years or so, home gardens can also be found but they do not yet cover a significant area of the arable land of Sumatra.
Intracortical Mechanisms Underlying Orientation and Direction Selectivity Studied with the GABA-Inactivation Technique
Authors: Crook John M , Kisvárday Zoltan F , Eysel1 Ulf T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is 40 years since Hubel and Wiesel (1962) showed that cells in primary visual cortex (area 17) respond selectively to contours of a certain orientation and that most of these cells also show a preference for the direction of motion of optimally oriented contours. However, the mechanisms underlying both orientation and direction selectivity are still the subject of intense debate. Hubel and Wiesel (1962) proposed that orientation and direction selectivity in cat area 17 are established by the spatial organization of the excitatory input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to simple cells in layer IV (the main geniculocortical recipient zone). These cells are characterized by the presence of elongated ONand OFF-subregions in their receptive fields, which are arranged side-by-side with their long axes parallel to the axis of preferred orientation. Each of these subregions was thought to arise as a result of excitatory convergence from either ON or OFF-center geniculate cells whose receptive fields are aligned in a row in visual space, with the axis of alignment determining the orientation preference of the postsynaptic cell.
In Search of the Role of Extrageniculate Corticothalamic Loops in Visual Processing using Reversible Deactivation Techniques
Authors: Casanova Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of visual extrageniculate nuclei, such as the pulvinar complex, became apparent when Diamond and colleagues (Diamond and Hall 1969; Killackey and Diamond 1971), Schneider (1967, 1969) and Trevarthen (1968) demonstrated the involvement of a second retinofugal visual system, the retino-collicular pathway, in orienting behavior (the Where pathway as opposed to the What or retino-geniculocortical pathway). Indeed, in order to reach the visual cortex, signals from the superior colliculus and the pretectum must be relayed by thalamic nuclei, and in particular, the pulvinar complex. Since this pioneering work, there have been a number of investigations that revealed the complex organization and connectivity of pulvinar nuclei in cats and monkeys (Vidnyánszky et al. 1996; Rockland 1996, 1998; Rockland et al. 1999).