bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corticomotoneuronal connections in the rat: Evidence from double‐labeling of motoneurons and corticospinal axon arborizations
Authors: Liang Pengyi , Moret Véronique , Wiesendanger Mario , Rouiller Eric M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to investigate the possibility of direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) connections in the rat, an anterograde‐retrograde double‐labeling method was developed. Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) anterograde tracing of corticospinal axons was combined with retrograde labeling of spinal motoneurons either by a conjugate of choleragen subunit B with horseradish peroxidase (CB‐HRP) or by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The location of PHA‐L injection unilaterally in the forelimb area of sensorimotor cortex and the CB‐HRP or WGA injections in corresponding contralateral wrist or digit extensors or flexors were determined and matched on the basis of movement responses elicited by intracortical microstimulation.Light microscopic observation showed, in addition to the main contralateral dorsal corticospinal tract (CST), the presence of four other CST minor components in the contralateral lateral, ipsilateral ventral, and ipsilateral dorsal funiculi of the cervical spinal white matter and at the base of contralateral dorsal horn of the gray matter, respectively, PHA‐L‐labeled CST axonal arbors were observed from Rexed's lamina I through lamina X of contralateral spinal gray matter, most extensively in laminae VI and VII; some CST axons reached the zone of motoneuronal somata in lamina IX and a few of them also entered the lateral and occasionally the ventral funiculi, ramifying in the white matter. Between the zones of PHA‐L‐labeled CST axonal arbors on the one hand and CB‐HRP/WGA labeled spinal motoneuronal somata with their extensive dendritic trees on the other, there was a large overlap, covering partly both the gray and the white matter. PHA‐L‐labeled axonal boutons (en passant or terminaux) were seen to contact the dendrites or even the somata of motoneurons in the gray matter, according to light‐microscopic criteria for identification of synaptic contacts. Axodendritic CM contacts were occasionally observed in the lateral funiculus of the white matter as well. In general, only a single contact was observed between an individual PHA‐L‐labeled CST axon and a given retrogradely labeled motoneuron. In contrast to the common notion that direct CM connections are a specialty of primates, the present morphological data support the presence of direct CM connections also in some other mammals, such as the rat.
Amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina: Morphology, physiology, and neurotransmitter identification
Authors: Yang Chen‐Yu , Lukasiewicz Peter , Maguire Greg , Werblin Frank S. , Yazulla Stephen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAmacrine cells of the vertebrate retina comprise multiple neurochemical types. Yet details of their electrophysiological and morphology properties as they relate to neurotransmitter content are limited. This issue of relating light responsiveness, dendritic projection, and neurotransmitter content has been addressed in the retinal slice preparation of the tiger salamander. Amacrine cells were whole‐cell clamped and stained with Lucifer yellow (LY), then processed to determine their immunoreactivity (IR) to GABA, glycine, dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH), and glucagon antisera.Widefield, ON‐OFF amacrine cells were glycine‐IR. The processes of these cells extended laterally in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) from 250–600 μm. They were either multistratified in the IPL or monostratified near the IPL midline. Three multistratified ON‐OFF narrowfield glycine‐IR cells also were found.Four types of ON amacrine cells were found to be GABA‐IR; all types had their processes concentrated in the proximal IPL (sublamina b). Type I cells were narrowfield (∼ 100 μm) with a compact projection. Type II cells were widefield (220–300 μm) with a sparse projection. Type III cells had an asymmetrical projection and varicose processes. Type IV cells were pyriform and monostratified in sublamina b. One narrowfield ON‐OFF amacrine cell, with processes broadly distributed in the middle of the IPL, was GABA‐IR. This cell appeared similar to an ON‐OFF cell that was glycine‐IR and may comprise a type in which GABA and glycine colocalize.Another class of amacrine cell, with processes forming a major plexus along the distal border of the IPL and a lesser plexus in the proximal IPL, produced slow responses at light ON and OFF; these cells were dopamine/TOH‐IR. A narrowfield class of transient ON‐OFF amacrine cell, with processes ramifying throughout both sublaminae a and b of the IPL, were glucagon‐IR; these cells appeared to be dye‐coupled at the soma.We have shown that, with respect to GABA, glycine, dopamine, and glucagon, salamander amacrine cells fall into rather discrete groups on the basis of ramification patterns in the IPL and responses to photic stimulation. The physiological, structural, and neurochemical diversity of amacrine cells is indicative of multiple and complex roles in retinal processing.
Neurosecretory cells in the honeybee brain and suboesophageal ganglion show FMRFamide‐like immunoreactivity
Authors: Eichmüller Stefan , Hammer Martin , Schäfer Sabine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunocytochemical analysis of the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. was combined with Lucifer Yellow backfilling from the corpora cardiaca and intracellular staining of single neurons. It is shown that more than one third of the cells that display FMRFamide‐like immunoreactivity (F‐LI) project to the corpora cardiaca, suggesting they are neurosecretory. Among the ca. 120 median neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the pars intercerebralis about 32 show F‐LI. The number of immunoreactive MNCs is highly variable and may depend on age and/or diet. Seven of at least 40 lateral neurosecretory cells display F‐LI. They project through the brain via the medial branch of the bipartite nervus corporis cardiaci II. In the suboesophageal ganglion three types of immunoreactive neurosecretory cells were identified. Together with the median and the lateral neurosecretory cells in the brain these cells project through a single pair of nerves into the corpora cardiaca suggesting that the nervus corporis cardiaci (NCC) of the honeybee is a fusion of NCC I, II, and III described in other insects.
Functionally distinct subdivisions of the macroglomerular complex in the antennal lobe of the male sphinx moth Manduca sexta
Authors: Hansson Bill S. , Christensen Thomas A. , Hildebrand John G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEach antennal lobe in the brain of a male moth has a distinctive neuropil structure, the macroglomerular complex (MGC), which is specialized for primary processing of information about the conspecific female sex‐pheromone blend. Olfactory interneurons with dendritic arborizations in the MGC were examined by means of tandem intracellular recording and staining with Lucifer Yellow. Neurons that responded selectively to stimulation of the antenna with the major pheromone component, (E,Z)‐10,12‐hexadecadienal, had arborizations that were restricted to a toroidal subdivision (the “toroid”) of the MGC. Similarly, neurons that responded selectively to antennal stimulation with (E,Z)‐11,13‐pentadecadienal, a more stable mimic of a second essential but chemically unstable pheromone component, (E,E,Z)‐10, 12, 14‐hexadecatrienal, had arborizations confined to a globular subdivision (the “cumulus”) of the MGC situated more proximally to the antennal nerve input. One neuron that responded to both of these stimuli clearly had arborizations in both subdivisions of the MGC. These anatomically distinct subdivisions of the MGC thus appear also to be functionally separate regions of pheromone‐processing neuropil.
Somatotopy of spinal nociceptive processing
Authors: Bullitt Elizabeth 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRelatively little is known about the spatial organization of spinal nociceptive processing. This study has employed the expression of c‐fos‐like protein as a marker for neuronal activity and has analyzed the patterns of immunoreactivity seen within the rodent spinal cord following noxious mechanical stimulation of various portions of one hindlimb.The results indicate that noxious mechanical stimulation induces distinct, somatotopic patterns of immunolabeling in laminae I‐IV. Individual digits of a foot are represented medially in the dorsal horn over a short rostrocaudal distance, with the most lateral digit represented approximately one segment caudal to the most medial digit. Representation of the hip region is more lateral, is centered at L2, and extends rostrocaudally over many segments.The patterns of neuronal excitation seen in laminae V‐IX following noxious peripheral stimulation were similar to those noted in laminae I‐IV but were less tightly organized. C‐fos‐like immunoreactivity was noted both medially and laterally in the deeper laminae following stimulation of any portion of the hindlimb, but stimulation of different areas produced different columns of labeled cells extending from the superficial dorsal horn into lamina VII. In the rostrocaudal direction, immunolabeling in lamina V‐IX was maximal at the same segmental level as in laminae I‐IV, but the more ventral laminae exhibited increases in c‐fos‐like immunoreactivity over longer rostrocaudal distances.Experiments in spinally transected animals indicated that long, descending pathways contributed little or nothing to the pattern of immunolabeling.The results of this study imply that spinal nociceptive processing is spatially organized not only in laminae I‐IV, but also in more ventral regions of the spinal cord.
Somatotopic component of the multisensory map in the deep laminae of the cat superior colliculus
Authors: Meredith M. Alex , Clemo H. Ruth , Stein Barry E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe topographic organization of the somatosensory representation in the deep layers of the cat superior colliculus was reexamined using methods previously used to examine the visuotopy in these layers. This technique identified the distribution of neurons in the superior colliculus that represent a designated region of the body surface (i.e., a dermal image), as well as assessed the differential distribution of deep layer neurons representing different body regions (e.g., face, forelimb, hindlimb, etc.). When the area of densest representation within a dermal image was considered, a well‐ordered somatotopy was evident that was similar to the one previously described (Stein et al., '76: J. Neurophysiol. 39:401–419). Each region of the body surface, however, was represented within a surprisingly broad area of the deep layers, which often had considerable overlap with the representations of adjacent body regions. This organization was similar to that of the deep layer visuotopy and emphasizes that the representation of a peripheral stimulus is accomplished by the simultaneous activation of a large population of deep layer neurons. Furthermore, an examination of the convergence patterns on somatosensory‐responsive neurons demonstrated that the somatotopy was formed primarily by multisensory neurons. These data indicate that the somatosensory representation is best considered as a component of a comprehensive multisensory functional unit that plays a critical role in effecting behavioral responses to a wide variety of stimuli.
The visually related posterior pretectal nucleus in the non‐percomorph teleost Osteoglossum bicirrhosum projects to the hypothalamus: A Dil study
Authors: Wullimann Mario F. , Meyer Dietrich L. , Northcutt R. Glenn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study was done to elucidate the ancestral (plesiomorphic) condition for visual pathways to the hypothalamus in teleost fishes. Three patterns of pretectal organization can be discerned morphologically and histochemically in teleosts. Their taxonomic distribution suggests that the intermediately complex pattern (seen in most teleost groups) is ancestral to both the elaborate pattern (seen in percomorphs) and the simple pattern (seen in cyprinids). The pretectal nuclei involved can be demonstrated with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry selectively and reliably in different species of teleosts, suggesting that the same‐named nuclei are homologous in representatives of the three different patterns.Whereas there are visual pathways to the hypothalamus in both the elaborate (percomorph) and the simple (cyprinid) patterns, different pretectal and hypothalamic nuclei are involved. Thus visual hypothalamic pathways in these two patterns would not appear to be homologous.In this study, circuitry within the third, i.e., the intermediately complex, pattern is investigated. It is demonstrated that visual pathways project via the pretectum to the hypothalamus in Osteoglossum bicirrhosum and that they are very similar to the visual pathways in the elaborate pattern. This suggests that the circuitry in the intermediately complex pattern, as represented by Osteoglossum, is plesiomorphic (evolutionarily primitive) and the circuitry in both the simple pattern (seen in cyprinids) and the elaborate pattern (seen in percomorphs) is apomorphic (evolutionarily derived) for teleosts.
Gliosis during optic fiber regeneration in the goldfish: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Levine R. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAntisera directed against the 48 kDa and 50 kDa cytoskeletal antigens were used to examine changes in the astroglial fabric of the goldfish visual pathways following optic nerve crush. Several major‐ observations are described. First, an optic nerve crush lesion in these animals appears to be devoid of glial cells for at least the first month after surgery. As a corollary, regenerating axons that grow across the lesion may do so over an aglial substrate. Once the axons cross the lesion, their growth is confined to the astroglial domains of the proximal nerve stump. In the optic nerve, gliosis comprises hypertrophy of astrocytic processes such that the open framework characterizing the normal nerve is obscured. In addition, during regeneration, optic nerve glia express large amounts of the 50 kDa cytoskeletal protein, which they ordinarily express at only minimal levels. In the optic tract, gliosis is reflected in a markedly increased expression of the 50 kDa protein as well as an apparent increase in the number and complexity of glial processes. In addition, optic tract glia begin to express the 48 kDa antigen during regeneration. This protein is ordinarily confined for the most part to the optic nerve and is not seen in the tract glia. Finally, no obvious changes were seen in the glia of the optic tectum.These results demonstrate many points of similarity between gliosis in the goldfish and in mammals. However, in some particulars the two responses differ, and it is possible that these differences are related to the differing ability of central axons to regenerate in the two groups of organisms.
Parvalbumin‐ and calbindin D28K‐immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal formation of the macaque monkey
Authors: Seress Láaszlóa , Gulyáas Attila I. , Freund Tamáas F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCalcium‐binding proteins calbindin D28k (CaBP) and parvalbumin (PV) were localized in neurons of the monkey hippocampal formation. CaBP immunoreactivity is present in all granule cells and in a large proportion of CA1 and CA2 pyramidal neurons, as well as in a distinct population of local circuit neurons. In the dentate gyrus, CaBP‐immunoreactive nongranule cells are present in the molecular layer and in the hilar region, but they do not include the pyramidal basket cells at the hilar border. In the Ammon's horn, CaBP‐positive, nonpyramidal neurons are more frequent in the CA3 area than in any other parts of the hippocampal formation. They are concentrated in the strata oriens and pyramidale of areas CA1‐3, whereas only a few small neurons were found in the strata lucidum and radiatum of CA3 and in the stratum moleculare of the CA1 area.PV is exclusively present in local circuit neurons both in the dentate gyrus and in Ammon's horn. In the dentate gyrus the presumed basket cells at the hilar border exhibit PV immunoreactivity. In the hilar region and molecular layer only a relatively small number of cells are immunoreactive for PV. Most of these PV‐positive cell bodies are located in the inner half of the molecular layer, with occasional horizontal cells at the hippocampal fissure. In Ammon's horn, strata oriens and pyramidale of areas CA1‐3 contain a large number of PV‐positive cells. There are no PV‐immunoreactive cells in the strata lucidum, radiatum, or lacunosum moleculare.The CaBP‐ and PV‐containing neurons form different subpopulations of cells in the monkey hippocampal formation. With the exception of a basket cell type in the monkey dentate gyrus, the CaBP‐ and PV‐positive cell types were found, to be remarkably similar in rodents and primates.
Specific temporal and spatial distribution of JUN, FOS, and KROX‐24 proteins in spinal neurons following noxious transsynaptic stimulation
Authors: Herdegen Thomas , Kovary Karla , Leah John , Bravo Rodrigo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe present the first comparative investigation of the basal and transsynaptically induced expression of c‐JUN, JUN B, JUN D, c‐FOS, FOS B, and KROX‐24 proteins in the spinal cord, using immunocytochemistry with specific antibodies. We demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve at Aδ/C‐fiber (not Aα/β‐fiber) intensity strongly induces the expression of these immediate‐early gene‐encoded proteins.Basal immunoreactivity was found for c‐JUN in motoneurons, for JUN D in almost every cell of the gray matter, and for KROX‐24 in the superficial dorsal horn.One hour after electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve at Aδ/C‐fiber intensity, expression of all proteins except JUN D reached its maximum. Initially immunoreactivity was restricted to the ipsilateral dorsal horn, but after 4 hours appeared contralaterally. Expression of JUN D was increased only after 4 hours. Within the dorsal horn, the expression of c‐JUN, JUN B, FOS B, and KROX‐24 was mainly restricted to the superficial layers. Immunoreactivity decreased to basal levels between 8 and 16 hours. c‐FOS and JUN D were expressed in both the superficial and deep dorsal horn; in the latter, c‐FOS and JUN D persisted longer. Induced JUN D was present the longest and was still visible after 32 hours. In motoneurons of the ipsilateral ventral horn, c‐JUN, JUN D, and c‐FOS appeared after 8 hours.Surgical exposure of the sciatic nerve evoked a strikingly prolonged expression of all proteins compared to that following electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve.Our results demonstrate that stimulation of nociceptive Aδ‐ and C‐fibers induces early and late expression of proteins encoded by immediate‐early genes with a specific temporal and spatial distribution of the expression of each protein. Furthermore, the extent of protein expression reflects the intensity of noxious stimulation.
Calcitonin‐gene related peptide is an evolutionarily conserved marker within the amniote thalamo‐telencephalic auditory pathway
Authors: Brauth Steven E. , Reiner Anton 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of neurons and fibers containing calcitonin‐gene‐related peptide (CGRP) was mapped in the thalamo‐telencephalic auditory pathways of four amniote species, rats, pigeons (Columba livia), caiman (Caiman crocodilus), and turtles (Pseudemys scripta). In colchicine‐treated turtles and pigeons, numerous CGRP+ perikarya were observed in the auditory relay nucleus of the thalamus (n. reuniens of reptiles, and n. ovoidalis of birds). In pigeons, these neurons were most abundant in the outer circumference of the nucleus and were not observed without colchicine pretreatment. In the telencephalon of turtles, caiman, and pigeons, CGRP + fibers were observed within portions of the dorsal ventricular ridge previously shown to receive projections from the auditory thalamus, thus implying that the thalamic CGRP+ neurons observed here in fact project to these telencephalic areas. In colchicine treated rats, numerous CGRP+ perikarya were observed along the ventral margin of the medial geniculate nucleus extending into the posterior intralaminar and peripeduncular nuclei, as well as occasionally within the ventral subdivision of the medial geniculate nucleus. Injections of fluorogold into the auditory cortex combined with immunofluorescence labeling for CGRP revealed that CGRP+ cells in these areas do, in fact, project to the auditory cortices.
Tuberculoventral neurons project to the multipolar cell area but not to the octopus cell area of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus
Authors: Wickesberg Robert E. , Whitlon Donna , Oertel Donata 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTuberculoventral neurons in the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) provide frequency‐specific inhibition to neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVON) of the mouse (Wickesberg and Oertel, '88, '90). The present experiments examine the projection from the deep DCN to the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the PVCN reveal that the multipolar cell area, but not the octopus cell area, is innervated by neurons in the deep layer of the DCN. Injections into the multipolar cell area, in the rostral and ventral PVCN, labeled neurons across the entire rostrocaudal extent of the deep DCN. The labeled tuberculoventral neurons generally lay within the band of labeled auditory nerve terminals in the DCN. Injections of HRP into the octopus cell area, in the dorsal caudal PVCN, labeled almost no cells within the band of auditory nerve fiber terminals that were labeled by the same injection. The inhibition from tuberculoventral neurons onto ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) neurons is likely to be mediated by glycine (Wickesberg and Oertel, '90). Slices of the cochlear nuclear complex were immunolabeled by an antibody against glycine conjugated with glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin (Wenthold et al., '87). Glycine‐like immunoreactivity was found throughout the DCN, the AVCN and the multipolar cell area, but there was little labeling in the octopus cell area. This finding provides independent evidence that tuberculoventral neurons do not innervate the octopus cell area and indicates that the octopus cell area is anatomically and functionally distinct.