bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential development of antigens and toxins of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 grown in cell culture medium
Authors: Confer Anthony W. , Durham Janet A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pasteurella haemolytica was grown in nonsupplemented cell culture medium, or in medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin (bsa) for 24 hours. The production of leukotoxin (lkt) and endotoxin was sequentially evaluated, as were bacterial antigens associated with bacterial cell lysates and culture supernates. Supplementation of medium with bsa had no effect on bacterial growth curves; however, lkt activity was detected earlier and was greater in culture supernates from bsa-Supplemented media than from nonsupplemented medium. Leukotoxin antigen (105 kDa) was detected in culture supernates, using a monoclonal antibody, immunoblot analysis, and densitometry. The relative concentrations of lkt antigen were proportional to lkt activity. Endotoxin activity was initially lowest in the culture supernates from nonsupplemented medium, but increased during the incubation period, whereas endotoxin activity in bsa-supplemented culture supernates decreased with time in culture. In culture supernates from nonsupplemented medium, the number of antigenic bands identified by immunoblot analysis with hyperimmune anti-P haemolytica and densitometry was greater than in culture supernates from supplemented media. In bacterial lysates, a 95-kDa antigen was the major antigen detected, using the anti-lkt monoclonal antibody. The concentration of that antigen varied among lysates from nonsupplemented medium and bsa-supplemented media. Using hyperimmune anti-P haemolytica serum, minor differences were seen in the relative quantities of lysate-associated antigens dependent on time in culture and medium used. Among the major antigens seen, differences were most apparent for 150-, 100-, and 87-kDa antigens, whereas differences were not obvious for 42-40-, and 30-kDa antigens. In conclusion, at various times in culture, moderate differences were evident in P haemolytica antigens or toxins in bacterial lysates or culture supernates, and the presence of bsa in the medium altered antigenic profiles and toxin concentrations.
Long-term study of aerobic bacteria of the genital tract in breeding bitches
Authors: Bjurström Lena , Linde-Forsberg Catharina 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The aerobic bacterial flora of the genital tract was characterized in 59 bitches in an 18-month study. The bitches represented 4 breeds and were from 3 kennels. Collection of vaginal swab specimens for bacterial culturing was performed every month, except during estrus when specimens were collected every week (n = 826). The capsule of the swab containing transport media was broken before specimen collection to moisten the tip, which helped to reduce the number of negative cultures. All bitches whelped at least once during the study and, thus, had known reproductive functions. Pregnancy rates, Utter sizes, and pup mortality were within normal limits. Pasteurella multocida, β-hemolytic streptococci group G, and Escherichia coli were the most common bacteria isolated. Although these species generally were isolated from mixed cultures, pure cultures were obtained from 18% of the specimens. There was a tendency for the various breeds to differ in their vaginal bacterial flora. The flora also varied during the reproductive cycle. Pasteurella multocida was isolated significantly more often during proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and pregnancy, than during anestrus and the postpartum period, and β-hemolytic streptococci were isolated significantly more often during proestrus than during estrus, pregnancy, or the postpartum period. Staphylococcus intermedius was almost exclusively found after parturition. Culture results were negative for only 5.2% of specimens cultured. On the basis of our findings, bacterial culturing of vaginal swab specimens from bitches without signs of genital disease is of little value.
Synchronization of estrus in dairy goats given norgestomet and estradiol valerate at various stages of the estrous cycle
Authors: Bretzlaff K. N. , Nuti L. C. , Elmore R. G. , Meyers S. A. , Rugila J. N. , Brinsko S. P. , Blanchard T. L. , Weston P. G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Dairy goats were given subcutaneous implants with 3 mg of norgestomet (nor) and im injections of 0.625 mg of estradiol valerate and 0.375 mg of norgestomet on day 0 of the estrous cycle (estrus; nor 0, n = 18), on postestrus day 4 (nor 4, n = 18), or on postestrus day 11 (nor 11, n = 15). Ear implants were removed after 9 days. Mean (± se) hours from removal of ear implants to onset of estrus and proportion of goats responding were 36 ± 3.8 and 83%, 33 ± 4.0 and 61%, and 36 ± 2.7 and 93% for groups nor 0, nor 4, and nor 11, respectively. There were no significant differences between treatment groups in time to onset of estrus. The percentage of goats in group nor 11 that had signs of estrus was significantly greater than the percentage of goats in group nor 4. Of the goats in groups nor 0, nor 4, and nor 11 that had signs of estrus, 53, 55, and 86%, respectively, had onset of behavioral estrus between 24 and 48 hours after implant removal. All goats that had signs of estrus had onset of behavioral estrus between 12 and 72 hours after implant removal. Mean (± se) hours from removal of ear implants to time of peak concentrations of luteinizing hormone (lh) were 49 ± 4.1, 49 ± 3.8, and 49 ± 4.0 for groups nor 0, nor 4, nor 11, respectively (not different). The percentage of goats in group nor 11 that had lh peaks was significantly greater than the percentage of goats in group nor 4. Of the goats that had estrus, there was no difference between groups in the percentage, which also had an lh peak. On the basis of progesterone profiles from does in group nor 0, functional corpora lutea had formed in 3 of 18 does while the ear implants were in place. In group nor 4, concentrations of progesterone were < 1.0 ng/ml in 6 of 18 does at the time of implant placement, suggesting that these does had not formed functional corpora lutea by postestrus day 4. Eight of 18 does in group nor 4 had concentrations of progesterone > 1.0 ng/ml at 48 hours after implant removal, suggesting that the estradiol valerate in the injection had not prevented the formation of functional corpora lutea after the previous estrus in these animals. All does in group nor 11 had concentrations of progesterone > 1 ng/ml on the day of implant placement. Progesterone concentrations had decreased to < 1 ng/ml in all but 1 doe in group nor 11 by the day of implant removal, suggesting that the corpora lutea from the previous estrous cycle had undergone luteolysis prior to the time of implant removal in most of these animals. This method of synchronization of estrus was effective in dairy goats, although goats that were in the early luteal phase at the time of treatment did not respond consistently.
Seroprevalence of ovine progressive pneumonia virus in sheep in the United States as assessed by analyses of voluntarily submitted samples
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Sacks Jerome M. , Weaver Amy L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ovine progressive pneumonia (opp) is a lentivirus-induced disease of sheep in the United States that is similar, if not identical, to maedi/visna in many other countries. Prevalence estimates of seropositivity to this virus in sheep in the United States have been confined to limited groups or flocks of sheep and have varied from 1 to 90%. In this study of detection of antibodies against opp virus, we found a lower general prevalence of antibodies to opp virus in sheep than was previously reported. Of 16,827 sheep from 29 states in the United States, 26% were seropositive and 48% of 164 flocks that were tested had 1 or more seropositive sheep. Seropositivity to opp virus for sheep within special categories was determined, although nonrandom samples that were available may have biased the results. Within regions of the United States, prevalence was highest in the Rocky Mountain region at 49% and lowest in the northern Atlantic region at 9%. Seropositive sheep were not evenly distributed among flocks, but were clustered in a few flocks of sheep. A high number of flocks had no or few seropositive sheep. Prevalence increased with age from 4% at < 1 year to a plateau of 34% at 4 years. Seropositivity was variable among breeds and was not associated with sex, wool class, or place of origin of ancestors.
Antibody response of calves to immunoaffinity-purified bovine respiratory syncytial virus VP70 after vaccination and challenge exposure
Authors: Nelson Lynn D. , Kelling Clayton L. , Anderson Gary A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Immunoaffinity-purified bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) fusion (F) protein elicited anti-brsv-specific antibody responses in brsv-seronegative calves. After primary vaccination, all calves seroconverted to brsv as determined by the virus neutralization (vn) test and developed anti-F protein antibodies detectable by protein immunoblot analyses. Subsequent vaccinations induced > twofold increase in vn titer in 3 of 9 (33%) calves, and 1 calf became vn-negative, but still had nonneutralizing antibody detectable by protein immunoblot analysis. This calf remained seronegative after challenge exposure.
Two groups of calves were vaccinated im with immunoaffinity-purified brsv F protein. Each dose was 2 ml containing 20 μg of purified F protein. Freund's adjuvants were used for all vaccinations, with Freund's complete adjuvant used for the primary vaccination and Freund's incomplete adjuvant for subsequent vaccinations. The vaccine was administered to both groups at weeks 0 and 3; the first group received a third vaccination at week 21. Group-1 and -2 vaccinated calves and non-vaccinated contact controls were intranasally aerosol challenge-exposed with low cell culture-passage brsv on weeks 22 and 9, respectively.
Eight of 9 vaccinated calves did not develop a humoral anamnestic response following challenge exposure, as demonstrated by vn test and protein immunoblot analyses. Calf 14 from group 1 which had a 1:2 vn antibody titer prior to vaccination, was the only calf that developed an anamnestic response. This suggests that vaccine-induced antibodies interfered with the immune response or that the challenge virus (and the virus that calf 14 was infected with before challenge exposure) contained different F protein epitopes, compared with the purified F protein immunogen.
Effects of lung site and fluid volume on results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in horses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Rossier Yves , Ziemer Ellen L. , Lindborg Susan 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid was analyzed in healthy horses, using different lavage fluid volumes and lung sites. The only significant difference in the cellular composition of bal fluid between the right and left lungs was the mast cell numbers, which were significantly higher in the left lung. Total cell count ranged from 34 to 330 cells/μl for the right lung and 43 to 330 cells/μl for the left lung. Percentage of neutrophils ranged from 1 to 7% in the right lung and 1 to 5% in the left lung. The small-volume (50 ml) lavage had a greater percentage of neutrophils and a lesser percentage of mast cells in the large-volume (350 ml) lavage. Statistical difference in the composition of bal fluid recovered was not detected between the 3 sequential 100-ml lavages and a single 300-ml lavage, except that macrophages were significantly higher in the 3 sequential 100-ml lavages. Values for bal fluid analysis in healthy horses have varied considerably and this variation is from a failure to adhere to any standard technique for volume of fluid infused.
Concurrent experimentally induced infection with Eimeria bovis and coronavirus in unweaned dairy calves
Authors: Hoblet Kent H. , Shulaw William P. , Saif Linda J. , Weisbrode Steven E. , Lance Susan E. , Howard Richard R. , Angrick Elisabeth J. , Redman Donald R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Over a period of 3 summers, 21 colostrum-fed Holstein bull calves, 1 to 3 days old, were assigned to 7 replicates, each consisting of 3 calves. Within each replicate of 3 calves, 2 were selected at random, to be given 100,000 to 146,000 sporulated coccidia oocysts (principally Eimeria bovis) orally 60 hours after arrival at the college research farm. On the thirteenth day after coccidia inoculation, 1 of the 2 calves that had been given coccidia and the third calf that had not been inoculated, were given coronavirus by intranasal and oral routes. Calves were observed daily, and consistency of feces was scored visually. Nasal swab specimens for indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing for coronavirus and fecal samples for oocyst determination were obtained approximately every third day. Of 7 calves that were given only coronavirus, 3 developed diarrhea of short duration. Of 7 calves that were given only coccidia oocysts, 6 developed diarrhea. All 7 calves inoculated initially with coccidia and subsequently with coronavirus developed diarrhea. For 5 of 7 replicates, calves that were given coccidia and coronavirus developed diarrhea first. When overall severity, measured by fecal score and by blood in the feces, was compared, calves inoculated with coccidia followed by coronavirus were more severely affected (P < 0.05) than were calves that were given only coronavirus. Calves that were given only coccidia oocysts appeared more severely affected than calves that were given only coronavirus, but differences were not significant. Calves that were given either coccidia alone, or coccidia followed by coronavirus, had more severe lesions of mucosal degeneration/epithelial necrosis and inflammation (P < 0.05) than did calves that were given only coronavirus. Lesions, however, were generally most severe in calves that were given coccidia and coronavirus. In 4 calves, fibrinopurulent typhlitis and/or colitis were observed; 3 of these observations were made in calves that were given coccidia followed by coronavirus. These observations indicate that, although coronavirus infection in young calves is common and may be mild in calves given adequate colostrum, when combined with coccidia (principally E bovis) infection, resultant clinical signs of disease and lesions may be more severe than those associated with infection attributable to either coronavirus or coccidia alone.
Histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the mucosal lymphoid system in swine
Authors: Ramos José A. , Ramis Antonio J. , Marco Alberto , Domingo Mariano , Rabanal Rosa , Ferrer Luis 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine palatine tonsils and aggregated lymphoid follicles (Peyer's patches) of the ileum in 6- to 9-day-old and in 6-month-old pigs. Histochemical techniques were used to detect α-naphthyl-acetate esterase (anae), α-naphthyl-butyrate esterase (anbe), β-glucuronidase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and acid phosphatase (AcP). Nonspecific esterases (anae, anbe) were detected in macrophages, T-cell area lymphocytes, eosinophils, fibroblastic reticular cells (frc), follicular dendritic cells (fdc), and interdigitating cells (idc). β-Glucuronidase reactivity was strong in macrophages, eosinophils, fdc, and idc, and weaker in frc. Adenosine triphosphatase reactivity was detected in B-cell area lymphocytes, fdc, frc, and idc. Cell types with acid phosphatase reactivity were macrophages, fdc, frc, and idc. Nonepithelial cells of tonsils and aggregated lymphoid follicles of the ileum had similar enzymatic reactions. In Peyer's patches, however, epithelial cells were positive for all enzymes studied; in tonsils, only nonspecific esterases were detected. Immunoperoxidase techniques were used to detect S-100 protein and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA). The S-100 protein was detected in lymphocytes, fdc, and frc of tonsils and Peyer's patches; in tonsillar epithelial and endothelial cells; and in idc of Peyer's patches. Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins were detected in lymphoblastoid and plasmacytoid cells of follicles and diffuse lymphoid tissue in both organs and in ileal epithelial cells. Compared with those of 6-month-old pigs, cells of 6- to 9-day-old pigs stained less intensely by all enzyme histochemical techniques, and fewer cells were reactive for immunoglobulins.
Osmotic stress in red blood cells from Beagles with hemolytic anemia
Authors: Pekow Cynthia A. , Hinds Thomas R. , Maggio-Price Lillian , Hammond William P. , Vincenzi Frank F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Red blood cell populations separated by density centrifugation were compared in a dynamic assay of osmotic stress. Red blood cells from Beagles genotypically normal and nonanemic (nonaffected), Beagles with inherited hemolytic anemia (anemic), and Beagles presumed to be carriers of the anemia trait (trait carriers) were examined for rate and extent of swelling after exposure to the ionophore A23187 in a medium containing calcium and potassium chloride. Comparisons were made between rbc populations separated on the basis of density. Significant differences were observed in the rates of cell swelling in rbc populations separated by density between nonaffected and anemic Beagles. The response of rbc from Beagles presumed to carry the anemia trait was similar to that of rbc from nonaffected dogs. One phenotypic expression of this inherited abnormality of rbc in Beagles was an accelerated rate of rbc swelling under osmotic stress, and this swelling response diminished with increasing rbc density.
Function of neutrophils and chemoattractant properties of fetal placental tissue during the last month of pregnancy in cows
Authors: Hoedemaker Martina , Lund Lisa A. , Wagner William C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Neutrophils were isolated from the blood of pregnant cows on days 255, 265, and 275 of pregnancy, and on the day of parturition (n = 5/group), and in addition, simultaneously from 4 ovariectomized healthy cows (control animals). Neutrophils were subjected to neutrophil function assays (chemotaxis against zymosan-activated serum, random migration, ingestion of 125I-iododeoxyuridine [IdUR]-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, iodination of proteins, cytochrome C reduction, antibody-independent and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity). Results were expressed as percentage of control animals. Fetal placental tissue (cotyledon), uterine wall tissue, and skeletal muscle were obtained from the principal animals on the aforementioned days via laparotomy, and tissue suspensions were prepared. Chemotaxis of neutrophils was tested against tissue supernatants. Compared with day 255, there was an increase in ingestion of 125I-IdUR-S aureus at parturition, whereas iodination of proteins and cytochrome C reduction were reduced on the day of calving. The other neutrophil functions tested did not change over time of gestation. Fetal placental and uterine wall tissue attracted neutrophils with uterine wall tissue having a tendency to be more potent than cotyledonary tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue did not attract neutrophils. There was no change in chemotaxis response of neutrophils evoked by intrauterine and uterine tissues over time of gestation. It was concluded that at parturition, neutrophil function is impaired with respect to their bactericidal effects, which may render the animal more susceptible to bacterial infections, and that the chemoattractant properties of fetal placental and uterine wall tissues are tissue-specific, at least when compared with skeletal muscle. The presence of neutrophils in the placenta and other parts of the uterus may be necessary for placental separation and prevention from postpartum intrauterine bacterial infections, respectively.
Computer-based collection and analysis of myoelectric activity of the intestine in horses
Authors: Lester G. D. , Bolton J. R. , Thurgate S. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Extracellular myoelectric activity from the terminal ileum cecum, and colonic pelvic flexure was assessed in 4 adult horses. The collection and analysis of myoelectric data involved the development and use of a computer-based system. After collection, the myoelectric signal was digitally filtered to enhance the activity of interest. The smoothed signal was then processed by use of computer programs designed to identify and count spike-burst activity and estimate burst duration. The intense phases of myoelectric complexes also were identified. The propagation of myoelectric spike-burst activity was assessed over 3 electrode sites to identify the propagative patterns of intestinal motility. There was high correlation between the results of computer-based analysis and those of visual analysis. We concluded that the computer provides a fast, accurate, and reliable means of assessing myoelectric activity.
Fate and effect of autogenous osteochondral fragments implanted in the middle carpal joint of horses
Authors: Huber Michael J. , Schmotzer Wayne B. , Riebold Thomas W. , Watrous Barbara J. , Synder Stanley P. , Scott Edward A. , von Matthiessen Pamela C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Four autogenous osteochondral fragments removed from the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus were arthroscopically placed as loose bodies in a randomly selected middle carpal joint in each of 10 horses. The contralateral middle carpal joint, subjected to a sham procedure, served as control. Postoperative treatment was consistent with that for clinical arthroscopic patients. Lameness evaluation, radiographic examination, carpal circumference measurement, and synovial fluid analysis were performed before and at scheduled intervals after surgery. After a 2-month confinement, horses were subjected to an increasing level of exercise. Horses were euthanatized at intervals through 6 months. Gross and microscopic evaluations were performed on remaining fragments, articular cartilage, and synovial membrane of each middle carpal joint.
Increased joint circumference, effusion, lameness, and degenerative joint disease distinguished implanted from control joints over the 6-month period. Implanted joints were characterized by grooved, excoriated cartilage surfaces, and synovium that was thick, erythematous, and irregular. At 4 weeks, implants were found to have adhered to synovium at their subchondral bone surface. The bone within fragments was undergoing necrosis, while cartilage was preserved. At 8 weeks, fragments were radiographically inapparent, grossly evident as pale plaques on the synovial surface, and composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.
Synovial membrane specimens from implanted joints had inflammatory change characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration 2 months after implantation. Physical damage was apparent within articular cartilage of implanted joints at 2 months, and was significant (P < 0.05) at 6 months after surgery. Chondrocyte degenerative change was significant (P < 0.05) at 6 months after surgery. Focal reduction in safranin-O uptake was observed in cartilage layers adjacent to physical defects.
Osteochondral loose bodies of the size implanted in the middle carpal joint of horses in this study were resorbed by the synovium within 2 months. Synovitis and significant articular cartilage damage were associated with the implanted fragments. Regardless of origin, free osteochondral fragments within the middle carpal joint should be removed, and methods to prevent residual postoperative debris should be implemented to reduce potential for articular pathologic change.