bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process for the preparation of pathogen‐inactivated RBC concentrates by using PEN110 chemistry: preclinical studies
Authors: Purmal Andrei , Valeri C. Robert , Dzik Walter , Pivacek Linda , Ragno Gina , Lazo Aris , Chapman John 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND:A pathogen‐inactivation process for RBC concentrates is being developed by using PEN110 chemistry (INACTINE, V.I. Technologies). The objective of this study was to characterize the quality of RBCs prepared by using the PEN110 process and to measure the virucidal effect achieved against two viruses.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Virology and RBC studies were conducted with standard RBC units treated with 0.1‐percent (vol/vol) PEN110 at 22°C for 6 hours. The quality of PEN110‐treated human RBCs was assessed with biochemical and phenotypic variables. The in vivo viability of PEN110‐treated RBCs in baboons was studied with the double‐label51Cr/125I method.RESULTS:Decreases in infectious titer by inactivation of greater than a 5 log 50‐percent tissue culture infectious doses per mL of bovine viral diarrhea virus (an enveloped RNA virus) and porcine parvovirus (a nonenveloped DNA virus) was observed. RBC hemolysis was less than 1 percent after 42 days of storage, and no changes in RBC antigens were observed. The in vivo viability of PEN110‐treated baboon RBCs was unchanged from control.CONCLUSION:The preparation of RBCs by using the PEN110 process achieved a significant viral reduction of two diverse viruses without causing adverse effects to the RBCs. The process appears to be a promising approach, thus justifying further study.
Response to vWF‐coated beads and soluble p‐selectin to characterize apheresis platelets: a comparison of three cell separators
Authors: Stiegler Gabriele , Eichelberger Beate , Leitner Gerda , Jilma Bernd , Hoecker Paul , Panzer Simon 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Plateletpheresis technologies differ among various cell separators. Differences in centrifugation force, centrifugation time, and platelet concentration in the platelet concentrate may affect platelet activation and function. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In a three‐way crossover design, 12 donors were randomly assigned to three types of cell separators, two continuous flow systems (Amicus DN, Fenwall Division, Baxter and Spectra LRS, Gambro BCT) and one intermittent flow system (MCS+, Haemonetics). The response to vWF‐coated beads was determined in the peripheral blood and fresh platelet concentrates to obtain information about the initiating step of platelet aggregation, that is, platelet adhesion. Levels of soluble p‐selectin were measured as a marker of platelet activation. RESULTS: Platelet yield and concentration of platelets were higher in platelet concentrates obtained with the Amicus DN than with the Spectra LRS or the MCS+. Maximal aggregation was significantly higher in platelets from the Amicus DN than in platelets from the Spectra LRS or the MCS+. Higher concentrations of soluble p‐selectin were seen in platelet concentrates obtained with the Amicus DN than in concentrates from the Spectra LRS or the MCS+, but they did not differ after correction for the number of platelets per component. CONCLUSIONS: Different plateletpheresis procedures induced distinct changes of platelet function. Platelets collected using the Amicus DN retained the strongest adhesion capacity irrespective of their activation.
A newly developed gel centrifugation test for quantification of RBC‐bound IgG antibodies and their subclasses IgG1 and IgG3: comparison with flow cytometry
Authors: Lynen Rainer , Krone Olaf , Legler Tobias J. , Köhler Michael , Mayr Wolfgang R. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Novel gel centrifugation test (GCT) cards were evaluated with respect to their ability to estimate the quantity of IgG on RBCs and the determination of the IgG subclasses IgG1 and IgG3.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In 65 patients with a positive DAT, the amount of IgG‐γ‐, IgG1, and IgG3 on RBCs was examined by use of GCT cards and flow cytometry (FC) in parallel. The results were correlated with the presence or absence of hemolysis. In addition, D+ RBCs were studied after sensitization with anti‐D sera from 22 alloimmunized pregnant women.RESULTS: The amount of IgG on the RBCs as determined by GCT dilution cards correlated with FC (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001). IgG subclass results as determined by GCT IgG subclass cards were confirmed by FC in 14 cases with an anti‐IgG‐γ‐chain titer ≥300, whereas IgG subclass cards were not suitable in cases with anti‐IgG‐γ‐chain titers less than 300. In 44 patients with 2+ or 3+ DAT in the GCT and anti‐IgG‐γ‐chain titer ≤30, no hemolysis was observed, whereas hemolysis occurred in 13 of 14 patients with an anti‐IgG‐γ‐chain titer ≥300. GCT data obtained by IATs with anti‐D sera were concordant with FC results.CONCLUSION: There is a correlation between the amount of RBC‐bound IgG and immune hemolysis. The GCT cards that detect the anti‐IgG‐γ‐chain may be useful to predict hemolysis in patients with a 2+ or 3+ DAT in the GCT. The diagnostic value of GCT cards for IgG subclass testing should be investigated further.
RHC and RHc genotyping in different ethnic groups
Authors: Tax Martine G.H.M. , Van der Schoot C. Ellen , Van Doorn René , Douglas‐Berger Lotte , Van Rhenen Dick J. , Wijk Petra A. Maaskant‐van 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: RH genotyping assays are mainly based on research in whites. These assays may not be reliable in a multiracial society because of the genetic variation in RH among ethnic groups. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Five groups from different ethnic backgrounds were serologically typed for C and c and were genotyped on nucleotide C48 and intron 2 for RHC and RHc on nucleotides C178 and C307. RESULTS: RHc genotyping with both methods proved to be reliable. RHC genotyping on C48 is not reliable because of a 48G>C mutation in the RHce allele (false‐positive prediction of C). This mutation was found in every ethnic group and does not affect c or e expression. RHC genotyping on intron 2 is unreliable because of r′s (Cdes) alleles (a false‐negative prediction of C). This allele was found in whites and blacks from Curaçao and South Africa. Reactions of r′s cells with anti‐C are weaker, but no negative reactions with various MoAbs were found. A new method (RHC/c/hex3‐intron 4/exon 7 multiplex PCRs) was developed based on intron 2 and r′s hybrid exon 3 characteristics (RHC) and C307 (RHc). CONCLUSIONS: Reliable RHC and RHc genotyping is possible in different ethnic groups with the RHC/c/hex3‐intron 4/exon 7 multiplex PCR approach.
Mathematic modeling of the risk of HBV, HCV, and HIV transmission by window‐phase donations not detected by NAT
Authors: Weusten Jos J.A.M. , Van Drimmelen Harry A.J. , Lelie P. Nico 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion centers around the world have introduced minipool NAT to reduce the risk of HBV, HCV, and HIV transmission by blood donations drawn in the infectious window phase. What would be the reduction in the residual risk when minipool NAT would be replaced by single‐donation NAT?STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A mathematic model was developed to estimate the probability of virus transmission by blood transfusion when NAT screening methods are used for virologic safety testing. The major assumptions used are threefold: 1) The viral nucleic acid concentrations in the early window phase of infection double in 2.8 (HBV), 0.74 (HCV), and 0.90 (HIV) days. 2) The detectability of low copy numbers of viral DNA or RNA by the screening assay can be described with a probit model. 3) The probability of infection depends linearly on the logarithm of the administered dose, with 50‐percent infectivity rates at 10 (HBV and HCV) or 1000 (HIV) viral nucleic acid copies per transfusion unit (estimates based on NAT studies with samples of known infectivity in chimpanzees).RESULTS: A reasonably simple equation was obtained that allows studying the effect of the sensitivity of the NAT assay and of the pool size used for screening on the residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted infection. The computations are illustrated by using observed sensitivity estimates of various NAT methods. By using epidemiologic data among European donors over 1997 as baseline, the calculations predict that the incidence of virus transmission per 10‐million RBC transfusions reduces with the following numbers when lowering the test pool size from 96 to 1 (single‐donation testing): HBV from 11 to 13 to 3.3 to 5.1, HCV from 1.7 to 2.0 to 0.5 to 0.8, and HIV from 0.47 to 0.62 to 0.010 to 0.045 (ranges for the different NAT screening methods).CONCLUSION: A proper mathematic model for the calculation of residual infection risk by blood transfusion helps understand the impact of introducing new NAT methods for blood safety testing.
Detection of antibodies in acid eluates with the gel microcolumn assay
Authors: Greco Victoria A. , Byrne Karen M. , Procter Jo L. , Stroncek David F. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Gel microcolumns can be used to detect unexpected serum antibodies and to determine ABO blood group and Rh phenotype. DATs can also be performed with this system. The purpose of this study was to compare the gel microcolumn to the tube IAT using anti‐IgG for the detection of antibodies eluted from RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
: Acid eluates were prepared from 30 peripheral blood and 41 umbilical cord blood samples. Twelve of the 71 eluates made were from control samples (known DAT negative). Specificities of eluted antibodies were determined by both tube and gel assays with a three‐cell screen plus A
1 and B cells, as determined by blood type. RESULTS
: Ten of 30 peripheral blood eluates were reactive in both assays. Eighteen were nonreactive in both assays, and two from patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia were reactive by gel assays and nonreactive by tube assays. Thirty three of the 41 cord blood eluates were reactive in both assays. Eluates from 2 of the 35 DAT‐positive samples reacted with A
1
and B cells by the tube method but were nonreactive by the gel method. Of the 33 cord blood eluates that were reactive by both assays, antibody specificity differed for two samples. When tested by tube assay, these eluates reacted with both A
1
and B cells, whereas the same eluates tested by gel assay showed one reacting with only A
1 cells and the other with only B cells. CONCLUSION S: Results of testing eluates in gel assays were similar to those obtained in tube assays. The gel assays may be better at detecting antibodies eluted from RBCs from patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and tube assays may be better at detecting isohemagglutinins eluted from umbilical cord blood.
Ultrastructural changes and activation differences in platelet concentrates stored in plasma and additive solution
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Vetter Angelika , Dimovic Natascha , Guber S.E. , Helmberg Wolfgang , Kröll Wolfgang , Lanzer Gerhard , Mayr W.R. , Neumüller Josef 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : The aim of this study was to demonstrate how ultrastructural morphology of platelets stored in different media correlate with the appearance of particular activation markers on their cell surface. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Concentrates of buffy coat‐derived platelets were stored in plasma or a glucose‐free citrate‐acetate‐NaCl platelet additive solution (PAS2, Baxter Healthcare Corp.). Activation markers on platelets were measured by flow cytometry and compared with changes in the platelet cell surface as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Levels of the vasoactive cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted) were determined in the storage medium of the platelet concentrate. RESULTS
: The activation markers CD62P and CD63 and the binding of thrombospondin measured by flow cytometry were expressed to a higher extent in the PAS2 group compared with the plasma group. The difference reached significance on Day 3 (CD62P: 66.37 ± 2.44 vs. 37.83 ± 2.03, p < 0.001; CD63: 42.11 ± 3.29 vs. 34.84 ± 2.04, p < 0.05; and thrombospondin binding: 18.84 ± 3.9 vs. 13.98 ± 3.87, p < 0.001, respectively). The form factor that is related to changes of the platelet shape was determined by image analysis and correlated significantly with the cell surface expression of CD62P (p < 0.001) and with CD63 (p < 0.05) and with thrombospondin binding (p
< 0.05). The chemokines VEGF and RANTES were measured at higher levels in the PAS2 group. CONCLUSIONS : With exception of baseline activation probably due to necessary handling procedures, platelets remain relatively unaltered and more stable in plasma in comparison to storage in PAS2.
Applying a novel statistical process control model to platelet quality monitoring
Authors: Perrotta P.L. , Ozcan C. , Whitbread J.A. , Finch S.J. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Many countries are implementing universal WBC reduction of blood components Thus, manufacturing procedures must include QC techniques to detect units that fail to meet established standards.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A statistical process control model, based on the exponentially weighted moving average of the cumulative distribution function (CDF‐EWMA), was developed to detect shifts in a mean and/or variance of a process. The model's parameters (weights) were optimized to maximize detection of an out‐of‐control process while minimizing sensitivity to autocorrelation. Validation was performed using a retrospective set of WBC‐reduction data obtained from a blood bank. The WBC‐reduction process was considered in control when there was 95‐percent confidence that more than 95 percent of platelet concentrates would contain less than 1 × 106WBCs (6.0 log WBC) as required by European standards. A sentry setting of 5.7 log WBCs was used to allow earlier detection of an out‐of‐control process.RESULTS: Graphic output of the CDF‐EWMA model provided a continuous update of the probability that a WBC‐reduction process was in control. Using the validation data, the model showed that the process was in control until Observation 332, at which point residual WBCs per unit increased. However, the first platelet concentrate to exceed specified criteria (Observation 346) occurred after the model detected that the process was out of control, demonstrating the forecasting value of this model. This deviation corresponded to an equipment failure in a single apheresis instrument. The Shewhart and EWMA techniques were similarly able to detect when the process was out of control using the test data.CONCLUSION: As a statistical process control model, the CDF‐EWMA provides real‐time estimation of the fraction of components meeting a regulatory limit. It is capable of detecting developing QC problems before units fail to meet regulatory requirements and is a potential alternative to other QC techniques for monitoring WBC reduction of blood components.
Development of a DNA‐based genotyping method for the Diego blood group system
Authors: Wu Guo‐Guang , Su Yu‐Qing , Yu Qiong , Jin Shi‐Zheng , Zhao Tong‐Mao 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND
: The paucity of appropriate reagents for serologic typing of the Diego blood group has hindered the identification of the rare Di(b–) blood donors needed to transfuse a Di
b
antigen‐negative patient who presented with anti‐Di
b . Development of an alternative Di typing approach as a supplement to the current serologic typing method is an important and necessary goal. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
:
DI1
and
DI2
alleles result from a single C to T substitution at nucleotide 2561 in exon 19 of the human anion exchanger gene causing a proline (
DI1
) to leucine (
DI2
) change at amino acid position 854. Allele‐specific primers were designed to specifically amplify the
DI1
and
DI2 alleles using a PCR‐based assay system. RESULTS
: A PCR sequence‐specific primer (SSP) method for Di genotyping was developed, and the specificity and reproducibility of the method were assessed in a blind control study using serologic tests, family segregation, and DNA sequencing analyses. A total of 1766 DNA samples from unrelated blood donors were typed for
DI1
and
DI2
alleles and a single Di(b–) donor was identified. The frequency of
DI1
and
DI2 alleles among Chinese blood donors was 0.0357 and 0.9643, respectively. CONCLUSION : A simple, accurate, and inexpensive DNA‐based PCR‐SSP method was established for Di genotyping. The typing results can be visualized on a single photograph within 3 hours, making this reliable method suitable for large‐scale typing of potential blood donors without serologic backup.
Seven‐day storage of apheresis platelets: report of an in vitro study
Authors: Dumont Larry J. , VandenBroeke Tania 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : The objective of this study was to determine the allowable platelet content limits for apheresis platelets stored for 7 days in a platelet storage bag (COBE ELP, Gambro BCT). METHODS : Apheresis platelets under controlled concentration and volume per bag were stored in plasma up to 8 days at 22°C with horizontal agitation. Routinely evaluated in vitro platelet parameters were followed. Oxygen consumption was directly measured with a Clark‐type electrode. All components were cultured in aerobic medium on Day 7. RESULTS
: Twenty‐four components were evaluated in storage configurations (median [range], 340 [110‐402] mL, 1.32 [0.99‐2.45]× 10
6
platelets/μL, and 4.8 [1.4‐5.9]× 10
11
platelets/bag). No bacterial contamination was detected. One component had a pH value at 22°C of below 6.0 before Day 5 with attendant loss of all other in vitro function measures. The pH value at 22°C was maintained above 6.2 for the remaining 23 components. A pH value of greater than 7.4 was observed at some point in storage for 13 of 23 units, although platelet function or activation was not adversely affected. Aerobic metabolic function was maintained over 7 days with O
2
consumption of 321 μmol per hour per 10
12 platelets on Day 7. CONCLUSION
: Although a continuing decline of platelet in vitro characteristics can be observed for storage beyond 5 days, apheresis platelets in plasma stored 100 to 400 mL per bag, 1.0 × 10
6
to 2.5 × 10
6
platelets per μL, and a maximum of 5.1 × 10
11 platelets per bag maintained in vitro platelet characteristics over 7 days of storage.
TRALI: correlation of antigen‐antibody and monocyte activation in donor‐recipient pairs
Authors: Kopko Patricia M. , Paglieroni Teresa G. , Popovsky Mark A. , Muto Kathryn N. , MacKenzie Malcolm R. , Holland Paul V. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : TRALI may be a severe reaction associated with transfusion of plasma‐containing blood components. TRALI has usually been associated with antibodies against granulocytes and HLA class I antigens, but more recently with antibodies against HLA class II and monocytes. TRALI cases were investigated to determine correlation between antigen and antibody. Additionally, activation of monocytes by TRALI serums was studied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Sixteen cases of TRALI were investigated. All patients were typed for HLA antigens. Implicated donors were screened for HLA antigens and antibodies against granulocytes and monocytes. In 6 cases, recipient monocyte activation was measured in vitro after incubation with TRALI and control serums. In four cases, monocyte activation was measured after incubation of TRALI serums against a panel of monocytes of known HLA antigen type. RESULTS : In 14 of the 16 cases (87.5%), antigen‐antibody correlation was identified. TRALI monocytes, incubated with implicated TRALI serum (n = 6), expressed significantly greater cytokine and tissue factor (p < 0.05, repeated‐measures ANOVA) than controls. Panel monocytes incubated with TRALI serum showed increased expression of cytokine and/or tissue factor when corresponding antigen was present. CONCLUSION : In most cases of TRALI, a correlation between antigen and antibody can be identified. Activation of monocytes and their subsequent release of cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of TRALI.
Measurement of intracavernosal catecholamine during a prostaglandin E1 test
Authors: Nagao Koichi , Miura Kazukiyo , Ishii Nobuhisa , Shirai Masafumi 
Published: March 2003

Background : Erectile dysfunction (ED) can be a cause of male infertility among young men. The prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) intracavernous injection test, an erectile function test, is known as an objective method of examining the penile vasculature system. However, some ED patients fail to sufficiently maintain an erection because of the stress load upon them during the test. Thus, we measured changes in catecholamine levels by stress loading when we performed dynamic infusion cavernosometry (DIC).
Methods
: Among the 221 ED patients undergoing a PGE1 test, 10 were selected as the subjects for the present study. These 10 patients were 25–56 years of age, with a mean of 32.8 years, whose maximal penile rigidity was normal, but in whom penile erection could not be maintained sufficiently in the PGE1 test. Stress loading via vibratory sensory measurement during the PGE1 test suppressed penile rigidity strongly. Catecholamine levels were measured by using blood samples obtained from the corpus cavernosum and the cubital vein when erection was suppressed by stress loading, pain caused by needle insertion, and also when erection recovered from the suppression. Dynamic infusion cavernosometry was performed after each blood sampling time, to check corporeal veno‐occlusive function and cavernosal arterial flow.
Results
: Penile norepinephrine levels were 0.20 ± 0.06 ng/mL during a suppressed erection and 0.15 ± 0.03 ng/mL during an erection, showing a significantly higher level (Student’s t‐test, P = 0.0309) during suppressed erection. The results of the DIC measurement indicated a normal corporeal veno‐occlusive function and cavernosal artery in all cases.
Conclusion
: The results of the present study revealed that corporeal veno‐occlusive function and cavernosal arterial flow are normal in men who have normal maximum penile rigidity, but cannot sufficiently maintain the erection in the PGE1 test, suggesting the involvement of stress‐induced penile norepinephrine in the suppression of erection maintenance. (Reprod Med Biol 2002; 1: 11–15)
History, Time, and Knowledge in Ancient India
Authors: Perrett Roy W. 
Published: March 2003

The lack of interest in history in ancient India has often been noted and contrasted with the situation in China and the West. Notwithstanding the vast body of Indian literature in other fields, there is a remarkable dearth of historical writing in the period before the Muslim conquest and an associated indifference to historiography. Various explanations have been offered for this curious phenomenon, some of which appeal to the supposed currency of certain Indian philosophical theories. This essay critically examines such “philosophical explanations.”I argue that it is not true that there was no history in ancient India, and it is not surprising that there was no developed historiography or scientific history. It is both true and surprising that there was no real importance attached to history in ancient India. An adequate philosophical exxplanation for this historica phenomenon, however, is not to be found in appeals to the influence of indigenous metaphysical theories about time and the self. A much more plausible philosophical explanation appeals instead to certain features of classical Indian epistemology.