bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of thermal cycling regime on the shear strength of lead‐free solder joints
Authors: Dusek Milos , Wickham Martin , Hunt Christopher 
Published: May 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this work is to undertake a comparison of accelerated test regimes for assessing the reliability of solder joints, in particular those made using lead‐free solders.Design/methodology/approachIdentical samples of 1206, 0805 and 0603 resistors were subjected to six different cycling regimes to investigate the effect of thermal excursions, ramp rates and temperature dwells.FindingsThe most damage to joints was found to be caused by thermal cycling between −55 and 125°C, with a 10°C/min ramp rate and 5 min dwells. Large thermal excursions were shown to give faster results without compromising the failure mode.Research limitations/implicationsSimilar degrees of damage in the lead‐free solder joints were experienced from thermal shock regimes with ramp rates in excess of 50°C/min. However, these regimes, although faster to undertake, appeared to cause different crack propagation modes than observed with the thermal cycling regimes. However, these differences may be small and thermal shock testing may still be used to differentiate between, or enable ranking of, the effects of changes to materials or processes on the reliability of the solder joints. Hence, it is envisaged that if a wide range of conditions are to be tested a first sift can be completed using thermal shock, with the final work using typical thermal cycling conditions.Practical implicationsThe difference between the SAC (95.5Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu) and SnAg (96.5Sn3.5Ag) solder alloy results across all types of cycles showed very little difference in the rates of joint degradation.Originality/valueThis paper compares relative reliability (remaining shear strength) of three chip components soldered with two lead‐free alloys based on various thermal cycling conditions.
Ceremonial academic gowns of the University of Zagreb – idea to a finished product path
Authors: Dragčević Zvonko , Bogović Slavica , Vujasinović Edita , Bakran Tomislav 
Published: May 2005

PurposeTo design, develop and construct specific garment designs for use in Croatia as academic gowns using advanced engineering principles.Design/methodology/approachThe synergism of historians, designers, engineers, clothing technologists and textile finishers using specialised equipment has been employed in this project.FindingsUsing interdisciplinarity can yield good results.Research limitations/implicationsThe research targets specific products, but its methodology may be used for any other products/end users also.Practical implicationsGowns have been designed, made and used in academic ceremonies successfully.Originality/valueDesign/technology approach to new product development.
Equipment and methods used to investigate energy processing parameters of sewing technology operations
Authors: Rogale Dubravko , Petrunić Igor , Dragčević Zvonko , Firšt Rogale Snježana 
Published: May 2005

PurposeThe equipment for computerised measuring of electrical power and energy is presented, adapted to the needs of investigating processing parameters of garment sewing operations.Design/methodology/approachThe method of measuring the energy necessary to run the sewing‐machine driving electrical motor is also presented, correlated to the stitching speed in joining a straight seam in a single, two, or three, segments. Electrical energy consumption is analysed as dependent on the stitching speed, varying the number of stitches in the seam.FindingsThe investigations described have shown the impact of the method of work applied and the effect of the changes in garment sewing operation in processing parameters on the level of electrical energy consumed by the sewing‐machine drive electrical motor. A new measuring method has been introduced in garment engineering, aimed at predicting electrical energy consumption in garment sewing operations, thus opening a completely new field of investigation in the area of garment technologies.Originality/valueA method of calculating the energy processing parameters of sewing operations.
Determining temperature regulating factor for apparel fabrics containing phase change material
Authors: Bendkowska Wiesława , Tysiak Janusz , Grabowski Leszek , Blejzyk Albert 
Published: May 2005

PurposeIn order to characterize the temperature regulating ability of fabrics containing phase change material (PCM), the test instrument has been designed and built.Design/methodology/approachTo assess temperature regulating ability, temperature regulating factor (TRF) is determined. TRF is defined by Hittle as a quotient of the amplitude of the temperature variation of the hot plate and the amplitude of the heat flux variation divided by the steady state heat resistance of the fabric.FindingsThe test instrument presented here is intended to be used for testing steady state and transient state characteristics of the apparel fabrics containing the PCMs.Practical implicationsThis test instrument can be used in quality control during the manufacture of fabrics containing PCMs. TRF can be used in clothing industry to establish the criteria for comfort parameters of textiles.Originality/valueThe instrument can provide information for the fabric and garment designers and be useful in quality control during the manufacture of fabrics with the microPCMs. The TRF can be used in the clothing industry to establish the criteria for the comfort parameters of textiles.
Protective clothing – test methods and criteria of tear resistance assessment
Authors: Witkowska Beata , Frydrych Iwona 
Published: May 2005

PurposeThe state‐of‐the‐art of existing methods of tear resistance (static and dynamic) of clothing has been described, also presented are the parameters of static tear resistance for protective and work clothing depending on its application.Design/methodology/approachFor chosen group of fabrics the introduction of a new parameter of dynamic tear resistance was proposed. For research, five static tear test methods and the dynamic one were chosen. In order to find the relationship between the results of mean tear forces for the six described methods Kendall's agreement coefficient was calculated. The comparative measurements for results of static tear resistance and dynamic tear resistance for protective and work clothing were carried out. On the basis of this, the value of tear dynamic force for these fabrics was established.FindingsWhen establishing the criteria for the tear strength for protective and work clothing, the most significant was fabric end‐use and the minimal value of tear strength associated.Practical implicationsThe value of dynamic tear resistance can be the criterion for assessment of fabrics with regard to textiles exposed to tearing during application. It was the first comparative analysis of the measurement of tear resistance methods.Originality/valueInvestigating test methods for the assessment of clear resistance.
Assessing behavior before it becomes behavior
Authors: Söderlund Magnus , Öhman Niclas 
Published: May 2005

PurposeIntentions are often included in service research, but researchers have paid little attention to a discussion in psychology in which different intention constructs are distinguished. This study is based on the belief that different intention constructs capture different aspects of the customer's assessments of his or her future repatronizing behavior – and that intentions measures based on different intention constructs are not equally correlated with firstly, the customer's global evaluation of the supplier, such as satisfaction, and secondly, his or her overt repatronizing behavior. The specific purpose is to examine if such variation is at hand in with regards to two specific intention constructs: intentions‐as‐expectations and intentions‐as‐wants.Design/methodology/approachA first questionnaire was used to collect data on satisfaction and intentions in a restaurant setting, and a second questionnaire – distributed to the respondents one month after the first questionnaire – captured behavioral data. These data were used to assess associations between the main variables (satisfaction, intentions, and behavior).FindingsThe analysis shows that the two intention constructs produced different strength in the association with customer satisfaction and with repatronizing behavior. In addition, the findings suggest that the two constructs are characterized by different levels of assessment volition, and this also serve as our main explanation of the results.Originality/valueThe findings imply that service researchers should pay careful attention to how intentions are conceptualized and operationalized, because an incautious selection of one intention construct over another may affect the role of intentions as mediators of the link between satisfaction and behavior.
Video‐based methodology: capturing real‐time perceptions of customer processes
Authors: Echeverri Per 
Published: May 2005

PurposeA recurring problem for research into services is the question of validity – i.e. knowing which quality factors really are relevant for measurement and analysis. Retrospective data collection of customer perceptions has shortcomings in “fuzzy” and dynamic service processes. This paper focuses on the customer experience as an active resource for developing service systems.Design/methodology/approachUsing a video‐based methodology for collecting naturally occurring data and a “think‐aloud” methodology for collecting real‐time user perceptions, the study reveals concrete cues in the service environment that determine quality from a customer perspective. The study then presents an empirical case to test and develop this methodology.FindingsThe study involves able‐bodied and disabled passengers using public transport and identifies environmental and processual factors that are critical for the customer base.Research limitations/implicationsThe study demonstrates the potential for more advanced observational methods in exploring service phenomena. The methodology used here has a higher face validity than traditional retrospective methods.Practical implicationsUsing the sort of naturally occurring data presented in the present study, marketers and environmental designers could have a tool for obtaining more detailed, authentic and dynamic information on the actual purchase and consumption of service processes.Originality/valueThe described video‐based methodology gives rise to new ideas on how to develop research into services. In particular, it provides a tool for getting close to the essence of the service phenomenon. Such advanced observational methods are especially promising for investigating the contextual and processual aspects of service provision.
The interaction of bioconvection caused by gyrotactic micro‐organisms and settling of small solid particles
Authors: Kuznetsov A.V. , Geng P. 
Published: May 2005

PurposeTo investigate numerically the settling of small solid particles in a suspension of motile gyrotactic micro‐organisms in order to evaluate the possibility of using bioconvection to slow down settling and enhance mixing between particles.Design/methodology/approachNumerical computations are performed at the North Carolina Supercomputing Center utilizing an Origin 2400 workstation. A conservative finite‐difference scheme is used to discretize the governing equations. A staggered uniform grid with the stream function and vorticity stored in one set of nodes and the number densities of micro‐organisms and solid particles stored in another set of nodes is utilized. CPU time required to investigate plume development until it attains steady‐state for 36 × 36 uniform mesh is about 50 h.FindingsIt is established that small solid particles that are heavier than water slow down bioconvection. Extremely small particles (nanoparticles) that have negligible settling velocity do not have any noticeable impact on bioconvection, very large particles (that have negligible diffusivity), or very heavy particles (that have very large settling velocity) also do not have any impact on bioconvection because they simply settle at the bottom. However, if the particles are of the optimal size and density (gravitational settling must compete with Brownian diffusion to create an exponential number density distribution of solid particles with the maximum at the bottom of the chamber), these particles can effectively slow down bioconvection.Research limitations/implicationsThe question how solid particles may affect the wavelengths of bioconvection patterns requires further investigation.Practical implicationsThe finding that solid particles slow down bioconvection may be important in using bioconvection to enhance mixing in fluid microvolumes.Originality/valueThe paper provides a model and numerical data about the effect of bioconvection on mixing of small solid particles. These data are valuable for researches working in fundamental fluid mechanics, multiphase flow, and applications of bioconvection.
Effect of geometry on flow field and oil/water separation in vertical deadlegs
Authors: Habib M.A. , Said S.A.M. , Badr H.M. , Hussaini I. , Al‐Bagawi J.J. 
Published: May 2005

PurposeCorrosion in deadlegs occurs as a result of water separation due to the very low flow velocity. The present work aims to investigate the effect of geometry on flow field oil/water separation in deadlegs in an attempt for obtaining the conditions for avoiding formation of deadleg.Design/methodology/approachThe investigation is based on the solution of the mass and momentum conservation equations of an oil/water mixture together with the volume fraction equation for the secondary phase. A fluid flow model based on the time‐averaged governing equation of 3D turbulent flow has been developed. An algebraic slip mixture model for the calculation of the two immiscible fluids (water and crude oil) is utilized.FindingsResults are obtained for different lengths of the deadleg. The inlet flow velocity is kept unchanged (1.0 m/s) and the deadleg length to diamter ratio (L/DB) ranges from 1 to 7. The considered fluid mixture contains 90 percent oil and 10 percent water (by volume). The results show that the size of the stagnant fluid region increases with the increase of L/DB 1≈3DB.Practical implicationsDeadlegs should be avoided whenever possible in design of piping for fluids containing or likely to contain corrosive substance. When deadlegs are unavoidable, the length of the inactive pipe must be as short as possible to avoid stagnant or low‐velocity flows.Originality/valueThe model solves the continuity and momentum equations for the mixture, and the volume fraction equation for the secondary phase utilizing an algebraic expression for the relative velocity.
Measuring value added in higher education
Authors: Rodgers Timothy 
Published: May 2005

PurposeThe United Kingdom (UK) has recently published secondary education value added measures. This paper examines whether the approach used could also offer a possible method for measuring value added in higher education (HE).Design/methodology/approachPrevious attempts to measure HE value added in the UK, such as comparative value added (CVA), met with criticism relating to their estimation of the “expected” degree class (DegCL). This paper examines whether the recent experiences in secondary education give any insights into solving this problem.FindingsThe paper identifies that the techniques applied in secondary education are remarkably similar to those used by CVA, and it argues that they appear to suffer from similar pitfalls. It is shown, through a statistical analysis, that in practice a whole range of factors have a significant influence on degree performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe data set used in the statistical analysis of HE performance is relatively old. Future research could repeat this study with recent data.Practical implicationsThe development of an accurate measure of value added in HE will need to apply measuring techniques that are significantly more sophisticated than those used for UK secondary education.Originality/valueThe value of this paper is that it identifies key issues that will need to be addressed before a credible measure of value added can be developed for HE.
Quality in accounting education: what say the academics?
Authors: Watty Kim 
Published: May 2005

PurposeTo provide a view of quality in accounting education from the perspective of a critical stakeholder group – academic accountants. The identification of this view adds to the growing discussions around quality, and how it is assured in higher education.Design/methodology/approachApplying a framework for defining quality in higher education to an accounting context, a postal survey questionnaire was sent to academic accountants at 39 Australian universities to gather data about their views of quality in accounting education.FindingsAcademic accountants view quality, as currently defined and promoted in their immediate working environment, differently to their views about how quality should be defined and promoted. As a consequence, quality assurance and improvement systems may be currently designed to assure quality that is promoted in accounting education, rather than quality that ought to be promoted.Research limitations/implicationsUsing a postal survey to gather data on the complex issue of “quality” might not always provide the richness of data that may be collected during face‐to‐face survey interviews.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide valuable input into the discussion around the design of quality assurance and improvement systems in higher education generally, and for accounting education specifically.Originality/valueIn the absence of any previous empirical research that has sought to identify these perceptions, the findings fill the gap in the literature by clearly identifying the views of quality in accounting education from a key stakeholder group – academic accountants.
Leadership best practices for sustaining quality in UK higher education from the perspective of the EFQM Excellence Model
Authors: Osseo‐Asare Augustus E. , Longbottom David , Murphy William D. 
Published: May 2005

PurposeTo deepen the understanding and to encourage further research on leadership best practices for sustaining quality improvement in UK higher education institutions (HEIs).Design/methodology/approachThe literature on leadership provides the theoretical context for the survey of quality managers from 42 UK HEIs. A mix of questionnaires, interviews, and hypothesis testing, was used to explore the critical factors for effective leadership and to obtain descriptive accounts of leadership best practices, which led to the development of a conceptual framework for effective leadership for academic quality.FindingsIdentifies and categorizes leadership practices into “weak”, “good”, “best”, and “excellent” on the basis of efficiency and effectiveness of each practice in sustaining academic quality improvement. It provides a conceptual framework for improving “weak” leadership practices.Research limitations/implicationsThe exact nature of the association between “effective leadership” and sustainable “levels of academic quality improvement” has not been explained. This requires further research. International generalization of the findings would require the sample size of 42 UK HEIs to be extended to include institutions from other countries with similar education systems – such as the USA and Australia.Practical implicationsAcademic quality planners will become more aware of the need to improve the tasks and activities constituting leadership processes. The emphasis on a structured approach to self‐assessment of leadership performance has the potential to reverse the ranking of leadership second to processes in UK HEIs.Originality/valueIt provides explicit definitions of “weak”, “good”, “best” and “excellent” leadership practices, which UK HEIs adopting the excellence model developed by the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) may find useful in the assessment and improvement of leadership performance towards academic excellence.
Manageability of stress among construction project participants
Authors: Ng S. Thomas , Skitmore R. Martin , Leung Tony K.C. 
Published: May 2005

PurposeThe purpose is to report the results of research on ascertaining whether the various stakeholders in construction projects can adequately cope with the stresses they are confronting.Design/methodology/approachThirty‐three stressors covering various aspects of project implementation, such as organisation policies, working relationships, communication and personal factors, are identified and the manageability of the common stressors faced by management of construction projects in Hong Kong is assessed by means of a questionnaire survey. The relationships among individual stressors are similarly examined. The extent to which stress effects combine and accumulate when related stressors coexist is also considered.FindingsIt is shown that the most difficult stressors to manage are “bureaucracy”, “lack of opportunity to learn new skills”, “work‐family conflicts” and “different view from superiors”. The results also revealed that the patterns of stress manageability differ between clients, consultants and contractors. The relationships among individual stressors are similarly examined. The extent to which stress effects combine and accumulate when related stressors coexist is also considered.Originality/valueThe research reported constitutes a significant step towards the understanding and management of potentially stressful situations and their influence on the efficiency and effectiveness of construction industry participants.
Immobility of tacit knowledge and the displacement of the locus of innovation
Authors: Yakhlef Ali 
Published: May 2005

PurposeThe paper seeks to identify the drivers behind the displacement of the locus of innovation from a hierarchical model to a distributed environment including customers, (lead) users, intermediaries and other external stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachExploring the corporate, technological and contextual transformations the paper combines ideas from innovation (taking Rothwell's 1994 fifth‐generation innovation process as a point of departure) with knowledge management theories.FindingsImmobility of tacit knowledge – a prerequisite for innovation – is a crucial factor behind the increasing disintegration of the R&D function. Innovation‐related activities will tend to be allocated between companies and other external sources (customers and users, etc.) depending on the location of tacit knowledge underlying them. Increasingly, customers are taking over more and more of firms' innovation‐related activities because of the high costs of importing to the R&D department the tacit knowledge underlying them. Firms, in their turn, will retain those (manufacturing) activities of which they possess experience‐based knowledge.Research limitations/implicationsThe present research is explorative in nature; thus, the propositions tentatively developed are in need of further elaboration and empirical investigation.Practical implicationsTo the extent that innovation is displaced into distributed environments, one of the crucial implications for organisations is how to build the necessary competencies to effectively exploit, coordinate and streamline knowledge flows from different sources and turn them into new ideas and innovations.Originality/valueThe value of the paper is its extension of Rothwell's Fifth generation innovation process model.