bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While X could represent the cinema’s rapid vulgarization (The Philadelphia Story’s Tracy Lord became pornography’s “Tracy Lords”), here are other possibilities. The Roman numeral for 10, X indicates the number of primary characters in The Philadelphia Story: Seth Lord Margaret Lord Tracy Lord Dinah Lord Uncle Willie C. K. Dexter Haven George Kittredge Mike Connor Liz Imbrie Sidney Kidd 152 The ABCs of Classic Hollywood Furthermore, as the 24th letter of the alphabet, it equals the number of hours before the wedding, during which time, a series of reversals (X-like crossings) will occur. X stands for the kiss Tracy shares with Mike, while also indicating the erasure of financé Kittredge. The algebraic X, the unknown quantity (whom will Tracy marry?), finds its own solution: X marks the spot, as Tracy reunites with eX- husband Dexter, the only character bearing an X in his name.
Bogart
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The favorable early line on John Huston derived almost entirely from two sources: James Agee’s 1950 Life essay, “Undirectable Director,” and Lillian Ross’s New Yorker articles on the making of The Red Badge of Courage, published as Picture in 1952. Both pieces were essentially puffs, with Agee’s so gushing that it would quickly win its author the chance to collaborate with Huston on The African Queen: Most of the really good popular art produced anywhere comes from Hollywood, and much of it bears Huston’s name. To put it conservatively [?!], there is nobody under fifty at work in movies, here or abroad, who can excel Huston in talent, inventiveness, intransigence, achievement or promise.
Clocks
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To what extent can a movie withhold information without confusing its viewers? Although Glenn Todd has demonstrated that the events in Hammett’s novel take place over five days (6–10 December 1928), Huston’s film confines the same action to four, with the conclusion in Spade’s office occurring at dawn on the fourth day. Since the movie must compress almost 72 hours of story time into 100 minutes, it relies on continual ellipses, whose exact durations often remain uncertain. The movie’s temporal demarcations become increasingly ghostly, the result of a calculated untethering of events from normal routine: Spade eats no meals, his newspapers have no dates, and the camera keeps his wall calendar just out of legible range.
Passports
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discovered by Spade, Joel Cairo’s three passports—Greek, French, and British—suggest the character’s connections to nineteenth-century fiction, when the burgeoning European metropolises of London and Paris had begun to render every identity suspect (see Balzac and Dickens). Cairo, of course, is a crook, and his proliferating passports merely fill in that portrait. Determining his origins, imagine the hermetically sealed space of The Maltese Falcon as one large theatrical set, the Swing Your Lady poster seems like a door in the stage’s rear wall, suddenly flung open to reveal the actual world. The very lack of attention accorded the poster achieves another effect. As Barthes points out, when real historical characters (or objects) get introduced into a fiction obliquely, in passing, “their modesty, like a lock between two levels of water, equalizes novel and history.” After The Maltese Falcon’s success, Warners would exploit such “locks,” casting Bogart in a series of World War II adventures (Across the Pacific, Casablanca, Action in the North Atlantic, Sahara, Passage to Marseilles, To Have and Have Not), the first of which, 1942’s Across the Pacific, concerns the Panama Canal.
Spade’s Bed
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the movies, subtle, unexplained alterations in established decors suggest that reality itself is being rearranged every time the camera turns away. Hitchcock’s North by Northwest shows how this unsettling effect can be deliberately produced: returning with the police to the house where he has been held down and plied with alcohol, Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) finds that bourbon stains have mysteriously vanished from a sofa, and a liquor cabinet has become a bookcase. In The Maltese Falcon, such changes are smaller, probably uncalculated, but insidiously disturbing.
Zero
Authors: Ray Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At The Maltese Falcon’s center, recurring nothingness: a worthless forgery, an inconclusive plot, a barren band of rogues, a murderer who calls herself “LeBlanc,” but whose “real” name begins with the fatal zero: O’Shaughnessy. Early in his career, Samuel Dashiell Hammett had written under the name “Peter Collinson,” a pseud- onym derived from “Peter Collins,” slang for a nobody. Later in life, he went by “Dash Hammett” (–Hammett?), a nickname suggesting an emptiness incapable of replacement by any letter. What is an “empty” event, one without referent, existing solely for the purposes of being recorded? We call such an event “a movie.
Nature, Mission, And Structure Of The Church
Authors: Dulles Avery Cardinal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There exists a general impression that Vatican II accomplished a major revolution in ecclesiology. John O’Malley credits it for achieving a reform by transformation or revolution rather than by adjustment or development; Gregory Baum holds that its documents reflect a ‘‘Blondelian shift’’ from extrinsicism toward experience and immanence. Richard P. McBrien speaks of ‘‘Copernican’’ and ‘‘Einsteinian’’ revolutions that overcame the unhealthy ecclesiocentrism of the past. George Lindbeck finds in the council documents a mixture of classical and progressive elements but holds that the old is to be understood in terms of the new rather than vice versa.
The Challenges Of Reform And Renewal Within Catholic Tradition
Authors: Lamb Matthew L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction closed with the question of whether Vatican II would go down in history as a genuinely reforming council or fail at this task. Pope Benedict XVI has emphasized that the council will contribute to a genuine renewal of the Church and the world only when its teachings are understood and appropriated within the two millennial tradition of the Catholic faith. He spelled out the nature of a Catholic hermeneutics of reform within tradition by distinguishing between inevitable discontinuities of historical situations that are met by a profound continuity of the principles informing the truth of Catholic teaching down the ages. As he remarked in the address quoted at the beginning of this book, ‘‘It is precisely in this combination of continuity and discontinuity at different levels that the very nature of true reform consists.’’ This is very different from the hermeneutics of discontinuity, which distorts the event of the council by privileging only what is new in its texts, as if the textual references to the continuity of deeper theological principles in past teachings are no more than compromises aimed at getting votes for the new.
Sphere of Application
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 1 sets out the general scope of the Convention. The Convention governs international contracts for the sale of goods. The Convention only applies to the sale of “goods.”Since a sale is between sellers and buyers, the Convention does not govern the rights of third parties. These rights will be governed by other law. Other related issues to the transaction would also be governed by the applicable domestic law. Moreover, issues outside the actual contract between the parties
Chapter I-General Provisions
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 25 defines the concept of a fundamental breach, which is a specific type of breach that may be committed by either the buyer or the seller. A fundamental breach is a breach of contract that is of such a degree to cause objectively the other party’s loss of the main benefit of the contract. The loss must have been foreseeable or should have been foreseeable by the breaching party. Article 25 does not distinguish among the various types of breach such as nondelivery, nonpayment, impossibility, or delay. The general effect of a fundamental breach is that if one party to the contract commits a fundamental breach, the other party may “avoid” the contract and be released from any further contractual obligations instead of continuing performance and seeking damages alone. The question of whether any particular breach constitutes a fundamental breach is fact specific and will depend on the effect the breach has on the nonbreaching party.
Obligations of the Seller
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 30 is the first in a series of articles that set out the seller’s obligations.628 The simple rule that Article 30 puts forth is that “[t]he seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention.” This article must be read in conjunction with the other articles that give more specific guidance for the seller’s obligations. Therefore, the seller’s obligation to deliver is also governed by Articles 31 (seller’s delivery obligation), 32 (delivery in case of a carrier), and 33 (date of delivery); the seller’s obligations regarding documents is also governed by Article 34 (documents). Moreover, although Article 30 requires the seller to transfer the property rights in the goods, what constitutes a transfer of the property is outside the scope629 of the Convention and must be determined by other law.
Chapter IV-Passing of Risk
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because international sales are fraught with risk, the casualty will almost always be covered by insurance. Even so, the parties may differ on the issue of who should salvage the goods, press claims against the insurer, and supplement any deficiency in coverage. Risk of loss is governed by Chapter IV (Articles 66–70) of the Convention. Under Article 66, once the risk passes, the buyer must pay for the goods. Article 67 addresses risk of loss in shipment and transhipment contracts.1039 Article 68 is a special provision to deal with goods sold in transit. Article 69 governs contracts where a bailee holds the goods, the seller transports the goods, the buyer is to come for the goods, and all destination contracts. Article 70 specifies the effects of breach on risk of loss.1040
III. Setoff
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Setoff When two parties owe each other an obligation, this rule allows mutual deduction of the respective obligations, and the obligations are discharged up to the amount of the lesser obligation. This avoids the need for each party to perform its obligation separately. The effect of the set off is to discharge the obligations. If the obligations are not equal, the effect of the set-off is to discharge the obligations to the amount of the lesser obligation. To have the right of set-off, the Principles require that each party owes the other party an obligation. The condition that the obligations must be mutual can give rise to a problem if one of the parties assigns its obligation to a third party. The non-assigning party can nevertheless set off its obligation if the right of set-off existed prior to the assigning party notifying the obligor.
IV. Limitation Periods
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The CISG does not contain a limitations period. However, UNCITRAL has promulgated a companion convention: the Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods. This convention was adopted by a diplomatic conference on June 12, 1974. It establishes uniform rules governing the period of time within which legal proceedings arising from an international sales contract must be commenced. The Convention was amended by a Protocol adopted in 1980 by the diplomatic conference that adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods in order to harmonize the two Conventions. Both the original Convention and the Convention as amended by the Protocol entered into force on August 1, 1988. This convention has not been nearly as successful as the CISG, and only 27 countries have ratified the original Convention and 19 the amended version.
1700–1800
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where should we look to discover the principles that underpin reality? In Einstein’s view, while facts reside in the world, principles reside in the mind.… Einstein insisted that great theories are those that explain the most facts from the least number of principles.… The simpler the theory, the less it will look anything like the world we see. The ultimate view of science, he believed, is to find one all-encompassing, self-evident principle … from which the whole of reality can be deduced.
Final Comments on the Beauty of Mathematics in Science
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The laws in this book are monuments to the progress of humankind, just as the Apollo spacecrafts were a testament to our quest for the stars, and the discovery of extrasolar planets was a milestone in our endless hunt through the heavens. Although these laws may be with us for as long as humans exist, we will understand and view these laws differently with the passage of time and the increase in our knowledge. For example, the discussion of Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction noted that Fourier wrote and developed his theory in terms of “caloric theory,” an incorrect notion that changes in temperature are due to the transfer of an invisible and weightless fluid called caloric. Nevertheless, Fourier’s Law is correct and in agreement with experiments, even if Fourier’s idea of the nature of heat was incorrect.
Siren Calls: Consumer Revolution and the Body Beautiful in Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust
Authors: Edmunds Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we turn from Tillie Olsen’s Yonnondio to Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust, the horizon shifts from socialist to consumer revolution: where Olsen planned, in the projected ending of her novel, to draw Mazie and Will Holbrook into a revolutionary struggle touched off by agricultural workers in California’s Imperial Valley, West concludes his 1939 novel with a Hollywood mob scene in which “whole families” (CW 411) of consumers, frustrated by the stars’ delayed arrival at a world premiere, turn their pent-up sexual and murderous energies on one another. Tod Hackett, the modernist painter who serves as the novel’s protagonist, meets in the body of this mob both a threat to his own existence and a confirmation of the apocalyptic vision contained in his uncompleted masterpiece, “The Burning of Los Angeles.” From the start, Tod has been fascinated by the “old” and “middle-aged” (CW 411) consumers who have “come to California to die” (CW 420). He identifies them as “cultists of all sorts, economic as well as religious” (CW 420), and includes them in his painting as “torch-bearers” (CW 347) marching “behind [the] banner” of “a super ‘Dr. Know-All Pierce-All’ “ “in a great united front of screwballs and screwboxes to purify the land” (CW 420).
The Arbitral Award
Authors: Madsen Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The section opens by establishing what is meant by an arbitral award.1 The definition has been made in order to render possible the enforcement—in accordance with the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards—of as many decisions as possible made by arbitral tribunals in Sweden. The Convention addresses only foreign arbitral awards and contains no detailed definition of the term.2 The preparatory works contain a warning that it is not certain that all decisions in accordance with the Act, which according to the Act’s terminology are designated as “arbitral awards,” are to be regarded as awards under the New York Convention.
“The True Palladium of Liberty”: Federalists, Jeffersonians, and the Second Amendment
Authors: Cornell Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first systematic effort to explore the role of the Second Amendment in America’s new constitutional system was undertaken by the learned Virginian judge St. George Tucker. These observations were made in a series of lectures at the College of William and Mary, where Tucker held the prestigious chair in Law and Police. Tucker believed that The Federalist provided a superb analysis of the theoretical foundations of the Constitution, but he lamented that “Publius” had not treated the defects of the Constitution candidly, something that Tucker resolved to do in his lectures. The other impetus for organizing his thoughts about the Constitution in a systematic manner was the recent adoption of the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Tucker believed it was vital to provide his students with a detailed guide to the new law of the land.
Implications of an Appellate Body for Investment Disputes from a Developing Country Point of View
Authors: Qureshi1 Asif H , Khan Shandana Gulzar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most successful judicial systems are accompanied by an appellate process. However, the need for accommodating such a mechanism in disputes processed through arbitration systems has not necessarily been apparent. Thus hitherto, many of the U.S. free trade agreements which dealt with investment issues did not include appellate processes to follow the standard arbitral facility that is included in the agreements. In an international investment system wherein an external conflict resolution system is shopped into (for example, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)) as and when needed, the introduction of an appellate system in ICSID with potential “precedential” consequences for other bilateral investment systems poses interesting challenges—including a sub-set from a developing country perspective.
Lordly Encounters—and Others
Authors: Hawley John Stratton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seemed that thickly knotted thunderclouds Were raining passels of arrows on the army, gorging the great stream of battle— Archer clouds of every hue with lightning daggers in their hands, And a roar of kettledrums, conches, and battledrums screaming elephants and horses. A dusty mist flew in all ten directions and a torrent of javelins and spears As Vasudev’s two sons showed themselves, hid themselves, brilliant moon and sun. Flotsam of elephants littered the shore of a river flowing deep with blood— Bows were its waves; chariot wheels, its whirlpools; its water creatures, the torsos of warriors; Banners and standards and ropes to hoist the flags lay broken like trees uprooted on the banks, But totally fearless in that river of conflict the hero of the Y ādavs played. Palaces were emptied as kings laid claim to the heavenly mansions that awaited them In the instant that Hari, treasury of mercy, removed the griefs of earth. Mathura’s citizens were seized with happiness to see the city’s siege undone, For the Lord of Sūr had vanquished Jarāsandh and come to his rightful home. Today, my friend, let your eyes fill with the splendor of Hari’s chariot. The thirst to behold it makes people perform sacrifices, practice yoga and penance, and take on pilgrim vows. See the fine paintings inlaid with wondrous jewels, the whisks and the banner fluttering in the wind And the white umbrella, which rises above it like the moon in the east on a full-moon night. The darkness of his body, his lovely golden clothes, the crown on his head, and the garland on his chest Seem lightning and thunderclouds, sun and stars all assembled at a single time.
The Poet’s Petition and Praise
Authors: Hawley John Stratton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many days have I lost ignoring Hari? My tongue has tasted the slandering of others— seeds sown to weigh down future lives. My wardrobe has been stocked with clean and lovely clothes; every part of my body massaged; Forehead mark in place, I was a leader among men, but I made myself a slave to the senses. Then it dawned on me. I shook with the fear of death. I even started whining to Brahma¯ and the gods. Poor wretched Sūr! Where does it all lead? To a belly full, and once it’s full, to sleep. Ma¯dhav, please, control that cow. Night and day she wanders over paths that are no paths, too elusive to be caught, And starved, so starved—why can nothing fill her? She’s stripped the Veda-tree of all its leaves. From the eighteen jars she’s drunk Pura¯n. a-water and still there’s no slaking her thirst. Place the six kinds of taste before her and she’ll sniff around for more, Eating what’s unhealthy, food she shouldn’t touch, things the tongue can scarcely describe. Oceans, mountains, forests, heaven and earth— she forages through them all. They’re not enough. So every day she tramples down the fields of fourteen worlds and even there she cannot be contained.
Rites of the Deity Tamdrin (Rta mgrin) in Contemporary Bön:Transforming Poison and Eliminating Noxious Spirits with Burning Stones
Authors: Jardins Marc Des 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My first encounter with the Bönpo deity Tamdrin (Rta mgrin) occurred in April 2004. Upon my arrival at the Yeshé (Ye shes)Monastery in Nyagrong (Nyag rong, Xinlong xian) following two days of continuous travel from Chengdu, I suffered from exhaustion. The lama in whose quarters I was temporarily lodged became worried and decided that there were hindering spirits who were preventing me from functioning normally. Anyi Lama (A nyi bla ma), a senior monk, is one of the monastery’s ritual experts. He took it upon himself to conduct a ritual of exorcism for my well-being, as well as for some other monks who were also suffering from recurring illnesses. The third day after my arrival, all the preparations for the ritual, including the special torma cakes and other offerings for the altar, had been completed before 10:00 a.m. The lama then conducted the “General Ritual of Tamdrin” (Rta mgrin skor),and I was invited to join the other monks in his kitchen.
The Mind Against The World
Authors: Parker G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When, in 1785, Mrs Thrale wrote up her anecdotes of Johnson, it was already clear to her that Johnson’s account of Shakespeare tensed itself against one possible way of reading the plays in favour of another. She spoke of Johnson’s. extreme distance from those notions which the world has agreed, I know not very well why, to call romantic. It is indeed observable in his preface to Shakespeare, that while other critics expatiate on the creative powers and vivid imagination of that matchless poet, Dr. Johnson commends him for giving so just a representation of human manners, ‘that from his scenes a hermit might estimate the value of society, and a confessor predict the progress of the passions.’
Sex
Authors: Newlyn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Godwm refers to ‘the extreme inequality of rank and power’ assumed by the Creator m Paradise Lost, his purpose is to explam the motivation which lies behind Satan’s rebellion. But he might Just as easily be pleading the cause of Eve. Grievances which Satan has against God—His establishmg of a fixed hierarchy m Heaven, His promotion of Christ—are similar in kind to Eve’s, for God repeats His practice of arbitrary sublection (on earth as it is in heaven), by constructing a human hierarchy, in which woman is placed below man. However, whereas Satan’s sense of resentment is made credibly sympathetic,, in terms of the republican values which Milton had earlier espoused, the issue of authorial sympathy in Eve’s case is more problematic.