bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An “American Woman Pianist”
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bertha Foster hired Ruth Crawford because she had already invested in her protegee for three years. Ruth began lessons with her in 1913, and after Clark Crawford’s death in 1914, when Clara Crawford could no longer afford the weekly $1.50 for lessons, Foster had permanently waived the fee. In June 1918, Ruth took Miss Foster’s ten-week teacher-training course where she read Trumbull’s Child Training as part of her work. By August, Ruth had eleven pupils in the smaller South Jacksonville branch of the school, eaming enough to liberate her mother from the hated rooming-house business. In January 1919 Clara Crawford sold her house on West Duval Street (“Hurrah! $1600 cash,” Ruth wrote), and they moved to a bungalow on Van Wert Street, near Riverside Avenue on the outskirts of town.
"A Thread Unwinding": Music, 1930-1932
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if Crawford too hastily decided that her Chicago past had no mucial fu ture, today her reputation rests primarily on the music she composed between 1930 and 1932-her second distinctive style period. New metaphors for her style, which emerge in various documents from the period, suggest her shifting priorities. In the 1920s she called her music “trees of sound and color:’ capturing the vertical impulse behind dense sonorities. In the 1930s she talked about the horizontal impulses in her music. She spoke frequently of her “longing for line” as one of her “main searches” in the new polyphony. She embellished it through metaphors of “thread unwinding”; of “string to lead me out of the mass of root less treeless leaves?’ She embedded in her forms rich patterns of symmetry which she compared to the complex designs woven into Persian rugs.
lomax country
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the “family book” came the family. Alan Lomax, who had been living in Washington since late 1936, was temporarily employed by his father to work with Lomax materials at the Archive of American Folk Song. In September 1937, John Lomax, his wife Ruby Terrill, and his fifteen-year old daughter Bess came up from Texas to work on the project, hoping to get it off the ground in the next few months.
"The Breath of the Singer": Transcriptions
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But Our Singing Country did not live up to their high hopes. Initially, its suc cess appeared likely as generous reviews in the popular press marked its reception. One critic spared no superlatives: the “poetry is superb, the music, virtually all of it previously unpublished. The musical notation is impeccable. The scholarly apparatus is complete. The literary presentation of each number is a gem Aprofoundly exciting book that cuts deep into America and its music.” Even occasional dissenting grumbles from academic folklorists, resisting the Lomax emphasis on African Americans or the white underclass too much emphasis on “Niggah convicts and white bums,” Carl Engel had said of American Ballads and Folk Songs in 1934; “loose rambling lyrics of the ‘un derdog classes,’” Louise Pound wrote of Our Singing Country-seemed incon sequential amidst so much praise. If only critical acclaim had been reflected in sales figures. While Alan Lomax resented Pound’s review forty years later, he far more bitterly recalled the “terrible blow” he suffered at the time. Our Singing Country was a failure, going out of print in just a few years.
Politics and the Sciences of Culture in Germany 1840-1920
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book traces the roots of German imperialist ideology by examining the German cultural sciences of the 19th century, a group of academic disciplines, such as anthropology, demography, cultural history, and psychology, that blossomed in the nineteenth century and took culture as their primary object of study. Smith analyses the political implications of the patterns of thinking that emerged in the cultural sciences, tracing for example, the evolution of human geography from an attempt to understand human migration patterns to a justification for German expansionism. In so doing, Smith makes dramatically clear the close relationship between elements of Nazi ideology and certain theories of the cultural sciences, irrespective of the political opinions of the proponents of those theories.
The Liberal Theoretical Pattern in Nineteenth-Century German Social Science
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Staatslexikon stands as the most impressive symbol of the connection between German liberalism and the infant social sciences in the first half of the nineteenth century. A multivolume encyclopedia of matters pertaining to politics and policy, the Staatslexikon helped to shape German public opinion through each of three editions (1834–1843, 1845–1848, and 1856–1866). Leonard Krieger has called it “the most influential organ of political liberalism in pre-March Germany.” James Sheehan refers to it as “that paradigmatic expression of Vormarz liberalism. “2 It was also a broad-ranging compendium of the social science of the time. For this reason, we shall use the Staatslexikon as our main referent in tracing the outlines of the liberal theoretical pattern in German social science through the 1850s. Even though it did not encompass the social thought of all segments of German academic liberalism, it certainly was intended (and believed) to express the consensus of liberals interested in social science.
The Contexts of Cultural Science
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When people like Riehl and Waitz became interested in cultural science after 1849, they were not, of course, moving into terra incognita. Not only were various ideas of culture a part, albeit a secondary part, of the theoretical pattern within which their ideas of social science had originally been framed, but the outlines of what would become the disciplines of the cultural sciences had begun to form in Germany and abroad. Ideas about culture had also been developed outside the liberal theoretical pattern, although their impact was as yet limited. Moreover, the larger contexts of academic organization, public opinion, political and social structure, and the economy within which the cultural sciences would emerge in the second half of the nineteenth century were forming as well.
Berlin Ethnology as Neoliberal Cultural Science
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1869, the Congress of German Natural Scientists and Physicians met in Innsbruck. Included in its program was a section devoted to anthropology and ethnology.1 The section was organized and, in the event, dominated by Rudolf Virchow who had for the past several years been spending increasing amounts of his professional time on anthropological subjects. At one point, the discussion turned to the fact that practically every other major European country except Germany possessed national associations for the advancement of physical anthropology, ethnology, and related subjects. Undoubtedly, this discussion was affected by the nationalist political climate of the late 1860s, by the formation of the North German Confederation, and by the prospect of Germany’s impending complete unification. The section issued a call for the establishment of a German Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory-in part for the reason that if other countries had such organizations, Germany ought to have one as well. The society was envisioned as being German in a grossdeutsch sense-incorporating members from north and south Germany and from Austria. It was intended to support research in the three general areas indicated by its title, and it was supposed to coordinate the activities of local societies devoted to those subjects.
Bauer, Volk, and Kultur: The Peasant as the Foundation of Culture
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most important challenges to the neoliberal theoretical pattern in German cultural science arose from the work of people who originally shared with the neoliberals a foundation in liberalism and traditional liberal social science but who built differently on it. One of the things that many of these people did not share with the neoliberals, one of the things that made their cultural science distinctive, was a working definition of culture that revolved around the notion that the peasant farmer is the main bearer and transmitter of a “real” Volk’s culture. One implication of this view was that social changes and social policies could be judged according to the criterion of whether they benefitted or injured the peasantry.
Cultural Science and Politics
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of this book, several questions were raised about the history of the cultural sciences in Germany. The answers that have been given are necessarily only partial-sometimes amounting merely to suggestions. The factors involved in the creation of an intellectual phenomenon such as cultural science are very numerous, and the emphasis that has been placed here on the political side of the process is admittedly somewhat arbitrary. Even if the development of German cultural science could be wholly understood, it is not certain that such an understanding could be automatically applied to parallel events in other countries. Nevertheless, it may be useful to try to summarize the answers to the questions posed at the start.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither ghettoized nor recognized officially as a discrete corporate group, Jews in the United States had no reason to fight for emancipation. Unlike the Jewish experience in other Western lands, their absorption as individual citizens into the body politic was a nonissue. But citizenship stopped short of full equality. In a society whose culture was steeped in Christianity, and where the idea and practices of a Christian state still resonated, Jews were the quintessential outsiders. Even the path to legal equality, a less ambi tious goal than social integration, was cluttered with obstacles of a religious nature. The guarantees of federal and state constitutions notwithstanding, Jews encountered laws and public usages that reflected the domination of Christianity, specifically Protestantism.
Separationism Takes Root
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dramatic resurgence of evangelical Christianity in the first half of the nineteenth century asserted anew the central role of religion in American social and political life. Protestant churches, committed to individual and social regeneration, led a multifaceted crusade to fashion a thoroughly Christian (Protestant) America. On the premise that religious faith was indispensable to the maintenance of American freedom, they worked to arrest the trends of religious apathy, return the unchurched to the fold, and undo the pernicious doctrines of deism and humanistic philosophy. Employing techniques designed to win over the masses-missions, revival meetings, circuit preaching, Sunday schools-they unleashed a rising clamor for a Christian state. The acceptance of denominationalism, or the legitimacy of sectarian theological differences, enabled them to construct a network of Bible, tract, missionary, and educational societies; those, transcending church lines, mobilized resources and reaped advantages that accrued to strong, unified endeavors. Since churches aimed for the salvation of the nation, they spearheaded reform mo ements that attacked immo rality and vice (as they interpreted them), and they grappled with social issues ranging from temperance to education. The result of their labors, if not a godly America, was a de facto establishment of Protestantism and a fusion of Protestantism with American civilization.
Overview: 1945–1965
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In accounts of the postwar Jewish community, the period 1945–65 has been called the “golden age” of American Jewry. Never before had Jews as a group appeared so well integrated in the larger society. Opinion polls registered a sharp decline in anti-Semitic sentiment, and barriers in higher education, the professions, and business management slowly crumbled. Geographical mobility accompanied economic well-being; Jews, now pre dominantly native born, joined the exodus from the urban metropolises. They settled in the suburbs, built new synagogues, and launched programs of Jewish studies at colleges and universities. Like their Christian neighbors, they felt the currents of religious renewal in the late 1940s and 1950s, and synagogue affiliation in the three branches of Judaism rose significantly. Politically, Jewish identification with the causes of civil rights and social welfare, testifying to the viability of the liberal consensus, was eminently respectable as Congress and the courts outlawed discrimination and broadened the dimensions of a welfare state. And, by 1965, key objectives of church-state separationists had become part of American law.
Scripture in the Schools
Authors: Cohen Naomi W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exactly one year after Engel, &gt;the Supreme Court ruled that Bible reading and the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer in the classroom were unconstitutional. The Schempp-Murray &gt;decision, capping what the American Jewish Congress called “A Momentous Year for Church and State,” was part of the Engel &gt;continuum. Logic alone dictated that if the Court struck down a nondenominational exercise like the Regents’ prayer, sectarian practices were doomed a fortiori. As the congressional debates and the hearings on a prayer amendment had revealed, both supporters and opponents of the Engel &gt;decision were fully aware that Bible reading and recitation of the Lord’s Prayer were also at stake. One of the amendments proposed in 1962, anticipating just that outcome, would have permitted both prayer and &gt;Bible reading in the schools. Indeed, the very purpose of the Jewish campaign against an amendment was to ensure the uninterrupted application of the principles set forth in Engel &gt;to pending litigation on Bible reading and the Lord’s Prayer.
William James & a World of Pure Experience
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither of James Whistler’s parents had ever intended for him a life of exotic exile devoted to art. The needs of the Czar and the ability of a railway engineer had coincided and the resulting circumstances had provided Whistler enough exposure to cosmopolitan tastes and attitudes for him to remain forever dissatisfied with the teachings of either the Presbyterian Church or the American business ethic. He seemed to know his place in life from an early age and never allowed his devotion to his mother to cause him more than mild inconvenience in living as he chose.
Public Health and Clinical Aspects of HIV Infection and Disease in Women and Children in the United States
Authors: Modlin John , Saah Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe the epidemiology and clinical features of HIV infection in women and children in the United States. The first part begins with a brief description of the present-day epidemic in women and children, including geographic and demographic distributions of infection and risk factors for infection. The second part describes various modes of serologic diagnosis of HIV infection in adults and infants. Considerable detail is provided because so much of any screening process rests on appropriate interpretation of a reliable test
‘Other Only’ Images
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The politics of making an arresting theater image is both the theme and special focus of Catastrophe. Beckett composed this play in French, a departure from his general practice since En attendant Godot and Fin de partie of using English as his original language for the live stage. Dedicated to Vaclav Havel, this short play opened on July 21, 1982, for a single performance at the Avignon Festival in Provence. The low-budget production was mounted by Stephan Meldegg, starring Pierre Arditi as the Protagonist, Gerard Desarthe as the Director, and Stephanie Loik as the Assistant.
Prologue: Gold
Authors: Rorabaugh W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Berkeley is a city of late afternoons. As the sun sinks beyond the Golden Gate Bridge, it casts long shadows across San Francisco Bay, and a golden twilight settles upon Berkeley with exaggerated shadows falling eastward. The light is magical; it draws people out of buildings to a late afternoon drink or snack on a cafe terrace, into the yard of a home, or even to climb high into the Berkeley hills, which rise just east of the densely populated center of this city of 100,000 people nearly two thousand feet above the bay and the flatlands.
Human Handedness
Authors: Corballis Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Outward Appearance, human beings are bilaterally symmetrical, as are most other animals. Except perhaps for the parting of the hair or a twisted smile, each side of the body seems to be almost exactly the mirror image of the other side. As we shall see, however, this is a deceptive impression, since there are many asymmetries that lurk beneath the surface. We share some of these asymmetries with other species, but two are of particular relevance to the theme of this book because they seem to single out human beings as being different. The most obvious asymmetry is that the great majority of human beings are right handed. Less obvious, but no less striking, is the functional asymmetry of the human brain.
Human Language
Authors: Corballis Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And Yet They Learn. One of the themes of this chapter is that children acquire language with only a minimum of assistance from their parents, teachers, or other moving objects in their environments. The reason for this is that humans are innately and possibly uniquely equipped with the disposition to speak. Robert Claiborne, in his entertaining book Our Marvellous Native Tongue (1983), writes: Language, our uniquely flexible and intricate system of communication, makes possible our equally flexible and intricate ways of coping with the world around us; in a very real sense, it is what makes us human.
Praxis and the Left Brain
Authors: Corballis Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About Nine Out Of Every Ten people are right-handed, and the pro portion who are left-hemispheric for language is probably even higher. Although there may be weak precursors of handedness as well as a left-hemispheric specialization for vocalization in other species, the combination of the two asymmetries seems to be unique to humans. Both asymmetries, moreover, apply to activities that are them selves distinctively human. Our handedness is most clearly evident in intricate skills such as writing or throwing. Although other primates, especially chimpanzees, are also capable of quite delicate manual acts, they do not match human dexterity in either sense of the word.
The Isle of Wight and Its Influence on Hooke’s Earthly Thoughts
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most biographical sketches of Robert Hooke mention that he was born on July I 8, 1635, in a village called Freshwater on the western end of the Isle of Wight, England (Fig. 2-1 ). Then, except for noting that his father, John Hooke, had been curate of the Church of All Saints in Freshwater and that his father’s house was located on what is now known as Hook Hill, no more information is given of this geologically fascinating island that so strongly influenced Hooke in developing his hypothesis of the terraqueous globe. Hooke’s hypotheses on the origin of fossils and terrestrial features (discussed in detail in Chapters 4, 5, 6 and in Part II, Hooke’s Discourse of Earthquakes) stemmed from his intimate knowledge of his birthplace. Many of his descriptions of sediments, rocks or fossils are based directly on those features occurring on the Isle of Wight. Also, in Discourse of Earthquakes, he tells us he “often” explored the coastal cliffs of this island.
Hooke’s Concept of Polar Wandering on an Oblate Spheroid Earth
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In speaking of England being in the Torrid Zone at some time in the past, based on his notion that the huge fossil ammonites found on the southern coast were species that must have produced in hotter climates, Hooke was not describing continental drift. Rather, he was referring to the relative displacement of the poles with respect to the entire surface of the Earth which could have caused England to be successively covered by the sea or to emerge as land. Because this process, known as polar wandering, is referred to as axial displacement, it has been confused with the motion of the spin axis relative to the orbital plane, such as the precession of the Equinoxes. Hooke (Earthquakes, p. 347) offered polar wandering as an additional possible explanation for the redistribution of land and water, because there is a more than ordinary swelling or rising of the Sea in those Parts which are near the !Equinoctial, and a inking and receeding of the Sea from those which arc near the Poles; so that as any Parts do increase in their Latitudes, so will the Sea grow shallower, and as their Latitudes decrease, so must the sea swell and grow high; by which means many submarine Regions must become dry Land, and many other Lands will be overflown by the Sea, and these variations being slow, and by degrees will leave very lasting Remarks of such States and Positions, in the superficial Substances of the Earth.
A Discourse of Earthquakes
Authors: Drake Ellen Tan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Have formerly endeavour’d lo explain several Observations I had made concerning the Figure, Form, Position, Distance, Order, Motions and Operations of the Celestial Bodies, both as to themselves, and one with another, and likewise with respect to the Body of the Earth on which we inhabit. But conceiving it may more nearly concern us to know more paricularly the Constitution, Figure, Magnitude and Properties of the Body of the Earth itself, and of its several constituent Parts, I have endeavour’d to collect such Observations and Natural Histories of others, as may serve to give some Light toward the making a compleat Discovery of them, so far as the Power, Faculties, Organs, and other helps that Nature has furnish’d Man with, may assist us in performing and perfecting thereof. The Subject is large, as extending as far as the whole Bulk included within the utmost limits of the Atmosphere: And ‘tis not less copious and repleat with variety, as containing all the several Parts and Substances included within those Limits, namely, The aerial, watery and earthy Parts thereof, whether Superficial or Subterraneous, whether Exposed or Absconded, whether Supraterraneal, Superterraneal, or Subterraneal, whether Elemental or Organical, Animate or Inanimate, and all the Species and kinds of them, and all the constituent Parts of them, and the Composits constituted of them; of which also there will fall under Consideration, the Artificial as well as the Natural Causes and Powers effective of things; then their Generation, Production, Augmentation, Perfection, Vertue, Power, Activity, Operation, Effect, Conservation, Duration, Declination, Destruction, Corruption, Transformation, and in one word, the motion or progression of Nature sensibly exprest, or any other ways disccrnahle in each of those Species. Which Subject, if we consider as it is thus represented, doth look very like an Impossibility to be undertaken even by the whole World, to be gone through within an Age, much less to be undertaken by any particular Society, or a small number of Men.