bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An algorithm combining neural networks with fundamental parameters
Authors: Luo Liqiang 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn algorithm combining neural networks with the fundamental parameters equations (NNFP) is proposed for making corrections for non‐linear matrix effects in x‐ray fluorescence analysis. In the algorithm, neural networks were applied to relate the concentrations of components to both the measured intensities and the relative theoretical intensities calculated by the fundamental parameter equations. The NNFP algorithm is compared with the classical theoretical correction models, including the fundamental parameters approach, the Lachance–Traill model, a hyperbolic function model and the COLA algorithm. For an alloy system with 15 measured elements, in most cases, the prediction errors of the NNFP algorithm are lower than those of the fundamental parameters approach, the Lachance–Traill model, the hyperbolic function model and the COLA algorithm separately. If there are the serious matrix effects, such as matrix effects among Cr, Fe and Ni, the NNFP algorithm generally decreased predictive errors as compared with the classical models, except for the case of Cr by the fundamental parameters approach. The main reason why the NNFP algorithm has generally a better predictive ability than the classical theoretical correction models might be that neural networks can better calibrate the non‐linear matrix effects in a complex multivariate system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two non‐complementing genes encoding enzymatically active methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases control methionine requirement in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Naula Nicolas , Walther Claudia , Baumann Dominique , Ernst Schweingruber M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBy transforming two methionine auxotrophic mutants from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe with a wild‐type gene library, we defined two genes, met9 and met11, which both encode a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. The genes cannot complement each other. We detected single transcripts for both. In vitro measurements of enzymatic activities showed that the met11‐encoded enzyme was responsible for only 15–20% of the total methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity. A strain in which gene met9 was disrupted required significantly more methionine for full growth and efficient mating and sporulation than the strain disrupted for gene met11. The in vitro and in vivo data thus indicated that met9 was the major expressed gene. Our results are in accordance with the assumption that the two methylenetetrahydrofolate reductases generate the methyl groups necessary for methionine synthetase to convert homocysteine to methionine, and suggest that expression of the two genes is an important parameter in the control of methionine biosynthesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissection of the promoter of the HAP4 gene in S. cerevisiae unveils a complex regulatory framework of transcriptional regulation
Authors: Brons Janynke F. , de Jong Marian , Valens Michèle , Grivell Leslie A. , Bolotin‐Fukuhara Monique , Blom Jolanda 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn S. cerevisiae, the heteromeric Hap2/3/4/5 complex is necessary for induced transcription of a large number of genes involved in oxidative metabolism on non‐fermentable carbon sources. The Hap4p subunit is the activator subunit and at the same time also the regulatory part of the complex, since it is the only one whose level is regulated by carbon source itself. HAP4 promoter analysis shows a 265 bp activating region at position −1006/−741 bp upstream of the ATG start codon. Specific and differential protein‐binding to a 30 nt CSRE‐like sequence within this region was observed with extracts from repressing and inducing carbon sources. Carbon source‐dependent activation mediated by the 265 bp fragment, as well as protein binding to the 30 nt CSRE‐like region, is dependent on the presence of CAT8 function, unveiling a complex framework by which the expression of the HAP4 gene is coordinated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular sex diagnosis in castoridae
Authors: Kühn Ralph , Schwab Gerhard , Schröder Wolfgang , Rottmann Oswald 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBeavers do not exhibit any external sexual trait. Therefore, a simple method was established to differentiate between males and females by verifying the male‐specific SRY gene. Genomic DNA was prepared from hair root cells. Male samples displayed an electrophoretic 157‐bp band derived from the SRY gene after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. This band is missing in female samples. A 375‐bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene served as internal control and was visible in all samples. The technique can easily be used as a standard monitoring method, and is noninvasive, quick, and reliable. Zoo Biol 21:305–308, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low grip strength, impaired tongue force and hyperactivity induced by overexpression of neurotrophin‐3 in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Fowler S.C. , Zarcone T.J. , Chen R. , Taylor M.D. , Wright D.E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTransgenic mice overexpressing neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) in skeletal muscle (mlc/NT‐3 mice) develop abnormal muscle spindles in skeletal muscle and display abnormal motor function in the form of gait and locomotive disturbances. The purpose of this work was to characterize the functional consequences of NT‐3 overexpression in skeletal muscle with further behavioral assessments that permitted inferences about muscle weakness in the tongue or forelimbs as well as potential central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities compared to wild‐type controls. Wild‐type (n=12) and mlc/NT‐3 (n=12) male mice were tested in five procedures (in chronological order): lick dynamics, locomotor activity, grid ataxia, go‐no‐go discrimination procedure, and grip strength. Relative to wild‐type mice, the mlc/NT‐3 mice exhibited lower tongue force, hyperactivity, slowed limb retrieval in the grid ataxia test, similar discrimination performance, and lower grip strength. Overall, the data suggest that chronically elevated levels of NT‐3 in mouse skeletal muscle cause muscle weakness in the mlc/NT‐3 mice. Surprisingly, mlc/NT‐3 mice also exhibited significant hyperactivity, suggesting that NT‐3 overexpression in the periphery may have caused abnormalities in the CNS that are related to the cortical processing of proprioceptive afferent information.
Compartmentalized NRG signaling and PDZ domain‐containing proteins in synapse structure and function
Authors: Huang Yang Z. , Wang Qiang , Won Sandra , Luo Zhen G. , Xiong Wen C. , Mei Lin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe synapse‐specific synthesis of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is mediated by multiple mechanisms including compartmentalized signaling induced by neuregulin (NRG). This paper presents evidence that NRG receptors—ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases interact with distinct PDZ domain‐containing proteins that are localized at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). ErbB4 associates with the PSD‐95 (also known as SAP90)‐family members including PSD‐95, SAP97, and SAP102 whereas ErbB2 interacts with Erbin and PICK1. Although, ErbB kinases are concentrated at the NMJ, they are not colocalized with the AChR in cultured muscle cells even in the presence of agrin. Co‐expression of PSD‐95 causes ErbB4 to form clusters in COS cells. We propose that PDZ domain‐containing proteins play a role in anchoring ErbB proteins at the neuromuscular junction, and/or mediating downstream signaling pathways. Such mechanisms could be important for the maintenance and function of the synapse.
The Colorado mental retardation and developmental disabilities research center
Authors: Crnic Linda S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Colorado MRRC was one of the original MRRCs funded and has maintained its focus on genetic and nutritional causes of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Significant discoveries of the center have included a number of metabolic disorders, including glutaric academia types I and II, electron transport flavoprotein (ETF) deficiency, ETF dehydrogenase deficiency, glycerol kinase deficiency, sphingolipidoses, genetic linkages in dyslexia, phonological deficits in dyslexia, and the importance of the trace mineral Zn in early development. Current research at the center is supported by program of projects grants on inborn errors of metabolism, Down syndrome (DS), autism, and dyslexia.
Phosphorylation of the recombinant ρ1 GABA receptor
Authors: Sedelnikova Anna , Weiss David S. 
Published: September 2002

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. While a growing body of literature indicates that postsynaptic GABA receptors are regulated by phosphorylation, there is discrepancy as to the specific effects of phosphorylation on GABA receptor function. Here, we have identified phosphorylation sites on the human ρ1 GABA receptor for six protein kinases widely expressed in the brain: protein kinase C (PKC); cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA); calmodulin‐dependent kinase (CaMKII); casein kinase (CKII); mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK); and cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG). We demonstrate that in nearly all cases, the consensus sites and actual phosphorylation sites do not agree supporting the risk of relying on a sequence analysis to identify potential phosphorylation sites. In addition, of the six kinases examined, only CKII phosphorylated the human ρ2 subunit. Site‐directed mutagenesis of the phosphorylation sites, or activation/inhibition of select kinase pathways, did not alter the receptor sensitivity or maximal GABA‐activated current of the ρ1 GABA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes suggesting phosphorylation of ρ1 does not directly alter receptor properties. This study is a first and necessary step towards elucidating the regulation of ρ1 GABA receptors by phosphorylation.
Agent computing themes in biologically inspired models of learning and development
Authors: Reilly Kevin D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAfter evaluating general features and attributes of the agent notion, the overlap of features in candidate (attribute) cores, and several less central features, the paper addresses agent and related theory in neuroscience, observing how agent notions have penetrated portions of this field and how the field itself emphasizes and further develops some agent themes via, e.g. schema theory, neural net‐artificial intelligence (AI) comparisons, and other research. In remaining sections, models for development of memory strategies in children are presented, illustrating cooperative and competitive neural modeling agents, an active role for a “human agent in the loop,” and integrating broadly‐based neural network (NN) modeling with other bio‐inspired models.
WELL-PROTECTED ENEMIES OF MANKIND
Authors: Tams Christian J. 
Published: September 2002

[T]he torturer has become—like the pirate and the slave
trader before him—hostis humani generis, an enemy of all mankind.
(Kaufman J. in Filártiga v. Peña-Irala 630 F.
2d 876, 890 (2d Cir.,1980)).The European Court of Human Rights’ decision in Al-Adsani v. UK (2002) 34 E.H.R.R. 273 does not openly reject the view that torturers have become enemies of all mankind. It does however affirm that they can protect themselves abroad with a magic weapon that neither pirates nor slave traders usually possessed. This is the shield of sovereign immunity, which prevents State torturers from being tried before courts of a foreign State. In Al-Adsani, the ECHR, by a bare majority of 9 votes to 8, decided that States and their officials can invoke immunity even where they are accused of breaches of peremptory norms of international law (ius cogens), i.e. norms which, by definition, admit of no derogation (Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties).
THE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION WITHIN THE EXPERIMENTAL AREA
Authors: Pearce S. C. 
Published: September 2002

In any experiment the land will not be completely uniform and it is helpful to have ways of allowing for the variation. Some sources, for example altitude, will be obvious; some will be permanent but less obvious, such as depth of topsoil; and some may depend upon season and so be unpredictable. Various methods of local control have been suggested. Where the experimenter has good knowledge of the land it can be divided into blocks, each as far as possible uniform within itself. Then comparisons are made within the blocks rather than within the area as a whole. Where such knowledge does not exist, it is sometimes reasonable to make an assumption about the fertility pattern and make use of that, as in a row-and-column design like a Latin square. There is also the possibility of judging the fertility pattern from the data themselves and assessing the performance of a plot by reference to that of its neighbours.The approach will be to generate bodies of data on the computer to form realizations of diverse fertility patterns and to use all methods on all realizations, noting success and failure.When the variation forms a trend, blocks succeed only if they are aligned along fertility contours; the other methods do not depend upon orientation. Row-and-column designs can fail badly if the rows and columns interact. Some random variation is inevitable and it makes all methods less effective, especially nearest-neighbour methods, which can fail also when there are discontinuities. Random patches of different soil types are very difficult to deal with and any method might fail.
The Emergence and Development of the Jama‘at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s–1990)
Authors: Sikand Yoginder 
Published: September 2002

IntroductionThe Jama‘at-i-Islami is, by far, one of the most influential Islamic movements in the world today, particularly strong in the countries of South Asia. Its influence extends far beyond the confines of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, and the writings of its chief ideologues have exercised a powerful impact on contemporary Muslim thinking all over the world. Much has been written about the movement, both by its leaders and followers as well as by its critics. Most of these writings have focused either on the Jama‘at's ideology or on its historical development in India and Pakistan. Hardly any literature is available on the evolution and history of the Jama‘at in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. This is unfortunate, because here the Jama'at has had a long history of its own, which has followed a path quite distinct from the branches of the movement in both India and Pakistan. Furthermore, the Jama‘at has played a crucial role in the politics of Kashmir right since its inception in the late 1940s, a role that has gained particular salience in the course of the armed struggle in the region that began in the late 1980s and still shows no sign of abating.
Use of medium‐range ensembles at the Met Office I: PREVIN –a system for the production of probabilistic forecast information from the ECMWF EPS
Authors: Legg T P , Mylne K R , Woolcock C 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis is the first of a pair of papers covering the production and use of probability forecasts at ranges of 3 to 10 days at the Met Office using the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). The use of ensembles is intended to provide a set of forecasts which cover the range of possible uncertainty, recognising that it is impossible to obtain a single deterministic forecast which is always correct. We present a brief review of ensemble forecasting techniques and their use for the generation of probability forecasts. A wide range of probability forecasting products and tools are now available to forecasters at the Met Office, generated from the EPS. These will be described, and their use and interpretation discussed, both for site‐specific forecast data and for fields of data covering a wider area. An important part of any forecasting system is verification: this is covered in some detail using several different methods, for the site‐specific forecasts of surface weather parameters. Comparisons are made between the probabilistic forecasts and equivalent deterministic forecasts generated from the high‐resolution ECMWF model, and it is evident that the former are more skilful according to most assessment methods for forecasts more than three days ahead. The companion paper shows how forecasters use the vast amounts of information available in forecast production (Young and Carroll 2002). Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Storm prediction over Europe using the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Buizza Roberto , Hollingsworth Anthony 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThree severe storms caused great damage in Europe in December 1999. The first storm hit Denmark and Germany on 3 and 4 December, and the other two storms crossed France and Germany on 26 and 28 December. In this study, the performance of the Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) in predicting these intense storms is investigated. Results indicate that the EPS gave early indications of possible severe storm occurrence, and was especially useful when the deterministic TL319L60 forecasts issued on successive days were highly inconsistent. These results indicate that the EPS is a valuable tool for assessing quantitatively the risk of severe weather and issuing early warnings of possible disruptions.The impact of an increase of the ensemble system horizontal resolution (TL255 integration from a TL511 analysis instead of the operational TL159 integration from a TL319 analysis) on the system performance is also investigated. Results show that the resolution increase enhances the ensemble performance in predicting the position and the intensity of intense storms. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Decision‐making from probability forecasts based on forecast value
Authors: Mylne Kenneth R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA method of estimating the economic value of weather forecasts for decision‐making is described. This method has recently been used for user‐oriented verification of probability forecasts, but is here applied to aid forecast users in optimising their decision‐making from probability forecasts. Value may be calculated in the same way for either probability forecasts or deterministic forecasts, and thus provides the user with a direct comparison of the value of each in terms of money saved, which is more relevant than most standard verification scores. The method is illustrated using site‐specific probability forecasts generated from the ECMWF ensemble prediction system and deterministic forecasts from the ECMWF high‐resolution global model. It is found that for most forecast events and for most users the probability forecasts have greater value than the deterministic forecasts from a higher resolution model. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Use of a simple pattern recognition approach for the detection of ridge lines and stripes
Authors: Jann A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPatterns often sought in meteorological fields are ridge lines or narrow zones of relatively high or low values (e.g. stripes or bands in satellite imagery). A method for the automatic detection of such features is presented, using input fields given on regular grids. The fundamental idea is that a grid point is a plausible position for a significant line where not more than two (out of eight) neighbours exhibit better suitability to lie on that very line. Locations with three or more superior neighbours are considered unsuitable, or at least less qualified, for representing positions of the line. This criterion derives from the concept that a significant line passing through a point normally enters the latter from one of the adjacent points and leaves through another neighbour, with these two special neighbours permissibly having superior values of the appropriate test variable. It is empirically demonstrated for selected applications within the field of air mass analysis (including objective front positioning on the basis of numerical model output) that the identification of points satisfying the formulated ‘2‐out‐of‐8’ criterion is, when linked with simple post‐processing steps, sufficient to accomplish a good recognition of the sought patterns. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Perceptions of severe weather warnings in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong T F , Yan Y Y 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this study 320 people in Hong Kong were interviewed to assess their understanding and perception of severe weather warnings. The majority of the respondents (72%) received warnings from mass media. Although 99.4% of the interviewees claimed they knew all the warning signals, results indicate that most of them have only a basic understanding of what they mean. The study revealed that the warnings often lack other important information, such as the time of issue, validity period and precautions to be taken. Only 31% of the respondents stated they would take precautions at the issue of warnings, although people aged over 60 tended to be well prepared for the onset of severe weather. Public education is necessary to promote people's understanding of the warnings and awareness of the risks of severe weather. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Indole Acetic Acid Distribution Coincides with Vascular Differentiation Pattern during Arabidopsis Leaf Ontogeny
Authors: Avsian-Kretchmer Orna , Cheng Jin-Chen , Chen Lingjing , Moctezuma Edgar , Sung Z. Renee 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
We used an anti-indole acetic acid (IAA or auxin) monoclonal antibody-based immunocytochemical procedure to monitor IAA level in Arabidopsis tissues. Using immunocytochemistry and the IAA-driven β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity of Aux/IAA promoter::GUS constructs to detect IAA distribution, we investigated the role of polar auxin transport in vascular differentiation during leaf development in Arabidopsis. We found that shoot apical cells contain high levels of IAA and that IAA decreases as leaf primordia expand. However, seedlings grown in the presence of IAA transport inhibitors showed very low IAA signal in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the youngest pair of leaf primordia. Older leaf primordia accumulate IAA in the leaf tip in the presence or absence of IAA transport inhibition. We propose that the IAA in the SAM and the youngest pair of leaf primordia is transported from outside sources, perhaps the cotyledons, which accumulate more IAA in the presence than in the absence of transport inhibition. The temporal and spatial pattern of IAA localization in the shoot apex indicates a change in IAA source during leaf ontogeny that would influence flow direction and, consequently, the direction of vascular differentiation. The IAA production and transport pattern suggested by our results could explain the venation pattern, and the vascular hypertrophy caused by IAA transport inhibition. An outside IAA source for the SAM supports the notion that IAA transport and procambium differentiation dictate phyllotaxy and organogenesis.