bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Health Care: Limits of Science and Boundaries of Access
Authors: Morreim E Haavi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of interest in complementary and alternative medicine-approaches to health, illness, and healing that often differ markedly from conventional Western medicine. The range is broad, from spiritual and mind-body approaches, to manual healing approaches, to dietary and nutritional emphases and beyond.Eisenberg and colleagues found that in 1990 Americans spent nearly $14 billion on such alternatives, three-quarters of that sum out of pocket. There were more visits to unconventional providers than to all primary care physicians combined, and the people most commonly using alternatives were relatively affluent and well educated. By the time Eisenberg and co-workers revisited the question in 1997, there had been a 47% increase in the number of visits to alternative practitioners, and a 45% increase in spending. The great majority of people declined to tell their regular physicians about their use of alternatives. Commentators point to a variety of factors behind this rising interest. Medical science achieves dazzling rescues for life threatening illnesses, but it offers rather less for debilitating chronic illnesses. More over, some of the alternatives at which Western medicine once scoffed are now seen to have merit, including acupuncture, chiropractic, guided imagery, support groups, nutrition, herbs, even leeches. Additionally, with managed-care organizations imposing “productivity” expectations, physicians have less time for the personal touch many patients deeply desire. Partly through these limits, and partly through headlines trumpeting medical errors and malpractice litigation, the physician’s halo seems a bit tarnished.
Premature and Compromised Neonates
Authors: Holzman Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world of neonatal intensive care strikes most people as foreign and somewhat unreal. Not unlike other intensive care units it is filled with monitors, alarms, flashing lights, and frenetic movement, but it also has rows of doll-like patients enclosed in plastic cocoons or splayed out on warming trays. The patients are often barely visible below the tubes, tape, and eye patches. It is in this setting that we confront the complex issues of resource allocation to infants with a wide array of problems-infants who are in no way responsible for their own decisions and may never reach a point of being held responsible. In this chapter I present an overview of the technical information necessary to understand the health care allocation issues relating to new borns and then discuss the complexity of ethical problems surrounding both personal and societal decisions for this unique population. For convenience, I have subdivided the salient problems into three separate areas: management at the lower limits of viability (the “tiny baby” problem), discontinuing intensive care support for a neonate, and the problems associated with infants having multiple congenital anomalies.
Verb Raising and Null Complementizers
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stowell (1981) and Kayne (1981) provided a principled account for the asymmetry between (la) and (le). In the framework of the principles and parameters theory (Chomsky 1981), they claimed that not only traces left by movement but also empty Cs must be licensed by Empty Category Principle (ECP). Stowell (1981) then attributed the asymmetry to ECP by claiming that the N is semantically in apposition to its sentential complement and does not assign a θ -role to it; since θ -role assignment is a prerequisite for proper head government, N cannot be qualified as a proper head governor. However, the sentential complement in (2) is clearly not in apposition to the N but should be regarded as the internal argument of the N, since it is the proposition to be proved and the proof can refer to the process of proving the proposition.
The Komplementizer in Noun Phrases
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3, I defended the hypothesis that noun phrases based on a derived nominal are headed by the functional category Nominalizer (Nz), which is the nominal counterpart of the light verb v. In Ogawa (l 996e, 1997), I argued for the parallelism between T(ense) and D(eterminer) in terms of definiteness.1 Our project naturally leads us to explore the possibility that noun phrases have a functional category corresponding to the C(omplementizer) in clauses.
Conclusion
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most significant ideas put forth in the history of generative grammar is that the syntactic structures of a clause and a noun phrase can be subsumed under an abstract phrase structure schema which we now call ‘X’-theory’. During the past two decades, the basic idea has been implemented in different forms, thanks to the elaboration of the X’-theory, its extension to functional categories, and the emergence of the bare phrase structure theory, though the idea itself has been left unchanged. In this book, maximally generalizing the basic idea, I have proposed that verbal and nominal projections are parallel in every respect, except for the parametric values of the functional categories that constitute them.
Introduction
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a sunny day in August 1980, California governor Ronald Reagan, campaigning for the presidency on the Republican ticket, stopped on Charlotte Street in New York’s South Bronx—the epitome of America’s desolated innercity neighborhoods and the place where President Jimmy Carter had famously visited three years earlier. Reagan stepped out of his limousine and took in the scene. He declared that it looked like London after the Blitz.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revival of the inner city is under way across the United States. The changes taking place in New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Atlanta also have been occurring in Washington, D.C., Miami, Kansas City, San Antonio, Denver, San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, and elsewhere. In some cities the revival has just begun or is progressing slowly. Revitalization in Philadelphia and Detroit, for example, has been limited to a relatively small number of neighborhoods. Unlike other large cities, Philadelphia and Detroit are still evolving away from the original industrial economies that made them grow. As a result they continue to shed population, slowing the redevelopment of the neighborhoods. Yet even these lagging metropolises show signs of innercity revival.
“A White Wash Brush and a Big One in Operation in Tulsa “:Tulsa Interprets the Riot
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the fires cooled on the evening of June 1, Tulsa and the nation began to question ,what had happened. By the next Sunday, ministers were telling their congregations of the tragedy of Tulsa. In the newspapers and the pulpits, white Tulsans expressed remorse and promised to help rebuild.
Of Old Regimes and Reconstructions
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long experience of slavery in America left its mark on the posterity of both slave and master and influenced relations between them more than a century after the end of the old regime. Slavery was only one of several ways by which the white man has sought to define the Negro’s status, his ‘place,’ and assure his subordination. Exploitation of the Negro by the white man goes back to the beginning of relations between the races in modern times, and so do the injustices and brutalities that accompany exploitation.
The Career Becomes Stranger
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only five days after the signing of the Voting Rights Act, which marked the peak of optimism for the civilrights movement, the country was shaken by a terrible explosion on the West Coast that ranked with the worst racial violence in American history. On 11 August 1965 a riot broke out in Watts, a Negro district of Los An-geles, and raged for four days unchecked and three days longer in sporadic convulsions. More than 46 square miles had to be brought under military control before the violence was halted. Thousands of blacks in bands looted stores, set fires, burned cars, and stoned and shot at police and firemen. At the end of it 34 people, all but three of them Negroes, were dead, more than 1000 in¬jured, and nearly 4000 arrested. More than 600 build¬ings were damaged and a third of them completely destroyed by fire with property losses of about 40 million dollars.
Introduction
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conventional wisdom among economists and business analysts is that new and more dynamic business organizations are replacing those of the “old” economy. The old economy specialized in the mass production of standardized products using narrowly skilled labor and machinery that were often dedicated to particular products. That economy was characterized by bureaucratic management practices and strong unions that raised wages and reduced workforce flexibility. The “new” economy produces a more diverse range of goods with shorter product cycles. Workers are more skilled and flexible and equipment is more adaptable. The new economy is relatively free of unions and is managed more nimbly. The old economy provided relatively high­ wage and secure jobs for high school graduates. As these high school jobs are being phased out, the new economy is generating jobs with higher real wages, particularly for those with college degrees.
High Performance Management and the Quality of Jobs
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether or not one believes fully in the thesis that America is deindustrializing, there is widespread evidence that the kinds of good jobs for high school graduates that were generated in large numbers by the postwar U.S. economy are declining (Borjas, Freeman, and Katz 1997; Mishel, Bernstein, and Schmitt 1999; Kletzer 1998). Because the economy continues to generate good jobs for workers with high levels of skill and education, wage differentials by education are widening (Berman, Bound, and Griliches 1994; Berman, Bound, and Machin 1998).
CD3 and CD8 Deficiencies
Authors: Regueiro JosÉ R , Espanol Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mature T cells detect the presence of antigens by way of a variable surface heterodimer (either α β or γ δ) termed the T cell receptor (TCR) (Fig. 16.1). TCR molecules require association with a group of invariant proteins collectively called CD3 and organized as dimers (Call et al., 2002). Since the first description of the T cell antigen receptor complex (TCR/CD3) in 1981, at least four different CD3 proteins have been reported: CD3γ, δ, ε and ζ CD3 proteins participate in TCR/CD3 assembly and surface expression. They also aid in the delivery of intracellular signals that drive T cell maturation or apoptosis in the thymus (see Chapter 4), and T cell activation, proliferation, and effector function or anergy/apoptosis after antigen recognition (see Chapter 6; Malissen et al., 1999). During early T cell development, some CD3 chains may act alone or assist immature TCR ensembles, such as those containing pre-TCR chains. CD3 chains lack intrinsic enzymatic activity for signal transduction. Rather, they rely on phosphorylation–dependent recruitment and activation of a number of cytosolic and transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and adaptors such as ZAP-70, Fyn, Lck, TRIM, LAT, SLP-76, and SIT (Schraven et al., 1999). Most α β TCR-bearing T cells recognize processed peptides associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This interaction is facilitated by the T cell coreceptor proteins CD4 and CD8, which show considerable affinity for the MHC but not peptide moiety. Coreceptor association thus increases the stability of TCR–MHC interactions extracellularly and recruits the crucial PTK Lck intracellularly through a conserved binding motif within its cytoplasmic tail, resulting in rapid T cell activation.
Autosomal Hyper-IgM Syndromes Caused by an Intrinsic B Cell Defect
Authors: Durandy Anne , Revy Patrick , Fischer Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of inherited hyper-IgM syndromes (HIGM) has greatly contributed to our understanding of the normal processes of antibody maturation, because these syndromes have in common a defect in immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR), as demonstrated by normal or elevated serum IgM levels. This is in contrast to absent or strongly decreased levels of the other immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. Antibody maturation leads to the production of antibodies of different isotypes and formation of B cell receptors (BCR) with high affinity for antigen. This event usually takes place in the secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils) in an antigenand T lymphocyte–dependent manner. When mature (but still naive) IgM+ IgD+ B cells, after emigrating from the bone marrow (or fetal liver), encounter an antigen that is specifically recognized by their BCR, they proliferate vigorously and give birth to a unique lymphoid formation, the germinal center. In this location, B cells undergo the two major events of maturation: CSR and somatic hypermutation (SHM).
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia: A Disease of Btk Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: Smith C I Edvard , Satterthwaite Anne B , Witte Owen N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is caused by a B lymphocyte differentiation arrest and was originally described in 1952 by the American physician Dr. (Colonel) Ogden C. Bruton. XLA is frequently recognized as the prototype primary immunodeficiency (PID) (Rosen et al., 1984) and was the first human immune disorder in which an underlying defect was clearly identified. The locus designation is BTK and the Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) number is 300300. XLA is characterized by an increased susceptibility to extracellular bacterial infections (Lederman and Winkelstein, 1985; Sideras and Smith, 1995; Ochs and Smith, 1996). Enteroviral infections also frequently run a severe course, often resist therapy, and have therefore become increasingly important (Lederman and Winkelstein, 1985; McKinney et al., 1987; Ochs and Smith, 1996; Plebani et al., 2002). Through different approaches, the gene affected in XLA was isolated simultaneously by two groups and found to encode a novel cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase designated Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase, or Btk (Tsukada et al., 1993; Vetrie et al., 1993).
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Authors: Ochs Hans D , Rosen Fred S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first description of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), published in 1937, defined accurately the clinical phenotype: three brothers, but not their sisters, presented shortly after birth with thrombocytopenia, bloody diarrhea, eczema, and recurrent ear infections (Wiskott, 1937). On the basis of this symptomatology, the early onset, and the predominance of male infants, Wiskott differentiated this entity from Morbus Werlhofii, a synonym for idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Seventeen years later, Aldrich described a large family with multiple affected males, clearly demonstrating X-linked inheritance (Aldrich et al., 1954). In 1957, additional cases were described (Huntley and Dees, 1957), including members of an African American family (Wolff and Bertucio, 1957).
Immunodeficiency with Centromere Instability and Facial Anomalies
Authors: Hansen R Scott , Weemaes Corry , Wijmenga Cisca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunodeficiency with centromere instability and facial anomalies (ICF syndrome) (MIM 242860) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by a variable immunodeficiency, mild facial anomalies, and chromosome instability involving the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16. This disease was reported for the first time in the late 1970s by two groups independently (Hultén, 1978; Tiepolo et al., 1978, 1979). The patient described earlier by Østergaard (1973) also appears to have had ICF syndrome, based on the clinical symptoms and chromosomal abnormalities reported. The acronym ICF was suggested in accordance with the characteristic features of the syndrome: Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability, and Facial anomalies (Maraschio et al., 1988). Only about 30 ICF patients have been described in the literature thus far, but underdiagnosis of the syndrome is quite possible because of phenotypic variability and infrequent chromosome analysis. Here we summarize the common clinical features of this limited set of patients as well as the molecular defects associated with ICF.
Cell Adhesion and Leukocyte Adhesion Defects
Authors: Etzioni Amos , Harlan John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking from bloodstream to tissue is important for the continuous surveillance for foreign antigens and for rapid leukocyte accumulation at sites of inflammatory response or tissue injury. Leukocyte emigration to sites of inflammation is a dynamic process, involving multiple steps in an adhesion cascade. These steps must be precisely orchestrated to ensure a rapid response with only minimal damage to healthy tissue (Carlos and Harlan, 1994; Springer, 1994; von Andrian and Mackay, 2000). Leukocyte interaction with vascular endothelial cells is a pivotal event in the inflammatory response and is mediated by several families of leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules, including the integrins, the selectins, and members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily (IgSF). Each is involved in a different phase of leukocyte adherence to and migration across the endothelium, and the synchronization of their surface expression and activation is crucial for the leukocyte trafficking.
Cyclic and Congenital Neutropenia Due to Defects in Neutrophil Elastase
Authors: Dale David C , Aprikyan Andrew G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Severe neutropenia predisposes patients to recurrent bacterial infections (Boxer and Dale, 2002). These infections are usually caused by organisms that are resident on body surfaces— i.e., staphylococci, streptococci, and enteric organisms. In general, the susceptibility is inversely related to the neutrophil count. Infections of two general types occur: superficial infections of the skin and oropharyngeal areas and more serious infections involving the lung and gastrointestinal tract, which may be complicated by sepsis. In general, these infections are poorly responsive to antibiotics. Both cyclic and congenital neutropenias are now effectively treated with the hematopoietic growth factor, granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF). Recent studies have shown that both of these diseases are attributable to mutations in the gene for neutrophil elastase, a protease made and packaged in the primary granules of neutrophils early in their differentiation from the hematopoietic stem cells.
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Authors: Spritz Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS; MIM #214500) is a frequently fatal autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized clinically by hypopigmentation or albinism, severe immunologic deficiency, mild bleeding tendency, neurologic abnormalities, and early death from a lymphoma-like syndrome, the so-called “accelerated phase” of the disorder. Striking abnormally large granules and even giant organelles are seen in peripheral blood leukocytes and many other cell types (Spritz, 1998; Shi?ett et al., 2002; Ward et al., 2002). First reported by Beguez-Cesar (1943), a Cuban pediatrician, CHS was further described by Steinbrinck (1948), Chediak (1952), and Higashi (1954), the latter two of whose names then came to be associated with the disorder (Sato, 1955; Donohue and Bain, 1957). The incidence of CHS has been reported as 3 per 15,500 hospital admissions (Moran and Estevez, 1969), although the true frequency of the disorder appears to be far lower. CHS is very rare in almost all populations, although a cluster of cases has been described in a genetic isolate in Tachira State, high in the Venezuelan Andes (Ramirez-Duque et al., 1982).
Frankfurter among the Anarchists: The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti
Authors: Alexander Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 15, 1920, during a robbery of a shoe company in the Boston suburb of South Braintree, the bodies of the company paymaster and his guard were left dead on the factory curb. Following a short investigation, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two well-known members of the Galleanist Anarchist movement in Massachusetts, were charged with robbery and murder. The evidence against the two anarchists was substantial: multiple eyewitnesses testified to their guilt, and at the time of their arrest, Sacco and Vanzetti were found, in the words of one reviewing judge, “armed to the teeth”-Sacco with a .32 Colt automatic (the alleged murder weapon) and Vanzetti with a .38 Harrington Richardson revolver. Soon after their trial and convictions, Sacco and Vanzetti’s Galleanist cohorts exploded a bomb on Wall Street, killing 30 people and injuring 200.
The United States Market Wealth Portfolio: Components of Capital Market Values and Returns, 1947–1978
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Fall Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The U.S. market wealth contains all the primary assets that investors would typically own. These include stocks from the various stock exchanges, corporate, government, and municipal bonds, and both farm and residential real estate. By measuring the size of each market and the returns, Ibbotson and Fall were able to create the first market wealth index, that covered most of the spectrum of assets that investors owned. A measure of U.S. wealth year-by-year, plus the component returns, is useful for the following reasons: Much of the data in this article is difficult to update without a separate study. The returns of most assets are included in Ibbotson Associates EnCorr TM databases, but the capitalizations of most categories are not readily available today. We include some updates later in the article.
How to Forecast Long-Run Asset Returns
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Siegel Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article shows how to use components to estimate an expected return for various asset classes, including stocks, bonds, cash, real estate, small stocks, foreign stocks, and foreign bonds. In principle, these components can be used to estimate expected returns on any asset class. Of the many kinds of asset allocation models in use, perhaps the most common is that which uses historical and current data to form long-term equilibrium capital market expectations. These expectations are combined with an analysis of the liabilities of the investor (typically a pension fund). The output consists of policy, or normal, weights for asset classes held or desired to be held by the investor. This article shows how to use historical and current data to form expectations. Asset allocation models require as inputs three kinds of data for each asset class: This list of required inputs also applies to tactical asset allocation models and other variations on the theme of setting asset class weights. In tactical models, however, the expected return is typically a short-term forecast that differs from the long-run equilibrium return. The forecasts of standard deviation and correlations may also differ from long-run equilibrium in tactical models. This article focuses on the policy or strategic, rather than the tactical, situation.