bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXI
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meanwhile, Joao Romao, in his bathrobe and slippers, paced to and fro in his new bedroom: a spacious chamber whose blue and white wallpaper was adorned with little golden flowers. There was a carpet at the foot of the bed and an alarm clock on the night table. The room was furnished for a married couple, since he had no intention of buying new furniture twice.
Afterword: Affonso Romano de Sant’Anna
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And who is this Aluisio Azevedo, who was born in Sao Luis do Maranhao in 1857, moved to the capital (Rio de Janeiro) at age nineteen to study plastic arts, but ended up leaving his mark as the famed author of dozens of novels and plays? As a matter of fact, Azevedo’ s biography arouses some perplexity among scholars, because, although he lived exclusively from his writing for sixteen years and led an intense literary life, he then practically abandoned literature altogether upon entering the diplomatic service.
A New Platonist Epistemology
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2, I argued that in order to salvage their view, mathematical platonists have to explain how human beings can acquire knowledge of abstract mathematical objects, given that they are not capable of coming into any sort of contact with such objects, that is, receiving any information from such objects. In this chapter, I will explain how platonists can do this. In effect, I will be providing an epistemology of abstract objects, although I should say that it will not be a complete epistemology. I will only say enough to (a) motivate the claim that spatiotemporal creatures like ourselves can acquire knowledge of non-spatiotemporal mathematical objects and (b) provide a rough sketch of how this works. In short, I will provide enough of an epistemology to block the Benacerrafian epistemological objection to platonism, but I will not do any more than this; I will not go into any of the details of the epistemology that are irrelevant to the question of whether Benacerrafs objection can be answered.
Denying the Existence of Indispensable Applications Toward a Nominalization of Quantum
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in chapter 5 that fictionalism is the best version of anti-platonism, that if fictionalism cannot be made to work, then anti-platonism cannot be made to work. But we also saw that there is a very serious argument against fictionalism, namely, the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument, which maintains that fictionalism cannot be right, because it is incompatible with the fact that there are indispensable applications of mathematics to empirical science. Finally, we also saw in chapter 5 that there are two strategies fictionalists can use to try to rebut this argument: they can either (a) admit that there are indispensable applications of mathematics to empirical science and simply account for these applications from a fictionalist point of view, or else (b) argue that, in fact, there aren’t any indispensable applications of mathematics to empirical science. To the best of my knowledge, no one has ever attempted strategy (a) before, but I will argue in chapter 7 that it can be used to refute the Quine-Putnam argument.
The Unsolvability of the Problem and a Kinder, Gentler Positivism
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have considered the best arguments or what I have claimed are the best arguments—against platonism and anti-platonism, and we have found that none of them are cogent. More specifically, we have found that (a) there are no good arguments against FBP (although Benacerrafian arguments succeed in refuting all other versions of platonism); and (b) there are no good arguments against fictionalism (although Fregean arguments succeed in refuting all other versions of antiplatonism).1’2 Thus, we are left with exactly one viable version of platonism, namely, FBP, and exactly one viable version of anti-platonism, namely, fictionalism, but we don’t have any good reason for favoring one of these views over the other. (It might seem that this very situation that is, the fact that there seems to be a standoff here motivates an Ockham’s-razor-style argument for antiplatonism. But we just saw at the end of chapter 7 that this argument doesn’t work, that fictionalists cannot legitimately use Ockham’s razor against FBP.).
Justifying the Moral Rules The First Five
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and the next I try to formulate in a precise and systematic way those moral rules that are implicitly or explicitly used when a person is making some moral decisions about how to act and making some moral judgments about how others have acted. These decisions and judgments are those that involve the kinds of actions that are required or prohibited. The seven moral rules presented as paradigms in chapter 5 are explicit rules that involve these kinds of actions, and in the next two chapters all seven of these rules will be discussed. However, these explicit rules do not account for all of the decisions and judgments about kinds of actions that are morally required or prohibited, so there must be some additional moral rules that are implicit. I shall make these rules explicit and attempt to provide a complete and nonredundant list of moral rules. I intend for this list to account for all of those kinds of actions and omissions that rational persons regard as making one liable to punishment.
The Stormy Marriage of Economics and Ecology
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many times in a week do you see the word shortage in a newspaper or magazine? By comparison, when (if ever) have you seen the word longage in print? Most likely, never. The word shortage is welcomed because it gives growth-oriented producers (both manufacturers and philanthropists) all the excuse they need to expand productive facilities and profits. Longage, however, implies that we need to curb growth. The ostrich within us doesn’t want that.
1989–1990
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Say what you like about the quality of the plays, it certainly was an American season. Only four new British plays opened on Broadway, and only one of them (the star vehicle Lettice &Lovage) lasted very long. In contrast, the ten new American works on the Street provided five long runs. Nine of the ten Best Plays selections (including musicals) were native works, while American stars (a lot of them movie stars) dominated both new plays and revivals, even British revivals.
1991–1992
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of Joseph Papp on October 31 seemed to cast a shadow over the season, both on and off Broadway. His passing not only raised questions about the future of the Public Theatre and the New York Shakespeare Festival, but it highlighted the precarious position of non-profit theatres. For example, the Negro Ensemble Theatre no longer offered an entire season, just a sole production when it could scrape up the money. Difficulties with the National Endowment for the Arts continued, threatening much-needed funds for many non-profit groups. The economically adventurous Broadway Alliance was tried again this season but came up only with one quick flop, Crazy He Calls Me.
1994–1995
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any season that boasted new works by such established American playwrights as Neil Simon, David Mamet, Horton Foote, A. R. Gurney, Christopher Durang, and Sam Shepard, as well as new-generation writers Richard Greenberg, Donald Margulies, and Paul Rudnick, ought to have been memorable, but with very few exceptions these authors came up with second-class scripts. It was a season more notable for British imports and revivals (both native and foreign) than new American works. The eleven original entries and ten revivals on Broadway mirrored the previous season, but Off Broadway saw a slight increase with thirty-six new works and eight revivals. Off Broadway also saw a rise in commercial productions, and more turned a profit than in many a season previously.
Introduction
Authors: Bernstein Mark H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a work on moral patienthood. In it, I investigate what must be true of an individual so that it deserves moral consideration.1 After developing an account of patienthood, I argue that we—normal adult human beings—have unjustly disenfranchised some individuals from our moral domain. The argument in the book, then, is not merely “academic”; if it is essentially right-headed, the way in which most of us live our Eves ought to be dramatically altered. I hope this work will pave the conceptual groundwork for a detailed examination of the sorts of revisions that morality requires of us.
Contractualism and Animals
Authors: Bernstein Mark H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a popular philosophical theory of morality, comprising in part a theory of welfare, that, at least when typically developed, has serious negative implications for experientialism. If this theory is accepted in its usually proffered forms, one is committed to rejecting the capacity for sentient experience as being sufficient for moral patienthood. Such theorists, unlike those who advocate either the desire theory or perfectionism, do not deny that these exempted individuals lack good and bad ways of being, or, equivalently, that they can be both benefited and harmed. Furthermore, unlike the conceptual chauvinist desire theorists or other antiexperientialists, they concede that these individuals can have sentient experiences and that the enjoyment or suffering they experience respectively accounts for their being made better and worse off. What is strenuously denied, however, is that the possession of these qualities alone warrants membership into our moral community. Indeed, without other morally relevant attributes, such individuals cannot intelligibly be accorded moral standing.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Year of the Four Emperors is the label we attach to the 18-month period that opened with the suicide of Nero in June 68 and closed with the triumph of Vespasian in December 69. In the interim three other emperors held power, if only for a few months. There was Galba, officially declared emperor in June 68 and assassinated on 15 January 69. There was Otho, the man responsible for his murder. Having seized power by a coup in Rome, he committed suicide on 16 April, in the vain hope that his death would end the bloodshed. And there was Vitellius, hailed emperor by his troops on 3 January 69, recognized by the senate in Rome once they heard of Otho’s death, and cut down by Vespasian’s partisans on 20 December. Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian were usurpers, of course, whereas Nero had been the legitimate emperor, the last male member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty established by Augustus a century earlier. In retrospect it is easy to make Vespasian’s victory look inevitable. In fact, it owed an enormous amount to accident and luck. But Vespasian was a practical, hard-headed man, disinclined to look gift-horses in the mouth, and his dynasty, the Flavians, would rule the Roman world for 27 years.
The Fall of Nero and the Julio-Claudian House
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tacitus opens his account of the Year of the Four Emperors on 1 January 69, with the entry into the consulship of the emperor Servius Sulpicius Galba and his henchman Titus Vinius. Though he offers a brief survey of the overall situation, he refers to earlier events only in flashback, and as infrequently and tersely as possible. For what happened in the earlier year we must turn to Suetonius for the fullest account of Nero’s last days, to Dio for the only surviving narrative of the revolt of Julius Vindex, the man who set off the events that led to Nero’s fall, and to Plutarch for the most comprehensive report on Galba, the man who harvested the fruits of Vindex’s endeavors. So why does Tacitus write as he does? Because he was following—and exploiting—the rules for writing history in Rome. An account was organized around an annalistic or year-by-year framework (how smoothly the narrative flowed over or around these breaks depended on the literary skills of the writer), and it was taken for granted that the reader was familiar with the years prior to the chosen starting point or else knew where to find the details. From the starting point onward, each year began with the entry into office of the new consuls on 1 January, since they were—in theory—the highest magistrates or chief executives in the state. And using their names to mark the year had been the custom since that formative event in all Roman history, the foundation of the republic (509 B.C.).
The Opening of the Vitellian Offensive ( January and February)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Otho horrified people by murdering Galba, Vitellius outraged their sensibilities by omitting to proclaim his respect for the constitutional proprieties. Whereas Otho called a senate meeting to secure legitimacy for his coup within a matter of hours, Vitellius and his supporters dispensed with appearances. So far as we can tell, there was no dispatch to the senate. There was no justification for his being hailed emperor by the armies on the Rhine. There was certainly no claim to be saving the state or ridding the world of a tyrant. And on his earliest coinage there was scarcely a reference to the senate and people of Rome. Some issues bore conventional legends like “Liberty restored” (Libertas Restitvta) or the “rebirth of Rome” (Roma Renascens). But these were outnumbered by those advertising the “agreement of the armies” (Consensvs Exercitvvm), the “loyalty of the armies” (Fides Exercitvvm), or—whether an example of wishful thinking or an attempt to reassure Vitellius’ own legions—the “praetorians’ readiness to make common cause” with the rebels (Concordia Praetorianorvm).1
The Reign of Vitellius (April to September 69)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Otho’s suicide ought to be treated—so some might think—as the last event in his reign. It was his final act as emperor and, since he ended his life before he heard the news of the surrender at Bedriacum, it also marked the high point of that reign, setting up the paradox over which both contemporaries and posterity would puzzle, that “nothing in his life became him like the leaving it.” Tacitus certainly reports it in this manner, but not only in this manner. He has already set a passage immediately after his obituary for Galba, in which he describes the reactions of Rome’s inhabitants—senators, knights, and common people—to the prospect of choosing between Otho and Vitellius. Nobody, he asserts, could see themselves going to the temples to pray for the safety of either man. They were the vilest of mortals, seemingly picked by the fates to destroy the empire. In fact, “the one thing you could expect to learn from a war between them was that the victor would be the worse.” This makes Otho’s suicide as much a beginning as an end, and Tacitus builds it up programmatically, to overshadow the reign of his successor, a man who, in Tacitus’ opinion, ought never to have become emperor.
The Opening of the Flavian Offensive August to October
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The campaign conducted by the legions under Antonius Primus’ control falls naturally into two parts. Their initial moves, the subject of this chapter, established them firmly in northern Italy with the sack of Cremona, still the enemy’s main base in the area. Then came their more dilatory advance south toward Rome, culminating in the killing of Vitellius in late December. For the first stage Dio provides material on a few episodes; Suetonius skips over almost every event between September and November, referring explicitly to the sack of Cremona only in his Life of Vespasian; and Josephus contributes an interesting snippet or two. So Tacitus is our most detailed and our most reliable source. Not that all agree. A discrepancy has been discerned in Tacitus’ portrait of Antonius, a more heroic figure allegedly in the first stage of the campaign and in the second more of a villain. This supposed discrepancy in turn has been held to prove that Tacitus failed to combine two sources, one favorable to Antonius (no doubt the memoir by Vipstanus Messalla), and one to Vespasian whose plans Antonius wrecked so comprehensively. If we were to accept this thesis, we could impugn any detail we judged unsatisfactory on any ground and declare Tacitus wholly unreliable. But the thesis itself is misconceived. Tacitus may gloss over some of Antonius’ mistakes, but at base he presents us with a man who might show scruples when circumstances permitted, but showed none when they did not.
End Game (November and December)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second half of the campaign that led to the overthrow of Vitellius was marked by three disasters, two major and one minor. The halfhearted attempt by Vespasian’s brother, Flavius Sabinus, to carry out a coup in Rome when Vitellius attempted his half-baked abdication led to the destruction of the temple of Jupiter Best and Greatest on the Capitol, the most sacred shrine in the city. Then Vitellius’ brother Lucius sacked Tarracina, a small town to the south, when he wiped out a group of renegades acting allegedly on Vespasian’s behalf. Finally there was an assault on Rome, which culminated in the storming of the praetorian camp amid another welter of blood and gore. For what happened at Tarracina Lucius Vitellius had to bear the blame. For the two major mishaps Antonius Primus was apparently made the principal scapegoat, on the ground that if he had advanced more speedily, he could have saved Sabinus and averted the need for battles in Rome. Tacitus rejects this interpretation, but once again he does not defend Antonius’ conduct. He holds that nobody emerged—or could emerge—from these events creditably.
Introduction
Authors: Danielson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection began as a conference on Modeling Rational and Moral Agents that combined two themes. First is the problematic place of morality within the received theory of rational choice. Decision theory, game theory, and economics are unfriendly to crucial features of morality, such as commitment to promises. But since morally constrained agents seem to do better than rational agents - say by co-operating in social situations like the Prisoner’s Dilemma - it is difficult to dismiss them as simply irrational. The second theme is the use of modeling techniques. We model rational and moral agents because problems of decision and interaction are so complex that there is much to be learned even from idealized models. The two themes come together in the most obvious feature of the papers: the common use of games, like the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), to model social interactions that are problematic for morality and rationality.’
Modeling Rationality: A Normative or Descriptive Task?
Authors: Sousa Ronald de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose your friend, who is wholly committed to rationality, proposes to commit suicide. How - without moralizing or exhortation - might you try to dissuade her? The standard method, springing from the type of Bayesian decision theory propounded by Richard Jeffrey (1965) and others, goes something like this.
The Failure of Success: Intrafamilial Exploitation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Authors: Marinoff Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent n-pair computer tournament for the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma (Marinoff 1992) amplifies and extends Axelrod’s (1980a, 1980b) results, and demonstrates the relative robustness of co-operative maximization of expected utilities. For empirical and analytical purposes, the twenty competing strategies in the tournament are grouped into five “families,” whose respective members share either common program structures, or similar conceptual functions. The five families are: the probabilistic family, the tit-for-tat family, the maximization family, the optimization family, and the hybrid family. Individual strategies or entire families can be selectively “bred” to exhibit (or to exclude) particular traits, or combinations of traits.
The Neural Representation of the Social World
Authors: Churchland Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A crab lives in a submarine space of rocks and open sand and hidden recesses. A ground squirrel, in a space of bolt holes and branching tunnels and leaf-lined bedrooms. A human occupies a physical space of comparable complexity, but in our case it is overwhelmingly obvious that we live also in an intricate space of obligations, duties, entitlements, prohibitions, appointments, debts, affections, insults, allies, contracts, enemies, infatuations, compromises, mutual love, legitimate expectations, and collective ideals. Learning the structure of this social space, learning to recognize the current position of oneself and others within it, and learning to navigate one’s way through that space without personal or social destruction, is at least as important to any human as learning the counterpart skills for purely physical space.
Mutual Aid: Darwin MeetsThe Logic of Decision
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 18, 1862 Karl Marx wrote to Frederick Engels, “It is remarkable how Darwin has discerned anew among beasts and plants his English society ... It is Hobbes’ bellum omnium contra omnes.” Marx is being somewhat unfair to Darwin. But in 1888 “Darwin’s Bulldog,” Thomas Henry Huxley, published an essay entitled “The Struggle for Existence and its Bearing Upon Man,” which was close to Marx’s caricature: The weakest and the stupidest went to the wall, while the toughest and the shrewdest, those who were best fitted to cope with their circumstances, but not the best in any other way survived. Life was a continuous free fight, and beyond the limited and temporary relations of the family, the Hobbesian war of each against all was the normal state of existence. (Huxley 1888, p. 165).
Three Differences between Deliberation and Evolution
Authors: Sober Elliott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this paper may seem absurd. Why bother to write about differences between two processes that are so obviously different? Next thing you know, somebody will write a paper about the distinction between square roots and albatrosses. Deliberation is something done by an organism that has a mind. The organism considers a range of alternative actions and chooses the one that seems to best advance the organism’s goals. Evolution, on the other hand, involves a population of organisms, who may or may not have minds. When the population evolves by natural selection, the organisms display different characteristics; the trait that evolves is the one that best advances the organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing.1 Deliberation involves a change that occurs in an individual; evolution effects a change in the composition of a population, the individual members of which need never change their traits at all.
Practical Reasoning
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to explore some basic questions about what practical reasoning is, or is sup posed to be, and what is special about it. Unfortunately, I do not get beyond a few fundamental issues. Even so, I get far enough to find myself at odds with what has often been said about them. Any wider implications for the proper understanding of action, reasons for action, and even morality, must be left for other occasions.