bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Group Effects That Make Second Order Change Less and More Likely
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how individual inertia and perceptions of stress are affected by group context but can also affect that context. Our basic argument is that organizational subgroups, both formal and informal, tend to support the status quo and strongly suppress individually perceived stress, as long as the group is producing generally sat isfactory outcomes for its members. However, conversations about unsatisfactory aspects of the current way of doing things are inevitable to some degree in a changing world. If those who raise such issues find a significant audience, we believe the group is in creasingly likely to explore and reframe stressors identified by individuals. The shared (or at least group-informed) ideas that emerge are an important source of strategic change, or lack of change. The outcome of sharing questions about the current way of operating may or may not lead to changes in the triggering individual’s assessment, changes in group activities, or impacts on the larger organization. Whatever the out comes, just considering significant change within a group is of critical importance be cause conversation about change adds to and alters more widely shared cognitions.
The Pharmaceutical Industry, 1970-1995
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The industry remained relatively stable over the period examined in this book, though by the end of the period the industry was beginning to respond to the cumulative effect of changes in the environment. Until the late 1980s, the industry maintained a strong product orientation, selling to an increasingly global market that was generally inelastic with regard to price Qames, 1994, 49). Companies within the industry competed largely on the basis of their R&D efforts, marketing their patented products at a premium price in a growing market. Due to the cumulative changes in the environment, that seance is being challenged. By the early 1990s, James observes: The simple model of pharmaceutical industry competition anchored in the ability to develop a stream of patent-protected new products is beginning to degrade in the face of a decline in exclusivity, a reduction in differentiation, increasing consumer sophistication, rising operating costs, the blurring of the market, and sharply increased levels of competition.
Understanding Diversity m the Timing of Strategic Response
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter’ draws on the concepts of cognitive schema found in chapter 2 to under stand timing differences in U.S. pharmaceutical company responses to significant changes in the Food and Drug Cosmetic Act. While the amendment passed in 1962, our data trace strategic responses throughout the decade-changes that inaugurate the study period more intensely covered in chapter 8.
Setting the Stage: The Miraculous Rebirth of Private Enterprise in China
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Napoleon’s warning has become reality. The sleeping giant, one of the oldest civilizations on the surface of the planet, dating back more than five thousand years and having written records for nearly three thousand years, has reawakened.1 The titan, comparable in size to the whole of Europe, has finished the long period of hibernation, stretches his legs, and is ready to walk tall again. Due to the success of its economic reforms, the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.) has become strategically important in both political and economic terms.
Influencing Factors of Structure and Management in China
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to answer the second research question: “Do the distinctive features of private Chinese management result from an emphasis on traditional Chinese cultural values?” To recapitulate, I have found empirical evidence that private Chinese enterprises have readopted the distinctive web-based Chinese management style practiced in overseas Chinese family businesses. Supporting evidence and illustrations from the survey and case studies showed that structural and managerial mean levels differed significantly between private and state enterprises.
Organizational Effectiveness of Chinese Companies
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this last findings chapter, I endeavor to answer the third research question: “Is the family-based Chinese model positively associated with organizational effectiveness?” To determine whether private Chinese management is an art, I will analyze whether Chinese management based on private family ownership leads to high performance. Some anecdotes alleged that private ownership is highly effective, but few empirical studies systematically tested such conjectures. Further, factors influencing performance may vary across regions.
Common-Law Larceny and Its Metamorphosis
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though we have developed some familiarity with larceny as interpreted in the nineteenth-century English and American courts, we have yet to assay the original conception of common-law larceny that prevailed until the late eighteenth century. This body of law consists of an array of puzzles that have baffled commentators and judges for the last 200 years. Justice Holmes and other distinguished writers have dismissed the rules of larceny as the imprints of historical “accidents.”1 Jerome Hall has written an influential book maintaining that social and economic forces can be summoned to explain the mysterious tracks of larceny in the legal sand.2 Somehow in the total confusion about the history of larceny, these two views have coexisted. Larceny is thought to be both the expression of freakish accidents and the predictable product of social and economic forces. An adequate theory would find a course between these extremes. It would neither succumb to the aimless currents of historical accidents nor founder on the simplistic shoals of historical determinism.
Two Patterns of Criminality
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The metamorphosis of larceny permits us to abstract two general patterns of criminality that find expression in a variety of crimes in addition to larceny. The common law of larceny up to the time of Blackstone reflected what we may call the pattern of manifest criminality; the modem law of larceny, emerging in the late eighteenth century, stands for a pattern of subjective criminality. By generalizing the features of these two conflicting patterns of liability, we shall find that we have a powerful interpretative mechanism for understanding disputes in the law of burglary, attempts and other inchoate offenses, treason, and even a central dispute in the theory of constitutional arrests under the Fourth Amendment. The tension between the pattern of manifest criminality and the pattern of subjective criminality is one that pervades a wide field of the criminal law.
Homicide: Three Lines of Liability
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the first two patterns of liability crystallized in a detailed study of larceny, the third pattern will emerge from the details of the law of homicide. For the present, however, we shall stress the uniqueness of homicide as a crime and then, in the next chapter, move beyond homicide to a general pattern of harmful consequences, including arson, battery, and other crimes requiring concrete injuries to persons and property. What all these offenses have in common is that the starting point for analyzing liability is not an act manifesting danger, not an intent to harm, but the occurrence of the harm itself; once the harm is established, the inquiry centers on attributing that harm to particular actors and assessing whether they are accountable for bringing it about.
The Jurisprudence of Homicide
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three prominent starting places for thinking about criminal liability. In the pattern of manifest criminality, the point of departure is an act that threatens the peace and order of community life. In the theory of subjective criminality, the starting place is the actor’s intent to violate a protected legal interest. In the law of homicide, the focal point is neither the act nor the intent, but the fact of death. This overpowering fact is the point at which the law begins to draw the radius of liability. From this central point, the perspective is: who can be held accountable, and in what way, for the desecration of the human and divine realms?1 The question is never where to place the point of the legal compass, but how far the arc should sweep in bringing in persons to stand responsible for the death that has already occurred.
The Structure of Wrongdoing
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter Six might well be read as an extended essay with one point in mind; to establish that there is at least one structural principle immanent in the criminal law, the distinction between wrongdoing and attribution. In this chapter our inquiry turns to the inner structure of wrongdoing. We shall attempt to show that wrongdoing consists of two dimensions, one that we shall call the “definition of the offense” and another that we familiarly call “justification.” A wrongful act is one that satisfies the definition of the offense and that is unjustified.
The Theory of Justification and Excuse
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notions of justification and excuse have, by now, become familiar figures in our structured analysis of criminal liability. Claims of justification concede that the definition of the offense is satisfied, but challenge whether the act is wrongful; claims of excuse concede that the act is wrongful, but seek to avoid the attribution of the act to the actor. A justification speaks to the rightness of the act; an excuse, to whether the actor is accountable for a concededly wrongful act. For all this apparent simplicity, the notions of justification and excuse lend themselves to considerably more refinement. In this concluding chapter we shall undertake to refine these basic components of our system and, in the process, discuss several specific claims of justification and excuse.
“God Save the !”: lnstitutionalizing, Appropriating, and Contesting Nationalism through Song, 1744-1798
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN his 1895 essay “Music in America,” Antonin Dvorak wondered: “What songs, then, belong to the American and appeal more strongly to him than any others? What melody could stop him on the street if he were in a strange land and make the home feeling well up within him, no matter how hardened he might be or how wretchedly the tune were played?” Much to the dismay of Dvorak and others, the national song that Americans were most likely to hear abroad, although not necessarily in honor of their own nation, was ‘‘America” (“My Country ‘Tis of Thee”). Set to the highly recognizable melody of the unofficial British national anthem, no song more roused the wrath of those calling for a “true American” song. For example, Professor Thomas Lounsbury of Yale insisted that “there is nothing more impudent in the history of plagiarism than our appropriation of ‘God Save the King’ and calling it ‘America.’” In the same spirit, the New York Times editorialized in 1889 that “‘America’ should be ignored by all persons who do not wish to be classed as receivers of stolen goods.”2 A nation of distinction, they reasoned, should have a distinctive anthem. Indeed, ‘‘America”‘s borrowed melody-from the land of monarchy, no less-seemed to both Lounsbury and the New York Times to stand at odds with the emergence of the United States as a creative, self-generating, and democratic world power.
“Teach Us True Liberty”: ‘‘America” in the Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1869
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first month of the Civil War, a group of New York businessmen offered a prize of five hundred dollars for the best new national hymn “adapted to the existing condition of the country.” After the fall of Fort Sumter, members of the Committee for a National Hymn explained, “indignation flashed through the astonished land; and the loyal citizens of the Republic rose as one man to avenge the wrong and defend the national existence.” They observed that public places were crowded with people eager to discuss the war and its implications and that a resurgent patriotism “struck at once its roots to the very centre of the nation’s being, and in a single night blossomed into fruitfulness.” There was one problem, however: “A national hymn was lacking.”1 Existing American patriotic songs (including “America”) were mostly set to borrowed British melodies and rooted in past conflicts. Without a distinctive national song geared to the crisis at hand, the businessmen believed, loyal Americans were unable to express fully either their patriotism or the deeper issues involved in the struggle. Despite the ridicule of the Musical World and Music Review, whose editors insisted that great songs could not be composed on demand, the contest received over twelve hundred entries. Most “were consigned to the great rubbish bin (or clothes-basket) after reading the first three lines,” selection committee member George Templeton Strong recounted. “A few were put aside as meritorious and worth looking at, and a few others were brilliantly absurd and therefore worth saving.” The submissions were winnowed to thirty songs; all were ultimately rejected.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated Abnormalities
Authors: Allanson Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first edition of this book, 10 hereditary deafness syndromes with external ear abnormalities were described. Two of those syndromesear malformations, cervical fistulas or nodules, and mixed hearing loss; and preauricular pits, branchial fistulas, and sensorineural hearing losshave been unified into the branchio-oto-renal syndrome. In the second edition, 30 distinctive hereditary syndromes of hearing loss with external ear changes were described. The external ear abnormalities ranged from anotia to large, cupped, simple auricles.
Locating Genes for Oral Clefts in Humans
Authors: Wyszynski Diego F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The identification of disease genes (genes whose aberrant alleles are responsible for defined clinical syndromes) has been a major focus of human genetics over the past 30 years as a natural consequence of significant improvements in DNA technology and genetic resources. To identify genes involved in inherited disease or predispositions, two general strategies are commonly applied: positional cloning and the candidate-gene approach. In the case of positional cloning, a physical map of the target region must be developed. All genes within the mapped region are considered candidates for the disease gene and are subject to screening for mutations in constitutional DNA from patients. In the candidate-gene approach, prior knowledge of specific genes is exploited by analyzing these genes for mutations (Groden and Albertsen, 1996). A subset of genes already shown to play an important role in the development of the head, with particular relevance to the development of the lip and palate, is listed in Table 21.1. Additional growth, signaling, and transcription factors that play a role in facial development include JAGGED1, sonic hedgehog, patched, cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein, GLI3, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFRl), calcium/calmodulindependent serine protein kinase (CASK), treacle, fibroblast grown factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), distalless homeo box (DLX)5/6, and paired box gene 3 (PAX3) (Schutte and Murray, 1999).
Health Care for Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: Comprehensive Services and Infant Feeding
Authors: Nackashi John A , Dedlow E Rosellen , Dixon-Wood Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children with cleft lip with or without palate (CUP) have a wide array of needs. The most obvious consequence of CUP is the facial difference. The impact of the cleft condition on the child and family can vary considerably. The child’s long-term outcome is influenced by many factors, which include the underlying condition, strengths of the child and family, access to services, and completion of a comprehensive treatment plan. Children with CLIP have all of the needs and strengths of typical children, but many have special needs related to the cleft condition. Children with clefts can be referred to as children with special health care needs, i.e., “those who have or are at elevated risk for chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions and who also require health and related services of a type or amount not usually required by children” (Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 1995). This definition helps to identify children who may need increased services. Through this identification process and to provide care, government agencies and health policymakers are given the foundation to build systems of care, health benefit packages, and services. For the clinician, recognizing that a child has special needs directs and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive and coordinated services.
“We Shall Meet Again”
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First Battle of Manassas claimed the lives of approximately 878 soldiers and wounded another 2,489. With a battlefield stretching nearly five miles, 15,000 Union and 14,000 Confederate soldiers clashed for four fateful days, many of them young and terrified and receiving their first taste of a long and bitter war. Their courage, military skill, and brute strength were tested, leading some brigades and many individuals to receive reputations that followed them into history. Now, for the first time, this extraordinary work brings the Battle of Bull Run to life by featuring over two hundred photographs of the individual soldiers and forty-five highly detailed maps. Written by a noted military historian, it provides all the necessary background information to understand the minutiae of the military action, yet it also personalizes the horrors of those few destructive days. Through poignant, often disturbing, excerpts from diaries and letters, this book offers readers a rare glimpse at the tragedy of war. Moreover, it portrays with realism and compassion the significance of the first battle of the bloodiest war in American history.
Stone Bridge
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 2:30 a.m., July 21, two Union brigades in Tyler’s division moved out of Centreville and down the Warrenton Pike toward the Stone Bridge. In order to coordinate the attack, Tyler would have to move quickly past Cub Run, allowing the main flanking force (Hunter’s and Heintzelman’s divisions, 13,000 men) to turn off the Warrenton Pike and head in a northwesterly direction toward Sudley Ford (about 8 miles away). McDowell estimated his flanking divisions would be in position by 7:00 a.m.
“Neither Slavery Nor Involuntary Servitude”
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sam Houston And Thomas Jefferson RusK, the state of Texas’s first United States senators, along with Timothy Pilsbury and David Kaufman, their two colleagues newly elected to the House of Representatives, arrived in Washington and took their seats in Congress early in 1846.By then, the fruits of annexation included not only the appearance of these Texans in the nation’s capital but an ongoing political controversy as well. The Texans discovered very quickly how angry were some Democrats against the Polk administration, and how determined to do something to challenge the way that the political situation had developed over the past year.
Sensemaking, Understanding, and Committing: Emergent interpersonal Transaction Processes in the Evolution of 3m’s Microgravity Research Program
Authors: Ring Peter Smith , Rands Gordon P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 8, 1984, Lewis W. Lehr, chairman and chief executive officer of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M), in St. Paul, Minnesota, announced at a joint press conference that his company would enter into a joint endeavor agreement (JEA) with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) We gratefully acknowledge useful comments and observations from andrew Van de Ven, Roger Hudson, Michael Rappa, and other colleagues involved in the Minnesota innovation Research Program. This research was supported by Grant No. 0350-3312-22 from the Graduate Division of the University of Minnesota.
The Management of Research and Development of A Biological innovation
Authors: Knudson Mary K , Ruttan Vernon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a longitudinal empirical description of the development and commercialization of hybrid wheat, a biological innovation. Although in several respects it complements the perspectives taken in other chapters to study the process of innovation, study of hybrid wheat’s development entails special technological considerations and also yields some unique insights on the management of innovation. As we will show, study of this biological innovation emphasizes how advances in institutional policies and technological knowledge over time change the incentives and roles of public- and private-sector organizations engaged in the development of an innovation.
A Place to Stand: Argument as a Class Act
Authors: Lindquist Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s get somebody in that can run this country like a business!” exhorts Jack, in preparation for an oration on the virtues of presidential candidate Ross Perot. Jack’s imperative is publicly directed but carries the expectation that I, as public dissenter, will take up the challenge it implies. Jack knows what I will say (always that something is more complicated than that) just as I know his routine (to bait me with a provocative declaration and then to appear to invite dialogue while assuming an increasingly stentorian posture). Both of us know that the object of this game is to deliver oratory, not to fashion the perfect syllogism. At Jack’s exhortation, a newcomer to the scene looks alarmed, apparently having mistaken this ritual fabrication of a cultural text for a rupture in the social fabric. I know that before my shift ends, the virtues of the candidates will have been vigorously debated, and each of us will have been changed only in our renewed commitments to our original convictions.
Nature Cures
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent explosion of interest in alternative and complementary approaches to healing is the surprising culmination of a full two centuries of competition and conflict between mainstream medicine and numerous unorthodox systems of treatment. Nature Cures establishes the historical context for contemporary debate over the role of unconventional medicine in health care by examining the evolution of the major alternative systems in America from 1800 to the present. These include botanical medicine, homeopathy, hypnotism and mental healing, osteopathy, chiropractic, naturopathy, and acupuncture, as well as a discussion of the European roots of systems not native to the United States. Attention is given to both the theories and therapies developed by each system and the interactions of each with the medical profession and with society at large. Particular emphasis is placed on the philosophy of “natural healing” that has been espoused by alternative practitioners throughout history and the distinctive interpretations of “nature cures” developed by the different systems.