bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative evaluation of the remodeling response of the proximal sesamoid bones to training-related stimuli in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Young David R. , Nunamaker David M. , Markel Mark D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Eight untrained 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses were used in a study of the remodeling response of the proximal sesamoid bone (psb) to training-related stimuli. Two horses each were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: group 1, untrained, pasture turnout (control); group 2, modified-classically trained, dirt track; group 3, classically trained, dirt track; and group 4, classically trained, wood chip track. Horses were given fluorochromic bone labels every 28 days during training. All horses were euthanatized after 5 months of training, and the proximal sesamoid bones (psb) were removed. A midsagittal section of bone 85- to 95- μm thick was prepared for histomorphometric analysis by use of computerized image analysis and epifluorescent microscopy. Porosity (percent), trabecular width (micrometer), extent of anisotropy (percent), mineralizing surface (percent), fractional mineralizing surface (percent), and mineral apposition rate (micrometers per day) were determined at 5 circular regions of each specimen. Region 1 was located within the apex of the psb, regions 2, 3, and 4 were subjacent to the subchondral plate, and region 5 was within the basilar articular margin. Data were pooled to allow comparison by training group and by region.
The psb from horses trained on dirt tracks (groups 2 and 3) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower porosities and greater trabecular width, compared with the control group. The psb from all training group specimens had significantly larger mineralizing surfaces than control group specimens. The fractional mineralizing surface revealed a rapid and vigorous response of the endosteal surface of the psb in horses trained on dirt tracks. When group data were pooled, region 2 was found to have the lowest porosity and greatest trabecular width of any region. Region 1 was found to have the highest porosity and lowest structural anisotropy of any region. Structural anisotropy of the cancellous bone was greatest at regions 2, 3, and 4.
The results of this study demonstrate a substantial stress adaptive remodeling response of the psb to training-related stimuli. Regional morphologic variations were found that presumably reflect the load history of the psb in vivo. Adaptive changes may allow the psb to withstand without failure large stresses generated during maximal exercise.
Pharmacokinetics and synovial fluid concentrations of cephapirin in calves with suppurative arthritis
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Pattio Nolton , Poulos Paul W. , Houston A. E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Six calves with suppurative arthritis were given a single im injection of sodium cephapirin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Cephapirin concentrations were serially measured in serum and in normal and suppurative synovial fluid over a 24-hour period. Mean peak serum concentration was 6.33 μl/ml at 20 minutes after injection. The highest cephapirin concentrations in normal and suppurative synovial fluid were 1.68 and 1.96 μg/ml, respectively, 30 minutes after injection. Overall mean cephapirin concentration in normal synovial fluid for the first 4 hours (1.04 ± 0.612 μg/ml) was not significantly different from that in suppurative synovial fluid (0.88 ± 0.495 μg/ml; P > 0.05). Elimination half-life was 0.60 hours and clearance was 1,593 ml/h/kg.
Cardiopulmonary effects of a tiletamine-zolazepam combination in sheep
Authors: Lagutchik Michael S. , Januszkiewicz Adolph J. , Dodd Kenneth T. , Martin Dale G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To assess the effects on heart and lung function, a tiletamine-zolazepam (tz) anesthetic combination was evaluated in 10 Dorset-type ewes. Ewes were randomly allotted to 2 equal groups. Ewes of groups 1 and 2 were given a single bolus of tz (12 and 24 mg/kg of body weight, iv, respectively) at time zero. Hemodynamic, pulmonary, and ventilation variables were measured at 15-minute intervals to 120 minutes. Blood gas variables were evaluated at 5-minute intervals for the first 30 minutes, then at 15-minute intervals to 120 minutes. In all sheep, tz administration induced rapid, smooth induction, with gradual and unremarkable recovery. Anesthesia duration was not significantly different between groups (mean ± sd, 39 ± 5 and 40 ± 14 minutes for groups 1 and 2, respectively). Immediate drug effects included apnea, decreased mean arterial blood pressure, and arterial hypoxemia. Cardiac output was significantly decreased in both groups at all times after drug administration. Significant changes in group-1 ewes included increased pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances and decreased inspired minute ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory airflow. Significant changes in group-2 ewes included increased systemic vascular resistance and decreased pulmonary arterial pressure, inspired minute ventilation, and respiratory airflow. Both drug dosages induced apneustic breathing patterns and caused significant changes in arterial and venous blood hemoglobin concentrations and pcv. Tiletamine-zolazepam is useful for intermediate-duration anesthesia in sheep. However, because of alterations in cardiopulmonary function, its use at the dosages evaluated by us is not recommended in studies, in which minimal effects on heart and lung function are required, or in sheep with compromised heart or lung function.
Evaluation of plate luting, using an in vivo ovine osteotomy model
Authors: Richardson Dean W. , Nunamaker David M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bilateral, midshaft metacarpal osteotomies were performed in 11 sheep and bilateral, midshaft radial osteotomies were performed in 7 sheep. The lesions were repaired with bone plates. One of each pair of plates was luted with polymethylmethacrylate and all screws were tightened uniformly with a torque screwdriver. Sheep were allowed unrestricted exercise after surgery. At 8 weeks, 10 of 11 sheep with metacarpal osteotomies were sound and both osteotomies were healing. Seven were lame on the limb with the unluted plate during the first 3 weeks; 4 were never lame on either limb. The screws of the unluted plates were significantly (P < 0.01) looser at 8 weeks than those in the luted plates. All of the sheep with radial osteotomies were lame in the limb with the unluted plate. Four of 7 sheep had overt loosening of the unluted plates. One sheep only had mild screw loosening with continued alignment of the osteotomy. Two of 7 sheep fractured the radius with the luted plate; these 2 sheep were lame in the limb with the unluted plate and were using the limb with the luted plate vigorously. Excluding the 2 sheep with fractures, all had substantially more screw loosening in the unluted plate. Histologically, there were no discernible differences in the vascularity or porosity of the bone under the luted vs the unluted plates. The only adverse consequence of the luting technique was introduction of a small amount of polymethylmethacrylate into the osteotomy gap in 5 bones.
Effects on aflatoxin M1 residues in milk by addition of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to aflatoxin-contaminated diets of dairy cows
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Phillips Timothy D. , Ellis Jeffrey A. , Kubena Leon F. , Huff William E. , Petersen H. D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (hscas), an anticaking agent for agricultural feeds, was added to aflatoxin (af)-contaminated diets of 3 lactating dairy cows and evaluated for its potential to reduce aflatoxin M1 (afm1) residues in milk. During phase I, cows were fed alternating diets that consisted of 200 μg of af/kg of feed for 7 days, 0.5% hscas plus 200 μg of af/kg of feed for 7 days, and feed with the hscas removed for a final 7 days. The afm1 milk concentrations from the intervals with hscas added to diets were compared with those times when hscas was absent. The presence of 0.5% hscas in feed containing 200 μg of af/kg reduced afm1 secretion into the milk by an average of 0.44 μg/L (from pretreatment of 1.85 μg/L to 1.41 μg/L with hscas, a 24% reduction). Following a 10-day period of noncontaminated feed consumption and no afm1 residues in the milk, phase II of the study was begun. The same experimental design as phase I was used, but the dosages of hscas and af were changed to 1.0% and 100 μg/kg of feed, respectively. The addition of 1.0% hscas in feed containing 100 μg of af/kg decreased afm1 content in the milk by an average of 0.40 μg/L (from a pretreatment of 0.91 μg/L to 0.51 μg/L when hscas was present, a 44% reduction). These findings suggest that hscas, a high-affinity sorbent compound for af in vitro, is capable of reducing the secretion of afm1 into milk.
Urine metabolite values in fed and nonfed clinically normal Beagles
Authors: Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Polzin David J. , Johnston Shirley D. , Parker Mary Lou 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twenty-four-hour excretion of urine metabolites was determined in 33 clinically normal Beagles during periods of consumption of a standard diet and when food was withheld. The goal was to determine normal canine values for urine analytes incriminated in the genesis of calcium oxalate uroliths.
During periods when dogs consumed food, dairy urinary excretion of calcium, uric acid, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, and hydrogen ions were significantly (P = 0.0004, 0.0038, 0.001, 0.0001, 0.0004, 0.0001, and 0.024, respectively) higher than when food was withheld. Urinary excretion of phosphorus, oxalate, and citrate were not significantly different between samples obtained during periods of food consumption and when food was withheld. Male dogs excreted significantly higher quantities of urine oxalate than females during fed (P = 0.003) and nonfed (P = 0.003) conditions. When food was withheld, urinary uric acid excretion was significantly higher in males than females (P = 0.01). Females excreted significantly more urine calcium than males when food was withheld (P = 0.003). Our results indicated that dietary conditions influence the quantity of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and uric acid excreted in the urine of clinically normal dogs; therefore, dietary conditions should be considered when measuring the concentration of these analytes in urine.
Static thoracic compliance as a measurement of pulmonary function in dogs
Authors: King Lesley G. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hendricks Joan C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Thoracic compliance measurements by use of readily available equipment were determined to be practical and safe in dogs. Twenty healthy dogs (age 1 to 16 years, weight 2.3 to 49.5 kg) were anesthetized for routine procedures such as dentistry or neutering. The animals were first hyperventilated to reduce pulmonary atelectasis, to check for leakage at the endotracheal tube cuff, and to induce mild hypocarbia, thus minimizing voluntary respiratory efforts. Total thoracic compliance measurements were calculated as the difference between exhaled volumes at static inspiratory pressures of 15 and 20 cm of H2O, divided by the pressure difference, and expressed as a function of body weight. The procedure was easy, took 5 to 10 minutes, and caused no recognizable ill effects in any of the dogs studied. Mean total thoracic compliance was 42.25 ± 32 ml/cm of H2O. There was a significant correlation with weight, but no significant relationship was seen between compliance and age, or gender. The mean weight-adjusted total thoracic compliance was 1.85 ± 0.56 ml/cm of H2O/kg. In studies in a small group of dogs with documented respiratory tract disease, 4 of 7 had a mean compliance > 2 sd below the normal range. Thus, this test may become part of the routine workup of any animal being anesthetized for procedures such as bronchoscopy to evaluate respiratory tract disease. Routine monitoring of animals on ventilators could provide early warning of complications such as pneumonia, pleural effusion, or pulmonary edema.
Effects of a highly concentrated hypertonic saline-dextran volume expander on cardiopulmonary function in anesthetized normovolemic horses
Authors: Moon Paula F. , Snyder Jack R. , Haskins Steve C. , Perron Paul R. , Kramer George C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Conventional fluid resuscitation is unsatisfactory in a small percentage of equine emergency surgical cases because the large volumes of fluids required cannot be given rapidly enough to adequately stabilize the horse. In anesthetized horses, the volume expansion and cardiopulmonary effects of a small volume of highly concentrated hypertonic saline-dextran solution were evaluated as an alternative initial fluid choice. Seven halothane-anesthetized, laterally recumbent, spontaneously ventilating, normovolemic horses were treated with a 25% NaCl-24% dextran 70 solution (hsd) at a dosage of 1.0 ml/kg of body weight, iv, infused over 10 minutes, and the effects were measured for 120 minutes after infusion. Plasma volume expansion was rapid and significant (from 36.6 ± 4.6 ml/kg to 44.9 ± 4.8 ml/kg), and remained significantly expanded for the duration of the experiment. Packed cell volume, total blood hemoglobin, and plasma protein concentrations significantly decreased, confirming rapid and sustained volume expansion with hemodilution. Cardiac index and stroke index immediately increased and remained high for the entire study (from 69.6 ± 15.3 ml/min/kg to 106.6 ± 28.4 ml/min/kg, and from 1.88 ± 0.49 ml/beat/kg to 2.50 ± 0.72 ml/beat/kg, respectively). Systemic vascular resistance significantly decreased immediately after hsd infusion and remained decreased for the duration of the study (from 1.41 ± 0.45 mm of Hg/ml/min/kg to 0.88 ± 0.22 mm of Hg/ml/min/kg). Arterial and venous blood oxygen content decreased significantly because of hemodilution, but actual oxygen transport transiently increased at the 10-minute measurement before returning toward baseline. Plasma osmolality and sodium significantly increased and remained high for the entire 120 minutes (from 293 ± 2 osm/L to 326 ± 9 mosm/L, and from 142.8 ± 3.3 mM/L to 159.0 ± 6.2 mM/L, respectively). Urine output increased in 5 of 7 horses within minutes of hsd infusion, but the mean increase was not statistically significant.
Three horses developed transiently severe, clinically apparent intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. One horse developed multiple single premature ventricular contractions during the infusion with no persistent ecg changes after infusion. The potential benefit of using hsd as a rapid volume expander in anesthetized horses was documented because infusion of 1 ml of hsd/kg rapidly increased plasma volume by approximately 8 ml/kg. Substantial side effects developed in these normovolemic horses, however, and this solution requires further investigation before it can be recommended in hemodynamically unstable horses.
Characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from aborted swine fetuses
Authors: Kim H. S. , Christianson W. T. , Joo H. S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Characteristics of 2 encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) isolates (MN-25 and MN-30) recovered from aborted swine fetuses were examined along with 2 other swine isolates (NVSL-MDV and NVSL-PR) and a reference ATCC strain (VR-129). All 5 emcv isolates were found to be serologically related by cross testing, using serum neutralization and fluorescent antibody assays. Hemagglutination (ha) properties of the 5 isolates were compared, using 5 diluents. The MN-25 and NVSL-MDV strains had ha activity with guinea pig rbc in all 5 diluents, whereas MN-30, NVSL-PR, and VR-129 had ha activity only in KCl-borate buffer. The ha ability with rbc of various animal species was examined, using KCl-borate diluent. All virus isolates had high ha titer (1:512 to 1:2,048) with guinea pig, rat, and horse rbc and lower ha titer (1:16 to 1:64) with sheep rbc. The MN-25 and NVSL-MDV isolates agglutinated dog rbc, whereas MN-30, NVSL-PR, and VR-129 strains did not. Viral replication was evident in 8 of 10 cell lines tested, although infectivity titers of each virus varied by cell line used. Plaque-forming ability was similar for all 5 isolates, but plaque size was different by virus and cell culture used. Virus isolates were found to be stable after being heated at 56 C and subjected to a wide range of pH. A viral polypeptide pattern difference for all 5 isolates was not found by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was concluded that MN-25 and MN-30 are serologically related and have similar viral characteristics as those of previous emcv isolates and the reference ATCC strain, although differences in ha ability could be observed.
Effect of whole-body potassium depletion on plasma, erythrocyte, and middle gluteal muscle potassium concentration of healthy, adult horses
Authors: Johnson Philip J. , Goetz Thomas E. , Foreman Jonathan H. , Vogel Raymond S. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Baker Gordon J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of whole-body potassium depletion induced by food deprivation on plasma, erythrocyte, and middle gluteal muscle K concentrations was quantified in 16 healthy, adult horses before, during, and at the end of a 7-day period of food deprivation during which water and sodium chloride were available ad libitum. Potassium concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Plasma K concentration remained constant (3.49 ± 0.09 mM K/L of plasma; mean ± sem) throughout the study. Erythrocyte potassium concentration decreased from 93.10 ± 1.94 mM K/L of erythrocytes on day 0 to 88.63 ± 2.39 mM K/L of erythrocytes on day 2 (decrease of 4.8%; P < 0.05) and thereafter did not change. The K concentration of the middle gluteal muscle decreased from 91.06 ± 2.96 μM K/g of muscle (wet weight) to 79.61 ± 2.09 μM K/g of muscle (decrease of 12.6%; P < 0.05) on day 4 and decreased further on day 7 to 73.62 ± 1.85 μM K/g of muscle (decrease of 19.2%; P < 0.05). There was no correlation between the plasma and erythrocyte K concentrations (r = −0.066), the erythrocyte and middle gluteal muscle K concentrations (r = 0.167), or the plasma and middle gluteal muscle potassium concentrations (r = −0.018). The water content of the middle gluteal muscle remained constant (73.23 ± 0.36%) throughout the study.
Erythrocyte membrane potential did not change (−99.26 ± 0.87 mV) during the study, whereas the magnitude of the membrane potential of the middle gluteal muscle decreased from −105.84 ± 1.67 mV on day 0 to −100.93 ± 2.10 mV on day 7 (P < 0.05).
Modulation of function of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes by high temperature in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Elvinger Francois , Hansen Peter J. , Natzke Roger P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) and proliferation of lymphocytes after stimulation with mitogens were evaluated in vitro at incubation temperatures of 38.5 and 42 C, and after in vivo heat stress of lactating Holstein cows. Cytochrome-c reduction and random migration of pmnl were reduced when cells were preincubated or incubated at 42 C, but high incubation temperature had little or no effect on phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli. Proliferation of lymphocytes was reduced when cells were incubated for 60 hours at 42 C after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, poke-weed mitogen, or concanavalin A. After stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, lymphocytes were most sensitive to high temperature during the first 24 hours of the 60-hour culture period. High incubation temperature had little effect on viability of cells. In vivo heat stress had no significant effect on responses of pmnl in vitro, but the decrease in proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro at high temperature was less when cells were obtained from heat-stressed cows. Total leukocyte counts in blood and somatic cell counts in milk were higher in heat-stressed cows. Results indicate that: exposure to high temperature in vitro can depress responses of pmnl and lymphocytes; apparent adaptive mechanisms induced by in vivo heat stress provide protection from effects of high temperature seen in vitro; and evidence could not be found to support the hypothesis that reduction in immune function is the basis for increases in the incidence of mastitis during the summer.
Epizootiology of helminth parasitism in a beef cow/calf herd in Minnesota
Authors: Stromberg Bert E. , Schlotthauer John C. , Haggard Dale L. , Vatthauer Richard J. , Hanke Harley , Myers Gil H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To test the effect of a parasite control program for cattle, 2 groups of similar composition were grazed on separate, but equivalent, improved pastures. Cattle in 1 group were treated with fenbendazole at 5.0 mg/kg of body weight at the time they were turned out on pasture in the spring and again at midsummer, when the cattle were moved to a new pasture. The control group was not treated. Parasite egg counts were significantly (P < 0.04) lower in the treated group. Trichostrongyle-type eggs were the most prevalent throughout the year, except in the month of May, when Strongyloides papillosus eggs were predominant. The number of worms recovered from tracer calves was lower for those on pastures where the treated group grazed than for those on the control group's pasture. The most consistently recovered parasite was Ostertagia ostertagi, and hypobiosis was observed.
Relationships between prevalence of Leptospira interrogans in cattle, and regional, climatic, and seasonal factors
Authors: Miller David A. , Wilson Mark A. , Beran George W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
On the basis of serologic test results and isolation of leptospires from mature cattle, distribution and prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovars and genotypes were compared by state and region of the United States. Relationships between isolation rate and month of sample collection, mean regional temperature, and mean regional precipitation were examined. Isolation rate and seroprevalence were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for southeastern, south central, and Pacific coastal regions than for other regions of the United States. Isolates of genotypes hardjo-bovis A and kennewicki A and B, and of serovar grippotyphosa appeared to be randomly distributed. Genotype hardjo-bovis B isolates came from a southern area of the country that extends from Georgia to New Mexico. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first recorded isolation of serovar hardjo from Hawaii. Although significant relationship was not documented between isolation rate and month or season of the year, seroprevalence for summer, fall, and winter was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that for spring. Regional isolation rate was related more to mean temperature (r = 0.83; P < 0.05) than to mean precipitation amount (r = 0.34; P > 0.50).
Effect of Pasteurella haemolytica saline capsular extract on bovine pulmonary endothelial cells
Authors: Kumar Sarmishtha , Breider Mike A. , Corstvet Richard E. , Maddux Jeanne L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether Pasteurella haemolytica capsular extract (ce) damages bovine pulmonary endothelial cells (ec) directly or through neutrophil-mediated mechanisms. Chromium 51-labeled ec were treated with the following variables: ce (1, 10, and 100 ng of protein/ml), ce and bovine neutrophils (106 cells/well), and ce and polymyxin B (500 U/ml). Although only minimal damage to ec occurred by 5 hours after treatment, by 22 hours after treatment, the 10-ng and 100-ng ce dose produced severe damage to ec, as indicated by 51Cr release, cellular detachment, and loss of monolayer confluency. The component in the ce that was toxic to the ec was lipopolysaccharide, evidenced by effective neutralization of the toxic effect with polymyxin B. Neutrophils inhibited the ce-mediated ec toxicity and were activated, as indicated by shape change and adhesion to ec monolayers. We concluded that the lipopolysaccharide component of ce causes direct damage to ec, which can be attenuated by neutrophils and polymyxin B.