bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance without ‘Baddies’
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper , Vrist Rønn Kira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic raises new questions regarding the moral permissibility of surveillance—in this context there is no human aggressor and, thus, the antagonistic relationship between the surveillant and the surveilled, which is commonly assumed to obtain in much of the literature on surveillance ethics, does not exist. This raises the question of the extent to which existing frameworks for ethical surveillance apply to the surveillance activities aiming at controlling virus transmission. In this chapter, we will address the question of whether and in what form liability should play a role in surveillance ethics in the context of pandemics. Can persons who are not responsible for catching Covid-19 and do not intend to harm or wrong others by transmitting the virus, be liable to being surveilled on account of their posing a threat of virus transmission to others? If so, are they innocent or culpable threats?
Technofixing Surveillance
Authors: Macnish Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Covid-19 has led to mass surveillance of populations at a global scale. However, surveillance does not engender trust and indeed frequently speaks to a pre-existing lack of trust in the person under surveillance. This chapter examines the relationship between consent and coercion in a liberal society, and the relevance of moral trust in authorities to that relationship. In particular, it draws on earlier work, coupled with recent concerns from Snowden to Cambridge Analytica, to argue that moral trust is important to provide the authority to conduct surveillance in any circumstance. In states of emergency, though, the chapter argues that pre-existing trust is essential. The squandering of that trust in times of non-emergency is therefore dangerous and diminishes the state’s ability to adequately protect its citizens. Trust could be developed through increasing transparency of government processes and decision-making, especially when ‘fighting’ an ‘enemy’ which lacks semantic understanding.
Faith, Flourishing, and Agnosticism
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faith, Flourishing, and Agnosticism uses conceptual and empirical methods to argue that the many individuals who have ambiguous evidence for God can grow in virtue and attain greater flourishing by engaging in practices of faith toward God. The book begins by developing a way of thinking about God, called minimal theism, that guides the discussion. It next argues that there is a sizable population of individuals with ambiguous evidence for God so understood by providing support for arguments for agnosticism through an evaluation of theistic and atheistic arguments and higher-order evidence about God. It then discusses what kind of cognitive commitments toward God are required to engage in faith practices such as thanking or praising God, developing unique arguments that these can be supplied by beliefs or nondoxastic assumptions but not other states. Four pathways whereby individuals with ambiguous evidence for God can grow in virtue through such faith practices are then identified. First, they can grow in general virtuous tendencies to give other people the benefit of the doubt by giving God the benefit of the doubt. Second, they can indirectly grow in a broad range of virtues by experiencing better mental health as a consequence of accepting God’s love. Third, they can make skilled use of the worldview of minimal theism to cultivate transformative experiences of awe and connectedness, thereby supporting the specific virtue of spiritual excellence. Finally, by this same process, they can reap further downstream benefits in character growth independently of whether spiritual excellence is virtuous.
Virtue and Flourishing
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides accounts of virtues and flourishing and argues that growth in virtue is likely to promote growth in flourishing. Virtues are conceptualized as traits of character that involve valuable ways of responding to what is valuable. For human beings, virtues may need to be suitable to human nature and productive of the ends of human beings. Given this account, it is argued that the traits discussed in Part Two of the text, including spiritual excellence, will qualify as virtues. A flourishing life is conceptualized as one that involves acting in accordance with virtue over a complete life. This may not require virtue; for example, continence may be sufficient, but growth in virtue tends to promote greater flourishing. The chapter concludes by considering the relationship between flourishing and well-being, where it is argued that growth in flourishing should be motivating even if flourishing is not equivalent to well-being.
Accepting God’s Love
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that individuals with ambiguous evidence for God are likely to experience better mental health if they accept God’s love for them and that this can indirectly promote their virtue development. The chapter begins by articulating an account of what is involved in adopting a richly accepting orientation toward God’s love. It then shows how research with theists has shown that those who have a more secure attachment to God, which involves being more accepting of God’s love, experience better mental health and higher levels of virtue. Next, original empirical research by the author focused on God attachment, acceptance of God’s love, and mental health among agnostics is reviewed. This research suggests that patterns observed with theists also hold for agnostics.
Conclusion
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes the research results outlined in the book regarding the four pathways to flourishing and virtue growth: giving God the benefit of the doubt, accepting God’s love, experiencing transformative awe, and acting in accordance with spiritual excellence. In identifying pathways whereby future studies can expand on this work, it is suggested that future research could explore the specific empirical findings of the book by adding longitudinal and intervention studies. Future research should also attend to the role of religious or spiritual communities in supporting faith practices such as those discussed in the book. Such research should also attend to nontheistic and combined theistic and nontheistic contemplative practices that may promote spiritual excellence.
Civilian protective agency
Authors: Krause Jana , Masullo Juan , Rhoads Emily Paddon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of civilian protective agency. It begins with an overview of the origins of this diverse field of scholarship and practice, and then sketches the conceptual terrain. We define civilian protective agency, examine its constituent components (‘civilian’, ‘protection’, and ‘agency’), distinguish it from cognate terms, and situate the concept within the broader literature. We identify four broad inter-related yet distinct forms of civilian protective agency: evasion, resistance, rescue, and adaptation, and review the different factors and conditions that enable the emergence of civilian protective agency, as well as some of its consequences for the protection of civilians—what we refer to as the ‘protection dividend’. Finally, we provide an overview of the volume.
Civil resistance against jihadists
Authors: Svensson Isak , Smart Alanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 2014, the Islamic State seized control of Mosul, upending its institutions and unleashing sweeping changes to the lives of its citizens until their defeat in 2017. This chapter examines a specific form of civilian protective agency: civil resistance. Despite the Islamic State’s notorious brutality, examples of civil resistance—public acts of protest, non-compliance, and everyday resistance—were remarkably common. Using survey data collected from 1,024 Mosul residents, this chapter demonstrates how and the extent to which people’s resistance was manifested in these three forms. It also discusses the reasons why people resisted. In contrast to a prevalent argument in previous research, this chapter finds that perceptions of governance are insufficient in explaining the motivation for resistance, as governance was generally favourably perceived, and many residents thought that several aspects of governance did improve under the reign of the Islamic State. Instead, what seems to be driving the propensity for civil resistance are issues relating to identification, or lack thereof, with the Islamic State. IS’s dependence on foreign fighters may have inhibited their ability to tap into legitimacy-building narratives, preventing them from fostering consent amongst those whom they ruled. This chapter helps to demonstrate the role of civilian protective agency and the different forms of defiance by civilians amid occupation by violent and totalitarian movements.
The durability of resistance
Authors: Zulver Julia Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter adds to a burgeoning conversation about the ways in which civilian protective agency is gendered by challenging essentializing perceptions of women’s mobilization, self-protection, and peacebuilding. Using empirical evidence from the Colombian conflict, it focuses on women as agentic actors whose experiences with violent conflict—in both their generalized and gendered iterations—catalysed them to mobilize for gender justice more broadly. Drawing on prospect theory, it argues that the barriers to high-risk collective action can be overcome when individuals operate in a domain of losses in which the potential material and non-material benefits of group membership outweigh the uncertain outcomes of not mobilizing (which does not guarantee safety). This domain of losses is gendered, both because of the context in which women mobilize (i.e. conflict zones featuring high levels of violence), and because of the transgression of gender norms that acting publicly in a machista society implies. The chapter then turns to the different trajectories of women’s organizations over time, arguing that a fluctuating domain of losses and varying confidence in future successes can cause some groups to persist in their resistance, while others lose mobilization inertia. The chapter draws on empirical evidence from two women’s organizations engaged in high-risk collective action in the Colombian conflict to illustrate the emergence and trajectories of gendered civilian agency along the continuum of violence.
Vigilantism as civilian protective agency
Authors: Yeger Moshe Ben Hamo , Masullo Juan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines vigilantism as a potential form of civilian protective agency in the context of Mexico’s criminal war. Is vigilantism a response to the threat posed by drug cartels? Do vigilante groups operate where violence is the most intense? Is vigilantism a response to all types of criminal violence? To answer these questions, the chapter maps the spatial distribution of vigilantism in Mexico from 2013 to 2017 and examines its association with different patterns of criminal violence. Our results support the claim—made by vigilante groups themselves—that vigilantism is a protection-seeking response to criminal violence. Yet, they provide important nuance that deepens our understanding of the relationship between vigilantism and the dynamics of criminal violence. First, vigilante groups are especially likely to operate when and where more than one major drug cartel is present. Second, while vigilante groups seem to respond to criminal violence, they do so only when and where levels of violence are neither too high nor too low. Finally, while there is consistent and strong evidence that homicides are associated with the incidence of vigilantism, other forms of violence, such as kidnappings and extortion, are not (or are only weakly) associated with it. This suggests that not all types of violence matter equally. This chapter provides a more detailed and comprehensive overview of how the incidence of vigilante groups is linked to different expressions of the country’s criminal war.
Contingent civilians
Authors: Mampilly Zachariah , Solomon Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores theories of civilian action during mass violence that argue for the role of (1) civil society institutions, (2) governing authorities, and (3) external support in shaping civilian-led protective responses to mass atrocities. Through a combination of within- and cross-case comparisons of civilian responses to mass atrocities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sri Lanka, and South Sudan, we find that civilians exercise protective agency and undertake collective action even in contexts of severe group-selective violence. In some circumstances, the identity of the groups targeted increased their risks of violence; in others, these identities did not contribute to their risk of harm or aided civilians seeking avenues for collective action. The comparative analysis indicates inconsistent support for each of the three arguments concerning the effect of civilian action, pointing toward the importance of the political and social context in shaping the occurrence and outcomes of civilian protective agency to mitigate mass atrocities. The chapter concludes by addressing the conceptual and methodological challenges of studying civilian agency cross-nationally, which emerged in the context of our study’s unique collaboration between the Simon-Skjodt Center of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and three partner organizations based in the countries under study: the Congo Research Group, the Adayaalam Centre for Policy Research, and the Sudd Institute.
Civilian protection monitoring in war and ceasefire contexts
Authors: Krause Jana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that civilian protection monitoring can effectively contribute to the immediate protection of civilians in contexts of open conflict but is less impactful during ‘no war –no peace’ periods when civilians remain exposed to a militarized environment and a wide range of human rights violations. The chapter draws on fieldwork on civilian protection monitoring in Myanmar’s Kachin and Karen (Kayin) States during the period of 2015 to 2018. From Myanmar’s transition in 2011 until the 2021 military coup, local and international peacebuilding organizations have supported civilian ceasefire monitoring with a protection component to strengthen nascent ceasefires between Ethnic Armed Organizations and the Union of Myanmar Government. In Kachin State, civilian monitors contributed to protecting civilians from the immediate consequences of renewed war after a ceasefire had failed. By contrast, under ceasefire conditions in Karen State, civilian monitors were unable to protect civilians from a range of non-lethal abuses perpetrated by armed actors and major businesses during a stalled peace process. The case of Karen State further demonstrates how ceasefire politics shaped and limited civilian protection monitoring. In Kachin State, civilian monitoring predominantly aided immediate humanitarian support for civilians. In Karen State, civilian monitoring encompassed a broader notion of protection from non-lethal forms of violence, which conflicted with the political and economic objectives of armed actors and was therefore contested. These findings underscore that civilian protective agency is a form of political agency that may generate resistance. This has important implications for international actors who seek to support civilian protective agency.
Introduction
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an account of each of Greene’s trips to the Iberian Peninsula between 1976 and 1989, giving details, wherever possible, of the preparations, routes, anecdotes, fellow-travellers, topics of conversation, and repercussions of each of them, together with an attempt to explain their personal impact on Greene. This reconstruction will show his personality in a relaxed environment, a context which clearly permits new insights to emerge. The analysis of Greene’s peregrinations through Spain and Portugal will also bring useful insights into the genesis and development of Monsignor Quixote, which as time passed became the personal favourite of his long bibliography. The themes and the setting of the novel can be better understood when set against the trips made in the first phase, between 1976 and 1981, and this study will help clarify some of the detailed background to the book’s inception, together with the subsequent television adaptation.
The Travels
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the longest chapter of the book, in turn subdivided under fifteen main headings that detail each of the trips that Greene undertook through the Iberian Peninsula from 1976 to 1989. Each subchapter gives a full account of the travel preparations as recorded in the documentary sources, the itineraries, the most outstanding events, the topics of conversation, and the repercussions of each trip within the biography and work of Greene. Special attention is given to the genesis and development of the novel Monsignor Quixote, conceived in the summer of 1977 and developed over the following years until its publication in 1982. The 1980 trip is also of special importance as it represents an attempt by Greene to establish contact with the leaders of the emerging Spanish socialism.
On the Track of Murrieta
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the stories resulting from Greene’s travels through Spain and Portugal that have remained unknown, the creation of the short-lived Graham Greene Foundation stands out. In gratitude for the mention of Marqués de Murrieta wines in Monsignor Quixote, Greene received two invitations to visit the Rioja winery. In the second of these, which occurred in August 1987, the owner of the winery, Vicente Cebrián, Count of Creixell, proposed to Greene the creation of a foundation that would bear his name. From this moment on, there unfolds a complex record of encounters and clashes between Cebrián and Durán, with Greene as a backdrop. The foundation was supposedly designed for cultural purposes, but Durán did not fail to see the commercial aspect of the project, and he would soon have qualms about whether it was right to collaborate with it and, furthermore, involve his friend Graham.
To Tell or Not to Tell
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Greene’s death, Durán received offers from international publishers to write a book about his relationship with the late writer. He ultimately opted for the HarperCollins proposal and published a book entitled Graham Greene: Friend and Brother (1994), in which he discussed various aspects of his friendship and travels with Greene. To date, Friend and Brother has been the only reference used by Greene’s biographers to document his trips on the Peninsula, but an analysis of the textual process reveals that the book contains many gaps, deliberate or not, which, to some extent, compromise the reliability of its facts. This chapter provides a survey of the genesis of the memoir book and a textual analysis of the various phases of writing, emphasizing which aspects suffered modifications or omissions throughout the writing process and, finally, outlining some hypotheses about why Durán chose to omit or modify some relevant facts.
Introduction
Authors: Goodfellow Tom , Jackman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As optimism about the ‘third wave’ of democratization has waned in the face of continued and renewed authoritarianism across the world, analyses of authoritarian dominance remain focused primarily on the national scale. After discussing some recent debates on authoritarianism and authoritarian durability, we argue that cities, and especially capital cities, play crucial roles in the production of dominance and the politics of maintaining it, as well as being sites of popular resistance and opposition building. We then go on to introduce the research project on which this book is based, and present our set of case studies, before setting out the organization of the book.
Generativity and repression
Authors: Goodfellow Tom , Jackman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The varying ways in which political elites deploy their resources and strategies in cities to pursue dominance remains underexplored. In this chapter we suggest that strategies for urban dominance can be analysed in accordance with two overlapping modalities: interventions that are generative by design (their primary intention is to create some new form of support); and those that are repressive by design (their primary aim is to destroy or inhibit some form of opposition). We then present a typology of strategies that cut across these spheres of intervention and include co-optation, legitimizing discourses, legal manoeuvres, coercive distribution, and violent coercion. This framework is designed to inform empirical analysis of strategies of urban dominance, how these change over time and how they are deployed in varying combinations, facilitating a deeper understanding of how struggles for control shape urban outcomes.
Beautification, governance, and spectacle in post-war Colombo
Authors: Perera Iromi , Spencer Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts the shifting role played by Colombo during and after Sri Lanka’s years of civil conflict. The central areas of the city are ethnically and religiously heterogeneous, and for many years served as a power base for the United National Party (UNP). Since economic liberalization in the late 1970s, Colombo has grown a belt of middle-class suburbs, which are mono-ethnic and Sinhala Buddhist dominated. After the war ended in 2009, Gotabaya Rajapaksa launched a campaign of beautification which resulted in the clearance of low-income areas and the relocation of the urban poor to new high-rise buildings away from the centre. This appeared to bolster his support substantially among the new Sinhala suburbanites in the 2019 election. It clearly delivered political dividends in the urban suburbs, as evidenced by Rajapaksa’s success in the 2019 election, though this has subsequently proved to be a weak foundation for securing long-term political dominance, and in mid-2022 Colombo emerged as a site for mass protest, leading to the resignation of the Rajapaksa brothers.
The Artificial Cataclysm
Authors: Velarde Gissel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first chapter introduces the waves of the Surreal Technological Progress during the Artificial Era, and announces a possible Artificial Cataclysm in the next years. It presents the origins, development, and trends of Artificial Intelligence as a research field supported by academic research and patent statistics. It introduces definitions of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, together with reported Intelligence Quotation scores obtained by humans and machines. It also describes the limitations of Intelligence Quotation tests and presents observations from researchers studying social-cognitive abilities. Besides, it discusses considerations on creativity and its evaluation. Finally, the chapter presents the debate about whether technology will help people become more productive or whether it will be used to replace workers. For this purpose, the chapter revises a similar historical event and presents statistics on automation and unemployment.