bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pain Management
Authors: Turk Dennis C. , Okifuji Akiko 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews the major unidimensional perspectives on chronic pain (i.e., biomedical, psychogenic, operant, and motivational) and describes the inadequacies of each. The authors review the important contributions of cognitive, affective, and environmental factors and the principles of learning to the maintenance and exacerbation of pain and acceptance of and response to treatment. They present a multidimensional, cognitive‐behavioral formulation that integrates features of each of the unidimensional models. The authors describe an approach to assessment based on the cognitive‐behavioral formulation. The approach described incorporates assessment of medical‐physical, psychosocial, and behavioral factors. The rationale for a comprehensive approach to treating chronic pain patients based on the cognitive‐behavioral perspective and the assessment protocol is discussed. The objectives of the cognitive‐behavioral treatment and specific cognitive and behavioral techniques are described in detail. In addition to covering specific techniques, important issues related to treatment are reviewed, including adherence/compliance, relapse, the “patient‐uniformity myth”, and treatment matching. The necessity of demonstrating the clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of treatment is described. Finally, the authors present data the potential of matching treatments to patients' psychosocial and behavioral characteristics and outcomes data confirming the effectiveness of integrating the cognitive‐behavioral approach within general rehabilitation of chronic pain patients is described.
Insomnia
Authors: Morin Charles M. , Savard Josée , Ouellet Marie‐Christine , Daley Meagan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThere is extensive evidence showing that sleep and health are related. Among all of the sleep disorders, insomnia is the most prevalent and one of the most frequent health complaints brought to the attention of health‐care practitioners. A variety of environmental, psychosocial, and biological variables have been linked to insomnia complaints. Insomnia is also associated with significant consequences in health, quality of life, social and occupational functioning, economics, and public safety. The multidimensional nature of insomnia has thus led to the development of various evaluative and diagnostic tools as well as diverse pharmacological and psychological treatment options. This chapter offers an overview of insomnia, providing clues as to its etiology, impact, and clinical presentation and management. We begin with some basic facts about sleep, followed by a description of the nature, diagnosis, epidemiology, and risk factors associated with insomnia. The relationship between sleep and health, mental as well as physical, is then discussed, and a thorough description of assessment methods for the clinical management of insomnia is provided. Finally, we present a review of empirically validated psychological, pharmacological, and combined therapies for insomnia, and underline their benefits and limitations.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Taylor Renee R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), an illness that is not easily explained, and the societal response to it. Within the chapter we provide the current case definition and discuss complexities involved in diagnosing CFS. We also cover recent research on sociodemographics and the epidemiology of CFS, which suggests that CFS affects individuals from a wide range of socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. The chapter also explores research on CFS subtypes, and illustrates how subtyping individuals with CFS can provide clarification for researchers and clinicians who encounter an otherwise confusing heterogeneity of symptom profiles that characterize this syndrome. In addition, we describe several etiological models of this syndrome and attempt to synthesize the findings according to a model of psychoneuroimmunology. The natural course and prognosis of CFS is also covered, as is evidence on empirically validated treatment approaches, including pharmacological and alternative treatments and nonpharmacological interventions. There are also sections on medical utilization, treatment attributions, and the social impact of this syndrome. The final sections of this chapter review research on stigma and CFS and make suggestions for future directions for research and intervention.
Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Elliott Timothy R. , Rivera Patricia 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSpinal cord injury is a high‐cost, low‐incidence neurological disability. This condition has a significant impact on the individual, the family, health care service delivery systems, and society in general. Medical advancements have improved the likelihood of survival following spinal cord injury, and estimated life spans for persons with this condition now approach life expectancies of other people. Unfortunately, the costs associated with ongoing care and assistance escalate as financial support for these services decline. In this chapter, we review the major aspects of spinal cord injury and current information about the condition and its concomitants. We will then provide a model of adjustment and present evidence concerning the major components of the model. We consider the alternative views of adjustment, assistance and service delivery espoused by health care programs, professionals, and by consumers and their families. We conclude with an overview of intervention strategies and issues in health and public policy that affect persons with SCI.
Child Health Psychology
Authors: Barakat Lamia P. , Kunin‐Batson Alicia , Kazak Anne E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter aims to integrate the literature in child health psychology—a broad, multifaceted, and multidisciplinary field that encompasses the well‐being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults and includes an emphasis on health, illness and injuries. Four basic assumptions are presented: (1) Children's health and illness must be viewed contextually, (2) pediatric psychology provides an umbrella through which child health can be summarized and integrated, (3) competence and stress‐and‐coping paradigms define our understanding of child health, (4) outcome studies are important in establishing psychological interventions within child health. A model describing three levels of child and family response to health care issues and suggesting three levels of psychological intervention is proposed as a framework for understanding the state of research on interventions in child health psychology. The empirical literature on universal (disease preventions: immunizations and primary care settings, prevention of unintentional injuries), selective (management of procedure‐related and disease‐related pain and distress, improving treatment adherence), and targeted (cognitive rehabilitation for children with traumatic brain injuries, social skills training for survivors of brain tumors, and interventions in transplantation) is reviewed and evaluated. Future goals for research in child health psychology are discussed.
Adolescent Health
Authors: Phillips Sheridan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe health status of adolescents represents an interaction of physical and psychosocial development. This chapter focuses on those unique aspects of adolescence that have particular salience for teenagers' health and health care. These include the psychosocial effects of early and late pubertal maturation and special conditions associated with puberty (gynecomastia, amenorrhea, short and tall stature). Developmental issues (e.g., increased risk taking) are associated with morbidity and mortality. Of the 10 leading causes of death among adolescents and youth (age 12 to 24), four are behavioral in origin: unintentional injury/accidents, homicide, HIV, and suicide. These behaviorally based threats to health have eclipsed the previous causes of pediatric mortality and morbidity as medical advances eradicated many childhood diseases. Improvements in health care have not led to better health status for American teenagers. Adolescents are the only age group in the United States whose mortality rate has increased over the past 30 years. Recognition of this “new morbidity” has prompted increased attention to psychosocial aspects of health care, including the unique needs of the adolescent patient, strategies to promote compliance with medical regimens, broader prevention efforts, and focus on particularly salient areas of health: accidental injury, violence, substance misuse, and risky sexual behavior.
Adult Development and Aging
Authors: Siegler Ilene C. , Bosworth Hayden B. , Elias Merrill F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter will address the health psychology aging within the context of known diseases. Age has potential interactions with all of the important causal and mediating variables in health psychology and is a major risk factor for most chronic diseases. We start with an overview of important aging concepts and issues, including definitions of normal aging and the role of geriatric medicine and epidemiology to the study of the health psychology of aging. We then turn to the study of hypertension, as it is especially useful in illustrating the issues that aim to separate the effects of aging from the effects of disease on changes in cognitive functioning. We next turn to a review of methodological issues in the field with a particular emphasis on longitudinal studies and the special problems that age poses in traditional epidemiologic designs. We then summarize work in personality and social factors on disease with age with an emphasis on behavioral risk indicators for heart disease, social support, and self‐rated health. Finally, we point out some emerging areas in developmental health psychology with particular attention to genetics, stress, decision making, coping, adherence, and problems associated with cancers.
Women's Health Psychology
Authors: Geller Pamela A. , Graf Maria C. , Dyson‐Washington Faith 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to women's health with attention to biological, psychological, and sociological aspects of women's lives. We suggest that further exploration of gender differences in symptom presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, risk factors, treatment effectiveness, and psychosocial factors for various disease entities is needed in order to enhance appropriate prevention and intervention strategies for women and their families. Specifically, we present overviews of the five leading causes of death among women (i.e., CHD, lung and breast cancer, stroke, COPD, and HIV/AIDS); the leading cause of injury to women (i.e., domestic violence); and chronic diseases common in women (i.e., arthritis, fibromyalgia, and osteoporosis). Mental health conditions prevalent among women, as well as information on the association between mental and physical health, are addressed, followed by a discussion of women in mental health treatment, health insurance, and relationships with healthcare providers. Stressful conditions related to pregnancy (i.e., miscarriage, infertility, postpartum reactions, and peripartum cardiomyopathy) are highlighted. Last, we discuss social and cultural influences on women's health focusing on the relationship between socioeconomic status, multiple roles, sex roles, and socialization as they relate to psychological and physiological illness. We conclude with the current status of women in health care and psychology and future directions in the field.
Cultural Aspects of Health Psychology
Authors: Whitfield Keith E. , Weidner Gerdi , Clark Rodney , Anderson Norman B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe U.S. population consists of a broad array of economic and cultural diversity that correlates with and impacts the study of behavioral aspects of health. There are many challenges to providing accurate, detailed descriptions of behavioral aspects of health among people from diverse populations. There are, however, opportunities for significantly advancing science related to health from studying behavior among culturally and economically diverse populations. The purpose of this paper is to provide a broad selective overview of research that address mortality and morbidity, health status, and biological and behavioral risk factors among sociodemographically diverse populations, with a focus on ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status. We also provide suggestions for methodological refinement of research and insights into possible future directions in behavioral research on ethnically and economically diverse populations.
Occupational Health Psychology
Authors: Quick James Campbell , Tetrick Lois E. , Adkins Joyce , Klunder Charles 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOccupational health psychology (OHP) integrates several psychology specialties applying them to organizational settings for the improvement of the quality of work life, the protection and safety of workers, and promotion of healthy work environments. Healthy work environments are ones where people feel good, achieve high performance, and have high levels of well‐being. OHP is founded on strong traditions both throughout Europe and the United States. The chapter has seven sections. Section 1 provides a brief historical overview of OHP. Section 2 reviews the ecological dimensions of OHP, which are the work environment, the individual, the work‐family interface, and goodness‐of‐fit among these dimensions. Section 3 presents a framework for preventive health management based on applying the public health concepts of primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to occupational settings. Section 4 presents an organizational health center model using data‐based assessment, surveillance, and evaluation in the scientist‐practitioner model. Section 5 presents an OHP training model. Section 6 presents an organizational case study in which a Transition Life Advisor Program was designed to aid 13,000 employees through a transition while minimizing the adverse impacts of suicides and incidences of workplace violence. Nearly $33,000,000 in cost avoidance was realized.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Authors: Nezu Christine Maguth , Tsang Solam , Lombardo Elizabeth R. , Baron Kim P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter describes the major complementary and alternative medicine approaches which serve as either adjunct or alternative treatment to standard medicine practices. These approaches are often rooted in the philosophy that psychological or emotional experiences have a reciprocal relationship with physical experiences, with a growing body of research supporting this link. As such, complementary and alternative therapies, and the treatments described under the rubric of clinical health psychology, share many fundamental concepts and philosophies with regard to health prevention, promotion, and maintenance. This chapter provides an overview of complementary and alternative therapies within a psychological context. These include practices that have originated from western (e.g., Homeopathy, Osteopathy, Chiropractic) and eastern (e.g., Ayruveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine) cultures. Herbal remedies, lifestyle modifications, tactile therapies, movement therapies, and mind/body interventions are also included as important treatment components for promoting health across cultures.The specific objectives of this chapter are to (a) familiarize the reader with these complementary and alternative approaches to healing, their clinical applications, and a brief summary of supporting research, (b) discuss and integrate the common themes of complementary and alternative approaches within a psychological context, and (c) suggest how psychological treatments may facilitate the benefits of complementary and alternative treatments for promoting health.
The Assessment Process
Authors: Weiner Irving B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAssessment psychology is the field of behavioral science concerned with methods of identifying similarities and differences among people in their personal characteristics and capacities. Psychological assessment involves integrating information about people gleaned from test protocols, interview responses, behavioral observations, collateral reports, and historical documents. These assessment procedures are employed in diverse ways for the purpose of responding to a broad range of referral questions in such companion fields as clinical, educational, health, forensic, and industrial/organizational psychology. This chapter introduces a volume that elaborates the diversity of assessment procedures, the nature of the assessment questions that arise in various settings, and the types of assessment methods commonly employed to address these questions. Assessment is conceptualized in this introduction as a three‐stage process consisting of: (1) collecting assessment data of appropriate kinds and in sufficient amounts to address referral questions in meaningful and useful ways, (2) interpreting assessment data in a manner that provides accurate descriptions of respondents' psychological characteristics and behavioral tendencies, and (3) utilizing descriptions of respondents to formulate conclusions and recommendations that help to answer referral questions. The discussion identifies distinctive tasks and critical decision‐making issues associated with each phase of this process.
Clinical Judgment and Mechanical Prediction
Authors: Garb Howard N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractComputers can be used to make judgments and decisions. In this chapter, the strengths and limitations of mechanical prediction and clinical judgment are described. Judgments made by computers have generally been more accurate than judgments made by humans. However, only a few present‐day mechanical prediction rules have been shown to be powerful. Mechanical prediction rules will be briefly described, and reasons will be given for why it has been difficult to build ones that are powerful. With regard to clinical judgment, mental health professionals can make reliable and valid judgments if they are careful about the information they use and if they avoid common judgment errors. A large body of research illustrates that it can be difficult to learn from clinical experience. This is because psychologists sometimes use invalid information, their cognitive processes are fallible, and in clinical practice they are unlikely to receive accurate feedback on whether their judgments are right or wrong. Recommendations are made for improving the way that judgments and decisions are made. One recommendation is that psychologists place less emphasis on their clinical experiences and more emphasis on training that is based on scientific research.
Psychometric Characteristics of Assessment Procedures
Authors: Wasserman John D. , Bracken Bruce A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter by Wasserman and Bracken, the most salient psychometric characteristics of psychological tests are described, incorporating elements from both classical test theory and item response theory. Guidelines are provided for the evaluation of test technical adequacy across a wide array of psychological tests in the areas of sampling, norming, scaling, validity, reliability, and fairness. Sampling, norming, and scaling guidelines address appropriate sample sizes, the accuracy and recency of norms, item and scale gradients, and floor and ceiling effects. Evidence of test score validity is described as occurring in two broad classes (internal and external), both of which ultimately are concerned with construct validity. Evidence of test score reliability includes the extent to which measurement results are precise and accurate; free from random and unexplained error; and consistent, accurate, and uniform across occasions, time, observers, and samples. Fairness is described as an important additional area of psychometric emphasis. A holistic and systemic approach to test score fairness is described, extending from test conception through applied consequences. Finally, the study of psychometrics is criticized for its historical over‐reliance on internal sources of evidence, and recommendations are made for an increased focus on external, applied sources of evidence of psychometric adequacy.
Bias in Psychological Assessment: An Empirical Review and Recommendations
Authors: Reynolds Cecil R. , Ramsay Michael C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, the authors present a multifaceted treatment of the persistent controversy over ethnic bias in ability tests. After introducing the controversy and the widely misunderstood concept of bias, we address objections to tests and testing raised by minority advocacy groups and explore the origins of such objections. We touch upon proposed sources of test bias, such as differential predictive validity and inequitable social consequences of testing. Next, we distinguish bias from similar concepts: unfairness, offensiveness, culture fairness, and culture loadedness. We also distinguish similar controversies, such as the etiology of putative ethnic differences. The crux of the test bias debate is intergroup score differences observed for over a century. Authors have proposed numerous explanations for these differences, primarily social inequalities, genetic potential, an interaction between the two, and test bias. Some authors have assumed a priori that any mean ethnic difference in ability scores must result from bias. We evaluate the merits of these approaches, particularly the latter, before reviewing the bias literature. Our review includes predictive, construct, and content bias and related issues such as situational bias. Results provide little evidence for substantial ethnic test bias. We conclude, in part, with recommendations for clinicians, researchers, and others.
Psychological Assessment in Treatment
Authors: Maruish Mark E. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Changes that have taken place in the delivery of behavioral healthcare during the past several years have led to changes in the way in which third‐party payers and even psychologists think about and/or use psychological assessment in day‐to‐day clinical practice. Some question the value of psychological assessment in the current time‐limited, capitated service delivery arena, while others argue that it is in just such an arena that the benefits of psychological assessment can be most fully realized and contribute significantly to the delivery of cost‐effective treatment for behavioral health disorders. Consequently, psychological assessment could assist the healthcare industry in appropriately controlling or reducing the utilization and cost of healthcare over the long term. The intent of this chapter is to provide an overview of how psychological assessment can facilitate treatment of mental health and substance abuse problems in this new era of healthcare. More specifically, its use as an aid for screening and diagnosing behavioral health disorders and problems, planning and monitoring the course of treatment, assessing the outcomes of treatment, and even as a therapeutic intervention are discussed. Predictions about future trends in the development and use of psychological test instrumentation and related technology are also presented.