bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gray Ronald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Seminar on the Demographic and Biomedical Determinants of Human Reproduction, held in January 1988 at the Johns Hopkins, was intended to be a sequel to a 1977 meeting on Natural Fertility, with particular emphasis on new biomedical developments of relevance to . The objective of the seminar was an exchange: contributors both examined the complementarity between population-based demographic and epidemiological studies and provided on biological derived from clinical or endocrinological investigations. John Bongaarts provided an overview of the relative contributions of biological and social factors in determining natural fertility. In Chapter 2 below, Bongaarts presents a model suggesting that behavioural factors, such as age at marriage, coital frequency, and particularly the duration of breastfeeding, exert the greatest effect on fertility, whereas biological factors, such as sterility, intra-uterine mortality, and conception failure, play a less important role, though they are by no means insignificant.
The Determinants of Adolescent Fertility with Special Reference to Biological Variables
Authors: Becker Stan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initiation of reproductive capacity in humans typically occurs in the second decade of life. Because menarche is a clearly defined event and pregnancy occurs to women, while the onset of male reproductive capacity is less clear and paternity is sometimes unknown, the human female is usually the focus of study for both the timing of entry into reproductivity and for adolescent fertility. Adolescence is usually defined as covering the period from puberty to age 20. The age of puberty itself will be considered in this paper, but for fertility statistics, the 15-19 year age-group is used. Thus, the term adolescence is used in a general sense. There is variation in the age at menarche around the globe. After menarche, there is also wide variation among societies in the intermediate fertility variables (Davis and Blake, 1956), particularly in the age at entry into sexual union and the use of contraception and abortion. Observed fertility levels of adolescents reflect combinations of values of all the intermediate variables. After a brief overview of levels and trends of adolescent fertility, this paper examines the evidence on the age of menarche and its secular trend, fecundability after menarche, as well as observed spontaneous loss rates in the early reproductive years. Age at entry into sexual union and use of contraception and abortion within sexual unions are also considered, but in a perfunctory manner. To structure the discussion on fertility after menarche, the framework of the intermediate fertility variables is utilized.
The Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Relation to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Infertility
Authors: Cates Willard , Rolfs Robert T , Aral Sevgi O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unravelling the relationship among sexually transmitted diseases (STD), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility is a complex exercise in aetiological reasoning. It involves examining correlations among conditions with varying definitions, imprecise diagnoses, and a two-phase temporal lag in clinical expression, first from STD to PID, and then from PID to infertility. Our discussion of the pathophysiology and epidemiology of these conditions will distinguish these two phases. In addition, we will draw on the existing imperfect evidence to estimate the current proportion of STD-related infertility in the United States.
A Descriptive Epidemiology of Infertility in Costa Rica*
Authors: Oberle Mark W , Rosero-Bixby Luis , Whitaker Pat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of infecundity in many Latin American countries has been calculated primarily from World Fertility Survey (WFS) data and from clinic-based studies. Vaessen (1984) used the 1976 WFS data to produce the only published estimates of the prevalence of infecundity in Costa Rica. In that study, a woman was considered infecund either if she reported that she was unable to have a child or if she had not had a child in the five years before the interview and had not used contraception during that period. By this definition, the prevalence of infecundity ranged from 5 per cent of women 20--4 years of age to 58 per cent of women 40--4 years of age.
Toxic Substances, Conception, and Pregnancy Outcome
Authors: Rosenberg Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a growing interest in the effects of physical, chemical, and biological agents to which people are exposed in the environment, particularly in the workplace. This attention has come about for several reasons. In the United States today some 109 million men and women between the ages of 15 and 44 work with more than 70 000 chemical, biological, and physical agents. Only a small fraction of these have been evaluated for their reproductive toxicity, but dramatic examples of reproductive problems leave little doubt that these agents can exert powerful adverse effects. The magnitude of reproductive problems attributable to these agents cannot be gauged with data presently available. Yet the relationship between occupation and reproduction has become a prominent concern for two reasons. First, the number of women in the work-force has been increasing in both relative and absolute terms. In the United States, for example, women now comprise half the work-force, up from 31 per cent in 1970 (Wessel, 1989). Similar increases are occurring throughout the industrialized world. Second, there are a decreasing number of children in each family, and first pregnancies are being delayed until later in the reproductive years. These trends are placing greater urgency on assuring that each pregnancy occurs when planned and produces a healthy child.
Models of Fecundability*
Authors: Golden Meredith L , Millman Sara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models of fecundability, reviewed in this paper, contribute to a basic understanding of reproductive processes and provide tools to analyse such processes quantitatively. They have applications in such diverse areas as the treatment of fertility impairments, the study of contraceptive effectiveness, and the evaluation of family-planning programmes. Our aim here is to provide a succinct overview of these models for those working in related fields and to identify directions for the further development of such models. We start by defining our terms, giving both a general sense of what is meant by fecundability and a set of more precise specifications of the several distinct phenomena it encompasses, which are sometimes confused with one another in the literature. Our most extensive section reviews the various efforts that have been made over the last several decades to model fecundability, tracing the gradual development of demographic thinking on this topic and distinguishing those models that treat fecundability as an input into the production of such outcomes as patterns of birth spacing and cumulative fertility and those that take fecundability itself as an outcome and focus on its components or deter-minants. In our concluding section, we attempt to identify issues that require further work and to provide a few suggestions as to the kinds of effort that are likely to contribute most substantially to further progress.
Artificial Insemination with Frozen Donor Semen: A Model to Appreciate Human Fecundity
Authors: Fédération CECOS , Lansac Jaques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Georges David founded the first sperm-bank in Paris in 1973, a network of twenty sperm-banks called CECOS (Centre for the Study and Preservation of Eggs and Sperm) has been established in France to serve the entire country. The CECOS centres are located in university hospitals, but they do not fall under hospital jurisdiction. Rather, they are managed by an administrative board that includes representatives from each hospital’s administration, social workers, and various related medical disciplines, such as gynaecology, genetics, endocrinology, bacteriology, and epidemiology.
Hormonal Regulation in in Vitro FertiIization
Authors: Hodgen Gary D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the late 1960s Bob Edwards and his colleagues fixed on the idea that in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in humans would provide enormous therapeutic and scientific opportunities. While this was not altogether a new idea, he, along with the clinician Patrick Steptoe, was-the first to persevere in the face of both peer and public ridicule as well as seemingly insurmountable technical problems. We should recall that, early on, public tolerance for such endeavours was slight indeed. The situation changed dramatically in the summer of 1978 with the birth of Louise Brown in Oldham, England. At last Edwards and Steptoe had succeeded in one case with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. While we were all amazed (some were sceptical; others were dubious) at this great achievement, it had arrived not unlike so many other medical advances: that is, through many years of preliminary animal and human studies, ultimately brought to clinical application through heroic effort and rigorous scientific study. But these events are best recorded by Edwards himself. Even so, it must be noted that the practical utility of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer on a broad scale required radical revisions of the initial procedures in order to achieve anything approaching a reliable treatment. Much of this presentation is taken from earlier summaries (Hodgen, 1986; Veeck, 1986).
Endocrine Detection of Conception and Early Foetal Loss
Authors: Wilcox Allen J , Weinberg Clarice R , Baird Donna D , Canfield Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least 95 per cent of the menstrual cycles of healthy, reproductive-aged women are ovulatory (Vollman, 1977). However, for the average non-contracepting couple, there is only about a 25 per cent chance that an ovum will produce a recognized pregnancy (Leridon, 1977). This gap between the number of available ova and the much smaller number of observed pregnancies presumably reflects some mixture of failure to conceive and early death of the conceptus. The rate of fertilization in humans is unknown, because we have no method to detect the event of fertilization. That, in turn, makes us unable to measure the proportion of fertilized ova lost before pregnancy becomes clinically apparent. In principle, the risk of early loss could range from zero (assuming that 25 per cent of ova are fertilized and all survive) to nearly 75 per cent (assuming that every egg is fertilized but only 25 per cent survive).
Fecundability and Post-Partum Sterility: An Insuperable Interaction?
Authors: Leridon Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent increase of interest in the ‘intermediate variables’ of fertility (a concept already used by Davis and Blake in 1955 and by the first modellers of the reproductive process such as Henry, Potter, and Sheps) has led to an intense scrutiny of birth intervals :,md their components. Attention has first been focused on the duration of the non-susceptible period, which is equated to the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea, especially in relation to breastfeeding, which is acknowledged to be its main determinant. But there are other ingredients contributing to the size of birth intervals, namely the duration of pregnancy (almost constant, at least for live births), the time lost by unreported or undetected abortions, and the waiting time to conception.
Maternal Nutrition, Infant Feeding, and Post-Partum Amenorrhoea: Recent Evidence from Bangladesh*
Authors: Ford Kathleen , Huffman Sandra L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Post-partum amenorrhoea is the time from the end of a woman’s pregnancy until the time that she begins to menstruate. In countries where women breastfeed their infants for long periods of time and levels of contraceptive practice are low, breastfeeding and the amenorrhoea related to breastfeeding are important determinants of fertility levels. The role of nutritional status in lengthening the duration of amenorrhoea has been the focus of research for several years. It has been hypothesized that nutrition may affect the length of post-partum amenorrhoea in two ways. First, inadequate nutrition may have a direct effect on the functioning of a woman’s reproductive system and cause a delay in the return of menses. A second mechanism may be through the pattern of breastfeeding. Women with low levels of nutrition may have reduced milk output so that infants have to suckle more to obtain adequate nutrition. This more intensive suckling may delay the return of menses.
A Theory Of Production
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a new theoretical framework for the analysis of production processes. It is based on a rigorous reconstruction of the intellectual heritage of economics, but also considers issues traditionally left aside by economists, such as the distinction between three dimensions of the production process (tasks, capabilities, and materials in process), the organizational approach to scale and size, and the idea that different institutional set-ups may be compatible with the same objective standard of efficiency.
Time-Use Models of Economic Development
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having produced an account of change in time use in modern societies, let us now turn back to the core of the issue that was broached in Chapter 1: the development of innovative and informative ways of social accounting. This chapter sets out three sorts of models, each following from discussions earlier in this book. Though the three models in a way take the place of a conclusion to the foregoing discussions, I would suggest that they also constitute appropriate starting points for further work in this area.
The Regional Model
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now we have analyzed a model describing individual variables. We have studied regional data, but our aim was mainly to obtain information on the number of common shocks in model (1.2). In the present chapter we shift to a generalization of (1.2). We assume that individuals are grouped into sets, which we call regions. Non-idiosyncratic shocks are of two kinds: those affecting all the agents of a particular region (local shocks) and those affecting all the agents in the economy (common shocks). Regions are assumed to be small as compared to the whole nation. By aggregating across agents within each region a dynamic factor model identical to (1.2) is obtained, where agents are replaced by regions and individual components are replaced by local components. We will call this model the regional model.
Aggregating the Common Components
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we show how the aggregate process can be obtained from the individual processes and analyze the relationship between the aggregate and the individual dynamics. Since the idiosyncratic components play no role in the aggregate, owing to large numbers, we shall concentrate on the common components (j and neglect the lf’s. It is worth noticing that the results in this chapter can also be applied to aggregation of a small number of individual units, by interpreting the (j’s as them micro variables rather than the common components.
The Aggregate Model
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as in Part I, by letting the size of the population grow, under suitable assumptions on the micro model, the variance ratio of the common to the idiosyncratic component can be made bigger than any preassigned real number. The following condition reproduces Assumptions 1.1 and 1.2 for the micro model underlying the aggregate model. Notice that here, unlike in Assumption 1.2, we impose the second condition on the whole r. But this is obviously necessary since the condition is not on the populations but on the set from where the individuals of the populations are picked up. If the second condition did not hold for the whole r, we could form populations for which the idiosyncratic component would not vanish.
The Rank of the Aggregate Vector
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 6 and 7 we have given general definitions of the micro model and aggregate model. In the remaining chapters of Part II we shall consider convenient specifications or simplifications, which allow a simple application of the Alternative Principle. The reader will be easily convinced that generalization to more complex cases or to additional problems is straight forward.
Granger Causality
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Granger causality is a relationship between the components of D(L)zl or D(L)zf. Therefore, as in Chapter 8, there is no loss of generality in assuming D(L) = I. Let us further simplify the matter by considering a two-variable model. With no loss of generality we can write the model as The same is true for the opposite direction of causality. Let us concentrate on the aggregate variables. We have indicated the spectral density by SP(z). In our case, with obvious notation
Permanent Income and the Error Correction Mechanism
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this part we present two applications of the aggregation theory developed in Parts I and II. Chapter 14 contains another application of the method proposed in Part I to determine the number of common components to a large panel of time series. In this chapter, which is mainly based on Forni and Lippi (1994), we return to the consumption model sketched in Section 5.1, i.e. the permanent income hypothesis under rational expectations (PIH), as it was worked out by Hall in 1978.
Introduction
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capitalism has in practice proved to be far more durable than most of its critics and many of its admirers had anticipated. Marx certainly would have been surprised at the fact of its surviving in the advanced countries even a century after his death.When he wrote at the fall of the Paris Commune that ‘after whit-Sunday there can neither be peace nor truce possible between the working men of France and the appropriators of their produce’, and that ‘the French working class is only the advanced guard of the modern proletariat’, his pre sumption clearly was that a revolutionary overthrow of capitalism in the advanced countries had come on the historical agenda (Marx 1970, 306). He may have had some misgivings on this score towards the end of his life, when he turned his attention increasingly towards Russia. I But Engels’s remark in 1886 that in England the decennial cycle ‘seems indeed to have run its course, but only to land us in the slough of despond of a permanent and chronic depression in which the unemployed, losing patience, will take their own fate in their own hands’, suggests that belief in the historical imminence of revolution in the advanced countries was never entirely given up (Engels 1967, 6). The Marxist tradition in this century carried over this vision, at any rate until the failure of the German Revolution around the 1920s.
Accumulation and Economic Growth
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a world of price-making, output in any period depends upon ex pectations about the future, unlike in conventional equilibrium economics. In the latter, abstracting for simplicity from the problem of heterogeneity of output, expectations may affect the level of money wages and prices for a given nominal supply of money, and the division of output between consumption and investment, but not the level of equilibrium output itself, which is determined entirely by what is producible through the combination of available non-free resources under the existing technology. If all transactions take place at the market-clearing prices, this is the level of output that would actually prevail. If however money wages (or both money wages and prices) are fixed through conglomerate decision-making, output can be less than this level, entailing involuntary unemployment, or can at best be equal to this level, entailing profit-inflation (in which case prices are no longer fixed). While the term ‘unemployment equilib rium’ is sometimes used to describe the former situation, this is a misnomer: the concept of an equilibrium, in the sense of a config uration of economic variables at which different agents, given their endowments, are maximising their objective functions, loses all relevance. I At best, the term equilibrium can be used in this case as denoting merely a state of rest.
Steady Growth and Price Instability
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic objective of each price-making conglomerate agent is to tilt the distribution of income in its favour. The distribution of in come is an area of struggle between different social groups, or classes, and the price that each charges for the commodity that it sells is a weapon in this struggle.This fact is completely obscured by the Walrasian picture of a large number of price-taking individual agents contracting on the market. I To be sure, the ability of each group to fix the price on the commodity it sells is not absolute; this ability itself is conditioned by a host of factors. Likewise since the actual or ex postincome distribution is a result of the configurationof prices fixed by the conglomerate agents representing different social groups, what a particular group thought it would get when it
Monetary Policy as an Instrument of Stabilisation
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last two chapters the possibility of State intervention was not considered. The only way that the State came into the picture was through the assumption that it helped to maintain a certain fixed real rate of interest at which money supply adjusted to the demand for it. And in such a case it was argued that the maintenance of steady output growth together with a steady rate of inflation was impossible through the spontaneous operation of a capitalist economy. But then, it may be asked, why talk about the spontaneous operation of the system?The capitalist system from its very inception has been characterised by State intervention, not only in its external relations, but also directly in its internal functioning. No doubt the scope of State intervention has varied over time, but -it has been there all along. Through State intervention surely the problem of instability mentioned earlier can be overcome, even if the spontaneous opera tion of the system cannot remove it. In other words, the more or less successful functioning of the capitalist system, which explains to a large extent its historical durability, can surely be ensured by, and attributed historically to, judicious State intervention. The purpose of the present chapter, and the following one, is to examine briefly the nature of and the constraints upon State intervention. The pres ent chapter deals with monetary policy while the following one is concerned with intervention through fiscal means.