bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal obesity during pregnancy uniquely programs offspring aortic and perivascular adipose tissue transcriptomes
Authors: Thakali Keshari M. , Wahl Elizabeth C , Wankhade Umesh D. , Zhong Ying , Shankar Kartik 
Published: November 2023

Maternal obesity and high‐fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy increase offspring's cardiovascular disease risk. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose depot surrounding blood vessels and is an important paracrine regulator of vascular function. To determine if maternal‐HFD associated obesity during pregnancy and lactation programs offspring arterial and PVAT gene expression, female C57BL/6J mice were fed a control (17% fat, TD95092) or HFD (45% fat, TD8811) ad libitum for 12 weeks, and bred with lean males at 17 weeks of age. At weaning, the male offspring from control and HFD‐dams were randomized to control or HFD, and provided diets ad libitum until 15 weeks of age. RNA sequencing was used to determine transcriptomic changes in offspring aorta and surrounding PVAT. Differentially expressed genes were identified using EdgeR (p<0.05, ±1.4‐fold). In aorta, mRNA expression of 133 genes were differentially expressed in response to maternal HFD compared to maternal control diet, expression of 15 genes were affected by offspring HFD, and 265 genes were affected by the combination of maternal and offspring HFD. In PVAT, mRNA expression of 29 genes were differentially expressed in response to maternal HFD, expression of 127 genes were affected by offspring HFD, and 407 genes were affected by the combination of maternal and offspring HFD. Gene set enrichment analysis of differentially expressed transcripts in offspring aortic tissue revealed that maternal HFD altered expression of genes involved in axon guidance, angiogenesis, and endothelial migration, whereas offspring HFD altered genes involved in adaptive immune response, and the combination of maternal and offspring HFD affected expression of genes involved in inflammatory response, Erk1/2 signaling, and TLR signaling in offspring aortic tissue. In offspring PVAT, maternal HFD altered expression of genes involved in caspase activity, PKC activity and protein folding, while offspring HFD altered expression of genes involved in blood vessel development, vasoconstriction, and fatty acid biosynthesis, and the combination of maternal and offspring HFD altered expression of genes involved in neurotransmitter secretion, blood pressure regulation and apoptosis. In summary, in both aorta and PVAT, the combination of maternal and offspring HFD had the greatest effect on gene expression. These data indicate that exposure to maternal obesity during pregnancy and lactation programs unique gene expression patterns in both PVAT and aorta, and provides a set of candidate genes that may play a role in the development of vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular disease risk.Support or Funding InformationUSDA‐ARS Project 6026‐51000‐010‐05S.
Effects of dietary isoflavone daidzein on fecal short‐chain‐fatty‐acid and serum cytokines in obese Female Zucker rats
Authors: Hakkak Reza , Bell Andrea 
Published: November 2023

The obesity epidemic in the United States grows as the number of overweight and obese adults continues to rise. Obesity changes gut microbiota and is associated with a state of chronic inflammation characterized by increasing inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Soy foods are gaining popularity due to their reported health promoting effects against obesity. Daidzein is one of the isoflavones in most soy foods that can be transformed to equol (an estrogen mimetic) by gut microbiota. Recent studies have identified that gut commensal microbes exert beneficial effects partially through the production of bioactive compounds such as short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We previously reported that a diet containing high‐isoflavone soy protein isolate (HISPI) compared to a diet containing casein can increase body weight gain and change the gut microbiota in the obese Zucker rat model. The effects of high daidzein diet on fecal short‐chain fatty acids and serum cytokines in obese animal model are less known. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects a casein‐based diet containing high‐daidzein (HD) compared low‐daidzein (LD) on fecal SCFA levels, serum TNF‐α, IL‐6, MCP‐1 and body weight gain in obese female Zucker rats. In the present study, a total of 19 five‐week‐old obese female Zucker rats (fa/fa) were used. After one week of acclimation on an AIN‐93G diet, rats were randomly assigned to a modified AIN‐93G diet containing either HD (0.121g/kg feed) or LD (0.01g/kg feed) ad libitum for 8 weeks. Rats were weighed twice weekly and fecal samples were collected at the end of the experiment. With gas chromatographic analysis, we determined fecal SCFAs concentrations, mmol / (fecal)g : (1) acetic acid, (50.03 ± 15.51) in LD group and (54.25 ± 14.31) in HD group; (2) propionic acid, (8.42 ± 1.74) in LD group and (8.42 ± 1.77) in HD group; (3) Butyric acid, (4.52 ± 1.21) in LD group and (4.84 ± 2.34) in HD group. We used ELISA to measure the different serum cytokines: (1) TNF‐α, (3.68 ± 1.23) in LD group and (3.80 ± 0.73) in HD group; (2) IL‐6, (32.90 ± 12.67) in LD group and (33.73 ± 13.60) in HD group; (3) MCP‐1, (3012.58 ± 415) in LD group and (3593.67 ± 388.52) in HD group. Our results did not show a significant difference in mean fecal SCFA contents and serum cytokines between diet groups. Furthermore, mean body weights between groups were not significantly different (HD 475.8±24.2g vs. LD 486.4±30.4g; p=0.4). In conclusion, daidzein may not be the main component of HISPI to alter gut SCFA contents and serum cytokines or increase body weight gain in obese female Zucker rats.Support or Funding InformationArkansas BioSience Institute and The College of Medicine's University Medical Group to RH.
Impact of piceatannol and resveratrol on the proteomic profile of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Oshiro Jordan M. K. I. , Shen Peiyi , Wang Ou , Park Yeonhwa , Kim Kee‐Hong 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundResveratrol, a natural, polyphenolic stilbene, is reported to be a potential promoter of metabolic health and longevity. Piceatannol is a natural, structural analog of resveratrol that putatively shares a similar function. Previous studies on piceatannol provide evidence of anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer properties. However, the distinct functional role of piceatannol in cell and energy metabolism is unclear.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that piceatannol and resveratrol would exhibit differential proteomic profiles. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify potential target proteins of piceatannol and resveratrol within the proteomic profile of Caenorhabditis elegans.MethodsC. elegans were treated with piceatannol, resveratrol, or a vehicle for 3 days. Samples were digested with trypsin to be separated on a strong cation exchange column, concentrated on a C18 enrichment column, separated on an analytical C18 reversed‐phase column, and eluted through nanoelectrospray ion trap for MS/MS analysis. Resulting MS/MS data were analyzed using MaxQuant. Proteins were identified using the Uniprot database. To account for otherwise excluded proteins in statistical analyses, we set inclusion parameters for absent data points. We used STRING and DAVID databases to perform functional enrichment analysis on identified proteins.ResultsWe identified 1292 total proteins in the C. elegans proteome. Compared to the vehicle‐treated control, piceatannol treatment produced 40 differentially expressed proteins while resveratrol treatment altered 37 proteins (paired t‐test, p<0.05). These proteins were further subjected to functional enrichment analysis on KEGG pathways to identify potential cellular function. Metabolic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation were common to both treatments. In addition, piceatannol treatment modulated proteasome proteins while resveratrol treatment modulated proteins involved carbon metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and citrate cycle. Using the Tukey method for paired comparisons (alpha=.05) in one‐way ANOVA, we found that 10 proteins were expressed differently by piceatannol and 4 proteins were expressed differently by resveratrol.ConclusionThese results provide evidence that piceatannol induces a distinct functional response from resveratrol in C. elegans. These results also suggest that piceatannol modulates proteasome function while resveratrol imparts more influence on energy and substrate metabolism, although further study is necessary to confirm these findings. Identification of differentially expressed proteins provides new insights into the potential mechanistic actions of piceatannol on regulating metabolism.Support or Funding InformationCore Pilot Funding from Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (UL1TR001108)
Development and validation of a new prediction equation for energy expenditure in Mexican adults with overweight and obesity
Authors: Orozco‐Ruiz Ximena , Guevara‐Cruz Martha , Ontiveros Edgar Pichardo , Torres Nimbe , Medina‐Vera Isabel , Villanueva‐Luna Priscila , Lafortuna Claudio L , Prinelli Federica , Tovar Armando R 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundAccurate predictive equations of resting energy expenditure (REE) are crucial in devising nutritional strategies to fight overweight/obesity, especially in countries where these are highly prevalent.ObjectiveTo develop and validate a new equation for predicting REE in Mexican adults with overweight and obesity. A second objective was to compare the impact of the use of urea nitrogen (UN) to measure REE.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study, including 410 men and women with overweight and obesity (age range: 20–60 yrs.). Participants were randomly assigned to the development or validation groups; the development group included 200 subjects (Body Mass Index (BMI) = 31.6 ± 5.4 kg/m2, mean ± SD) and the validation group 210 subjects (BMI = 31.7 ± 4.78 kg/m2). The new predictive equation was derived by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis in the development group and then, validated in the other group. The accuracy of the new equation was compared to several predictive existing equations. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) and body composition by bioimpedance analysis.For the second objective, 30 subjects (10 normal weight, 10 with overweight and 10 with obesity) were involved to measure UN in a 24‐hour urine collection. The value of UN was used in the Weir equation to obtain REE and it was compared with the REE obtained by the simplified Weir equation.ResultsTwo predictive equations were developed in this study. The first equation (EQ1) included LBM, weight, sex and age variables in the model (R2= 0.518, bias= 0.014 kJ/day), since lean body mass (LBM) was the best single variable to predict REE (R2= 0.440). When LBM is not an available parameter, a second equation was developed (EQ2) based on only weight, sex and age (R2= 0.513, bias= −0.025 kJ/day). Compared with others predictive equations, the new developed equations showed the lowest bias (Kj/day): EQ1= 9.92, EQ2= 25.7, Harris‐Benedict= −67.4, Valencia= 130, WHO/FAO/UNU= 270, Mifflin‐St Jeor= 309, Owen= −808, Carrasco= −1097. When we compared REE by Weir equations, using or not UN, there was not statistical significant differences.ConclusionThe present equations had the highest predictive accuracy in subjects with overweight or obesity compared with the other equations previously derived from different populations. Also when body composition is not available, the alternative equation demonstrated a comparably predictive accuracy for its use in nutritional treatment in subjects with overweight/obesity.Support or Funding InformationSupported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Teccnología. Grant s CONACyT 181685 to MGC, 261843 to ATP and Medix to NT
Consumption of an EPA and DHA Rich Diet Rescues Changes in White Adipose Tissue Lipid Metabolism and Oxylipin Production Induced in Fads2‐null Mice
Authors: Sarr Ousseynou , Payne George W. , Abdelmagid Salma , Nakamura Manabu T. , Ma David W.L. , Mutch David M. 
Published: November 2023

Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influence lipid metabolism and inflammatory signaling pathways in white adipose tissue (WAT). Alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the three primary dietary omega‐3 PUFAs that have wide‐ranging functions in humans. There is currently a limited understanding of the independent effects of individual omega‐3 PUFAs because ALA is continuously converted endogenously into EPA and DHA via the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) pathway. The fatty acid desaturase 2 gene (Fads2) encodes the rate‐limiting delta‐6 desaturase enzyme in this pathway. This study examined the role of Fads2 on WAT omega‐3 PUFA metabolism and whether the consumption of a diet supplemented with menhaden oil (MD), which is rich in EPA and DHA, could rescue changes in WAT associated with a Fads2 deficiency. Weaned Fads2 knockout (Fads2−/−) and wild type (WT) mice were fed one of two low fat (7% w/w) AIN93G diets for 9 weeks containing either flaxseed oil + ARASCO (FD, 55% ALA) or menhaden oil (MD, 30% EPA/DHA). RT‐qPCR was used to analyze expression of genes related to PUFA metabolism. Thin‐layer and gas chromatography were used to measure fatty acid content in the phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions in WAT. Analysis of oxylipins was undertaken using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Western blotting was performed for delta‐5‐desaturase (D5D) protein quantification. Fads2−/− mice fed FD had increased expression of Fads1 and Elovl2, and decreased expression of Elovl5 genes (p<0.05). These changes were abrogated with MD feeding. Estimated D5D activity (arachidonic acid: dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid ratio) was increased in Fads2−/− mice fed FD in WAT (p<0.05), but this change was not mirrored in FADS1 protein content. EPA and DHA levels were depleted in WAT of Fads2−/− mice fed FD, as were their derived oxylipins; however, feeding Fads2−/− mice MD restored both omega‐3 PUFA and oxylipin profiles. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that Fads2 has an important role regulating omega‐3 PUFA and oxylipin content in WAT. Moreover, changes in WAT associated with a Fads2 deficiency can be rescued with a nutritional intervention containing EPA and DHA.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Postprandial variations in gut incretins associated with obesity status and race
Authors: Langdon Sarah Marie , Randolph Jody , Edirisinghe Indika , Steinberg Francene , Burton‐Freeman Britt 
Published: November 2023

Obesity is a complex condition of uncertain etiology with certain racial groups disproportionally affected. One area of intense research interest is the contribution of gut hormones in regulating ingestive behavior and energy balance, and whether differences in these hormones might explain higher rates of obesity in certain populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study aimed to assess fasting and postprandial gut hormone responses in healthy weight and obese African American (AA) and Caucasian (CAU) women, and further, to determine if these responses were associated with subjective satiety and mid‐afternoon snack intake. The working hypothesis is that obese compared to healthy weight women and AA compared to CAU women will exhibit blunted gut hormone responses, with the latter independent of weight status. Furthermore, these blunted responses are expected to be associated with greater desire to eat and increased snack intake. 16 CAU and 22 AA women, with half of each group obese (BMI 33.4 ± 3.0 kg/m2), consumed a standardized lunch meal followed by blood sampling and appetite rating assessment every 30 min for 4 hrs. At 3 hrs, varied sweet and savory snacks were provided ad libitum. Total ghrelin, GLP‐1, and PYY3‐36 were measured by ELISA, following a solid‐phase column extraction. Statistical analyses were performed using total AUC for postprandial conditions followed by a 2‐tailed t‐test. Preliminary data from 8 subjects (4 obese and 4 healthy weight), suggested no significant differences in fasting ghrelin between obese and healthy weight women; however, obese women had significantly less total postprandial ghrelin than healthy weight women (p<0.05). PYY3‐36 concentrations were significantly reduced in obese compared to healthy weight (p=0.01), with no remarkable postprandial rise seen in either group. GLP‐1 did not significantly vary between weight classes in this preliminary analysis. Appetite rating assessments revealed that AA women had a significantly greater change in the desire to eat post‐meal than CAU (p<0.05), which was associated with consuming more ad libitum snack calories. Results from analyses on all subjects are expected to clarify gut hormone responses between healthy weight and obese, and AA and CAU women, providing additional knowledge and insight about the physiologic determinants of appetite and energy intake regulation.Support or Funding InformationSubset analyses from larger study funded by Wm Wrigley Jr Co. (Mars Inc.), Chicago, IL (Burton‐Freeman). Additional funding by UC Davis Graduate Studies JASTRO grant (Langdon) and unrestricted research funds (Steinberg, Burton‐Freeman/Edirisinghe).
VIA Instant Coffee Enhances the Effect of Post‐Activation Potentiation in the Counter Movement Jump
Authors: Trivisonno Abbie , Ruffner Kayla , DiFiore Brittany , Smith Bridget , Slack Grant , Harris Matt , Mendel Ronald , Lowery Lonnie 
Published: November 2023

Post‐activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon known to enhance neuromuscular power output. However, research is conflicted on the most effective protocol to illicit PAP. One suggestion for improving protocol effectiveness is through the addition of dietary stimulants. Coffee is the most widely consumed caffeinated beverage and has been shown to possess ergogenic effects during power exercise (Astorino and Roberson, 2009). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Via instant coffee (VIA) on a basic potentiation protocol. It was hypothesized that VIA would augment the subjects' ability to potentiate and enhance explosive performance compared to decaffeinated control drinks. In a double blind, placebo controlled crossover design, 12 resistance trained (2 y) male and female college aged students completed three treatment conditions: water (WTR), two packets of Via decaffeinated coffee (DCF), and two packets of VIA. Following a 60 minute absorption period, subjects completed a standardized warm up followed by three counter movement jumps on a force plate (Fitness Technology, Inc.), a 10 second maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and three further counter movement jumps separated by one minute of rest. Data were analyzed via dependent t‐tests. After WTR there was a trend for potentiation in flight time (529.5 ± 74.95 ms vs. 536.33 ± 78.71 ms; p=0.06) and jump height (0.3518 ± 0.10 m vs. 0.3596 ± 0.11 m; p=0.09). After consuming DCF, there was also a trend for potentiation in flight time (530.57 ± 77.42 ms vs. 537.64 ± 85.54 ms; p=0.086) and jump height (0.3521 ± 0.11 m vs. 0.3628 ± 0.12 m; p=0.06). However after consuming VIA there was a significant increase in flight time (530.26 ± 83.25 ms vs. 541.8 ± 85.02 ms; p=0.002) and jump height (0.3527 ± 0.11 m vs. 0.3682 ± 0.12 m; p=0.0024). We conclude that VIA may enhance potentiation using an MVC‐based potentiation protocol.Support or Funding InformationThis research was not dependent on external funding.
Acute Effects of Dried Apple Consumption on Metabolic and Cognitive Responses in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Zimmerman Kara , Kern Mark , Hong Mee Young , Liu Changqi , Hooshmand Shirin 
Published: November 2023

The health‐protective effects of fruits and vegetables may be at least partly attributed to phytochemicals. Apples are known to be especially high in free phenolic compounds. Apples and apple products are associated with reduced risk of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is likely due to their rich content of fiber, nutrients and various phytochemicals. Insufficient evidence is available regarding the acute dietary effects apple intake on postprandial metabolic responses. We assessed the potential for dried apple to regulate blood glucose and insulin responses as well as satiety and total plasma antioxidant levels in an acute feeding study with healthy individuals and explored the acute effect of dried apple on cognitive responses using eight neurocognitive tests. A randomized crossover design with repeated measures and a minimum of one week washout period between tests was used. On each test day after a fast of 10 hours, a standardized serving size of either diced dried apple or two muffins, each providing 55 g carbohydrate, was consumed by the participants. Blood glucose, insulin and antioxidant concentrations were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes and satiety was assessed on 100 mm visual analog scales every 15 minutes for two hours. Cognitive tests were administered before and 2 hours after consumption of the test food. Twenty‐one healthy, normal weight subjects completed the study. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance evaluated the effects of dietary condition and time on blood glucose, insulin, satiety and total antioxidant levels. Paired t‐tests were used to compare the effects of diet at individual time points. Main effects for time (p ≤ 0.01) and dietary trial (p ≤ 0.01) were detected for plasma glucose responses. Dried apple produced lower (p ≤ 0.02) glucose concentrations at the 30, 45, 60 and 120‐minute time points than muffins. Main effects for time (p ≤ 0.01) were detected for insulin responses, and dried apple produced lower (p ≤ 0.03) insulin concentrations at the 30‐minute time point than muffins. No differences were detected for total plasma antioxidant capacity; however, the percent change from baseline for total plasma antioxidant levels was higher throughout the 120 minutes post food consumption for the dried apples versus muffins. Subjects reported that they could eat more food during the apple trial compared to the muffin trial; however, no differences in hunger, fullness or desire to eat were detected. Apple intake resulted in better post‐test performance (p ≤ 0.03) for psychomotor speed, and muffin intake resulted in better post‐test performance for executive function (p ≤ 0.01) and cognitive flexibility (p ≤ 0.02). These findings suggested that dried apple intake could reduce postprandial blood glucose and serum insulin responses in healthy individuals but little consistent difference antioxidant status, satiety and cognitive function.Support or Funding InformationNone