bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperparathyroidism‐jaw tumour syndrome
Authors: Chen J. D. , Morrison C. , Zhang C. , Kahnoski K. , Carpten J. D. , Teh B. T. 
Published: May 2003

Abstract.  Chen JD, Morrison C, Zhang C, Kahnoski K, Carpten JD, Teh BT (Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Hyperparathyroidism‐jaw tumour syndrome (Minisymposium). J Intern Med 2003; 253: 634–642.Amongst hyperparathyroidism‐related syndromes, hyperparathyroidism‐jaw tumour syndrome is one of the least common and relatively unknown but its clinical and genetic aspects are not less interesting or important. With the recent identification of its genes, we can now better characterize the disease, both clinically and genetically, which will certainly impact the field of endocrinology and oncology. In this article, we review the clinico‐pathological features and genetic basis of this syndrome with the hope that it will create awareness and interest in this disease amongst clinicians and basic scientists.
Influence of endotoxin on the disposition kinetics and dosage regimens of oxytetracycline in calves
Authors: Kumar R. , Malik J. K. 
Published: May 2003

The influence of endotoxin on the disposition kinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) (10 mg/kg) was investigated in five healthy ruminating male crossbred calves. The serum concentration‐time data of OTC before and after endotoxin challenge were best described by a two‐compartment open model. Repeated administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 μg/kg, i.v.) at an interval of 12 h up to 48 h produced a clear rise in the body temperature and an increase in the pulse and respiration rates. Endotoxin caused a significant reduction in mean transit time in tissue compartment (MTTT) (P ≤ 0.05), mean residence time in the peripheral tissue compartment (MRTT) (P ≤ 0.05), mean residence time in the body (MRTB) (P ≤ 0.05), elimination half‐life (t1/2λ2) (P ≤ 0.05) and distribution space in tissues (VT) (P ≤ 0.01) and at steady‐state (Vd(ss)) (P ≤ 0.01). Endotoxin had no effect on the distribution clearance (ClD), systemic clearance (Cl) and distribution half‐life of OTC, while the values of first order rate constant of transfer of drug from tissue to central compartment (K21) and the zero time intercept at terminal phase (C2) were significantly high.The drug dosage regimens to maintain serum OTC concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 μg/mL were also determined in febrile and clinically healthy animals.
Isolation and Cryopreservation of Functionally Competent Equine Leucocytes
Authors: Zerbe H. , Castilho L. F. F. , Engelke F. , Mattos R. C. , Schuberth H.‐J. , Klug E. , Leibold W. 
Published: May 2003

SummarySufficient numbers of functionally competent polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) seem to be of major importance during the course of equine endometritis. In this study, we wanted to establish a method for cryopreservation of functionally competent neutrophils for an intended local endometritis therapy in mares. The separation of leucocytes by hypotonic lysis of whole blood from clinically healthy mares was superior to the separation by dextrose sedimentation. After suspension of the cells in the cryoprotective solution [equine plasma with 5% (v/v) dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)], the leucocytes were frozen in liquid nitrogen. A temperature gradient with low cooling velocity (1°C/min between 4 and −70°C) resulted in highest numbers of viable cells after thawing. Thawed PMN had a high phagocytic capacity for opsonized streptococci. Their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) after stimulation with a phorbol ester was even higher than that of freshly isolated PMN and was preserved up to 6 h after thawing. The results of this study indicate that cryopreservation of PMN may provide viable and functionally competent neutrophils for therapeutic use in mares susceptible to endometritis.
Mandibular Pyogranulomatous Osteomyelitis in a Sannen Goat
Authors: Seifi H. A. , Saifzadeh S. , Farshid A. A. , Rad M. , Farrokhi F. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryMandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis was diagnosed in a female Sannen goat. The doe presented for difficulty prehending and chewing food. The left mandible was swollen and firm on palpation. Radiographs revealed changes consistent with osteomyelitis of the affected mandible. Arcanobaterium pyogenes was isolated from aspirates of swollen mandible. Despite antimicrobial therapy, the goat died. Histopathological findings were consistent with pyogranulomatous disease of the affected mandible. The histopathological findings were similar to those reported for actinomycosis, caused by Actinomyces bovis. Mandibular osteomyelitis is a common condition in cattle and very rare in goat.
Bioassay of Steroid Hormone Agonist and Antagonist Activities of Anti‐androgens on Mammary Gland, Seminal Vesicles and Spleen of Male Mice
Authors: Škarda J. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryYoung intact and adult castrated outbred C3H/Di male mice were used to characterize steroid hormone agonist and antagonist activities of anti‐androgens by bioassay. Animals were injected subcutaneously with flutamide (Flut), chlormadinone acetate (CMA), cyproterone acetate (CA) or Casodex (Cas) alone or simultaneously with oestradiol (E), E plus progesterone (Prog) or norethindrone acetate (NA; a steroid exhibiting progestational and oestrogenic activities) and testosterone (T) for 15 days. Mammary gland growth was not affected with anti‐androgen alone. However, all anti‐androgens decreased seminal vesicle weights in intact males. In E (0.01 μg day−1)‐treated intact males, mammary growth was stimulated by CMA (progestational activity) and inhibited by CA. The inhibitory effect of CA on mammary growth (glucocorticoid activity) was overcome with high dose of E (0.1 μg day−1). When seminal vesicles weights were decreased with a moderate dose of E (0.01 μg day−1) anti‐androgens injected simultaneously acted synergistically with E and decreased seminal vesicles weights more than E alone. However, in animals overloaded with E (0.1 μg day−1), anti‐androgen CA was unable to decrease seminal vesicles weights. E (0.01 or 0.05 μg day−1) or E + Prog (500 or 1000 μg day−1) or NA (12.5 to 50 μg day−1) stimulated mammary growth was inhibited by T at doses 20–200 μg day−1 and these effects were decreased or abolished by simultaneous application of Flut, CMA or Cas in both young intact and adult castrated males. In the same animals, the seminal vesicles weights were increased by T and decreased by anti‐androgens. The effects of higher doses of T (300 μg day−1) were not inhibited by anti‐androgens both in the mammary gland and seminal vesicles. Spleen weights were not consistently affected with Flut, CMA or Cas, but decreased with CA by dose dependent manner. These results demonstrated that anti‐androgenic activities could be detected not only on seminal vesicle but also on the mammary gland. Our model system also detected a glucocorticoid activity of CA and progestational activity of CMA.
Biological weapons preparedness: the role of physicians
Authors: Cherry C. L. , Kainer M. A. , Ruff T. A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe real risk posed by biological weapons was demonstrated with the distribution of anthrax spores via the USA postal service in 2001. This review outlines the central roles of physicians in optimizing biopreparedness in Australia, including maintaining awareness of the risk, promptly recognizing an event, notifying appropriate authorities upon suspicion of an event, and instituting appropriate management. Management aspects covered include appropriate diagnostic tests, infection control procedures, and empirical therapy of agents considered possible biological weapons. The critical role of phys­icians as public health advocates working to prevent the use of biological weapons is also outlined. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 242−253)
UV‐acclimation responses in natural populations of cyanobacteria (Calothrix sp.)
Authors: Dillon Jesse G. , Miller Scott R. , Castenholz Richard W. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryPhenotypic acclimation to changing conditions is typically thought to be beneficial to organisms in the environment. UV radiation is an important parameter affecting photosynthetic organisms in natural environments. We measured the response of photosynthetic carbon fixation in populations of cyanobacteria inhabiting a hot spring following acclimation to different UV treatments. These two very closely related populations of cyanobacteria, differing in their content of the extracellular UV‐screening pigment scytonemin, were acclimated in situ under natural solar irradiance modified by filters that excluded both UVA/B, only UVB or transmitted both UVA/B. Cells from each preacclimation treatment were subsequently assayed for photosynthetic performance under all UV conditions (incubation treatment) giving a two‐factor experimental design for each population. No acclimation filter treatment effects were observed even after two months under different acclimation treatments. This suggests that UV photoacclimation does not occur in either of these populations, regardless of the presence of scytonemin. By contrast, cells showed significant UV‐inhibition during 1 h incubations under full sun. The population with high levels of scytonemin usually had lower rates of photosynthetic carbon fixation than the scytonemin‐lacking population. However, the degree of UV inhibition, especially UVA inhibition, was higher for the cells without scytonemin pigment. These results suggest that closely related natural cyanobacterial populations respond differently to natural irradiance conditions and may be adopting different strategies of UV tolerance.
Two Decades of Research Comparing For‐Profit and Nonprofit Health Provider Performance in the United States*
Authors: Rosenau Pauline Vaillancourt , Linder Stephen H. 
Published: May 2003

Objective.This article reports on a systematic review of data‐based, peer‐reviewed scientific assessments of performance differences between private for‐profit and private nonprofit U.S. health care providers published since 1980.Methods.Computerized bibliographic searches of all relevant databases yielded 149 studies (179 assessments) that compared the performance of for‐profit and nonprofit health care providers on four performance criteria (access, quality, cost/efficiency, and/or amount of charity care). Reported findings on performance were coded in one of three ways: for‐profit superiority, nonprofit superiority, or no difference/mixed results.Results.Overall, the nonprofits were judged superior 59 percent of the time, the for‐profits superior only 12 percent of the time, and for the rest (29 percent), no difference was found or results were mixed.Conclusions.Caution is warranted on policies that encourage private for‐profit entities to replace private nonprofit providers of health care services in the United States.
From Riches to Riches: Intergenerational Transfers and the Evidence from Estate Tax Returns*
Authors: Wahl Jenny B. 
Published: May 2003

Objective. Intergenerational transfers of wealth and ability can influence the distribution of wealth. This research examines the empirical relationships among intergenerational variables and cross‐sectional wealth distribution.Methods. Models pioneered by Gary Becker set out the conditions necessary for regression to the mean in wealth across generations. However, empirical testing of such models has been incomplete because large, reliable, intergenerational data sets—especially with data from three generations—are hard to find. This article unveils a remarkable new source of intergenerationally linked data: federal estate tax records filed in Wisconsin from 1916 to 1981 and linked across three generations of families.Results. Wealth tends to regress to the mean at the top end of the distribution, but slowly. Consequently, wealth inequality in the United States is likely to persist. What is more, recent federal tax changes, particularly the repeal of the estate tax and the reduction in capital gains tax rates, will exacerbate cross‐sectional wealth disparities.Conclusions. In the long run, intergenerational forces may help overcome inequalities in wealth across U.S. families. Empirical results suggest, however, that regression to the mean will occur quite slowly, and the long run could be long indeed.
Down and Down We Go: Trust and Compliance in South Korea*
Authors: Lee Aie‐Rie 
Published: May 2003

Objective Sociopolitical value orientations in South Korea have changed dramatically throughout the post‐World War II period, primarily as a function of intergenerational change and rising levels of education. This article investigates the impact of value change on political cynicism and noncompliance.Methods This research analyzes data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys from 1982 to 1995.Results The findings indicate that there had been a general pattern of spreading public distrust of both social and political institutions between Koreans and that more elite‐challenging forms of political participation showed the predicted increase as well. Also found are different predictors of our two dependent variables: for political cynicism, those with a higher education and/or more libertarian values were more cynical of political institutions; for protest potential, citizens who are better educated, young, more libertarian, and more active in the political process were more likely to exhibit a greater potential to involve themselves in protest activities.Conclusions The research findings conclude that value change has played a central role in interpreting the sociopolitical world, and thus in minimizing the public's faith in key political and private institutions in Korea.
The Effect of Environmental Disclosure Requirements on Willingness to Pay for Residential Properties in Borderlands Community*
Authors: Berrens Robert P. , Bohara Alok K. , Jenkins‐Smith Hank C. , Silva Carol L. 
Published: May 2003

Objective. This study examines the effect of environmental information disclosure requirements on future real estate transactions. The setting involves pollution from a concrete products and quarrying site near a largely Hispanic, residential community.Methods. The survey‐based contingent valuation (CV) method is used to test the hypothesis that a split‐sample treatment for an information disclosure requirement with a potentially negative affective quality will reduce the willingness to pay (WTP) of potential buyers for a typical property.Results. Results indicate that the information disclosure treatment reduces WTP, and that this effect is significantly exacerbated when the surveys are conducted in Spanish.Conclusions. In addition to identifying significant reductions in the WTP of potential home buyers, our findings demonstrate the importance of cultural and regional considerations for how information disclosure requirements are conducted in real estate transactions. Future CV studies should also consider Spanish‐language options in applications involving significant Hispanic populations.
The Continuing Dominance of Traditional Gender Roles in Southern Elections*
Authors: Lublin David , Brewer Sarah E. 
Published: May 2003

Objective.Studies of the election of women to public office have been increasingly encouraging about their prospects of female candidates. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which gender roles continue to influence the election of women to local office and the pool of candidates for higher office.Methods.Utilizing data on the gender of officials, the nature of the office, and constituency demographics from county elections in eight Southern states, we construct logit models of the election of women.Results.Women hold few local offices involved in fighting crime or of an executive nature. On the other hand, women routinely win election to process‐oriented offices with less discretion. Our analysis of constituency demographics reinforces our conclusions. Women win election in areas where the public office is relatively undesirable compared to other opportunities and the ratio of high‐quality male to high‐quality female candidates is relatively low.Conclusions.Although the frequent election of women to county office provides an expanded pool of female candidates for higher offices, it seems unlikely that women will find it as easy to move up the electoral ladder into the more competitive arena of high‐profile statewide and federal leadership offices.
Language Choice, Residential Stability, and Voting Among Latino Americans*
Authors: Johnson Martin , Stein Robert M. , Wrinkle Robert 
Published: May 2003

Objective. Students of political behavior have often found that the primary use of languages other than English impedes many forms of political participation in the United States. We develop expectations about how language choice operates with social context to influence an individual's decision to vote. Although choosing to speak a language other than English—in this case, Spanish—may affect the amount of political information individuals have at their disposal, this choice also represents their access to social and community resources that enable, rather than impede, political participation.Methods. We examine the voting behavior of Latinos, almost entirely Mexican Americans, living in south Texas counties on the U.S. border and reconsider the consequences of language choice for political behavior.Results. Controlling for past residential tenure, we find that Spanish‐speaking Latinos will be more likely to vote than English‐speaking Latinos.Conclusions. The establishment of ties to an ethnic group in a majority‐minority context over time mitigates the negative relationship between the use of Spanish as a primary language and voting.
SOME COMPARATIVE THOUGHTS ON PREMODERN SOUTHEAST ASIAN WARFARE
Authors: Lieberman Victor 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBetween c. 1550 and 1650 discrepant political and economic contexts in the central Philippines, northeast Indonesia, and Burma produced distinctive military logics. In the pre-literate, localized societies of the Philippines and the interior of Indonesian islands, raiders sought heads for spiritual power and captives for ransom or labor, but along the coasts of northeast Indonesia wider religious and trade contacts and European-style guns bred a novel interplay between state formation and warfare. In Burma yet larger populations and more complex administrations supported sustained, massive military expeditions. Chronicle accounts of Burmese armies are exaggerated, but it is difficult to quantify those exaggerations or to isolate the cultural imperatives governing chronicle composition.Entre c. 1550 et 1650, les divers contextes politiques et économiques aux Philippines centrales, dans le nord-est de l'Indonésie et en Birmanie ont produit des logiques militaires distinctes. Dans les sociétés illettrées et limitées des Philippines et de l'intérieur des îles indonésiennes, des pillards chassaient des têtes pour gagner le pouvoir spirituel et des captifs pour en tirer rançon ou pour les faire travailler. Mais le long des côtes du nord-est de l'Indonésie, les contacts religieux et commerciaux plus diversifiés, et l'utilisation d'armes à feu de style européen ont engendré un effet réciproque nouveau entre la formation de l'état et la guerre. En Birmanie, les populations plus importantes et les administrations plus complexes ont soutenu des expéditions militaires prolongées et massives. Les rapports dans les chroniques sur les armées birmanes sont exagérés, mais il est difficile de mesurer ces exagérations ou d'isoler les impératifs culturels qui régissaient la composition de ces chroniques.
Motivational‐emotional vulnerability and difficulties in learning to read and spell
Authors: Poskiparta Elisa , Niemi Pekka , Lepola Janne , Ahtola Annarilla , Laine Piialiisa 
Published: May 2003

Background: Although the relationship between motivation and learning problems has been studied in older children, little is known about how these factors interact during the first years of schooling or even earlier.Aims: To compare the development of motivational‐emotional profiles from preschool to grade 2 between groups classified as poor readers, good decoders and good readers in grade 2. To study the possibility that diverging motivational‐emotional paths occur concomitantly with school experience.Sample: A total of 127 children were followed longitudinally from preschool up to the second grade. In preschool, their mean age was 6 years 8 months.Method: Two different methods tapping motivational‐emotional vulnerability were used. Firstly, researchers at preschool age and classroom teachers in grades 1 and 2 rated children's task, ego‐defensive and social dependence orientations. Secondly, an experimental situation was arranged each year where children's play behaviour with LEGO® bricks was observed in free play vs. in induced pressure situations, and their motivational orientations were scored.Results: In preschool, the motivational‐emotional profiles were almost the same among the three prospective reading‐level groups, but in grades 1 and 2, classroom teachers rated poor readers as less task‐oriented and more ego‐defensive and socially dependent compared to good decoders and good readers. The ratings were corroborated by observational data on play behaviour in induced pressure situations.Conclusions: Early problems in learning to read and spell are related to motivational‐emotional vulnerability in learning situations in the school context.
Automatic construction of English/Chinese parallel corpora
Authors: Yang Christopher C. , Li Kar Wing 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAs the demand for global information increases significantly, multilingual corpora has become a valuable linguistic resource for applications to cross‐lingual information retrieval and natural language processing. In order to cross the boundaries that exist between different languages, dictionaries are the most typical tools. However, the general‐purpose dictionary is less sensitive in both genre and domain. It is also impractical to manually construct tailored bilingual dictionaries or sophisticated multilingual thesauri for large applications. Corpus‐based approaches, which do not have the limitation of dictionaries, provide a statistical translation model with which to cross the language boundary. There are many domain‐specific parallel or comparable corpora that are employed in machine translation and cross‐lingual information retrieval. Most of these are corpora between Indo‐European languages, such as English/French and English/Spanish. The Asian/Indo‐European corpus, especially English/Chinese corpus, is relatively sparse. The objective of the present research is to construct English/Chinese parallel corpus automatically from the World Wide Web. In this paper, an alignment method is presented which is based on dynamic programming to identify the one‐to‐one Chinese and English title pairs. The method includes alignment at title level, word level and character level. The longest common subsequence (LCS) is applied to find the most reliable Chinese translation of an English word. As one word for a language may translate into two or more words repetitively in another language, the edit operation, deletion, is used to resolve redundancy. A score function is then proposed to determine the optimal title pairs. Experiments have been conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method using the daily press release articles by the Hong Kong SAR government as the test bed. The precision of the result is 0.998 while the recall is 0.806. The release articles and speech articles, published by Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, are also used to test our method, the precision is 1.00, and the recall is 0.948.