bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature Shock on Viability and Stress-Related Gene Expression in Pediococcus acidilactici, a Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Jonathan I , Devanthi P V P , Arham A G A , Crystalia A A , Ying C L S , Pramanda I T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that can confer health benefits when consumed in sufficient amounts. However, probiotics are often subjected to various temperature stresses during their processing and storage, which may lead to undesirable loss of viability. Pediococcus acidilactici, a species of lactic acid bacteria, is a promising probiotic candidate due to its ability to produce the antimicrobial peptide pediocin. Their response to temperature-related stress, especially at the molecular level, is still poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of shocks at various temperatures on the viability and stress-related gene expression of P. acidilactici. There was no significant reduction in the viability of P. acidilactici after temperature shock for 5 minutes at -80°C, 4°C, and 60°C compared to the control at 30°C (Log 9.2-9.3 CFU/mL), while there was a significant reduction in the culture subjected to 75°C (Log 6.17) and 90°C (0), both for 5 mins. RT-qPCR analysis showed no significant differences in the expression of groEL, a heat shock response gene, in P. acidilactici subjected to -80°C, 4°C, and 60°C compared to 30°C, although possible gDNA contamination might occur. These results suggest that P. acidilactici potentially has good survival when subjected to heat-based food processing for probiotics product development.
Impact of Fertilizer Type and Vegetative Growth Duration on the Availability of Copper in Clay Loam Soil Planted of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Iraq
Authors: Al-Zayadi Ahmed M. , Jarallah Raid Sh. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present field trial aimed to study the effect of fertilizer type and growth duration on copper availability in the maize soil. In addition to the control, six different fertilizer treatments of mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and humic acid (two levels each) were applied in the experiment. Soil samples were collected 70 and 100 days after planting. The results present that there were no significant differences between the half-recommendation fertilizer treatments (the first level) for all fertilizers, and the effect of the entire recommendation treatments (the second level) for poultry waste and humic acid 0.37 mg kg-1 and their superiority over the urea fertilization treatments 0.33 mg kg-1 in 70 days of cultivation. At 100 days, the fertilization treatments with poultry waste resulted in the highest concentration of available copper, 0.41 and 0.35 mg kg-1, respectively, the two levels. The results present a decrease in the concentration of available copper in the soil with an increase in the growth period.
A comparative Study of the Content of some Microelements in the Soil of the Mouradia Agricultural Project in Babil Governorate
Authors: Nayyef Mushreq Turki , Al-Wotaify Abbas S. S. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current study included the selection of three agricultural fields from the soil of the Muradia Agricultural Project of the Directorate of Agriculture in Babil Governorate. Thirty-four samples were taken from them at a surface depth of 0-30 cm, for the purpose of a comparative study of the content of some microelements through soils of various fields with agricultural use. As the size distribution of the soil classes was mostly dominated by silt, and thus the type of tissue ranged from a silty clay mixture to a silty mixture. The soil interaction values ranged between 7.0-7.90, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 1.31-6.23 ds m-1 in all study soils, except for the unexploited comparison soil samples in which the soil interaction values were between 7.36-8.30, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 8.39-24.36. ds m-1. The soil content of organic matter was 10.30-20.00 and 3.40-9.60 g kg-1, respectively. The values of the exchange capacity of the positive ions varied in the soils of the current study, as they ranged between 9.090-14.9 cmol charge kg-1, and its height in other soils ranged between 16.5-25.91 cmol charge kg-1. The values of available iron ranged between 4.12-8.39 mg kg-1 in all the study soils, except for the unexploited comparison soil samples in which it was 4.04-7.63 mg kg-1, while manganese ranged between 5.20-3.55 and 3.16-4.88 mg kg-1, respectively. While copper is between 0.86-2.58 and 0.81-1.99 mg kg-1, respectively, and zinc is 0.87-1.51 and 0.78-1.06 mg kg-1, respectively.
Evaluation of the Readiness of NPK Elements for the Soils of the Mouradia Agricultural Project in Babil Governorate
Authors: Nayyef Mushreq Turki , Al-Wotaify Abbas S. S. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current study included the selection of three agricultural fields from the soil of the Muradia Agricultural Project of the Directorate of Agriculture in Babil Governorate. Thirty-four samples were taken from them at a surface depth of 0-30 cm, in order to evaluate the readiness of NPK elements through the soils of various fields with agricultural use. As the size distribution of the soil classes was mostly dominated by silt, and thus the type of tissue ranged from a silty clay mixture to a silty mixture. The soil interaction values ranged between 7.0-7.90, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 1.31-6.23 ds m-1 in all study soils, except for the unexploited comparison soil samples in which the soil interaction values were between 7.36-8.30, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 8.39-24.36 ds m-1. The soil content of organic matter was 10.30-20.00 and 3.40-9.60 mg kg-1, respectively. The values of the exchange capacity of the positive ions varied in the soils of the current study, as they ranged between 9.09-14.9 cmol charge kg-1, and its height in other soils ranged between 16.5-25.91 cmol charge kg-1. The values of available nitrogen ranged between 23.00-48.18 mg kg-1 in all the study soils, except for the unexploited control soil samples in which it was 22.15-30.16 mg kg-1, while phosphorus ranged between -17.54-31.20 and 8.20-17.20 mg kg-1, respectively., while potassium ranged between 175.11-205.16 and 149.30-165.22 mg kg-1, respectively.
Effect of Irrigation Regime on Mineralogical Properties of Clay Fraction in some Iraqi Rice Soils
Authors: Mahmoud O. H. , Essa S. K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five soil pedons were chosen from two sites in Najaf and Diwaniyah, governorates, represent some of the soils of Middle Euphrates area. The soils are exploited by rice crop, and irrigated by two methods (flooded and dry) during the growing season. The mineralogical composition of < 2μm fractions for two depths (0-30 and 31-60 cm) in all studied soils were examined by X-ray diffractions. Results showed the presence of Mica, Smectite, Real chlorite and Kaolinite minerals in clay fraction of soils irrigated by the wet method. Results also, showed the precipitation of Brucite layer into Montmorillonite interlayers and caused to shifting Montmorillonite towards Chlorite mineral in soils irrigated by the dry method, and this was attributed to creation a suitable conditions from continuous wet-dry cycling, which encouraged a chloritization phenomenon to occur in these soils.. While, the continuous waterlogging process did not affect much on the weathering of mica minerals, and transformed it towards of expandable 2:1 minerals in these soils.
Effect of Addition Nitrogen Fertilizer at Different Irrigation Levels on Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity by Using Two System of Irrigation
Authors: Al-Shami Yahya Ajib Oudah , Al-Budeiri Montazer Hammadi , Al-Maamori Haider A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A field study was conducted in the province of Wasit - Kut, in a semi-arid region with a clay loam texture, for the purpose of studying the effect of adding nitrogen fertilizer, which included the level of 300 kg H-1 (N1) and 150 kg H-1 (N2) and the comparison treatment without adding fertilizer (N0) and using two levels of irrigation, which included EP (P1) 75%, EP (P2) 100% under drip irrigation (DI) and surface irrigation (SI) systems on saturated Hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The results showed that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer N1 had a significant effect by increasing the nitrogen availability using (DI), as the N1 gave the highest value of conductivity and a significant difference from the rest of the treatments, by increase 154.3% While the increase were 103.7% and 56.79% for the treatment N2 and N0, respectively. The results indicated that there were significant differences due to the effect of different irrigation levels on the Ks values, as P1 treatment gave the highest Ks value of 2.21 m day-1 compared with P2 treatment, which amounted to 1.94 m day-1, With the presence of significant differences for the two irrigation systems on the Ks values, as the values increased compared with the values before planting, with an increase of 129.6% and 38.27% for the (DI) and (SI) system. The study also showed that there were significant differences for the effect of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer treatments and the irrigation levels, as well as the presence of significant differences for the effect of the interaction between the nitrogen fertilizer treatments and the irrigation system used on the Ks values.
Evaluation Heavy Metals Pollution in the Soil from some Regions of Al-Diwaniyah City / Iraq
Authors: Al-Jbury Mohammed Mana Shayyal , Al-Kasser Mohammed Khadom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soil is the surface layer of the earth’s crust in which plant roots grow and some animals and other microorganisms live in it and it is considered the basis of the ecosystem, so its contamination negatively impact the health of all living organisms, especially humans who are at the top of the food chain. Heavy metals are considered among the most prominent inorganic pollutants in the soil, so this study came to evaluate the concentrations of some toxic heavy metals in areas with different activities in the city of Diwaniyah. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the surface soil ranged between (0.958-2.292 mg/kg) and (19.132-73.907 mg/kg), (14.882 - 50.012 mg/kg) and (29.689-62.109mg/kg) for cadmium, lead, copper and chromium, respectively, and their concentrations in the soil at depth of 30 cm ranged between (1.529-1.971 mg/kg), (22.160 - 99.885 mg/kg), (12.790-55.630 mg/kg) and (41.278-75.467 mg/kg) for cadmium, lead, copper and chromium, respectively. Soil pollution was evaluated by using some pollution indices such as the geological accumulation index, pollution load index, contamination factor and degree of pollution. The results of pollution indices showed that the surface soil of the surface study sites and depth of 30 cm is contaminated with a very high degree of cadmium. Medium pollution with lead and little pollution with copper and chromium, and this requires great attention in order to reduce soil pollution with heavy metals, especially cadmium and lead.
Effect of NPS Fertilizer, Spraying Nano-NPK+TE and Cerium Oxide NPs on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
Authors: Jassim Layth Hamid Naji , Al-Juthery Hayyawi Wewa Attia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this research was to identify the effects of NPS fertilizer with the spraying of Nano-NPK+TE and Cerium Oxide NPs on the growth and yield of (Amber 33) rice. This field study was carried out in the Tali’a region, 41-Husainiya, Hilla city, Babylon province, Iraq, from 14/6/2022 to 25/11/2022, The study treatments were randomly distributed on the experimental units according to a simple and one-way experiment by a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The study treatments consisted of adding NPS fertilizer at four levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1) and spraying with nanomaterials of Nano-NPK+TE and Cerium Oxide NPs at concentrations of (2.5 ml L-1) and (50 mg L-1), respectively, with four sprays for each of them. A total of 16 experimental units were used. The statistical analysis using Duncan’s test revealed to us that the process of fertilizing with NPS fertilizer and nanomaterials led to the highest improvement for plant height with a value of (130.43 cm) achieved by the combination of (NPS 300 kg ha-1 + spray CeO2 NPs + Nano-NPK+TE), This combination also achieved the highest chlorophyll index of (41.6 SPAD), as well as the highest response in biological yield (21.19 Meg ha-1), grain yield (5.89 Meg ha-1) and the index of yield harvesting (27.8%). Moreover, this treatment achieved high response for the weight of 1000 grains at (21.31 g). Additionally, the bi-combination of spraying with CeO2 NPs and Nano-NPK+TE had the highest agronomic efficiency at (381.61 kg kg-1).
Effect of Phosphorous, Potassium Nano-Fertilizers and Spraying of (Sepehr 4) Nano-Fertilizer and Carbon Nanotubes on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Najm Sahar Hamza , Al-Juthery Hayyawi Wewa Attia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to compare the growth and yield of the Amber 33 cultivar of rice after being fertilised with nano-phosphorous and nano-potassium, as well as after being sprayed with carbon nanotubes and nano-synthetic fertiliser (Sepehr 4) (K+Fe+Zn+Mn). Between June 15 and November 23, 2022, researchers in Babylon province, Iraq, combed through the area known as District 41-Al-Hussainiya, which is located to the south of the city of Hilla. Using a Randomised Complete Blocks Design (RCBD), two levels of phosphorus and potassium nano-fertilizers (0 and 10 kg.ha-1) were applied to some treatments, while other treatments included spraying with nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (at a concentration of 50 mg L-1) and Sepehr 4 nano-fertilizer (K+Fe+Zn+Mn) (at a concentration of 10 mg L-1). The results of the statistical analysis of the Duncan test showed that the four-component combination (nano-phosphorous+nano-potassium+spraying carbon nanotube+synthetic nano-fertilizer) (K+ e+ Zn+ Mn) recorded the highest values in plant height (134.5) cm and biological yield (20.710) Meg ha-1, grain yield was (6.067) Meg ha-1, the concentration of nitrogen in the grain was (1.40)%, and the percentage of protein in the grain was (8.331)%, and the combined effect was (phosphorus nano-fertilizer+carbon nanotubes +sepehr 4 synthetic nano-fertilizer achieved the highest index of chlorophyll at (42.63) SPAD, The combined effect of the combination (P nano-fertilizer + carbon nanotube +(K+Fe+Zn+Mn)) and Spray Nano(K+Fe+Zn+Mn) solo achieved the highest significant increase in the Clearance % (68,780 and 68,670)%respectively. While spraying the carbon tubes alone achieved the highest field efficiency of (7958.000) kg kg-1
Comparison of Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation using Falling Head and Mini Disk Infiltrometer in Gypsiferous Soil
Authors: Fattah Ahmed A. , Shihab Ramzi M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hydraulic conductivity (K) was calculated using falling head (FH) and Mini Disk Infiltrometer (MDI) for 15 Gypsiferous soil. In this study the hydraulic conductivity was predicted by basic infiltration rate (BIR) and using two methods, Wooding-Gardner (W-G) and van Genuchten-Zhang (V-Z). Hydraulic conductivity was measured using a falling head permeability test, and the results were compared to the expected values. A statistical analysis (t-test) was performed to show the significant differences between the two methods and the falling head. The results showed high agreement between (K) values estimated by (FH) and (BIR) for different gypsum content, the results showed that Both methods did not succeed in estimating the hydraulic conductivity for different gypsum content. Values derived from (W-G) method are exaggerated and the values derived from the (V-Z) method are very low compared to the values derived from (FH).
Isolation and Diagnosis of the Root Nodule Bacteria Associated with Mung Bean Plant in Gypsiferous Soil and Testing the Promotional Criterion of Isolates
Authors: Shihab M. A. , Alkurtany E. S. , Farhan M. j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The root nodule bacteria are utilized in the production of natural biological fertilizers to achieve clean agriculture by reducing chemical fertilizers. In this study, 35 samples of the root nodules associated with mung bean plants were collected from various agricultural areas of Iraq, Salah Al-Din Governorate on 4\7\2022, ten samples isolated by growing them on yeast extract mannitol agar (YEMA) and the phenotypically pure isolates were diagnosed based on the culture, microscopic and biochemical characteristics., The phenotypic diagnosis results showed that The color of the colonies was between white, creamy and yellow, Spherical, convex and smooth, gram-negative, was able to move and pink and light pink on Congo red stain medium and 9 isolates it was fast growing as it gave yellow color on YEMA-BTB bromothymol blue medium except for one isolate it was slow growing as it gave blue color and all isolates unable to grow on Hofer alkaline medium except for one isolate, The efficient isolate was selected in the production of indole acetic acid, chelating compounds and phosphate solubilization,. The results showed that isolates (M3, M4, M5, M6, M7) have a high ability for iron chelation. It was found that the (M6) isolate gave the highest phosphate solubilization and indole production, which showed a phosphorus solubilization of 39.504 mg P.L-1 and an indole production rate of 21.5 μg.ml-1. This was followed by the isolate (M3), which showed a phosphorus solubilization of 23.723 mg P.L-1 and an indole production rate of 17.2 μ.g.ml-1. Molecular diagnosis was performed for five competent isolates in the production of Indole acetic acid, production of chelating compounds, and phosphate solubilization. The isolates were molecularly diagnosed by PCR, the 16SrRNA gene was amplified, then the sequence of nitrogenous bases was analyzed and when matching with the global strains included in the NCBI Genetic Bank website, The results of molecular diagnosis showed that two isolates belong to Rhizobium bacteria. the results showed that (M3) isolate is %99.50 similar to the Rhizobium leguminosarum isolate OTU21_I. and the results showed that (M6) isolate is 99.48% similar to the Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain A3 and 99.96% to the Bradyrhizobium japonicum, strain:NK5 and therefore the isolates is genetically close to Rhizobium leguminosarum strain AE15 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain AE14 bacteria and has been recorded in the Global genome bank under accession number OP975690 and version number OP975690.1 for Rhizobium leguminosarum and accession number OP975688 and version number OP975688.1 for Bradyrhizobium japonicum and this record is the first for this bacteria which associated with mung bean in gypsiferous soils in Iraq.
The Role of Biochar and Perlite in Improving some Physical Properties of Clay Loam and Sandy Loam Soil
Authors: Faleh Shaima Tariq , Abood Mohammed Ali , Fahmi Alaa Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of soil sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture – the University of Diyala, where the experimental factors was the soil type factor (clay loam and sandy loam) and the soil conditioners agent by adding biochar at the level of 1 and 2% and symbolized by B1 and B2 and perlite at the level of 1 and 2% and symbol it has P1 and P2, and it was added according to the soil dry weight, with three replications, CRD design, and plastic tubes were used to incubate the treatments for 14 weeks. The results showed an increase in the water infiltration in the clay loam soil by an increase of 23% when using biochar ratios 1 and 2%, while the infiltration decreased in the sandy loam soil by a decrease of 16 and 31% when using biochar 1 and 2%, while the use of perlite in the proportions of 1 and 2% increased the infiltration. In the sandy loam soil. This applies to the saturated hydraulic conductivity values. The Bulk density soil decreased when using biochar ratios 1 and 2% in the clay loam soil with decrease rates of 13 and 26%, and it also decreased when using perlite ratios 1 and 2% with decrease rates of 10 and 13%, and it also decreased when using ratios 1 and 2% biochar with sandy loam soil with decrease rates of 11 and 17%. The soil porosity increased when 1 and 2% biochar was used in the clay loam soil with an increase of 15 and 7%, and it increased when 1 and 2% perlite was added in the same soil with an increase of 5 and 6%.
Biochar Enhanced Chemical and Biological Properties of Contaminated Soils with Lead
Authors: Fadil Hussein , Fahmi Alaa Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soil pollution has become a global problem due to the significant increase in the concentration of heavy elements. Lead is one of the most dangerous heavy elements cause damages to soil microorganisms and soil chemical properties. In this study the effect of adding of biochar (EFBB and WSB) with different addition rates (0%, 1% and 3%) in two soil textures (sandy loam, clay loam) contaminated with lead (500 ppm) were studies to approve the role of biochars on some soil chemical properties of soils and microorganisms activity. The results showed the amount of released CO2 has increased up to (127.6 and 123.2 mg CO2 100 g-1 soil) with addition rate (3%) of WSB and EFBB compared to control treatments (45.4 mg CO2 100 g-1 soil). This result indicated that the microorganism’s activity was enhanced with incubation periods in contaminated soils. It was noted that biochars improved soil chemical properties such as OM, OC, CEC, cations of positive elements such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ and improved electrical conductivity EC. A larger surface area and the negative charges content as well as micro pores are made biochars more effective to adsorbed heavy metals, which allows reducing toxicity of lead in contaminated soil and making its environment more suitable for microorganism’s life with enhancing some soil chemical properties. Therefore, it is recommended to add biochar to contaminated soils and it could be an alternative to other treatments due to its low-cost.
Effect of Organic and Biofertilization on some Qualitative and Productive Traits of Barley Plant
Authors: Jasim Tabarek Saleem , Hamid Bassam Alauldeen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in a sandy, clay soil loam in Al-Nahrawan region, east of Baghdad. The experiment included two factors: organic fertilizer (compost) at three levels, 15 tons. ha-1 and 30 tons ha-1 without adding organic fertilizer and biofertilizer (mycorrhiza) at two levels, adding 200 g of mycorrhizal inoculation without addition, In a randomized complete split block design with three replicates in order to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of a type of fungal (mycorrhizal) and organic (compost) bio-fertilizers, individually or in an interaction manner, on the qualitative and productive traits of barley plant (plant height (cm), dry weight (kg. ha-1), grain weight (Mg.ha-1) and harvest index (%) The results showed that the treatment of compost and mycorrhizal interactions was significantly excelled on the control treatment for all traits, with values of (82.13, 9018, 4.117, 38.63), respectively.