bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant‐induced inflammation of rat paw is associated with altered calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunoreactivity within cell bodies and peripheral endings of primary afferent neurons
Authors: Nahin Richard L. , Byers Margaret R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLocal inflammation is associated with profound changes in the biochemistry and physiology of primary afferent nerve fibers and the central neurons responding to their signals. In some tissues, the neural changes accompanying inflammation include sprouting and cytochemical changes that are delayed several days after the initial injury. In the present stydiy, we have analyzed the effect of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced inflammation in the rat paw on clacitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity (IR) in dorsal root ganglia and within tissue of the inflamed paw. We quantified the CGRP‐IR within the L1, L4, and L6 ganglia, and in ankle, midpaw, joint and toe tissues.Analysis of the processed tissue revealed a significant increase in the percentage of CGRP‐positive cells within L4 dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to an inflamed hindpaw six days after administration of CFA. There was a parallel increase in the number and staining density of detectable CGRP‐immunoreactive fibers in periarticular and perivascular tissues of the inflamed digits and inflamed ankle. The other tissues of the paw, including epidermis and the regions surrounding the abceses, did not have detectable changes in CGRP‐immunoreactive fibers, despite tissue swelling and dystrophic changes in the foot that included loss of mast cell staining.These data demonstrate that local inflammation of the rat paw has delayed influences in the peripheral nervous system, in addition to a number of previoulsy characterized acute effects. The alterations of CGRP‐IR were focused around specific tissue types, such as joints and subdermal blood vessels, and absent from others, such as epidermis or in the areas surrounding abscesses. This suggests production of local factors within reactive tissues that selectively interact with nerve fibers to induce changes in CGRP‐IR within the fibers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uniglomerular projection neurons participate in early development of olfactory glomeruli in the moth Manduca sexta
Authors: Malun Dagmar , Oland Lynne A. , Tolbert Leslie P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGlomerular organization of the antennal (olfactory) lobe is initiated by the arrival of sensory axons from the antenna. Bundles of axon terminals coalesce into spheroidal knots of neuropil called protoglomeruli. Previous studies have suggested that the protoglomeruli form a template for the mature glomerular array, but an early role for projection neurons in establishing the template has not been excluded. We examined with the confocal laser scanning microscope the morphological development of the uniglomerular projection neurons during the stages in which glomeruli are constructed. Groups of projection neurons were stained with the lipophilic dye DiI to assess the development of the population as a whole; individual neurons were filled intracellularly with Lucifer Yellow to examine in detail the development of shape. In some preparations, sensory axons and glial cells also were labeled by using different fluorescent dyes to reveal possible interactions between projection neuron dendrites and sensory axons or glial cells.Protoglomeruli form in a wave beginning at the entry point of the antennal nerve and proceeding across the lobe to the opposite pole. A second wave follows in which projection neurons become tufted and innervate the newly formed glomeruli, sometimes extending into the glial border surrounding the protoglomeruli. In animals deprived of sensory axons, some projection neurons still form tufted dendritic trees and, in one region of the neuropil, a glomerulus‐like structure.The early presence of projection neuron processes in the protoglomeruli and the formation of at least one glomerulus‐like structure in unafferented lobes suggest that uniglomerular projection neurons play an active role in the construction of olfactory glomeruli. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular localization and laminar distribution of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits mRNAs and proteins in the rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Conti Fiorenzo , Minelli Andrea , Brecha Nicholas C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cellular and laminar distributions of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR1‐4 have been investigated in the cerebral cortex of adult rats by in situ hybridization with 35S‐labeled cRNA probes and by immunocytochemistry with subunit‐specific antibodies. In sections incubated with the GluR1–4 antisense probes, specific hybridization signal was observed in many but not all cortical cells. Experiments with in situ hybridization and antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) showed that percentages of GFAP‐immunoreactive cells labeled by the GluR1‐4 probes were 20%, 9.4%, 8.2%, and 57.3%, respectively.A semiquantitative evaluation revealed that about 56% of cortical neurons contained the GluR1 subunit, 80% the GluR2, 63% the GluR3, and 44% the GluR4. The number of grains associated with every neuron was determined from sections exposed for 15 days, the background level was subtracted, and labeled neurons were divided into four groups: A (≤ 10 grains), B (11–20 grains), C (21–30 grains), and D (>30 grains). The number of neurons belonging to each of these groups was then evaluated for their occurrence in each cortical layer.Immunocytochemistry with subunit‐specific antibodies showed that (1) GluR1‐immunoreactive neurons were mostly layers V and VI nonpyramidal neurons; (2) GluR2/3‐immunoreactive neurons were more numerous in layers II–III and V–VI, and most of them were pyramidal; and (3) GluR4‐positive cells were the least numerous, and they were either neurons (pyramidal and nonpyramidal) or astrocytes. These observations indicate that cortical neurons exhibit a remarkable degree of heterogeneity with regard to both the composition and the number of AMPA receptors and suggest that this diversity might be correlated with the functional attributes of neurons receiving glutamatergic afferents and with the physiological features of corticifugal neurons. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Plasticin, a newly identified neurofilament protein, is preferentially expressed in young retinal ganglion cells of adult goldfish
Authors: Fuchs Chana , Glasgow Eric , Hitchcock Peter F. , Schechter Nisson 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe adult goldfish retina and optic nerve display continuous growth, plasticity, and the capacity to regenerate throughout the animal's life. The intermediate filament proteins in this pathway are different from those in adult mammalian nerves, which do not continuously grow or normally regenerate. One novel intermediate filament protein of the goldfish visual pathway is plasticin, which is synthesized in ganglion cells and transported into the optic nerve. Using specific polyclonal antibodies raised against a plasticin fusion protein, we investigated the distribution of this protein in the normal retina and nerve and in the retina and nerve following optic nerve crush. In the normal pathway, plasticin was localized predominantly to the axons of very young ganglion cells; however, there was considerable immunoreactivity in older axons as they approach the chiasm. In addition, following optic nerve crush, all ganglion cell somata and their axons proximal to the crush site became equally immunoreactive. The results suggest that plasticin may contribute to axonal growth, plasticity, and regeneration. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postembryonic development of corazonin‐containing neurons and neurosecretory cells in the blowfly, Phormia terraenovae
Authors: Cantera Rafael , Veenstra Jan A. , Nässel Dick R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn antiserum against the cockroach cardioactive peptide corazonin was used to investigate the distribution of immunoreactive neurons and neurosecretory cells in the nervous system of the blowfly, Phormia terraenovae, during postembryonic development. A small number of corazonin‐immunoreactive neurons was found at larval, pupal, and adult stages. At all postembryonic stages two cell groups were found in the protocerebrum of the brain: (1) two lateral cell clusters and (2) two median cells. In the larva eight bilateral cell pairs were found in thoracic and abdominal neuromeres of the fused ventral ganglion. The lateral brain neurons are located in the lateral neurosecretory cell group and extend axons with branches in several components of the retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex, in the stomatogastric nervous system of larvae and adults, and additionally in muscles of the alimentary canal in the adult. The most prominent element of these peripheral processes is a large plexus of varicose fibers located in the wall of the aorta, the main site for the release of neurohormones produced in the brain of blowflies. The presence of corazonin‐immunoreactive material in the aortic plexus suggests that this peptide functions as a neurohormone, During metamorphosis, the immunoreactive neurons found in the thoracic‐abdominal ganglion of the larva disappear, and in the brain new immunoreactive neurons are added to those that persist from larval stages. The bulk of the corazonin‐immunoreactive material extracted from adult brains and corpora cardiaca‐aorta complexes was found to co‐elute with synthetic corazonin in reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography as monitored with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associational and commissural afferents of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat hippocampus: A combined immunocytochemical and PHA‐L study
Authors: Deller T. , Nitsch R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNonpyramidal neurons containing the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin (PV) are one of the inhibitory elements of the hippocampal network. Previous studies have indicated that they are involved in septohippocampal disinhibitory circuits. This study analyzes the commissural and ipsilateral associational afferents of parvalbumin neurons. Injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) into the hilus of the fascia dentata labeled numerous axons in the molecular layer that established synaptic contacts with parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons on both the injection and the contralateral side. Mossy fibers, labeled by injections into the granule cell layer, terminated on parvalbumin neurons in the hilus and in CA3. Injections of PHA‐L into CA3 resulted in a dense labeling of fibers in the hilus and in CA3, CA2, and CA1 on both the injection and the contralateral side. In all these hippocampal fields, PHA‐L‐labeled fibers established asymmetric contacts with PV‐immunoreactive, presumably GABAergic, inhibitory neurons. These observations indicate that parvalbumin‐immunoreactive inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus are targets of presumably excitatory associational and commissural projections and suggest that they are involved in feed‐forward and feed‐back circuits. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substance P phenotype defines specificity of c‐fos induction by cocaine in developing rat striatum
Authors: Kosofsky Barry E. , Genova Lisa M. , Hyman Steven E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractActivation of c‐fos, a member of the class of immediate early genes that act as transcription factors, may be one of the initial molecular mechanisms underlying plastic changes in gene expression in response to drugs of abuse. By combining c‐fos (radioactive) in situ hybridization histochemistry with nonradioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry for mRNAs encoding other striatal markers [preprotachykinin (substance P), proenkephalin, and D1 and D2 receptors], we have identified the cellular phenotype of striatal neurons activated by acute administration of cocaine to P8, P15, P28, and adult rats. At each age examined, substance P+, enkephalin−‐ striatal neurons were the predominant class of cells in which cocaine induced c‐fos gene expression. In addition, the topography of cellular activation at each age examined was distinct and reflected the topography of distribution of cells expressing high levels of substance P mRNA. We conclude that there is a marked specificity of cellular activation in striatum following acute cocaine administration restricted predominantly to subsets of substance P‐expressing cells, with age‐specific patterns in their topographic distribution. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and origin of serotoninergic afferents to guinea pig cochlear nucleus
Authors: Thompson Ann M. , Moore Kyle R. , Thompson Glenn C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of serotoninergic fibers in the guinea pig cochlear nucleus was studied with serotonin immunohistochemistry. In addition, the origin of the serotoninergic fibers was determined by combining the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin‐apohorseradish peroxidase (gold conjugated) with serotonin immunohistochemistry.Immunoreactivity was present in varicose and nonvaricose fibers that were unevenly distributed throughout the cochlear nucleus. The fibers were most prominent in the superficial layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the anterior spherical cell area of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Although less prominent, serotonin‐positive fibers were also present in the remaining part of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus and the posteroventral cochlear nucleus. A few positive fibers were present in the auditory nerve root and the dorsal and intermediate acoustic stiae. Double‐labeled cells were found throughout the rostral‐ caudal extent of the serotoninergic system from the caudal linear nucleus to the nucleus raphe pallidus. However, most were confined to the dorsal (52%) and median (18%) raphe nuclei. Some serotoninergic cell groups contained retrogradely labeled cells that were not serotonin immunoreactive, indicating nonauditory afferents to cochlear nucleus containing other neurotransmitter substances.Serotonin may tonically modulate auditory processing within the cochlear nucleus as well as influence certain ascending auditory pathways. Most of the serotonin in the cochlear nucleus comes from superior raphe nuclei that also project to basal ganglia motor systems and limbic strctures. Therefore, the effect of serotonin on the cochlear nucleus may be related to level of arousal or behavioral state. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal regeneration into Schwann cell‐seeded guidance channels grafted into transected adult rat spinal cord
Authors: Xu Xiao Ming , Guénard Véronique , Kleitman Naomi , Bunge Mary Bartlett 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSchwann cells (SC) have been shown to promote regeneration in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. In this study we tested the ability of SC to enhance axonal regeneration in adult rat spinal cord by grafting SC‐seeded guidance channels into transected cords. SC were purified in culture from adult inbred rat sciatic nerves, suspended in Matrigel, and seeded into semipermeable PAN/PVC channels (2.6 mm I.D. X 10 mm long) at a final density of 120 × 106 cells/ml. Channels filled with Matrigel alone served as controls. Adult isologous rat spinal cords were transected at the T8 level, and segments T9–T11 were removed. The rostral stump was inserted 1 mm into channels with capped distal ends. One month after grafting, a vascularized tissue cable was present within the channel in all animals. In SC‐seeded channels (n = 14), a mean of 501 myelinated axons was found in the cable, and many axons extended 9–10 mm. Electron microscopy revealed typical SC ensheathment and myelination of axons with four times more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Control channels (n = 8) contained fewer myelinated axons (mean = 71). When SC were prelabeled in culture with a nuclear dye, labeled nuclei were observed at 30 days, confirming SC survival. Astrocytes identified by glial fibrillary acidic protein staining did not migrate far into the cable, and prelabeled SC did not enter the cord. Lack of immunostaining for serotonin and dopamine β‐hydroxylase indicated that supraspinal axons did not regenerate into the cable. Fast Blue injections into the middle of the cable (n = 3) marked spinal cord interneurons (mean = 306) as far as nine segments rostral (25 mm, C7) extending axons into the graft; fewer dorsal root ganglion neurons were retrogradely labeled. In conclusion, purified populations of SC transplanted within channels promote both propriospinal and sensory axonal regeneration in the adult rat thoracic spinal cord. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.
Dendritic reorganisation in the basal forebrain under degenerative conditions and its defects in Alzheimer's disease. III. The basal forebrain compared with other subcortical areas
Authors: Arendt Thomas , Brückner Martina K. , Bigl Volker , Marcova Lena 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of the reticular neuronal type in the human brain and its involvement in both degeneration and dendritic reorganisation under the conditions of ageing, Korsakoff's disease (KD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) was comparatively investigated after Golgi impregnation. Reticular neurones are distributed throughout different areas along the brain axis. The cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei, i.e., the basal nucleus of Meynert, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the medial septal nucleus form the most rostral part of this network of “open nuclei,” which is collectively referred to as the “reticular core.” Reticular neurones of the following areas were quantitatively investigated by a computer‐based three‐dimensional analysis: caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band, basal nucleus, medial amygdaloid nucleus, reticular thalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and raphe magnus nucleus. There are three major findings. First, neurones that were found to be susceptible to degeneration in AD were largely part of the same neuronal populations prone to degeneration during ageing, in KD and PD. Thus, areas could be classified according to their overall degree of vulnerability under the present degenerative conditions as being highly vulnerable (basal forebrain nuclei, caudate nucleus, locus coeruleus), moderately vulnerable (medial amygdaloid nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, substantia nigra, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus), or marginally vulnerable (globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, reticular thalamic nucleus). Second, neuronal populations that are particularly vulnerable to degenerative changes show a high degree of structural plasticity. Third, the degree of this dendritic plasticity is inversely related to the complexity of dendritic arborisation of the neurone. It is concluded that the sparsely ramified reticular type of neurone forms a pool of pluripotent neurones that have retained their plastic capacity throughout life, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of perturbations. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.
Specific cell types in cat retina express different forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase
Authors: Vardi Noga , Auerbach Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67, in cat retina by immunocytochemistry. About 10% of GABAergic amacrime cells express only GAD65 and 30% express only GAD67. Rougly 60% contain both forms of the enzyme, but GAD67 is present only at low levels in the majority of these double‐labeled amacrine cells. The staining pattern in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) for the two GAD forms was also different. GAD65 was restricted to strata 1–4, and GAD67 was apparent throughout the IPL but was strongest in strata 1 and 5. This indicates that soams, as well as their processes, are differentially stained for the two forms of GAD. Cell types expressing only GAD65 include interplexiform cells, one type of cone bipolar cell, and at least one type of serotonin‐accumulating amacrine cell. Cell types expressing only GAD67 include amacrine cells synthesizing dopamine, amacrine cells synthesizing nitric oxide (NO), and amacrine cells accumulating serotonin. Cholinergic amacrine cells express a low level of both GAD forms. Our findings in the retina are consistent with previous observations in the brain that GAD65 expression is greater in terminals than in somas. In addition, in retina most neurons expressing GAD67 also contain a second neurotransmitter as well as GABA, and they tend to be larger than neurons expressing GAD65. We propose that large cells have a greater demand for GABA than small cells, and thus require the constant, relatively unmodulated level of GABA that is provided by GAD67. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.
Fine structure of the medullary lateral line area of Chelon labrosus (order perciformes), a nonelectroreceptive teleost
Authors: Diaz‐Regurira Sof́ia M. , Anadon Ramón 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructure and synaptic organization of the nucleus medialis and cerebellar crest of the teleost Chelon labrosus have been investigated. The nucleus medialis receives projections from the anterior and posterior lateral line nerves. This nucleus consists of oval neurons and large crest cells (“Purkinje‐like” cells) whose apical dendrites branch in the overlying molecular layer, the cerebellar crest. In the dorsal region of the nucleus medialis, the perikarya and smooth primary dendrites of the crest cells are interspersed among myelinated fibers and nerve boutons. The ventral layer of the nucleus medialis contains crest cell perikarya and dendrites as well as oval neurons. The cerebellar crest lacks neuronal bodies, but the apical dendrites of crest cells receive synapses from unmyelinated and myelinated fibers. In the cerebellar crest, two types of terminals are presynaptic to the crest cell dendrites: boutons with spherical vesicles that from asymmetric synapses with dendritic spines and boutons containing pleomorphic vesicles that from symmetric synapses with dendritic spines and boutons containing pleomorphic vesicles that from symmetric synapses directly on the dendritic shaft. Most axon terminals found on the somata and primary dedrites of crest cells in the nucleus medialis have pleomorphic vesicles and form symmetric contacts, though asymmetric with spherical vesicles and mixed synapses can be observed; these mixed synapses exhibit gap junctions and contain spherical vesicles. Unlike crest cells, the oval neuron perikarya receive three types of contacts (symmetric, asymmetric, and mixed). The origins and functions of these different bouton types in the nucleus medialis are discussed. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.