bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of amine‐cured, epoxy‐layered silicate nanocomposites: The influence of the silicate surface modification on the properties
Authors: Kornmann Xavier , Thomann Ralph , Mülhaupt Rolf , Finter Jürgen , Berglund Lars 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFluorohectorites were rendered organophilic through the cation exchange of sodium intergallery cations for protonated monoamine, diamine, and triamine oligopropyleneoxides and octadecylamine, benzylamine, and adducts of octadecylamine and benzylamine with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The influence of the silicate surface modification and compatibility on the morphology and thermal and mechanical properties was examined. Surface modification with protonated octadecylamine and its adduct with DGEBA promoted the formation of microscale domains of silicate layers separated by more than 50 Å, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. Young's modulus of these two nanocomposites increased parabolically with the true silicate content, whereas conventionally filled composites exhibited a linear relationship. The highest fracture toughness was observed for conventionally filled composites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2643–2652, 2002
Differences in expectations of outcome mediate African American/white patient differences in “willingness” to consider joint replacement
Authors: Ibrahim Said A. , Siminoff Laura A. , Burant Christopher J. , Kwoh C. Kent 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveJoint replacement therapy is an effective treatment option for end‐stage osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and/or hip. There are marked racial/ethnic disparities in the utilization of this procedure. The reasons for these disparities are not known. We sought to determine whether African American patients differ from white patients in their “willingness” to consider joint replacement and to determine the factors that influence this relationship.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional survey of 596 elderly, male, African American or white patients with moderate‐to‐severe symptomatic knee or hip OA who were receiving primary care at the Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinics.ResultsThe groups were similar with respect to age, severity of arthritis measured by the Lequesne Scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and scores on the Charlson Comorbidity Index and Geriatric Depression Scale. Compared with whites, African Americans were less likely to be employed or married or to have attained a high school education, but were more likely to report a median annual household income of <$10,000. They were also less likely than whites to be familiar with joint replacement and more likely to expect a longer duration of hospital course, pain, and functional disability following replacement surgery. African American patients were less “willing” than white patients to consider joint replacement (odds ratio 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.30–0.84). However, this difference was explained by the between‐group differences in expectations.ConclusionAfrican American patients were less likely than white patients to express “willingness” to consider joint replacement if the procedure was needed and recommended. This difference was explained by differences between the groups in their expectations of hospital course, pain, and function following replacement surgery.
Regression to the mean and football wagers
Authors: Lee Marcus , Smith Gary 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFootball performances are an imperfect measure of abilities, and consequently exaggerate differences in abilities. The skills of those football teams that perform the best and the worst are not really that far from average; thus their future performances regress to the mean. Betting data indicate that gamblers do not fully account for this regression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Good fungi gone bad: The corruption of calcineurin
Authors: Fox Deborah S. , Heitman Joseph 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCalcineurin is a Ca2+/calmodulin‐activated protein phosphatase that is conserved in eukaryotes, from yeast to humans, and is the conserved target of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506. Genetic studies in yeast and fungi established the molecular basis of calcineurin inhibition by the cyclophilin A–CsA and FKBP12–FK506 complexes. Calcineurin also functions in fungi to control a myriad of physiological processes including cell cycle progression, cation homeostasis, and morphogenesis. Recent investigations into the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, two fungi that cause life‐threatening infections in humans, have revealed an essential role for calcineurin in morphogenesis, virulence, and antifungal drug action. Novel non‐immunosuppressive analogs of the calcineurin inhibitors CsA and FK506 that retain antifungal activity have been identified and hold promise as candidate antifungal drugs. In addition, comparisons of calcineurin function in both fungi and humans may identify fungal‐specific components of calcineurin‐signaling pathways that could be targeted for therapy, as well as conserved elements of calcium signaling events. BioEssays 24:894–903, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The one‐bead two‐compound assay for solid phase screening of combinatorial libraries
Authors: Meldal Morten 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFluorescent quenched substrate libraries are a very powerful tool for investigation of protease activity and specificity. Particularly, libraries where the fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair is 3‐nitrotyrosine and 2‐amino‐benzamide are easy to prepare by split and combine synthesis to yield a one‐bead one‐compound library format. The solid support is critical for the successful hydrolysis of the resin‐bound substrates. For this purpose, a range of highly porous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based resins have been developed. Active substrates yield highly fluorescent beads and these are selected under a fluorescence microscope or isolated on a bead sorter. Edman sequence analysis yields the substrate sequence, the cleavage point, and the degree of conversion. The method gives a complete map of the substrate specificity, and substrates with high affinity for the active site can be selected. These may in turn be used as inhibition indicators in a second solid phase library assay for enzyme inhibition where each single bead is transformed into an assay container. The substrate is attached to temporarily shielded functional groups after completion of inhibitor library synthesis. By using a photolabile linker and ladder synthesis, the active inhibitors may be rapidly identified by mass spectrometry. In each bead, the putative inhibitor competes with the substrate attached for binding to the enzyme, and when the inhibitor binds strongly, the substrate remains intact and quenched. Thus dark beads indicate inhibitors, and these may be isolated using a bead‐sorter and the structure determined by mass spectrometry. A selection of the best substrates and inhibitors should always be resynthesized for solution kinetics and confirmation of the results obtained on solid support. The inhibitor assay is almost free from false positives, which is a consequence of combining the binding of the protease to the inhibitor with observation of activity toward a FRET substrate. The Ki of the identified inhibitors are typically in the nM range. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 93–100, 2002
Multiblock PLS analysis of an industrial pharmaceutical process
Authors: Lopes J.A. , Menezes J.C. , Westerhuis J.A. , Smilde A.K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe performance of an industrial pharmaceutical process (production of an active pharmaceutical ingredient by fermentation, API) was modeled by multiblock partial least squares (MBPLS). The most important process stages are inoculum production and API production fermentation. Thirty batches (runs) were produced according to an experimental planning. Rather than merging all these data into a single block of independent variables (as in ordinary PLS), four data blocks were used separately (manipulated and quality variables for each process stage). With the multiblock approach it was possible to calculate weights and scores for each independent block. It was found that the inoculum quality variables were highly correlated with API production for nominal fermentations. For the nonnominal fermentations, the manipulations of the fermentation stage explained the amount of API obtained (especially the pH and biomass concentration). Based on the above process analysis it was possible to select a smaller set of variables with which a new model was built. The amount of variance predicted of the final API concentration (cross‐validation) for this model was 82.4%. The advantage of the multiblock model over the standard PLS model is that the contributions of the two main process stages to the API volumetric productivity were determined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 419–427, 2002.
Transcriptional regulation of gene expression by the coding sequence: An attempt to enhance expression of human AChE
Authors: Weill Claire O. , Vorlová Sandra , Berna Nathalie , Ayon Annick , Massoulié Jean 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a previous report, Morel and Massoulié showed that Bungarus AChE (bBAChE) is produced more efficiently than rat AChE in various expression systems, mainly because the Bungarus coding sequence exerts a stimulatory effect on transcription (Morel and Massoulié, 2000). They reported that a 5′ Bungarus fragment could partially transfer this property to a CAT expression vector. This appeared to offer the possibility of increasing the production of recombinant proteins. In the present paper, we show that insertion of this fragment in the transcribed region, before the polyadenylation site, may have either stimulatory or inhibitory effects, depending on the vector and on the reporter gene. Since the stimulatory effect of Bungarus coding region could not be attached to a small number of discrete motifs, we reasoned that it might result from a general feature of the sequence. Therefore it might be possible to partially transfer this property to the very homologous human AChE (hHAChE) coding sequence by modifications based on synonymous codons, which increased nucleotide identity between the 5′ fragment (721 nucleotides) of bBAChE and hHAChE from 71% to 85%. The production of human AChE in transfected COS cells was increased nearly 2‐fold with this modified construct, but still remained about 4‐fold smaller than that of Bungarus AChE. There was no change in expression level in transformed Pichia pastoris. We thus confirm that coding sequences can strongly influence gene expression, but in a manner that depends on the context and cannot yet be predicted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 490–497, 2002.
Modeling acidogenic and sulfate‐reducing processes for the determination of fermentable fractions in wastewater
Authors: Ruel S. Martin , Comeau Y. , Ginestet P. , Héduit A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe biochemical acidogenic potential (BAP) of a wastewater is the maximum concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) that can be measured at the end of an anaerobic fermentation test. A model was constructed to describe the acidogenic reactions occurring during BAP tests and to divide the BAP into organic fractions. The model was calibrated with a set of specific experiments highlighting the role of sulfate‐reducing bacteria on acidogenic processes, which description was necessary for correct parameter identification. The model could describe acidogenic fermentation processes, with or without sulfate reduction, at 20°C, for 13 wastewaters of different origin, composition, and settleability using the same optimized parameters. A simplified version of the model, without sulfate reduction, was able to describe VFA production by the adjustment of only three variables: readily fermentable organic matter (Sf), anaerobically hydrolyzable organic matter (Xf), and heterotrophic acidogenic biomass (Xha), which proved to be coherent with the experimental BAP value. The combination of the BAP test and the model developed in this study resulted in a new reliable tool to characterize wastewater under anaerobic conditions. As VFAs are the main substrates for phosphate‐accumulating organisms (PAOs), the use of organic fractions VFA, Sf, Xf, and Xha in wastewater treatment plant modeling could improve the predictability and optimization of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 525–536, 2002.
Modeling of the controlled expression of a harmful protein by a three‐plasmid harboring system
Authors: Unzaga T. V. , Díaz‐Ricci J. C. , Rhee J. I. , Hernández M. R. , Schügerl K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA genetically structured mathematical model was developed and used to evaluate the influence of molecular parameters involved in the expression of a harmful recombinant protein (SPA::EcoRI). The system consists of the controlled expression of the endonuclease EcoRI cloned in the plasmid pMTC48. The control is exerted by the lambda CI repressor expressed from the plasmid pRK248cIts. The deleterious effect of the activity of the enzyme EcoRI on the host DNA is prevented by the action of the EcoRI methylase that is expressed constitutively from a third plasmid, pEcoR4. The model includes molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the expression of these genes and is used to determine cultural conditions that maximize the production of the recombinant protein. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 544–551, 2002.
Anterior coracoscapular ligament and suprascapular nerve entrapment
Authors: Avery B.W. , Pilon F.M. , Barclay J.K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA reduction in the height of the suprascapular foramen may predispose to entrapment of the suprascapular nerve. In this study, 16 of 27 cadavers (60%) demonstrated a heretofore unreported ligament located on the anterior aspect of the suprascapular foramen. In 11 of the 27 cadavers (41%), the ligament was observed bilaterally. The ligament decreased the foraminal height from the normative value of 5.6 ± 0.4 to 2.3 ± 0.4 mm (mean ± SEM). Because this ligament, for which we propose the term anterior coracoscapular ligament (ACSL), substantially narrows the suprascapular foramen, it should be considered as a possible etiologic factor in suprascapular nerve entrapment. Clin. Anat. 15:383–386, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term renal function preservation after renal artery stenting in patients with progressive ischemic nephropathy
Authors: Rocha‐Singh Krishna J. , Ahuja Ratan K. , Sung Chung‐Hsien , Rutherford Janiece 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe assessed the long‐term effect of successful renal artery stent revascularization on renal function, blood pressure control, and survival in patients with progressive renal dysfunction due to ischemic nephropathy. Ischemic nephropathy presents a potentially serious risk of complete loss of renal function. Surgical renal revascularization is associated with significant risk of mortality/morbidity in this patient population. The potential role and long‐term effect of renal artery stent revascularization in this patient population is not well defined. A cohort of 51 patients (mean age, 72 years; 52.9% men) with progressive azotemia, defined as a preprocedure serum creatinine (Scr) value of ≥ 1.5 mg/dl and a negative slope of the reciprocal 1/Scr curve during the 12 months preceding revascularization, underwent successful primary stent deployment in 93 atherosclerotic renal artery lesions (42 bilateral, 9 solitary kidneys). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) and serum creatinine values, blood pressure, antihypertensive medication requirements, and survival rates were monitored over a mean of 30‐month follow‐up. Renal artery duplex Doppler or renal angiography were performed at a mean of 13 months (range, 7–15 months) to assess stent patency. Stent implantation was successful in 92/93 (98.9%) stenotic renal arteries (mean preprocedure serum creatinine 2.3 ± 0.9 mg/dl; range, 1.5–8.2 mg/dl). Forty‐seven patients were eligible for 30‐month follow‐up of the procedural effect on renal function, blood pressure control, number of antihypertensive medications, and survival. At 1‐year follow‐up, the slope of the 1/Scr curve increased and the EGFR values significantly improved compared to preprocedure values (19.9 ± 6.2 to 26.8 ± 10.1 ml/min; P < 0.0001), serum creatinine decreased from the mean preprocedure value to 1.75 ± 0.69 mg/dl (P < 0.001), with renal function improvement or stabilization observed in 94% of patients; three patients (7.3%) required permanent hemodialysis during the 30‐month follow‐up period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased (from 177 ± 28 to 148 ± 25 mm Hg and from 92 ± 15 to 78 ± 14 mm Hg, respectively; P < 0.001) with fewer antihypertensive medications required to control blood pressure (3.5 ± 0.9 vs. 1.9 ± 1.3; P < 0.001). The patient survival rate after 30‐month follow‐up was 87%, with three deaths related to end‐stage renal failure. Renal artery stent revascularization reversed progressive renal dysfunction within the first 12 months and maintained the improved level of renal function at 30‐month follow‐up while improving blood pressure control and reducing the number of antihypertensive medication requirements. Renal stent revascularization should be considered a valid therapeutic option for the long‐term treatment of ischemic nephropathy. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:135–141. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes catalyzed by optically active C2‐symmetrical bis‐β‐amino alcohols
Authors: Xu Qianyong , Zhu Guangming , Pan Xinfu , Chan Albert S.C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe syntheses of new optically active C2‐symmetrical bis‐β‐amino alcohols 1‐6 from (S)‐2‐(1‐hydroxy‐1,1‐diphenylmethyl)‐pyrrolidine are described. Especially attention is focused on bridges, which link the two β‐amino alcohol units. These new chiral ligands have been successfully applied in the catalytic enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes to give sec‐alcohols in good yields with up to 95% enantiomeric excess. Chirality 14:716–723, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reflectance circular dichroism of solid‐state chiral coordination compounds
Authors: Bilotti Ivano , Biscarini Paolo , Castiglioni Ettore , Ferranti Francesco , Kuroda Reiko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSolid‐state diffuse reflectance circular dichroism (DRCD) spectra of some chiral Λ‐ and Δ‐M[(A⁁A)n]m+ coordination compounds [M(III) = Cr, Co; A⁁A = ethylendiamine (en), O,O′‐2(R)3(R)dimethylethylene dithiophosphate ion, (R,R)bdtp−, sepulchrate (Sep); n = 1, 3; m = 0, 3] were measured and compared with their solution, nujol mull, and KBr pellet spectra in the spectral region of 300–800 nm. The validity of the DRCD method to obtain reliable CD spectra which reflect a correct absolute configuration at the metal coordination center as well as subtle changes in the stereochemistry of the compound in the solid vs. solution states was proved. DRCD is the only spectroscopic method to examine randomly oriented chiral compounds without the effect of pressure, solvent, or diluting media such as KBr or nujol (which lends the sample irrecoverable and may interact with the sample), and directly relate to the structure that is revealed by X‐ray diffractometry. Chirality 14:750–756, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twenty‐five years of clinical research for patients with limited‐stage small cell lung carcinoma in North America
Authors: Jänne Pasi A. , Freidlin Boris , Saxman Scott , Johnson David H. , Livingston Robert B. , Shepherd Frances A. , Johnson Bruce E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo determine the changes in clinical trials and outcomes of patients with limited‐stage small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) treated on Phase III randomized trials initiated in North America between 1972 and1992.METHODSPhase III trials from 1972 to 1992 for patients with limited‐stage SCLC were identified. Patients with limited‐stage SCLC treated during a similar time interval were also evaluated in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Trends were tested in the number of trials, in the number and gender of patients entered on trial, and in survival duration over time.RESULTSThirty trials involving 6564 patients were eligible for analyses. Nineteen trials (61%) involving 3626 patients were initiated within the first half of this time period (1972–1981). The median of median survival times of all patients treated on the control arms of the Phase III trials initiated between 1972 and 1981 and between 1982 and 1992 were 12.0 months (range, 10–16 months) and 17.0 months (range, 11–20 months), respectively (P < 0.001). Of 26 studies available for survival analysis, 5 (19%) showed a statistically significant survival prolongation in the experimental arm compared with the control arm with a median prolongation of 3.4 months (range, 1–5.2 months). All five evaluated some aspect of thoracic radiation therapy. Over a similar time period, there was a 6.4‐month increase in the median survival of limited‐stage SCLC patients listed in the SEER database (P < 0.0001) and a more than doubling of the 5‐year survival from 5.2% to 12.1% (P = 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSAnalyses of the patients with limited‐stage SCLC treated on Phase III trials in North America initiated between 1972 and 1992 and those listed in the SEER database show significant improvements in median survivals. Furthermore, the 5‐year survival of patients with limited‐stage SCLC listed in the SEER database has more than doubled over the last 25 years. Further research will be needed to determine the relative contribution of improved therapy, supportive care, and stage migration to this prolongation in survival. Cancer 2002;95:1528–38. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10841
A high rate of venous thromboembolism in a multi‐institutional Phase II trial of weekly intravenous gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil and daily thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Desai Apurva A. , Vogelzang Nicholas J. , Rini Brian I. , Ansari Rafat , Krauss Stuart , Stadler Walter M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to determine the clinical response rate of the combination of weekly intravenous (IV) gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil (5‐FU) and daily oral thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).METHODSBetween June, 2000 and January, 2001, 21 patients with metastatic RCC were enrolled onto this multi‐institutional Phase II study of gemcitabine at 600 mg/m2 per day on Days 1, 8, and 15; 5‐FU at 150 mg/m2 per day by continuous IV infusion through a permanent catheter on Days 1–21; and oral thalidomide on Days 1–28 starting at a dose of 200 mg daily. After the first 2 weeks of therapy, the thalidomide dose was escalated by 100 mg per day every week to a maximum dose of 400 mg per day unless it was precluded by toxicity. Treatment cycles were repeated every 28 days.RESULTSA high rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) was observed. Five patients developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), three patients developed pulmonary embolization (PE), and one patient suffered a fatal cardiac arrest preceded by hemoptysis, for an overall VTE rate of 43%. Of the 18 assessable patients, there were no complete responses and 2 partial responses (objective response rate, 10%; 95% confidence interval, 1–30%).CONCLUSIONSThe addition of thalidomide to gemcitabine and 5‐FU did not improve the objective response rate previously observed with gemcitabine and 5‐FU alone and added significant vascular toxicity. The authors recommend against further development or use of this three‐drug regimen. Cancer 2002;95:1629–36. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10847