bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory, motor, and postganglionic sympathetic neurons forming the ulnar and radial nerves of two macaque species: Macaca nemestrina and Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Leong Seng Kee , Wong Wai Chow , Tay Sam Wah 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe motor, sensory, and postganglionic sympathetic neurons forming the left ulnar and right radial nerves of long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were localized by the horseradish peroxidase method of tracing neuronal connections. The ulnar and radial motoneurons formed a longitudinal column of variable extent in the lateral part of the ventral horn. In most animals, the ulnar motoneurons extended between the caudal ends of the C7 and T1 segments; the radial motoneurons extended between the rostral level of the C4 and the middle part of T1 segments. Although there were areas of overlap in the spinal distribution of ulnar and radial motoneurons, the ulnar motoneurons were located more dorsally and dorsolaterally than were the radial motoneurons. In most animals, labelled sensory neurons whose axons run with the ulnar nerve occurred in the C8–T4 dorsal root ganglia, and those whose axons run with the radial nerve occurred in the C5–T3 ganglia. The radial sympathetic neurons were distributed in stellate through T7 paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, and the ulnar sympathetic neurons were distributed in stellate through T4 paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. Though the motor, sensory, and sympathetic neurons forming the ulnar and radial nerves had wide segmental distributions, all showed peak frequencies in two segments. The cross‐sectional areas of the motor, sensory, and postganglionic sympathetic neurons forming the radial and ulnar nerves were measured in the animal that showed the greatest amount of labelling for each nerve. The ulnar and radial motoneurons had a similar range of sizes, with cross‐sectional areas between 120 and 2,160 μm2. Most were smaller than 900 μm2. The sensory neurons forming the ulnar and radial nerves also displayed a similar range of sizes, measuring between 120 and 3,360 μm2 in cross‐sectional area. Most neurons measured between 201 and 800 μm2. The ulnar sympathetic neurons measured between 120 and 840 μm2, and the radial neurons between 120 and 2,120 μm2. In both cases, most neurons measured between 120 and 600 μm2. The mean cross‐sectional area for the radial sympathetic neurons was, however, larger than that for the ulnar sympathetic neurons.
Female weight and reproductive condition in a population of olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Beicovrtch Fred B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe study reported here tested Altmann's prediction [Baboon Mothers and Infants. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1980] that lactating female baboons endure a weight loss. Data from 64 adult female olive baboons (Papio anubis) residing in six troops in Kenya revealed that reproductive condition was related to weight. Lactating females weighed less and pregnant females weighed more than cycling females. There was a negative correlation between the weight of cycling females and the number of months postweighing to their next conception. These results indicate that lactation in wild baboons imposes energy costs that result in lost weight. It is suggested that female baboons may have to surpass a minimum weight threshold prior to resumption of postlactational cycling and that nutritional status is more influential than rank in affecting female reproductive success.
Allogrooming as a tension‐reduction mechanism: A behavioral approach
Authors: Schino Gabriele , Scucchi Stefano , Maestripieri Dario , Turillazzi Pier Giovanni 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe hypothesis that allogrooming functions as a tension‐reduction mechanism was tested. Tension was measured by the frequency of displacement activities by an animal. Two adult male and 11 adult female Java (or long‐tailed) monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that were relatively unfamiliar with each other were paired 1 hour per day for five consecutive days during the periovulatory portion of the menstrual cycle. Female allogrooming was found to reduce the frequency of male displacement activities both during the course of interaction and outside it, and this decrease was proportional to the amount of allogrooming received. Female allogrooming did not, however, exert long‐lasting effects on the frequency of female displacement activities. An increase in the frequency of male displacement activities was recorded during the 10‐second interval immediately after the end of the female allogrooming bouts. Neither postinhibitory rebound nor frustration owing to the cessation of a pleasant situation, i.e., the two advanced explanatory hypotheses, accounted for this increase. The results of the present study concur with physiological findings that support the tension‐reduction hypothesis. The social function of allogrooming appears quite important and is entirely compatible with the functional hypothesis that emphasizes hygiene.
Social factors influencing choice of food source in a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Gust Deborah A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe influence of social factors, including social relationship, kinship, estrous cycle stage and hierarchical rank, on choice of a food source was studied in a group of 16 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) maintained in a large, outdoor compound. The subjects chose among three feeding stations that were spatially separated and located along the periphery of the compound. One feeding station was associated with a preferred food (orange), and two stations contained a less‐preferred food (commercial chow or biscuit). A significant positive correlation was found between (a) the frequency with which one animal groomed another and the frequency with which they chose the same station during a given trial and (b) the percent of time that subjects were in close proximity and the frequency with which they chose the same station during a given trial, and this result was mediated by kinship. There was a significant difference in same‐station choice by the adult male and by a maximally tumescent female compared to the choice when that female was detumescent. Finally, there was no significant correlation between social rank and the percent of trials during which the station associated with the more highly preferred food type was chosen. This study provided quantitative data supporting postulations that factors such as social relationship, kinship, and estrous cycle stage affect the composition of groupings of chimpanzees at feeding stations, and the results are consistent with field observations.
Acute changes in social composition and agonistic behavior in male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)
Authors: Dillon James E. , Raleigh Michael J. , McGuire Michael T. , Pollack Deborah B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmong nonhuman primates the composition of social groups influences the interactions of group members. We assessed the effects of acute changes in social composition on behavior among 15 adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Subjects were observed in their basal social groups which comprised 3 adult males, 2–4 adult females, and offspring; and in two subgroups consisting of either two or three adult males.Agonism and vigilance increased in smaller groups relative to basal conditions, while subjects in two‐male groups displayed more aggression than those in three‐male groups. These findings suggest that, among male vervet monkeys, acute disruption of stable social groups increases aggressive behavior, and that the amount of agonism is influenced by the composition of the consequent subgroups. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secondary sex ratio and maternal dominance rank among wild yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Norton Guy W. , Rogers Jeffrey , Wasser Samuel K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Trivers and Willard model predicts that offspring of dominant mothers will be biased toward males and offspring of subordinate mothers towards females, whereas a local‐resource‐competition hypothesis predicts the reverse. Available data bearing upon these alternative predictions are inconsistent. It has been suggested that the local‐resource‐competition hypothesis will predominate when resources are scarce, and the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis when resources are abundant. The relationship between maternal dominance and secondary sex ratio for 214 offspring of 61 females was examined using four troops of wild yellow baboons living in Mikumi National Park, where the population was increasing in a resource‐rich habitat. For all troops combined, no significant relationship was found between offspring sex ratio and maternal rank. The four troops separately showed inconsistent trends, and in no case did the relationship reach conventional levels of statistical significance. In contrast, the local resource‐competition hypothesis was supported by a study of yellow baboons done with one troop and 80 offspring in Amboseli National Park, where a massive population decline had occurred. The contrasting Amboseli and Mikumi results may be due to differences in resource‐competition at the two study sites, or to stochastic variation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnancy and early reproductive failure in the baboon
Authors: Kuehl Thomas J. , Kang Inn Soo , Siler‐Khodr Theresa M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe documented normal pregnancy and the rate of pregnancy failure in female baboons by measuring chorionic gonadotropin (bCG) and progesterone (P) levels in 162 mated cycles of 70 baboon females on days 10, 12, and 14 postovulation. Females were mated with males during turgescene. The presence of pregnancy was defined by bCG levels >20 μg/ml by day 14 postovulation and/or documentation of a gestational sac using ultrasonography. Of the 162 cycles, 75 were fertile. Of these animals, 33 were used in other studies and thus were not included in these analyses. The analyses are based on 43 pregnancies from 91 cycles that were untreated throughout their gestations. Twenty‐six of these pregnancies had abnormal bCG and/or progesterone levels in early pregnancy. All of those pregnancies with abnormal endocrine parameters terminated with spontaneous abortion (60%). Certain abnormal bCG patterns were repeatedly observed in some animals and were correlated with repeated spontaneous abortions. Of 17 pregnancies with normal bCG and P patterns, 15 (88%) continued to term with a normal fetal outcome. In this study, a pregnancy rate per mated cycle of 47% was observed, yet 60% of untreated pregnancies abortyed spontaneously. Overall 16% of the mated cycles had continuing pregnancies with normal outcome. These studies demonstrate that a high rate of early abortions occurs in the baboon and that a single bCG determination is insufficient to define the presence of a “normal” pregnancy which might be expected to carry to term with a normal outcome.
Methods for analysis of unbalanced, longitudinal, growth data
Authors: Moses Lincoln E. , Gale Lynn C. , Altmann Jeanne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe describe an approach to analysis of growth that does not depend on assumptions about the underlying functional growth pattern and that allows for multiple observations arising from individual‐specific, irregularly spaced data. We produce estimated growth curves for predefined subject groups by using LOWESS, a nonparametric smoothing algorithm. We describe how statistical significance of curve features may be evaluated by using the “jackknife,” a sample re‐use method; this technique can be used to assess differences between subject groups. We then obtain residuals at each data point by reference to the estimated curve. Consistency of residuals is evaluated as a characteristic of individual subjects, and in the presence of individual consistency, relative size‐for‐age is then scored by the average residual for each individual. This allows study of relationships between relative size and other individual characteristics such as birth order, dominance rank, or age of maturation. Finally, we indicate flexibility of these methods and alternatives, propose uses related to other questions about growth, and suggest potential applications to variables other than body size. Appendices demonstrate application of the LOWESS and jackknife algorithms to the problem of testing sex differences in growth. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adjustments and adaptations to indoor and outdoor environments: Continuity and change in young adult rhesus monkeys
Authors: Novak Melinda A. , O'Neill Peggy , Suomi Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOptimal environments for captive primates are assumed to be those which simulate certain ecological features and elicit a wide range of species‐typical behavior patterns. Outdoor environments are often thought to be more suitable than indoor environments in that they provide more space and potentially higher levels of stimulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the long‐term behavioral responses of several groups of animals that had been reared identically during the first two years of life and then exposed to different environments. Two groups were moved into separate “enriched” indoor pens while one group was moved to an outdoor area covering approximately 5 acres. The monkeys were observed during the first year of life and again in these different environments between the ages of 6 and 10. Although behaviorally similar during the first year of life, monkeys developed different response patterns to indoor and outdoor environments. Contrary to commonly held views, indoor monkeys were not more aggressive, nor did they show higher levels of stereotypical behavior. Instead, indoor monkeys exhibited higher levels of grooming, sexual posturing, tactile/oral exploration, and passive visual behavior than their outdoor counterparts. These differences are consistent with the reconciliation model of de Waal. Individual monkeys also showed remarkable stability in certain traits over the 5‐year period. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Styles of male social behavior and their endocrine correlates among high‐ranking wild baboons
Authors: Ray Justina C. , Sapolsky Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have previously studied the relationship between dominance rank and physiology among male olive baboons (Papio anubis) living freely in a national park in Africa. In stable hierarchies, such males have distinctive secretory profiles of glucocorticoids and of testosterone. We find that these endocrine features are not, in fact, purely markers of social dominance; instead, they are found only among dominant males with particular stylistic traits of social behavior. One intercorrelated stylistic cluster revolved around the intensity with which the male is involved in sexual consortships (e.g., frequency of copulation, of grooming, degree to which feeding is suppressed by being in consortship). Males most involved in such consortships had the lowest basal cortisol concentrations and smaller cortisol stress‐responses. A second stylistic cluster revolved around the degree of social affiliation (e.g., rate of grooming and interacting positively with non‐estrus females and infants). Males who were highly affiliated had low basal cortisol concentrations and an attenuated cortisol stress‐response. A third cluster revolved around the degree to which males could distinguish between highly threatening interactions with rivals and neutral or mildly threatening ones. Males most adept at this had lower basal cortisol concentrations. These behavioral/endocrine clusters were independent of each other. This suggests that the same adaptive physiological feature (e.g., low basal cortisol concentrations) may arise from different and independent personality styles. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collection and fertilization potential of sperm from the Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra)
Authors: Thomson James A. , Iliff‐Sizemore Susan A. , Gliessman Perry M. , Wolf Don P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this study, semen was obtained by rectal probe electrostimulation (RPE) from the Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra). Three experimental series were conducted. First, semen was collected from four animals anesthetized with either tiletamine‐zolazepam (Telazol®) or ket‐amine‐HCl (Vetalar®) (five collections from each animal with each drug). Because of greater muscle relaxation and analgesia, we found tiletaminezolazepam to be an attractive alternative to ketamine‐HCl as an anesthetic agent for RPE in M. nigra. Second, semen was collected from another four animals at stimulation frequencies of either 30 Hz or 60 Hz (five collections from each animal at each frequency). There were no significant differences in sperm number, in percentage of sperm with progressive motility, in the current required for sample recovery between tiletamine‐zolazepam or ketamine‐HCl anesthesia, or between a 30 Hz or 60 Hz stimulation frequency. Third, to check for retrograde sperm loss, the bladders of four animals were emptied, flushed with sterile saline, and then infused with TALP‐Hepes medium. After RPE, sperm numbers in the bladder were compared with those in the ejaculate. Although sperm were recovered from the bladder [1.6 (± 0.9) × 106] (mean ± SEM), the numbers were significantly less (P < 0.05) than those in the ejaculate [49 (± 18) × 106]. The percentage of sperm with normal morphology in these samples was high (96.8 ± 1.0%). The average sperm number in the 84 samples collected for this study was 33.8 (± 4.1) × 106. In preliminary experiments, we found that M. nigra sperm will fertilize rhesus monkey oocytes (Macaca mulatta) in vitro. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lions eat chimpanzees: The first evidence of predation by lions on wild chimpanzees
Authors: Tsukahara Takahiro 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNo report has confirmed predation on wild chimpanzees by lions. Recently, at least two lions visited the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Chimpanzee remains, including hairs, bones, and a tooth, were found in four samples of lion feces between June and September 1989. The discovery of each fecal sample, widely separated in time, combined with analyses of daily attendance records and fecal contents, suggests that at least four chimpanzees, including two adult females, an old adolescent male, and an early adolescent male, were eaten. Observed responses of chimpanzees to lions included alarm calls, whimpers, climbing into trees, and silence. Predation by lions has been neglected as a factor shaping the social structure of chimpanzees. Nevertheless, the large party size that has often been observed in savanna‐living chimpanzees, which are sympatric with lions, might be an anti‐predator response of this species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observations of increased activity and tool use in captive rhesus monkeys exposed to troughs of water
Authors: Parks Kathleen A. , Novak Melinda A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of water troughs on nonhuman primates housed in a captive environment. Two groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were exposed to water‐filled troughs under three conditions: (1) standing water, (2) running water, and (3) a replication of standing and running water with novel objects. The effects of water exposure were assessed using a pretest phase (baseline), test phase (trough present), and posttest phase (baseline) design for each of the three conditions. Standing water produced different effects from running water. Monkeys were more active in the presence of standing water (higher levels of exploration and lower levels of social contact and grooming) than during baseline observations. In contrast, they were significantly more passive during the running water condition (higher levels of social contact) than baseline. Neither physical condition nor responses to dominance testing varied systematically over phases or between conditions. Tool use was observed during the standing water phases of Conditions 1 and 3. Three females from one group used a variety of cup‐like containers as drinking utensils. A larger number of animals used the trough to soak chow prior to ingestion, and virtually all of the animals used the trough as a drinking source. These results suggest that exposure to water sources may elicit a broad spectrum of species‐typical activity and may be a simple and inexpensive way to enrich the environment of captive rhesus monkeys. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demographic and reproductive patterns in moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax): Implications for reconstructing platyrrhine mating systems
Authors: Garber P. A. , Ón F. Encarnaci , Moya L. , Pruetz J. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this paper we address a series of questions concerning reproductive opportunities, kinship, dispersal, and mating patterns in free‐ranging moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax). Between 1980 and 1990 information on group size, composition, and migration patterns was collected on marked groups of moustached tamarins inhabiting Padre Isla, an island in the Amazon Basin of northeastern Peru. In 1990, 86% of 114 animals residing in 16 social groups were trapped, examined, and released. Mean group size was 7.0, including 2.2 adult males and 2.0 adult females. None of these groups was characterized by a single adult male‐female pair. In groups with more than one adult female, only the oldest female produced offspring.An examination of dispersal patterns indicates that transfers between groups were common and fell into several categories, including immigration of individual males and females, simultaneous transfer of pairs of subadult and/or adult males (sometimes relatives) into the same social groups, and group fissioning in which males and females of the splinter group join another small social group. We have no unambiguous cases of 2 adult/subadult females migrating together into the same social group. All 6 groups for which reproductive data were available were characterized by either a polyandrous or polygynous (polygyandrous) mating pattern.The results of this study indicate that moustached tamarins reside in small multimale multifemale groups that are likely to contain both related and unrelated adult group members. Kinship and social ties among males appear to be stronger and more longlasting than kinship and social ties among females. We contend that the modal mating system of moustached and many other tamarins is not monogamous, and offer the possibility that cooperative infant care and mating system flexibility in callitrichines evolved from a polygynous mating pattern. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.