bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amplitudes of Composition Fluctuations in the Simplest Chemical Reaction Equilibrium
Authors: Šolc M. , Hostomský J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
We present a numerical study of equilibrium composition fluctuations in a system where the reaction X1 ⇔ X2 having the equilibrium constant equal to 1 takes place. The total number of reacting particles is N. On a discrete time scale, the amplitude of a fluctuation having the lifetime 2r reaction events is defined as the difference between the number of particles X1 in the microstate most distant from the microstate N/2 visited at least once during the fluctuation lifetime, and the equilibrium number of particles X1, N/2. On the discrete time scale, the mean value of this amplitude, m̅(r̅), is calculated in the random walk approximation. On a continuous time scale, the average amplitude of fluctuations chosen randomly and regardless of their lifetime from an ensemble of fluctuations occurring within the time interval (0,z), z → ∞, tends with increasing N to ~1.243 N
0.25. Introducing a fraction of fluctuation lifetime during which the composition of the system spends below the mean amplitude m̅(r̅), we obtain a value of the mean amplitude of equilibrium fluctuations on the continuous time scale equal to ~1.19√N. The results suggest that using the random walk value m̅(r̅) and taking into account a) the exponential density of fluctuations lifetimes and b) the fact that the time sequence of reaction events represents the Poisson process, we obtain values of fluctuations amplitudes which differ only slightly from those derived for the Ehrenfest model.
Size Illusions as a Phenomenon of Limited Information Processing Capacity
Authors: Kreiner W. A. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The results of a study on the moon illusion are reported, in which the relationship between the illusion, vision and the distance of the horizon have been investigated. The illusion is explained on the basis of a model derived from information theory. Due to the limited channel capacity of the visual system, the size and the resolution of an image are related to each other in such a way, that resolution can only be increased when the size is simultanously reduced. As a result of this constraint, the conspicuity area has to be reduced in order to resolve more detail. Assuming that the visual image is projected onto what is effectively an internal visual memory screen, the size illusion can be explained. A mathematical expression is derived which is fitted to the results of various experiments performed by several other authors in order to measure size constancy. Based on this model two versions of the moon illusion are discussed, as well as their relationship to atmospheric effects and to perspective. The horizon-distance hypothesis is regarded as a special case within this more general model.
Isopiestic Investigation of the Systems FeCl2–(Na, K, Mg, Ca)Cl
n
–H2O at 298.15 K
Authors: Moog Helge C. , Hagemann Sven , Rumyantsev Alexey V. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Isopiestic measurements were performed in aqueous FeCl2-solutions and in ternary systems of the type FeCl2–MCl
n
–H2O (M = Na, K, Mg, Ca). Numeric data for water-isoactivity lines are presented and pertinent osmotic coefficients are calculated. The obtained data were recalculated using Pitzer’s equations. Pertinent parameters are given.
Isopiestic Investigation of the Systems Fe2(SO4)3–H2SO4–H2O, FeCl3–H2O, and Fe(III)–(Na, K, Mg, Ca)Cl
n
–H2O at 298.15 K
Authors: Rumyantsev Alexey V. , Hagemann Sven , Moog Helge C. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Isopiestic measurements were performed in binary and ternary systems of the type Fe2(SO4)3–H2SO4–H2O, FeCl3–H2O, and FeCl3–MCl
n
–H2O (M = Na, K, Mg, or Ca). Numeric data for water isoactivity lines are presented and osmotic coefficients are calculated. The obtained data were recalculated using Pitzer’s equations. Pertinent parameters are given.
Conductometric Study of Some Tetraalkylammonium Bromides in 2-Ethoxyethanol in the Temperature Range 35–50 °C
Authors: Haldar Purushottam , Das Bijan 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The electrical conductances of the solutions of four tetraalkylammonium bromide salts (R4NBr), namely tetraethylammonium bromide (Et4NBr), tetrapropylammonium bromide (Pr4NBr), tetrapentylammonium bromide (Pen4NBr) and tetraheptylammonium bromide (Hep4NBr) in 2-ethoxyethanol have been reported at 35, 40, 45 and 50 °C. The conductance data have been analyzed by the 1978 Fuoss conductance–concentration equation in terms of the limiting molar conductance (Λ0), the association constant (K
A) and the association diameter (R). The ionic contributions to the limiting molar conductance have also been estimated. Appreciable ionic association was observed for all of these electrolytes in 2-ethoxyethanol. The tetraalkylammonium ions (R4N+) were found to remain scarcely solvated in the present solvent medium within the temperature range investigated here. The solvation of the bromide ion in these tetraalkylammonium bromide is found to be weakened as soon as the ion-pairs are formed. An increase in the temperature results in a lower level of ion-pairing for each of these salts.
Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of nomlabofusp (CTI‐1601) in Friedreich's ataxia
Authors: Clayton Russell , Galas Teresa , Scherer Noreen , Farmer Jennifer , Ruiz Nancy , Hamdani Mohamed , Schecter Devin , Bettoun David 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveCurrent treatments for Friedreich's ataxia, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by decreased intramitochondrial frataxin, do not address low frataxin concentrations. Nomlabofusp (previously CTI‐1601) is a frataxin replacement therapy with a unique mechanism of action that directly addresses this underlying frataxin deficiency. Phase 1 studies assessed the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of subcutaneously administered nomlabofusp in adults with Friedreich's ataxia.MethodsPatients were enrolled in two Phase 1, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies. The single ascending‐dose (SAD) study (NCT04176991) evaluated single doses of nomlabofusp (25, 50, 75, or 100 mg) or placebo. The multiple ascending‐dose (MAD) study (NCT04519567) evaluated nomlabofusp (25 mg daily for 4 days then every third day, 50 mg daily for 7 days then every 2 days, or 100 mg daily) or placebo for 13 days.ResultsPatients aged 19–69 years were enrolled (SAD, N = 28; MAD, N = 27). Nomlabofusp was generally well tolerated through 13 days. Most adverse events were mild and resolved quickly. No serious adverse events or deaths were reported. Peak nomlabofusp plasma concentrations occurred 15 min after subcutaneous administration. Nomlabofusp plasma exposures increased with increasing doses and daily administration and decreased with reduced dosing frequency. Increased frataxin concentrations were observed in buccal cells, skin, and platelets with higher and more frequent nomlabofusp administration.InterpretationResults from this study support a favorable safety profile for nomlabofusp. Subcutaneous nomlabofusp injections were quickly absorbed; higher doses and daily administration resulted in increased tissue frataxin concentrations. Future studies will evaluate longer‐term safety and possible efficacy of nomlabofusp.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamics of the ADAMTS‐5 Nanobody M6495: Two Phase 1, Single‐Center, Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Studies in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Osteoarthritis
Authors: Bihlet Asger Reinstrup , Balchen Torben , Goteti Kosalaram , Sonne Jesper , Ladel Christoph , Karsdal Morten Asser , Ona Victor , Moreau Flavie , Waterhouse Roseann , Bay‐Jensen Anne‐Christine , Guehring Hans 
Published: February 2024

ObjectiveTo assess the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single and multiple injections of M6495, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS‐5) nanobody, in healthy volunteers and patients with osteoarthritis.MethodsTwo randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind studies were performed. Study 1 enrolled 54 healthy male volunteers who received one subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of M6495 (1‐300 mg) or placebo (ratio 2:1), evaluating safety, PK, and PD as changes in the serum aggrecan fragment alanine‐arginine‐glycine‐serine (ARGS). Study 2 enrolled 32 patients with osteoarthritis with Kellgren–Lawrence grades 2 to 4 and pain greater than or equal to 40 on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index pain subscale at screening and evaluated the safety, PK, and PD of three doses every two weeks (75‐300 mg per dose) or six once‐weekly M6495 s.c. doses (300 mg) or placebo (ratio 3:1) over 106 days’ follow‐up.ResultsM6495 in single and multiple doses of less than or equal to 300 mg s.c. weekly was well tolerated with no clinically significant changes in any safety parameter. Adverse events more frequently reported in the M6495 groups were mostly mild cases of injection site reactions, myalgia, and nausea, which resolved after treatment cessation. The elimination half‐life of single s.c. doses of M6495 ranged from 79 to 267 hours. M6495 administration substantially reduced serum ARGS levels, indicative of target engagement and indicating disease‐modifying potential of M6495.ConclusionTreatment with M6495 in single and multiple doses up to and including 300 mg s.c. was found to be well tolerated and adequately safe for further clinical evaluation of potential disease‐modifying effects.
Dynamic event‐triggered control for the leader‐following consensus of multi‐agent systems with input time delay
Authors: Pu Xingcheng , Hou Jiaang , Li Yonghong 
Published: February 2024

SummaryIn this article, the leader‐following consensus of a kind of linear homogeneous MASs (multi‐agent systems) with input time delay is investigated. To realize leader‐following consensus, a novel distributive input control protocol based on dynamic event‐triggered mechanism is proposed. In this novel protocol, internal dynamic variables are employed to reduce the burden of communication and exclude the Zeno phenomenon. By utilizing the graph algebra, stability analysis and Lyapunov theory, some sufficient conditions have been obtained for the consensus of this MASs. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated by some simulation examples. Compared with the given achievements, the obtained results have better ability in accelerating convergence rate and reducing the burden of communication.
A Solar and Seawater Co‐Involved Durable Rechargeable Battery Enabled by Crown Ether‐Rich Polymer‐Mediated Photoelectrodes
Authors: Wang Xiaotong , Li Jing , Liu Cong , Lin Yi , Yang Fan , Zhong Linfeng , Zhang Yang , Yu Dingshan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe first flow‐type solar and seawater co‐mediated sodium‐air rechargeable battery (SSRB) for efficient solar‐to‐electrochemical energy conversion/storage is established. Such SSRB is enabled by a robust self‐regulated CEP/ZnWO4/WO3 heterojunction photoelectrochemical electrodes (PE) by passivating predesigned crown ether‐rich photoresponsive covalent organic polymer (CEP) layers onto ZnWO4‐modified WO3 nanosheet arrays. The PE design utilizes the previously‐unexplored self‐mediated effect of CEP to endow PE with superior stability, facilitated electrode reaction kinetics, and high efficiency of spatial charge separation simultaneously. This leads to remarkable light‐enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis with impressive photocurrent density up to 6.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus RHE in seawater – surpassing metal‐oxide‐based PEs ever reported for seawater splitting. Thus, the SSRB breaks the limit of the equilibrium voltage (3.47 V) of conventional seawater sodium‐air cells to deliver a low charge voltage of 2.71 V along with stable photo‐charge over 100 h and good photo‐charge/normal discharge cycling stability over 240 h – superior to almost all existing light‐involved air batteries. Combined experimental and modeling studies for the first time unveil the multi‐regulation effects of CEP passivation which prevents detrimental Cl‐corrosion, and promote oxygen evolution kinetics.
Necklace‐Structured Silicon Suboxide‐Based Anode Materials with Multiple Carbon Networks for Stable Lithium Storage
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Yang Wei , Liu Xue , Ma Ganggang , Hu Guangwu , Liu Zhenhui , Yu Ruohan , Zhuang Dingyue , Xu Jie , Zhao Dongyuan , Mai Liqiang , Zhou Liang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSilicon suboxide (SiOx) attracts great attentions from both academy and industry owing to its higher capacity than graphite and smaller volume swelling than Si, making it possible to achieve a tradeoff between capacity and cycling stability. Whereas, the volume expansion problem and poor electrical conductivity of SiOx severely hinder its practical applications. Herein, a unique necklace‐structured SiOx‐based anode material consisting of carbon nanotube wired SiOx/C@C spheres with a surface carbon coating layer (CNT@SiOx/C@C) is constructed. The multiple carbon networks wire the whole composite anode material, effectively confining the volumetric variation of SiOx, and enhancing the structural integrity of the electrode. The as‐synthesized necklace‐structured CNT@SiOx/C@C manifests decent lithium storage behaviors in terms of discharge capacity (857.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), cyclability (81.7% capacity retention over 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1), and rate capability (333.3 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of constructing multiple carbon networks for tackling the volume swelling and conductivity issues of SiOx. It is also anticipated that this structural design would be generally applied to other high‐capacity electrode materials suffering from large volume fluctuation and low conductivity.
Multiple Redox‐Active Cyano‐Substituted Organic Compound Integrated with MXene Nanosheets for High‐Performance Flexible Aqueous Zn‐Ion Battery
Authors: Zhao Doudou , Li Zhirui , Xu Da , Yang Zhenglong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAn eco‐friendly organic compound, with rich redox sites, considered a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). Despite its potential, limited specific capacity and cycle instability impede its practical application. Herein, an organic compound, hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (6CN‐HAT), is designed with a π–π conjugated aromatic structure, and integrated with MXene nanosheets to construct a flexible self‐supporting electrode (6CN‐HAT@MXene). Ex‐situ characterizations and theoretical calculations verify that the charge storage mechanism predominantly involves coordination and non‐coordination reactions between reactive C═N and ─CN sites with cations. The introduction of MXene nanosheets not only bolster the stability and electronic conductivity of the 6CN‐HAT@MXene but also expose additional active sites for cation coordination. As a cathode material in AZIBs, 6CN‐HAT@MXene exhibits an outstanding discharge specific capacity of 413 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1. Remarkably, even after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1, the discharge capacity retained 91%. Furthermore, based on the 6CN‐HAT@MXene electrode, a flexible micro‐zinc‐ion batteries with high area capacity of 257.4 mF cm−2 is prepared using laser cutting technology, highlighting its potential for future applications in portable and wearable electronic devices.
Porous Carbon Cloth@CoSe2 as Kinetics‐Enhanced and High‐Loading Integrated Sulfur Host for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wang Cheng , Liu Ruiqing , Liu Wenxiu , Zhu Wenfeng , Yang Xiaoxuan , Wu Qiang , Xie Kun , Shen Lvgen , Wu Jingyi , Liu Yiran , He Lulu , Chen Zibo , Chen Jianyu , Zhao Cuie , Lin Xiujing , Shi Li , Zhao Jin , Feng Xiaomiao , Wu Gang , Ma Yanwen 
Published: February 2024

AbstractCarbon cloth (CC) possesses great potential as a sulfur host because of its excellent conductivity, flexibility, and easily modified free‐standing structure. However, the previous works do not take full advantage of CC except for the role of support and current collector. The smooth surface, small specific surface area, and poor binding force between coating materials and CC matrix are unfavorable for loading coating materials. The slow redox kinetics and low sulfur loading of sulfur cathodes still seriously restrict the development of Lithium–Sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, the porous carbon cloth loading cobalt selenide (PCC@CoSe2) is constructed as an integrated sulfur host through a pore‐creating and selenylation strategy. The pore‐creating engineering greatly optimizes the 3D pore structure of CC to raise the sulfur and catalyst loading and provides enough space to accommodate the volume change of sulfur species. In addition, CoSe2 particles as nano‐catalyst units embedded in PCC can effectively adsorb‐catalyze polysulfides and improve the reaction kinetics. The resulting integrated sulfur cathode has realized the high‐efficiency polysulfide catalytic conversion and fast lithium ion migration, significantly enhancing redox kinetics and sulfur loading.
Lignin‐Alkali Metal Ion Self‐Catalytic System Initiated Rapid Polymerization of Hydrogel Electrolyte with High Strength and Anti‐Freezing Ability
Authors: Su Huawei , Guo Qingqing , Qiao Congde , Ji Xingxiang , Gai Ligang , Liu Libin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHydrogel electrolyte is not resistant to freezing and has weak mechanical properties, and its fabrication is time‐consuming and energy‐consuming, limiting its application. Here, a simple, universal, and fast gelation based on dealkaline lignin (DL) ‐alkali metal ions is developed. The complex formed by catechol and alkali metal ions promotes the equilibrium of redox reactions. The produced SO4−·, OH· and singlet oxygen (1O2) radicals are responsible for the rapid polymerization of vinyl monomers. Alkali metal ions play a dual role in the rapid polymerization and frost resistance of hydrogel electrolytes. By modulating the mass ratio of DL and metal ion concentration, the preferred hydrogel electrolyte can be fabricated in an alkaline aqueous solution for 4 min at room temperature and possesses excellent anti‐freezing performance (0.51 mS cm−1 at −40 °C) and strong mechanical properties (tensile stress: 0.4 MPa, strain: 1125%). The hydrogel electrolyte‐assembled supercapacitor exhibits high stability at low temperatures. The specific capacitance retention is 89.7 % and 88.7 % after 5000 charge/discharge cycles at 25 and −20 °C, respectively. The lignin‐alkali metal ions self‐catalytic system completely different from the reported lignin‐oxidizing metal ion system will open up a new way for the fabrication of anti‐freezing ionic conductors and energy storage devices.
18.62%‐Efficiency Binary Organic Solar Cells with a PEDOT1:PSS2.80 Buffer Layer
Authors: Zeng Jixi , Fan Xi , Wang Jinzhao , Li Jia , Chen Jiwen , Hui Kwun Nam , Ai Ling , Fang Junfeng , Song Weijie 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBinary organic solar cells (OSCs) having a controllable phase‐separated morphology of active layers and simple solution manufacturing are desirable for organic photovoltaic adaptation. However, low hole mobility and an unbalanced hole‐ and electron transport reduce the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the OSCs. Here, a highly efficient binary OSC with a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) buffer layer as a hole transport layer (HTL) via using a water‐soluble sulfonate to wrap the PEDOT:PSS core‐shell structures in solutions is reported. The PEDOT1:PSS2.80 buffer layers have good merits including i) a smooth, homogeneous, and hydrophilic surface for an intimate contact, ii) a high work function and raised surface potentials with much uniform distributions for an energy band alignment, and iii) a high optical transmittance in the broad spectral region from 400 to 1100 nm along with an improved electrical conductivity. Benefiting from a raised hole mobility and a better charge‐mobility balance, the solution‐processed binary OSCs yielded a high PCE of 18.62%. 18.62% is one of the highest values among these binary OSCs based on the PEDOT:PSS HTLs and PM6:L8‐BO active layers. The PEDOT1:PSS2.80 buffer layers are superior to the pristine PEDOT1:PSS2.60 buffer layers in terms of raising the OSC efficiency.
Improved Performance of Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Multi‐Absorber MASnI3/CsGeI3 Heterojunction by Device Simulation
Authors: Huang Xiaokun , Yang Aijun , Li Jiansheng , Jiang Linqin , Lin Lingyan , Qiu Yu 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLead‐free perovskite solar cell (PSC) is the direction of future development of PSCs due to its reduced toxicity. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the lead‐free PSCs is still lagging behind their lead‐based counterparts, which hinders their further application. Multi‐absorber approach can effectively overcome this problem as it allows the maximum utilization of solar spectrum. Therefore, in this study a novel lead‐free MASnI3/CsGeI3 heterojunction structure is proposed to boost the performance of PSCs based on single CsGeI3 absorption layer. The critical device parameters including absorber thickness, defect density, doping concentration, and back contact work function are studied and optimized using the numerical software SCAPS‐1D. Under optimized conditions, PSCs based on Sn/Ge bilayer structure yield a considerable PCE of 16.15%, significantly higher than the single CsGeI3 based PSCs (optimized PCE of 7.43%) with higher thermal stability. The simulation results indicate a huge potential of the proposed multi‐absorber heterojunction structure for highly efficient lead‐free PSCs, which will contribute to achieving clean and sustainable energy in the future.
Mechanical Stretch α‐Cyclodextrin Pseudopolyrotaxane Elastomer with Reversible Phosphorescence Behavior
Authors: Zhang Yi , Chen Yong , Li Jian‐Qiu , Liu Song‐En , Liu Yu 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPolyethylene glycol chains in two terminals of the naphthalene functional group are threaded into α‐cyclodextrin cavities to form the pseudopolyrotaxane (NPR), which not only effectively induces the phosphorescence of the naphthalene functional group by the cyclodextrin macrocycle confinement, but also provides interfacial hydrogen bonding assembly function between polyhydroxy groups of cyclodextrin and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) chains to construct elastomers. The introduction of NPR endows the elastomer with enhanced mechanical properties and excellent room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) emission (phosphorescence remains in water, acid, alkali, and organic solvents, even at 160 °C high temperatures). Especially, the reversible mechanically responsive room temperature phosphorescence behavior (phosphorescence intensity increased three times under 200% strain) can be observed in the mechanical stretch and recover process, owing to strain‐induced microstructural changes further inhibiting the non‐radiative transition and the vibration of NPR. Therefore, changing the phosphorescence behavior of supramolecular elastomers through mechanical stretching provides a new approach for supramolecular luminescent materials.