bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Successful Was the Professional Project?
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last hundred years, American lawyers have been quite successful in controlling the production of producers and by producers of legal services. It has become progressively more difficult to enter the profession, and competition from laypersons and among lawyers has been significantly dampened. An integral part of this professional project was the attempt to construct an image of the lawyer as a professional by defining who could become lawyers and by shaping their behavior. In the last two decades, the legal profession has adopted another strategy-demand creation-to enhance the status of lawyers, bolster the legitimacy of the legal system, and generate more work for their growing numbers, as well as to express lawyers’ altruistic impulses and commitment to social change.
Reading Feminist Readings: Recuperative Reading and the Silent Heroine of Feminist Criticism
Authors: Kaplan Carla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirty years ago, Tillie Olsen presented a passionate case for feminist criticism as a corrective to cultural silencing. Delineating the “unnatural” silences characteristic of all creative endeavor but particularly definitive of women’s writing, Olsen described the unnatural thwarting of what struggles to come into being, but cannot ... hidden silences; work aborted, deferred, denied-hidden by the work which does come to fruition . . . censorship silences . . . the silences where the lives never came to writing. Among these, the mute inglorious Miltons: those whose waking hours are all struggle for existence; the barely educated; the illiterate; women. Their silence the silence of centuries as to how life was, is, for most of humanity.
Silences in the In-Between: Feminist Women Critics and the Canon
Authors: Sensibar Judith l. , wittenberg judith bryant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an article entitled “Feminism and Faulkner: Second Thoughts,” Minrose Gwin asked “whether feminists who do feminist criticism should do it with texts of canonical male writers” and, specifically, whether “we as feminist readers benefit from reading Faulkner” (Gwin 1991). While Gwin noted that her own 1990 study, The Feminine and Faulkner, read Faulkner as a writer who has much to teach us about the ways in which women are silenced and about the workings of power and dominance, she nevertheless questioned the “authenticity” of his female characters and concluded that feminist readers looking for depictions of female growth and development and for “authentic female subjectivity” must turn to the work of women writers. Gwin’s provocative questions form the starting point of this essay. Although our conclusions differ from hers, we, too, as feminist critics who work on Faulkner, are pondering these questions in an attempt to come to terms with our own uneasiness as to whether we have-or ever will have-reconciled our feminism with the implications of having concentrated for more than a decade on a writer often regarded as one of the most misogynist figures among those creators of what Judith Fetterley calls “the masculine wilderness of the American novel” (viii). Any woman working on Faulkner-and the feminist woman Faulkner critic in particular-confronts a particularly vexing set of problems and doubts. We realize that many of these problems and doubts are similar to those faced by women working elsewhere in the challenging “masculine wilderness” of the American canon.
The Romance of Self-Assertion
Authors: Ramsey Bennett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is good? All that heightens the feeling of power, the will to power, power itself in man. What is bad? All that proceeds from weakness. What is happiness? The feeling that power increases-that a resistance is overcome. Not contentment, but more power; not peace at all, but war; not virtue, but proficiency (virtue in the Renaissance style, virtu, virtue free of moralic acid). The weak and ill-constituted shall perish; first principle of our philanthropy. And one shall help them to do so.
Introduction
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
who is Susanna Wesley? The quick and obvious response is John Wesley’s mother, the woman behind the founder of Methodism in eighteenth-century England. True as far as it goes, this answer nevertheless limits her appeal to a smaller audience than she deserves. Moreover, it perpetuates the assumption of her own day that a woman’s identity derives from her relationships with close male relatives. It would be a pity if late-twentieth-century interpretation would follow late seventeenth-and the early-eighteenth-century commonplace and represent her only as the daughter of a prominent Nonconformist minister, Samuel Annesley; as the wife of an Anglican priest who never quite became prominent, Samuel Wesley; and as the mother of Methodist founders John and CharlesWesley, whose undeniable prominence first brought her widespread recognition. Of course, in her day such relationships were underwritten and carefully constructed by contemporary piety, and how much more so for a woman attached to clergy in all demographic directions. Today piety continues to be part of the reason her identity is still dependent on the men in her life. But another factor in our less religious age is the practice of history, which has made useful beginnings but has still not succeeded in recovering the stories of all the notable women or in fully describing women’s experience in the past.
Religious and Sexual Politics Yarborough and Hickes Correspondence
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest extant Susanna Wesley letters stem from 1702, when she was a young wife of some 13 years, mother of six children, and for some five years the mistress of the Epworth rectory. They record the political quarrel that for six months disrupted her marriage. At issue was the legitimacy of William Ill’s claim to the English throne. While most, Samuel Wesley included, supported his reign and the “Glorious Revolution” that brought him to power, a small, conscientious minority refused to take an oath to him and his consort, Mary, on the grounds that the deposed James II remained king by divine right. As these letters show, Susanna Wesley put herself in that camp, writing to two members of the church’s Nonjuring party for advice in her domestic dispute.
A Rich Brother 1n India
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Wesley family was often in financial straits. To begin with, there were many mouths to feed and bodies to clothe, and the Epworth living, even when augmented a few years later with the nearby parish of Wroot, did not always provide enough to meet the family’s needs. The rectory fire of 1709 did not help. Samuel Wesley, moreover, was neither a good businessman nor politically astute, thus ex acerbating the problem. As efficient a household manager as she was, there were times when Susanna despaired of making ends meet. Some of the more interesting entries in her devotional journal are the record of her vows with God, promising increased piety in return for the necessities of life for herself and her children.
Distinction at Oiford, Scandal at Home
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
young John Wesley soon crossed clerical and academic thresholds. On 19 September 1725, Dr. John Potter, bishop of Oxford, ordained him deacon, and the following spring, 17 March 1725/26, he was elected fellow of Lincoln College, to the great delight and relief of the family. Susanna, for one, was ready with advice in her letter of 30 March 1726, about how her son should deal with his newfound “riches.” Nevertheless, despite these new attainments and responsibilities, he remained “Dear Jacky” to her, as she continued to fill her letters with theological counsel. Though the young don did not always put the details into his letter book, he did transcribe the authors she discussed for his benefit: Berkeley, Pearson, and Fiddes in the 10 November 1725, letter (in addition to an intriguing, but long, discourse on religious zeal) and Norris on love in the 30 March 1726 letter.
More Advice, More Concern
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this set of letters for 1734 and early 1735, the aging Susanna Wesley continues to provide counsel to her correspondents (including, in the first one, a person not of her family) and to discuss important events within the family circle. Perhaps reflecting on her husband’s deteriorating condition and intimations of her own mortality, she also falls into paragraphs of devotional rapture, reminiscent of pages in her journal.
Introduction to the Journals
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Setting aside three periods of meditation at the beginning, middle, and end of a busy day was a typically Puritan approach. So, too, was the recording of spiritual questions and insights in a devotional diary, a custom followed by various members of the Annesley and Wesley families, both Anglican and Nonconformist. Her emphasis on the sabbath (see entries 165-168) also exemplified her Puritan background.1 However, her spirituality was eclectic enough (paralleling English spirituality in general at the time) to draw also on method and content from other strands of Christianity. The devotional journal may have been a Puritan substitute for the confessional, but Anglicans also kept them.
“You Write What Is Familiar to You by Practice”
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the center of this chapter is Susanna Wesley’s longish reflection (56) on the writing she had planned as part of her children’s education. Here she lays out both the discouraging factors weighing against the project and the more compelling reasons why she must carry on with it. By the meditation’s end, her sense of duty and her faith, “familiar to [her] by practice,” have convinced her of the plan’s importance. Another entry (47, dated 17 May 1711) serves as a concrete example of her teacher’s calling and has provided grist for the mythologizing of John Wesley’s early life. Her intention to “be more particularly careful of the soul of this child” may or may not set apart “S[on]. J[ohn].” for special care; it certainly illustrates the devotional seriousness with which she undertook child rearing as a path of service, a vocational identity.
Where the Money Comes From
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He was waiting for the 7:02, just as he had done mornings for the twenty-nine years he had lived in Connecticut. The plat­ form was crowded with commuters like himself, some of them neighbors, but on this particular morning he felt lonely and separate from the crowd. Peter Francis was the senior vice president for network sales at a major broadcasting company. It was hard to believe that thirty-two years had gone by since he had joined the company as a young salesman fresh out of graduate school. He had accomplished a lot during those years-advancement, financial reward-but lately something was eating away at his sense of security. How complicated the business had become since those days when he first joined the network. Sales back then followed a standard procedure. Advertisers such as General Foods would buy into programs for fifty-two weeks, and that was that until next year. Or, even better, sometimes the clients brought their own programs to the network, and all the salesperson had to do was sell them a time period.
The Future
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirty years after the “wasteland” speech, at least one aspect of television is vastly different. Three channels became five, then seven, then twenty, then fifty. Now announcements are being made promising 500 channels. Additionally, the development of the videocassette recorder provided an infinite variety of choices of programs. In actuality, the VCR may be considered to be a channel with unlimited capacity. But this explosion in means of distribution has not been accompanied by a corresponding growth in production. This has led to an increasing imbalance in the production-distribution-funding cycle. So the question becomes: What hap­ pens when one of these functions grows out of all proportion to the others? It seems to us that each new possibility has to be considered in terms of its relationship to the fundamental business equation-the production-distribution-funding cycle-since it will remain in force no matter what else changes.
Introduction: Self-Making and Freedom of Speech
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about freedom. More pointedly it is about language as the field in which this freedom is deployed: language as human speech and gesture as well as language as the medium of literature. Our maneuvering room, our ability to resist the forces that coerce us, and above all our capacity to make— a self, a world — are profoundly verbal operations. And it follows that our literature is always, willy-nilly, performing a double mission: to tell stories about freedom and to make us free.
Stowe: Ghosting in Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stowe’s epochal novel has become a point de repere for rethinking the American literary canon, and in the vigorous debate over the so-called American Renaissance in the middle of the nineteenth century, scholars of many stripes—most especially feminists, but revisionists of other allegiances as well—have made us understand that the neglect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in American studies has been anything but benign. The all-male team of Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman has occupied center stage in part because the critical lenses of a whole generation of literary historians, fashioned by the tenets of modernism and New Criticism, have made it virtually impossible to see and to evaluate Stowe’s monumental book. Selling three hundred thousand copies in its first year of print, its author greeted famously by Lincoln as “the little lady who made this big war,” Uncle Tom’s Cabin illustrates to perfection the literary risks of popularity and success. Awesomely influential in its own day, Stowe’s book has been written off in a later time as propaganda, sentimental trash, sappy, devoid of art, a sell-out to domesticity and religion, stereotypical in its characters, compromised even in its moral heart by the racial condescension that bathes its view of black and white.
Flannery O’Connor and the Art of Displacement
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flannery O’Connor’s fiction poses almost as many challenges to modern readers as Kafka’s stories do. Each moves through mimesis to get beyond it, to show the workings of the soul in a materialist world. Yet Kafka’s sibylline parables and bureaucratic fables have imposed themselves as the illuminations of a Herabgesandter, as the work of a spiritual geographer who wishes to map the terrains of justice, guilt, purity, and authority but has at his disposal only the drabbest, most concrete landscapes imaginable: boardinghouses, muddy villages, alleyways, traveling circuses, shabby apartment buildings. Flannery O’Connor has not met with Kafka’s success, and many readers find her work too regional in its purview, and too theological, indeed too doctrinal in its assumptions. It is felt by some that her intense Catholic beliefs narrow her work into allegory at every turn, that the fusion of the profane and the divine is forced and overly rigid. Whereas Kafka’s form of mystery seems generic and nonsectarian, O’Connor’s appears overdetermined, drenched in local color, shaped by the stresses of dogma and established ritual. She insists on writing about the Great Events — baptism, the Crucifixion, the workings of grace — as if they were taking place today, every day, right there in that rural Georgia that she has memorably labeled “Christ-haunted.”
Faulkner: Fusion and Confusion in Light in August
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an unforgettable moment in Light in August when Lena’s new born infant is “fused” and “confused” with the infant Joe Christmas. In calling the child “Joey,” Christmas’s grandmother, Mrs. Hines, greatly bewilders Lena herself, who is afraid that “she might get me mixed up, like they say how you might cross your eyes and then you cant uncross. … ” This mixing up, as Alfred Kazin has suggested in his well-known essay on the novel, confuses the reader as well, who comes to it “with a shock,” encountering “Faulkner’s desperate eagerness to wrest all the possible implications from his material … his attempt to will his painful material into a kind of harmony that it does not really possess.”
Hemingway’s Garden of Eden: The Final Combat Zone
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Garden of Eden, written “on” between 1946 and 1958, finally published in 1986, is incomplete, perhaps incompletable, but even in its partial state it is something of a Hemingway summa, a replay of grand old themes—the traumas of love and/as war, the hunt as quest, the transformation of experience into art—but on a new turf, in a new key, in a new manner. Its status in the Hemingway canon is sure to be disputed for some time, and most of the serious attention it has received distinguishes sharply, and properly, between the 1,500-page manuscript in the Kennedy Library and the sleek 247-page recit edited by Tom Jenks at Scribner’s. Jenks has cut out the subplots, removed a number of central characters, reduced Hemingway’s rather baroque multicouple mirror grouping to a cleaner triangulated fable, and served up a far more digestible fiction than the intransigent piece that Hemingway himself never got around to taming. Where appropriate, in this chapter I will refer to distinctions between the genuine manuscript and the edited novel, but the governing premise of my study, taking into account the American literary canon’s debt to figures such as Max Perkins, is that time and oblivion will have their way, that The Garden of Eden will come to have canonical status, to be regarded as echt Hemingway, long after the editorial brouhaha has subsided and been lost from sight. And then the question that will be asked is: What does this posthumous work add to the Hemingway corpus? How does it change our vision?
Don DeLillo: Rendering the Words of the Tribe
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work of Don DeLillo is not easy to size up. Like a latter-day Balzac or Zola, he seems to have some giant composite plan in mind, an all-encompassing scheme that, when completed, will bear witness to how we lived, worked, played, and sounded in the second half of the twentieth century. DeLillo’s zest for rivaling with the état civil has led him to some exotic subjects and oddball places: football, professional mathematics, Wall Street, rock music, pornography, terrorism, espionage, the college campus, the nuclear threat, and, more recently, America’s founding trauma: the Kennedy assassination.
John’s Systematic Use of the Pentateuch
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far much of John 4:1-42 has been accounted for by invoking John’s use of Mark (5:1-24, 35-43; 6:1-29) and Acts (8:lb-25); but not all of John 4:1-42 has been accounted for, particularly its quality of personal encounter. There are indeed instances of personal meeting in the Markan texts and in Acts 8:lb-25, but none of these passages contains the flavor of a prolonged personal discussion, such as occurs between Jesus and the woman at the well. To find this factor one must look at another of John’s sources-the Pentateuch. Within the Pentateuch there are two literary conventions which place particular emphasis on personal encounter-the betrothal scene, which generally takes place at a well (as in Gen 24, 29:1-30; Exod 2:11-22), and the prophetic vision (particularly as in Exod 2:23-chap. 4; cf. esp. Isa 6, Jer 1). In the first the encounter is with a woman, and in the second with God. In the Genesis texts (chaps. 24 and 29) the betrothal scenes are quite elaborate, but not so in the case of Moses. For Moses the two encounters come together (at least within the text)-first with his future wife (Exod 2:11-22), then with God (Exod 2:23-chap. 4)-and in the apparent tension between the two, the betrothal scene loses.
The Purpose/Life-Situation
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In light of the gospel ‘s unity and of its dependence on diverse canonical writings it is now possible to assess the view that it was written for some narrow audience or purpose-for a synagogue-centered conflict with Jews, for a Samaritan mission, or as an anti-docetic polemic. All of these elements are present in some way-Jewish conflict, Samaritan mission, and an emphasis on the Word made flesh-yet they are but parts of a larger whole. They are part of a mission which, though it included outcast Samaria and was interested in it, went far beyond it; a mission which, however anguished by the break with Judaism, was governed primarily by positive concerns; a mission in which the picture of the Word as flesh was but part of a larger account of God ‘s thoroughgoing and purposeful involvement with humankind. These hypotheses, though they capture an aspect of the gospel, do not explain its purpose. There is no way, for instance, that the hypothesis of a conflict within a synagogue-at least as formulated thus far-can allow for John’s use of the synoptics and Ephesians. The hypothesis depends on reading the gospel as springing from within the inner dynamics of a synagogue community-first, from its preaching, and then, from its dividedness. Once it is seen that the evangelist used a rich diversity of sources, that hypothesis is no longer usable.
Introduction
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 1 September 1689 Cotton Mather preached his sermon “Souldiers Counselled and Comforted,” a charge to members of the armed forces engaged in the ongoing battles with the native inhabitants of New England. One can imagine oneself a young man preparing to fight those whom the minister calls “Murderers” or picture oneself a mother preparing herself to let the son go to face the “Wolvish Persecutors.”
The Ban as God’s Portion
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most chilling biblical war texts refer to erem, the ban, under which all human beings among the defeated are “devoted to destruction.” In one important passage, Num 21:2-3, Israelites vow their enemies to God as a promise for his support of their successful military efforts. In the majority of texts in Deuteronomy and Joshua, it is assumed that God demands total destruction of the enemy. Frequently a reason for the annihilation is provided (e.g. Num 21:23-24; Deut 2:30-35; 7:2-6); in other instances no rationale is provided, only the command or its fulfillment (Josh 6:17, 21; 8:24-29; 10:28, 30, 31-32, 35, 37, 39, 40). Chains of living beings are listed-sometimes including domestic animals but usually not- “man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, camel and donkey” (1 Sam 15:3; 22:19); “men, women, and children” (Deut 2:34); “man and woman, young and old, ox, sheep, and donkey” (Josh 6:21). The parallel verbs of destruction help to make the blotting out complete: “strike/devote to destruction/do not spare” (1 Sam 15:3); “we devoted to destruction/we left no survivor” (Deut 2:34); “struck with the edge of the sword/ devoted to destruction/ left no survivor” (Josh 10:28). Let no one escape the imposition of total destruction and spare or be spared, a sympathetic mother, a piteous baby.