bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yeast physiological condition and fermentation performance
Authors: Boulton C A , Jones A R , Hinchliffe E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current regimes of yeast management may produce variations in physiological condition. In particular perturbations in the ratio of glycogen to sterol may result in fermentation inconsistency unless an appropriate pitching rate and wort oxygen concentration is selected. A procedure is described here in which yeast is subjected to vigorous oxygenation, pre-pitching, the object of which is to provide pitching yeast of standardized physiology. Methods which may be used to assess yeast physiological condition are discussed. Evidence is presented that the tests are poor predictors of fermentation performance when applied to conventional pitching yeast but show good correlation using oxygenated yeast.
Lipoxygénase: Origine, é volution et conséquence dans la fllière malterie- brasserie
Authors: Martel C , Kohl S , Boivin P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flavor stability is an important factor in beer quality. It depends on many parameters like insaturated fatty acids and lipoxidase activity. We carried out, micro-scale, pilot and industrial malting and brewing processes, to follow up lipoxidase activity and by-products of polyinsaturated fatty acids, for different barley varieties.
Role of active oxygens on deterioration of beer flavor
Authors: Kaneda Hirotaka , Kano Yukinobu , Osawa Toshihiko , Kawakishi Shunro , Koshino Shouhei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of active oxygens during flavor staling in packaged beer was studied by chemiluminescence (CL) analysis using 2-methyl-6-phenyl-3,7- dihydroimidazo[1,2-a] pyrazin-3-one (CLA) which can only react with active oxygens such as ‘O2 and and show a marked luminescence. The generation of CLA-dependent luminescence in beer was accelerated and the maximum luminescence intensities were reached sooner with increasing storage temperatures and/or storage times. In several types of lager beers, the generation of CLA-dependent luminescence showed a good relationship with the staling degree of stored beer flavor. It was, therefore, speculated that active oxygens were produced in packaged beer during storage and played an important role in the deterioration of beer flavor, most likely as an initiator in the free radical reactions.
Assay of S-methylmethionine (SMM) in malt using NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Yan S H , Bodart E , Dufour J -P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lager malt with SMM (dimethylsulfide precursor) content of maximum 19 ppm (5 ppm DMS equivalent) is often asked by the breweries. However average concentrations range from 10 ppm SMM in kilned lager malt to more than 50 ppm in green malt. NIRS with its fast response time would be the ideal investigation method to follow SMM during kilning. Assays of SMM in freeze-dried germinating barley samples were carried out using the NIRS calibration (42 samples) and prediction (41 samples) methods with input data obtained from HPLC analysis. Correlation coefficients of 0.97 (S.E. = 1.81 ppm) and 0.84 (S.E. = 3.5 ppm) were obtained for the calibration and the prediction, respectively. The method has been evaluated to follow SMM evolution during kilning.
The importance of polyphenols in cold break formation
Authors: Crompton I E , Hegarty P K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The precipitation of protein-polyphenol complexes is of considerable importance in the brewing process, resulting in the formation of both hot and cold break. Excessive cold break can lead to problems such as off-flavours, poor fining and hindrance of accurate control of yeast pitching rate. Here we describe the chemical characterisation of hot and cold break. The factors which influence the quantity of cold break formed are described. Wort polyphenols are a major factor influencing cold break formation; removal of polyphenols from hot wort prior to cooling minimises the amount of cold break formed.
Factors affecting trub formation during wort boiling
Authors: Reed R J R , Jordan (GB) G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaporation during wort boiling is used to ensure satisfactory removal undesirable flavour components and the flocculation of heat coagulable protein into a settleable trub. The latter duty can be effected in a more controlled manner by the use of mechanical agitation. A cylindrical laboratory kettle/trub settlement chamber has been developed to examine the effects of agitation, wort composition, hopping regimes and kettle finings on trub settleability. Application to a pilot scale brewery indicates that all evaporation in excess of 2-3% can be replaced by only 0.03 KW/hl power.
Structural order in starch granules and its loss during gelatinisation
Authors: Gidley M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mature starch granules exhibit significant molecular and ultrastructural order which serves to maintain the hydrophilic starch polysaccharides in a low moisture state during deposition and storage, and to control many technologically-important properties such as gelatinization. A wide range of experimental probes of starch order are available which provide complementary information on distance scales from nm to µm. Gelatinisation in voIves disruption or melting of ordered structures. Quantitative analysis of crystalline and helical order in granular starches and comparison of gelatinisation enthalpies with melting enthalpies for relevant model crystallites, suggests that the enthalpy of gelatinisation is determined primarily by melting of double helices and not loss of crystalline register within granules. The major unresolved questions in granule architecture are the location of amylose molecules and the mechanism by which they are maintained in single chain states. It is suggested that amylose may be arranged orthogonal to the general radial direction of amylopectin structures, possibly chaperoned or shielded by lipid and/or protein.
Microstructure and viscoelastic behaviour of potato starch pastes
Authors: Svegmark Karin , Hermansson Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A combination of viscoelastic measurements and light microscopy has been used to investigate the specific properties of potato starch pastes. The influence of various shear and heat treatments has been evaluated in the concentration range 4% to 10%.The microstructure of potato starch pastes that had been subjected to a minimum amount of shear was completely dominated by swollen granules. Practically all of the water was taken up by the granules during gelatinisation. The diffusion of amylase from the granules seemed to be hindered by the extensive swelling of the granules. Shearing completely changed the viscoelastic behaviour and the structural character. The transition in viscoelastic behaviour on shearing corresponded with the point where fragments of the granules were dispersed in a continuous phase of solubilised starch. Autoclaved starch pastes, in which the granules were dissolved by heating, showed a viscoelastic behaviour similar to that of the sheared pastes. A microscale demixing of amylose and amylopectin occurs within the phase of solubilised starch.
Carrageenan/starch interaction in cream desserts
Authors: Nadison J , Doreau A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of factors influencing the manufacture of cream desserts. Desserts containing different starch/carrageenan pairs were prepared, the objective being: To determine the limits of tolerance of the products to effects such as shearing forces and temperature during manufacture. To evaluate the organoleptic and rheological characteristics of each dessert. To examine the importance of cooking of the starch on the behaviour of the final product.
Surfactant-induced surface diffusion of protein is a determinant of disperse phase stability
Authors: Clark David C , Wilde Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching technique (FRAP) has been developed which facilitates the measurement of the surface diffusion of molecules adsorbed at interfaces. The appearance of surface diffusion of –lacto globulin induced by the emulsifier, Tween 20 in model foam systems composed of single suspended thin liquid films was shown to correlate with observed destabilisation of the bulk foam. Measurements using the same emulsifier-protein system were made at the oil-water interfaces of an aqueous film between two oil droplets. This system serves as a model of a concentrated or creamed emulsion. The FRAP results showed that the transition in surface diffusion in the protein fraction from immobile to mobile occurred at a different emulsifier to protein ratio than found at the airwater interface. These results point to differences in the behaviour of a given protein at oil-water and air-water interfaces.
Basic techniques for the preparation and analysis of chromosomes from bone marrow and leukaemic blood
Authors: Czepulkowski B H , Bhatt B , Rooney D E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first of five covering all aspects of the cytogenetic study of the leukaemias and related disorders. As such, it serves to provide basic and general information on the culture and analysis of the tissues most frequently used for such studies, namely bone marrow and blood. Protocols for the use of other tissues and further techniques specific to the different disease types are provided in the following three chapters.
Cloning and functional analysis of heterologous eukaryotic transcription factors in yeast
Authors: Becker Daniel M , Fikes John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of transcription in yeast has provided many of our current paradigms for understanding the regulation of gene expression in higher organisms. Two things have made this possible: the ease with which, in yeast, one can combine genetic approaches with molecular genetic tools, and a striking evolutionary conservation in transcriptional mechanisms and in the transcription machinery from yeast to mammals. These same two properties make yeast an attractive surrogate organism in which to clone and characterize transcription factors from heterologous eukaryotic species, the subject of this chapter.
Hydatidosis and cysticercosis—larval cestodes
Authors: Craig Philips. , Rogan Michael T , Allan James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hydatidosis and cysticercosis are the names given to human or animal infection with the larval cystic stages of taeniid tapeworms belonging to the genera Echinococcus and Taenia. The most important species for public health are, in order, E. granulosus (the cause of cystic hydatid disease), T. solium (the cause of neurocysticercosis), and E. multilocularis (the cause of alveolar hydatid disease). These cestodes are transmitted in life cycles involving two mammalian hosts (Table 1) (1, 2). T. solium (with T. saginata) is unique among parasitic zoonoses in that man comprises the sole definitive host in nature. Apart from these species a few rare larval cestode zoonotic infections havebeen reported and these are thecause of polycystic hydatidosis, coenurosis, and sparganosis (see section 5).
Diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections
Authors: Denham D A , Suswillo R R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intestinal helminths may cause minimal gastro-intestinal symptoms but many (e.g. Ascaris) have a major impact on human health compromising the nutritional status of children in developing countries (see Chapter 1)
Several species of nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes live in the human intestine and produce eggs which are passed in the faeces. Eggs of lung and liver flukes also are passed in the faeces. Parasitological diagnosis of most intestinal helminthic infections depends on finding and identifying these eggs. With the Taenia species, however, it is rare to find eggs in faeces as the proglottids are usually passed whole. Similarly, Enterobius vermicularis deposits its eggs on the perianal skin and eggs are seldom found in the faeces. Strongyloides stercoralis produces first stage larvae (L1) instead of eggs.
Histopathology of parasitic diseases
Authors: Francis N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of widespread international travel the diagnosis of imported diseases is a problem in hospitals outside their own geographical range. Added to this is the expanding population of HIV infected people in whom the diagnosis of opportunistic infections and unusual tissue responses to them is going to present an increasing problem across the UK and Europe. There are also a variety of parasitic infections indigenous to the UK which are discussed.
Phosphopeptide mapping and phosphoamino acid analysis on cellulose thin-layer plates
Authors: Geer Peter van der , Luo Kunxin , Sefton Bartholomew M , Hunter Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phosphopeptide mapping enables the investigator to study the phosphorylation of a protein of interest in detail. The technique can be used to estimate the number of sites of phosphorylation in a protein, to determine the stoichiometry of phosphorylation at particular sites, and to deduce the identity of protein kinases responsible for the phosphorylation of specific sites. Additionally, comparative phosphopeptide mapping is an invaluable tool for the determination of the identity, or lack of identity, of phosphoproteins obtainable only in trace amounts.
Studies of protein kinase/phosphatase specificity using synthetic peptides
Authors: Pearson Richard B , Mitchelhill Kenneth I , Kemp Bruce E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with studies of the specificity of protein kinases and protein phosphatases using synthetic peptides. During the past 15 years synthetic peptides have played an extremely important role in helping to elucidate the substrate specificity properties of protein kinases and, to a lesser extent, protein phosphatases. This knowledge has also played an important part in the development of our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of protein kinases and protein phosphatases by intrasteric control. A brief summary of phosphorylation site motifs will be given, followed by an outline of the techniques involved in the preparation of synthetic peptide substrates, as well as the study of their phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Frequent problems encountered in these techniques will be discussed under a trouble-shooting section. The approaches taken to design synthetic peptide substrates will be described in detail. Two emerging approaches, including rational enzyme mutagenesis and protein crystallography, have the potential to add to our understanding of the specificity of protein kinases.
Immunocytochemistry II: post-embedding staining
Authors: Ingham C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Post-embedding immunocytochemistry involves carrying out immuno cytochemical techniques on tissue which has been fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in a material suitable for cutting sections for subsequent light or electron microscopy, (e.g. wax, celloidin, resin). It is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss all the available techniques and so it will concentrate on post-embedding methods applied to material which has been prepared in the conventional manner for electron microscopy, including post-fixation with osmium tetroxide and embedding in epoxy resin. Many antigens do not survive this treatment; their antigenicity may be affected by osmium tetroxide treatment, by resin infiltration (possibly due to interactions of the antigen with epoxy groups), and by heat (1-3). However, amino acids such as -y aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, aspartate, taurine, glycine, and glutamine have been successfully localized using these methods (4).
In situ hybridization histochemistry with oligonucleotides for localization of messenger RNA in neurones
Authors: Gerfen Charles R , Young W Scott , Emson Piers 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization histochemical (ISHH) localization of messenger RNA transcripts (mRNA) provides a powerful technique for characterizing the bio chemical phenotype of neurones in the brain (1). With the growing list of characterized mRNAs encoding proteins and neuropeptide precursors the utility of ISHH for the study of neural system organization and function has increased at a phenomenal rate. Included in the list of available probes are those directed against a variety of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide receptors, including G-protein coupled receptors and ion channel receptors, proteins of various signal transduction systems, neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes, and neuropeptides. It is thus possible with ISHH techniques to characterize neurones on the basis of their expression of neurotransmitter receptors, signal transduction systems linked to these receptors, and the neurotransmitter/neuropeptides they may use for synaptic signalling. When ISHH is combined with retrograde axonal tracing techniques the additional information of the neuroanatomical connections of neurones may be added to their neurochemical characteristics. Additionally, levels of mRNA transcripts in neurones are sometimes regulated either during development or in the adult by alterations in the functional state of the neurones. Quantitative ISHH techniques provide the ability to measure changes in levels of mRNA levels in neurones to determine the functional organization of neural systems. In this chapter methods of utilizing oligonucleotides for ISHH localization of mRNA transcripts in neurones will be detailed. Both radiolabelled and non radiolabelled oligonucleotide methods, combinations of these methods to detect two mRNAs in single histologic brain sections, and a method for quantifying relative levels of mRNAs in neurones will be described.
Isolation and characterization of transfected cell lines expressing neurotransmitter receptors using a calcium dye and flow cytometry
Authors: Schieren Ira , MacDermott Amy B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important early application of flow cytometry was to detect subpopulations of cells marked with a fluorescent ligand. This methodology was also used to sort out the targeted cells from the whole population. Traditionally, primary antibodies developed against unique cell markers were coupled to fluorescently tagged secondary antibodies and used to identify subpopulations of cells. In many cases, these markers were cell-type specific for receptors on the plasma membrane. For example, antibodies against immunoglobin receptors specific for subpopulations of lymphocytic T cells were usefully exploited as a way to detect changes in the expression of T cell subsets in different disease states (1). However, since in many cases it has proved difficult to generate antibodies to receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators, investigators have been motivated to explore other methods, not dependent on antibodies, with which to identify cells expressing specific receptors on their surface.
Cell lines in developmental neurobiology: assays of adhesion and neurite outgrowth
Authors: Pizzey John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication between cells is a fundamental requirement for the diverse interactions implicit in normal development and tissue homeostasis. Such communication is generally mediated by membrane-associated molecules which can be classified (1) into three broad functional classes; cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs), and cell junctional molecules (CJMs). However, it should be noted that these are not mutually exclusive classifications; for example, the neural cadherin (N-cadherin) is present both on the surface of neural cells as a CAM (2), but is also found in the adherens junctions on some non-neural tissues (3) and thus could be considered a junctional molecule.
Localization of Proteins and Carbohydrates using Immunogold Labelling in Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Vandenbosch Kathryn A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in inducible and tissue-specific genes has spawned a need for visualization of gene expression within complex, differentiated tissues. Three available techniques address this need by combining molecular probes with anatomical methods. These include in situ analysis of gene expression using reporter genes, in situ hybridization for identification of messenger RNA species, and immunogold labelling for localization of gene products. Together, the three approaches overlay molecular information on an anatomical outline, and are rapidly increasing the sophistication of our knowledge of tissue composition and organization on a cellular level. The development of post-embedding labelling has enabled immunogold labelling to become routine practice for the demonstration of antigens in tissues (1). In this procedure, tissues are chemically fixed and embedded in plastic (with slight modifications from these protocols used for routine ultrastructural preservation). Tissue sections are then incubated sequentially in a primary antibody, specific for an antigen of interest, followed by a colloidal gold conjugate that binds to the primary antibody. The bound gold particles reveal the location of the antigen within the tissue. The combination of high specificity of immunological detection and good resolution by electron microscopy make immunogold labelling a powerful technique. This technique may also be used in combination with light microscopy where ultrastructural resolution is not required.
Preparation and Characterization of Oligosaccharide Elicitors of Phytoalexin Accumulation
Authors: Hahn Michael G , Darvill Alan , Albersheim Peter , Bergmann Carl , Cheong Jong-Joo , Koller Alan , Lo Veng-Meng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plants utilize a variety of defence responses when confronted with invasive micro-organisms (1, 2). These defence reponses include such diverse mechanisms as the synthesis and accumulation of low molecular weight anti-microbial compounds called phytoalexins (3-6), the production of glycosyl hydrolases capable of attacking microbial surface polymers (7), the synthesis of proteins that inhibit microbial degradative enzymes (8, 9), and the modification of plant cell walls by deposition of callose (10, 11), hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (12, 13), and/or lignin (14).Biochemical analysis of the induction of plant defence responses has been facilitated by the recognition that cell-free extracts of microbial and plant origin are capable of inducing defence responses when applied to plant tissues. The active components in the extracts are commonly referred to as ‘elicitors’. The term ‘elicitor’ was originally used to refer to molecules and other stimuli that induce phytoalexin synthesis in plant cells (15), but the term is now used to describe molecules that elicit any of the observed plant defence responses.
Analysis of replication complexes of positive strand RNA plant viruses
Authors: Hayes Robert J , Buck Kenneth W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viruses with genomes of positive strand (messenger-sense) RNA are found in animals, plants, and bacteria. Examples include poliovirus, foot and mouth disease virus, flockhouse virus (FHV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and the bacteriophages MS2 and 013 (1). However, they are most abundant in plants. About 77% (approximately 500) of known plant viruses have positive strand RNA genomes (2). Enzymes that replicate RNA templates (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp) apparently do not have proof-reading activities and have error rates of 10-4 to 10-5 (3). This may well have limited the size of viral RNA genomes, the largest of which among plant viruses are the closteroviruses (about 20 kb) and among animal viruses the coronaviruses (about 32 kb). Because of the high error rate, RNA of a given virus may be a population in dynamic equilibrium, with viable mutants arising at a high rate on the one hand and being selected against on the other.