bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of rice husk–based–mesoporous silica nanoparticles by facile calcination
Authors: Rumiyanti Leni , Garcia Shania , Istiqomah Nurul Imani , Manurung Posman , Firdaus Iqbal , Chotimah  , Suharyadi Edi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The growing industrial demand for mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) necessitates the exploration of alternative raw materials due to the limited availability of traditional sources. Rice husk, an environmentally sustainable by-product, offers a cost-effective solution with reduced environmental impact. This study investigates the synthesis of MSNs from rice husk using the sol–gel method, focusing on the effect of calcination temperature on their physical and chemical properties. Characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of MSNs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified siloxane groups in all samples, indicating silicate materials. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed a spherical-like morphology with silica as the primary component. Transmission electron microscopy measured the average particle sizes of control, 400 °C calcined, and 600 °C calcined MSNs as 50.5 nm, 49.3 nm, and 53.1 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of silica phases in all samples. Surface area analysis showed a significant decrease in surface area (653 m2 g−1–113 m2 g−1) and pore volume (0.9 cm3 g−1–0.1 cm3 g−1) with increasing calcination temperature, while pore size slightly increased from 2.6 nm to 2.7 nm. Calcination temperature influences the removal of CTAB surfactants, enhances silicate bond strength, and increases silicon purity, resulting in reduced surface area and pore volume without altering the basic morphology or crystal structure of the MSNs. The synthesized MSNs, with their large surface area and unique properties, demonstrate potential for diverse applications, including their use as nanocontainers for corrosion inhibitors.
Impacts of drought on respiratory mortality in the upper midwest United States: a population subgroup assessment
Authors: Gwon Yeongjin , Ji Yuanyuan , Berman Jesse D , Abadi Azar M , Leeper Ronald D , Rennie Jared , Bell Jesse E 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Drought is a complex climate phenomenon that varies regionally and temporally across the globe. Its frequency and intensity are expected to increase due to climate change, posing significant threats to human health. Despite these risks, there remains a notable gap in research on the health impacts of drought, particularly at the regional level within the United States. This study aims at assessing the risk of severe drought exposure to respiratory mortality in the Upper Midwest of the United States among the general population and at-risk subgroups from 2000 to 2018. Respiratory mortality was obtained for each county and month during study period based on the 10th International Classification of Disease codes. We used the Evaporative Demand Drought Index categorized into three levels and analyzed it at two timescales: 6 months and 12 months. A Bayesian two-stage time-series modeling approach was applied to estimate the county-level and overall risk along with the 95% Credible Intervals (Cr). Stratification analyses were conducted by age group, gender, race, urbanicity, and state within the region. Statistically significant associations were identified between respiratory mortality and the severe droughts. The estimated risks were 1.151 (95% Cr: 1.126–1.178) and 1.092 (95% Cr: 1.063–1.120) for the 6 and 12 month severe droughts. Our study suggests that the risks differs by subgroups: elevated risks in elderly (higher 14.4% and 9.8% for 6 and 12 month), White (15.1% and 9.0% higher for 6 and 12 month), males (12.7% and 5.1% higher for 6 and 12 month), females (15.8% and 11.1% higher for 6 and 12 month), urban 15.8% and 8.8% higher for 6 and 12 month), and rural (13.6% and 9.9% higher for 6 and 12 month) communities. Iowa showed the greatest increase (23.1%) in the 6 month severe drought, while Minnesota had the highest 20.3% in the 12 month severe drought. Our findings suggested that the elderly, both males and females, both rural and urban areas were the most affected subgroups. These findings demonstrate the need for policymakers and communities to adopt more effective drought mitigation strategies in this region.
Poor Narratives
Authors: Gentilini Ugo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter connects poverty explanations and the design of cash transfers, including “individualistic” poverty perspectives (which ascribe poverty to effort, character, morality) and “structuralist” narratives (which describes poverty as the result of ingrained imbalances in societies’ economic organization and power distribution). Those views 22need not to be in competition and could be reconciled under a coherent poverty framework. The two extreme poles of thought have exerted significant influence on whether, why, and how cash transfers would pan out in practice. The pendulum has swung in both directions, but in the case of cash transfers it generally veered towards individualist explanations. After a brief excursus on the current state of the evidence, the chapter interrogates the origins of contemporary programs. It identifies ancestors of cash transfers interventions, with precursors being rooted in centuries-long practices (and in some cases stretching over millennia). The chapter concludes by discussing how, especially over the course of recent centuries, cash transfers were “indicted” by leading intellectuals. While not unanimous and original, their thinking shaped a mindset that would cast cash transfers as “part of the poverty problem.” Such rhetoric has persistent influence over space and time.
California
Authors: Albrecht Eduardo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter includes interviews with Tracy Rosenberg of the citizens’ coalition group Oakland Privacy, and Jeremy Rud, a volunteer with community organization NorCal Resist. The chapter briefly explains the role and activities of these two grassroots groups, including Oakland Privacy’s work to ban facial recognition technology in parts of California, and NorCal’s lawsuit against Clearview AI. In Rosenberg’s interview she discusses the negative consequences of AI-based surveillance and the difficulty of holding these systems accountable. Rud explains his concerns about the use of AI to exclude those legally entitled to asylum, and the role of automated analysis in this process.
Fetal Positions
Authors: Adamczyk Amy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In many countries, abortion is a contentious public opinion issue. In nations like the United States, advocates on both sides of the debate have actively worked to amplify their voices and change legislation. In other parts of the world, abortion is not a major topic of discussion because people in many countries consider it a relatively settled issue. Why are there such big differences in how people view abortion? Fetal Positions around the Globe answers this question. Using data from over 200,000 people from 88 nations, I show that a handful of factors—overall levels of religious importance, Catholic proportion, economic and educational development, government history, and gender inequality—can explain differences in support. Dozens of interviews conducted in China and the United States offer insight into the processes shaping attitudes. Readers will be surprised to learn about the many similarities and differences in how Chinese and American residents view abortion. An analysis of over 800 newspaper articles from more than 40 countries provides additional clarity. Along with investigating why abortion disapproval varies so considerably across the world, Fetal Positions around the Globe also examines the forces shaping cross-national abortion rates and personal abortion decisions, analyzes the links between attitudes and laws, and unpacks the pathways through which personal and country-characteristics shape views. Fetal Positions around the Globe sheds light on one of the most important contemporary issues being discussed in many countries. The international focus provides fresh perspective on the abortion debate and offers important insight that can be gleaned only through a cross-national analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Adamczyk Amy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This book opens with an overview of the massive divide in public opinion about abortion across the world. The Introduction explains that isolating key societal characteristics is especially important for understanding differences across nations. Country-level effects, which can influence attitudes over and above personal characteristics, are discussed. World Values Survey data are introduced. While these survey data can provide insight into the major factors shaping attitudes, they obscure the processes through which they have an effect. Likewise, they do not consider each country’s unique history in shaping views. China and the United States are introduced as case study nations. Dozens of interviews were conducted with experts in these two countries. This Introduction explains why these two societies are especially suited for further investigation and complement the large cross-national survey analysis of abortion disapproval. This mixed-methods design is able to overcome the weaknesses of surveys or interviews alone.
Gender Equality, Social Movement Activity, and Race for Understanding Views about Abortion
Authors: Adamczyk Amy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how gender inequality and racial and ethnic differences shape abortion views. Across the world, gender inequality persists and affects the way many people view abortion. Even after accounting for their gender, people living in countries with higher levels of gender inequality are more opposed to abortion. Insight from the Chinese and American interviews helps unpack the various ways that gender inequality shapes disapproval. This chapter also examines the forces that gave rise to the overturning of Roe v. Wade, which removed American women’s constitutional right to an abortion. A significant contributor was social movement activity that helped perpetuate abortion 124as a critical issue for many conservative Americans. In the United States especially, the intersections of race and gender have informed views on both sides of the debate. The chapter ends with a discussion about how racial differences can shape abortion views.
Beyond Normativity
Authors: Finlay Stephen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Abstract
What is the future of normativity? What should that future be? This chapter employs the analogy of Samsara’s Wheel to characterize recent inquiry under the rubric ‘normativity’ as merely the latest epicycle in a futile circle of metaethical debate in which the same moves are reprised for different terms such as ‘ought’, ‘value’, ‘reasons’, ‘justification’, ‘authority’, ‘matters’, ‘fit’, et cetera. This futility is blamed on a four-way ambiguity running systematically throughout normative language. A two-dimensional, “perspectivist” diagnosis is provided of the difference between special (“robust”) and mundane (“merely formal”) normativity. By distinguishing between descriptive content and motivated perspective, the three major metaethical camps (noncognitivism, subjectivism, and objectivism) are explained as corresponding to the three possible ways of flattening two dimensions into one, depending on whose perspective (judge, subject, or theorist) is privileged. This reveals the errors characteristic of each camp and fragments “normativity” into multiple objects, denying the univocity of metaethical debate. Four obstacles to metaethical enlightenment are identified: illusion, attachment, charity, and forgetfulness.
Is the Unity of Normativity Safe?
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Abstract
A guiding assumption of much recent work on normativity is that it is uniform across domains. Normative notions are to be understood in the same way whether they concern moral, epistemic, prudential, aesthetic, and so on matters. This assumption is widespread but also contentious. In epistemology, it is commonplace to analyse knowledge and, more recently, justification by appeal to modal notions; that is, in terms of what is possible. Justification is a normative notion that applies across domains. Given the uniformity assumption, we should expect modal notions to appear in analyses of justification in, say, ethics. But that is not what we find. Instead, the tendency there is to explain justification in terms of reasons. While there are many theories of reasons in circulation, modal notions do not figure prominently, if at all, in them. So, there is a mismatch between the way in which normative notions are understood in epistemology and in ethics. This chapter tries to resolve this situation by developing a novel theory of reasons—specifically, of how fundamental reasons relate to derivative reasons—that makes central appeal to modal notions. In this way, the chapter suggests, we can reconcile the way ethicists and epistemologists understand reasons and, in turn, justification, thereby preserving the uniformity assumption.
n-1 Guilty Men
Authors: Dutant Julien , Littlejohn Clayton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Abstract
We argue that there is nothing that can do the work that normative reasons are expected to do. A currently popular view is that in any given situation, a set of normative reasons (understood as a set of facts, typically about the agent’s situation) always determines the ways we prospectively should or should not respond. We discuss an example that we think shows no such collection of facts could have this normative significance. A radical response might be to dispense with reasons and explain the facts about the ways we should respond using something else entirely (e.g., expected value). We think a more fruitful approach is to explore the possibility of using decision-theoretic tools in a reasons-centred framework.
Reasons from Identity
Authors: Heuer Ulrike 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Abstract
Identities play a prominent role in many current discussions regarding nationality, gender, ethnicity, and religion. There is little doubt that these identities which are often based on social roles and are subject to social expectations are important for the ways in which people act and lead their lives. They certainly seem to have normative significance. This chapter explores why and when identities provide reasons. It examines Sartre’s well-known comments on bad faith as an objection that any account of reasons from identity must address. There are two roles that practical identities have been assigned in the explanation of normativity that can be seen as marking the ends of a spectrum: Korsgaard’s, who regards practical identities as the source of all normativity, and Scanlon’s, who doubts that identities have any direct role to play in the explanation of reasons. The chapter argues that between the all-encompassing and the skeptical, there is space for a direct role of identities in determining some practical reasons. It is not an idiosyncratic role but one that draws on a general value-based account of practical reasons, and it is not subject to the bad faith worry.
Atmospheric Emissions
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Section 79(1)(b) (smoke nuisance) is an early form of statutory nuisance, dating from 1866 in respect of dark smoke and 1875 in other cases. Section 79(1)(c) (fumes and gases), which applies only to domestic premises, originated in the EPA 1990. Smoke nuisances have also been controlled through other legislation in the past, notably the Clean Air Acts, and continue to fall subject to this statute and other environmental controls. Thus, primary controls over smoke are to be found in the Clean Air Act 1993 and Part I of the EPA 1990.2 The Clean Air Act 1993 regulates the emission of smoke from chimneys and some open sites. It prohibits the emission of dark smoke from chimneys.3
Enforcement: Use of Abatement Notices
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The key procedural impact of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990) was the introduction of the abatement notice as a method of controlling statutory nuisances through administrative action. The abatement notice, once served, requires the recipient to remedy the nuisance. At the centre of control is the local authority, which has a duty to inspect for statutory nuisances and to investigate complaints. Once the authority has formed the view that there is a statutory nuisance, it must serve a notice. The question of the extent to which the authority should consult with the recipient of the notice about its terms arises at this stage. Further, since the abatement notice exposes the recipient to the risk of prosecution, the notice itself must be carefully drawn within the powers of the local authority. Finally, it must be properly served.
Appeals Against Abatement Notices
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The recipient of an abatement notice may appeal to a magistrates’ court to have it quashed or to have the requirements varied to make them less onerous. The appeal is a civil matter which is commenced by way of making a complaint to the court. The grounds for appealing the notice need to be specified and are set down in the Statutory Nuisance (Appeals) Regulations 1995 (as amended). All relevant grounds of appeal should be included. If there is doubt as to whether a particular ground is relevant, it should be included. It can subsequently be withdrawn if the appellant decides not to pursue the point at the hearing, in which case it should be withdrawn as early as possible to avoid wasting legal costs or the court’s time.
Offences and Prosecution for Breach of an Abatement Notice
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Local authority prosecutions for breach of an abatement notice invoke the rules of evidence and procedures of the magistrates’ courts acting in their criminal capacity. These rules are more restrictive than those that apply to appeals against abatement notices under section 80(3) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990), where the rules and procedures are based on civil law.
Real world clinical experience of using Brainomix e-CTA software in a medium size acute National Health Service Trust
Authors: Merchant Fraser , Choulerton James , James Richard , Pang Chun Lap 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
Artificial intelligence (AI) software including Brainomix “e-CTA” which detect large vessel occlusions (LVO) have clinical potential. We hypothesized that in real world use where prevalence is low, its clinical utility may be overstated.

Methods
In this single centre retrospective service evaluation project, data sent to Brainomix from a medium size acute National Health Service (NHS) Trust hospital between January 3, 2022 and January 3, 2023 was reviewed. 584 intracranial computed tomography angiogram (CTA) datasets were analysed for LVO by e-CTA. The e-CTA output and radiology report were compared to ground truth, defined by a consultant radiologist with fellowship neuroradiology training, with access to subsequent imaging and clinical notes. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.

Results
Of 584 cases (45% female, mean age 70 ± 16 years), 9% (n = 50) had LVO. e-CTA had a sensitivity of 0.78 (95% CI 0.64-0.88), specificity of 0.93 (0.9-0.95), PPV of 0.5 (0.42-0.58), and NPV of 0.98 (0.96-0.99). e-CTA had an error rate of 9% (52/584). Erroneous cases were categorized into causes for error. Common causes for false positives included incorrect anatomy (21%, 8/39) and other pathology (13%, 5/39), with several uncategorizable cases (39%, 15/39). Common causes for false negatives included LVO within the terminal internal carotid artery (ICA) (55%, 6/11) and uncategorizable (18%, 2/11).

Conclusions
We demonstrated that PPV of e-CTA is poor in consecutive cases in a real-world NHS setting. We advocate for local validation of AI software prior to clinical use.

Advances in knowledge
Common AI errors were due to anatomical misidentification, presence of other pathology, and misidentifying LVO in the terminal ICA.
Synthesis of polycarbonates and polyesters via tetraalkylammonium salt-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization
Authors: Suzuki Ryota , Takagi Satoru , Matsuda Minori , Yamamoto Takuya , Tajima Kenji , Li Feng , Isono Takuya , Satoh Toshifumi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Tetraalkylammonium salt was found to be an effective catalyst for the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonates and cyclic esters, yielding aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters with narrow dispersities. An important feature of this catalytic system is its tunable catalytic ability, which was achieved by altering the alkyl substrates and counter anions. The catalytic mechanism was studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
The TOXIN knowledge graph: supporting animal-free risk assessment of cosmetics
Authors: Sepehri Sara , Heymans Anja , Win Dinja De , Maushagen Jan , Sanctorum Audrey , Debruyne Christophe , Rodrigues Robim M , Kock Joery De , Rogiers Vera , Troyer Olga De , Vanhaecke Tamara 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The European Union’s ban on animal testing for cosmetic products and their ingredients, combined with the lack of validated animal-free methods, poses challenges in evaluating their potential repeated-dose organ toxicity. To address this, innovative strategies like Next-Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) are being explored, integrating historical animal data with new mechanistic insights from non-animal New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). This paper introduces the TOXIN knowledge graph (TOXIN KG), a tool designed to retrieve toxicological information on cosmetic ingredients, with a focus on liver-related data. TOXIN KG uses graph-structured semantic technology and integrates toxicological data through ontologies, ensuring interoperable representation. The primary data source is safety information on cosmetic ingredients from scientific opinions issued by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety between 2009 and 2019. The ToxRTool automates the reliability assessment of toxicity studies, while the Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) notation standardizes chemical identification, enabling in silico prediction of repeated-dose toxicity via the implementation of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Toolbox (OECD QSAR Toolbox). The ToXic Process Ontology, enriched with relevant biological repositories, is employed to represent toxicological concepts systematically. Search filters allow the identification of cosmetic compounds potentially linked to liver toxicity. Data visualization is achieved through Ontodia, a JavaScript library. TOXIN KG, filled with information for 88 cosmetic ingredients, allowed us to identify 53 compounds affecting at least one liver toxicity parameter in a 90-day repeated-dose animal study. For one compound, we illustrate how TOXIN KG links this observation to hepatic cholestasis as an adverse outcome. In an ab initio NGRA context, follow-up in vitro studies using human-based NAMs would be necessary to understand the compound’s biological activity and the molecular mechanism leading to the adverse effect. In summary, TOXIN KG emerges as a valuable tool for advancing the reusability of cosmetics safety data, providing knowledge in support of NAM-based hazard and risk assessments.
Database URL: https://toxin-search.netlify.app/