bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stalemates
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, while serving as a top domestic policy adviser to President Nixon, seemed to shelve the faith in government that had animated his call in 1965 for ‘‘national action” to help poor black families. In January 1970 he recommended privately that Nixon settle for “benign neglect’’ of the political agenda of militant blacks. When his advice to that effect leaked to the public in March, liberals reacted with predictable outrage. Many Americans, however, were coming to share Moynihan's doubts about governmental activism. A host of discouraging events, notably defeat in Vietnam and Watergate, combined by 1974 to weaken once high expectations about government, especially as exemplified by the liberalism of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society of the 1960s.
From the “Sick Role” to Stories of Self Understanding the Self in Illness
Authors: Charmaz Kathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social scientific understanding of the self in illness has grown over the past forty-six years since Talcott Parsons (1951) first wrote about the “sick role.” He outlined institutional expectations and role obligations of both physicians and patients and provided a theoretical analysis of the role of the patient in sickness and care and of the reciprocal relationship between physician and patient. In brief, the sick role temporarily exempts patients from their usual duties and obligates them to seek help, to accept medical advice, and to work for recovery. From a sociological view, the self refers to all those qualities, attributes, values, and sentiments, including feelings of moral worth, that a person assumes to be his or her own. This approach to studying the self acknowledges that selves possess consistent qualities yet can change as experience unfolds. The shift from sick role to self in medical sociology reflects a growing emphasis on studying patients ‘ experience from their perspective.
No Blueprint for the New Nation1789–1851
Authors: Lee Antoinette J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experimentation and creativity in the art of governing marked the first six decades of nationhood under the Constitution. Executive departments, offices, and bureaus were established to implement the provisions of the Constitution and the wishes of Congress. No manual existed to guide the development of a new federal government, and each step required discussion and clarification as to the limits of legislative mandates. ‘l’he administration of public buildings projects was no exception. Like the development of the nation itself, federal building activities evolved from one of localized, piecemeal administration to a highly centralized program managed from the nation’s capital city.
The Tarsney Act, Its Passage And Postponement In Implementation 1893—1896
Authors: Lee Antoinette J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the last decade of the nineteenth century, the federal government’s architecture program seemed unlikely to pioneer new directions in architectural design. The congressional funding process and the Treasury Department’s implementation of congressional wishes kept the noses of government architects to the drafting boards. Responsibility for designing large building, however, put the Supervising Architect’s Office 111 the forefront of building construction and materials technologies. The Office also was charged with des1gmng buildings for now predictable and standard governmental functions. Thus, the apparent sameness of federal Government buildings,, even with the picturesque style, was largely an outcome of their common purposes.
Proponents Of Academic Classicism 1895–1925
Authors: Lee Antoinette J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trends rooted in earlier decades — a renewed interest in the classical language of architecture and in creating a more coherent urban landscape — spurred the transformation of American public architecture in the r89os. These trends Were unified into a single image at the World’s Columbian Exposition. The picturesque styles faded into obscurity during the 1890s but did not completely disappear. Classicism gained in popularity during this decade and dominated the sympathies of architects and building clients for the next five decades.
Conflict of Interest as Risk Analysis
Authors: McMunigal Kevin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lawyers, like all professionals, do their work subject to the pushes and pulls of a constellation of incentives. The thrust of some is benign, reinforcing the lawyer’s motivation to serve her client well. Competition from other lawyers, for example, creates an incentive for the lawyer to serve her client faithfully lest the dissatisfied client hire a different lawyer. The possibility of a malpractice suit also gives the lawyer reason to fulfill her professional duties to her client.
Conflict of Interest in Anthropology
Authors: Salmon Merrilee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An anthropologist, Richard Wilk, who works with the Kekchi people of Southern Belize, published research on the history of their occupation of the area (Wilk, 1999). His sources indicated that during the nineteenth century, the Kekchi moved into vacated territory that had once been occupied by Chol Maya speakers. The latter group had been forcibly removed at the time of European contact. Kekchi lived on that land in a government-designated “forest reserve” for about 150 years without interference. Their occupation was threatened in the 1990s, however, when the Belize Government sold logging concessions for the forest reserve. Some logging companies proceeded to clear-cut the land. Legal battles followed between the government on one side and environmentalists and Kekchi on the other. In one court case, the government cited Wilk’s publications as scientific evidence for the claim that the Kekchi had no ancestral claims on the land because they were “recent” immigrants. As an anthropologist whose primary ethical duty was to avoid harm to his host people, Wilk was put in the position of seeing this interest conflict with his professional interest in scholarly publication. His attempt to resolve this problem was philosophically perceptive and scientifically sound.
The Psychology of Writing
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human ability to render meaning through symbolic media such as art, dance, music, and speech defines, in many ways, the uniqueness of our species. One symbolic medium in particular--written expression--has aroused increasing interest among researchers across disciplines, in areas as diverse as the humanities, education, and the social sciences because it offers a fascinating window into the processes underlying the creation and enunciation of symbolic representation. In The Psychology of Writing, cognitive psychologist Ronald T. Kellogg reviews and integrates the fast-growing, multidisciplinary field of composition research, a field that seeks to understand how people formulate and express their thoughts with the symbols of written text. By examining the production of written text, the book fills a large gap in cognitive psychology, which until now has focused on speech production, comprehension, and reading, while virtually ignoring how people write. Throughout, the author masterfully examines the many critical factors that come together during the writing process--including writer personality, work schedules, method of composing, and knowledge. In providing an important new theoretical framework that enables readers from a wide range of backgrounds to navigate the extensive composition literature, the author drives home the profound significance of meaning-making as a defining feature of human cognition. Kellogg not only draws from the work of leading composition scholars, but quotes insights into the writing process proffered by some of the most gifted practitioners of the writing craft--including E.M. Forster, John Updike, and Samuel Johnson. Engaging and lively, The Psychology of Writing is the perfect introduction to the subject for students, researchers, journalists, and interested general readers.
From Trust to Tragedy HIV/AIDS and the Canadian Blood System
Authors: Gilmore Norbert , Somerville Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1993, after six months of hearings into the disastrous impact of the AIDS epidemic on hemophiliacs and blood transfusion recipients in Canada, a House of Commons Committee called for a formal inquiry. The Committee recognized that it was essential to undertake an in-depth examination of the events leading to the contamination of the blood supply in the 1980s, in particular with HIV, and to recommend policies to secure the safety and enhance the efficiency of the blood col lection and distribution system. Characteristic of the fractious politics surrounding the Canadian blood system, amplified by federal-provincial jurisdictional issues, it took another six months for the Privy Council to order a formal inquiry. The Commission of Inquiry into the Blood System in Canada-known as the Krever Commission after the judge who chaired it-began hearings in October 1993. Dramatic testimony, especially from those who were infected by blood treatment, received, often daily, front-page coverage. By the time of its final hearings in November 1995, the Commission had cost over $14 million, had collected 50,000 pages of testimony from hundreds of witnesses, and had assembled more than half a mil lion pages of submissions and documentary evidence.
Blood “Scandal” and AIDS in Germany
Authors: Dressler Stephan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was not until late 1993 that the safety of the German blood supply attracted the attention of the general public and the media. The discovery that the Koblenz based company UB Plasma had used blood and plasma that had been improperly screened for HIV antibody shocked the German public and led the federal minister of health, Horst Seehofer, to open an official inquiry into what was widely per ceived as a “scandal.”1 Such reactions were late in coming, given the fact that press accounts of the effect of HIV contamination of the blood supply had appeared years earlier. In 1991, the mass circulation Der Spiegelhad in “Der Tod Aus der Spritze” (Death by Injection) noted that half of Germany’s hemophiliacs, almost 2000 men, had been infected through HIV-contaminated clotting factor.2 The Sueddeutsche Zeitung, in “Scandal or Just a Sad Story,” had made clear that those dependent on the blood supply had been infected as a consequence of circumstances that were not inevitable.
HIV-Contaminated Blood and Australian Policy the Limits of Success
Authors: Ballard John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Australia’s approach to AIDS was different from that of other countries, and much of the difference developed around the issue of blood control. During the formative stage of pol icy making on AIDS, from 1982 to 1985, awareness of risk to the supply of blood and blood products varied critically in industrial societies among those responsible for making policy choices. In the United States, the issue of risk and appropriate response was publicly debated from the end of 1982, but elsewhere that debate was largely ignored. In Australia, however, with an exceptional measure of government responsibility for the blood supply, any risk had a political dimension. By I 984, once a virus was identified and tests indicated that Australian blood was in fact contaminated, there was a political imperative to respond quickly. Matched with scientific capacity, political concern ensured that Australia had its blood supply fully tested and the virus eliminated from blood products before other countries. Political mobilization on the issue of blood then flowed into proactive policies on AIDS education and prevention.
Categories of the Female Voice
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zerlina and brünnhilde, according to the designations given them by Mozart and Wagner, are both sopranos. Having Briinnhilde sing “Batti, batti” would parallel entering a diesel-powered transport van in the classic Indianapolis 500. Zerlina cannot be put astride Grane for an Immolation Scene excursion without being headed for vocal incineration. Briinnhilde and Zerlina are separated from each other by a wide gulf of laryngeal and vocal-tract constru ction. From contralto to soubrette/coloratura, the category (Fach) of each female voice is largely determined by the physiology of the instrument itself, the location of voice-register demarcations, and adherence to specific tonal concepts.
The Sostenuto Factor
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two poles of bel canto writing are well illustrated in the cavatina/cabaletta of the opera scena. This musical form traditionally consists of a recitative, a sustained aria, and a swiftly moving pyrotechnical second aria, sometimes with another recitative inserted between the two arias. (The cabaletta following the solo aria may also be found in duet form.) Beginning in the late eighteenth century and continuing through Verdi, the scena form flourished in opera, increasingly replacing the da capo aria so characteristic of Handel and his contemporaries. In part, the substitution of the duo aria (cavatina/cabaletta) for the da capo framework came in answer to the growing demand for dramatic evolution of plot and character. No longer did textual and musical repetitions of the ABA form seem adequate for moving the drama forward.
Pennsylvania Avenue the Avenue of the Presidents
Authors: Jr Paul Boller 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a sport, running (like swimming laps) can be boring at times, at least for an amateur, and a few years after taking it up I began combining it, whenever possible, with sightseeing. It seemed like a bright idea: keeping fit while learning something about cities I visited. I did runs around the Emperor’s Palace in Tokyo, down Riverside Drive in Manhattan, along the waterfront in Seattle, on the river walk in San Antonio, near Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, and in Rock Creek Park and down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C.
The Franklin D. Roosevelt Me Orial, Washington, D.C.
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was asked to contribute an essay on an American place to this well-deserved tribute to Sheldon Meyer, I had no difficulty choosing a subject: the new Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial commemorating my favorite president. It was an opportunity to grouse about the stinginess of Congress and some recent presidents in taking so long to give our greatest twentieth-century president his proper due. More important, it provided an occasion to say something about the attractions of the memorial and how essential such remembrances are in advancing the national well-being.
Vassar College
Authors: Degler Carl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
y first sight of Vassar College on the outskirts of the midHudson river-town of Poughkeepsie, New York, occurred on a dark November night in 1948. The occasion was intended to be a brief-in fact, a very brief-honeymoon from New York City, where Catherine Grady and I had married that afternoon. Since both of us were working at universities and had only a weekend to celebrate, and possessed no car, we looked for a hotel near Princeton University, which was close enough by train from New York for a weekend. There were no rooms, however, since the hotels were overfull because of a big Princeton football game. Looking for another nearby college campus, we thought the short train trip to Poughkeepsie would give us a chance to explore Vassar College, which we had heard of but had never visited. After checking into a small hotel, we walked to the campus.
Climbing Stone Mountain
Authors: Harlan Louis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
stone Mountain, about sixteen miles northeast of Atlanta, is in the middle range of natural wonders, though some provincials call it the eighth wonder of the world. Compared with other mountains, Stone Mountain is but a foothill, rising 780 feet above its surroundings. Even so, as an entirely stone mountain it is unique, an impressive mass of solid granite, denuded of soil or vegetation except for a small grove of stunted cedars high up, known as Buzzards’ Roost. The granite was formed some two hundred million years ago when a volcano extruded a mound of magma upward without breaking the earth’s crust.
Gettysburg
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have lost count of the number of times I have visited Gettysburg. Over the past forty years I have walked, bicycled, and driven around the battlefield and town by myselt with a few friends, and with groups as large as a hundred. I honestly believe that if I were blindfolded and winched down to any spot on the battlefield from a helicopter on a cloudy night, I could remove the blindfold and identif)’ my surroundings within seconds. Gettysburg has come to have a special place in my consciousness, just as it has acquired an unequaled place in the American historical consciousness. When Congress created Gettysburg National Military Park in the 1890s, the Gettysburg Electric Railway Company owned part of the land on which the battle had been fought. The GERC had begun moving earth to build a trolley line to carry tourists over the battlefield.
Introduction: The Ethnographic Imagination of Homer’s Odyssey
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As when the mind leaps, the mind of a man who has traveled across much territory and thinks with shrewd intelligence, “If only I were there or there “ and wishes many things, so quickly did the eager Hera, a goddess, fly,The Greeks have always been fascinated with travel and its connection to knowledge or wisdom. The figure of Solon, the sixth-century B.C.E. Athenian lawgiver and one of the Seven Sages, typifies this association for the early historical period. According to Herodotus, Solon traveled widely after establishing his new set of laws in Athens, in part for the purpose of sightseeing (theoria) and in part to avoid having to repeal any of the laws he had laid down.
Ships and Song
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I said Omerosand O was the conch-shell’s invocation, mer was both mother and sea in our Antillean patois,os, a grey bone, and the white surf as it crashes and spreads its sibilant collar on a lace shore.Derek Walcott, OmerosThroughout much of his poetry, but particularly in his epic poem Omeros, the contemporary Caribbean poet Derek Walcott invokes images of the sea and navigation as metaphors for the poetic process. He places the sea right at the heart of Omeros’ name-“mer was/ both mother and sea in our Antillean patois “and at the center of his poetics. There are two journeys in Walcott’s Omeros, one that the hero makes as he travels from town to town, and the other that the poet embarks upon as he recounts his hero’s adventures:for one, foaming with paper, and dipping the beakof a pen in its foam, while an actual craft carries the other to cities where people speaka different language, or look at him differently ... (p. 291)Walcott’s hero travels on an actual seagoing craft, while the poet conducts his own odyssey from his desk, a metaphorical raft, and Walcott anchors this navigational imagery firmly in the language of poetry by linking raft and craft here in the alternating scheme of his terza rima.1 Obviously, there is something about ships and the sea that powerfully captures the essence of making poetry for Walcott, and, as so often, the modern Caribbean poet sends us back to Homer with fresh eyes to discover a similar metaphorical system already at work in early Greek poetry as well. 2
A Brave New World
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of Book 5, Odysseus makes his preparations to leave Calypso and to return home at long last. Once the raft is built, Calypso brings him clothing and provisions for his trip and stirs up a favorable wind to send him on his way (5.263-68). Odysseus then raises the sails to catch the breeze and settles himself expertly (1:EXVTJEV1: , 5 .2 70) at the rudder of his newly built raft. Initially all goes well, and Odysseus successfully navigates the open sea for seventeen days. On the eighteenth, however, just as he catches sight of the island of the Phaeacians appearing like a shield on the sea, Poseidon spies Odysseus making his way home. Furious, the sea god curses this change of events and stirs up a monumental storm intending to smash Odysseus and his raft to bits:So speaking he gathered together the clouds and stirred up the sea, taking his trident in his hands. He roused up all the storms of all kinds of winds, and he hid the land and the sea equally with clouds. And night arose from the sky. (Od. 5.291-94)Odysseus groans in fear at the sounds of the storm and laments his own destiny to die miserably at sea. His companions at Troy were three and four times more blessed to die gloriously on the battlefield.
Phaeacians and Cyclopes: Overseas Settlement
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world of Phaeacia, with Alcinous’ spectacular palace and its wondrous garden, occupies a space in the Greek ethnographic imagination somewhere between the potential wealth of the Near East and the utopian promise of the Golden Age. This is an ideal world, or rather an idealized version of the real world of overseas commerce in metals that implicates the Greeks and Phoenicians in a network of travel and trade. The previous chapter explored the ways in which the world of the Phaeacians works together with that of the Phoenicians to articulate both the positive and negative aspects of overseas commerce in the Odyssey. Taken on its own, however, this Phaeacian/Phoenician dichotomy fails to account for some other, still puzzling aspects of the Phaeacians. Although Phaeacia seems to evoke Greek imaginings about Near Eastern cities and palaces, there are other ways in which the layout and founding of the city recall a Greek colonial settlement. In addition, as we have already noticed, in spite of the Phaeacians’ famed hospitality-and their treatment of Odysseus is extremely generous-there is an undercurrent of hostility to strangers that runs through Books 6-8. What helps explain these basic inconsistencies in the Phaeacian profile is the recognition that there is a second opposition at work here as well, this time contrasting the Phaeacians with their overbearing relatives, the Cyclopes. In this context, the Phaeacians, together with the Cyclopes, both descendants of Poseidon, represent different pictures of what an overseas settler might find when he lands ashore. Again, as with issues of trade in the Odyssey, the institution of hospitality, xenia, provides a familiar framework for articulating these extreme possibilities as well as for imagining a more moderate and realistic colonial landscape.