bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching Hospitals and Quality of Care: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Ayanian John Z. , Weissman Joel S. 
Published: March 2003

Teaching hospitals are widely reputed to provide high‐quality care, eliciting very positive public opinions in surveys across the United States (Boscarino 1992). The U.S. News and World Report's listing of “America's Best Hospitals” (2000), based in part on the opinions of academic and community physicians, highly ranks many major teaching hospitals. These public and professional views may reflect features of teaching hospitals that are perceived to foster a higher quality of care, including the treatment of rare diseases and complex patients, the provision of specialized services and advanced technology, and the conduct of biomedical research (Neely and McInturff 1998). Some services, such as specialized surgery and bone marrow transplants, are provided predominantly at teaching hospitals (Levin, Moy, and Griner 2000). Other distinctive missions of teaching hospitals include medical education and training, innovations in clinical care, and treatment of indigent patients, particularly at public teaching hospitals (Blumenthal, Weissman, and Campbell 1997).Because teaching hospitals face increasing pressure to justify their higher charges for clinical care, the quality of care in teaching and nonteaching hospitals is an important policy question. The most rigorous peer‐reviewed studies published between 1985 and 2001 that assessed quality of care by hospital‐teaching status in the United States provide moderately strong evidence of better quality and lower risk‐adjusted mortality in major teaching hospitals for elderly patients with common conditions such as acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and pneumonia. A few studies, however, found nursing care, pediatric intensive care, and some surgical outcomes to be better in nonteaching hospitals. Some factors related to teaching status, such as organizational culture, staffing, technology, and volume, may lead to higher‐quality care.
Inside the Sausage Factory: Improving Estimates of the Effects of Health Insurance Expansion Proposals
Authors: Glied Sherry , Remler Dahlia K. , Zivin Joshua Graff 
Published: March 2003

Many policy proposals address the lack ofinsurance coverage, with the most commonly discussed being tax credits to individuals, expansions of existing public programs, subsidies for employers to offer coverage to their workers, and mandates for employers and individuals. Although some policy options may be favored (or disfavored) on theoretical or ideological grounds, many debates about policy center on empirical questions: How much will this option cost? How many people will obtain insurance coverage?Estimates of costs and consequences influence policy in three ways. First, the Office of Management and Budget, the Congressional Budget Office, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Treasury Department, and other government agencies incorporate estimates of the costs of proposals in their budget calculations. Particularly in times of fiscal restraint, the cost of a proposal is central to its legislative prospects. Second, recognizing the importance of final budget numbers, policy advocates include estimates in their advocacy.The fate of a proposal to expand health insurance is influenced by predictions of the proposal's effects on the number of newly insured and the cost of new coverage. Estimates vary widely, for reasons that are often hard to discern and evaluate. This article describes and compares the frameworks and parameters used for insurance modeling. It examines conventions and controversies surrounding a series of modeling parameters: how individuals respond to a change in the price of coverage, the extent of participation in a new plan by those already privately insured, firms' behavior, and the value of public versus private coverage. The article also suggests ways of making models more transparent and proposes "reference case" guidelines for modelers so that consumers can compare modeling results.
The Acquisition of Modality: Implications for Theories of Semantic Representation
Authors: Papafragou Anna 
Published: March 2003

The set of English modal verbs is widely recognized to communicate two broad clusters of meanings: epistemic and root modal meanings. A number of researchers have claimed that root meanings are acquired earlier than epistemic ones;this claim has subsequently been employed in the linguistics literature as an argument for the position that English modal verbs are polysemous (Sweetser, 1990). In this paper I offer an alternative explanation for the later emergence of epistemic interpretations by linking them to the development of the child’s theory of mind (Wellman, 1990); if correct, this hypothesis might have important implications for the shape of the semantics of modal verbs.
On the Argument for Divine Timelessness from the Incompleteness of Temporal Life
Authors: Lane Craig William 
Published: March 2003

A promising argument for divine timelessness is that temporal life is possessed only moment by moment, which is incompatible with the existence of a perfect being.Since the argument is based on the experience of time’s passage, it cannot be circumvented by appeal to a tenseless theory of time.Neither can the argument be subverted by appeals to a temporal deity’s possession of a specious present of infinite duration.Nonetheless, because the argument concerns one’s experience of time’s passage rather than the objective reality of temporal becoming itself, it is considerably weakened by the fact that an omniscient being possessing perfect memory and foreknowledge, need not find such experience to be an imperfection.
Proverbs with Solomon: A critical revision of the pre‐critical commentary tradition in the light of a biblical intertextual study
Authors: Moss Alan 
Published: March 2003

The historical criticism of the Book of Proverbs has substituted the pre‐Enlightenment view that Solomon was the real author with the finding that Israel’s post‐exilic sages added the name and prestige of the wisest of kings to their work. However the pre‐Enlightenment commentators of Proverbs recognised that the name Solomon is integral to the text of Proverbs. This article recognises this textual datum and reads Prov 1–9 from an unusual angle today, namely as if Solomon were the author and principal speaker. In such a reading of Prov 1–9 the portrait of Solomon emerging from within the text is sharpened by a comparison with the depiction of Solomon in 1 Kgs 1–11.The article seeks to make the point that the character of Solomon so construed in a textual comparison of Prov 1–9 and 1 Kgs 1–11 is but one of a number of diverse portraits made of Solomon in Proverbs throughout the centuries of commentary. In the first part of the article we study three early commentaries, those of Bede, of Hugo Grotius, and of Augustin Calmet. We show that the portrait of Solomon discovered in our own reading of Prov 1–9 in the second part of the article takes its place alongside numerous others. However we today are able to be more faithful to the biblical text than the early commentators because we need not harmonise Proverbs with 1 Kings, as the early commentators felt obliged to do. A contemporary intertextual study of Prov 1–9 can recoup a valid aspect of the ancient literary tradition, that of making Solomon integral to Proverbs. The Solomon we have discovered in Prov 1–9 is the one that spoke through Proverbs at its first publication. In Prov 1–9 the royal attribute is set aside. Solomon is represented as an Israelite teaching parent.
A Venetian Secretary in England: an unpublished diplomatic report in the Biblioteca Marciana, Venice1
Authors: Barrington Robert 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Venetian diplomatic relazioni are a familiar source to sixteenth‐century historians. They often present a detailed philosophical and political analysis of the courts to which Venice had sent ambassadors. At their best, they are sophisticated humanist commentaries on the state. Relazioni from Tudor England were no exception. Unfortunately, the politically turbulent years of the early Reformation are marked by a break in the Venetian relazioni coinciding with the period when diplomatic representation was suspended. However, a newly‐discovered document reproduced here, from the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice, is almost certainly a secretary's report which fills this chronological gap. The document is formal in tone and follows the structure of a model relazione. The lengthy descriptions of England's history and geography and references to contemporary events suggest a date of c. 1540.
Eighteenth‐century Equity Lawsuits in the Court of Exchequer as a Source for Historial Research
Authors: Milhous Judith , Hume Robert D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Equity lawsuits in the court of Exchequer remain neglected by historical scholars. They present a treasure‐trove for historians, literary scholars, musicologists and others: any suit that could be brought in Chancery between the mid‐seventeenth century and 1841 could equally well be brought in Exchequer. Relying largely on name searches, we have discovered more than fifty suits connected with our own interests in theatre and opera history. Organization (and hence the search process) differs significantly from Chancery, but we have provided a kind of beginner's guide to the records as well as illustrations of the sorts of discoveries we have made.
The career of Sir Thomas Everingham, ‘Knight of the North’ in the service of Maximilian, duke of Austria, 1477–81*
Authors: Meek Edward L. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Sir Thomas Everingham's distinguished career in the armies of Maximilian, duke of Austria, led contemporaries to regard him as one of the most capable English military commanders of his generation. Nevertheless his career has been rather neglected by historians of Yorkist England. Using the substantial records of the Archives Départementales at Lille, this article provides for the first time a full survey of Everingham's activities in the service of the duke of Austria. It also argues that English military activity in the Low Countries after 1477 was greater than previously thought. Furthermore, this article challenges the belief that Edward IV was unenthusiastic during the later part of his reign towards any kind of English military support of Maximilian's government.
African voices from two world wars
Authors: Killingray David 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Hundreds of thousands of African soldiers and labourers served in colonial armies during the two World Wars. Most were non-literate and there are relatively few first-hand records of their experiences. Using oral evidence, soldiers' letters and official reports, this article allows the African voice to describe the role of individual men as they enlisted, or were conscripted; the period of initial training; the encounter with new forms of clothing, food and the artefacts of the modern world; travel overseas by ship to the war theatre; the face of battle; leave in foreign cities; and the stresses of long absence from wives and families. A final section looks at the process of demobilization and home-coming and places in perspective the involvement of ex-servicemen in nationalist politics after 1945.
In pursuit of a new ‘enterprise’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm for learning: creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge
Authors: Gibb Allan 
Published: March 2003

The paper argues for a new approach to the study of entrepreneurship and a new paradigm as a basis for entrepreneurship education. It also argues that such an approach is unlikely to come from university business schools. It needs an organisational revolution which, however, can be managed within a university as a whole. The paper is divided into two parts. The first explores the political imperative in Europe for development of the ‘enterprise culture’ and attributes this mainly to pressures for greater international competitiveness. The educational response is then examined and, with the help of a number of recent surveys, some of the key issues pertaining to the development of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions in the UK and Europe are reviewed. The second part attempts to address the imperative at a more conceptual level. The pursuit of entrepreneurial behaviour is seen as a function of the degree of uncertainty and complexity in the task and broader environment and/or the desire of an individual, in pursuit of an opportunity or problem solution, to create it. It is argued that the key trigger for the growing interest in entrepreneurship is globalization. The way in which this has impacted on the role of the state, the organization of business activity and public services and on individuals to create greater uncertainty and complexity in the environment is explored. This leads to a conclusion that a wide range of stakeholders are being confronted with the need for entrepreneurial behaviour, for example, priests, doctors, teachers, policemen, pensioners and community workers and, indeed, potentially everyone in the community. Entrepreneurship is therefore not solely the prerogative of business.It follows that the traditional focus of entrepreneurship education on business, and new venture management in particular, provides an inadequate basis for response to societal needs. Moreover, the pervasive ideology of the ‘heroic’ entrepreneur can be seen as a dysfunctional when viewed against the needs of a wider community. The wider notion of ‘enterprise’ is therefore introduced as a means of moving away from the hitherto narrow paradigm. How this relates to the development of the individual and the design of enterprising organizations is explored. The paper explores the challenge of this broader context by reference to a number of issues central to the globalization debate including: culture, market liberalization, forms of governance and democracy. It then links these with the ontological and epistemological challenge to education. It concludes with discussion as to how this relates to the traditional concept of a university and argues that universities as a whole are in a much better position to respond to the challenge than are business schools.
Globalization and the Corporations: The Case of the California Fortune 500
Authors: Sklair Leslie 
Published: March 2003

This article argues that there is a genuine process of globalization taking place among the Fortune Global 500 corporations domiciled in California. Globalization is assessed in terms of four criteria: (1) foreign direct investment; (2) benchmarking and world best practice; (3) global corporate citizenship; and (4) global vision. The study is based on interviews in ten of the fifteen Global 500 corporations in California, plus one private corporation with comparable revenues. The interviews focused on the uses and meanings of globalization in corporate vocabularies and practices, and the salience of these four criteria. The interview findings and company, business press and scholarly publications provide substantial support for the thesis that a genuine process of globalization is taking place, even if it is more advanced in some corporations than others, and that this globalization has important effects on local and regional economies.Cet article maintient qu'un processus réel de globalisation est en train de prendre place parmi les 500 compagnies globales Fortuneétablies en Californie. La globalisation est évaluée par quatre critères: (1) l'investis‐sement étranger direct; (2) les points de repère et la meilleure pratique dans le monde; (3) la citoyenneté corporative globale; et (4) une vision globale. Cette étude est basée sur des entrevues conduites dans dix des quinze compagnies globales 500 en Californie et dans une compagnie privée ayant des revenus comparables. Les entrevues portaient sur l'utilisation et la signification de la globalisation dans le vocabulaire et les pratiques des compagnies et sur l'importance de ces quatre critères. Les résultats de ces entrevues, la presse commerciale et les publications académiques apportent un soutien considérable à la thèse qu'un processus réel de globalisation est en train de se produire – bien qu'il soit plus avancé dans certaines compagnies – et que cette globalisation a des effets important sur les économies locales et régionales.
The New Urban Left: Parties Without Actors
Authors: Lustiger‐Thaler Henri , Shragge Eric 
Published: March 2003

One of the hallmarks of late political modernity may be that grassroots groups and urban social movements are fixed in increasingly distal relations with left of center parties. We examine the history of these relations in the city of Montreal, where there has been an historic progression from left parties, with significant constituencies, to parties without local actors. The 1994 municipal election in Montreal is reviewed in this light. Our findings indicate, however, that urban movements have developed a ‘transfunctionality’. This places them in a conflict‐laden stance to urban social policy, by signaling that which has been excluded from that relationship, through the arbitrariness of the service function they have taken on. These transformations have ushered them away from protest activities and towards a politics of everyday life (needs satisfactions, well‐being), increasing their base constituencies, while lowering their ideological and rhetorical positions. Grassroots groups are bringing an unaccustomed political diversity into the discourse of the traditional and new urban left. These are not programmatic rehearsals, in search of a reworked or revised totality, but rather represent strategically placed claims to appropriate greater political, social and cultural spaces around issues of mutuality, self‐help and effective local powerUne les caractéristiques de la modernité politique récente est peut‐être que les groupes populaires et les mouvements sociaux urbains sont immobilisés dans des relations de plus en plus éloignées des partis de centre‐gauche. Nous examinons l'histoire de ces relations dans la ville de Montréal, où il y a eu une progression historique des partis de gauche, avec des circonscriptions électorales considérables, vers des partis sans participants locaux. Les élections municipales de 1994 à Montréal sont reconsidérées sous cet angle. Nos conclusions indiquent, cependant, que les mouvements urbains ont développé une ‘transfonctionnalité’. Ceci les place dans une position de conflit par rapport aux politiques sociales urbaines, en indiquant ce qui a été exclus de cette relation par l'arbitraire des fonctions de service qu'ils ont adoptées. Ces transformations les ont éloignés des activités de protestation et rapprochés des politiques de la vie de tous les jours (satisfactions des besoins, bien‐être), augmentant leurs circonscription électorale de base et en même temps abaissant leurs positions idéologique et rhétorique. Les groupes populaires apportent une diversité politique inhabituelle au discours de la gauche traditionnelle et de la nouvelle gauche urbaine. Ce ne sont pas des répétitions programmatiques cherchant une totalité remodelée ou révisée mais représentent plutôt des demandes stratégiques pour approprier plus d'espaces politiques, sociaux et culturels quant aux questions de réciprocité, d'efforts personnels et de pouvoir local efficace.
The Immoral Economy of Housing in Turkey
Authors: Bugra Ayse 
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an examination of the political, social and economic coordinates of informal housing in Turkey within an analytical framework in which the complex interaction between the organizing principles of reciprocity, redistribution and exchange is taken into account. The discussion is centered on two ideas: (1) both redistribution and reciprocity incorporate a moral principle which can be defined as ‘the unequal treatment of the unequal’ as opposed to the moral neutrality of market exchange which takes place between formally equal trading partners; and (2) in certain contexts where redistributive processes are not institutionalized in a rule‐based, depersonalized manner but involve relations which take place within informal networks of reciprocity, the element of moral relativity that forms their basis might lead to situations where they lose their legitimacy and generate negative social consequences. The paper thus introduces a moral dimension into the discussion of informal sector activity by complementing Karl Polanyi's approach with Marshall Sahlins' typology of different types of reciprocity and shows that particular systems of redistribution might lead to the emergence of forms of negative reciprocity which shape both the market and the political process in a highly undesirable manner.Cet article présente un examen des coordonnées politiques, sociales et économiques du logement informel en Turquie, utilisant un modèle analytique dans lequel l'influence mutuelle entre les principes d'organisation, de réciprocité, de redistribution et d'échange, est prise en considération. La discussion porte sur deux idées: (1) la redistribution et la réciprocité comprennent toutes deux un principe moral qui peut être défini comme ‘le traitement inégal de l'inégal’, par opposition à la moralité neutre de l'échange de marché qui prend place entre des partenaires de commerce formellement égaux; et (2) dans certains contextes, lorsque les processus redistributifs ne sont pas institutionnalisés d'une façon formelle et impersonnelle mais incluent des relations qui prennent place dans des réseaux informels de reciprocité, l'élément de relativité morale qui forme leur base pourrait conduire à des situations où ils perdraient leur légitimité et auraient des conséquences sociales négatives. Cet article introduit donc une dimension morale à la discussion de l'activité du secteur informel en complémentant l'approche de Karl Polanyi avec la typologie des différents types de réciprocité de Marshall Sahlins, et montre que certains syst èmes de redistribution pourraient conduire à la naissance de formes de réciprocité négatives qui modèleraient de manière hautement indésirable et le processus du marché et le processus politique.