bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gustatory determinants of suckling in albino rats 5‐20 days of age
Authors: Kehoe Priscilla , Blass Elliott M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTaste reactivity in suckling rat pups was assessed. Five‐day‐old rats in Experiment I were equipped with tongue cannulae seated 2 mm rostral, 0–3 mm caudal, or 4–6 mm caudal to the intermolar eminence. Either water, 1.4 × 10−3 QHC1, .50M NH4Cl, or .43M NaCl was delivered in one of three fashions during suckling: (1) continous: fluid was continuously available from a reservoir connected to the cannula, and could be obtained by exerting suction; (2) discrete: same procedure as above, save that fluid was available for only 30 sec every 3 min of the 30‐min test; (3) pulsatile: here, .05 ml fluid was delivered by infusion pump 8–10 sec every 3 min, provided the pups were attached to a nipple. Based on intake, time and behavioral measures, we conclude behavioral reactivity exists especially to NH4Cl and NaCl. As to quinine, Day 5 pups were responsive only when QHCl was delivered in the continuous mode. In Experiment II, rats 10, 15, and 20 days of age received the above solutions by infusions with the cannulae located in one of the three positions. Quinine reactivity developed sequentially in an anterior to posterior direction. NH4Cl disrupted behavior in 5‐, 10‐, and especilly 20‐day‐old rats. Remarkably, Day 15 rats were not behaviorally reactive to NH4Cl. Sodium chloride, especially in the anterior and middle positions, was treated as an aversive solution during suckling throughout development. Based on existing electrophysiological data, the last finding was unexpected.
Development of vocal recognition of mothers in infant japanese macaques
Authors: Masataka Nobuo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIndividual vocal recognition was studied in infant Japanese macaques by presenting natural calls of mothers and nonmother cagemates to them in a habituation‐dishabituation paradigm. Discriminability was measured by an increase in conditioned sucking response rate to a second stimulus call after habituation to the first stimulus call. Recovery from habituation was greater in subjects over 190 days postconception when mother's vocalizations were played back after the stimulus change than when sounds of others were presented. Results demonstrate that the subjects could sort acoustic variants of vocalizations given by their cagemates into at least two categories (mother versus others) and suggest that vocal recognition of mothers develops relative to postconception (maturational) rather than postnatal age in Japanese macaques.
Spatial memory of children and adults assessed in the radial maze
Authors: Aadland Jan , Beatty William W. , Maki Ruth H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo assess the development of accurate spatial memory and its relationship to organized search strategies, children (18–71 months old) and college students searched for rewards hidden at the ends of the arms of an eight‐arm radial maze. Subjects made their first four choices in random order selected by the experimenter (forced choice) or in whatever order they wished (free choice). In some conditions, a retention interval was imposed between arm choices 4 and 5, followed by a resumption of the task. With free choice, accuracy of spatial memory increased linearly with age, and the proportion of tests on which the child entered four adjacent arms in sequence during the first four choices, a measure of organized searching, also increased linearly with age. Disrupting this sequential search strategy (forced choice) reduced accuracy for both children and college students, although the reduction with college students was small. Delays had minimal effects for children who met criterion at 0‐delay and for college students. Although response patterns seem unimportant in accurate spatial memory in rats, systematic search strategies mature together with, and probably contribute to, the improvement of spatial memory with age in humans.
Ontogenesis of learning: VI. Learned and unlearned responses to visual stimulation in the infant hooded rat
Authors: Moye Thomas B. , Rudy Jerry W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure was used to examine the ontogeny of the hooded rats' learned responses to visual stimulation. The data suggests a dissociation in the emergence of the processes required to detect visual events and those necessary for learning an association between visual stimulation and shock. Pups did not condition to a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a shock unconditioned stimulus (US) until they were 17 days old, even though 15‐day‐olds were clearly able to detect the visual CS. Although 15‐day‐olds failed to condition to the visual CS, they conditioned successfully when an auditory CS was paired with shock. Thus, the 15‐day‐olds' failure to condition to the visual CS was not due to a performance deficit or to a general ineffectiveness of shock as an US. These data suggest that the components of the visual system that mediate detection and those required for associative learning mature sequentially.
Specificity in the reactivation of infant memory
Authors: Rovee‐Collier Carolyn , Patterson Jeff , Hayne Harlene 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn three experiments the specificity of an effective reactivation stimulus, or reminder, was examined. Two weeks after learning to produce movement in a crib mobile by footkicking, 3‐month‐old human infants showed no retention of the response‐reinforcer contingency. A reactivation procedure 24 hours prior to the long‐term retention test was effective if the reminder was a brief noncontingent exposure to the original 5‐component training mobile or a mobile containing one novel substitution. When more than one novel component were substituted into the original mobile, the reminder was ineffective. This was predicted by the discrimination function 24 hours following training. A reminder containing only a single familiar (predictive) component and four novel ones was also moderately effective. In subsequent studies, we explored different interpretations of the reminder specificity effect. We hypothesize that reminder specificity is of particular adaptive value for developing organisms in providing a buffer against memory retrieval in inappropriate contexts.
The ontogeny of salt preference in rats
Authors: Moe Karen E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMany mammals eat salt irrespective of need. This behavior, called salt preference or appetite, is studied primarily in adults. Little is known about its ontogeny. In these experiments, 3–18‐day‐old rat pups were offered saline, quinine, or ammonium chloride solutions by infusion through an anterior oral catheter, and intake was measured. At 6–18 days, pups showed the inverted U‐shaped preference‐aversion curve for NaCl that is characteristic of adult rats. Thus, rats express a preference for salt at a very early age. However, the curves were broader than the typical adult curve and were shifted along the concentration gradient in an age‐related fashion. Consumption of quinine and ammonium chloride showed similar age‐related changes. These changes may reflect the postnatal timing of the development of the rat gustatory system.
The role of penile stimulation and ejaculatory experience on the development and maintenance of reproductive behavior in the bull (Bos taurus)
Authors: Katz Larry S. , Price Edward O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo determine the role of afferent input from the penis and copulatory experience on the ontogeny of reproductive behavior, 49 bulls were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) control; (2) surgical penile deflection (penis deviation), which prevents intromission; (3) penile neurectomy; or (4) penis deviation plus neurectomy. Sexual performance tests were conducted at 3‐month intervals from 9 to 24 months of age. Bulls deviated but not neurectomized mounted more frequently than bulls in the other groups. The low mount frequency for control bulls in tests in which copulation occurred was due to the sexually quiescent postejaculatory refractory period. Preventing control bulls from copulating by affixing cloth patches to females' perinea increased mount frequency to the level of deviated bulls. It is concluded that copulatory experince is not essential to the development and maintenance of normal mounting activity. However, sensory stimulation from the penis facilitates the expression of sexual behaviors.
Infanticide by virgin CF‐1 and wild male house mice (Mus musculus): Effects of age, prolonged isolation, and testing procedure
Authors: McCarthy Margaret M. , vom Saal Frederick S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe frequency of infanticide by juvenile, young‐adult, and adult male house mice (Mus musculus) was compared in CF‐1 albino mice and the F1–F4 male offspring of wild mice trapped in Missouri. When tested in their home cages for their behavior toward a single 2‐day‐old pup after being individually housed for 5 days, juvenile CF‐1 and wild males were equally likely to exhibit infanticide (about 35%). But, adult wild males were significantly more likely to exhibit infanticide (about 90%) than were adult CF‐1 males (about 45%). We propose that differences in exposure to testosterone during fetal life may contribute to the difference in the incidence of infanticide between CF‐1 and wild males. Prolonged isolation (45 days) significantly reduced the proportion of wild male mice that exhibited infanticide when the males were tested in their home cages, but not when the males were tested by being placed into the cage of lactating females and their 2‐day‐old young. Virtually all adult wild males exhibited infanticide when they were tested in their home cages (with either a 2‐day‐old or 7‐day‐old pup) or when they were placed into the cages of lactating wild female mice and their 2‐day‐old young. But, when adult wild males were placed with lactating wild females on Day 7 postpartum, the females attacked the males and most males were prevented from exhibiting infanticide.
Alarm call responsivity of mallard ducklings: III. Acoustic features affecting behavioral inhibition
Authors: Miller David B. , Blaich Charles F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMallard duckling (Anas platyrhynchos) inhibit their vocal and locomotor behavior upon hearing the maternal alarm call of their species. This study assesses the effects of varying acoustic features of alarm calls on the ducklings' freezing response (i.e., vocal and locomotor inhibition). Domestic mallard (Peking) ducklings were tested individually to alarm calls that varied either in note duration, frequency modulation, dominant frequency, repetition rate, or repetition rate in combination with these other features. The present study demonstrates that ducklings show a high degree of behavioral specificity to repetition rate (i.e., number of notes per second), relative to other acoustic features. This study also revealed that ducklings also exhibit some degree of behavioral specificity to note duration. Dominant frequency and frequency modulation play only a minor role in affecting behavioral inhibition. The behavioral specificity of mallard ducklings to slow repetition rates (that are typical of maternal alarm calls) provides a basis for the importance of their slow‐rate perinatal vocalizations in the development of alarm call responsivity.
The effects of 24‐hr maternal separation and of litter‐size reduction on the isolation‐distress response of 12‐day‐old rat pups
Authors: Hofer Myron A. , Brunelli Susan A. , Shair Harry N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe asked whether the mother–infant interaction acted over time to regulate the ultrasonic vocalization (USV) and activity responses of 12‐day‐old rat pups to isolation in a novel test area. In a series of four experiments, we found that 24 hr of maternal deprivation did not alter USV isolation responses, but that reduction of litter size to 4 pups from 8 markedly attenuated the USV response and increased weight gain, without effects on activity level. Ambient temperatures during 24‐hr maternal separation were varied from 23° to 35°C without effect on subsequent USV responses, but activity levels were markedly reduced in pups separated at the low heat level. Possible mechanisms for maternal regulation of USV responses involving nutrient effects, altered processing of thermal stimuli, and the inhibition of thermogenesis by nutrient deprivation are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Cardiac vagal tone: Stability and relation to difficultness in infants and 3‐year‐Olds
Authors: Porges Stephen W. , Doussard‐Roosevelt Jane A. , Lourdes Portales A. , Suess Patricia E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPsychophysiological studies of infants have found a relation between behavioral reactivity and indices of autonomic state. The relation between behavioral reactivity, assessed via maternal report, and autonomic state, assessed via cardiac vagal tone in 9‐month‐old infants was examined. Cardiac vagal tone was quantified by measuring the amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. High cardiac vagal tone was associated with greater behavioral reactivity, resulting in maternal reports of more difficult temperament. Stability of the two measures, cardiac vagal tone and difficult temperament, from 9 months to 3 years of age was demonstrated. In addition, 9‐month cardiac vagtal tone, independent of 9‐months temperament, was related to 3‐year difficultness with higher 9‐month cardiac vagal tone being related to less‐difficult 3‐year behavior. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparisons of nipple attachment and incisor growth among four species of voles (Microtus)
Authors: Salo Allen L. , Shapiro Lawrence E. , Dewsbury Donald A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPatterns of nipple attachment and incisor growth were compared between four species of voles (Microtus). Offspring of two highly social species, prairie voles (M. ochrogaster) and pine voles (M. pinetorum). were shown to cling tightly to the nipples of their dams on Days 2, 6, and 10. This pattern contrasted to weak nipple attachment displayed by two less‐social species, meadow voles (M. pennsylvanicus) and montane voles (M. montanus). Lengths of the upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) incisors of the four species were recorded throughout the first 10 days of age and in adults. Incisors of the pine and prairie voles typically erupted earlier and grew longer than those of the meadow or montane voles during the first few days of development. Incisors grew at a substantial rate in the latter two species, such that they equalled or surpassed the incisor lengths of the former two species as Day 10 and weaning approached. Patterns of incisor growth, in part, reflected those for nipple attachment, but do not appear to account substantially for differences in nipple attachment. ©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hand preferences for bimanual feeding in 140 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Rearing and ontogenetic determinants
Authors: Hopkins William D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHand preference in bimanual feeding was assesed in 140 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Bimanual feeding was defined as the active use of one hand for feeding with the opposite hand holding other food items. In terms of strength of hand preference, adults were more lateralized than sub‐adults. Additionally, mother‐reared chimpanzees were more lateralized than nursery‐reared chimpanzees. The number of subjects with no hand preference was more prevalent in sub‐adults compared with young and older adults. Of those subjects with a significant hand preference, a larger proportion exhibited a right‐hand preference. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports of handedness and bimanual feeding in gorillas and bonobos.©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of uncoupling between D1‐ and D2‐ mediated motor behavior in rats depleted of dopamine as neonates
Authors: Byrnes Elizabeth Mccone , Bruno John P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe D1‐and D2‐mediation of stimulated motor behavior was studied in pups (Days 10–11) and weanlings (Days 20–21) that had been depleted of dopamine (DA) on postnatal Day 3. Administration of the D1‐like agonist SKF 38393 (30.0 mg/kg) or the D2‐like agonist quinpirole (3.0 mg/kg) increased the incidence of sniffing and locomotion in intact and DA‐depleted animals tested at either age. However, the ability of selective DA antagonists to reduce these stimulated responses interacted with both the depletion and the age at the time of testing. When tested as pups, both the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) and the D2 antagonist clebopride (10.0 mg/kg) suppresed the behaviors induced by either class of DA agonist. When tested as weanlings, intact animals exhibited the profile of pups (i.e., either class antagonist blocked each agonist). In DA‐depleted weanlings, however, only the D1 antagonist blocked the D1 agonist‐induced responses and only the D2 antagonist blocked the D2 agonist‐induced responses. These data demonstrate that the interactions between D1 and D2 receptors in the expression of stimulated motor behaviors are altered following DA depletions in neonates. Moreover, this change in receptor function occurs sometime between 7 and 13 days after the DA depletion.©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Separation and depression in infant gorillas
Authors: Hoff Michael P. , Nadler Ronald D. , Hoff Kathryn T. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree 27‐month‐old infant gorillas living with their mothers and a silverbacked male were separated to a cage for 24 weeks. The infants initially showed threat responses and increased locomotion, characteristic of the protest stage of anaclitic depression in children. Within several days, these were replaced by dorso‐ventral contact among the infants as well as self‐holding and fetal positioning. Additionally, social and solitary play and object examination occurred at lower levels through separation than in the pre‐separation condition. These changes were characteristic of the despair stage of separation. There was a substantial recovery of many infant nonsocial and social behavior in the later months of the separation. Upon reunion, the infants did not immediately engage in attachment behaviors with their mothers, and spent more time in contact with each other than with their mothers for the first several days, indicating detachment. Following this, there was an increase in mother‐infant attachment behaviors.©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brain and behavioral effects of dietary n‐3 deficiency in mice: A three generational study
Authors: Wainwright P. E. , Huang Y.‐S. , Coscina D. V. , Lévesque S. , McCutcheon D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFeeding mice a diet deficient in n‐3 fatty acids for three generations resulted in a 53% decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6n‐3) in the brain. Maternal pup retrieval and social learning of a food preference are both tasks based on olfactory function. All dams made contact more readily with pups of their own dietary group, and animals of both dietary groups demonstrated the ability to learn a food preference through exposure to a conspecific that had previously eaten the food. Both groups showed similar ability to learn the location of the hidden platform in the Morris water maze, while the n‐3 deficient animals were marginally faster in locating the platform on the cued trial. They were also more active when tested in the open field. While they did not differ in their duration of immobility in a forced swimming test, the deficient animals did have longer paw‐lick latencies on a hot plate. Thus, in this study a significant reduction in brain n‐3 fatty acid composition, while associated with some indications of change in emotional reactivity, did not impair olfactory function or learning of either a latent or spatial nature.©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Habituation, sensitization, and infants' responses to motherse speech
Authors: Kaplan Peter S. , Goldstein Michael H. , Huckeby Elizabeth R. , Cooper Robin Panneton 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFour‐month‐old infants were tested for their visual responses to infant‐directed (ID) speech versus adult‐directed (AD) speech in a fixed‐trial habituation procedure. In Experiment I, infants looked significantly longer in response to a 4 × 4 checkerboard pattern that was compounded with an ID speech segment than an AD speech segment. Looking times increased significantly between the first and second presentations of the ID speech segment only. In Experiment II, infants looked slightly more during ID than AD trials when the two were alternated from trial to trial. Responding to the first AD speech segment was significantly greater than when it was preceded by ID speech than when it was not, while responding to the first ID speech segment was significantly less when it was preceded by AD speech than when it was not. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesized differential arousing properties of ID and AD speech. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of opioid receptor blockade on the social behavior of rhesus monkeys living in large family groups
Authors: Martel Frances L. , Nevison Claire M. , Simpson Michael J. A. , Keverne Eric B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRhesus monkeys of 9 weeks, 48 weeks, 100 weeks, 150 weeks of age (young subjects), or mature parous females that were not lactating were given acute single doses of the opioid antagonist naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) and vehicle on different days and observed in their familial social groups. Naloxone increased the occurrence of affiliative behaviors. Young subjects spent more time in contact with their mothers but showed no changes in social grooming. Maternal contact was actively sought through contact vocalizations, decreasing proximity, and, for the youngest infants, increased attempts to suckle. Mature females made more solicitations for grooming and received more grooming from their companions. These results are interpreted in terms of naloxone blocking the positive affect arising from social contact and thus causing subjects to seek further affiliative comfort. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of rearing condition on activity‐induced weight loss
Authors: Ness James W. , Marshall Timothy R. , Aravich Paul F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of differential rearing conditions on a rat protocol for various human syndromes. Subjects were 26 male Sprague‐Dawley rats, 24 days old at the start of the experiment, matched according to weight, and randomly assigned to an isolation‐ or group‐reared (4 rats/cage) condition. At 60 days of age (273 ± 13 g), subjects were individually housed in cages allowing access to running wheels. Weight loss was produced through voluntary exercis and restricted food access. Animals in the isolationreared condition lost weight at a faster rate and had heavier relative thymus weights than those in the groupreared condition. Animals in both conditions ran equivalent distances and ate equivalent amounts of food. The data show that postweaning rearing conditions impact the interpretation of behavioral and physiological outcomes of animal models. The results implicate a shift from maternal regulation of pup physiological and behavioral systems to the broader social niche. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of water‐immersion produced analgesia
Authors: Stolberg Alex , Frenk Hanan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNociceptive and antinociceptive systems change dramatically during the first 10 days of life in rats. The present studies sought to determine whether exposure to water stress can produce analgesia during this period, and when in the ontogeny changes in magnitude and duration of such stress‐induced analgesia occur. It was found that exposure to water reliably induced analgesia as early as 3 days postnatally. This analgesia increased in magnitude and duration at the age of 17–20 days, when supra‐spinal descending inhibition develops, and depended on the temperature of the water and duration of exposure. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.