bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xenophobia among East German Youth
Authors: Schubarth Wilfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collapse of the socialist regimes and the end of confrontation between the two antagonistic political blocs triggered deep-seated transformations and shocks in Germany and throughout Europe. These developments have been accompanied by a growth in nationalism, xenophobia, antisemitism, and violence (Butterwegge and Jager 1992, Otto and Merten 1993, Forster et al. 1993). In Germany, too, the end of East Germany and eastern Germany’s accession to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRO) were linked with an increase in nationalism and xenophobia related to changes in the political culture. Although excessive extremist right-wing violent activities in Germany after the period of 1990--93 appear to have decreased, a range of factors indicating a right-wing trend within the society makes continued attention to nationalism, right-wing extremism, and xenophobia advisable. This is the case for both eastern and western Germany; right-wing extremism and xenophobia are problems affecting all of Germany, not specifically the East. Nevertheless, developments in eastern Germany lead one to ask how hatred of foreigners and xenophobia could escalate to such an extent in a socialist state that considered itself a “stronghold of antifascism,” and spoke constantly of “friendship among the peoples” and “proletarian internationalism.” Was something merely surfacing for which the stage was already set in the authoritarian East German system, or was extremist violence and hatred only a byproduct of the collapse of the socialist system and unification? Since the prominent violent attacks on foreigners and asylum seekers in Hoyerswerda, Rostock, Molln, and Solingen in the early 1990s, increasing efforts have been made to study the causes of growing susceptibility to right-wing extremism and xenophobic violence.
“Revisionism” in Germany and Austria The Evolution of a Doctrine
Authors: Bailer-Galanda Brigitte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people understand so-called revisionismI as just another word for the movement of Holocaust denial (Benz 1994, Lipstadt 1993, Shapiro 1990). Therefore it has been suggested that the word “negationism” be used instead. However, it is the author’s point of view that “revisionism” covers topics other than denial of the National Socialist mass murders. In Germany and Austria especially, some people have tried to minimize or apologize for other issues of National Socialist politics after 1945. These include the responsibility for World War II, the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 (a recent topic), the debate about the number of victims of the Holocaust. In the seventies, the historian Martin Broszat described that movement as “running amok against reality” (Broszat 1976). Pseudohistorical writersmany of them right-wing publishers or people who quite rapidly turned to rightwing extremists-try to prove that certain historical events have not taken place, or have occmTed differently than generally acknowledged, as if they were able to undo or redo events by denying or reinterpreting them.
Concluding Remarks: Questions for Further Research in Comparative Perspective
Authors: En Hermann Kurth , Bergmann Werner , Erb Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wave of xenophobic violence, the electoral successes of far-right parties, and the upsurge of aggressive antisemitic incidents between 1991 and 1994 alarmed the German and international public. This book itself is a reaction to those events and reflects academic attempts to describe and explain these challenges to united Germany from historical, political, and sociological perspectives. The intention of this book is to shed more light on the causes and origins of societal transformations that promote the escalation of xenophobic and ethnocentric violence and antisemitic resentment. In the first part of this volume (chapters 2-5), empirical facts and findings are presented that cover the origins and the extent of antisemitism and xenophobia in East and West Germany. In chapters 6-9, roots and motives of specific social forces, movements, groups, and organizations propagating hate and prejudice are analyzed. Finally, chapters 10-12 cover the reactions of German society and the Jewish community in Germany, as well as the response of the media abroad.
Manufacturing Religion
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this new book, author Russell McCutcheon offers a powerful critique of traditional scholarship on religion, focusing on multiple interrelated targets. Most prominent among these are the History of Religions as a discipline; Mircea Eliade, one of the founders of the modern discipline; recent scholarship on Eliade’s life and politics; contemporary textbooks on world religions; and the oft-repeated bromide that “religion” is a sui generis phenomenon. McCutcheon skillfully analyzes the ideological basis for and service of the sui generis argument, demonstrating that it has been used to constitute the field’s object of study in a form that is ahistoric, apolitical, fetishized, and sacrosanct. As such, he charges, it has helped to create departments, jobs, and publication outlets for those who are comfortable with such a suspect construction, while establishing a disciplinary ethos of astounding theoretical naivete and a body of scholarship to match. Surveying the textbooks available for introductory courses in comparative religion, the author finds that they uniformly adopt the sui generis line and all that comes with it. As a result, he argues, they are not just uncritical (which helps keep them popular among the audiences for which they are intended, but badly disserve), but actively inhibit the emergence of critical perspectives and capacities. And on the geo-political scale, he contends, the study of religion as an ahistorical category participates in a larger system of political domination and economic and cultural imperialism.
Introduction: The Manufacture of “Religion”
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an adaptation and application of some methods of analysis developed by such critical theorists as Terry Eagleton, Edward Said, Fredric Jameson, Michel de Certeau, and Michel Foucault to the analysis of the often made scholarly claim that religion is sui generis. It is a study of the social and political implications of certain practices and habits of representation in the modern study of religion, for the common assertion that religion per se or private religious experience in particular, is sui generis, unique, and sociohistorically autonomous, is itself a scholarly representation that operates within, and assists in maintaining, a very specific set of discursive practices along with the institutions in which these discourses are articulated and reproduced. Insomuch as this discourse is institutionalized, it can be further identified by such related aspects as the need for distinct or unique methods for the interpretation of religious data and scholarly calls for the institutional autonomy of the scholarly study of religion. Accordingly, not only do these assorted claims arise from within, and assist in maintaining, this specific discourse on religion but the smooth functioning of the discourse has material and sociopolitical—even geopolitical—implications concerning such issues as individual expertise, social power, and politico-economic privilege. Simply put, the discourse on sui generis religion deemphasizes difference, history, and sociopolitical context in favor of abstract essences and homogeneity.
Autonomy, Discourses, and Social Privilege
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within Eliade’s texts, the sacred/profane dichotomy is not, as it was for Durkheim, a strictly descriptive tool, useful for interpreting certain judgments and relationships that devotees consciously or unconsciously consider important or particularly valuable (on the very different uses of the technical term “sacred,” see Paden 1991; see also Anttonen 1995 for an attempt to rehabilitate it, but this time on the basis of cognitive theorizing). For Eliade, the dichotomy is based on an ontological distinction between the sacred, understood by him as representative of order, the ultimately meaningful, and real, and the profane, which comprises chaos, contingency, and nonreality.
Consciousness and computation
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the ultimate scope of science? Is it just the material attributes of our universe that are amenable to its methods, whereas our mental existence must forever lie outside its compass? Or might we someday come to a proper scientific understanding of the shadowy mystery of minds? Is the phenomenon of human consciousness something that is beyond the scope of scientific enquiry, or may the power of scientific method one day resolve the problem of the very existence of our conscious selves?
Quantum theory and reality
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we have been trying to come to terms with the puzzling Z-mysteries of quantum theory. Although not all of these phenomena have been experimentally tested—such as quantum entanglement over distances of several light years—there is already enough experimental support for effects of this kind to tell us that Z-mysteries are indeed things that we must take seriously as true aspects of the behaviour of the constituents of the world in which we live.
Quantum theory and the brain
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brain action, according to the conventional viewpoint, is to be understood in terms of essentially classical physics—or so it would seem. Nerve signals are normally taken to be ‘on or off’phenomena, just as are the currents in the electronic circuits of a computer, which either take place or do not take place—with none of the mysterious superpositions of alternatives that are characteristic of quantum actions. Whilst it would be admitted that, at underlying levels, quantum effects must have their roles to play, biologists seem to be generally of the opinion that there is no necessity to be forced out of a classical framework when discussing the large-scale implications of those primitive quantum ingredients.
Clergy Careers over Time
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the longer history of women’s ordination as Unitarian and Universalist ministers, as well as the less stratified occupat10nal structure of the current U. U.A., one would expect to find fewer gender differences among U. U. A. ministers than among Episcopal priests. Although the statistical data show that this is the case, the persistence of gender disparities within the U. U. A. suggests that women clergy aren’t fully integrating into the occupation much beyond lower to mid-level placements.
Clergy Feminization
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Occupational feminization not only suggests change in the ordained ministry itself but has been shown to be part of larger socioeconomic concerns that involve organizational shifts and restructuring. Although structures may have changed in response to pragmatic socioeconomic need, the processes have held constant the dominance of those currently in power. Women’s labor has been grafted into the clergy, but as it has taken root, breaking new social ground, the occupational and denominational structures have shifted. In the Episcopal Church, such shifts appear to involve intentional occupational crowding, the proliferation of multiple ordination tracks, and gender-based job segregation to the extent that women effectively cease to make much headway in gaining legitimate access to positions of significant authority or influence. Generalized, such shifts resemble a series of mirrors whereby shapes of occupational and organizational change ripple across the face of many denominations at once, all the while belying the apparent intransigence of “women’s place” within each of these illusions.
From his Fold we will not turn aside: The Church
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jeremiah Ives (fl. 1646-74), box maker and cheesemonger, was minister of a General Baptist congregation in Old Jewry, London, for more than thirty years. He supported Leveller and perhaps Fifth Monarchist views, and was also an active disputant, contending against Seventh Day Baptists as well as Quakers. He was involved in the egregious Baptist-Quaker London debates of the 1670s, but began disputing Quaker doctrines as early as 1656, when he had at least three encounters with James Nadler in London. The first was at the home of the Quaker Gérard Roberts. The two then engaged in debate in Beech-lane in May and again on 22 June at the Bull and Mouth meetinghouse in Aldersgate.
True and False Prophecy in Canonical Criticism
Authors: Brenneman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I HA VE attempted thus far to describe the paradox of reality as interpreted through the bifocals of literary and canonical criticism. I have maintained that conflicting readings are both inevitable (the linguistic argument) and necessary for understanding (the epistemological argument). I have further argued that the role of belief in all forms of understanding makes disagreement inescapable. Belief also provides all disciplines with a starting point for constructing liveable models for evaluation and testing, in turn raising questions about canons and their communities.
Bereavement: A Time of Changing Relationships and Transition
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we think of bereaved people, we think of tears, immense sadness, a sense of heaviness in the body, despair, and great stress. In fact, feelings after a death are dynamic and changing all the time. In spite of our wishes to the contrary, the world does not stop when we receive bad news. The news may cause great disruption and change the course of our lives, but life does go on. As adults we have the capacity to know that life will continue. For children and even teenagers, this may not be so apparent. Children do not have a sense of history or enough experience to be certain that life will go on. In the words of a 10-year-old: “When my mom died, I couldn’t imagine how anything would continue.”
When a Sibling Dies
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is lost when a sibling dies? We grow up with the expectation that our siblings will always be part of our lives. This relationship is supposed to be the longest we have with anyone, even longer than that with our parents, whom we expect to die before us. When a sibling dies, this expectation is lost (Coles, 1996; Hause, 1989). What is lost also depends on the nature of the relationship before the death. As with all deaths, children lose not only the individual, but the unique relationship they had with that sibling (Bank, 1992). Just as there are many different families, there are many different kinds of sibling relationships.
Help Over Time: Meeting Changing Needs
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Help is never a onetime offering or always the same. Both the goal and the nature of the help change as both children and adults change. Over time, mourners need different kinds of help as they adjust to the all-pervasive changes in their lives. The goals of help at each stage will be different, depending on what mourners feel they need and where they are in the process at that time.
Nature’s Construction Set Assembling the Building Blocks of Matter
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our journey begins with the atom, the fundamental building block of matter. It is a fairly safe assumption that the reader of this book is familiar with the concept of a submicroscopic world populated by atoms. The paper in this book, the chair you are sitting on, in fact everything you can see is composed of atoms. We are well aware of the existence of these atoms, and yet this knowledge seems to have little relevance to our understanding of the world on our own much larger scale. Suppose we take a bar of copper. We can compress it between heavy rollers until it becomes a thin sheet, or draw it out so that it forms a fine wire. Whatever we do to it, the bar always appears to behave like a continuous substance. We might conclude that although we know the copper bar consists of small discrete particles, these particles are so incredibly tiny that for all practical purposes we can forget about their existence. If so, then we have a lot to learn from the ancient Greeks.
The Amazing Shrinking Transistor The Benefits of Integrated Circuits
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of the semiconductor transistor revolutionized the computer industry and had far-reaching effects in many other areas. However, the massive reduction in both the size and cost of electronic devices was due to a further development, that of the integrated circuit. Without this, many of the applications which we now take for granted —pocket-sized calculators, personal computers, and the appearance of electronics in everything from washing machines to children’s toys—would not be possible. The scale of this advance is hard to imagine. Just over thirty years ago electrical circuits were composed of individual discrete devices, each measuring typically several millimetres across. Nowadays it is possible to place several million devices on to a thin slice of silicon about the size of a thumbnail. The sizes of the individual components are measured in microns, a unit of length equal to one thousandth of a millimetre. How is it possible to make such tiny circuits? And how much smaller can they be made before we encounter fundamental limitations? These are two of the questions we will address in this chapter, but first of all we need to ask a more basic question: what is an integrated circuit?
Making Light Work Computing with Photons
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few chapters we have examined many different approaches to producing basic elements for a future microelectronic technology. The one feature which all of these devices have in common is that they modulate an electrical signal. Thus, a current of electrons may or may not flow through the device depending on whether it is in the On or Off state. Of course, an ordinary transistor, and even a vacuum tube, performs a similar function. Given this evidence we might well conclude that there are no viable alternatives to electrons. However, during the past two decades an increasing number of researchers have questioned whether electrons are best suited to this task. In consequence, they have pursued an alternative approach in which beams of light are used in the place of currents of electrons. The range and variety of different approaches to the goal of building an optical computer are so broad that we could not hope to cover all of the possibilities in a single chapter. Instead I have chosen to concentrate on those directions which are closest to the electronic transistor.
Our idelism is practical emerging uses of tration in americancommercial culture 1889-1936
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay was presented in Washington, D.C., on September 22, 1989, at the Bicentennial Conference on the Judiciary Act of 1789.
“Our Idealism ls Practical “: Emerging lJses of Tradition in American C:ommercial Culture. 1889-1936
To understand the relationship between. commerce and the American sense of heritage, consider for a moment the holiday that commemorates George Washington‘s birthday.* On that day we remember and honor the accomplishments of the Father of Our Country. Right?
Wrong. We usually think about George Washington (and now other presidents) on his birthday because it‘s a great day to go shopping: to get two snow tires for the price of one, or carpet remnants at 80 percent off, or a third television set (a small one for the kitchen, perhaps) at a large discount. It has become an American tradition to observe Presidents ‘ Day by slashing prices (if you are in business) or by stockpiling things you may or may not really need (if you are a consumer), just because “you will never see such prices again. “
* This essay was presented on February 17, 1986, as part of the Johnson Distinguished Lecture Series at Cornell University. It appeared in Cornell Enterprise (Fall 1986), 18-27.
History ls Our Heritage: The Past in Contemporary American Culture
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most curious anomalies in contemporary American culture ought to be a matter of considerable concern to historians and other educators. New museums and historic sites open to the public at regular and frequent intervals. After a decline in the late 1970s and early 1980s, attendance at many historical museums, villages, and other sites is on the rise. Their educational outreach programs have been redefined and the quality of interpretive activities is more thoughtful than it was fifteen or twenty years ago. The bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution provided an occasion for new curricula to be developed for the teaching of civics, history, and the genesis of American government. Consequently, many more students have been asked to think carefully about the evolution of the present state of our political system.
Looked at more closely, however, the place of history in modern American life is both superficial and precarious. Recent studies have revealed an alarming degree of ignorance and apathy.
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone agrees that 1965 was an important year in the historical development of cosmology; indeed, some take it as the birth year of mod ern cosmology. The book Origins, by Alan Lightman and Roberta Brawer (see our recommended reading) consists of interviews with the authors’ choices of leading cosmologists from their perspective of 1990. In reviewing the book, Geoffrey Burbidge, a noted astronomer and cosmologist, and a leading critic of the Big Bang model, listed among other serious deficiencies the fact that the authors seem to consider 1965 the starting year for cosmology. Lightman and Brawer are not the only authors who think that. Why is this so?
The Future of the Universe
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hard as prediction may be, and certainly beyond the bounds of verification, there are some things we can say about the future of the universe. First, anything we say is predicated on the assumption that the laws of nature will remain the same in the future as they are now, that the behavior of matter and energy is the same at great distances from us as it is locally and therefore was the same in the past, and that there will be no new laws cropping up. One can say these things with some confidence, since it has been demonstrated by studies of the past behavior of the universe that, where checking is possible, these laws were the same in the past, virtually back to the Big Bang event itself. If one accepts the premises of the standard Big Bang model, and in particular that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when viewed on a sufficiently large scale, and moreover, if one ignores structure so that the universe is considered to be filled uniformly with matter and radiation, then there are consequences for the future which merit discussion.