bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effectiveness Of Headache Clinics
Authors: Zeeberg Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a world with limited resources for healthcare, health economics are gaining in importance when decisions are made how to allocate the resources available. A general understanding of the principles in these kinds of analyses is therefore necessary for all doctors, whether their involvement in healthcare is research, treatment, or organization. The chapter is therefore constructed in two parts. The first section gives a short introduction to health economics in general. The second section discusses cost- effectiveness and cost–benefits of headache clinics, based on data from the Danish Headache Center (DHC).
Headache Clinics For Children
Authors: Thomsen Lise Lykke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headache in children and adolescents is a common and neglected condition, which has a significant impact on the quality of life in the paediatric population. Despite this, there seem to be only very few established specialized headache clinics for children world-wide. As organized handling of headache in children and adolescents is likely to improve the treatment and provide a possibility to perform systematic research and thereby provide a basis for implementing evidence-based procedures, there is a huge unmet need for organized headache clinics for children world-wide.
A Commonwealth of Knowledge
Authors: Dubow Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First World War provided a strong impetus to the government's centralizing tendencies and, in the following years, concerted efforts were made to consolidate the South African nation-state. An enabling ethos stressing national efficiency, technical expertise, and scientific training and management was much in evidence in South Africa (Britain and the United States offered useful reference points). Some illustrative examples may be provided to indicate this trend. In 1920 the Associated Scientific and Technical Societies of South Africa was formed in Johannesburg, with financial support from the Chamber of Mines, in order to further the professional interests of its member organizations.
Productive Ambiguity: Galileo contra Carnap
Authors: Grosholz Emily R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Argument that employs controlled and highly structured ambiguity can play a central role in mathematical discovery and justification. The exposition of projectile motion given on the Fourth Day, following preliminaries on the Third Day, of Galileo’s Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two New Sciences is a good illustration of my central claim. I propose to begin this book in medias res, with a case study, because Galileo’s proofs are canonical, paragons of mathematical and scientific demonstration that set the stage for the scientific revolution.
Descartes’ Geometry
Authors: Grosholz Emily R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Locke and Leibniz had no admiration for ‘enthusiasm,’ a kind of dogmatism grounded in alleged religious revelation. Enthusiasm is a self-reinforcing subjectivity that refuses to examine its own grounds by objective methods; the enthusiast is above reproach, or criticism. Both philosophers, in different ways, offer an epistemology where improvement and correction are always possible and indeed required, where the one who knows must always be interested in the correction of moral and scientific knowledge.
Aims and assumptions
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study in the relation between grammar and lexical competence. Its goal is to analyse how grammatical plurality can be an intrinsic component of certain nouns; or more concretely, to fully explain what it means to say that a noun is plural ‘lexically’. The most obvious example and, I will argue, the least revealing, is represented by nouns with a fixed plural value, like scissors. Then there are lexically idiosyncratic plural forms, like pC11ce from pC1111y. Plurals that must be learned as whole word forms, like suppletive stems, also involve knowledge about certain words and not just about grammatical morphemes (affixal or otherwise). But the empirical domain of lexical plurality is much wider. It includes plural doublets and all instances of competing plural alternants, in so far as the choice between them is not automatically determined by grammar but involves choosing between distinct senses.
Forming, sustaining, and ending therapeutic interactions
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 50 years ago, Hildegard Peplau (1952) identified the pri- macy of the nurse–patient relationship and the phases of this therapeutic alliance (Barker et al. 1999). Her work is still con- sidered seminal and her broadly humanistic view of the nurse– patient relationship remains influential in current mental health nursing literature (Watkins 2001). The provision of the therapeutic relationship has been viewed as being fundamen- tal to the care of mental health service users (Stickley 2002) and underpins success of all types of psychological therapy (Department of Health [DH] 2001b).
Practising safe and effective observation
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the core skill of observation. It is quite confusing for everyone (nurses, service users, carers) that there is no universal term used to describe the procedure of observation. Instead the procedure is known by a number of different terms in different places and countries. Here is a list of some of the terms you may encounter in your reading and practice: nursing obser- vation; formal observation; close observation; special observa- tion; maximum observation; continuous or constant observation or supervision; suicide watch or precaution; 15-minute, timed, or intermittent checks; specialing; one-to-one nursing; within eye- sight; within arm’s length. In this chapter, for purposes of consist- ency, the simple term of ‘observation’ is used.
Maintaining a safe environment
Authors: Donaldson Jayne , Ness Valerie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By ‘maintaining a safe environment’, we mean the safety of the patient taking into account the patient’s surroundings. Recognizing and preventing risks to patients’ safety is an essential element of the nurse’s role. It is important that once a risk has been identified, it is managed effectively to prevent harm. Where actual problems arise, the appropriate action must be taken by the nurse to prevent further deterioration in the patient’s condition. This chapter introduces the fundamental skills of maintaining a safe environment and will help you develop your knowledge and underlying skills base to assess patients, and to recognize anyone who is at risk.
Controlling body temperature
Authors: Mcdonald William , Mcguinness Claire , Ness Valerie , Simpson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the fundamental skills of taking and recording body temperature and helping patients maintain their body temperature within the normal physiological range. Measuring and monitoring body temperature are important nursing skills, as they allow changes in temperature to be detected and management strategies to be put in place, as necessary. Helping the body to maintain a balance between heat production and heat loss (an important factor in homeostasis) is another important nursing skill. These skills cannot be viewed in isolation. Adopting a holistic approach to care incorporating behavioural and environmental factors enables temperature measurement to be used to guide decisions about treatment.
Ferns
Authors: Pryerand Kathleen M , Schuettpelz Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extant ferns form a monophyletic group of vascular plants (1–8) that number about 10,000 species divided unequally among Ave major lineages—ophioglossoids, whisk ferns, marattioids, horsetails, and leptosporangiates—and recognized in 11 orders and 37 families (9) (Fig. 1). theselineages are all spore-bearing and “seedfree” (10). By tradition they were previously classified together with lycophytes (the only other seed-free lineage of vascular plants) under the umbrella-term “pteridophytes” or “ferns and fern allies.” However, it is now clear that the Ave fern lineages together (without lycophytes) are the closest relatives of the seed plants (1–8), a position supported by the presence of euphylls—leaves with marginal or apical meristems and an associated leaf gap in the vascular stele (11)—and a 30-kb inversion in the plastid genome (12). An obvious morphological sharedderived character for ferns is lacking, but the monophyly of this clade is supported by sperm ultrastructure (6), sporophyte anatomy (1), and DNA sequence data (2–5, 8). Here, we provide an overview of fern relationships and divergence time estimates for the major groups.
Scaphopod mollusks (Scaphopoda)
Authors: Strugnell Jan m. , cock a. Louise all 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tusk shells (500 sp.) are grouped into 14 families and two orders within the molluscan Class Scaphopoda. Only two molecular studies have focused on phylogenetic relationships within scaphopods. Estimates of divergence times among families are estimated here. The initial divergence among scaphopods, separating Gadilida and Dentaliida, is estimated to have occurred near the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary, 359 million years ago (Ma), with the Fustiariidae, Rhabdidae, and Dentaliidae diverging in the Carboniferous (359–299 Ma). In contrast, the families included in the study from the Order Gadilida were estimated to have diverged from one another in the Cretaceous, 139–96 Ma. The scaphopods (Phylum Mollusca, Class Scaphopoda) are known as tusk shells because of their curved shape (resembling elephant tusks), open at both ends (Fig. 1). 7ey are relatively small, usually 3–6 cm in length. Scaphopods burrow into sediments with the wider (anterior) end of the shell oriented downward. Both the head and foot (used for burrowing) have an anterior location, whereas the viscera are posterior. 7ere are 500 valid species of recent scaphopods and about 800 valid fossil species. 7ere is some argument as to when the lineage originated. Scaphopod fossils have been described from the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian, but many of these specimens have been reclassiAed as belonging to other groups. Yochelson (1) and others have suggested that scaphopods most likely evolved in the early Carboniferous. Here we review the evolutionary relationships and divergence times of the members of the Class Scaphopoda.
Lungfishes (Dipnoiz)
Authors: Heinickea Matthew P , Sanderb Jennifer M , Hedges S Blair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The six species of lungAsh are the living representatives of the Subclass Dipnoi. thesespecies are divided into two suborders (Lepidosirenoidei and Ceratodontoidei) and three families (Lepidosirenidae, Protopteridae, Ceratodontidae) (1). Several additional families are known from fossils extending back to the Devonian (416– 359 Ma). LungAshes comprise one of three extant groups of Sarcopterygii, along with tetrapods and coelacanths (1). Living species are characterized by stocky, eellike bodies and Peshy Ans without spines or rays. thepaired pectoral and pelvic Ans are paddle-like in the Australian LungAsh (Ceratodontidae) and whiplike in the African and South American lungAshes (Protopteridae and Lepidosirenidae). All extant species of lungAsh are obligate air-breathers, and the African and South American lungAshes have the ability to aestivate during periods of drought (for months at a time in the case of African lungAshes) (1). theAustralian LungAsh, Neoceratodus (Fig. 1), is a riverine species able to tolerate water with low oxygen content, not unlike many ray-Anned Ashes with the ability to breathe air, but does not aestivate. Extant lungAshes are intolerant of marine conditions, and are restricted to freshwater habitats, as were most Mesozoic lungAshes (2). Paleozoic lungAshes included numerous marine representatives, however, and the group may have originally been marine (3). Here, the relationships of the three living families of lungAshes are reviewed and the Arst estimates of divergence times are presented based on analyses of published sequence data.
Amniotes (Amniota)
Authors: Shedlock Andrew M , Edwards Scott V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amniota is a clade noted for the extraordinary ecological and taxonomic diversity of its more than 23,000 living species, comprising mammals and reptiles, including birds. thetaxon is named for the characteristic egg structure in which the amnion membrane forms a PuidAlled cavity that surrounds the developing embryo. theamniote egg is considered one of the key adaptations in the evolution of vertebrate terrestrial life history (Fig. 1). 7is shared-derived character is generally accepted to be one of several key adaptations for enduring the terrestrial life adopted by our amniote ancestors, thereby facilitating the remarkable evolutionary success of the group. Considerable debate has been focused on precisely when our most recent common amniote ancestor lived (1). Tightly constrained radiometric analysis of fossils places the divergence between the Arst undisputed synapsids (mammals which have only one temporal fenestration in the skull) and diapsids (reptiles with two temporal fenestrations) at 306.1 ± 8.5 Ma. 7is dating technique generally exhibits about 1% error (2). theupper bound of this narrow estimate for bird–mammal divergence overlaps with a widely cited value of 310 Ma, based on the approximate methods of Benton (3) and employed by Kumar and Hedges (4) to calibrate a comprehensive molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution. theamniote timetree considered here includes six terminal taxa: Mammalia (mammals), Sphenodontia (the tuatara), Squamata (lizards and snakes), Testudines (turtles), Crocodylia (alligators and crocodiles), and Aves (birds). A combination of molecular and fossil evidence suggests that the major lineages of living reptiles likely originated in the Permian and Triassic (3–5) although exact divergence time estimates vary among the molecular studies used in the present synthesis.
Contextually restricted quantification in Basque
Authors: Etxeberria Urtzi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the wide acceptance this analysis has had in the formal semantic tradition, there are languages that seem to lack the standard construction exemplified in (1). Matthewson (2001), based on her analysis on St’át’imcets (a Lillooet Salish language) quantifiers, proposes that quantification in natural language must proceed in two steps, rather than in one: first, the D combines 1 I would like to thank Ricardo Etxepare, Fernando Garcia Murga, Anastasia Giannakidou, Brenda Laca, Utpal Lahiri, Luisa Martí, Lisa Matthewson, Louise McNally, Javier Ormazabal, Myriam Uribe- Etxebarria, Aritz Irurtzun, Maia Duguine as well as the organizers and participants of the conference QP Structure, Nominalization & the Role of DP (Universität des Saarlandes in Saarbrücken) for comments and discussion. Thanks also to two anonymous reviewers for useful comments. Finally, thanks to Anastasia Giannakidou and Monika Rathert for their patience and guidance. All remaining errors are my own, of course.
Actions, Acting, and Acting Well
Authors: Hanser Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers wishing to understand moral judgments typically focus their attention upon the evaluative or normative predicates that these judgments employ.¹ How is the peculiar force of such predicates to be understood? What are the criteria for their application? I propose to come at matters from another direction. What are the objects of evaluation in this or that sort of judgment? To what do our evaluative or normative predicates apply? The guiding idea behind the inquiry is that we cannot properly understand evaluations of a given sort unless we know what they are evaluations of. Modes of evaluation must suit their objects. Of course one might think that it’s generally pretty obvious what’s being evaluated. In what follows I hope to show that this is not so, and that the question what’s being evaluated has significant consequences for moral theory.
Are Miracles Chimerical?
Authors: Haájek Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume’s notorious essay ‘Of Miracles’ (1902 [1748]; 1986) is as cheeky as it is problematic. A centrepiece in his ongoing attack on theism, it has outraged many, and perplexed still more; it has thus been both denounced with missionary zeal, and scrutinized in countless scholarly works. In this paper, I will scrutinize it further. I will challenge two readings of it by noted Hume scholars, which I regard as uncharitable, offering in their place my own reading. I will also clear it of a prevalent charge. Along the way, however, and especially in the final section, I will level some further charges against it.
The Problem of Evil and the Desires of the Heart
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of evil is raised by the existence of suffering in the world. Can one hold consistently both that the world has such suffering in it and that it is governed by an omniscient, omnipotent, perfectly good God, as the major monotheisms claim? An affirmative answer to this question has often enough taken the form of a theodicy. A theodicy is an attempt to show that these claims are consistent by providing a morally sufficient reason for God to allow suffering. In the history of the discussions of the problem of evil, a great deal of effort has been expended on proposing and defending, or criticizing and attacking, theodicies and the putative morally sufficient reasons which theodicies propose.
Suarez: Naturalism
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have not found that Suarez takes every moral ought to require an obligation imposed by the command of a superior. He maintains only that the impositive obligation belonging to the natural law is derived from a divine command. To discover other aspects of his view about the relation between obligation and moral oughts, we need to see what is left of the natural law without the impositive obligation coming from a divine command. His claims about obligation constitute an analysis of a narrow concept of obligation, and do not imply that all moral requirements involve an imposed necessity. In that case, he ought to recognize moral necessity and moral requirements that are independent of obligation (in his sense).
Grotius
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that Pufendorf, Barbeyrac, and some later writers treat Grotius as the founder of a distinctively modern theory of natural law, even though they do not agree about what is distinctive in his position. They regard his theory not only as an innovation, but also as an advance. To see how far they are right, we should compare Grotius with his Scholastic predecessors, and especially with Suarez, whose work he knew. Though Barbeyrac praises Grotius as a pioneer, he admits that Grotius was not completely emancipated from Aristotle and Scholastic errors. If, then, we compare Grotius’ account with Suarez’s account, we may be able to decide whether Barbeyrac is justified either in his criticism or in his praise.
Hobbes: Morality
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hobbes believes that the difference between the state of nature and the commonwealth explains why the true moral philosophy is the science of the laws of nature. If Hobbesian agents form a commonwealth that has the power to compel the observance of rules preserving the peace, they have sufficient reason, according to Hobbes, to observe these rules. The benefits of stability and non-aggression are so large and so evident that we must, if we think clearly about our interest, want them to continue at any cost. Since the laws of nature are also the principles of morality, we have good reason to accept morality.
Cumberland And Maxwell
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cumberland intends his exposition of the laws of nature to supplement the arguments of his predecessors (Grotius and his brother, Sharrock, and Selden) who have argued ‘from the effect to the cause’, appealing to the shared sentiments of different people at different times to establish the existence of natural law. Cumberland especially commends Grotius’ work, ‘which was the first of the kind, worthy both of the author and of immortality’ (LN, Introd. §1 = P 247). But in contrast to Grotius and the others, he argues from cause to effect, by examining ‘the causes, which produce in the mind of man the knowledge of the laws of nature’ (Introd. §2 = P 248). He begins from the nature of the universe and the first cause, in order to show that our knowledge of the universe makes it reasonable for us to accept certain principles as laws of nature.
Locke And Natural Law
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is chronologically anomalous and its title may be misleading. It discusses Sanderson and Culverwell, writing in the 1640s, before the publication of Hobbes’s Leviathan in 1651, but it also considers Locke’s Essay, which reached its fifth edition in 1706, just after Locke’s death in 1704. It discusses both Locke’s essays on natural law, which belong to the 1660s, and his Essay, which first appeared in 1690. This period of nearly 60 years also includes some of the works of Hobbes, Spinoza, Pufendorf, Cumberland, and Cudworth. A more exact chronological arrangement, therefore, would place different sections of this chapter in their historical relation to the chapters on other 17th-century writers.
Pufendorf And Natural Law
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though Leibniz’s attacks on Pufendorf from a naturalist point of view do not convince Barbeyrac to abandon Pufendorf ’s position, naturalist arguments influence Barbeyrac’s interpretation of Pufendorf. He believes that once we understand Pufendorf, we will see that he already captures the plausible elements of the naturalist position, so that naturalist criticisms are beside the point. For this reason Barbeyrac believes that Grotius is the pioneer who makes some progress towards the position that Pufendorf articulates fully. Now that we have examined both Grotius and Pufendorf, we can return to Barbeyrac’s argument to show that they basically agree, and that they together achieve an important advance in moral theory.
Clarke
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clarke sets out his moral theory in one of his major works on natural theology. He addresses those who reject the Christian revelation because it cannot be vindicated by reason. In his view, the basic principles of morality are evident to reason, apart from any appeal to revelation, and these moral principles make it reasonable to believe in the Christian revelation. His success depends on revealing the rational grounds of ‘the unalterable obligations of natural religion’, which we discover through our moral judgments. To reveal these grounds he defends some elements of a naturalist position against the view of those who claim ‘that there is no such real difference [sc. between good and evil] originally, necessarily, and absolutely in the nature of things’ (DNR = H ii 609 = R 227).