bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibodies against MAEBL Ligand Domains M1 and M2 Inhibit Sporozoite Development In Vitro
Authors: Preiser Peter , Rénia Laurent , Singh Naresh , Balu Bharath , Jarra William , Voza Tatiana , Kaneko Osamu , Blair Peter , Torii Motomi , Landau Irène , Adams John H. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

MAEBL is a type 1 membrane protein that is implicated in the merozoite invasion of erythrocytes and sporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands. This apical organelle protein is structurally similar to the
ebl
erythrocyte binding proteins, such as EBA-175, except that the tandem ligand domains of MAEBL are similar to part of the extracellular domain of apical membrane antigen 1 and not the Duffy binding-like domain. Although midgut and salivary gland sporozoites are morphologically similar, salivary gland sporozoites undergo a period of new gene expression after infecting the salivary glands, display distinct phenotypic differences, and are more infectious for the mammalian host. The objectives of this project were to determine the molecular form of MAEBL in the infectious salivary gland sporozoites and whether the ligand has a role in the sporozoite development to exoerythrocytic stages in hepatocytes. We determined that MAEBL is newly expressed in salivary gland sporozoites and in a form distinct from what is present in the midgut sporozoites or present in erythrocytic stages. Both ligand domains (M1 and M2) were expressed as part of a full-length membrane form of MAEBL in the salivary gland sporozoites in contrast to the other stages that retain only the M2 ligand domain as part of the membrane form of the protein. Antisera developed against the cysteine-rich regions of the extracellular portion of MAEBL inhibited sporozoite development to exoerythrocytic forms in vitro. Together these data indicate that MAEBL has a role in this third developmental stage in the life cycle of the malaria parasite. Thus, MAEBL is another target for pre-erythrocytic-stage vaccine development against malaria parasites.
The Serine Protease Motif of EspC from Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Produces Epithelial Damage by a Mechanism Different from That of Pet Toxin from Enteroaggregative
E. coli
Authors: Navarro-García Fernando , Canizalez-Roman Adrián , Sui Bao Quan , Nataro James P. , Azamar Yenia 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

EspC (
Escherichia coli
secreted protein C) of enteropathogenic
E. coli
(EPEC) shows the three classical domains of the autotransporter proteins and has a conserved serine protease motif belonging to the SPATE (serine protease autotransporters of
Enterobacteriaceae
) subfamily. EspC and its homolog Pet in enteroaggregative
E. coli
(EAEC) bear the same sequence within the serine protease motif, and both proteins produce enterotoxic effects, suggesting that like Pet, EspC could be internalized to reach and cleave the calmodulin-binding domain of fodrin, causing actin cytoskeleton disruption. Even though both proteins cause cytoskeleton damage by virtue of their serine protease motifs, the following evidence supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms are different. (i) To obtain similar cytotoxic and cytoskeletal effects, a threefold-higher EspC concentration and a twofold-higher exposure time are needed. (ii) EspC internalization into epithelial cells takes more time (6 h) than Pet internalization (30 min), and the distributions of the two proteins inside the cells are also different. (iii) Both proteins have affinity for fodrin and cleave it, but the cleavage sites are different; EspC produces two cleavages, while Pet produces just one. (iv) EspC does not cause fodrin redistribution within epithelial cells. (v) An EspC serine protease motif mutant, but not a Pet serine protease mutant, competes with EspC by blocking cytoskeletal damage. All these data suggest that the protein conformational structure is very important for the activity of the catalytic site, influencing its interaction with the target protein and its internalization. The differences between these proteins may explain the reduced ability of EspC to cause cytopathic effects. However, these differences may confer a specialized role on EspC in the pathogenesis of EPEC, which is different from that of Pet in EAEC pathogenesis.
Increased Susceptibility of β7-Integrin-Deficient Neonatal Mice in the Early Stage ofCryptosporidium parvumInfection
Authors: Mancassola Roselyne , Lacroix-Lamandé Sonia , Barrier Mathieu , Naciri Muriel , Salmon Henri , Laurent Fabrice 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTNumerous inflammatory cells are recruited in response toCryptosporidium parvuminfection. These cells include interferon gamma-producing T lymphocytes, which are of major importance for the resolution of infection. Here, we show that β7 integrin is not essential for the control of infection in mice but that β7-deficient neonatal mice are more susceptible during the early stages of infection.
Delivery of the Immunosuppressive Antigen Salp15 to Antigen-Presenting Cells bySalmonella entericaSerovar TyphimuriumaroAMutants
Authors: Motameni Amir-Reza T. , Juncadella Ignacio J. , Ananthanarayanan Shobana K. , Hedrick Michael N. , Huet-Hudson Yvette , Anguita Juan 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTASalmonella entericaserovar TyphimuriumaroA-deficient delivery system was used to target the immunosuppressive protein Salp15 to antigen-presenting cells. In vitro and in vivo infections with Salp15-containingSalmonellaresulted in an impaired CD4+-T-cell activation, suggesting that the protein was produced by antigen-presenting cells in a physiologically active form.
The α-Specific Cell Identity Factor Sxi1α Is Not Required for Virulence of
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Hull Christina M. , Cox Gary M. , Heitman Joseph 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans
is a human fungal pathogen that has two mating types (
a
and α). Experiments have shown that in some backgrounds α strains are more virulent than
a
strains. Our studies reveal that the only known α-specific factor,
SXI1
α, is not necessary for virulence.
Helicobacter pylori
Induces AGS Cell Motility and Elongation via Independent Signaling Pathways
Authors: Moese Stefan , Selbach Matthias , Kwok Terry , Brinkmann Volker , König Wolfgang , Meyer Thomas F. , Backert Steffen 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori
induces motogenic and cytoskeletal responses in gastric epithelial cells. We demonstrate that these responses can be induced via independent signaling pathways that often occur in parallel. The
cag
pathogenicity island appears to be nonessential for induction of motility, whereas the elongation phenotype depends on translocation and phosphorylation of CagA.
Antibody to
Cryptococcus neoformans
Glucuronoxylomannan Inhibits the Release of Capsular Antigen
Authors: Martinez Luis R. , Moussai Dariush , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Cryptococcus neoformans
releases capsular polysaccharide in the supernatant of liquid cultures and in tissues. Significantly less glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) was released by
C. neoformans
in the presence of capsule-binding monoclonal antibody (MAb). MAb-mediated inhibition of GXM release may be another mechanism by which humoral immunity can mediate protection against this pathogen.
Secretory Leucoprotease Inhibitor Impairs Toll-Like Receptor 2- and 4-Mediated Responses in Monocytic Cells
Authors: Greene Catherine M. , McElvaney Noel G. , O'Neill Shane J. , Taggart Clifford C. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTSecretory leucoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) is an anti-inflammatory antiprotease which can inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation. We examined its ability to inhibit NF-κB activation induced by lipoteichoic acid and investigated the effects of oxidation or complex formation with neutrophil elastase on SLPI's anti-inflammatory properties in U937 myelomonocytic cells and macrophages.
CD4
+
T Lymphocytes from
Anaplasma marginale
Major Surface Protein 2 (MSP2) Vaccinees Recognize Naturally Processed Epitopes Conserved in MSP3
Authors: Brown Wendy C. , Palmer Guy H. , Brayton Kelly A. , Meeus Patrick F. M. , Barbet Anthony F. , Kegerreis Kimberly A. , McGuire Travis C. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Major surface protein 2 (MSP2) and MSP3 of the persistent bovine ehrlichial pathogen
Anaplasma marginale
are immunodominant proteins that undergo antigenic variation. The recently completed sequence of MSP3 revealed blocks of amino acids in the N and C termini that are conserved with MSP2. This study tested the hypothesis that CD4
+
T cells specific for MSP2 recognize naturally processed epitopes conserved in MSP3. At least one epitope in the N terminus and two in the C terminus of MSP2 were also processed from MSP3 and presented to CD4
+
T lymphocytes from MSP2-immunized cattle. This T-lymphocyte response to conserved and partially conserved epitopes may contribute to the immunodominance of MSP2 and MSP3.
CDX-2 immunostaining in primary and secondary ovarian carcinomas
Authors: Tornillo L , Moch H , Diener P-A , Lugli A , Singer G 
Published: May 2004

Aims:To assess the value of homeobox protein CDX-2 expression in the distinction between primary ovarian carcinomas and carcinomas metastatic to the ovary.Methods:CDX-2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 120 serous, 68 endometrioid, 24 clear cell, and 16 mucinous carcinomas of the ovary. In addition, CDX-2 immunoreactivity was investigated in 20 metastases from adenocarcinomas to the ovary (15 of colorectal, two of gastric, one of appendiceal, one of pancreatic, and one of cervical origin) and their corresponding primary tumours.Results:Almost all of the primary ovarian carcinomas lacked immunoreactivity for CDX-2. In contrast, 14 of the 16 metastases to the ovary from intestinal primaries showed CDX-2 immunoexpression.Conclusion:CDX-2 is a useful marker for differentiating primary ovarian carcinoma from carcinomas metastatic to the ovary.
The Representation of Chance
Authors: Hergovich Andreas , Ponocny Ivo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTwo studies were conducted which examined the social representations of chance. In Study 1 (n = 90) an exploratory interview was held with subjects from different occupational groups (theologians, para-psychologists, physicists, statisticians, philosophers, gamblers, "man/woman on the street"). Results showed different metaphors of chance for the groups. Para-psychologists had the most idiosyncratic concept of chance (most of them declaring that chance does not exist). In Study 2 (n = 440, sample of students), the representation of chance was measured using quantitative instruments. Generally chance was represented as something which really exists, which is surprising and not calculable. Believers in psi saw chance as more supernatural than did non-believers. The results of multidimensional scaling provided semantic configurations of chance for believers in psi and non-believers.
Religion, Off-Line Cognition and the Extended Mind
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis essay argues that the "classical" or "standard" computation model of an enviroment of thought may hamstring the nascent cognitive science of religion by masking the ways in which the bare biological brain is prosthetically extended and embedded in the surrounding landscape. The motivation for distinsuishing between the problem-solving profiles of the basic brain and the brain-plus-scaffolding is that in many domains non-biological artifacts support and augment biological modes of computation - often allowing us to overcome some of the brain's native computation limitations. The recognition that in some contexts not all of the relevant computational machinery fits inside the head suggests that we should reconsider the possible role(s) and significance of material culture in religious cognition. More specifically, the broad spectrum of rituals, music, relics, scriptures, statues and buildings typically associated with religious traditions may be more than quaint ethnographic window dressing. Rather than thin cultural wrap arounds that decorate the real cognitive processes going on underneath, these elements could represent central components of the relevant machinery of religious thought. By introducing tangible features of the world that can be physically manipulated and tracked in real-time, for example, the cognitive scaffolding that religious material culture affords seems tailor-made for allowing people to exchange the intricate "off-line" problems that arise from dealing with invisible, counter-intuitive supernatural agents for the kinds of "on-line" cognitive tasks they are naturally good at doing (i.e., recognizing patterns, modeling simple worldly dynamics, and manipulating objects).
Intuitive and Explicit in Religious Thought
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIt has been argued within the new cognitive science of religion that people's actual religious concepts and inferences differ from their explicitly held religious concepts and beliefs; the latter are too complex to be used in fast online reasoning. Natural intuitions thus tend to overwrite theological doctrine and to drive behavior. The cognitive science of religion has focused on this intuitive aspect of religion, ignoring theological thought. Here I try to outline a theoretical model on the basis of which it should be possible to explain the interaction of the intuitive and explicit processes in religious cognition.
The Spread of Non-Natural Concepts
Authors: Lisdorf Anders 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPascal Boyer, Justin Barret and associates have recently developed precise and testable hypotheses about what makes a concept attention-demanding, easier to recall and therefore has increased probability of being transmitted. Two theses are tested: 1) that all else being equal counterintuitive concepts are better remembered than bizarre, and bizarre better than common; 2) that counterintuitive concepts containing certain templates, which involve the activation of theory of mind expectations should have greater success. The research so far has been in controlled experiments, but it should be possible to test the theses "in the wild". The evidence from the roman prodigy reports offers us such a possibility. It also enables us to check for variation across time, which hasn't been done before. Thesis 1) is confirmed, but not thesis 2). It is argued however that this is not a disconfirmation of Boyer's general thesis. By considering the context it is argued that it does not disconfirm the basic assumption of the theory. The evidence could suggest that when the "social inferential potential" of templates activating TOM expectations is not used it has no transmission advantage. It is also argued that the specific distribution shows that what is normally considered local cultural factors, have a real effect on what is transmitted.
Spatial distribution of roots, nematode populations and root necrosis in highland banana in Uganda
Authors: Kashaija Imelda , McIntyre Beverley , Ssali Henry , Kizito Fred 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Banana root distribution, nematodes, and necrosis were assessed in banana
(Musa AAA) monoculture and banana-legume intercrops in Uganda, with the aim
of establishing their relationship in order to enhance decision making with
regard to management practices and sampling for nematode population and
damage assessment. The intercrops had no effect on the vertical or the
horizontal distribution of banana roots and nematodes. Approximately 90% of
the root biomass was in the upper 0.3 m and none was below 0.7 m. Within 0.5
m of the banana mat, the majority of root mass was in the surface 0.15 m,
but outside this radius more were found from 0.15-0.3 m. This spatial
distribution suggests that fertiliser applications would be most effectively
applied within a 0.5 m radius of the banana mat. Nematode species and root
necrosis were uniformly distributed horizontally on the roots; vertical
distribution differed among species. Significantly larger populations of
Radopholus similis were found in the upper 0.3 m; none was present below 0.5
m. Helicotylenchus multicinctus and Pratylenchus goodeyi were found
throughout the rooting profile; H. multicinctus density being high in the
upper 0.5 m, while P.goodeyi was generally low throughout. More root
necrosis was noted in the upper 0.3 m, coinciding with the greatest
population density of R. similis and the greatest amount of root biomass.
The spatial distribution of nematodes indicates that root sampling and
nematicide application should be concentrated within 0.5 m of the banana
mat.
Genetic variability estimated with RAPD-PCR markers in two populations of Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Argentina
Authors: Lax Paola , Rondan Dueñas Juan , Gardenal Cristina , Doucet Marcelo 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Knowledge of genetic variability within and between phytophagous nematode
populations is important for the selection of suitable control strategies.
The nematode Heterodera glycines is the most important pathogen of soybean
in many producer countries, causing significant economic losses. The levels
of variability were analysed in two populations of the nematode from
Argentina, using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers in order to
evaluate the genetic population structure of this species. DNA was extracted
from single females of race 1 and race 3 populations. Five primers were
selected and 50 consistent fragments were considered for further analysis.
Populations studied showed high levels of genetic diversity. Most of the
total variation detected in allele frequencies was attributed to variability
among individuals of the same population (83%) rather than inter-population
differences (17%). None of the populations demonstrated exclusive bands.
However, 68% of fragments showed significant differences in their allele
frequencies. This study revealed an important degree of genetic
differentiation between both populations, probably as a consequence of
limited gene flow between them or because each population was under
different management practices at its site of origin. Results herein
represent the first analysis of genetic structure in H. glycines populations
using RAPD-PCR technique.
Selection and polymorphism of Pasteuria penetrans isolates in relation to Meloidogyne spp. from coffee
Authors: Carneiro Regina , Tigano Myrian , Lopes Jorge Camila , Oliveira Teixeira Ana Cristina , Cordeiro Maria Célia 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Pasteuria penetrans isolates from different geographical areas were tested
for the ability of endospores to attach to secondstage juveniles and to
colonise females of different populations of Meloidogyne spp. from coffee
and other crops. Our results confirm that the spore attachment test cannot
be used as the only criterion for screening for the efficiency of the
bacterial isolate against nematodes. The percentage of females infected with
the bacteria and the endospore concentration in 100 macerated females were
the best approaches for screening the highly pathogenic isolates. Using
these parameters, it was possible to select some isolates for M. javanica
and M. arenaria race 2; one isolate, P12, for the three populations of M.
paranaensis, and isolate P10 for the four races of M. incognita from coffee.
The isolates exhibited poor pathogenicity on M. hapla, M. exigua, M.
graminicola and M. mayaguensis. There was clear evidence that the greatest
parasitism occurred when the isolates of P.penetrans were exposed to species
of Meloidogyne that were genetically close to that from which the bacteria
populations had been originally isolated. The dendrogram obtained from
attachment of 18 P. penetrans isolates on 13 Meloidogyne spp. populations
clearly defined subgroups of the bacteria related to their geographical
origin. RAPD analyses were used for fingerprinting the genomes of
P.penetrans isolates. Twenty 10-mer oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary
sequence revealed 145 scorable binary characters. Cluster analysis showed a
low (61%) to high (80%) level of genetic similarity among the isolates and
that phenetic groups were sometimes related to pathogenicity.
Electropharyngeograms of pharyngeal pumping activity in six species of free-living nematodes
Authors: Tahseen Qudsia , Sheridan Jacqueline , Perry Roland 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Analysis of the contraction and relaxation of pharyngeal musculature derives
from measurements of electrical currents, termed electropharyngeograms
(EPG). EPG were recorded from adults of six species of free-living
nematodes, Anatonchus amiciae, Aporcelaimus superbus, Plectus parietinus,
Mesorhabditis cranganorensis, Seleborca complexa and Panagrellus redivivus,
during exposure to artificial pond water (APW) and to 0.1 mg ml-1 of the
neurotransmitter serotonin for 5, 10 and 15 min. A marked difference was
observed in the pharyngeal muscle activity of species with grinders in a
three-part pharynx compared with that in species with cylindroid or two-part
pharynx without grinders. The EPG results from the non-grinder predator A.
amiciae showed no electrical activity in response to either APW or
serotonin. There was no electrical activity from the non-grinder predator
Aporcelaimus superbus in APW and only occasional electrical activity when it
was exposed to serotonin; no stylet activity was observed in this species in
any treatment combination. The four grinder species, P. parietinus, M.
cranganorensis, S. complexa and P.redivivus, gave consistent EPG results in
APW, irrespective of the period of exposure. The time intervals between two
consecutive pharyngeal pumps were between 1.0 and 1.5 s for M.
cranganorensis, S. complexa and P. redivivus but pharyngeal activity of P.
parietinus was much slower with intervals of 4.8-4.9 s between two pumps.
The effect of serotonin on these four species was inconsistent. Only
P.redivivus showed EPG responses that demonstrated an enhanced rate of
pharyngeal pumping; the rate of pumping of this species also increased with
increase in exposure period to serotonin.
Depth distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis under crops of different host status and after fumigation
Authors: Westphal Andreas , Robinson A. Forest , Scott Andrew , Santini Judith 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Population densities of Rotylenchulus reniformis were investigated in 15 cm
horizons from the surface to 120 cm deep in field plots under fallow, grain
sorghum (cv. Asgrow 571), and susceptible (cv. DP6880RR) or resistant (cv.
HY798) soybean. In 2000, population densities were monitored in
non-fumigated plots and in plots fumigated pre-season with
1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) at 38 cm depth. Fallow, grain sorghum and
resistant soybean reduced the incidence of R. reniformis down to 120 cm in
comparison to susceptible soybean. In 2001, population densities were
monitored under cotton in these plots and in additional plots that had grown
susceptible soybean cv. Vernal or resistant cv. Padre in 2000 and that were
fumigated before the 2001 crop with 1,3-D at depths of 0-60, 60-120, or
0-120 cm. In 2000 non-fumigated plots, cotton fibre yields were increased by
an average 35% after fallow, grain sorghum or resistant soybean compared to
those after susceptible soybean. In the 2000 fumigated plots, cotton fibre
yields were increased 38% after grain sorghum and resistant soybean compared
to those after susceptible soybean or fallow. In plots cropped previously to
susceptible soybean, fumigation at 60-120 cm deep increased cotton fibre
yields by 68% compared to the non-fumigated control. Population densities in
the 0-120 cm horizon were a more accurate predictor of plant damage than
those at 0-30 cm. The value of R. reniformis resistant soybean
cultivar-cotton crop sequences was confirmed and the importance of their
effects on deep-occurring populations of R. reniformis demonstrated.