bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legacy of Athenian Law?
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Law is one of the very few areas of social practice in which the ancient Greeks have had no significant influence on subsequent societies. To grasp the significance of this statement, it is worth examining for a moment the contrast with politics, that other area of life in which relationships between human beings are publicly regulated. The Greeks invented not merely the terminology of politics, but many of its fundamental concepts: it was the fourth-century philosopher Aristotle who coined the term ta politika to denote the study of public life specifically within that characteristically Greek institution, the polis or city-state, and thereby invented politics as a subject to study; and the idea that the demos or citizen body, however defined, should exercise kratos (sovereign authority), was the revolutionary tenet of the one Greek polis about which we are well informed, and of which the legal system forms the subject-matter of this book: democratic Athens.
Sources of Law: Sources of Information
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Sources of law’ is a formally ambiguous phrase which raises two questions, one of interest primarily to historians and the other to lawyers. The question for the former is, ‘how can we now know what the law was?’ A lawyer, however, asks, ‘how did an Athenian court decide what the law was?’ So different, indeed, are these questions that they merit discussion in separate chapters.1 Here I shall consider the historian’s question, set in the present and with an answer of merely declaratory force: ‘the sources are the following, and from them we can (or occasionally cannot) find out that the law was such-and-such.’2 The lawyer’s question will be discussed in the next chapter, for that concerns the past and the mind of the ancient Athenian, where it had in some sense an imperative or normative force also: ‘we can find out the law from the following sources, and on this basis we should deliver our verdict.’
Relations between Persons and Things
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lysias’ speech Against Hippotherses was (re)discovered on a papyrus from the Egyptian village of Oxyrhynkhos, and first published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1919 (P. Oxy. 1606). The remains of this papyrus are substantial but very diffuse: the Hippotherses, with six fragments securely attributed, is the best preserved of the four or more previously unknown speeches that it originally contained; but five of these fragments each contain fewer than twenty lines of readable text, and their relative position within the speech is unknown. It is the conclusion of the speech that is best preserved, since the only substantial fragment contains almost intact the final two-and-a-half columns (lines 127-326: in all, about 325 words of text), with the title written at the end.
Relations with the Polis
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lysias 26 is an attack on a man named Euandros, written to be delivered at his dokimasia (the scrutiny which all incoming public officials had to undergo before being allowed to take up office). The speech is addressed to the boule or council(§ 21), and the office to which he has been allocated (though see further below) is that of Ark/um. We know from Ath. Pol. 55. 2 that each of the nine arkhons had to face a double dokimasia, before the boule and then in front of a lawcourt; and although the details of this twofold process are in some respects obscure (for the various controversies see Rhodes 1981: 614-17), nevertheless Euandros is clearly undergoing the first of these hearings.
Fortunatus and the Rhetorical Tradition: Panegyrics to Kings
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortunatus’ earliest known poems for the Merovingian court were his epithalamium and panegyric (Poems,6. 1 and 1a) to Sigibert and Brunhild, delivered at Metz in 566. Such formal poetry is a fruitful point at which to begin a consideration of his work, and of his place as a poet in Merovingian society. His panegyrics to the Frankish kings form a series of poems in the same genre, composed over two decades from 567 to 587. Analysis of these poems enables us to chart Fortunatus’ development in technique, in ideas, and in his relationship to his patrons. Because of the strong conventions governing the genre, moreover, it is here that we can most easily make comparisons with earlier work in the same literary tradition, to see how the poet adapted a genre for a Merovingian audience, and how his role differed from that of earlier poets.
Epitaphs and Consolations
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No subject so readily evokes a cliched response as bereavement and the consolation of grief. A long and rich tradition existed, in both pagan and Christian writing, of consolation for the bereaved, and of praise and commemoration of the dead. In literary and in epigraphic writing, standard motifs recurred with far less variation than in panegyric. The tradition thus placed constraints on a poet, in terms of the scope for imaginative flexibility and responsiveness to individuals. Since these were notable qualities in Fortunatus’ development of panegyric, it is of interest to look at his consolations and epitaphs to see how he used this literary tradition, and to what extent he exercised these qualities here.
Merovingian Noblewomen
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortunatus’ verse affords us glimpses of yet another group of patrons Merovingian women. Some of these vignettes, however, are more detailed and intense than any we have considered so far, and give us clearer insights both into the patrons they addressed and into the character of the poet himself. In devoting separate attention to Fortunatus’ poems to women we perhaps imply an expectation that they differ from those he addressed to men, or that women in Merovingian society had very different roles from their male contemporaries--or both. Yet, within the wealthy and educated class for whom Fortunatus wrote, there is evidence that neither assumption is necessarily nor invariably true.
Introduction
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional view of the Roman empire holds that the republic was a period of expansion, the principate one of successful defence against barbarian attack, the late empire one of less successful defence and retrenchment. Past generations could look upon the growth of the empire with admiration, free from moral qualms. European imperial ists were convinced that it was a good thing for a civilization they considered superior (their own as well as Rome) to rule barbaric natives. Both the republic and the principate were admirable, the republic as a period of dynamic expansion, the principate as one of stability and defence of what had been achieved. In our time of doubts, anguish, and egalitarianism it is no longer easy to admire an expanding empire. Self-determination is held to be a right. Infringement of that right is seen as immoral. Accordingly, views of the Roman republic are now ambiguous. That leaves us with the Roman Peace of the principate as an object of admiration. From the moment when Augustus put a stop to expansion the empire became laudable in modern eyes, for it defended civilization against the barbarians and thus laid the basis for our own achievements. In fact this is not true for Augustus. It has been shown to what extent this period, in spirit as in fact, was one of aggressive expansion. Even so, however, the old view of the principate after his time still persists. One of the achievements of the principate is held to be the development of a system of frontier defence that allowed the citizens of the empire to live in peace and quiet. Hence ‘Roman Frontier Studies’. The frontier also is considered a suitable object for comparison with the frontiers of modern states organized to keep out the armies of neighbouring states.
The Military Function Of Roman Veteran Colonies
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is clearly of interest to determine what was the function of veteran colonies, what was the motive for their establishment, and what was their share in the transformation of a defeated people into subjects of a Roman province. The economic, social, and cultural aspects often discussed do not concern us here. The impact on Rome and Italy of the removal of numerous citizens and their settlement elsewhere was of course significant, but this is not a topic to be considered in a work which deals with the provinces. And since we are interested specifically in the eastern parts of the empire hopes of ‘Romanization’ can be disregarded, for this was not an aim that could have been contemplated in earnest by Roman policy-makers in the East. There were not very many such foundations there, but those that existed have been credited with an important military function; and the question for us is whether this is correct. The subject, however, cannot be discussed in isolation, and something will therefore have to be said of Roman colonies in other regions and other periods than those which form the subject proper of this book.
The Treasures of the Parthenon
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘Parthenon’ in this chapter refers specifically to the west cella of the temple. The treasurers had access only from the western doors. Passing through the back chamber into the ‘Parthenon’ would have been possible only by breaking the seals on the Opisthodomos grills and gate. The chamber itself had four Ionic columns supporting the superstructure. The Treasures would have been seen only by the treasurers and priests; it was not open to the public and no cult statue stood inside. This room, then, was a chamber devoted to the storage of Athena’s treasures in the fifth century. There is no evidence that cult veneration took place in the room.
The Treasures and the Worshippers
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rarely in the fifth century and more frequently in the fourth, the treasurers included the name of the individual dedicant along with the description of the object kept in the temple. These names provide some information concerning the kind of dedicant who worshipped Athena on the Akropolis. The worshippers’ names must have been inscribed on the item or attached with a tag; for how else could the treasurers identify these items in the inventories? Ceramic evidence for the use of writing to identify objects begins in the seventh century, with personal names and dedications painted on pottery. Many metal scraps discovered on the Akropolis were found to have inscriptions. These bronze objects with inscriptions from the Akropolis all date to the sixth century BC; they were presumably destroyed during the Persian wars. They include a pomegranate, shields, vases, and other metal dedications. Had they originated in the fifth or fourth century, it might have been possible to identify the bronzes exactly with treasures which appear in the inventories. But even without this possibility the bronze inscriptions from the Akropolis are models and parallels for how the treasury functioned in the classical period; the weight, the name of the dedicant, or other important identifying characteristics were inscribed on the inventoried objects in much the same manner as in the earlier period. The inscriptions on the votive offerings usually have a brief statement of who the dedicant is, and for which god the object was intended. Other circumstances, such as the dedicant’s occupation or reason for prayer, are occasionally included.
The Unity of the Oresteia
Authors: Kip A Maria Van Erp Taalman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon 1412—20, Clytaemnestra reproaches the chorus for applying double standards: ‘Now you sentence me to banishment from the city, to the hatred of the citizens and the loud curses of the people. But then you laid no blame on this man, who without qualms, as if it concerned the death of a sheep—one out of many, in fleecy flocks—sacrificed his own child, my dearest daughter that I bore with pain, to charm away the Thracian winds. Is it not him you should have banished form the land, to atone for the guilt that defiled him?’. Referring to these lines, Rosenmeyer asserts that ‘the burden of the tragedy quite simply proscribes any suggestion of Clytaemnestra having done what she did in order to avenge her daughter. The timing of the “explanation”, the narrow scope granted to it and the almost throwaway quality of the announcement combine to reduce its importance within the larger scheme.’1 Vickers, in his turn, remarks on Clytaemnestra’s words: ‘as if she does not believe it, she does not press it’.2 Comparable statements have been made by other scholars. In my view, however, their arguments are mistaken.
Tragic Rhetoric: The Use of Tragedy and the Tragic in the Fourth Century
Authors: Wilson P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the starting-points of this paper is an interest in the ambivalent attitudes towards tragedy generated in antiquity: not simply in the contrast between the enormous popularity of tragic drama with the Athenian dêmos in the fifth century and the suspicion of intellectuals in the fourth, but in the wider—and largely unrecoverable—attitudes towards tragedy as a cultural institution, and more specifically in speculation concerning the dynamics of Athenian identification with tragedy as an institution. For on the one hand one finds a very high degree of collective and individual self-identification with this leading cultural product of Athens, an energetic contest for the prestige which attaches to it—both within and beyond Attica. lndividuals—ehorêgoi, poets, and actors—accrued huge stores of cultural capital from their association with the institution of tragedy, as did the Athenians collectively, for whatever its origins, classical tragedy was in practice a thoroughly Athenian phenomenon and drew spectators from all Greece to the festival of the Great Dionysia; while on the other hand, tragedy was by its very nature a troubling performance and it did not require an elaborate theoretical formulation sensitive to the dangers of mimesis in order for doubts to be raised about its introduction into the heart of the city.
Tragic and Homeric Ironies: Response to Rosenmeyer
Authors: Lowe N J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surveys of irony are commonly of inverse value to their length; Professor Rosenmeyer’s seems to me one of the very finest, and in particular a significant advance on the canonical Mueckean taxonomy. Its fuller recognition of the unusual status of drama in the cladistics of the ironic makes it possible, in a way that Muecke’s analysis does not, to address the central question of what—if anything—is distinctive about the ways of irony in ancient tragedy, and how thinking about ironies might help us to frame or circumscribe at least the ancient world’s notion of ‘the tragic’ itself. Rosenmeyer has fingered four peculiarities that sharpen the ironic possibilities open to theatre: the much tighter structural economy of drama; the interpolation of the actor into the process of fiction as a mediating presence between character and audience to replace the deleted narrator; the blatant asymmetry of the one-way mirror that is the fourth-wall window; the extra load carried by public speech in the characters’ self-definition. I want, in picking up the gauntlet tossed down in his closing paragraphs, to use these very points as the basis for one possible definition of ‘the tragic’ that may in turn help us to pin down the nature of the special relationship we continue to see between Greek tragedy and what we find it convenient to call irony.
Village Life in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deir el-Medina, the village of the workmen who built the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, is a uniquely rich source of information about life in Egypt between 1539 and 1075 BC. The abundant archaeological remains are complemented by tens of thousands of texts documenting the thoughts and activities of the villagers. Many of the texts are written on papyrus but most are on flakes of limestone which, being free and readily available, were used for even the most casual and temporary of records. They include private letters, administrative accounts, magic spells, records of purchases, last wills and testaments, laundry lists, and love songs. The value of these rare glimpses of daily life is greatly enhanced by the concentration of texts in one time and place. This book combines translations of over 200 of these texts spanning the entire range of preserved genres with stunning illustrations. The reader will, therefore, be able to experience the life of the villagers through their own words whilst viewing places known to each individual writer. Each text is introduced by a commentary that provides the context and explains the contribution each text makes to our understanding of Egyptian society at this period.
Introduction
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The texts collected in this anthology belong to the New Kingdom (c.1570-1070 Be), a period of a different character than earlier eras of Egyptian history. At the dawn of the Eighteenth Dynasty, the native Egyptian kings ruled over only a stump of their ancient kingdom; the north of Egypt was in the hands of an alien people, the Hyksos; while, to the south, Egypt had lost Lower Nubia to the kingdom of Kush. This situation was intolerable to the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth Dynasty, Kamose, who led his countrymen in an uprising against the realms to either side. It was his son Ahmose who achieved the final victory, driving the Hyksos out of the land and pursuing them into Palestine. The years of foreign occupation had made Egypt distrustful; it was no longer enough to free Egyptian soil, but neighbouring countries must also be subjected to provide a buffer zone against future enemies. Thus Egypt acquired an empire, and now for the first time enjoyed extensive and prolonged contact with the other great civilizations of the Ancient Near East.
Religion
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the surviving evidence of Egyptian piety consists of stelae, funerary monuments, and other records that are standardized and formal and thus difficult to relate to everyday religious ideas and practice. Moreover, the cult as conducted in the major temples those most prominent monuments of New Kingdom religion-was an affair of state, the purpose of which was to maintain the goodwill of the gods and to reaffirm the order of the world and oppose the forces of chaos. As a professional priesthood emerged to run the increasingly powerful temples, there is some doubt whether the common man was much concerned with what went on behind the temple pylons.
Work on the Royal Tomb
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The raison d ‘etre of the community of workmen was the construction of the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings. These tombs are rich in imagery, illustrating and magically promoting the passage of the deceased king through the Beyond. The king hoped to travel with the god Re in his sun-bark as he journeyed through the Netherworld during the twelve hours of the night towards the Gates of the Horizon where the sun, and the king, would be reborn. The perils and adventures of this nocturnal journey are recorded in great detail in the Books of the Netherworld, which form the basis of the decoration in the royal tombs, the various corridors and chambers corresponding to specific hours of the night. From the reign of Seti I on, the walls of the entire tomb, from the entrance down to and including the burial chamber, were covered with figures cut in low relief and painted with the full Egyptian palette-if indeed the king reigned long enough for this ambitious programme to be completed.
Women and Law in Late Antiquity
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive account of women's legal and social position in the west from classical antiquity right through to the early middle ages. The main focus of the book is on the late antique period, with constant reference to classical Roman law and the lives of women in the early empire. The book goes on to follow women's history up to the seventh century, thus bridging the notorious gap of the "dark ages". Major themes include daughters' succession rights; the independence of married women; sexual relations outside marriage; divorce; remarriage; and the general legal capacity of women. Dr Arjava argues that from the viewpoint of most women, late antiquity was not a period of radical change. In particular, the influence of Christianity has often been considerably exaggerated. It was only after the fall of the western empire that a new legal system and a new social world emerged.
Prehistory From The Palaeolithic To The Badarian Culture (c.700,000—4000 BC)
Authors: Hendrickx Stan , Vermeersch Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become a truism that ancient Egypt was a gift of the Nile because the river’s flooding brought new life into the valley in the late summer of every year. Egypt was, therefore, essentially a rich oasis amid the very extensive expanse of the Sahara. This, however, has not always been the case: the very earliest inhabitants of Egypt lived in a different kind of environment. First, the climate was not always as arid as it is now (modern Upper Egypt being one of the most arid regions in the world), oscillating instead between the present hyperaridity and a dry sahelian condition. Secondly, the river itself was not always a meandering river in a wide floodplain, with its late summer high floods. During some periods, the Nile was either reduced to a series of independent ephemeral wadi basins or had a generally low discharge, choked by its own huge floodplain deposits. It brought its rich alluvia into Egypt only when its headwaters reached back to Ethiopia. Finally, although the river clearly brought life to Egypt, it has also brought about the erosion of older archaeological deposits—we should, therefore, not be surprised to find that only very scarce remains from the earliest occupation have been preserved.
Egypt and the Outside World
Authors: Shaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the earliest times, expeditions concerned with trade, quarrying, and warfare brought the Egyptians into repeated contact with foreigners. The regions with which Egypt gradually fostered commercial and political links can be grouped into three basic areas: Africa (primarily Nubia, Libya, and Punt), Asia (Syria–Palestine, Mesopotamia, Arabia, and Anatolia) and the northern and eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus, Crete, the Sea Peoples, and the Greeks).