bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Diamond Cylinders with Triangular and Square Cross Sections Using Anodic Porous Alumina Templates
Authors: Yanagishita Takashi , Nishio Kazuyuki , Nakao Masashi , Fujishima Akira , Masuda Hideki 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Highly ordered arrays of diamond cylinders with square and triangular cross sections were prepared by CVD synthesis using anodic porous alumina templates with modified pore shapes. The CVD synthesis of diamond was carried out using a microwave enhanced CVD apparatus using alumina templates. By removing the alumina template in concentrated phosphoric acid, an ordered array of cylinders with a uniform size and shape was obtained. The obtained diamond cylinders could be isolated, and yielded the shape- and size-controlled diamond particles.
Poor response to prednisolone of idiopathic thrombocytopenia with human T‐lymphotropic virus type I infection
Authors: Matsushita Kakushi , Arima Naomichi , Ohtsubo Hideo , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Arimura Kosei , Kukita Toshimasa , Ozaki Atsuo , Hidaka Shiroh , Matsumoto Tadashi , Tei Chuwa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe the unique clinical characteristics of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who are infected by human T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I). Thirty‐seven patients with ITP were examined in the present study: 10 patients had HTLV‐I infection, and the remaining 27 did not. The mean age of the group with HTLV‐I infection was significantly older than that of the group without infection (57.8 ± 14.0 and 42.4 ± 20.1, P = 0.022). The difference in mean platelet counts at diagnosis between the two groups was not significant, 29 × 109/L and 21 × 109/L, respectively. The levels of platelet associated IgG, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, bone marrow cell count, and megakaryocyte count did not show any significant difference. Nine patients in the group with HTLV‐I infection were treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg, daily oral). Only 3 of them responded to the therapy (one complete response [CR] and two partial responses [PR]). However, 17 of 22 patients not infected with HTLV‐I were treated with prednisolone successfully: 14 patients achieved CR, and 3 patients achieved PR. There was a significant difference in response to prednisolone between the two groups (P = 0.034). Two patients with the infection and one patient without the infection achieved CR with splenectomy. These results suggest that HTLV‐I infection may cause immune thrombocytopenia by a different mechanism than classical ITP; HTLV‐I may modify the clinical features of ITP through an unknown immune pathway. Am. J. Hematol. 71:20–23, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metal fatigue, Wicksell transform and extreme values
Authors: Takahashi Rinya , Sibuya Masaaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe fatigue strength of high‐strength steel is closely related to the largest size of non‐metallic inclusions in the region of maximum stress of the steel. Hence, it is necessary to predict the largest size of the inclusions based on the size data measured in microscopic view‐fields of planar sections of a specimen. A statistical problem is the inference on the distribution of unmeasurable extreme values from the observations on its Wicksell transform. In this paper, the authors' previous works based on a parametric model are reviewed, and current research activities based on alternative models are introduced. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimetabolite incorporation into DNA: Structural and thermodynamic basis for anticancer activity
Authors: Gmeiner William H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAntimetabolites are a class of effective anticancer drugs that structurally resemble naturally occurring biochemicals and interfere in essential biochemical processes. In this review, the recent literature describing investigations of the structural and thermodynamic basis for the anticancer activity of three antipyrimidines [1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl cytidine (AraC). 2′,2′‐difluoro deoxycytidine (dFdC), and 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine (FdUrd)] is summarized. Our laboratory, and others, have shown that misincorporation of any of these three antipyrimidines into DNA perturbs the structure and decreases the stability of duplex DNA. These data are useful for rationalizing the effects of antipyrimidine misincorporation on the activities of proteins required for DNA replication and repair such as DNA topoisomerase 1 and DNA polymerases. The studies completed to date and summarized in this review demonstrate the utility of investigations into the structure–function relationships between antipyrimidine‐substituted DNA complexed with DNA‐modifying proteins for the purpose of understanding the basis for effective antipyrimidine cancer chemotherapy and the future design of novel anticancer drugs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Nucleic Acid Sci) 65: 180–189, 2002
Long‐term follow‐up of patients with giant cell tumor of the sacrum treated with selective arterial embolization
Authors: Lin Patrick P. , Guzel Volkan B. , Moura Marcio F. , Wallace Sidney , Benjamin Robert S. , Weber Kristin L. , Morello Frank A. , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Yasko Alan W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDGiant cell tumors of the bone can behave as aggressive and sometimes lethal tumors. In the sacrum, the tumor can be extremely difficult to manage. Standard treatments, including surgery and radiation, are associated with significant complications and recurrence rates. The goal of this study is to evaluate the long‐term outcome of selective arterial embolization as an alternative treatment modality.METHODSFrom 1975 to 2001, 18 patients were treated with selective intraarterial embolization. The embolization method was a combination of Gelfoam particles and coils for peripheral and central occlusions, respectively. The number of embolizations was based on clinical symptoms, radiographic response, and the vascularity of the tumor. Nine patients received intraarterial cisplatin as part of their treatment. The median follow‐up was 105 months.RESULTSOf 18 patients, 14 responded favorably to embolization with improvement in pain and neurologic symptoms. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans showed reossification and stabilization of tumor size. Arteriograms showed diminished vascularity. With long‐term follow‐up, three patients developed late disease recurrences within the sacrum. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the risk of local recurrence is 31% at 10 years and 43% at 15 and 20 years. The long‐term outcome was not affected by intraarterial cisplatin. There was one death that occurred 1 day after embolization.CONCLUSIONSMost patients demonstrate an objective early radiographic response to embolization. Long‐term follow‐up shows that the response is durable in approximately one half of the patients. Given the potential morbidity of other treatments, embolization should be included in the armamentarium of treatment for this difficult disease. Embolization may be used alone or in conjunction with other therapy. Long‐term follow‐up is recommended for all patients because late disease recurrence or sarcomatous change can occur. Cancer 2002;95:1317–25. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10803
Rock creep and the development of the Niagara cuesta
Authors: Barlow John 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis work addresses the post‐glacial development of the Niagara Escarpment, specifically the east‐facing scarp slopes between Hamilton and Collingwood. The escarpment is one of a series of scarps that shape the Great Lakes Basin. One interpretation suggests that the escarpment has evolved through homoclinal recession to the west. It is therefore viewed as an erosional feature brought about due to fluvial action on the weaker shale formations that underlie the cap rock. However, the deposition of large amounts of drift during the Pleistocene glaciation has resulted in the disruption of the preglacial drainage pattern within the Great Lakes Basin. Therefore, the current drainage is typically orthogonal to the scarp face with an absence of fluvial action along the base. Consequently, the cuesta is experiencing an extremely slow rate of retreat. Conventional thinking on the evolution of the present morphology suggests that it developed rapidly following deglaciation due to periglacial processes. The concept of the escarpment as a relict feature during the Holocene therefore pervades the modern literature.However, the cambering of the cap rock towards the scarp face and the apparent motion of individual joint‐bounded blocks indicates that in the absence of exogenetic processes, a slow development due to endogenetic processes has dominated the modern development of the escarpment. It has been proposed that the present morphology of the cliffed sections may be due to deformation within the shale layers. In order to test this hypothesis, the rheology of the rocks that form the escarpment was tested and compared to the gravitational stresses that would be expected within the rock mass. The results indicate that the compressive strength of the shale layers of the Cabot Head Formation is lower than the expected effective stresses. It is therefore concluded that in the absence of high confining stresses, as would be expected near the cliff face, slow plastic deformation within this formation is occurring. The morphological expression of this deformation is seen in the cambering of the escarpment, the dilation of pre‐existing joints, and the rotation of joint‐bounded blocks. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo biocompatibility testing of peek polymer for a spinal implant system: A study in rabbits
Authors: Rivard Charles‐H , Rhalmi Souad , Coillard Christine 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe are developing a new spinal implant system (SIS) without fusion (bone graft). This SIS is made from two materials, metal and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer. The Food and Drug Administration recommended testing in vivo, in an animal model, whether the PEEK polymer could be used in a SIS without any harm of wear debris to the nervous tissue (spinal cord and nerve roots). The objective was to evaluate the biological response of the spinal cord and nerve roots (dura mater) to PEEK polymer particles. Twenty‐four female New Zealand white rabbits were used. The rabbits were divided into three groups: test (n = 12), control (n = 9), and sham (n = 3). During the surgery, the test group received the PEEK particle injections (5 × 107 particles per site, lumbar and thoracic), while the control group received only the vehicle (0.9% saline solution). The sham group had the same surgical approach without injection. In each group, the rabbits were euthanized at 1, 4, and 12 weeks postsurgery. The macroscopic and semiquantitative histologic analyses of the spinal cords (dura mater) showed normal vascularization and particle adherence to the connective tissue especially at the injection sites. Neither necrosis nor swelling of the dura mater and nerve roots was observed. The PEEK polymer is harmless to the spinal cord; thus it might be used as component in the spinal implant system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 488–498, 2002
Synthesis and photopolymerization of trifunctional methacrylates and their application as dental monomers
Authors: Chung Chan‐Moon , Kim Min‐Sung , Kim Joong‐Gon , Jang Doo‐Ok 
Published: October 2002

Abstract1,1,1‐Tris[4‐(2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]ethane (THMPE) and tris[4‐(2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]methane (THMPM) were synthesized and evaluated as base monomers in a dental composite system. The photopolymerization reactivity of the trifunctional methacrylates was similar to that of conventional 2,2‐bis[4‐(2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐methacryloyloxy‐propoxy)phenyl]propane (bis‐GMA). Of the three monomers (THMPE, THMPM, and bis‐GMA), THMPE has the greatest molecular volume, and its composite showed the lowest photopolymerization shrinkage of the composites derived from the three monomers. The water‐solubility values for the light‐activated composite resins formulated with THMPE and THMPM were much lower than that for a control bis‐GMA composite. The trimethacrylates were not leached out into water from their corresponding photo‐cured composites whereas the difunctional bis‐GMA was eluted from its composite. The water sorption and flexural strength of the composite resins based on THMPE and THMPM were comparable to those of the bis‐GMA composite. THMPE is promising for application as a photocurable dental monomer because of its good polymerization reactivity along with relatively low curing shrinkage and water‐solubility of its photo‐cured composite. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 622–627, 2002
Presynaptic inhibition of olfactory receptor neurons in crustaceans
Authors: Wachowiak Matt , Cohen Lawrence B. , Ache Barry W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPresynaptic inhibition of transmitter release from primary sensory afferents is a common strategy for regulating sensory input to the arthropod central nervous system. In the olfactory system, presynaptic inhibition of olfactory receptor neurons has been long suspected, but until recently could not be demonstrated directly because of the difficulty in recording from the afferent nerve terminals. A preparation using the isolated but intact brain of the spiny lobster in combination with voltage‐sensitive dye staining has allowed stimulus‐evoked responses of olfactory receptor axons to be recorded selectively with optical imaging methods. This approach has provided the first direct physiological evidence for presynaptic inhibition of olfactory receptor neurons. As in other arthropod sensory systems, the cellular mechanism underlying presynaptic afferent inhibition appears to be a reduction of action potential amplitude in the axon terminal. In the spiny lobster, two inhibitory transmitters, GABA and histamine, can independently mediate presynaptic inhibition. GABA‐ and histaminergic interneurons in the lobster olfactory lobe (the target of olfactory receptor neurons) constitute dual, functionally distinct inhibitory pathways that are likely to play different roles in regulating primary olfactory input to the CNS. Presynaptic inhibition in the vertebrate olfactory system is also mediated by dual inhibitory pathways, but via a different cellular mechanism. Thus, it is possible that presynaptic inhibition of primary olfactory afferents evolved independently in vertebrates and invertebrates to fill a common, fundamental role in processing olfactory information. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:365–375, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epstein‐Barr virus (types 1 and 2) in the tear film in Sjogren's syndrome and HIV infection
Authors: Willoughby C.E. , Baker K. , Kaye S.B. , Carey P. , O'Donnell N. , Field A. , Longman L. , Bucknall R. , Hart C.A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEvidence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) shedding in the saliva and tear film has been sought to explain the pathogenesis of the oral and ocular features of Sjogren's syndrome. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are purported to have a higher incidence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Twenty patients with definite Sjogren's syndrome (primary and secondary), 19 with HIV infection, and 15 normal controls were recruited and studied. Human herpes viruses (EBV 1 and 2, CMV, HZV, and HSV‐1) in tear film were detected by polymerase chain reaction of DNA extracted from Schirmer strips. HSV‐1, VZV, and CMV were not detected in any tear samples. EBV‐1 DNA was found in the tear film of 4 patients with Sjogren's syndrome, which was not significantly different from the control group (P = 0.18). Twelve patients with HIV infection had evidence of EBV‐1 in their tears, which was significantly different from controls (P = 0.0002) and patients with Sjogren's syndrome (P = 0.014). EBV‐2 was found in 3 patients with HIV and in 1 patient with secondary Sjogren's syndrome, and was always found as a co‐infection with EBV‐1 (P = 0.01). This represents the first report examining EBV types 1 and 2 in the tear film and also EBV in the tear film of patients with HIV. Shedding of EBV in the tear film was not related to the presence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjogren's syndrome. EBV‐2 co‐infection with EBV‐1 has not been previously reported in the tear film. EBV infection is abnormally regulated in Sjogren's syndrome and HIV, and it is likely that the presence of EBV in the tear film is related to the patients' altered immune status. J. Med. Virol. 68:378–383, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human interleukin‐6 induces human herpesvirus‐8 replication in a body cavity‐based lymphoma cell line
Authors: Song Jian , Ohkura Takako , Sugimoto Masamichi , Mori Yasuko , Inagi Reiko , Yamanishi Koichi , Yoshizaki Kazuyuki , Nishimoto Norihiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHuman herpesvirus‐8 (HHV‐8) is etiologically associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), body cavity‐based lymphoma (BCBL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). These HHV‐8‐associated diseases arise predominantly in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Human interleukin‐6 (huIL‐6) elevated in the serum of AIDS patients is suggested to stimulate the growth of KS and BCBL and to augment the symptoms of MCD. To determine whether huIL‐6 stimulates HHV‐8 replication directly, expression of the HHV‐8 ORF‐50 immediate‐early gene (transcription activator) and ORF‐26 late lytic gene (a capsid protein) was assessed in a BCBL‐1 cell line stimulated by huIL‐6 by means of real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. huIL‐6 induced both ORF‐50 and ORF‐26 expression, and the maximal ORF‐50 expression appeared earlier than that of ORF‐26. The data indicate that huIL‐6 reactivates HHV‐8 in BCBL‐1 cells through inducing ORF‐50. We also confirmed the previously reported activities of HHV‐8‐encoded huIL‐6 homologue (viral interleukin‐6 [vIL‐6]) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in U1 cell line and huIL‐6 production by MT‐4 T cells, and utilizing monoclonal antibodies to the huIL‐6 receptor components, we elucidated that gp130 is the signaling molecule necessary for these vIL‐6 activities. These data suggest the possible existence of interaction between HIV and HHV‐8 via IL‐6, and that the blockade of IL‐6 signal by anti‐IL‐6R antibody or anti‐gp130 antibody can constitute a strategy to treat HIV/HHV‐8 dually infected patients. J. Med. Virol. 68:404–411, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The woodchuck interferon‐α system: Cloning, family description, and biologic activity
Authors: Berraondo Pedro , García‐Navarro Raquel , González‐Aseguinolaza Gloria , Vales África , Blanco‐Urgoiti Begoña , Larrea Esther , Riezu‐Boj José Ignacio , Prieto Jesús , Ruiz Juan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInterferon‐α (IFN‐α) is a key element in the defense against viral infection because, in addition to a direct antiviral effect, it exhibits potent immunostimulatory activity. To investigate the function of this cytokine in the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B, the woodchuck IFN‐α gene (IFNA) family was cloned and examined. The data indicate that this is a multigenic family from which 12 IFNA functional sequences and four pseudogene sequences were isolated. The overall identity of the amino acid sequence among the members of the woodchuck IFN‐α family is 85%, and the identity with the IFN‐α family from other species such as mice and humans is 50%. The analysis of hepatic expression of IFNA genes showed that wIFNA5a was the subtype transcribed preferentially in the woodchuck liver. The wIFNA genes transcribed in the liver were tested in an eukaryotic expression system and were found to enhance 2–5‐oligoadenylate synthetase (2–5‐OAS) mRNA levels and to posses a potent antiviral activity. Cloning of woodchuck IFNA genes will allow testing diverse forms of IFN‐α delivery as well as different combination therapies in woodchuck hepatitis virus infection, thus providing useful information for the design of new strategies for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. J. Med. Virol. 68:424–432, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of para‐chlorophenyl aryl chlorophosphates with anilines in acetonitrile
Authors: Lee Hai Whang , Guha Arun Kanti , Lee Ikchoon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe kinetics and mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution reactions of p‐chlorophenyl aryl chlorophosphates (2) with anilines are investigated in acetonitrile at 55°C. Relatively large magnitudes of ρX and βX values are indicative of a large degree of bond making in the TS. Smaller magnitudes of ρX (0.20 for X = H) and ρXY (−0.30) than those for the corresponding reactions with phenyl aryl chlorophosphates (1) (ρX = 0.54 for X = H and ρXY = −1.31) are interpreted to indicate partial electron loss, or shunt, towards the electron acceptor equatorial ligand (p‐ClC6H4O‐) in the bipyramidal pentacoordinated transition state. The inverse secondary kinetic isotope effects (kH/kD = 0.64–0.87) involving deuterated aniline (ND2C6H4X) nucleophiles, and small ΔH‡ and large negative ΔS‡ are obtained. These results are consistent with a concerted nucleophilic substitution mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 632–637, 2002
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) reveals frequent and recurrent numerical and structural abnormalities in hepatoblastoma with no informative karyotype
Authors: Surace C. , Leszl A. , Perilongo G. , Rocchi M. , Basso G. , Sainati L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundHepatoblastoma (HB) is the most frequent malignant liver tumor in children. The few cytogenetic studies available indicate that HB is associated with recurring trisomies of chromosomes 2, 8, and 20; recurrent t(1;4) (q12;q34) has been reported in few cases. The abnormalities of chromosome 1q are relatively frequent and usually lead to overexpression of 1q material. A cluster of breakpoints is located at the level of bands 1q12 and 1q21. More work is needed to clarify their real incidence and prognostic significance. Cytogenetic analysis is limited by the requirement of suitable cells in metaphase. A different method that increases analysis sensitivity is fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).ProcedureWe studied 10 cases of HB with no informative karyotype (normal karyotype or no metaphases). FISH was performed by the standard method, using cytospins and imprints obtained from frozen or cytogenetic samples of direct cultures. Alpha‐satellite probes for centromeric DNA were used for chromosomes 2, 8, and 20 analysis; rearrangement of region 1q12‐21 was detected with BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) probe bA79E5.ResultsWe detected at least one trisomic clone in 5/10 of these cases. Trisomy 20 was the most frequently detected abnormality, followed by trisomy of the chromosomes 2 and 8. Analysis of 1q12 band revealed that the rearrangement of 1q usually is in pericentromeric heterochromatin, it was present in 5/10 of studied cases.ConclusionFISH analysis is recommended in all cases of HB with no informative karyotype to gain more information regarding the frequent trisomies encountered and their significance. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:536–539. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.