bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of percutaneous radial artery catheter for peripheral blood progenitor cell collection in pediatric patients
Authors: Bambi Franco , Fontanazza Silvia , Messeri Andrea , Lippi Alma , Tucci Fabio , Tamburini Angela , Tintori Veronica , Casini Tommaso , Lacitignola Laura , Tondo Annalisa , Veltroni Marinella , Bernini Gabriella , Faulkner Lawrence B. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Leukapheresis procedures require adequate flow rates, which in children may frequently involve invasive vascular access placement. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : A minimally invasive peripheral radial artery catheter was used for drawing blood in 85 leukapheresis procedures performed in 33 pediatric patients. Blood return to the patients was provided by either a central Broviac‐type catheter or a peripheral venous access. The patients' age range was 1 to 18 years (median, 9.5) and the weight range was 9 to 73 kg (median, 29 kg). Vasocan Braunüle Luer Lock IV cannulas (22 gauge in 78 and 20 gauge in 7) were placed percutaneously under local anesthesia, and in 8 patients, catheter placement was carried out during general anesthesia for other procedures. A continuous flow cell separator was used in all cases (Fresenius AS104 in 23 and AS204 in 62). RESULTS : Flow rates ranged from 18 to 45 mL per minute, the mean number of total blood volumes processed was 2.07 (range, 0.51‐2.51), and the mean duration of the procedures was 150 minutes (range, 90‐260). The 22‐gauge cannulas provided adequate flow rates independently of patient age and weight. No significant thrombotic, embolic, hemorrhagic, ischemic, or infectious complications were observed. CONCLUSION : Peripheral radial artery catheters are safe, are minimally invasive, and provide steady, high‐flow rates, and they should be considered for patients requiring leukapheresis and lacking a suitable vascular access for drawing blood.
Screening for Lung Cancer Using Low‐Radiation Dose Computed Tomography
Authors: Shaham D. , Goitein O. , Yankelevitz D. F. , Vazquez M. , Reeves A. P. , Henschke C. I. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death. Currently there are no major health organizations endorsing lung cancer screening. This is primarily based on the results of four randomized, controlled trials conducted in the 1970s comparing screening using sputum cytology (some with chest radiography as well) with no screening for lung cancer.The Early Lung Cancer Action Project (ELCAP), initiated in 1992, demonstrated the enormous potential of low radiation dose (low‐dose) helical CT to detect lung cancer at an early stage, and its superiority over conventional chest radiography. As compared to the initial baseline screening evaluation, ELCAP has shown that on repeat annual screening, there is a substantially lower number of false‐positive studies and a higher percentage of malignancy among the newly detected lung nodules. Adherence to the diagnostic algorithm, which included the use of high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in the follow‐up of lung nodules, enabled confirmation of lung cancer within short time intervals while minimizing unnecessary interventional procedures. The use of computer‐generated three‐dimensional image reconstruction can be helpful in the detection of nodular growth after a follow‐up interval as short as 1 month.The role of low‐dose CT in screening for lung cancer is currently under investigation but seems promising. Additional techniques, such as the use of biomarkers, may also aid in early detection of lung cancer. The precise role of these techniques relative to low‐dose CT screening continues to evolve.
Hayden White's Appeal to the Historians
Authors: Ankersmit F. R. 
Published: March 2003

Historians rarely agree with Hayden White's account of theirdiscipline. To a certain extent their dissatisfaction can be explained by the fact that historianscustomarily distrust historical theory and always tend to look at the historical theorist with thegreatest suspicion. But historians find an extra argument for their dislike of White's ideasin his alleged cavalier disregard of how historical facts limit what the historian might wish to sayabout the past. And, admittedly, this criticism is not wholly unfounded.Nevertheless, this essay attempts to show how misguided this traditional criticism ofWhite actually is. For it is historians who too easily take the truth of their accounts of the past forgranted, whereas White's theoretical writings can be shown to express a full awareness ofthe kind of problem encountered in the effort to tell the truth about historical reality. Hence,White's writing—rather than those by historians criticizing White—testify to therespect that we owe to historical reality itself.That this is how we should read White becomes clear if we consider his intellectualevolution as a whole rather than the individual books or essays that he wrote.
Johannes Nkosi and the Communist Party of South Africa: Images of ‘Blood River’ and King Dingane in the Late 1920s–1930
Authors: Ndlovu Sifiso Mxolisi 
Published: March 2003

In divided societies like South Africa, history, among other things,serves ideological purposes. The colonial encounter between King Dingane, the second Zulu king, who ruled from 1828 to 1840, and white settlers highlights this fact. The core of Afrikaner Nationalist historiography regarded the king as a treacherous, uncivilized barbarian. He was perceived to be an anti‐white demagogue who was beyond redemption. But elsewhere, African nationalists and workers viewed the king as one of the original freedom fighters who resisted thetyranny of the land‐grabbing white settlers and voortrekkers of the nineteenth century. Their interpretations of King Dingane's relationship with white settlers depict the latter as disrespectful imperialists and unscrupulous men, attempting to enrich themselves at the expense of the indigenous population. Accordingly, their interpretation of this encounter revolves around the land question in South Africa.This article discusses a case study regarding these issues. It is about the challenge mounted by African workers in the late 1920s and 1930 against the official celebration of December 16. This celebration honored the victory of the voortrekkers at the so‐called battle of ‘Blood River’ on December 16, 1838—hence the public holiday was once referred to as ‘Dingaan's Day.’ As a counter‐commemoration of this day, African workers regarded the official celebrations as symbolizing the loss of their land and the passing of their freedom. As a result African workers aligned with the Communist Party of South Africa, and through the leadership skills of Johannes Nkosi, mounted vigorous protests and challenges against these celebrations by white South Africans. They staged protest marches and defiant anti‐pass campaigns that emphasized the centrality of the land question in South Africa. They also paid tribute to their past, include King Dingane. Through their actions they imbued conscience in African workers throughout the country, hence the response of the state was brutal and culminated with the death of Johannes Nkosi in 1930.
Subaltern Studies and its Critics: Debates over Indian History
Authors: Lal Vinay 
Published: March 2003

Ranajit Guha, (ed.) A Subaltern Studies Reader 1986–1995Peter Heehsm, Nationalism, Terrorism, Communalism: Essays in Modern Indian HistorySumit Sarkar, Writing Social HistoryAchin Vanaik, The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity And Secularization
A Theory of the Syndicate: Form Follows Function
Authors: Pichler Pegaret , Wilhelm William 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe relate the organizational form of investment banking syndicates to moral hazard in team production. Although syndicates are dissolved upon deal completion, membership stability across deals represents a barrier to entry that enables the capture of quasirents. This improves incentives for individual bankers to cultivate investor relationships that translate into greater expected proceeds. Reputational concerns of lead bankers amplify the effect. We derive conditions under which restricted entry and designation of a lead banker strictly Pareto dominate, in which case it is also strictly Pareto dominant for the syndicate's fee to be greater than members' cost of participation.
The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: A Fifth Extract
Authors: Burnside C. D. 
Published: March 2003

The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565‐582 and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. A further three extracts have since been published to provide details of direct optical projection instruments used in this country and of the Vivian Thompson Stereo‐plotter.This fifth extract deals with the Wild A5 and A6 instruments. Their introduction into the United Kingdom during and just prior to the Second World War, together with their important contributions to the war effort, make interesting reading. With a grand total of just five such instruments, they were well used throughout the period of hostilities.This extract also includes a note on the Wild A4 instrument, designed for close range photogrammetry. This was the last instrument in which Wild made use of projector lenses but it has been included at this point so that all of the Wild instruments which are listed in the Catalogue (and therefore included in the Archive) are dealt with in numerical order.
Developing a Commitment to Multicultural Education
Authors: Paccione Angela V. 
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to understand the factors and process involved in developing a commitment to multicultural education. The two questions that guided the study were (a) What kinds of life experiences contribute to a commitment to multicultural education ? and (b) What is the process by which individuals become committed to multicultural education ? The research methodology of content analysis was used to answer the first question and phenomenology was used to answer the second. The theoretical population for this study included all teachers in the United States who are committed to multicultural education/diversity. The tangible population included members of the National Association for Multicultural Education (NAME). The criterion sample for the study was those members of NAME who (a) were affiliated with prekindergarten through higher education in 1997, and (b) attended the 1997 NAME Annual Conference (n = 330). A questionnaire consisting of one open-ended and various standard demographic questions was mailed to the sample. Content analysis of the returned questionnaires revealed 11 factors that contributed to developing a commitment to multicultural education. Telephone interviews were also conducted with 45 volunteer respondents from the sample. Phenomenological analysis of the interviews strongly suggested thai a four-stage process can be used to describe the development of a commitment to multicultural education. The results of the study have implications for multicultural education and teacher education. Foremost in the conclusions of this study are the support for (a) cultural immersion experiences and (b) course work in multicultural education that evokes a critical analysis of the sociopolitical status quo in U. S. society.
Physical Injury Risks Associated with Drinking Water Arsenic Treatment
Authors: Frost Floyd J. , Chwirka Joseph , Craun Gunther F. , Thomson Bruce , Stomp John 
Published: March 2003

We estimated the number of transportation deaths that would be associated with water treatment in Albuquerque to meet the EPA's recently proposed revisions of the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for arsenic. Vehicle mileage was estimated for ion exchange, activated alumina, and iron coagulation/microfiltration water treatment processes to meet an MCL of 0.020 mg/L, 0.010 mg/L, 0.005 mg/L, and 0.003 mg/L. Local crash, injury, and death rates per million vehicle miles were used to estimate the number of injuries and deaths. Depending on the water treatment options chosen, we estimate that meeting an arsenic MCL of 0.005 mg/L will result in 143 to 237 crashes, 58 to 98 injuries, and 0.6 to 2.6 deaths in Albuquerque over a 70‐year period, resulting in 26 to 113 years of life lost. The anticipated health benefits for Albuquerque residents from a 0.005 mg/L arsenic MCL, estimated using either a multistage Weibull or Poisson model, ranged from 3 to 80 arsenic‐related bladder and lung cancer deaths prevented over a 70‐year period, adding between 43 and 1,123 years of life. Whether a revised arsenic MCL increases or reduces overall loss of life in Albuquerque depends on the accuracy of EPA's cancer risk assessment. If the multistage Weibull model accurately estimates the benefits, the years of life added is comparable or lower than the anticipated years lost due to transportation associated with the delivery of chemicals, disposal of treatment waste, and operation of the water treatment system. Coagulation/microfiltration treatment will result in substantially fewer transportation deaths than either ion exchange or activated alumina.
Cog Is to Us as We Are to God: A Response to Anne Foerst
Authors: Gerhart Mary , Russell Allan Melvin 
Published: March 2003

Foerst says that a robot must have human features if it is to learn to relate to human beings. She argues that the image of God (imago dei) represents no more than a promise of God to relate to us. In our view, however, the principle of embodied artificial intelligence (AI) in the robot suggests some kind of embodiedness of the image of God in human beings if they are to learn to relate to God.Foerst's description of how people react to a humanoid robot reads like Otto's description of the divine as mysterium fascinans et tremendum (awesome and alluring mystery). Her description makes robot‐human interaction seem more religious than human‐God interaction.
Communication of Private Information and the Valuation of Initial Public Offerings in Singapore
Authors: Eng Li Li , Khoo Tan Andrew, Ruth 
Published: March 2003

This study examines a sample of 108 initial public offerings in Singapore between 1987 and 1993, and documents the effects of four channels of entrepreneurial communication, that is, retained ownership, audited report, auditor choice and underwriter choice on the valuation of new issues. Our results indicate that retained ownership and book value of equity are significantly and positively associated with the valuation of initial public offerings in Singapore. Underwriter choice and auditor choice are not significant in explaining the valuation of initial public offerings. Issues listed on the Main Board are valued higher than those on Sesdaq (Stock Exchange of Singapore Dealing and Automated Quotation). Firms choosing the auction system are valued higher than those choosing the fixed system.This paper provides evidence on the valuation of new issues in an emerging market in the Asia‐Pacific region. The results are of interest to investors, investment bankers and companies seeking a listing on the Singapore Stock Exchange. We provide some insights on how new issues in the Singapore market are valued.
The Concept of Dreaming: On Three Theses by Malcolm
Authors: Shroeder Severin 
Published: March 2003

In his monograph Dreaming (1959), Normal Malcolm puts forward the following three theses:(1) The temporal location of dreams as taking place in one’s sleep is not an empirical fact, but determined by grammar.(2) This grammatical determination does not allow dreams a precise date in physical time.(3) Dreams do not consist of mental occurrences.I argue that (1) is indeed perfectly true, whereas (2) is false; (3) is not borne out by Malcolm’s verificationist main argument, although it can be shown to be largely true for other considerations.
The Quest to Digest Jesus: Recent Books on the Historical Jesus
Authors: Goodacre Mark 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Mark Allan Powell, The Jesus Debate: Modern Historians Investigate the Life of ChristPhillip J. Cunningham, A Believer's Search for the Jesus of HistoryClive Marsh and Steve Moyise, Jesus and the Gospels: An IntroductionN. T. Wright and Marcus Borg, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions
Education Subsidies, Social Security and Growth: The Implications of a Demographic Shock
Authors: Docquier Frederic , Michel Philippe 
Published: March 2003

We develop a three‐period overlapping‐generations model in which individual decisions about education are the engine of growth. In this setting, we investigate the normative role of education subsidies and old age pensions. Calibrating this model on empirical data, it is shown that the case for positive pension benefits is rather weak on the optimal path. An important part of education subsidies should be financed by lump‐sum taxes on retirees. We also examine how these transfers should be adjusted in the presence of a baby boom‐baby bust demographic shock. It turns out that an appropriate policy could be to increase education when the baby‐boom generation is at work. Labor productivity will then be higher when aging peaks so that the pension bill can be financed without reducing welfare for the baby‐bust generations. JEL classification: O41; J24; E62
Industrial Policy and Firm Heterogeneity
Authors: Barros Pedro P. , Nilssen Tore 
Published: March 2003

Our concern in this paper is with firm‐specific industrial policy. When R&D subsidies or taxes are differentiated among firms, the question arises as to which firms in an industry should receive such support. We analyze a situation where firms differ in their R&D technologies in two distinct ways: in the costs of performing R&D activities and in the output obtained from such activities. We find that the optimal firm‐specific industrial policy is affected differently by the two sources of firm heterogeneity. Furthermore, a change in a firm's R&D productivity has an ambiguous effect on the optimal policy towards the firm.JEL classification: O31; L52; F13
Asymmetric Shocks and Monetary Policy in a Currency Union
Authors: Lane Philip R. 
Published: March 2003

We analyze the conduct of monetary policy in a currency union in the face of asymmetric shocks. In particular, we compare the stabilization properties of a currency union versus alternative exchange rate arrangements. The relative performance of a currency union is shown to depend on the extent of economic integration in patterns of consumption and production and on the relative weights placed on price stability versus employment stability in the monetary authority's objective function. JEL classification: F33; F40
Wage Indexation, Employment and Inflation
Authors: Drudi Francesco , Giordano Raffaela 
Published: March 2003

Price versus productivity‐indexing is considered in a model of monetary policy with incomplete information and wage bargaining. In a perfectly price‐indexed economy, the inflationary bias due to lack of credibility is eliminated. However, productivity‐indexing is more appropriate to dampen macroeconomic fluctuations that are caused by real disturbances. We show that productivity‐indexing alone guarantees both price and employment stability, provided the government's reputation is good enough and the union's bargaining power is not too strong. This reduces the degree of price indexation as the union becomes weaker and the government's reputation improves. Productivity‐indexing is desirable with volatile productivity processes and weak unions. JEL classification: E24; E52
The Law of One Price—A Case Study
Authors: Haskel Jonathan , Wolf Holger 
Published: March 2003

We use retail transaction prices for a multinational retailer to examine the extent and permanence of violations of the law of one price. For identical products, we find typical deviations of 20–50 percent, with some evidence for convergence over time. Such differences might be due to differences in local costs. If so, relative prices of similar products (round versus square mirrors) should be equal across countries. In fact, relative prices vary significantly across very similar goods within a product group. The finding suggests that differences in local distribution costs, local taxes, and probably tariffs do not explain the price pattern, leaving strategic pricing or other factors resulting in varying markups as alternative explanations. JEL classification: F41; L11
Fewer in Number but Harder to Employ: Incidence and Duration of Unemployment in an Economic Upswing
Authors: Hernaes Erik 
Published: March 2003

During an upswing in the Norwegian labour market in the early 1990s, inflow to unemployment fell by one‐quarter from October 1991 to October 1993. In contrast, the employment probabilities of the inflow rose much less for males and even decreased for females. A duration analysis showed that the average “employability” of the unemployment inflow declined due to lower previous income, a lower proportion with job experience, a higher proportion with previous unemployment experience, a higher proportion with immigrant background, and a lower proportion on recall. They were fewer in number, but harder to employ. JEL classification: E32; J64
Is Environmental Dumping Greater when Plants are Footloose?
Authors: Ulph Alistair , Valentini Laura 
Published: March 2003

We address concerns that globalisation gives national governments incentives to set weak environmental policies and that these incentives are particularly strong in industries where plants are footloose. Using a simple model of imperfect competition, we compare the environmental policies that would be set by non‐cooperative governments for two different move structures—where governments set environmental policies after firms decide where to locate (market share game) and where governments set environmental policies before firms decide where to locate (location game). We show that the extent of environmental dumping in the market share game can be greater than in the location game. JEL classification
F1; H4; L5; Q2
Context and Age Differences in Same‐ and Other‐gender Peer Preferences
Authors: Strough JoNell , Covatto Ann Marie 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Age and gender differences in preferences for same‐ and other‐gender peers as partners for working on a school project and casual interactions at home were investigated. Participants were 82 students (19 sixth‐grade preadolescents; 29 eighth‐grade adolescents; 34 tenth‐ and eleventh‐grade older adolescents). Same‐gender preferences were assessed via peer nominations and ratings of expected enjoyment of interacting with same‐ and other‐gender peers. Preferences varied by context: individuals expected to enjoy same‐gender peers more than other‐gender peers when working on a project at school but not when interacting casually at home. Greater expected enjoyment of same‐gender peers over other‐gender peers was most pronounced for preadolescent boys and girls, and least pronounced for older adolescent males. Nominations of same‐gender peers for home and school activities decreased with age. Results are interpreted in light of a social‐contextual approach to gender segregation.