bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of esomeprazole and lansoprazole for control of intragastric pH in patients with symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: JOHNSON D. A. , STACY T. , RYAN M. , WOOTTON T. , WILLIS J. , HORNBUCKLE K. , BROOKS W. , DOVIAK M. 
Published: July 2005

Summary
Background:  Intragastric acid suppression is the most direct measure of the pharmacodynamic efficacy of proton pump inhibitors, which are the most effective drugs for acid‐related diseases.Aim:  To compare the effectiveness of once and twice daily dosing of lansoprazole and esomeprazole in controlling intragastric acidity (target gastric pH > 4.0) over a 24‐hour period.Methods:  In an open‐label, two‐way crossover study, 45 Helicobacter pylori‐negative patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease were randomized to receive one of two regimens: 30 mg lansoprazole or esomeprazole 40 mg once daily. Intragastric pH was assessed by 24‐hour pH monitoring on day 5 of each regimen. Dosing was increased to twice daily and pH was reassessed on day 10. Following a 14‐day washout, patients were crossed over to the other medication and the dosage regimens and pH assessments were repeated.Results:  Data were analysed from 35 patients who completed all scheduled assessments and had 24‐hour monitoring for each end‐point. Mean time pH > 4.0 and mean 24‐hour pH were highest for esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily, followed by lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily, esomeprazole 40 mg once daily and lansoprazole 30 mg once daily. Esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily provided superior control of intragastric pH compared with either once or twice daily dosing of lansoprazole and once daily dosing of esomeprazole (P < 0.01). Esomeprazole 40 mg once daily was comparable with lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily and both were superior to lansoprazole 30 mg once daily (P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Response to acid suppression treatment depends on the treatment selected. Esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily provided better control of intragastric pH than all other regimens evaluated. Esomeprazole 40 mg daily, however, was comparable with lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily and superior to lansoprazole 30 mg once daily.
The influence of the light environment and photosynthesis on oxidative signalling responses in plant–biotrophic pathogen interactions
Authors: BECHTOLD ULRIKE , KARPINSKI STANISLAW , MULLINEAUX PHILIP M. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTPlants grow in a constantly fluctuating environment, which has driven the evolution of a highly flexible metabolism and development necessary for their sessile lifestyle. In contrast to the situation in the natural world, the detailed dissection of the regulatory networks that govern plants’ responses to abiotic insults and their interaction with pathogens have been studied almost exclusively in controlled environments where a single challenge has been applied. However, the question arises of how such pathways operate when the plant is subjected to multiple stresses, especially where the expression of overlapping gene sets and common signalling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), are implicated. This review will focus on the responsiveness of leaves to their light environment and how this might influence both basal and induced resistance to infection by biotrophic pathogens. While several signalling pathways operate in a complex network of defence responses, the functioning of the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway will receive specific consideration. This is because information is becoming available of its role in abiotic stress responses and it dependency on light. This article covers several topics, some of which formerly have received scant attention. These include the effects of infection on photosynthetic performance and carbohydrate metabolism, the parallels between the induction of acclimation to high light and immunity to pathogens, the role of light in the functioning of the SA signalling pathway and the light sensitivity of lesion formation and the use of lesion mimic mutants and transgenic plants. Finally, a model is proposed that attempts to extrapolate these controlled environment‐based studies to the functioning of defences against pathogens in a field‐grown crop.
Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation
Authors: ASHMORE M. R. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTOzone is a major secondary air pollutant, the current concentrations of which have been shown to have significant adverse effects on crop yields, forest growth and species composition. In North America and Europe, emissions of ozone precursors are decreasing but in other regions of the world, especially Asia, where much less is known about its impacts, they are increasing rapidly. There is also evidence of an increase in global background ozone concentrations, which will lead to significant changes in global ozone exposure over this century, during which direct and indirect effects of other changes in the global atmosphere will also modify plant responses to ozone. This paper considers how far our current understanding of the mechanisms of ozone impacts, and the tools currently used for ozone risk assessment, are capable of evaluating the consequences of these changing global patterns of exposure to ozone. Risk assessment based on relationships between external concentration and plant response is inadequate for these new challenges. New models linking stomatal flux, and detoxification and repair processes, to carbon assimilation and allocation provide a more mechanistic basis for future risk assessments. However, there are a range of more complex secondary effects of ozone that are not considered in current risk assessment, and there is an urgent need to develop more holistic approaches linking the effects of ozone, climate, and nutrient and water availability, on individual plants, species interactions and ecosystem function.
Scaling ozone responses of forest trees to the ecosystem level in a changing climate
Authors: KARNOSKY D. F. , PREGITZER K. S. , ZAK D. R. , KUBISKE M. E. , HENDREY G. R. , WEINSTEIN D. , NOSAL M. , PERCY K. E. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTMany uncertainties remain regarding how climate change will alter the structure and function of forest ecosystems. At the Aspen FACE experiment in northern Wisconsin, we are attempting to understand how an aspen/birch/maple forest ecosystem responds to long‐term exposure to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3), alone and in combination, from establishment onward. We examine how O3affects the flow of carbon through the ecosystem from the leaf level through to the roots and into the soil micro‐organisms in present and future atmospheric CO2conditions. We provide evidence of adverse effects of O3, with or without co‐occurring elevated CO2, that cascade through the entire ecosystem impacting complex trophic interactions and food webs on all three species in the study: trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.), paper birch (Betula papyriferaMarsh), and sugar maple (Acer saccharumMarsh). Interestingly, the negative effect of O3on the growth of sugar maple did not become evident until 3 years into the study. The negative effect of O3effect was most noticeable on paper birch trees growing under elevated CO2. Our results demonstrate the importance of long‐term studies to detect subtle effects of atmospheric change and of the need for studies of interacting stresses whose responses could not be predicted by studies of single factors. In biologically complex forest ecosystems, effects at one scale can be very different from those at another scale. For scaling purposes, then, linking process with canopy level models is essential if O3impacts are to be accurately predicted. Finally, we describe how outputs from our long‐term multispecies Aspen FACE experiment are being used to develop simple, coupled models to estimate productivity gain/loss from changing O3.
Macronodular hepatic tuberculosis associated with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension
Authors: Venkatesh SK , Tan LKA , Siew EPY , Putti TC 
Published: July 2005

SummaryTuberculosis (TB) of the liver is usually associated with miliary spread. Macronodular TB of the liver is rare. A case of macronodular TB of the liver in a 31‐year‐old woman causing portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension is presented. Ultrasound and CT appearances are described. There was coexistent ileo‐caecal TB with extensive mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Macronodular TB should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with multiple calcified masses in the liver with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension.
Computed tomography diagnosis of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica
Authors: White BD , Kong A , Khoo E , Southcott AM 
Published: July 2005

SummaryTracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare benign disease characterized by the presence of osseous and cartilaginous submucosal nodules projecting into the tracheobronchial tree. Most cases are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally at post‐mortem. We identified a case of TO on thoracic spiral CT and confirmed the diagnosis on bronchoscopy. This article reviews the imaging characteristics of TO, and shows the 3‐D virtual bronchoscopic and multiplanar reconstruction appearances of TO.
Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation mimicking post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder
Authors: Ho SGF , Phillips AJ , Browne RFJ , Munk PL , Legiehn GM , Yoshida EM , Davis JE , Chung SW , Scudamore CH 
Published: July 2005

SummaryApproximately 5% of patients with end‐stage cirrhosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation have occult hepatocellular carcinoma. Careful follow up is required to detect recurrent tumour, and knowledge of the patterns of recurrence may avoid diagnostic confusion with other malignancies, such as post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. This case report illustrates an unusual presentation of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in a 56‐year‐old man presenting with a para‐aortic soft tissue mass, thought clinically and radiologically to represent lymphoma or post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. This case demonstrates that recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma can present late after transplantation as retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, and should alert physicians and radiologists to be aware of the radiological appearances of recurrence and of the need for early biopsy to avoid diagnostic confusion with other malignancies.
Computed tomography manifestations of peritoneal diseases
Authors: Gordon K , Lee WK , Hennessy O 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe peritoneal cavity is a potential space that is divided by the peritoneal reflections into various complex subspaces. It can be involved in many disease processes including developmental, inflammatory, neoplastic and traumatic conditions. Computed tomography is highly sensitive and consistent in detecting peritoneal pathology. This pictorial essay aims to emphasize and illustrate the CT features of the spectrum of peritoneal diseases.
Generating spatial and nonspatial attentional control: An ERP study
Authors: Slagter Heleen A. , Kok Albert , Mol Nisan , Talsma Durk , Kenemans J. Leon 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe present study used event‐related potentials and dipole source modeling to investigate dimension specificity in attentional control. Subjects performed cued attention tasks in which the task‐relevant information (a) was always the same, (b) varied between features within the same dimension, or (c) varied between features of two different dimensions. Thus, both demands on control processes involved in generating an attentional set and the dimension (color or location) of the task‐relevant feature were varied. Attentional control was associated with a dorsal posterior positivity starting at 260 ms postcue, which was stronger over left posterior scalp regions from 580 ms onward, especially when color was task relevant. This positivity likely reflects generic processes involved in the generation of an attentional set that were followed in time by dimension‐specific processes related to the persistence of the task‐relevant information in working memory.
ERPs differentiate syllable and nonphonetic sound processing in children and adults
Authors: Čeponienė R. , Alku P. , Westerfield M. , Torki M. , Townsend J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe examined maturation of speech‐sound‐related indices of auditory event‐related brain potentials (ERPs). ERPs were elicited by syllables and nonphonetic correlates in children and adults. Compared with syllables, nonphonetic stimuli elicited larger N1 and P2 in adults and P1 in children. Because the nonphonetics were more perceptually salient, this N1 effect was consistent with known N1 sensitivity to sound onset features. Based on stimulus dependence and independent component structure, children's P1 appeared to contain overlapping P2‐like activity. In both subject groups, syllables elicited larger N2/N4 peaks. This might reflect sound content feature processing, more extensive for speech than nonspeech sounds. Therefore, sound detection mechanisms (N1, P2) still develop whereas sound content processing (N2, N4) is largely mature during mid‐childhood; in children and adults, speech sounds are processed more extensively than nonspeech sounds 200–400 ms poststimulus.
Absolute pitch and pupillary response: Effects of timbre and key color
Authors: Schlemmer Kathrin B. , Kulke Franziska , Kuchinke Lars , Van Der Meer Elke 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe pitch identification performance of absolute pitch possessors has previously been shown to depend on pitch range, key color, and timbre of presented tones. In the present study, the dependence of pitch identification performance on key color and timbre of musical tones was examined by analyzing hit rates, reaction times, and pupillary responses of absolute pitch possessors (n=9) and nonpossessors (n=12) during a pitch identification task. Results revealed a significant dependence of pitch identification hit rate but not reaction time on timbre and key color in both groups. Among absolute pitch possessors, peak dilation of the pupil was significantly dependent on key color whereas the effect of timbre was marginally significant. Peak dilation of the pupil differed significantly between absolute pitch possessors and nonpossessors. The observed effects point to the importance of learning factors in the acquisition of absolute pitch.
Period between Completion of Radiation Therapy and Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Edentulous Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Gerngross Peter J. , Martin Charles D. , Ball John D. , Engelmeier Robert L. , Gilbert Harry D. , Powers John M. , Narendran Sena , Chambers Mark S. 
Published: July 2005

Purpose:
The primary purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the number and types of complications patients had before and after insertion of a removable prosthesis (i.e., denture) following radiation therapy to the head and neck and (2) to investigate whether the time between radiation therapy and denture insertion might contribute to those complications.
Materials and Methods:
This research evaluated edentulous patients and those who were rendered edentulous as a result of their cancer treatment. After obtaining institutional approval following HIPAA regulations, a total of 349 charts were identified: 152 patients from Houston Veterans Administration Medical Center (HVAMC) and 197 patients from M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC). A total of 190 patients met the inclusion criteria with data available for review.
Results:
No significant differences were found in any of the comparisons made, except when comparing complications that occurred after the dentures were inserted and the amount of time it took for prosthetic rehabilitation. The majority of patients had no complications. The patients who received their dentures in 180 days or less had the same number of complications when compared with those patients who received their dentures in 181 to 365 days and those who had to wait longer than a year for prosthetic rehabilitation. Patients with more pre‐insertion complications tended to have delayed prosthetic rehabilitation. Those patients who had complications both before and after denture insertion tended to have bilateral dosing of their radiation treatment. Patients who had received radiation therapy were 1.7 times more likely to have post‐prosthesis insertion complications. The majority of patients who experienced complications before and after denture insertion had greater than 5000 cGy.
Conclusions:
The numbers of complications reviewed in this retrospective analysis were considerably fewer than the number expected. There appears to be no difference in the number of pre‐ and post‐insertion complications as a function of the time delay from oral surgical procedure to start of radiation treatment (10 to 21 days vs. 22 days or more).
Fracture Resistances of Cast Metal and Ceramic Dowel and Core Restorations: A Pilot Study
Authors: Yalçın Emine , Çehreli Murat C. , Canay Şenay 
Published: July 2005

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to compare fracture strengths of teeth restored with cast metal and ceramic dowel and cores supporting all‐ceramic crowns.
Materials and Methods:
Eighteen recently extracted teeth were randomly divided into 3 equal groups. Metal dowel and cores (MDC) were fabricated for 1 group using a base metal alloy, and served as the control. The other groups received In‐Ceram Spinell® (ICS) and IPS Empress 2® (IPS) dowel and cores. IPS Empress 1 crowns were fabricated for all samples. Each tooth was subjected to a shear force at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min on a universal testing machine until failure occurred.
Results:
The mean fracture strengths and standard deviations of MDC, ICS, and IPS restorations were 1101 N (361), 832 N (288), and 1137 N (367), respectively. The differences between groups were insignificant (p < 0.05). Fractures of the all‐ceramic crowns were observed in the MDC group, whereas the failure of ceramic dowel and core restorations was associated with root fracture at the cervical region.
Conclusions:
Due to improved mechanical properties, In‐Ceram Spinell® and IPS Empress 2® ceramic dowel and cores may be candidates for the restoration of endodontically treated anterior teeth.
Color Stability of Dry Earth Pigmented Maxillofacial Silicone A‐2186 Subjected to Microwave Energy Exposure
Authors: Kiat‐amnuay Sudarat , Johnston Dennis A. , Powers John M. , Jacob Rhonda F. 
Published: July 2005

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to measure spectrophotometrically the color stability of pigmented A‐2186 silicone maxillofacial elastomer with 10% by volume of titanium white dry earth opacifier before and after exposure to microwave energy over a simulated 1.5‐year period of microwave sterilization.
Materials and Methods:
A‐2186 silicone elastomer opacified with titanium white dry earth pigment, pigmented with 5 cosmetic dry earth pigment colors [no pigment (control) group (Pc), red (Pr), yellow ochre (Py), burnt sienna (Po), and a mixture of Pr + Py + Po color group (P3)], was used in this study. Each of the 5 experimental groups consisted of 5 specimens. All specimens were placed in a 250 ml glass beaker filled with 150 ml of water (replenished for each microwave exposure). An exposure of 6 minutes was used 18 times (simulating 1.5 years of microwave sterilization with one 6 minute exposure monthly). Reflectance values were measured by spectrophotometer. Three‐ and two‐way analyses of variance with repeated measures were performed for the color difference (ΔE*) with the factors of group/color/months, and group/months, respectively. Means were compared by Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) multiple range test calculated at the 0.05 level of significance using SPSS.
Results:
The trained human eye can detect color changes (ΔE*) greater than 1.0. Most ΔE* values of the red pigment group at all intervals and the mixed pigment group at 15‐ and 18‐ month intervals increased significantly greater than 1.0 (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Yellow and burnt sienna groups remained the most color stable over time with ΔE* values below 0.35.
Conclusions:
Lack of color stability of red dry earth pigmented A‐2186 silicone maxillofacial elastomers was clinically significant after 12‐month exposure to microwave energy as compared with yellow, burnt sienna, and opacified A‐2186 dry earth pigments
Shear Bond Strengths of Two Composite Core Materials After Using All‐in‐One and Single‐Bottle Dentin Adhesives
Authors: Sen Deniz , Akgüngör Gökhan 
Published: July 2005

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths of 2 composite core materials after using all‐in‐one and single‐bottle dentin bonding materials.
Material and methods:
The occlusal surfaces of 100 extracted, intact human third molars were ground to expose a flattened area of dentin and polished with 600‐grit silicon carbide paper. Specimens were divided into 5 main groups (n= 20). Three all‐in‐one (AQ Bond, One‐Up Bond, Xeno‐CF Bond) and 2 single‐bottle adhesives (Single Bond, One‐Step Plus) were used. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups. Ti‐Core and Built‐it F.R. core materials were applied using a translucent plastic ring (diameter: 3 mm, height: 5 mm). After storage in 37°C water for 24 hours, shear bond strengths were measured using a Universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Debonded dentin surfaces were examined with SEM. Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison (Tukey) tests were used for statistical analysis of data.
Results:
Two‐way ANOVA revealed that the type of core material did not significantly influence the shear bond strength (p > 0.05), whereas there were significant differences in shear bond strength among the types of bonding agents (p < 0.0001). Shear bond strengths for single‐bottle adhesive systems were significantly higher than those for all‐in‐one adhesive systems (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the interaction of these 2 parameters was not significant (p > 0.05). The fracture modes were predominantly adhesive for all‐in‐one adhesives and cohesive for single‐bottle adhesives.
Conclusion:
Bonding of composite core materials with the newly developed all‐in‐one dentin adhesives produced lower shear bond strengths as compared with single‐bottle adhesives.
A Comparison of the Antinociceptive and Adverse Effects of the μ‐Opioid Agonist Morphine and the δ‐Opioid Agonist SNC80
Authors: Gallantine Elizabeth L. , Meert Theo F. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract: δ‐Opioid receptor agonists have been postulated to induce analgesia without the adverse effects commonly associated with μ‐opioids e.g. morphine. In the present study, we evaluated the occurrence of antinociceptive and opioid‐like side effects in rats (n=5–7) treated with a single dose of subcutaneous morphine (0.01 to 40 mg/kg) or SNC80 (0.63 to 80 mg/kg). The antinociceptive effects of morphine and SNC80 were compared using a range of nociceptive tests including the tail withdrawal test, the acetic acid‐induced abdominal constriction (writhing) assay, the automated formalin test and a model of inflammation‐induced thermal hyperalgesia. The adverse effects of both drugs were examined in animal models for gastrointestinal (GI) inhibition (charcoal test; ricinus oil test), respiratory depression (blood‐gas analysis), motor disturbances (automated rotarod model) and abuse liability (drug discrimination learning).Morphine displayed significant antinociceptive and adverse effects in all the animal models employed. SNC80 exhibited a significant effect in the writhing test and limited efficacy in a model of inflammation‐induced thermal hypersensitivity. A delay in the occurrence of diarrhoea and some limited increases in PCO2 were observed with the higher doses of SNC80 (≥40 mg/kg). In conclusion, the δ‐opioid agonist SNC80 lacks both the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of μ‐opioids. However, the activity of SNC80 in the inflammatory model suggests δ‐opioid agonists may be useful analgesics in the treatment of some forms of inflammatory pain.