bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational study of erythrocytic inclusion bodies in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the British Isles
Authors: Rodger  , Richards  
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn observational study was conducted of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the British Isles with regard to intraerythrocytic inclusions and disease prevalence. Intraerythrocytic inclusions were observed to be widespread in Atlantic salmon from farms in Ireland and Scotland. The percentage of fish infected with these inclusions and the intensity of infection were greater in sea stage salmon than those in fresh water. This corresponded with reduced values for haematological parameters (haematocrit, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC). There appeared to be a significant association between the presence of the intraerythrocytic inclusions and focal cardiomyopathy, although there was no established association with overt clinical disease and the presence of the inclusions. There was also a significant association between the presence of raised splenic haemosiderin and multiple intraerythrocytic inclusions.
The effects of stressors on the dynamics of Bonamia exitiosus Hine, Cochennec‐Laureau & Berthe, infections in flat oysters Ostrea chilensis (Philippi)
Authors: Hine P M , Diggles B K , Parsons M J D , Pringle A , Bull B 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOysters, Ostrea chilensis, infected with Bonamia exitiosus were held under stressful conditions for 14 days, and then under normal conditions for 3.5 months, to determine the affects of stress on B.exitiosus infection levels.The stressors used were (1) air exposure for 8 h daily; (2) hot water (25–26 °C), or (3) cold water (7 °C) for 1 h daily; (4) hyposaline (15‰), or (5) hypersaline (39–40‰) water; (6) starvation in filtered sea water; and (7) vigorous stirring four times a day. A control tank held oysters in static sea water, which was changed daily. Oysters were also (8) kept in a trough among heavily infected oysters (trough exposure), or (9) in a trough without other oysters (control), for 4 months. Oysters in hyposaline conditions all died within 3 weeks, but this was apparently unrelated to Bonamia infection. Otherwise, cumulative mortalities were highest in trough exposure, cold, hypersaline and hot treatments. There was a significant difference in prevalence between treatments, and the stir, hot, cold, hypersalinity and trough exposure treatments had significantly higher intensities of infection than controls. The mean intensity of Bonamia infection was significantly higher among female and spent oysters than in male and hermaphrodite oysters.
Characterization of serum and mucosal antibody responses and relative per cent survival in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following immunization and challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Authors: LaFrentz B R , LaPatra S E , Jones G R , Congleton J L , Sun B , Cain K D 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSerum and mucosal antibody responses of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were characterized by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following immunization with various preparations of formalin‐killed Flavobacterium psychrophilum cells. The protective nature of these preparations was then determined by immunizing rainbow trout fry and challenging with the bacterium. Juvenile rainbow trout immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with formalin‐killed F. psychrophilum emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), and i.p. with formalin‐killed F. psychrophilum either with or without culture supernatant generated significant serum antibody responses by 6 and 9 weeks, respectively. Significant mucosal antibody responses were detected by 9 weeks only in fish immunized i.p. with killed F. psychrophilum/FCA. Following immunization and bacterial challenge of rainbow trout fry, protective immunity was conferred in F. psychrophilum/FCA and saline/FCA groups with relative per cent survival values of up to 83 and 51, respectively. Significant protection was not observed in treatment groups immunized by immersion or i.p. without adjuvant at the challenge doses tested. Results suggest that stimulation of non‐specific immune factors enhances the ability of fish to mount a protective immune response, but specific antibody appears necessary to provide near complete protection. In this study, an ELISA was developed to monitor anti‐F. psychrophilum antibody production in trout. The relationship of such responses to protective immunity suggests that future vaccination strategies against coldwater disease may require stimulation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response.
Detection of Flexibacter maritimus in fish tissue using nested PCR amplification
Authors: Cepeda C , García‐Márquez S , Santos Y 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system was developed for the detection of Flexibacter maritimus from fish tissue. The total procedure for the diagnosis of marine flexibacteriosis, from the point of DNA extraction to the electrophoretic analysis, can be performed in <4 h. This was achieved by the combination of a short thermal cycling programme with a rapid DNA extraction procedure. The assay was extremely sensitive, capable of detecting as few as 75 cfu mg−1 fish tissue. The accuracy of the nested PCR was confirmed under field conditions using tissue samples recovered during 1993–2002 from fish suffering marine flexibacteriosis. The nested PCR method proved to be efficient for the rapid and sensitive detection of F. maritimus from fish tissues and can be used for routine diagnosis of the disease caused by this pathogen.
Development of an interview‐administered food‐frequency questionnaire for use amongst women of South Asian ethnic origin in Britain
Authors: Kassam‐Khamis T. , Nanchahal K. , Mangtani P. , dos Santos Silva I. , McMichael A. , Anderson A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Objectives: To develop an interview‐administered food‐frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess usual long‐term intake of foods and nutrients amongst women from the largest South Asian communities residing in Britain. Methods: A list of foods and dishes consumed by these South Asian communities was compiled from data collected in previous studies. Foods which contributed to interindividual variation in the intake of the various macronutrients or were rich in fat or fibre were included in the FFQ. Portion size for traditional foods were estimated using sets of eight colour photographs. A nutrient database was modified to make it appropriate for South Asian diets. The reliability of the FFQ was assessed in a group of volunteer South Asian women (n=14) of differing regional and religious backgrounds. A preliminary validation exercise was conducted in a group of Punjabi Muslim women (n=11) who had kept 7‐day weighed records 2 years previously. Results: The reliability of this FFQ was high, with most women being classified in the same tertile for energy and macronutrient intake in the two interviews. The main sources of energy and macronutrients identified by the FFQ were similar to those identified by the weighed records but the average nutrient intakes estimated by the FFQ were slightly higher. The level of agreement between the two dietary methods, measured by the ability of the FFQ to classify women in the same tertile of intake as the weighed records, was high for percentage energy intake from fat, protein and carbohydrates, but less so for absolute nutrient intakes. These results were, however, limited because of the small sample size. Conclusions: This is the first FFQ specifically designed for South Asian communities in Britain. Despite the diversity of diets, these preliminary findings suggest it will be a useful and easy to administer tool in chronic disease epidemiology to obtain standardized information on long‐term usual dietary intake from these communities. A more comprehensive validation of this FFQ is now underway.
A1. The public perception of the role of dietitians compared with physiotherapists and radiographers
Authors: Crocker J. 
Published: March 2003

Background There is increasing awareness of the importance of nutrition among health professionals and the public. This has led to a growing demand for dietetic and nutritional advice. However, dietitians may not be widely recognized by the public as experts in this field. Little research has been done on the public perception of dietitians and other health professionals.Aim To assess public perception in Aberdeen of the role of dietitians by means of a questionnaire. It was decided to compare dietetics with physiotherapy, a well known health profession and radiography, which is probably on the same level of public perception as dietitians. The questionnaire was also used to determine who the public would go to first for nutrition information.Method A random sample of 165 individuals was recruited from two local supermarkets.Results Results show that the public had a good perception of the role of physiotherapists but a poorer perception of the dietitians’ and the radiographers’ roles. Doctors were frequently seen as nutrition decision makers. It was found that 26% of the sample population thought dietitians distributed and collected hospital menus and 21% thought dietitians prepared meals in hospital. Doctors were the preferred choice for nutrition information, however, respondents made wide use of the media for their information. Dietitians were the second choice for the majority of respondents, however, health food shops were a more popular first choice for younger people. Access to a dietitian was mentioned as a problem, and, for this reason, was often put after doctor, practice nurse and health food shop as a source for nutrition information.Conclusions It is recommended that dietitians make themselves more accessible to the public. Dietetics could make more use of the media to promote what the provision does and to provide sound nutritional information for the public.
The move from a long‐stay learning disabilities hospital to community homes: a comparison of clients’ nutritional status
Authors: Bryan F. , Allan T. , Russell L. 
Published: March 2003

Background  Adults with learning disabilities have a greater incidence of health problems than the general population. It is now well established that they are a nutritionally vulnerable group with polarized weight distributions.Aim This study was undertaken to investigate the nutritional consequences of the closure of a large learning disabilities hospital and the resettlement of clients in small community homes.Methods  The nutritional changes were measured using a locally devised nutrition screening form. This had previously been tested for reliability and validity.Clients were screened in the month prior to their discharge from Stallington Hall and at 1 year post‐discharge. The two screening forms for each client were then compared.The screening form assessed risk in three areas: nutritional adequacy, weight and nutrition‐related problems.Results  A number of significant increases in risk between the two screens were seen. In particular, there was an increase in overall risk relating to food groups, unintentional weight gain and loss and overall risk relating to weight.At the first screen, 70% of the women and 55% of the men were outside the normal weight ranges and by the second screen these percentages had increased to 82% and 60%, respectively. It was not possible to weigh 15% of the study participants at the second screen because suitable scales were not available.Conclusions  The study confirms the nutritional vulnerability of the participants and highlights a number of adverse nutritional changes. It supports the need for regular screening and dietetic input.
Weight change after myocardial infarction: statistical perspectives for future study
Authors: Hankey C. R. , Leslie W. S. , Currall J. E. P. , Matthews D. , Lean M. E. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives  Survivors of acute myocardial infarction (MI) often experience weight changes and weight management is often appropriate. Estimates of the sample size required in intervention weight loss studies are essential to the success of future evaluations. The aims of this study were therefore two‐fold: (1) to describe pilot data on the effectiveness of advice for weight loss; (2) to provide information on the sample size required for future research to assess weight management in similar patients.Methods  Further analysis of data from a randomized controlled study carried out in 84 post‐MI patients attending cardiac rehabilitation. Forty‐three intervention patients received dietary advice in line with current UK guidelines. Additionally, overweight intervention subjects were given individualized weight management advice. Forty‐two control patients were recruited and received usual care. Anthropometric measurements were made at baseline and followed up at 52 weeks post‐rehabilitation. Power calculations were performed using these data to determine the required sample size to adequately power a study examining the effectiveness of weight management.Results  Seventy patients completed the study. At 52 weeks anthropometric measurements were unchanged in the 25 overweight patients provided with weight management advice, and also for all those (n = 20) with body mass index <25 kg m−2. In contrast, anthropometric measurements increased significantly (body weight +2.4 kg, P = 0.02; waist circumference +2.6 cm, P = 0.008) in overweight control patients. A minimum sample size of 71 patients is required for a future study of weight change in overweight subjects, and 58 for a study of healthy weight subjects.Conclusions  Pilot data suggested that significant weight changes occur in patients not given nutritional or weight management advice after MI. Power calculations carried out on these data indicate that a sample size at least three times as large as the present study is required to accurately evaluate weight management in this group.
Correlations between clinical and historical variables, and cerebral structural variables in people with mild intellectual disability and schizophrenia
Authors: Sanderson T. L. , Doody G. A. , Best J. , Owens D. G. C. , Johnstone E. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe increased prevalence of schizophrenia in the population with mildly intellectual disability (ID) remains unexplained. The present study explores several possibilities by examining historical/clinical findings in relation to structural neuroimaging findings in three groups: (1) comorbid mild ID and schizophrenia; (2) schizophrenia alone; and (3) mild ID alone. Information about clinical and historical variables was obtained from 101 subjects (39 with comorbidity, 34 with schizophrenia and 28 with mild ID), out of whom 68 (23, 25 and 20, respectively) had had a cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Although a number of significant correlations exist between clinical variables and structural MRI abnormalities in all three groups, no clearly predictive inter‐ or between‐group differences emerged. More striking was the finding that showed small amygdalo‐hippocampal size to be associated with a history of central nervous system injury, especially meningitis. These findings provide support for the view that cognitive impairment and comorbid psychosis can result from a common cause, such as meningitis or obstetric complications, possibly interacting with other factors, such as family history.
Depression in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability
Authors: Olsson M. B. , Hwang C. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractParental depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in 216 families with children with autism and/or intellectual disability (ID), and in 214 control families. Mothers with children with autism had higher depression scores (mean = 11.8) than mothers of children with ID without autism (mean = 9.2), who in turn, had higher depression scores than fathers of children with autism (mean = 6.2), fathers of children with ID without autism (mean = 5.0), and control mothers (mean = 5.0) and fathers (mean = 4.1). Forty‐five per cent of mothers with children with ID without autism and 50% of mothers with children with autism had elevated depression scores (BDI > 9), compared to 15–21% in the other groups. Single mothers of children with disabilities were found to be more vulnerable to severe depression than mothers living with a partner.
Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability: the evidence base
Authors: Johnston S. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA review of the current literature on risk assessment and management in offenders with intellectual disability (ID) revealed little direct evidence for the specific population. Theoretical models and non‐ID populations have been abstracted and adapted, but not validated, for those with ID. The varying conceptual frameworks of risk, and its assessment and management, must be considered in context. Difficulties remain with the consideration of offences versus offence‐like behaviour, offender versus those with similar needs, and indeed, what is regarded as ‘intellectual disability’. Mainstream forensic assessment has moved towards a more dynamic appreciation of risk and risk management, as opposed to risk elimination. This development is more in line with the normalization principles of ‘risk‐taking’ in ID. Consideration is given to future research and development priorities.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in people with intellectual disability in a residential care centre in Israel
Authors: Morad M. , Merrick J. , Nasri Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground In 1982, Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori) was
identified as a pathogenic factor in peptic ulcer disease by researchers from Australia.
Because only a small number of studies of H. pylori infection have been conducted in people with intellectual disability (ID), and none of these were done in Israel, the present authors decided to conduct a pilot study on its prevalence in this population.Methods The Israeli Division for Mental Retardation provides services to over 6000 people in 54 residential care centres (or institutions), and one centre in the south of the country with kibbutz‐style living arrangements was selected for this pilot study. The study was performed as part of the yearly routine medical examination of all residents, and blood specimens were drawn for IgG antibodies to H. pylori (ELISA).Results Out of the 47 individuals screened, 75% (n = 36) were seropositive.Conclusion In addition to the reported high rates of H. pylori infection in residents with ID living in large facilities, the present pilot study suggests that people with ID living in smaller, kibbutz‐style arrangements are also at high risk.
Costs of village community, residential campus and dispersed housing provision for people with intellectual disability
Authors: Hallam A. , Knapp M. , Järbrink K. , Netten A. , Emerson E. , Robertson J. , Gregory N. , Hatton C. , Kessissoglou S. , Durkan J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, a growing volume of research evidence has been generated about the relative cost‐effectiveness of various types of community‐based residential supports for people with intellectual disability (ID) in the UK. However, few reliable data are available to inform planners, commissioners or service providers about the quality and costs of providing support within residential or village communities.MethodsThe evaluation described in the present paper aimed to fill some of the gaps in knowledge by examining the comparative costs of supporting people in village community settings, in National Health Service (NHS) residential campuses and in dispersed, community‐based housing schemes. The complete service package received by each study participant was described and costed, and a series of statistical analyses was undertaken to identify factors associated with variations in the cost of support. The analyses reported in the present paper were based on comparisons of 86 people living in village communities, 133 in residential campuses and 281 in dispersed housing schemes.ResultsWide variations in cost were found, not only between models of accommodation, but between individual organizations, settings and service users. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher costs were associated with supports for people with higher levels of ID and more severe challenging behaviour. The cost of support was affected by the size of the residential setting, with smaller facilities likely to be more expensive. Associations were also found between increased costs, and services for younger users, male users and people who had not moved from a NHS hospital. Generally, more sophisticated service processes within the setting were associated with higher costs; although systematic arrangements for supervision and training of staff had a negative effect on cost.ConclusionsThe cost findings should be considered alongside evidence on outcomes. A comparison of village communities and dispersed housing schemes suggests that both models of provision appear be associated with particular benefits, although different types of setting are appropriate for different individuals and therefore, the continued development of a range of residential models is important.
Preliminary evaluation of a scale to assess cognitive function in adults with Down's syndrome: the Prudhoe Cognitive Function Test
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Tyrer S. P. , Margallo‐Lana M. L. , Moore P. B. , Fletcher R. , Berney T. P. , Vithayathil E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground  In the clinical diagnosis of dementia in Down's syndrome (DS), it may be difficult to distinguish between cognitive deterioration and the various degrees of pre‐existing intellectual disability (ID). Serial measurements of both cognitive function and behaviour are required. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of non‐demented adults with DS on a subject‐directed instrument, the Prudhoe Cognitive Function Test (PCFT), preliminary to its serial use in a prospective study.Methods  From 1985 to 1986, 85 non‐demented hospitalized adults with DS were interviewed using the PCFT. The Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) was administered to the carers. The subjects’ levels of ID (graded from mild through moderate, severe and profound to untestable) were based on their scores on the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, as reported in the medical records, and the relationship between level of disability and performance on the PCFT and ABS, and their respective domains, was examined.Results  Both scales produced a wide range of scores and the correlation between them was highly significant. Both scales correlated highly significantly with the degree of ID, but more subjects with high levels (i.e. profound to untestable) of disability obtained very low or zero scores on the PCFT and its domains than on the ABS.Conclusions  The PCFT provides a reliable quantitative measure of cognitive function in subjects with DS, and could be a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of dementia in prospective studies. However, the almost uniformly low scores obtained by those with high levels of ID suggests that its power to detect cognitive decline will be limited to those who are less disabled, while the ABS may be more useful than the PCFT in detecting deterioration in people with profound ID.