bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic plasticity of body size in Drosophila: effects of a daily periodicity of growth temperature in two sibling species
Authors: Pétavy Georges , Moreteau Brigitte , Gibert Patricia , Morin Jean‐Philippe , David Jean R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Variation of wing and thorax length under thermoperiodic growth conditions was analysed in four strains of two sibling species, Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, from two European localities. Results were compared to those obtained with constant temperatures ranging from 12 to 31 °C.Under constant temperatures the data basically confirmed previous results: concave reaction norms for wing and thorax length; a monotonically decreasing norm for wing : thorax ratio; and an increasing norm for sex dimorphism (female : male ratio). Phenotypic variability was maximum at extreme temperatures and minimum at middle ones. Slight differences were observed according to the geographical origin: the difference between strains from Bordeaux (France) and Cordoba (Spain) was maximum at low temperatures but disappeared at about 28 °C.According to the temperatures chosen, alternating thermal regimens had either no effect or produced a significant size reduction, probably reflecting a periodic stress. The magnitude of this effect was proportional to the amplitude of the thermoperiod but not to the quality (cold or heat) of the stress. In a similar way, the wing : thorax ratio was either not modified or reduced significantly, indicating that wing length was relatively more affected than thorax length by alternating thermal regimens. Sex dimorphism also showed either no change or a significant increase, indicating that males were relatively more reactive than females to alternating conditions. Finally, regimens of broad amplitudes increased the phenotypic variability, again an indication of stressful effects. All these observations should be taken into account when analysing phenotypic variability in nature and trying to understand natural selection in wild‐living populations.
Hair biology: an update
Authors: Bernard B. A. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisIn the past few years, the hair follicle has started revealing its beauty and mysteries. The existence of a growth and regeneration cycle, together with a unique tissue organization and complex regulatory network, make it a true paradigm of tissue homeostasis and dermal–epithelial crosstalk. In this brief review, I will describe some of the most recent results obtained in this very active research field of hair biology, underlining the diversity of the molecular signals that control hair growth and pigmentation.
Cosmetic use formulations containing pentyl rhamnoside and cetyl rhamnoside
Authors: Houlmont J.‐P. , Vercruysse K. , Perez E. , Rico‐Lattes I. , Bordat P. , Treilhou M. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisFor the first time, we report here the synthesis and use of pentyl and cetyl rhamnoside as cosurfactant or surfactant, respectively, and their evaluation in cosmetic formulations. l‐rhamnose is more reactive than d‐glucose in direct acetalization with long alkyl chains of alcohol, because of its higher lipophilicity, whereas for short alkyl chains, glucose and rhamnose are equivalent. Furthermore, pentyl rhamnoside could be used as a new non‐toxic cosurfactant to formulate microemulsions. Finally, a white continuous aqueous phase emulsion and a liquid soap were evaluated for cosmetic uses. These new formulations showed very good cosmetic properties with high hydration properties and rapid cutaneous penetration.
Gates, GAVI, the glorious global funds and more: All you ever wanted to know
Authors: Nossal Gustav JV 
Published: March 2003

Global immunization programmes have achieved some remarkable successes. In 1977, Frank Fenner's Commission declared smallpox to have been eradicated by an 11‐year‐long intensive campaign. The Expanded Programme on Immunization encompassed six important childhood vaccines and reached over three‐quarters of the world's children. Polio eradication has gone remarkably well, with only 10 out of 200 countries reporting residual cases. But amidst all the good news, there is also bad news. Coverage is variable; infrastructure is crumbling; and newer vaccines are not being incorporated in many country programmes. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has introduced a new dynamic here. From their initial gift of $100 million in December 1998, their commitment to date is US$1.5 billion − and rising. At the centre is a Global Children's Vaccine Fund which permitted the launch, in January 2000, of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. This is targeted to the 74 poorest countries of the world and is designed to improve vaccination infrastructure, to purchase newer vaccines and to support research and development.Even before we know how successful this programme will be, it has had its imitators. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria borrowed many concepts from GAVI. The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition announced in May 2002 does so as well, and is heavily supported by Gates. Highly effective parasite control programmes antedate all this but will be much strengthened. However, we still face a sizeable budgetary gap both for research and for bringing the best advances to all people who need them.
Idiopathic linear pustular acantholytic dermatosis in a young Brittany Spaniel dog
Authors: Beningo Karyn E. , Scott Danny W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA unilateral, linear, papular–pustular dermatosis is described in a young Brittany Spaniel dog. The dermatosis appeared to follow Blaschko’s lines and extended from the left inguinal region to the medial aspect of the left metatarsal area. The predominant histological finding was an eosinophilic and neutrophilic pustular mural folliculitis with prominent acantholysis of infundibular epithelium. There was a rapid and long‐lasting (> 15 months) resolution after oral administration of methylprednisolone (1.6 mg kg−1).
Ultrasound‐guided mammotome vacuum biopsy for the diagnosis of impalpable breast lesions
Authors: Meloni G. B. , Dessole S. , Becchere M. P. , Soro D. , Capobianco G. , Ambrosini G. , Nardelli G. B. , Canalis G. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound‐guided mammotome vacuum biopsy in impalpable breast lesions.MethodsSeventy‐three patients who presented with impalpable breast lesions that were suspicious for malignancy at mammography and/or sonography were included in the study. In the first instance the women underwent ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology, then, 3 days later, histological biopsy with an ultrasound‐guided mammotome device. The patients with both cytological and histological diagnoses of malignancy underwent surgery; those with a negative (for malignancy) cytological diagnosis, but with a histological diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia or sclerosing adenosis, underwent surgical biopsy.ResultsThe diagnostic accuracy of fine‐needle aspiration cytology was 67.2%; the sensitivity was 86.7%, the specificity was 48.4%, the negative predictive value was 78.9% and the positive predictive value was 61.9%. In comparison, the diagnostic accuracy of histological sampling by mammotome vacuum biopsy was 97.3%; the sensitivity was 94.7%, the specificity was 100%, the negative predictive value was 94.6% and the positive predictive value was 100%. Thus there was a statistically significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between fine‐needle aspiration cytology and mammotome vacuum biopsy (67.2% vs. 97.3%; χ2 test, P < 0.001). The 2.7% (2/73) failure rate of mammotome biopsy was likely to be due to an error in the positioning of the needle. The subsequent surgical biopsy proved that two cases, negative for malignancy by mammotome biopsy, were in fact malignant.ConclusionsOur data confirm the value of sonography for the diagnosis of breast carcinoma in the preclinical phase and the efficacy of ultrasound sampling using a mammotome device to confirm the diagnosis in impalpable breast lesions. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Identification of four small molecular mass proteins in the silk of Bombyx mori
Authors: Nirmala X. , Mita K. , Vanisree V. , Žurovec M. , Sehnal F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper describes cDNAs of four small‐size proteins that occur in the cocoon silk of Bombyx mori. Two of them (9.9 and 10.3 kDa), which have the N‐terminal sequences and the spacing of a few amino acids at C‐termini similar to the seroin of Galleria mellonella, are called seroin 1 and seroin 2. The corresponding genes are expressed in the middle, and to a small extent also in the posterior silk gland sections. The seroin 1 and less conspicuously the seroin 2 mRNAs accumulate in the course of the last larval instar to a maximum in postspinning larvae. Two other proteins (6 kDa and 4.7 kDa) of B. mori cocoons were identified as a typical Kunitz‐type and a somewhat unusual Kazal‐type proteinase inhibitors, and named BmSPI 1 and BmSPI 2, respectively. Their genes are expressed in the middle, and the BmSPI 1 gene slightly also in the posterior silk gland sections. The expression ensues a few days after the last larval ecdysis and increases until the cocoon spinning. Post‐spinning larvae still contain high amounts of the BmSPI 1 but no BmSPI 2 transcripts. It is assumed that seroins and proteinase inhibitors are involved in cocoon protection against predators and microbes.
Multiple forms of U2 snRNA coexist in the silk moth Bombyx mori
Authors: Sierra‐Montes J. M. , Freund A. V. , Ruiz L. M. , Szmulewicz M. N. , Rowold D. J. , Herrera R. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEight U2 snRNA variants were isolated from several Bombyx mori U2‐specific RT‐PCR libraries. U2 sequences and secondary structures were generated and examined in terms of potential RNA and protein interactions. Analysis indicated that nucleotide changes occurred in both stem/loop and single‐stranded areas. Changes in the double stranded areas were either compensatory, single substitutions (e.g. C ↔ U) or prevented the double‐stranded formation of one or two base pairs. The polymorphisms were clustered in moderately conserved regions. Some of the changes observed generated stronger base pairing. Inter‐species conserved protein or RNA‐binding sites were relatively unaffected. No polymorphic sites were found in known functional sequences. Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster U2 sequences are 95% and 70% similar at the 5′‐ and the 3′‐ends of the molecule, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the U2 sequences demonstrates remarkable conservation across species.
Gene flow on the ice: genetic differentiation among Adélie penguin colonies around Antarctica
Authors: Roeder Amy D. , Marshall Richelle K. , Mitchelson Amanda J. , Visagathilagar Thungar , Ritchie Peter A. , Love Donald R. , Pakai Trevor J. , McPartlan Helen C. , Murray Neil D. , Robinson Nick A. , Kerry Knowles R. , Lambert David M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEach summer Adélie penguins breed in large disjunct colonies on ice‐free areas around the Antarctic continent. Comprising > 10 million birds, this species represents a dominant feature of the Antarctic ecosystem. The patchy distribution within a large geographical range, natal philopatry and a probable history of refugia, suggest that this species is likely to exhibit significant genetic differentiation within and among colonies. We present data from seven microsatellite DNA loci for 442 individuals from 13 locations around the Antarctic continent. With the exception of one locus, there was no significant genic or genotypic heterogeneity across populations. Pairwise FST values were low with no value > 0.02. When all colonies were compared in a single analysis, the overall FST value was 0.0007. Moreover, assignment tests were relatively ineffective at correctly placing individuals into their respective collection sites. These data reveal a lack of genetic differentiation between Adélie penguin colonies around the Antarctic continent, despite substantial levels of genetic variation. We consider this homogeneity in terms of the dispersal of individuals among colonies and the size of breeding groups and discuss our results in terms of the glacial history of Antarctica.
Identification of mycorrhizal fungi from single pelotons of Dactylorhiza majalis (Orchidaceae) using single‐strand conformation polymorphism and mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit DNA sequences
Authors: kristiansen K. A. , taylor D. L. , kjøller R. , rasmussen H. N. , rosendahl S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit (Ls) DNA was used to identify the orchid mycorrhizal fungi found in roots of Dactylorhiza majalis. The gene was amplified using DNA extracted from single pelotons obtained from fresh and silica gel dried roots. Furthermore, sequencing a variety of well‐characterized orchid isolates expanded the fungal database of the mitochondrial ribosomal LsDNA. Polymerase chain reaction product length variants present in D. majalis were sequenced and identified using the expanded database. These analyses revealed two different peloton‐forming fungi in samples from D. majalis, which sometimes occurred together as a single two‐taxa peloton within the same cortex cell. The first taxon belonged to the genus Tulasnella and the second taxon was distantly related to Laccaria.
Microsatellite analysis of female mating behaviour in lek‐breeding sage grouse
Authors: Semple K. , Wayne R. K. , Gibson R. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe used microsatellite DNA markers to genotype chicks in 10 broods of lek‐breeding sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, whose mothers’ behaviour was studied by radio‐tracking and observing leks. Previous behavioural studies suggested that almost all matings are performed by territorial males on leks and that multiple mating is rare. Two broods (20%) were sired by more than one male. Genetic analyses of the broods of eight females that visited an intensively studied lek were consistent with behavioural observations. Four females observed mating produced singly sired broods and males other than the individual observed copulating were excluded as sires for most or all of their chicks. Territorial males at the study lek were excluded as sires of broods of four other females that visited the lek but were not observed mating there. Radio‐tracking suggested that two of these females mated at other leks. Our results confirm the reliability of mating observations at leks, but do not rule out a possible unseen component of the mating system.
Speciation via introgressive hybridization in East African cichlids?
Authors: Salzburger W. , Baric S. , Sturmbauer C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSpeciation caused by introgressive hybridization occurs frequently in plants but its importance remains controversial in animal evolution. Here we report a case of introgressive hybridization between two ancient and genetically distinct species of Lake Tanganyika cichlids that led to the formation of a new species.Neolamprologus marunguensiscontains mtDNA haplotypes from both parental species varying on average by 12.4% in the first section of the control region and by 5.2% in a segment of the cytochromebgene. All individuals have almost identical DNA sequences in the flanking regions of the single‐copy nuclear DNA locus TmoM27, and show a mosaic of alleles derived from both parental lineages in six microsatellite loci. Hence, our finding displays another mode of speciation in cichlid fishes. The increase of genetic and phenotypic diversity due to hybridization may contribute to the uniquely rapid pace of speciation in cichlids.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphism characterization in species with limited available sequence information: high nucleotide diversity revealed in the avian genome
Authors: Primmer C. R. , Borge T. , Lindell J. , Sætre G.‐P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAs a case study for single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification in species for which little or no sequence information is available, we investigated several approaches to identifying SNPs in two passerine bird species: pied and collared flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleucaandF. albicollis). All approaches were successful in identifying sequence polymorphism and over 50 candidate SNPs per species were identified from ≈ 9.1 kb of sequence. In addition, 17 sites were identified in which the frequency of alternative bases differed by > 50% between species (termed interspecific SNPs). Interestingly, polymorphism of microsatellite/intron loci in the source species appeared to be a positive predictor of nucleotide diversity in homologous flycatcher sequences. The overall nucleotide diversity of flycatchers was 2.3–2.7 × 10−3, which is ≈ 3–6 times higher than observed in recent studies of human SNPs. Higher nucleotide diversity in the avian genome could be due to the relatively older age of flycatcher populations, compared with humans, and/or a higher long‐term effective population size.
Mizoribine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Takei Syuji 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Background
: Mizoribine (MZR), isolated from culture medium of the mold, is a novel immunosuppressant developed in Japan. It has been used in patients with renal transplantation, lupus nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Objectives
: To review MZR in regards to mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety in the treatment of rheumatoid RA and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).
Results
: The drug MZR inhibits both humoral and cellular immunity in RA patients. It is completely excreted in the urine within 24 h, which contributes to the safety of MZR. A series of multicenter studies indicated that MZR was effective and safe in the treatment of RA. In JIA, however, there are only a few case reports reporting its efficacy and safety.
Conclusion
: A double‐blinded multicenter study is needed to establish the efficacy, safety and indication of MZR in the treatment of JIA.
Obstetric and perinatal outcome of women para ≥ 5 including one lower segment cesarean section
Authors: Ali Abdulhai Mohammad , Abu‐Heija Adel T 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective:To study the prevalence of antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal complications and their perinatal outcome in women who are delivering for the 6th time and have also had one cesarean section.Methods:The records of all women para ≥*Τ*5 with one previous cesarean section (n = 238) delivered at King Fahd Hospital of the University between the January 1 1994 and December 31 2000 were reviewed and compared with women who delivered at the hospital in the year 2000 (n = 2470). This data was analyzed for the peripartum and perinatal outcome.Results:The incidence of malpresentation was higher in the study group. The incidence of uterine rupture and uterine scar dehiscence was significantly higher in the study group, but there was no perinatal or maternal death associated with this and in all cases the uterus was preserved. More women managed to deliver vaginally after the cesarean section in the grandmultiparous women compared with the women in the control group (81.5%vs 63.0%) P < 0.00006, where the cesarean section rate was significantly higher (P < 0.02). There were no significant differences in the incidences of preterm labor, lethal malformations, stillbirths and neonatal deaths in the two groups of women. There was one case of cesarean hysterectomy in each group due to placenta accreta and atonic postpartum hemorrhage, and one maternal death in the control group.Conclusion:Grandmultiparous women with one previous cesarean section have an increased risk of operative delivery, scar dehiscence, but there is no increase in perinatal or maternal mortality.
Programmed responses to virus replication in plants
Authors: Maule A. J. , Escaler M. , Aranda M. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDespite their economic importance, we understand very little about the mechanism leading to symptom formation in compatible virus infections. By applying a spatial analysis to advancing infection fronts, we have been able to relate molecular events in small groups of cells to a sequence of virus‐induced changes. This sequence starts ahead of the main front of virus replication and virus protein accumulation and lasts beyond the time at which virus replication has ceased. The host changes include alterations in gene expression, physiology and cellular ultrastructure. The relationship between these effects has been analysed in comparative studies between different virus infections in different hosts and abiotic stress. The research points to there being common features for different viruses leading to common effects. Also, although many of the consequences of virus infection are similar to the effects of heat shock, there are sufficient differences to suggest that the two inducers use distinct control pathways. The immediate challenge for the future is to establish synchronous infections of tissues so that the complex relationship between the virus and the host can be investigated using temporal rather than spatial analyses.
Expression of theShpx2peroxidase gene ofStylosanthes humilisin transgenic tobacco leads to enhanced resistance toPhytophthora parasiticapv.nicotianaeandCercospora nicotianae
Authors: Way Heather M. , Kazan Kemal , Goulter Kenneth C. , Birch Robert G. , Manners John M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevious research indicated that the constitutive expression of a pathogen‐inducible peroxidase gene (Shpx6a) fromStylosanthes humilisin transgenic plants resulted in enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens (Kazan,K., Goulter, K.C., Way, H.M. and Manners, J.M. (1998) Expression of a pathogenesis‐related peroxidase ofStylosanthes humilisin transgenic tobacco and canola and its effect on disease development.Plant Sci.136,207–217). We have now investigated another pathogen‐inducible peroxidase gene ofS. humilis, termedShpx2, which is highly divergent fromShpx6a. Constitutive expression of theShpx2cDNA was obtained in tobacco using the 35S CaMV promoter, and up to a 12‐fold increase in total peroxidase activity was observed in the leaves of transgenic plants compared to nontransgenic controls. Disease development was evaluated after inoculations in T1and T2transgenic lines expressingShpx2. Lesion expansion was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by up to 25% and 50% on leaves and stems, respectively, of transgenic plants expressing high levels of peroxidase compared to nontransgenic controls, following inoculation withPhytophthora parasiticapv.nicotianae, the cause of black shank disease. In addition, plant survival and recovery were greatly enhanced in transgenic plants following stem inoculations of plants with this plant pathogen. A significant (55%,P < 0.05) reduction in lesion number was observed in transgenic plants with high levels of peroxidase activity following inoculation with the fungusCercospora nicotianae, the cause of frog‐eye disease. No significant differences in disease development were observed between the lines expressingShpx2and controls following inoculation with the bacteriumPseudomonas syringaepv.tabaci, the cause of wildfire disease. These results provide evidence for a role for this peroxidase gene in plant defence, and suggest that diverse peroxidase genes may be employed as components of strategies aimed at the engineering of disease resistance.Map of the T‐DNA region of the binary vector construct for pHW10. The peroxidase gene,Shpx2(striped box), was flanked by the 5′ region of the cauliflower mosaic virus promoter 35S RNA gene (P35S) and the transcription termination region of genes 5 and 7 of pTiA6 (5′ and 7′, respectively). ThenptII gene was flanked by the 5′ (Pnos) and the 3′ ends of the nopaline synthase promoter gene (nos polyA). TheHindIII site used in cloning is shown. LB, T‐DNA left border; RB, T‐DNA right border.image