bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Federalism: The European Union and the United States in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Menon Anand , Schain Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Convention on the Future of Europe served to galvanize debate about the nature and future developmental trajectory of the European Union. More specifically, it engendered discussion over the degree to which the process resembled that which had occurred in Philadelphia some two hundred years earlier, and, more broadly, over the extent to which the European Union does, or should, resemble the United States. Partly as a consequence of such debates, comparative federalism is now an important topic, with scholarly work comparing the US and EU proliferating rapidly. The present volume seeks to build on and contribute to this growing literature, by developing a systematic comparison of the institutions, policies and developmental patterns of the European Union and the United States.
Introduction Institutions, Regulation, and Practice: Traditions and Modes of Understanding
Authors: James Phil , Wood Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That these developments, and others of equal importance, notably the way in which employers have sought to reform work processes and broader aspects of their employment regimes, have been occurring is, unsurprisingly, given the ample evidence available to support them, widely accepted. It is also similarly accepted that their occurrence has been supported, at the micro-, macro-, and supranational levels, by neoliberal policy agendas aimed at freeing up labor markets and, more generally, enhancing the discretionary power of employers. The nature and coherence of these agendas, and the reasons why they have come to occupy their current levels of predominance, however, all remain issues of uncertainty and debate. For example, the role played by the process of globalization remains an issue of contention, with different commentators adopting very different positions with regard to the extent to which it is acting to reform product markets and hence the degree to which it is serving as a material, as opposed to ideological, force for change.
Globalization and Working Life: A Comparative Analysis of the Automobile and Banking Sectors in Australia and Korea
Authors: Lansbury Russell D , Kitay Jim , Wailes Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1990s, Ohmae (1995) and others have argued that changes in the international economy, captured by the rubric of globalization, have created the conditions under which national differences will steadily erode. For many concerned with labor and working life, this has been taken as a prediction that increased competition in factor and product markets, coupled with the increased locational mobility of capital, have created the conditions for a universal ‘race to the bottom’ in labor standards and convergence in national patterns of working life (see, e.g. Tilly 1995). Despite these predictions, empirical studies of working life and employment relations during the 1990s provide evidence of continued cross-national diversity in national patterns of working life in the face of globalization. These studies explain the continuing differences by stressing the importance of national institutional arrangements in refracting the pressures associated with globalization and their impact on working life.
Change and Continuity in Working Life
Authors: James Phil , Wood Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding contributions have provided a host of insights into the dimensions and parameters of recent changes in the world of work, the dynamics that have been acting to shape their nature and scale, and the way in which they are impacting on working lives. In combination, the contributions have highlighted that the ways in which these lives have been, and are being, transformed do not represent complete ruptures with previously existing practices and arrangements, but rather adaptations that have varied in both scope and intensity. They have further revealed that these variations in the balance between continuity and change extend to encompass differences at several different levels including the workplace, sectoral, and national ones.
Swing Doors and Musical Chairs
Authors: Kransdorff Arnold , Williams Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion that there has been a trend away from physical work toward intellectual work is not particularly new. Back in 1993, Peter Drucker pointed out that we exist in an ‘information age,’ a ‘knowledge society.’ But whatever the point of origin of this idea, acceptance of the trend toward intellectual work and the issues it raises has now gained considerable momentum-not least, for example, Hebeler and Van Doren (1997), Nurmi (1998). The significance of this trend is that it has revised the idea of what creates competitive advantage. The old competitive strategy notion typified by Porter (1980) reasons that competitive advantage is derived from the firm’s environment-the industry in which it operates.
Building on the National Context
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It could be argued that UK management has never had it so good. Over the last twenty years the economic landscape of the UK has been transformed beyond recognition. Huge swathes of industry have been stripped out of the public sector and privatized. Trade union power and membership have significantly diminished, particularly in the private sector. Trade and regulatory protection of preferred industries and firms is a thing of the past. Politicians like to boast that Britain has turned itself into one of the most market-orientated and business-friendly economies in the world, in comparison with more stolid, slower-growing countries such as France and Germany.
Managing Employment Relations
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Successful organizations maximize ‘employee contribution and commitment’. UK managers overwhelmingly take the point: when asked about factors influencing competitive advantage, more than half the respondents to the CBI’s 2003 employment trends survey stressed ‘effective people management’ against 14 per cent mentioning R&D and 7 per cent new capital investment. But achieving effective people management is particularly tricky. In the words of the US management scholar David Norton, ‘the asset that is the most important is the least understood’. This chapter has three goals. The first is to explain why ‘human capital’ is hard to understand and why improving understanding is key to an organization’s performance.
Measuring Performance in Innovative Firms
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5 we explored some of the challenges of managing innovation, and particularly discontinuous innovation. This chapter investigates the issue of how these challenges can be addressed in a world that appears obsessed with measurement and control. There is, at least in appearance, a tension here. The core premise of this book is that greater innovation is key to the future competitive success of UK firms. Innovation involves doing things differently—changing products, processes, position, and/or paradigm. Innovation is about exploration. It relies on experimentation, change, and serendipity. Many innovations only see the light of day because of rule-bending or even mistakes, 3M’s Post-it notes being the classic example.
Adopting Promising Practices
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we discussed the potential importance of high-performance work systems and questioned why organizations so often fail to exploit such apparently successful practices. In this chapter, we argue that identifying and choosing practices to adopt is deceptively unstraightforward. For managers to be successful, they must be both reflective about the issues of applying management practices in general, and mindful of the key elements of the particular practice. They must also understand the specific local organizational context and how it affects processes of adoption and implementation.
Cooperating across Boundaries
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Companies are becoming increasingly joined-up places. There may have been a time when high-performing individuals, or even high-performing teams, could make a real and lasting difference on their own. Now, much of the value creation in companies takes place as a consequence of the relationships between people, often people in different functions, businesses, geographies, and countries. The impact is felt in many different ways. The value from mergers and acquisitions is rarely realized unless groups and individuals in both companies are able to work closely with each other. The increasingly sophisticated needs of consumers cannot be met unless employees from sales and marketing, research, and production are able to pool their joint ideas and resources to come up with innovative products and services. The needs of global supply chains and global buyers are fulfilled only if a company can join up its product or service offering by integrating employees from across the globe.
Taking the First Steps
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Executives across the developed world are faced with a dilemma. Do they stay on the familiar low road, concentrating on cutting costs and competing on price, or do they strike out on the road less taken, the high road, competing on innovation, value added, and speed? In this book, we have argued that in reality they have no choice. For firms in the developed world, only the high road leads to sustainable long-term prosperity. The steady globalization of manufacturing and services means that there will always be someone, in some corner of the world, capable of delivering at lower cost. In mature economies the high fixed cost base makes it impossible to compete on the basis of cost alone. Moreover, if the citizens of developed countries want to maintain their lifestyles and economic growth rates, they must be employed in companies that are innovative and commercially successful, and thus able to generate profits and pay good wages.
The Habsburg Monarchy
Authors: Cornwall Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a truism that the Habsburg Monarchy seriously mismanaged the celebrated ‘nationality principle’ of the nineteenth century, or, to put it more bluntly, modern nationalism was ‘the chief factor in the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire’. As early as 1830, the Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer had summed up the various national ‘provinces’ of the Monarchy as ‘horses absurdly harnessed together [. . . who] will scatter in all directions as soon as the advancing spirit of the times will weaken and break the bonds’.²
Area Functions and Articulatory Modeling as a Tool for Investigating the Articulatory, Acoustic, and Perceptual Properties of Sounds Across Languages
Authors: Vaissière Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to illustrate the usefulness of articulatory modeling (AM) as a tool for exploring the realization of phonological contrasts. The potential of the method as a tool in phonology is illustrated by addressing some key aspects of French sounds. Because it is based on French, this paper gives a French point of view on the vocal tract (VT) as a contrast generator. This is by no means a fresh point of view, in the sense that it is based on the strict application of the well-established acoustic theory of speech production (Chiba and Kajiyama 1958; Fant 1960; Stevens 1998).
Interpreting Misperception Beauty is in the Ear of the Beholder
Authors: Blevins Juliette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1910, forty years after receiving his doctorate in Leipzig, Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929) published O prawach grosowych (‘‘Phonetic Laws’’). In this work Baudouin summarizes much of his life’s work in modeling sound patterns and sound change, dissecting phonetic laws into psychological laws (linguistic representations), and laws of the manifestation of linguistic representations by means of organic physical media (implementation of linguistic representations as linguistic forms). It is in this work that Baudouin outlines one of his most significant contributions to the theory and method of phonological analysis: he characterizes misperception as a significant source of sound change, and suggests investigations of the nature of such misperceptions by experimental methods.
Coarticulatory Nasalization and Phonological Developments Data from Italian and English Nasal–Fricative Sequences
Authors: Busà M Grazia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relative timing of contiguous oral and nasal articulations in nasal consonant contexts has been shown to vary across languages, with many studies reporting differences in the extent of contextual vowel nasalization and in the coordination of movements at the nasal–oral consonant transition (reviewed by Bell-Berti 1993, Krakow 1993). A particularly challenging pattern of relative timing is called upon in sequences in which a nasal consonant is immediately followed by a fricative. In these sequences, the velum has to move from the extreme low position required for the nasal consonant (an open velopharyngeal port) to the extreme high position required for the fricative (a port that is sealed in order to allow turbulent airflow in the oral tract) ( J. Ohala 1975; Bell-Berti 1980; Henderson 1984; Teixeira and Vaz 2001; Rossato 2004). Thus, this change in configuration requires synchronizing the elevation of the soft palate with the release of the oral constriction for the nasal consonant, and the rapid subsequent formation of the constriction for the fricative ( J. Ohala 1997b).
Physiological and Physical Bases of the Command–Response Model for Generating Fundamental Frequency Contours in Tone Languages Implications for the Phonology of Tones
Authors: Fujisaki Hiroya , Gu, Wentao , Ohno Sumio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many languages of the world, the voice fundamental frequency (F 0) plays an important role in conveying linguistic, paralinguistic, and non-linguistic information. Hence, an accurate representation of the essential characteristics of the contour of the fundamental frequency (F 0 contour) is necessary both for understanding their relationships to the underlying information and for synthesis of high-quality speech.
Controlled and Mechanical Properties in Speech A Review of the Literature
Authors: Solé Maria-Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the study of speech there is a well-known dichotomy between features that are planned by the speaker (i.e., present in the input to speech production) and mechanical features that emerge due to vocal tract constraints. Those aspects of speech which result from elasto-inertial, biomechanical, or aerodynamic constraints are not targeted by the speaker and can be explained by general phonetic principles. Examples include (a) the few milliseconds’ delay in the onset of voicing in vowels and sonorants following unaspirated stops, due to the time needed to release the oral pressure build up for the stop and initiate the transglottal flow needed for voicing ( J. Ohala 1983b), and (b) coarticulation with adjacent sounds which can be described in terms of the production constraints of the sounds involved (e.g. the ‘‘Degree of Articulatory Constraint’’ model of Recasens et al. 1997).
Mortality associated with anaesthesia
Authors: Aitkenhead Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anaesthetized patient is at risk of complications resulting from the actions, or inaction, of the anaesthetist, from the actions of the surgeon, and from failure or malfunction of anaesthetic equipment. The state of anaesthesia may be considered to be intrinsically unsafe. Patients are subjected to administration of drugs, which have side-effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Pharmacological muscle paralysis necessitates the use of artificial ventilation, making the patient dependent on the anaesthetist and his equipment for the fundamental functions of oxygenation and excretion of carbon dioxide. The anaesthetist may deliberately alter physiological functions, for example, by inducing hypotension or ventilating only one lung. Mortality is a vital estimate of risk associated with anaesthesia, the most important reason being that the definition is clear, in contrast to the more debatable definitions of morbidity. Mortality is also a somewhat crude estimate of risk, because of the relative rarity of this complication(1). During the three decades up to 1980, a number of investigators in various countries had attempted to estimate the frequency with which death was associated with anaesthesia (Table 10.1)(2–15). There was a general trend towards reduced mortality attributable primarily to anaesthesia during this period (from about 1:2500 to about 1:5000), but the same principal causes of death continued to be identified: inadequate supervision of trainees, drug overdose, drug mistakes, airway obstruction, aspiration of gastric contents, insufficient monitoring, and lack of postoperative care.
Cardiovascular risk
Authors: Skinner Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular risk, perhaps more than any other risk associated with anaesthesia, has been studied in great detail. Cardiovascular complications account for approximately a third of postoperative complications and up to half of perioperative deaths. Surgery causes tissue trauma, fluid shifts, and tachycardia, and elicits a stress response, which results in an increase in cardiac workload. Adverse cardiac events commonly are produced by an unfavourable myocardial oxygen supply–demand ratio or inability to carry the increased burden. However, the aetiology may be complex and multifactorial, and it can be difficult to establish the role of anaesthesia in this. Most general anaesthetic drugs reduce left ventricle (LV) contractility, impair diastolic function, and dilate arteries and veins(1). Vasodilatation may be important in patients with fixed coronary flow obstruction as flow becomes pressure-dependent. Induction of anaesthesia reduces sympathetic tone. A proportion of patients with impaired cardiac function (especially the elderly) depend on sympathetic activity to maintain adequate perfusion pressure(2). On the other hand, volatile agents reduce cardiac workload and may protect the heart against ischaemic insults(3). The notion that anaesthesia is simply a vehicle to facilitate surgery with its incumbent risks is thus incorrect.
Haematological risk
Authors: Skinner Henry J , Moppett Iain K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients undergoing surgery and anaesthesia are at risk of three main haematological problems: excessive bleeding, venous thromboembolism, and risk associated with blood transfusion. Anaesthesia per sedoes not cause bleeding. However, interventions or omissions by the anaesthetist may promote or inhibit bleeding during and after surgery. Invasive procedures performed by anaesthetists may also carry risks from bleeding. Patient and surgical factors contribute most to the risk of bleeding in the perioperative period. Excessive bleeding is a serious surgical complication which increases perioperative morbidity, mortality and intensive care stay(1). Cardiac surgical bleeding requiring more than 5 units blood was associated with an eightfold increase in the risk of death(2). A meta-analysis of trials of thromboprophylaxis in general, orthopaedic, and urological surgery found that in around 3% of operations, bleeding was considered to be excessive(3). Bleeding during and after surgery is usually of a technical nature but can be aggravated by pre-existing or acquired coagulation disorders.
Manipulability
Authors: Gaertner Wulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this chapter, it has always been assumed that individuals who were asked to state their preferences, reported them truthfully. This is a nice assumption, but does it hold in general, i.e. in reality? The reader may have a gut feeling that any system that can be manipulated is an unsatisfactory or even unacceptable scheme. The word ‘manipulative ‘ clearly has a negative connotation. A voting system that cannot be manipulated seems to be straightforward and transparent. To admit that there is strategic voting is tantamount to saying that there are people who spend energy and resources on manipulative activities.
Empirical social choice
Authors: Gaertner Wulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no such thing as the theory of justice, neither in jurisprudence nor in philosophy nor in the sphere of economics where we often use the term ‘distributive justice ‘ in order to indicate that here, the issue of justice is frequently linked up with a problem of redistribution. Consider a fixed amount of well-defined, quantitatively measurable and perfectly divisible entities that is to be divided among a certain number of individuals. Or consider a government that thinks about changing its tax policy such that some of its citizens will suffer losses while others will benefit.
Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategies in Tariana
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tariana has four types of complement clauses and four complementation strategies which include nominalizations, sequential subordinate clauses, and serial verb constructions. Complement clauses can only occur in O function, while nominalizations can be used in any other function, except for A. Unlike objects expressed with noun phrases, neither complement clauses nor most nominalizations can be targets of passive or any other valency-changing derivation.
Product and Process Innovation, Scientific Research, Knowledge Dynamics, and Institutional Change: An Introduction
Authors: Meeus Marius T H , Hage Jerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the importance of high-tech products in international trade, the centrality of new scientific technology in national security, the discussions about job retraining in the context of globalization, and the continual debate about the best government policies to handle these issues, the study of innovation in products and processes hardly needs justification. What does need justification is the need for a new approach to such study, one that opens a new set of theoretical questions and answers, and that provides the basis of a much more comprehensive, interdisciplinary theory about these issues.
Network resources and the choice of partners in alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, I presented a dynamic, firm-level study of the role of network resources in determining the frequency with which individual firms enter into alliances. Extensive fieldwork along with detailed empirical analysis of longitudinal data on firm behavior showed that by providing firms with information about potential partners, network resources are an important catalyst for entry into new alliances, especially because such ties entail considerable uncertainty and hazards. Additionally, the study assessed the importance of a firm’s material resources and alliance-formation capabilities as determinants of its proclivity to enter into new alliances. The results revealed that firms with greater network resources based on their positions in prior interorganizational networks are more likely to enter into new alliances. The results also suggested that firms’ capabilities with alliance formation—as measured by their past alliance experience—can be significant predictors of new alliance activity.