bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission Control Protocol
Authors: Aweya James 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTransmission control protocol (TCP) has become the most widely used transport‐layer protocol today. TCP provides a reliable transport service that is used by most Internet applications, including Telnet, file transfer, electronic mail, and Web page access via HTTP. An important component of TCP is the collection of algorithms used to perform congestion control and error recovery. This article describes the basic design and operation of TCP, particularly the main features that make TCP a reliable transport protocol.
Cell Planning in Wireless Networks
Authors: Rohrbacher Kai , Kehrbeck Jürgen , Wiesbeck Werner 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOverview of planning and simulating strategies for wireless networks ‐ from the past to the future. Focus is laid on the most popular system technologies like GSM900, GSM1800, 2.5G network extensions GPRS/EDGE and the upcoming so‐called “3rdGeneration systems (3G)” of the IMT‐2000 frame work like UMTS‐FDD in Europe, UMTS‐TDD, CDMA2000, TD‐SCDMA. The authors will show examples and methodologies based on network technologies used in Europe and also discussing detailed aspects of network planning and optimization using state‐of‐the‐art RNP‐(Radio Network Planning) Tools.
Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical
WDM
Networks
Authors: Rouskas George N. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This article discusses the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem in optical networks employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. Two variants of the problem are studied: static RWA, whereby the traffic requirements are known in advance, and dynamic RWA in which connection requests arrive in some random fashion. Both point‐to‐point and multicast traffic demands are considered.
Modems
Authors: Bhagavathula Ravi , Kwon Hyuck 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
With the recent proliferation of data communication mechanisms involving personal computers (PCs), the selection of a specific communication protocol/method has become a non‐trivial task. The objective of the current article is to present the concepts and features of modems. Starting with the more commonly used dial‐up modem, the reader is gradually introduced to the other “advanced” modems like DSL and cable modems.
Wireless Communications System Design
Authors: Tellambura Chintha , Annamalai A. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The wireless communications industry has been experiencing phenomenal annual growth rates recently. This degree of growth reflects the tremendous demand for commercial untethered communications services such as paging, analog and digital cellular telephony, and emerging Personal Communications Services (PCS). This article examines multipath fading channels and analytical tools for wireless system design. These analytical techniques are suitable as the first step of the design process of communication systems. Several such techniques are illustrated via examples on diversity reception, outage analysis and trellis codes. Theoretical expressions are derived for parameters such as the average error rate, the average output signal‐to‐noise ratio and the outage probability. Results for selection combining and maximal‐ratio combining and equal gain combining are obtained.
Design and Analysis of aWDMClient/Server Network Architecture
Authors: Wen Wushao , Mukherjee Biswanath 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this article, we describe a novel wavelength‐division multiplexing (WDM) client/server network architecture which is a passive‐star‐coupler‐based, broadcast‐and‐select network. In this architecture, all down‐stream data traffic uses WDM data channels and all upstream requests, upstream control messages, and down‐stream control messages use an Ethernet channel (called the control channel). This architecture is broadcast and multicast capable. We describe a detailed point‐to‐point connection‐setup procedure for this architecture. An internetworking scheme of this system with other networks is also described. The system's performance is analyzed in terms of whether the control channel or the data channels are the bottleneck. We also analyze the request delay, the request's channel‐holding time, and the system throughput following the model description. The analysis shows that the control channel is not a bottleneck. When the user request rate is high, the server‐channel scheduler is the most important adjustable factor to reduce the user response time. An illustrative analysis of FCFS scheduling policy for the system is also provided.
Optical Switching Techniques in
WDM
Optical Networks
Authors: Yoo Myungsik , Qiao Chunming 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Optical Networks provide potentially huge bandwidth and transparent communication service as well as cost‐effective and future‐proof networking solutions. While the optical networking technology keeps evolving, it is important to re‐evaluate the optical switching techniques available today. In this article, we discuss three optical switching paradigms: wavelength routing, optical burst switching and optical packet switching. As an interim solution for optical networks, the optical burst switching technique is shown to be the most suitable.
Wavelength‐Division Multiplexing Optical Networks
Authors: Modiano Eytan 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This article provides an introduction to wavelength‐division multiplexing (WDM) networks, with the objective of introducing the reader to the current state of the art. We begin with an overview of WDM network technology and proceed to discuss WDM network architectures. First, we give an overview of WDM‐based local area networks that are usually based on a broadcast star topology. We proceed to consider WDM wide area networks and discuss critical issues in their design such as wavelength assignment, wavelength conversion and joint design of optical and electronic networks. While we attempt to provide a good overview of the field, this article is by no means comprehensive. Our hope is that we provide the reader with a sufficient introduction to pursue the subject in more detail.
Turbo Equalization
Authors: Narayanan Krishna R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTurbo equalization is an iterative technique to perform joint equalization and decoding when channel coding is employed for communicating though an ISI channel. The idea is to exchange soft extrinsic information between a soft‐input soft‐output (SISO) decoder and an SISO equalizer in an iterative fashion. This chapter presents the basic concepts behind turbo equalization and summarizes some the main developments in this area. First, trellis based SISO equalization and interference cancellation based SISO equalization are explained. Then, techniques to analyze the performance of turbo equalization are discussed. The analysis techniques include distance spectrum based analysis and extrinsic information transfer diagram based analysis.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Authors: Bettstetter Christian , Hartmann Christian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a data bearer service for GSM and IS–136 cellular networks. Its packet–oriented radio transmission technology enables efficient and simplified wireless access to Internet protocol–based networks and services.After an explanation of the fundamental features of GPRS, this article describes the network components, services, protocols (e.g. session and mobility management), packet routing, air interface (channels, multiple access, channel coding), and security aspects.
ATMSwitching
Authors: Chen Thomas M. , Liu Stephen S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractATM switches are high‐speed packet switches designed to process and forward ATM cells. The functional components of a general ATM switch architecture are described. The switch fabric provides the central function of cell forwarding. The switch fabric design involves trade‐offs between various approaches and a choice of input or output buffering. In addition to cell forwarding, ATM switches require capabilities for connection admission control, traffic control, and OAM (operations and maintenance).
Local Area Networks
Authors: Carson John H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Local‐area networks (LANs) had their beginning at Xerox PARC in 1976 with the development of the Ethernet system. As Ethernet was being embraced by industry, the IEEE formed the 802 committee to standardize LAN (and later MAN) technology. The first mass‐produced Ethernet systems operated with a data rate of 10 Mbps (million bits per second). Today standards and products exist for 100 and 1000 Mbps data rates with 10 Gbps in the final stages of standardization and 40 Gbps as the next target. Wireless Ethernet is also readily available. Although originally targeted to short distances, varieties of Ethernet have been developed for longer point‐to‐point, full‐duplex connections that are competing with long‐established technologies such as SONET and ATM. Finally, the use of Ethernet to the home is being addressed—the “Ethernet in the first mile” activity. Thus Ethernet is becoming ubiquitous for all varieties of networking.
WirelessIPTelephony
Authors: Famolari David R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBoth the Internet and wireless telephony have created unprecedented operating freedoms that are forcing paradigm shifts in business and social communication practices. Their impact, however, has emerged from opposite design philosophies. The wireless telephone network was designed to provide mobile access to speech applications; the Internet, on the other hand, was designed to deliver a wide variety of application types to fixed locations. The freedom and mobility offered by wireless networks provides a perfect compliment to the economies of scale and flexibility offered by the IP‐based Internet. As IP becomes an important driver of both core and access networks, it must support wireless voice at comparable levels of spectrum efficiency and voice quality as cellular telephony. Similarly, wireless network practices must be modified to accommodate IP‐based packet protocols. It is our aim here to describe the design challenges and technical hurdles facing successful deployment of wireless IP telephony.
Interference Suppression in Spread‐Spectrum Communication Systems
Authors: Amin Moeness G. , Zhang Yimin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses interference excision techniques in spread spectrum communications systems. Both stationary and nonstationary interferers are considered. Sinusoidal, autoregressive, digital communication, and polynomial phase interference signals are effectively suppressed by different excision methods; each is suitable for one or more types of interferers. Time‐, frequency‐, and time‐frequency domain methods for analysis and estimation of the interference parameters are summarized. Domains other than time and frequency, such as the Gabor‐domain, the Wavelet‐domain, and quadratic time‐frequency signal representations, are appropriate for nontraditional smart jamming in which the interference parameters are highly dependent on time. Excision methods can be linear, bilinear, or nonlinear with performance dependent on the interference power relative to the desired signal and noise. In some cases, the slight performance enhancement offered by bilinear and nonlinear methods may not properly justify the increase in the algorithm complexity. The BER and receiver SINR expressions and curves are presented in this chapter for some of the key interference excision techniques.
CDMA
/
IS
95
Authors: Sam Lee Jhong , Miller Leonard E. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This article describes the design of the IS‐95 (cdmaOne) second‐generation (2G) cellular telephone system, which uses Walsh‐function orthogonal multiplexing for channelization on the forward (base‐to‐mobile) link and spread‐spectrum code‐division multiple access (CDMA) on the reverse (mobile‐to‐base) link. The system's uses of time, space, and multipath diversity are explained, and initial approaches to a third‐generation (3 G) system design are summarized.
Propagation Models for Indoor Communications
Authors: Landstorfer F. , Woelfle G. , Hoppe R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe performance of wireless communication systems depends in a fundamental way on the mobile radio channel. Inside buildings the transmission path between transmitter and receiver can vary from simple line‐of‐sight to one severely obstructed by walls and furniture. As a consequence predicting the propagation characteristics between two antennas still belongs to the most demanding tasks for the design and installation of wireless indoor communication systems, ranging from low bit‐rate cordless telephone and cellular systems to high bit‐rate wireless local area networks (WLANs). This article gives a survey on a variety of methods for modeling wave propagation in indoor scenarios.
Terrestrial Microwave Communications
Authors: Smith David R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis section on terrestrial microwave communications begins by considering free‐space propagation and the effects of terrain, atmosphere, and precipitation on propagation. Multipath fading due to ground reflection or atmospheric refraction is described with a statistical model. Diversity and adaptive equalization are shown to mitigate the effects of multipath fading on digital radio performance. Frequency allocations and planning are discussed, including the effects of interference. Components of a digital radio system are detailed, including the transmitter, receiver, antennas, diversity combiner, and adaptive combiner. Procedures are then described for calculating link performance or determining design parameters.
Multicarrier
CDMA
Authors: Kalofonos Dimitris N. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Multi‐Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC‐CDMA) is a multiple access scheme which combines Multi‐Carrier Modulation (MCM) and Direct Sequence CDMA (DS‐CDMA). MC‐CDMA aims at combining the bandwidth efficiency and long symbol duration inherent in MCM and the interference rejection capabilities inherent in DS‐CDMA. The use of MCM introduces frequency domain spreading in the signal design and the use of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS‐SS) time domain spreading, thus giving MC‐CDMA systems the unique possibility to spread signals in both the time and frequency domains. In fact, MC‐CDMA schemes have been proposed that cover the entire range in the frequency vs. time domain spreading trade‐off, from performing all spreading in the time‐domain (similarly to DS‐CDMA) to performing all spreading in the frequency domain (a system often referred to as OFDM‐CDMA). Among all MC‐CDMA schemes, OFDM‐CDMA has attracted the most research interest because it offers a large degree of flexibility in system design, high bandwidth efficiency and good performance with acceptable complexity. Under certain conditions OFDM‐CDMA systems can outperform DS‐CDMA, other MC‐CDMA schemes and Multiuser OFDM (M‐OFDM) at the expense of increased complexity. However, implementation issues and the operational environment can affect the performance of each system significantly and in a different way, making different schemes more appropriate in specific conditions. Therefore, no scheme is universally superior and the trade‐offs have to be considered carefully before a system design is selected.
Loop Antennas
Authors: Siwiak Kazimierz (Kai) 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Loop antennas are simple and versatile structures that appear as communication antennas in diverse applications, including pager receivers and massive multielement transmitting arrays. They are analyzed here in electrically small form as nonresonant magnetic field probes, as efficient resonated small antennas, and as large self‐resonant antennas. A rigorous generalized loop analysis here reveals details of the current density both along the loop circumference and around the wire circumference. Expressions are given for the loop impedance and loop near‐fields. The relatively low near field wave impedances make loops particularly suitable for body proximate receiving devices, while in the full wavelength‐sized structures they suitable where very high transmitter power levels are required because they are not prone to high‐voltage corona discharge problems.
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Authors: Cummer Steven 
Published: November 2003

AbstractExtremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves are currently the lowest frequency waves used routinely for wireless communication. Their ability to cover the globe with low transmitted power and to penetrate deeply into electrically conducting material makes them indispensable in a variety of applications, including communication with submerged submarines. ELF waves are also used in a variety of scientific applications, from geological remote sensing to the study of lightning, which is a strong natural ELF wave source. Transmitting controlled electromagnetic power at such long wavelengths is tricky and requires antennas rather different from those used at higher frequencies. ELF waves transmitted near the surface of the Earth are strongly reflected by the ground and the ionosphere, and thus propagate as guided waves in this spherical waveguide. The article discusses ELF transmission and reception, ELF applications, and describes in detail techniques for mathematically modeling, with varying degrees of simplicity and approximation, ELF electromagnetic wave propagation in this Earth‐ionosphere waveguide.
Microstrip Antennas
Authors: Herscovici Naftali 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Microstrip antennas are probably the most popular type of planar antennas. Even though the basic microstrip element was invented in the early 50s, as a very narrow band (resonant) element, only in the last 15 years microstrip antennas have matured to the point that they are used in almost any application. Being low profile, lightweight, and relatively inexpensive, they are most suitable for military, space as well as commercial applications. Furthermore, with the latest developments in the wireless industry, the use of microstrip antennas increased exponentially.
In the same time, the theoretical work done in the area of microstrip antennas produced more than 1500 published journal articles, numerous conference papers and six books.
This chapter starts with the presentation of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna, which is widely used and lends itself to a simple, modal representation. It is inferred that most of the different geometries proposed along the years essentially behave like the rectangular patch with only minor differences in the electrical performance.
Once the rectangular patch is fully characterized as a radiating element, different feeding techniques are presented.
Then the polarizations characteristics as well as the bandwidth properties of microstrip antennas in general are discussed.
Before the discussion on microstrip arrays, the mutual coupling problem is addressed.
The last section of this chapter deals with microstrip arrays: topology, feeding networks and finally scanning arrays.
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Authors: Schulzrinne Henning 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an Internet standards‐track protocol for establishing, modifying and terminating multimedia sessions, including IP telephony calls and multiparty conferences. SIP supports personal mobility, addressing users by identifiers that are independent of their current network address. SIP has been extended to notify users of events, such as the presence of people, changes in SIP‐initiated sessions and emergency conditions. SIP is also used for instant messaging (IM), delivering text or multimedia messages to one or more destinations.
Microwave Waveguides
Authors: Hajian M. , Ligthart L. P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA waveguide is one of the most common microwave elements used in many practical systems. It can be used as a section of a transmission line or as an antenna radiator. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the interesting parameters of waveguides, including the field configurations (modes) that can be supported by the waveguide structure. This will include the cutoff frequency, the transported power, and the wave impedance. It is also the intention of this article to introduce the readers to the difficulties concerning the excitation of electric and magnetic fields within a waveguide. The miniaturization of the waveguide using dielectric filling is discussed. The aperture matching technique using an air gap network and its design parameters are given. Dual polarized waveguides using polarization filters are analyzed and results are discussed. At the end of the article a brief discussion related to the far‐zone radiation pattern using the equivalent principal technique is discussed.
Optical Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Authors: Stavdas Alexandros 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Optical multiplexing is a technique used in optical fiber communication systems for enhancing the capacity of point‐to‐point links, as well as for simplifying the routing process within the optical layer. This technique is implemented using various types of diffraction gratings and/or optical filters in specific configurations. The parameters of these devices that have important effect on system performance are identified and their origin is explained. The principle of operation of the most noteworthy devices, as well as the corresponding specifications are presented.
Distributed Intelligent Networks
Authors: Venieris Iakovos S. , Perdikeas Menelaos K. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This article explores the concept, basic technologies and implementation issues surrounding Distributed Intelligent Networks. This telecommunications technology is shown to be based on the same set of principles and design goals that governed the definition of the traditional Intelligent Network (IN) architectures. The foundations of the Distributed IN are examined first in an abstract way to aid a quick grasping of the main offerings of this technology. Specific reference is made to the enhancements and new business opportunities that this technology explicitly enables relative to its predecessor, particularly in regard to the emerging, heterogeneous telecommunications environment. Next, the discussion delves into the more technical aspects of the Distributed IN by exploring the technologies and specifications that enable its implementation or aim to standardize common interfaces for network resources that constitute integral parts of the Distributed IN platform. Implementation issues are also covered in more detail and so do deployment strategies that allow an evolutionary roadmap to be defined. The article concludes by examining emerging architectures that, taken collectively, encapsulated many of the desired Distributed IN characteristics and features or interrelate to it in a complementary manner.
Optical Signal Regeneration
Authors: Morthier Geert , Merlier Jan De 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
In this chapter the different means for all‐optical signal regeneration are outlined. 3R regeneration implies signal reshaping and retiming and is based on optical decision circuits and devices for optical clock extraction respectively. In what follows, it will become clear that most of the optical decision circuits are based on active interferometers while devices for clock recovery are generally self‐pulsating laser diodes.