bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dicarbonyls and H. B-EGF gene expression
Authors: Che Wenyi , Koh Young Ho , Taniguchi Naoyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The serum concentration of the reactive dicarbonyls, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone, increases under diabetic conditions. Methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone induce the production of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells by increasing the level of intracellular peroxides (1). HB-EGF is known to be a potent mitogen in smooth muscle cells and is abundant in atherosclerotic plaques (2).
Carcinogenesis model: progression models in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Okada Futoshi , Hosokawa Masuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tumour progression is the final stage of carcinogenesis. In this stage the tumour cell population expands and, more importantly, the tumour cells gradually acquire enhanced malignant properties. Although reactive oxygen species produced at the site of inflammation are known to be one of the major contributors to the carcinogenesis, the role of reactive oxygen species in tumour progression is not fully understood because of a lack of an appropriate animal model. We have established a mouse model in which the process of tumour progression accelerated by inflammation-mediated reactive oxygen species can be observed.
Introduction to Interactive Boundary Layer Theory
Authors: Sobey I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major achievements in fluid mechanics in the last quarter of the twentieth century has been the development of an asymptotic description of perturbations to boundary layers known generally as 'triple deck theory'. These developments have had a major impact on our understanding of laminar fluid flow, particularly laminar separation. It is also true that the theory rests on three quarters of a century of development of boundary layer theory which involves analysis, experimentation and computation. All these parts go together, and to understand the triple deck it is necessary to understand which problems the triple deck resolves and which computational techniques have been applied. This book presents a unified account of the development of laminar boundary layer theory as a historical study together with a description of the application of the ideas of triple deck theory to flow past a plate, to separation from a cylinder and to flow in channels. The book is intended to provide a graduate level teaching resource as well as a mathematically oriented account for a general reader in applied mathematics, engineering, physics or scientific computation.
Early atomic physics
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of atomic physics were entwined with the development of quantum mechanics itself ever since the first model of the hydrogen atom by Bohr. This introductory chapter surveys some of the early ideas, including Einstein’s treatment of the interaction of atoms with radiation, and a classical treatment of the Zeeman effect. These methods, developed before the advent of the Schrodinger equation, remain useful as an intuitive way of thinking about atomic structure and transitions between the energy levels. The ‘proper’ description in terms of atomic wave functions is presented in subsequent chapters.
The interaction of atoms with radiation
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To describe the interaction of a two-level atom with radiation we shall use a semiclassical treatment, i.e. the radiation is treated as a classical electric field but we use quantum mechanics to treat the atom. From the theory of the interaction with radiation, we will be able to find the conditions for which the equations reduce to a set of rate equations that describe the populations of the atomic energy levels (with a steady-state solution). In particular, for an atom illuminated by broad band radiation, this approach allows us to make a connection with Einstein’s treatment of radiation that was presented in Chapter 1; we shall find the Einstein B coefficient in terms of the matrix element for the transition.
Magnetic trapping, evaporative cooling and Bose-Einstein condensation
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their famous experiment, Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach used the force on an atom as it passed through a strong inhomogeneous magnetic field to separate the spin states in a thermal atomic beam. Magnetic trapping uses exactly the same force, but for cold atoms the force produced by a system of magnetic field coils bends the trajectories right around so that low-energy atoms remain within a small region close to the centre of the trap.
Hyperbolic Systems of Conservation Laws
Authors: Bressan Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a self-contained introduction to the mathematical theory of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, with particular emphasis on the study of discontinuous solutions, characterized by the appearance of shock waves. This area has experienced substantial progress in very recent years thanks to the introduction of new techniques, in particular the front tracking algorithm and the semigroup approach. These techniques provide a solution to the long standing open problems of uniqueness and stability of entropy weak solutions. This monograph is the first to present a comprehensive account of these new, fundamental advances, mainly obtained by the author together with several collaborators. It also includes a detailed analysis of the stability and convergence of the front tracking algorithm. The book is addressed to graduate students as well as researchers. Both the elementary and the more advanced material are carefully explained, helping the reader's visual intuition with over 70 figures. A set of problems, with varying difficulty, is given at the end of each chapter. These exercises are designed to verify and expand a student's understanding of the concepts and techniques previously discussed. For researchers, this book will provide an indispensable reference for the state of the art, in the field of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. The last chapter contains a large, up to date list of references, preceded by extensive bibliographical notes.
Discontinuous solutions
Authors: Bressan Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin the study of discontinuous solutions, satisfying the system of conservation laws in the distributional sense. In this case, no a priori regularity is required: for example, the set of points of discontinuity may well be everywhere dense.The qualitative properties of general weak solutions to the Cauchy problem with small BV initial data will be studied in Chapter 10.
Score function and Fisher information
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given data x and probability model pθ(x) in Chapter 2 we have defined the likelihood function as L(θ) = pθ(x) and the first derivative of the log-likelihood as As a function of θ we call S(θ) the score function, while as a random variable for fixed θ we call S(θ) the score statistic.
Covariate models for the detection function
Authors: Marques F F C , Buckland S T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In standard line transect sampling, we assume that probability of detection g(y) of an animal is solely a function of its distance y from the line. We then use models for the detection function that are ‘pooling robust’; that is, they yield reliable estimates of density when heterogeneity in the detection probabilities due to covariates other than distance is ignored (Section 11.12).
Design of distance sampling surveys and Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Strindberg S , Buckland S T , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), together with advances such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and remote sensing and satellite technology, mean that geo-referenced data of various sorts are readily available. This is starting to have a strong influence on how distance sampling surveys are designed, and on how data are collected and analysed. Line transect surveys especially, perhaps with randomly or systematically spaced lines within geographic strata, are not always straightforward to design by hand. Using GIS, survey region and stratum boundaries can readily be digitized, and survey lines positioned according to some automated algorithm within these boundaries. The design can then be printed off, or the coordinates of the lines downloaded directly into a GPS unit, without any need to plot lines by hand.
Analytical Mechanics: Variational Principles
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variational problems in mechanics are characterised by the following basic idea. For a given solution of Hamilton’s equations (8.24), called the natural motion, we consider a family ‘.f of perturbed trajectories in the phase space, subject to some characterising limitations, and on it we define a functional cp : ‘.f ---+ R. The typical statement of a variational principle is that the functional cp takes its minimum value in ‘.f corresponding to the natural motion, and conversely, that if an element of ‘.f has this property, then it is necessarily a solution of Hamilton’s equations. The latter fact justifies the use of the term principle, in the sense that it is possible to assume such a variational property as an axiom of mechanics. Indeed, one can directly derive from it the correct equations of motion.
Analytical Mechanics: An Introduction To Ergodic Theory And To Chaotic Motion
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The completely canonically integrable systems are the mechanical model for the study of systems with an orderly and regular behaviour. The main idea in all studies in the nineteenth century has been to reduce the study of mechanical systems to the study of integrable systems, both exactly by using canonical transformations and the Hamilton-Jacobi equations, and approximately using the canonical theory of perturbations. Poincare proved however that this is not always possible, and that Hamiltonian systems may exhibit a behaviour that is totally different from the behaviour of integrable systems, exhibiting disorderly and chaotic orbits. The appropriate language for the study of these systems connects the study of dynamical systems to probability theory (of which we recall the main introductory notions). This is the point of view underlying ergodic theory, which we introduce in this chapter.
The benefits of group formation
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we focus on mechanisms that confer benefits to group members. We concentrate on mechanisms, rather than ecological circumstances. For example, we do not discuss the benefits of colonial breeding to sea-birds in a self-contained section. However, someone interested in coloniality in sea-birds should be able to identify the mechanisms that could potentially have a bearing on this. We hope that this mechanisms-based approach allows us to focus on fundamental issues rather than species-specific consequences.
Implicit Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease: Priming and Skill Learning
Authors: Salmon David P , Fennema-Notestine Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that memory impairment is an early and ubiquitous feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD; for reviews, see Nebes 1992; Salmon 2000). Numerous studies have shown that mildly demented patients with AD have a prominent deficit in episodic memory (i.e. memory for events and episodes that remains tightly linked to the context in which it was originally acquired) that encompasses the ability to learn new information (Buschke and Fuld 1974; Masur et al.1989; Moss et al.1986; Wilson et al.1983) and to retain information over time (Butters et al.1988; Moss et al.1986; Traster et al.1993; Welsh et al.1991).
Corticotropin releasing factor receptors
Authors: Perrin Marilyn H , Vale Wylie W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout life, organisms experience myriad environmental and internal perturbations perceived as ‘stressors’. The diverse strategies used in response to particular stressors are viewed as successful when they restore homeostasis and unsuccessful when they fail to do so and culminate in a disease state. True homeostasis is often not achieved; rather, a state of allostasis exists in which a less than ideal short-term accommodation to the stress exists and results in long-term deleterious effects.
Musical Identities And The School Environment
Authors: Lamont Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on children’s developing musical identities and the ways in which these relate to the experiences that children have at school in terms of music. I begin by considering what we mean by musical identities and how they might develop, drawing on social psychological and socio-cultural approaches such as Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological model of development. The perspectives of policy and practice concerning children’s involvement with music in England and Wales are reviewed. Research evidence is then presented to illustrate how children’s perceived musical identities develop over time and under different conditions. Studies are reviewed of children’s attitudes towards music in relation to their actual experiences with musical activities, both in and outside school.
Youth Identity And Music
Authors: Tarrant Mark , North Adrian c. , Hargreaves David j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several recent publications have focused on the role of music in young people’s lives (e.g. Larson, 1995; Zillmann and Gan, 1997; North and Hargreaves, 1999; North et al., 2000; Welch, 2001). A prevalent theme throughout this research is the distinction between musical behaviour which takes place in formal (in school) and informal (out of school) contexts. Whilst this distinction is unproblematic at primary level (see Mills, 1997; Lamont, Chapter 3, this volume), at secondary level it becomes especially prominent as adolescents begin to devalue school-organized music, and instead begin to favour musical activities that they can organize themselves (Boal-Palheiros and Hargreaves, 2001).
General properties of liquids
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At low pressures, matter usually exists either as a dense solid or as a dilute vapour. For each of these states there is an ideal model which is a good approximation to reality and forms the basis for theoretical discussion. These are the ideal crystal lattice and the ideal gas models, respectively: in the former, emphasis is on structural order, modified slightly by the thermal motion of the atoms; in the latter, emphasis is on the random atomic positions, and the motions arc modified slightly by the fact that atoms cannot overlap each other. At higher pressures a third state of matter appcars —the liquid state. This state occurs over a temperature range that separates the regions occupied by the solid and vapour states. At present there is no mathematically tractable model which gives an accurate approximation to the liquid state. Such a model (in contrast to the crystal and gas models) needs to cover structural and thermal properties with equal emphasis. There are many conceptual models; for example, it is argued frequently that a liquid is similar to a dense fluid of hard spheres in thermal equilibrium with its container. If this or any other simple approximation applies, it should be expected that liquid properties would show systematic trends and relation¬ ships; this question will be reviewed in the next section.
Distribution functions and their properties
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The significance of the diagrams of state (Fig. 1.1) has been stressed in Chapter I. In this chapter the basic equations used to discuss these diagrams will be derived. The starting point of these calculations is the molecular pair distribution function, which is a particular member of a general class of distribution functions. These functions describe the probability of occurrence of a particular arrangement of molecules (in thermal equilibrium) in the liquid. In one conventional method, a system at a temperature T containing a fixed number (N) of particles in a fixed volume ( V) is considered and the term ‘canonical ensemble’ is used to denote it.
Summary of interatomic and intermolecular interactions
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The properties discussed so far have been expressed in terms of interatomic or intermolecular potentials: for example, both eqns (2.42) and (3.28) presented an expansion of the total potential energy in terms of the interactions of pairs, triplets and higher terms. To a good approximation, the quantities u2, u3, ... appearing in these two equations are properties of the atoms or molecules and are not dependent on state parameters (such as P, V, and T). Ideally they may be calculated from first principles (for example, a quantum mechanical treatment of two atoms), but in practice this is too difficult. Thus they are usually determined by fitting theoretical expressions to experimental results. For fluids composed of noble gas atoms, or of diatomic molecules, expansions for specific properties (using this expansion for the potential energy) are found to converge rapidly, and in order to obtain good numerical estimates for given properties it is necessary to specify these potentials accurately. Their uncertainty leads to errors in the terms involving the lower-order potentials which are frequently of the order of the four-body potential terms in size, and so it is reasonable to truncate the series (for example eqns (2.42) or (3.28)) after the terms in u 2 and u 3.
Some modern applications of graphical models
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years there are a number of areas where graphical models have served successfully in the process of understanding, formulating, and solving problems. Although the early papers on graphical models dealt with undirected graphs (Darroch et al. 1980), recent applications of graphical models have predominantly been based on directed graphical models, also known as recursive models (Wermuth and Lauritzen 1983) or Bayesian networks, a term coined by Pearl (1986).
Topics in non-parametric Bayesian statistics
Authors: Hjort Nils Lid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intersection set of Bayesian and non-parametric statistics was almost empty until about 1973, but now seems to be growing at a healthy rate. This article gives an overview of various theoretical and applied research themes in this field, partly complementing and extending recent reviews of Dey et al. (1998) and Walker et al. (1999).
Graphs, Colourings And The Four-Colour Theorem
Authors: Wilson Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The four-colour theorem is one of the famous problems of mathematics, that frustrated generations of mathematicians from its birth in 1852 to its solution (using substantial assistance from electronic computers) in 1976. The theorem asks whether four colours are sufficient to colour all conceivable maps, in such a way that countries with a common border are coloured with different colours. The book discusses various attempts to solve this problem, and some of the mathematics which developed out of these attempts. Much of this mathematics has developed a life of its own, and forms a fascinating part of the subject now known as graph theory. The book is designed to be self-contained, and develops all the graph-theoretical tools needed as it goes along. It includes all the elementary graph theory that should be included in an introduction to the subject, before concentrating on specific topics relevant to the four-colour problem. Part I covers basic graph theory, Euler's polyhedral formula, and the first published false `proof' of the four-colour theorem. Part II ranges widely through related topics, including map-colouring on surfaces with holes, the famous theorems of Kuratowski, Vizing, and Brooks, the conjectures of Hadwiger and Hajos, and much more besides. In Part III we return to the four-colour theorem, and study in detail the methods which finally cracked the problem.
The visual analysis of bodily motion
Authors: Shiffrar Maggie , Pinto Jeannine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. Does the visual system process human movement differently from object movement? If so, what are the criteria that the visual system uses to discriminate between human and non-human motions? A series of psychophysical studies was conducted to address these questions by examining the conditions under which the visual perception of human and object motions appears to rely on similar and different mechanisms. To determine whether motion integration across space is similar for human and non-human movements, observers viewed moving stimuli through a set of spatially disconnected apertures. Under these conditions, motion integration across space was found to signi1cantly differ for human and object movements as long as the human movement was upright and consistent with normal locomotion. An apparent-motion paradigm was used to investigate motion integration across time. It was found that human and object movements are similarly perceived at brief temporal intervals. However, important differences arise at slower display rates. Finally, recent PET data indicate motor-system activity during the perception of possible, but not impossible, human movements. When considered together, these results support the hypothesis that the visual analysis of human movement does differ from the visual analysis of a wide variety of non-human movements whenever visual motion signals are consistent with an observer’s internal representation of possible human movements.
Eliminating, magnifying, and reversing spatial compatibility effects with mixed location-relevant and irrelevant trials
Authors: Proctor Robert W , Vu Kim-Phuong L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. Regardless of whether stimulus location is relevant or irrelevant to a task, responses are faster and more accurate when stimulus location and response location correspond than when they do not. Stimulus– response compatibility (SRC) effects of this nature are robust and typically considered to be automatic consequences of stimulus-response associations that are either hard-wired or acquired through years of experience. An exception to the robustness of SRC effects has been shown to occur when compatible and incompatible mappings are mixed. In the present paper, we review the literature on mixing compatible and incompatible mappings and show that mixing does not always reduce the SRC effect. We then present results from studies in which location-irrelevant (LI) trials are mixed with location-relevant (LR) trials. The SRC effect for LR trials of physical locations to keypresses is eliminated when stimulus color, rather than location, is relevant on half of the trials. However, the SRC effect for LR trials is unaffected by mixing when the location information is conveyed by arrows and ampli1ed when it is conveyed by words. With vocal location responses, the SRC effects for all three stimulus types are enhanced by mixing.
Introduction to Computational Methods for Differential Equations
Authors: Eriksson Kenneth , Estep Don , Hansbo Peter , Johnson Claes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We give an introduction to a unified approach to computational methods for differential equations based on Galerkin methods with piecewise polynomial approximation. We present adaptive methods with reliable and efficient control of computational errors and also discuss estimation and control of data and modeling errors. As model problems we consider two-point boundary value problems, initial value problems for ordinary differential equations, the Poisson equation and the heat equation. We present sample results using the Fem lab software.