bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kernel‐Based Nonlinear Subspace Method for Pattern Recognition
Authors: Maeda Eisaku , Murase Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new pattern classification method called the Kernel‐based Nonlinear Subspace (KNS) method is proposed. It implements a subspace method in a high‐dimensional nonlinear space by a nonlinear transformation defined by kernel functions. The Support Vector Machine, a recent popular current research topic, is a nonlinear classification method employing kernel functions and has advanced classification performance. However, as the number of patterns and the number of classes increase, the problem faced is an explosive increase in the computational complexity needed for learning. Conventional subspace methods are effective classifiers of multiple classes and are fast classification techniques. But satisfactory classification performance is not achieved if the pattern distribution is nonlinear or if the dimensionality of the feature space is small compared to the number of classes. The proposed method combines the advantages of both techniques to compensate for each other's deficiencies to realize nonlinear classification of multiple classes with advanced classification performance and low computational complexity. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to use nonlinear transforms defined by kernel functions to formulate the nonlinear subspace method, evaluate the proposed method from the perspectives of classification performance for nonlinear distributions and multiclass distributions, the stability of the classification performance with respect to parameter variations, and the computational costs needed for learning and classification, and verify the superiority of the proposed method over conventional methods. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 33(1): 38–52, 2002
Convenient calibration of FTIR peak ‘size’ for thin organic/polymer films
Authors: Hooper Andrew E. , Tompkins Harland G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThin films of organic/polymer material can be fabricated as self‐assembled monolayers and by dip‐coating, spin‐coating, etc. for use in microelectronics, particularly in applications in the BioChip area, molecular electronics, microfluidics and cell‐phone fuel cells. In any analysis the inevitable question is ‘How much’ (not how tall, but how many atoms per square centimeter). A unique feature of organic/polymer films is the molecular vibrations of the organic groups; these can be measured with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and we will use this method for quantitation. Using weight gain measurements, we provide the methodology for determining the amount of material in a thin film using transmission FTIR. We provide the calibration factors for CH2, C=O, and N–H bonds using Nylon‐6 as an example. Films as thin as 200 Å are used in this study and we estimate that, under certain conditions, films as thin as a few tens of angstroms could be measured. The calibration factors that we provide can be used directly for films where these functional groups are in similar chemical environments. Where the chemical environments are significantly different, we have suggested a method for determining the appropriate calibration factors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging the surface potential of active purple membrane
Authors: Knapp Helmut F. , Mesquida Patrick , Stemmer Andreas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBacteriorhodopsin, the light‐driven proton pumping protein in the purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarium, is known to be fully functional in various environments. Because of this, the protein's potential for technological application has been recognized. To investigate bacteriorhodopsin's light‐induced surface potential changes in humid air, we modified our commercial atomic force microscope to allow imaging at controlled humidities and toggling between defined lighting conditions. The purple membrane patches are prepared from solution onto freshly cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and imaged in the surface potential detection mode, also called Kelvin probe force microscopy, to identify their topography and surface potential in parallel. Precise tuning of the detection mechanism is crucial to allow imaging of the relatively small potential differences on the purple membrane (in the millivolt range). Our results show that the two orientations of the purple membrane can be identified by their surface potential. This is verified by high‐resolution topography images of the patches. Further experiments also show that, for the first time, it was possible to toggle the surface potential of the purple membrane patches by 3–5 mV when imaging the sample in dark or illuminated surrounding in humid air. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of point predictions in survival analysis
Authors: Henderson Robin , Jones Margaret , Stare Janez 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurvival time prediction is important in many applications, particularly for patients diagnosed with terminal diseases. A measure of prediction error taken from the medical literature is advocated as a practicable method of quantifying reliability of point predictions. Optimum predictions are derived for familiar survival models and the accuracy of these predictions is investigated. We argue that poor predictive capability is inherent to standard survival models with realistic parameter values. A lung cancer example is used to illustrate difficulties in prediction in practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Top manager and network effects on the adoption of innovative management practices: a study of TQM in a public hospital system
Authors: Young Gary J. , Charns Martin P. , Shortell Stephen M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reports findings from a study that combined two theoretical perspectives—top manager and network/institutional—to examine the factors influencing organizations to adopt innovative management practices. The study setting was a system of public hospitals and the innovation was Total Quality Management (TQM). Study results indicate that both top manager and network/institutional factors are important determinants of whether and when organizations adopt innovations. However, as predicted, the relative importance of these two sets of factors appears to change as an innovation becomes more widely diffused. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intelligent organizations: an integrative framework
Authors: Schwaninger Markus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how cybernetic theories open new paths towards organizational intelligence. This is illustrated by means of three theoretical models from organizational cybernetics. These models are integrated into a framework for a virtuous design, (self‐)control and (self‐)transformation of organizations. It is proposed that changes in activities, structure and behaviour—three of the dimensions of this framework—have to be synchronized among one another, and aligned with a fourth dimension: fundamental parameters such as organizational identity, ethos and vision. It is also claimed that a continued and integrative application of the models outlined can trace the path towards excelling organizational intelligence more effectively than merely punctual uses of one or more of them. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low frequency noise and whole‐body vibration cause increased levels of sister chromatid exchange in splenocytes of exposed mice
Authors: Silva M.J. , Dias A. , Barreta A. , Nogueira P.J. , Castelo‐Branco N.A.A. , Boavida M.G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChronic exposure to low frequency (LF) noise and whole‐body vibration (WBV) induces both physiological and psychological alterations in man. Recently, we have shown that long‐term occupational exposure to LF noise and WBV produces genotoxic effects in man expressed as an increase in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) levels in lymphocytes. The objectives of the present study were to investigate whether the observed effect could be reproduced in a murine model and, if so, which of the agents, LF noise alone or in combination with WBV, would be instrumental in the SCE induction. SCEs were analyzed in spleen lymphocytes of mice exposed to LF noise alone and in combination with WBV for 300 and 600 hr. An effect at the cell cycle kinetics level was also investigated. The results revealed significant increases in the mean SCE number per cell and in the proportion of cells with high frequency of SCEs (HFCs) in lymphocytes of mice submitted to combined noise and WBV over controls. No significant differences were found between single noise‐exposed and control mice. A cell cycle delay was observed exclusively in the noise and WBV exposure groups. In conclusion, we demonstrated that, as in exposed workers, prolonged exposure to the combination of LF noise and WBV determines an increase in SCE level in mice while LF noise alone is not effective in SCE induction. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:195–203, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of relationship between chromosome 22 and p53 gene alterations and the subtype of meningiomas by the interphase‐FISH technique
Authors: Yakut Tahsin , Bekar Ahmet , Doygun Muammer , Acar Hasan , Egeli Unal , Ogul Erhan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the relationship between genetic alterations such as chromosome 22 aneuploidy and p53 gene deletion, and the pathological types of meningioma of typical and aggressive forms. Thirty‐four meningiomas (23 typical and 11 aggressive) were examined by application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome 22 specific alpha satellite probe and a combination of p53 locus specific and chromosome 17 centromere specific alpha satellite probes, to evaluate the chromosome 22 aneuploidy and gain or loss of p53 gene along with chromosome 17. The results showed that, although chromosome 22 aneuploidy was seen in 7 out of 23 typical (30.4%) and 4 out of 11 aggressive meningiomas (36.3%), no p53 deletion was detected in typical meningiomas, and p53 deletion was detected in 3 out of 11 aggressive meningiomas (1 atypical and 2 malignant), which had recurrence. There were no simultaneous occurrences of p53 gene deletions between typical and aggressive meningiomas. The present findings indicate that the loss of chromosome 22 may be involved with tumorogenesis of typical and aggressive meningiomas, while p53 gene deletions may be involved with malignant progression and recurrence in the aggressive meningiomas. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:217–225, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“It's the nature of the beast”: The influence of knowledge and intentions on learning and teaching nature of science*
Authors: Schwartz Reneé S. , Lederman Norman G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined the knowledge, intentions, and instructional practices of two beginning secondary science teachers as they learned the subject matter of nature of science (NOS) and attempted to teach NOS during their student teaching experience and during their first year of full‐time teaching. This is a case study comparison of two success stories. However, the reasons for and levels of success are as varied as the factors that influence teaching practice. Details of the participants' progression, along with descriptions of the challenges they faced in the learning and teaching of NOS offer insight into the complexity of the fulfillment of one's instructional intentions. The results of the study suggest that depth of NOS understanding, subject‐matter knowledge, and the perceived relationship between NOS and science subject matter affected the participants' learning and teaching of NOS. The views of NOS as an inherent part of all science content or as “the nature of the beast” facilitated the inclusion of NOS within traditional science content lessons. The participant with the more extensive science background, who also held well‐developed NOS views, was better able to address NOS throughout his teaching. His subject‐matter knowledge enabled him to use a variety of examples to enhance NOS instruction. The other participant's more limited subject‐matter knowledge and compartmentalized view of NOS seemed to inhibit her incorporation of relevant NOS topics within a traditional science content. The importance of subject‐matter knowledge, NOS knowledge, and NOS instruction intentions to the development of pedagogical content knowledge for NOS and the actualization of intentions in the classroom are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 205–236, 2002
Structural characteristics of university engineering students' conceptions of energy*
Authors: Liu Xiufeng , Ebenezer Jazlin , Fraser Duncan M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined structural characteristics of university engineering students' conceptions of energy elicited through paragraph writing and their relations with categories of their conceptions specific to energy in solution processes identified through interviews. We found that structures of students' conceptions are characterized primarily by characteristic, example‐of/type‐of, and lead‐to types of relations, and these relations correspond with categories of students' conceptions. More specifically, categories of students' conceptions are exclusively related to energy transformation, and students failed to apply the notion of energy conservation demonstrated in structures of their conceptions to explain the temperature change in solution processes. It is concluded that although paragraph writing and interviews solicit different student conceptions, the conceptions identified from the two sources are related and paragraph writing tends to provide a more holistic picture of students' conceptions. This conclusion has clear implications for science curriculum development and instruction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 423–441, 2002
The unrealized potential of everyday technology as a context for learning
Authors: Benenson Gary 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis four‐part article argues that technology education should play a far more substantial role in the schools. In the first section the article broadly defines the term technology to include the artifacts of everyday life as well as environments and systems. Second is a description of the City Technology Curriculum Guides project, of which most of the thinking in this article is a product. The third section presents a comprehensive set of goals for elementary technology education, using classroom examples from City Technology. Many of these goals coincide with the goals of other school subjects, including math, science, English language arts and social studies. The concluding section suggests a broad role for technology education in providing a context for learning in these areas. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 730–745, 2001
Sex differences in the prevalence of human birth defects: A population‐based study
Authors: Lary Joseph M. , Paulozzi Leonard J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundSex differences in the prevalence of several human birth defects have often been reported in the literature, but the extent of sex differences for most birth defects is unknown. To determine the full extent of sex differences in birth defects in a population, we examined population‐based data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP).MethodsMACDP records were analyzed for 1968 through 1995. We determined the sex‐specific prevalence of all major birth defects, using the total number of live births by sex during these years as the denominator. For each specific defect, we calculated a relative risk with regard to sex on the basis of the ratio of prevalence among males to prevalence among females. Male–female relative risks were also determined for total major birth defects and for several broad categories of defects.ResultsThe overall prevalence of major defects at birth was 3.9% among males and 2.8% among females. All but two of the major categories of birth defects (nervous system defects and endocrine system defects) had a higher prevalence among males. Defects of the sex organs were eight and one‐half times more prevalent among males and accounted for about half of the increased risk of birth defects among males relative to females. Urinary tract defects were 62% more prevalent among males, and gastrointestinal tract defects were 55% more prevalent among males. Among specific defect types, twofold or greater differences in prevalence by sex were common.ConclusionsOur data indicate that sex differences in the prevalence of specific human birth defects are common, and male infants are at greater risk for birth defects than female infants. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for these differences. Teratology 64:237–251, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and quantification of microcystins from cyanobacteria strains isolated from reservoirs and ponds in Morocco
Authors: Oudra B. , Loudiki M. , Vasconcelos V. , Sabour B. , Sbiyyaa B. , Oufdou Kh. , Mezrioui N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn Morocco, the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria blooms is confirmed in some water bodies used for recreational and/or as drinking water reservoirs. According to WHO recommendations, the establishment of a monitoring program for microcystins is a necessity. This paper presents toxicological studies of 19 toxic cyanobacteria strains of Microcystis, Synechocystis, Pseudanabaena, and Oscillatoria. These strains were isolated from various water bodies including natural lakes, reservoirs, and ponds located in central regions of Morocco. The isolation, culture, and biomass production of these strains was made on Z8 or BG13 media under laboratory controlled conditions. The hepatotoxicity of cyanobacterial lyophilized material was confirmed by mouse bioassays. The amount of microcystins produced by each strain was determined by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The detection and identification of microcystin variants was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection. Almost all strains showed medium to high toxicity, the estimated LD50 i.p mice bioassay ranged between 28 to 350 mg/kg body weight. The concentrations of microcystins varied between 2.16 to 944 μg/g and 26.8 to 1884 μg/g dry weight determined by ELISA and HPLC, respectively. The screening of bloom‐forming and microcystin producer cyanobacteria strains in these fresh water bodies leads us to propose the need for the establishment of a survey of cyanobacteria and a cyanotoxin‐monitoring program. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 32–39, 2002
Measurement of detection efficiency and response functions for an Si(Li) x‐ray spectrometer in the range 0.1–5 keV
Authors: Scholze F. , Procop M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEfficiency and response functions were determined for a modern commercial energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometer in the photon energy range 0.1–5 keV using dispersed and undispersed synchrotron radiation. The spectrometer was equipped with an Si(Li) detector crystal, a thin‐film window and a digital pulse processor. Monochromatized synchrotron radiation from the PTB VUV radiometry beamline at the electron storage ring BESSY was used for the absolute determination of the detection efficiency with a typical relative uncertainty of 1–2% in the photon energy range 0.1–1.5 keV by direct comparison with calibrated photodiodes. At higher photon energies, the efficiency was found by comparison of the measured and calculated undispersed synchrotron radiation spectrum. The absolute intensity of the synchrotron radiation was known with a relative uncertainty of less than 1%. In the overlapping region, the results from the two independent experiments are in full agreement. The energy dependence of the measured efficiency can be explained only with a detector model assuming that there is no dead layer. A simple model for the effect of incomplete charge collection (ICC) was applied to describe the measured response functions. Consequences of the ICC such as broadening and shift of low‐energy peaks and redistribution of counts around 1.84 keV are explained with the model, in accordance with the experimental results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speciation of sub‐parts per billion levels of Cr(III) in waters by solid‐phase adsorption followed by thin‐layer x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Hettipathirana Terrance D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA thin‐layer x‐ray fluorescence spectrometric (XRFS) method is described for the speciation of low‐parts per billion levels of Cr(III) in waters. The method is based on the adsorption of Cr(III) on to solid‐phase hydrous ferric hydroxide (HFO), and the applicability of the method is demonstrated using seawaters, a matrix widely regarded as difficult to analyse for contaminant elements. The Cr(III) fluorescence emission intensity from the solid phase vs its initial concentration in the solution phase, to a first approximation, can be described as a Langmuir isotherm, and is linearly proportional to Cr(III) concentrations up to ∼50 µg l−1. The method detection limit for Cr(III) in seawater, determined by energy‐dispersive (ED)‐XRFS and wavelength‐dispersive (WD)‐XRFS, is 0.10 and 0.88 µg l−1, respectively. The precision of the ED‐XRFS and WD‐XRFS analyses can generally vary between ∼5 and 10%. This relatively low precision can be attributed to the topography of the amorphous HFO impregnation in the solid phase. The error due to the presence of Cr(VI), as CrO42− or Cr2O72−, is within the experimental error, and the method is suitable for the determination of Cr(III) when it is the predominant Cr species present in the sample. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[PSI+] prion generation in yeast: characterization of the ‘strain’ difference
Authors: Kochneva‐Pervukhova Natalia V. , Chechenova Maria B. , Valouev Igor A. , Kushnirov Vitaly V. , Smirnov Vladimir N. , Ter‐Avanesyan Michael D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe yeast cytoplasmically‐inherited nonsense suppressor [PSI+] determinant is presumed to be a manifestation of the aggregated prion‐like state of the Sup35 protein. Overexpression of the Sup35 protein induces generation of [PSI+] determinants with various suppressor efficiency and mitotic stabilities. Here, we demonstrate that the relative frequency of appearance of [PSI+] with different properties depends on the SUP35 allele used to induce their generation. The difference in properties of [PSI+] determinants was preserved after their transmission from one yeast strain to another. This difference correlated with variation in properties of the Sup35 protein. A novel type of prion instability was observed: some [PSI+] with weak suppressor efficiency could convert spontaneously into strong suppressor determinants. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.