bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Antitumor Drug Sensitivity Test for Leukemia K562 Cells at a Carbon‐Nanotube‐Modified Electrode
Authors: Chen Jing , Du Dan , Yan Feng , Ju Huang Xian , Lian Hong Zhen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe change in electrochemical behavior of tumor cells induced by antitumor drugs was detected by using a multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)‐modified glass carbon electrode (GCE). Based on the changes observed, a simple, in vitro, electrochemical antitumor drug sensitivity test was developed. MWNTs promoted electron transfer between the electroactive centers of cells and the electrode. Leukemia K562 cells exhibited a well‐defined anodic peak of guanine at +0.823 V at 50 mV s−1. HPLC assay with ultraviolet detection was used to elucidate the reactant responsible for the electrochemical response of the tumor cells. The guanine content within the cytoplasm of each K562 cell was detected to be 920 amol. For the drug sensitivity tests, 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and several clinical antitumor drugs, such as vincristine, adriamycin, and mitomycin C, were added to cell culture medium. As a result, the electrochemical responses of the K562 cells decreased significantly. The cytotoxicity curves and results obtained corresponded well with the results of MTT assays. In comparison to conventional methods, this electrochemical test is highly sensitive, accurate, inexpensive, and simple. The method proposed could be developed as a convenient means to study the sensitivity of tumor cells to antitumor drugs.
Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules Created Using the Ouzo Effect: Spontaneous Emulsification as an Alternative to Ultrasonic and High‐Shear Devices
Authors: Ganachaud François , Katz Joseph L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe preparation of polymeric particles and capsules by means of spontaneous droplet formation and subsequent polymer precipitation or synthesis is well‐known. However, spontaneous emulsification is a phenomenon that has often been erroneously interpreted. This Minireview provides new insights into the preparation of metastable liquid dispersions by homogeneous liquid–liquid nucleation, and is based primarily on a recent study by Vitale and Katz (Langmuir, 2003, 19, 4105–4110). This spontaneous emulsification, which they named the Ouzo effect, occurs upon pouring, into water, a mixture of a totally water‐miscible solvent and a hydrophobic oil—and optionally some water—thus generating long‐lived small droplets, which are formed even though no surfactant is present. Herein, we review and reinterpret the most relevant publications on the synthesis of a variety of dispersions (pseudolatexes, silicone emulsions, biodegradable polymeric nanocapsules, etc.), which we believe have actually been synthesized using the Ouzo effect. The Ouzo effect may also become a substitute for high‐shear techniques, which, to date, have only been of limited utility on industrial scales.
Temporal and spatial variations in periglacial soil movements on alpine crest slopes
Authors: Matsuoka Norikazu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes up to ten years of continuous monitoring of frost heave, creep and associated parameters on high mountain crest slopes in the Japanese and Swiss Alps, aiming to evaluate spatial and interannual variations in the rates and controls of soil movement. Shallow frost creep reﬂecting diurnal frost heave activity dominates the crest slopes that lack a vegetation mat and have a thin debris mantle with good drainage. Seasonal frost heave activity can induce slightly deeper movement where ﬁne soil exists below the depth reached by diurnal freeze–thaw penetration, although the shallow bedrock impedes movements below 20 cm depth. As a result, downslope velocity proﬁles display strong concavity with surface velocities of 2–50 cm a−1. The frost creep rates vary spatially, depending on the soil texture, slope gradient, frequency of temperature cycling across 0 °C and moisture availability during freeze–thaw periods. Soil movements recur in every freeze–thaw period, although with some interannual variations affected by the length of seasonal snow cover and the occurrence of precipitation during freeze–thaw periods. The Swiss Alps encounter more signiﬁcant interannual variations than the Japanese Alps, reﬂecting the large variability of the annual snow regime. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Texture‐based image segmentation applied to the quantiﬁcation of superficial sand in salmonid river gravels
Authors: Carbonneau Patrice E. , Bergeron Normand E. , Lane Stuart N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe presence of ﬁne sediment in river gravels is widely recognized as being detrimental to salmonid habitat quality. In order to facilitate quantiﬁcation of sand presence at larger scales, this paper presents an application of image processing allowing for rapid and accurate assessments of superﬁcial sand presence in dry exposed ﬂuvial gravels. Images for the process are acquired with a 35 mm SLR ﬁlm camera and then scanned with a desktop scanner. Texture‐based segmentation is then applied to differentiate between sand and clast areas. Results show that the method is accurate and therefore it offers an alternative to bulk sampling in cases where rapid assessments of sand presence are required. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further perspectives on the evolution of bed material waves in alluvial rivers
Authors: Cao Zhixian , Carling Paul A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn one‐dimensional mathematical models of ﬂuvial ﬂow, sediment transport and morphological evolution, the governing equations based on mass and momentum conservation laws constitute a hyperbolic system. Succinctly, the hyperbolic nature excludes dispersion or diffusion operators, which is well known in the context of differential equations. There is no doubt that the so‐called ‘dispersion’ argument for bed material wave evolution is questionable, as we have explicitly asserted. Surprisingly, in a recent communication, the authors of the ‘dispersion’ argument suggest that dispersion is not precluded in hyperbolic systems. We provide herein further perspectives to help explain that the dispersion argument is neither appropriate nor necessary for interpreting bed material wave evolution. Also the continuity equations involved are addressed to prompt wider understanding of their signiﬁcance. In particular, the continuity equation of the water–sediment mixture proposed by the authors of the ‘dispersion’ argument is proved to be incorrect, and inevitably their reasoning based on it is problematic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measured differences in snow accumulation and melt among clearcut, juvenile, and mature forests in southern British Columbia
Authors: Winkler R. D. , Spittlehouse D. L. , Golding D. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractQuantification of the relationships between snow and forest cover, including its removal through logging, insects or disease and its regrowth, is a prerequisite to assessing the effects of forestry practices on streamflow from montane and boreal forest watersheds. Over a 3 year period, a juvenile and a juvenile‐thinned lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) stand, a mature mixed Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt) and lodgepole pine stand, and a clearcut were intensively surveyed to quantify differences in snow water equivalent (SWE). Daily snowmelt, weather conditions, and the energy balance were measured during the first year of this study. The 1 April SWE was 32% and 14% less under the mature and juvenile forests respectively than in the clearcut. No significant differences in peak SWE were measured between the juvenile and juvenile‐thinned stands. Continuous snowmelt lysimeter measurements showed that snowmelt began earlier, accumulated more rapidly, and disappeared 2 to 4 days earlier in the juvenile‐thinned stand than in either the unthinned juvenile stand or the clearcut. When the snowpack had disappeared from the clearcut and juvenile stands, 30% of the SWE on 1 April remained in the mature forest. The results not only show that snow accumulation and melt differ significantly between clearcut, juvenile, and mature stands, but also that snowmelt patterns vary among juvenile stands with distinct structural differences. This is due to the difference in the energy balances, dominated by radiant heat fluxes, of the four sites. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy and water exchanges from a temperate pine plantation forest
Authors: Restrepo N. C. , Arain M. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper summarizes the energy and water vapour fluxes for the first 14 months at a newly initiated flux tower site at a 65‐year‐old temperate conifer forest (Pinus strobus L.) in southern Ontario, Canada. These fluxes have been measured continuously since February 2002 using the eddy covariance technique as a part of long‐term tower flux measurement programme over a chronosequence of white pine stands. The site is located 12 km south of Simcoe, near Turkey Point in St Williams Forest Tract, owned and managed by the Ontario Ministry Natural Resources. The site was originally sandy, abandoned land, which was planted with conifer and deciduous forests. The trees are about 22 m in height. The mean trunk diameter of the trees is 33 cm and the stand stem density is 750 ha−1. Leaf area index is about 3·2 to 4·0. The soil is loamy fine sand and very fine sandy loam with low soil‐moisture holding capacity. The closure of the daily mean energy balance (H + LE)/(Rn − G − S) was 0·90. Typical values of midday Bowen ratio (H/LE) in the growing season were approximately 1·4, whereas the midday Bowen ratio values for the winter season were typically 14 to 25. Surface conductance followed variations in solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit. In the growing season, surface conductance values were typically 5–12 mm s−1. Transpiration mainly responded to vapour pressure deficit, rather than surface conductance. However, on warm summer days, when soil moisture was low, vapour pressure deficit exerted strong control on canopy conductance, thereby reducing photosynthetic uptake and water loss. Priestley–Taylor α values were low during most of the growing season, indicating dry soil conditions and conservative water loss. In the growing season, maximum daily evaporation values were 3·4 mm day−1. In winter, maximum observed evaporation was 0·05–0·2 mm day−1, mostly as a result of snow sublimation. Total calculated evapotranspiration for the 14 month measurement period was 465 ± 93 mm, and the total measured precipitation was 996 mm, indicating approximately 47% of water loss in the form of evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is surface conductance theoretically independent of reference height?
Authors: Komatsu Hikaru , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Hotta Norifumi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMany studies have compared surface conductance Gs at different observation sites when examining physiological differences between sites and/or between vegetation categories. However, a theoretical analysis confirming the robustness of such comparisons has not yet been published. It is unclear whether Gs is independent of the reference height where evaporative fluxes and meteorological factors are observed, as Gs is a conceptual parameter rather than a purely physiological parameter.This short note shows that Gs is independent of reference height when above‐canopy fluxes of evapotranspiration and available energy are independent of reference height, and when energy balance closure is complete. Thus, this note gives a theoretical basis for comparing Gs values at different observation sites. Furthermore, we make recommendations for examining the Gs dependency on reference height in field conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term municipal water demand forecasting
Authors: Bougadis John , Adamowski Kaz , Diduch Roman 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWater demand forecasts are needed for the design, operation and management of urban water supply systems. In this study, the relative performance of regression, time series analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) models are investigated for short‐term peak water demand forecasting. The significance of climatic variables (rainfall and maximum air temperature, in addition to past water demand) on water demand management is also investigated.Numerical analysis was performed on data from the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The existing water supply infrastructure will not be able to meet the demand for projected population growth; thus, a study is needed to determine the effect of peak water demand management on the sizing and staging of facilities for developing an expansion strategy. Three different ANNs and regression models and seven time‐series models have been developed and compared. The ANN models consistently outperformed the regression and time‐series models developed in this study. It has been found that water demand on a weekly basis is more significantly correlated with the rainfall amount than the occurrence of rainfall. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A methodology for preserving channel flow networks and connectivity patterns in large‐scale distributed hydrological models
Authors: Shaw Dean A. , Martz Lawrence W. , Pietroniro Alain 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPhysiographic data are often used to parameterize hydrological models and, in the past, physiographic parameters have often been derived manually. However, this can be a lengthy and unreliable process, particularly for application to a gridded hydrological or atmospheric model applied to large or continental‐scale basins. An important attribute of gridded models is drainage direction. Current methods that determine drainage directions for large or continental‐scale basins, by general circulation models (GCMs), route flow using lowest neighbour algorithms. These methods, however, do not reflect the hydrology of the basin subunit.This paper proposes a method of parameterizing hydrological models with physiographic data using the ArcInfo macro language to create an interface between the Topographic Parameterization (TOPAZ) software and the WATFLOOD hydrological model. The interface uses output raster data created by TOPAZ (i.e. drainage identification) to supply physiographic parameters required by WATFLOOD.The interface (WATPAZ) is an expert system based on a manual method of deriving parameters for the WATFLOOD distributed model. The WATPAZ interface uses grouped response units to subdivide the watershed. This allows large drainage basins to be subdivided at a scale that allows computational efficiency while preserving the hydrological variability of the watershed.To test whether the WATPAZ method improves the current GCM methodology for determining drainage directions, WATPAZ is applied on a local basin (Wolf Creek) a regional‐scale basin, (Athabasca) and a continental‐scale basin (Mackenzie).An examination of flow directions derived from this new method with current GCM methods is carried out. The results indicate that a substantial improvement is made to flow routing within the basin using the channel network to determine drainage directions for each segment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and efficacy of adeno‐associated viral vector‐mediated insulin gene transfer via portal vein to the livers of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Park Young Mi , Woo Seonock , Lee Geun Taek , Ko Ji‐Yun , Lee Yongho , Zhao Zheng‐Shan , Kim Hye Joo , Ahn Chul Woo , Cha Bong Soo , Kim Kyung‐Sup , Park Cheol Won , Lee Hyun Chul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies demonstrating the efficacy of insulin gene therapy have mostly involved use of adenoviral vectors or naked DNA to deliver the insulin gene. However, this procedure may not guarantee long‐term insulin production. To improve the performance, we prepared recombinant adeno‐associated viral vectors (rAAV) harboring the gene encoding a furin‐modified human insulin under the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter [rAAV‐hPPI(F12)].MethodsStreptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic Sprague‐Dawley rats were used as a diabetic animal model. The levels of blood glucose, insulin, and HbA1c were measured to test the effect. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed to test the capability of blood glucose disposal. Immunohistochemical staining and Northern blot analyses were performed to survey the expression pattern of the therapeutic insulin gene.ResultsSTZ‐induced diabetic Sprague‐Dawley rats infused via the portal vein with rAAV‐hPPI(F12) produced human insulin and after a 6‐h fast were normoglycemic for over 90 days post‐treatment, whereas diabetic rats treated with recombinant adenoviral vector harboring the hPPI(F12) gene [rAV‐hPPI(F12)] were normoglycemic only for days 3 to 13 post‐treatment. Insulin mRNA was detected mainly in the liver of the rAAV‐hPPI(F12)‐treated diabetic rats. The glucose tolerance capability of the rAAV‐hPPI(F12)‐treated diabetic rats was comparable to that of non‐diabetic rats, even without injection of recombinant insulin. Furthermore, blood HbA1c concentrations in rAAV‐hPPI(F12)‐treated diabetic rats were reduced to almost the normal level. Importantly, studies of rAV or rAAV vector‐dependent side effects on the targeted liver strongly suggested that only rAAV treatment caused no side effects.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that our rAAV‐mediated in vivo insulin gene therapy provides safer maintenance of the insulin gene expression required for long‐term and thus more effective blood glycemic control. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eastern Adriatic typical wind field patterns and large‐scale atmospheric conditions
Authors: Pandžić Krešo , Likso Tanja 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe famous Bora and Scirocco winds blow along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, prevailing during the colder part of the year. Sea and land breezes, as well as Etesians, are also rather frequent, but they prevail during the warmer seasons. There are also some other less well known wind types in this region. This paper deals with the application of an objective procedure for the classification of all wind field patterns, regardless of the wind names. For this purpose, a complex principal component analysis technique has been applied. Time series of instantaneous (at 07 h, 14 h and 21 h local time) wind data have also been used, including the National Centres for Environmental Prediction–National Centre for Atmospheric Research reanalyses of the constant‐pressure levels of 1000 hPa and 850 hPa, as well as the thickness of 850–1000 hPa. All refer to the period 1981–98. The results indicate 11 typical wind field patterns over the Adriatic area. Some of them have the characteristics of Bora and Scirocco, whereas the other are Etesians, sea (land) breezes or a combination of these. There is also a near‐calm type. A rather high correlation between these mesoscale wind patterns and large‐scale (regional) atmospheric conditions has been established. Two controlling pressure centres, i.e. the Icelandic cyclone and the Azores anticyclone, appear as important large‐scale factors which, at least indirectly, influence the creation of the eastern Adriatic wind patterns. For types representing Scirocco and Bora conditions, regional open or closed synoptic‐scale circulation systems, however, have a dominant influence. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
On interannual characteristics of Climate Prediction Center merged analysis precipitation over the Korean peninsula during the summer monsoon season
Authors: Ha Kyung‐Ja , Park Sung‐Kyu , Kim Ki‐Young 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo improve understanding of the characteristics of large‐scale environments associated with summer monsoon precipitation in Korea, we have constructed an index to measure the Changma using area‐averaged and period‐averaged Climate Prediction Center merged analysis precipitation over Korea during the years 1979–2001. Strong and weak Changma years are defined as years in which the precipitation anomaly is over ±0.5σ. The domain and period for this analysis are selected over the Korean peninsula (31.25–41.25 °N, 123.75–131.25 °E) from late June to late July. In strong Changma years, strong upper level divergence occurs near the Korean peninsula, located at the entrance of the mid‐latitude jet core, leading to low pressure in the lower layer. Between strong and weak Changma years, 850 hPa southwesterly flows are significant throughout the East China Sea and southern Japan.Clear differences exist between strong and weak Changma years. Weak Changma is well correlated with a weak Pacific high, as seen in the changes in sea‐level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height, and wind speed in the lower level jet. Strong Changma is well correlated with strong migratory highs in northern parts of the Korean peninsula. It is shown that the long‐term changes in summer monsoon rainfall, such as those between the two climate regimes of 1979–92 and 1993–2001, are characterized by a shift of maximum rainfall periods from late July to mid August. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Homogeneous temperature and precipitation series of Switzerland from 1864 to 2000
Authors: Begert Michael , Schlegel Thomas , Kirchhofer Walter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA set of 12 homogenized monthly mean temperature and precipitation series of Switzerland for the period 1864–2000 are introduced. The standardized homogenization procedure, which has been developed and implemented at MeteoSwiss during recent years, is briefly reviewed and the inhomogeneity types, causes, magnitudes, and timings are discussed. Finally, a trend analysis is performed on each temperature and precipitation series and on a mean temperature series of Switzerland. The results are compared with findings of other studies that have examined long‐term temperature and precipitation trends in Switzerland and neighbouring countries. The inhomogeneities of the Swiss temperature series are up to ±1.6 °C and the precipitation adjustment factors vary between 0.5 and 1.6. Each of the 12 temperature series analysed contains several inhomogeneities that cause systematic biases in the adjustment curves. The slope of a mean temperature curve derived from the original data is underestimated by 0.4 °C/100 years. All precipitation series except one contain inhomogeneities, but no systematic bias is observed. The trend analysis reveals an increase in the yearly temperature series ranging from 0.9 °C/100 years to 1.1 °C/100 years at stations north of the alpine main crest and ∼0.6 °C/100 years at southern stations. Precipitation trends are observed at most sites north of the alpine main crest in winter and in some of the yearly series. The annual slopes vary between 7 and 10% and the winter slopes between 16 and 37%. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society