bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Agr and The Licensing of Nominative DPs within VP
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having studied the role of Agr for the posmon of the tensed verb (chapter three) and the possibility of using null subjects (chapter four), we will now proceed to discuss the role played by Agr for licensing nominative DPs within VP. There are two properties of Agr in 1° which are of importance in this respect. The first property is its nominative status, which forces Agr to be in a position where nominative can be licensed, at the same time as it discharges a nominative licenser: recall that we argue for a biunique relation between the licenser and its licensee. The second property of importance is the status of Agr as an element of the category [+N]: this property will make 1° with Agr a lexical head governor. All the Scandinavian languages may have nominative DPs within the predicate. The few differences found between !Sc. and MSc. in this respect are of two types. Firstly, as already noticed in chapter four, !Sc. but not MSc. may have a definite nominative object in sentences with an oblique subject. See the examples in (5.1) below. Secondly, nominative DPs are allowed in Spec-VP in !Sc. but not in MSc., due to the presence of nominal Agr in !Sc. This is illustrated in (5.2). In (5.3) we exemplify the fact that both !Sc. and MSc. may have a nominative DP in the position following the main verb, i.e. presumably in the complement of V. The occurrence of a nominative DP in the complement of a past participle in both !Sc. and MSc.
Object Shift and the Role of Case
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have dealt primarily with the role of subject verb agreement in the Scandinavian languages, showing the effects of presence or absence of agreement in a range of syntactic constructions. In this and the following chapter we shall deal with certain other constructions in the Scandinavian languages which show the effects of presence or absence of morphological Case (m-case): the present chapter focuses on constructions involving so-called Object Shift, while chapter 7 focuses on the double object construction. To be able to pinpoint the effects of one variable, in this case presence or absence of m-case, we need to have a theory of the whole network of grammatical relations in the relevant constructions, and thus by necessity many controversial issues besides m-case will be discussed in the following two chapters In all the Scandinavian languages an object may occur in sentence medial position, preceding the negation word and other predicate adjuncts, under certain conditions. In MSc. only pronominal objects may occur in this position, while in Icelandic any definite DP object may do so. Following Holmberg (1986) we refer to this phenomenon as Object Shift.
The Foundations: 1689-1725
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Tsar Peter was carried to the throne at the age of 17 by the tumultuous events of the summer of 1689, the Romanov dynasty was three generations old, and the men who governed Russia were the grandsons of those who had guided its early steps, strengthened its confidence, and intermarried with it. They were for the most part the relatives of the two wives of Tsar Alexei, Peter’s father, who had died when his son was only 4 years old and left the ruling elite in a state of disarray generated by the vicious struggle between the Miloslavskiis and the Naryshkins over control of the tsar’s household and, by extension, of the political spoils.
Budget Making
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was no national budget in Russia until the 1780s, and there could be none until funds collected by fiscal agents were deposited in a central treasury from which most, if not all, expenditures were defrayed until the traditional concept of the specialization of revenues was first abandoned in favor of their concentration in a single general fund: until the treasury had become, in Stourm’s words, the banker of the budgets.1 It is nevertheless true that the constituent elements of such a national budget were in place year after year, even if they were not collated and integrated into a single comprehensive document. This failure to complete the budget process and to establish a unified budgetary procedure reflects certain assumptions on how public funds should be collected and spent.
Neuronal Aging and Age-related Disorders of the Human Nervous System
Authors: Strong Michael J , Garruto Ralph M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As different populations worldwide age en block and average life expectancy increases, dramatic increases in the prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative disorders can be expected, and with it massive social and economic burdens to society (Eveleth, this volume; Miles and Brody, this volume). This is true not only for Western cosmopolitan populations but also for many third world populations and many semi-isolated populations undergoing a “health transition” as they move into the modern world (Baker and Garruto, 1992; Miles and Brody, this volume). Among those who do develop a late onset neurodegenerative disorder, the majority will develop one or more of the dementias (Alzheimer’s disease being the most predominant), parkinsonism or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Pfeffer et al,. 1987; Schoenberg et al,. 1987; Evans et al,. 1989).
Video Display Terminals and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Schnorr Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Video display terminals (VDTs) were first associated with adverse reproductive outcomes in 1980, when a cluster of birth defects was observed among women using VDTs at the Toronto Star newspaper. This report was followed by a number of other adverse pregnancy outcome clusters, primarily spontaneous abortion, but including other adverse outcomes such as stillbirths, low birthweight, and preterm birth (Berquist, 1984). Three different hypotheses were proposed as possible explanations for the clusters: (1) physical stress (defined as prolonged sitting), (2) psychological stress due to the demands of the work environment, and (3) electromagnetic energy emissions (Tell, 1990). As of 1984, no epidemiologic studies of VDT and pregnancy outcome study were underway in the United States, and the literature contained little information on the potential hazards of VDTs. While physical stress, defined as heavy lifting, had been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (Mamelle et al., 1984), the association with work posture (sitting versus standing) had not been studied. There was little information about the potential effect of workplace psychological stress on reproductive function, although two studies had shown an association between a measure of occupational mental stress and premature birth (Mamelle et al., 1984; Naeye and Peters, 1982). No animal or human studies had been conducted of the potential reproductive hazards of electromagnetic fields produced by VDTs. These electromagnetic fields were of two types, ELF (extra-low frequency) and VLF (very low frequency). These two frequencies are in the lower end of the electromagnetiic spectrum, below radio waves or microwaves. ELF fields are also produced by common 60 Hz wiring in houses and appliances. Studies of the reproductive effects in animals exposed to ELF and VLF were just beginmng.
A Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer within the Teamsters Union
Authors: Steenland Kyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1980s several rodent studies showed that inhaled diesel exhaust caused lung tumors when the exposure levels were relatively high (5-10 mg/cubic meter of diesel particulate) and the exposure period was sufficiently long (NIOSH, 1988). In addition, two studies of railroad workers exposed to diesel fumes suggested an excess lung cancer risk (Howe et al., 1983; Schenker et al., 1984). Given this background, in the mid-1980s investigators at NIOSH decided to study lung cancer risk in another population exposed to diesel exhaust.
lmagining the Other: First Encounters in North America
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Following Essay Has Had A Long Evolution. It sprang from a twelve-page invitation from a Spanish foundation to contribute a paper on North America to a tripartite conference called “In Word and Deed: Interethnic Encounters and Cultural Developments in the New World.” I was recruited for a session intriguingly entitled “Asombro y duda ante los otros” (Amazement and doubt in the presence of the other). Further more, two parts of the conference were to be held in Trujillo, Spain, and a princely sounding honorarium of pesetas was held out as an additional carrot. So I signed on with unseemly haste, even after learning that the site of the initial conference of which I was to be a part was Albany, New York, more than familiar to me from fifteen years of attending the annual meetings of the Conference on Iroquois Research.
Humor in Ethnohistory
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Occasions When A Scholar Can Publicly “Let It all hang out,” can write about the subjects closest to his heart with relative disregard for the niceties and proscriptions of scholarly discourse, are rare. We simply don’t expect our button-down scholars to operate with the abandon of poets, novelists, and satirists, to drop the mask of cool, dispassionate reason to reveal the warm or silly humanness beneath. I can think of only three places where scholarly writing is allowed such latitude (and then only after the granting of tenure): book acknowledgments (where purple prose is tolerated if not expected), inaugural lectures of endowed chairs (when it is too late to retract the prize), and presidential addresses (preferably at the end of one’s tenure rather than the beginning).
The Medium of Reason
Authors: Cottom Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a remarkable gathering between the years 1854 and 1857-the exact date does not come down to us-Robert Owen met with His Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. Also in attendance, according to Owen’s record of the event, were William Ellery Channing, Alexander Chalmers, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and “several old prophets.” Owen’s account continues:[O]n this occasion the spirits of eight of my deceased relatives were also present. Each one communicated with me through distinct different raps, in their strongly marked characters as when in life upon earth.
Wording the Subject of Spiritualism
Authors: Cottom Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern spiritualism was a messy business. It seems exceptionally difficult to pin down even in comparison to the other cultural movements with which it consorted: mesmerism, abolitionism, Fourierism, Unitarianism, transcendentalism, all the rest. As spiritualists often remarked, their movement seemed to have a genius for disorganization. Trying to judge it today is like trying to nail Jello to a tree. It was not just a monstrous fraud, although trickery and charlatanism played a large part in it. Certainly it was not reasonable, and yet it cannot be dismissed as a wholly irrational belief unless one appeals to an unreasonable image of reason.
“Love and Patriotism”: Gender and Politics in the Life and Work of Louvet de Couvrai
Authors: Norberg Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Love and patriotism”—the “maxture” invoked in this passage might at first seem strange. Historians of the Revolution of 1789 have long been prisoners of the distinction between private nad public, a distinction largely created by the revolution itself. They have been wont to ignore the “private” (that which pertains to women and sexuality) in favor of the “public” (that which deals with factional struggle).
Sociological and Historical Perspectives
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering the complexities of autobiographical memory, the point of view that restricts itself to the study of single individuals at one point in time has definite limitations. Previous chapters have dealt only indirectly with the social interactions between child and parent and between patient and psycho­ therapist, both societally ordained relationships, and the main concern has been the manner in which social contacts help or hinder individual memoric endeavors. This chapter and the next deal with larger societal perspectives. However they are restricted, out of necessity, to only a limited sampling of theoretical ideas about personal memory in extended temporal contexts. Most of the ideas discussed are meant to supplement concepts and theories already presented.
Foundations of Language Development in Deaf Children
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For psychologists interested in language development of deaf or hearing children, there are two basic questions: How do children learn language? and Do children acquire language in the same ways as they acquire other abilities? Both questions are associated with a variety of obvious and not so obvious “subquestions” (although they can hardly be considered small). These related questions concern such issues as: (1) whether language is a uniquely human ability, i.e., distinct from communication and whatever it is that “language-trained” chimpanzees do (Greenfield, 1991; Hockett & Altmann, 1968); (2) the extent to which language learning involves an innate language acquisition device (McNeill, 1966), bioprogram (Bickerton, 1984), or predisposition toward symbolic communication (Macnamara, 1972); (3) the extent to which language learning, especially the earliest language learning, can be accounted for in terms of maturation or behavioral principles, in contrast to the obvious cognitive underpinnings of later language, problem-solving, and information-processing abilities (Lenneberg, 1967; Meier & Newport, 1990); and (4) the interaction of language learning with the complexity of the vernacular (Slobin, 1973) and the richness of the linguistic corpus available to the child (Abrahamsen, Cavallo, & McCluer, 1985; Chomsky, 1965).
Language Acquisition
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meadow (1980) suggested that the most serious problem imposed by deafness is not the lack of hearing per se but the fact that it impairs or eliminates acquisition of language via sound. There is room for argument on this point, as beyond the lack of aural-oral language the lack of hearing has significant implications for social and cognitive development as well as for the pragmatics of day-to-day living. Meadow’s point nevertheless underscores the centrality of language acquisition both in the normal course of child development and in the literature concerning deaf children.
Short-Term Memory: Development of Memory Coding
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of human cognition have revealed a distinction between short-term memory (working memory) and long-term memory. Most generally, short-term memory refers to the dynamic system that “contains” new information for several seconds after input and from which that information either is “transferred” to some more permanent memory store or is forgotten. Short-term memory is also the “work space” into which information is retrieved from “storage” and manipulated in contexts that require the use of existing knowledge. Long-term memory, in contrast, refers to that “permanent memory store,” the “residence” of existing knowledge to which new information may pass after its brief stay in short-term memory. Descriptions of this sort, of course, represent oversimplifications of rather complex mechanisms and issues. Nevertheless, these definitions suit the present purposes until they are filled in with more detail in this chapter and the following one.
Learning to Read and Write
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps more than any other area relating to deafness, the reading and writing abilities of deaf children have been the focus of attention from deaf educators, educational psychologists, and language researchers for decades. Although the empirical studies on reading and writing may number no more than those on short- and longterm memory, they have been accompanied by numerous surveys and evaluations of standardized test scores for schoolchildren and young adults in high schools or college. Taken together, these investigations present an enlightening, if disappointing, picture of deaf children who typically begin school with a language disadvantage and then consistently lose ground from there on in terms of their reading and writing abilities.
Japan: From Enemy To Ally, 1945-50
Authors: Schaller Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the spring of 1946, as Japanese diplo mat Yoshida Shigeru formed his first postwar cabinet, he remarked to a friend that “history provides examples of winning by diplomacy after losing in war.” As ambassador to London during the 1930s, Yoshida viewed with alarm Japan’s aggression in Asia. The ruin later visited on his country seemed proof of the folly sewn by reckless militarism. In 1945, Yoshida joined those urging the emperor to negotiate an end to the war before a Soviet invasion or leftist revolution. Although this led to his arrest by the military police, it paid a handsome dividend when the Americans exempted him from the postwar purge.
Southeast Asian Dominos And Japanese-American Trade, 1953-60
Authors: Schaller Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE belief that a Communist advance in Southeast Asia represented a dagger thrust at Japan arose before the Korean War and gained credence during the 1950s. Beginning during the Truman administration and continuing under Eisenhower, officials invoked this specter as a virtual mantra, justifying the deepening American commitment to Vietnam.
Simple Vibrators
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. The simple vibrator, or simple harmonic oscillator, is perhaps the most important system in all of physics. In particular, it is vital for the understanding of acoustic phenomena, and for this reason we treat it in some detail. Essentially it consists of a small mass, able to move only along a line and bound to a fixed point on that line by a spring that exerts a restoring force proportional to the displacement. Such a system vibrates about the fixed point with a natural frequency which is determined by the mass of the particle and the strength of the spring. This behavior is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
Acoustic Waves
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. Acoustic waves will propagate in any medium that possesses some form of elasticity. In solids, which have both a bulk modulus (the reciprocal of the compressibility) and a shear modulus (or rigidity) wave propagation is complex, involving both longitudinal and transverse waves. Liquids and gases have no rigidity, and acoustic waves are simply longitudinal. Plane sound waves propagate in fluids with a speed equal to the square root of the bulk modulus divided by the density. This gives a wave speed of about 340 m/s in air and about 1480 m/s in water, though both values depend on temperature and, in the case of sea water, on salinity. The main parameters for a sinusoidal wave are illustrated in Fig. 6.2.
Richard III
Authors: Wood Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deposition is a risky business at best, but for Richard of Gloucester it was uniquely so. As Hastings’ conspiracy had shown, fears about his intentions were already causing widespread opposition, and the situation as it existed on June 16 should have given him further cause for worry. Although he now controlled both of his nephews, the most powerful men in England had long been summoned to London, and he had little reason to suppose that, once there, they would support his cancellation of Edward’s coronation and of the following parliament. The only grounds for hope lay in his knowledge that Buckingham and others of the old nobility continued to support him and that the appearance of northern troops would give him military superiority. Yet even so, he could not know just when this help would arrive, and in what numbers.
Making Problems: Preoccupations and Controversy over Sodomy in the Early Fifteenth Century
Authors: Rocke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Domenico of Prato, a notary and rather old-fashioned poet from a small town near Florence, depicted this evocative scenario of men competing fiercely for the attentions of boys in a poem he composed “in opprobrium of sodomy” probably in the 1410s or 1420s. Not content to follow the divinely ordained example of Adam and Eve, he lamented, men were abandoning “just matrimony” to pursue this “filthy infamy,” and “it seems that blessed is he who most satiates himself.” According to the poet, the love of men for boys was so widespread, and not only in Florence, that it no longer troubled anyone. Now more than ever before, as he put it, everyone visited the seductive lands of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Whether the erotjic desires of Florentine men were undergoing the dramatic transformati6n Domenico of Prato imagined is hard to determine. But the preoccupations his verses manifest expressed well a current of fear and anxiety over sodomy that had been gaining force in his society since the beginning of the fifteenth century. A sense of urgency about the “abominable vice” troubled a generation of civic leaders and moralists, producing, over three decades, numerous laws against it and leading in 1432 to the creation of the Office of the Night, the special commission charged with policing sodomy.
Even-Skipped: Eve
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The homeodomain occurs toward the N-terminus (Val-70 to Arg-129). The Gln residue in position 9 of the third homeodomain helix (eve Sequence, H3) makes EVE a homeoprotein of the Antennapedia (Antp) class (Hanes and Brent 1991). Another noteworthy sequence feature is the Ala-rich segment spanning Ala-146 to Ala-179. Similar Ala repeats have been found in the genes caudal, engrailed (en), Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Kruppel (Kr); in the Kr product the Ala-rich region seems to be associated with the repressor function of that protein (Macdonald et al. 1986; Hoey et al. 1988; Biggin and Tjian 1989; Licht et al. 1990; Harrison 1991).
Fushi-Tarazu: Ftz
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The homeodomain occurs between Ser-257 and Arg-316 (Laughon and Scott
1984). Like Antennapedia’s (Antp) homeodomain (ANTP-HD), the ftz homeodomain (FTZ-HD) has a Gln in position 9 of helix 3 (ftz Sequence, H3); this gives FTZ a binding specificity that distinguishes it from the bicoid ( b c d ) and paired (prd) products, in which Lys and Ser respectively occupy position 9 (Treisman et al. 1989). FTZ occurs as a family of phosphorylated isoforms; 19 differently charged forms were detected. Given the numerous Ser and Thr residues available for modification, the total number of specific isoforms could be much larger. Some isoforms are specific to certain embryonic stages (Krause and Gehring 1989).
Hunchback: hb
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amino acid sequence of HB suggests that there are two Zn-finger domains, one with four fingers, the other with two. Two short segments near the N-terminus (boxes A and B, hb Sequence) have some similarity to the Kr ppel (Kr) protein (KR, another finger protein) and to the retrovirus HIV-1 pol product (Tautz et al. 1987; Evans and Hollenberg 1988; Harrison 1991).