bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexually transmitted diseases
Authors: Cates Willard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as syphilis predominated in the beginning of the twentieth century, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remain a major international public health priority in its last decade (Holmes et al. 1990). Trends in STDs are important indicators of both high-risk sexual behavior and the adequacy of control programs in both developed and developing countries. Variations in STD prevalence serve to monitor the effectiveness of our public policies, especially strategies aimed at the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This chapter will emphasize the epidemiologic patterns of STDs, their historic perspective, their impact on the health of women and children, the role of diagnosis and treatment in prevention, and current ethical problems in controlling STDs.
Infant mortality: confronting disciplinary fragmentation in research and policy
Authors: Wise Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a curious paradox that infant mortality is as much a public concern today as it was in the mid-nineteenth century, despite the fact that the rate hasfallen by more than 95 per cent since then. In a sense, concern persists because interpretation of infant mortality demands context and in each era a society derives its own context from its perceptions of the causes of infant mortality and what it considers to be its capacity to respond.
Small for gestational age infants
Authors: Goldenberg Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it has long been recognized that the weight of a baby at birth is highly correlated to both survival and freedom from handicap, only in the last two decades have researchers clearly distinguished the concept of born too early from the concept of born at the right time, but too small. The latter infants are frequently labeled as being small for gestational age (SGA) or having intrauterine growth retardation. While some writers attempt to distinguish between SGA and intrauterine growth retardation, with SGA meaning a birth weight less than an arbitrary standard for gestational age and intrauterine growth retardation referring to an infant whose size at birth is ‘less than its potential’, for the purpose of this chapter both terms will be used to dtiscribed infants whose weight at birth is below some arbitrary cut-off point for their gestational age.
Human genome project: implications for practicing obstetricians
Authors: Sachs Benjamin P , Korf Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is safe to say that the knowledge gained will revolutionize medicine, because a better understanding of the ways in which genes control the body will make it possible to develop new methods for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Genetics is already an important part of clinical practice for the obstetrician. The introduction, approximately 25 years ago, of amniocentesis and more recently of chorionic villus sampling, has provided the tools to screen for a few genetic disorders, the most common being trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome).
Facilitating communication
Authors: Myerscough Philip R , Ford Michael J , Currie C T , Doyle D , Hewitt A N M , Laing I A , Speirs A L , Wrate R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After reviewing the broad strategy of the interview, we need to look at the tactics of the dialogue. Of particular importance are the methods by which a doctor can facilitate communication. These help to elicit as accurately as possible, in the limited time available, the information needed to make a diagnosis and plan treatment, while giving the patient adequate opportunity to express his feelings. Whatever the nature of the verbal exchanges, the patient’s body language, which is likely to convey information of its own, must be carefully observed throughout.
The doctor should ask questions in clear, unambiguous language suitable to the patient’s age, education, and cultural background; the information often gained during the introductory phase of the interview about the patient’s general background will be of assistance. Unsuitable language, whether in vocabulary, accent, or overformal style, can regrettably inhibit rather than facilitate dialogue.
Communication by and during touching
Authors: Myerscough Philip R , Ford Michael J , Currie C T , Doyle D , Hewitt A N M , Laing I A , Speirs A L , Wrate R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion of interpersonal communication would not be complete without reference to communication by touching. In all cultures, touching is a basic form of both social and sexual communication. Lovers touch to convey affection, and so do all human beings when they wish to convey, without the use of words, affinity and warmth, sympathy, encouragement, or reassurance. When comforting a patient in pain, a hand instinctively reaches out to touch. In the labour room, for example, one may quietly stroke the patient’s arm or her hair during painful contractions. I have sometimes noticed in dealing with demented old ladies, agitated almost beyond the reach of words, that gentle facial stroking can help to reassure and calm them, allowing some communication to be established.
Caring communication skills
Authors: Myerscough Philip R , Ford Michael J , Currie C T , Doyle D , Hewitt A N M , Laing I A , Speirs A L , Wrate R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manner in which a doctor communicates with a patient is influenced considerably by the extent to which he feels the need to remain detached from, or is prepared to become involved with, patients’ problems and concerns generally, and with their feelings in particular. The extent of the professional ‘distance’ thus established is readily recognized by the patient. This in turn determines his perception of the doctor’s role—of how much involvement he can expect the doctor to show. Some of the ploys which doctors may adopt to maintain greater distance are described on p. 76.
Because of the contrast between detachment and involvement, it is easy to generate a misleading antithesis between curing and caring. Curing is portrayed in this rather stereotyped view as a detached activity on the doctor’s part, in which the patient is essentially passive. Caring is taken to imply involvement, a holistic concern with all aspects of the patient’s situation.
Talking about choices and making decisions
Authors: Myerscough Philip R , Ford Michael J , Currie C T , Doyle D , Hewitt A N M , Laing I A , Speirs A L , Wrate R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now turn to the latter part of a medical interview, during which the doctor usually needs to outline the options open to the patient, and steer the dialogue towards decision-making. Often therefore this is the crux of the whole interview and sometimes it provides the greatest test of the doctor’s skill as a communicator.
This part of the interview has been called ‘the exposition’, because traditionally the doctor was expected to pronounce, with all his professional authority, his views and conclusions about the diagnosis and to spell out what should be done. The phrase ‘doctor’s orders’ (implying in general usage unquestioned authority) reflects the passive acceptance which was expected from patients. Similarly, the terms ‘prescription’ and ‘compliance’ carry the same authoritarian overtones.
Written communication
Authors: Myerscough Philip R , Ford Michael J , Currie C T , Doyle D , Hewitt A N M , Laing I A , Speirs A L , Wrate R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While this book is primarily concerned with direct person-toperson communication, particularly in its affective aspects, something needs to be said about the written material relating to patients-the case records, letters, and so on-and the way in which these ought to complement and promote good interpersonal communication. If talking with the patient is to include the patient’s feelings and concerns, this needs to be reflected in the written observations relating to the patient’s care.
Clinical case records, of course, serve many functions: recording the history, clinical findings and investigation results, the details of treatment and the progress notes, as well as bringing together the correspondence between doctors.
Talking to adolescents
Authors: Wrate R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adolescents, because of their particular developmental concerns and vulnerabilities, present doctors with special problems in communication. Because of the proximity of their own adolescence, medical students can tune in to what an adolescent is saying much more readily than an older doctor. But this close identification with adolescents’ attitudes and concerns can make it much more difficult for the student to form an objective, detached assessment of the extent and nature of problems within families. By and large, they are a healthy group; medical contact is more likely to arise as a result of psycho-social problems than from physical illness. Apart from the regular medical consultations associated with the treatment of chronic disorders, such as juvenile diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, sensory impairment, and so on, the physical conditions in adolescents for which medical advice is most frequently sought are glandular fever, traumatic injury, and pregnancy. However, the last two are often associated with psycho-social problems, and these also complicate, or contribute significantly to, the functional impairment of adolescents with chronic disability.
Constructing a curriculum
Authors: Havelock Peter , Hasler John , Flew Richard , Mcintyre Donald , Schofield Theo , Toby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two aims of vocational training were identified at the beginning of Chapter 3; first, that at the end of training the trainee will have acquired the ability to perform the work of general practitioner competently, and, secondly, that the trainee will be able to continue, develop, and maintain that competence, and to adapt to change over a professional lifetime. In this chapter we shall review briefly some previous work that attempts to define a curriculum for general practice education, and suggest a three-stage model for the trainee year. Then we shall examine the content and context of general practice and the attributes needed of the doctor.
Assessment for learning
Authors: Havelock Peter , Hasler John , Flew Richard , Mcintyre Donald , Schofield Theo , Toby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 discussed what trainees need to learn, and a three-stage model for the trainee year was suggested. In this chapter ways of establishing the trainee’s strengths and weaknesses, and how to measure his or her progress will be discussed. This process of ‘assessment’ must be distinguished from ‘evaluation’, which refers to a review of the teaching process. In other words, assessment looks at the trainee: evaluation looks at the trainer and training package—this is examined in detail in Chapter 11.
Crescentic nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: III Howard A Austin , Boumpas Dimitrios T , Balow James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is a major determinant of the course and prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although nearly the entire spectrum of glomerular, interstitial, and vascular lesions is seen in lupus nephritis, severe crescentic glomerulonephritis, and its usual clinical counterpart, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, characterize a relatively small subset of patients (&lt;10%) early in the course of SLE.
Novel treatment strategics in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Authors: Mathieson Peter W , Lockwood C Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no other area in nephrology in which such radical transformation in prognosis has occurred during the last 20 years as it has for patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). In 1973, the outlook for kidney survival was dismal (Cameron 1978). Now nephrologists expect most patients with RPGN to achieve sustained recovery of renal function, even if they present dependent on dialysis. What has led to these increased expectations? Undoubtedly, a major factor has been the recognition that autoimmune mechanisms play an important role in the development of almost all forms of RPGN, leading to the realization that treatment with immunosuppressive drugs can be swiftly effective.
The King’s Medical Firm in the Community
Authors: Collcrton Joanna , Booton Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The King’s Medical Firm in the Community (KMFC) was the first initiative aiming to teach a major hospital specialty, in this case general medicine, from a primary care base. This chapter describes the background to the firm’s inception and its evolution to the present day. The concept behind KMFC arose from local plans to develop a more communityorientated teaching hospital (the King’s 2000 Plan). Medical advances and changes in health service provision were resulting in a fall in in-patient numbers which, together with the increasing specialization of consultants, meant that students attached to traditional hospital medical firms were having less adequate clinical experience. The community offered a more representative case mix, the opportunity to see patients in their psychosocial context, and an experienced group of community-based teachers in the GP tutors who were currently teaching on the general practice firm.
Quality assurance
Authors: Elliott AT 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quality assurance (QA) is the archetypal topic ‘more honoured in the breach than the observance’. Nevertheless, it is of vital importance if the best possible patient service is to be provided and should form part of the routine of every department. The aims are to ensure that the equipment meets (and preferably surpasses) specification and to keep it operating at peak performance. The two most important facets of a QA program are to produce objective (usually, quantitative) data and to keep adequate records, both of those results and of equipment faults. Guidance on QA is offered in the publications of the Hospital Physicists’ Association [1], Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine [2], American Association of Physicists in Medicine [3], World Health Organisation [4] and the US Department of Health and Human Services [5-7).
The central nervous system
Authors: Smith Francis W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
the principles and technique of radionuclide brain imaging is important. The central nervous system can be studied in a number of ways using different radiopharmaceuticals and techniques. The brain study is used not only to detect intracranial pathology but also to assess carotid and intracranial bloodflow. The development of radiopharmaceuticals which are trapped by cerebral grey matter enables the estimation of regional cerebral bloodflow by a non-invasive method. The study of the ventricular system and the kinetics of cerebrospinal fluid is also possible.
Thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal gland imaging
Authors: Martin W H , Sandler M P , Shapiro, B , Gross M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal gland disorders affect a wide spectrum of our population from the fetus and neonate through the adolescent and young adult to the middle-aged adult and the elderly. Numerous imaging modalities, including nuclear medicine, ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have been used in an attempt to provide a pathophysiologically related diagnosis in patients with diseases of the thyroid, adrenal, and parathyroid glands.
Tumour imaging
Authors: Perkins AC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figures released from the Cancer Research Campaign show that in 1993 there were 161 770 deaths from cancer in the United Kingdom and that 1 in 3 people suffer from cancer during their lifetime. Nearly half of all cancer deaths are due to just four types of cancer those of lung, breast, prostate, and colon. In males and females respectively cancers of the lung and breast are by far the most common accounting for 30% and 19% of cancers occurring within each sex.
99m-technetium pertechnetate
Authors: Smith Francis W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technetium is the forty-third element in the periodic table. It was not conclusively isolated until 1936, when Perrier and Segre showed that radioactivity obtained by the irradiation of molybdenum with deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron belonged to isotopes of the ‘missing’ element ekamanganese. Only in 1947 was it named technetium from the Greek word meaning artificial. Today 21 isotopes and numerous isomers of this element, with mass numbers ranging from 90 to 110, are known. The half-lives of these isotopes range from less than one second to 4.2 X 106 years; 99mTc is the most significant of the metastable isotopes, emitting gamma-rays to decay with a half-life of 6 h to 99Tc which has a half-life of Technetium-99m has gained importance as a radionuclide for nuclear medicine imaging because of its favourable biodistribution, excretion characteristics, and relatively short physical half-life, coupled with its 140 keV gamma emission.
Introduction
Authors: Heather Nick , Robertson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is written for the wide range of people with a professional interest in alcohol problems. It aims to describe and summarize the important changes which have taken place over the last 25 years or so in the scientific understanding of problem drinking. But although written mainly for the student reader, the book is not simply another general introduction to the subject of alcoholism. It has a more specific purpose than that. The main intention is to present a sustained argument, one which derives from recent scientific advances but which, as far as we are aware, has not been made widely available before in Britain.
The evidence
Authors: Heather Nick , Robertson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the twentieth-century disease theory of alcoholism began to look suspect when it emerged from the relative obscurity of its origins in the Alcoholism Movement and was subjected to the light of scientific scrutiny. Here we will examine the various lines of evidence which are relevant to an evaluation of the disease concept of alcoholism described in the last chapter. We make no bones, however, about our ultimate intention in this chapter, which is to show that the disease theory simply cannot handle the facts.
Pros and cons of the disease perspective
Authors: Heather Nick , Robertson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his classic discussion of the disease theory of alcoholism’, E. M. Jellinek made the following statement: ‘It comes to this, that a disease is what the medical profession recognizes as such.’ With the benefit of hindsight, we may now conclude that Jellinek was both right and wrong when he made this much-quoted remark.
Cognition
Authors: Heather Nick , Robertson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having covered the two earliest forms in the last chapter, we now ascend the phylogenetic scale and tum to higher forms of learning. The relationship between the various forms of learning is complex and inadequately understood. What we can be certain of is that there is no contradiction in using both conditioning and higher forms of learning to explain alcohol problems; indeed, we need both to come anywhere near a proper understanding.
Patient assessment
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
90 per cent of patients with soft-tissue problems present after an episode of trauma. Management is often straight-forward.10 per cent of patients present with musculo-skeletal pain with no history of trauma. These patients require careful assessment.If there is no history of trauma exclude sepsis, ischaemic syndromes, referred pain, and epiphyseal problems.
Quality assurance in radiotherapy physics
Authors: McKenzie A L , Kehoe T M , Thwaites D I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally in radiotherapy, the term ‘quality assurance’ has been applied to programmes for checking the performance of radiotherapy equipment and for measuring, against agreed criteria, the characteristics and parameters of the output from the equipment, such as radiation beams, images or treatment plans. These programmes are intended to give assurance that, ultimately, radiation dose will be delivered to target volumes with specified accuracy. It is possible to produce such programmes for all of the equipment and techniques described in this book, but, taking a wider view, it becomes clear that, while these programmes are requirements for quality, they are not sufficient m themselves to give the desired assurance.
Epidemiology of end-stage renal failure: a global perspective
Authors: Wing A J , Jones E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate problem resulting from progressive renal disease is end-stage renal failure (ESRF). Many diseases and the interplay of a spectrum of mechanisms result in damaged kidneys which are doomed to be incapable of maintaining the integrity of the internal environment on which life depends. Description of the numbers of patients suffering from these conditions is the business of epidemiology. The tool of its trade is the classification and nomenclature of renal diseases.
Experimental insights into the mechanisms of tubulo-interstitial scarring
Authors: Jernigan Stephanie M , Eddy Allison A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship of chronic tubulo-interstitial disease to the decline in renal function and long-term prognosis was first highlighted in the landmark structure-function studies by Risdon et al. [I] and Schainuck et al. [2]. Investigators today continue to reaffirm the importance of chronic damage to tubules and the surrounding interstitial space to renal failure progression [3,4] and to search for the mechanisms involved in the development of glomerular and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. It is likely that the pathogenesis is similar in each compartment of the kidney but not identical. In addition, pathways involved in interstitial fibrosis overlap with the normal repair process in tissues and may be reversible at some level. In this chapter current concepts of the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis will be reviewed. A schematic overview of these pathways is summarized in Fig. 4.1. Several theories have been proposed as initiating events in the pathogenesis of interstitial scarring (Table 4.1).
Hypertension in renal parenchymal disease: role in progression
Authors: Dworkin Lance D , Weir Nlatlzew R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypertension is both a cause and consequence of chronic renal disease. After diabetic nephropathy, systemic hypertension is the second most common factor identified as causing end-stage renal disease (ERSD) and accounts for approximately one-fourth of all patients currently receiving dialysis in the United States. Even in those individuals in whom hypertension is not the primary cause of renal disease, elevations in systemic blood pressure may accelerate the rate at which kidney function is lost. This is particularly true for patients with glomerular disease and clinically evident proteinuria. Numerous studies in experimental animals and in humans suggest that antihypertensive drugs can slow the rate at which glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines in chronic renal disease. Drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system may be particularly effective in retarding renal disease progression.