bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Longevity of Adventists as Compared with Others
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many of us, life expectancy is among the most important expressions of personal health. However, most would agree that this needs to be accompanied by a good quality of life, except perhaps for a short period before death. Vegetarians live longer than others, as we will see, and probably also have a better quality of life.
The definitive proof of improved quality of life must await future research, but an educated guess is possible. Some of the causes of mortality that are more frequent in nonvegetarians are the same disorders that result in prolonged periods of morbidity before death. Indeed, we have found that vegetarian Adventists use fewer medications and are less likely than nonvegetarians to have had an overnight hospital stay, surgery, or an X-ray during the previous year (Knutsen, 1994). Further evidence of an improved quality of life comes from a recent longitudinal analysis of 1741 aging non-Adventist university alumni, which concluded that “not only do persons with better health habits survive longer, but in such persons, disability is postponed and compressed into fewer years at the end of life” (Vita et al., 1998).
Coronary Heart Disease Mortality among British, German, and Indian Vegetarians
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Researchers have reported the results of three prospective studies and one retrospective study of non-Adventist vegetarians’ dietary habits and the risk of CHD. The studies are smaller than the California Adventist studies, and the prospective studies included only cases of CHD that resulted in death. Nevertheless, they add substantially to the total amount of information that is available.
These studies bring a greater diversity of experience to bear on the research questions, in part because they were done in other countries: the United Kingdom, Germany, and India. Also, while Adventists are vegetarians for reasons of health and, in some cases, for “moral purity,” the non-Adventist vegetarians are much more likely to be motivated by concerns about animal rights or the environment. This is not to deny that many non-Adventists expect some health benefits or that many Adventists feel satisfied that their choices spare animal lives and reduce the exploitation of scarce environmental resources (Gussow, 1994; Lewis, 1994). Another difference is that although most of the non-Adventist subjects are lacto ovo vegetarians, as were the Adventists, there is a higher percentage of vegans among the non-Adventist vegetarians.
Violence Against Women
Authors: Alpert Elaine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence, an enormous problem in U.S. society, affects men and women very differently. Overall, women are less likely than men to become victims of violent crime, but they are ten times more likely than men to be assaulted, raped, robbed, or murdered by a current or former intimate partner. Nearly 95% of all assaults against men are perpetrated by strangers (50%) or acquaintances (44%); only 5% of known assailants of males are current or former intimate partners (2%), or other relatives (3%). In contrast, women are nearly equally likely to report being assaulted by strangers (31%); acquaintances (35%); and either intimate partners (28%) or other relatives (5%).
New World Economies
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New World Economies closely examines the economic development of the Thirteen Colonies and early French Canada, looking at the impact of changing prices, capital flows, and shifts in demand. It is a companion to Egnal’s earlier book, Divergent Paths, which emphasizes the influence of culture and institutions on growth. It contains seventeen tables and more than one hundred graphs, many of which are based on original data, presenting these new statistics in a series of appendices. Egnal’s central argument is that the pace of economic development in the colonies reflected the rate of growth in the parent country. The book’s theoretical foundation builds upon, but moves beyond, the traditional “staple thesis.” Thoroughly documented and rich in quantitative data, the study traces the trajectory of economic growth by region and establishes a clear connection between colonial and European rates of growth.
What Do Women Want? Women’s Perceptions of Sexual Attractiveness
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 We Examined women’s desire for emotional investment. Here we will focus on women’s desire for material investment. The two types of investment are distinct but related. The signs of emotional investment indicate to a woman a man’s willingness to invest. When a man looks affectionately into his partner’s eyes and says “I love you,” he shows, if he is not faking, a genuine concern for her and her welfare. These signs are extremely important to women, as we have seen. But a genuine concern and willingness to invest are relatively meaningless if the man has nothing but time and energy to offer. He must also have the ability to invest sufficiently. Men who are sensitive, caring, and affectionate but who, in the eyes of their female partners, cannot provide an adequate material investment are likely to be discarded. The signs of emotional investment are important to women, but not sufficient.
What Men and Women Want in Marriage
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of romantic love did not appear in Europe until the time of the thirteenth century troubadours, and these experts ruled at first that it was impossible to married people. Even as late as the eighteenth century it played a very small part in European marriage. All societies recognize that there are occasional violent emotional attachments between persons of opposite sex, but our present American culture is practically the only one which has attempted to capitalize these and make them the basis for marriage. Most groups regard them as unfortunate and point out the victims of such attachments as horrible examples.
Who Does the Diapers and the Dishes? The Domestic Division of Labor
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic anthropologist marvin harris explains the women’s movement of the 1960s and 70s in terms of the gradual erosion of the family as an economic unit. With the rise of industrial cities, children became economic liabilities rather than assets because they were no longer needed for domestic labor, as they had been in rural settings. In urban societies, children may not be present or willing to care for parents in old age, and developing technology required more education for adult work, so the cost of children, both real and as investments for the future, increased. Progress in medicine led to reduced child mortality, so couples could have fewer children and be relatively sure that they would survive.
What Is a Young Architect to Do, and How Is He to Get On?: 1824—1850
Authors: Kowsky Francis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calvert Vaux made the decision to leave his native England and to emigrate to the United States the day that he met Andrew Jackson Downing, a man whom many in America regarded as the supreme authority on matters of cultivated living. The encounter took place in London late in the summer of 1850, near the end of the European tour that Downing had been making since July of that year. “I was in a settled position and surrounded by friends,” said Vaux, “but I liked him so much, his foresight and observation were so apparent in the conversations we had and above all his style was so calculated to win confidence, that without a fear I relinquished all and accompanied him.”1 After supplying references to Downing, Vaux made arrangements for his departure. In the meantime, Downing took off on a hasty trip to Paris. Perhaps he went armed with advice from Vaux on what to see. Five years before, the young architect’s keen interest in the nascent urban park movement had led him to travel to the Continent to see royal parks and public gardens there. 2 In early September, after Downing had returned to England, he andVaux sailed together from Liverpool to NewYork. Within three we, ks of having met Downing,Vaux was hard at work with him in Newburgh at the office that Downing had created in his home, the Tudor villa that many knew as Highland Garden. Initially,Vaux, who was one of a number of professionally trained English architects to emigrate to the United States before the Civil War, had agreed to accept the post of assistant; by the end of the year Downing had made him his partner.3 This whirlwind sequence of events bears out a friend’s appraisal of Downing as a man who possessed “an almost intuitive perception of character” and in whom were combined the qualities of “keen perception, great energy, decision, and boldness:”
History of Statistical Methods in Public Health
Authors: Stroup Donna F , Berkelman Ruth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While clinical medicine has the individual as its focus, public health is fundamentally concerned with preventing disease, disability, and premature death in the population or community. Because of this focus on populations rather than individuals, statistics and other numerical methods that deal with aggregates of measurements provide the scientific basis for basic public health tasks: identifying public health problems, establishing objectives for health promotion and disease and injury prevention, setting priorities for the allocation of health care resources, and determining the impact of specific interventions. Statistics, the science of finding underlying patterns by analyzing variability and errors in observed data (Rose, 1985; Murray, 1993), is essential to understanding problems of disease in human populations because of widespread variation in social systems and biology (Sladen and Bang, 1969).
Localized Scleroderma Limited, Localized, Diffuse, Generalized, Systemic, and Not-So-Systemic: What’s In a Name?
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy to confuse localized and limited scleroderma— and sometimes even doctors get confused by these terms, since they certainly sound similar. But they refer to very different forms of the disease. I would much prefer that the entire terminology be changed for greater clarification, but I dont make the rules. This chapter will deal with localized scleroderma, and chapters 3 and 4 will discuss the systemic form.
Systemic Scleroderma— Limited
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We left our patient with limited scleroderma in chapter 3 at the point of being diagnosed. Let us pick up the story there and continue with the scenario. As you recall, she developed Raynaud’s phenomenon (color changes of the fingers on cold exposure) in 1999, puffy fingers and chronic heartburn in 2001, and a fingertip sore in 2003. The sore prompted the visit to her doctor, who ordered lots of tests (what doctors do best) and referred her to a specialist. To make the story shorter, she is sent to a rheumatologist, without first seeing a hand specialist or a vascular specialist. By now the blood test results are known: the blood counts are normal, the kidney function tests are normal, the urine analysis is normal, the liver works just fine, the thyroid is normal, the cholesterol may be up a little, but in general the patient is fine on paper.
Genetic Features of Scleroderma Did You Get it from Your Parents? Can You Give it to Your Kids?
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients frequently ask whether they can give this disease to their children. My answer to this question has changed over the past few years. For the most part, scleroderma does not run in families. But for 1.6 percent of cases, there is another first-degree family member (parent, brother or sister, or child) with the disease. The flip-side of this, of course, is that 98.4 percent of individuals do not have a family history for the disease. With the human genome project and recent advances in the field of genetics, this has become an area of intense research. So far, this research has resulted in more questions than answers. It is likely that there is a genetic susceptibility to scleroderma that involves several different genes. However, just having the “right” (or “wrong”) set of genes is not enough. There has to be something else that happens, in order for disease to occur.
Reflexives as Grammatical Signs of the Divided Self
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since the appearance of Paul Postal’s article (1971) on reflexivization and the method of “universal grammar,” modem grammarians have treated the reflexive as a universal structure or, if not a universal structure, at least a universal concept. That is, there exists in every language something like a set of pronouns whose function is to indicate that the entity they refer to (typically some object) is the same as the entity (typically a subject) referred to by another expression. The structure is motivated by the fact that people do various things not only to others but also to themselves.
Nonlinguistic Ritualization
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ritualization subsumes a number of distinct processes. In the following discussion, I will highlight three: habituation, automatization, and codification. The last of these, which itself subsumes several possibly unrelated processes (certainly processes that deserve more detailed examination than I can give them here), is treated as a unitary fact for one principal reason: all of the changes listed under this heading occur in human beings as a result of experience, while analogs among other animals seem to occur only through genetic evolution.
Reification and Innateness
Authors: Haiman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “autonomization” of any human creation, or its reification, is described by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann as “the apprehension of human phenomena as if they were ... facts of nature” (1966:89). But what about the facts of nature themselves? Biologically innate features are often as arbitrary, but no more arbitrary, than cultural institutions. Proponents of the “radical autonomy” of syntax emphasize the sheer dysfunctionality of linguistic rules in order to validate their claims that language is not a functionally motivated structure. Koster (1987), one of the most eloquent of these proponents, compares syntactic structures with pat-terns on the wings of a butterfly-beautiful but functionally neutral. (Even the friendliest of critics would have to say that this may have been an unfortunate choice of biological analogies: one of the standard examples of functional motivation for extremely rapid evolutionary change is of changes in the wing coloring of moths [cf. Smith 1966:137).) I have argued so far that dysfunctionality, far from pointing unambiguously at innateness, can have cultural as well as natural causes. Dysfunction is rife in culture, and it occurs in culture through emancipation. I now would like to go one logical step further and suggest that dysfunction has a similar origin even in nature.
The Grammatical Agreement Deficit in Specific Language Impairment: Evidence from Therapy Experiments
Authors: Clahsen Harald , Hansen Detlef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some children demonstrate great difficulty in the acquisition of grammar. These children are labelled ‘‘specifically-language impaired’’ (SLI) if they show delays and/or disorders in the normal acquisition of grammar despite any clear non-linguistic deficit - that is, these children have normal non-verbal IQs, no hearing deficits and no obvious emotional or behavioural disturbances. SU children cannot be considered to be ‘‘mentally retarded,’’ since SU children do not show a discrepancy between chronological age and mental age on non-verbal intelligence. SU children can also be distinguished from autistic children, because the SUs do not show a lack of responsiveness to humans and other characteristics of autistic children. Thus, there seems to exist a group of children who demonstrate difficulty acquiring grammar but for whom no clear non-linguistic cause can be found.
Specific Language Impairment, Cognition and the Biological Basis of Language
Authors: Johnston Judith R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter reminds me of the ‘‘great Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything’’ in The Hitch Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (Adams 1979). Like Adams, I intend to talk about particular events, big questions and other matters pulled along in the course of argument. The purpose of this symposium is to sample diverse bodies of research that have bearing on our understanding of the biological bases for human language. For some years, I have been studying children who have difficulty learning their first language, in spite of apparently normal sensory and motor mechanisms, normal social relationships and normal non-verbal intelligence. These children are often described as having a specific language impairment (SLI), and they provide researchers with a unique opportunity to observe the developmental dissociation of language and other aspects of knowledge and behaviour. Such dissociations are never easy to interpret (Shallice 1991), but in con junction with other data, they can contribute to our models of the mind.
Pavilion in the Rain
Authors: Lees Gene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On warm summer nights, in that epoch between the wars and before air conditioning, the doors and wide wooden shutters would be open, and the music would drift out of the pavilion over the converging crowds of excited young people, through the parking lot glistening with cars, through the trees, and over the lake-or the river, or the sea. Sometimes Japanese lanterns hung in the trees, like moons caught in the branches, and sometimes little boys too hung there, observing the general excitement and sharing the sense of an event. And the visit of one of the big bands was indeed an event.
The Paradox
Authors: Sinatra Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another comedian, Shecky Greene, has for years done the following routine: “You can say what you want about Sinatra, but the man once saved my life. That’s right, he did. I was standing out in front of Caesar’s Palace one night and three big tough guys began to kick the hell out of me. They were giving me a terrible beating, but finally Frank came up and said, ‘Okay, that’s enough.’”
Sweetest Voice in the World
Authors: Fitzgerald Ella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A little girl stood transfixed, eyes wide, in a California supermarket, listening as a woman wearing thick glasses leaned toward her and sang in a voice of incomparable sweetness, “Do you know the Muffin Man?” Whether the girl’s mother recognized the singer is impossible to say; the child certainly didn’t. The girl was listening to the voice of Ella Fitzgerald, famous around the world. I remember getting off an airplane in the small Chilean coastal town of Arica in 1962 and hearing that voice coming from a sound system somewhere.
The Grand Siègle Absorbs The Tragédie En Musique
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth century is known in France as the Great Century, le Grand Siecle, not only because of the splendor brought to it by the Sun King, Louis XIV, whose absolutist rule and dazzling court became a model for all the rest of Europe, but also and especially because of the great poets who thrived under his patronage. Moliere (with whom Lully, before he turned to opera, collaborated on several comedies-ballets), Corneille, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine scheme of his opera, for which I was unstinting with my advice. We were busy with this miserable task, whose outcome was by no means certain, when all of a sudden a happy incident relieved us of our quandary. The incident was this: M. Quinault having come in tears before the King and having pointed out to him what a humiliation he would suffer if he were no longer to work for His Majesty’s entertainment, the King, touched with compassion, declared frankly to the ladies I mentioned earlier that he could not make up his mind to let him suffer. Sic nos servavit Apollo [thus did Apollo save us]. And so we, Racine and I, returned to our former occupation, and no further mention was made of our opera, whose only remains were a few verses of M. Racine, which were not found among his papers after his death, and which he most likely suppressed from nicety of conscience, since they dealt with love. As for me, since there was not a trace of flirtatiousness in the scene I had composed, not only did I think it improper to suppress it, but I herewith present it to the public, persuaded it will please the readers, who perhaps will not regret seeing how I went about sweetening the gall and vehemence of my satirical poetry in order to take a plunge into the saccharine style. This they will be able to judge from the fragment I present to them here, and I present it to them the more confidently in that, since it is very short, should it not amuse them, it will not allow them enough time to get bored.
From Rousseau’s Confessions
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78), a seminal figure in the history of European thought, occupies a comparable position in the history of music, especially of opera. Himself a musician, though by no means a skilled one, he earned his living as a music copyist, disdaining to subject his books to the requirements of commercial publishing. He is remembered in music history for the articles he contributed to the great Encyclopedie, later revised and expanded into his Dictionnaire de musique (1768), for his fiery participation in the War of the court, if in my agitation I should let slip one of my usual faux pas? That danger alarmed me, frightened me, made me shudder so much that I decided not to expose myself to it at any cost. I would lose, it was true, the pension that was somehow being offered me; but I would also be exempting myself from the obligation it would impose on me. Farewell truth, liberty, courage. How would I dare thenceforth speak of independence and disinterestedness? Once I received that pension I should be obliged to either flatter or be silent: and who could assure me that it would be paid out? How many steps would need to be taken, how many people solicited! It would cost me more trouble and much more unpleasantness to keep the pension than to do without it. I thought that, in renouncing it, I was following a line of conduct far more consonant with my principles and sacrificing appearance to reality. I told Grimm of my resolve and he did not object. To the others I pleaded reasons of health; and I left the same morning.