bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Class Mortality Differences
Authors: Goldblatt Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comparisons of mortality differences by social group in England and Wales are generally based on the Registrar General’s social classes (P. Townsend et al. 1988). Their usage for this purpose dates back to the introduction by Stevenson of the prototype of the present schema in 1913 (Registrar General 1913). Initially he used the classification to analyse infant mortality information collected at the 1911 census but later extended its application to cover mortality at older ages by utilizing information collected from deaths in the period 1910-12 (Stevenson 1923). Since then, decennial comparison of deaths occurring to men of working ages around the time of each census with the corresponding population enumerated at census has provided the main index of social differences in mortality in this country.
Population limitation in birds of prey: a comparative approach
Authors: Newton Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I shall discuss the natural limitation of breeding density in raptors, updating Newton (1979). I shall also discuss the impact of various human activities on raptors and the various management procedures needed to restore depleted populations. The approach is comparative and examples are drawn from diurnal raptors, but many of the same points would apply to owls.
Social behaviour and population regulation in insular bird populations: implications for conservation
Authors: Smith James N M , Arcese Peter , Hochachka Wesley M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To conserve any population in a natural setting, it is useful to understand the factors that determine average abundance and changes in numbers. Compared with other vertebrates, birds are easy to mark and count; thus, fluctuations in the numbers of birds are well described (Lack 1966; Pimm and Redfearn 1988) and there is in the literature considerable information about the processes that regulate bird populations (Lack 1966; Newton 1980; Patterson 1980; Moss and Watson 1985; McCleery and Perrins 1985 and this volume; Hannon 1988).
Population studies and conservation of Puffins Fratercula arctica
Authors: Harris M P , Wanless S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seabirds are abundant in virtually all seas and oceans and as such are subject to a wide range of environmental conditions, both natural and influenced by man. The Common Puffin Fratercula arctica (L.) is an attractive bird of the islands and cliffs in the North Atlantic. It breeds in burrows and among boulders from Brittany (France) and Maine (USA) northwards to Spitzbergen and north Greenland. Many colonies have declined during this century due either to natural events, such as oceanographic change (Harris 1984), or to human-induced mortality and disturbance (Evans and Nettleship 1985), but total numbers in the early 1980s were estimated at 5-6 million pairs. The species is very popular with members of the general public; thus there is usually concern, and sometimes subsequent funding of research, when its future appears threatened. Here we report on the results of three such projects, in Scotland, Norway, and the USA, and discuss the relevance of the findings to the conservation of seabirds.
Population regulation of seabirds: implications of their demography for conservation
Authors: Croxall J P , Rothery P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the paucity of pertinent information there has been considerable discussion on the subject of population regulation in seabirds (e.g. Ashmole 1963, 1971; Lack 1954, 1966; Birkhead and Furness 1985; Furness and Monaghan 1987). This is perhaps because seabirds include several groups of species showing the lowest reproductive rates (smallest clutch size, longest deferred sexual maturity) and highest adult survival rates (Table 13.1). They are therefore a convenient paradigm of extreme K-selected species. In the context of conservation and management, the characteristics and habitats of seabirds give rise to two important considerations. First, many species, because of their long generation times are potentially rather vulnerable to adversity. Second, because changes in parameters of seabird populations will tend to reflect integration of environmental effects over long temporal and large spatial scales, they can be regarded as potentially important indicators of widespread chronic and possibly local acute effects (see e.g. Croxall et al. 1988).
Control of parasites in natural populations: nematode and virus infections of Red Grouse
Authors: Hudson Peter J , Dobson Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the long-term studies on bird populations were stimulated by the pioneering publications of David Lack (1954, 1966, 1968). While Lack (1954) considered a range of density-dependent factors that could regulate populations and included a chapter on disease, he came to the conclusion that ‘while further evidence is needed, it seems unlikely that disease is an important factor regulating numbers of most birds’. He came to this conclusion following the general view, held by most ecologists at that time, that parasites evolved to become benign symbionts that maintained high survival by reducing their deleterious effects on the host. Parasitologists, on the other hand, investigating parasite systems in man and domestic livestock viewed parasites as organisms that benefited at the expense of their host (Crofton 1971).
Population and contamination studies in coastal birds: the Common Tern Sterna hirundo
Authors: Becker Peter H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the industrial revolution mankind has been introducing substantial quantities of various foreign substances into the environment. This is done both intentionally, e.g. to eliminate undesired organisms by the use of biocides, and unintentionally or, rather, due to lack of proper forethought whereby various substances are emitted into the environment in the course of energy or chemical production: or through uncontrolled release of garbage or oil, perhaps from oil platforms or tankers. Nowadays no continent, sea or ecosystem is unaffected by pollution.
Florida Scrub Jay ecology and conservation
Authors: Woolfenden Glen E , Fitzpatrick John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Florida Scrub Jay Aphelocoma a caerulescens has been the subject, for 20 years, of an intensive demographic and behavioural study at the Archbold Biological Station in Highlands County, Florida, USA. As a result, considerable information pertinent to conservation and management of this endangered species is available. As we explain below, we are convinced that long-term ecological studies are essential for successful management of any threatened or endangered organism.
Pathogenicity and epizootiology of avian haematozoa: Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus
Authors: Atkinson Carter T , Atkinson Charles Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diverse group of parasitic helminths and protozoans use the avian bloodstream as a habitat for growth and reproduction. These parasites include the filarial nematodes which live in the tissues or peritoneal cavity of their hosts and release larval microfilariae into the circulation, flagellated trypanosomes which divide and circulate in the bloodstream, and intracellular sporozoan parasites (phylum: Apicomplexa) which complete part of their complex life cycles within circulating blood cells. Within this last group, the haemosporidian parasites of birds, i.e. species of Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus, have been studied intensely by parasitologists in all of the major zoogeographic regions of the world. An extensive body of literature has accumulated on the biology of these organisms during the past century which makes them exceptional candidates for studies of the evolution of bird–parasite interactions and outstanding reference systems for studies of other vertebrate–parasite interactions.
Philornis parasitism and nestling survival of the Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk
Authors: Delannoy Carlos A , Cruz Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philornis larvae penetrate the host integument, undergo a period of development and growth, and establish as third instar larvae between the dermis and the body musculature (Fig. 5.l(b),(c)). Movement into this location plus growth and development of the fly larvae, appears to be linked to the ingestion of host tissues including red blood cells, mononuclear cells which infiltrate from focal accumulations adjacent to the lesions, and necrotic cellular debris which accumulate in the lesion (Nielsen 1911; Uhazy and Arendt 1986). The larvae develop just under the skin of the host until they are about 2 cm long and about 4-6 days old. When development is completed, the larvae exit from the skin and drop into the host's nest to pupate (Fig. 5.1(d)). Adult flies emerged from pupae about 2 weeks after pupation (Fig. 5.1(a)). Larvae develop only in living chicks, and when a chick dies they leave its body within a few minutes (Snyder et al. 1987).
Behavioural changes in breeding,American kestrels infected with
Authors: Saumier Michele D , Rau Manfred E , Bird David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although raptors are exposed to a great number of parasitic infections (Keymer 1972; Cooper and Greenwood 1981), little is known about whether such parasites affect the competitive fitness of these birds. Natural infections with the nematode Trichinella pseudost1iralis are known to cause severe debilitation and death in Cooper's hawks (Wheeldon et al. 1983). Laboratory studies suggest that essentially subclinical infections with this parasite can elicit profound behavioural changes in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (Saumier et al. 1988). The major effects of infection in non-breeding female kestrels involve a reduction in mobility. Severe and long-lasting effects appear as early as Cl days post-inoculation and coincide with the release of larvae into the tissues of the host. Trichinella pseudospiralis infections also severely impair the reproductive success of captive American kestrels (Saumier et 1986). This is manifested in a high proportion of broken eggs, increased embryo mortality, and nest abandonment. The present study 1cxplores the behavioural dimension of this failure and examines the behaviour of infected nestlings as well as nestling-parent interaction. Conceivably, behavioural patterns may be as sensitive to the effects of infections as are some secondary sexual characteristics. Finally, study raises the question whether contact with infected individuals may alter the behaviour of other members of the family group.
Female choice of males with low parasite loads in sage grouse
Authors: Johnson Mark S , Johnson Linda L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A characteristic of lek species is large variance in mating success of males (Gibson and Bradbury 1986). On sage grouse leks, copulations are performed by only a few males each spring and many cocks never mate (Wiley 1978; Hartzler and Jenni 1988). Females appear to select the ‘best’ male, but it is difficult to envisage that preferred males are really genetically superior because selection should reduce heritability for characters highly correlated with fitness (Falconer 1981, Chapter 20). This is particularly troublesome in lekking species where no paternal benefits accrue from choosing a good mate. This is termed the lek paradox (Borgia 1979; Taylor and Williams 1982).
Effects of parasites on mate choice by captive sage grouse
Authors: Spurrier Margo F , Boyce Mark s. , Manly Bryan F J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consequence of selection is reduced genetic variability (Falconer 1981, Chapter 20). Therefore, one expects low heritability for sexually-selected traits; yet lekking species maintain intense female choice with no apparent benefit to the female except male genes. Possible resolution to this ‘paradox of the lek’ (Taylor and Williams 1982) is offered by coevolution of parasites and host as articulated by Hamilton and Zuk (1982) and Zuk (1984; Chapter 16, this volume). Fluctuations in the abundance of parasites and the frequency of resistant hosts may play a role in maintaining variance in male fitness. Females may choose mates which are genetically resistant to disease by an examination of characters whose full expression is dependent upon health and vigour. If the genes for resistance to certain pathogens are heritable, then a female choosing the most colourful or vigorously displaying male may, in fact, be selecting the ‘best genes’ for her offspring.
Plant breeding and resource information
Authors: Cubero José I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant breeder’s information systems usually address narrowly focused problems whose aim is to obtain plant material with certain desirable characteristics. Generally speaking, the sharper the focus, the shorter the list of the breeder’s needs concerning information. Despite this, there are many aspects of potential interest to plant breeders that should be included in any global plant species information system. Among these are: information on wild relatives, in order to widen the genetic base of many crops; information on chemical, physiological, and ecological characteristics of cultivated and wild species; new used of cultivated species, etc. Last, but not least, any efficient information system should be a help for scientists and technicians of developing (and even of developed) countries who are intensively trained in plant breeding methodologies, but who have little or no training in systematics and botanical nomenclature.
IOPI: genesis of a GPSIS?
Authors: Burnett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions at the Delphi Symposium on Designs for a Global Plant Species Information System concluded that there was a high priority in producing a global checklist of plants as an integrated computer database. A comprehensive database was required, broadly similar to that of the ILDIS project on the world’s legume species diversity, to establish a sound taxonomic database to which other botanical data might be added at a later stage. An ‘action group’ was established at the symposium and this was charged with expediting establishment of such a system in co-operation with the proposed Species Plantarum Project. These ideas were presented at a subsequent planning meeting for the Species Plantarum Project at Kew, and the priority of first establishing a species checklist was adopted. At subsequent meetings an international steering committee was agreed and an independent organization, the International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI), established. IOPI is now going ahead with the design, funding, and implementation of a world checklist covering the species name, important synonyms, generic and family placement, geographical distribution, and bibliographic citation for all vascular plants.
Space transportation systems
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far, rockets have depended almost exclusively on chemical fuel, in either solid or liquid form. Its function is to produce an upward thrust strong enough to take the payload far away from the gravitational force of the Earth, which decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the Earth. As has already been said, Newton’s third law of motion teaches us that the rocket motor’s thrust produces a reaction in the opposite, in this case upwards, direction. In a chemical rocket the reaction between a fuel and an oxidizing agent in a combustion chamber produces hot exhaust gases. The hotter these gases are, the faster they travel and the greater the lifting capability of the rocket. The search has therefore obviously been for techniques of producing the hottest possible reactions, but there are natural physical limits beyond which one cannot go. This in turn imposes a limit on the upward velocity attainable with a simple single-stage rocket-around 3 km/s-far short of the 8 km/s needed to put a satellite into orbit.
Manned space flight
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Gagarin’s first flight in 1961, the world has not wanted for critics who demanded to know what good could come from sending people into space. What is perhaps not so well known is that these critics exist equally within the space community. Virtually every nation with a space programmer finds itself faced with two factions: the one insisting that more funds be spent on putting people into space and the other arguing that virtually everything can be done with automatic spacecraft (that is the term usually given to unmanned spacecraft) and that in fact astronauts are more trouble than they are worth. Such critics point not only to the considerable advances in robotics and informatics generally, but also the disturbing nature of human presence in an environment where the slightest movement can produce perturbations which significantly degrade the value of the scientific equipment. Spokesmen for the opposing camp-astronauts in the lead-stress the need in space for the unrivalled ingenuity and powers of improvisation of human beings.
Military uses of space
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not to deal, however briefly, with the military uses of space would leave the reader with an incomplete and distorted picture of the overall situation. In most countries, the defense budget paid for the original investment which converted bomb-carrying missiles into launch vehicles capable of putting spacecraft into orbit. Without such massive injections of cash, the civil development of space would have been significantly delayed; space scientists would have been obliged to continue their research using ground-based techniques or, at best, balloons and high-flying aircraft. But the justifications for including a military chapter are not just historical; throughout the past forty years military requirements have forced technology ahead in virtually every space-related discipline. Perhaps military ambitions were no more exacting than those of the space scientists, but the defense budgets were many orders of magnitude greater than those for civilian science.
Sustainable development: panacea, platitude, or downright deception?
Authors: Porritt Jonathon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jonathon Porritt took a First Class Honours degree in Modern Languages at Magdalen College, Oxford, before teaching for nine years in state schools in London. His work for the Green Party began in 1977, when he stood as one of the Party’s few candidates in the local elections, and culminated in his Chairmanship of the Party in 1982-4; in the meantime he had carried the Green standard in two more local elections, two European elections, and two General elections. His political activity, reinforced by his broadcasting and authorship of four books on environmental issues, has made him the best known and most respected spokesman for the environmental lobby. He has probably done more than anybody else to help the ‘Greens’ to shed their beards-and-sandals image and to demonstrate that the movement has an intellectual cutting edge to be reckoned with. From 1984 to 1990, Jonathon Porritt was Director of Friends of the Earth; he now devotes all his time to writing and broadcasting, as a freelance.
Energy generation in Central and Eastern Europe: the environmental problem
Authors: Hardi Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr Peter Hardi, a Hungarian political scientist, took his first and higher degrees at the Eotvos Lorand University in Budapest and was subsequently awarded an Academic Degree in Political Science by the Hungarian Academy. He has taught for twenty years at the Budapest University of Economics (formerly the Karl Marx University) and during the 1980s visited the United States both as a Visiting Professor at Yale and as a Research Associate at the Institute of East/West Studies in New York. In 1988, following his return to Budapest on being appointed Director of the Hungarian Institute of International Affairs, Peter Hardi became actively involved in the mounting controversy surrounding the construction of a major hydroelectric dam at Nagymaros, on the Danube Bend north of Budapest. This mega-project, sponsored and financed by both the Hungarian and Czechoslovak Governments, came under increasingly bitter attack from Hungarian liberals and environmentalists as soon as the process of political reform, which culminated in the ousting of the Communist regime, made free and uninhibited comment possible. Dr Hardi was appointed by the Hungarian Government to head a panel of international experts to report to Parliament on the environmental and economic implications of continuing the Nagymaros project, which had by then moved to the centre of national political debate. The ‘Hardi Report’found decisively against continuation and was largely responsible for the Hungarian Parliament’s decision, in 1989, to call a halt to construction at Nagymaros. Dr Hardi was subsequently appointed to his present position of Director of the Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe in Budapest; he is also a member of the Environmental Advisory Council of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Vector Analysis of Transport Theorems
Authors: Tai Chen-To 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far, we have been dealing only with functions of position, i.e., functions that are dependent on spatial variables only. In many engineering and physical problems, the quantities involved are functions of both space and time. Examples are the induced voltage in a moving coil of an electric generator and the transport of fluid in a channel. The mathematical formulation of these problems requires a knowledge of vector analysis involving a moving surface or a moving body. One of the fundamental theorems in this area is the Helmholtz transport theorem, named after the renowned German scientist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894). The theorem deals with the time rate of change of a surface integral of ‘fype IV stated by (3.70), in which the domain of integration and the integrand are functions of both space and time.
Transistors
Authors: Möschwitzer Albrecht 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important active devices presently available are transistors. They can be used as switches in digital circuits or amplifiers in analogue circuits. There are two main basic types of transistors: The operational principles of these two types differ considerably. In bipolar transistors both carrier types (electrons and holes) are involved in the operation, whereas in field-effect transistors only one type is important (with the exception of second-order effects). Therefore the field-effect transistors are examples of unipolar transistors. Another difference is that bipolar transistors are current-controlled devices whereas field-effect transistors are voltage controlled. Bipolar transistors are three-terminal active devices consisting of p-n-p or n-p-n structures (Fig. 2.1). The operation is based on minority carrier injection (see Section 1.4.4). The three terminals are emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C).