bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroaluminierungsreaktionen mit dem sperrigen Dialkylaluminiumhydrid [(Me3Si)2HC]2Al‐H ‐ Unterdrückung von Folgereaktionen
Authors: Uhl Werner , Matar Madhat 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHydroalumination Reactions Employing the Bulky Dialkylaluminum Hydride [(Me3Si)2HC]2Al‐H ‐ Prevention of Secondary ReactionsUsually, the hydroalumination of alkynes results in secondary reactions under release of the corresponding trialkylaluminum compounds. In contrast, the monoaddition products of R2Al‐H to C≡C triple bonds [R2Al‐(R′)C=C(R″)‐H] could be isolated in high yields now by employing the bulky dialkylaluminum hydride [(Me3Si)2HC]2Al‐H (1). This is shown here by two reactions starting with a monoalkyne (Me3C‐C≡C‐C6H5) and a dialkyne (Me3C‐C≡C‐C6H4‐C≡C‐CMe3). Both products have the aluminium atoms attached to those carbon atoms of the C=C double bonds which are in the α‐position with respect to the phenyl groups. The configuration of the alkenyl groups verifies the cis‐addition of the Al‐H bonds in all cases.
Strukturchemie, thermoanalytische und schwingungsspektroskopische Untersuchungen von PbBr2 · 2 C2D6O2 und Löslichkeitsuntersuchungen von Bleibromid in kurzkettigen Polyethylenglykolen
Authors: Oldag Thorsten , Kockelmann Winfried , Keller Hans‐Lothar 
Published: April 2005

AbstractStructural Chemistry, Thermo Analysis, Vibration Spectrum of PbBr2 · 2 C2D6O2 and Solubility of PbBr2 in short Chain Polyethylene GlycolesTemperature dependent solubility data of PbBr2 in short chain polyethylene glycoles completed with X‐ray diffraction data of the deposit are discussed. Crystals of PbBr2 · 2 C2D6O2 (1,2‐Ethandiole, furthermore called ethylene glycole) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray investigations and powder‐neutron diffraction. PbBr2 · 2 C2D6O2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 10.0887(2) Å, b = 10.8580(2) Å, c = 9.0997(1) Å, β = 92.382(2)° and Z = 4 (powder‐neutron diffraction data, 193 K). The compound can be described as a rod packing. The rods are built of nearly planar [PbBr4/2] units, surrounded by one ethylene glycol perpendicular to each side of the planar units. The linkage of these rods is realized by hydrogen bonds. A detailed description of hydrogen bonding in this compound is given.
Li2TeS3 and Li2TeSe3: Preparation, Crystal Structure and Impedance Spectroscopic Characterization
Authors: Preitschaft Christian , Zabel Manfred , Pfitzner Arno 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLi2TeS3 and Li2TeSe3 were synthesized by the reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Li, Te and Q (Q = S, Se) in the ratio 2 : 1 : 3. Both products are extremely air and moisture sensitive. The crystal structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction at room temperature. Red Li2TeS3 and metallic black Li2TeSe3 crystallize isotypically in the monoclinic space group P21/c (no. 14) with four formula units per unit cell and the lattice parameters: Li2TeS3: a = 5.437(1) Å, b = 11.564(1) Å, c = 7.907(1) Å, β = 91.57(1)°, V = 496.96(1) Å3; Li2TeSe3: a = 5.658(1) Å, b = 12.032(1) Å, c = 8.278(1) Å, β = 92.690(1)°, V = 562.93(1) Å3 (data at 20 °C). The atomic arrangements persist of isolated trigonal pyramidal [TeQ3]2− anions which are arranged in layers. Li is coordinated by six Q atoms from four (Li1) or five (Li2) different thiotellurate or selenidotellurate units, respectively. Impedance spectroscopic measurements in the temperature range 90 – 200 °C show that Li2TeS3 is a semiconductor with an activation energy of 0.71 eV. Li2TeSe3 is a mixed conductor with an activation energy of 0.68 eV.
A migration analysis of the rice planthopper Nilaparvata lugens from the Philippines to East Asia with three‐dimensional computer simulations
Authors: Otuka Akira , Watanabe Tomonari , Suzuki Yoshito , Matsumura Masaya , Furuno Akiko , Chino Masamichi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMigrations of the rice planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Delphacidae) from the Philippines to Taiwan, southern China, and southern Japan were analyzed using three‐dimensional migration simulations. The results strongly suggested that the Southeast Asian population of N. lugens mixes with the East Asian population. This highlighted the possibility that planthoppers from the Southeast Asian population, which have properties different from those in the East Asian population such as feeding of resistant rice varieties and wing polymorphism, could migrate to Japan via southern China and Taiwan. This study, therefore, emphasizes the special care that should be taken to monitor the properties of immigrants to Japan.
Is the psychopathology of acute and transient psychotic disorder different from schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders?
Authors: Marneros Andreas , Pillmann Frank , Haring Annette , Balzuweit Sabine , Blöink Raffaela 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectiveThis study explores psychopathological aspects of acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), a diagnostic category introduced with ICD-10, to elucidate its relationship with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses.MethodsWe recruited all consecutive inpatients fulfilling the ICD-10 criteria of ATPD (F23) during a 5-year period as well as control groups with “positive” schizophrenia (PS) and bipolar schizoaffective disorder (BSAD) matched for gender and age at index episode. For the evaluation of psychopathological parameters during index episode a standardized symptom list was used. Prepsychotic (prodromal) symptoms were also assessed.ResultsDuring the prepsychotic period few differences between the groups were detected. The most important difference between ATPD and the other two other psychotic disorders regarding phenomenology of the full-blown episodes was a higher frequency of “rapidly changing delusional topics”, “rapidly changing mood” and anxiety in ATPD.ConclusionATPD show a characteristic psychopathological picture consistent with earlier concepts such as cycloid psychoses and bouffée délirante. Nevertheless, psychopathology alone is not enough to establish ATPD as an independent nosological entity.
Professional team's choices of intervention towards problems and needs of patients suffering from schizophrenia across six European countries
Authors: Kovess Vivianne , Caldas de Almeida José Miguel , Carta Mauro , Dubuis Jacques , Lacalmontie Elisabeth , Pellet Jacques , Roelandt Jean-Luc , Moreno Kustner Berta , Walsh Dermot , Wiersma Durk 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectivesThis article compares in a systematic way the team's intervention choices of professionals across seven European countries: France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain towards problems and needs of patients with schizophrenia and relates this to the diversity of psychiatric systems.MethodsThe clinical and social status of 433 patients was assessed by means of the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) and the Needs for Care Assessment instrument (NFCAS) which was used to determine teams' intervention choices toward the NFCAS problems.ResultsThere is no, or little, consensus across Europe on teams' intervention choices towards either the clinical or the social problems and needs of patients suffering from schizophrenic disorders. These comparisons outlined the cultural differences concerning the interventions that were proposed and should be taken into account when interpreting the number of needs and the need status since the need status relies heavily on the interventions proposed. The differences were not connected with the availability of resources; most of the comparisons show differences between centers as well as differences between groups of relatively similar resource countries.
Survival of sardine larvae off the Atlantic Portuguese coast: a preliminary numerical study
Authors: Santos Aires J.P. , Nogueira João , Martins Helder 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A bio-physical model of sardine larvae off the Atlantic Portuguese coast, incorporating a three-dimensional circulation model, was used to estimate changing biomass during winter upwelling and downwelling events. The growth rate of larvae was modelled as a function of age, temperature, and prey concentration and the mortality rate as a function of age and temperature. Numerical results indicate that upwelling events during the spawning season may have a negative impact on larval survival. Total larval biomass seems to be mainly controlled by larval prey relative to temperature. This preliminary study does not account for the dynamics of the food chain and therefore the intense biological activity associated with an upwelling event, as well as the influence of river plumes in retention mechanisms.
Reconstruction of the long-term fire history of an old-growth deciduous forest in Southern Québec, Canada, from charred wood in mineral soils
Authors: Talon Brigitte , Payette Serge , Filion Louise , Delwaide Ann 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCharcoal particles are widespread in terrestrial and lake environments of the northern temperate and boreal biomes where they are used to reconstruct past fire events and regimes. In this study, we used botanically identified and radiocarbon-dated charcoal macrofossils in mineral soils as a paleoecological tool to reconstruct past fire activity at the stand scale. Charcoal macrofossils buried in podzolic soils by tree uprooting were analyzed to reconstruct the long-term fire history of an old-growth deciduous forest in southern Québec. Charcoal fragments were sampled from the uppermost mineral soil horizons and identified based on anatomical characters. Spruce (Picea spp.) fragments dominated the charcoal assemblage, along with relatively abundant wood fragments of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and birch (Betula spp.), and rare fragments of pine (Pinus cf. strobus) and white cedar (Thuja canadensis). AMS radiocarbon dates from 16 charcoal fragments indicated that forest fires were widespread during the early Holocene, whereas no fires were recorded from the mid-Holocene to present. The paucity of charcoal data during this period, however, does not preclude that a fire event of lower severity may have occurred. At least eight forest fires occurred at the study site between 10,400 and 6300 cal yr B.P., with a dominance of burned conifer trees between 10,400 and 9000 cal yr B.P. and burned conifer and deciduous trees between 9000 and 6300 cal yr B.P. Based on the charcoal record, the climate at the study site was relatively dry during the early Holocene, and more humid from 6300 cal yr B.P. to present. However, it is also possible that the predominance of conifer trees in the charcoal record between 10,400 and 6300 cal yr B.P. created propitious conditions for fire spreading. The charcoal record supports inferences based on pollen influx data (Labelle, C., Richard, P.J.H. 1981. Végétation tardiglaciaire et postglaciaire au sud-est du Parc des Laurentides, Québec. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire 35, 345-359) of the early arrival of spruce and sugar maple in the study area shortly after deglaciation. We conclude that macroscopic charcoal analysis of mineral soils subjected to disturbance by tree uprooting may be a useful paleoecological tool to reconstruct long-term forest fire history at the stand scale.
Genomic and nongenomic effects of aldosterone in the rat heart: why is spironolactone cardioprotective?
Authors: Chai Wenxia , Garrelds Ingrid M , Arulmani Udayasankar , Schoemaker Regien G , Lamers Jos M J , Danser A H Jan 
Published: April 2005

Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism with spironolactone reduces mortality in heart failure on top of ACE inhibition. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we compared the actions of both aldosterone and spironolactone to those of angiotensin (Ang) II in the rat heart.
Hearts of male Wistar rats were perfused according to Langendorff. Ang II and aldosterone increased left ventricular pressure (LVP) by maximally 11±4 and 9±2%, and decreased coronary flow (CF) by maximally 36±7 and 20±4%, respectively. Spironolactone did not significantly affect LVP or CF.
In hearts that were exposed to a 45‐min coronary artery occlusion and 3 h of reperfusion, a 15‐min exposure to spironolactone prior to occlusion reduced infarct size (% of risk area) from 68±2 to 45±3%, similar to the reduction (34±2%) observed following ‘preconditioning’ (15 min occlusion followed by 10 min reperfusion) prior to the 45‐min occlusion. Aldosterone exposure did not affect infarct size (71±5%).
In cardiomyocytes, aldosterone decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation maximally by 73±3%, whereas in cardiac fibroblasts it decreased [3H]proline incorporation by 33±7%. Spironolactone inhibited both effects. Ang II increased DNA and collagen synthesis, and these effects were reversed by aldosterone.
In conclusion, aldosterone induces positive inotropic and vasoconstrictor effects in a nongenomic manner, and these effects are comparable to those of Ang II. Aldosterone reduces DNA and collagen synthesis via MR activation, and counteracts the Ang II‐induced increases in these parameters. MR blockade reduces infarct size and increases LVP recovery following coronary artery occlusion. The MR‐related phenomena may underlie, at least in part, the beneficial actions of spironolactone in heart failure.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 664–671. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706220
Two mechanisms of action of the adamantane derivative IEM‐1460 at human AMPA‐type glutamate receptors
Authors: Schlesinger Friedrich , Tammena Derk , Krampfl Klaus , Bufler Johannes 
Published: April 2005

Antagonizing glutamatergic neurotransmission by blockade of AMPA‐type glutamate receptors (GluR) is a promising pharmacological strategy for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases and acute treatment of stroke.
We investigated the interaction of the adamantane derivative IEM‐1460 with human wild‐type and mutant AMPA‐type GluR channels. Different recombinant homooligomeric human AMPA‐type GluR channels and a rat nondesensitizing mutant GluR (GluR2 L504Y) channel were expressed in HEK293 cells and investigated using the patch‐clamp technique in combination with ultrafast agonist application.
When IEM‐1460 was coapplied with glutamate, an open channel block mechanism was observed at slow desensitizing GluR2 flip (0.1 mM IEM‐1460) and nondesensitizing GluR2 L504Y channels (1 μM IEM‐1460).
A competitive block of AMPA‐type channels was observed with IC50 values for the dose block curves of 0.1 mM IEM‐1460 at human unmutated and 10 μM IEM‐1460 at mutant GluR channels.
Nondesensitizing GluR2 L504Y channels were used to further characterize the block mechanism. After equilibration with the agonist, a current decay upon coapplication of glutamate and IEM‐1460 was observed. The recovery from block was independent of the glutamate and IEM‐1460 concentration. The extent of current inhibition as well as the time constant of current decay upon addition of the blocker to the test solution were dependent on agonist concentration; this strongly points to an additional competitive‐like block mechanism of IEM‐1460 at human AMPA‐type GluR channels.
The data were interpreted in the frame of a molecular scheme with two binding sites of IEM‐1460 at the receptor, one at the unliganded resting and the other at the fully liganded open state of the channels.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 656–663. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706233
Evaluation of perennial herbaceous legumes with different phosphorus sources and levels in a Brazilian Ultisol
Authors: Espindola J.A.A. , Guerra J.G.M. , Almeida D.L. , Teixeira M.G. , Urquiaga S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis study was carried out under field conditions with the aim of evaluating the period of time necessary for soil cover, dry matter production and accumulation of nutrients by perennial herbaceous legumes with different phosphorus sources at different levels. Four legumes were evaluated: calopo (Calopogonium mucunoidesDesv.), forage groundnut (Arachis pintoiKrap. & Greg.), siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum(OC.) Urb.) and tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides(Roxb.) Benth.). Each of these species received different phosphorus (P) sources and levels: no phosphate fertilization; 44 and 88 kg of P ha−1applied as rock phosphate; and 44 kg of P ha−1as triple superphosphate. Calopo, siratro and tropical kudzu completely covered the soil surface 129 days before forage groundnut. Phosphate fertilization did not increase the dry matter production of any species. The legumes forage groundnut, siratro and tropical kudzu showed desirable characteristics that promote their use as cover crops, such as high dry matter production and shoot accumulation of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). Forage groundnut had the highest proportion of N derived from the atmosphere at the end of the rainy season, while there were no significant differences between the legumes at the end of the dry season. There was an elevation of soil pH and calcium+magnesium (Ca+Mg) contents, associated with a reduction of aluminum (Al) content, in the surface soil layer (0–5 cm) for siratro in relation to groundnut and tropical kudzu. Tropical kudzu promoted higher soil organic C contents when compared to groundnut.
Perennial crops and endogenous nutrient supplies
Authors: Crews T.E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPerennial cropping systems may achieve significant improvement over annual systems in the synchrony between crop nutrient demands and nutrient supplies. Improvements in nutrient synchrony would result in the reduction of nutrient losses and their associated environmental impacts. A perennial system with high levels of synchrony would also require fewer nutrient inputs, such that it may be possible to develop an agriculture that functions mostly, if not entirely, on nutrient inputs from endogenous sources (i.e., weathering of primary and secondary minerals and biological nitrogen fixation). In this paper I describe three realms of research that will inform the development of relatively high-yielding grain production systems grown on endogenous nutrient supplies: (1) improvement of nutrient synchrony through the development of perennial crops; (2) identification of soils that are in a high nutrient release phase of pedogenesis, which could balance the export of rock-derived nutrients in crop harvests; and (3) optimization of legume density, harvest index and percent nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) to achieve adequate nitrogen inputs through biological fixation.
Detection of Airborne Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and Environmental Contamination in SARS Outbreak Units
Authors: Booth Timothy F. , Kournikakis Bill , Bastien Nathalie , Ho Jim , Kobasa Darwyn , Stadnyk Laurie , Li Yan , Spence Mel , Paton Shirley , Henry Bonnie , Mederski Barbara , White Diane , Low Donald E. , McGeer Allison , Simor Andrew , Vearncombe Mary , Downey James , Jamieson Frances B. , Tang Patrick , Plummer Frank 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is characterized by a risk of nosocomial transmission; however, the risk of airborne transmission of SARS is unknown. During the Toronto outbreaks of SARS, we investigated environmental contamination in SARS units, by employing novel air sampling and conventional surface swabbing. Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–positive air samples were obtained from a room occupied by a patient with SARS, indicating the presence of the virus in the air of the room. In addition, several PCR-positive swab samples were recovered from frequently touched surfaces in rooms occupied by patients with SARS (a bed table and a television remote control) and in a nurses’ station used by staff (a medication refrigerator door). These data provide the first experimental confirmation of viral aerosol generation by a patient with SARS, indicating the possibility of airborne droplet transmission, which emphasizes the need for adequate respiratory protection, as well as for strict surface hygiene practices
An introduction to a simple modelling tool to evaluate the annual energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions from non‐domestic buildings
Authors: Frame Ian 
Published: April 2005

PurposeThis paper describes an introduction to a simple modelling tool for designers of environmentally sensitive buildings.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical basis of the program is explained with examples given of typical program output.FindingsThe package can be used as an environmental simulator of a building's energy consumption and energy‐related carbon dioxide emissions. It is specifically designed to help meet the more stringent requirements of the Building Regulations for Fuel and Power L2 Approved Document, April 2002.Practical implicationsThe designer can explore building size, shape, fenestration, orientation and fabric thermal properties to minimise a buildings' environmental effect. Aspects of heating, lighting, and natural and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery systems can also be investigated. The spreadsheet is best used to check that buildings will comply with the regulations or used as an early design aid rather than a detailed design simulator of building performance. The program should therefore be of particular interest to architects, building surveyors and building control officers rather than building service engineers.Originality/valueDescribes an innovative approach to thermal design.
Developing a new understanding of markets: reinterpreting the 4Ps
Authors: Håkansson Håkan , Waluszewski Alexandra 
Published: April 2005

PurposeArising from systematic empirical observations' aims to fulfil the need to review and refine existing market models and tools.Design/methodology/approachThe article includes a critical analysis of existing marketing models, which mainly originate from the marketing mix (the 4Ps) model, which in turn has a clear micro economic “allocation of resources” background. Today, it is argued there are important changes in how markets work and what kind of marketing problems companies meet. Marketing is much more about dealing with dynamic issues where interaction is a key mechanism and where the value of resources are not given but can be developed. The basic marketing problem in many situations is consequently more about the development of resources than the allocation of them.FindingsThe 4Ps can still be a useful starting‐point in many analyses but then the model has to be reframed including how the 4Ps are conceptualized. In a first reinterpretation attempt, promotion (in terms of interaction) and place appear to be more essential for the creation of value, and product and price more an outcome of the same process.Originality/valueThe paper is a strong argument for an increased interest in developing new and alternative approaches to marketing where dynamic processes, including creation of resources and value, are focused.