bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hatch Upton , Swisher Marilyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic development and resource conservation are often in conflict because of concurrent demands for an improved standard of living for a growing population and environmental quality. Globalization brings in creasing biophysical and socioeconomic interactions. The potential irreversibilities associated with the loss of biodiversity and unique natural ecosystems to society are typically pitted against the opportunity of individuals to improve their economic well-being.
Protecting Natural Resources in a Developing Nation: The Case of Costa Rica
Authors: Ulate Gilbert Vargas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any nation’ s development should be based on the rational use of natural resources, the objective being to use them optimally. The definition of areas that will be used for the development, protection, and exploitation of natural resources is necessary. Furthermore, it should be done in a way that will provide both immediate and long-term benefits to the population. To make this a reality, both the ecological dimension (the natural environment) and the cultural dimension (the historical, social, economic, and technological environment) should be considered.
Organic Farming in Central America
Authors: Muñoz Gabriela Soto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organic farming movement has grown steadily since the mid-1960s, especially in Europe and the United States. Organic farming is becoming a well known new production strategy in Central America, pushed by international buyers and local growers. How ever, while the organic movement is promoted in Costa Rica, it is common for older farmers to say, “I have been an organic farmer all my life, as my father and his father were.” What is organic farming? Is it simply a traditional farming system with a new name? Is it a modern, more marketable farming system? Or is it a philosophy that tries to reset the natural balance? This chapter provides a brief overview of the organic farming movement and the politics associated with it in Central America.
The Sustainability of Milk Production in Mesoamerica
Authors: Jimenez-Créspo Carlos A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role that cattle ranching has played and continues to play in deforestation is discussed elsewhere in this volume (Boza, chapter 6; Fisher, chapter 23; Mayne, chapter 9; and others). The attention devoted to the role that ranching plays in environmental degradation in Mesoamerica leads almost inevitably to the conclusion that cows are indeed the culprits in many of Central America’ s environmental problems. However, cattle ranching to produce beef is only one way that cattle are exploited in Central America. They also provide animal traction in many nations, and milk is an important source of animal protein in the diets of many of the people.
Biologically Sustainable Agroecosystems: Using Principles of Ecology
Authors: Mayne John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern agriculture has been based on adapting the plant, soil, and climatic environment to a single desired crop, usually the most profitable crop, for many years. Farmers must grow crops for which there is a demand. Nonetheless, we now see that the agricultural system may ultimately fail if the crops grown are so unsuited to the natural environment that they need large inputs of nutrients, pesticides, herbicides, and petroleum-driven mechanical labor.
Shrimp Farming in Southern Honduras: A Case for Sustainable Production
Authors: Teichert-Coddington David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commercial shrimp farming in southern Honduras began in 1972 with the establishment of Sea Farms of Honduras near Punta Raton on the Gulf of Fonseca. Sea Farms was located onplayon (salt flats) and private land shared with cattle ranchers. Water was pumped from Estero Los Butus, an embayment of the Gulf of Fonseca. Sea Farms expanded from 45 to about 300 hectares during the decade that followed, accounting for almost all shrimp production in Honduras.
Otitis Media an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Daniel Hal J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I provide a review and update of otitis media (OM) and suggest that the prevalence and severity of OM could be reduced by adopting an evolutionary perspective. Many of the ideas that follow are oriented toward a reduction in the expensive, contemporary medical treatment of OM in favor of conservative, less medicalized “complementary” interventions. I present information that demonstrates a need to seriously consider these nonconventional intervention strategies for the prevention and control of OM.
Introduction
Authors: Lundberg Anders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the brief report by Frank and Fuortes appeared in 1957, I was in Canberra, and I remember vividly the excitement that it created. I had an experiment with Rose Eccles planned for the next day and we had no difficulty confirming their findings. I left Canberra soon afterwards and could not participate in the analysis, but in subsequent years, I read, with increasing amazement, the remarkable series of papers on presynaptic inhibition that emanated from there. Two of Eccles’s main collaborators in that body of work, R. F. Schmidt and W. D. Willis, are contributing to the present volume.
Selectivity of the Presynaptic Control of Synaptic Effectiveness of Group I Afferents in the Mammalian Spinal Cord
Authors: Rudomin Pablo , Jimenez Ismael , Quevedo Jorge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the late 1950s, it was considered that action potentials generated in the peripheral receptors traveled up the spinal cord to the terminal regions of the afferent fibers, where they promoted transmitter release, as in the peripheral neuromuscular junction (Rosenblueth et al., 1949). The profuse intraspinal branching of the afferent fibers was regarded as a mechanism that disperses information to a relatively large number of spinal neurons, as evidenced by the finding that single fibers from muscle spindles are connected with most of the homonymous motoneurons in the pool (Mendell and Henneman, 1971; see also chapter 15).
Differential Control of Presynaptic Inhibition of Ia Terminals During Voluntary Movement in Humans
Authors: Pierrot-Deseilligny Emmanuel , Meunier Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The monosynaptic stretch reflex has often been regarded as a system for the servo-control of limb position, but its low gain during steady contraction (Matthews, 1972) has led to questioning of its functional importance (Gottlieb and Agarwal, 1980). This gain may change during the course of a movement, however, as various mechanisms modulate it. One of them is presynaptic inhibition of Ia terminals, which is accompanied by primary afferent depolarization (PAD) (reviewed in Rudomin, 1990).
Maxima And Minima
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A straight segment is the shortest connection between its endpoints. An arc of a great circle is the shortest curve joining two points on a sphere. Among all closed plane curves of the same length the circle encloses the largest area, and among all closed surfaces of the same area the sphere encloses the largest volume. Maximum and minimum properties of this type were known to the Greeks, even though the results were often stated without a real attempt at a proof. One of the most significant Greek discoveries is ascribed to Heron, the Alexandrian scientist of the first century A.D. It had long been known that a light ray from a point P meeting a plane mirror L in a point R is reflected in the direction of a point Q such that PR and QR form equal angles with the mirror. Heron found that if R’ is any other point on the mirror, then the total distance PR’ + R’Q is larger than the distance PR + RQ. This theorem, which we shall prove presently, characterizes the actual path of light PRQ between P and Q as the shortest possible path from P to Q by way of the mirror-a discovery that can be considered the germ of the theory of geometrical optics.
Subterranean Wind and Internal Combustion
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the dawn of history, Mediterranean people have witnessed eruptions of volcanoes. Because of its unique geologic structure and high level of activity, this region had already fostered an interest in volcanic phenomena and other Earth processes in antiquity. As noted earlier, the thick continental African plate pushes inexorably northward at a rate of about 1 cm (0.4 in) per year, and the weak floor of the Mediterranean Sea is deformed, folded, and thrust down into the depths of the Earth’s mantle. This has led to a string of volcanoes along the zone of weakness, forming two major volcanic subduction zones: the Aeolian island arc in the west and the Hellenic island arc in the east.
How We Discover What Works
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While therapists expect their patients to confuse their beliefs with reality, they are not as attentive to their own blind spots. Therapists are led by theories of behavior that they often take on faith. And like their patients, these private theories do affect their practices. An example might illustrate better how personal theories operate. A number of years ago, one of us [LB] was sitting in his office at a small university in rural Texas when a young man approached and entered the office, asking, “Is this the place that has the machines?” He reported that somewhere in the building, there were machines, including a radio transmitter. He said the FBI was using the machines to broadcast thoughts to the inside of his head, and he was certain that he was being watched and that his life was in danger.
Molecular Motors
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every biologist has seen it and marveled. Some watch it for hours, spell-bound. Take an individual living cell—a human skin cell, for example and put it under a powerful microscope. What comes into view is a far cry from the vague “protoplasm,” the so-called living jelly, “the stuff of life” that was taught in high school biology courses a generation ago.“There’s a whole world buzzing in there,” says Robert D. Goldman, a cell biologist at Northwestern University’s medical school in downtown Chicago. “You can see all kinds of different things. Some of them just sit there and kind of jiggle but lots of them are traveling, going somewhere.” Goldman, who gets visibly excited when he talks about cells and microscopes, spies on the inner workings of individual cells both by peering directly into a microscope and also by using a special video camera that is sensitive to differences in light levels the eye cannot see. The camera looks into the eyepiece and relays what it sees through a battery of electronic devices that pick out the subtle contrasts and emphasize them. It displays the enhanced image on a video screen.
40 Ar/39Ar Data Presentation and Interpretation
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point, our focus has largely been on describing the materials that are appropriate for 40 Ar/39Ar dating and presenting the technical details required to produce reliable isotope ratio measurements. In this and subsequent chapters, we discuss the methods used to interpret 40Ar/ 39 Ar data in terms of geologic history. Depending upon the physical environment, 40 Ar/39Ar dates may be interpreted as rock forming ages or in terms of thermal closure to argon loss. In certain cases, interpretation of results using these models is quite straightforward, but in others, analysis artifacts and natural complications tend to obscure the age and/or thermal history information. Even in these latter cases, however, there are correction schemes we can apply to help overcome problems. In this chapter, we introduce the two graphical devices that have proved most useful in interpreting step heating results, the age spectrum and isochron. We then describe various artifacts of sample preparation and analysis that can reduce the clarity of the chronological information and discuss how these effects can be avoided or minimized. We include a discussion of the effects of excess argon on age interpretation and the steps that can be taken to see through this contamination.
Introductory Remarks, Notations, and Units
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of atomic physics in hot plasmas, also called plasma spectroscopy, is the study of the properties of the electrons and ions in an ionized medium and the electromagnetic radiation emitted from this medium. The plasma is assumed to have a temperature high enough so that the greater part of the atoms are ionized and all the molecular bonds are broken.
All the Fish in the Sea
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some warnings are worth heeding. In the 1980s, scientists such as Vaughn Anthony of the National Marine Fisheries Service in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, began saying that the fish off the coast of New England and Canada ‘s maritime provinces were disappearing because of overfishing. Fishing has been a major industry in these areas for centuries, and nothing like this had happened before. People did not act fast enough. Now the numbers of cod, haddock, and flounder are so low that it is not worth fishing for them.
Do No Harm
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one nation attacks another, plunders its resources, and kills its people, we think of that as an unmitigated harm. There is no excuse for it, and nations that engage in this are international outcasts at best. But when people in one nation merely let those in other nations suffer from poverty, disease, war, and hunger, little scorn or reprobation is forthcoming. This distinction between acts and omissions is understandable, but it is overdone. Why do I say it is understandable? After all, national distinctions are just as arbitrary as those based on race and sex. Here is why. If acts and omissions do not differ in their effects, then we have no reason to distinguish them. But often they do differ because of the way in which institutions are set up, because of the lines of authority that people have drawn. Social custom, convention, and law dictate that certain decisions are to be made by certain people. We say that these people are “responsible” for the decision. At one extreme, national governments are responsible for certain decisions about their citizens. At the other extreme, individuals are responsible for certain decisions about their own lives. In the middle, decision-making authority is allocated in complex ways within institutions like corporations. Social groups differ in how they assign responsibilities.
Buried in Sand
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To much lives on sand when air temperatures hit l 22°F. The Namib’s raw desert of sand and sun requires special ecological adaptations. One local species coping with these torrid living conditions is the Namib ant, !mown also as Ocymyrmrx robustior. Biologist Alan Marsh found that these long-legged ants, which don’t become active until the ground reaches 87°F, tolerate sands heated to l 51°F. Leaving subterranean nests to search for food, they cool themselves by pausing on grass stems, where it may be a remarkable 36°F cooler.
The Europa Hof
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
January. Pacific storms pounded the mountains that separate Nevada from California. Outside our home up in the Sierra Nevada Range heavy snow covered the sagebrush and manzanita, and the pathway from our front door was lined by snowy walls more than two meters high. With our Volkswagen van parked in the paved cul-de-sac, we trudged beyond the icy driveway and the unplowed dirt road, tugging trunks destined for Africa. Namibia’s warmth and sand would be a shocking contrast.
The Role Of Environmental Variation In Parental Effects Expression
Authors: Rossiter Marycarol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the growing realization that parental effects are pervasive, our ability to quantify their contribution to fitness is tenuous. This is due, in part, to the fact that we have not fully appreciated the extent to which the expression of parental effects (presence/absence and magnitude) can be modified by the environment. Our ability to quantify the contribution of parental effects to fitness is also limited by the availability of experimental designs that reliably separate parental effects from genetic effects (Rossiter 1997). In this chapter, I show how the expression of maternal and paternal effects can be subject to the vagaries of environmental experience. Examples taken from the literature include parental effects whose expression, lack of expression, or intensity of expression is the result of environll).ental variation unpredictable variation such as rainfall or food availability and predictable variation such as photoperiod or seasonality.
D
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daedalus Mythical Athenian inventor, regarded as a patron hero of craftsmen. According to legend, Daedalus (Greek: Daidalos) invented carpentry and woodworking, among other skills. But he fled from ATHENS after murdering his nephew-apprentice, who showed signs of .surpassing him in talent. Traveling to CRETE, Daedalus constructed a number of fabulous works, including the mechanical cow in which Queen Pasiphae was able to quench her unnatural lust for a bull. Imprisoned by the enraged king MINOS on account of the Pasiphae episode, Daedalus and his son, Icarus, escaped by flying away on mechanical wings attached to their arms. But Icarus, despite his father’s warning, soared too close to the sun, which melted his wings’ adhesive wax, and plummeted to his death in the AEGEAN SEA. Icarus’ fatal flight has often been interpreted as a metaphor for HUBRIS and overreaching ambition.
L
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labyrinth In MYTH, the Labyrinth was the mazelike palace designed by the Athenian craftsman DAEDALUS at Cnossus, in CRETE, to house the monstrous Minotaur: The Athenian hero THESEUS, making his way through the Labyrinth’s corridors with the help of the Cretan princess Ariadne, slew the Minotaur. The classical Greeks described any kind of architectural maze as a labyrinth (laburinthos) much as we use the word today.
N
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
names Unlike modem Americans, ancient Greek males and females typically carried only one personal name-for example, Socrates. In formal address, a man or boy might be specified by a patronymic (his father’s name): “Themis-tocles, son of Neocles.” However, at some Greek cities, specifically ATHENS, the use of the patronymic was discouraged due to social-leveling legislation aimed at removing distinctions and stigmas of lineage. Hence “Themistocles of the DEME of Phrearrus” was the preferred form. The masculine or feminine ending of a name clearly distinguished the person’s gender-Diotima and Elpinice are female; Pericles and Diodorus, male.
R
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
religion The ancient Greeks believed that their gods had a guiding hand in human affairs. Events as diverse as the annual sprouting of crops, disease epidemics, victory or defeat in war, and individual victories in sports events-which modem observers might assign to scientific causes-were seen by the Greeks as proof of the gods’ involvement in human events great and small. Greek MYTH told of gods in “the old days” who had actually descended to earth to make love or war among mortals. Although the Greeks of 400 s.c. did not expect to meet a god in the street, they did expect their gods to be invisibly present-at least in major, public events.
How Not to Think About Business Myths and Metaphors
Authors: Solomon Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every discipline or profession has its own self-glorifying vocabulary. It is how its proponents justify themselves, sell themselves, and think of themselves and what they do. A Politicians bask in the concept of public service even while they pursue personal power and exploit the fears and prejudices of their constituents. But who would question the virtue of devoting oneself to public service?
An Unusually Inhospitable Environment for Reform
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three factors have proved decisive in the development of Western welfare states: the balance of power between business and labor, the organization of political institutions, and the nature and extent of racial and ethnic cleavages. Individually and in combination, these factors have determined whether social reformers have been able to build comprehensive welfare states. Where wage earners have been unified and well-organized; where labor, social-democratic, or socialist political parties have emerged to represent working-class voters; and where the state and party systems have been centralized-under these conditions, welfare-state building has proceeded apace. Absent these preconditions, social reformers have faced enormous collective action problems that have made only the most limited reforms politically feasible.
The Great Society
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in the political and institutional environment opened a third window in the 1960s, and liberals responded. The results were dramatic: a War on Poverty, the extension of medical care to the aged and the poor, the liberalization of public assistance, the expansion of social security. But rather than narrow the differentiation between the U.S. and European welfare states the gap widened: instead of building institutions that might support a commitment to full employment or developing social policies to help working families, the United States embraced a conservative version of Keynesianism that privileged tax cuts for business and the affluent and adopted a limited set of income-maintenance and social-service programs narrowly targeted on the very poor.
The Development of the Child with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 on the characteristics of the ADHD child, I discussed the problems a child with ADHD encounters, and how these change as he grows. I also mentioned that the sequence of problems is not inevitable, and that may cause ADHD children to grow out of their problems as they become older. An obvious and reasonable question that parents might ask is what the fate of their ADHD child will be. Ten years ago we did not know. As I will explain, this question is now easier to answer. Because of new clinical data, we are obtaining a picture of the changes in the condition over time. The information comes from two sources. The first consists of studies of ADHD children who were followed from childhood into adolescence. We are beginning to obtain information about the adult outcome of ADHD children from a second source-two scientific studies, started about fifteen years ago, that systematically followed and compared a group of ADHD children with a group of non-ADHD children and evaluated them into their mid-twenties. These two studies, one conducted in New York City and the other in Montreal, are described later in this chapter.