bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causality, Meaning, And The Concept Of God
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theism, as a world hypothesis, attempts to make sense of the universe. It remains now to be seen how theism accomplishes that task. In this chapter I shall examine some of the features of theism which facilitate this integrative function. The central concept of the theistic world hypothesis is that God is a person. By considering God to be a person, we bring together in theism two integrating ideas: causality and purposiveness.
Butler as a Christian Apologist
Authors: Mitchell Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To ask the question is to assume that some useful answer might be forthcoming. But this assumption is open to two major objections, one more radical than the other. The first, more radical, objection is that any attempt to answer the question overlooks the enormous chasm that lies between his thoughtworld and our own, brought about in the first instance by the Romantic movement and then by that complex of attitudes which we may call modernity. The eighteenth century, it may be said, was the last period in European history when educated men could seriously believe that the truth about things could be arrived at by a process of reason or, indeed, that there could in any objective sense be a truth about things. Butler was a child of his time, a time which is now from us infinitely remote. Between him and us there has developed, not least among Christian theologians, a suspicion of all large-scale explanations, except perhaps in the realm of natural science, and a reluctance to claim knowledge of the transcendent. Hence the distinction which Butler received from Locke and, further back, from Aquinas between natural and revealed religion has little appeal either to those who attack Christianity or to those who defend it.
The Psalms and their Inscriptions
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Book of Psalms has had a prominent position in the Church from its beginning. The New Testament quotes it more than any other book of the Old Testament.’ When Christians began writing commentaries on Old Testament scripture, the Psalms was one of the books most frequently so treated. Hippolytus may have produced the first Christian commentary on the psalms in the early third century. Origen’s commentary on the first twenty-five psalms may have been the first treatise that he composed (AD 222-5).4 He devoted three commentaries to the Book of Psalms over the period of his life.5 Subsequent commentaries on the Book of Psalms were extremely numerous.
Analysis and Summary of the Structure and Contents of the Treatise
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gregory begins by acknowledging that the commentary has been written at someone’s request, and stating that the investigation seeks the meaning in the inscriptions that can lead one to virtue again notes that the historical order of the events differs from the order of the psalms. The encounter between David and Saul in the cave, he asserts, 'is described after many events which it had preceded' (u. 224). This is a slight misrepresentation.
The Structure of the Psalter and the Stages of the Spiritual Life
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
M.-J. Rondeau has noted the absence in this treatise of the themes of the divine darkness and the epectasis, i.e. the theme of continually straining forward towards God which Gregory derived from Philippians 3: 13. The fact that these themes are characteristic of Gregory’s mature spiritual thought suggests to her that this treatise was one of Gregory’s earlier writings. I am in agreement that this is one of Gregory’s earlier treatises, and note in addition that Gregory’s doctrine of the infinity of God, the correlate of the epectasis doctrine, is barely mentioned in the treatise (1. 59). In this section I shall set forth what Gregory says about the stages of the spiritual life in the treatise on the Psalms, note how the teaching here differs from that in his two famous later treatises on the same subject, the De vita Moysis and the In canticum canticorum, and suggest a reason for the differences.
Reformation Interaction: (2) Martin Bucer
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vermigli not only read two works by Zwingli, but also two works by the Strasbourg reformer, Martin Bucer (1491–1551). When reading Bucer’s commentaries on the Psalms and the Gospels, Vermigli could not have imagined that in a few years he would be teaching alongside Bucer in Strasbourg. In fact, Vermigli twice served as a colleague of Bucer, in Strasbourg (1542–;7) and in England (1549–51). This decade-long friendship and collaboration forms the central basis for the claim that Bucer exercised a major theological influence on Vermigli. Following this line of thought, it has further been suggested that Vermigli’s doctrine of predestination was derived principally from Martin Bucer. Hasting Eells followed Charles Schmidt in postulating Bucerian influence.
Old Laws and New Religions
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Discrimination’ is a word that, in recent decades, has acquired distinctly pejorative connotations, and modern societies, at least in the West, have made laws to prohibit discrimination in various departments of social life. It might be supposed, particularly in light of recurrent international expression at the very highest political levels that even in matters of religion, formal discrimination had finally become a thing of the past. If men have the right, as these international tribunals proclaim, freely to believe, practise, and teach whatever religion that each of them chooses, it may well be supposed that complete religious equality has been attained. Citizens may claim equal rights regardless of their religion, and different religions are said to be equal before the law with respect to the facilities that they may enjoy and the rights that they may exercise.
Introduction
Authors: Waddington P A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appearance of police officers openly and routinely carrying sub-machine-guns at international airports, or clad in protective clothing and carrying shields as they battle with rioters and violent pickets, has led to widespread public concern and anxiety. It seems that the traditional commitment of an unarmed police to the principle of ‘minimum force’ is threatened. It is feared that the British police may be abandoning their policy of ‘policing by consent’ in favour of an alien style of policing based upon coercion.
Expansion Since Robbins
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE Robbins Report heralded further expansion in British higher education. Ideas about development, as we reviewed them in Chapter 2, and the evolving hierarchy as we traced it from its Oxbridge apex in Chapter 3, are windows through which the Report appears in historical perspective. In the following period from 1963 to 1990 expansion continued in such a way as to obliterate Robbins as a numerical landmark. Absolute numbers of students in the higher education system rose every year. In 1962 the total number of full-time students was 119,000. By 1988/9, including part-timers in universities, the Open University, the polytechnics, and other colleges offering advanced courses, it was 964,000.
Towards Unitary Higher Education
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A HURRIED declaration of post-binary higher education policy came out of the clamour of the hustings. Its scope and shape are yet to be clarified. Meanwhile, universities and polytechnics may still be thought of conventionally as the ancient and the modern in British higher education. How far these common conceptions represent historical realities can be debated. But such has been the pace of change that a unitary system is now officially in place. The immediate question in 1991 was the timing of the announcement of formal integration. It came in May. Under the aegis of the 1988 Education Reform Act, the UGC had given way to the UFC and the National Advisory Board (NAB) to the PCFC. These two short-lived funding bodies were in close interchange, though their constituents were still divided fundamentally over entitlements to research funding. The new higher-education funding councils for England, Scotland, and Wales will be the forum for a difficult allocation problem. The two sectors have been in a state of chronic reorganization virtually since 1970, when thirty polytechnics were formed and catapulted into rapid growth. Two sectors, it should be noted, was in any case a simplification of a complex arrangement of different colleges and universities. And integration oversimplified the position in Scotland where (as Scottish respondents are quick to remind one) the whole educational system is different and the Central Institutions were not strictly classifiable as polytechnics. The polytechnics had escaped the financial control of their founding local authorities and many of them had openly sought recognition as universities, in effect following the path of the Colleges of Advanced Technology which were born out of the Robbins Report and took their place in the university sector after 1966.
The Collegiate Alternative: The Case Of Oxford1
Authors: Halsey A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF we follow Max Weber we learn that classes are formed out of distinct market and work situations. The market position of academics in many countries, including Britain, has been increasingly defined since the end of the First World War by the power of the State as a monopsonistic employer. This does not mean, as for example in modern Germany, that dons have been official civil servants. Nor does it mean that work situations have been directly dictated by a central minister acting as the agent of government. Such developments were a threat largely unheeded until the 1970s. Threat has begun to approach reality only in the past decade with new legislation curtailing tenure. Over a longer period restriction on the proportion of senior posts in universities has reflected State financial interests and was a point of chronic conflict between the UGC, the CVCP, and the AUT from after the Second World War. The third component of class formation—autonomy of working conditions—is, however, different. Without it the still longer-run tendency towards proletarianization is accelerated, and the process is possible under State management as much as free market conditions because, as Weber insisted, the bureaucratic form of organization facilitates if it does not positively require it. It is this fundamental aspect of academic work that we consider in this chapter.
The Durkheimian Dilemma
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the extent that societies may be thought of as systems, they are surely distinguished by their peculiar need for solidarity and their occasional liablity to schism. And because consensus is the unique constitutive property of societies, as opposed to other kinds of systems, it is primarily as the study of the causes of solidarity and schism that sociology (as opposed to the hundred and one sociologies of this, that, and the other) has its raison d’etre as an autonomous discipline. More than anyone else, Durkheim is the founder of the subject in this sense, the incomparable theoretician of the bases of social order. The ideas he fashioned for this purpose have the power and simplicity of extraordinary intuition; and it is no exaggeration to say that, where contemporary social theory is not a refinement and revision of Durkheim’s ideas, any rival interpretation of social order and social conflict that wishes to be taken at all seriously must address itself to his formulation and solution of this problem. But, since the insights of Durkheim’s theory are profound, its deficiencies are also in every sense outstanding and equally worthy of note. This chapter introduces one of them. It is an important, enlightening flaw which also faults the neo-Durkheimian school of normative functionalism.
The Problem of Disorder
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will not attempt to summarize arguments that have been presented so far in the book. It is hoped that the conclusions of each particular line of argument have been stated clearly enough to make this task unnecessary. What might be useful, however, is a brief review of the basic thesis of the Durkheimian ‘problem of disorder’. This problem, which is also traceable in the work of the neo-Durkheimian school of normative functionalism, has two main sources. The first is to be found in the analytically residual nature of those aspects of society which Durkheim often refers to under the general rubric of the ‘utilitarian’.
Indoctrination
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing survey of the three kinds of explanations entering into the theory of proletarian revolution shows that, while they comprise a very versatile set of arguments not easily capable of empirical disproof, all have the same basic flaw. This is to be found in the assumption that, through their powers of reason, workers will be quick to learn from their experience of capitalist production relations that their ends can only be realized by the abolition of these relations. Moreover, the fact that material and moral impoverishment, and self-education through collective action and class struggle, have not led to proletarian revolution in the most advanced capitalist societies has long since suggested, and not least to many Marxist theoreticians, that the assumption of proletarian reason is faulty.
The Experience of RENEW in the Parishes
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of Chapter 4 we had arrived at the point where the RENEW programme was about to start at the beginning of Season 1. All the preparations had been made and the programme was launched with a Mass concelebrated by Bishop Patrick and his priests in the soccer stadium of Southlands Athletic. At the end of Season 1 a diocesan evaluation exercise was undertaken. In the previous chapter we showed that its results were systematically biased in favour of the positive outcomes of the programme and that many of the criticisms expressed about the programme in the diocese tended to be discounted. We also offered an analysis of a very large amount of soft data which we collected from a wide variety of different sources and levels in the diocese during the first two sea sons of RENEW.
Conceptions of Social Work
Authors: Cheetham Juliet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the last twenty years the story of social work and the personal social service with which it is inextricably linked has been one of extraordinary contrasts. These two quotations seem to come from two different worlds: one full of optimism and aspiration, grand and at times grandiose design; the other somewhat weary from experience, more cautious, more precise, requiring words to be linked to resources and action. Both reports express visions of policies developed independently and seemingly ignorant of sociological knowledge and enquiry.
Government against Poverty in the European Community
Authors: Room Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, A. H. Halsey devoted a great deal of his attention to the American and British antipoverty programmes which had been launched under the auspices of Democratic and Labour Governments respectively. He was active in the development of the British Community Development Project (COP) and he was national director of EPA, the Educational Priority Area initiative, both of which built consciously on their American forerunners (Halsey 1972).
Global Migrants: An Introduction
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dabbing his eyes with a handkerchief as he moves from person to person, Abdullah Meer of Talukpur village, Nobiganj, and Stepney Green, London, bids his family goodbye. After a three-month visit to his natal home, he is returning to his British council flat, his restaurant business, and his wife and children. It is an event which he has experienced many times in a life punctuated by arrivals and departures. Each time he returns to Talukpur, both he and the village have changed. Today, half the homesteads are built of stone rather than mud and thatch, and a motor-bike rather than a rickshaw will carry him over the dirt track towards the tarmacked road three miles away.
Journeys
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To open a chapter on overseas migration with a song about spiritual journeying might seem a trifle odd. But whilst travelling in search of waged employment is at one obvious level different from the search for religious enlightenment or purification, at another the two journeys share similar elements, for both are essentially concerned with transformation, with changing oneself from one state to another. This chapter deals primarily with the history of migration from Sylhet. But combined with being an account of changing labour markets, immigration law, and so forth, it also concerns the individual journeys made by thousands of Sylhetis.
Brides and Grooms
Authors: Gardner Katy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no formal marriage season in Talukpur, but the vast majority of weddings take place in the dry season, when the monsoon waters recede and the village becomes more accessible. Over these winter months minibuses full of wedding guests can be seen jolting along the village paths or across the dry fields. Sometimes one can see a bride being taken to her new household on the path across the fields, the wedding party walking alongside a covered rickshaw or, more traditionally, a covered sedan chair for carrying brides. Increasingly, they travel by car.
The Union Relative Wage Gap
Authors: Main Brian G M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of a trade union to influence the wages of its members has long been a subject of interest to social scientists. Initially the focus was on whether or not a trade union could exert any appreciable influence at all, but gradually with the development of theory and the accumulation of empirical evidence, attention switched to a discussion of what is sometimes called the trade union mark-up on wages. The empirical magnitude of this effect has an important bearing on certain explanations of Britain’s current high level of unemployment and on recent government policy towards trade unions.
The Cultural and Historical Setting
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
East New Britain Province is best known in economic and political anthropology as the home of the Tolai, whose ‘primitive capitalism’ (T. S. Epstein 1968) has brought them academic fame and whose successful manipulation of Western resources and institutions has made their region a political and economic powerhouse in Papua New Guinea (see especially A. L. Epstein 1969, 1978; Salisbury 1970; Neumann 1992). Yet the Tolai occupy only a small area of the province, albeit the choicest region from the viewpoint of commercial exploitation (largely due to the rich volcanic soil, flat topography, and mercantile opportunities afforded by the natural harbour at Rabaul). The mountainous area of rainforest covering the rest of the province is sparsely populated by a variety of other groups, whose languages contrast very starkly with the Melanesian vernacular of the Tolai.
The Pomio Kivung Movement
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To recapitulate, the Pomio Kivung is a large-scale, centralized move ment among the Pomio-Baining peoples of East New Britain in Papua New Guinea.1 On one level it is concerned with the acquisition of Western technology through the performance of ritual and a Christian-syncretic vision of eternal ‘heaven on earth’. In these respects it forms part of a tradition of millenarian and ‘cargo cult’ activity in the Pomio and Baining regions. But the movement also pursues political goals by parliamentary and other secular means. The founder of the movement, Michael Koriam Urekit (generally known as ‘Koriam’), held continuous office in the House of Assembly (national parliament) at Port Moresby from 1964 until his death in 1978. But in the eyes of his followers, Koriam was more than a worldly politician: he was an embodiment of God (Trompf 1990a: 65; Tovalele 1977: 124), whose spirit resided among the ancestors. Koriam’s associate, Bernard Balatape (known as ‘Bernard’), and subsequently his successor Kolman Kintape Molu (known as ‘Kolman’), were likewise deified and considered to reside at a spiritual level in the world of the ancestors. In this chapter, I seek to provide a general introduction to the ideas, rituals, political structure, scale, and external relations of the Pomio Kivung movement.
Routinization
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I outlined the institutional system operating more or less uniformly in all Pomio Kivung communities, including Dadul. Each community in the movement performs a similar set of rituals, informed by a common body of doctrines, disseminated from a central seat of authority at Malmal in the Pomio region. A striking feature of these community institutions is that they are highly routinized, being reproduced primarily in daily and twice-weekly repetitions. This emphasis on repetitive or routinized activity is connected to the ways in which ideas are codified and religious experience is cultivated. The style of codification and cultural transmission is related in turn to the scale and structure of the mainstream Pomio Kivung movement.
Introduction: The Historical Origins of Companyism: From Westernization to Indigenization*
Authors: Junji Banno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s bubble economy, social scientists in Japan and elsewhere showed great interest in ‘Japanese-style management’ and ‘Japanese-style administration’. Although the bubble has burst, this interest persists. Now, however, instead of praise, the formerly admired patterns are subject to criticism.
Economic Co-operation in Place of Historical Remorse: Japanese Post-War Settlements with China, Russia, and Korea in the Context of the Cold War*
Authors: Haruki Wada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 2 September 1948, at the end of a three-week visit to Japan, Chang Jun, a former prime minister of the Republic of China, made an appeal to the Japanese public.1 He welcomed the fact that Japan was following the GHQ’s directives to establish a new order based on democratic principles. However Chang Jun warned that ‘while it is a simple task to bring about revolutionary changes to tangible systems and laws, intangible morals and psyches are not easily altered’. He concluded that ‘Japan needs to undergo an moral revolu¬ tion (shiso kakumei) and to build a new national psyche’. Chang Jun urged the Japanese public to reflect deeply on the mistakes of the pre-war period and the results of those mistakes while bringing about moral and psychological changes to the nation.