bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The disorders covered in Part II of this book collectively demonstrate that damage to the white matter of the brain can disrupt higher functions. The review of these individual disorders forms a basis for considering the many neurobehavioral syndromes they may produce. These syndromes are described primarily in case re¬ ports and case series, in which there is a variable amount of clinical detail. For some disorders, more comprehensive information is available from systematic studies using neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlation. The goal in Part ill is to discuss these syndromes in detail as a prelude to developing a behavioral neurology of white matter, to be presented in Chapter 18.
Wrist Drop
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two months previously, a 46-year-old woman discovered a right wrist drop on awaking. She also noted paresthesias over the dorsum of her thumb and a mild forearm ache. Her strength was gradually returning. Medical history included multiple abdominal operations because of gastric ulcers. Physical Examination. Patient had weakness of all wrist and finger extensors on the right. The brachioradialis was atrophied, and elbow flexion (forearm in neutral position) was weak. The triceps and all other muscles in the upper extremity were normal. Hypalgesia was limited to the lateral dorsum of the hand. DTRs were active and symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor.
Fictions
Authors: Kermode Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of my tasks in this second talk is to answer some of the questions which I begged in the first. I wanted to concentrate on eschatological fictions, fictions of the End, in relation to apocalypse itself; and though I did say something about these as analogous to literary fictions, by means of which we impose other patterns on historical time, I did little to justify the analogy. And when I spoke of the degree to which fictions vary from the paradigmatic base, I again confined myself largely to straight apocalypse-the way the type figures were modified, made to refer not to a common End but to personal death or to crisis, or to epoch. I mentioned that literary fictions changed in the same way-perpetually recurring crises of the person, and the death of that person, took over from myths which purport to relate one’s experience to grand beginnings and ends.
Bone Loss: Managing Calcium and Bone Loss in Space
Authors: Buckey Jay C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
November 11, 1982: aboard the Salyut 7 space station, Valentin Lebedev finds his crewmate Anatoli Berezovoy writhing in pain. The pain is on the left side of his abdomen. Both the crew and mission control are concerned, but fortunately the symptoms resolve on their own, and the mission moves forward [1]. In retrospect, the leading possible cause of the pain was a kidney stone. Although the details are not known, one explanation is that unloading of the skeleton led to calcium leaving the bones. This calcium entered the urine, increasing the risk of kidney stone formation during the flight. Berezovoy’s symptoms started when the stone, which had been growing in the kidney, broke loose and traveled down a ureter. The case highlights one of the major physiological changes facing crews in weightlessness: bone and calcium loss.
Cardiovascular Changes: Atrophy, Arrhythmias, and Orthostatic Intolerance
Authors: Buckey Jay C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On May 16, 1963, Gordon Cooper splashed down after the longest (34 hours) and last Mercury flight. Thirty-five minutes later, his Faith 7 capsule was hoisted onto the deck of the USS Kearsarge. His blood pressure and pulse were monitored as he left the capsule and stood up. While standing on the deck, his heart rate climbed to 188 beats/minute. The postflight report noted: “After standing on the deck for approximately 1 minute, the pilot began to look pale and, although his face was already wet, new beads of perspiration appeared on his forehead. He swayed slightly and reported symptoms of impending loss of consciousness including lightheadedness, dimming of vision, and tingling of his feet and legs” [1, p. 317].
Neuroanatomy and Assessment of Cognitive-Behavioral Function
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assessment of cognitive and behavioral functions provides a benchmark for gauging and tracking these functions over time and assists in understanding the nature of normal and abnormal physiology, the mechanisms underlying these processes, and rational plans for treating cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders. Our exploration into how the brain and mind mediate behavior begins with neurobehavioral assessment, which traditionally focuses on abnormal or deficient performance. Understanding the mechanisms of neuro behavior is better served by also studying normal and superior performance. The explosion of information from newer technologies such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), expands our knowledge of the processes and networks underlying behavior.
Emotion and the Limbic System
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The limbic system helps to regulate emotion, memory, motivation, drive, instinct, and social relations. The subcortical and cortical components of the limbic system strongly interconnect with other limbic areas, as well as with the brain stem and diencephalic and neocortical association areas. These connections allow limbic areas to balance and mediate drive functions, such as hunger, thirst, sex, aggression, and defense, as well as cognitive functions modulated by personal history and environment, such as social interactions.
Mechanics of Ventilation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Movement of air between the environment and the alveoli is governed by mechanical properties of the lungs and chest wall and by characteristics of air flow in the airways. These mechanical factors are fundamental to mammalian respiration and to an understanding of the impact of stress and/or disease on respiration. In fact, many pulmonary function tests designed to quantitate disease measure airflow and volume properties of the lung. Lung volume is divided into several overlapping components (Fig. 3.1), each of which varies from individual to individual and depends on age and body size; larger individuals have larger lung volumes. Tidal volume (VT) is the volume of the air that moves in and out in a single breath. Normally, a person begins inhalation of VT from functional residual capacity (FRC), the volume of gas within the lungs after total relaxation of all respiratory muscles.
Acid-Base Regulation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concentration of H+ ([H+]) in various compartments of the body is critical to homeostasis. Because the respiratory system has a key role in H+ regulation through CO2 excretion by the lungs, we need to understand acid-base regulation. In addition to the lungs, the kidneys are also important in H+ regulation. In this chapter we first develop some basic concepts of acid-base chemistry. Later we apply these to the understanding of acid-base regulation in the body.
Polyploidy: Incidence, Types, and Modes of Establishment
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polyploidy, the possession of at least three complete sets of chromosomes, has been a pivotal factor in plant evolution. An increase in pilonidal level with or without hybridization often has been associated with speciation and the origin of novel adaptations. Our perception of the importance of polyploidy in flowering plant evolution has varied considerably over the past half-century. Stebbins (1971) estimated that 30-35% of angiosperms had polyploidy in their ancestry. This was based on chromosome numbers in a genus that are integer multiples of a lower chromosome number. Grant (1963) estimated that 47% of angiosperms were polyploidy. He observed that peak haploid numbers were between 7 and 9 and assumed that numbers 10-13 were obtained by ascending aneuploidy. Using estimates of basic haploid numbers in angiosperm families, Gold blatt (1980) concluded that monocots with n &gt; 10 (or roughly 70% of all species) were polyploidy.
Chromosomal and Genetic Consequences of Chromosome Doubling
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autotetraploids have four homologues that are capable of pairing. Only two chromosomes may be paired at any one position. However, different chromosomes may be paired at different positions. As a consequence, meiocytes in prophase and metaphase I of meiosis may contain quadrivalents. The number of quadrivalents and other possible configurations (trivalent plus univalent and bivalents) depends on the number of chiasmata per chromosome (Sybenga, 1992). The greater the number, the more likely quadrivalents will be formed.
Receptors
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept that most drugs, hormones, and neurotrans-mitters produce their biological effects by interacting with receptor substances in cells was introduced by Langley in 1905. It was based on his observations of the extraordinary potency and specificity with which some drugs mimicked a biological response (agonists) while others prevented it (antagonists). Later, Hill, Gaddum, and Clark independently described the quantitative characteristics of competitive antagonism between agonists and antagonists in combining with specific receptors in intact preparations.
Cellular Mechanisms in Learning and Memory
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtually every neurotransmitter system presented in this book is associated with some specific behavioral effects elicited by its agonists, antagonists, and often genetic manipulation of its receptors. A far more difficult question is just what role any given transmitter system plays in initiating, maintaining, or terminating the behavior. In this chapter, we consider an issue that represents one of the most complex behavioral achievements of nervous systems, the ability to learn and remember.
The Emerson Brothers
Authors: Bosco Ronald A , Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Emerson Brothers: A Fraternal Biography in Letters is a narrative and epistolary biography based upon the lifelong correspondence exchanged among the four Emerson brothers: Charles Chauncy, Edward Bliss, Ralph Waldo, and William Emerson, as well as Charles’ 181 letters to his fiancée Elizabeth Hoar (one of the few extended series of courtship letters surviving from this period) and 86 letters from the brothers to their paternal aunt Mary Moody Emerson in which they discuss their moral and theological upbringing and views. Often composed as “round robin” exchanges among and between the brothers, the Emerson brothers’ correspondence is the last great untapped body of personal writings remaining in manuscript from within the Emerson family. These letters illuminate aspects of Waldo’s character and personal and intellectual development that, lacking access to the letters, even his most sympathetic biographers and critics have thus far failed to appreciate fully; reveal that all of the brothers were invigorated by their shared sense of origin as well as by a sense of duty to improve upon their ancestors’ literary and intellectual work; shine new light on Waldo’s debt to William for his first serious encounters with German Higher Criticism in the midUL1820s; present new evidence about the devastation Waldo felt at the death in 1831 of his first wife, a correction to Waldo’s own sometimes under-recorded sense of grief at her passing; demonstrate that Waldo’s desire for financial security for himself, his mother, and his brothers was at least as powerful a motivation behind his resignation from Boston’s Second Church in 1832 as were Ellen’s death and his reservations about the Lord’s Supper; and mark Waldo’s self-conscious and steady progress away from the forms of institutionalized religion toward the career of lecturer, essayist, poet, and social reformer which earned him his reputation as a principal architect of American culture.
The Hippocratic Heresy: Alternative Medicine’s Worldview
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walter Johnson, the homeopath quoted at the close of the preface, referred to his practice as a “medical heresy” and his colleagues as “so-called heretics.” In fact, the members of all alternative schools of treatment have regarded themselves as heretics, as dissenters from the established gospel of medical theory and practice subjected to castigation and persecution for their heterodox beliefs. They thought of their heresy as “so called,” however, because all were confident that they possessed the one genuine gospel of health. Even so, each of the alternative systems has paid homage to the same source of inspiration revered by orthodox medicine, looking back to Hippocrates, the Greek physician of the fourth century b.c.e., as their doctrinal father. Indeed, so strong has this attachment been, one might think of alternative systems of medicine collectively as so many Hippocratic heresies.
Innate Intelligence: Chiropractic
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there was anything the first generation of osteopaths hated as much as allopathy, it was chiropractic. That rival method of musculoskeletal manipulation was simply “pseudo-osteopathy,” they believed, a “violent imitation” of osteopathy carried on by “fakers” whose “theft” had debased Still’s methods into “a cheap and inferior grade of osteopathy”; chiropractors were “plagiarists” notable “only for their utter ignorance.” Whether any plagiarism was involved or not, the charge of ignorance is unquestionably true, at least when applied to chiropractic in its formative stages. Even one of the most sympathetic historians of chiropractic acknowledges that in its early decades the system was “infected with faddism and quackery.” Furthermore, since the first impression that chiropractic made upon conventional medicine was such a lasting one, coloring relations between the two sides down to the end of the twentieth century and largely shaping the medical profession’s attitudes toward all unorthodox systems, this chapter will concentrate on the negative facets of chiropractic during the first three decades of the twentieth century. The positive changes made by the profession since the 1930s will be addressed in a later chapter; for now, the task is to illustrate why Morris Fishbein, the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association and the man who charged osteopaths with trying to sneak into medicine by the back door, asserted chiropractors were even worse, as they were trying to crawl in “through the cellar.” Further, he reminded, “the man who applies at the back door at least makes himself presentable. The one who comes through the cellar is besmirched with dust and grime; he carries a crowbar and he may wear a mask!”
Neurologic Manifestations of Pharmacologic Agents Commonly Used in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critically ill patients are sedated to facilitate mechanical ventilation, overcome anxiety, protect against myocardial stress and ischemia, and support sleep. The desired depth may vary from “conscious sedation,” which creates a comfort level to allow nursing procedures without pain, to levels approaching general anesthesia. Many agents (for example, midazolam and propofol) are administered by continuous infusion.
Neurologic Complications of Invasive Procedures in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in procedure technology and ICU apparatus continue, and the indications for invasive hemodynamic monitoring have expanded. Monitoring is a typical line of action in critically ill patients, although practices differ. When neurologic complications occur, they are often curiosities, less commonly iatrogenic (in the true sense of the word) and incidentally related to technical failure of the device. On the surface, the presumption is that neurologic complications of invasive procedures in intensive care units (ICUs) are rare.
Neurologic Complications of Acute Vasculitic Syndromes
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innumerable occasions may arise for patients with a necrotizing vasculitis to be admitted to a medical or surgical intensive care unit (ICU). With every visceral and organ involvement comes a potentially life-threatening condition, and often they occur simultaneously. These conditions are ischemic ulceration of the gut, pulmonary hemorrhage due to small vessel vasculitis or capillaritis, necrotizing nephritis, and myocarditis. In some patients, the effects of immunosuppressive therapy to combat vasculitis may prompt intensive care. The disorders discussed in this chapter were chosen as typical of the problems that consulting neurologists may see in ICUs.
Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in cardiac surgery have improved long-term outcome in patients with coronary and valvular disease, but some of the gains have been counterbalanced by damage to the brain. Use of cardiopulmonary bypass in either coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or open heart surgery greatly increases the risk for neurologic complications.
Withdrawing Life Support in the Intensive Care Unit: A Neurologist’s Perspective
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major cultural, religious, and societal differences determine the level of care. Van den Noort writes, and few would argue, “There is a philosophy that is particularly American of ‘do something’ with little regard to the probability of success, the cost of the achievement or the consequences of such focused efforts on society as a whole.” In the U.S. health care system, there is a tendency to provide all available technical care and later determine its justification.
The Dynamic Nature of the Herbaceous Layer: Synthesis and Future Directions for Research
Authors: Gilliam Frank S , Roberts Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many other plant ecologists of the past several generations, we have long been impressed and influenced by the work and writings of Henry Chandler Cowles, particularly his turn-of-the-twentieth-century work on the vegetation of the Indiana dunes. With his well-known, succinct description of succession as “a variable approaching a variable, not a constant” (Cowles 1901, p. 81), he articulated perhaps more clearly than did any other ecologist the dynamic nature of plant communities in general. We have adopted such a view in this book, attempting to highlight the spatially and temporally dynamic nature of the herbaceous layer of forests.
Metarepresentations in an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Sperber Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as bats are unique in their ability to use echo-location, so humans are unique in their ability to use metarepresentations. Other primates may have some rather rudimentary metarepresentational capacities. We humans are massive users of metarepresentations and of quite complex ones at that. We have no difficulty, for instance, in processing a three tiered metarepresentation such as that in example (1).
How to Acquire a Representational Theory of Mind
Authors: Leslie Alan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of cognitive development is dominated by the view that con cepts are essentially packets of theory-like knowledge (Carey, 1985; 1988; Keil, 1989). This view has emerged from a long tradition of viewing con cepts as descriptions of one kind or another, though there have been and continue to be many variations and disagreements concerning the character of the associated knowledge (e.g., Murphy & Medin, 1985; for crit ical reviews of this tradition, see Fodor, 1998; Kripke, 1972; Laurence & Margolis, in press). The essence of this family of views is that the knowledge packet associated with the concept determines what in the world a given concept refers to or designates - it fixes what the concept is a concept of. For example, the concept DOG1 might be associated with a knowledge structure that specifies “HAIRY, FOUR-LEGGED, ANIMAL, BARKS, WAGS TAIL ... “ If this specification captures the structure of the concept, DOG, then this is the specification you will need to know in order to possess the concept, for the following reason: this specification, when ap plied to the world, is what will selectively pick out the things that are dogs and thus link DOG with dogs.
Determinants of Island Species Number
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of bird species on Northern Melanesian islands varies from 3 species on some tiny islets up to 127 for the largest island, New Britain. What factors account for that variation? Tables 9.1 and 9.2 summarize for each or-nithologically significant island its number of resident species and also its area (A), height (H), and distance (D) from the nearest major source island. We list separately for each island the number of species normally occurring in the lowlands (S10w) and the number normally confined to the mountains on that island (Smtl• Here we discuss the dependence of Slow on A, the dependence of Slow on D, effects of volcanic defaunation, determinants of Smt, and, finally, the effects of Pleistocene land bridges. Our discussion is based on (updated from) Diamond (1972a, 1974, 1982a, 1983), Diamond and Mayr (1976), Diamond et al. (1976), Gilpin and Diamond (1976, 1981), Mayr and Diamond (1976), and Diamond and Gilpin (1980).
Overwater Dispersal Ability of Each Species
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species differences in dispersal are one of the most important explanatory factors underlying species differences in tendency to speciate, in geographic variability (level of endemism), and in breadth of distribution. Species differ enormously in their dispersal ability, ranging from species that can be seen flying over water any day in Northern Melanesia, to species that have never been seen crossing water and for which there is not even any evidence of overwater dispersal within their evolutionary lifetime as a species. In this chapter we describe the evidence available for assessing dispersal ability, and we tabulate that evidence for all species and allospecies in the Bismarcks and Solomons. Comparing this evidence between the two archipelagoes makes it clear that dispersal ability evolves and is subject to natural selection. We then examine how dispersal ability is related to the three ecological and evolutionary characteristics of each species introduced in chapter 10: habitat preference, level of endemism, and abundance.