bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequentialism and Epistemic Utility Theory
Authors: Singer Daniel J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Epistemic utility theorists, accuracy-first epistemologists, and truth-loving epistemic consequentialists all agree that, in a sense, epistemic norms are about maximizing accuracy in our doxastic states. This chapter focuses on two objections to the former views and asks whether they translate to truth-loving epistemic consequentialism. It starts by considering an objection from Gibbard (2008), which says that aiming at the truth is insufficient to explain the requirements of epistemic rationality. It then considers objections from Caie (2013), Greaves (2013) and Carr (2017), which say that despite what the theorists claim, epistemic utility theorists can’t use the standard tools of decision theory to justify their conclusions. The chapter argues that the objections don’t apply to truth-loving epistemic consequentialism. The upshot is that, even though the views agree that epistemic norms are about accuracy, there are important differences about the targets of the views and how accuracy is understood.
Consequentialist Epistemology
Authors: Singer Daniel J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts by giving an overview of the most important structural features of the truth-loving epistemic consequentialist view fleshed out in the previous chapters. It then digs into further defending two of the most novel (and likely most controversial) aspects of the view: (1) the aspect of the view that treats right belief as importantly distinct from justified and rational belief, and (2) the aspect of the view that says that epistemic evaluations apply to things other than belief. In fleshing out the first aspect, the chapter considers different options for how epistemic consequentialists might think about epistemic justification. The chapter then shows how truth-loving epistemic consequentialism can serve not just as a theory of what we should believe but also as the foundation of a broader truth-centric conception of epistemology.
Improving Maternal and Child Health Outcomes: An Opportunity for Expanded Primary Healthcare Teams
Authors: Loafman Mark , Thomas-Allen Kenya , Isama Anita , Calvo Ahmed V. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Improving persistently disparate outcomes in maternal and child health (MCH) requires additional insights and action beyond the remarkable investment and advancements in maternal and neonatal healthcare. A life-course perspective calls for a more comprehensive scope of practice for MCH populations, all key components of high-performing primary care. In addition, there is an urgent need to address worsening maternity care workforce shortages. A well-trained and strategically deployed family medicine workforce appears to be the most feasible and readily attainable approach to help address disparities in both access and outcomes. Workforce and scope-of-practice improvements are tangible, evidence-informed components that can help drive transformational shifts in training and practice.
It’s Not a Flip of the Switch: One Healthcare System’s Collaborative Approach to Engaging External Partners to Support the Maternity Journey
Authors: Hernandez Brisa Urquieta de , Brocato Christine , Lecamwasam Manoja Ratnayake , Anuradhika Anuradhika 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
With continued diversification of the birthing population, it is critical for healthcare systems to engage with external partners to better support birthing people’s care experience. This chapter presents steps healthcare systems can take to engage with external partners to address gaps in care for vulnerable populations. It provides a case study from one of the largest Medicaid providers in the country. It highlights the importance of acknowledging a commitment to health equity, followed by the process to identify external partners, as well as the criteria involved in that process. Last, it describes ways to codify the relationship and to ensure measurement of success.
An Approach for Whole-Person Health: Oral Healthcare Integration for Improved Maternal Outcomes
Authors: Ricks Timothy L. , Brian Zachary A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of maternal and child oral health and outlines some of the factors affecting oral healthcare access and outcomes among women and children. It discusses factors affecting the oral health of pregnant mothers and the relationship between maternal and child oral health. It examines how increased integration of oral healthcare services into primary care and other nondental settings can help improve child and maternal oral health and overall health. The chapter outlines professional associations and scientific organizations’ guidelines for integrating oral health services in primary care and nondental settings. It also offers practical tips for medical providers seeking to offer oral health screenings and preventive treatments in their practices and to increase referrals to dental homes.
Historical Context Matters: Structural Racism, Maternal Health, and Reproductive Justice
Authors: Velez Christine M. , Ávila Maria Mercedes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Racism is a key determinant of health, affecting maternal health and well-being and contributing to racial disparities in health outcomes. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the history of structural racism in the United States. We begin with outlining the relationship between structural racism and social determinants of health. We go on to describe how the trans-atlantic slave trade and policies that supported forced sterilization programs for Black, Latina, and Indigenous people are part of the historical context that undergirds contemporary inequities. We conclude with an overview of reproductive justice and posit that it is an equity-focused framework that can be used to address structural racism in maternal health.
Introduction to Maternal Health Equity: A Consensus-Driven Definition and Research Priorities
Authors: Mosley Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Despite persistent inequities in maternal health, there is little consensus among researchers about the definition of maternal health equity. This chapter presents one group’s efforts to create a definition with the input of multiple stakeholders. In Georgia, the Center for Maternal Health Equity at the Morehouse School of Medicine and the Johnson & Johnson Health of Women Team in the Office of the Chief Medical Officer established the Georgia Maternal Health Research for Action Steering Committee. The committee included researchers, clinicians, policy experts, and community leaders. Collaborating with the Georgia Community for Action Group, the Steering Committee defined maternal health equity using the Delphi consensus method. The group also identified 14 research priority areas for Georgia, ranked by importance and urgency. The process of creating a consensus definition and setting research priorities can be replicated in other states.
The Integral Role of Community-Based Doulas in Supporting Birth Equity
Authors: Dillion Twylla , Sulaiman Zainab 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the disproportionate number of birthing people of color, especially women, who suffer poor maternal health outcomes, are at increased risk of experiencing traumatic birth experiences, frequently undergo medical interventions during childbirth, and suffer from high maternal mortality rates. The chapter focuses on a model of care that includes providing a wider array of services through a holistic and multifaceted approach, building ongoing relationships with community members, and sharing lived experience, culture, and language with the communities they serve. Leveraging natural support systems within communities and focusing on wellness and healing are crucial for community-based doula care. Community-based doula models use community strength as scaffolding for program delivery, and this approach rejects the prevailing deficit-based approach used in most clinical settings to support underresourced communities.
From Grassroots to Telecommunication Innovation: Bridging the Gap in Perinatal Mental Health
Authors: Raines Chris , Davis Wendy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Focusing on examples of telecommunications and community-led endeavors, this chapter highlights two organizations: Mahmee, a perinatal care management platform that empowers and facilitates connection between patients and providers, and Homeland Heart Birth & Wellness Collective, a community program in Nashville, Tennessee, that promotes optimal infant and maternal health in communities of color. Fragmentation and inaccessibility are addressed by the Mahmee platform’s comprehensive toolkit for providers who are likely to work outside large health systems and hospitals and lack access to secure electronic health records, providing software that is uniquely beautiful and simple and has even been described as “fun” to use. Allied health professionals from nutritionists and therapists to doulas and pregnancy coaches use the platform daily to document the care they provide, to host secure virtual visits, and to participate in the expanded reimbursement landscape that is evolving to be more inclusive of professionals who are positioned to improve maternal health outcomes.
Words Bizarre, Misbegotten, and Born by Mistake
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter features the origin of the words bizarre, bamboozle, chicanery, pun, conundrum, punk, spunk, funk, quiz, gig, oof, tip “gratuity,” and helpmate. Most of them have been objects of partly inconclusive discussion. The happy exceptions are conundrum and oof, whose etymology was discovered almost by chance. Hence the attraction of their stories. Yet the etymology of conundrum, buried in an obscure note in an old nonlinguistic periodical, is here brought to light for the first time. Helpmate, like conundrum, shows that a word coined almost by chance can have a long and successful life. Bamboozle is slang and illustrates the almost insurmountable difficulties in dealing with words of the popular register. Punk, funk, and spunk are puzzling because they sound so much alike, and their senses overlap. Yet they are different words, not derived from one another. Quiz and gig are bizarre coinages, like the word bizarre itself. Though their origins are still disputed, enough has been suggested about them for a word historian to risk offering more satisfactory formulations about the circumstances of their coinage. In any case, bizarre is not a borrowing from Basque and has nothing to do with moustache (probably a sound-imitative or sound-symbolic adjective).
Suspicious Usage and Troublesome Phonetics
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Emphasis in the first two sections of this chapter is laid on the interplay of etymology with grammar and phonetics. The discussion turns around the history and status of ain’t and the origin of the preterit snuck. This discussion is inseparable from the problem of popular usage versus the conservative norm enforced by the teaching establishment and editors. Popular usage is also the main subject in the section on the parasites like and you know: both are devoid of content but play an important role in emotional, uncensored communication. Emphatic phonetics is the subject in the section on the origin of the words nudge and kitsch (the concluding section of the chapter). Here, the discussion concentrates on the role of the affricate -dge in the mysterious origin of the word nudge and finds some confirmation of this hypothesis in the story of the almost equally opaque German (now widely known) word kitsch.
Case Study: Harvey Weinstein, Ronald Sullivan, and Harvard University
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A highly visible controversy broke out at Harvard University when a professor in the law school, who was also a residential house advisor, joined the team representing Harvey Weinstein, the film producer who had been credibly accused by numerous women of forcible sexual assault. The lawyer and his colleagues at Harvard responded with the usual defense of representing unpopular clients. They seemed surprised that critics were looking for a different type of explanation, involving the lawyer’s own personal reasons for lending his support to the defense. Although American lawyers are not bound by the “cab-rank rule,” requiring representation of all clients, vigorous advocacy for the accused in a criminal prosecution is justified as a way of checking the power of the state and protecting the dignity of individuals. Beyond that, though, lawyers may owe an account that engages with first-personal reasons for representing a client.
Some Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
When the next occasion arises for public criticism and defense of a lawyer representing an obnoxious client, several points can be taken away from the consideration in this book of the morality of client selection. First, people tend not to be persuaded by the rule of law as an abstract ideal, without a connection to the intentions and attitudes of a particular lawyer. Relatedly, public criticism shows the limitations of legality as a justification. The law does not exhaust the field of morality and people know that. Finally, commitment to a social role while not losing sight of one’s own humanity may involve a certain amount of regret, sorrow, or reluctance.
Philosophical Mechanics in the Age of Reason
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Philosophical Mechanics in the Age of Reason argues that the Enlightenment was a golden age for the philosophy of material bodies, and for efforts to integrate coherently a philosophical concept of body with a mathematized theory of mechanics. Thereby, it articulates a new framing for the history of 18th century philosophy and science. It explains why, more than a century after Newton, physics broke away from philosophy to become an autonomous domain. And it casts fresh light on the structure and foundations of classical mechanics. Among the figures studied are Malebranche, Leibniz, Du Châtelet, Boscovich, and Kant, alongside d’Alembert, Euler, Lagrange, Laplace, and Cauchy.
A golden era
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Bodies are everywhere, or so it seems: from pebbles to planets, tigers to tables, pine trees to people; animate and inanimate, natural and artificial, they populate the world, acting and interacting with one another. And they are the subject-matter of Newton’s laws of motion. At the beginning of the 18th century, physics was that branch of philosophy tasked with the study of body in general. In Chapter 1, the authors present the central theme of their book: the problem of bodies. They articulate the main analytical tools they use to address it, including “philosophical mechanics,” the framework within which they assess progress toward solving the problem of bodies. They give a chapter-by-chapter synopsis and preview their conclusion that the 18th century is fruitfully viewed as a golden era of philosophical mechanics.
Building bodies: Euler and impressed force mechanics
Authors: Brading Katherine , Stan Marius 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
During the early decades of the 18th century, theorists working in rational mechanics came to terms with the insufficiency of Newton’s laws for treating the motions of extended bodies. After the 1730s, rational mechanics learned how to tackle the motion of extended bodies with internal constraints, such as rigidity and incompressibility. In Chapter 10, the authors investigate these developments in relation to the problem of bodies. The greatest advances were due to the Bernoullis, d’Alembert, and especially Euler. These figures relied on a dual idea: constraints are due to internal forces; and the balance laws for impressed external forces govern the actions of internal constraints as well. The upshot was a broad-scope mechanics in a specific formulation, due to Euler. The authors make clear the successes and limitations of Euler’s achievements, with respect to the problem of bodies.
With the Laity
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 leaves behind the powerful, urban centers of Rome and Sens and moves to Orsières, a village isolated in the mountainous terrain of southwestern Switzerland (Canton Valais). In a stroke of luck for historians, a manuscript associated with this small community survives from the fourteenth century. The source offers a rare opportunity to better understand the liturgical practices conducted by a lay community at the time of an individual’s death. This chapter argues that the deathbed liturgy of Orsières shares profound similarities with those of prominent religious institutions, while mirroring none exactly. The chapter concludes that rituals for the dying remained unstandardized even into the fourteenth century, and that the community of Orsières maintained a version that circulated locally.
The Impermissibility of Moral Deference
Authors: Saemi Amir 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There is something off-putting about moral testimony, and various explanations have been offered. According to al-Rāzī, the point of morality is the redemption of the soul, and this can be achieved only through understanding, which is lacking in the case of moral deference. Despite his view, some unproblematic cases of moral testimony are presented. The main argument for the permissibility of moral deference is that it makes it more likely that we act morally. The chapter argues that this argument does not show that it is rationally permissible to defer to Scripture. The chapter defends the Moses principle, according to which one should not act on the basis of moral testimony when the stakes are asymmetrically high. Using this principle, we might deny or suspend judgment about the objective reliability of our independent moral judgments, while holding that our moral judgments are rationally reliable. This constitutes an ethics-first solution to the problem of prescribed evil.
Valuing Health
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model generalizes standard cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) by introducing diminishing (instead of constant) returns to health in creating utility. This one simple change importantly alters the proper ways to measure value of medical treatments or technologies in six ways: (1) The willingness to pay (WTP) for a given amount of improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) rises exponentially with illness severity; (2) WTP for treating people with permanent disabilities is higher than for otherwise similar nondisabled people, in stark contrast to the conclusion drawn by standard CEA methods; (3) reducing the uncertainty (variance) in treatment outcomes adds value, independent of average gains in HRQoL (“the value of uncertainty”); (4) increasing the likelihood of positive outcomes, holding variance constant, increases value (“the value of hope”); (5) increasing the precision of estimates of treatment outcomes adds value (“the value of knowing”); and (6) people’s trade-off rates (“marginal rates of substitution”) between HRQoL and life expectancy vary by baseline HRQoL, in contrast to standard CEA methods, which assume that this trade-off rate is the same for everybody. This book provides two methods for researchers to use the key risk-preference parameters in the domain of HRQoL. It also provides sensitivity analyses to show how value measurements change as these key parameters change. It concludes with some comparisons of the implicit ethical assumptions of standard CEA and GRACE methods.
Microbes
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Microbes are responsible for controlling the carbon cycle, for supporting food chains on which all organisms depend, and for many other activities that are essential for maintaining natural ecosystems. These ecosystems, organisms, and everything else on the planet are now threatened by climate change brought on by human activity. Along with animals and plants, microbes produce and consume the most important greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, but only microbes have anything to do with two other powerful greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide. The rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide, the main cause of climate change, is due mostly to the burning of fossil fuels, whereas microbes are the main sources of methane and nitrous oxide, which are also increasing in the atmosphere. Although microbes contribute to the problem by producing greenhouse gases, climate change would be even more severe if not for other microbes that consume greenhouse gases. Solving the climate change problem starts with eliminating the use of fossil fuels, but that is unlikely to be enough. Microbes can help keep fossil fuels in the ground by making biofuel and other forms of green energy. Other microbes can be harnessed to reduce release of methane and nitrous oxide from agriculture, which accounts for about a third of all greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. Geoengineering solutions involving microbes could pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, providing the negative emissions needed to minimize global warming. Understanding and solving climate change, the biggest environmental problem facing us today, depends on microbes.
Carbon Pumps in the Oceans
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Climate change would be a lot worse if not for the carbon dioxide (and heat) taken up by the ocean via carbon pumps, the largest being the biological pump. Phytoplankton carbon is exported to deep waters by particles such as zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow, and other aggregates and by dissolved organic carbon (DOC). As part of the microbial carbon pump, bacteria contribute to the formation of refractory DOC that is 6000 years old. As carbon dioxide increases in the ocean, another gas, dissolved oxygen, is decreasing. Oceanic deoxygenation is caused by warming seawater and by bacterial activity stimulated by global warming. The worry is that bacteria are using refractory DOC that had sequestered carbon away from the atmosphere for thousands of years. Even if climate change doesn’t alter the ocean’s contribution to carbon sequestration, it seems likely to disrupt microbial communities that are the base of life in the ocean.
Organising Sharia Politics and Governing Violence
Authors: Anzalone Christopher 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 4, Christopher Anzalone looks at governance efforts by al-Shabaab. Focusing on al-Shabaab’s conception of “law and order” and its interpretation and implementation of sharia and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), the chapter considers the political economy of its governance strategy and operations and the key role of on-the-ground public communal events in broadcasting its governance, authority, and authenticity and legitimacy claims. The chapter also argues that al-Shabaab are largely shaped by more localized dynamics in their respective areas of operation. Growing out of a specific geographical and socio-political context and conflict environment, al-Shabaab’s leadership must contend with local and regional dynamics and identities which results in an inconsistent mix of transnational “globalist” militant pan-Islamism à la al-Qaeda Central’s and a more regionalized, Somali, and East African revolutionary Islamism.