bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nusselt Numbers and Flow Structure on and Above a Shallow Dimpled
Surface Within a Channel Including Effects of Inlet Turbulence Intensity
Level
Authors: Ligrani P. M. , Burgess N. K. , Won S. Y. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Experimental results from a channel with shallow dimples placed on one wall are given for Reynolds numbers based on channel height from 3,700 to 20,000, levels of longitudinal turbulence intensity from 3% to 11% (at the entrance of the channel test section), and a ratio of air inlet stagnation temperature to surface temperature of approximately 0.94. The ratio of dimple depth to dimple print diameter δ∕D is 0.1, and the ratio of channel height to dimple print diameter H∕D is 1.00. The data presented include friction factors, local Nusselt numbers, spatially averaged Nusselt numbers, a number of time-averaged flow structural characteristics, flow visualization results, and spectra of longitudinal velocity fluctuations which, at a Reynolds number of 20,000, show a primary vortex shedding frequency of 8.0Hz and a dimple edge vortex pair oscillation frequency of approximately 6.5Hz. The local flow structure shows some qualitative similarity to characteristics measured with deeper dimples (δ∕D of 0.2 and 0.3), with smaller quantitative changes from the dimples as δ∕D decreases. A similar conclusion is reached regarding qualitative and quantitative variations of local Nusselt number ratio data, which show that the highest local values are present within the downstream portions of dimples, as well as near dimple spanwise and downstream edges. Local and spatially averaged Nusselt number ratios sometimes change by small amounts as the channel inlet turbulence intensity level is altered, whereas friction factor ratios increase somewhat at the channel inlet turbulence intensity level increases. These changes to local Nusselt number data (with changing turbulence intensity level) are present at the same locations where the vortex pairs appear to originate, where they have the greatest influences on local flow and heat transfer behavior.
Role of Tos3, a Snf1 Protein Kinase Kinase, during Growth of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
on Nonfermentable Carbon Sources
Authors: Kim Myoung-Dong , Hong Seung-Pyo , Carlson Marian 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, Snf1 protein kinase of the Snf1/AMP-activated protein kinase family is required for growth on nonfermentable carbon sources and nonpreferred sugars. Three kinases, Pak1, Elm1, and Tos3, activate Snf1 by phosphorylation of its activation-loop threonine, and the absence of all three causes the Snf
−
phenotype. No phenotype has previously been reported for the
tos3Δ
single mutation. We show here that, when cells are grown on glycerol-ethanol,
tos3
Δ reduces growth rate, Snf1 catalytic activity, and activation of the Snf1-dependent carbon source-responsive element (CSRE) in the promoters of gluconeogenic genes. In contrast,
tos3
Δ did not significantly affect Snf1 catalytic activity or CSRE function during abrupt glucose depletion, indicating that Tos3 has a more substantial role in activating Snf1 protein kinase during growth on a nonfermentable carbon source than during acute carbon stress. We also report that Tos3 is localized in the cytosol during growth in either glucose or glycerol-ethanol. These findings lend support to the idea that the Snf1 protein kinase kinases make different contributions to cellular regulation under different growth conditions.
Two Complexes of Spindle Checkpoint Proteins Containing Cdc20 and Mad2 Assemble during Mitosis Independently of the Kinetochore in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Poddar Atasi , Stukenberg P. Todd , Burke Daniel J. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Favored models of spindle checkpoint signaling propose that two inhibitory complexes (Mad2-Cdc20 and Mad2-Mad3-Bub3-Cdc20) must be assembled at kinetochores in order to inhibit mitosis. We have directly tested this model in the budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. The proteins Mad2, Mad3, Bub3, Cdc20, and Cdc27 in yeast were quantified, and there are sufficient amounts to form stoichiometric inhibitors of Cdc20 and the anaphase-promoting complex. Mad2 is present in two separate complexes in cells arrested in mitosis with nocodazole. There is a small amount of Mad2-Mad3-Bub3-Cdc20 and a much larger amount of a complex that contains Mad2-Cdc20. We use conditional mutants to show that both Mad2 and Mad3 are essential for establishment and maintenance of the spindle checkpoint. Both spindle checkpoint complexes containing Mad2 form in mitosis, not in response to checkpoint activation. The kinetochore is not required to form either complex. We propose that the conversion of Mad1-Mad2 to Cdc20-Mad2, a key step in generating inhibitory checkpoint complexes, is limited to mitosis by the availability of Cdc20 and is kinetochore independent.
Cell Biology of Conidial Anastomosis Tubes in
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Roca M. Gabriela , Arlt Jochen , Jeffree Chris E. , Read Nick D. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Although hyphal fusion has been well documented in mature colonies of filamentous fungi, it has been little studied during colony establishment. Here we show that specialized hyphae, called conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs), are produced by all types of conidia and by conidial germ tubes of
Neurospora crassa
. The CAT is shown to be a cellular element that is morphologically and physiologically distinct from a germ tube and under separate genetic control. In contrast to germ tubes, CATs are thinner, shorter, lack branches, exhibit determinate growth, and home toward each other. Evidence for an extracellular CAT inducer derived from conidia was obtained because CAT formation was reduced at low conidial concentrations. A
cr
-
1
mutant lacking cyclic AMP (cAMP) produced CATs, indicating that the inducer is not cAMP. Evidence that the transduction of the CAT inducer signal involves a putative transmembrane protein (HAM-2) and the MAK-2 and NRC-1 proteins of a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was obtained because
ham
-
2
,
mak
-
2
, and
nrc
-
1
mutants lacked CATs. Optical tweezers were used in a novel experimental assay to micromanipulate whole conidia and germlings to analyze chemoattraction between CATs during homing. Strains of the same and opposite mating type were shown to home toward each other. The
cr
-
1
mutant also underwent normal homing, indicating that cAMP is not the chemoattractant.
ham
-
2
,
mak
-
2
, and
nrc
-
1
macroconidia did not attract CATs of the wild type. Fusion between CATs of opposite mating types was partially inhibited, providing evidence of non-self-recognition prior to fusion. Microtubules and nuclei passed through fused CATs.
Developmental and Transcriptional Responses to Host and Nonhost Cuticles by the Specific Locust Pathogen
Metarhizium anisopliae
var.
acridum
Authors: Wang Chengshu , St. Leger Raymond J. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Transcript patterns elicited in response to hosts can reveal how fungi recognize suitable hosts and the mechanisms involved in pathogenicity. These patterns could be fashioned by recognition of host-specific topographical features or by chemical components displayed or released by the host. We investigated this in the specific locust pathogen
Metarhizium anisopliae
var.
acridum
. Only host (
Schistocerca gregaria
) cuticle stimulated the full developmental program of germination and differentiation of infection structures (appressoria). Cuticle from beetles (
Leptinotarsa decimlineata
) repressed germination while cuticle from hemipteran bugs (
Magicicada septendecim
) allowed germination but only very low levels of differentiation, indicating that the ability to cause disease can be blocked at different stages. Using organic solvents to extract insects we identified a polar fraction from locusts that allowed appressorial formation against a flat plastic (hydrophobic) surface. Microarrays comprising 1,730 expressed sequence tags were used to determine if this extract elicits different transcriptional programs than whole locust cuticle or nonhost extracts. Of 483 differentially regulated genes, 97% were upregulated. These included genes involved in metabolism, utilization of host cuticle components, cell survival and detoxification, and signal transduction. Surprisingly, given the complex nature of insect epicuticle components and the specific response of
M. anisopliae
var.
acridum
to locusts, very similar transcript profiles were observed on locust and beetle extracts. However, the beetle extract cluster was enriched in genes for detoxification and redox processes, while the locust extract upregulated more genes for cell division and accumulation of cell mass. In addition, several signal transduction genes previously implicated in pathogenicity in plant pathogens were only upregulated in response to locust extract, implying similarities in the regulatory circuitry of these pathogens with very different hosts.
Actively Transcribing RNA Polymerase II Concentrates on Spliced Leader Genes in the Nucleus of
Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Dossin Fernando de Macedo , Schenkman Sergio 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

RNA polymerase II of trypanosomes, early diverging eukaryotes, transcribes long polycistronic messages, which are not capped but are processed by
trans
-splicing and polyadenylation to form mature mRNAs. The same RNA polymerase II also transcribes the genes coding for the spliced leader RNA, which are capped, exported to the cytoplasm, processed, and reimported into the nucleus before they are used as splicing donors to form mRNAs from pre-mRNA polycistronic transcripts. As pre-mRNA and spliced leader transcription events appear to be uncoupled, we studied how the RNA polymerase II is distributed in the nucleus of
Trypanosoma cruzi
. Using specific antibodies to the
T. cruzi
RNA polymerase II unique carboxy-terminal domain, we demonstrated that large amounts of the enzyme are found concentrated in a domain close to the parasite nucleolus and containing the spliced leader genes. The remaining RNA polymerase II is diffusely distributed in the nucleoplasm. The spliced leader-associated RNA polymerase II localization is dependent on the cell transcriptional state. It disperses when transcription is blocked by α-amanitin and actinomycin D. Tubulin genes are excluded from this domain, suggesting that it may exclusively be the transcriptional site of spliced leader genes. Trypomastigote forms of the parasite, which have reduced spliced leader transcription, show less RNA polymerase II labeling, and the spliced leader genes are more dispersed in the nucleoplasm. These results provide strong evidences that transcription of spliced leader RNAs occurs in a particular domain in the
T. cruzi
nucleus.
Developmental Variation in Rab11-Dependent Trafficking in
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Hall Belinda S. , Smith Emma , Langer Wolfram , Jacobs Louisa A. , Goulding David , Field Mark C. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

In
Trypanosoma brucei
, endocytosis is developmentally regulated and is substantially more active in the mammalian infective stage, where it likely plays a role in immune evasion. The small GTPase TbRAB11 is highly expressed in the mammalian stage and mediates recycling of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, including the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and the transferrin receptor, plus trafficking of internalized anti-VSG antibody and transferrin. No function has been assigned to TbRAB11 in the procyclic (insect) stage trypanosome. The importance of TbRAB11 to both bloodstream and procyclic form viability was assessed by RNA interference (RNAi). Suppression of TbRAB11 in the bloodstream form was rapidly lethal and led to cells with round morphology and an enlarged flagellar pocket. TbRAB11 RNAi was also lethal in procyclic forms, which also became rounded, but progression to cell death was significantly slower and the flagellar pocket remained normal. In bloodstream forms, silencing of TbRAB11 had no effect on exocytosis of newly synthesized VSG, fluid-phase endocytosis, or transferrin uptake, but export of internalized transferrin was inhibited. Lectin endocytosis assays revealed a block to postendosomal transport mediated by suppressing TbRAB11. By contrast, in procyclic forms, depletion of TbRAB11 blocks both fluid-phase endocytosis and internalization of surface proteins. In normal bloodstream forms, most VSG is recycled, but in procyclics, internalized surface proteins accumulated in the lysosome. These data demonstrate that TbRAB11 controls recycling and is essential in both life stages of
T. brucei
but that its primary role is subject to developmental variation.
Defining the role of the hospital social worker in Australia
Authors: Davis Cindy , Milosevic Biljana , Baldry Eileen , Walsh Anne 
Published: May 2005

English This study used qualitative methods to explore the role of the hospital social worker, providing further meaning to quantitative results reported in the first article. Findings revealed that social workers performed various tasks under the umbrella of discharge planning. Social workers' unique approach to patient care with its emphasis on self-determination often causes conflict with other medical professionals who tend to be directive. French Cette étude a utilisé des méthodes qualitatives pour explorer le rôle des travailleurs sociaux en milieu hospitalier fournissant davantage du sens aux résultats quantitatifs déjà documenté. Les résultats indiquent que les travailleurs sociaux ont accompli de diverses taªches sous la rubrique de la planification des sorties. L'approche favorisé par les travailleurs sociaux mettant l'accent sur l'autodétermination, crée souvent des conflits avec d'autres professionnels de la santé qui ont tendance à utiliser une approche plutôt directive. Spanish Este estudio utilizó métodos cualitativos para explorar el rol del trabajador social hospitalario, ofreciendo nuevos significados a los recientes resultados cualitativos reportados. Los hallazgos revelaron que los trabajadores sociales llevaron a cabo varias tareas bajo el paraguas de la planeación de las altas. El único acercamiento de los trabajadores sociales, para el cuidado de los pacientes, con énfasis en la determinación personal, a menudo ocasiona conflicto con otros profesionales médicos quienes tienden a ser directivos.
Factors in the marital relationship in a changing society
Authors: Shen April Chiung-Tao 
Published: May 2005

English This study aims to examine factors associated with marital satisfaction in the context of cultural shifts. Results showed that couples in Taiwan have adopted a conjugal model rather than the traditional culture in evaluating their marital relationship. The spousal relationship has become the primary dyad in marriage, but the extended families remain influential on marital relations. French Cette étude examine les facteurs associés à la satisfaction dans les relations conjugales dans un contexte de changements culturels. Les résultats démontrent que les couples au Taïwan ont adopté le modèle conjugal plutôt que la'culture traditionnelle dans l'évaluation de leurs relations maritales. Quoique la famille élargie continue d'exercer son influence sur les relations de couples, la relation conjugale est devenue la dyade primordiale dans le mariage. Spanish Este estudio pretende examinar los factores asociados a la satisfacción matrimonial en el contexto de los cambios culturales. Los resultados muestran que las parejas en Taiwan han adoptado un modelo conyugal más allá de la cultura tradicional, evaluando su relación matrimonial. La relación de pareja se ha convertido en el elemento principal del matrimonio, pero la familia extensa continúa influenciando las relaciones matrimoniales.
Child abuse in Chinese families in Canada
Authors: Kwok Siu-ming , Tam Dora M.Y. 
Published: May 2005

English The purpose of this article is to understand the concept of child abuse in Chinese community in Canada, and to discuss the implications for child protection practice in Canada of this concept. French Les buts de cet article sont de comprendre le concept du mauvais traitement des enfants dans la communauté chinoise au Canada, et de discuter les implications de ce concept pour la pratique en matière de protection de l'enfance au Canada. Spanish Dos son los propósitos de este artículo: 1) entender el concepto de abuso infantil en la comunidad China de Canadá y 2) discutir las implicaciones del concepto de abuso infantil en la comunidad China, de cara a la práctica de protección de menores en Canadá.
Discoloration in Fire-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Levchik Sergei , Luda Maria Paola , Bracco Pierangiola , Nada Paola , Costa Luigi 
Published: May 2005

The mechanism of discoloration (‘scorch’) of water-blown flame-retardant polyurethane (PU) foams has been studied. As UV spectroscopy showed, scorch is a kinetically controlled phenomenon, and it can occur either in flame-retardant or non-flame-retardant foams. Isolated isocyanate groups in the PU structure, which transform into aromatic amines, are mostly responsible for scorch.Some flame retardants tend to accelerate scorch, and it becomes visible during industrial foaming, especially in hot and humid weather conditions. UV, FTIR,13C and 31P NMR and GC-MS study carried out with a model aromatic amine showed that aliphatic phosphate esters as well as aliphatic chloroalkyl phosphates tend to N-alkylate aromatic amines. N-alkylated aromatic amines are easier to oxidize to colored quinoid type chromophores compared to primary aromatic amines. Discoloration can be significantly decreased by using aromatic flame retardants or by applying proper antioxidants in combination with aliphatic flame retardants.
Three microarray platforms: an analysis of their concordance in profiling gene expression
Authors: Petersen David , Chandramouli GVR , Geoghegan Joel , Hilburn Joanne , Paarlberg Jonathon , Kim Chang Hee , Munroe David , Gangi Lisa , Han Jing , Puri Raj , Staudt Lou , Weinstein John , Barrett J Carl , Green Jeffrey , Kawasaki Ernest S 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Microarrays for the analysis of gene expression are of three different types: short oligonucleotide (25–30 base), long oligonucleotide (50–80 base), and cDNA (highly variable in length). The short oligonucleotide and cDNA arrays have been the mainstay of expression analysis to date, but long oligonucleotide platforms are gaining in popularity and will probably replace cDNA arrays. As part of a validation study for the long oligonucleotide arrays, we compared and contrasted expression profiles from the three formats, testing RNA from six different cell lines against a universal reference standard.

Results
The three platforms had 6430 genes in common. In general, correlation of gene expression levels across the platforms was good when defined by concordance in the direction of expression difference (upregulation or downregulation), scatter plot analysis, principal component analysis, cell line correlation or quantitative RT-PCR. The overall correlations (r values) between platforms were in the range 0.7 to 0.8, as determined by analysis of scatter plots. When concordance was measured for expression ratios significant at p-values of <0.05 and at expression threshold levels of 1.5 and 2-fold, the agreement among the platforms was very high, ranging from 93% to 100%.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that the long oligonucleotide platform is highly suitable for expression analysis and compares favorably with the cDNA and short oligonucleotide varieties. All three platforms can give similar and reproducible results if the criterion is the direction of change in gene expression and minimal emphasis is placed on the magnitude of change.
Vitamin supplementation for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and pre-term delivery: a systematic review of randomized trial including more than 2800 women
Authors: Mills Edward J , Wu Ping , Seely Dugald , Guyatt Gordon H 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
Observational studies have suggested that low serum vitamin levels are associated with increased mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and increased preterm delivery. We aimed to determine the efficacy of vitamins on the prevention of MTCT and preterm delivery by systematically reviewing the available randomized controlled trials [RCTs]. We conducted systematic searches of 7 electronic databases. We extracted data from the RCTs independently, in duplicate.

Results
We included 4 trials in our review. Of the three trials on Vitamin A, two suggested no difference in MTCT, while the third and largest trial (n = 1078) suggested an increased risk of MTCT (Relative Risk 1.35, 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.11–1.66, P = 0.009). Two of the vitamin A trials addressed the impact of supplementation on pre-term delivery; one suggested a benefit (RR 0.65, 95% CI, 0.44–0.94) and the other no difference. All three vitamin A trials found no significant effect on infant mortality at 1 year. Of the two trials that looked at multivitamin use, only one addressed the prevention of MTCT, and found a non-significant RR of 1.04 (95% CI, 0.82–1.32). Two of the multivitamin trials found no significant effects on pre-term delivery. The single multivitamin trial examining children's mortality at 1 year yielded a non-significant RR of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.17–1.17).

Conclusion
Randomized trials of vitamins to prevent MTCT have yielded conflicting results without strong evidence of benefit and have failed to exclude the possibility of harm.
Adeno-associated virus: from defective virus to effective vector
Authors: Gonçalves Manuel AFV 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The initial discovery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) mixed with adenovirus particles was not a fortuitous one but rather an expression of AAV biology. Indeed, as it came to be known, in addition to the unavoidable host cell, AAV typically needs a so-called helper virus such as adenovirus to replicate. Since the AAV life cycle revolves around another unrelated virus it was dubbed a satellite virus. However, the structural simplicity plus the defective and non-pathogenic character of this satellite virus caused recombinant forms to acquire centre-stage prominence in the current constellation of vectors for human gene therapy. In the present review, issues related to the development of recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors, from the general principle to production methods, tropism modifications and other emerging technologies are discussed. In addition, the accumulating knowledge regarding the mechanisms of rAAV genome transduction and persistence is reviewed. The topics on rAAV vectorology are supplemented with information on the parental virus biology with an emphasis on aspects that directly impact on vector design and performance such as genome replication, genetic structure, and host cell entry.