bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since Walter Lippmann blasted the policy of containment as a “strategic monstrosity” in 1947, George Kennan has been a controversial public figure alternately heralded and damned by numerous critics, including liberals and conservatives, diplomats, journalists, and scholars. To the historian Louis Halle, Kennan’s service during the Cold War was stunning and characterized by “Shakespearian insight and vision.” John Paton Davies, a career diplomat and one of the original members of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff, has been especially impressed by Kennan’s “intuitive and creative mind, richly stored with knowledge, eloquent in expression, and disciplined by a scholarly respect for precision.” Though disappointed with some of his views, principally those regarding the Third World, the Harvard political scientist Stanley Hoffmann has likened Kennan’s mind to the exact mechanism of a fine watch. The trustees of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize and the German Booksellers Association have accorded him special recognition in the early 1980s as an outspoken, articulate opponent of the nuclear arms race. Yet, in the pages of The New Republic in 1977, Henry Fairlie has attributed Kennan’s advocacy of improved Soviet-US relations to advancing senility.
Nazi Germany and the Future of Europe
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kennan ’s despair in the late 1930s over what he viewed as the deplorable condition of American society and politics was moderated by a newfound higher regard in which he held his native Wisconsin. The disdain that he felt for it in his youth and at Princeton had been displaced during his years abroad by sentimental affection. His periodic visits to Wisconsin, particularly in 1938, affirmed in him an appreciation for the land and its inhabitants: he found them kindly, interested, and open-minded. He also entertained fanciful ideas about the political virtues Wisconsin embodied and the lessons it could teach the rest of the country.
Introduction
Authors: Conley Carolyn A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the nineteenth century the British government made several attempts to reform and “regularize” the criminal justice system.1 But the reforms were often resisted as a threat to individual freedom and local autonomy. A major goal of this work will be to assess the degree to which the regularization of the criminal law actually determined the practices of local officials. Despite the new regulations and procedures, older, traditional patterns of judicial discretion and extra-legal community sanctions continued to be practiced with considerable support.
The Dark Side of the Civil War
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though military arrests of civilians increasingly brought Southern citizens into the infamous bastilles of the North, throughout the war some of the prisoners, of course, came from the North as well. Among the Northerners were businessmen, entrepreneurs, and peddlers who fell victim to the Lincoln admin istration’s policies, not because they dissented from the war effort but because they appeared to be trying to profit from it by shady exploitation. These Northerners sometimes suffered as harsh a treatment as any civilian, and, indeed, one group of Northern civilian prisoners received the harshest treatment meted out officially to any prisoners, civilian or military, Southern or Northern. To look at these arrests is to see a dark side to the Civil War rarely glimpsed in the numerous military histories of the conflict.
The Democratic opposition
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Milligandecision provided a victory after the fact for opponents of the internal security measures taken by the Lincoln administration. It was all the more surprising and telling because it came from a Republican court and yet judged a Republican president harshly. It stands to reason that its sources must have included something other than Democratic denunciation of the Lincoln administration, and indeed a survey of the debate over the issue of civil liberties in the Civil War reveals that some doubts had been expressed on the Republican side all along. But naturally, the main opposition to the policy came from the Democratic party. They proved slow to criticize at first, lacking leadership and motivated by patriotic concern to preserve the Union. Eventually, their protests were heard, but a survey of Democratic criticism reveals a lack of depth and sincerity.
Macroeconomic Policies, Competitiveness, and U.S. External Adjustment
Authors: Hooper Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The sharp decline in the U.S. external balance during the 1980s represents the acceleration of a downward trend that began three decades earlier. After being comfortably in surplus during the 1960s, the U.S. current account was about in balance, on average, during the 1970s, and fell steeply into deficit during the 1980s.
U.S. Competitiveness and the Exchange Rate: A General Equilibrium Analysis of the U.S. Economy, 1982-86
Authors: Adelman Irma , Robinson Sherman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dramatic changes in the position of the United States in the world economy began to unfold in 1981. There has been a substantial acceleration in the loss of international competitiveness of the United States, resulting in a massive deterioration in the deficit in the U.S. balance of trade. By 1986, the U.S. trade deficit had quintupled relative to 1980, becoming the largest trade deficit ever run by the United States or any other nation.
Price and Output Adjustment in Japanese Manufacturing
Authors: Branson William H , Marston Richard C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-1970s, manufacturing firms in the United States and Japan have had to cope with large fluctuations in real exchange rates. Firms in the two countries are said to have responded quite differently to these fluctuations. As shown in Branson and Love (1988), output and employment in U.S. manufacturing varied sharply in response to changes in the real value of the dollar.
The Nature of the Firm: Influence
Authors: Coase R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Because “The Nature of the Firm” had little or no influence for thirty or forty years after it was published, an assessment of its influence of necessity focuses on the recent past. But I will be interpreting what has been happening in the light of the thoughts and events of fifty years ago. The initial reception of my article by my elders and betters at the London School of Economics (LSE) was a complete lack of interest. Nor was the response of the rest of the economics profession very different. Stigler reprinted the article in 1952 in Readings in Price Theory, which he edited (along with Boulding) for the American Economic Association. This increased the number of footnote references but did not bring about any real interest in the questions raised in that article. The only serious discussion of the firm along somewhat similar lines of which I am aware to appear before the 1970s was the article by Malmgren, “Information, Expectations and the Theory of the Firm,” published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in August 1961. The result was that when I was asked to present a paper in November 1970 as part of the fiftieth anniversary celebrations of the National Bureau of Economic Research, at a Roundtable on Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization, I felt justified in referring to “The Nature of the Firm” as “much cited and little used.” I pointed to what I considered to be the parlous state of the study of industrial organization at that time. What was dealt with by economists under that heading had nothing to do with how industry was organized. It had become “a study of the pricing and output policies of firms, especially in oligopolistic situations.”
Antitrust Policy: An Economic and Legal Analysis
Authors: kaysen Carl , Turner donald f. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Antitrust policy may serve a variety of ultimate aims: ... the at­tainment of desirable economic performance by individual firms and ultimately by the economy as a whole; the achievement and maintenance of competitive processes in the market-regulated sec­tor of the economy as an end in itself; the prescription of a standard of business conduct, a code of fair competition; and the prevention of an undue growth of big business, viewed broadly in terms of the distribution of power in the society at large.
The Interdependency of Variables
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not long ago I attended a conference at a distinguished American university with an equally distinguished group of political scientists. The subject was case studies—how to do them, and in particular how to extract meaningful generalizations from them. During the presentations, there was a good deal of talk, as there always seems to be when social scientists gather, about the need to distinguish independent from dependent variables. The single most frequently asked question was: “How can we tease out the independent variable”
I’d participated in many such meetings in the past and had always found it hard to answer such queries. This was partly because all this talk about “teasing out” had me imagining my scholarly colleagues as hairdressers, which was distracting. The larger problem, though, was that historians don’t think in terms of independent and dependent variables. We assume the interdependency of variables as we trace their interconnections through time. Sorting them into separate categories just isn’t very useful to us.
Unavoidable Topics in Ethical Theory
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ethical inquiry in everyday life and in health care often proceeds without formal recourse to ethical theory. Questions may be clarified, distinctions drawn, arguments examined, and solutions found without appealing to theoretical considerations about the nature and justification of basic moral principles. Thus, the fact that two people have different foundations for their ethical views is sometimes irrelevant to the resolution of a particular problem. Suppose, for example, a question arises over whether everything possible should be done to prolong the life of an elderly man in a nursing home. Suppose, too, that he has no known family and that the decision must be made by the staff. One person, A, might argue that the man should be treated because not to do so would be to violate the duty to preserve and prolong life. Another person, B, might also argue that the man should be treated, but for different reasons.
Migrant Years (1879-1889)
Authors: Gilman Sander L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Later (in 1880-83) Nietzsche lived with us several more times. Unfortunately I was seldom able to display my talents as a housewife to him. He preferred to eat by himself, though he visited us for hours; the only thing he accepted was a lightly brewed tea and a few English cakes. He then sat on the sofa in my husband’s study or on a certain armchair in the living room, with his back to the white stove, looking at my husband, who sat opposite him, or at the dark curtain. He spoke softly, with few gestures; and so did we, avoiding all noise inside or outside the doors. Later, when he lived with us, he often was sick. Strong broths had to be prepared, and he had to stay in bed. But when he was well, we sat cheerfully together at table, and a good meal could be served. I also took part in short hikes, out to the Neubad or to Heinrich’s garden on Binninger Street, where Nietzsche was housed most modestly and was a good neighbor to the simple people of the house.
Public Order: The Individual and the Rule of Law.
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All societies, in order to ensure their continued existence, must produce some degree of conformity among the people who live in them. Traditionally, this conformity was produced by consensus, deference, or coercion. Most commonly, some consensus on the range of acceptable behavior was built up gradually over time and subsequently exercised a powerful influence on those who were reared within it. Its full impact was rarely felt, since long before conflict came into the open, it had been quietly averted by the gentle shaping of each individual to “fit in.” Where authority vested in a superior class was accepted, elites set down the proper patterns of behavior for those who customarily deferred to them.
Economic Inequality: The Individual and the Social Hierarchy
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The American people may be mistaken as to men and measures,” wrote Orestes Brownson, “but we are confident that in principle they will all assent to the doctrine of equality.”3 Both Whigs and Democrats believed that no man was born booted and spurred and ready to ride, while others came into the world merely to be ridden. The natural rights of all white men were equal, and it was the responsibility of society to protect those rights. Equality before God, equality before the law, and even political equality were generally accepted in the age of Jackson. Yet important inequalities remained.
The French Campaign 1946–1947
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The distinctive natural characteristics of Vietnam and its neighbors have exerted a profound influence on military operations in all Indochina wars. These natural characteristics (geography, topography, climate, transportation facilities, vegetation, and demography) have had significant impact on such key decisions as when and where to fight, how to fight, and how to supply and support combat operations. They must be understood by anyone seeking to comprehend the “why” of the tactics and strategies of the wars waged for so many years in the Indochina peninsula. Vietnam is located on the east side of the Indochinese peninsula between 9° and 23° North latitude.
Dien Bien Phu, The Battle 12 March–7 May 1954
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The key to understanding any battle lies in an analysis of the comparative size, armament, disposition, and quality of the opposing forces. On 13 March 1953, around Dien Bien Phu, Giap had 49,000 combat soldiers, plus 10,000 to 15,000 logistical support personnel. The Vietminh combat force was composed of the 308th, the 312th, and the 316th Infantry Divisions, two independent regiments, the 148th and the 57th (the latter from the 304th Division), and the 351st Heavy Division. Counted by infantry battalions (the basic assault unit), Giap had thirty-three battalions-twenty-seven poised to attack the French camp and six disposed to block any French units from Laos which might seek to join the beleaguered garrison.
lnterbella 1954–1964
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The pundits of academia hold that in war there are no victors, only losers. This may be true in some abstruse philosophical sense, but soldiers and statesmen know better. They know that there are always winners and losers, and in Indochina War I the Vietminh won and the French lost. They lost not only a war, but their Asiatic empire with it.
William Childs Westmoreland :The Inevitable General
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To understand America’s involvement in Vietnam, one must know some thing of the principal architects of that involvement. The character and personalities of President Lyndon B. Johnson, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, and Secretary of State Dean Rusk have been thoroughly dissected and documented. Not nearly as much is known, however, about the military architects of American policy and strategy in the Vietnam War: such men as the chairman of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Earle G. (“Bus”) Wheeler; the commander in chief, Pacific, Adm. Ulysses S. Grant (“Oley”) Sharp; and perhaps most important of all, the two United States commanders in Vietnam, Gen. William C. (“Westy”) Westmoreland, and his successor, Gen. Creighton W. (“Abe”) Abrams.
General Creighton W. Abrams: One of a Kind
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gen. Creighton W. Abrams died on 4 September 1974 while holding the office of chief of staff, United States Army, the first officer to die in that position. The mighty hastened to lay their laudatory wreaths around Abe’s bier. President Ford’s offering-a modest one-praised Abrams as a rare combination-a man of action who was also a firstclass administrator. Abrams’ successor, Gen. Fred C. Weyand, went further, describing Abrams as “ one of a kind,” and Secretary of Defense Schlesinger topped them all when he acclaimed Abrams as “an authentic national hero.” Now the cynic would say that such paeans are the usual building blocks of eulogies, but in Abe’s case the cynic would be wrong. I don’t know whether Abrams was “an authentic national hero,” because, as Abe used to say, the term evaporates when you look closely at it, but he was without doubt one of a kind.
Totus Porcus: The Whole Hog 1972
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 30 March 1972, Hanoi launched the so-called Easter offensive, a massive invasion by conventional forces in an effort to win the war militarily. The North Vietnamese employed about 125,000 men in four teen divisions and twenty-six separate regiments, supported by hundreds of tanks and artillery pieces. This force amounted to some twenty divisions (more divisions, incidentally, than George Patton ever commanded in World War II). To man this offensive, Giap used every NVA division and separate regiment in both North and South Vietnam, every NVA combat unit in Laos except the 316th NVA Division and four independent infantry regiments.1 In contrast to the Tet offensive, the Viet Cong played almost no role in the Easter offensive.
Almost A Revolution
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Doubts about the reality of mental illness and the benefits of psychiatric treatment helped foment a revolution in the law's attitude toward mental disorders over the last 25 years. Legal reformers pushed for laws to make it more difficult to hospitalize and treat people with mental illness, and easier to punish them when they committed criminal acts. Advocates of reform promised vast changes in how our society deals with the mentally ill; opponents warily predicted chaos and mass suffering. Now, with the tide of reform ebbing, Paul Appelbaum examines what these changes have wrought. The message emerging from his careful review is a surprising one: less has changed than almost anyone predicted. When the law gets in the way of commonsense beliefs about the need to treat serious mental illness, it is often put aside. Judges, lawyers, mental health professionals, family members, and the general public collaborate in fashioning an extra-legal process to accomplish what they think is fair for persons with mental illness. Appelbaum demonstrates this thesis in analyses of four of the most important reforms in mental health law over the past two decades: involuntary hospitalization, liability of professionals for violent acts committed by their patients, the right to refuse treatment, and the insanity defense. This timely and important work will inform and enlighten the debate about mental health law and its implications and consequences. The book will be essential for psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, lawyers, and all those concerned with our policies toward people with mental illness.
Introduction
Authors: Baranowski Shelley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
EARLY ONE WINTER morning in 1945 as the Soviet armies encircled their eastern Pomeranian estate, the remaining members of the von Krockow family prepared to carry out the suicide pact they had sorrowfully composed to avoid falling victim to Germany’s enemies. Although World War II had already claimed the lives of two sons and one son-in-law; the remnant of that distinguished Junker clan reached the unspoken consensus that its self-destruction comprised the only plausible solution. Reports from German refugees of Soviet atrocities farther east, committed especially against the owners of large landed estates, convinced the family of the impossibility of escape. The family’s stepfather and patriarch, Baron Jesko von Puttkamer, ever conscious of himself as a symbol of a way of life that was soon to meet its brutal end, dressed in his uniform bedecked with the decorations of service in two world wars.Suddenly, as the family gathered for the last time in the estate’s park, Jesko’s stepdaughter, Libussa, halted, refusing to take her own life for the sake of the child she carried. Believing that Libussa was simply afraid, her stoical mother, Jesko’s wife, urged her daughter to have faith in “what was written on the cross: Fear not, only trust in the lord.” DespiteJesko’s helpless protests, Libussa’s determination to bring her child into the world, even though it faced a precarious future, undermined the family’s agreement.’
Entertainment
Authors: Barnouw Erik , Kirkland Catherine E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Entertainment, entertaining guests, and entertaining an idea have in common the root word entertain (from the Latin tenere), meaning to hold or to keep steady, busy, or amused. The mod ern definition of entertainment is any narrative, PERFORMANCE, or other experience that can be sold to and enjoyed by large and heterogeneous groups of people. It is usually sought for its own sake rather than for informational, educational, therapeutic, or other instrumental purposes. Thus the term is useful for commercial purposes in selling cultural commodities of broad general appeal. However, the term obscures the fact that entertainment also has informational content that usually cultivates conventional themes, outlooks, and perspectives. This is why some analysts have called entertainment “information for those who seek no information” and consider it a powerful ideological force in any society. The modern concept of entertainment began to evolve with the transition in societies from Oral Culture to writing. For the first time storytelling could transcend barriers of time and distance, reaching audiences not known to or even conceived of by the teller.
Proverb
Authors: Hasan-Rokem Galit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A verbal Genre of folklore also widely employed in literary contexts. The proverb is seldom more than one sentence long, and it usually expresses one main idea. The message of the proverb is formulated in a way that implies a summary of the wisdom of collective experience. This effect is often enhanced by the insertion of introductory formulas at the beginning (such as “It is said ... “ or “The old people say ... “), the specific wording of the formula following the poetic conventions of the culture and the kind of authority upheld by its norms. Poetic language, rhyme, rhythm and/or meter, alliteration, assonance, repetition, and other devices associated with oral forms may be used. Like all genres of verbal FOLKLORE, the proverb has multiple uses and is performed in recurring situations. The folkloristic research of proverbs is usually called paremiology. Many proverbs have an international distribution, and the genre as a whole, as well as specific proverbs, have frequently been studied in distributional and comparative perspective. Distribution has in some cases been explained as a result of cultural contact but is also ascribed to similarities of circumstance and experience.