bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of zinc‐neutralized ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer ionomers as blend compatibilizers for nylon 6 and low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Leewajanakul Panita , Pattanaolarn Rungravee , Ellis John W. , Nithitanakul Manit , Grady Brian P. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe effect of the composition on the morphologies and properties of uncompatibilized and compatibilized blends of nylon 6 and low‐density polyethylene were studied over a wide range of weight fractions. The uncompatibilized blends had substantially reduced mechanical properties after mixing, and this was almost certainly due to poor interfacial adhesion between the two polymers. The addition of a zinc‐neutralized poly(ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid) ionomer (Surlyn® 9020) as a compatibilizer improved the mechanical properties in comparison with those of the material blended without the compatibilizer. The clearest evidence of this improvement came from dynamic mechanical studies; for selected blends with high polyethylene contents, the drop in the modulus corresponding to the transition of a solid to a melt occurred at higher temperatures with the added compatibilizer. This improvement in the properties was accompanied by a reduction in the dispersed‐phase size due to the interaction between the ionic part of the ionomer and the amide groups of nylon 6, especially when nylon 6 was the dispersed phase of the blend. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 620–629, 2003
Homogeneous graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto high α‐cellulose in a dimethyl acetamide and lithium chloride solvent system
Authors: Das Pradeep , Saikia C. N. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractHomogeneous graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) monomer onto high α‐cellulose was investigated in a lithium chloride/N,N‐dimethyl acetamide (DMAc/LiCl) solvent system. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were used as radical initiators. By varying temperature, time, and monomer concentrations in grafting reactions, the optimum conditions for both initiator systems were fixed. The graft yield for the AN–BPO system was higher than that for the AN–AIBN system. The optimum conditions of reactions were at temperatures of 70 and 60°C with initiator concentrations of 0.4% (0.36 mmol) and 2% (1.24 mmol) for the AN–AIBN and AN–BPO systems, respectively, at a monomer concentration of 5% (14.1 mmol) solution. The number of grafts per cellulose chain was in the range from 2.2 to 1.1 for AN–BPO and 0.5 to 2.1 for the AN–AIBN system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 630–637, 2003
Graft modification of highly chlorinated polyethylene (HCPE) with methyl methacrylate by the mechanochemistry reaction. I. Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Zhao Ji‐Ruo , Feng Ying , Chen Xin‐Feng 
Published: May 2003

AbstractHighly chlorinated polyethylene‐graft‐methyl methacrylate (HCPE‐g‐MMA; HCPE with chlorine contents > 60%), obtained by a mechanochemistry reaction, is discussed in detail. A two‐roll mill was used in the process. The reaction conditions affecting the structure of HCPE‐g‐MMA copolymers were measured in terms of calculation of graft efficiency (GE), graft degree (GD), and copolymerization rate/homopolymerization rate (Rc/Rh) by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Based on these results, it is concluded that the chlorine contents of HCPE, the additional amount of MMA, and the mechanochemistry reaction time all have impacts on the structure of the polymer. The results also confirm that grafting is very much favored by the mechanochemistry reaction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 811–816, 2003
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of acrylic copolymers
Authors: Patel Mitesh B. , Patel Samir A. , Ray Arabinda , Patel Rajni M. 
Published: May 2003

Abstract2,4‐Dichlorophenyl methacrylate (2,4‐DMA) and vinyl acetate (VAc) were copolymerized with different feed ratios using dimethyl formamide (DMF) as a solvent and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator at 70°C. The copolymers were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Copolymer compositions were determined by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The monomer reactivity ratios were evaluated by the Fineman–Ross method. Average molecular weight and polydispersity index were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the intrinsic viscosities of polymers were also discussed. Thermogravimetric analyses of polymers were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. The homo‐ and copolymers were tested for their antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 895–900, 2003
Study on the mechanical and dielectric properties of photocured jute fabrics with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Authors: Khan Mubarak A. , Das L. R. , Khan A. H. , Ahmed F. , Badier Rahman S. M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractJute fabric (Hessian cloth) was treated with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) under ultraviolet radiation in order to improve the mechanical and electrical properties. Concentration of the monomer 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), radiation dose, and soaking time were optimized with respect to mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break of the treated and untreated Hessian cloth. The 10% HEMA, 15 min soaking time, and 15th pass of radiation rendered the best tensile properties. The variations of dielectric properties with temperature were measured at 10 kHz frequency. It was observed that dielectric constant and loss tangent (tan Ω) increased with increasing temperature up to the transition temperature and then decreased, and at the end become almost constant. The surfaces of treated and untreated jute were characterized by scanning electron microscope. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 655–661, 2003
Preparation of photoluminescence films containing rare earth complexes by UV photograft polymerization
Authors: Li Jian‐Yu , Sun Yu‐Mei , Zeng Hong , Xue Wei‐Xing , Xiao Yang , Yu Qun 
Published: May 2003

AbstractTo avoid the fluorescence quenching resulting from the uneven dispersion of fluorescent rare earth complexes in photoluminescence films, which were prepared by blending until recently, photoluminescence films were prepared in which the chemical bond combination occurs between the fluorescent rare earth complexes and the macromolecular material. Acrylic acid (AA) was grafted onto polyethylene (PE) film through liquid‐phase UV photograft polymerization. Then the grafted films (PAA‐g‐PE) were reacted with a solution of Eu3+and thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in alcohol–water and with a solution of Tb3+and acetylacetone (AcAc) in chloroform–water, respectively. Thus, red (Eu3+–TTA–PAA‐g‐PE) and green (Tb3+–ACAC–PAA‐g‐PE) photoluminescence films were obtained. The fluorescence and infrared spectra of the photoluminescence films were recorded. Compared with their corresponding solid fluorescent complexes, both the excitation and emission wavelengths of the photoluminescence films prepared in this way had been changed remarkably, indicating that the fluorescent rare earth complexes had been chemically bonded onto the PE film. Moreover, the effects of the conditions (including pH value, reaction time, and temperature) of the reaction of the grafted film with the solution containing Eu3+and TTA on the fluorescence intensity of the red photoluminescence film were investigated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 662–667, 2003
Preparation, characterization, and properties of cellulose–polyacrylamide graft copolymers
Authors: Okieimen F. E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractGraft copolymers of acrylamide on cellulose materials (α‐cellulose 55.8%, DP 287.3) obtained from Terminalia superba wood meal and its carboxymethylated derivative (DS 0.438) were prepared using a ceric ion initiator and batch polymerization and modified batch polymerization processes. The extent of graft polymer formation was measured in graft level, grafting efficiency, molecular weight of grafted polymer chains, frequency of grafting as a function of the polymerization medium, and initiator and monomer concentrations. It was found that the modified batch polymerization process yielded greater graft polymer formation and that graft copolymerization in aqueous alcohol medium resulted in enhanced levels of grafting and formation of many short grafted polymer chains. Viscosity measurements in aqueous solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose‐g‐polyacrylamide copolymer samples showed that interpositioning of polyacrylamide chains markedly increased the specific viscosity and resistance to biodegradation of the graft copolymers. The flocculation characteristics of the graft copolymers were determined with kaolin suspension. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 913–923, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of macrocyclic polyamine derivative of chitosan
Authors: Yang Zhikuan , Cheng Shuyu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA novel macrocyclic polyamine derivative of chitosan was synthesized by a reaction between chitosan and epoxy‐activated macrocyclic polyamine. The copolymer that is obtained contains amino functional groups in its skeleton and secondary amine and more polar hydroxyl groups. Four types of analyses were used to characterize the chemical modifications of the chitosan: elemental, FTIR spectra, solid‐state 13C‐NMR, and X‐ray diffraction. The adsorption properties of the macrocyclic polyamine grafted chitosan for Ag+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Cr3+ were also investigated. The experimental results showed that the new macrocyclic polyamine derivative of chitosan has high adsorption capacity and good selectivity for Ag+ in the presence of Ag+, Co2+, and Cr3+. The selectivity coefficients were K = 6.16, K = 14.81, and K = 2.42, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 924–929, 2003
The nature of the organoaluminum compound and the kinetic heterogeneity of active sites in lanthanide‐based diene polymerization
Authors: Sigaeva N. N. , Usmanov T. S. , Zaikov G. E. , Monakov Yu. B. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe influence of the organoaluminum compound on the kinetic heterogeneity of active sites in lanthanide‐based diene polymerization was investigated. It was found that the heterogeneity of investigated catalytic systems was shown in the existence of four types of active centers. They were formed at the beginning of the polymerization process and produced macromolecules with lengths that were definite for each type of active center. The nature of the organoaluminum compound greatly influenced the kinetic activity of the polymerization centers. A method for analyzing the curves' maximums of distribution on kinetic activity and the change in kinetic activity of every type of active centers is proposed. This method allows calculating the concentration values for each type of active center separately. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 674–685, 2003
Studies on epoxidized rubber seed oil as plasticizer for acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
Authors: Joseph Reethamma , Alex Rosamma , Vinod V. S. , Premalatha C. K. , Kuriakose Baby 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe application of rubber seed oil (RSO) and epoxidized RSO (ERSO) as a plasticizer in acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) was studied using RSO and ERSO with different levels of epoxidation. The results indicated that ERSO could be used as a less leachable and low volatility plasticizer for NBR. The use of ERSO in NBR gave better abrasion resistance whereas the tensile strength and tear strength were comparable to those vulcanizates that contained dioctyl phthalate as a plasticizer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 668–673, 2003
Study of polyaniline polyacrylamide composites by positron annihilation technique
Authors: Das B. , Kar Sumit , Sanyal D. , Banerjee D. , Bhattacharya R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPolyaniline doped with nonoxidizing Bronsted acids is recognized as a conducting material, as its electrical conductivity changes with percentage of doping. In the present work, different percentages of doped polyaniline were blended with polyacrylamide and their electrical conductivities as well as the positron annihilation lifetimes were measured. Analysis of data yielded three lifetime components. It was observed that the value of the short lifetime component remained constant for doping concentration, whereas that of the intermediate component τ2 decreased. The relative intensity pertaining to τ2, however, increased with the increase in doped PANI concentration. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 930–933, 2003
Stress‐induced crystallization of biaxially oriented polypropylene
Authors: Yang Wei , Li Zhong‐Ming , Xie Bang‐Hu , Feng Jian‐Min , Shi Wei , Yang Ming‐Bo 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe hot stretching of thick, extruded sheets at high temperatures is a very important process in the production of finished biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films with special inner structures. Through a simulation of hot stretching in the machine direction (MD) of the processing of BOPP films, it was found that at high temperatures, the stretching ratio greatly influenced the obtained crystalline structure, as observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Also, in MD hot stretching, the crystallinity increased by an average of 20%. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns of extruded sheet samples with and without stretching confirmed the structural changes shown by DSC, and the results proved that β‐crystal modification did not occur during the MD hot‐stretching process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 686–690, 2003
Synthesis and properties of novel aromatic polyamides derived from 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐amino‐2‐fluorophenoxy) phenyl]hexafluoropropane and aromatic dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Gutch Pranav K. , Banerjee Susanta , Jaiswal Devendra K. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA series of polyamides were synthesized by the direct polycondensation of 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐amino‐2‐fluorophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane with various commercially available dicarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 5‐t‐butyl isophthalic acid, and 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. The synthesized polyamides were soluble in several organic solvents such as N,N‐dimethylformamide, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, and chloroform, and they exhibited inherent viscosities of 0.42–0.59 dL/g. The polyamides exhibited weight‐average molecular weights of up to 26,000, which depended on the exact repeating unit structure. These polyamides showed good thermal stability up to 440°C for a 10% weight loss in synthetic air. The polyamides synthesized from 5‐t‐butyl isophthalic acid and isophthalic acid exhibited glass‐transition temperatures of 217 and 185°C, respectively (by differential scanning calorimetry) in nitrogen. The polyamides synthesized from terephthalic acid and 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylic acid showed melting temperatures of 319 and 385°C, respectively. The polyamides films were pale yellow, with tensile strengths of up to 82 MPa, moduli of elasticity of up to 2.3 GPa, and elongations at break of up to 9%, which depended on the exact repeating unit structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 691–696, 2003
Preparation of liquid crystalline networks doped with azobenzene molecules and their photochemical grating formation behavior
Authors: Kurihara Seiji , Yoneyama Daisuke , Ogata Tomonari , Nonaka Takamasa 
Published: May 2003

AbstractLiquid crystalline (LC) networks with macroscopically uniaxial molecular orientation were prepared by photopolymerization of mixtures of LC mono‐ and diacrylates and a donor–acceptor azobenzene compound in a homogeneous glass cell at the nematic phase, and their photoresponsive properties were investigated. The transparency of the LC networks decreased with a decrease in the crosslinking density with LC diacrylate. The LC networks crosslinked with a few mol percent of LC diacrylate showed an enantiotropic phase transition from an anisotropic phase to an isotropic phase as well as high transparency. Formation and removal of the grating were investigated by irradiating two writing beams with an argon ion laser. Grating less than 1.0 μm could be achieved, and the response time of formation and removal of the grating were in a range of a few tens of microseconds. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 943–951, 2003
Adhesion mechanisms of enamel–varnishes on copper: Adhesion promoter versus corrosion inhibitor
Authors: Boullanger C. , Chapel J. P. , Danel L. , Fournier J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe role of adhesion promoters, copper oxidation, and thermal aging in the adhesion mechanism of enamel on copper winding wires is investigated. Evidence is presented on the predominant role of the copper oxide at the interface in the wire–enamel adhesion phenomena. The oxidation process and the copper oxides stability at the interface are seen to strongly depend upon the thermal aging of the wire and the nature of both the enamel and the promoter. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy analyses show that so‐called promoters act more efficiently as corrosion inhibitors than as adhesion enhancers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 952–958, 2003
Study on mechanical properties and intermolecular interaction of silicone rubber/polyurethane/epoxy blends
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Chiu Shih‐Hsuan , Wu Jyh‐Horng 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe aggregation structure and mechanical properties of liquid silicone rubber, polyurethane (PU), and epoxy (EP) blends were studied. The molecular structure was evaluated by FTIR, and the intermolecular interaction of the three‐phase polyblends was measured by dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanical properties, including the tension, compression, shear, and tear performance, were measured by a material testing system. From the relationship between the intermolecular interaction and mechanical properties, we found that the aggregation structure of the three‐phase blends was influenced by the reaction between silicone and PU, silicone and EP, and PU and EP, which resulted in a change of the crosslinking density and an interpenetrating polymer network structure. Thus, the dominant three‐phase mechanical properties are closely related to the aggregation structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 959–970, 2003
Preparation of large‐sized graded‐index polymer preform
Authors: Ding Wen , Xu Chuanxiang , Xu Sihua , Wang Shoutai 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn this article, an improved method was put forward to overcome the defect of interfacial‐gel polymerization technique. The cause of the defects was analyzed, and the factors of reaction conditions on formation of the graded‐index (GI) polymer preform (i.e., reaction temperature and atmosphere pressure) were investigated. High‐performance large‐sized GI polymer preform was prepared by this improved technique, in which diphenyl sulfide was used as higher refractive index molecules. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 817–820, 2003
A lattice‐fluid, group‐contribution treatment of the glass transition of homopolymers, copolymers, and polymer solutions
Authors: Hamedi Mourad , Danner Ronald P. , Duda J. Larry 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe glass transition temperature of polymers and polymer solutions was approached through a combination of the group‐contribution, lattice‐fluid equation of state and the Gibbs–DiMarzio criterion. The model assumes zero entropy at the glass transition temperature and treats molecules as semiflexible chains. This stiffness is associated with a flex energy obtained from the glass transition temperature at atmospheric pressure. Whereas the application of the model is straightforward for homopolymers and polymer solutions, a new formalism using the dyad concept was developed for copolymers. It takes into account the copolymer composition as well as the sequencing of the monomers. The results obtained are consistent with experimental data. For polymer solutions, the model predictions are semiquantitative depending on the system. The interaction parameter required for binary systems was found to have little effect on the glass transition temperature predictions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 697–705, 2003
Phase separation behavior of poly(ether imide)/N,N‐dimethyl acetamide/nonsolvent systems
Authors: Shen Li‐Qiang , Xu Zhi‐Kang , Xu You‐Yi 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe phase separation behavior of a poly(ether imide) (PEI)/N,N‐dimethyl acetamide (DMAc)/nonsolvent system was investigated. Three kinds of nonsolvents were used in the study: H2O, ethanol, and acetic acid (AA). It was found that the three systems (PEI/DMAc/H2O, PEI/DMAc/ethanol, and PEI/DMAc/AA) agree with the linearized cloud point (LCP) relation. The binodal lines of the three systems were calculated according to the LCP relation. The binodal line of the PEI/DMAc/(H2O + DMAc) system was also calculated according to the LCP relation of the PEI/DMAc/H2O system. The phase separation of the PEI/DMAc/(H2O + AA) system was studied, and the results agree with the LCP relation. These results can offer useful information for the establishment of dope and coagulation media using for the fabrication of a PEI membrane. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 875–881, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic hydroxypropylcellulose‐graft‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Shi Ruiwen , Burt Helen M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAn amphiphilic graft copolymer, hydroxypropylcellulose‐graft‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (HPC‐g‐PCL), was synthesized by bulk polymerization without a catalyst and characterized with one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Molar substitution of ε‐caprolactone on HPC (MSCL) was estimated by both gravimetry and 1H‐NMR, and the gravimetric method was considered suitable for MSCL determination. Heterogeneity in the HPC‐g‐PCL film was suggested by a microscopic study, and the existence of PCL‐rich crystalline regions was confirmed by the results of X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The double endotherm observed in the DSC scans of HPC‐g‐PCL was associated with the different molecular weight fractions in the copolymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 718–727, 2003
Polyamide‐6‐b‐polybutadiene block copolymers: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Petrov P. , Jankova K. , Mateva R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPolyamide‐6 (PA6)/polybutadiene (PB) block copolymers were synthesized with macroactivators (MAs) based on hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene functionalized with diisocyanates and having three N‐acyllactam chain‐growing centers per molecule. Two different diisocyanates, hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate, were applied as precursors for the MAs. The sodium salt of ε‐caprolactam was chosen as an initiator. The influence of the MA type and concentration on the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactam at 180°C was studied. A large percentage of the gel fraction in the copolymers was estimated, indicating crosslinked macromolecules. The structure and phase behavior of the copolymers were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. In the copolymers, only the PA6 chains crystallized, and the crystallinity depended on the PB content. Different glass‐transition temperatures for the PB blocks and PA6 blocks were observed, indicating microphase separation in the copolymers. The mechanical properties of the copolymers were studied by notched impact testing and hardness measurements. The impact strength increased linearly with the soft component concentration up to 10 wt % and reached values six times higher than those of the PA6 homopolymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 711–717, 2003