bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the auricular composite graft in nasal reconstruction
Authors: Raghavan U. , Jones N. S. 
Published: October 2002

We present our experience using conchal composite grafts in major and minor nasal reconstruction. We believe that composite grafts have an important and under-utilized role as an adjunct to the paramedian forehead flap on total and subtotal nasal reconstruction, as well as in providing an internal lining and support in stenosis of the nasal vestibule. The use of a composite conchal graft as an inner lining and support is often preferential to a septal composite or hinge flap that often results in a septal perforation with its associated morbidity.We recognize that a composite conchal graft used for reconstruction of the alar margin provides a suboptimal result after several months. This is because it is not always possible to replace a whole aesthetic subunit and whilst the site the graft is harvested from often allows the correct contour to be chosen, the quality of skin is often different and this can be seen after several weeks when any post-operative oedema has settled.
Second malignancies in early stage laryngeal carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy
Authors: Holland John M. , Arsanjani Amir , Liem Benny J. , Hoffelt S. Christopher , Cohen James I. , Stevens Kenneth R. 
Published: October 2002

A retrospective review of 240 patients with T1/T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx was performed. Seventy-two per cent had glottic primaries, 27 per cent had supraglottic tumours and one per cent had subglottic disease. Sixty-nine per cent presented with T1 disease and 31 per cent had T2 staged tumours. All patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy between 1973 and 1997.With a median follow-up of 68 months, 68 patients (28 per cent) have developed 72 other cancers. Ten of 68 presented with synchronous primaries (15 per cent). Thirty per cent of glottic patients and 25 per cent of the supraglottic/subglottic patients developed second cancers. The most frequent second malignancy was lung cancer: 28/72 (39 per cent). Fifteen patients developed second head and neck cancers (21 per cent). Other second primary sites included oesophagus (eight), prostate (six), colorectal (five), breast (two) and others (eight). The median time from radiotherapy until the development of a second cancer was 31 months. The Kaplan-Meier survival estimate at five years was significantly less for those patients developing second cancers (55 per cent) compared to those not developing second malignancies (70 per cent), (p<0.05). The median survival from the development of a second cancer was 14 months. More died as a result of a second cancer (41 patients) than their primary laryngeal cancer (40 patients). Second cancers are common and deadly in patients with early stage laryngeal carcinoma.
Computed tomography and ultrasonographic evaluation of metastatic cervical lymph nodes with surgicoclinicopathologic correlation
Authors: Sarvanan K. , Bapuraj J. Rajiv , Sharma Suresh C. , Radotra B. D. , Khandelwal N. , Suri S. 
Published: October 2002

The detection of cervical lymph nodal metastasis and carotid artery invasion by metastatic lymph nodes is an important issue in the management of head and neck malignancies. This study compared the evaluation of metastasis by palpation, ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) in patients with known head and neck malignancies.Twenty-five consecutive patients with head and neck malignancy were prospectively evaluated for the presence of cervical lymphadenopathy and carotid artery invasion. All patients underwent clinical examination (palpation), USG and CT examination. A modified CT criteria was employed which yielded acceptable results for the detection of metastatic nodes. Radical neck dissection was performed for 26 neck sides, and the results of pre-operative evaluation were confirmed by the surgical and histopathological findings.Palpation, ultrasound and CT have comparable sensitivity in the determination of metastasis involving cervical lymph nodes. Thus palpation should be employed as the primary method of assessment of secondaries in the neck.However, palpation is less sensitive than CT and USG in the detection of carotid artery involvement, hence the clinical suspicion of arterial invasion should be confirmed by either CT or USG which have similar accuracy in the detection of carotid artery invasion.
Effect of KTP laser on implants used in middle-ear surgery
Authors: Gerlinger I. , Pytel J. , Liktor B. , Lujber L. 
Published: October 2002

The present study is intended to explore the effects of the KTP laser on various types of implant, used in middle-ear surgery. A laboratory study was undertaken to evaluate the interaction between the KTP laser (KTP-532 Orion Laser, Laserscope, UK) and individual middle-ear implants. A variety of middle-ear implants were used: a silicone sheet, Teflon® , hydroxylapatite, ionomeric cement, gold and titanium prostheses as well as gelfoam. Following exposure to the laser, these implants were studied by direct inspection using an operating microscope.The KTP laser induced no detectable alteration in any of the implants when they were clean and dry. However, in the presence of fresh blood, under the influence of the energy of the absorbed laser, the silicone burnt and melted and the Teflon® piston was vaporized. Likewise, a few tiny holes appeared on the surface of the ionomeric implant and then the prosthesis deformed. The hydroxylapatite implant broke into two pieces. However, no detectable alteration could be observed on gold or titanium pistons, even in the presence of blood.The authors conclude, that in the presence of blood, interaction between the KTP laser and both silicone and hydroxylapatite implants needs to be avoided. Teflon® prostheses can be cautiously vaporized. Gold and titanium prostheses were unaffected by laser even in the presence of blood.
Origin of multicellular organisms as an inevitable consequence of dynamical systems
Authors: Furusawa Chikara , Kaneko Kunihiko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe origin of multicellular organisms is studied by considering a cell system that satisfies minimal conditions, that is, a system of interacting cells with intracellular biochemical dynamics, and potentiality in reproduction. Three basic features in multicellular organisms—cellular diversification, robust developmental process, and emergence of germ‐line cells—are found to be general properties of such a system. Irrespective of the details of the model, such features appear when there are complex oscillatory dynamics of intracellular chemical concentrations. Cells differentiate from totipotent stem cells into other cell types due to instability in the intracellular dynamics with cell–cell interactions, as explained by our isologous diversification theory (Furusawa and Kaneko, 1998a; Kaneko and Yomo, 1997). This developmental process is shown to be stable with respect to perturbations, such as molecular fluctuations and removal of some cells. By further imposing an adequate cell‐type‐dependent adhesion force, some cells are released, from which the next generation cell colony is formed, and a multicellular organism life‐cycle emerges without any finely tuned mechanisms. This recursive production of multicellular units is stabilized if released cells are few in number, implying the separation of germ cell lines. Furthermore, such an organism with a variety of cellular states and robust development is found to maintain a larger growth speed as an ensemble by achieving a cooperative use of resources, compared to simple cells without differentiation. Our results suggest that the emergence of multicellular organisms is not a “difficult problem” in evolution, but rather is a natural consequence of a cell colony that can grow continuously. Anat Rec 268:327–342, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epithelial–mesenchymal transitions: A mesodermal cell strategy for evolutive innovation in Metazoans
Authors: Pérez‐Pomares José M. , Muñoz‐Chápuli Ramón 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEpithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are well known processes in which new mesenchyme is locally generated from epithelia. During the development of the vertebrate embryo, EMTs are a source of mesenchyme in diverse places and stages through embryonic morphogenesis, especially in mesodermal domains. In the present work we consider the embryo as a two‐state system in which epithelium and mesenchyme represent the stable and unstable states, respectively. We think that a pattern of recurrent oscillations between the plasticity and exploratory behaviour of the mesenchyme and the stability of the epithelia can be recognized in the embryogenesis of vertebrates and, probably, in most tripoblastic Metazoans. Mesoderm, in particular, might be regarded as a cell layer able to oscillate between epithelial and mesenchymal states. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable these recurrent oscillations between stable (epithelial) and unstable (mesenchymal) states during embryogenesis provide the mesoderm with a large plasticity, an extended potential for innovation, and a better control of the three‐dimensional (3D) body organization. In this scenario, it is conceivable that the origin of the mesoderm itself might be related to ancestral mechanisms regulating cell adhesion and detachment. We conclude that EMTs played a key role in the evolution of Metazoans, and are involved in the pathological and reparative processes of adult organisms. Anat Rec 268:343–351, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locomotor deficits before and two months after knee arthroplasty
Authors: Ouellet Denise , Moffet Hélène 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo quantify the locomotor deficits before and 2 months after a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, and to compare pre‐ and postoperative performance.MethodsLocomotor capacity of patients was evaluated using laboratory gait and stair‐ascent evaluations (kinematic and kinetic variables, electromyographic activity of 4 muscles of both lower limbs, and spatiotemporal parameters), the timed Up & Go (TUG), and the 6‐minute walk (6MW) test.ResultsLarge locomotor deficits (increased hip flexion, decreased excursions of the knee and ankle, smaller extensor and flexor moments of force at the 3 joints, and muscle activation levels lower in all muscles tested) are still present in patients, particularly in the single‐limb support subphase before and 2 months after TKA. These deficits explain the slower walk and stair‐ascent speeds and a reduced performance at the TUG and 6MW tests.ConclusionsThese results emphasize the need for more careful followup and intensive rehabilitation programs in the first months following TKA.
J‐coupling and chemical‐shift evolution during I‐spin irradiation of ImSn systems: Product operator solutions and applications
Authors: Skinner Thomas E. , Bendall M. Robin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe previously obtained exact solutions for the time dependence of the density operator in weakly coupled spin‐½ ImSn systems during arbitrary RF irradiation of the I spins. The solutions for the density operator were written as explicit linear combinations of its product operator components (i.e., the operator basis set consisting of direct products of the I‐ and S‐spin operators). Other solutions for the product‐operator evolution of the density matrix have considered either evolution in the absence of RF irradiation or the case where the RF is sufficiently strong that J‐coupling effects can be ignored. The present solutions therefore extend the range of applications that are accessible to the product‐operator formalism and vector pictures of nuclear spin evolution. Here, we derive the solutions for an IS system in detail to illustrate the simplicity of the formalism and supplement our previous, but more general, abstract treatment of the subject. We then outline how the formalism is applied to the ImSn case. We also briefly discuss the rigorous vector picture that can be associated with the states of the system at each time. The solutions provide new insight into the combined effects of RF irradiation and J‐coupling. Applications include (1) novel methods for calibrating an RF channel for insensitive I spins by observing large signals from multiple quantum coherences with the S‐spin channel, and (2) new RF pulses for achieving selective coherence transfer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 14: 287–307, 2002.
NMR nomenclature: Nuclear spin properties and conventions for chemical shifts (IUPAC recommendations 2001)
Authors: Harris Robin K. , Becker Edwin D. , Cabral De Menezes Sonia M. , Goodfellow Robin , Granger Pierre 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA unified scale is recommended for reporting the NMR chemical shifts of all nuclei relative to the 1H resonance of tetramethylsilane. The unified scale is designed to provide a precise ratio, Ξ, of the resonance frequency of a given nuclide to that of the primary reference, the 1H resonance of tetramethylsilane (TMS) in dilute solution (volume fraction, φ < 1%) in chloroform. Referencing procedures are discussed, including matters of practical application of the unified scale. Special attention is paid to recommended reference samples and values of Ξ for secondary references on the unified scale are listed, many of which are the results of new measurements. Some earlier recommendations relating to the reporting of chemical shifts are endorsed. The chemical shift, δ, is redefined to avoid previous ambiguities but to leave practical usage unchanged. Relations between the unified scale and recently published recommendations for referencing in aqueous solutions (for specific use in biochemical work) are discussed, as well as the special effects of working in the solid state with magic‐angle spinning. In all, nine new recommendations relating to chemical shifts are made. Standardized nuclear spin data are also presented in tabular form for the stable (and some unstable) isotopes of all elements with non‐zero quantum numbers. The information given includes quantum numbers, isotopic abundances, magnetic moments, magnetogyric ratios and receptivities, together with quadrupole moments and linewidth factors (where appropriate). © 2001 IUPAC. Concepts Magn Reson 14:326–346, 2002
Management of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II with plasmapheresis
Authors: Kurtz Kevin A. , Schlueter Annette J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMembranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN II) is a rare kidney disease identified microscopically by electron‐dense deposits surrounded by complement component C3 in glomerular basement membranes. MPGN II usually leads to renal failure, and patients with MPGN II experience a high rate of recurrence following renal transplantation. No treatment modalities have been proven successful if recurrence does occur. The sera of most patients with MPGN II contain complement C3 nephritic factor (C3NF), an IgG autoantibody directed against C3 convertase (C3bBb) that results in constitutive breakdown of C3. C3NF may be important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Since C3NF is IgG, we predicted that C3NF could be removed from the serum through plasmapheresis. We describe the use of long‐term plasmapheresis to maintain good renal function in a 15‐year‐old girl with rapidly progressive recurrent MPGN II. After 73 plasmapheresis procedures over 63 weeks, her serum creatinine remained stable, and her creatinine clearance trended upward. Serial biopsies of the transplanted kidney demonstrated persistent MPGN II but no development of tubular atrophy. During the course of therapy, serum C3NF activity decreased; furthermore, C3NF activity was detected in the removed plasma. We have shown that plasmapheresis is a safe and effective method for delaying the onset of chronic renal failure in recurrent MPGN II. The efficacy may be due to the removal of serum C3NF. J. Clin. Apheresis 17:135–137, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Brostallicin (PNU‐166196A) Labelled with 2H and 14C
Authors: Fontana E. , Pignatti A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBrostallicin (PNU‐166196A), a DNA minor groove binder, has been labelled with 2H and 14C. The preparation of the deuterium specifically labelled [2H4]brostallicin was achieved according to a nine‐step sequence starting from 1,2‐diamino[1,1,2,2‐2H4]ethane (1). [14C]Brostallicin was obtained via a four‐step procedure in 31% overall radiochemical yield starting from 1‐methyl‐4‐nitropyrrole‐2‐[14C]carboxylic acid (9). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of tritium labelled zaleplon
Authors: Shevchenko V.P. , Nagaev I.Yu. , Myasoedov N.F. , Susan A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe reaction conditions for the incorporation of tritium into zaleplon have been investigated. The methods studied were the catalytic isotope exchange reaction with tritium gas and catalytic isotope exchange reaction with tritiated water. The results showed that the latter method was the method of choice giving a compound with a higher specific activity and a better yield. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracellular matrices associated with the apical surfaces of sensory epithelia in the inner ear: Molecular and structural diversity
Authors: Goodyear Richard J. , Richardson Guy P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ultrastructure and molecular composition of the extracellular matrices that are associated with the apical surfaces of the mechanosensory epithelia in the mouse inner ear are compared. A progressive increase in molecular and structural organization is observed, with the cupula being the simplest, the otoconial membrane exhibiting an intermediate degree of complexity, and the tectorial membrane being the most elaborate of the three matrices. These differences may reflect changes that occurred in the acellular membranes of the inner ear as a mammalian hearing organ arose during evolution from a simple equilibrium receptor. A comparison of the molecular composition of the acellular membranes in the chick inner ear suggests the auditory epithelium and the striolar region of the maculae are homologous, indicating the basilar papilla may have evolved from the striolar region of an otolithic organ. A comparison of the tectorial membranes in the chick cochlear duct and the mouse cochlea reveals differences in the structure of the noncollagenous matrix in the two species that may result from differences in the stochiometry of α‐ and β‐tectorin and/or differences in the post‐translational modification of α‐tectorin. This comparison also indicates that the appearance of collagen in the mammalian tectorial membrane may have been a major step in the evolution of an electromechanically tuned vertebrate hearing organ that operates over an extended frequency range. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 212–227, 2002
Chondroitin sulfate disrupts axon pathfinding in the optic tract and alters growth cone dynamics
Authors: Walz Andreas , Anderson Richard B. , Irie Atsushi , Chien Chi‐Bin , Holt Christine E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLittle is known about the cues that guide retinal axons across the diencephalon en route to their midbrain target, the optic tectum. Here we show that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are differentially expressed within the diencephalon at a time when retinal axons are growing within the optic tract. Using exposed brain preparations, we show that the addition of exogenous chondroitin sulfate results in retinal pathfinding errors. Retinal axons disperse widely from their normal trajectory within the optic tract and extend aberrantly into inappropriate regions of the forebrain. Time‐lapse analysis of retinal growth cone dynamics in vivo shows that addition of exogenous chondroitin sulfate causes intermittent stalling and increases growth cone complexity. These results suggest that chondroitin sulfate may modulate the guidance of retinal axons as they grow through the diencephalon towards the optic tectum. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 330–342, 2002
Evolution of structure and function of the hearing organ of lizards
Authors: Manley Geoffrey A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFollowing their origin during the early Cretaceous, the lizards radiated early into a number of families. This radiation was accompanied by a diversification in the structure of the inner ear. The morphology of the auditory basilar papilla is family‐specific, with large variations in a number of parameters. At the physiologic level, this wide variation does not result in an equivalent range of physiologic parameters. This review considers the possible influence of various morphologic features on function, and correlates these features with physiologic response parameters. Anatomical variety that does not result in significant changes in the inputs to the brain is “neutral” with regard to selection pressures. This independence apparently removed evolutionary constraints and led to some of the great variety of auditory papillae seen. Other anatomical features are more important and do produce significant effects at the level of the auditory nerve. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 202–211, 2002
Hydroxyurea‐induced partial mushroom body ablation does not affect acquisition and retention of olfactory differential conditioning in honeybees
Authors: Malun Dagmar , Giurfa Martin , Galizia C. Giovanni , Plath Niels , Brandt Robert , Gerber Bertram , Eisermann Beate 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe mushroom bodies (MBs), a paired structure in the insect brain, play a major role in storing and retrieving olfactory memories. We tested whether olfactory learning and odor processing is impaired in honeybees in which MB subunits were partially ablated. Using hydroxyurea (HU) to selectively kill proliferating cells, we created honeybees with varying degrees of MB lesions. Three‐dimensional reconstructions of brains were generated to analyze the drug‐induced morphological changes. These reconstructions show that, with few exceptions, only the MBs were affected by the drug, while other brain areas remained morphometrically intact. Typically, lesions affected only the MB in one hemisphere of the brain. To preclude HU‐induced physiologic deficits in the antennal lobe (AL) affecting olfactory learning, we measured the responses to odors in the AL using anin vivocalcium imaging approach. The response patterns did not differ between the AL of intact versus ablated brain sides within respective specimens. We, therefore, carried out side‐specific classical discriminative olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) with control bees and with HU‐treated bees with or without MB ablations. All experimental groups learned equally to discriminate and respond to a rewarded (CS+) but not to an unrewarded (CS−) conditioned stimulus during acquisition and retention tests. Thus, our results indicate that partial MB lesions do not affect this form of elemental olfactory learning. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 343–360, 2002