bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australia: Developments Towards The Current Law
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Australia, as in Britain, the need to comply with the Berne Convention has been the main motivating force in the introduction of moral rights. Further rationales have been scantily articulated, though perhaps Lord Mansfield’s words ‘because it is just’ come closest to describing the recent Australian rhetoric on moral rights protection. It is scarcely possible to speak of any theoretical development of the rights in Australia, with civil law influences seeming distant in this country and the rights being too new to have attracted much judicial comment.
A Survey of GPTs in Western History (Part A): 10,000 bc to ad 1450
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now start a tour through the West’s technological history, stopping briefly to consider what we see as the most important transforming GPTs and using our S-E categories (inputs, technology, facilitating structure, policy, policy structure, and performance) to organize the wealth of historical facts. Since books have been written on each of the GPTs covered in this and the next chapter, what we say about them should be taken as illustrative rather than exhaustive. We concentrate more on the broad consequences of new technologies than is typical in the growth literature, illustrating how technological change has the power to transform a society’s economic, political, and social institutions. We do not, however, enter into some of the many controversies over the causes of these changes.
The Emergence of Sustained Extensive Growth in the West
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been long periods of growth in the past, as well as shorter bursts—whatGoldstone (2002) calls efflorescences. But the growth that started sometime in the nineteenth century is much more rapid than anything that has been seen previously. It also shows signs of being self-sustaining in ways that past growth was not.1 In this chapter, we consider the emergence of sustained extensive growth that occurred during or shortly after the First Industrial Revolution.2 The bulk of the chapter is devoted to events leading up to the First Industrial Revolution. Only towards the end do we deal with the issue of why those events led to a period of sustained growth rather than just another short-lived burst.
Appreciative Theories of GPTs
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 5 and 6, we examined the rich historical experience concerning GPTs and in Chapter 11 we described the existing theories about them. In Chapter 12, we described the treatment of scale effects in the literature and examined such effects in the context of technological change. In this chapter, we go through three levels of formal abstraction as we move from our historical analysis to formal theories of GPTs. Although the first section is long and may appear tedious at first reading, it is an important step in going from the historical descriptions of Chapters 5 and 6 to the full-scale modelling of Chapters 14 and 15.
General Introduction
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book analyses the European Community (‘EC’) competition rules applying to vertical agreements which fall both in and outside the scope of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2790/99 of 22 December 1999 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices (‘Regulation 2790/99’ or ‘the Regulation’) and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector (‘Regulation 1400/2002’).
The Non-Compete Obligation
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 5 of Regulation 2790/99 contains special provisions relating to noncompete obligations. Before discussing these provisions, it is necessary to clarify that the definition of the term ‘non-compete obligation’ given in Article 1(b) of the Regulation covers two different types of restriction:
(1) Any direct or indirect obligation causing the buyer not to manufacture, purchase, sell or resell goods or services which compete with the contract goods or services.
Frequently Used Distribution Formulas
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to the entry into force of Regulation 2790/99, different legal instruments applied to the EC competition law analysis of a number of frequently used distribution formulas:
—Exclusive and non-exclusive distribution: Separate block exemption regulations applied to each of these distribution formulas, as follows:
• Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1983/83 of 22 June 1983 on the application of Article 85(3) of the Treaty to categories of exclusive distribution agreements: this block exemption applied only to cases where the supplier had appointed a single distributor within a given contract territory;
L
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The laddering technique aims to establish underlying motivations for the purchase of an offering (e.g. a product) by asking a consumer why he or she buys the product and then, given the response, asking ‘why’ to that response and each subsequent response until the respondent can no longer provide an explanation. The approach therefore enables a marketer to understand why the consumer reallybuys the product. The laddering technique can be very useful to marketing researchers conducting in-depth interviews of product consumers or service users to understand the real drivers behind product or service purchase. Marketers must exercise caution, however, to ensure that interviewees are sufficiently comfortable with such lines of questioning.
R
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Random-walk theory is based on the view that the market is efficient, where any strategies that are found to work will be soon discovered and rendered unprofitable. As such, movements of share prices in the short term are considered to be unrelated to their previous movements. Random-walk theory provides a perspective on changes in short-term financial indicators that suggests a limitation on being able to make forecasts or predictions. Marketers seeking to relate marketing actions to short-term financial indicators of a firm may therefore benefit from understanding more fully the methods associated with short-term performance analyses as well as the potential limitations in such analyses which are suggested by the theory and its supporting assumptions.
T
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marketing plans which are established to meet strategic goals are, in essence, tactics. They can be viewed as short-term measures for addressing or solving a specific problem, such as increasing sales or enhancing the market share of a product. Tactics have direct implications on the firm and its consumers as they represent detailed plans of action for accomplishing higher-level objectives. While some marketing tactics may be perceived by consumers as acceptable marketing practice (e.g. see price discrimination), other tactics may be seen as unethical and manipulative (e.g. see low-ball technique).
The Police Act 1997 PART III
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section outlines the functions of the main bodies, other than security and intelligence services, which are entitled to seek authorisation to enter and interfere with property and telegraphy (ie bodies operating within the Police Act 1997, Part III authorisation arrangements)—which are functions linked to the use of surveillance. They are described here as ‘policing’ bodies but note that they include HM Revenue and Customs, and the Ofﬁce of Fair Trading (OFT). In addition to the bodies referred to here, the conventional police forces, including military police forces, also fall within the scope of Part III of the 1997 Act.
Voluntary Retention Of Communications Data Code Of Practice Under Part II: Anti-Terrorism, Crime And Security Act 2001 (UNDER SI 2003 NO 3175)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Anti-Terrorism, Crime & Security Act was passed in December 2001 (the Act). Part 11 of the Act aims to allow for the retention of communications data to ensure that the UK security, intelligence and law enforcement agencies have sufﬁcient information available to them to assist them in protecting the UK’s national security and to investigate terrorism.
RIPA, PART II Case Law
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defendants were charged with conspiracy to supply drugs. The Crown sought to adduce evidence of covertly recorded telephone using devices at the homes of three defendants, obtained using the intrusive surveillance authorisation procedures under RIPA, Part II. The Crown sought to rely on the surveillance commissioners’ approvals for the surveillance as proof of the lawfulness of the process by which the evidence was obtained. The defence sought an order that the prosecution do produce the material which had been placed before the commissioners when seeking the approval and argued that without the material they would be unable properly to formulate argument for evidential exclusion of the recordings.
Statutory Instruments (2000)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Secretary of State, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by section 5(7)(c) and (12)(c) of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 (hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) and of all other powers enabling him in that behalf, hereby makes the following Regulations—These Regulations may be cited as the Wireless Telegraphy (Interception and Disclosure of Messages) (Designation) Regulations 2000 and shall come into force on 2nd October 2000.
American Indians in the British Press
Authors: Bickham Troy O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An examination of the newspaper and periodical press underlines the significance of the Seven Years War in the development of widespread, pragmatic British interest in American Indians. The conflict proved to be a watershed for images of Indians, who, like North America in general, had not received the consistent attentions of the press. Once war appeared imminent in 1754, they became a staple of any newspaper reader’s diet until the end of the American War of Independence. Two intertwined forces drove this shift. The first was changes in the press itself, which had grown from handwritten newsletters at the start of the century into a relatively free, national medium for news and debate that by mid-century reached audiences whose social and geographic diversity were unprecedented.
The New Imperial Regime at Work
Authors: Bickham Troy O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British response to the troubled situation in North America at the end of the Seven Years War took the form of an attempt to assume a more permanent authority over Indian affairs. Broad directional control was given to the secretaries of state, who demonstrated an unprecedented interest in Indian affairs that was matched by a willingness to intervene decisively. Assisting them on the ground were a number of imperial agents, and to some extent elements of the colonial governments them-selves. Together they forged a new form of British imperialism, which was directed from the metropolis and claimed sovereignty—and to varying degrees presided—over a multitude of ‘primitive’ peoples.
Conclusion
Authors: Bickham Troy O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the American War of Independence, North American Indian appearances in either person or discussion in Britain were rare. When British interests moved to other segments of the empire, Indians moved down the public’s list of overseas concerns and then fell offit altogether. The effects of Britons’ intense interest in Indians lingered via Mrs Salmon’s Waxwork and the British Museum’s Iroquois and Cherokee objects, which remain on display to this day, but the Indians themselves were overshadowed by a succession of other non-Europeans whom the public deemed more pertinent. Even as early as the 1770s, in the wake of the Cook voyages, objects from the South Pacific began to usurp the Indian objects’ former pride of place.
Paranoia and Self-Consciousness
Authors: Fenigstein Allan , Vanable Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A series of studies by Fenigstein (1984) suggested that self-consciousness heightened the tendency to engage in seemingly paranoid inferences. Subjects who were high in public self-consciousness (i.e., who tended to focus on the publicly observable aspects of themselves; see Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975), compared with those low on that dimension, were more likely, for example, to assume that an acquaintance who walked by without saying ‘hello,’ actually intended to avoid them, as opposed to simply not noticing them. In another study, subjects in a group experiment were faced with the possibility that the experimenter had chosen either the subject or another person who was present to participate in a demonstration. Public selfconsciousness again strengthened subjects’ beliefs that they, rather than the other person, had been volunteered for the demonstration. In both studies, self-consciousness increased the extent to which subjects perceived another’s behavior as being intentionally directed toward them (labeled the self-as-target bias). Given that this bias is one of the defining characteristics of paranoid thought (see e.g., Greenwald, 1980). Fenigstein’s (1984) research suggests the possibility that self-consciousness has important implications for paranoia. What follows is an attempt to more systematically develop that relationship, both theoretically and empirically.
Executives ‘ Perceptual Filters: What They Notice and How They Make Sense
Authors: Milliken Frances J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Management magazines, academic journals, and textbooks almost always presume that analyses of past events reveal how those events actually unfolded. Such writings also frequently portray strategy formulation and implementation as a causal sequence, in which executives perceive some reality, analyze the options offered by this reality, decide to pursue one or more of these options, and obtain results when their organizations ‘ environments react. Thus, according to this causal sequence, organizations ‘ environments act as impartial evaluators of executives ‘ perceptions, analyses, and actions. When the results are good, executives receive credit for accurately perceiving opportunities or threats, for analyzing these correctly and for taking appropriate actions. When the results are bad, executives get blamed for perceiving erroneously, for making analytic mistakes, for taking inappropriate actions.
Ten Years of European Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS): Future Perspectives
Authors: Kiel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is the European Union’s (EU) voluntary scheme for organizations willing to commit themselves to evaluate, improve and report on their environmental performances. To receive EMAS registration participants: The environmental review, EMS, audit procedure and the environmental statement must be approved by an accredited environmental verifier (validation). Then a validated environmental statement needs to be sent to the EMAS Competent Body in each Member State for registration. Registered organizations may use the EMAS logo. The voluntary environmental management instrument was introduced by EC law. The first EMAS Council Regulation, Regulation (EEC) No. 1836/93 Allowing Voluntary Participation by Companies in the Industrial Sector in a Community Eco-management and Audit Scheme (EMAS I), dates of 29 June 1993. It set a period of 21 months to establish the necessary structures in the Member States by designing competent bodies, and introducing structures for accreditation and supervision of environmental verifiers. The scheme was launched ten years ago in 1995. It was originally restricted to industrial sectors. However, Article 3 of the EMAS I Regulation allowed the inclusion of other sectors outside industry on an experimental basis, for example for distributive trades and public services. Due to this legal exception, some Member States decided to extend EMAS to some additional economic branches.
The Impact of the Convention on Biological Diversity on the Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing
Authors: Smagadi Aphrodite 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowadays, many of the medicines marketed belong to the wide range of products deriving from biodiversity such as cosmetics, chemicals, crops, etc. The allocation of the monetary benefits derived from the marketing of the products is mostly realized through intellectual property rights systems. Contractual agreements containing intellectual property clauses are the main mechanism for gaining access to genetic resources and delivering benefits. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed on 5 June 1992, was one of the main outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Its principal objectives are the conservation, sustainable use, and fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from the commercial use of biodiversity. The CBD recognizes the existence of intellectual property rights and stipulates that parties be cautious not to allow these rights to contradict the objectives of the CBD. However, it does not specify how benefits gained from a patented medicine must be shared. Developing nations face a variety of problems, such as over-population, foreign debt, and economic dependency. To cope with these pressures, species-rich countries trying to ameliorate their agricultural output by seeking more arable land stimulate deforestation—the largest threat to biodiversity—leading to the extinction of species. The main cause of biodiversity loss is hence economic pressure. In order to spur conservation of genetic material and plant species, economic incentives need to be designed to counterbalance the economic forces leading to the destruction of natural habitats. In this context, it is crucial to explore ways of sharing fairly and equitably the economic benefits resulting from the marketing of medicines produced with the use of genetic resources from developing countries and associated traditional knowledge. A reasonable compensation to the source countries for the production of medicines enhancing global welfare creates incentives for the sustainable management and conservation of their biodiversity.
Towards Environmental Integration in EC External Relations? A Comparative Analysis of Selected Association Agreements
Authors: Durán Gracia Marín , Morgera Elisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In light of the political and economic weight of the 25 Member European Union (EU), the influence of its environmental priorities is deemed to play an increasing role on the international scene. Academic attention on the external dimension of European Community (EC) environmental policy has mainly focused on important initiatives undertaken by the EC within multilateral fora, whereas the integration of environmental concerns into its bilateral relations with third countries is relatively under explored. The overall purpose of this chapter is to provide a preliminary assessment of the extent to which the environmental integration requirement has been fulfilled in the external policies of the Community through a comparative analysis of selected Association Agreements. Part II will recall the applicability of the principle of environmental integration to EC external relations, and present EC Association Agreements as an appropriate case study for this purpose. Part III will provide a detailed analysis of the relevant legal provisions in four selected Association Agreements in order to assess to what extent environmental concerns have been integrated into the definition of the EC relations with third countries. Part IV will thereafter concentrate upon specific tools for implementation of these Association Agreements, in order to evaluate whether environmental integration has been operationalized in EC bilateral external relations. This section provides an overview of the principle of environmental integration in EC law and its applicability to EC external relations, through a combined reading of Treaty provisions and policy documents. The present section also provides an introduction to the legal basis and Community practice relating to the conclusion of Association Agreements with third countries.
Energy
Authors: Rodi Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the dynamic field of energy and the environment, 2004 will most likely be remembered as the year when an enduring stalemate in international climate policy was ended by the Russian ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, finally permitting its long-overdue entry into force. For the European Community (EC), however, the same year marked a shift from the preceding year, which had seen the adoption of momentous legislation with new directives on emissions trading, energy taxation, and renewable vehicle fuel, away from the creation of new rules to better implementation of existing law through supplemental legislation and policy documents. Clearly, the nascent emissions trading scheme proved the main beneficiary of these ancillary measures, with new legislation on registries, monitoring, and the inclusion of project mechanisms under international climate policy, as well as a guidance document on national allocation. With preparations underway for a timely launch of greenhouse gas emissions trading by 1 January 2005 and the national allocation plans of most Member States approved by the European Commission (Commission), these supplemental measures concluded an ambitious project launched several years earlier, the final outcome of which should be the establishment of the largest market for tradable emission allowances in the world. Legal action brought against various aspects of the trading scheme are unlikely to stop this process. Another significant step was taken with the finalization of a Directive on combined heat and power generation, adding to the current set of policies on energy efficiency and energy demand management. Two Proposals adopted in the previous year on energy efficiency and energy services, as well as on eco-design requirements for energy using products, were brought closer to adoption in the legislative process.