bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deficits and debt Is a Crisis around the Corner?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A key feature of the Indian economy since the early 1950s has been an exceptionally stable macroeconomic environment. To be sure, India has had its share of macroeconomic crises, but virtually all of them have been mild in comparison to those of their Latin American counterparts and have been quickly contained without major damage to the economy. Moreover, most of them had their origins in external shocks such as drought, oil price hikes, and microeconomic distortions rather than macroeconomic mismanagement. For the vast majority of the period, the inflation rate in India has been in the single digits, and even when it has gone into double digits, it has rarely exceeded 15 percent. The Consumer Price Index for industrial workers has risen more than 20 percent during only two years: 21 percent in 1973–74 and 27 percent in 1974–75. These were years characterized by drought and a major oil price shock. Even these exceptional inflation rates were contained relatively quickly, with the Consumer Price Index actually declining in the following two years and the simple average of the inflation rates over the following four years being just 1.2 percent. The unemployment rate, insofar as it can be accurately measured in an economy characterized by underemployment in the farm sector and in the informal services sector, has also been stable (chapter 7). Unemployment estimates based on the National Sample Surveys do not show periods of significant prolonged unemployment in the economy. Likewise, India has had no banking crisis; indeed, even individual bank failures in the recent decades have been virtually absent.
The financial sector Why Not Privatize the Banks?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In our discussion of the savings-investment identity, we saw that the entities that save are often distinct from the entities that invest. Households account for the bulk of the savings in India but invest only a little more than half of those savings in physical assets themselves. They channel the remaining savings through the financial system to other agents in the economy. Likewise, foreign savings need not always take the form of foreign direct investment, and may have to be intermediated by the financial system for investment by the domestic entrepreneurs or other foreign entrepreneurs. Even corporations in the declining sectors may choose to channel a part of their savings to the corporations in the expanding sectors, though the Indian accounting system so far does not record these flows explicitly.
Telecommunications And Electricity Contrasting Experiences
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Telecommunications and electricity both generate benefits that are largely private. Moreover, the exclusion of consumers unwilling to pay for them is entirely feasible. Therefore, the case for their provision by the government must rest on the natural monopoly argument. Traditionally, this is the argument most countries have invoked, but the experience of the last several decades casts serious doubt on its validity in modern times.
Education Expenditures or Transfers?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The government is deeply involved at all levels of education in India. Education is a concurrent subject in the Indian Constitution, which means that both the states and the central government can legislate in this area. Under the directive principles of state policy, the Indian Constitution set the goal of free compulsory education for all children aged 14 or less by 1960. Given the inability of a very large proportion of the population to afford privately provided education, and the expectation that private schools would not expand fast enough, the states naturally assumed the primary responsibility for the provision of elementary education. But it missed the goal set out in the constitution by a long shot. India is still some years away from bringing all children 14 years and below into the ambit of education. According to the careful and extensive survey by the NGO Pratham (2006), 8.9 percent of the children between ages 6 and 14 in rural areas remain out of school.
Letters Of Credit and Bank Guarantees Under International Trade Law
Authors: Kurkela Matti S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Letters of credit and bank guarantees are the most important financial instruments in international exchange. Matti S. Kurkela, a leading expert in the field, presents an advanced, extensive study and guide to letters of credit. The author analyzes the material rules and principles applicable to them; conflict of laws as well as law merchant applied regardless of place of operation or nationality of the parties involved. Letters of Credit and Bank Guarantees under International Trade Law is the only true guide whose focus is on international law and choice of applicable law, with comparisons of the UCP, the UCC and selected national laws. Bank attorneys, international bankers, commercial bankers, international trade and finance attorneys in law firms, in-house counsel, financial institutions, and academia will find this a clearly written, invaluable guide to the latest rules, case law and practice relating to these financial instruments. The new, expanded Second Edition includes: BL Analysis and comparison of commercial and standby credits, bank guarantees and bonds in use in international exchange BL Introduction to the various sets of rules in use in international operations and banking BL Changes made to the UCC Article 5 and UCP 600 BL New development and landmark decisions and case law since the publishing of the first edition BL Guidance to and analysis of inter bank relationship, indemnity agreements and reference to sample documentation, and numerous sample clauses BL Reference to statutory laws of lcs in various countries
The Promise of the New South
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At a public picnic in the South in the 1890s, a young man paid five cents for his first chance to hear the revolutionary Edison talking machine. He eagerly listened as the soundman placed the needle down, only to find that through the tubes he held to his ears came the chilling sounds of a lynching. In this story, with its blend of new technology and old hatreds, genteel picnics and mob violence, Edward Ayers captures the history of the South in the years between Reconstruction and the turn of the century. Ranging from the Georgia coast to the Tennessee mountains, from the power brokers to tenant farmers, Ayers depicts a land of startling contrasts. Ayers takes us from remote Southern towns, revolutionized by the spread of the railroads, to the statehouses where Democratic Redeemers swept away the legacy of Reconstruction; from the small farmers, trapped into growing nothing but cotton, to the new industries of Birmingham; from abuse and intimacy in the family to tumultuous public meetings of the prohibitionists. He explores every aspect of society, politics, and the economy, detailing the importance of each in the emerging New South. Central to the entire story is the role of race relations, from alliances and friendships between blacks and whites to the spread of Jim Crows laws and disfranchisement. The teeming nineteenth-century South comes to life in these pages. When this book first appeared in 1992, it won a broad array of prizes and was a finalist for both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize. The citation for the National Book Award declared Promise of the New South a vivid and masterfully detailed picture of the evolution of a new society. The Atlantic called it “one of the broadest and most original interpretations of southern history of the past twenty years.”
12
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My first seizure was at age 14. It was at school in front of many classmates and teachers. Going back to school a few days later was tough, but I learned from the very beginning how to deal with other people who possibly viewed me as different. To my surprise, I arrived to find that everyone treated me very much the same. They all seemed to have some knowledge and understanding about epilepsy. I assume that the teachers must have addressed it while I was absent. My seizures from that point on were few and far between, but even now, after being seizure-free for almost 5 years, not a day goes by that I don’t wonder whether I will have one. Where will it happen? Will I be around strangers? Will I be safe?
21
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I met my husband when I was 19 years old, which is, ironically, the same age when I began to have seizures (a running joke between us). In fact, I had my first big (generalized) seizure while sleeping at his dorm. He was very moved by the whole experience, as he had never witnessed one. Over the past 10 years, I actually feel that my disorder has been a bond between us. I’m certainly not saying that I wouldn’t love to never have another seizure again, but it’s nice to have the support that I have. My husband’s view on living with my seizures is ‘‘Of course it’s scary at times, but I actually think it’s cool: it makes you unique, it’s the only way I have known you.’’
36
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I am very blessed to have God in my life, first of all, and a wonderful spouse. My family relationships have not been affected by epilepsy. The last time that I had a major episode with epilepsy was 20 years ago. My husband never even knew that I had epilepsy. I kept it from him until the seizures happened. I was taken to the hospital, and that is where my husband found out. He was surprised—but also wonderful—about it and did not allow it to affect our marriage.
Private Collections
Authors: Siegel Jonah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of cultural institutions in England has typically taken place in the uncertain interplay of private enterprise, individual aspiration, and an often hesitant and even suspicious government. Without the tradition of centralized control characteristic of the nations of the continent, the establishment of such institutions has consistently been a laborious bottom-up, rather than top-down, process. And so it is that the emergence of the museum in the nineteenth century required not only the existence of collections that could form the nucleus of new foundations but the development of the kind of social consensus that would make the acquisition, protection, and display of such collections a matter of national interest.
Campbell’s Psychiatric Dictionary
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Campbell ‘s Psychiatric Dictionary is widely recognized as the definitive dictionary of psychiatry--up-to-date, comprehensive, and authoritative. Distinguished by its clarity and scholarship, it is unique among dictionaries in providing nearly encyclopedic discussions of many of the most important entries. The Ninth Edition is nearly double the size of the previous edition and has been updated, revised, and vastly expanded to cover the explosion of new words and terms in psychiatry (including terms reflective of the debate now informing the development of the DSM-V), neuroscience, cognitive and clinical psychology, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as relevant terms and concepts from a wide range of related fields, including genetics, imaging, general medicine, forensic psychiatry, and sociology. It also covers the full range of treatments, including psychopharmacologic agents, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and other brief therapies. The entries are clearly written, so that they can be understood by non-psychiatrists (including general readers), and they feature cross-references, so that readers can easily locate all the relevant information on a topic. Campbell ‘s is written for the working library of a broad and diverse readership of specialists and non-specialists that includes psychiatrists, residents, neurologists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, counselors, lawyers, claims reviewers, and lay readers with an interest in mental health issues.
G
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
g In psychometrics, general intelligence in the sense of reasoning and ability to solve novel problems; it is consistently linked to the integrity and function of the lateral PFC, which supports the executive control of action and attention. Gf is fluid intelligence, “on the spot “ reasoning and novel problem-solving ability, related to analytical intelligence; it is strongly related to working memory. Gc is crystallized intelligence, overlearned skills and static knowledge, such as vocabulary.
Psychometric g is highly heritable, and the heritability of intelligence increases with age—as we grow older, our phenotype reflects our genotype more closely. A strictly environmental theory would predict the opposite.
g factor The hypothesized causal entity underlying the phenotype of general intelligence as measured by IQ scores, defined operationally as what diverse tests of cognitive ability have in common. Charles Spearman (1904) introduced the term as a neutral signifier of general cognitive ability that avoided the many connotations of “intelligence. “
G protein Guanosine triphosphate-binding protein; also called N protein (nucleotide-binding regulatory protein). The ubiquitously distributed G proteins link an array of receptors at the cell surface, including many neuroreceptors (among them the α- and β-adrenergic, dopamine, muscarinic acetylcholine, opioid, rhodopsin, serotonin, substance K, and THC receptors), to a variety of intracellular effectors that lie along or near the inner cell membrane.
N
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
N protein Nucleotide-binding regulatory protein. See G protein.
N400 signal A negative deflection in the eventrelated potential waveform occurring approximately 400 msec following the onset of contextually incongruent words in a sentence. It is one of the best indicators of context processing (q.v.). See object recognition.
Nachmansohn, David (1899–1983) American neurophysiologist. See elementary process.
Naches Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuronal Naches are a family of ligand-gated ion channels widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are activated by acetylcholine, and their activation causes excitation of the neuron. Currently, 12 neuronal anchors subunits have been identified (α2 to α10 and β2 to β4). Brains from smokers exhibit an increased number (that is, upregulation) of high-affinity nicotine-binding sites, which contain the α4 and β2 anchor subunits. Blockade of the high-affinity α4- and β2-containing receptors by a competitive antagonist also blocks the rewarding effect of nicotine. See nicotine addiction.
The cognitive reinforcing effects of nicotine have been demonstrated to be beneficial in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, suggesting that compounds targeted to nacre may be useful in restoring a cholinergic deficit.
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis and osteopenia are conditions involving decreased bone mass and hence a decrease in the strength of the bones with an increased risk of fractures. Osteopenia has been defined as having bone mass that is more than one standard deviation below the normal level, and osteoporosis as having bone mass that is more than two and a half standard deviations below normal. These definitions have been difficult to apply to children because the normal levels have not been well defined for children of different ages and races. However, precise medical definitions are not what parents should be concerned about. What it is important for parents to understand is that children who do not get enough calcium in their diet, children with chronic arthritis, children who take corticosteroids or certain other drugs (especially diuretics such as furosemide), and children with a variety of hormonal disorders are all at risk of decreased bone mass and easily broken bones.
The Child Who Hurts All Over and the Child Who Is Failing to Thrive
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are many possible explanations when a child is not doing well, ranging from serious illnesses to problems adjusting at home or in school. Children who aren’t thriving or who complain of constant pain are of great concern for both parents and physicians. Some parents worry that their child is not able to keep up with the other children when playing. Others are concerned about repeated athletic injuries, wondering why their child has so many sprains and strains. Still others notice that the child seems withdrawn or irritable or has lost interest in activities.
Alternating Saccades in a Primate Model of Strabismus
Authors: Das Vallabh E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alternating fixation is frequently observed in humans with strabismus. We examined this phenomenon in a monkey model for strabismus. An exotropic strabismus was induced in two infant monkeys using an alternate monocular occlusion paradigm for the first four months of life. When the animals were about three years old, we measured binocular eye movements, using the scleral search coil technique, as they performed a visually guided saccade task during monocular or binocular viewing. During binocular viewing, monkeys tended to fixate targets in the right hemifield with their right eye and targets in the left hemifield with their left eye, consistent with patterns of visual suppression in exotropia. An alternating saccade was executed when the target jumped across the midline. There were no significant differences in the amplitude–peak velocity or amplitude– duration main-sequence relationships between alternating and nonalternating saccades (monocular or binocular viewing). Saccade latency tended to be greater during binocular viewing than during monocular viewing. Our study establishes a strabismus monkey model useful for studying neural circuits involved in generating alternating fixation and alternating saccade behavior. Further, alternating saccade behavior may be used as a probe to study mechanisms of visual suppression in strabismus and mechanisms of target selection in normal individuals.
New Treatments for Infantile and Other Forms of Nystagmus
Authors: Dell’osso Louis F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to translate the past 40 years of infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) research (i.e., ocular motor recording and control-systems analysis) into a therapeutic approach. Our eye movement recordings use infrared reflection, magnetic search coil, and high-speed digital video systems. Each eye was calibrated during monocular fixation (fellow-eye occluded). We analyzed and displayed all data using software developed and written in our laboratory in the MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA) environment, including the eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX). Analysis of A 1000 INS subjects over 40 years revealed waveform characteristics that can be exploited therapeutically. Analysis of postoperative INS data suggested that tenotomy and resuture (at the original insertions) of the extraocular muscles in the plane of the IN would improve foveation. The NAFX across normal gaze angles showed both peak-value increases and NAFX-curve broadening. We have concluded that all patients with nystagmus should have eye movement recording and analysis. The resulting accurate diagnosis and documentation of INS characteristics (undetectable by clinical observation) identify the best therapy. NAFX analysis allows estimation of postoperative acuities and determination of the most appropriate therapies. This eye movement–based procedure is the first to provide both the physician and patient with a posttherapeutic estimation of specific improvements in visual function that is not possible from acuity measurements alone.
Vergence Hysteresis in Infantile Nystagmus
Authors: serra Alessandro , Dell’osso, louis f. , Wang zhong I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Subjects with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) may exhibit hysteresis during disconjugate vergenceeye movements (i.e., fixation of the same target is associated with a higher eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function [NAFX]if the subject is diverging rather than converging). Hysteresis was found to occur in the central 20° of gaze at all examined vergence angles between far (4.2 diopters [D]) and near (60 D). A peripheral mechanism located either in the muscles or in the pulleys was hypothesized as the cause of hysteresis. It was also suggested that transient fixation of a nearer target, before focusing on the object of interest, might be useful in the daily activities of subjects with INS.
Clinical features
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The clinical features of AS are very heterogeneous; they can be divided into musculoskeletal and extraskeletal manifestations (Table 5.1). The disease symptoms usually start insidiously when patients are in their late teens or early 20s; males are affected roughly twice as commonly as females. Data from developed countries indicate that the average age of onset is around 24 years; onset before age 10 or after age 45 is rare. Approximately 15% of patients have onset of their disease in childhood (before age 16), but this percentage may be as high as 40% in some developing countries.1–3
Other manifestations and complications
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Acute anterior uveitis, also called acute iritis, is the most common extraarticular feature of AS, occurring in 25% to 40% of patients at some time in the course of their disease1–4 (Fig. 8.1). It is an acute inflammation of the iris and ciliary body and is therefore also called acute iritis or iridocyclitis. It is typically unilateral, and the symptoms usually begin acutely and include pain, increased lacrimation, photophobia, and some blurring of vision. It has a tendency to recur, not infrequently in the contralateral eye. The eye is inflamed, there is circumcorneal congestion, the pupil is small, and the iris is edematous and may appear slightly discolored compared to the contralateral side. There is copious exudate in the anterior chamber of the eye, which can be seen on slit-lamp examination. The inflammation is nongranulomatous—that is, the inflammatory cells adhering to the endothelial lining cells of the cornea form aggregates called keratitic precipitates, which are small, in contrast to what is usually seen in “granulomatous
Assessment of disease activity
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is important to distinguish symptoms that reflect active disease from symptoms of a mechanical or psychological nature before making specific treatment decisions.1 Monitoring disease activity using reliable measures enables better assessment of response to treatment. C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) correlate only moderately with axial disease activity.2–5 Several instruments have been developed to assess disease activity and severity of AS in a scoring system using symptoms and signs.4–6
Disease management
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The treatment of AS should be individualized based on the disease activity and severity and the patient’s symptoms and signs, functional status, deformities, general health status, comorbid conditions, and wishes.1 The best strategy incorporates patient and family education; lifestyle and work-place modifications; physical therapy; a lifelong program of regular physical exercise; use of medications; when appropriate, referral to appropriate specialists; and monitoring of disease activity and adverse effects of drug therapies.