bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refining Boat Electrofishing Equipment to Improve Consistency and Reduce Harm to Fish
Authors: Miranda L. E. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A major concern with electrofishing is the standardization of sampling equipment and methods, particularly when collections are used to monitor spatial and temporal changes in fish communities. Standardization can not only ensure that stock assessment is consistent—that is, the data collected over time and space have equal meaning and are not influenced by differences in gear or gear application—but also reduce injury by constraining power to ranges that are likely to immobilize fish but unlikely to harm them. Standardization of electrofishing equipment requires adjusting power output to keep constant the amount of power transferred to fish in diverse water conditions. In this study, the power level thresholds required to immobilize and injure fish under controlled laboratory conditions were identified for various size–species combinations and applied to establish power minima and maxima suitable for successful and safe boat electrofishing. The target settings identified allowed survival of 99.4% of the fish collected and held for 2–3 h during field trials; all the mortalities were small fish (≤53 mm long). The standardization procedure described herein may be adapted to single boats or fleets and can promote consistency in electrofishing, although it does not completely avoid harm to fish. Because electrofishing is an active capture method applied to changing microenvironments, complete standardization and total avoidance of harm to individual fish are not feasible with present technology, but standardization of controllable variables is advisable.
Evaluation of a Selective Flatfish Trawl and Diel Variation in Rockfish Catchability as Bycatch Reduction Tools in the Deepwater Complex Fishery off the U.S. West Coast
Authors: Hannah Robert W. , Parker Steven J. , Buell Troy V. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
We tested the potential of a selective flatfish trawl to reduce bycatch of slope rockfish in the upper continental slope bottom-trawl fishery (250–500 m) on the U.S. West Coast. The trawl we tested differed from typical slope trawls in that it was a low-rise, two-seam trawl with a severely cut back headrope. We used an alternate haul, randomized block design to compare catches of the experimental trawl with those of a typical four-seam, high-rise trawl and to examine diel changes in catch rates for both trawls. The experimental trawl produced catches similar to the control trawl for all commercially valuable flatfish, except arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias, which was reduced 24%. Catches of most rockfish and roundfish were significantly reduced in the experimental trawl (50–94% depending on species). However, the catches of darkblotched rockfish Sebastes crameri and redbanded rockfish S. babcocki were not reduced significantly in the experimental trawl. Nighttime catches were reduced 30–99% for most rockfish species, the greatest reductions occurring in the experimental trawl. The large nighttime catch reduction for several rockfish species for both trawls along with no catch reduction in Dover sole Microstomus pacificus, suggests that fishing only at night may be a viable bycatch-reduction strategy for some rockfish species. The diel and depth-related variation in catch rates we noted for the selective flatfish trawl indicates that catches by this trawl may be especially sensitive to physical and environmental factors such as time of day, depth, or turbidity.
A Multimetric Assessment of Stream Condition in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion Using Spatially Explicit Statistical Modeling and Regional Normalization
Authors: Baker Edward A. , Wehrly Kevin E. , Seelbach Paul W. , Wang Li , Wiley Michael J. , Simon Thomas 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe sampled fish communities, water temperature, water chemistry, physical habitat, and catchment characteristics for 94 stream sites selected randomly throughout the Northern Lakes and Forests ecoregion and used those data to explicitly model reference conditions and assess ecological stream condition at each site via a regional normalization framework. The streams we sampled were first order through fourth order, and the catchments ranged from 0.9 to 458 km2. We developed multiple linear regression (MLR) models that predicted fish community metrics, water chemistry characteristics, and local physical habitat from catchment characteristics; we used these models to compare existing conditions with the conditions that would be expected based on the regression models. Our results indicated that the fish communities were relatively unimpaired because the catchment variables associated with human‐induced land use change were important in only 1 of the 10 fish metric models. Agricultural land use was a significant variable in the MLR equation for species of Lepomis (sunfish). Agricultural land use and urban land use were both significant variables in all of the MLR models predicting water chemistry variables; urban land use was a significant variable in the MLR model predicting the percent coverage of all instream cover types. Regional normalization indicated that none of the sites were impaired based on fish community attributes. However, our analysis based on water chemistry metrics indicated that 22– 35% of the sites were impaired and that, based on physical habitat, 6–14% of the sites were impaired. A comparison with other published studies of the ecoregion suggested that the regional normalization process correctly characterized stream condition.
Influence of Larval Sea Lamprey Density on Transformer Life History Characteristics in Lewis Creek, Vermont
Authors: Zerrenner Adam , Marsden J. Ellen 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDensity‐dependent larval life history characteristics of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus may have important management implications for sea lamprey control if life history attributes directly respond to conditions created by control strategies. Our objective was to examine the effects of larval sea lamprey density on sex ratio, size at metamorphosis, and age at metamorphosis in Lewis Creek, Vermont (one reach with naturally high larval density and one low‐density reach), and to determine the effects of lampricide treatments on these characteristics. Lewis Creek has a natural falls that divides the stream into two distinct larval sea lamprey populations; this barrier created areas of high and low densities in the stream before treatment. Lewis Creek was treated with lampricide in 1990 and 1994, and all visible dead sea lampreys were collected, identified, and counted. Sea lamprey transformers (metamorphosing larvae) were measured for length and weight and sex was determined. Larval habitat was quantified above and below the falls in 1999 and 2000, and larval density was quantified by electroshocking below the falls. During the first treatment, larval density above the falls was 64 times greater than density below the falls. Transformers above the falls were similar in weight, were 11% longer, and had a significantly higher proportion of females (75% versus 53%) than those collected below the falls. Density of sea lampreys below the falls increased after treatment. Transformers decreased in average length and weight between 1990 and 1994 and increased in length and weight between 1999 and 2000. The percentage of females fluctuated from 65% after the first treatment (1994) to 44% after the second treatment (1999) to 52% a year later (2000). Overall, higher larval density (below versus above the falls, after versus before treatment) was associated with smaller transformers and lower proportions of females.
A Classification of Habitat Types in a Large River and Their Use by Juvenile Salmonids
Authors: Beechie T. J. , Liermann M. , Beamer E. M. , Henderson R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe describe six habitat types for large rivers (>100 m bank‐full width), including pools, riffles, and glides in midchannel and bank edges, bar edges, and backwaters along channel margins. Midchannel units were deeper and faster than edge units on average. Among edge habitat types, backwater units had the lowest velocities and contained complex cover consisting mainly of wood accumulations and aquatic plants. Banks and bars had similar velocity distributions, but banks had more complex cover such as rootwads and debris jams. Because sampling of juvenile salmonids was ineffective in the midchannel units (electrofishing capture efficiency was low, and the units were too deep and fast to snorkel), we focused our sampling efforts on juvenile salmonid use of edge habitats during winter, spring, and late summer. Densities of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho salmon O. kisutch were highest in bank and backwater units in winter, whereas age‐0 and age‐1 or older steelhead densities were highest in bank units in winter. In summer, only coho salmon densities were significantly different among edge unit types, densities being highest in banks and backwaters. Microhabitat selection (velocity, depth, and cover type) by juvenile salmonids mirrored that in small streams, most fish occupying areas with a velocity less than 15 cm/s and wood cover. Among ocean‐type salmon, Chinook and chum salmon fry were captured in large numbers in all edge units and exhibited only slightly higher densities in low‐velocity areas (<15 cm/s).
Nonlethal Assessment of Juvenile Pink and Chum Salmon for Parasitic Sea Lice Infections and Fish Health
Authors: Krkošek Martin , Morton Alexandra , Volpe John P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIndustrial salmon farming has been correlated with infestations of parasitic sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis in adjacent wild juvenile salmonids and declines of sympatric wild salmonid populations. Prohibitively large financial, human, and logistical resource requirements prevent the implementation of long‐term, large‐scale monitoring programs to assess the effect of farms on wild salmonids. We report a novel nonlethal sampling procedure for quantifying louse abundances and measures of fish health on wild juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta during their early marine life history phase. The method significantly reduces the resource requirements of sampling programs and provides a desirable nonlethal alternative for studying depressed or threatened populations. The simplicity of the protocol facilitates public participation, further decreasing costs while increasing the potential spatiotemporal coverage and resolution of future research–monitoring programs.
Hydrothermal Processing
Authors: Byrappa K. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Hydrothermal processing of materials covers a wide range of technologies related to the preparation of materials in a closed system under the action of temperature and pressure. The hydrothermal materials processing deals with the hydrothermal synthesis, crystal growth of both fine‐to‐ultrafine crystals and bulk crystals, leaching, treatment, alteration, sintering, decomposition, waste recycling, supercritical water oxidation, stabilization, mineral recovery, etc. A state of art development in the field of hydrothermal technology has been described with respect to the preparation of both inorganic and organic materials with appropriate examples, eg, growth of quartz single crystals, preparation of zeolites, ceramics, issues related to the environmental science, and a recent approach, such as green processing.
Detecting regime transitions in slurry bubble columns using pressure time series
Authors: Ruthiya Keshav C. , Chilekar Vinit P. , Warnier Maurice J. F. , van der Schaaf John , Kuster Ben F. M. , Schouten Jaap C. , van Ommen J. Ruud 
Published: May 2005

AbstractChanges in the coherent standard deviation and in the average frequency of measured pressure time series with gas velocity, are proposed, as unique and unambiguous criteria to mark flow regime transitions in slurry bubble columns. In a 2‐dimensional (2‐D) slurry bubble column, pressure time series are measured at different gas velocities simultaneously with high‐speed video recording of the gas‐liquid flow. The frequency of occurrence and the average diameter of the large bubbles are determined from video image analysis. The gas velocity where the first large bubbles are detected, with an average diameter of 1.5 cm, and with a frequency of occurrence of one bubble per s, is designated as the first regime transition point (transition from the homogeneous regime to the transition regime). At this point, the coherent standard deviation of the measured pressure fluctuations clearly increases from zero. The gas velocity where the average diameter and the frequency of occurrence of the large bubbles become constant, is designated as the second regime transition point (transition from the transition regime to the heterogeneous regime). From this point onward, the slope of the coherent standard deviation of the measured pressure fluctuations clearly decreases with gas velocity, while the average frequency becomes constant. These clear changes with gas velocity in the coherent standard deviation, and in the average frequency are also demonstrated in a 3‐D slurry bubble column. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Modeling of morphogenesis of growing polyolefin particles
Authors: Grof Zdeněk , Kosek Juraj , Marek Miloš 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA novel concept is introduced of modeling of the morphogenesis of polyolefin particles. The polymer particle is assumed to consist of a large number of microelements with binary and ternary viscoelastic interactions acting among individual microelements. These viscoelastic interactions are described by the Maxwell model and govern the morphogenesis process of the growing polymer particle. The rate of the growth of each particular microelement depends on the local catalyst activity and concentration of the monomer. Various types of morphologies of polymer particles are obtained when different viscoelastic properties and/or different reaction conditions are considered. Development of morphological features such as the formation of fine particles, cracks in polymer particles, hollow particles, good or poor replication of the shape of the original catalyst particle, and the evolution of the porous structure of polymer particle are used as illustrative examples. The presented approach thus represents a novel first‐principles–based modeling of reaction‐transport processes in dynamically evolving multiphase media. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Xq chromosome duplication in males: Clinical, cytogenetic and array CGH characterization of a new case and review
Authors: Cheng Sabrina F. , Rauen Katherine A. , Pinkel Daniel , Albertson Donna G. , Cotter Philip D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMales with duplications within the long arm of the X chromosome are rare and most cases are inherited from a maternal heterozygote. We report a male with a de novo Xq duplication and review of the literature. The proband was ascertained prenatally after an abnormal expanded alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) screen and abnormal ultrasound findings. Chromosome analysis on amniocyte and subsequent peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures showed a male karyotype containing additional material on the long arm of the X chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with an X chromosome whole chromosome paint probe showed that the additional material was derived from the X chromosome, interpreted as a dup(X)(q13.3q24). Further characterization of the duplication by array CGH showed a duplication size between 30–44 Mb as determined by the map position of the flanking clones on the array, and refined the breakpoints of the duplicated region to Xq21.32 → Xq25. At birth, the proband had multiple craniofacial abnormalities, musculoskeletal anomalies, bilateral cryptorchidism with scrotal hypoplasia, conductive hearing loss, and profound generalized hypotonia despite normal birthweight, length, and head circumference. Although data regarding Xq duplications in males are limited, a clear pattern of characteristic features can be discerned as illustrated in the present case and confirmed in our literature review. Mental, psychomotor and growth retardation, as well as, craniofacial anomalies, muscle hypotonia, hypoplastic genitalia, cryptorchidism, feeding difficulties, and endocrine dysfunction are all significant issues in these individuals. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex chromosome rearrangement and recombinant balanced translocation in a mother and a daughter with the same phenotypic abnormalities
Authors: Tihy Frédérique , Lemieux N. , Lemyre E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe report on the diagnosis of a complex chromosome rearrangement in a mother and the transmission of a simplified translocation in her fetus. The mother had mental retardation, short stature, facial dysmorphism, and hydronephrosis, but was never investigated before she was pregnant. A blood sample was taken for karyotyping at the time of amniocentesis for advanced maternal age. The mother's karyotype revealed two translocations involving chromosome 5, chromosome 16 twice, and chromosome 20 as follow: 46,XX,t(5;16;20)(5pter→5q11.2::16q12.1→16q23::20p11.2→20pter;16pter→16q12.1::5q11.2→5qter;16qter→16q23::20p11.2→20qter). The amniocentesis revealed a female karyotype with an apparently balanced translocation: 46,XX,t(16;20)(q23;p11.2). The translocation of the fetus probably resulted from a meiotic recombination between the derived 5 and the normal 16 in the mother. The baby was born and presented the same facial dysmorphism and hydronephrosis. The simplification of a complex rearrangement through recombination into a balanced product has only been rarely described and it is to our knowledge the first time that both the carrier of the complex rearrangement and her descendant with a simplified rearrangement share phenotypic abnormalities. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes as risk factors for spina bifida and orofacial clefts
Authors: Olshan Andrew F. , Shaw G.M. , Millikan R.C. , Laurent C. , Finnell R.H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRepairing DNA damage is critical during embryogenesis because development involves sensitive periods of cell proliferation, and abnormal cell growth or death can result in malformations. Knockout mouse experiments have demonstrated that disruption of DNA repair genes results in embryolethality and structural defects. Studies using mid‐organogenesis rat embryos showed that DNA repair genes were variably expressed. It is hypothesized that polymorphisms that alter the functionality of DNA repair enzymes may modify the risk of malformations. We conducted a case‐control analysis to investigate the relationship between DNA repair gene polymorphisms and the risk of spina bifida and oral clefts. Newborn screening blood spot DNA was obtained for 250 cases (125 spina bifida, 125 oral clefts) identified by the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, and 350 non‐malformation controls identified from birth records. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms of five DNA repair genes representing three distinct repair pathways were interrogated including: XRCC1 (Arg399Gln), APE1 (Asp148Glu), XRCC3 (Thr241Met), hOGG1(Ser326Cys), XPD (Asp312Asn, Lys751Gln). Elevated or decreased odds ratios (OR, adjusted for race/ethnicity) for spina bifida were found for genotypes containing at least one copy of the variant allele for XPD [751Gln, OR = 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–2.50] and APE 148 (OR = 0.58; CI = 0.37–0.90). A decreased risk of oral clefts was found for XRCC3 (OR = 0.62; CI = 0.39–0.99) and hOGG1 (326 Cys/Cys, OR = 0.22; CI = 0.06–0.78). This study suggested that polymorphisms of DNA repair genes, representing different major repair pathways, may affect risk of two major birth defects. Future, larger studies, examining additional repair genes, birth defects, and interaction with exposures are recommended. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal mucolipidosis type II (I‐cell disease) can present as Pacman dysplasia
Authors: Saul Robert A. , Proud Virginia , Taylor Harold A. , Leroy Jules G. , Spranger Jurgen 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPacman dysplasia has been previously reported to be a lethal skeletal dysplasia with epiphyseal stippling and osteoclastic overactivity. We report on a sibling of a fetus previously reported as Pacman dysplasia. This infant has a clinical course consistent with mucolipidosis type II (I‐cell disease) along with confirmatory biochemical, cytologic, and radiographic evidence. This case expands the phenotypic spectrum of mucolipidosis type II. Having redefined the diagnosis in one of the original cases of Pacman dysplasia, we suggest that what is called Pacman dysplasia could very well be Mucolipidosis type II (ML‐II) in other published reports. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser anomaly and its associated malformations
Authors: Pittock Siobhán T. , Babovic‐Vuksanovic Dusica , Lteif Aida 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMayer–Rokitansky–Küster Hauser (MRKHA) is a malformation complex comprising absent vagina and absent or rudimentary uterus. The aim of our study was to describe the type and frequency of anomalies associated with the MRKHA. Between 1975 and 2002, 25 patients with a diagnosis of MRKHA were identified at the Mayo Clinic. These charts were reviewed retrospectively. Two of the 25 patients were found to have absence of one ovary and two patients had unilateral oophorectomies performed for benign cysts. Four patients had minor anomalies and two had digital anomalies. The frequency of scoliosis (20%), unilateral renal agenesis (28%), non‐vertebral skeletal anomalies (16%) and of the MURCS association (Müllerian agenesis, renal agenesis/ectopia and cervical somite dysgenesis), 16%, was similar compared to that of other published studies. Vertebral abnormalities were found more frequently in our patients (44%). Four patients had cardiac defects, an anomaly not previously described, including truncus arteriosus, patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale, mitral valve prolapse, and mild mitral regurgitation. We document cardiac anomalies in 16% of our patients with MRKHA suggesting that a search for associated anomalies including cardiac defects is indicated in all such patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The external ear: More attention to detail may aid syndrome diagnosis and contribute answers to embryological questions
Authors: Hunter Alasdair G.W. , Yotsuyanagi Takatoshi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe human pinna has a complex shape and yet the basic components of normal structure are remarkably constant between individuals. It is precocious in its appearance during embryogenesis and it has been subject to many developmental and surgical studies, yet questions remain as to its primary embryogenesis and the causes of its malformations. Unfortunately, the vast majority of clinical reports of syndromes and of individuals with dysmorphic signs provide limited and inadequate description of the external ear. Given the intricate pattern of the pinna, and hence its potential for morphological variation, we think that more attention to the specific description of ear anomalies may lead to a better appreciation of the etiology and embryology of the malformations. Furthermore, in some cases correlation with specific syndromes may provide an aid to diagnosis. Towards those ends this paper reviews some of the controversy concerning the embryology of the pinna, and discusses a number of the better‐defined anomalies of the external ear. Although it has been suggested that anomalies of the insertion and orientation of intrinsic muscles of the pinna may be responsible for variations in external ear morphology, we think it likely that in many cases the anomalous insertions may be secondary. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.