bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological properties of ionically and covalently crosslinked polypropylene‐type thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Fujiyama Mitsuyoshi , Kondou Manabu , Ayama Kazuhiko , Inata Hitoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMaleic anhydride was grafted onto a polypropylene‐type thermoplastic elastomer PER by reactive processing with a screw extruder, and a maleated PER (MPER) was prepared. Aiming at ionic crosslinking, magnesium 12‐hydroxy stearate (MgStOH), zinc oxide (ZnO), and zinc sulfide (ZnS), and aiming at covalent crosslinking, melamine as an amino compound, and Epocizer and GRYCI‐ALE as epoxy compounds, were added to the MPER, melt‐mixed by use of the screw extruder, and crosslinked compounds were obtained. The rheological properties such as capillary flow properties and dynamic viscoelasticities of the compounds were measured and their melt processabilities were evaluated. The degree of crosslinking was in the order of epoxy compounds > MgStOH > melamine > ZnO, ZnS > MPER (blank). In the case of the compound with MgStOH of a moderately high degree of crosslinking, the non‐Newtonian behavior is remarkable and the die swell ratio is low and suitable for extrusion. However, in the case of compounds with epoxy compounds of an excessive degree of crosslinking, fine extrudate cannot be obtained due to the lack of fusion and the control of degree of crosslinking is necessary. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 762–773, 2002
Novel microencapsulated curing accelerator for prolonging shelf life of epoxy resin composition
Authors: Cao Ming , Xie Ping , Jin Zhong , Zhang Yong , Zhang Rongben , Chung Tai‐Shung , He Chaobin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel micron‐sized microencapsulated curing accelerator, imidazole (Im), particles, was first prepared by an ultrasound‐assisted dispersing and spray‐drying method and can significantly prolong the shelf life of epoxy resin‐based microelectronic packaging material. The shell of the encapsulated particles was made from ladderlike copoly(phenyloctyl silsesquioxane) (Ph‐Oct‐T), which was synthesized by a “stepwise coupling polymerization” method. Its softening or flowing temperature can be adjusted by changing the composition. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was chosen as both a solvent of the capsular material Ph‐Oct‐T and a suspending/precipitating agent of the fine Im particles. Subsequently, the solution containing Ph‐Oct‐T and suspended Im particles was treated by a spray‐drying process to produce the microencapsulated curing accelerator, Im particles, whose size and appearance was observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). A greatly improved shelf life of the epoxy resin composition containing this microencapsulated curing accelerator was exhibited by curing tests and DSC measurements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 873–878, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric polyurethane/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Ma Jisheng , Zhang Shufan , Qi Zongneng 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn elastomeric polyurethane/clay (PU/clay) nanocomposite based on poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), glycerol propoxylate, and toluene‐diisocyanate (TDI) was synthesized by intercalative polymerization technology. The results of wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) studies showed that the gallery distance of the clay in the hybrid was enlarged from 1.9 to 4.5nm or more. Introducing clay in the PU matrix resulted in an increase in both the tensile strength and elongation at beak. When the clay content reached about 8%, the tensile strength and elongation at break were two times and five times respectively to that of the pure PU. In addition, the clay intercalative route to the nanocomposite synthesis also effected the thermal properties of the nanocomposites. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1444–1448, 2001
Erratum
Authors: Barbehenn Raymond V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe bottom panel of figure number 1 in the article, “Roles of Peritrophic Membranes in Protecting Herbivorous Insects From Ingested Plant Allelochemicals” by Raymond V. Barbehenn, Volume 47, Number 2, June 2001 on pages 86–99 was submitted incorrectly.The corrected figure and legend from page 88 are herein reprinted. The bottom panel is now on the right hand side.
Insect cell stimulation by LPS requires the activity of cell‐released proteases
Authors: Wittwer Daniela , Wiesner Andreas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hemocyte line BTI‐EA‐1174‐A from the lepidopteran insect Estigmene acraea responds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by an enhanced phagocytic reaction and a dose‐dependent increase of lysozyme release [Wittwer et al., Dev Comp Immunol 21:323 (1997)].This paper provides evidence for a strong proteolytic activity in cell culture supernatants occuring after addition of LPS (1 mg/ml). The proteolysis is caused by cell‐released proteases and seems to be necessary for cell activation. Its inhibition by α2‐macroglobulin results in a dose‐dependent reduction in cellular response strength. Phagocytic reactions, as well as lysozyme release, are lowered to about half in the presence of 0.0001 mg/ml α2‐macroglobulin. A nearly complete abolishment of activation was achieved with final concentrations of 1.0 mg/ml α2‐macroglobulin. The data presented allow us to conclude that the LPS‐triggered proteolytic activity is an important part of the activation process; it occurs outside of the cells and delivers immune response activating factors. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 39:91–97, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of extracellular calcium concentration on protein synthesis in Aedes albopictus cells
Authors: Kawamura Marcia Tie , da Gloria da Costa Carvalho Maria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of extracellular calcium concentration on mosquito cells was investigated in Aedes albopictus cells cultured in a medium with different amounts of calcium. Protein synthesis in cells incubated in low calcium culture medium was inhibited when compared to control cells. This inhibition was reversed by addition of calcium to the culture medium. Two calcium‐induced proteins of approximately 70,000 and 80,000 daltons were detected when calcium was added to the extracellular medium of cells incubated in low calcium medium for longer than 2 h. Northern‐blot analysis indicated that Hsp70 (heat shock protein of 70,000 dalton) specific mRNA is present in cells that were cultured in low calcium medium suggesting that the 70,000 dalton protein is a member of the Hsp70 family. Our results indicate that extracellular calcium concentration can modify the gene expression pattern in A. albopictus cells and the absence of calcium in the culture medium could be considered a stress factor. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 39:47–54, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of fire ash residues using mineral magnetism
Authors: Peters C. , Church M. J. , Mitchell C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs part of a wider research programme of experimental archaeology at Calanais Farm, Isle of Lewis, Scotland, a number of experimental hearths were constructed, based on excavated evidence from the Late Iron Age houses at Bostadh, Lewis. Controlled and repeated burning of different fuel sources (well‐humified peat, fibrous upper peat, peat turf and wood) was carried out over a number of burning episodes, each of three days duration. A range of mineral magnetic measurements, including remanences and the variation of susceptibility with high temperature, were taken from the resulting ash samples. The high temperature susceptibility measurements show that the fibrous upper peat and peat turf have a single magnetic component, with a drop in magnetic susceptibility at ca. 600 °C. In comparison the well‐humified peat and wood have one, sometimes two, distinct magnetic components characterized by drops in susceptibility at ca. 330 and ca. 550 °C. Stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on the room temperature magnetic data. A biplot of the resulting two main variables distinguishes the well‐humified peat and wood. Some overlap is observed between the fibrous upper peat and peat turf. Magnetic measurements also were carried out on Iron Age and Medieval hearth, floor and ash spread samples from the multiperiod archaeological site of Guinnerso, on the Isle of Lewis. Comparison was made with the modern ash samples in order to determine if fuel sources could be identified. The high temperature susceptibility curves and the discriminant analysis biplot suggest that for the selected archaeological samples the predominant fuel source was well‐humified peat. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The iatrogenic costs of NSAID therapy: A population study
Authors: Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M. , Romano Ferdinando , Simon Giorgio , Correa‐Leite Maria L. , Villa Marco , Nicolosi Alfredo , Borgnolo Giulio , Bianchi‐Porro Gabriele , Mannino Salvatore 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the iatrogenic costs of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment from the perspective of the Italian National Health Service.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using the primary and secondary care claims data registered in the regional health service database in the Friuli‐Venezia Giulia (Italy). The study cohort comprised all persons(265,114) who received at least one prescription for any NSAID between August 1996 and July 1998. The outcomes of interest were the costs of medical interventions for upper gastrointestinal disorders following NSAID treatment (i.e., prescriptions for gastroprotective drugs, hospitalizations, and outpatient diagnostic procedures).ResultsThe study population received a total of 660,311 NSAID prescriptions for a cost of 6,587,533 Euros (€) (€0.53 per treatment day). The cost of medical interventions for gastrointestinal events added 58% to the cost of NSAID therapy (€0.31 per NSAID treatment day, up to 64% directly attributable to NSAID use). The iatrogenic costs were generated by 12.4% of the patients, 77% of whom had a positive history of gastrointestinal disorders and 82% of whom were older than 50 years. Co‐prescriptions for gastroprotective drugs accounted for 78.6% of the overall iatrogenic costs. The iatrogenic costs did not differ between cyclooxygenase (COX) nonselective and COX‐2 preferential drugs within strata of age and prior history of gastrointestinal disorders, but were significantly higher for the parenteral NSAIDs than the oral or rectal formulations.ConclusionsIn Italy, the iatrogenic costs of NSAID therapy add 58% to the cost of NSAID treatment; most of the cost is generated by co‐prescriptions of gastroprotective drugs to elderly NSAID users or patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders.
Comparative bioavailability of two cefadroxil formulations in healthy human volunteers after a single‐dose administration
Authors: Oliveira C.H. , Salmon J. , Sucupira M. , Ilha J. , De Nucci G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjective. To compare the bioavailability of two cefadroxil capsule (500 mg) formulations (Cefadroxila from Eurofarma Laboratórios Ltd, Brazil, as test formulation and Cefamox® from Bristol–Myers Squibb, Brazil S.A. as reference formulation) in 24 volunteers of both sexes.Material and methods. The study was conducted open with randomized two‐period crossover design and a 1‐week washout period. Plasma samples were obtained over a 12‐h interval. Cefadroxil concentrations were analysed by combined reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS‐MS) with positive ion electrospray ionization using a selected ion monitoring method. From the cefadroxil plasma concentration versus time curves the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUClast, AUC0–∞ and Cmax.Results. Geometric mean of Cefadroxila/Cefamox® 500 mg individual percent ratio was 103.97% for AUClast, 104.08% for AUC0–∞ and 95.23% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals (CI) were 98.14–110.16%, 98.37–110.12%, and 85.59–105.96%, respectively.Conclusion. Since the 90% CI for Cmax, AUClast and AUC0–∞ were within the 80–125% interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration, it was concluded that the Cefadroxila 500 mg capsule was bioequivalent to the Cefamox® 500 mg capsule, according to both the rate and extent of absorption. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose‐dependent pharmacokinetics of a new reversible proton pump inhibitor, DBM‐819, after intravenous and oral administration to rats: hepatic first‐pass effect
Authors: Kim Eun J. , Kim Sun‐O. , Lee Dong H. , Lim Hong , Lee Myung G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe dose‐dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of DBM‐819 were evaluated after intravenous (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and oral (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) administrations of the drug to rats. The hepatic first‐pass effect was also measured after intravenous and intraportal administrations of the drug, 10 mg/kg, to rats. After intravenous administration, the dose‐normalized (based on 5 mg/kg) area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to time infinity, AUC, at 20 mg/kg (27.0 and 45.8 μg min/ml) was significantly greater than that at 5 mg/kg due to saturable metabolism. After oral administration, the dose‐normalized (based on 10 mg/kg) AUC0–12 h at 50 mg/kg (25.1, 18.3 and 49.2 μg min/ml) was significantly greater than those at 10 and 20 mg/kg again due to saturable metabolism. After oral administration of DBM‐819, 10 mg/kg, 2.86% of oral dose was not absorbed and the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) was estimated to be 46.7%. After intraportal administration of DBM‐819, 10 mg/kg, the AUC was 51.9% of intravenous administration, suggesting that approximately 48.1% was eliminated by liver (hepatic first‐pass effect). The considerable hepatic first‐pass effect of DBM‐819 was also supported by significantly greater AUC of M3 (3.70 and 6.86 μg min/ml), a metabolite of DBM‐819, after intraportal administration. The AUCs of DBM‐819 were not significantly different (comparable) between intraportal and oral administrations of the drug, 10 mg/kg, suggesting that gastrointestinal first‐pass effect of DBM‐819 was almost negligible in rats. At 10 mg/kg oral dose of DBM‐819, the hepatic first‐pass effect was approximately 48.1%, F was approximately 46.7 and 2.86% was not absorbed from gastrointestinal tract in rats. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical pharmacokinetic studies with INN 00835 (Nemifitide), a novel pentapeptide antidepressant
Authors: Feighner John P. , Nicolau Gabriela , Abajian Henry , Marricco Nadia Cardillo , Morrison John , Sverdlov Lev , Hlavka Joseph , Tonelli George , Spirito Carlo Di , Faria George 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNemifitide (4‐fluoro‐L‐phenylalanyl‐trans‐4‐hydroxy‐L‐prolyl‐L‐arginylglycyl‐L‐tryptophanamide ditrifluoroacetate) is a novel antidepressant, currently in phase 2/3 clinical trials. The purpose of our phase 1 clinical trials (conducted over a three year period) was to provide safety and pharmacokinetic data to support its clinical development as an antidepressant drug. Single and multiple doses ranging from 18 to 320 mg were administered subcutaneously to healthy volunteers in five phase 1 studies. Plasma concentrations of unchanged parent drug were determined by a validated LC/MS/MS method in blood samples collected at timepoints between 10 min and 72 h after dosing. Nemifitide was rapidly absorbed (Cmax at 10 min) and eliminated (t1/2 15–30 min) in most subjects. Regression and power model analyses were used to evaluate the data. The results indicate that pharmacokinetic parameters: AUC0−t, AUC 0−∞ and Cmax, were close to dose proportional in the dose range investigated. There was no evidence of systemic accumulation of drug following 5 daily doses. No serious adverse events or clinically significant systemic adverse events occurred at any of the doses investigated in the over 100 subjects dosed in these studies. Drug‐related adverse events were limited to local and transient skin reactions (pain and/or erythema) at the injection site, especially at the high doses administered: 240 and 320 mg. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of employees in transformer and generator production exposed to electromagnetic fields and mineral oil
Authors: Skyberg Knut , Hansteen Inger‐Lise , Vistnes Arnt I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective was to study the risk of cytogenetic damage among high voltage laboratory workers exposed to electromagnetic fields and mineral oil. This is a cross sectional study of 24 exposed and 24 matched controls in a Norwegian transformer factory. The exposure group included employees in the high voltage laboratory and in the generator soldering department. Electric and magnetic fields and oil mist and vapor were measured. Blood samples were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations in cultured lymphocytes. In addition to conventional cultures, the lymphocytes were also treated with hydroxyurea and caffeine. This procedure inhibits DNA synthesis and repair in vitro, revealing in vivo genotoxic lesions that are repaired during conventional culturing. In conventional cultures, the exposure group and the controls showed similar values for all cytogenetic parameters. In the DNA synthesis‐ and repair‐inhibited cultures, generator welders showed no differences compared to controls. Among high voltage laboratory testers, compared to the controls, the median number of chromatid breaks was doubled (5 vs. 2.5 per 50 cells; P<0.05) the median number of chromosome breaks was 2 vs. 0.5 (P>0.05) and the median number of aberrant cells was 5 vs. 3.5 (P<0.05). Further analysis of the inhibited culture data from this and a previous study indicated that years of exposure and smoking increase the risk of aberrations. We conclude that there was no increase in cytogenetic damage among exposed workers compared to controls in the conventional lymphocyte assay. In inhibited cultures, however, there were indications that electromagnetic fields in combination with mineral oil exposure may produce chromosomal aberrations. Bioelectromagnetics 22:150–160, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous conformational change within the prion protein—implications for disease pathogenesis?
Authors: Jackson Graham S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA recent paper by Leclerc et al(1) describes how recombinant hamster prion protein can undergo a spontaneous change in conformation to a structure that has features in common with PrPSc. Structural change in the host prion protein, PrPC to an insoluble and aggregated form with increased β‐sheet content (PrPSc) is central to the pathology of prion diseases.(2) A detailed understanding of the nature of these conformational changes will increase our knowledge of the molecular basis of prion pathology. These findings may have implications for how the disease is initiated and provide a format for further investigation. BioEssays 23:772–774, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A post hoc analysis of multiple‐stimulus preference assessment results
Authors: Graff Richard B. , Ciccone Francis J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFifteen individuals with developmental disabilities participated in multiple‐stimulus without replacement preference assessments (seven assessment sessions, seven trials each). Twelve of 15 individuals completed a second set of preference assessments 6 months later. Post hoc analyses indicated that in 25 of 27 cases, the same most preferred stimulus was identified in the first three trials as the full seven trials. Additionally, five sessions of three trials each were sufficient to identify the most highly preferred stimulus in 22 of 27 instances. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ordering in aqueous polysaccharide solutions. I. Dielectric relaxation in aqueous solutions of a triple‐helical polysaccharide schizophyllan
Authors: Hayashi Yoshihito , Shinyashiki Naoki , Yagihara Shin , Yoshiba Kazuto , Teramoto Akio , Nakamura Naotake , Miyazaki Yuji , Sorai Michio , Wang Qi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDeuterium oxide solutions of a triple‐helical polysaccharide schizophyllan, undergoing an order–disorder transition centered around 17°C, were studied by the time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) to obtain dielectric dispersions in the solution and frozen states. In the solution state, the dispersion below the transition temperature is resolved in three dispersions (relaxation times at 0°C) ascribed to side chain glucose residue (1; 102 ns), structured water (s; 2.0 ns) and bulk water (h), respectively, from low to high frequencies. Bulk water is divided into slow water (h2; 0.04 ns) and free or pure water (h1; 0.02 ns). Above the transition temperature structured water almost disappears and is compensated by slow water. Structured water is similar to bound water for proteins but different from it because of this transition behavior. Another dispersion (l) seen at the lowest frequency is assigned to the rotation of side‐chain glucose residue coupled with hydrated water. Parts of this dispersion and structured water are suggested to constitute bound water. In the frozen state were observed a major dispersion (h; 0.14 ns) and a minor one (m; 28 ns), which were ascribed to considerably mobile and less mobile waters. They are similar to but not exactly the same as that for unfreezable water in bovine serum albumin solutions argued by Miura et al. (Biopolymers, 1995, Vol. 36, p. 9). Water is molded into different structures by the triple helix. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 21–31, 2002
Glucose‐based optimization of CHO‐cell perfusion cultures
Authors: Dowd Jason E. , Kwok K. Ezra , Piret James M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPerfusion cultures of CHO cells producing t‐PA were performed using acoustic filter cell retention. A robust off‐line glucose analysis and predictive control protocol was developed to maintain the process within approximately 0.5 mM of the glucose set point, without the need for a more fallible on‐line sensor. Glucose usage (the difference between the inlet and reactor glucose concentrations) provided an easily measured indicator of overall medium utilization for mapping acceptable ranges of operation, including the edge of failure. Earlier onset of perfusion with a ramping glucose set point (1.5 mM/d) resulted in improved growth and consistency during the perfusion culture start‐up. At steady state, the t‐PA concentration variability increased gradually with increasing glucose usage up to approximately 22 mM, then up to 24 mM the variability increased threefold. Peak t‐PA concentrations of over 90 mg/L were obtained by controlling at a glucose usage of approximately 24 mM, but these t‐PA levels were not sustainable for more than 3 days. A consistent t‐PA concentration of 40 mg/L was obtained at a glucose usage of 21.5 mM. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 252–256, 2001.