bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations
Authors: Benowitz Neall. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is great interest in nicotine medications for smoking cessation and long­ term maintenance of cessation. In addition, nicotine medications have been pro­ posed as possible treatments for conditions such as depression, Alzheimer’s dis­ ease, and Parkinson’s disease. The investigation of nicotine as a discrete agent is vital to determining its potential benefits and clarifying associated risks.
Nicotine and Lung Cancer
Authors: Schuller Hildegard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in both men and women and demonstrates a strong association with smoking.’·’ A large number of chemicals that cause lung cancer in experimental animals have been identified in cigarette smoke.’ Extensive research into the mechanisms of action of these chemical carcinogens has shown that their reactive metabolites interact with DNA to form DNA adducts.
Politics, Punishment, and Populism
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this timely, challenging book, a former minister and current legislator in the British government examines the wave of American federal crime-control laws that surfaced both before and after the 1994 “Republican Revolution” in Congress. Lord Windlesham focuses on the pressure that populist opinion and special interests can exert in shaping crime policy. Several law-making actions and arguments are explored, such as the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (thought by many to be the key legislative achievement of President Clinton’s first term), the Brady Act, the “three strikes and you’re out” rule, Megan’s Law, and so forth. Furthermore, in presenting controversial views on the NRA and its competitors, the book ultimately asks how long America can continue to tolerate the private possession of deadly weapons.
Ending the Insanity
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The winds of compromise blew back into contention some proposals that had not won sufficient support in the earlier stages. While there had been little dissent to the bulk of the measures designed to combat violence against women: on the streets, in public transit and public parks, and as victims of domestic violence, there had been a lack of unanimity over the approach toward repeat sexual offenders. The final version of the bill included provisions increasing the level of federal penalties for sex crimes, instructing the U.S. Sentencing Commission to review and promulgate amendments where appropriate to the sentencing guidelines in cases of aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse. The guidelines should also be reviewed and amended to take account of the general problem of recidivism in cases of sex offenses, the severity of the offense, and its devastating effects on survivors. On penalties for repeat offenders it was more specific, providing that after one or more prior convictions for an offense punishable under the relevant chapter of the United States Code, as amended by the Act, or under the laws of any state relating to aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse or abusive sexual contact, the penalty would be a term of imprisonment up to twice that otherwise authorized.
Rethinking The new deal court
Authors: Cushman Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rethinking the New Deal Court challenges the prevailing account of the New Deal era Supreme Court, which holds that in the spring of 1937 the Court suddenly abandoned jurisprudential positions it had staked out in such areas as substantive due process and commerce clause doctrine. In this view, the impetus for such a dramatic reversal was provided by external political pressures manifested in FDR’s landslide victory in the 1936 election, and by the subsequent Court-packing crisis. Author Barry Cushman, by contrast, discounts the role that political pressure played in securing this “constitutional revolution.” Instead, he reorients study of the New Deal Court by focusing attention on the internal dynamics of doctrinal development and the role of New Dealers in seizing opportunities presented by doctrinal change. Recasting this central story in American constitutional development as a chapter in the history of ideas rather than simply an episode in the history of politics, Cushman offers a thoroughly researched and carefully argued study that recharacterizes the mechanics by which laissez-faire constitutionalism unraveled and finally collapsed during FDR’s reign. Identifying previously unseen connections between various lines of doctrine, Cushman charts the manner in which Nebbia v. New York’s abandonment of the distinction between public and private enterprise hastened the demise of the doctrinal structure in which that distinction had played a central role.
The Liberal Dilemma
Authors: Cushman Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of “liberty of contract” is generally thought to have first appeared in a Supreme Court decision in Allgeyer v. Louisiana, decided in 1897; to have entered American constitutional jurisprudence in 1886 with Godcharles v. Wigeman; and to have emerged in American social thought well before the Civil War.1 It is curious, then, that when Congress enacted the Erdman Act in 1898, no one in either house suggested that its section 10 was unconstitutional.2 That section prohibited interstate carriers from, inter alia, (1) requiring “any employee, or any person seeking employment, as a condition of such employment, to enter” into a so-called yellow-dog contract (“an agreement, either written or verbal, not to become or remain a member of any labor corporation, association, or organization”), and (2) “threaten[ing] any employee with loss of employment” or “unjustly discriminat[ing] against any employee” because of his union membership.
Are Human Rights Universal? The Relativist Challenge and Related Matters
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of human rights consists of two parts: the premise or claim that every human being is sacred (inviolable, etc.), and the further claim that because every human being is sacred (and given all other relevant information), certain choices should be made and certain other choices rejected; in particular, certain things ought not to be done to any human being and certain other things ought to be done for every human being.
The Word “American” Ends in “I Can”: The Ambiguous Promise of the American Dream
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning,” wrote John Locke, “all the world was America.” Locke was referring specifically to the absence of a cash nexus in primitive society, but the sentence evokes the unsullied newness, infinite possibility, limitless resources that are commonly understood to be the essence of “the American dream.” The idea of the American dream has been attached to everything from religious freedom to a home in the suburbs, and it has inspired emotions ranging from deep gratification to disillusioned fury. Nevertheless, the phrase elicits for most Americans some variant of Locke’s fantasy-a new world where anything can happen and good things might.
The Convergence of Black and White Attitudes on School Desegregation Issues
Authors: Rossell Christine H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its pursuit of racial equality in the schools in the four decades since Brown v. Board of Education, the civil rights leadership has made various assumptions about the attitudes and policy preferences of black and white parents. From 1968 to the present, the plaintiffs ’ attorneys initiated class-action suits on behalf of black students and their parents that demanded the achievement of racial balance throughout the school system by means of mandatory reassignments. In addition, the plaintiffs ’ attorneys argued that white opposition to mandatory reassignment should be ignored by the courts because it was caused by racism. Most federal district courts appear to have been convinced by these arguments since, from 1968 through 1981, they overwhelmingly ordered the implementation of the mandatory reassignment plans demanded by the attorneys who claimed to be representing the interests of black students and their parents. The opinion data offered in this chapter, however, show that these suppositions about the attitudes and opinions of black and white parents have been wrong and suggest that the civil rights establishment has not always reflected the views of its constituency. Contrary to popular belief, black attitudes toward mandatory reassignments are not very favorable and never have been. In addition, there is considerable evidence calling into question the assumption that white opposition to busing stems solely from racism. In short, the civil rights leadership’s almost single minded pursuit of mandatory reassignment plans in school desegregation litigation from the late 1960s through the early 1990s has either ignored or disregarded the attitudes of ordinary parents.
Brown Blues: Rethinking the Integrative Ideal
Authors: Iii Drew S Days 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than forty years have passed since the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision, declaring unconstitutional state-imposed segregation of public schools. One would have thought that by now American society would have arrived at a consensus with respect to the substance and scope of Brown. The truth is otherwise. Even in the education sector of our national life that Brown specifically addressed, deep differences remain over what changes that decision was designed to effect.
The Social Construction of Brown v. Board of Education: Law Reform and the Reconstructive Paradox
Authors: Stefancic Richard Delgado Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamental to so much discussion about equality in America has been the Supreme Court’s 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education declaring racially segregated schools unconstitutional. Yet critics have differed as to the success of the Court’s Brown decision in actually achieving equality in American life. Broadly speaking, there are two views about Brown. The conventional view holds that Brown is one of the two or three most important cases in American legal history. According to this interpretation, Brown supplied the impetus for the modern civil rights movement, demonstrated that courts, at least at times, can assert moral leadership, and emphasized that African Americans are entitled to live in the United States on terms equal to whites.
Introduction: A Revolution in Industry
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we think of a revolution we think of a sudden, violent upheaval in social, economic, or political arrangements. The revolution that came to industry, however, was a series of changes that took place gradually over a half century or more. Ever since humans began to chip flints for weapons, use pierced slivers of bone for needles, employ iron plows instead of wooden ones, and use water power for grinding grain, there have been advancements in technology-the art of making tools and equipment. Although technology had been advancing for thousands of years, changes in late-eighteenth-century England marked the beginning of new technologies that developed more rapidly than ever before.
The Work of Networks in Taiwan’s Export Fashion Shoe Industry
Authors: Hsing You-Tien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the mechanisms of coordination used by production and marketing networks in Taiwan’s fashion shoe industry. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the competitiveness of Taiwan’s export fashion shoe industry is not based simply on low production costs. Instead, competition unfolds on three fronts at the same time: securing the lowest costs and the highest quality in the least amount of time. In producing the highest possible quality shoes at the lowest possible costs, Taiwanese export fashion shoe makers have been quick in responding to market signals, punctual in making deliveries and operating with short production cycles.
Introduction The Constitution of Reason
Authors: Smith Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a confident, even a cocky age; and the founders did not feel them­ selves seriously constricted by the claims of modesty as they introduced their newly concocted Constitution to the world. Thomas Jefferson declared it to be “unquestionably the wisest ever yet presented to men.” Although not perfect, the Constitution was “competent to render our fellow-citizens the happiest and the securest on whom the sun has ever shone.” Like Jefferson, James Wilson conceded that the document was not perfect, but he nonetheless insisted that it represented “the best form of government that has ever been offered to the world.
Rationalizing the Constitution
Authors: Smith Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conclusion of the preceding chapter might seem to have brought our inquiry to its natural end. The constitutional enterprise was, and is, a project of freeing human affairs from the powers of force and fortuity and bringing them under the governance of reason. But the aspiration to establish reason resulted, first, in the failure of the framers’ legalistic strategy for embodying the enduring conclusions of reason in a written text and, more recently, in a discourse that pays constant lip service to “reason” but in fact amounts to a degraded practice characterized by obfuscation, sophistry, namecalling, and the exercise of cultural authority and political power. The aspiration to reason, it seems, has traveled full circle; it has deteriorated into something that is the opposite of reason.
The Collapse of Legal Classicism, z930-z942
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The constitutional revolution of 1937-19381 resembled other revolutions of modem times. At the outset, the ancien regime seemed impervious to challenge. The collapse, when it came, was shockingly sudden. The authority of the old order disintegrated almost embarrassingly, and its fragmented resistance was soon mopped up by the new regime. With hindsight, we now see that classical legal thought had advanced far in decay by 1937. But nevertheless, after the seemingly absolute dominance of classical premises in the 1920s, and the succession of cases in 1935-1936 reviewed in this chapter, the abrupt destruction of a dominant way of thinking about law was dramatic.
The Society of Brain
Authors: Loritz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In time, the primitive brains that had developed by the end of chapter 2 surrounded themselves with yet another self-similar membrane. Called the notochord, this cartilaginous tube houses the primitive central nervous system of the phylum Chordata. In ontogeny as well as phylogeny, this notochord further develops into a hard, tubular backbone, so the members of Chordata have come to be popularly known as “vertebrates.” The long, hollow notochord/backbone with its bulbous skull at one end is self-similar to the long, hollow axon and its cell body, and it serves the self-same purpose of communication in these larger, more complex organisms. In time, the four-celled model brain of chapter 2 evolved into the trillion-celled human brain.
One, Two, Three
Authors: Loritz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. This seems to form a simple and perfectly natural sequence. And since the microscope had revealed that one neuron connected to the next, behaviorists were quick to fasten on the notion that these neural connections formed “stimulus-response chains.” In such a chained sequence, the neuron for one could be thought to stimulate the neuron for two, which stimulated the neuron for three, and so on, like the crayfish tail in figure 2.6.
Why Incentives Matter
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American executives have come under increasing attacks in the media for accepting huge compensation deals that can run into tens of millions of dollars a year in salary, bonuses, and stock options-all justified as incentives for running more efficient and profitable firms. The total compensation of many executives now rivals the pay of successful rock, sports, and movie stars, and executive compensation packages continue to outpace the rate of inflation by a substantial margin. The average salary of the CEOs at the 365 largest corporations in the country hit $2.3 million 1996, up 39 percent over the average CEO salary for the previous year. But salary represented less than half of the average CEO’s total compensation, which was $5.8 million for the year, 54 percent higher than the year before.
Cutting Health Insurance Costs
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Infamous “Health Care Crisis” in the United States amounts to nothing more than costs for a particular service, health care, responding to the market forces of supply and demand. Unfortunately, the forces have been distorted by legal and political factors that have gotten the incentives wrong. In our view, the “crisis” is more a matter of political rhetoric than economics. Political grandstanding alone will hardly solve whatever health care problem exists. Careful reflection by policymakers and managers on the exact sources of the problem might. The current distortion present a possibility for managers to benefit both their firms and its workers by policies that get the incentives right.
“Why Professors Have Tenure and Businesspeople Don’t
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tenure Is Nothing Short of a holy grail for newly employed assistant professors in the country’s colleges and universities. If they do not receive tenure, faculty members must, as a general rule, be dismissed after seven years of service, which means they must seek other academic employment or retreat from academic life. With tenure, professors have the equivalent of lifetime employment. Rarely are they fired by their academies, even if they become incompetent at teaching and/or researching.
Sentential Negation in French
Authors: Rowlett Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first full-length study of sentential negation phenomena in French. Paul Rowlett assesses, from a generative perspective, the respective contribution made to the expression of clausal polarity by ne, pas, and elements such as jamais and personne. His conclusions have far-reaching implications, leading to the controversial hypothesis that, despite widespread belief, French is not a negative concord language.
Foundations
Authors: Rowlett Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the syntax of (sentential) negation, with particular reference to Modern French, and of the insight into Universal Grammar (henceforth, UG) it offers. The purpose of this first chapter is to set out my basic assumptions, which will be essential to the development of the study. Section 1.1 starts with my assumptions about the extent of Verb Movement, introducing the Split-Infl hypothesis. Section 1.2 turns to fundamental issues concerning the syntactic representation of sentential negation. In particular, I introduce and motivate NegP, a functional projection housing clausal polarity features. Section 1.3 introduces the notion of affective element; my conclusions are drawn together in section 1.4.
Jespersen’s Generalization
Authors: Rowlett Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I move away from predominantly French considerations and adopt a more cross-linguistic perspective. I consider the nature of the relationship between the way a given language marks sentential negation and the (un)availability of a phenomenon known as negative concord (henceforth, NC), in which, roughly speaking, multiple negative items can co-occur without negation being canceled out. (See section 3.2 for illustration.) NC has provoked considerable interest among linguists over the years (e.g., in recent work by Newson 1994 and Déeprez 1995, forthcoming) but has so far failed to be given anything like a generally accepted explanation. Indeed, in her recent (1995) study of the syntax of negation, Haegeman acknowledges (p. 304fn2) that it is not clear what the distinctive property of NC languages is and decides (p. 166) to leave the precise characterization of NC on the research agenda.
Negative Arguments
Authors: Rowlett Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I move away from negative adverbs. My aim is to provide a syntactic analysis of negative arguments, which show a number of similarities with the adverbs discussed in chapter 4. They co-occur with each other (and the adverbs) without producing DN; they license ne; and they have sentential scope (see (1)). In contrast to the elements discussed in the previous chapter, though, the elements of interest here are argumental rather than adverbial and, consequently, are associated with Θ-roles and, presumably, A-positions. The two elements I consider are personne ‘anyone/no-one’ and rien ‘anything/nothing’. Examples are given in (1)
National Origin and the Development of Organizational Capabilities The Case of International Human Resource Management in Two Japanese MNCs
Authors: Taylor Sully 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few years, the competitive landscape for multinational firms (MNCs) has changed enormously. Due to changes in transportation systems, communication, and government policies, there is increasing equalization of access to input resources, whether material, financial, or technological (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989; Ohmae, 1995; Pfeffer, 1994). This equalization has led to a reassessment of the distinctive features that enable a particular firm to compete globally (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1990; Ohmae, 1995; Pfeffer, 1994). At the same time, MNCs cannot retreat to home markets. They are increasingly forced to compete globally due to economies of scale, strategic moves of competitors, and actions of governments (Porter, 1986; Prahalad & Doz, 1987). There is as a result an interesting paradox: just as MNCs are being inexorably forced to increase their global activities in order to remain competitive, the ability of an individual firm to differentiate itself from another is being worn away through the equalization of access to the resources on which they rely. Inevitably, what distinguishes the competitiveness of one MNC from another is its internal resources to outmaneuver its competitors. Organizational resources are becoming the keystone of what makes a MNC competitive (Pfeffer, 1994).
Understanding the Jewish Dimension of the Holocaust
Authors: Michman Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Holocaust historiography, by now unimaginable in its extent, deals with fragments or subtopics of the event itself. Few studies have been devoted to an effort to set the Holocaust “as a whole” within, as Amo Mayer put it, “the singular historical context in which it was conceived and executed.” Moreover, on examining those studies, one discovers that what is usually being “set in history,” what is usually being explained, is the persecution of the Jews-their expropriation, forced emigration and, ultimately, their murder. The paths of explanation differ, emphasizing variously Hitler’s will to world power; rabid eliminationist antisemitism; racism; the almost apocalyptic clash between Bolshevism and fascism; the modem bureaucratic state and economic modernization; and modernity itself; but all these theories share one characteristic: the subject of the analysis is one-dimensional-the issue of persecution or murder-and the explanation is placed linearly in German and/or European history. The Jews are thus perceived as an object, as “raw material,” and of minor importance in any explanation of the “event” as such.