bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metals: the Drude and Sommerfeld models
Authors: Singleton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of the electron just over a century ago was a turning point in the study of condensed matter physics. The existence of these tiny, charge-carrying particles in solids gave an obvious mechanism for electrical conductivity. The question then arose ‘if all solids contain electrons, why do some conduct electricity whilst others do not?’ We shall follow the path taken by many of the early scientists in this field and first examine metals, the class of solids in which the presence of the charge-carrying electrons is most obvious. By discovering why and how metals exhibit high electrical conductivity, we can, with luck, start to understand why other materials (glass, diamond, wood) do not.
The quantum mechanics of particles in a periodic potential: Bloch’s theorem
Authors: Singleton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall set up the formalism for dealing with a periodic potential; this is known as Bloch’s theorem. The next three chapters are going to appear to be hard work from a conceptual point of view. However, although the algebra looks complicated, the underlying ideas are really quite simple; after some reflection, you should be able to reproduce the various derivations yourself.
Inhomogeneous and hot carrier distributions in semiconductors
Authors: Singleton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a conventional metal such as Cu, an abnormal distribution of electronic charge will vanish very quickly indeed (in less than about 1 picosec). The reason for this rapid dispersion is of course the strong Coulomb forces between 158 electrons spaced by distances ˜ 0.3 nm and the electrons’ high mobility. However, in semiconductors, we have the possibility of the simultaneous existence of holes and electrons (see Section 9.3.1). If we inject an excess of minority carriers (say holes) into a semiconductor, then the majority carriers (say electrons) will move to the region containing the holes to ensure electrical neutrality. After this electrical neutrality is established, there is no longer a strong Coulomb force to disperse the holes, and so the excess of holes will merely diffuse out and/or drift under the action of an external field.
Introductory concepts
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of plants and animals and their interactions with their environment. Many studies of bio- logical populations require estimates of population density (D) or size (N ), or rate of population change λt = Dt+1/Dt= Nt+1/Nt. These parameters vary in time and over space as well as by species, sex and age. Population dynamics, and hence these parameters, often depend on environmental factors. Distance sampling can be an effective approach for estimating D and N .
NO-generating system
Authors: Fujii Junichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in vivo plays multiple roles in the body. There are three NOS isozymes whose tissuedistribution and regulation are variable. Effects of NO produced by NOS, which is expressed constitutively or induced by various stimuli, can be examined in vitro and in vivo. Precise control of NO production by NOS in vivo or in culture is, however, not possible. Because NO is such a simple molecule and a fairly stable radical, NO gas and NO donors are available for various experiments. If high concentrations are required, NO gas can be used by simply flushing target cells or tissues. Various NO donors, such as nitrosocysteine, nitrosoglutathione, S-nitroso-V-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP), 3-morpholinosyndonimine (SIN-1) (produces both NO and superoxide), which spontaneously release NO species, are also commercially available.
Neutrophils and priming. Isolation of neutrophils/ assay of O2·
- generation by cytochrome-c reduction
Authors: Utsumi Toshihiko , Utsumi Kozo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human neutrophils play critical roles in host defence against microorganisms and in inflammatory responses. Because neutrophils in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals are not primed, stimulation-dependent responses in vitro are weak.
Bioassay for antioxidant activity: determination of scavenging capacity of antioxidants against lipid peroxyl radicals
Authors: Miyamoto Yoichi , Akajke Ta Kaaki , Maeda Iiirosiii 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the beneficial effect of antioxidants in the modulation of oxidative stress; it is thus important to the investigate the different antioxidants. Several techniques including the TBA method, chemiluminescence analysis, and ESR spectroscopy can be applied to the evaluation of antioxidant activity. Most methods, however, have disadvantages, such as need for expensive equipment.
Iron-binding and iron-oxidizing antioxidant activities
Authors: Gutteridge J M C , Quinlan g. J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human plasma contains the iron-binding protein transferrin and an ironoxidizing protein called caeruloplasmin. These two proteins, representing less than 4% of total plasma proteins, are responsible for over 90% of the inhibitory properties of plasma towards iron-driven free-radical reactions.
Measurement of proteinaceous plasma antioxidants, low molecular weight antioxidants, and redox related compounds
Authors: Kitaoka Yuki , Yodoi Junji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adult T cell leukaemia-derived factor (ADF), originally defined as an inducer of interleukin 2 receptor/ot chain (IL-2R/p55) of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) positive T cells, is a human analogue of the redox-active coenzyme thioredoxin of Escherichia coli. ADF/thioredoxin contains a redoxactive dithiol (-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-) and has a variety of biological activities as a hydrogen donor, including dithiol-dependent reducing activity and radical scavenging activity.
γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase: assay mixture and measurement
Authors: Kondo Takahiko , Sawada Fumi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prepare red blood cells from whole blood (2 mL) by passing through a column packed with an equal volume of a 1:1 (w/w) cellulose-microcrystaline cellulose (Sigma) previously equilibrated with isotonic saline.
Measurement of Mn-SOD and Cu, Zn-SOD
Authors: Suzuki Keiichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because the enzyme substrate and the products are unstable, it is difficult to measure the disappearance or the formation of products as is usual in enzymatic assays. Routine assays for SOD usually employ an indirect assay in which one unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme that inhibits the reaction of O2· - with the indicator by 50%.
EC-SOD activity assay/immunochemical assay
Authors: Adachi Tetsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extracellular-superoxide dismutase is a secretory tetrameric copper- and zinccontaining glycoprotein. For assay of EC-SOD activity, it should be separated from other SOD isozymes such as copper and zinc-containing SOD (Cu,Zn-SOD) and manganese-SOD (Mn-SOD) by concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose column chromatography (EC-SOD binds to a Con A column unlike other SODs), because EC-SOD occurs in tissues at much lower concentrations than the other SODs.
Immunostaining of Mn-SOD, Cu, Zn-SOD and NOS
Authors: Nakamura Masahiro , Tatsumi Haruyuki , Nogawa Hiroki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and senescence, it is important to investigate the distribution of key enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) (1, 2), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and others. Among these two are several isoenzymes, which differ from each other in their function and location. For location, immunohistochemistry is a useful approach, although a stereotyped approach is sometimes insufficient for detection of individual enzymes because of the unusual properties of the proteins. To overcome these problems, we shall overview the methods, explain the key points, and demonstrate the possibility of semi-quantitative measurement by use of confocal laser-scanning microscopy and image processing.
Plasma free fatty acids
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihjro , Fujisawa Akio , Nagata Yuichiro , Yamashita Satoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we describe the analysis of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) only, because the measurement of fatty acids in neutral lipids, phospholipids, and total lipids has already been well documented. Plasma FFA can, furthermore, be produced by oxidatively damaged tissues because hydrolysis of phospholipids is stimulated by oxidative stress (2).
Phospholipids and their hydroperoxides
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Kambayashi Yasuhiro , Yamashjta Satoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biomembranes contain phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol as major phospholipids. Here we describe the separation of these phospholipids by HPLC, and the simultaneous detection of their primary oxidation products, hydroperoxides, by means of hydroperoxide-specific chemiluminescence detection (1, 2).
Lipid peroxidation models
Authors: Noguchi Noriko , Niki Etsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lipids are important targets of active oxygen species and free radicals and the oxidation products of lipids have a variety of biological effects. Accordingly, lipid peroxidation has often been studied in vitro to elucidate its mechanism and products and to assess antioxidant activity against it. Subjects which must be considered are how lipid peroxidation is induced in a particular type of reaction medium, and how the extent of lipid peroxidation is measured, because antioxidant efficacy is highly dependent on these factors.
Plasma unsaturated iron-binding capacity and percent saturation of transferrin
Authors: Gutteridge J M C , Mumby S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) of plasma is a measure of the available capacity of plasma to bind iron. Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) is a measure of all the iron bound to transferrin when it has been fully saturated by adding iron.
Low molecular mass chelatable iron: Reactive iron species (RIS)
Authors: Gutteridge J M C , mumby S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normal plasma does not contain chelatable low molecular mass (LMr) forms of iron, because the transferrin has considerable iron-binding capacity (Chapter 49). When, however, transferrin becomes fully iron-saturated during situations of iron overload, LMrFe can be found in plasma and other extracellular fluids. Such forms of iron (often redox active) can be detected and measured in the following ways.
Detection of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression: preparation of RNA
Authors: Fujii Junichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), L-arginine, and molecular oxygen as substrates. Three NOS isozymes, NOS I, also called brain NOS or bNOS, is expressed mainly in brain and muscle cells and has Ca2-/calmodulin-dependent activity.
Mn-SOD cell stimulation by cytokines: preparation of RNA
Authors: Suzuki Kellchiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mn-SOD expression is stimulated by various cytokines (TNF, IL-1), phorbol esters, lipopolysaccharides, etc. In this section we demonstrate Northern blot analysis and RNA preparation from cultured cells (1). Fig. 1 shows typical patterns of Northern blotting of human Mn-SODs, and 1 kb in rat Mn-SOD. Many faint minor bands are apparent because of alternative splicing and different poly A binding sites.
8-OH-dG: extraction/ enzyme treatment/measurement of 8-0H-dG
Authors: Asami Shinya , Kasai Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by many carcinogenic agents and cause DNA damage in vitro and in vivo (1). ROS are also produced during the normal cellular respiration and oxygen metabolism. Therefore, studies on DNA damage induced by oxygen radicals should be helpful in elucidating the mechanisms of cancer induction by environmental agents and by endogenous processes. We first observed the formation of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodeoxyguanosine) by oxygen radicals in 1984 (2) and there is now an increasing volume of data providing evidence that 8-OH-dG is a key biomarker relevant to carcinogenesis both in animal models and in human studies (3-5). In the following section, we describe our method for measuring 8-OH-dG levels.
Mitochondrial DNA damage
Authors: Hayakawa Mika , Ozawa Takayuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) is constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species generated in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and it is, therefore, damaged much more rapidly than nuclear DNA. Reactive oxygen species convert deoxyguanosine in mt DNA to 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) (Fig-1)
Ovulation: superovulation and inhibition by SOD/in vitro fertilization and SOD
Authors: Ishikawa Mutsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of follicular rupture is thought to be associated with inflammatory-like changes. Superoxide radicals are generally observed in inflammatory diseases and levels of these radicals also increase during follicular rupture. In addition, the administration of SOD (superoxide dismutase) greatly reduces ovulatory efficiency in rats and perfused rabbit ovaries.
Scavenging NO in experimental animals
Authors: Akaike Takaaki , Miyamoto Yoichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to examine the effects of NO scavengers on animal models of diseases to evaluate the pathophysiological significance of NO. In animals with endotoxin-induced shock, excessive production of NO causes hypotension. In this section, we describe methods using PTIO derivatives (1), scavengers of NO (Fig. 1), in animals with endotoxic shock (2).
Experimental protocols for ROS and RNS: cyclic GMP radioimmunoassay using brain slices
Authors: Okada Daisuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methods for preparing rat cerebellar slices using a vibrating slicer (Microslicer DTK 2000 or 3000, DosakaEM, Kyoto) are described (1, 2, 3). The use of brain slices has several important advantages—neuronal circuits, cell-to- cell connections, and intracellular macromolecular complexes remain intact within slices. Although brain-slice preparations enable direct visual access to intact brain structures, and easy control of fluid environment, slice techniques also have disadvantages—slices are by no means ‘intact brain’. On the other hand, slices are mixtures of heterogeneous cells in a biochemical sense.
Oxidative stress models: E. coli, cultured cells
Authors: Zhang Qiu-Mei , Tachibana, Akira , Yonei Shuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species occur naturally in aerobic cells, arising from a wide variety of intracellular and environmental sources. Cells maintain strong defence systems against such threats, for example superoxide dismutases, catalases, and peroxidases. In some circumstances, the concentration of reactive oxygen species increases to a level which overwhelms the basal level of such scavenging capacity, giving rise to a condition at oxidative stress (1,2). Artificial, oxidative stress can be induced by addition of hydrogen peroxide or superoxide-generating drugs, or by increasing the partial pressure of oxygen.
Introduction To Separation
Authors: Sobey I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steady separated flow is in many ways an idealised or academic part of fluid dynamics. It is the case that virtually all separated flows are either unsteady (implying that the underlying steady separated flow is unstable) or that separation occurs as part of a transient flow process. In the latter case, if the time variation is sufficiently slow, it might be hoped that through a quasi-steady approximation, the time varying flow will be given by a steady solution at a time local Reynolds number. The range of flow conditions for which it is possible to observe steady separated flow is, for most geometries, very small.
Helium
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helium has only two electrons but this simplicity is deceptive. To treat systems with two particles requires new concepts that also apply to while multi-particle to study systems them in carefully many using branches the of example physics, of and it helium. is very There worth is truth detailed in the saying understanding that of the atomic two-electron physicists count system ‘one, is two, sufficient many’ for and much a of the atomic structure in this book.
Hyperfine structure and isotope shift
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The magnetic field at the nucleus is largest for s-electrons and we shall calculate this case first. For completeness the hyperfine structure for electrons with l =/= 0 is also briefly discussed, as well as other effects that can have similar magnitude. Nuclear magnetic moments can be parallel, or anti-parallel, to I, i.e. 9I can have either sign depending on the way that the spin and orbital angular momenta of the protons and neutrons couple together inside the nucleus. The proton (that forms the nucleus of a hydrogen atom)
Symbolic Computation for Statistical Inference
Authors: Andrews D F , Stafford J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over recent years, developments in statistical computing have freed statisticians from the burden of calculation and have made possible new methods of analysis that previously would have been too difficult or time-consuming. Up till now these developments have been primarily in numerical computation and graphical display, but equal steps forward are now being made in the area of symbolic computing, or in other words the use of computer languages and procedures to manipulate expressions. This allows researchers to compute an algebraic expression, rather than evaluate the expression numerically over a given range. This book summarizes a decade of research into the use of symbolic computation applied to statistical inference problems. It shows the considerable potential of the subject to automate statistical calculation, leaving researchers free to concentrate on new concepts. Starting with the development of algorithms applied to standard undergraduate problems, the book then goes on to develop increasingly more powerful tools. Later chapters then discuss the application of these algorithms to different areas of statistical methodology.
Expansions of expectations, cumulants, and unbiased estimates
Authors: Andrews D F , Stafford J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remaining chapters of this book present applications of the core operators to various statistical methods involving cumulants or cumulant expansions. Expansions of cumulants may be computed using the operators of the previous two chapters. Matters are complicated by the fact that the expected values have expansions with differing powers of n. These. in tum, contribute to several different terms in the resulting expansion.
Intersection matrices
Authors: Andrews D F , Stafford J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cumulant calculations involve the application of an expected value operator E to products of constants, random variables or both. For the latter, grouping of random variables is required since Eis a linear operator and the rule E[a +bX] = a+ bE[X] applies. In the scalar case, this is straightforward to implement since the commutative law of multiplication allows random variables to be grouped and separated from constants. However, the matter becomes complicated when we move to the multivariate case where the commutative law may not apply.
Ridgelets: a key to higher-dimensional intermittency?
Authors: Candès Emmanuel J , Donoho David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is part of a series around the theme — wavelets: a key to intennittent information?. The title itself raises a fundamental question; we shall argue that the answer is both no and yes. We say no because wavelets per se only address a portion of the intermittency challenge; we intend to make clear how much larger the question is than just the portion which wavelets can face effectively. Roughly speaking, wavelets deal efficiently only with one type of intermittency — singularities at points — and in higher dimensions there are many other kinds of intermittency — singularities along lines, along hyperplanes, etc. — which wavelets do not deal with efficiently. But we also say yes, because by using wavelets in a novel way, we have been able to build new systems of representations — ridgelets — which are efficient at many of the tasks where wavelets fail.
Image processing with complex wavelets
Authors: Kingsbury Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we consider how wavelets may be used for image processing. To date, there has been considerable interest in wavelets for image compression, and they are now commonly used by researchers for this purpose, even though the main international standards still use the discrete cosine transform (DCT). However, for image processing tasks, other than compression, the take-up of wavelets has been less enthusiastic. Here we analyse possible reasons for this and present some new ways to use wavelets that offer significant advantages.
The response of materials and devices to radiation
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives a general description of the fundamental effects of radiation-–pulsed and steady-state–in materials and devices. It is intended to introduce the reader to the range and variety of effects to be expected, before it is discussed in later chapters how these effects strike at specific device structures. We describe first the two main types of interaction of radiation with materials, atomic displacement and ionization … These fundamental effects give rise to a degradation of performance which may or may not recover over periods of months.
We describe other responses to radiation which are important but do not fit the description of ‘degradation’, including two classes of transient effect and also nuclear activation by space radiation. Finally, the consequences in general of these degradation effects for a device are described.
Microelectronics, sensors, MEMs, passives and other components
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws together components which, mainly for lack of interest by the radiation effects community, do not provide sufficient material for a chapter on their own. Some reasons for the variation of interest from type to type can be drawn from a comprehensive review of radiation tolerance of devices and its dependence on structure by Holmes-Siedle (1974). There is naturally less research on structures with high intrinsic tolerance (say vacuum tubes). The less tolerant ones generate the research interest, although exceptions to that rule will be found in some fast semiconductor devices dealt with here–heterojunction transistors. This second edition has brought the description of electronic technology up to the millennium era. On the other hand, the acquisition of test data for current types of device is best pursued through the web references given in Appendix G, mainly those in Section GS, Radiation Effects Databases. In these will be found at least a few results for the devices and materials dealt with in this chapter. The numbers and variety listed are likely to increase with time.