bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing a European Market
Authors: Egan Michelle 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The European Union's effort to create a single market involves the removal of trade barriers created by divergent national standards and regulations, which need to be reconciled to promote market access and inter‐state commerce. This book provides a comprehensive account of the regulatory strategies and institutional arrangements adopted by the European Union in promoting the single market. It provides a historical overview and detailed case studies of the various regulatory initiatives that have altered the boundaries between the public and private sector in fostering market integration. Efforts to remove non‐tariff barriers to trade have relied heavily on European case law, and this book argues that the European Court of Justice has actively shaped markets by balancing the goals of market liberalization and market governance, while also fostering legal compliance with stated regulatory objectives.
Although markets are absolutely dependent on public authority, the book demonstrates how the EU has innovatively used non‐state actors to set standards for market access. By delegating regulatory responsibility to private standards‐setting bodies, a hybrid model of regulation has emerged that draws on private sector resources to achieve regulatory goals, primarily by establishing minimum thresholds for regulatory standards and related testing and certification practices. Expected to be more effective than the time‐consuming and ultimately limited harmonization of national practices, completion of the single market through principles of ‘mutual recognition’ and standard setting has been difficult to achieve. The effectiveness of this regulatory process in promoting market integration, and its impact on European business, are examined in detail. Throughout the book, comparisons are made with American efforts to remove internal trade barriers to demonstrate the difficulties of constructing a single market, and to highlight that both cases have involved public and private efforts to coordinate standards. Many of the strategies undertaken by the EU echo earlier American market‐building efforts.
Dependency Burdens in the Developing World
Authors: Bongaarts John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The dependency burden, which is the ratio of dependent young and old to the population of working age, varies as a country moves through demographic transition. Following a modest initial rise, the dependency ratio typically undergoes a prolonged period of decline during the central part of transition. This decline is closely linked to the decline in fertility. The timing, duration and magnitude of the decline in dependency rate in mid-transitional societies are largely determined by the timing, duration, and magnitude of fertility declines.
Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Inequality
Authors: Williamson Jeffrey G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter argues that in the early stages of demographic transition, per capita income growth is diminished by large youth dependency burdens and small working age adult shares: there are few workers and savers. As transition proceeds, per capita income growth is promoted by smaller youth dependency burdens and larger working age adult shares: there are many workers and savers. The early burden of having few workers and savers becomes a boon — a high share of working age adults. This boon disappears as the elderly share rises.
Saving, Wealth, and Population
Authors: Lee Ronald D. , Mason Andrew , Miller Tim 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact of demographic change on saving rates, wealth, and standards of living in East Asia. It is shown that the demand for material wealth relative to income is much higher if met through savings rather than transfers, given a modern democratic regime rather than a traditional one. In countries undergoing rapid demographic transitions, savings rates can reach historically high levels for several decades, leading to a rapid increase in capital and income.
Cumulative Causality, Economic Growth, and the Demographic Transition
Authors: Bloom David , Canning David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the impact of demographic change on economic growth. It is argued that the interaction of economic growth with population dynamics can create a poverty trap. There may be two clubs: one with low income and high population growth rates, and the other with high income and low population growth rates. Transition between these clubs may be rare, but when it occurs, it does so very quickly, due to the positive feedbacks between growth and demographic change.
Demographic Transition and Poverty: Effects Via Economic Growth, Distribution, and Conversion
Authors: Eastwood Robert , Lipton Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the results of Eastwood and Lipton (1999) which indicate that high fertility change has large negative growth and distribution effects on poverty. It is argued that the ‘conversion effect’ of high fertility on poor and near poor people’s capacity to turn a given consumption and income into capabilities and well-being is also negative and large. The strength of interactions between fertility and poverty are shown in the context of various ‘vicious circles’ that have emerged as centrepieces of the new development economics.
Inequality and the Family in Latin America
Authors: Hausmann Ricardo , Székely Miguel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the causes of the large differences in fertility between countries, and between poor and rich households in Latin America. It is shown that the opportunity cost for women to enter the labour market plays a critical role. A high return to female market work generates high participation, lower demand for children, and higher educational attainment by those children. This process depends not only on the educational attainment of the mother, but also on the potential returns to female education in the labour market.
Rural Population Growth, Agricultural Change, and Natural Resource Management in Developing Countries: A Review of Hypotheses and Some Evidence from Honduras
Authors: Pender John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses key hypotheses on the impacts of rural population growth on agriculture, natural resource management, and related impacts on poverty in development countries. It is argued that the impacts of population growth likely to be negative when there is no collective response than when population growth induces infrastructure development, collective action, institutional or organisational development. The results of recent studies by the International Food Policy Research Institute in Honduras are discussed.
Why Micro Matters
Authors: Behrman Jere R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter argues that a micro perspective is essential for many questions regarding population change and economic development. It presents some fundamentals for thinking about population change and development at the micro level, and for empirically assessing population change and development. It then provides some fundamentals for thinking about policy development followed by illustrations of these fundamentals, and summarises selected empirical micro studies that build on such frameworks.
New Findings in Economics and Demography: Implications for Policies to Reduce Poverty
Authors: Birdsall Nancy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter provides a synthesis of the papers included in this volume. These present new arguments and evidence that high fertility at the economy-wide level makes poverty reduction more difficult and less likely. Concern about population growth in developing countries can be directly linked to concern about the welfare of parents, children, and families. The papers reinforce the need for public support of policies and programs that improve the environment in which the poor make constrained decisions on childbearing.
Regionalization and Democratic Consolidation
Authors: Neumann Iver B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPresents the relationship between democracy and regionalization in Eastern Europe and discusses the following issues. Firstly, how regionalization in Eastern Europe is connected to the construction of a democratic regional community of states, namely, the European Union; and how regionalization may challenge the present state‐centric political order in Europe. Secondly, to what degree can the global democratic promise—seen in Western European regionalization—also be seen in Eastern European regionalization. The chapter emphasizes that regionalization in Eastern Europe has, so far, been a by‐product of the membership applications to the European Union.
The Internationalization of Ethnic Strife
Authors: MacFarlane S. Neil 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDescribes a series of active sub‐state conflicts involving ethnicity and interethnic struggles for power and resources in southeastern and Eastern Europe. These are seen as having significant implications for European security and evoking an array of international responses. These responses raised important questions about the boundary between civil and international politics, the changing meaning of sovereignty in international politics, and the capacity of external actors to regulate internal disputes. The discussion about the internationalization of ethnic strife begins with an investigation of the nature of ethnicity and ethnic conflict and of the parameters of internationalization and its relationship to democratization. The chapter then proceeds on an analysis of the record of efforts by international actors to control this post‐Cold War problem in European security. The chapter concludes by considering the effectiveness of these responses and their implications for the European system. It highlights the difficulties of dealing with ethnic disputes through hegemonic and multilateral efforts and considers the factors affecting the transition from management to political settlement.
Attitudes Towards the West, Democracy, and the Market
Authors: Whitefield Stephen , Evans Geoffrey 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAddresses issues concerning attitudes towards the West, democracy, and the market. The first one is the extent of Western involvement and influence in the transformation as against internal and domestic forces. The second is the extent to which elite views of the West—and their commitment to transition—have persisted in the face of the transition experience itself, including the success or failure of the market and the integration of the post‐communist state in Western economic and military structures. The chapter concentrates on the stance taken by mass publics of Eastern Europe, and, in particular, on their attitudes towards key aspects of the transition and the ways in which these are linked with their views of Western involvement. The chapter advances three propositions: (1) democratization as an exit from communism made it highly likely that the economic correlate would be the market rather than state economic control; and vice versa; (2) the geographical location of the communist bloc and the nature of its political, strategic, and economic rivalries made it likely that this exit would entail a shift to the West; (3) those most in favour of transition and most opposed to the communist order were more likely to wish to be become part of the West and its democratic and market structures. The chapter addresses those arguments by testing six hypotheses using data of national probability samples of the populations of Belarus, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine.
Bulgaria and Macedonia: Voluntary Dependence on External Actors
Authors: Drezov Kyril 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main hypothesis of the chapter is that historically both Bulgaria and Macedonia have tended to adapt to an externally determined environment by opting for self‐limiting behaviour. This kind of ‘voluntary dependence’ arises where a subordinate ruling elite chooses not to exercise all the opportunities for sovereign decision‐making but instead accepts special favours from the hegemonic power. The chapter shows that such ‘survival techniques’ have defined the post‐communist positioning of Bulgaria and Macedonia. An examination of the specific patterns of democratization in Bulgaria and Macedonia is followed by an analysis of the international factors that have been the most influential in shaping events in both countries. The focus is on two factors: (1) the impact of the general international environment of Bulgaria and Macedonia; and (2) the actions of external power to influence events in these countries. The way in which these factors have impinged on specific developments is explored through several case studies. The chapter also points out to similarities between Macedonia and Bulgaria in the process of democratization and international influences. Both of them are considered as ‘islands of stability’ with experience of peaceful and negotiated transitions, and willingness to subordinate their national interests to Western strategic concerns despite the feeling of neglect and discrimination against the West.
Former Yugoslavia: International Efforts to Link Peace, Stability, and Democracy
Authors: Vukadinovic Radovan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDescribes how the international community has sought to advance the consolidation of democracy, transformation to a market economy, promotion of regional peace and security, and the protection of human and minority rights in the area of former Yugoslavia. This chapter defines the ‘international community’ as comprising all external actors engaged in seeking to resolve the Yugoslav crisis, including the joint activities of the European Union, USA, and Russia. Given the conflicts in Croatia and Bosnia‐Hercegovina, as well as the Kosovo crisis in 1999, external actors gave priority to peace building over the promotion of democratic goals. The first part of the chapter analyses the role of international factors in the disintegration of Yugoslavia, concentrating on the new states of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia‐Hercegovina, Macedonia, and rump Yugoslavia. The second part examines the Dayton Accord as an example of direct external engagement to promote peace in the region. The third part analyses the main Western plans, the regional approach of the EU and US approaches, which seek the promotion of security through cooperation in the region. This part also assesses the policies adopted by external actors, and their efficiency in contributing to regional peace and security.
Russia and the West: To Belong or not to Belong?
Authors: Mendras Marie 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAddresses the question of how Western responsibility for the early promise and later disappointments of Russia's development in the 1990s should be assessed. It contends that internal dynamics and historic legacies have played a large part in shaping the behaviour of the Russian elite. The chapter focuses on Russia's relations with the democratic world, highlighting its attraction to Western, mainly European, ways of life and values, as well as a propensity for resisting influence and subordination. The chapter notes two major symptoms of a growing disregard for democratic rule, civil rights, and the rule of law: (1) the second war in Chechnya (2) Vladimir Putin's predetermined presidential election. The author points out to several reasons for the deterioration of democratic society in Russia's ‘new capitalism’: the flawed nature of elections, the pressure on powerful rivals not to compete, the scale of corruption and the frequency of financial‐political scandals. Nevertheless, the chapter also shows that in a number of cases Russia has demonstrated the will to play by international Western rules. Despite daunting internal problems, the opening of Russia and its immersion into the world of affairs has fundamentally changed the political environment.
Two Styles of Thought
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Leviticus has a different style from Deuteronomy, and often the teaching differs, but through two millennia Leviticus has been read through Deuteronomy, with divergences reconciled by imposing the Deuteronomic version on the Levitical one. Even the most basic concepts have different meanings in the two books: when Deuteronomy uses a concept of the body it is the body politic, while in Leviticus it is a cosmic symbol. The two books were very likely to have been composed by writers living in different social circles, who could have been contemporaries, but it seems that there was some break in the continuity of interpretation of Leviticus. The Leviticus writer is theocratic, his institutions are sacred and he records the instructions that God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai about how to perform his cult and how to live together as a holy people; in contrast the Deuteronomy writer is governmental, his institutions secular, he has more interest in human affairs and is generally more sympathetic. These are two ways of thinking about religion, and the Leviticus way belongs to a now obsolete and completely foreign order of thought which the rest of this chapter and the next will examine.
Two Styles of Writing
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter expands on the previous one, which examined the differences in the styles of thought between Leviticus and Deuteronomy, by examining the differences in the styles of writing between the two books. Cosmic analogies are unnecessary to Deuteronomy’s purpose, and metaphysics are barely relevant –it teaches in a different style, and is by a writer with a different kind of experience and likely to have come a different social circle: the writer is political, brilliant at rousing congregations to enthusiasm, not so happy in the library or classroom, and not very interested in the ritual service of God. For his overall structure he chooses a poignant narrative moment (Moses’ valedictory sermon to the people of Israel, with Moses’ death the foreseen conclusion), and he writes in the heroic manner – he admonishes, he exhorts, evoking fear, dread, anguish and trembling. The contrast with the laconic priestly style of Leviticus, reticent, highly patterned and controlled by the literary form, suggests how difficult it would be to try to meld the two sources into a single teaching: the one uses the language of feeling and cause and effect, the other the language of position and analogy; one looks out to the readers, the other is involuted, and looks in towards itself, to the text to be embellished. The last part of the chapter introduces the central idea of this book: that Leviticus exploits to the full an ancient tradition that makes a parallel between Mount Sinai and the tabernacle.
Land Animals, Pure and Impure
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Leviticus 1–7 presents the laws on sacrifices, and in sacrifice the body of the sacrificial animal becomes another microcosm in its own right, corresponding to the tabernacle and the holy mountain (Mount Sinai). Then the sequence of cultic laws is interrupted by the narrative in Leviticus 8–10, and when the lawgiving is resumed it develops a different bodily microcosm. This time the body of the worshipper is made analogous to the sanctuary and the altar: whatever will render the altar impure will do the same for the Israelite’s body. The laws of impurity sketch out the parallel in meticulous detail over Leviticus 11–15: the animal taken into the body by eating corresponds to that which is offered on the altar by fire; what is disallowed for the one is disallowed for the other; what harms the one harms the other. One thing that Leviticus never says, however, is that it is bad for the health of the body to eat any of the forbidden animals. The topic, the purity/impurity of land animals, is addressed by looking at land animals under the covenant (Leviticus 11), the similarities and differences between Leviticus and Deuteronomy as regards the definition of clean/unclean or pure/impure animals, interpretations of uncleanness/impurity, and sacred contagion.
Atonement for Sick Bodies
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter looks in detail at the four chapters following Leviticus 11, which take off from the theme of reproduction therein to form a distinct literary unit: Leviticus 12 is about blood impurity of a woman menstruating or giving birth, and then two chapters on leprosy (Leviticus 13 and 14), are followed by Leviticus 15 on genital discharges from men or women: all sources of impurity. The peroration in Leviticus 15: 33 closes a ring by referring back to the opening of chapter 12 – the impurity of menstruation, and with this reading the whole section becomes a formal abba pattern. It is a mistake to ignore the connections between these chapters: the first and last are directly about the reproductive process, and God’s compassion has been demonstrated in Leviticus 11 by the rules declaring it ‘abominable’ to harm corpses of the teeming, fertile creatures of water and air. The next set of rules returns to impurity, hence they are about the tabernacle: the writer has returned to the theses of Leviticus 11 on the dangers of impurity in the approach to the tabernacle. In Leviticus’ favourite literary form, chiastic composition, the meaning is at the pivot or the middle of a series of parallel verses: on either side of the sections on leprosy there stand supporting verses on human reproduction, like steps or like framing pillars, and within the series on a leprous person, two additional afflicted objects are introduced, a leprous garment, and a leprous house; the alternation makes an abab pattern; this signals a return to the body/ microcosm.
The Two Screens
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Leviticus consists almost entirely of divine laws, which are interrupted twice by narratives, and both of these interruptions are about encroachment on the divine prerogative; there is no accepted explanation for why they should occur where they do. The explanation proposed in this chapter is that the structure of law and narrative cuts the book to the shape of the controlling paradigm. This means that the book of Leviticus itself is structured as a tripartite projection of the tabernacle, and thus also as a projection of Mount Sinai. On this reading the two stories (narratives) correspond to two screens which, according to the instructions given in Exodus, divide the desert tabernacle into three sections of unequal size: the narratives interrupt the movement through the laws as the two screens interrupt the movement through the tabernacle. This thesis is discussed in sections covering: Leviticus as a projection of the tabernacle; fire for fire, and burning for burning; the curser cursed; the scandal of the law of talion (retaliation); and the language of oracles.
Augustine as a Reader of Galatians
Authors: Plumer Eric 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Drawing partly upon De Doctrina Christiana, partly upon other writings of Augustine, Ch. 4 examines the hermeneutical presuppositions with which Augustine approaches the Bible. Of these presuppositions, the ones pertaining to the following three topics are of particular importance for an appreciation of Augustine's Commentary on Galatians: the inspiration of the Bible, the unity of the Bible, and the relation between Scripture and the rule of faith, or Creed. This chapter also considers the closely related matter of Augustine's sensitivity to questions of text and translation. The chapter ends by summarizing Augustine's Commentary and highlighting significant points.