bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical distribution of serotonin‐containing neurons and axons in the central nervous system of the cat
Authors: Leger Lucienne , Charnay Yves , Hof Patrick R. , Bouras Constantin , Cespuglio Raymond 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBy using a monoclonal antibody to serotonin (5‐HT), an immunohistochemical study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive description of the 5‐HT‐containing neurons and of the distribution of their axonal processes in the cat brain and spinal cord. The localization of cell bodies was comparable to that previously reported in studies using formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence and other 5‐HT antibodies, with a large proportion of labeled neurons in the raphe nuclei and a minor, yet not negligible number, in the ventral, lateral, and dorsal reticular formation. The ascending efferent non‐varicose axons were best visualized in sagittal sections and mainly seen taking a rostroventral direction through the tegmentum. The varicose axons could be grossly classified into thin and large fibers, according to the size and shape of the immunoreactive varicosities, which were elongated (up to 2 μm in length and 1 μm in width) or round (2–4 μm in diameter). Varicose axonal arborizations invaded almost every region of the gray matter and avoided large myelinated bundles except in the spinal cord. Variations in the density of the plexuses of immunoreactive fibers generally followed the anatomical divisions and were also observed within nuclei, especially in laminated structures. Only the superior olivary complex could be regarded as devoid of 5‐HT‐containing axons. A few areas contained extremely rich fiber plexuses. These were the olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, ventral mesencephalon, periventricular gray from the hypothalamus to the pons, facial nucleus, subdivisions of the inferior olive, and the intermediolateral nucleus in the spinal cord. Varicose axons formed tight pericellular arrays in the neocortex, mainly the ectosylvian gyrus, and in the lateral septum and medullar magnocellular nucleus. These data, combined with those of the literature concerning the synaptic versus non‐synaptic mode of termination of the 5‐HT‐immunoreactive varicosities and the high number of distinct receptors, are indicative of the multiple possible actions of serotonin in the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:157–182, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and calcium channel modulating effects of modified Hantzsch nitrooxyalkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐nitro‐4‐(pyridinyl or 2‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐5‐pyridinecarboxylates
Authors: Miri Ramin , McEwen, Carol‐Anne , Knaus Edward E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA group of racemic nitrooxyalkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐nitro‐4‐(pyridinyl or 2‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐5‐pyridinecarboxylates 8a–o were synthesized using modified Hantzsch reactions. In vitro calcium channel antagonist activities, determined using a guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle (GPILSM) assay, showed that compounds 8a–o exhibited weaker calcium antagonist activity (10–5 to 10–7 M range) than the reference drug nifedipine (IC50 = 1.43 × 10–8 M). Compounds 8 possessing a C‐4 R1 = 2‐pyridyl substituent were always more potent than the approximately equiactive analogs having an R1 = 3‐pyridyl, 4‐pyridyl or 2‐CF3‐C6H4‐substituent, within each subgroup of nitrooxyalkyl compounds [R2 = – (CH2)nONO2 (n = 2, 3, 4) or –CH(CH2ONO2)2]. Although the length of the R2 = –(CH2)nONO2 substituent (n = 2–4) was not a determinant of smooth muscle calcium antagonist activity when the C‐4 R1‐substituent was 2‐pyridyl, when R1 was a 3‐pyridyl, 4‐pyridyl, or 2‐CF3‐C6H4‐substituent, the relative potency order with respect to the R2 = –(CH2)nONO2 substituent was n = 3 and 4 > n = 2. Replacement of the isopropyl substituent of the ester moiety of the calcium antagonist (±)‐2‐pyridyl 3a by a –(CH2)nONO2 (n = 2–4) moiety increased calcium antagonist activity on GPILSM by 8‐fold. In contrast, replacement of the isopropyl substituent of the ester moiety of the calcium agonists (±)‐3‐pyridyl 3b, (±)‐4‐pyridyl 3c or the methyl substituent of the ester moiety of Bay K8644 by a R2 nitrooxyalkyl substituent resulted in abolition of their calcium agonist effects on GPILSM that is replaced by a smooth muscle calcium antagonist effect. These calcium antagonist data support the concept that incorporation of a nitrooxyalkyl ester substituent constitutes a valuable drug design strategy to enhance Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridine calcium antagonist and/or abolish calcium agonist effects on smooth muscle. Replacement of the isopropyl (8b–c), or the methyl (8d) group by a –CH2CH2ONO2 moiety resulted in retention of the cardiac positive inotropic effect where the relative potency order with respect to the C‐4 substituent was 2‐CF3‐C6H6‐ (8d) > 3‐pyridyl (8b) ≈ 4‐pyridyl (8c). Model hybrid (calcium channel modulation, ·NO release) compounds, that exhibit dual cardioselective agonist / smooth muscle selective antagonist activities, represent a novel type of 1,4‐dihydropyridine CC modulator that offers a potential approach to drug discovery targeted toward the treatment of congestive heart failure and for use as probes to study the structure–function relationship of calcium channels. Drug Dev. Res. 51:225–232, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A reliability assessment method for software products in operational phase—proposal of an accelerated life testing model
Authors: Okamura Hiroyuki , Dohi Tadashi , Osaki Shunji 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTo assess the reliability of software products, the differences between the testing phase and the operational phase must be clearly distinguished. In contrast to the former that makes assessments based only on the statistical properties of the fault detection mechanism observed in the testing process, the latter must be executed by predicting the differences between the environment in the testing phase (effort, test method, and so on) and the software operational environment such as the frequency of use. Previously, many reliability assessment methods for software products in the operational phase have been proposed. However, none have adequately modeled the software operational environments without conflicts. The general methodologies in this field have still not been established. In this paper, we propose a dynamic model to represent the phenomenon of software reliability growth in the operational phase by applying the concept of accelerated life testing of hardware. In addition, we investigate the effectiveness of our model by using both the fault detection time data obtained in the actual software testing process and the error occurrence time data observed in the operational phase. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(8): 25–33, 2001
Properties of quantum reliability function and its applications to several quantum signals
Authors: Kurokawa Keiko , Hirota Osamu 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper discusses applications of the reliability function to specific problems in connection with communication systems transmitted by means of quantum states. The reliability function and cutoff rate for various quantum optical communication systems are specifically presented. The effects of these characteristics on the limit characteristics in the coding scheme by quantum states. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 31–41, 2001
Multiobject behavior recognition by selective attention
Authors: Wada Toshikazu , Sato Masayuki , Matsuyama Takashi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study proposes a method for recognition of the behavior and number of multiple objects without separation of the objects from images. Most conventional techniques of behavior recognition have used bottom‐up processing, in which features were first extracted from images, and then the extracted features were subjected to time‐series analysis. However, separation of objects from images at the feature extraction stage resulted in unstable processing. This study aims at stable recognition of multiobject behavior. For this purpose, a mechanism ofselective attentionis proposed. With this mechanism, particular image regions (focusing regions) are allotted to all states of the NFA (nondeterministic finite automaton) that performs sequence analysis, and feature extraction (event detection) is performed inside such regions. This approach makes it possible to detect events irrespective of noise (that is, changes that may occur in the image beyond the focusing regions), while nondeterministic state transition means that all possible event sequences are analyzed; hence, the behavior of multiple objects can be recognized without separation of the objects from the images. Object‐specific color tokens are assigned to NFA active state sets, and then are transferred along with the state transitions, which is referred to as theobject discrimination mechanism. Introduction of this mechanism allows simultaneous multiobject behavior recognition and detection of the number of objects. In addition, the proposed system has been extended to treat multiview images, and its effectiveness has been proven experimentally. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 56–66, 2001
Conditions for avoiding the checkerboard distortion in continuous‐time domain
Authors: Murakami Masaharu , Kiya Hitoshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCheckerboard distortion is the kind generated in the sampling rate converter using a digital filter. In this paper, such distortion is studied in the continuous‐time domain. The distortion is newly defined in the problem of interpolation by a continuous interpolation function and conditions for avoiding the checkerboard distortion are derived. Further, it is shown that a digital filter that does not generate checkerboard distortion can be created by an appropriate sampling to the continuous interpolation function satisfying the conditions in this paper. The relationship between the continuous interpolation function with time scale transform and the checkerboard distortion is studied. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(12): 59–68, 2001
Predicting Future Environmental Funding Needs: Regression Modeling of Historic Project and Program Costs
Authors: Galarraga Humberto E. , Werle Christopher P. , Maranto Anthony R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe accurate forecasting of resource levels required to maintain the Army's environmental programs has
proved to be a challenging endeavor. The process often involves a detailed analysis of known programmatic costs
along with the projection of various cost factors associated with new or revised environmental regulations,
unexpected environmental situations, and overlooked program shortfalls. Since the Army's Environmental
Program Requirements (EPR) Report serves as an environmental work plan for installation and major Army
command (MACOM) environmental projects, the funding requirements contained within represent the single
best picture of the Army's environmental expenditures at any given point in time. Using the EPR and other
data sources, the U.S. Army Environmental Center (USAEC) has developed a prototype tool for estimating
environmental project costs that installation staff can readily use to generate initial
planning estimates for a variety of different types of environmental expenditures. MACOM and HQDA staff could
also use the tool to identify and validate cost estimates for installations' EPR projects that appear to
fall outside the normal range of expected values. Regression analysis applied to historical data sets collected
automatically by the cost‐estimating software could be used to periodically update estimating protocols,
thereby increasing the tool's accuracy over time. Similarly, through the regression analysis of
environmental projects' historical cost drivers and associated EPR funding data, USAEC is developing a
model that extrapolates macro‐level cost trends based on historical funding requirements and obligation
levels for use in estimating environmental program costs . As with the project cost estimator,
the model could be self‐correcting because successive submissions of the EPR data can serve to refine
cost estimates in future years and incorporate economic inflation trends. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Using Emerging Technologies to Meet the Requirements of State Source Protection Initiatives
Authors: Stoltz Bradley H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA Source Assessment Survey (SAS) conducted for Fort Hunter Liggett (FHL), provided an
opportunity to combine geographic information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS),
and georeferenced digital aerial photographic technologies to meet California's source assessment
requirements. Source protection is rapidly becoming the preferred method of ensuring the production of safe
drinking water throughout the United States. These innovative technologies were applied to delineate FHL's
water sources; identify possibly contaminating activities (PCAs) that could threaten source water
quality; analyze the PCAs to identify those that represent a significant threat; and recommend
mitigation strategies. In the future, combining GIS, GPS, and digital aerial photographic technologies will
continue to improve analysis of the threats PCAs pose with respect to a myriad of hydrogeologic, hydraulic, and
topographic considerations. Specific GIS functions enable data to be manipulated to conduct a spatial threat
analysis of PCAs. The most important application of these innovative technologies is the
attention‐grabbing, easily interpreted graphics that visually communicate to individuals and the command
structure the consequences of specific activities. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sun Tzu and the Art of Stakeholder Involvement
Authors: Null Marilyn K. , Larkin Janice W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSun Tzu's The Art of War was written in 500 BCE and remains the quintessential
doctrine on strategic and tactical planning for war. According to Sun Tzu, the most effective strategy for
victory is not to enter battle at all. The Department of Defense (DOD) is facing a new
“battlefield,” as encroachment and unexploded ordnance issues are threatening the military's
ability to train. Applying Sun Tzu's tenets to this new battlefield allows the DOD to avoid the legal,
regulatory, and public opinion “battle ” by building and maintaining effective relationships with
those most affected by range and training activities. Sun Tzu says, “Know your enemy and know
yourself; in a hundred battles you will never be in peril.” In today's world, understanding the
“enemy,” whether it be interests outside the fence, inside the fence, or personal value systems is
essential to building and maintaining the relationships necessary to declare “victory ” on
sustainable ranges. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paleoclimate and intersite correlations from Late Pleistocene/Holocene cave sites: Results from Southern Europe
Authors: Ellwood Brooks B. , Harrold Francis B. , Benoist Stephen L. , Straus Lawrence G. , Morales Manuel Gonzalez , Petruso Karl , Bicho Nuno F. , Zilhão João , Soler Narcis 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDuring the last 10 years or so, magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements of cave sediments from archaeological sites have been used for intrasite correlation and paleoclimate estimation. This is possible, if the context is appropriate, because the MS of these sediments result from climate processes active outside caves causing variations in magnetic properties of the sediments ultimately accumulating inside of caves. Once deposited, these materials are preserved, and their stratigraphy provides a climate proxy that can be extracted. Here, using the magnetosusceptibility event and cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) method and graphic correlation, we present a paleoclimatic framework for the last 40,000 years for southern Europe and demonstrate the intersite correlation power of the method. Our preliminary result for southern Europe represents climate fluctuations from ∼43,000 to ∼3,000 yr B.P. (we use here uncalibrated ages). The results correlate well with independent climate indicators, and because these data are robust, they can be used in relative dating. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of sulfur‐containing heterocycles: spiropyrimidinetriones, thioxopyrimidinediones, pyrazolidinediones, and isoxazolidinediones—part ii
Authors: Reddy D. Bhaskar , Babu N. Chandrasekhar , Padmavathi V. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract1‐Aroyl‐2‐styrylsulfonylethene is the precursor for 4,4‐dimethoxycarbonyl‐2′,5‐diaryl‐3‐(1′,3′‐dioxolano)‐1‐thia‐1,1‐dioxide (4), which is the key intermediate for the synthesis of 7‐aroyl‐11‐aryl‐2,4‐diazaspiro[5,5]undecane‐1,3,5‐trione‐9‐thia‐9,9‐dioxide(10)/3‐thioxo‐1,5‐dione‐9‐thia‐9,9‐dioxide (11), 6‐aroyl‐10‐aryl‐2,3‐diazaspiro[4,5]decane‐1,4‐dione‐8‐thia‐8,8‐dioxide (12)/2‐oxo‐3‐azaspiro [4,5]decane‐1,4‐dione‐8‐thia‐8,8‐dioxide (13). The new compounds were characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectral data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:131–135, 2001
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: A clinicopathologic review
Authors: Olsen Kerry D. , Lewis Jean E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundCarcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is an aggressive, poorly understood salivary gland malignancy. Misdiagnosis is common, because the residual mixed tumor component may be small, and various carcinoma subtypes are possible.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 73 patients with major salivary gland CXPA treated at our institution from 1960 to 1994. Of the 73 patients, 66 had primary tumors and 7 had recurrent tumors; 47 were men, and 26 were women; the mean age was 61 years.ResultsAdenocarcinoma (31 cases) and salivary duct carcinoma (24 cases) were the most common malignant subtypes. All patients were treated surgically, and 32 also had radiation therapy. Of 66 patients with primary tumors, 23% had local recurrence. Metastasis (either initial or delayed) occurred regionally in 56% and distantly in 44%. Thirty‐six patients (55%) died of the disease. At 3 years, overall survival was 39% and at 5 years, 30%.ConclusionsImportant prognostic factors include tumor size, grade, and clinical and pathologic stage. Patients with minimally invasive tumors (<5 mm) should do well with appropriate surgical treatment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 705–712, 2001.
Prediction of survival in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Baatenburg de Jong Robert Jan , Hermans Jo , Molenaar Jan , Briaire Jeroen Johannes , le Cessie Saska 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundIn patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) the estimated prognosis is usually based on the TNM classification. The relative weight of the three contributing parameters is often not completely clear. Moreover, the impact of other important clinical variables such as age, gender, prior malignancies, etc is very difficult to substantiate in daily clinical practice. The Cox‐regression model allows us to estimate the effect of different variables simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to design a model for application in new HNSCC patients. In our historical data‐base of patients with HNSCC, patient, treatment, and follow‐up data are stored by trained oncological data managers. With these hospital‐based data, we developed a statistical model for risk assessment and prediction of overall survival. This model serves in clinical decision making and appropriate counseling of patients with HNSCC.Patients and MethodsAll patients with HNSCC of the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the larynx diagnosed in our hospital between 1981 and 1998 were included. In these 1396 patients, the prognostic value of site of the primary tumor, age at diagnosis, gender, T‐, N‐, and M‐stage, and prior malignancies were studied univariately by Kaplan‐Meier curves and the log‐rank test. The Cox‐regression model was used to investigate the effect of these variables simultaneously on overall survival and to develop a prediction model for individual patients.ResultsIn the univariate analyses, all variables except gender contributed significantly to overall survival. Their contribution remained significant in the multivariate Cox model. Based on the relative risks and the baseline survival curve, the expected survival for a new HNSCC patient can be calculated.ConclusionsIt is possible to predict survival probabilities in a new patient with HNSCC based on historical results from a data‐set analyzed with the Cox‐regression model. The model is supplied with hospital‐based data. Our model can be extended by other prognostic factors such as co‐morbidity, histological data, molecular biology markers, etc. The results of the Cox‐regression may be used in patient counseling, clinical decision making, and quality maintenance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 718–724, 2001.
Transforming growth factor β1, urokinase‐type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 mRNA expression in head and neck squamous carcinoma and normal adjacent mucosa
Authors: Pasini Fatima S. , Brentani M. Mitzi , Kowalski Luiz P. , Federico Miriam H. H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundA balance between urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its main inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐1) appears to be important for cancer invasive behavior. Since uPA/PAI‐1 system seems to be regulated by transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in different cell types, our aim was to investigate the relationship between the expression of the three genes and lymph node status in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) at specific sites.Materials and MethodsuPA, PAI‐1, and TGFβ1 mRNAs were determined by Northern analysis in tumor, and paired normal mucosa samples were obtained from 91 operable HNSCC patients.ResultsIn oral cavity, excluding tongue, TGFβ1, PAI‐1, and uPA mRNAs values were consistently lower in the normal tissues than in tumors. In larynx tumors, TGFβ1 expression was increased, but no statistically significant differences were found for uPA or PAI‐1 mRNAs as compared with normal tissues. Tongue tumors overexpressed only uPA mRNA, and uPA levels showed significant parallel variations with TGFβ1 and PAI‐1 mRNAs mainly in pN+ tumors. In oral cavity tumors, an inverse correlation between TGFβ1 and uPA was observed in pN0 subgroup, elevated uPA mRNA was counterbalanced by high PAI‐1 mRNA TGFβ1, and PAI‐1 were not coordinately expressed. Correlations between the three markers were not found in larynx. Hypopharynx tumors, all staged as pN+, expressed the lowest TGFβ1 mRNA mean values.ConclusionsCombined information about TGFβ1, uPA, and PAI‐1 mRNAs may add some clues to the understanding of the pathophysiological role of uPA system in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 725–732, 2001.