bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motion estimation for sequential medical images using a deformable model
Authors: Kurabayashi Yew , Kagei Seiichiro , Gotoh Toshiyuki , Iwasawa Tae 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe gradient method, which is a conventional method of motion analysis, has the problem that artifacts appear near contours or edges with a large brightness gradient. Another method, which applies a deformable model to the deforming object, has the opposite problem, namely, that the accuracy of estimation is degraded in areas with small brightness gradients. In order to handle such problems, this paper proposes a new deformable model in which the motion of each part of a pliantly deforming object is estimated. In this method, a term based on local optimization is added to the interframe energy following the conventional definition, so that the shape and the motion minimizing the energy are simultaneously determined. More accurate estimation of the motion is realized owing to the multiplicative effect of the term based on the brightness gradient composing the interframe external energy, and the term based on local optimization. The proposed method is applied to time‐series chest MR images and its effectiveness is verified. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(4): 27–36, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20146
Multilevel selection: the evolution of cooperation in non‐kin groups
Authors: Goodnight Charles J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHamilton's (1964a, 1964b) landmark papers are rightly recognized as the formal basis for our understanding of the evolution of altruistic traits. However, Hamilton's equation as he originally expressed it is simplistic. A genetically oriented approach to studying multilevel selection can provide insights into how the terminology and assumptions used by Hamilton can be generalized. Using contextual analysis I demonstrated that Hamilton's rule actually embodies three distinct processes, group selection, individual selection, and transmission genetics or heritability. Whether an altruistic trait will evolve depends the balance of all of these factors. The genetical approach, and particularly, contextual analysis provides a means of separating these factors and examining them one at a time. Perhaps the greatest issue with Hamilton's equation is the interpretation of r. Hamilton (1964a) interpreted this as relatedness. In this paper I show that what Hamilton called relatedness is more generally interpreted as the proportion for variance among groups, and that many processes in addition to relatedness can increase the variance among groups. I also show that the evolution of an altruistic trait is driven by the ratio of the heritability at the group level to the heritability at the individual level. Under some circumstances this ratio can be greater than 1. In this situation altruism can evolve even if selection favoring selfish behavior is stronger than selection favoring altruism.
Foraging of multimammate mice, Mastomys natalensis, under different predation pressure: cover, patch‐dependent decisions and density‐dependent GUDs
Authors: Mohr Katrine , Vibe‐Petersen Solveig , Lau Jeppesen Leif , Bildsøe Mogens , Leirs Herwig 
Published: March 2005

Patch use under predation risk often results in a change of feeding behaviour in the prey animals. However, such changes only appear if the animals are able to assess under which predation pressure they live. We investigated patch use of Mastomys natalensis under different conditions of avian predation pressure.  In replicated maize field plots in Morogoro, Tanzania, avian predators were allowed under natural conditions (control), attracted with perches and nest boxes or kept out with nets. During four one‐week periods in late 1999, we measured rodent feeding decisions with the giving‐up density (GUD) method. Trays with known amounts of millet seeds in sand were placed in pairs, one of them under a cover, the other one in the open. M. natalensis mice were expected to give up sooner in the open trays than in those with cover. We hypothesised that M. natalensis mice could assess the ambient predation pressure leading to larger difference in GUD between covered and non‐covered trays in the plots where predators were attracted. We also made video recordings of the rodent activity at a pair of trays in each treatment.The GUD‐values were significantly lower for the covered trays but predation pressure did not affect this difference. The video observations showed that in the control and netted plots the animals visited trays equally frequently regardless of the cover, while the visits in the predator‐attracted plots occurred significantly more often in the covered trays. We conclude that M. natalensis can assess the ambient predation pressure and adapt its behaviour at a feeding patch. However, the variation in predation pressure in our experiment was not obvious from the GUD. Moreover, we found a strong relation between rodent density and GUD, which may mask variations in perceived predation pressure. Similar GUD values may be reached in different ways and we present models to investigate whether animals’ decision to forage at a food patch is only affected by the seed density at that patch, not by that at a neighbour patch.
Characterizing organic matter of soil aggregate coatings and biopores by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Ellerbrock R. H. , Gerke H. H. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryIn some soils, aggregate coatings and walls of biopores differ in the content of clay and organic carbon from that of the aggregate interiors or the soil matrix. The composition of the organic matter on aggregates and on the surfaces of biopores is largely unknown. We have compared the composition of organic matter between inner and outer parts of aggregates and between biopore walls and the soil matrix in a loamy arable soil and a sandy forest one. Hot‐water‐ and sodium‐pyrophosphate‐extractable organic matter was analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. For the sandy forest soil, the FT‐IR spectra showed that organic matter from the walls of root channels contains fewer functional groups with absorption bands at 1740–1710 cm−1 and 1640–1600 cm−1 than that from burrow fillings. For the arable soil, the content of these functional groups in hot‐water‐soluble organic matter from the coatings is less than in that from the interiors in the topsoil, and the reverse is so in the subsoil, probably because water‐soluble organic matter containing these functional groups has moved from topsoil to subsoil. The results indicate that root channels in the forest soil have more reactive zones in an otherwise relatively inert sandy matrix, whereas aggregate coatings in the arable subsoil have a greater cation exchange capacity and a greater sorption potential for hydrophobic substances than the aggregate interiors.
Acoustic properties of sediments saturated with gas hydrate, free gas and water
Authors: Gei Davide , Carcione José M. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTWe obtain the wave velocities and quality factors of gas‐hydrate‐bearing sediments as a function of pore pressure, temperature, frequency and partial saturation. The model is based on a Biot‐type three‐phase theory that considers the existence of two solids (grains and gas hydrate) and a fluid mixture. Attenuation is described with the constant‐Q model and viscodynamic functions to model the high‐frequency behaviour. We apply a uniform gas/water mixing law that satisfies Wood's and Voigt's averages at low and high frequencies, respectively. The acoustic model is calibrated to agree with the patchy‐saturation theory at high frequencies (White's model). Pressure effects are accounted by using an effective stress law for the dry‐rock moduli and permeabilities. The dry‐rock moduli of the sediment are calibrated with data from the Cascadia margin. Moreover, we calculate the depth of the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) below the sea floor as a function of sea‐floor depth, geothermal gradient below the sea floor, and temperature at the sea floor.
European States, American Contexts
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In order to interpret the debate over the ratification of the US Constitution as a debate over state formation, it is necessary to know something both about the development of the European state in the early modern period and about the ideological response that this development generated. The aim of this chapter is therefore to provide a historical sociology of state building. The first three sections discuss the development of the British state after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 (the deposition of James II and the accession of William III and Mary II to the English throne), concentrating on Britain not because it was by far the most common point of reference in the ratification debate, but rather because no other government was nearly as successful as the British when it came to raising taxes and mobilizing resources and men. The emphasis on discussion of Britain is not meant to imply that the Constitution was adopted in order to introduce a British “fiscal‐military state” in America, but rather to demonstrate that there were certain limits to the expansion of the central government in the USA that did not apply in Britain. Precisely for this reason, the state created by the Federalists was very different from the contemporary British state, and the last two sections of the chapter address the basis of these differences.
An Impotent Congress
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Chapter 5 and the corresponding Ch. 10 in Part Three of the book provide background accounts of political development in the USA from the American War of Independence to the Philadelphia Convention, and establish that, by 1787, Congress was marked by military weakness and financial insolvency. Here, the background is given to the conflict between the Federalists and the Antifederalists over the military clauses of the US Constitution, a conflict that is analyzed in Chs 6–8 (the debate over the fiscal clauses is analyzed in Part Three of the book). It is argued that two principles frustrated the ability of the Confederation Congress to provide the union with the military capacity it needed to function: first, the sovereignty of the states; and, second, the strong aversion in the American political tradition to a peacetime standing army. In the end, these principles led Congress to become passive in foreign affairs. Ends with an attempt to locate the Federalist demand for an improved military capacity of the national state not in the context of militarism, but in the context of the promotion of commerce.
A Government of Force
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Chapter 7 and the corresponding Ch. 12 in Part Three of the book present the Antifederalist objections to a stronger national government in the “fiscal‐military” sphere, with this chapter looking closely at Antifederalist objections to the military clauses of the US Constitution. The opponents of the Constitution never accepted the Federalist claim that the independence, liberty, and prosperity of the American republic depended on the creation and maintenance of a peace establishment consisting of regular troops, and did not believe that the union faced as serious threats as the Federalists claimed, keeping to the view that standing armies in time of peace were a threat to liberty. Both ancient and modern history had taught that “almost all” nations in Europe and Asia had lost their liberty because of the establishment of a standing army, so it hardly made sense for Americans to imitate them. To Antifederalists, it seemed that if the military clauses of the Constitution were adopted and the Federalists realized their plan to raise a standing army, the people of America would soon find that the Constitution's supporters would make use of it on the domestic rather than the international scene. The Antifederalist criticism of the army clauses therefore said little about commercial treaties and the importance of military strength in international relations; instead, they approached the issue from the traditional British Country perspective, claiming that standing armies in time of peace posed a threat to liberty, that transfer of military power from the states to Congress threatened both the state militia and the state assemblies, and that a standing army would make it possible for the national government to deprive people of their property without their consent by levying and collecting arbitrary taxes – in other words, a standing army in a time of peace was to the Antifederalists an objection to the centralization of power at the expense of the people's ability to withhold consent through their control of strong local institutions.
Peer and teacher ratings of third‐ and fourth‐grade children's social behavior as a function of early maternal employment
Authors: Youngblade Lise M. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  One of the more controversial issues related to maternal employment in the United States concerns the timing of entry into the workforce and its effect on children, particularly during the first year of the child's life. Some studies show deleterious effects on children, such as increases in aggression and noncompliance, while others document few negative and even positive effects of early employment.Methods:  This study examined the long‐term effects of maternal employment during the child's first year of life on the social behavior of 171 third‐ and fourth‐grade children in two‐parent families. The moderating effects of child gender and social class were investigated. The extent to which stability in alternative care arrangements statistically explained links between early maternal employment and child outcomes was tested.Results:  After controlling for child gender, and maternal ethnicity, social class, and current employment status, third‐ and fourth‐grade children whose mothers were employed during their first year of life evinced more acting out and less frustration tolerance and were nominated more often by peers for ‘hitting’ and ‘being mean’ than children whose mothers were not employed. There was some evidence that these associations were moderated by child gender and social class: boys, but not girls, whose mothers were employed during the first year were subsequently rated by teachers as acting out more than other children, and were also more likely to be nominated by peers for hitting. Higher nominations for hitting were only found in the working class. Finally, there was partial evidence that the number of alternative child‐care arrangements during the first year accounted for the links between early maternal employment and subsequent child outcomes.Conclusions:  These results are congruent with extant research that posits a risk of early employment on socioemotional development, but show that this risk is partially attributable to child‐care instability.
Word reading and reading‐related skills in adolescents with Williams syndrome
Authors: Levy Yonata , Smith Jason , Tager‐Flusberg Helen 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Individuals with Williams syndrome have good spontaneous language despite low levels of intelligence. This study explores the relationship between intelligence, word decoding and reading‐related skills in 20 individuals with Williams syndrome.Methods:  In addition to the KBIT, the participants were administered standardized measures of reading, vocabulary, rapid naming, phonological skills and an experimental measure of rhyme judgement.Results:  There was wide variability in the reading achievement among the individuals with WS. While some participants were unable to recognize letters of the alphabet, others scored within the normal range of tests of single word reading and decoding. Reading scores were correlated with intelligence as measured on KBIT matrices but not with the vocabulary measures. Reading also correlated with phonological awareness tasks yet, surprisingly, not with rapid naming.Conclusion:  It is suggested that in individuals with retardation, intelligence rather than language and language‐related skills predict achievements in word reading.
Variability of the origin of the uterine artery: Laparoscopic surgical observation
Authors: Holub Zdenek , Lukac Jan , Kliment Lev , Urbanek Stepan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim: To categorize the surgical anatomic variants of the origins of the uterine arteries and to clarify the difference in the description of the internal iliac artery in the contemporary anthropologic, radiologic and surgical system.Methods: One hundred women with symptomatic fibroids were treated using retroperitoneal laparoscopic dissection of the uterine vessels (LDUV). Retrospective evaluation of the operative records and videos was carried out. The anatomical classification of Adachi (type I–V) was modified for surgical purposes (type I–IV).Results: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal dissection and LDUV were carried out successfully using an ultrasonic operative technique in all women. The branching of the branches of the internal iliac artery was studied on the right side of the pelvis. Of the 100 uterine arteries that were evaluated, 81% were classifiable types and 19% of surgical dissections were inconclusive. Classification was as follows: type I, 30.8%; type II, 23.4%; type III, 45.6%; and type IV was not found. Modified surgical classification type III (visceral branches arising from the umbilical artery and the internal pudendal artery) was claimed to be statistically the most common type.Conclusion: Laparoscopic dissection of the uterine artery close to the origin of the uterine artery can be carried out safely in the most frequent types of surgical classification. The meticulous dissection of the uterine artery in cases in which the uterine artery does not arise typically from an unobliterated segment of the internal iliac artery was recommended.
Relationship between HIV viral load and Langerhans cells of the cervical epithelium
Authors: Levi Gabriel , Feldman Joseph , Holman Susan , Salarieh Afshin , Strickler Howard D. , Alter Shira , Minkoff Howard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim: To determine the relationship between the density of cervical mucosa Langerhans cells, cervical histology, and HIV viral load.Methods: Eighty‐four HIV‐infected and 17 women at high risk for HIV had cervical biopsies assessed for squamous intraepithelial lesions and Langerhans cell density. Langerhans cells were identified using the S‐100 immunohistochemical stain and were counted manually. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)‐DNA. T‐cell subsets were determined using immunofluorescent flow cytometry. Plasma HIV RNA levels were measured using a nucleic acid sequence‐based amplification technique. The associations between cervical Langerhans cell density, cervical histology, CD4 counts, HIV viral loads, HPV‐DNA detection, and smoking status were assessed using multivariate statistical models.Results: In multivariate analysis among women infected with HIV, the mean Langerhans cell density per high‐powered field was 4.00 among women with no detectable plasma HIV‐RNA, and 1.92 among those with detectable HIV‐RNA (P = 0.01). The mean cervical Langerhans cell density was increased in women with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions compared with those with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and normal/metaplastic histology (3.87 vs 2.11; P = 0.05). Neither HPV‐DNA detection, smoking status, nor CD4 count was significantly associated with Langerhans cell density.Conclusions: The decrease in cervical Langerhans cell density in women with detectable HIV‐RNA suggests an impaired mucosal immune response to local infections, such as HPV. Conversely, HPV infection resulting in high‐grade dysplasia might be associated with an enhanced local immune response.
Runoff and soil loss from bench terraces. 2. An event‐ based erosion process model
Authors: Van Dijk A. I. J. M. , Bruijnzeel L. A. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryDespite widespread bench terracing of rainfed hillsides in upland West Java, soil loss rates remain high. This paper reports measurements of sediment yield from terrace risers and beds and from terrace units made during three consecutive rainy seasons. The results demonstrate that soil loss from the terraces occurs in two stages: rainfall‐driven transport by splash and shallow overland flow (wash) from the terrace riser and bed to a central drain is followed by a combination of onward wash transport of fine sediment and entrainment by runoff of coarser sediment deposited in the drain. A model (TEST: Terrace Erosion and Sediment Transport) was developed, describing these processes as a function of vegetation and soil surface cover and the presence of a layer of deposited sediment. The model was calibrated using some of the measured sediment yield data and subsequently tested by simulating the remaining data. The results were satisfactory and modelled fractions of sediment transported by splash, wash and flow‐driven runoff transport generally compared well with observed fractions of fine and coarse particles in eroded sediment from the various plots.
Proton‐pump inhibitors reduce the risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer in elderly either acute or chronic users of aspirin/non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Pilotto A. , Franceschi M. , Leandro G. , Paris F. , Cascavilla L. , Longo M. G. , Niro V. , Andriulli A. , Scarcelli C. , Di Mario F. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBackground : Although administration of gastroprotective drugs may reduce the risk of peptic ulcers associated with the chronic use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or aspirin, no consensus exists as to whether this co‐therapy is effective for short‐term prevention, particularly in old age.Aim : To evaluate the risk of peptic ulcer associated with acute and chronic non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or aspirin therapy in elderly subjects, and the influence of antisecretory treatment on this risk.Methods : The study included 676 elderly non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or aspirin users and 2435 non‐users who consecutively underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and/or aspirin as well as antisecretory drugs (H2‐blockers and proton‐pump inhibitors) was evaluated by a structured interview. Diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer as well as Helicobacter pylori infection were carried out by endoscopy and histological examination of the gastric mucosa.Results : About 47.3% of patients were acute and 52.7% chronic users of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or aspirin. The risk of peptic ulcer, adjusted for age, gender, H. pylori infection and antisecretory drug use was higher in acute (gastric ulcer: odds ratio, OR =4.47, 95% CI: 3.19–6.26 and duodenal ulcer: OR =2.39, 95% CI: 1.73–3.31) than chronic users (gastric ulcer: OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.97–3.99 and duodenal ulcer: OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.22–2.33). Proton‐pump inhibitor treatment was associated with a reduced risk of peptic ulcer in both acute (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.24–2.04) and chronic (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15–0.67) non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs/aspirin users. Conversely, concomitant treatment with H2‐blockers was associated with a significantly higher risk of peptic ulcer both in acute (OR = 10.9, 95% CI: 3.87–30.9) and chronic (OR = 6.26, 95% CI: 2.56–15.3) non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs/aspirin users than non‐users. Proton‐pump inhibitor treatment resulted in an absolute risk reduction of peptic ulcer by 36.6% in acute and 34.6% in chronic non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs/aspirin users; indeed, the number needed to treat to avoid one peptic ulcer in elderly non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs/aspirin users was three both in acute and chronic users.Conclusions : These findings suggest that proton‐pump inhibitor co‐treatment is advisable in symptomatic elderly patients who need to be treated with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and/or aspirin for a short period of time.