bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wide variation of prostate‐specific antigen doubling time of untreated, clinically localized, low‐to‐intermediate grade, prostate carcinoma
Authors: Choo Richard , Klotz Laurence , Deboer Gerrit , Danjoux Cyril , Morton Gerard C. 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVETo assess the prostate specific antigen (PSA) doubling time of untreated, clinically localized, low‐to‐intermediate grade prostate carcinoma.PATIENTS AND METHODSA prospective single‐arm cohort study has been in progress since November 1995 to assess the feasibility of a watchful‐observation protocol with selective delayed intervention for clinically localized, low‐to‐intermediate grade prostate adenocarcinoma. The PSA doubling time was estimated from a linear regression of ln(PSA) against time, assuming a simple exponential growth model.RESULTSAs of March 2003, 231 patients had at least 6 months of follow‐up (median 45) and at least three PSA measurements (median 8, range 3–21). The distribution of the doubling time was: <2 years, 26 patients; 2–5 years, 65; 5–10 years, 42; 10–20 years, 26; 20–50 years, 16; >50 years, 56. The median doubling time was 7.0 years; 42% of men had a doubling time of >10 years.CONCLUSIONSThe doubling time of untreated clinically localized, low‐to‐intermediate grade prostate cancer varies widely.
Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in men aged 45–79 years: a population‐based study of 40 000 Swedish men
Authors: Andersson Swen‐Olof , Rashidkhani Bahram , Karlberg Lars , Wolk Alicja , Johansson Jan‐Erik 
Published: August 2004

There is a strong epidemiological background to this section. In the first article, a Swedish group assess the prevalence of LUTS in a population‐based study of 40 000 Swedish men aged 45–79 years. The second is a community‐based study from India into the natural history of LUTS. Both papers contain some surprising results which are of interest to urologists, add to the general debate and to our knowledge of the symptoms associated with prostatic disease.OBJECTIVETo estimate the age‐specific prevalence and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among Swedish men, the intercorrelations between different symptoms, and to assess quality of life and health‐seeking behaviour among men with LUTS.SUBJECTS AND METHODSIn 1997, an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire, together with other questions about lifestyle, was mailed to all men aged 45‐79 years living in two counties in Sweden; the analyses included 39 928 men.RESULTSOverall, 18.5% and 4.8% of the men were moderately and severely symptomatic; the prevalence of at least one symptom was 83%. LUTS were strongly age‐dependent, with 1.8% of severe symptoms among men aged 45–49 years and increasing to 9.7% among those 75–79 years old. Frequent urination was the most common symptom among men aged <70 years and nocturia among those aged >70 years. Symptoms like hesitancy, poor flow and intermittency were highly correlated with each other (Spearman coefficients 0.56–0.60). There was a high correlation between the IPSS and a poor score for quality of life resulting from the bothersomeness of LUTS (r = 0.70). Among symptomatic subjects, 36% reported a poor quality of life (fairly bad, very bad or terrible). Only 29% of symptomatic subjects (IPSS >7) reported that they had been diagnosed previously for their urinary problems, and only 11% received medication for that.CONCLUSIONAlthough the prevalence of LUTS in Sweden is high, the percentage of men whose quality of life is substantially affected is much lower.
Ileal orthotopic neobladder (modified Hautmann) via a shorter detubularized ileal segment: experience and results
Authors: Sevi̇n Güven , Soyupek Sedat , Armağan Abdullah , Hoşcan Mustafa B. , Oksay Taylan 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical, urodynamic, functional, radiological and metabolic results of the ileal (modified Hautmann) orthotopic neobladder over 10 years of experience.PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween January 1992 and March 2002, 124 men (mean age 62.4 years, range 44–76) with advanced bladder cancer had a radical cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion via an ileal orthotopic neobladder (modified Hautmann). Only 40 cm of small bowel (detubularized ileum) was used to construct the reservoir, as a modification of the method described by Hautmann. All patients were followed periodically and their data recorded.RESULTSWhile no patients died during surgery six died (mortality rate was 5%) in the first 30 days afterward (two of them from causes unrelated to the urinary diversion surgery). The early reoperation rate was 14%; there were early complications not requiring surgery in 40 (34%) and later reoperation rate was required in 20.6%. The mean (range) maximum neobladder capacity was 550  (310–720) mL, the maximum intravesical pressure at maximum capacity 26.4 (11–48) cmH2O, and the minimum and maximum flow rates 25.2 (16–64) and 17.5 (11–30) mL/s, respectively. Day‐ and night‐time continence rates were 92% and 90% after 4 years. While there was no electrolyte imbalance, there was mild to moderate metabolic acidosis in 58% of patients. There was no urethral tumour recurrence in any patient.CONCLUSIONDetubularization of ileum to form a neobladder gives a more favourable low‐pressure and high‐capacity reservoir. Therefore, a shorter ileal segment can be used for orthotopic urinary diversion, to avoid various metabolic dysfunctions when using detubularized bowel, but the surgery is not as free of complications as the original technique.
Ballooning of the foreskin and physiological phimosis: is there any objective evidence of obstructed voiding?
Authors: Babu Ramesh , Harrison Sara K. , Hutton Kim A.R. 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVESTo determine whether physiological phimosis with or without ballooning of the prepuce is associated with noninvasive urodynamic or radiological evidence of bladder outlet obstruction.PATIENTS AND METHODSFrom August 2001 to October 2002 all boys with a foreskin problem and referred to one paediatric surgeon were assessed in special clinics. Those with physiological phimosis were recruited for the study and had upper tract and bladder ultrasonography (US), followed by uroflowmetry and US‐determined postvoid residual urine volumes (PVR). Data were compared between boys with and with no ballooning of the prepuce. The project was approved by the local research ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from all study participants.RESULTSIn all, 54 patients were referred for circumcision; 32 boys with physiological phimosis completed the uroflow and US investigations. Ballooning of the foreskin was present in 18 boys (mean age 6.8 years, range 3–12); 14 had physiological phimosis with no ballooning (mean age 6.5 years, range 4–11). Upper tract US and bladder wall thickness were normal in all boys. The mean maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) was not significantly different in boys with ballooning and those without (mean 15.3 mL/s, sd 4.4, range 9–24, vs 15.4, sd 2.9, range 10.7–20, P = 0.96). In addition, all Qmax values were within the normal range when correlated with voided volume and compared with age‐related nomograms. Most boys had flow rate patterns showing a normal bell‐shaped curve; a few (9%) had subtle changes in the flow‐rate profile, with either a plateau‐type curve or slow initial increase in flow and prolonged time to achieve Qmax. The two groups had comparable mean PVRs (3.5 mL, sd 5.1, range 0–18 with ballooning vs 6.1, sd 10.7, range 0–38 without, P = 0.37). Only one patient had a marginally abnormal PVR.CONCLUSIONSPhysiological phimosis with or without ballooning of the prepuce is not associated with noninvasive objective measures of obstructed voiding. Minor abnormalities in the flow‐rate pattern in this patient group deserve further study.
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester‐induced PC‐3 cell apoptosis is caspase‐dependent and mediated through the loss of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins
Authors: McEleny Kevin , Coffey Ronan , Morrissey Colm , Fitzpatrick John M. , Watson R. William G. 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of a novel agent, caffeic acid phethyl ester (CAPE) on nuclear factor (NF)‐κB activation and apoptosis in the androgen‐independent PC3 prostate cancer cell line.MATERIALS AND METHODSPC‐3 cells were assessed for NF‐κB activation induced by paclitaxel and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), using a p65 enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, with or without CAPE treatment. The corresponding apoptosis was assessed with propidium iodide DNA staining using flow cytometry. The pan‐caspase inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK was used to investigate the mechanism of apoptosis. Alterations in the expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP), cIAP‐1, cIAP‐2 and XIAP, were detected using western blot analysis.RESULTSCAPE prevented paclitaxel and TNFα‐mediated NF‐κB activation. Its ability to induce apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner was associated with the loss of cIAP‐1, cIAP‐2 and XIAP expression. Pretreatment with Z‐VAD‐FMK prevented CAPE‐induced apoptosis and the loss of the IAPs.CONCLUSIONSCAPE is an effective inhibitor of NF‐κB activation in PC‐3 cells, but the mechanism of apoptosis, and the corresponding loss of IAP expression, is caspase‐dependent.
The protective effect of aminoguanidine on erectile function in diabetic rats is not related to the timing of treatment
Authors: Usta Mustafa F. , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Koksal I. Turker , Toptas Behiye , Surmen Sibel , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVETo assess the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rat cavernosal tissue, and to determine whether the protective effect of aminoguanidine (AG) on erectile function is related to the timing of treatment, as the accumulation of AGEs in the penis may be important in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus‐induced erectile dysfunction, and prolonged treatment with AG (a selective AGE inhibitor), prevents erectile dysfunction in this situation.MATERIALS AND METHODSHarlan Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into groups 1–4, i.e. age‐matched controls; STZ diabetic rats (60 mg/kg intraperitoneal) given free access to water; STZ diabetic rats treated with AG (1 g/L per day in the drinking water) immediately after inducing diabetes; and STZ‐diabetic rats treated with AG 1 month after inducing diabetes, respectively. Two months after inducing diabetes the intracavernosal pressure was measured after cavernosal nerve stimulation, and cavernosal AGE (5‐hydroxy methyl furfural, 5‐HMF) levels assessed.RESULTSCavernosal tissue 5‐HMF levels from groups 2 and 4 were significantly higher than in group 1 (control). The expression of 5‐HMF in group 3 was similar to that in group 1. Diabetic rats had significantly lower erectile function than controls, while groups 3 and 4 (treated with AG) had normal erectile function, as measured by cavernosal nerve stimulation.CONCLUSIONSThe effect of AG on AGE levels seems to be time‐dependent; that the 1‐month treatment with AG improved erectile function with no change in AGEs suggests that AG has protective effects on the penile vasculature through alternative pathways.
The role of a lipido‐sterolic extract of Serenoa repens in the management of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Gerber Glenn S. , Fitzpatrick John M. 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVETo examine the clinical profile of medication derived from a lipido‐sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) for managing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).METHODSWe reviewed clinical trials involving extracts of S. repens, focusing on the benefit/risk ratio in patients with BPH.RESULTS S. repens extract significantly reduces the symptoms of BPH, increases urinary flow, improves the quality of life and is well tolerated.CONCLUSIONAnalysis of the overall clinical database indicates that extract of S. repens may be considered a viable first‐line therapy for treating LUTS.
The role of nitric oxide in bladder urothelial injury after bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Chertin Boris , Rolle Udo , Solari Valeria , Cascio Salvatore , Puri Prem 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of injury to the bladder mucosa after bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).MATERIALS AND METHODSThe response of bladder mucosa to BOO consists of thickening with fibrous connective tissue; NO is a multipurpose messenger important in blood vessel relaxation, neuronal communication and inflammatory activities of macrophages, and is synthesized by NO synthase (NOS), with three distinct isoforms; inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS). Fifteen male guinea pigs had a silk ligature placed around the bladder neck to induce BOO; controls included five sham‐operated animals. The animals were killed at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after BOO. NADPH‐diaphorase staining was used as a nonspecific method to determine NOS isoform distribution. Single‐ and double‐label immunofluorescence histochemistry for iNOS, eNOS, nNOS and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) were used, with laser scanning confocal microscopy to assess the results. The relative amount of iNOS mRNA was evaluated using reverse‐transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and a standard method to determine the degree of apoptosis.RESULTSBladder mucosa had a markedly increased intensity of NADPH‐diaphorase staining 2 weeks after BOO. iNOS immunoreactivity was markedly greater in the bladder mucosa 2 weeks after BOO than in controls. The immunolocalization of iNOS and M‐CSF was identical in bladder mucosa after BOO. RT‐PCR showed stronger iNOS mRNA expression in the obstructed bladder mucosa 2 weeks after BOO than in controls. eNOS and nNOS expression was detected only 8 weeks after BOO, with markedly more immunoreactivity 12 weeks after initiating BOO. Increased eNOS and nNOS immunoreactivity strongly correlated with the induction of apoptosis in the bladder mucosa.CONCLUSIONThere was overexpression of iNOS by activated macrophages in the early stages of BOO. This overexpression did not induce apoptosis in the iNOS‐expressing cells of bladder mucosa in the early stages. After long‐term BOO bladder mucosa showed strong eNOS and nNOS immunoreactivity, correlating with apoptosis. Thus we suggest that eNOS and nNOS, by triggering cell death, may be important in eliminating hyperplastic urothelial cells, reflecting the plasticity of the bladder response to obstructive stimuli.
Potential effects of climate change on plant species in the Faroe Islands
Authors: Fosaa Anna Maria , Sykes Martin T. , Lawesson Jonas E. , Gaard Magnus 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To identify the effect of climate change on selected plant species representative of the main vegetation types in the Faroe Islands. Due to a possible weakening of the North Atlantic Current, it is difficult to predict whether the climate in the Faroe Islands will be warmer or colder as a result of global warming. Therefore, two scenarios are proposed. The first scenario assumes an increase in summer and winter temperature of 2 °C, and the second a decrease in summer and winter temperature of 2 °C.Location  Temperate, low alpine and alpine areas in the northern and central part of the Faroe Islands.Methods  The responses of 12 different plant species in the Faroe Islands were tested against measured soil temperature, expressed as Tmin, Tmax, snow cover and growing degree days (GDD), using generalised linear modelling (GLM).Results  The tolerance to changes in winter soil temperature (0.3–0.8 °C) was found to be lower than the tolerance to changing summer soil temperature (0.7–1.0 °C), and in both cases lower than the predicted climate changes.Conclusions  The species most affected by a warming scenario are those that are found with a limited distribution restricted to the uppermost parts of the mountains, especially Salix herbacea, Racomitrium fasciculare, and Bistorta vivipara. For other species, the effect will mainly be a general upward migration. The most vulnerable species are those with a low tolerance, especially Calluna vulgaris, and also Empetrum nigrum, and Nardus stricta. If the climate in the Faroe Islands should become colder, the most vulnerable species are those at low altitudes. A significantly lower temperature would be expected to produce a serious reduction in the extent of Vaccinium myrtillus and Galium saxatilis. Species like Empetrum nigrum, Nardus stricta, and Calluna vulgaris may also be vulnerable. In any case, these species can be expected to migrate downwards.
Biological correlates of description date in carnivores and primates
Authors: Collen Ben , Purvis Andy , Gittleman John L. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTAim To examine which aspects of primates and carnivore biology can be used to predict attributes of species yet to be discovered.Location Global.Methods Multiple regressions of phylogenetically independent contrasts and non‐phylogenetic species date of description, on multiple biological predictor variables, formed from previous hypotheses tested in the literature.Results Orders differ, but both carnivore and primate species with a large geographical range tend to have been discovered earlier. When geographical range is controlled for, body mass is also significantly correlated with description date in carnivores, but remains a poor predictor in primates. No multiple‐predictor model is apparent in the primates, but diurnal species are on average more likely to be described first. Carnivores not endemic to the tropics are more likely to be discovered earlier, reflecting a northern bias in description patterns.Main conclusions Geographical range is by far the most important predictor variable. The study may have ramifications for conservation hotspot selection: species possessing a small geographical range are least likely to have been described, yet are most heavily weighted in some hotspot selection algorithms.
Internal and External R&D: A Sample Selection Approach*
Authors: Piga Claudio A. , Vivarelli Marco 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study underlines that the decision to enter into an external R&D relationship is related to an antecedent decision to carry out R&D. This calls for an empirical approach that permits the joint analysis of the determinants of the two decisions, correcting for sample selectivity. Based on a sample of Italian manufacturing firms, the results confirm the need to adopt this approach. Another contribution made by this study is the managerial implications that can be derived from its empirical model, which provide a better understanding of the factors associated with a firm's decision to engage in R&D both independently and with external partners.
Do Inward Investors Achieve their Job Targets?*
Authors: Jones Jonathan , Wren Colin 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe paper utilizes data for north‐east England over the period 1985–98 to examine if foreign‐owned start‐up plants achieve their job targets. Different models are estimated, each shedding light on the relationship between the jobs promised by plants in their initial investment and their actual employment attained. On average, it is found that the plants achieve their job targets, but larger plants fall someway short. It is argued that these plants may deliberately overstate the number of jobs, and that the employment‐creation claims of inward investors and economic development agencies should be treated with skepticism.
Hebeloma cylindrosporum– a model species to study ectomycorrhizal symbiosis from gene to ecosystem
Authors: Marmeisse R. , Guidot A. , Gay G. , Lambilliotte R. , Sentenac H. , Combier J.‐P. , Melayah D. , Fraissinet‐Tachet L. , Debaud J.C. 
Published: August 2004

SummaryThe basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum has been extensively studied with respect to mycorrhiza differentiation and metabolism and also to population dynamics. Its life cycle can be reproduced in vitro and it can be genetically transformed. Combined biochemical, cytological, genetical and molecular approaches led to the characterisation of mutant strains affected in mycorrhiza formation. These studies demonstrated the role of fungal auxin as a signal molecule in mycorrhiza formation and should allow the characterisation of essential fungal genes necessary to achieve a compatible symbiotic interaction. Random sequencing of cDNAs has identified numerous key functional genes which allowed dissection of essential nitrogen assimilation pathways. H. cylindrosporum also proved to be a remarkable model species to uncover the dynamics of natural populations of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the way in which they respond and adapt to anthropogenic disturbance of the forest ecosystem. Although studies on mycorrhiza differentiation and functioning and those on the population dynamics of H. cylindrosporum have been carried out independently, they are likely to converge in a renewed molecular ecophysiology which will envisage how ectomycorrhizal symbiosis functions under varying field conditions.

Contents

Summary
481

I.
Introduction
482

II.
Taxonomy, distribution, autecology, and host range of H. cylindrosporum
482

III.
The Hebeloma cylindrosporum toolbox
483

IV.
Mycorrhiza differentiation
486

V.
Nutritional interactions
488

VI.
Genetic diversity and dynamics of H. cylindrosporum populations in P. pinaster forest ecosystems
491

VII.
Future directions
494

Acknowledgements
494

References
494
The impact of adult attachment on partner and self‐attributions and relationship quality
Authors: Sümer Nebi , Cozzarelli Catherine 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study tested the relationships between mental the models of attachment, the attributions romantic couples make for their own and their partners' behaviors, and relationship quality. Participants (n = 352) who were currently involved in a romantic relationship completed multiple measures of attachment, attributions, and relationship quality. Results revealed that secure people reported less maladaptive attributions than insecure people. In addition, structural model analyses indicated that attachment model of the self (but not the model of others) had both a direct and an indirect effect, mediated by attributions made for negative partner behavior, on relationship satisfaction. Attributions made for self‐ and partner behaviors overlapped to a great extent, implying an attributional style underlying this unique response pattern. These findings suggest that a positive model of self is a valuable personal resource that enhances adaptive attributions, and hence, leads to high levels of relationship quality.
Feminism and Family Therapy
Authors: GOLDNER VIRGINIA 
Published: August 2004

Feminism has had a profound effect on contemporary culture and on thinking in most academic fields, including psychoanalysis. Interestingly, until very recently it had made virtually no impact on the theory and practice of family therapy. This paper proposes an explanation for this peculiar phenomenon and argues that family therapy has been considerably handicapped by its insularity from the feminist critique.Utilizing feminist scholarship in psychoanalysis, history, and sociology, the paper analyzes the structural contradictions in family life that family therapists have essentially ignored and then outlines their clinical implications. Key points in the discussion include the argument that systems theory is an inadequate explanatory matrix from which to build a theory of the family, that the archetypal “family case” of the overinvolved mother and peripheral father is best understood, not as a clinical problem, but as the product of a historical process two hundred years in the making, and that power relations between men and women in families function in terms of paradoxical, incongruous hierarchies that reflect the complex interpenetration between the structure of family relations and the world of work. This conceptual model then provides the basis for an analysis and critique of sexual politics as they emerge in the prototypical clinical situation.