bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making a career: early plays and poems
Authors: Holland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next print reference to Shakespeare is in Greenes Groats- Worth of Witte (1592), a pamphlet ostensibly by Robert Greene (though possibly written by someone else, probably Henry Chettle) and published after Greene’s death in September 1592; the pamphlet attacks Shakespeare as:
an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you: and beeing an absolute Iohannes fac totum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey.
A
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Achievement signifies the successful completion of a task or an activity—an achievement means creating something of value, an object, an event, or a legacy. Achievement is celebrated in many stories and narratives in which the protagonist prevails against the odds to achieve his or her mission. Thus achievement represents a wider set of cultural values that we encounter in families, organizations, or entire societies. An achievement ‘ethic’ (i.e. set of values, norms, and recipes) has its roots in religious and cultural practices which encourage and reward individual accomplishments, such as creating a fortune, becoming famous, moving up a career ladder, or generally being successful in sport, politics, business, the media, etc. These are seen as ‘good things’. Societies that emphasize and reward achievement tend to reinforce the view that success is all that matters in life. The non-achiever, the failed achiever, or the ‘has been’ can easily become an outsider in such a society.
C
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capital, as the foundation of capitalism, is in the first instance an economic category. It refers to material wealth owned by individuals or groups that can act as productive resources increasing this wealth. Thus, machinery and buildings are long-recognized forms of capital. The term, however, has also been used to describe other types of resources that enable groups or individuals to build on and profit from them. A company can build on its ‘intellectual capital’, i.e. the stock of knowledge that enables it to gain an advantage against its competitors. Like- wise, brands, logos, and the loyalty of employees and customers represent different forms of ‘symbolic capital’ for organizations. The concept of ‘cultural capital’ was used extensively by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to account for persistent social inequalities based on tastes and lifestyles. He argued that people judge each other and create hierarchies of superiority and inferiority based on how sophisticated or ‘cool’ their tastes are—judging and criticizing people’s tastes sustains social status distinctions.
D
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Death is not often discussed in connection with organizations. But it should be. Many organizations are directly or indirectly in the business of death; they include hospitals, abattoirs, funeral directors, legal firms, coroners, police forces, emergency services, armies, and churches. Many other organizations are involved in documenting, representing, and glamorizing death—film, photography, news journalism among them. But death is something that we all carry with us, wherever we go. Rarely are we separated from a death, that of a friend, a relative, an acquaintance, or our own, by more than a thread. And yet, death sometimes seems to be far from our thoughts for long periods. It is often said that death is the one certain thing about every human life and many of our actions are consciously or unconsciously linked to it.
E
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the economy? This simple enough question is surprisingly neglected by the mainstream (‘neoclassical’) economic tradition (alongside a parallel absence of any close analysis of the closely related concept of the market). If you consult the glossary or index of any undergraduate economics textbook, you are unlikely to find any entry under ‘economy’. The idea that there is a realm of social interaction which is distinct from others in law and that this realm institutionalizes a specific set of rules and practices that we know as economic is today part of our taken-for- granted view of our world.
Three domains of finiteness: a Minimalist perspective
Authors: Adger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter1 examines the role that the traditional notion of finiteness has played in analyses of clause structure and argument licensing in the development of the Minimalist Programme. I focus on three broad domains: the upper, middle, and lower areas of clause structure which roughly correspond to the A-bar, A, and theta-positions of Government and Binding theory, and their corresponding heads, C, T, and V. Following the general format of this volume, the initial sections are intended as a (selective) reading of recent work on this topic, and I use and extend the conclusions from this in the final section.
Diachrony and finiteness: subordination in the dialects of southern Italy
Authors: Ledgeway Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although standardly recognized by linguists of many diverse theoretical persuasions, finiteness continues to figure among one of the most poorly understood concepts of linguistic theory (Ledgeway 2000: 187–9). Indeed, there appears to be no generally accepted view of how finiteness is manifested in natural languages, or to what precise entities or categories the terms ‘finite’ and ‘nonfinite’ readily apply (see Joseph 1983: 7–10; Vincent 1998: 146V.; Nikolaeva, Chapter 1 above). While such issues are increasingly the subject of synchronic and comparative investigations, still very little attention has been given to exploring how finiteness and its correlates are affected by linguistic change.
Introduction The European Union: Challenge and Opportunity
Authors: Olsen Johan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book deals with the role of formally organized institutions in political life and, in particular, the role of democratic institutions of government in mediating between unity and diversity, citizens and their helpers, democratic design and historical drift, and new and old political orders. The purpose is two-fold. The first is to contribute to an improved understanding of the ongoing search for political order in Europe by offering an institutional perspective on the dynamics of change. The second is to use the European case as an opportunity for reflecting on political organization, democratic governance and the role of institutions in non-violent comprehensive change in general.
Droit Public—English Style
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract This paper discusses the growth of public law in England through a pragmatic approach in which the law has been developed on a case-by-case basis. It identifies distinct public law principles that are of general application, independent of private law and comparable to those in civil jurisdictions. Distinguishing between public and private law, it suggests an issue is subject to public law if the public have a legitimate concern as to its outcome and it is not an issue already satisfactorily protected by private law. The relationship between the courts and Parliament is examined, and it is suggested that both arms of government are partners in a common enterprise involving upholding the rule of law.
The Education the Justice System Requires Today
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract This paper discusses the change of culture in legal education, with a greater emphasis being placed on policy and the social and economic consequences of developing the law, following the coming into effect of the new Civil Procedure Rules, the development of public law and the Human Rights Act 1998. It recognises that universities today have a much broader role than merely to provide a vocational course to lawyers wishing to move directly into practice. Universities must emphasise the importance of professional standards and inculcate an understanding of the responsibilities which lawyers owe to the courts if they are to prepare lawyers to enter the legal profession and wider world.
The Rule of Law and a Change in the Constitution
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract This paper provides an account of the new constitutional reforms provided by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and discusses how they came about. It suggests that the traditional constitutional arrangements, including the role of the Lord Chancellor, have successfully protected the rule of law, evolving as the needs of society have changed, without a need for a written constitution. We have benefited from a tradition of mutual respect, restraint and cooperation between the three arms of government. There have been times of tension, but with good sense and good will on all sides they have been successfully managed. It asks whether as part of the process of change we are paying sufficient attention to retaining or replacing the checks upon which, in the past, the delicate balance of our constitution has depended.
Judicial Review—The Tensions Between the Executive and the Judiciary
Authors: Woolf Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract This paper discusses the delicate relationship between the courts, the legislature and the executive. It supports the accretion of law on a case-by-case basis and suggests this has helped develop administrative law principles and maintain the necessary balance between the interests of the public and administrators. The tensions created between the courts and the government by judicial review proceedings are acceptable; such proceedings ensure government actions comply with the law. It discusses how the courts have assisted the efficient working of government by reducing judicial review waiting times and wherever possible, clarifying the principles upon which they will intervene. In reviewing the actions of public authorities, the judiciary, it concludes, are doing no more than their duty to uphold the rule of law.
Freedom Of Expression And The Right To Respect For Private Life And Media Law: General Principles
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the general principles of the ECHR as they are relevant to media law. The main focus of this chapter is Article 10, which concerns the right to freedom of expression, but it also briefly discusses Articles 6(1) concerning reporting of judicial proceedings, Article 8 and the right to respect for privacy, Article 14’s prohibition on discrimination in relation to other Convention rights, Article 15’s restrictions in the time of war, and Article 17 concerning restrictions on activities subversive of Convention rights. Where relevant, we have included case law from domestic courts as well as the European Court. First, we outline some general principles applicable to the interpretation of the Convention.
The Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long title to the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 declares its purpose to ‘give further effect to rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights’. As chapter 1 showed, even before the HRA, the ECHR was referred to with increasing regularity in cases concerning freedom of expression. The House of Lords declared on several occasions that it could see no difference between Article 10 and the common law’s approach to the right of freedom of speech. The number of occasions on which the European Court found the UK media law decisions to be in violation of Article 10 suggests that this rosy outlook was not always justified in practice. However, it did mean that Article 10 and its jurisprudence were familiar to the courts in the media law context.
When rights have not been brought home: taking A case to strasbourg
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By Article 1 ECHR, contracting States assume two fundamental obligations. First, they must ensure that ‘their domestic body of law is compatible with the Convention, and if need be to make any necessary adjustments to this end’; secondly, they must remedy any breaches when they occur. Although the Convention leaves each contracting state to decide how best to ensure enforcement through its domestic law, Article 13 requires an effective remedy before a national authority where a violation has occurred. The substance of a complaint to the European Court of Human Rights is that a State which is a party to the Convention has failed to honour its obligations, and thereby to ‘secure’ one or more of the Convention rights and freedoms ‘to everyone within their jurisdiction’ within the meaning of Article 1.
Court Reporting And Contempt Of Court
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Court reporting is part of the staple diet of newspapers and broadcasters in the UK and in the other States who are party to the ECHR. From the perspective of Article 10, the starting point is the right of freedom of expression which the media, like all members of the public, have as a result of Article 10(1). From the perspective of defendants, the right to a fair trial which is guaranteed by Article 6 includes the right to a ‘public hearing’ and to a publicly pronounced judgment. However, as the UK domestic experience repeatedly demonstrates, there is ample scope for free reporting to conflict with the interests of defendants or others involved in the judicial process. Article 10(2) recognizes that those exercising freedom of expression have ‘duties and responsibilities’ and that restrictions or penalties may be imposed for a variety of reasons, including ‘for the protection of the … rights of others’ and ‘for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary’. Article 6(1) accepts that: ‘the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.’
Licensing and Regulation of the Media
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other chapters have considered the application of the guarantee of freedom of expression to specific subject matters. In this chapter we consider the impact of the ECHR in connection with prior licensing and subsequent regulation of the media. In particular we consider the impact of the requirements of procedural fairness under Article 6 ECHR upon the activities of media regulators.
Commercial Speech And Advertising
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the UK, as in most jurisdictions, commercial speech is subject to a large number of restrictions, from the Trade Descriptions Act 1968 regulating misleading advertising to European Directives regulating a number of fields such as tobacco advertising and Codes of Practice which regulate various media such as television and radio. Political advertising on television and radio is prohibited by the Communications Act 2003.
Official Secrets, National Security, Terrorism, And Public Disorder
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a wide range of fields, including that of freedom of expression, English courts have historically refused to scrutinize, in any serious manner, claims by the British government that national security would be imperilled by the exercise of an individual’s rights. Thus the House of Lords found in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service, that the government’s assertion of national security overrode the legitimate expectation which trade unions would otherwise have had, to be consulted. English courts have also exhibited reticence to examine national security issues in immigration cases involving Gulf War detainees and those allegedly involved in international terrorism. The most notorious example of judicial deference occurred in the Spycatcher litigation, where a bitterly divided House of Lords, in a decision defying common sense, upheld interlocutory injunctions against newspapers which had wanted to publish information and extracts from Spycatcher, even though, by this time, the book had been published and was widely available in a number of countries including the USA.
William and Mary
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
Revolution, 1688–1689
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the winter of 1688–9 William invaded Britain and seized the Stuart crown. Debate about when he determined to do this has been vigorous, but since there is no direct evidence for the precise date of the decision the dispute will probably never be resolved. It is certain that William had wanted control of British foreign policy since at least 1672. It is equally clear, however, that, at least until the few months before the actual invasion, forcible seizure of the crown was not the most obvious way to secure this control.
Import Duties: Police Reform and Influences from Abroad
Authors: Savage Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One potential source of influence in changing policing in any nation state is the multitude of alternative policing models, systems, styles, and approaches which exist elsewhere on the international scene. Those alternative policing forms have been shaped by nationally specific configurations of law, politics, social structures, cultures, and histories which generate variation and difference across nation states in the way policing is organized, oriented and activated. There are, as a consequence, many different examples offered from the international environment of the way the business of policing is undertaken, some of which might be taken on board by governments and/or police organizations as better ways of doing policing business.
Cosmetic surgery
Authors: Waterhouse Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cosmetic surgery has become the subject of intense media and public interest in the last few years. It is unique amongst the surgical specialties in that prospective patients are directly targeted by advertising, and often, through the use of aggressive sales and marketing techniques. For the general public and potential patients, understanding the procedures and accessing high-quality care is problematic, and independent professional advice from an appropriately trained and experienced doctor is essential. This advice should include a realistic assessment of the benefits and complications of any treatment. This book provides a clear and informative guide to cosmetic surgery and an overview of the range of procedures now available. The book also features an explanation of what makes a well-trained cosmetic surgeon and how to choose one. Individual chapters are devoted to specific procedures including facelifting, breast surgery, eyelid and chin lifts, liposuction, lasers/peels, botox and fillers and abdominoplasty.
Scope of Application & General Provisions
Authors: Hondius Professor Dr. Ewoud , Heutger Dr. Viola , Jeloschek Dr. Christoph , Sivesand Dr. Hanna , Wiewiorowska Aneta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These Principles apply to contracts for the sale of goods. Not only has the contract for the sale of goods served as the paradigm for contracts in general, but it is also probably the most common contract, and certainly the most common consumer contract, that there is. In fact, sales come in all shapes and sizes: ranging from the purchase of the daily newspaper at the news-stand or the groceries in the supermarket, through to the purchase of a new car and to commodity sales on highly specialised markets. Moreover, there are many mixed transactions that contain a certain element of sale, such as distribution contracts or all sorts or manufacturing contracts. These Principles also apply to Consumer Goods Guarantees, as regulated in Chapter 6. Such guarantees are provided to the consumer in the course of sales of goods. Given this importance of sales transactions, these Principles start with a definition of the contract for the sale of goods. It is rather short and simple, as it merely addresses the main obligations of the parties, i. e. the transfer of ownership on the part of the seller and the payment of the price on the part of the buyer. This definition reflects the essence of the contract for the sale of goods: the transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer, or a third party, for a price. The CISG and the Consumer Sales Directive as instruments of international sales law do not contain such a definition.
Obligations of the Seller
Authors: Hondius Professor Dr. Ewoud , Heutger Dr. Viola , Jeloschek Dr. Christoph , Sivesand Dr. Hanna , Wiewiorowska Aneta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Article provides an overview of the main obligations which the seller assumes under a sales contract, some of which are elaborated in the following Sections of this Chapter (it should be noted that this list is not meant to be a chronological account of the performance of a sales contract). However, it follows from Article 1:203 (Derogation) that the parties are free to regulate the content of their obligations. Therefore the seller may not, on the one hand, be subject to all the obligations set out in this Article. He may not, for instance, be under an obligation to deliver the goods, as they are already in the buyer’s possession. On the other hand, the seller may also have to comply with a number of other obligations arising from the particular agreement between the parties (e. g. a duty to provide for training in the use of the machinery delivered), from commercial usage or from other provisions contained in the present Principles (e. g. in the case of carriage under Article 2:104). The issue of when the transfer of ownership will take place, and what separate steps, if any, must be taken to effect the transfer are addressed by the Principles on Transfer of Movable Property. The Sales Principles only deal with obligational issues. They require