bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis, HIV seroprevalence and intravenous drug abuse in prisoners
Authors: Drobniewski F. A. , Balabanova Y. M. , Ruddy M. C. , Graham C. , Kuznetzov S. I. , Gusarova G. I. , Zakharova S. M. , Melentyev A. S. , Fedorin I. M. 
Published: July 2005

High rates of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV are believed to exist in Russian prisons. Prisoners with TB were studied in order to identify the following: 1) prevalence of HIV, and risk factors for HIV and other blood-borne virus infections; and 2) clinical and social factors that might compromise TB treatment effectiveness and/or patient adherence and, hence, encourage treatment failure.A 1-yr cross-sectional prevalence study of 1,345 prisoners with TB was conducted at an in-patient TB facility in Samara, Russian Federation.HIV and hepatitis B and/or C co-infection occurred in 12.2% and 24.1% of prisoners, respectively, and rates were significantly higher than in civilians. Overall, 48.6% of prisoners used drugs, of which 88.3% were intravenous users. Prisoners were more likely to be intravenous drug users and HIV positive compared with civilians with TB, and 40.2% of prisoners shared needles. Two-thirds of prisoners (68.6%) had received previous TB drug therapy (frequently multiple, interrupted courses) and were significantly more likely than civilians to have had previous therapy consistent with the high drug-resistance rates seen.Prisons are major drivers of the tuberculosis and HIV epidemics. Novel strategies are needed to reduce the spread of blood borne diseases, particularly in intravenous drug users.
Cyclooxygenase-1 gene polymorphisms in patients with different asthma phenotypes and atopy
Authors: Shi J. , Misso N. L. A. , Duffy D. L. , Bradley B. , Beard R. , Thompson P. J. , Kedda M-A. 
Published: July 2005

Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) regulates the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, which are important mediators in asthma. The possible association of COX-1 gene polymorphisms with asthma has not been investigated.The allele frequencies of 20 COX-1 polymorphisms were determined in a random Australian Caucasian population using MassARRAY technology. Informative and potentially functional promoter (c.8592C>T, c.1676C>T) and coding region (c.22C>T, c.50C>T) polymorphisms were investigated in carefully phenotyped patients with mild (n = 316), moderate (n = 241), severe (n = 86) or aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA) (n = 58), and in nonasthmatic subjects (n = 477).There were no allelic, genotypic or haplotypic associations between these four polymorphisms and asthma or asthma severity. Over-representation of the c.50TT genotype among AIA patients (3.4%) compared with aspirin-tolerant patients (0.8%), and a global haplotype association with AIA did not reach statistical significance. The c.22TT genotype was less frequent among atopic (0.1%) rather than nonatopic individuals (1.2%; odds ratio = 9.05, 95% confidence interval 1.01–81.29).In conclusion, the present investigation of cyclooxygenase-1 polymorphisms in asthma indicates that they do not appear to play a substantial role in genetic pre-disposition for asthma or asthma severity. However, the c.22TT genotype confers a small protective effect against atopy. Potential associations with aspirin-intolerant asthma were identified and warrant further investigation in a larger population of aspirin-intolerant asthma patients.
The SPHERE Study. Secondary prevention of heart disease in general practice: protocol of a randomised controlled trial of tailored practice and patient care plans with parallel qualitative, economic and policy analyses. [ISRCTN24081411]
Authors: Murphy Andrew W , Cupples Margaret E , Smith Susan M , Byrne Molly , Leathem Claire , Byrne Mary C 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The aim of the SPHERE study is to design, implement and evaluate tailored practice and personal care plans to improve the process of care and objective clinical outcomes for patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) in general practice across two different health systems on the island of Ireland.
CHD is a common cause of death and a significant cause of morbidity in Ireland. Secondary prevention has been recommended as a key strategy for reducing levels of CHD mortality and general practice has been highlighted as an ideal setting for secondary prevention initiatives. Current indications suggest that there is considerable room for improvement in the provision of secondary prevention for patients with established heart disease on the island of Ireland. The review literature recommends structured programmes with continued support and follow-up of patients; the provision of training, tailored to practice needs of access to evidence of effectiveness of secondary prevention; structured recall programmes that also take account of individual practice needs; and patient-centred consultations accompanied by attention to disease management guidelines.

Methods
SPHERE is a cluster randomised controlled trial, with practice-level randomisation to intervention and control groups, recruiting 960 patients from 48 practices in three study centres (Belfast, Dublin and Galway). Primary outcomes are blood pressure, total cholesterol, physical and mental health status (SF-12) and hospital re-admissions.
The intervention takes place over two years and data is collected at baseline, one-year and two-year follow-up. Data is obtained from medical charts, consultations with practitioners, and patient postal questionnaires.
The SPHERE intervention involves the implementation of a structured systematic programme of care for patients with CHD attending general practice. It is a multi-faceted intervention that has been developed to respond to barriers and solutions to optimal secondary prevention identified in preliminary qualitative research with practitioners and patients. General practitioners and practice nurses attend training sessions in facilitating behaviour change and medication prescribing guidelines for secondary prevention of CHD. Patients are invited to attend regular four-monthly consultations over two years, during which targets and goals for secondary prevention are set and reviewed. The analysis will be strengthened by economic, policy and qualitative components.
The influence of in-pregnancy smoking cessation programmes on partner quitting and women's social support mobilization: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN89131885]
Authors: Aveyard Paul , Lawrence Terry , Evans Olga , Cheng KK 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Background
Smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy could influence a woman's social behaviour and her partner's smoking behaviour, but this has not been examined in any published randomized trials.

Method
918 women smoking at booking for antenatal care were enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial of three interventions: standard care, self-help manual and enhanced stage-based counselling, or self-help manual, enhanced stage-based counselling and use of an interactive computer program. The outcomes were change in social support received by women between booking for maternity care and 30 weeks gestation and 10 days postpartum and reported cessation in the woman's partner at these times.

Results
Few pregnant women's partners stopped smoking (4.1% at 30 weeks of gestation and 5.8% at 10 days postpartum) and the probability of quitting did not differ significantly by trial arm. Women's scores on the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors showed a slight decline from booking to 30 weeks gestation, and a slight increase to 10 days postpartum, but these changes did not differ significantly by trial arm.

Conclusion
The stage-based interventions tested in this trial aimed partly to influence women's mobilization of support and might have influenced partners' quitting, but there was no evidence that they did so. Given that women and their partners often stopped smoking together, future interventions to prevent smoking in pregnant women could encourage both partners to quit together.
Managing variability in the summary and comparison of gait data
Authors: Chau Tom , Young Scott , Redekop Sue 
Published: July 2005

AbstractVariability in quantitative gait data arises from many potential sources, including natural temporal dynamics of neuromotor control, pathologies of the neurological or musculoskeletal systems, the effects of aging, as well as variations in the external environment, assistive devices, instrumentation or data collection methodologies. In light of this variability, unidimensional, cycle-based gait variables such as stride period should be viewed as random variables and prototypical single-cycle kinematic or kinetic curves ought to be considered as random functions of time. Within this framework, we exemplify some practical solutions to a number of commonly encountered analytical challenges in dealing with gait variability. On the topic of univariate gait variables, robust estimation is proposed as a means of coping with contaminated gait data, and the summary of non-normally distributed gait data is demonstrated by way of empirical examples. On the summary of gait curves, we discuss methods to manage undesirable phase variation and non-robust spread estimates. To overcome the limitations of conventional comparisons among curve landmarks or parameters, we propose as a viable alternative, the combination of curve registration, robust estimation, and formal statistical testing of curves as coherent units. On the basis of these discussions, we provide heuristic guidelines for the summary of gait variables and the comparison of gait curves.
The Australian National Sub-acute and Non-acute Patient Casemix Classification (AN-SNAP): its application and value in a stroke rehabilitation programme
Authors: Lowthian Peter , Disler Peter , Ma Sam , Eagar Kathy , Green Janette , de Graaff Stephen 
Published: August 2005

Objective: To investigate whether the Australian National Sub-acute and Non-acute Patient Casemix Classification (SNAP) and Functional Independence Measure and Functional Related Group (Version 2) (FIM-FRG2) casemix systems can be used to predict functional outcome, and reduce the variance of length of stay (LOS) of patients undergoing rehabilitation after strokes. Design and setting: The study comprised a retrospective analysis of the records of patients admitted to the Cedar Court Healthsouth Rehabilitation Hospital for rehabilitation after stroke. Subjects: The sample included 547 patients (83.3% of those admitted with stroke during this period). Patient data were stratified for analysis into the five SNAP or nine FIM-FRG2 groups, on the basis of the admission FIM scores and age. Main outcomes: The AN-SNAP classification accounted for a 30.7% reduction of the variance of LOS, and 44.2% of motor FIM, and the FIM-FRG2 accounts for 33.5% and 56.4% reduction respectively. Comparison of the Cedar Court with the national AN-SNAP data showed differences in the LOS and functional outcomes of older, severely disabled patients. Intensive rehabilitation in selected patients of this type appears to have positive effects, albeit with a slightly longer period of inpatient rehabilitation. Conclusions: Casemix classifications can be powerful management tools. Although FIM-FRG2 accounts for more reduction in variance than SNAP, division into nine groups meant that some contained few subjects. This paper supports the introduction of AN-SNAP as the standard casemix tool for rehabilitation in Australia, which will hopefully lead to rational, adequate funding of the rehabilitation phase of care.
Clinical standards for specialist community rehabilitation services in the UK
Authors: Turner-Stokes Lynne , Williams Heather , Abraham Rachel 
Published: August 2005

Objective: To develop a set of clinical standards for specialist community rehabilitation services in the UK and to undertake a preliminary survey of consultants who provide those services. Design and methods: The proposed set of standards was adapted from the previously published standards for inpatient services, by a working party of the British Society for Rehabilitation Medicine (BSRM). Consensus was then achieved by an iterative consultation process in five rounds. A postal survey was conducted on behalf of the BSRM amongst its consultant members providing community rehabilitation services in the UK, who were asked to assess their services in relation to these standards, and to comment on the standards themselves, their usefulness and applicability. Results: Fifty consultants who ran specialist community rehabilitation services agreed to participate, of whom 29 (58%) actually responded. Overall, the standards appeared to be acceptable to most, and mainly struck the right level, being attained by the majority of services. Twenty-five (89%) felt the standards were helpful and 26 (93%) felt that they covered the main aspects of specialist community rehabilitation services: 23 (79%) found them at least partially applicable to their own service. Conclusions: Proposed clinical standards have been developed for specialist community rehabilitation services in the UK. It is likely that they will require further refinement with time, and modification is required to adapt them to different subspecialities and settings.
Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking in a European population
Authors: Dressing Harald , Kuehner Christine , Gass Peter 
Published: July 2005

BackgroundThere is a lack of community-based studies on prevalence rates of stalking and the impact of stalking on victims in European countries.AimsTo examine lifetime and point prevalence rates of stalking, behavioural and psychological consequences for victims, and the impact of stalking on current psychological well-being in a German community sample.MethodA postal survey was conducted with a sample randomly selected from the population of a middle-sized German city; 679 people (400 women, 279 men) responded. The survey included a stalking questionnaire and the WHO–5 well-being scale.ResultsAlmost 12% of the respondents (n=78, 68 women, 10 men) reported having been stalked. A multiple regression analysis revealed a significant effect of victimisation on psychological well-being.ConclusionsThis study identified a high lifetime prevalence of stalking in the community. Effects on victims' psychological health are significant, suggesting that the phenomenon deserves more attention in future community mental health research.
Effect of psychiatric disorders on outcome of cognitive-behavioural therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Prins Judith , Bleijenberg Gijs , Rouweler Eufride Klein , Van Der Meer Jos 
Published: July 2005

SummaryPsychiatric disorders have been associated with poor outcome in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This study examines the impact of psychiatric disorders on outcome of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview in a CBT trial of 270 people with CFS. Lifetime and current psychiatric disorders were found in 50 and 32% respectively. No significant differences in fatigue severity and functional impairment following treatment were found between participants with and without psychiatric diagnoses.
International clinical practice guidelines for early psychosis
Authors:   INTERNATIONAL EARLY PSYCHOSIS ASSOCIATION WRITING GROUP
Published: July 2005

SummaryThese international clinical practice guidelines were developed with detailed input from 29 invited international consultants, who provided content as well as detailed feedback on draft versions. The final draft of the guidelines was ratified by the Executive of the International Early Psychosis Association and presented and formally endorsed at the Third International Conference on Early Psychosis held in Copenhagen, September 2002. They have been revised slightly to include medications that were not available in 2002, although a fully comprehensive process of update has not yet been conducted. The final version is published in this Supplement with the aim of encouraging further discussion as well as providing practical guidance to clinicians and researchers. A second edition is planned for publication in 2008.
Predictors of schizophrenia
Authors: Isohanni Matti , Lauronen Erika , Moilanen Kristiina , Isohanni Irene , Kemppainen Liisa , Koponen Hannu , Miettunen Jouko , Mäki Pirjo , Räsänen Sami , Veijola Juha , Tienari Pekka , Wahlberg Karl-Erik , Murray Graham K. 
Published: July 2005

BackgroundSubtle motor, emotional, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities are often present in apparently healthy individuals who later develop schizophrenia, suggesting that some aspects of causation are established before overt psychosis.AimsTo outline the development of schizophrenia.MethodWe drew on evidence from The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort supplemented by selected findings from other relevant literature.ResultsThe main known risk factors in development of schizophrenia are genetic causes, pregnancy and delivery complications, slow neuromotor development, and deviant cognitive and academic performance. However, their effect size and predictive power are small.ConclusionsNo powerful risk factor, premorbid sign or risk indicator has been identified that is useful for the prediction of schizophrenia in the general population.
Interventions in the initial prodromal states of psychosis in Germany: concept and recruitment
Authors: Bechdolf Andreas , Ruhrmann Stephan , Wagner Michael , Kühn Kai Uwe , Janssen Birgit , Bottlender Ronald , Wieneke Anke , Schulze-Lutter Frauke , Maier Wolfgang , Klosterkötter Joachim 
Published: July 2005

BackgroundThe Early Detection and Intervention Programme of the German Research Network on Schizophrenia (GRNS) investigates the initial prodromal phase of psychosis in a multidimensional approach. Two intervention strategies are being studied by two large-scale multicentre projects.AimsTo present the concept of the intervention studies, and to provide an interim report of the recruitment procedure.MethodComprehensive cognitive-behavioural therapy has been developed for patients in the ‘early initial prodromal state’. For patients in the ‘late initial prodromal state’ the atypical neuroleptic amisulpride is explored. Both interventions are evaluated in randomised controlled trials using clinical management as the control condition.ResultsBetween January 2001 and March 2003, 1212 individuals seeking help for mental health problems were screened for putative prodromal symptoms at four university centres. More than 388 individuals fulfilled criteria for both interventions and 188 (48. 5%) gave informed consent to participate in the trials.ConclusionsThe screening procedure appears to be feasible and trial participation seems to be acceptable to a relevant proportion of people at increased risk of developing psychosis.
Integrating non-drug treatments in early schizophrenia
Authors: Lewis Shôn W. , Tarrier Nicolas , Drake Richard James 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThere is a range of psychological interventions for established schizophrenia. These include family interventions, motivational interventions for substance misuse and for non-adherence to medication, cognitive remediation for neurocognitive deficits and cognitive–behavioural therapy for symptoms. Psychological interventions may explicitly target risk factors for poor outcome, such as substance use, or protective factors, such as adherence to medication, or be directed at specific symptoms or deficits. There is emerging evidence for efficacy of psychological treatments during, following and even prior to the first episode. Important areas for further study are how different treatment modalities can interact productively and patient and carer preferences for treatment. Many trials of psychological treatments have design flaws and this tends to overestimate the treatment effect.
A survey of admissions following self-poisoning
Authors: Leslie Stephen J. , Greig Lynn , Mackie Rhona , Gotz Michael , Morrison Douglas 
Published: July 2005

Aims and MethodPatients who self-poison are at increased risk of future self-poisoning and early death. Admission patterns and effective treatment strategies are unclear although psychosocial assessment may reduce readmissions. This study aimed to determine admission patterns and the proportion of patients receiving a psychiatric assessment in 4220 consecutive admissions.ResultsThe average age was 34 years (s.d.=13, range 13–94); most were female (56 v. 44%, P<50.001). Twelve per cent of patients were aged 13–18 years, again the majority were female (70 v. 30%, P<50.001). Twenty per cent of patients had multiple admissions, accounting for 42% of the total admissions. There were slightly more admissions per day at the weekend (Friday, Saturday and Sunday; P<0.002). As many as 245 patients were either not referred or ‘self-discharged’ before they were assessed by the liaison psychiatry service.Clinical ImplicationsThese findings may help target medical resources, suggesting that consistent numbers of staff are required during all days of the week.
Yellow Perch Dynamics in Southwestern Lake Michigan during 1986–2002
Authors: Wilberg Michael J. , Bence James R. , Eggold Bradley T. , Makauskas Daniel , Clapp David F. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We examined the role of harvest in the collapse of the population of yellow perch Perca flavescens in southwestern Lake Michigan during the mid to late 1990s. After the great decrease in this population at that time, commercial fisheries in Illinois and Wisconsin were closed during 1996–1997 (and have remained closed), and stricter regulations were placed on recreational fisheries. Reproductive failure has been implicated as the primary cause of the population collapse, but the role of fishing in the collapse was not rigorously investigated in previous studies. We conducted an age-, size-, and sex-structured stock assessment of yellow perch to estimate population size and examine historical trends in fishing mortality in Illinois and Wisconsin waters of southwestern Lake Michigan. Model estimates indicated that yellow perch abundance in 2002 was less than 10% of the 1986 abundance in Wisconsin and about 20% of the respective population in Illinois. Annual mortality rates for females age 4 and older averaged 69% during 1986–1996 in Wisconsin and 60% in Illinois during 1986–1997, rates that are quite high for a species like yellow perch, which can live longer than 10 years. The estimated fishing mortality rates of adult females during 1986–1996 exceeded widely used reference points, suggesting that overfishing may have occurred. Fishing mortality rates decreased substantially in the late 1990s after stricter regulations were imposed on recreational fisheries and commercial fisheries were closed. We believe that unsustainably high mortality rates from fishing were a substantial contributing cause of the rapid decline of mature females in the mid-1990s. Spawning stock biomass in 2002 was at its highest level since the early 1990s despite relatively poor recruitment during the past decade. In part, this development reflects the fact that management actions have successfully reduced fishing mortality.