bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic concepts in microfluidics
Authors: Bruus Henrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theoretical microfluidics deals with the theory of flow of fluids and of suspensions in submillimeter-sized systems influenced by external forces. Although an old discipline in hydrodynamics, the scientific and technological interest in and development of microfluidics has been particularly significant during the past decade and a half following the emerging and rapidly evolving field of lab-on-a-chip systems. This field is mainly driven by technological applications, the vision being to develop entire bio/chemical laboratories on the surface of silicon or polymer chips. Many of the amazing techniques developed over the past fifty years in connection with the silicon-based microelectronics industry are now used to fabricate lab-on-chip systems. In recent years, also polymer-based lab-on-a-chip systems have emerged, and these systems promise cheaper and faster production cycles. As microfluidic technology advances the demand for better theoretical insight grows, and this has been one of the motivating factors behind this book.
Basic Flow Solutions
Authors: Bruus Henrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Navier–Stokes equation is notoriously difficult to solve analytically because it is a non-linear differential equation. Analytical solutions can, however, be found in a few, but very important cases. Some of these solutions are the topic of this chapter. In particular, we shall solve a number of steady-state problems, among them Poiseuille-flow problems, i.e. pressure induced steady-state fluid flow in infinitely long, translation-invariant channels. It is important to study such idealized flows, since they provide us with a basic understanding of the behavior of liquids flowing in the microchannels of lab-on-a-chip systems.
Civil Liberties
Authors: Gearty Conor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book traces the origins of the term civil liberties, unpicking its various layers of meaning and explaining what it has come to mean today. Gearty argues that the protection of civil liberties is a vital front in the struggle to preserve political freedom and that a proper understanding of and commitment to civil liberties has never been more important. Civil Liberties provides a fresh, clear, and stimulating approach to civil liberties by tying the law and practice of the subject firmly to democratic and political rights. The author examines the key civil liberties of our democratic age: the right to vote; the rights to life, liberty and security of the person; the freedoms of thought, conscience, expression, association and assembly; the prohibition on torture and inhuman and degrading treatment; and discusses the contemporary challenges that civil liberties face, including globalisation and the war on terror
Creating a Canon: Dugald Stewart’s Construction of the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Brown Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1790s and early 1800s, the professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, Dugald Stewart, supplied three lectures on notable Scottish thinkers to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This article will argue that, in his treating of Adam Smith, William Robertson, and Thomas Reid, Stewart was endeavouring to justify and explain the content of his course in moral philosophy to a sceptical, if influential, audience. He did so by creating a canon of orthodoxy to which he could appeal-a tradition of thought that justified and explained his teaching content.
From the Gospels to Jesus
Authors: Stanton Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jesus of Nazareth and the four New Testament gospels continue to fascinate people from many cultural and religious backgrounds. From time to time television and radio programmes attempt to peer behind the gospels to reveal the ‘real’ Jesus. Lavishly illustrated coffee-table books try to give the modern reader of the gospels some insight into first-century Judaea and Galilee. Many who claim to be agnostic about the existence of God insist, nonetheless, that they try to live by the ethical principles of the Sermon on the Mount.
What is a Gospel?
Authors: Stanton Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In reading or interpreting any writing, whether ancient or modern, the first step must always be to determine what kind or genre of writing it is. We do not read a poem and approach it as if it were a piece of history. When we pick up a novel, even before we have any idea at all of its contents, we have certain expectations about the kind of writing it is. The novelist may, of course, surprise us by breaking some of the accepted conventions. But if our novel turns out to be totally unlike other novels we have read, we shall be very confused indeed; we may not be able to read it with enjoyment or understanding.
Luke’s Gospel: God’s Way Triumphs
Authors: Stanton Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Luke’s gospel was not as popular as Matthew’s in the early church, for many readers today it is the most attractive of the four gospels. It seems to lack the harsh severity of some parts of Matthew, the terseness and the enigmatic features of Mark, and the ‘other-worldliness’ of John. Luke’s portrait of Jesus seems to stress his human qualities. Even more than Matthew and Mark, Luke emphasizes the concern of Jesus for women, for tax collectors and sinners, and for those on the fringes of society. Several of the most universally popular parables, such as the parables of the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son, are found only in this gospel. And Luke’s keen interest in the gap between riches and poverty strikes a modern note. Three of the ‘hymns’ from his infancy narratives, now known as the Magnificat (1: 46-55), the Benedictus (1: 68-79), and the Nunc Dimittis (2: 29-32), are widely used in worship.
Why Four Gospels?
Authors: Stanton Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some thirty Christian writings which date from before c. ad 600 refer to themselves as ‘gospels’, or have been so described by others. In later centuries from time to time further gospels which were certainly hoaxes or forgeries appeared. The thirty or so earlier gospels are a very diverse set of writings. Some have survived only in very fragmentary form; some are related (at least partly) to the four New Testament gospels, but others are not remotely comparable to these.
John the Baptist
Authors: Stanton Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John the Baptist is referred to some ninety times in the New Testament writings. Only Jesus, Peter, and Paul are referred to in more passages. The four evangelists all give a prominent role to John the Baptist. Why is John referred to so frequently? As we shall see, it is not easy to answer this simple question, especially since some passages underline his importance, while others stress his inferiority to Jesus. In this chapter we shall see that an examination of the traditions concerning John is an important first step in our attempt to uncover the main features of the teaching and actions of Jesus.
Chalk Lines, Open Borders, Glass Walls, and Frontiers: Careers and Creativity
Authors: Gunz Hugh P , Evans Martin G , Jalland R Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a caricature of career boundaries that goes as follows. Boundaries in the world of work, everyone knows, are bad things. They block the diffusion of ideas, and they inhibit learning and personal reinvention by preventing people from experiencing new work environments. Boundaries reduce creative potential. If creative or innovative solutions to problems occur when the problem is viewed through several frames of reference, 1 and boundaries enclose similar frames, boundary crossing should result in multi-frame perspectives. Creativity, therefore, clearly must suffer in a bounded world, and be unleashed in an unbounded one. New career models in which people develop competencies not bound to any one organization must take over-indeed, are doing so-from older, traditional forms that produced Whyte’s ‘organization man’ (1956).
Career Creativity as Protean Identity Transformation
Authors: Hall Douglas T , Zhu Guorong , Yan Aimin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contemporary organizations, the need for individuals to be creative, to be adaptive, and to be engaged in continuous learning is self-evident (Arthur and Rousseau 1996; Hall and Associates 1996). The problem is, how does a person who is changing so frequently and so deeply at the same time maintain his or her own ‘path with a heart’, the inner compass, so that the changes serve the person’s values and needs as well as the demands of the environment? In other words, can the protean careerist be adaptive and maintain or develop his or her identity in the process? This issue will be the focus of the present chapter.
Career Creativity to Industry Influence: A Blueprint for the Knowledge Economy?
Authors: Defillippi Robert J , Arthur Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developments in the theory of creativity have begun to converge with contemporary ideas in career theory, and in particular about the impact of careers upon larger creative contexts, such as companies, industries, and host economies. Specifically, Csikszentmihalyi’s systems view (1999: 314-15) sees creativity not simply as an individual act, but as ‘interaction between producer and audience’. He also sees a creative act as introducing larger social change ‘that will be transmitted through time’ (emphases added). We take inspiration from Csikszentmihalyi in our conception of career creativity, which we define as a series of creative acts over time, which in turn influence the surrounding context over time. The context, as we will address it here, includes the influence of career creativity on subsequent community, company, and industry evolution.
The Force and Scope of Contractual Obligations: Standards of Care, Mistake, Frustration,
Authors: Atiyah P S , Smith Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In examining how courts construe the content of a contract, we have focused up until now on determining what the contract obliges the parties to do or not do. For instance, we have discussed the obligation of a vendor to deliver goods of satisfactory quality and of a purchaser to pay the contract price. In practice, however, courts are equally concerned with a second task— identifying the circumstances in which those obligations are not binding. In many sale of goods cases, for example, it will be clear that the vendor did not deliver: the dispute will concern whether, in those particular circumstances, the vendor was still bound to make that delivery.
Unfair Contracts
Authors: Atiyah P S , Smith Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the classical theory, the role of courts in handling contract cases is very limited. Classical theory makes a fundamental distinction between fairness in the process of forming a contract on the one hand, and fairness in the outcome of the contract on the other. Courts, according to the theory, are to concern themselves exclusively with the former. Making a contract is thus rather like participating in a contest or game: there are rules designed to regulate the way in which the contest is conducted—to outlaw fouls, to decide upon the appropriate penalty for fouls, and so on.
Cross-border enforcement Of patent rights
Authors: Sender Marta Pertegás 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enforcement of patent rights raises complex, and, from a private international law perspective, unique difficulties. Since intellectual property practitioners started to seek the consolidation of cross-border patent disputes, the interplay of private international rules has led to drastic changes in patent litigation across Europe. This book analyses in detail both the European rules on jurisdiction (the Brussels Convention and its successors) and the choice of law rules as they apply to cross-border patent disputes, and will be essential reading for both intellectual property lawyers and international commercial litigation specialists. At the jurisdictional stage, the basic question is whether the current jurisdictional framework provides a basis for the concentration of related litigation. For jurisdictional purposes, patent enforcement is a tort. Accordingly, cross-border patent enforcement attempts may generally be undertaken at the forum of the defendant’s domicile, the place of the tort and, as far as provisional measures are concerned, another forum with a sufficient connection to the dispute. On the other hand, the application of the current jurisdictional framework to international patent infringement disputes leads to significant difficulties such as the pre-emptive effect of proceedings pending abroad or the jurisdictional consequences of a patent validity challenge. At the choice of law stage, this book provides a comparative overview of the rather unexplored issues arising in multinational patent enforcement. De lege feranda, it seems that, in view of the territorial nature of patents, a distributive application of the law of the protecting State (lex loci protectionis) appears to be the most consistent choice of law rule.
Recent Developments in the Market for Markets for Financial Instruments
Authors: Prigge Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most far-reaching changes in the financial markets currently occur in the structure of the market for markets for financial instruments itself. This chapter first high lights some of the most prominent recent evidence. In the subsequent analysis, demand side, supply side, and governance aspects are dealt with. On the demand side, banks and security houses may currently be in a powerful position due to their role as switchmen with respect to order routing.
Shareholder Value: A New Standard for Company Conduct
Authors: Kirchner Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters by Guido Ferrarini and Paul Davies are both discussing one problem but from different perspectives. Whereas the Ferrarini chapter chooses an economic approach and puts corporate law issues into the framework of finance theory, the Davies chapter starts with a common law perspective and then re-conceptualizes the problem as an issue of capital market law.
Cross-border Voting in Europe
Authors: Winter Jaap W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates the difficulties in the cross-border exercise of voting rights by shareholders. The difficulties arise as a result of differences in the company laws, securities laws, and securities systems in the Member States of the European Union, which have all been set up decades ago to serve national purposes. In addition there are uncertainties in the rules of private international law governing these securities systems.
An Institutional Innovation to Reduce the Agency Costs of Public Corporate Bonds: Changing the Role of the Trustee
Authors: Amihud Yakov , Garbade, Kenneth , Kahan Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes an innovation in the design of publicly registered corporate bonds: an entity, which we call a super trustee, will be responsible for active monitoring of the borrower and for renegotiation and enforcement of the bond contract.
Probability: Issues of Mathematics
Authors: Murphy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the preceding principles it is easy to deduce the demonstration of that theorem of the doctrine of probabilities, which is the foundation of its application to judicial or other inquiries for ascertaining the occurrence of a given event, or the reality of an individual fact. The signs or evidences by which a fact is usually proved, are some of its consequences: and the inquiry hinges upon determining what cause is most likely to have produced a given effect.
Collective Identity: Funeral Monuments to Academics in Northern Europe
Authors: Knöll Stefanie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of funeral monuments is still largely restricted to monuments celebrating members of the upper classes. Traditionally informed by considerations of sculptor and style, such studies have been supplemented only recently by sociological and gendered methods, which place more emphasis on assessing the function of funeral monuments in death rituals. A few recent studies of scholars’ monuments have also appeared, but they focus primarily on spectacular Italian examples, neglecting more common specimens and other geographies. The present study discusses funeral monuments erected to the memory of professors in the universities of Oxford, England (founded in the twelfth century), Tübingen, Germany (founded in 1477), and Leiden, The Netherlands (founded in 1575), during the period 1580–1700. While the difference between Catholic and Protestant iconography is relatively obvious, this study examines the subtle differences that existed between monuments erected in the context of differing Protestant denominations—Anglican Oxford, Calvinist Leiden, and Lutheran Tübingen. It is beyond the scope of this paper to address the particular tenets of each church; nor does it seek to analyze monuments specifically commemorating noted Lutherans or Calvinists. Instead, it will consider monuments of academics—including some Catholics-that were erected within a specific Protestant context.
The Theological Faculty at the University of Jena as a Stronghold of National Socialism*
Authors: Heschel Susannah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transformation of the University of Jena theological faculty into a ‘stronghold of National Socialism’ demonstrates the institutional collaboration among church officials, state government officials of Thuringia, and theology professors necessary for a voluntary Gleichschaltung with the Nazi regime. At Jena, theologians who were politically ‘neutral’, rather than overt sympathizers with Nazism, became the pivotal figures in allowing enthusiastic Nazi theologians to achieve their goals. After 1945, comparable mechanisms of collaboration between ‘neutrals’ and former Nazis functioned to keep former Nazi theologians in professorships, at Jena and at other universities and church-run seminaries. The evidence from the University of Jena’s theological faculty is not intended as an expose of the secret Nazi sympathies of faculty previously thought to have been opposed to the regime. Rather, I will argue that it was precisely within the realm of ‘neutrality’ that the greatest political danger inhered: lacking any reason to resist National Socialism, faculty members lent the services of their professional offices to facilitate the nazification of the University. So, too, after the collapse of the regime, no effort was made to keep former Nazis from faculty positions in theology.
The Scope and Characteristics of Arbitration
Authors: Tweeddale Andrew , Tweeddale Keren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The core characteristics of an arbitration whether an international arbitration or an English arbitration are generally the same.1 In O’Callaghan v Coral Racing Ltd Hirst LJ defined an English arbitration as follows:3 ‘To my mind the hallmark of the arbitration process is that it is a procedure to determine the legal rights and obligations of the parties judicially, with binding effect, which is enforceable in law, thus reflecting in private proceedings the role of a civil court of law.’
History of Universities
Authors: Vaugh Michael Mc , Gázquez José Martinez , Ballester ꝉLuis Garcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Volume XVIII/2 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensible tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronogically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
Guillem de Béziers and His Informatio scolaribus suis
Authors: Vaugh Michael Mc , Gázquez José Martinez , Ballester ꝉLuis Garcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is convenient, if overly schematic, to view the development of the medieval medical faculty at Montpellier in terms of generations, each represented by a writer or writers: an unsophisticated first generation, in which glosses on standard texts become commentaries (i.e., Henry of Winchester, ca. 1220); a second generation in which the commentare form blossoms (i.e., Cardinalis, ca. 1250); a third generation in which authors begin to compose independent medical treatises (Arnau de Vilanova and Bernard de Gordon, ca. 1300); and even perhaps a fourth and a fifth generation in the fourteenth century in which learning and scholastic elaboration attain new heights (Gerard de Solo, ca. 1330, and Joan de Tornamira, ca. 1370). Of these five generations, the third has received the most attention from historians because of the unusual number of compositions left by Arnau and Bernard. So prolific were these two authors, in fact, that it becomes all too easy to concentrate on their work and to forget their lesser-known contemporaries who may also be able to add to our knowledge of university life. At least three other figures from the medical school in this ‘third generation’ left behind medical works that illuminate their thought: Pierre de Capestang, Bernard de Angrara, and Guillem de Beziers, the figure who will concern us here. Guillem is of particular interest first because he moved away from the commentary framework when he composed for his students his unpublished Informatio scolaribus suis (which appears in an edition below); second, because recent research in the Catalan archives-some results of which are appended to this article-provides details about Guillem’s early career that place his achievement in a better biographical context.
The Guanyin Cult at Xiangshan Monastery
Authors: Dudbridge Glen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early days of the year 1100 Jiang Zhiqi (1031–1104), statesman, administrator, and academician of the Northern Song dynasty, was transferred to the prefecture of Ruzhou .near what is now Linru in central Henan. It was a temporary demotion in the wake of a political setback in the capital, and Jiang remained at the post for a mere month or less before being moved on to another. During his brief period of office he still found time to visit a Buddhist monastery in his territory, and from this visit there stemmed the first presentation of Miaoshan and her story to the Chinese world.
Versions of the Story to 1500
Authors: Dudbridge Glen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A story which spreads news of a holy site also spreads news of itself. As the legend of Miaoshan created overnight a vast following for the Xiangshan Monastery, so it also took on a life of its own. The remaining part of this book will be concerned with that legend, a new presence in Chinese life, as it spread and developed through the centuries.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Gregory Andrew F , Tuckett Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Wrst modern editor to refer to a collection of early Christian writings as the Apostolic Fathers appears to have been J. Cotelier, whose edition was published in 1672. The most recent is Bart D. Ehrman, a contributor to this collection, whose Greek–English edition in the Loeb Classical Library replaces the original and much-used Loeb volumes produced by Kirsopp Lake. Lists of those who are included in the conventional but largely arbitrary collection known as the ‘Apostolic Fathers’ do vary slightly (Ehrman takes a more inclusive approach than both Lake and the Oxford Committee),1 but included in The Reception of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers and in Trajectories through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers are treatments of the central texts in this category, as found also in the 1905 volume, The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers: the Didache, 1 Clement, 2 Clement, the letters of Ignatius, Polycarp’s Letter to the Philippians, the Letter of Barnabas, and the Shepherd of Hermas. Also included in the second of these 2005 volumes is the Martyrdom of Polycarp, which the Oxford Committee did not consider.