bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dipole moments of polyenic oligomeric systems. Part II—molecular organic wire resistivities: polyacetylenes, allenes and polyynes
Authors: Morales Raul G. E. , González‐Rojas Claudio 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPolyacetylenic, allenic and polyynic molecular wire series, containing electron‐donor (D) and electron‐acceptor (A) groups as two terminal units of the oligomeric bridge (D–wire–A), can be well described by means of a one‐dimensional conduction model, which considers a scattering process of electrons through the charge‐transfer conduction bridge. The conduction constants (γi) of the oligomeric structures of the three molecular series under study were determined from the functional dependence between the dipole moment of the oligomers (μn) and the π‐molecular orbital bridge length (L). According to our one‐dimensional molecular organic wire model:

where μo is the dipolar moment of the first compound of the oligomeric series without a bridge unit (n = 0) and μ∞ is a limit value for L → ∞. By means of the Landauer theoretical expression for the conductance of a metallic one‐dimensional conductor and our molecular wire conduction constants (γi), we determined the intrinsic resistivities associated with the molecular resistances of these oligomeric wires. Using this approach we determined, for the first time, the linear and non‐linear contributions to the net molecular resistivity. The order of magnitudes of the linear resistivities determined in these oligomeric systems agrees very well with the expected results of experimental measurements for macroscopic wires. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
End‐grafting copolymers of styrene and 4‐vinylpyridine on an interacting solid surface
Authors: Chen Zhijun , Cai Jie , Zhang Leyang , Liu Yun , Jiang Xiqun , Yang Changzheng 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCopolymers of styrene and 4‐vinylpyridine with a styrene fraction f varying from 1 to 0 were grafted onto a silicon substrate in the melt. The grafting reaction and the stability of the grafted chains were investigated by Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The thickness and surface morphology of the grafted copolymer layers were characterized with ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The copolymer chains were successfully grafted to the surface of the silicon substrate by a reaction between the hydroxyl groups of the nitroxide moiety at the end of the copolymers and the silanol groups on the surface of the silicon wafer. A measurement of the thickness of the grafted copolymer layers showed that the ratio of grafted‐layer thickness to the unperturbed chain radius of gyration decreased with the increasing fraction of 4‐vinylpyridine in the copolymer; this indicated that the grafted layer was strongly attracted to the substrate. In addition, an accelerated grafting process was observed at grafting times ranging from 48 to 72 h for pure poly(4‐vinylpyridine) and copolymers with f values of 0.3 and 0.5. AFM observation revealed that the grafted layers densely and homogeneously covered the silicon substrate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1332‐1343, 2005
Structural effects of dopants and polymerization methodologies on the solid‐state ordering and morphology of polyaniline
Authors: Jayakannan M. , Annu S. , Ramalekshmi S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe solid‐state three‐dimensional ordering of polyaniline–dopant complexes was investigated with four structurally different sulfonic acid dopants. The doped materials were produced in three different ways: polyaniline emeraldine base doped with sulfonic acid (aqueous route), in situ polymerization at the organic–water solvent interface (interfacial route), and in situ polymerization in organic and aqueous solvent mixtures (bilayer route). p‐Toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), 5‐sulfosalicilic acid (SSA), camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) were employed as dopants. The conductivity of the aqueous‐route samples showed 10 and 100 times higher conductivity than the interfacial and bilayer routes, respectively. WXRD studies suggested that the crystallinity of the doped samples was dependent on both the structure of the dopants and the polymerization techniques. DBSA increases the polyaniline interplanar distance and produced highly crystalline materials via the aqueous and bilayer routes but failed with the interfacial route because of poor solubility in water. CSA, PTSA, and SSA produced highly crystalline samples by the interfacial route but failed with the aqueous (except for CSA) and bilayer routes. SEM analysis revealed that the doped materials of the interfacial route had excellent continuous morphology and uniform submicrometer‐size particle distributions in comparison with those of the aqueous and bilayer routes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1321–1331, 2005
Application of microvascular free flaps to burn deformities
Authors: Ohmori Kitaro 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecent progress in the field of microvascular surgery has opened the way for various types of free tissue transplantation. Surgery involving the revascularization of free tissues by microvascular anastomoses of their arteriovenous pedicle to recipient artery and vein has come to be known by the generic term “free flap surgery”. This operative procedure makes it possible to achieve one‐stage treatment of tissue defects. To date, this useful surgical procedure, has been applied to the correction of extensive burn deformities in 44 patients with good results. This paper describes the operative procedure and a few representative cases of free flap transfer. It is our conviction that free flap surgery has a bright future.
Seasonal cycles and persistence in an acarine predator‐prey system on cassava in Africa
Authors: Hanna Rachid , Onzo Alexis , Lingeman Robert , Yaninek J. Steve , Sabelis Maurice W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe applied time series analysis and a mechanistic predator‐prey model to long‐term data of monthly population counts of the herbivorous pest miteMononychellus tanajoaand its introduced phytoseiid predatorTyphlodromalus aripofrom a cassava field in Benin, West Africa. In this approach, we determined the extent to which the main features of the observed predator‐prey fluctuations in cassava fields can be explained from biotic traits inherent to the biology of predator and prey, and the extent of the significance of abiotic factors in determining population levels. The time series analyses with cross‐correlation showed that the period of predator‐prey fluctuations coincided with the annual pattern of intense rainfall and onset of dry season. A pronouncedM. tanajoapeak followed after a short lag (2 weeks) by aT. aripopeak coincided with a trough in rainfall intensity. Both the prey and predator had local and lower peaks that coincided with high rainfall intensity, but with a considerably longer lag (ca. 3 months) compared with the high peaks occurring at the onset of the dry season. Regression of log‐transformed data series (over a 7‐year period) showed that—except for the first year after predator release—M. tanajoafluctuated around an almost time‐invariant mean population density, whileT. aripodensities showed a consistent decline over the full observation period. To explain observed trends and periodic components in the data‐series of predator and prey densities, we review hypotheses that are based on (1) the annual patterns and trends in abiotic factors, (2) mechanisms endogenous to the predator‐prey system and (3) a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors.
The impact of depression is unevenly distributed in the population
Authors: Isacson Dag , Bingefors Kerstin , von Knorring Lars 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of depression on quality of life in the general population by studying its effects on i) health-related quality of life (HRQoL), ii) health state utilities, and iii) the burden of disease in the population according to age, sex, marital status, education, economy and employment.MethodsCross-sectional survey in the County of Uppsala, Sweden. A statistical sample of the general population aged 20–64 years (N = 4506) was used. Information on current state of depression was obtained by self-report. HRQoL was measured using Short Form 36 (SF-36). The time trade-off (TTO) method was used to measure health state utilities. The decrease of total health state utilities associated with depression in the population was used as a measure of burden of disease.ResultsDepression was reported by 4.0% of the population. Those with depression scored significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those without on all eight of the SF-36 domains. The depressed group also rated their health state utilities significantly lower than the others: 0.796 versus 0.933 (P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis of decrease in utilities with various medical disorders, depression was associated with the greatest decrease (–0.090, P < 0.001). Persons with depression accounted for 10.9% of the total decrease in utilities in the whole population, but this proportion varied according to the specific subgroup. For example, 16.4% and 8.6% of the total burden of disease was linked to depression among single and married people, respectively. The corresponding figures for those with the lowest and highest incomes were 15.0% and 7.9%, respectively. Among the unemployed, persons reporting depression accounted for 15.3% of the decrease in utilities in contrast to 4.9% among the employed.ConclusionsDepression has a strong impact on the quality of life and total disability in the general population. Further, the impact of depression is unevenly distributed in the population.
The influence of tilt angle on the acoustic target strength of the Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus)
Authors: Kang Donhyug , Mukai Tohru , Iida Kohji , Hwang Doojin , Myoung Jung-Goo 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
To measure the influence of changes in tilt angle on the acoustic target strength (TS) of the Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus), we conducted a series of experiments to estimate TS in relation to tilt angle and swimming angle. Swimming angle was measured in a seawater tank using two infrared, underwater cameras under dark conditions. Ex situ measurements of TS in relation to tilt angle on live specimens using a fishhook and cage method were then conducted at 38 and 120 kHz; mantle length (ML) ranged from 21 to 27 cm (mean 24.75 cm). For the more precise TS measurement with tilt angle, another set of ex situ TS measurements relative to tilt angle was made at 38 and 120 kHz on tethered, anesthetized specimens in seawater. The mean swimming angle was −17.7° (±12.7° s.d.). The mean TS varied from −48.6 to −44.6 dB and was relatively higher at 120 kHz than at 38 kHz, in the order of 0.7 and 2.5 dB. The empirical relationship between TS (dB) and ML (cm) is given by TS = 20 log10(ML) − 75.4 (r = 0.81) at 38 kHz or TS = 20 log10(ML) − 73.5 (r = 0.64) at 120 kHz. Based on the tethered method for the anesthetized squid, the mean standardized TS values (b20) were found to be highly correlated with the tilt angle, and the resultant fitted equations for b20 were expressed as: b20 = −73.3 + 0.48 × Θ + 0.0122 × Θ2 + 0.00016 × Θ3 for 38 kHz and b20 = −72.6 + 0.53 × Θ + 0.0134 × Θ2 + 0.00014 × Θ3 for 120 kHz, where Θ is the negative tilt angle in degrees. The mean TS based on the measurements using live squid was higher than that of tethered measurements, i.e., 2.6 dB at 38 kHz and 4.0 dB at 120 kHz. The higher mean TS in the ex situ measurements for the live squid can be explained by the influence of the low tilt angle on the overall TS data. The results can be used to understand the influence of tilt angle on the TS of Todarodes pacificus and thus improve the accuracy of biomass estimates.
All are not equal: A benchmark of different homology modeling programs
Authors: Wallner Björn , Elofsson Arne 
Published: April 2005

AbstractModeling a protein structure based on a homologous structure is a standard method in structural biology today. In this process an alignment of a target protein sequence onto the structure of a template(s) is used as input to a program that constructs a 3D model. It has been shown that the most important factor in this process is the correctness of the alignment and the choice of the best template structure(s), while it is generally believed that there are no major differences between the best modeling programs. Therefore, a large number of studies to benchmark the alignment qualities and the selection process have been performed. However, to our knowledge no large‐scale benchmark has been performed to evaluate the programs used to transform the alignment to a 3D model. In this study, a benchmark of six different homology modeling programs— Modeller, SegMod/ENCAD, SWISS‐MODEL, 3D‐JIGSAW, nest, and Builder—is presented. The performance of these programs is evaluated using physiochemical correctness and structural similarity to the correct structure. From our analysis it can be concluded that no single modeling program outperform the others in all tests. However, it is quite clear that three modeling programs, Modeller, nest, and SegMod/ ENCAD, perform better than the others. Interestingly, the fastest and oldest modeling program, SegMod/ ENCAD, performs very well, although it was written more than 10 years ago and has not undergone any development since. It can also be observed that none of the homology modeling programs builds side chains as well as a specialized program (SCWRL), and therefore there should be room for improvement.
The crystal structure of calcium‐ and integrin‐binding protein 1: Insights into redox regulated functions
Authors: Blamey Chad J. , Ceccarelli Christopher , Naik Ulhas P. , Bahnson Brian J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCalcium‐ and integrin‐binding protein 1 (CIB1) is involved in the process of platelet aggregation by binding the cytoplasmic tail of the αIIb subunit of the platelet‐specific integrin αIibβ3. Although poorly understood, it is widely believed that CIB1 acts as a global signaling regulator because it is expressed in many tissues that do not express integrin αIibβ3. We report the structure of human CIB1 to a resolution of 2.3 Å, crystallized as a dimer. The dimer interface includes an extensive hydrophobic patch in a crystal form with 80% solvent content. Although the dimer form of CIB1 may not be physiologically relevant, this intersub‐unit surface is likely to be linked to αIIb binding and to the binding of other signaling partner proteins. The C‐terminal domain of CIB1 is structurally similar to other EF‐hand proteins such as calmodulin and calcineurin B. Despite structural homology to the C‐terminal domain, the N‐terminal domain of CIB1 lacks calcium‐binding sites. The structure of CIB1 revealed a complex with a molecule of glutathione in the reduced state bond to the N‐terminal domain of one of the two subunits poised to interact with the free thiol of C35. Glutathione bound in this fashion suggests CIB1 may be redox regulated. Next to the bound GSH, the orientation of residues C35, H31, and S48 is suggestive of a cysteine‐type protein phosphatase active site. The potential enzymatic activity of CIB1 is discussed and suggests a mechanism by which it regulates a wide variety of proteins in cells in addition to platelets.
Differences in temperature conditions and somatic growth rate of larval and early juvenile spring‐spawned herring from the Vistula Lagoon, Baltic Sea manifested in the otolith to fish size relationship
Authors: Fey D. P. 
Published: April 2005

Larval and juvenile herring Clupea harengus collected in the Polish part of the Vistula Lagoon in May‐July 1997 had hatched between 17 April and 9 June and originated from three cohorts. The spawning season began on 1 March at 3·8° C and was completed on 3 June at 12·7° C. Mortality among larvae was high in the first 2 weeks of April, probably associated with significant temperature decrease at the beginning of the spawning season. The growth of 10–48 mm LS herring was linear, highest for larvae and juveniles from the first cohort (0·58 mm mm‐1 day‐1), slower for the second cohort (0·55 mm mm‐1 day‐1) and the slowest for the third cohort (0·45 mm mm day‐1). Temperature effects on the growth were inconclusive and potentially unfavourable feeding conditions in June might have been responsible for the relatively slow growth of third cohort larvae and juveniles.Relationships between otolith size (perimeter, length, width, area, and weight) and fish size (LS) differed among the three cohorts, related mostly to the positive temperature effect on otolith growth, individuals growing in warmer water had larger otoliths. Although a negative growth rate effect was observed as well, it was less significant.
Influence of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin following intravenous and oral administration of a 400 mg single dose to healthy males
Authors: Stass H. , Kubitza D. , Möller J.‐G. , Delesen H. 
Published: April 2005

AimsTo evaluate the extent to which enterohepatic recycling circulation contributes to moxifloxacin bioavailability in healthy, males by administration of activated charcoal and to evaluate the efficacy of activated charcoal administration in decreasing systemic concentrations of moxifloxacin in the event of overdose.MethodsNine healthy males, mean age 34 years (range 23–45 years) participated in a single centre, randomized, nonplacebo‐controlled, three way crossover study. The pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in plasma and urine were determined for up to 96 h following a 400 mg single dose randomly administered on three separate occasions with a minimum washout phase of 1 week. Treatment A was 400 mg moxifloxacin IV as a 1 h infusion, treatment B was 400 mg moxifloxacin IV as a 1 h infusion with oral activated charcoal (5 g directly before the start of the infusion, 5 g immediately after the end of the infusion, and 10 g at 2, 4 and 8 h after the start of the infusion), treatment C was 400 mg oral moxifloxacin with activated charcoal (10 g 15 min before and at 2, 4 and 8 h after drug administration). The subjects underwent a series of clinical and laboratory tests.ResultsSingle 400 mg doses of moxifloxacin (PO and/or IV) were safe and well tolerated. The bioavailability of moxifloxacin was significantly decreased when given with charcoal (AUC = 35.5 (IV reference) vs 5.40 (PO) vs 28.5 (IV) mg l−1 h). Concurrently peak concentrations were lowered Cmax = 3.38 (IV reference) vs 0.62(PO) vs 2.97 (IV) mg l−1) by approximately 85% (P < 0.05) following oral administration and by 20% after IV treatment (P < 0.05). Bioavailability amounted to 15.4% (95% confidence interval 9.6, 25.0%) for treatment B while it was 80.4% (95% confidence interval 76.3.6, 84.6%) for treatment C. Terminal half‐lives were not affected. The kinetics of urinary excretion corroborated these findings.ConclusionsThe results of this study show that moxifloxacin undergoes pronounced enteric recycling after systemic uptake. In addition, these findings confirm that activated charcoal may be useful in treating moxifloxacin overdose by preventing its absorption.
Cutaneous clear cell myomelanocytic tumour: a new member of the growing family of perivascular epithelioid cell tumours (PEComas). Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of seven cases
Authors: Mentzel T , Reißhauer S , Rütten A , Hantschke M , Soares de Almeida L M , Kutzner H 
Published: April 2005

Aims : To analyse seven cases of cutaneous myomelanocytic tumour histologically and immunohistochemically. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumours (so‐called PEComas) are rare and recently delineated neoplasms occurring in the lung, kidney, pancreas, uterus, falciform ligament, vulva, heart, prostate and soft tissues. PEComas are characterized by a perivascular location of neoplastic cells showing a broad spectrum of epithelioid and spindled cells with clear, and granular pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, and a variable expression of melanocytic and muscle markers, whereas S100 protein and cytokeratins are usually absent.Methods and results : We report seven cases of cutaneous myomelanocytic tumour arising on the lower (six cases) and upper (one case) extremities of female adults (age range 30–66 years). In all cases an ill‐defined dermal lesion with extension into subcutaneous tissue was noted. The neoplasms contained numerous blood vessels with a lace‐like pattern and slightly thickened vessel walls, and were composed of perivascular epithelioid cells containing clear or focally granular pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and round vesicular nuclei with small, sometimes slightly enlarged nucleoli. Increased proliferative activity and tumour necrosis were not seen. Immunohistochemically, tumour cells stained positively for HMB‐45, microphthalmia transcription factor, and NKIC3 in all cases, whereas perivascular expression of α‐smooth muscle actin and focal positivity for desmin were noted in one case each only. Two out of four cases tested stained focally positive for calponin. No expression of S100 protein and pancytokeratin was present. Despite incomplete/marginal excision in three cases none of the neoplasms has recurred locally so far.Conclusions : With the presented series of cutaneous myomelanocytic tumours the clinicopathological spectrum of PEComas is expanded.
Expression of claudins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 in various types of tumours
Authors: Soini Y 
Published: April 2005

Aims : Claudins are adhesion molecules present in tight junctions. To evaluate their usefulness as differentiation markers claudins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 were studied in 116 epithelial and 92 non‐epithelial tumours.Methods and results : Immunoreactivity for all claudins could be seen in different carcinomas. There were, however, tumour type‐specific differences in their expression. Lower expression of claudin 2 was seen in breast and prostatic carcinomas, while hepatocellular and renal carcinomas expressed lower levels of claudins 4 and 5. In contrast to epithelial tumours, lymphomas did not express claudins and most soft tissue tumours and naevocytic lesions were negative or showed weaker, mainly cytoplasmic positivity for some claudins. Of non‐epithelial tumours, claudin 5 was found only in angiosarcomas and benign vascular tumours, which also showed reactivity for claudins 2, 3 and 7, but was not expressed in any other soft tissue lesions or lymphomas.Conclusions : The results show that claudins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 can be used as markers for epithelial differentiation and to distinguish epithelial neoplasms from lymphomas and selectively also from soft tissue and naevocytic lesions. Since these claudins show type‐specific differential expression in epithelial tumours, they may also be of some value in distinguishing different epithelial tumours from each other. Additionally, claudin 5 shows promise as a marker for endothelial lesions compared with other soft tissue lesions.