Temporal trends in baseline characteristics of implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death- The DAIPP program
Authors: Frodi D , Boveda S , Piot O , Defaye P , Sadoul N , Narayanan K , Deharo J C , Gandjbakhch E , Fauchier L , Rosier A , Jesel-Morel L , Leclercq C , Probst A , Marijon E , Garcia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Since expanding the indication for implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) to primary prevention, the patient population of ICD carriers continues to evolve over time. In pursuit of progressively decreasing the burden of sudden cardiac death, improved patient selection and risk-benefit assessment demand, among others, awareness of these temporal changes in clinical baseline characteristics of the ICD population.

Purpose
The aim was to explore the temporal differences in baseline characteristics of ICD recipients implanted for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD), and perioperative complications, to improve understanding of ICD population selection over the last two decades in a real-world setting.

Methods
The Primary Prevention ICD French Registry (DAI-PP program) was initiated in 2002 with an overall aim to assess the risk-benefit ratio of the introduction of ICD for primary prevention over a 20-year period, including a pilot evaluation that finished in 2012. The pilot study laid ground for the ongoing prospective DAIPP Consortium that started in 2018 and is aiming to follow 10000 patients under remote monitoring, using a specific integrational research platform. The two cohorts are in this study compared with regards to baseline characteristics as well as perioperative outcomes, i.e., early mortality and procedural complications.

Results
This study included 8432 participants, 5521 from the pilot study and 2211 from the prospective trial, with a median follow up of 2.36 (IQR 1.25-3.75) years. Median age was 64 (IQR 56-71) years, 17% female and 61% had ischemic heart disease. Baseline characteristics that remained stable over time were age, cancer burden. Compared to the 2002-2012 period, recent findings found a significant increase in the proportion of females (15 vs 20%, p &lt;0.001), pauci-symptomatic patients (New York Heart Association Functional class-NYHA II, 41 vs. 57%, p &lt;0.001), narrow QRS patients (31 vs. 43%, p&lt;0.001), use of subcutaneous ICD (0 vs. 14%, P&lt;0.001) and more comorbidities including an increase in diabetes, and slight increase in stroke. Regarding pharmacological treatment, there was an increase in use of 2 or 3 medications (2: 6.5% to 16% p&lt;0.001; 3: 20% to 33%, p&lt;0.001) where more received beta blockers and amiodarone in the contemporary study. Perioperative complications decreased over time (13% to 7.9% p&lt;0.001) with a decrease in early reinterventions (1.3% to 0.1% p&lt;0.001) and discrete fall in number of infections (0.7% to 0.1%, p&lt;0.001) and pocket hematoma (4.4% to 3.0% p&lt;0.001). A slight upward trend in number of lead dislodgements was seen over time (1.3% to 1.7% p&lt;0.001). See Table 1 for perioperative complications.

Conclusion
The primary prevention ICD population has significantly changed over time. An increase in women, comorbidities, and use of 2-3 medications was seen, coupled with more participants receiving a subcutaneous ICD. Perioperative complications decreased over time.