bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Question of German Guilt
Authors: Jaspers Karl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Criminal guilt: Crimes are acts capable of objective proof and violate unequivocal laws. Jurisdiction rests with the court, which in formal proceedings can be relied upon to find the facts and apply the law. Political guilt: This, involving the deeds of statesmen and of the citizenry of a state, results in my having to bear the consequences of the deeds of the state whose power governs me and under whose order I live. Everybody is co-responsible for the way he is governed. Jurisdiction rests with the power and the will of the victor, in both domestic and foreign politics. Success decides. Political prudence, which takes the more distant consequences into account, and the acknowledgment of norms, which are applied as natural and international law, serves to mitigate arbitrary power.
Diabetes: an overview
Authors: Matthews David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is diabetes? Diabetes is the medical condition where there is too much sugar circulating in the bloodstream. The main sugar found in the body is glucose, and it is essential for good health. The body normally regulates glucose very precisely between its normal fasting level and a concentration about double normal. Blood glucose concentrations above the normal limits for any length of time can lead to problems, so it is important that diabetes is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. The hormone that controls blood glucose is insulin, and this is normally produced in appropriate amounts in the pancreas—a large fleshy organ under the stomach that also produces many of the digestive enzymes. Insulin deficiency—either complete or partial—is the basic mechanism behind diabetes, although other factors have an influence and can sometimes be more important when considering treatment. Different types of diabetes Diabetes is generally divided into the categories ‘type 1 diabetes’ and ‘type 2 diabetes’. They have much in common with each other, but differ in the cause and urgency of treatment necessary (see Table 1.1). As a broad generalization, type 1 diabetes occurs in those who are generally younger, so children and teenagers are more likely to have type 1 diabetes, and those in middle age type 2. It is also true that those with type 1 diabetes are generally of normal weight, while overweight is common in those with type 2. It is certain that overweight is a risk for type 2 diabetes, and not for type 1. Type 1 diabetes has a rapid onset, and symptoms can be quite severe.
Fearful Symmetry
Authors: Kutz Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘Symmetry principle’, in its most general form, states that the normative permissions and restrictions binding co-combatants in a single conflict are identical. Each side, normatively, ‘mirrors’ the other in how they may and may not fight and in their respective post bellum liabilities to blame and punishment (assuming they both observe the restrictions). Historically, the Symmetry principle is linked to an ‘Independence principle’, which holds that the justifiability of a nation’s engaging in war is independent of the permissions and restrictions binding its troops. Taken together, the Symmetry and Independence principles make up what might be called the common sense of the morality of war.
How to Judge Soldiers Whose Cause is Unjust
Authors: Lichtenberg Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having learned my just war theory at Michael Walzer’s figurative knee, for many years, I accepted the independence of jus in bello from jus ad bellum unthinkingly. Just war theory consists of two separate parts, one concerning the legitimate grounds for going to war and the other, the rules of engagement once war had begun. This two-part view, the ‘independence thesis’, went hand in hand with the ‘symmetry thesis’, or ‘the moral equality of soldiers’: soldiers whose cause is unjust have the same rights to fight and to kill as those whose cause is just. But troubling questions sometimes crowded in. Does not the justice of a country’s cause affect what actions it can legitimately take?
Moral Equality, Victimhood, and the Sovereignty Symmetry Problem
Authors: Ryan Cheyney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I remember Norman Bowker and Henry Dobbins playing checkers every evening before dark. It was a ritual for them. They would dig a foxhole and get the board out and play long, silent games as the sky went from pink to purple. The rest of us would sometimes stop by to watch.
There was something restful about it, something orderly and reassuring. There were red checkers and black checkers. The playing field was laid out in a strict grid, no tunnels or mountains or jungles. You knew where you stood. There was a winner and loser. There were rules.
Networks
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the 1980s was the decade of the environmental or ‘structuralist’ view of strategy, the 1990s the decade of the resource-based view, then the 2000s may well be the decade of networks. Not only are Wrms waking up to the fact that organizing their inter-firm relations in a different way may lead to competitive advantage, customers too are realizing the power of social networks.
Networks of firms and networks of individuals can be a source of competitive advantage. Networks are of interest in a dynamic context in that network ties can be created and broken over time.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We broadly define clinical skills as the range of skills that may be practised in the adult and general nursing environment and have therefore included core skills such as communication, essential skills such as infection control, pain management, and drug administration, and the specific skills related to each anatomical system, for example monitoring oxygen saturation, recording a blood pressure, care of the unconscious, bladder lavage, bowel care, and moving and handling patients.
Word classes
Authors: Blake Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned in chapter one, all languages contain thousands of words, but these words are not all of the same type. They fall into different classes or parts of speech, as they were traditionally called. All languages will have two major classes of word called nouns and verbs. Nouns include words for types of human (woman, mother, baby), various creatures (fish, frogs, ants), and various inanimate entities (water, thunder, cloud, stone). In English, nouns are distinguished by the fact that they when they refer to anything that can be counted, they can usually take a suffix spelt -s or -esto mark plural, i.e. more than one (boys, churches).
International Judges Who Are They and How Do They Get on the Courts?
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effectiveness of international courts depends, for a start, on the quality of the men and women who ascend to the bench. Yet ensuring that international courts are staffed by the best and brightest is a signiﬁcant challenge. First, there is a general problem of scarcity of individuals who possess the many and exacting qualities required from a good international judge. The fact that, at the same time, there is a high and rising demand to staff an increasing number of international courts compounds the problem. Second, the procedures used to identify, vet, and select candidates are often scattered and haphazard and, more crucially, these procedures are in many ways ﬂawed.
Slavery and the Slave Trade
Authors: Morgan Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Slavery and the slave trade in the British Empire resulted from the English settlement of colonies in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the use of the enslaved as the main large- scale labour force in most of those territories. During the sixteenth century, English curiosity about the New World stimulated voyages of exploration by John Cabot, Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and others.
Work, Law, and Culture
Authors: Morgan Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Productive work for white masters was the chief raison d’être for importing and employing enslaved Africans in the New World. Most of the waking hours of slaves, on at least six days of the week, were spent toiling for their owners without any wages. Slave work in North America varied over time and according to regional economic demands. In New England and the Middle Colonies there were no staple crops that required a plantation workforce.
Introduction: The British Industrial Relations Tradition-Formation, Breakdown, and Salvage
Authors: Ackers Peter , Wilkinson Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Industrial Relations (IR) is perhaps the oldest and best established of those specialist social science disciplines that feed into business and management studies, with roots going back to the Webbs in Britain and to the intellectual origins of the New Deal in America. Long before Business Schools had appeared on the British academic land scape, strong IR groups had formed at Nuffield College, Oxford, London School of Economics and Warwick, Glasgow, and Cardiff Universities. Prestigious masters and doctoral courses were established, and the discipline founded two leading journals, The British Journal of Industrial Relationsand Industrial Relations Journal, as well as a subject body, the British Universities Industrial Relations Association (BUIRA) with an annual conference. Parallel developments took place in the United States and Australia. In post-war Britain, the pluralist school of Allan Flanders, Hugh Clegg, Alan Fox, and others was a major influence on public policy, notably the 1968 Donovan Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers Associations.
Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations
Authors: Bacon Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to explore the contribution and challenge of management theory and ideas to industrial relations. This task is complicated as the subject of management draws upon a wide range of social science theories and perspectives and is not a cognate academic discipline. As a result the impact of management on industrial relations reflects the adoption and application by management scholars of insights developed within economics, psychology, and sociology. In order to avoid the potential for duplication with other chapters in this book, the focus here is upon the effects of human resource management (HRM) on industrial relations. The main emphasis is upon HRM as the distillation of management theories with origins in the human relations tradition of psychology (see also Chapter 6) and the subject of strategic management. The influence of strategic management involves the progress of HRM to strategic human resource management (SHRM). It is also useful at the start to acknowledge that strictly speaking human resource management is also not a cognate discipline as it
The European Union Economic and Political Integration and Cultural Plurality
Authors: Lepsius M Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Europe is difficult to define. There is no clear geographical or historical border with Asia. The Russian Empire, in colonizing Siberia and subjugating the peoples and cultures of Central Asia went way beyond the boundaries of Europe. Neither the Urals nor the Sea of Okhotsk are political and cultural borders. The European states have lost their overseas empires while Russia has maintained its continental empire. Yet Russia is a European power, a ‘wing power’ and, at least since the time of Peter the Great, a part of European culture. This also applies to the USA, the second ‘wing power’ of Europe. Where is the western border of Europe? It is true that the Atlantic separates Europe from America, but only geographically, not culturally or politically and economically.
Subsidiarity in Amsterdam
Authors: Estella Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter focuses on the analysis of Protocol No. 30 of the ECT, as introduced by the Amsterdam Treaty. Community institutions and Member States adopted a number of acts when subsidiarity was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty (the Communication of the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Principle of Subsidiarity of October 1992, the Overall Approach to the Subsidiarity Principle of December 1992, and the Interinstitutional Agreement signed by Commission, the Council and the European Parliament on Procedures for Implementing the Subsidiarity Principle October 1993).
Introduction: The Governance of Local Economies
Authors: Gales Patrick Le , Voelzkow Helmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book we attempt systematically to examine the changes within local economies in four European countries by analysing their national contexts, their overall transformation, their modes of governance, and the production of their competitive advantages through what we call ‘local collective competition goods’. This book is the first result of a cross-country comparative research project which has been carried out jointly by a number of research institutions and academics in four countries: Italy, Germany, France and the UK. Later contributions will concentrate on specific localities and economic sectors. Here however we offer a systematic comparison of various forms of local economies in their national contexts.
Knowledge Management at the Country Level: A Large Consulting Firm in Italy
Authors: Crucini Cristina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of knowledge management in consulting organizations has been at the core of a recent stream of research (e.g. Morris and Empson 1998; Morris 2001; Sarvary 1999; Hansen, Nohria, and Tierney 1999). For ‘knowledge-intensive firms’ (Starbuck 1992; Maister 1993) such as management consultancies, knowledge represents a key resource and a competitive advantage. Most of these studies are derived from large American consultancies implying, in one way, that they represent a sort of’ best model’ to be replicated in similar companies, without regard to the context in which they operate. This is not surprising given that the largest and most visible management consultancies-like McKinsey or Andersen Consulting (Accenture from 2001)-are of American origin and are often seen as representing consulting as a whole (Kipping 1996, 2002 ).
Managers and Consultants as Embedded Actors: Evidence from Norway
Authors: Gammelsjeter Hallgeir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea developed in this chapter is that consultants as carriers of management knowledge are generally embedded in contexts that are external to the organization, whereas the management they interact with is embedded in internal organization specific contexts that circumscribe the extent to which the consultants can influence changes in organizations. The chapter proceeds with a theoretical underpinning of this line of argument, followed by the presentation of two cases that serve to illustrate the theoretical points made. The first is extracted from a historical comparative multi case study (Gammelsceter 1991, 1994) and refers to how the multi-divisional form of organization (M-form) was introduced in an Oslo-based manufacturing company back in the 1960s. The second describes the introduction of Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) in another Norwegian manufacturing company in the middle of the 1990s (Gammelsceter 1999). Discussion of the theoretical approach followed in the two cases and conclusions are presented in a final section.
European Law of Taxation
Authors: O’Shea Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European law of taxation (EC tax law) is a body of law, distinct both from international tax law and from the taxation laws of the Member States of the European Community (EC). Its importance is growing,1 and its impact on domestic tax systems is clearly visible. Research in this area often requires an interdisciplinary approach because of the interlocking nature of EC institutions and the political and economic issues which gave rise to them and which result from them; the ﬁscal impact of all EC policies; the nature of EC laws and legislative instruments;
An Introduction to the Economics of Information
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this revised second edition, An Introduction to the Economics of Information covers the consequences for the character and efficiency of the interaction between individuals and organizations when one party has more or better information on some aspect of the relationship. This is the condition of asymmetric information, under which the information gap will be exploited if, by doing so, the better-informed party can achieve some advantage. The book is written for a one-semester course for advanced undergraduates taking specialized course options, and for first-year postgraduate students of economics or business. After an introduction to the subject and the presentation of a benchmark model in which both parties share the same information throughout the relationship, chapters are devoted to the three main asymmetric information topics of Moral Hazard, Adverse Selection, and Signalling. The wide range of economic situations where the conclusions are applied includes such areas as finance, regulation, insurance, labour economics, health economics, and even politics. Each chapter presents the basic theory before moving on to applications and advanced topics. The problems are presented in the same framework throughout to allow easy comparison of the different results. This new edition incorporates extended exercises to test the student's understanding of the material, and to develop the tools and skills provided by the main text to solve other, original problems.
Signalling
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many contractual relationships, one of the parties has more information than the other as to some relevant variables. When it is beneficial to do so, the informed party will try to signal the information to the other party via some action or decision. In this chapter we study, on the one hand, the possibility that the participants signal their characteristic through actions previous to the contractual relationship. On the other hand, we study the value of the very contract as a means of indirect transmission of in formation when the principal has information that she would like the agent to know.
The Extended Doctrine of Res Judicata based on Abuse of Process: the Rule in Henderson v Henderson
Authors: Barnett Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chs 4 and 5 above we considered cause of action estoppel, the former recovery plea enacted by the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982, s 34, and the plea of issue estoppel. These three pleas are classic res judicata pleas because it is fundamental to each of them that the very subject matter in controversy must itself have been rendered res judicata, this being evidenced by the reasons for judgment and/or the formal order of an earlier decision.
Doing sums with language †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 10 June 1963, less than a year before his untimely death, Evert Willem Beth read his now famous address ‘Konstanten van het wiskundige denken’ (Constants of mathematical thinking) to the Afdeling Letterkunde of this Academy. In this address he explained the notion of algorithm, showing that for many centuries it covered the four classical arithmetical procedures of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division as devised by Mohammed Ibn Musa, professor at Beirut, in the ninth century. It was the man’s nickname Al Hua’rizmi (the Khivarese) that gave rise to the term algorismus, later garbled into algorithmus owing to a confusion with the Greek word for number, arithmo’s. In the early 1930s, when the notion of computation was extended to cover any set of formally precise operations on strings of symbols, the notion of algorithm was generalized in an analogous fashion. Nowadays the term algorithm is generally used to refer to any formally defined operation taking one or more strings of symbols as input and delivering strings of symbols as output.
Clitic pronoun clusters †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following chapter is an attempt to solve a particularly troublesome problem in the theory of Transformational Grammar: the problem of ordering and combining clitic pronouns. Perlmutter (1971) shows that the syntax of clitic pronouns in (South-American) Spanish and French cannot be handled by transformations in the ordinary, well-known sense. Universal linguistic theory must, therefore, be enriched, and Perlmutter proposes the addition to Transformational Grammar of a notion ‘surface structure constraint’ (SSC). SSCs consist of moulds, or templates, which the transformational products must fit in order to be grammatical: any product which does not fit the template is ‘rejected’. SSCs act as filters on the surface structure output of the grammar.
While accepting that the existing notion of ‘transformation’, universally constrained in a number of non-trivial ways, with input and output structurally defined by means of phrase-markers (trees) and node-labels, and, possibly, with global conditions of applicability (Lakoff 1970), is insufficient to account for the syntax of clitic pronouns, one feels that Perlmutter’s solution in terms of SSCs is also inadequate. Section 1 is devoted to a detailed criticism of Perlmutter’s theory. In section 2 an alternative way is proposed for dealing with clitics. The proposal implies that Transformational Grammar is extended with a system whereby numerical values ranging from 1 to 4 are assigned to pronouns that are to be cliticized, according to whether they are first, second, or third person, animate or inanimate, dative or accusative. The transformational rules of Clitic Movement will then be constrained in various ways by certain
Presuppositions and the universe of interpretation †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
is ‘universally true’? Normally speaking, of course, (2) is not universally true, if it makes sense at all to ask this question in relation to an occasion sentence. But we can say that in order for (2) to be uttered in such a way as to have a truth value, it must be uttered in a certain context, which we can call the ‘universe of interpretation’ (UI). Within this ‘universe’, (2) must hold if (1) is to have a truth value. In a certain sense we can say that (2) is crucial in helping to constitute the UI for
Now, however, before we can proceed, we must have a closer, critical look at Strawson’s notion of existential presupposition. According to Strawson, the definite article induces the presupposition that the object mentioned does indeed exist, so that the nominal constituent in question actually refers. If the object mentioned does not exist, then, he says, the sentence lacks a truth value. This, however, cannot be the case. Imagine a situation where a mother is telling a story to little Jimmy about a hunch-backed sorcerer who turns little children into mushrooms, hoping that Jimmy will now go to sleep. But, as was to be expected, Jimmy, far from going to sleep, refuses to be left alone for fear