bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Haemonchus contortus infection on the clearance of antipyrine, sulfobromophthalein, chloramphenicol, and sulfathiazole in lambs
Authors: Kawalek J. C. , Fetterer R. H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A study was made to determine the effect of Haemonchus contortus parasitic infection in lambs on the clearance of several IV administered drugs. Clearance of sulfobromophthalein or sulfathiazole from the plasma of lambs was unaffected by infection with H contortus. Clearance of antipyrine was enhanced by the infection, and thiabendazole treatment did not alter this effect. Clearance of chloramphenicol (cap), administered as the succinate ester (caps), was not changed by the infection, but it was increased after treatment with thiabendazole. Changes in the mean body residence time and initial plasma concentration of caps and cap after treatment with thiabendazole indicate that hydrolysis of caps to cap was reduced. High concentrations of caps apparently enhanced its own elimination directly rather than via the expected sequence involving hydrolysis, glucuronidation, and excretion of cap-glucuronide.
Enhanced clearance of antipyrine following infection of lambs with H contortus can be explained in at least 2 ways. First, it is possible that the lambs did not have mature amounts of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity as reported by other investigators, which may be explained by breed differences or animal husbandry practices. Second, infection of lambs by H contortus may have triggered an inductive response in hepatic cytochrome P- 450-mediated activities, which might result via a generalized enhancement in hepatic protein synthesis associated with the physiologic response to replace plasma proteins and other blood components lost through gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by the active feeding of adult worms. Other phase-II reactions such as acetylation, glucuronidation, and glutathione-S-transferase apparently were not affected.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of effects of a heptanoyl tripeptide, FK-565, on porcine macrophage and lymphocyte function
Authors: Chitko C. G. , Chapes S. K. , Thaler R. C. , Nelssen J. L. , Anderson G. A. , Clough E. R. , Blecha F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A series of experiments was performed in vitro and in vivo to determine the influence of FK-565, a heptanoyl tripeptide, on lymphocyte and macrophage function in swine. Compared with values for control cultures, mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis and interleukin-2 production were unaffected in cells preincubated with 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg of FK-565/ml. Natural killer cell activity was increased by preincubation with 1.0 μg of FK-565/ml; however, this increase was not statistically significant. In vitro treatment of porcine alveolar macrophages with FK-565 did not enhance cytolytic activity or bactericidal activity. In in vivo experiments, FK-565 given orally to pigs at concentrations of 6 or 60 μg·kg-1·d-1 for 5 days did not affect lymphocyte blastogenesis, interleukin-2 production, or alveolar macrophage bactericidal activity. A trend toward increased natural killer cell activity was evident in pigs treated with FK-565. In contrast, pigs treated with 6 μg·kg-1·d-1 had significantly (P < 0.01) decreased alveolar macrophage cytolytic activity. These data indicate that at the dosages tested, FK-565 is not a suitable immunomodulator for enhancement of nonspecific immunity in swine.
Comparison of genitoanal and bulbospongiosus reflexes and measurement of penile nerve conduction velocity in cats
Authors: Cook James R. , Oliver John E. , Purinton Paul T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The bulbospongiosus reflex, genitoanal reflex, and nerve conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve of the penis were evaluated in cats. Seven adult sexually intact or castrated male mixed-breed cats underwent surgical isolation of the bulbospongiosus (analagous to bulbocavernosus) branch, anal branch, and distal trunk of the pudendal nerve. The bulbospongiosus and genitoanal reflexes were recorded from the bulbospongiosus and anal branches, respectively, by electrical stimulation, in turn, of the distal pudendal trunk and the penis itself. Nerve conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve of the penis was calculated by measuring response latency differences in the anal branch after stimulation of 2 sites on the extruded penis.
The bulbospongiosus reflex had response latencies of 8.1 to 10.3 ms (distal trunk stimulation) and 11.0 to 13.0 ms (penile stimulation). The genitoanal reflex had latencies of 8.1 to 10.5 ms (distal trunk stimulation) and 11.2 to 13.2 ms (penile stimulation). Response amplitudes diminished at stimulus rates of 5 to 10 Hz; responses were abolished at rates of 12 to 15 Hz, suggesting that the reflexes are polysynaptic. There was no significant difference between latency values for the bulbospongiosus and genitoanal reflexes.
Mean ± sd nerve conduction velocity in the dorsal nerve of the penis was calculated to be 3.8 ± 0.34 m/s, which was considerably slower than that found in human beings. This may represent technical difficulties in performing the test in cats, but could also indicate a difference between cats and human beings in the predominant population of cutaneous sensory fiber types of the penis.
Relationship between virulence and adherence of various enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains to isolated intestinal epithelial cells from Chinese Meishan and European Large White pigs
Authors: Bertin Anne M. , Duchet-Suchaux Marion F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In vitro adherence to intestinal epithelial cells by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains bearing K88, K99, F41, or 987P adhesins and of their variants not bearing adhesins (K88-, K99-, or F41-) was investigated in European Large White and Chinese Meishan pigs. Possible relationship between adherence and virulence was also examined. The K88-positive (K88+ ) strain strongly adhered to intestinal epithelial cells from 26 of 28 Large White pigs. This strain had previously been found to be highly virulent for Large White pigs. The only surviving pig was of nonadherent phenotype, and cells from 4 dehydrated moribund pigs had strong adherence. By contrast, the same K88+ strain found previously to have little pathogenicity for Meishan pigs adhered with variable intensity to cells from 17 of 23 Meishan pigs; correlation was not evident between adherence and virulence. The K99+F41+ strain of porcine origin and the F41+ strain generally adhered strongly to cells from 24 and 23 Meishan pigs, respectively, and to cells from 25 of 26 Large White pigs. Correlation was not found between adherence and virulence for the 2 strains. A K99+F41+ strain of bovine origin adhered to cells from 20 of 22 Meishan and 22 of 23 Large White pigs, and a K99-F41+ variant adhered to cells from 19 of 23 Meishan and 23 of 24 Large White pigs. The adhesin-negative variants never adhered to intestinal epithelial cells. Strain 987 known not to readily produce 987P adhesin after in vitro growth never adhered to cells during the test.
Results indicated that K88, K99, and F41 adhesins were responsible for in vitro adherence and, except for the K88+ strain in Large White pigs, adherent phenotype was not a sufficient condition to make a pig susceptible to enterotoxigenic E coli. The contribution of physiologic factors and their genetic origin to the degree of resistance of the individual is not yet completely understood for every enterotoxigenic E coli strain and breed of pig.
Postnatal development of the visual-evoked potential in dogs
Authors: Strain George M. , Jackson Rose M. , Tedford Bruce L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Recordings of visual-evoked potentials that were induced by flashes of white light were obtained from 13 Beagle pups to document the development of the response from age 7 to 100 days. Responses were recorded between needle electrodes placed on the nuchal crest and the interorbital line, with ground at the vertex. Five alternating positive (P) and negative (N) peaks were observed in most visual-evoked potentials: P1, P2, N2, and P3. Responses were recorded from 2 pups prior to opening of the eyelids. Recordings were performed without sedation or dark adaptation. Peak latencies were essentially mature (equal to those of adult dogs) by day 11 for P1, and by day 38 for N1 and P2. The latencies to N2 and P3 did not reach adult values by day 100, but did reach plateau values by day 43. The P1-N1 amplitude measurements reached mature levels by day 14, whereas N1-P2 amplitudes were mature by day 32. The P2-N2 and N2-P3 amplitudes reached plateaus that greatly exceeded adult amplitudes by days 50 and 58, respectively. Maturation of visual-evoked potential responses paralleled reported morphologic development of the visual cortex. All of the measured latency and amplitude values had significant (P ≤ 0.004) linear regression lines of latency vs age or amplitude vs age.
Establishment of dose-response relationships in BALB/c mice, using Brucella cell surface protein and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Pugh George W. , Tabatabai Louisa B. , Phillips Marshall , McDonald Timothy J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine the immune (increased antibody) and protective (reduced colony-forming units) responses induced in mice by a: (i) single vaccinal inoculation, using various concentrations of Brucella cell surface protein (bcsp) or lipopolysaccharide (lps); (ii) primary inoculation, using various concentrations of bcsp, followed by a secondary inoculation, using a standard concentration of bcsp; and (iii) primary inoculation, using 1 concentration of bcsp or lps, followed by a secondary inoculation, using various concentrations of bcsp or lps. Four weeks after the primary inoculation, mice were challenge exposed with approximately 1 × 104 colony-forming units of Brucella abortus strain 2308 and all mice were euthanatized at 6 weeks. Reduced splenic weights and reduced colony-forming units in the spleens of vaccinated mice, compared with nonvaccinated mice, were the criteria of protection. Increase in serum IgM and IgG was defined as immunity.
Both bcsp and lps induced protective and immune responses that were proportional to the dose given up to an optimal limit. However, concentrations higher than optimal decreased the protective and immune responses. This was true for mice given either 1 or 2 vaccinal inoculations. Enhanced secondary protective responses were seen only when suboptimal doses were used in the primary inoculation. Excessive or optimal doses in the secondary inoculations prevented or obscured the protectiveness and immunity by primary inoculations. The protective effects appeared to be additive when suboptimal doses were used in the primary and secondary inoculations. Inoculation of subimmunogenic doses induced a relative reduction in the antibody concentration after challenge exposure, compared with nonvaccinated mice.
The overall results indicated that the protective responses induced by bcsp were probably attributable to lps. The results also indicated a linear increase in protection and immune response corresponding to increasing doses up to an optimal dose, and this stoichiometric optimum may be achieved by the use of 1 or more vaccinal inoculations. However, once this optimum was obtained, additional amounts of bcsp or lps cause perturbation of both the protective and serologic responses.
Effect of method of seminal collection on the retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of rams
Authors: Pineda M. H. , Dooley M. P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of method of seminal collection and a diuretic on retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of rams were examined. In experiment 1, semen and urine were collected from 8 rams during the non-breeding season. Prior to seminal collection, all rams were given furosemide and a sample of urine was obtained during micturition. Semen was then collected from each ram with an artificial vagina or by electroejaculation in alternate weeks for 4 weeks, and the urine released during the first postseminal collection micturition was collected in 4 consecutive samples. The volume of electroejaculates was larger (P < 0.0001) than the volume of ejaculates, but the total number of spermatozoa in the electroejaculate or in the ejaculate were not different (P > 0.1). Urine obtained before seminal collection was azoospermic or contained few, nonmotile spermatozoa (mean ± sd = 0.053 ± 0.114 × 106/ml). The adjusted spermatozoal concentration (mean ± sd = 1.630 ± 2.258 × 106/ml) in the urine collected after seminal collection was 31 times higher (P < 0.0001) and there were motile spermatozoa in most (97%) of the samples. The spermatozoal concentration in sequential samples of urine was not different (P > 0.1) between samples and was not affected (P > 0.1) by the method of seminal collection. There was a trend, approaching significance (P = 0.052), for an effect of method of seminal collection on the percentage of retrograde flow. Retrograde flow ranged from 0.21 to 19.38% when semen was collected with an artificial vagina and from 0.03 to 94.60% when semen was collected by electroejaculation and varied (P = 0.02) among rams within the 2 methods of seminal collection. In experiment 2, the 8 rams used in experiment 1 were given injections of 0.9% physiologic saline solution or furosemide in alternate weeks prior to seminal collection with an artificial vagina. Furosemide increased (P = 0.009) the volume of urine voided during the first postejaculation micturition, but did not influence (P > 0.1) the time from exposure of rams to the teaser to ejaculation, seminal characteristics, number of spermatozoa in the urine, or the percentage of retrograde flow. There was a trend (P < 0.1) for more rams to have motile spermatozoa in the postejaculation urine after treatment with furosemide. Administration of furosemide prior to seminal collection facilitates the noninvasive collection of pre- and postejaculation samples of urine for the determination of retrograde flow.
Use of fine-wire electrodes for electromyographic evaluation of the external urethral sphincter during urethral pressure profilometry in male cats
Authors: Sackman Jill E. , Sims Michael H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Evaluation of urethral pressure profilometry (upp) with simultaneous fine-wire electromyography of the external urethral sphincter (eus) was conducted in 11 healthy adult male cats sedated with xylazine and ketamine. A 3.5-F urethral catheter with a closed end and two 1-mm sideports was infused with sterile 0.9% NaCl solution at a rate of 2 to 3 ml/min. A fine-wire electromyographic (emg) electrode was placed percutaneously into or near the external urethral sphincter prior to the onset of the upp. The maximal urethral pressure achieved and functional profile length were recorded from upp. Setting both catheter withdrawal rate and paper speed at 5 mm/s enabled the measurement of actual urethral length directly from upp. Sphincter emg activity was rated as slight ( + ), moderate (+ +), or intense (+ + +). All recordings were replicated once during each trial for 8 cats and trials were replicated 5 to 7 days later in 4 cats.
Before catheterization, emg activity of the external urethral sphincter was rated slight ( + ), whereas intense (+ + +) activity accompanied insertion. The activity evoked by movement of the catheter subsided, but intense emg activity of the external urethral sphincter was recorded from onset to completion of catheter withdrawal in all cats in both trials. The mean maximal urethral pressure was 93.1 ± 13.29 cm H20. The mean function urethral length was 8.1 ± 0.93 cm. Maximal urethral pressure or function profile length did not differ significantly between recordings within trials or between trials. Simultaneous recording of emg activity and upp of the external urethral sphincter was shown to be a simple, noninvasive technique for assessing neuromuscular and anatomic urethral function.
Effect of oral administration of prednisolone on thyroid function in dogs
Authors: Torres Sheila M. F. , McKeever Patrick J. , Johnston Shirley D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To determine the effect of oral administration of prednisolone on thyroid function, 12 healthy Beagles were given 1.1 mg of prednisolone/kg of body weight every 12 hours for 22 days after 8 days of diagnostic testing of the dogs before treatment with prednisolone. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) response tests were performed before treatment (days 1 and 8 of the study) and during treatment (days 21 and 28 of the study). Blood samples were collected daily at 8 am and 2 and 8 pm to rule out normal daily hormone fluctuations as the cause of a potential decrease in serum triodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free T4 (fT4) concentrations. Serum T3, T4, and fT4 concentrations before treatment and 1 day and 21 days after the first prednisolone dose were compared by analyses of variance. Post-tsh and -trh serum T3 and T4 concentrations before and during treatment were compared, using the Student t test for paired data. Oral administration of prednisolone significantly (P < 0.005) decreased serum T3, T4, and fT4 concentrations in the 8 am and 2 and 8 pm samples obtained 1 day and 21 days after the first prednisolone dose. Serum T4 and fT4 concentrations in 8 am and 2 pm samples were significantly (P < 0.05) lower 21 days after the first prednisolone dose than they were at 1 day after the first dose. Before treatment, serum T4 concentration in the 2 pm samples was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than serum T4 concentration in 8 am and 8 pm samples. Oral administration of prednisolone significantly (P < 0.01) decreased serum T3 and T4 concentrations 6 hours after tsh and trh injections. Significant difference in the mean incremental change in serum T3 and T4 concentrations was not observed when comparing before- and during-prednisolone treatment values for the trh response test. However, for the tsh response test, the mean incremental changes in serum T3 and T4 concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) lower during prednisolone treatment. Despite the decreased tsh response incremental change in serum T4 concentration during oral treatment with prednisolone, the lowest value observed fell within the before-treatment range. In addition, during treatment, baseline serum T3 and T4 concentrations after tsh administration increased, on average, 3.7 and 8.4 times, respectively.
Tumor necrosis factor activity in the circulation of horses given endotoxin
Authors: MacKay R. J. , Merritt A. M. , Zertuche J.-M. , Whittington M. , Skelley L. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Serum and plasma from horses injected with endotoxin was examined for cytotoxic activity. Each of the cell lines, L929 and WEHI 164 clone 13, was sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of equine serum; however, a precipitation artifact caused by the use of isopropanol in the WEHI assay limited the use of this assay to samples containing <2 mg of protein/ml. In foals treated with a sublethal iv bolus of 5 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg and in adult horses given a low-dose continuous infusion of LPS (30 ng/ kg/h for 4 hours), cytotoxic activity was detected in all serum or plasma samples taken between 30 minutes and 4 hours after LPS infusion began. In horses given either continuous or bolus lps infusions, circulating cytotoxic activity peaked at 1 to 2 hours before decreasing sharply. The onset of pyrexia after lps infusion coincided with the appearance of circulating cytotoxic activity, but the temperature remained high, even after cytotoxic activity disappeared. Treatment of horses with flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg) appeared to blunt the pyrexic effect of low-dose continuous LPS infusion, but had no significant effect on circulating cytotoxic activity. Incubation of serum samples with an antibody raised against a portion of human tumor necrosis factor (tnf) resulted in the removal of >90% of serum cytotoxicity, suggesting strongly that the cytotoxic activity was attributable to tnf. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that tnf is an early acting mediator of the effects of endotoxin in the horse.
Potential attachment area of the fourth maxillary premolar in dogs
Authors: Smith Mark M. , Massoudi Lisa M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Tooth root and root trunk surface area measurements were made on 20 permanent fourth maxillary premolar (P4) teeth randomly harvested from canine cadaver specimens. Mean root surface area for all 20 teeth was 562.8 ± 124.9 mm2. Cumulative surface areas of the mesiopalatal, mesiobuccal, and distal roots were 113.8 ± 29.0 mm2, 138.5 ± 34.6 mm2, and 180.8 ± 39.9 mm2, respectively. The mesial root trunk and distal root trunk surface areas were 60.0 ± 17.5 mm2 and 72.1 ± 33.2 mm2, respectively. There was not a significant difference between the root surface area of the mesial root trunk and distal root trunk; however, all other root surface area measurements were significantly different (P < 0.01). Cumulative individual root surface area (distal root + mesiobuccal root + mesiopalatal root) was 76% of total root surface area. The distal root surface area contributed most to total root surface area (32.1%) and cumulative individual root surface area (41.7%). Observation of the linear variation of percentage of root surface area revealed 40.8% of the total root surface area to be in the portion located between 5 and 9 mm apical to the most coronal aspect of the cementoenamel junction. The mesiobuccal root and distal root were cylindrical compared with the flattened, concave shape of the mesiopalatal root.
Use of flow cytometry for determination of differential leukocyte counts in bovine blood
Authors: Jain Nemi C. , Paape Max J. , Miller Robert H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A flow cytometric method was developed to perform differential leukocyte counts on bovine blood. Blood specimens from 50 healthy Holstein cows were analyzed by use of a flow cytometer. The method entailed diluting blood with phosphate-buffered, hypotonic saline solution containing acridine orange, and performing a step-wise, 3-parameter analysis on the bases of cell size, cellular granularity, and granulocyte fluorescence. Initially, proportions of monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes were determined by creating appropriate windows on dot plots of cell size (determined by forward light scatter) vs cellular granularity (determined by the logarithm of side light scatter). Eosinophils were resolved by analysis of granulocytes as dot plots of logarithms of green vs red fluorescence ascribed to acridine orange. Proportions of eosinophils and neutrophils were computed from data so generated. Microclumps of platelets spuriously affected counts of some granulocytes, particularly eosinophils.
Differential leukocyte counts determined by flow cytometry generally compared favorably with those obtained by use of the conventional microscopic method, using Wright-stained blood films. Mean neutrophil and eosinophil counts determined by the 2 methods did not differ significantly, but lymphocyte counts determined by flow cytometry were significantly higher than those determined by microscopy (P < 0.01). Correlation coefficients for counts of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes determined by the 2 methods ranged from 0.519 to 0.833. Correlation between monocyte counts was low (r = 0.147), although mean monocyte counts determined by the 2 methods did not differ significantly. Total leukocyte counts determined by flow cytometry were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than counts determined by use of an automated cell counter; correlation between the 2 counts was low (r = 0.350).