bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Burn Caspar 
Published: June 2004

The experiments described in this paper are part of a larger number which we have been carrying out for the past 2 years. Although they have not entirely fulfilled their purpose, which was to explain the so called "mutation," "dissociation," "Umwandlung," "transformation" process, they have served to formulate a helpful working hypothesis.
Certain difficulties inherent in this kind of study must be recognized. One is that colony formation is a property associated with growth on solid media and any procedure involving the use of fluid media introduces a change which is relatively uncontrolled. Another is that mucoid and rough colony forms are not the only variant types encountered; at best, they may be considered as being the most frequent. Finally, it is apparent to us that the findings reported in this paper with respect to enteritidis organisms do not correspond with those of other species of organisms, especially of the respiratory group which we have studied (1, b). Possibly, however, they apply generally to the typhoid, paratyphoid-enteritidis species.
To summarize, it may be stated that the transformation process in the mouse typhoid enteritidis group is an easily reversible one, controlled in part, at least, by three factors, any of which may conceivably operate under natural conditions: (1) temperature, which, influences the appearance of mucoid forms; (2) fluidity of culture media, which tends to favor rough variants; and (3) bacteriophage, which stimulates the appearance of both variants. Since by manipulating these factors the transformation process may be incited at will in either direction, it is probably not genetic in nature.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Burn Caspar 
Published: June 2004

1. During early stages of multiplication, single cells from smooth-, mucoid-, and rough-susceptible and variant colonies show no differences in morphology or growth rate.
2. Cells from 18 to 24 hour single cell cultures of these various colony types possess similar oxygen absorption and cataphoretic migratory rates. In staining property, the cells from mucoid colonies appear larger, and those from rough colonies smaller, than the typical cells from smooth-susceptible colonies.
3. Cells from bacteriophage-resistant colonies differ from those of bacteriophage-susceptible colonies in their ability to multiply luxuriantly in the presence of bacteriophage, and in their tendency to flocculate in acid solutions at pH 3.8 to 4.1, as well as in their low degree of virulence.
4. Cells from smooth bacteriophage-susceptible colonies in contact with bacteriophage under conditions where multiplication is restrained may be altered so as to resemble the cells from the bacteriophage-resistant colonies.
5. These facts furnish evidence that bacteriophage adheres to the surface of the bacterial cell and that the various cell changes and colony alterations are of an environmental rather than genetic nature.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Burn Caspar 
Published: June 2004

1. Single cell mouse strains of B. enteritidis from smooth-susceptible colonies were, under the various conditions tested, of the same high degree of virulence. 2 year old cultures, strains obtained both in interepidemic and epidemic periods, and "reverted" strains from variant colonies showed the same degree of pathogenicity.
2. Single cell strains from variant smooth, mucoid,and rough phage-resistant colonies were definitely less virulent than the usual smooth-susceptible strains. The loss of virulence in each instance resulted apparently from contact with bacteriophage which rendered the individual cells incapable of multiplication in the animal tissues.
3. A reduction of virulence was induced experimentally when washed cultures of the highly pathogenic smooth-susceptible cells were exposed to bacteriophage and thus rendered incapable of multiplication in the inoculated animals.
STUDIES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN TUMOR SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY
Authors: Lynch Clara J. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence has previously been submitted in favor of the theory that susceptibility to spontaneous tumors of various types is inherited. The question arose whether susceptibility to tumors induced by tar could be shown to be hereditary by experimenting with the same strains of mice which had already been shown to differ significantly in respect to their spontaneous tumor rates.
Two strains of mice were selected for observation. One strain, the Bagg albinos, has a low rate of mammary gland tumors but a higher rate of spontaneous lung tumors. The other strain, No. 1194, agouti, has a higher rate of mammary gland tumors but a lower rate of tumors of the lung. A previous test showed no difference in the percentages of skin tumors which arose after tar painting.
It has already been shown that the difference in the lung tumor rates is mathematically significant. When the two stocks are treated with tar by applying the irritant, not in the same spot, but on different areas successively, the percentage of lung tumors is increased in each stock, Text-fig. 11. The rate of the Bagg albinos increased from 37.04 to 85 per cent, that of Strain 1194 from 6.73 to 22 per cent. But a difference between them is still maintained, and this difference also is significant mathematically.
When the two strains are crossed and the offspring subjected to the tar treatment, the latter give a high percentage of lung tumors—79 per cent in 28 individuals—about the same as the parental high tumor strain. When the F1 sons are backcrossed to the original
See PDF for Structure
stocks, the cross to the high tumor strain maintains the high tumor rate, 81 per cent in 37 mice, while in the cross to the low tumor strain the percentage drops to 39 per cent in 38 mice. This result indicates that susceptibility to tar-induced tumors in the lung is hereditary. The number of factors concerned has not yet been ascertained. Possibly one or more of them is dominant.
In general, the conception that susceptibility to pulmonary tumors is hereditary seems to be upheld by the fact that the two strains of mice described differ conspicuously in respect to spontaneous tumor rates under ordinary laboratory conditions; the strains differ also under experimental conditions, as described in this report; and when crossed, their offspring by suitable backcrosses, will again show significant differences.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Shionoya Takuji 
Published: June 2004

The effects of environmental temperature on thrombosis in circulating blood were tested in the extracorporeal loop by the method previously described. Cold (7° to 15°C.) about the collodion tube retards the clotting of circulating blood. Obstruction of the arterial cannula occurs after from 15 to 25 minutes. Heat (40° and 55°C.) tends to hasten clotting; obstruction by red clot takes place after from 4 to 6 minutes and from 2 to 4 minutes, respectively. In the latter case no characteristic thrombus structure may be seen. These results were what might be expected. The formation of white thrombi occurs even under the influence of cold, and they continue to form and grow as long as the circulation continues.
When the carotid artery is partially occluded and the blood stream slowed, after the injection of the anticoagulant, the blood has a tendency to form red thrombi on the foreign surface of the vascular loop. The thrombi are deposited chiefly in the arterial half of the apparatus, especially at the bottom of the arterial end of the collodion tube, just as in the case of Aschoff's sand experiments. In spite of incoagulability of heparinized blood, red clots, with interwoven fibrin bands, are found. Also very tiny white thrombi may form in other parts of the collodion tube.
The effect of complete obstruction of the carotid artery and jugular vein on thrombus formation was studied after the use of anticoagulant. When the carotid artery is obstructed the formation of white thrombi is negligible and sedimentation of erythrocytes and deposition of fibrin appear throughout the apparatus; then the blood, at a standstill, clots very slowly.
When the jugular vein is obstructed, dislodgment of platelet thrombi probably results from the pulsating movement, and sedimentation of erythrocytes follows, forming mixed thrombi. The dislodged white thrombi tend to gather in the bottom of the tubes of the widest caliber, especially in the collodion tube.
THE MECHANISM OF THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
Authors: Abramson Harold A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The velocity of cataphoretic migration of blood cells in plasma and serum is proportional to the potential drop applied.
2. The cataphoretic velocity of red cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, small lymphocytes, and large lymphocytes is described for serum and plasma.
3. The relation between the electrokinetic potential of white blood cells and the differences of potential probably existing in injured tissues are correlated quantitatively.
4. This correlation suggests that migration of leucocytes to a point of injury is, in part, dependent upon the electromotive forces at play in the tissues.
LOCAL SPECIFIC THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Stewart Fred W. 
Published: June 2004

1. In experimental Type I pneumococcal meningitis of dogs central cord involvement is common after the 2nd day of the disease.
2. These central cord lesions may progress toward extensive suppurative myelitis.
3. Abscesses are infrequent; they arise either as direct perivascular extensions of the meningeal disease or at the site of infected purpuric lesions.
4. In prolonged untreated meningitis of reinfected animals, nothing resembling the disappearance of exudate following crisis in pneumonia occurs. The tendency is toward organization.
5. Late lesions are characterized by the marked development of a perivascular clasmatocytic apparatus, similar to, but more extensive than that hitherto reported in experimental herpetic encephalitis.
THE INFLUENCE OF HEATING THE IMMUNIZATION MATERIAL UPON THE ANTIBODY-INVOKING EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TYPE-SPECIFIC AND SPECIES-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCUS CELLS
Authors: Gaspari Emidio L. , Sugg John Y. , Fleming William L. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

This paper presents an experimental comparison of the effect of heating of the immunization material upon the antibody-invoking effectiveness of the type-specific (SP) and species-specific (P) antigens of Type II pneumococci. Heating of the pneumococcus suspension (vaccine) invariably decreased the production of species-specific antibodies (anti-P) without a comparable effect upon the production of type-specific antibodies (anti-S).
For diagnostic typing purposes, the ideal antipneumococcus serum should contain the maximum content of type-specific, and the minimum of species-specific antibody. Our results with forty-one rabbits indicate that the ideal serum from the type-specific standpoint would be obtained by immunization with the heated cells of virulent pneumococci over a comparatively short immunization period; and that the only thing gained by continued immunization or by the use of unheated bacteria at any stage of the immunization, is an increase in the species-specific antibody which is undesireable in sera to be used for diagnostic purposes.
STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was carried out on various strains of streptococci in order to ascertain the changes which bacteriophage produces in the phenomena of agglutination of these organisms. The results can be placed in the following categories.
1. Loss of specific agglutinability was observed with partial and with what appeared as complete loss of specific agglutinin absorption and agglutinogenic properties.
2. Partial modification of the antigen, bringing about inagglutinability of the strains with complete preservation of agglutinogenic and agglutinin-absorption properties. Coincidentally, additional components appeared. Some of these were related to the specific antigens of the organisms from which they were derived, while others were not. In two instances these components were of "group" character.
3. "Complete" modification observed with two strains consisting of complete transformation of the normal culture agglutinogens into antigens of an entirely different specificity.
It appears from these studies that the bacteriophage phenomenon may play an intricate rô1e in serological grouping of various strains of pathogenic streptococci.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Sobotka Harry , Friedlander Mae 
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of the precipitin reaction between antipneumococcus sera and the type-specific soluble carbohydrate is investigated. The sensitivity of the reaction is found to be generally constant when expressed by the product of the concentrations of the two reacting substances. Precipitin index (P.I.) is defined as one-millionth of the reciprocal value of this product.
See PDF for Structure
Zonal phenomena and their bearing on the absolute concentration and the equivalent weight of the antibody are discussed. The greater tendency towards exhibition of a post-zone in Type III is connected with the lower acid equivalent of the homologous specific carbohydrate.
The influence of the addition of normal serum and the influence of slight changes in pH are studied. The addition of normal serum as well as the increase in pH promote the pro-zone, whereas decrease in pH promotes the post-zone. The sensitivity of the reaction is accordingly influenced by the pH in different ways depending on the range of concentration.
The precipitin index allows the recognition and elimination of zonal irregularities. Thus it offers a method for the standardization of pneumonia antibody.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Friedlander Mae , Sobotka Harry , Banzhaf Edwin J. 
Published: June 2004

The precipitin indices for a number of monovalent and polyvalent antipneumococcus sera were determined under known conditions, and found to vary as did the number of protective units.
The ratio precipitin index/protective units in monovalent sera was found to lie between 2.8 and 4.8 for Type I and to be about ten times greater for Type III.
Lower values were found in polyvalent horses and when mixing heterologous monovalent sera with each other.
The influence of the duration of treatment upon the quotient was studied.
Several refined and concentrated preparations showed a relative increase in precipitin activity.
STUDIES IN THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Mills Katherine C. , Shibley G. S. , Dochez A. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. A study of the Gram-negative, filter-passing, anaerobic organisms, described by Olitsky and Gates, and Gates and McCartney, has been undertaken with a view to determining their general character and their possible rôle in the causation of the common cold.
2. These organisms seem to constitute part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract and would seem to bear no etiological relationship to the common cold.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Bartonella muris appeared in the blood of all white rats, wild rats, Chinese hamster, and mice, from which the spleen was removed, but did not appear in that of splenectomized monkeys, rabbits, or guinea pigs.
It has not been possible to transmit B. muris to normal rats, monkeys, rabbits, or guinea pigs, by intraperitoneal, intradermal, or intravenous injection of blood containing B. muris from splenectomized rats.
In two instances an acute orchitis was induced in normal rats by injection directly into the testicle of blood or saline suspensions of the liver of splenectomized rats. The intracorpuscular elements occasionally identified as B. muris or as having appeared as a result of the inoculation. The acute orchitis of rats was transferable to normal rats in series.
From the testicular tissue, as well as directly from the blood of a splenectomized rat, there was isolated in pure culture a microorganism which induced in the testicles of normal rats an acute orchitis such as resulted from inoculation of the blood or liver suspensions of splenectomized rats. While a few inclusions were found in the erythrocytes of some of the animals, their number was so small and their occurence so infrequent that they could not be definitely identified as B. muris.
In morphological features the cultural forms of the microorganism isolated resemble B. muris. The organism found in the testicular tissues, however, is considerably coarser than B. muris and takes a deeper stain.
Immunological study failed to settle the question of the relation between B. muris and the cultivated organism, which is provisionally called Bacterium murium.
Bartonella muris, Bartonella bacilliformis, and Grahamella talpæ have characteristic individual morphological features.
A COMPARISON OF THE SPIROCHETE OF YELLOW FEVER (LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROIDES NOGUCHI) WITH THE LEPTOSPIRA OF WEIL'S DISEASE
Authors: Martini Erich 
Published: June 2004

The most noteworthy point observed in our studies is the extraordinary duration of life and the relatively meagre requirements for sustenance of Leptospira icteroides. It is conceivable that under natural conditions opportunities might arise for the prolonged existence of Leptospira icteroides, so that possibly after a lapse of years, the disease might reappear without introduction from outside. At any rate, the great viability of Leptospira icteroides must be considered in this connection.
A decrease in the virulence of the leptospira does not rule out the possibility of a renewed outburst of yellow fever, since Uhlenhuth and Zuelzer have shown that it is possible to set up Weil's disease in guinea pigs by means of apparently saprophytic spirochetes obtained from drinking water, when the virulence of these organisms has been artificially heightened.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system by means of one intravenous injection of India ink as well as splenectomy did not alter the course of either Pneumococcus Type I infection or tetanus intoxication in mice.
2. The protective action of Antipneumococcus Type I serum against the corresponding infection, as determined by the injection of in vitro prepared mixtures of serum and culture, was definitely lower in mice which had received one blocking injection of India ink shortly before the test.
3. Titration of tetanus toxin and antitoxin in blocked and splenectomized mice gave results identical with those obtained in normal mice, if in vitro prepared and incubated toxin-antitoxin mixtures were injected. The degree of protection, however, conferred by a preceding dose of antitoxin against subsequent intoxication, was markedly lower in blocked mice than in normal control animals, this difference becoming more pronounced with the increase of the time interval.
THE RÔLE OF THE THEBESIAN VESSELS IN THE CIRCULATION OF THE HEART
Authors: Wearn Joseph T. 
Published: June 2004

In summary, evidence has been presented to show a direct connection other than through the capillaries between the coronary arteries and the chambers of the heart.
This connection was shown by perfusion, injections and serial sections to be through the Thebesian veins. Communications between the larger coronary veins and the Thebesian veins were also demonstrated by the same methods.
Serial sections through Thebesian veins have shown capillaries draining directly into them. Under certain conditions it has been shown that as much as 90 per cent of the arterial flow may escape via the Thebesian vessels.
Lastly, in the event of gradual closure of the orifices of the coronary arteries, the Thebesian vessels can supply the heart muscle with sufficient blood to enable it to maintain an efficient circulation.
STUDIES ON THE INACTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS AND THE ACTION OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES UPON THE INFECTING POWER OF THE INACTIVATED VIRUS
Authors: Reynals F. Duran 
Published: June 2004

Vaccine virus, obtained from testicular inoculation shows a high susceptibility to chloroform as compared with ether, toluene, 95 per cent alcohol and acetone.
Vaccine virus, after treatment with an amount of chloroform sufficient to render it incapable or only barely capable of originating an eruption in the rabbit's skin, produces a characteristic eruption when injected with the supernatant fluid of embryonic tissue or sarcoma tissue "cultures" or kieselguhr, substances all of which are markedly irritative to the rabbit's skin.
Reactivation of the chloroformed vaccine virus is not possible when chloroform has been added to it in such quantity that the injection of large amounts of the treated virus fails to cause an eruption. Whenever reactivation has been accomplished it has been possible to get a vaccine eruption of greater or less intensity by the injection of large amounts of the chloroformed vaccine alone.
Embryo and chicken sarcoma "culture" fluids when injected intradermally make the skin susceptible to the localization of the virus introduced intravenously.
The bearing of these experiment on the interpretation of Gye' theory of cancer causation is discussed.
ALLERGIC IRRITABILITY
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Loomis Dorothy 
Published: June 2004

The allergic irritability of closely inbred guinea pigs as represented by their capacity to produce hemolytic antibodies for beef and sheep corpuscles, and agglutinins for Bacillus typhosus and Bacillus abortus (Bang) differs by families and therefore is at least partly dependent on inherited characteristics.
These differences show an imperfect but suggestive correlation with the differences in resistance of the same families to inoculation tuberculosis as previously determined by Wright and Lewis.
The differences in antibody production also show an imperfect correlation with the differences in response in the anaphylactic reaction complex as previously determined by Lewis and Loomis.
These studies suggest very strongly that the allergic irritability is one of the several inheritable characters which form a partial basis for the natural resistance to tuberculosis.
The antibody-producing capacity is only satisfactorily defined when minimal or moderate amounts of antigen are used and this in single treatments. The irregularities in experimental result when repeated treatments or very large single treatments are used suggest that antibody production in the second or "acquired capacity" phase may rest on a somewhat different fundamental basis than the latent or potential natural capacity. There is some very slight evidence that production in the second phase may also be influenced by inherited qualities.