bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transnational networked cooperation
Authors: Garcia Denise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the broader features of the militarization of AI and the threats posed, focusing specifically on the risk of ever greater reliance on autonomous systems—systems or machines with increasing levels of autonomy to search, destroy, and kill without human input and involvement, features that can also be enabled or enhanced by AI, highlighting legal, moral, and ethical concerns. It shows how states are more willing to cooperate on civilian than military AI affairs and surveys the global investment in the militarization of AI and autonomous killing by charting states’ plans to develop AI for military purposes, showcasing the leading trends in investment in AI and how the major powers are positioning AI at the center of their strategic aims. An AI military race is underway. The chapter introduces the new concept of transnational networked cooperation: a more inclusive form of multilateralism that can materialize to forge common good governance by means of networks that bind together engaged and concerned individuals from different segments of many countries that would not otherwise have the opportunity to form alliances in a true collective endeavor. Five main groups of change makers that advance transnational networked cooperation are examined: the scientists (the ones who create AI and are alerting the world against the perils of using algorithmic killing and weaponizing AI); the private sector; transnational civil society (the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots); the International Committee of the Red Cross; and the member states of the United Nations (their principles, initiatives, and positions).
Legal and political frameworks
Authors: Garcia Denise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter sets out to offer a wide-ranging introduction to all of international law, apprising readers of its most important foundational constituting parts—from human rights law, the law of armed conflict, and international courts, to international criminal acts and the role of key actors along the way—and how it plays a role in people’s and states’ lives alike. It demonstrates that international legal and political frameworks remain an essential part of international relations when it comes to tackling new global cooperation problems, as demonstrated via examples and cases. The chapter traces the considerable expansion and broadening tenor and scope of international law since the creation of the United Nations, as a tool for addressing problems of global cooperation with mechanisms to advance sustainable development and human security, and most definitely no longer intended only to protect the interests of states, even if the major powers sometimes continue to understand and use international law in that way. It then exposes how the international legal architecture under international law today will be disrupted and will not suffice to cope with the heightened use of autonomous systems and by the weaponization of another set of technologies—AI—that could otherwise be used only for the common good of humanity. The analogical case here is nuclear technologies that were also weaponized and continue to threaten humanity. Approaches to furthering common good governance are presented.
Surveillance, Democracy, and Protest in a Time of Climate Crisis
Authors: Hadjimatheou Katerina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government responses to the Covid-19 pandemic have prompted public protests across the world, often in defiance of strict lockdown restrictions enacted under emergency legislation. This chapter examines the question of how surveillance should be used to police protest in a time of emergency, focusing on environmental activism as a case study from which conclusions relevant to protests in other conditions of crisis can be drawn. Issues around police surveillance of protest movements are intertwined with urgent political questions about how prepared we are as democratic societies to deal with a climate emergency, an emergency that intersects ever more frequently with other crises, including the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.
The Dynamics of Public Health Ethics
Authors: Henschke Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ethics of Covid-19 to argue that situations like public health emergencies rely on a dynamic ethics and, as such, consideration must be given on how to reverse social norms that arise during these emergencies. While a great deal of ethical discussion looks at the conditions about when an ‘emergency ethics’ becomes operational, much less has been said about the end period. While certain policies and practices might be justifiable in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, we need to ensure that such policies are reversed once the Covid-19 emergency has receded, and that the social norms around particular surveillance practices and policies return to pre-Covid-19 state. This chapter argues that Covid-19 pandemic surveillance policies and technologies show us that emergency surveillance ought to be considered as justifiable but abnormal, and suggests how to ensure that the surveillance justified by public health ethics remains abnormal.
Interregional networks and conventionalized gender roles in civilian resistance against genocide
Authors: Braun Robert , Stallone Kiran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that women can play a unique part in the production of civilian resistance against genocide because their ability to perform feminized roles allows them to take up distinct positions in clandestine social rescue networks. Civilian resistance against stronger opponents is most powerful when it is embedded in multiple localized hubs of commitment that are themselves connected by strong supra-local ties covering longer geographical distances. When repressors adhere to and encourage traditional gender norms and behaviours, women resistance workers can play a considerable role in these networks because they can strategically perform traditional feminine roles in a way that obscures the true motives behind their long-distance travel. We develop our argument through the study of Jewish rescue networks in the Netherlands. Statistical analysis of fine-grained evasion data and geocoded rescue networks reveals that Dutch women were indeed crucial for long interregional ties between different rescue networks, which undermined the Nazis’ ability to detect Jews. More in-depth exploration of distinct networks identifies three dramaturgical strategies that women deployed while carrying out rescue work between different regions: (1) strategic motherhood and wedlock; (2) strategic self-devaluation; and (3) strategic coquetry. Taken together, our findings suggest we should simultaneously focus on the relational and dramaturgical underpinnings of womanhood to fully understand the relationship between gender and civilian protective agency.
The ties that bind
Authors: Howe Kimberly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do civilians protect themselves against organized and spontaneous violence during a civil war? How do they access food, livelihoods, water, and health support when the conflict precludes access to such necessities? And what facilitates adaptation to these harsh conditions? This chapter addresses these questions by examining the case of the Syrian civil war, a protracted conflict characterized by extreme violence against civilians, unprecedented humanitarian need, and limited involvement by the international community. Drawing on original and varied quantitative and qualitative data collected in dozens of communities between 2013 and 2020, this chapter identifies and analyses diverse expressions of civilian agency and the forms of familial, community, and individual self-protection that have arisen in this context. The chapter demonstrates theoretically and empirically the centrality of knowledge, learning, and anticipation, and relatedly, the importance of social connectedness for adaptation as a form of civilian protective agency during the civil war in Syria.
Civilian violent mobilization and the intensity of civil war in Mozambique
Authors: Jentzsch Corinna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Civilian self-protection is often associated with nonviolent means of protection. This chapter questions this view and argues that certain types of armed self-defence can be understood as expressions of civilian protection agency. Specifically, it examines the consequences of the activities of community-initiated part-time militias during the war in Mozambique, drawing on a data set of violent events compiled from archival sources and interviews. Through this case study, it explores in what ways and under what conditions these more contentious and more risky forms of civilian self-protection help reduce violence against civilians during wartime and contribute to protection outcomes. The chapter shows how any effect in terms of protection was a temporary one, as the rebels quickly adapted and learned how to respond to the new armed challenge. Overall, the chapter emphasizes the dynamic character of war, shaped by learning processes on both the part of civilians and rebels.
United Nations peacekeeping and civilian protective agency
Authors: Rhoads Emily Paddon , Gorur Aditi 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyses UN peacekeeping policy and practice to illuminate the various ways in which the UN has engaged with civilian protective agency. It begins by charting the origins and evolution of the UN’s community-based approach to protection and support for civilian protective agency in peacekeeping at the policy level. It then surveys the strategies and tools developed by the UN over the last decade to engage communities on protection and the types of support provided by peacekeepers across mission settings. Our analysis finds that in many instances UN peacekeepers do not actively support civilian protective agency; instead, peacekeepers have expanded their practices of community engagement to improve UN protective responses and bolster prevention efforts. The chapter identifies three sets of factors that explain why the UN has adopted this approach. While several factors are specific to the UN and its unique role as the guarantor of international peace and security, others pertain more generally to organizations pursuing similar approaches. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of the UN’s approach as well as some of the main challenges for external actors who seek to support civilian protective agency and deepen community engagement.
Carrot, stick, and statute
Authors: Muwanga Nansozi K. , Mukwaya Paul I. , Goodfellow Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The National Resistance Movement (NRM) has dominated Uganda’s political scene for almost four decades; yet, for most of this period, Kampala has refused to submit to its grip. As opposition activism in the city became increasingly explosive, the ruling elite developed a range of generative and repressive strategies that we subject to close scrutiny, focusing particularly on the decade prior to the 2021 election. We explore elite strategies pursued both from the ‘top down’ through legal manoeuvres and escalating violent coercion, and from the ‘bottom up’ through attempts to build support among urban youth and to infiltrate organizations in the urban informal sector. Efforts to engineer electoral dominance of the capital repeatedly failed, though the opposition’s capacity to force change remains highly constrained. We examine why each urban dominance strategy has produced only limited gains, arguing that together these interventions have continually reproduced a situation of intensely contested urban control.
Dominating Dhaka
Authors: Jackman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout Bangladesh’s history, its capital Dhaka has seen numerous coups, mass uprisings, and violent political rivalries. Rallies, strikes, street fights, and small bombings have been common. Yet since 2015 the opposition has largely failed to disrupt the city, with the ruling Awami League (AL) achieving a level of dominance unseen in the country’s history. Fundamental to this transition has been a shift in the character of coercive organizations available to both ruling and opposition parties. The AL has empowered security agencies, enabling widespread arrests, intimidation, and new surveillance technologies. This has eroded the strength of the opposition, who are also deprived of street muscle because of their own decision to repress gangsters when last in office. Dhaka meanwhile is increasingly a site for showcasing the country’s development successes, which are now foundational to the legitimacy of the AL.
Predictions in the Artificial Era
Authors: Velarde Gissel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final chapter describes the human motivation for prediction, presents opinions and predictions about the future, and possible strategies to cope with it. First, it presents a study on Artificial Intelligence impact summarizing the opinions of hundreds of participants in tech communities. Next, it contrasts Artificial General Intelligence and Narrow Artificial Intelligence. Then, it reviews the literature on consciousness from the fields of neurology, cognitive psychology, behavioral neuroscience, theoretical computer science, and philosophy. It complements the literature review with ideas formulated in Greek mythology and science fiction, as well as experiences and concepts of consciousness narrated by a yogi. The chapter returns to a more practical side describing privacy issues and points out that we are in a critical phase of a Technological Progress wave. The chapter talks about inequality and describes some recent ideas to reduce it. Besides, it presents an extensive study on ethics and machine decision-making. Finally, the chapter reviews elements of harmonious and brutal societies and discusses concerns on smart technologies for defense and attack. Finally, it briefly summarizes possible strategies to harness technology for development in the coming years.
Collective Phronesis
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the discourses on phronesis treat it as a personal strength of character, possessed by an individual. But is it possible to widen its scope to the collective level? The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of various discourses relevant to developing a construct of collective phronesis, from a (neo)-Aristotelian perspective, with implications for professional practice in general and business practice and Business Ethics education in particular. Aristotle made intriguing remarks about phronesis at the collective level in his Politics that have mostly eluded elaboration. The aim of this chapter is practical and revisionary, rather than exegetical and deferential, with respect to Aristotle. Nevertheless, just as most of the literature on individual phronesis draws on Aristotle’s exposition in the Nicomachean Ethics, the obvious first port of call for an analysis of collective phronesis is to explore the resources handed down to us by Aristotle himself.
The ‘Fallen Women’ of Culture
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Devajit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies the so-called fallen or public women dancers, singers, and actresses working in colonial Calcutta. With brief introductions of the then-popular actresses’ traumatic experiences in public and personal lives, the article strives to engage with the denial of their agency both as performers and as cultural workers, though it was they who carried the performative undertakings on their shoulders. Without the monumental contributions of prostitute performers of Lebedeff’s theatre, Akshaya Bai, Radhamani, Jaidurga, Rajkumari, Hara Methrani, Jagattarini, Elokeshi, Shyama, Golapsundari, Nati Binodini, Tinkari, Indubala, Prabha Devi, Niharbala Devi, Krishnabhamini Devi, Narisundari Devi, Govindarani Bai, Manorama Devi, Subashini Devi, Govindarani Bai, Angurbala/Prabhabati Devi, Krishnabhamini, Niharbala, Bara (elder) Rajlakshmi, Kananbala, Ranibala Devi, Umashashi, Nibhanani, Chunibala Devi, Malina Devi, Prabha Devi, Manorama Devi, Sarajubala, and countless others, the performance world in Bengal would have been arid and sterile. This chapter is an overview of their trials and tribulations.
Entangled in Performance
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Kuntal , Kundu Manujendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a comparative study of women performers in group and commercial/professional theatre of Kolkata, this chapter traces their travails and negotiations amid a male-dominated ‘kinship’ and ‘cartel’ culture. The highbrow bhadralok academics have largely ignored to engage with commercial/professional theatre for its profiteering attitude and alleged decadent and debased business as opposed to the left-leaning, progressive, and idealist group theatre. Quite naturally, performers of both sexes belonging to this class could not escape such postulations. It has been observed that despite such sneering and snobbery, the bhadralok and bhadramahila performers could not escape the allure of money in commercial/professional theatre. Although in commercial/professional theatre women had to suffer disrespect and ignominy for their social background with low class/caste, poor economic background, etc., their female counterparts in group theatre did not get much respect from their male directors and colleagues either, even when some of them were their husbands and/or lovers, jeopardizing their personal and professional home. The nature of ‘denial’ in both spaces might seem different/incongruous at the outset, but it has been argued in this chapter that they were fundamentally the same. However, it is also true that over time, women have started becoming conscious of their situation and have begun to negotiate the hostile situation.
Bonds of Labour
Authors: Munsi Urmimala Sarkar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nachni women are popularly known as professional women dancers from eastern India, often seen as the partner/concubine of a male rasik (connoisseur). This chapter tries to establish a fragile but artistic agency for these women, who are still not accepted as respectable members of society. In the public realm, her dance labour is paid for, but the payment usually belongs to her rasik. This chapter proposes to categorize this form of labour as an open case of bonded labour—perpetuated in the open with the consent of society. Identifying a forced social absence created for the nachni by her family’s observing of her last rites as soon as she commits to this profession, this chapter attempts to draw the historiography of a defiant presence on a public proscenium where the performer devises her subversions to claim liveness, pleasure, and spatial presence in order to resist such social deletions.
Informed Self-organization
Authors: Brazma Alvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a brief, non-orthodox introduction into molecular biology. As the Nobel Laureate Sidney Brenner wrote: ‘Biology is essentially (very low energy) physics with computations’. The chapter shows how molecular self-assembly and self-organization, combined with inherited information, form the basis of all known processes of life. In particular, the chapter discusses proteins and protein folding, self-assembly of protein complexes, DNA, RNA, Crick’s central dogma, and gene transcription and translation. In the end of this chapter, the analogy between von Neumann’s theory of self-replication and Francis Crick’s central dogma of molecular biology are discussed.
Evolution as a Ratchet of Information
Authors: Brazma Alvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how information can be measured in a biologically meaningful way. This is based on Kolmogorov’s complexity and the concept of mutual information. Next the chapter discusses how information can be recorded in the physical world and shows that because of thermal noise, large amounts of information can be recorded only by digital-combinatorial means. It follows that before human language emerged, DNA or other polymer molecules were the only means available to nature for recording and communicating large amounts of information. Furthermore, this implies that there is a link between the complexity of an organism and the amount of biologically relevant information in the organism’s DNA. It is shown that biological evolution can be regarded as computing over the information residing in the entire DNA on Earth via so-called genetic algorithms. It also briefly discusses animal cultures to assess the amount of information that animals can communicate to each other.
Summarizing and analysing the findings from the DRC case
Authors: Buitelaar Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the findings of the DRC case study. In general, it finds that the theoretical framework presented in this book provides considerable analytical leverage to explain the conditions under which UN peacekeepers assist the ICC. On the basis of the empirical chapters, the chapter further suggests a number of amendments to the original theoretical framework which may better help explain the conditions under which UN peacekeepers assist the ICC. Finally, it presents two ‘pathways to assistance’, conjunctions of conditions that will lead to full and inconsistent assistance, respectively. In the appendix, the chapter summarizes the findings of the case study chapters in tabular form.
Introduction
Authors: Trotzke Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on the notion of canonicity in grammar by discussing the distinction between canonical and non-canonical speech acts, and how this distinction relates to the common classification between major (declarative, interrogative, imperative) versus minor (e.g., exclamative, optative) clause types. The chapter introduces the driving hypothesis of the book that specific illocutionary forces are neither ‘canonical’ nor ‘non-canonical’ per se, and that the illocutionary potential of different clause types (often referred to as ‘mood’) is reflected in their syntactic form only to a very limited extent. The idea is presented that the canonicity of a clause type—and all the discourse effects that follow from it—is determined by categories that are much broader than specific illocutionary forces, and on this basis the end of this chapter sketches an outline of the rest of the book.
A typology of non-canonical questions
Authors: Trotzke Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 proposes a typology of non-canonical questions based on three central notions that are very often used to analyze and classify non-canonical questions: the speaker’s bias, epistemic states (of both speaker and addressee), and the speaker’s emotion. The chapter first introduces the three notions and then discusses relevant types of non-canonical questions, grouped into separate sections that are based on this threefold distinction. In particular, the chapter discusses questions where the speaker is biased towards or against the truth of one of the alternatives (e.g., negative polar questions; Isn’t he running fast?); questions where the speaker expresses that their ignorance is either extremely strong (e.g., can’t-find-the-value questions) or extremely weak (e.g., rhetorical questions), and questions where the speaker expresses a presupposition of emotion.