bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling of Terrestrial Support: Differing Solutions to Mechanical Constraints of Size
Authors: Biewener Andrew A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terrestrial animals and plants span an enormous size range, and yet even distantly related groups are constructed of similar materials (e.g., bone, wood, muscle, and tendon). As with many physiological processes, evolutionary and ontogenetic changes in size impose constraints of scale on the mechanical design and function of skeletal support systems that are built of materials having similar properties. Adequate design requires that the capacity of skeletal elements (and muscles) for force transmission safely exceeds the levels required for biological support and movement. This is the case when the force transmitted per unit cross-sectional area of the material, defined as a mechanical stress (= F/A, e.g., N/mm2), does not exceed the material’s strength (the maximum stress that the material can withstand before failure). Clearly, larger structures can support larger forces more safely. The important design consideration, however, is whether changes in force requirements are matched by comparable changes in tissue cross-sectional area in order to keep maximal stresses and, thus, safety factors (defined as failure stress/peak functional stress) constant as size changes. Scale-invariant features (bone strength, timber strength, and peak muscle stress), therefore, require size-dependent changes in other features if the functional integrity of support systems is to be maintained over a broad size range (see also Li this volume).
Does Piety Pay? Socrates and Plato on Prayer and Sacrifice
Authors: McPherran Mark L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s Apology offers a perennial challenge to its readers, prodding them to ask inter alia whether its Socrates is really guilty of the formal charge of impiety by failing to “recognize” the gods of Athens (Ap. 24b8-c1). If one turns to Xenophon for assistance in answering this question, however, the response will be an unequivocal “not guilty,” for as his portrait has it: “[Socrates] never said or did anything impious (asebes), and his speech and actions in respect of the gods were those of a truly religious (eusebestatos) man” (Mem. 1.1.20).
The Catecholamine Innervation of Primate Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Lewis David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The catecholamines dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) are known to exert critical modulatory influences over a number of cognitive and motor functions mediated by the neural circuitry of the frontal lobe. Understanding how alterations in cortical catecholamines may be involved in both the pathophysiology and treatment of ADHD requires knowledge of the normal regional, laminar, and cellular distribution of the axons that utilize DA or NE, of the receptors that are the targets of these neurotransmitters, and of the development of these systems during child hood and adolescence.
Communication in a Lilliputian World
Authors: Greenfield Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most terrestrial and freshwater or marine habitats, the vast majority of animals transmitting and receiving communicative signals are arthropods. This generalization holds whether the accounting is by species, individuals, or even the number and rate of messages transmitted. Given the attention paid to the abundance and overall importance of arthropods in the earth’s ecosystems in recent years, these contentions may engender little surprise when taken at face value. Nonetheless, the ways in which the myriad of arthropods communicate are often beyond our perceptual abilities or imagination, and we may be generally unaware of these activities taking place in our midst.
The Emergence of Everything
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the whole is greater than the sum of the parts--indeed, so great that the sum far transcends the parts and represents something utterly new and different--we call that phenomenon emergence. When the chemicals diffusing in the primordial waters came together to form the first living cell, that was emergence. When the activities of the neurons in the brain result in mind, that too is emergence. In The Emergence of Everything, one of the leading scientists involved in the study of complexity, Harold J. Morowitz, takes us on a sweeping tour of the universe, a tour with 28 stops, each one highlighting a particularly important moment of emergence. For instance, Morowitz illuminates the emergence of the stars, the birth of the elements and of the periodic table, and the appearance of solar systems and planets. We look at the emergence of living cells, animals, vertebrates, reptiles, and mammals, leading to the great apes and the appearance of humanity. He also examines tool making, the evolution of language, the invention of agriculture and technology, and the birth of cities. And as he offers these insights into the evolutionary unfolding of our universe, our solar system, and life itself, Morowitz also seeks out the nature of God in the emergent universe, the God posited by Spinoza, Bruno, and Einstein, a God Morowitz argues we can know through a study of the laws of nature. Written by one of our wisest scientists, The Emergence of Everything offers a fascinating new way to look at the universe and the natural world, and it makes an important contribution to the dialogue between science and religion.
Introduction
Authors: Christiano Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is valuable about democracy and what are the limits of this value? These are the two questions that are the focus of the essays in this volume. And these are among the most important questions in political philosophy today. For when there are disagreements about the right course of action for a political society, some person or group of people must decide what to do. This fact is at the core of most of the problems that we face as members of political communities for two reasons. First, we share cultural, economic, and political institutions with many people. And, second, we encounter pervasive conflicts of interests with our fellow human beings and ubiquitous and deep disagreements with them on how to shape these shared institutions. These dis­ agreements range over matters of social justice, human rights, the common good, and the best means for achieving these aims. Democracy provides a solution to the problem of who may legitimately participate in decision making about issues of great importance to a political community under circumstances of disagreement and conflict of interests. The authors in this volume provide differing philosophical foundations for the idea that democracy is valuable and explore the legitimate shape, scope, and limits of democratic rule.
What is Equality? Part 4: Political Equality
Authors: Dworkin Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a series of essays, I have been studying the idea of equality beginning in a principle—the abstract egalitarian principle—that states the idea in its most abstract form. This principle stipulates that government must act to make the lives of citizens better, and must act with equal concern for the life of each member. We reach a useful, practical theory about what equality requires by constructing and testing concrete interpretations—conceptions—of that principle, to decide which conception is, all things considered, the best. Of course the abstract egalitarian principle cannot decide all matters: government and politics face a variety of issues, at every level of abstraction and concreteness, that cannot be answered simply by selecting among different interpretations or conceptions of abstract equality. And yet the influence of the egalitarian principle will be pervasive for any society that accepts it. The preferred interpretation of equal concern will affect not only the design of all fundamental institutions of government, but also the particular decisions each of these institutions makes.
Balance: Neurovestibular Effects of Space?ight and Their Operational Consequences
Authors: Buckey Jay C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A day or so after returning from Earth orbit, an astronaut drove his car onto a long, tightly curved ramp at the intersection of two interstate highways. About halfway through the curve he needed to pull over because he was having a strong sensation of tilt. The slight sideways G forces he had experienced in the turn had been interpreted by his space-adapted brain and nervous system as a significant body tilt. The most likely explanation was that his balance system had adapted to weightlessness and had not yet readapted to Earth’s gravity.
Nutrient Relations of the Herbaceous Layer in Deciduous Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Muller Robert N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contributions of deciduous forest herbs to ecosystem-level processes are frequently ignored due to low contributions of this stratum to overall biomass. Thus, we are familiar with studies that treat the herbaceous layer as a dependent variable, responding to light and through fall (R.C. Anderson et al. 1969), soil and biotic influences on nutrient availability (Snaydon 1962, Crozier and Boerner 1984), and local patterns of topographic variation (e.g., windthrow pits and mounds; Beatty 1984; chapter 7, this volume). Studies treating deciduous forest herbs as independent agents influences community and ecosystem processes are less common and frequently focus on isolated circumstances in which processes such as control of pollinators (Thompson 1986), allelopathy (Gliessman 1976; Horsley 1977b), or exploitative competition (Meekins and McCarthy 1999) can be demonstrated. Yet, in considering ecosystem-level influences of the herbaceous layer, we need only look at the effectiveness of understory removal on increasing wood production in plantation forestry to appreciate the importance of the herbaceous layer. For instance, a 12-year study of loblolly pine seedling response to herbaceous weed control demonstrated a 30–99% increase in growth (volume) over the period (Glover et al. 1989).
The Herbaceous Layer of Eastern Old-Growth Deciduous Forests
Authors: McCarthy Brian C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of old-growth forests has long been a fascination of plant ecologists. In all likelihood this was an outgrowth of the Clementsian view of succession (Clements 1936; Weaver and Clements 1938) in which communities were perceived to change in an orderly and predictable way and culminate in a terminal climax community (chapter 10, this volume). Throughout much of eastern North America, old-growth forests were the epitome of the climax community (Braun 1950; Whitney 1987). Old-growth forests have been of continued interest in the study of plant ecology in large part because they are generally free of the myriad of disturbances caused by humans, thereby allowing the study of natural processes. This unique quality has generated an enormous research database on many aspects of eastern old-growth forests (Nowacki and Trianosky 1993). Due to the massive disturbances associated with European settlement, the landscape in eastern North America underwent enormous change (M. Williams 1989; Whitney 1994; Irland 1999). Lumbering, agriculture, grazing, and anthropogenic wildfires all altered the landscape such that now most deciduous old-growth forest exists only as small relicts. More recently, some have argued that no forest in eastern North America is free of anthropogenic disturbance (direct or indirect).
Habitat Heterogeneity and Maintenance of Species in Understory Communities
Authors: Beatty Susan W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What determines species distributions and species richness in forested communities? This question has been debated for decades. Rather than ruling out possible explanations, we have continued to propose new hypotheses. Four explanatory factors often appear in the literature: disturbance, patterns in physical factors (soils, microclimate), biological processes (e.g., competition, dispersal, colonization, and extinction), and history (land use, anthropogenic impacts, and successional age). In this chapter I address the effects of all four factors in determining the species composition and richness of northeastern deciduous forest communities in the context of spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. Disturbance in plant communities has been connected with the maintenance of species richness, community stability, and a variety of life history strategies (Watt 1947a; Whittaker 1969; F. E. Smith 1972; Drury and Nisbet 1973; Grubb 1977; Platt and Weis 1977; Whittaker and Levin 1977; Connell 1978; Grime 1979; Huston 1979; Denslow 1980; 1985; Pickett 1980; Collins and Pickett 1987; Foster 1988a; Foster and Boose 1992; Cooper-Ellis et al. 1999).
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Herbaceous Layer Communities in the North Carolina Piedmont
Authors: Christensen Norman L , Gilliam Frank S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The questions ecologists, especially those who study plant communities, choose to ask are necessarily influenced by the character of landscapes immediately available for study. Thus, it is not surprising that researchers at mid-Atlantic universities in the first half of the twentieth century—individuals such as B. W. Wells, H. J. Oosting, W. D. Billings, and M. F. Buell, who established some of the first doctoral training programs in plant ecology—chose to focus much of their attention on the process of vegetation change that derives from the abandonment of farmland.
Constructing Cardinals from Below
Authors: Tait William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The totality n of transfinite numbers was first introduced in Cantor (1883) by means of the principle If the initial segment E of n is a set, then it has a least strict upper bound S(E) E n. Thus, for numbers a = S(E) and /3 = S(E’), a &lt; /3 iff a E E’; a = /3 iff E = E’; 8(0) is the least number O (although Cantor himself took the least number to be 1); if E has a greatest element ‘Y, then a is its successor ‘Y +1; and if E is nonnull and has no greatest element, then a is the least upper bound of E. The problem with the definition, of course, is in determining what it means for an initial segment to be a set. Obviously, not all of them are; for the totality n of all numbers is an initial segment, but to admit it as a set would yield S(O) &lt; S(O), contradicting the assumption that n is well-ordered by &lt;. Cantor himself understood this already in 1883. In his earlier writings [e.g., (1882)], he had essentially defined a set “in some conceptual sphere” such as arithmetic or geometry, to be the extension of a well-defined property. But in these cases, he was considering sets of objects of some type A, where being an object of type A is itself not defined in terms of the notion of a set of objects of type A. But with his definition of the transfinite numbers, an entirely novel situation arises: the definition of n depends on the notion of a subset of n. Accordingly, he abandoned his earlier definition of set in (1883), and in his later writings, he distinguished between those initial segments which are sets and those which are not in terms of his concept of “consistent multiplicity”; but that is just naming the problem, not solving it.
Reverence
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reverence is an ancient virtue dating back thousands of years. It survives among us in half-forgotten patterns of behavior and in the vestiges of old ceremonies. Yet, Paul Woodruff says, we have lost sight of reverence. Like an important engine part that has rusted over time, the idea of reverence has become increasingly foreign. This short, elegiac volume makes an impassioned case for the fundamental importance of the forgotten virtue of reverence, and how awe for things greater than oneself can--indeed must--be a touchstone for other virtues like respect, humility, and charity. Ranging widely over diverse cultural terrain--from Philip Larkin to ancient Greek poetry, from modern politics to Chinese philosophy--Woodruff shows how absolutely essential reverence is to a well-functioning society. He tackles some thorny questions: How does reverence allow not only for leaders but for followers? What role does reverence play in religion? Do some religions misuse reverence? Must reverence be humorless? In the process, Woodruff shows convincingly how reverence plays an unseen part in virtually every human relationship, whether in government, work, friendship, or family. It is essential, he says, for us to recover a sense of reverence in order to help repair the fraying bonds that tie us together. Elegantly written, thoughtful yet urgent, Reverence is sure to reach out to a wide variety of people interested in the moral health of Western culture, showing how our own intellectual and spiritual legacy can guide us more than we realize.
Bacteriophage N4
Authors: Kazmierczak Krystyna M , Rothman-Denes Lucia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophage N4 is a lytic phage specific for Escherichia coli K-12 strains originally isolated from the sewers of Genoa (80). N4 is unique in: (i) the use of three different DNA-dependent RNA polymerases during its growth cycle, (ii) a virion-encapsidated RNA polymerase (N4 vRNAP) that is injected into the host cell upon infection, (iii) the use of single-stranded DNA binding proteins as transcriptionalactivators, (iv) the presence of 30 extensions at each end of its linear genome, and (v) a lysis-inhibited infection cycle. The N4 virion particle, as visualized by electron microscopy, consists of an icosahedral head 70 nm in diameter connected by a base plate to a small noncontractile tail, and a number of short tail fibers originating from the junction between the head and the tail (figure 21-1A) (82). The virion particle is composed of a single linear double-stranded DNA molecule and, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate^ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 10 proteins (25). The major component of the virion is the coat protein, a 48 kDa polypeptide. Also present is a virion-encapsidated phage-coded, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRNAP) that is responsible for transcription of phage early genes (24).
The Brain Takes Shape
Authors: Martensen Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using historical and anthropological perspectives to examine mind-body relationships in western thought, this book interweaves topics that are usually disconnected to tell a big, important story in the histories of medicine, science, philosophy, religion, and political rhetoric. Beginning with early debates during the Scientific Revolution about representation and reality, Martensen demonstrates how investigators such as Vesalius and Harvey sought to transform long-standing notions of the body as dominated by spirit-like humors into portrayals that emphasized its solid tissues. Subsequently, Descartes and Willis and their followers amended this ‘new’ philosophy to argue for the primacy of the cerebral hemispheres and cranial nerves as they downplayed the role of the spirit, passion, and the heart in human thought and behaviour. None of this occurred in a social vacuum, and the book places these medical and philosophical innovations in the context of the religious and political crises of the Reformation and English Civil War and its aftermath. Patrons and their interests are part of the story, as are patients and new formulations of gender. John Locke’s psychology and the emergence in England of a constitutional monarchy figure prominently, as do opponents of the new doctrines of brain and nerves and the emergent social order. The book’s concluding chapter discusses how debates over investigative methods and models of body order that first raged over 300 years ago continue to influence biomedicine and the broader culture today. No other book on western mind-body relationships has attempted this.
The Nature of Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past forty years The Nature of Narrative has been a seminal work for literary students, teachers, writers, and scholars. Countering the tendency to view the novel as the paradigm case of literary narrative, authors Robert Scholes and Robert Kellogg in the original edition offered a compelling history of the genre narrative from antiquity to the twentieth-century, even as they carried out their main task of describing and analyzing the nature of narrative's main elements: meaning, character, plot, and point of view. Their history emphasized the broad sweep of literary narrative from ancient times to the contemporary period, and it included a chapter on the oral heritage of written narrative and an appendix on the interior monologue in ancient texts. The fortieth anniversary edition of this groundbreaking work has been revised and expanded to include a new preface and a lengthy chapter on developments in narrative theory since 1966 by James Phelan. This chapter describes the principles and practices of structuralist, cognitive, feminist, and rhetorical approaches to narrative, paying special attention to their work on plot, character, and narrative discourse. A continued leader in the field of narrative studies, The Nature of Narrative offers unique and invaluable histories of both narrative and narrative theory.
In Mendel’s Mirror
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philip Kitcher is one of the leading figures in the philosophy of science today. Here he collects, for the first time, many of his published articles on the philosophy of biology, spanning from the mid-1980’s to the present. The book’s title refers to Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk who was one of the first scientists to develop a theory of heredity. Mendel’s work has been deeply influential to our understanding of our selves and our world, just as the study of genetics today will have a profound and long-term impact on future scientific research. Kitcher’s articles cover a broad range of topics with similar philosophical and social significance: socio-biology, evolutionary psychology, species, race, altruism, genetic determinism, and the rebirth of creationism in Intelligent Design. Kitcher’s work on the intersection of biology and the philosophy of science is both unprecedented and wide-ranging, and will appeal not only to philosophers of science, but to scholars and students across disciplines.
Demoralization, Trust, and the Virtues
Authors: Baier Annette C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume famously wrote that “we must look within to find the moral quality.” He took the inner moral qualities of persons and their actions to be lasting character traits, or virtues, expressed in their behavior, both intentional action and spontaneous reaction. Some have recently doubted that persons have such dependable traits of personal character but rather claim that we all, uniformly, behave according to the situation we find ourselves in. So, for instance, we obey authority figures who order us to administer severe electric shocks to others or refuse help to the injured when we are late for an important appointment, regardless of our previous reputation for consideration or kindness.