bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pictures
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all the Exultet rolls of southern Italy are adorned with series of illuminations placed in the course of the text and the music. These pictures, among the largest manuscript illuminations made up to their time in the Middle Ages, have been the chief source of interest in the Exultet rolls. Much has been written about them by historians of art, and much has been learned. In this chapter we will consider the pictures, but our interest here is not in the pictures as individual compositions or in the sources, the models, the imagery, or the artistry of the individual pictures. These matters have been treated in detail by others, and all the pictures can be seen both in the recent catalogue entitled Exultet (where almost the full length of every roll is reproduced in color) and in Myrtilla Avery’s pioneering The Exultet Rolls of South Italy. Both publications provide substantial commentary on the pictures, and the bibliography at the end of this book provides many references to further art-historical studies.
Making and Using Exultet Rolls
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have discussed the text and the music of the Exultet and the ceremonial context in which it was sung; we now turn to a consideration of the Exultet rolls themselves-their manufacture and their use. It is no easy matter to make a manuscript, and illustrated luxury documents require particular skill. The roll-form, and the turning of illustrations upside down, add further complexities, making the construction of an Exultet roll a very difficult matter. We will consider the problems in manufacturing such rolls, with a view to understanding their nature and purpose.
Conclusion: The Purpose of Making Exultet Rolls
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remarkable phenomenon of the Exultet .roll results, as we see, from the work of many contributors and the confluence of many traditions, textual, musical, and visual. And yet some central questions remain to be addressed, which can best be posed-if not always answered-after the foregoing consideration of the constituent elements. Why Write Down the Music of the Exultet? The reason for writing the Exultet with musical notation might seem self-evident: an unusual and unfamiliar piece is a good candidate for writing. The deacon sings the Exultet only once a year; adjusting the musical formula on the spot would make its extemporaneous performance inconvenient.
World Mental Health
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes the burden of mental, behavioural, and social health problems in low-income countries, illuminates the reasons for the substantial morbidity rates, assesses current efforts to cope with these conditions, and points to ways to alleviate and, where feasible, prevent them. It provides a framework for international policy-makers to develop a concrete agenda for action and for further research on mental and social health.
The Elderly
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of aged in the world population will more than double from 500 million in 1990 to over one billion by 2025.1 The majority of this growth will occur in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.2 In 1990, 250 million people in these regions were over the age of sixty; by 2025 this number will grow to over 800 million. Health care systems and government institutions will have to struggle hard to provide for their needs, as some of the social systems that traditionally have provided care for the elderly are beginning to weaken and the numbers of needy aged are increasing. These demographic changes influence mental health in several ways. The growth in the elderly population means an inevitable increase in age-related diseases, such as the dementias. In addition, changes in social patterns will alter the role of the elderly and the ways they are valued. These changes can lead to poor mental health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, suicide, and serious constraints on the quality of life among elderly individuals. In addition, the high prevalence of multiple coexisting physical conditions, such as incontinence, hip fracture, and sensory loss influence mental health through the loss of self-esteem and independence. Finally, families will also be affected by the increased demand for caregiving (see Box 9.1).
Introduction
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Savitz David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enviromental epidemiology may be defined as the epidemiologic study of the health consequences of exposures that are involuntary and that occur in the general environment. Such exposures may occur in the air, water, diet, or soil. Examples in these generic categories are respirable particulates in the air, chlorinated hydrocarbons in treated water, toxic contaminants in cooking oil, and lead in the soil. The involuntary nature of these exposures separates environmental epidemiology from other realms of epidemiology. For example, passive smoking falls within the scope of environmental epidemiology because it is involuntary and a public exposure, whereas active smoking is not. Community exposure to lead coming from a local plant is an issue of environmental epidemiology, whereas worker exposure to lead in the plant itself is a problem of occupational epidemiology; study design and methods typically would be quite different for these two populations. Much of in-fectious disease epidemiology is also excluded when transmission of the infectious agent is person-to-person. However, infectious agents encountered in the general environment (e.g., in water supplies) are within the scope of environmental epidemiology.
Mata-analysis and Risk Assessment
Authors: Wright Catherine , Peggy Lopipero , Smith Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important questions about the relationship between environmental agents and human disease are often the most difficult to answer. Does the weight of the evidence indicate that exposure causes disease? If so, what is the quantitative dose-response relationship? What does that relationship imply for regulation? Risk assessment is usually defined as the process by which these questions are answered. Within the terminology of risk assessment, the first question is often called hazard identification, the second concerns dose-response assessment, and the third question combines estimates of the prevalence of exposure with risk quantification. Risk assessment can be done with animal or human data.
Outdoor Air I:Particulates
Authors: Dockery Douglas W , Arden Pope C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many aspects of the study of health effects of particulate air pollution typify the challenges in environmental epidemiology. The evidence that acute air pollution episodes, consisting primarily of particulate matter and sulphur air pollution, can cause short-term increases in mortality is persuasive. Episodes such as the one in London in 1952 resulted in clear increases in the number of deaths over the period concurrent with the pollution episode. Thus, we have an anchor of certainty that particulate air pollution causes adverse health effects in the high-dose region of the dose-response curve.
Outdoor Air Ill:Ozone
Authors: Aburto Victor Hugo Borja. , Dana Loomis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ozone (O3) in the stratosphere protects human health, but at low levels in the troposphere it is a cause for concern. Tropospheric ozone, the subject of this chapter, is the main component of urban smog. Ozone is produced largely through the combination of exhaust from automobiles and sunlight. Levels have been steady or increasing over time. The number of cars has increased but pollution controls on cars have .also been adopted. Levels are higher in the summer when visible smog can cause respiratory irritation.
EnvironmentalTobacco Smoke II: Lung Cancer
Authors: Wu Anna H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Worldwide, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is among the leading environmental health concerns, based on the high prevalence of exposure and on the severity of the diseases with which it has been associated. Lung cancer is the outcome that the general public most strongly associates with ETS. Exposures to tobacco smoke for nonsmokers are very low compared to those of active smokers. The median levels of serum cotinine for ETSexposed nonsmokers in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII) was approximately 0.5 ng/ml, with an upper limit of about 10 to 15 ng/mL. Active smokers had a median serum cotinine level of approximately 180 ng/mL. This large discrepancy between cotinine levels for nonsmokers and smokers has led some to believe that ETS could have little if any health effect. If ETS is measured in “active smoking equivalents” based on cotinine, then most ETS exposures are equivalent to less than a single cigarette per day. Yet there is a strong body of evidence linking ETS with lung cancer.
Effects of Lead in Children and Adults
Authors: Schwartz David , Joel Bellinger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few environmental agents have such diverse uses and such a long history of suspected and recognized toxicity as lead. The circumstances in which lead is encountered are varied; regardless of the original source, lead is persistent so that exposure can occur via community air pollution, soil contamination, and water pollution. There are also many relatively isolated sources, such as the workplace environment (e.g., smelters), lead water pipes in homes, lead-contaminated paint, leadsoldered cans, and lead-glazed pottery.
The Nature of Disaster: General Characteristics and Public Health Effects
Authors: Noji Erick. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, tropical cyclones, floods, and volcanic eruptions have claimed approximately 3 million lives worldwide during the past 20 years, have adversely affected the lives of at least 800 million more people, and have caused more than $50 billion in property damage(], 2) (Tables 1-1 and 1-2). Worldwide, a major disaster occurs almost daily, and natural disasters that require international assistance for affected populations occur weekly (3 ). Unfortunately, the threats posed by disasters will likely be even worse in the future. Increasing population densities in floodplains, along vulnerable coastal areas, and near dangerous faults in the earth’s crust; the development and transportation of thousands of toxic and hazardous materials; and rapid industrialization in developing countries all point to the probability of future catastrophic disasters with the potential for millions of casualties (4, 5) (Fig. 1-1). Indeed, our planet will experience many natural hazards during the next decade:
Effective Media Relations
Authors: Churchill R Elliott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a disaster, rapid communication and favorable relationships with the news media are essential components of responsible public health practice. Whether correctly or wrongly, individuals and groups usually tum to the news media as their first, best, and undisputed source of information about what to do in preparation for disasters, what has happened in a disaster, and what they should do after a disaster. In late 1990, an unfounded prediction of an earthquake in the central United States led to earthquake anxiety for millions of people, hundreds of thousands of student-days of absences from schools, and over $100 million spent on earthquake insurance premiums. This episode demonstrated that the public would benefit from an early, coordinated effort by scientists and the media to provide clear and accurate information. It is particularly important that this authoritative information be provided to the media and to emergency-preparedness personnel in a timely manner.
Industrial Disasters
Authors: Lillibridge Scott R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disasters that result from a society’s technological activities are termed industrial or human-made. Such disaster events threaten the health of populations and are often associated with the release of hazardous substances or their by-products into the environment. Most catastrophic chemical releases or spills occur in the transportation phase of the industrial process ( 1 ). Because many manufacturing processes involve petroleum products, explosions and fires often occur in these disasters and may result in blast, bum, or inhalation injuries (2-5). Environmental consequences of industrial disasters may include chemical contamination of the water table, the soil, the food chain, or common household products (6, 7), and the resulting adverse health effects may be delayed for years and then appear as subtle impairments to the neurologic or immune systems (8, 9).
Nuclear Reactor Incidents
Authors: Whitcomb Robert C , Sage Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrical power demand has steadily increased in the United States. The generation of electricity by nuclear power has also steadily increased since the mid-1950s. By September 1994, the United States bad 109 operating nuclear reactors producing about 21% of its electrical energy, compared with 56 nuclear reactors producing about 77% of the electrical energy in France (1).
Shelter-Based Crisis Intervention with Battered Women
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F , Resnick Cheryl , Krause Nora B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current estimates of victims of spouse abuse are that 2 million women are battered each year (Council on Scientific Affairs, 1992; Novella, 1992; Roberts & Roberts, 1990) with more than 1 million women annually seeking medical care for injuries due to spouse battering (Schecter, 1987; Wodarski, 1987). Twenty-two to 35 percent of hospital emergency room visits were by women whose injuries were directly related to abuse by their partner. Even so, Lenore Walker (1984) estimated that no matter how extreme the violence was, 50 percent of abused women still did not receive the medical and psychological help that they needed.
“The Whole Family of Man”
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December I, 1862, Abraham Lincoln Delivered His Second annual message to Congress. Today we would call it the State of the Union Address. The state of the Union in December 1862 was perilous in the extreme. The Confederate States of America stood proud and defiant as an independent nation whose existence mocked the pretense of union. Most European statesmen assumed that it was merely a matter of time until Lincoln would recognize the inevitable truth that the Union had ceased to exist and give up his bloody, quixotic effort to cobble it together again by force. At home, political opposition menaced the administration’s ability to continue the war.
Tex Unbound
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LaTeX is the premiere software system used for presenting technical information. It is considered the system of choice for writers in mathematics, the sciences, computer science, and engineering who need to present formulas and technical infomation in a clear and elegant manner. It is also increasingly used by nontechnical writers interested in superior printing and document presentation. However, users of this ubiquitous software need to know much more than how to use basic style files or LaTeX commands. They need to know how to integrate Tex—the original version of LaTeX—with other commercially available software and hardware. People also need clear, accurate and brief instructions and solutions to many common problems. This unique book is intended to provide these valuable aids. It also tells how to use LaTex or Tex with files prepared with everyday office software such as Lotus or Wordperfect, and how to set up software links with Acrobat and hyper-text using LaTex for internet communication.
Logical Documents Via Latex
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine yourself as a computer user, but blind. The situation isn’t as dreadful as you might think-certain gadgets let the computer read ASCII files out loud, and TEX input files, which are pure ASCII, work well in this arrangement. (For a discussion of an actual such system, see both Raman (1995) and Gibbs (1996).) Now imagine the computer reading a TEX input file to you. Certain situations arise.
More Virtual Fonts
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we letterspacetext, we adjust the characters to sit a bit closer or farther apart from each neighbor by some fixed amount in addition to the normal kerns that apply between adjacent characters. Normally, we will subject only a word or short phrase to the Procrustean bed of track kerninran equivalent term for letterspacing-and we do so for special purposes only, perhaps for a large display or in order to better fit type on particularly short lines (rarely). The New Yorker magazine, with a layout that centers about three narrow columns, is notorious for its frequent use of letterspacing to avoid large interword spaces. (An alternate approach often appears on the Op Ed pages of The New York Times, which eschews letterspacing for its narrow columns. Odd layouts are apt to display immense interword spaces and occasional ragged right lines. Given the reality of short lines, it’s not easy to decide which alternative is preferable.) Since tracking doses up the interword spacing when applied to several adjacent words, it sometimes looks as if several words have simply been run together. The author of TEX has rightly observed that it is easy to abuse tracking. Typesetters should be sparing in its use.
Graphic Discussions
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The urge to draw is a powerful one, as a glance at a New York City subway or at the walls of a public bathroom amply attests. It was dear early on that 1E)( gave precise control over the placement and formatting of text on a page, and it did not take long for authors to clamor for the ability to do the same with images. In the formative years of1E,X, the situation regarding graphics was limited, but now there are so many ancillary utilities and sophisticated drivers that we can be optimistic at preparing and including graphic images that match the style and appearance of the paper.
Graphics Via Latex And Tex
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter will serve as a travelog through the LATEX picture environment and the PICTEX macro package. If authors need either of these systems, they should be able to tour these pages to get an idea if they will be appropriate. These two systems use LATEX or TEX commands to generate graphic images. Anyone planning to use graphic techniques will need to know basic elements of coordinate geometry, the universal language that makes it possible to locate and place things on a flat surface.
The Copy Principle
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Locke argues in Essay I.iv that there are no innate ideas; all ideas are instead derived from sensation or reflection. This denial of innate ideas-highly influential in eighteenth-century British philosophy-helps to justify Locke’s de facto rejection of the Cartesian intellect, and thereby also to justify his methodological empiricism and commonsense skepticism toward a number of scholastic and rationalist metaphysical doctrines concerning both the physical and the mental realms. The Copy Principle, which is the first of Hume’s two most fundamental principles, is a direct successor to this Lockean doctrine, as Hume himself acknowledges (see EHU S17n).
Qualitative Changes, 1937–1939
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having worked out mark-recapture techniques during my first year at Oxford,9 I applied them to a population of voles at Lake Vyrnwy (Figure 3.1) 10 during a peak in 1936–1937 and decline in 1938 (area A, Figure 3.2). Also, I was lucky enough to find nearby populations that were at a peak in 1938 and declining in 1939 (area B). Unlike the large conifer plantations in which previous studies had been made, those around Lake Vyrnwy consisted of smaller units interspersed among sheep pasture, mature forests, and other unsuitable habitats. Also, the sheep that used to graze the land had been fenced out in different years, which meant that a succession of areas became suitable for voles, which may explain why some populations were out of phase with others.
Wartime Rat and Mouse Control, 1939–1946
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When war broke out in September 1939 we switched from pure to applied zoology, and thanks to Charles’s foresight the transition was fast and smooth. Our mandate now was to help protect Britain’s food supplies from rodent pests. For every ton of food that could be saved, a ton of other goods could be imported. Instead of roaming the hills of Wales and Scotland we now spent our lives at garbage dumps, down sewers, on a pig farm by the tracks, below stairs in restaurants, and anywhere we could study Norway rats or house mice. Luckily, our work also took us into the country (Figure 4.1) at a time when few people were able to travel. Several other workers joined the Bureau, and research was extended to London and abroad.
Replication, 1946–1951
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On getting back to Lake Vyrnwy in 1946 we needed to replicate the prewar observations. Four aspects had to be checked out: body weights and reproduction (from snap-trapping); survival in the field (from mark-recapture); food supply (from comparative observations); and survival in the lab (from life tables). Responsibility for these studies now rested with Helen and me (Figures 5.1, 5.2). We first reviewed our techniques.
To begin with, we did not know what phase of the cycle we had come in on, so went back to using the prewar indices of abundance. As we spent several days on each visit, we seldom used the quick but boring method of trace index. Instead, we set several lines of snap-traps, which gave us a rough index of abundance and satisfied the need for corpses.
Multiplicity Of Selves
Authors: Rosenberg Seymour 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Multiplicity of selves” is a rather ambiguous title. Multiplicity of selves, and its semantic relatives, subselves and subpersonalities, are used to refer to any of a variety of conceptual partitionings of self. Among the more diverse referents for these terms are complexes, archetypes, and dissociated states of consciousness, including such pathological extremes as multiple personality. This inventory, far from complete, also reflects the ubiquity of the general notion of multiplicity in psychopathology and in personality organization.