bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The FixPrice Method
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Fixprice method. It compares the method to the Temporary Equilibrium method. It considers the inherent tendency of the Fixprice method to ‘go macro’. It addresses questions such as: What is the Fixprice theory of the working of a single market? In what ways does it differ from a Flexprice theory?
Keynes‐Type Macrodynamics
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter considers the application of stock and flow analysis to Fixprice macroeconomics. Even within this limited field there are two kinds of model to be considered. The chapter focuses on the first, based upon that which was used by Keynes in the General Theory. It is not the same as the Keynes model; but it has an unmistakable relation to the Keynes model, and it is by that relation that it is easiest to recognize and remember it.
Harrod‐Type Macrodynamics
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Keynes-type theory, if formulated in the way that we have been formulating it, needs to be completed by a consideration of what happens when fixed capital investment is not given autonomously, but is itself dependent, in whole or in part, on changes in output. The working of an economy in which all investment is induced investment, is one of the things which we should like to understand. This chapter discusses a model of this kind called a Harrod-type model.
Traverse Again: The Austrian Method
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter considers a method that is concerned with structure, with structural rigidities, and with Traverse; but the rigidities which it emphasizes are different from its predecessor. When the former method was being looked at by itself, we did not need a name for it; but now that we are to have another which is to be contrasted with it, both must be named. Each, it so happens, can be named from its ancestry. There already existed, at the end of the 19th century, two alternative ways of modelling a whole economy: the general equilibrium of Walras, and the intertemporal method of the Austrian school, whose leader on this matter was Böhm–Bawerk. The requirement equations on which the former method was based used the coefficients of production of Walras: they were questions of a type that was used by Walras, so the method may be labelled as Walrasian. The chapter describes a method similarly descended from the Austrian.
Time-Series-Based Econometrics
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book presents the most recent development in econometrics, namely the unit-root field including error correction and co-integration. It explains statistical procedures in detail, and emphasizes the results of applications. The book is divided into two parts. Part I deals with the univariate unit root, i.e. to see if a stochastic trend is present when each time series is analysed separately. Part II discusses co-integration, i.e. the empirical investigation of long-run relationships among a number of time series.
Regression Approach to the Test for Difference Stationarity (I)
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter describes the augmented Dickey-Fuller method for the case where Δxt is i.i.d. Difference stationarity is tested as the null hypothesis against trend stationarity, assuming that {xt} may possibly contain a linear deterministic trend. It also presents a method that does not work.
Results of the Model Selection Approach
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines historical data and post-war quarterly data in the USA. Historical data, i.e. real GNP, real wage, real interest rate, and unemployment rate are analysed as real economic variables, to which are added nominal GNP, CPI, stock price, nominal interest rate, and nominal money stock. Post-war data, i.e. GNP, real consumption, real wage, real interest rate, and unemployment rate are analysed, to which are added nominal GNP, CPI, stock price, and nominal money stock. Tests have adopted AR approximations to ARMA models, and the lag orders are determined by t-tests of highest order coefficients.
Conceptual Framework of the Co‐Integration and Its Relation to Economic Theories
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses co-integration and the Granger representation theorem. The theoretical structure of the Granger representation theorem is illustrated with economic interpretation by a bivariate process. The economic error-correction model is used to show the type of long-run relationships that be dealt with by the co-integration analysis. The recovery of the parameter of the economic error-correction model from that of the statistical error-correction model is also presented.
Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models
Authors: Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This monograph is concerned with the statistical analysis of multivariate systems of non‐stationary time series of type I(1). It applies the concepts of cointegration and common trends in the framework of the Gaussian vector autoregressive model. The main result on the structure of cointegrated processes as defined by the error correction model is Grangers representation theorem. The statistical results include derivation of the trace test for cointegrating rank, test on cointegrating relations, and test on adjustment coefficients and their asymptotic distributions.
The Statistical Analysis of I (1) Models
Authors: Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Contains the likelihood analysis of the I(1) models. The main result is the derivation of the method of reduced rank regression because of Anderson. This solves the estimation problem for the unrestricted cointegration vectors, and hence the problem of deriving a test for cointegrating rank, the so‐called trace test. The reduced rank algorithm is applied to a number of different models defined by restrictions on the deterministic terms.
An Outline of the History of Economic Thought
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides a comprehensive and analytical overview of the development of economic theory from its beginnings, at the end of the Middle Ages, up to contemporary contributions. Traditional theories are presented as living matter and modern theories as part of a historical process and not as established truths. In this way, the book avoids the dangerous dichotomy between the ‘pure’ historians of thought, who dedicate themselves exclusively to studying ‘facts’, and the ‘pure’ theorists, who are interested only in the evolution of the logical structure of theories. An unconventionally large amount of space is reserved for the thought of the last 50 years of the twentieth century, for more than 50% of scientific knowledge has been produced in this time span. The book is not directed to a specialist public nor solely to a student audience. It aims to reach the educated person who has an interest in understanding the context in which economic ideas were formed.
From Ricardo to Mill
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Deals with the consolidation of Smithian orthodoxy in the age of Ricardo, Malthus, and J. S. Mill. The Ricardian theories of rent and of the decreasing returns are utilized to explain the contrast with Malthus on the corn laws. Some emphasis is given to the English monetary theories of H. Thorton and J. S. Mill. Finally, the rise of the German Historical School is put into perspective.
The Triumph of Utilitarianism and the Marginalist Revolution
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Exposes the basic principles of neoclassical theoretical system and then provides an answer to the question: was the marginalist a real revolution? The specific contributions of Jevons, Menger, and Walras are considered in some detail. The reasons for success of the marginalist revolution are finally discussed.
Why Make When You Can Buy?
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis first section of the book introduces the central issues of contracting out by asking ‘Why make when you can buy?’ This chapter begins by outlining a handful of contracting examples, most of which have been successful (Microsoft customer support, USA; Mambo Graphics, Australia; Marks & Spencer, UK), but one outright failure is also included (vehicle maintenance in Fairfax County, Virginia, USA). The chapter goes on to suggest what may have been the crucial elements of contracting decisions that resulted in success or failure. This provides an initial glimpse of the themes, the development of which is the main purpose of the book. The chapter also outlines the approach that will be taken in the book, which is not a contracting out manual, but an analytical tool to facilitate strategic thinking about contracting out.
The Shifting Boundaries of Organizations
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the shifting boundaries of organizations––what they choose to do for themselves and what they increasingly rely on the market for. It briefly considers changes in the horizontal as well as the vertical boundaries of firms. Horizontal boundaries determine what range of output markets firms choose to be in, over and above their principal business activity. Vertical boundaries are determined by the proportion of activities in a firm's value chain let out to external providers of goods and services. The chapter also examines the underlying factors behind these organizational changes, in both the private and the public sectors. In addition, it contains a brief overview of international contracting trends in the G5 economies (USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan) and in Australia.
The Benefits of Contracting
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter and the next outline the benefits and costs of contracting out. While there is merit in separating costs from benefits, and that is how managers intuitively think of the issue, the separation is not always easily achieved, and many of the concepts raised under the heading of benefits also appear under the guise of costs. Hence, costs and benefits become two sides of the same coin, which may not be particularly helpful as a framework for decision‐making. Aspects of the benefits of contracting out are addressed in this chapter by looking at the structure of production, core activities and core competencies, the force of competition, competition and quality, the discipline of the market, and flexibility. The benefits of contracting out are summarized as specialization, market discipline, flexibility, and cost savings.
The Costs of Contracting
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter and the previous one outline the costs and benefits of contracting out. While there is merit in separating costs from benefits, and that is how managers intuitively think of the issue, the separation is not always easily achieved, and many of the concepts raised under the heading of benefits also appear under the guise of costs. Hence, costs and benefits become two sides of the same coin, which may not be particularly helpful as a framework for decision‐making. Aspects of the costs of contracting out are addressed in this chapter by looking at the coordination of production activity, cooperation and trust, the costs of transacting and monitoring, loss of control, and miscellaneous other costs. It is concluded that the crucial question is not whether the costs are significantly higher when contacting out than operating in‐house, but whether contracts can be designed in such a way that benefits do exceed the costs; the answer appears to be increasingly in the affirmative.
Specialization
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter and the next three consider the alternative means through which a contracting strategy is devised and implemented. Chapter 5 identifies the sources of added value generated through a greater degree of specialization––what the management literature refers to as the focus on the organization's distinctive capabilities. The different parts of the chapter are as follows: Redefining organizational boundaries; How does specialization add value? Specialization and competition; Patterns of specialization; and Who benefits from specialization?
Value Capture
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter, the previous one, and the next two consider the alternative means through which a contracting strategy is devised and implemented. Chapter 6 explores how added value can be captured by the contracting organization, either through a competitive or a negotiated process. The different parts of the chapter are as follows: Competitive tendering––bidding for contracts; Pre‐selection––calling for expressions of interest; Alternative sourcing methods; The contract price; Winners and losers (a discussion of the fact that a winner's bid price may be too high and eventually lose the firm money); and Value migration.
Contracting and the Service Economy
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter, the previous one, and the following one look at the structural changes that have resulted from the economy‐wide application of contracting out. The public sector is, perhaps, the one that has been most profoundly affected by it, and about which controversy concerning the appropriate scope of private and public production continues to smoulder. Chapter 10 analyses the structural changes in three major economies, the UK, USA, and Australia, and the role that contracting for services has played in bringing about those changes. This is done by using national accounts statistics to examine shifts in employment and output between sectors at a reasonably disaggregated level. The different parts of the chapter are as follows: The nature and significance of services in the economy; Producer services––the growth of intermediate transactions; Contracting for services and the productivity puzzle; and Contracting and producer services––which causes which?
The Future of Contracting
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter and the previous two look at the structural changes that have resulted from the economy‐wide application of contracting out. The public sector is perhaps the one that has been most profoundly affected by it, and about which controversy concerning the appropriate scope of private and public production continues to smoulder. Chapter 11 takes a forward look at contracting trends, not by gazing at a crystal ball, but by asking whether contracting is a fad. The chapter also examines the downsizing phenomenon and the ongoing confusion between its role and that of contracting out. Lastly, it addresses the matter of where and when the bounds of contracting out will be identified, but finds no definitive answer on the basis of current trends.
Simulation-based Econometric Methods
Authors: Gouriéroux Christian , Monfort Alain 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book deals with a new generation of econometric methods leading to criterion functions without simple analytical expression. The difficulty often comes from the presence of integrals of large dimension in the probability density function or in the moments, and the idea is to circumvent this numerical difficulty by an approach based on simulation. The main methods considered are the methods of Simulated Moments, Simulated Maximum Likelihood, Simulated Pseudo‐Maximum Likelihood, Simulated Non‐Linear Least Squares, and Indirect Inference. These methods are applied to Limited Dependent Variables Models, to Financial Series, and to Switching Regime Models.
Simulated Maximum Likelihood, Pseudo‐Maximum Likelihood, and Nonlinear Least Squares Methods
Authors: Gouriéroux Christian , Monfort Alain 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe simulated analogues to Maximum Likelihood, Pseudo‐Maximum Likelihood, and Non‐Linear Least Squares Methods are presented. Their asymptotic properties and bias corrections are given under various assumptions. Several kinds of simulators are explored and, among them, simulations based on conditioning, on EM algorithm, or on importance sampling. The Metropolis Hastings algorithm is also considered.
Applications to Limited Dependent Variable Models
Authors: Gouriéroux Christian , Monfort Alain 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPresents several applications of the methods presented in the previous chapters to Limited Dependent Variables models. Considers Discrete Choice models, Multivariate Probit Models, Logistic approximations, and empirical applications. Also considers various simulators for probabilities of subsets, constrained moments, or conditional moments in the multivariate normal case. In particular, Stern simulator, GHK simulator, acceptance‐rejection simulator, and Gibbs simulator are presented.
Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book gives a comprehensive introduction to arbitrage theory for the pricing of contingent claims, such as options, futures, and other financial derivatives. The arbitrage theory for the term structure of interest rates is given particular consideration. Also included is a self‐contained exposition of stochastic optimal control, with applications to portfolio optimisation. The mathematical development is precise but avoids the explicit use of measure theory.
Trade Policy and Economic Welfare
Authors: Corden W. Max. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExpounds the normative theory of trade policy and sets out a framework for analysing trade and other intervention policies in the presence of domestic distortions. It includes discussion of static and dynamic arguments for protection, especially the infant industry argument, effects of trade policy on income distribution, monopoly, X‐efficiency, foreign investment, and capital accumulation, and the choice between tariffs and subsidies as methods of protection. Chapters especially written for the second edition cover the environment and trade policy, strategic trade policy, and the relationship between trade policy and the exchange rate. The book contains many diagrams and very little mathematics.
The Theory of Domestic Divergences
Authors: Corden W. Max 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The basic theory of domestic divergences (distortions) and trade policy is laid out. Production and consumption divergences are distinguished. The concepts of the by‐product distortion effect of a tariff, the second‐best optimum tariff, home‐market bias, and the hierarchy of policies are introduced. The theory is explained both with partial equilibrium diagrams and with two‐product geometry.
The Infant Industry Argument
Authors: Corden W. Max 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Presents a comprehensive exposition of various possible bases for an infant industry argument for protection. It distinguishes dynamic internal economies and dynamic external economies and, in the latter case, reciprocal external economies, and externalities resulting from labour training, knowledge diffusion, and atmosphere creation. It shows that static economies of scale have a doubtful role in justifying an infant industry argument.
Protection and Foreign Investment
Authors: Corden W. Max 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
First, the direct and indirect effects of protection on capital inflow are presented. Secondly, the principles for taxing foreign capital are reviewed. Then, tariffs are shown in some cases to be second‐best taxes or subsidies on foreign capital. Finally, it is shown that transfer pricing by vertically integrated multinationals has implications for tax and tariff policies.
The Environment and Trade Policy
Authors: Corden W. Max 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTrade policy may affect the environment in various ways, but in all cases, the best policy is to apply taxes directly at the point of the external diseconomy. The analysis of Ch. 2 of this book is applied here. The effects of a tax or anti‐pollution regulation applied in one country on the terms of trade, on competitiveness, and on pollution in another country are analysed. In addition, there are transborder externalities and global public goods, which can be categorized in various ways. Arguments for and against the use of trade policy to deal with these externalities are given.
Participation, Inequality, and the Whereabouts of Democracy
Authors: Vilas Carlos M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe articles in the book are set in the context of the ongoing debate over the conflict‐ridden and partial democracy that has emerged in the region, a democracy that tolerates military vetoes over policy, authoritarian educational systems, public insecurity, significant violence, and massive and increasing inequality. The chapters show the shift away from action by popular actors in the political realm in favour of the social one, from broad‐based movements to fragmentation, and a wide variety of experiments and adaptations in parties, unions, and other popular groups in the continuing struggle for popular representation.
Union Politics, Market‐Oriented Reforms, and the Reshaping of Argentine Corporatism
Authors: Murillo M. Victoria 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMarket‐oriented reforms and the withdrawal of the Argentine state from important economic reforms under the government of President Carlos Menem posed major challenges for the Argentine union movement, traditionally allied to the Peronist party of Menem. The author identifies three distinct strategies pursued by segments of the union movement in response to market reforms—‘opposition’, ‘loyalty’, and ‘organizational autonomy’. The latter constituted the strongest departure from union traditions in Argentina, and entailed the development of new organizational resources adapted to the new environment of economic competition. Unions pursuing organizational autonomy moved from corporatist dependence on state regulation towards ownership and administration of productive and consumption activities. The author argues that organizational autonomy as a strategic response to market reform was shaped by the re‐distribution of union power resources (industrial, political, and organizational) as well as by organizational legacies.
The Crisis of Developmentalism and the Rural Labor Movement in North‐East Brazil
Authors: Pereira Anthony W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores the emergence of a combative rural labour movement since the late 1970s in North‐east Brazil, with primary emphasis on the state of Pernambuco. Confounding the emphasis on autonomy, pluralism, and multi‐ or non‐class organization in the ‘new social movements’ literature, the author finds an ‘old’ union‐based, state‐linked, class‐based movement under a corporatist union structure acting much like a ‘new’ movement—adopting a combative strategy able to win significant rights for its members in some localities. Historical analysis demonstrates that this contemporary union movement was built on the foundations of rural mobilization in the early 1960s—in the form of the Peasant Leagues—that was much more in keeping with the ‘new social movements’ characterization. In explaining the emergence of a combative ‘old’ social movement on the foundations of a ‘new’ one, the author focuses on changes in both rural class structure and mobilization strategies that took place under the post‐1964 Brazilian military dictatorship.