bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of chemical and ischemic preconditioning on cytokine expression after focal brain ischemia
Authors: Pera Joanna , Zawadzka Malgorzata , Kaminska Bozena , Szczudlik Andrzej 
Published: August 2004

AbstractInflammation, upregulation of cytokines, proapoptotic molecules, and apoptosis are accepted widely as crucial players in stroke‐induced brain damage. Induction of brain tolerance against ischemia by pretreatment with nonlethal stressors (preconditioning) has been found to influence expression of different molecules, in addition to reduction of infarct size. It remains unclear, however, whether and how preconditioning changes expression of cytokines after subsequent brain ischemia. We sought to analyze cortical expression of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, Fas, and Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA after a transient, focal brain ischemia in rats subjected to preconditioning. The mRNA levels were determined using a semiquantitative RT‐PCR in the ischemic and contralateral cortex, separately. Transient ischemia was induced by 90‐min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and neurologic deficits as well as infarct size were quantified. Preconditioning was carried out by a short‐term MCAo or an injection of 3‐nitropropionic acid 3 days before MCAo. In both preconditioning paradigms, similar effects on investigated mRNA levels were observed. IL‐1β and IL‐6 levels were decreased in tolerant rats compared to those in nontolerant ones. Changes in TNF‐α, TGF‐β, and Fas levels were comparable independently of tolerance state. FasL mRNA was at similar level in rats subjected to chemical preconditioning but lower after ischemic preconditioning. Our findings demonstrate that both preconditioning methods exert a very similar effect on the expression of investigated cytokines. Interestingly, we observed a selective effect of preconditioning on IL‐1β and IL‐6 expression that suggests different functional properties as well as different regulation of analyzed molecules during an induction of the brain tolerance against ischemia. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression profile activated by the chemokine CCL5/RANTES in human neuronal cells
Authors: Valerio Alessandra , Ferrario Marina , Martinez Fernando O. , Locati Massimo , Ghisi Valentina , Bresciani Laura Grazia , Mantovani Alberto , Spano PierFranco 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDifferentiated human NT2‐N neurons were shown to express CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptor mRNA and protein, and to be responsive to the chemokines CCL5 and CXCL12. Using cDNA microarray technology, CCL5 was found to induce a distinct transcriptional program, with reproducible induction of 46 and 9 genes after 2 and 8 hr of treatment, respectively. Conversely, downregulation of 20 and 7 genes was observed after 2 and 8 hr of treatment, respectively. Modulation of a selected panel of CCL5‐responsive genes was also confirmed by quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blot and compared to gene expression changes induced by CXCL12 treatment. Gene clustering identified distinct functional subsets of CCL5‐responsive molecules, and a significant number of expressed sequence tags encoding unknown genes. CCL5‐responsive genes comprise a significant number of enzymes, transcription factors, and miscellaneous molecules involved in neuronal survival and differentiation, including neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Our results suggest that CCL5 biological functions might go beyond its recognized chemotactic activity in the central nervous system, in particular with regard to the control of neural plasticity events both during development and in postnatal life. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MAPKAP kinase‐2 is a primary response gene induced by depolarization in PC12 cells and in brain
Authors: Vician Linda J. , Xu Guoping , Liu Wei , Feldman Jonathan D. , Machado Hidevaldo B. , Herschman Harvey R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUsing a combination of targeted differential display for induced protein kinases and differential library screening, we identified mitogen‐activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), as a primary response gene whose transcription is stimulated by membrane depolarization and by forskolin in rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. MAPKAPK3 was neither induced nor repressed by similar treatments. The increase in MAPKAPK2 mRNA is preceded by an increase in a MAPKAPK2 intron‐containing RNA precursor, indicating that the increase in message is due at least in part to increased transcription. The open reading frame of full‐length rat MAPKAPK2 cDNA is 99% identical to mouse MAPKAPK2 and 92% identical to human MAPKAPK2. The human MAPKAPK2 predicted protein contains 14 additional amino acids in the proline‐rich N‐terminal domain, when compared to murine and rat MAPKAPK2 predicted proteins. The MAPKAPK2 form found in PC12 cells corresponds to variant 2 in the human; this ortholog carries a nuclear translocation signal near its C‐terminus. MAPKAPK2 message is also induced in the dentate gyrus, CA1, and CA3 of the rat hippocampus between 2–4 hr after the onset of kainic acid‐induced seizures. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glacial imprints of the Okanogan Lobe, southern margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet
Authors: Kovanen Dori J. , Slaymaker Olav 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe glacial geomorphology of the Waterville Plateau (ca. 55 km2) provides information on the dynamics of the Okanogan Lobe, southern sector of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in north‐central Washington. The Okanogan Lobe had a profound influence on the landscape. It diverted meltwater and floodwater along the ice front contributing to the Channeled Scabland features during the late Wisconsin (Fraser Glaciation). The glacial imprint may record surge behaviour of the former Okanogan Lobe based on a comparison with other glacial landsystems. Conditions that may have promoted instability include regional topographic constraints, ice marginal lakes and dynamics of the subglacial hydrological system, which probably included a subglacial reservoir. The ice‐surface morphology and estimated driving stresses (17–26 kPa) implied from ice thickness and surface slope reconstructed in the terminal area also suggest fast basal flow characteristics. This work identifies the location of a fast flowing ice corridor and this probably affected the stability and mass balance of the south‐central portion of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Evidence for fast ice flow is lacking in the main Okanogan River Valley, probably because it was destroyed during deglaciation by various glacial and fluvial processes. The only signature of fast ice flow left is the imprint on the Waterville Plateau. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iberian Plio‐Pleistocene biochronology: micromammalian evidence for MNs and ELMAs calibration in southwestern Europe
Authors: Fernández Manuel Hernández , Azanza Beatriz , Sierra María Ángeles Álvarez 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA multivariate biochronological analysis of the Plio‐Pleistocene Iberian rodent fossil record is presented. Among more than 300 fossil sites, 49 sites have been selected. The ordination of the fossil sites selected from the Iberian Peninsula has been achieved by the appearance event ordination method. After calibration of this ordination with geochronological dates at some of the localities, numerical dates are proposed for all the localities studied. Hence, mammal fossil sites non‐datable by other means (palaeomagnetism, radiometric dating, etc.) have been dated with a relatively high degree of confidence. Final results allow dating of boundaries between the Plio‐Pleistocene European Land Mammal Ages (ELMAS) or the Mammal Neogene (MN) units. These boundaries agree with previous studies using magnetostratigraphical calibration of these scales. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations on the conversion of onion aroma precursors S‐alk(en)yl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxides in onion juice production
Authors: Resemann Jörg , Maier Britta , Carle Reinhold 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOnion flavour develops when the cells are disrupted, allowing the enzyme alliinase (EC 4.4.1.4) to act upon the aroma precursors S‐alk(en)yl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxides (ACSOs). For maximum flavour release, optimal cell disintegration and complete enzymatic conversion of ACSOs are desired. To assess an industrial scale onion juice extraction in regard to the extent of cell disintegration and the rate of enzymatic ACSO conversion, samples from all mass flows (ie onion, macerate, juice and pomace) were subjected to ACSO analysis. Applying a modified HPLC method, which allows baseline separation of the aroma precursors, three ACSOs, namely methyl‐, propyl‐ and 1‐propenyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxides (MCSO, PCSO and 1‐PeCSO), were determined. Initial ACSO ratios changed in the course of increasing degree of comminution from 17:83 to 100:0 (MCSO/1‐PeCSO). Only negligible amounts of PCSO were detected (<9.2 nmol g−1 fresh weight (fw)), contributing less than 0.2% to the total ACSO content. For evaluation of the disintegration efficiency a chart was established consisting of an abscissa representing a percentage scale of ruptured cells and ordinates for the development of the marker parameters ACSOs and reaction product pyruvate relative to their initial contents. From this correlation a cell disintegration percentage after grinding of about 70% was deduced according to the determined ACSO contents. On a molar basis, macerate, juice and pomace showed 15, 0.6–2.4 and 0.7–1.0% of initial ACSO contents respectively. Only trace amounts of 1‐PeCSO were found in the juice (<16 nmol g−1 fw). MCSO was converted to almost 90%, indicating that enzymatic transformation, in a practical sense, goes to completion. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Growth, nutritional quality and safety of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) cultured in the lagoon of Venice (Italy)
Authors: Orban Elena , Di Lena Gabriella , Masci Maurizio , Nevigato Teresina , Casini Irene , Caproni Roberto , Gambelli Loretta , Pellizzato Michele 
Published: August 2004

AbstractQuality aspects of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from a suspended culture in the lagoon of Venice (Valle Dogà) were examined in different seasons over a 1‐year period. Ecophysiological and commercial quality indicators (condition index, content of meat, shell and intervalvar fluid), nutritional quality parameters (proximate and mineral composition, glycogen content, fatty acid profile, cholesterol, plant sterols, fat‐soluble vitamins content) and levels of organic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides) were determined at different times of the year. Seasonal variations were observed in the nutrient content, with particular regard to moisture (ranging from 866.8 g kg−1 in June to 938.8 g kg−1 in September), protein (23.9 g kg−1 in September to 76.6 g kg−1 in June), ash (22.5 g kg−1 in February to 29.5 g kg−1 in July), lipid (3.0 g kg−1 in September to 8.8 g kg−1 in June) and glycogen (0.7 g kg−1 in September to 11.5 g kg−1 in February). In spite of this variability, the nutritional quality of the oysters was generally good, especially just before gamete release when the concentration of nutrients was at its maximum. Low levels of organochlorine chemicals were detected in the edible meat of oysters but, because only a limited number of samples were analysed, no general conclusion can be drawn on the safety of seafood from this area. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical, functional and structural characterization of fibre from defatted Rosa rubiginosa and Gevuina avellana seeds
Authors: Moure Andrés , Dourado Fernando , Sineiro Jorge , Gama Francisco M , Domínguez Herminia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe composition, functional properties and structural features of the fiber from Rosa rubiginosa defatted seeds and from Gevuina avellana defatted and partially deproteinized seeds were evaluated. The effect of phosphate salts and temperature during the extraction of fibres and the influence of two drying technologies on the distribution of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre were assessed. The extraction of protein and monosaccharides was favoured by increasing temperature in the range studied. Water and oil absorption capacities higher than 10 g g−1 were observed for soluble and insoluble fibres from Gevuina avellana and for the soluble ones from Rosa rubiginosa. The insoluble fibre product from Rosa and Gevuina contained 650–810 g kg−1 and 390–440 g kg−1 neutral detergent fibre respectively. The protein content in the insoluble fibre varied in the range 100–150 g kg−1 and 120–260 g kg−1 and in the soluble fibre between 200–550 g kg−1 and 180–370 g kg−1 for Rosa and Gevuina respectively. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Ruminal degradation of tannin‐treated legume meals
Authors: Martínez TF , Moyano FJ , Díaz M , Barroso FG , Alarcón FJ 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe inefficiency of protein utilisation by ruminants fed protein concentrates (based on legume meals) causes serious economic loss and environmental damage owing to their rapid hydrolysis and deamination in the rumen. Thus efforts aimed at slowing the ruminal fermentation of such feeds are needed, and recent studies have observed potentially positive effects of tannins on ruminant nutrition under certain circumstances. Tannins are a complex group of naturally occurring plant polyphenols characterised by their ability to bind with proteins. This property of tannins is considered responsible for the decreased ruminal digestibility of forages both in vivo and in vitro. Under that perspective, commercial tannic acid was added at three proportions (10, 25 and 50 g kg−1 on a dry matter basis) to four different legume meals (horse bean, kidney bean, soybean and pea), and the effect on in situ dry matter and crude protein ruminal disappearance was assessed. The results confirmed the dose‐dependent (although not persistent after 48 h) slowing of in situ digestibility, this effect being significant at the highest tannin treatment when compared with untreated samples. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that soybean seed endosperm cell walls were protected from digestion by the ruminal microbiota, while the digestion of starch granules was relatively unaffected by tannic acid. Electrophoresis of the protein fractions confirmed the lower digestibility of tannin‐treated seeds as well as the relative lack of alteration of the electrophoretic profile of individual proteins. Implications for the digestion of concentrates in ruminants are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Rationale for superficial injection techniques in lymphatic mapping in breast cancer patients
Authors: Nieweg Omgo E. , Estourgie Susanne H. , van Rijk Maartje C. , Kroon Bin. B.R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOne of the most avidly debated issues in lymphatic mapping is where the tracers are best deposited in patients with breast cancer. The four superficial approaches are easy to perform and have several other distinct advantages. They are based on the hypothesis that the entire breast parenchyma and the overlying skin drain to a common node in the axilla because of their common embryological origin. Evidence is presented that casts doubt upon the correctness of this assumption. Tracer administration close to the tumor site appears to be the safest approach for the time being. Excellent results can be obtained with this latter approach, despite the fact that it is technically more demanding. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;87:153–156. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bactericidal effect of different laser systems in the deep layers of dentin
Authors: Schoop Ulrich , Kluger Wolf , Moritz Andreas , Nedjelik Natascha , Georgopoulos Apostolos , Sperr Wolfgang 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIn recent years, various laser systems have gained importance in the field of laser‐assisted endodontics, namely the Nd:YAG, the diode, the Er:YAG, and the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Individual studies have been carried out so far, focusing on the respective wavelength, its specific bactericidal capabilities, and potential usefulness is root‐canal disinfection. The present in vitro investigation however, was performed to compare the microbicidal effect of these laser systems under standardized conditions and to draw a conclusion upon their relative effectiveness in the deep layers of dentin.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn total, 360 slices of root dentin with a thickness of 1 mm were obtained by longitudinal cuts of freshly extracted human premolars. The samples were steam sterilized and subsequently inoculated with a suspension of either Escherichia coli or Enterococcus faecalis. After the incubation, the samples were randomly assigned to the four different laser systems tested. Each laser group consisted of two different operational settings and a control. The dentinal samples underwent “indirect” laser irradiation through the dentin from the bacteria‐free side and were then subjected to a classical quantitative microbiologic evaluation. To assess the temperature increase during the irradiation procedure, additional measurements were carried out using a thermocouple.ResultsMicrobiology indicated that all laser systems were capable of significant reductions in both test strains. At an effective output power of 1 W, E. coli was reduced by at least three log steps in most of the samples by the tested wavelengths, with the best results for the Er:YAG laser showing complete eradication of E. coli in 75% of the samples. E. faecalis, a stubborn invader of the root canal, showed minor changes in bacterial count at 1 W. Using the higher setting of 1.5 W, significant reductions of E. coli were again observed with all laser systems, where only the diode and the Er:YAG laser were capable of complete eradication of E. faecalis to a significant extent. There was no significant relation between the temperature increase and the bactericidal effect.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that all the wavelengths investigated are suitable for the disinfection of even the deeper layers of dentin and may prove to constitute valuable tools in state‐of‐the‐art endodontics. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:111–116, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of vitiligo by 308‐nm excimer laser: An evaluation of variables affecting treatment response
Authors: Ostovari N. , Passeron T. , Zakaria W. , Fontas E. , Larouy J.C. , Blot J.F. , Lacour J.Ph. , Ortonne J.P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo determine the true efficacy of the 308‐nm excimer laser for the treatment of vitiligo, while taking into account confounding factors such as anatomic site of treatment, age, sex, skin type, MED, and duration of evolution of the vitiligo.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThirty‐five patients with vitiligo were included. Each lesion was treated twice a week by the 308‐nm excimer laser for a maximum of 24 sessions. Efficacy was blindly evaluated by two independent physicians.ResultsRepigmentation was noted in 46 plaques/52 (88.5%). Repigmentation rate (75%) was obtained in 14 (26.9%). In “UV sensitive” areas (face, neck, trunk), 8/14 lesions (57.1%) had a repigmentation rate, 75% versus 6/38 (15.8%) in “UV resistant” areas (bony prominences and extremities) (P = 0.031). No relationship could be established between response to the treatment and the following variables: age, sex, skin type, MED, and duration of evolution of the vitiligo (respectively, P = 1, 0.666, 0.566, 0.628, 0.521).ConclusionsAn aesthetically reasonable result is achieved essentially in “UV sensitive” areas, thus appearing to be the appropriate places of choice for this treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:152–156, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo multiphoton fluorescence imaging: A novel approach to oral malignancy
Authors: Wilder‐Smith Petra , Osann Kathryn , Hanna Nevine , Abbadi Naglaa El , Brenner Matt , Messadi Diana , Krasieva Tatiana 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveCurrent techniques for oral diagnosis require surgical biopsy of lesions, and may fail to detect early malignant change. Non‐invasive, sensitive tools providing early detection of oral cancer and a better understanding of malignant change are needed. These studies evaluated in vivo multiphoton excited fluorescence (MPM) techniques to (1) map epithelial and subepithelial changes through out oral carcinogenesis and (2) serve as an effective diagnostic modality.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn the hamster model (n = 70), epithelial and subepithelial change was imaged in vivo throughout carcinogenesis. MPM‐ and histopathology‐based diagnoses on a scale of 0 (healthy)–6 (squamous cell carcinoma [s.c.c.]) were scored by two pre‐standardized investigators.ResultsCollagen matrix and fibers, cellular infiltrates, blood vessels, and microtumors were clearly visible. MPM agreed with the histopathology for 88.6% of diagnoses.ConclusionsIn vivo MPM images provide (1) high resolution information on specific components of the carcinogenesis process (2) an excellent basis for oral diagnostics. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:96–103, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 13/2004
Authors: Bumbu Gina‐Gabriela , Kircher Gunnar , Wolkenhauer Markus , Berger Rüdiger , Gutmann Jochen S. 
Published: August 2004

Cover: Scanning force microscopy cantilevers are well known examples of micro engineered mechanical systems (MEMS). MEMS are typically fragile, owing to the small size of their functional parts. With the development of a special setup, it has been possible to grow covalently bound polymer brushes on a cantilever via atom transfer radical polymerization. Such functionalized cantilevers proof to be sensitive to changes in their environment by exhibiting a mechanical response and may therefore serve as model sensors.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by G.‐G. Bumbu,* G. Kircher, M. Wolkenhauer, R. Berger, and J. S. Gutmann on page 1713.
Mass spectrometry in metabolome analysis
Authors: Villas‐Bôas Silas G. , Mas Sandrine , Åkesson Mats , Smedsgaard Jørn , Nielsen Jens 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the post‐genomic era, increasing efforts have been made to describe the relationship between the genome and the phenotype in cells and organisms. It has become clear that even a complete understanding of the state of the genes, messages, and proteins in a living system does not reveal its phenotype. Therefore, researchers have started to study the metabolome (or the metabolic complement of functional genomics). Within this context, mass spectrometry (MS) has increasingly occupied a central position in the methodologies developed for determination of the metabolic state. This review is mainly focused on the status of MS in the metabolome field, trying to direct the reader to the main approaches for analysis of metabolites, reviewing basic methodologies in sample preparation, and the most recent MS techniques introduced. Apart from the description of the different methods, this review will try to state a general comparison between the several different techniques that involve MS and metabolite analysis, and will highlight their limitations and preferred applicability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:613–646, 2005