bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Health, Education, and Gender Equality
Authors: Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International Women’s Day is set aside each year to celebrate progress toward gender equality. In 2001 the first woman director-general of the World Health Organization marked the occasion at an event in Geneva. The former Prime Minister of Norway, a physician, bluntly declared, “There is not a single country in the world where men and women enjoy equal opportunity.” Gro Harlem Brundtland’s assessment is undeniable. She also noted the appalling fact that women in developing regions, particularly in Africa, die in pregnancy or childbirth at a rate 33 times higher than women in rich countries. This caught my attention because, as I mentioned in the introduction, it is a statistic that a previous director-general, also a Scandinavian physician, had labeled the most obscene of differences in health statistics. He was right then and she is right now. Between the two speeches, there has been a gap of 20 years.
Hidden Costs
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a skillful graduate of the Wharton School tackles the job of projecting profits for her agribusiness, she ignores lots of things. No, she is not trying to dodge taxes. She is simply doing her job well. Her company’s profits depend entirely on the money actually paid out or received. In contrast, those profits have nothing to do with various hidden environmental subsidies. She may not even be aware of the subsidies, and her company may not be either. She does not worry about these subsidies only because her outfit never gets billed for them. Nevertheless, they are as real as depreciation.
Hard-Core Reconciliation
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carole and I were sitting in the shade of the second floor gallery of the Casa de las Conchas in Salamanca, Spain. Besides the geometrical elegance of the gallery itself, all we could see were the red-tiled roofs that typify so much of the country. Suddenly a small, dark, and handsome thrush hopped onto the stone railing across the courtyard. Its flashes of auburn told me it was a male black redstart. The bird quietly went about its foraging business in full view of us tourists, evidently paying no attention to anything but bugs and perches. I could not see whether any insects were there for the taking, but the bird was acting as if its belly were being loaded. Soon it flew away.
Green Solvents: Ecology and Economics
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of solvents in the chemical industry and chemical-related industries is ubiquitous. In 1991, the production of the 25 most commonly used solvents was more than 26 million tons per year. According to EPCRA section 313 data, of the chemicals and chemical categories tracked by the program in 1994, five of the top 10 chemicals released or disposed of were solvents, and included methanol, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, and dichloromethane. The total quantity of these chemicals released or disposed of was over 687 million pounds, which accounts for 27 per cent of the total quantity of TRI-listed chemicals released and disposed of in that year (Sullivan, 1997). There is an increased awareness of the need to reduce or eliminate toxic chemical waste and/or byproducts that arise in the course of chemical synthesis and manufacture. A fundamental change in the philosophy of chemical synthesis, processing and usage is needed wherein the priority is placed upon health and environmental impact rather than just the efficiency associated with the chemical use. Certainly one aspect of synthesis in which dramatic advances in pollution prevention can be realized entails replacing many of the toxic, environmentally threatening solvents utilized in most chemical processes with nontoxic, “environmentally benign” alternatives (Tanko et al., 1994). Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), as we have seen, represents an inexpensive, environmentally benign alternative to conventional solvents for chemical synthesis (Morgenstern et al., 1996). It has also been used in processes such as spraying paints and other coatings, which reduces atmospheric emissions of environmentally harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Morgenstern et al., 1996).
Parameters to Be Measured
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we learn more about the physiology of exercise and the perturbations in the normal process brought on by disease states, it stands to reason that our ability to separate disease from normal function would improve, and indeed it has. One of the most important revelations is the acceptance that ischemia is often due to a reduction in delivery of blood flow to the myocardium rather than just an increase in the demand. Maseri must be credited for this turn-around in our thinking, which also has led to the concept of a reduced coronary vasodilator reserve.
This concept implies that the increased flow required by increasing myocardial action demands is inadequate, probably because of some problem in vasomotion of the myocardial arterioles. For instance, Marcus has shown that reactive hyperemia, caused by mechanical obstruction of a coronary artery for 20 seconds, normally results in a five- to eightfold increase in perfusion. Some patients with normal epicardial coronary arteries can only increase flow to double the resting level, however.
Stress Testing After Surgical Intervention and Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most patients, prior to undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, have experienced a major decrease in function, especially during exercise, and the aim of surgery is to improve their performance. The expected improvement as measured by stress testing includes an increase in aerobic capacity and an ability to exercise without undue dyspnea and without significant chest pain or discomfort. Because it is common for most cardiac patients to be asymptomatic at rest, a test of functional capacity before and after a treatment is important in evaluating the benefit derived from the intervention.
Stress testing is one of the most useful ways to measure the response to surgery or catheter-based revascularization and to evaluate progress or the lack of it immediately after the procedure and in the ensuing years. It has been used in valvular surgery, coronary bypass surgery, and recently in angioplasty. It is often used to measure changes expected from medical therapy as well.
Chest Pain and Normal Coronary Arteries
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A relieved 42-year-old woman, upon being told she had just sustained a myocardial infarction, exclaimed, “Thank God, now everyone will know the pain wasn’t all in my mind.” Between 10% and 30% of patients subjected to coronary angiograms have epicardial coronary arteries thought to be normal or have disease inadequate to explain their chest pain. In an age when many people are obtaining relief of symptoms with coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty, the failure to demonstrate anatomical stenosis is frustrating to both physician and patient. The finding is even more perplexing when exercise-induced ST depression or relief of pain by nitroglycerin is also present. This chapter reviews present concepts pertinent to the understanding of this syndrome and the place of exercise testing in diagnosis and management.
The occurrence of chest pain with normal coronary arteries in any center or hospital depends a good deal on the referral patterns. In areas where only those with late, severe, typical angina are referred for study, this is seen infrequently. Centers in which the sensitivity and specificity of stress testing are reported to be very high must not be seeing many of these types of patients because a significant number (about 20%) have ST-segment depression with exercise.
Blood Pressure Measurements During Exercise
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The limitations of our ability to accurately measure BP were highlighted by the study done at The Johns Hopkins Hospital by Russell. The investigators set up a sound film of the BP being recorded on a patient. Physicians listened to the sounds while they watched a manometer on the film and then recorded their estimation of the BP. When the true readings were compared with the physicians’ ranges of responses, significant intra- and interobserver variability was present. The wide variations were more surprising because these experienced physicians knew that the accuracy of their technique was being tested and that they would be expected to take extra care in the measurements. How could the results be so inconsistent, especially when most of the common errors that lead to faulty BP readings were eliminated by the testing methodology? Eliminated were equipment and technique problems such as inaccurate aneroid manometers, inappropriate-sized air bladders and cuffs, heavy pressure on the stethoscope, too-rapid deflation rate, terminal digit bias, systolic recheck, and many others.
Metabolic Abnormalities and Drugs
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information on changes in cellular physiology, cardiopulmonary function, and exercise tolerance associated with metabolic abnormalities and various drug regimens is proliferating so fast that our knowledge today may be out of date tomorrow. Many drugs that we use can profoundly alter ischemia, afterload and preload, and the chronotropic and inotropic response. It is essential to consider these changes when undertaking exercise testing. New understanding of metabolic pathways and substances that interact with or alter the physiological processes controlling our cardiovascular system mandates constant study.
This chapter should help the physician to deal with most of the more common conditions and drugs in use. Careful study of newly introduced agents will be mandatory to determine their effects on patients during exercise testing.
Robustness in the History of Life?
Authors: Erwin Douglas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definitions of robustness are many and varied, but most focus on the ability of a system to retain function in the face of an external perturbation. Assessing function in the fossil record is a difficult but not intractable task and such a definition poses considerable difficulty for considering robustness in the fossil record. Paleontologists have identified patterns of stability in the fossil record of diverse marine and terrestrial plants and animals through the past 600 million years in taxonomic diversity, in the stability of major morphological architectures, or body plans, and in the structure of ecological relationships. Inferring the extent to which the documented resilience (return to a previous state after a perturbation) of these patterns implies a robustness of function must always be indirect. The ability to infer ecological or developmental function in deep time is limited by the fact that the fossil record is primarily composed of durably skeletonized marine organisms, bones of various vertebrates, insects, and the often disarticulated remains of plants, but, of course, missing the soft anatomy. In almost all cases the many soft-bodied organisms, those without durable skeletons, are missing from the record. We are left with changing patterns in the number of taxa (generally families or genera, less commonly species) within clades, patterns of dominance within assemblages of organisms at a particular locality (assemblages that have often been accumulated over a span of time that can extend to hundreds or even thousands of years), and the conservation of morphological architectures. For many of these systems we may be able to make plausible arguments that stability reflects an underlying robustness, but identifying the functional attributes of this robustness can generally only be done by comparison to living organisms and extant ecosystems. This is an increasingly difficult task the farther back in time one goes.
The Adrenal Glands
Authors: Parker Keith L , Rainey William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic function of the adrenal glands is to protect the organism against acute and chronic stress, a concept popularized as the fight-or-flight response for the medulla and as the alarm reaction for the cortex. The steroid hormones of the cortex and the catecholamines of the medulla probably developed as protection against immediate stress or injury and more prolonged deprivation of food and water. In acute stress, catecholamines mobilize glucose and fatty acids for energy and prepare the heart, lungs, and muscles for action, while glucocorticoids protect against overreactions from the body’s responses to stress. In the more chronic stress of food and fluid deprivation, adrenocortical steroid hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis to maintain the supply of glucose and increase sodium reabsorption to maintain body fluid volume.
The Embryonic Basis of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Greene Nicholas D E , Copp Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe abnormalities of the central nervous system (CNS) and are among the most common congenital malformations in humans. The clinical appearance of NTDs originates from failure of neurulation, the developmental process that results in formation of the neural tube, the primordium of the entire CNS. Therefore, in order to gain insight into the embryonic basis of NTDs, it is necessary to understand the morphologic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying neural tube closure. In this review, we will focus principally on the process of neurulation in mammals. The mouse is the most extensively studied mammalian experimental model, and findings from mice will be compared with human neurulation and NTDs wherever possible. Neural tube closure has also been described in detail in amphibia and birds, and these studies offer further in­ sight into the pathogenesis of some aspects of neurulation and NTDs.
The Zebrafish as a Model for Analyzing Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Jo Hakryul , Lowery Laura Anne , Lowery Vincent , Sive Hazel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this review, we consider whether the zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a useful model system for uncovering the genetic and molecular basis for human neural tube defects (NTDs) and conclude that the zebrafish is an excellent NTD model. This conclusion is based on the similarities in development and structure of human and zebrafish brains. It is also based on characteristics of the zebrafish as a model, including the accessibility of early embryos, and the ability to use both powerful genetic and molecular techniques to analyze the zebrafish nervous system.
An International Perspective on Anencephaly and Spina Bifida: Prevalences by the Turn of the Century
Authors: Lie Rolvt. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural tube defects are dramatic birth defects that probably have occurred since ancient times around the world (Elwood et al., 1992; Smith, 2001). Excavations of ancient skeletons with neural tube defects have been found in South and North America and in Africa. A mummy from Egypt has a verified spina bifida. There are texts from Babylonia that possibly describe neural tube defects, and ancient texts from India, Greece, and Rome discuss the occurrence of birth defects in different contexts.
Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele
Authors: Bennett Kelly A , Davis George H , Tulipan Noel , Bruner Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Open fetal surgery was first performed in the 1980s (Crombleholme et al., 1988; Langer et al., 1989) following preliminary studies in animal models. Because the potential risks were significant and the likelihood of success was uncertain, these early open procedures were confined to the treatment of lethal malformations. As experience with the open technique improved, and as the maternal and fetal risks became better understood, intervention in nonlethal circumstances was considered (Harrison, 2001). Among these, the rationale for intervention in cases of myelomeningocele was among the easiest to make (Tulipan et al., 1999a).
Insurance and Coverage of Care for Individuals with Spina Bifida and Other Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Grason Holly , Perry Jamie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birth of a child with a neural tube defect presents an array of medical and caregiving challenges. These vary for each individual and evolve over the life span, both medically and in relation to intellectual, social, and emotional development. While most children with a neural tube defect will require ongoing care from multiple specialists, individuals with the same diagnosis may need quite different packages of services, depending upon their age, how the condition is expressed, the presence of other chronic conditions, and family resources.
Modeling Invertebrates: An Overview
Authors: Kindvall Oskar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Invertebrates are by the far most-species rich group of organisms. Consequently, it is hard to point out how to model population dynamics for this group. The variety of life histories and mating systems that are represented by this group is enormous. Actually it is fully possible to find examples of demographic configurations among invertebrate species that resembles what is described as typical for other groups of organisms. Plants can have seeds that rest for considerable periods of times, thus providing a seed bank that enables future recovery of a population without any reproduction during several years (Burgman, Chapter 2, this volume). The same phenomenon occurs with diapausing eggs in several insect groups or by particular resting stages among crustaceans. Invertebrates are often considered to be relatively short-lived with prevalence for annual or even shorter life cycles. Still, there exist several examples of quite long-lived invertebrates with life cycles that correspond well to many vertebrate species. RAMAS GIS provides good opportunities to adjust the model to the variety of demographic structures and life cycles found among invertebrates. Depending on how field data has been sampled and whether or not the species reproduce in distinct intervals, one can choose either to construct a simple model based on only population growth rate and carrying capacity or to specify fecundates and transition rates in a stage- or aged-structured matrix. As maximum growth rates of invertebrates may often be high, it is usually needed to define some kind of density dependence on population growth.
Bush Cricket Metrioptera bicolor in Sweden: Estimating Interpatch Dispersal Rates
Authors: Kindval Oskar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpatch migration is a process of great importance for large-scale population dynamics and survival of species. It is therefore necessary to be careful about how this process is implemented into any spatially structured model that is aimed for population viability analysis (PVA). In most cases, interpatch migration is modeled by simply applying the negative exponential equation, which can be parameterized by fitting it to the inverse cumulative distribution of dispersal distances observed in mark and recapture studies (e.g., Chapter 15 in this volume). Usually the fit is very good, but occasionally other functions have been suggested to give better descriptions of the probability of migration in relation to distance. For example, the mark and recapture data of the butterfly Hesperia comma fitted better to the inverse-power function than to the negative exponential (Hill et al. 1996). The tradition of fitting different equations to data on migration distances has a long history, and the number of examples is tremendous. (For a vast array of examples, see Wolfenbarger 1946.)
Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean: Dynamics of Nested Population Components under Several Harvest Regimes
Authors: Smedbol R Kent , Stephenson Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L., is an abundant marine fish species with a distribution that encompasses coastal and continental shelf regions on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. Herring are pelagic, and individuals usually aggregate in schools and can form mammoth shoals during the spawning and overwintering seasons. Herring are considered “population rich” (Sinclair 1988) in that they form many populations or population “complexes” within their transoceanic distribution, including a number of separate populations in Canadian jurisdictional waters (Iles and Sinclair 1982, Stephenson et al. 2001). Iles and Sinclair (1982) have suggested that geographically stable oceanographic features serve as larval retention areas and determine the distribution of herring populations. These features may serve additionally as incomplete barriers to larval exchange among major population complexes. Herring populations may mix during overwintering and feeding seasons, but then separate during the spawning period. Adults return to discrete spawning areas, some of which are used every year and others only occasionally, and deposit eggs directly upon the seabed. Spawners are considered to exhibit a fair degree of interannual fidelity to specific spawning grounds and, thus, are presumed to “home” to their natal spawning areas (e.g., Iles and Sinclair 1982, Sinclair 1988). McQuinn (1997) proposed that this benthic spawning distribution and population dynamics of the Atlantic herring fit within the metapopulation concept. Ware and Schweigert (2001) used a metapopulation approach to model the structure and dynamics of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi), a closely related species.
Modeling Birds: An Overview
Authors: Hatfield Jeff S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently, there are estimated to be over 10,000 species of birds in the world, of which about 12% are considered to be threatened or endangered with extinction (BirdLife International 2000). The major causes for the decline of bird populations are thought to be habitat loss and habitat fragmentation (e.g., see Robbins et al. 1989), increased mortality or decreased productivity due to anthropogenic causes (e.g., overharvesting), introduction of exotic diseases or competition with exotic species (e.g., Hawaiian forest birds; see Scott et al. 2001), and various contaminant-related issues (Hoffman et al. 2003). Population viability analysis (PVA) has become a popular tool in recent years, due to its ability to synthesize field data and make objective projections about future population size and the probability of extinction for threatened and endangered species (Beissinger and McCullough 2002).
Introduction
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of essays is concerned with syntactic questions, with certain general features of grammatical theory related to syntax, here and there with semantic issues, and quite a bit with questions of appropriate standards in pursuing research in the previously mentioned domains. It has almost nothing to say about phonology. The immediately following remarks are to be interpreted against the background of this restricted understanding of what ‘linguistic’ is here intended to denote. A prospective reader might ask “what is a skeptical linguistic essay?” I would answer that it is one based on a deep and long-standing view that much nonetheless prestigious current linguistics has in fact made very restricted descriptive and explanatory progress and, in some areas where great things have been claimed, no real substantive progress at all. This lack of true progress holds, I maintain, despite the fact that the literature of modern linguistics and its ancestors is replete with boasts of at least grand-sounding accomplishments; see in particular the discussion of (2) of chapter 8.