bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods and Problems of Measurement
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our analysis of the history of agricultural instability in China, weather and technological changes have frequently emerged as crucial factors shaping both short-run fluctuations and the long-run stability of agricultural production. Rural collectivization in the 1950s, and the subsequent organizational variations in the different periods of socialization, also seem to have played an important role in this respect, especially when compared with the 1930s, which was dominated by market relations and private ownership. However, our foregoing historical survey has been mainly descriptive, being concerned with the relative impact of the three factors, weather, technology, and institutional changes in specifically qualitative terms. We now attempt to determine, in more specific terms, to what extent each of these factors may have contributed to the observed degrees of agricultural instability in the different periods, and their changes over time.
The Long-Run Interplay of Weather, Technology, and Institutions
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to compare the impact of weather in different periods, which, each taken as a whole, represent either different institutional characteristics or technological settings. A com arison of two periods, 1931-7 and 1952-9, which are similar technologically, is used in an attempt to confirm the contention made in Part II that rural collectivization significantly helped to stablize Chinese agriculture relative to the weather influence. Likewise, by contrasting the two longer periods, 1952-66 and 1970-84, which display the same basic socialist collective arrangements, we seek to prove that advances in agricultural technology since the early 1970s have lessened the negative weather impact.
Precipitation and Yield Relationships in 1931-1935
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our analysis of the relationships between weather and national grain yield variations in Part III, we relied on the extent of the sown area covered by natural disasters, i.e. shouzai area, as a national indicator of weather changes between the different years. This approach is deemed necessary, because the sheer size of China and the complexity of her geoclimatic conditions make it impossible to compile a meteorological weather index for the country as whole based on precipitation or temperature data.
Comparisons between Countries and over Time
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will pay attention to the differences between the countries which participated in the study. The main emphasis will be put on the differences as they appear in the second measurement phase, although some references will be made to the differences with respect to the changes in scores or score patterns over the period 1977-87. A presentation and discussion of the results of the 1987 cross-national comparisons will be given with respect to (a) the formal participative systems (PS), (b) the actual involvement practices and distribution of influence in the organizations (PO), and (c) the relationships between the two (PS-PO). A separate section will be devoted to each of these three themes.
Changing Times
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time allocation, whether considered at the level of the individual or of the society, is a major focus of public concern. Are our lives more congested with work than they used to be? Is society polarizing into groups which, on one side, have too much work and too little leisure time to spend their money in, and on the other have no paid work, and hence no money to pay for the goods and services they might wish to use during their leisure? Has the recent convergence in men's and women's labour market roles led to an unfair distribution of the totals of paid plus unpaid work? These issues, and others similar, once the preserve of a few specialist sociologists and economists, now appear daily and prominently across the news and entertainment media. Yet there is surprisingly little substantive evidence of how individuals and societies spend their time, and of how this has changed in the developed world over the recent past. This book brings together, for the first time, data gathered in some forty national scale 'time-diary' studies, from twenty countries, and covering the last third of the twentieth century. It examines the newly emerging political economy of time, in the light of new estimates of how time is actually spent, and of how this has changed, in the developed world.
An Introduction, and a First Summary
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about what we all do for a living, and for other people’s livings. Our work is more than just what we do in our jobs, it is also what we do without pay, in our households, for our families, and for members of the wider community. And what we do for other people’s livings is, that we use our non-work time, to consume the products of their work.
Symbolic Utility
Authors: Nozick Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The symbolic meaning of actions enters legitimately into choice among acts. A theory of rational decision should take explicit account of symbolic meaning, rather than subsuming (and losing sight of) it within a more encompassing category. We can begin by considering how principles help to get us past temptations, hurdles, distractions, and diversions; for symbolic meaning plays a role in this.
Aggregation and the Microfoundations of Dynamic Macroeconomics
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book argues that modern macroeconomics has completely overlooked the aggregate nature of the data. Standard models start with intertemporally maximizing agents and obtain dynamic equations linking economic variables like consumption, income, investment interest rate and employment. Such equations exhibit testable properties like cointegration, definite patterns of Granger causality, and restrictions on the parameters. The usual simplification that agents are identical leads to testing these properties directly on aggregate data. Here this simplification is systematically questioned. In Part I the homogeneity assumption is tested using disaggregate data and strongly rejected. As shown in Part II, the consequence of introducing heterogeneity is that, apart from flukes, cointegration unidirectional Granger causality, restrictions on parameters do not survive aggregation: thus the claim that modern macroeconomics has solid microfoundations is unwarranted. However, it is argued in Part III that aggregation is not necessarily bad. Some important theory-based models that do not fit aggregate data well in their representative-agent version can be reconciled with aggregate data by introducing heterogeneity.
Beveridge and his Assumptive Worlds: The Incompatibilities of a Flawed Design1
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Evans Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No historical document is cited more frequently in postwar social policy debate than the Beveridge Report (Beveridge 1942). The last official review of the UK social security system described itself as the most fundamental ‘since Beveridge’. The most thoroughgoing independent review of taxes and benefits, the Meade Committee (1978), advocated ‘a new Beveridge Scheme’ (pp. 269--94). Critics lay the blame for what they see as the failure of social security in the UK since the Second World War at Beveridge’s door (Dilnot, Kay, and Morris 1984). Feminists (Wilson 1977; Pierce 1980; Land 1976) have attacked the gendered assumptions of women’s dependency built into the resulting system.
Pensions Policy in Poland after 1945: Between ‘Bismarck’ and ‘Beveridge’ Traditions
Authors: żukowski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a product of specific, national circumstances, postwar development of pensions policy in Poland was affected by various direct and indirect foreign influences; it is considered here against a background of two broad European traditions (‘models’) of pensions systems, as well as of social security generally-see Schmahl (1981: 652) or Alber (1982: 40ff.). The first is called the ‘Bismarck’ tradition here, because it derives from the social insurance system under Bismarck, although the German pension insurance actually created in 1889 differed in some important respects from the plans of the Chancellor (Ritter 1983: 40 ff.).
Social Security and Full Employment in Australia: The Rise and Fall of the Keynesian Welfare State, and the Search for a Post-Keynesian Settlement
Authors: Cass Bettina , Freeland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1944 William Beveridge’s Full Employment in A Free Society was published, setting out the broad economic policy and supporting labour market policy on which his plan for a comprehensive social security system for Britain, published in I942, was predicated. He held that ‘full employment’ was essential to the implementation of an adequate and comprehensive system of social protection (see Chapter 2). His definition of ‘full employ ment’, ‘having always more vacant jobs than unemployed men’, and in addition, ‘jobs at fair wages of such a kind and so located that unemployed men can reasonably be expected to take them’, reflected his view that ‘society exists for the individual’ and that the imposition on persons of anything more than short periods of unemployment was one of the greatest social evils. In 1945 the White Paper, Full Employment in Australia, was published, attributable primarily to the work of Dr H. C. Coombs, articulating the economic and labour market policies underpinning the consolidation of the social security system implemented by the wartime Curtin/Chiftey Labor Governments, and continuing to provide the frame work of social and economic policy during the years of the Liberal/Country Party coalition governments until the late 1960s (Macintyre 1985; Smyth 1991).
The United States of America
Authors: Charkham Jonathan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already seen in each country studied how corporate governance holds up a mirror to society In general. The USA is no exception. To understand the greatest of the democracies, therefore, we need to remind ourselves of what the relevant laws, assumptions, and attitudes are, so similar to those of others in many ways and yet so different. Societies In market economies have much in common, but who else would offer as two of their guiding principles ‘Sunshine and due process’( Federal and State Laws Ever since Independence the States have fought to limit the role of the Federal government.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Charkham Jonathan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may seem perverse to cover the United Kingdom last of the five studies, when historically it was the first country in which industrialization on a massive scale made corporate governance important. The reason for doing so is that my years in industry-and much later in PRO NED (Promotion of Non-Executive Directors)-which together afforded opportunities of seeing corporate governance in action (or inaction1), and of interviewing literally hundreds of leading industrialists, brought home to me how difficult it was to be objective about the familiar. The decline of great firms and whole industries made me wish to analyse corporate governance systems abroad so as to shed some light on the UK’s strengths and weaknesses.
Economic Reform and State-Owned Enterprises in China, 1979-1987
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu Guy , Yao Shujie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an investigation into China's reform process during the period 1979 to 1987, with especial reference to the effect of the process on the industries (mostly manufacturing) that are still owned by the state. The data on which this book is based results from a large-scale study in which the authors collaborated with the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing. This was a survey of the managers of about 380 enterprises, documenting their responses to the new environment created by the reforms. The statistical information gained has been used as the basis for detailed econometric analysis. This book analyses, drawing on the authors' expertise in industrial economics, virtually every aspect of enterprise behaviour - production and costs, employment, profit margins and profitability, finance, investment decisions, and autonomy. It asks whether the reform programme was successful in the state-owned sectors, and concludes that the answer is a qualified `yes', and that in many respects the enterprises began in the eighties to behave like Western firms. Hay and Morris also construct a model of Chinese state-owned enterprise, and use it to simulate the results of further reform programmes. The authors conclude that state-ownership remains a major constraint on market-led behaviour and efficiency. They argue that the next stage of reform must be to transfer these large enterprises to share- rather than state-ownership.
The Behaviour of Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises: A Survey of Managers
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents findings from the analysis of the Questionnaire for Directors (Managers) of State-Owned Enterprises, which was distributed to a sample of 400 Chinese enterprises in the autumn of 1988. Some 351 questionnaires were returned, a response rate of about 88%. The structure of the questionnaire is shown in Appendix 2.1; it was made up of thirty-two sections, with an average of four responses required for each. Some of the sections were purely factual (e.g. section 31 asked the firm to identify its management system, and sections 1-3 asked questions about the nature of the contract under which it operates), while many others were designed to elicit information about behaviour (thus Section 12 enquires about the basis for production decisions on non-plan outputs, and Section 13 asks about responses to a situation of slack demand).
Ownership Reform Issues
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters of this book we have looked in some detail at the functioning and performance of Chinese state-owned industrial enterprises. This is of interest in its own right, and throws light on some of the impact and repercussions of the economic reform programme pursued in China in the middle years of the 1980s. But the analysis naturally leads on to the questions of the future of economic reform. How should it evolve from here and at what pace? Is further change necessary or desirable? Indeed, have some of the developments in recent years gone too far? These are controversial and very far-reaching questions which cannot be answered solely by reference to empirical analysis of recent enterprise performance, important though that is. The purpose of this chapter is to examine some of the considerations involved, as a basis for making suggestions for the future. A complementary purpose is to place what has been achieved in the present stage of economic reform in context, the better to see how such suggestions fit with the evolution of reform and of the Chinese economy more generally. This in turn forms a backcloth for examining more specific enterprise reform proposals which have been put forward in recent years.
A View from Psychology
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter approaches participation from a psychological perspective. A full-fledged review of the voluminous psychological literature on the subject seems to be impossible. In fact, already by the mid-1970s reviewers began to lament the abundance of the available literature, which ‘is so enormous that to achieve a complete “review” is virtually impossible’ (Locke and Schweiger 1979). Rather, this chapter uses the discipline to raise some questions which have not been discussed sufficiently.
The chapter intends to introduce some conceptual clarifications, to identify some of the main themes, findings, theoretical, and methodological developments, and to address important lacunae in the ongoing psychological discourse on participation.
Collective Bargaining, Unions, and Participation
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collective bargaining and representative participation can be viewed as alternative forms of employee representation. This chapter is concerned with the relationship between the two. Though our primary focus is on tensions between unions and Representative Participative Bodies (RPBs), such as works councils, we will consider two other issues, the attitudes of unions towards participation, and the extent to which either collective bargaining or participation adequately represents employees’ interests.
In view of the great variety of industrial-relations arrangements throughout the world, this chapter makes no pretence at being comprehensive. (It ignores, for example, developments in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.) Instead it places considerable (but far from exclusive) emphasis on Germany and the USA, both because there has been more relevant research done in these countries and because (as we shall see later) they may represent opposite ends of a continuum.
Conceptual Frameworks and Causal Modelling
Authors: Duchêne Josianne , Wunsch Guillaume 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theory purports to explain a set of facts. Without theory facts are not interpretable. As Pierre Duhem has written, interpretation substitutes for the concrete given, gathered by observation, abstract and symbolic representations which correspond to the given by virtue of the theories admitted by the observer. (See R. Ariew (1984) for a major review of Duhem’s views on scientific theories, presently known as the Duhem-Quine theses.) The elaboration of a theory is composed of various stages. Using Blalock’s (1968) terminology, one distinguishes firstly a general theory made up of abstract concepts and relations. As concepts are not observable, they have to be translated into measurable indicators; these indicators, and their inter relations, compose the auxiliary theory. Finally, as one of the present authors has argued (Wunsch, 1984), a third stage in theory-building should be added to Blalock’s two-level approach, namely the statistical model which links, through various assumptions, the auxiliary theory to the ‘concrete given’, to go back to Duhem’s terminology.
Trends in Socio-economic Differentials in Infant Mortality in Selected Latin American Countries
Authors: Guzman Jose Miguel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the 1950s, Latin American countries presented very high infant mortality rates, although there were great differences between them. Nevertheless, in the period 1950-80 infant mortality experienced very important reductions, and at the same time expectation of life at birth increased in all Latin American countries. This reduction of infant mortality in Latin America occurred within a context of sustained economic growth. Between 1950 and 1978 the regional gross national product per capita grew by 2.6 per cent a year, producing an increase of social wealth in these countries. Although this economic growth did not contribute directly to improving the distribution of the social product (CEPAL, 1979), there is no doubt that the effect of this maintained economic growth was an improvement in certain aspects of the population’s living conditions, at least in some sectors.
The Inter-war Period: 1914-37, an Overview
Authors: Nakamura Takafusa , Odaka Konosuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid development of manufacturing industries The first 10 years of the twentieth century witnessed a rising trend in investment. The growth rates for real investment in this period, calculated on a seven-year moving average, was astounding, and annual fluctuations in aggregate demand (gross national expenditure (GNE) plus value of imports) can be explained largely by the changes in the levels of private and government investment. In contrast, from the latter part of the nineteenth century to 1905, export growth was sluggish and, if anything, contributed negatively to aggregate demand (Fig. I.la and b).
Wartime Controls
Authors: Hara Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Japanese government began to take control of the economy in the wake of the revolt by young military officers on February 26, 1936. After Finance Minister Eiichi Baba of the Hirota Cabinet announced a massively expanded budget for fiscal 1937, imports grew explosively in anticipation of the expansion in munitions. Faced with a crisis in its international balance of payments, the government issued the Ordinance Governing Currency Controls on Imports (Yunyu Kawase Kanri Rei) early in 1937. Controls were thus introduced ahead of the outbreak of full-scale war, but full-scale controls were implemented in earnest after the outbreak of the war against China in July 1937. If one considers the economy at the time of the 1931 Manchurian Incident, in terms of the proportion of military expenditure or from the level of armament production, it was hardly a “wartime economy.” But once Japan entered the war against China, the weight of the military in the economy suddenly expanded. Japan had clearly entered the stage of wartime economy in which the entire resources of the nation were directed towards the military effort.
Postwar Democratization and Economic Reconstruction
Authors: Miwa Ryoichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the end of the Second World War, the framework for the future direction of the Japanese economy came to be determined by the Occupation policies of the Allies. Upon surrender, Japan agreed to the terms of Article 11 of the Potsdam Declaration, which stipulated the conditions that were to govern the nation’s future economy. Article 11 permitted Japan to ‘‘Maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind.
Divergence and Convergence in British and French Business in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For generations, the uneasy relationship between Britain and France has captured the popular imagination. From traditional enmity to ultimate alliance in major modern international conflicts, rivalry, in all sorts of matters, has remained its dominant feature.1 Comparative studies between the two countries abound, from political systems to eating habits: they do not really extend to business history. In that particular field, comparisons with America, Germany, or Japan have taken precedence. This derives from the very logic of comparative analyses and their motivation. On the one hand, countries presenting a relative homogeneity offer the best prospects for fruitful comparisons-homogeneity in size, level of development, historical experience, etc. On the other hand, the temptation to compare one ‘s country with the leading power of the day is difficult to resist, in order to measure the gap separating it from assumed best practices.