bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science
Authors: Fulford Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The one Life within us and abroad | Which meets all motion and becomes its soul.’ When Coleridge wrote these words from his poem ‘The Aeolian Harp’ in 1816/17, he expressed an ideal that he and a number of literary innovators we now call Romantics had shared since the 1790s. They shared it with a new generation of men whom we now call scientists: all wanted to discover the vital powers that animated mind, matter, man, nature—everything. In the 1790s, though, the word ‘scientist’ did not exist: there were natural philosophers and ‘men of science’ but almost no professional full-time researchers working in institutions or universities.
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales
Authors: Stafford Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreign travel often heightens the home comer’s feeling for his own country, but this powerful celebration reflects an acute awareness that across the Channel, all, all were certainly not English. Wordsworth’s personal reasons for the trip gave his return to England a particular emotional charge. He had been meeting his former lover, Annette Vallon, and their daughter, Caroline, before his own marriage to Mary Hutchinson, which would take place in October.
Feminism
Authors: Mello Anne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What difference does the social construction of gender make to our understanding of the literature produced in Britain in the Romantic period? As I have argued at length in my Romanticism and Gender (1993), paying attention both to the sex of the author and to the ways in which gender is represented in individual literary texts can reveal a very different Romanticism from the one often portrayed in earlier histories of British literature. In order to unpack some of these differences, I will here approach this subject first historically and then thematically.
Ecology
Authors: McKusick James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years a new approach to the study of British Romantic literature has fundamentally altered the kinds of questions posed by literary criticism. This new approach, known as ecological literary criticism, or simply ecocriticism, first came to prominence during the 1990s, a period of increasing environmental concern throughout the industrialized world. Ecological critics have pondered fundamental questions about the purpose of literary criticism, and of imaginative literature itself, in a time of everincreasing environmental crisis.
Lyric
Authors: Sheats Paul D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To see where the word ‘lyric’ comes from, look up on a clear summer’s night at Lyra, the lovely constellation that seemed to the ancient Greeks to resemble a lyre, or harp. For them a lyric was a poem sung to the lyre or another instrument. It might be a choral ode, danced and sung to honour Olympic victors, a hymn to the gods, a drinking song, an elegy, or a love poem. The philosopher Aristotle distinguished such musical kinds, or genres, from the other grand divisions of poetry, the narrative that tells a story and the drama that enacts it.
Epic
Authors: Pratt Lynda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Romanticism with which we are now most familiar is that represented in numerous excellent, easily available anthologies. It is inevitably a selective Romanticism, one still shaped (if no longer entirely owned) by the six canonical male poets and dominated by shorter poetic forms, for example, the ode, the lyric, and the sonnet. With a mere handful of notable exceptions, such as William Wordsworth’s Prelude, Romantic long poems—or at least long poems in their entirety—do not sit easily in this format. It is therefore not surprising that it is easy to overlook the contributions made by longer poetic forms, in particular the epic, to Romantic-period culture.
Satire
Authors: Jones Steven E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to conventional literary histories, Romantic literature is predominantly sincere, spontaneous, subjective, otherworldly, and transcendent. Satire, on the other hand, is usually understood as rhetorical, strategic, worldly, and topical. The construction of the Romantic canon, therefore, along with the establishment of Romanticism as the dominant movement of early nineteenth-century British literature, was accompanied by the relative devaluation of Romantic-period satire by literary historians. It used to be common to say that satire ‘died’ with the ‘Augustan’ writers of the eighteenth century and was displaced by the emergence of sentimental and sincere Romanticism.
Romantic drama
Authors: Pascoe Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May of 1780, the notorious Lady Craven arrived at the Drury Lane theatre in London to see her comedy The Miniature Picture being performed as an afterpiece to Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale. The arrival of Elizabeth Craven probably caused as large a rustle in the audience as the moment of curtain rising; she was enveloped in scandal and dressed to catch the eye. According to another member of the audience, the letterwriter Horace Walpole, Lady Craven wore ‘a profusion of white bugles and plumes, to receive the public homage due to her sex and loveliness’, and she seated herself in the middle of the front row of the stage box, so that homage could be easily received.
Gothic
Authors: Trott Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gothic existed long before it became a genre-word. In origin, it is a race-term, referring to the Goths who, from their tribal homelands in Germany or Scandinavia, invaded central and southern Europe and helped to bring down the Roman Empire (Goths under Alaric sacked Rome in ad 410). For the Renaissance scholars who recovered Roman culture, the Gothic meant whatever was pre-Roman. For the Italian art historian Vasari, it meant non-classical architecture, built in the perpendicular or pointed-arch style, and dating from the twelfth to sixteenth centuries.
The fragment
Authors: Thomas Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March of 1818, an impressive collection of architectural fragments arrived on English shores, aboard HMS Weymouth, from the Roman ruins of Leptis Magna on the Libyan coast of North Africa. The contents of this shipment were listed as having included an extensive assortment of granite and marble columns, capitals, pedestals, pieces of cornice, inscribed slabs, and various fragments of sculptured figures (for example, ‘Statue in halves Head and Feet deficient’). Also part of the shipment, taken on board at Malta, was the bust of Ramses (now in the British Museum) that inspired Shelley’s poem ‘Ozymandias’.
Travel writing
Authors: Thompson Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his autobiographical narrative Suspiria de Profundis (1845), Thomas De Quincey tells (or more probably, invents) an amusing story about his childhood appetite for books. Besotted with reading, he signs up at the local bookseller’s to receive a multi-volume series of voyage narratives. Matters go awry, however, when the bookseller jokingly tells him that the series will run to some 15,000 volumes. Taking the bookseller at his word, the young De Quincey has nightmares in which books arrive by the wagonload; and as he imagines them piling up in the front garden, he becomes convinced that he has consigned himself to legal proceedings, bankruptcy, and shame.
The theatre
Authors: Carlson Julie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is odd to place the afterlife of British Romanticism in the theatre since so much writing during the period was trying to move drama and its readers out of the theatre and so much subsequent writing about the period has denied its interest and competence in drama or theatre. The standard view presented both in theatre histories and criticism on Romanticism is that the period produced no playwright of note, no play that was at once poetic and stage worthy, and that the conditions of early nineteenth-century theatres, especially patent or legitimate theatres, were themselves hostile to classical drama, especially verse tragedy (compare the chapter on ‘Romantic drama’).
Introduction: A New Biblical-Theological Approach to the Unity of the Canon
Authors: Helmer Christine , Landmesser Christof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its origins, the field of biblical theology has been considered a bridge discipline, spanning the gap and staging the dialogue between the historically and exegetically oriented biblical disciplines and the conceptually oriented theological disciplines. As a discipline distinct from either biblical or theological studies, biblical theology proved successful in preventing premature dogmatic impositions onto the interpretation of ancient texts. The field continued to thematize key problems primarily in view of the Christian Bible, such as the relation between the two testaments, and to determine the precise tasks of the two disciplines informing biblical theology: exegesis and theology. Yet the field continues to be uncertain regarding the legitimacy, warrants, and justifications for theological and philosophical claims made in connection to its work. In this volume, a new direction in biblical theology is proposed that seeks to place theological and philosophical questions at the centre of biblical-theological investigation.
The Making of England’s Jane
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The publication in 1870 of James Edward Austen-Leigh’s biographical Memoir of his aunt Jane Austen has long been recognized as altering her fortunes for ever—from a relatively select coterie writer, a critic’s and a novelist’s novelist, to a widely esteemed cultural asset, everybody’s quintessential English novelist. In the space of the next two years, more periodical essays were given over to appreciations of her art than had appeared in the whole period since her death in 1817. Over the next three decades, and in the wake of Austen-Leigh’s paradoxical public acclamation of one whose talents ‘did not . . . in any degree pierce through the obscurity of her domestic retirement’, a permanent revolution was effected in Jane Austen’s reputation, the nature and consequences of which still affect us.
Personal Obscurity and the Biographer’s Baggage
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mindful of his wry title, ‘One Cheer for Literary Biography’, John Updike brings to a close a persistently equivocal essay by summarizing the fascination of the third-party revelations of biography as the appeal of the authentic or at least ‘less artful . . . in this art-wary age’. In a description calculated to make all parties squirm, biography gives us ‘the intimate underside of writers’; we enjoy it because, wary of art, ‘we resent action writer’s manipulation of his private life, including the private lives of those around him, and rejoice when he or she loses control.
Textual Identities: Part 2
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The certainties that the Chapman Austen edition evinced and the uncertain- ties it stood to direct now strike us quite differently. Chapman’s self- dedication to the Austen œuvre was a heroic labour: after the novels he went on to publish the juvenilia and later manuscript writings, the letters, and a supplement to the family-derived biographical record. But the immersion therapy proposed through the recreation of a Regency world and reading experience now seems both quaint and partial. Archly knowing— in the matter of the rules for the game of speculation or the carriage design of the barouche landau—such information now appears wholly inadequate in its assumptions about what we need to know to get our novelistic bearings.
Heracles as Dr Strangelove and GI Joe: Male Heroism Deconstructed
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euripides’ Heracles has not been adapted for performance with great frequency, but its exploration of the problems inherent in the social construction of masculinity, especially our culture’s pervasive legitimization of male violence, has led to a new interest in staging the play in the wake of the feminist movement and its critique of traditional thinking about gender.
Social issues: survey
Authors: Goldberg Harvey E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The academic study of Judaism and systematic research into social issues both took initial shape early in the nineteenth century. Leopold Zunz (1794–1886), a leader of the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement, included a Jewish sociology or Statistik in his view of a Jewish science. Then, ‘statistic’ referred to qualitative assessment as well as to quantitative investigations. Productive interaction between social thought and questions of contemporary Jewish life and Jewish history emerged only toward the end of the century. One reason for the delay was that nineteenth-century thought was evolutionist, picturing society as moving through stages.
Philosophical issues: survey
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best way to understand modern Jewish philosophy is to look at the medieval background from which it arose. According to Maimonides (1138–1204), the heart and soul of Judaism can be summed up in the first two commandments, which mandate worship of the true God and rejection of idolatry. By the ‘true’ God he means a God who is simple, immaterial, and radically unlike anything in the created order. In keeping with the standard medieval view, Maimonides argues that we can know that God exists but will never be in a position to know what God is. What we can know are the consequences or effects of divine activity, by which he means the structure of the world God created.
The problems of evil
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At some point in their lives many people formulate, in however inarticulate a fashion, the problem of evil. But at least since the author of Job grappled with the apparently undeserved fate of his central character, this issue in ever more refined form has been a particular focus for philosophers of religion. The twentieth century inevitably stirred up renewed interest in this most ancient of conundrums as a consequence of the radical moral evil embodied in the Holocaust, which elicited responses from across the religious divide. Amongst Jewish thinkers, though, the question often takes on added poignancy for those who accept traditional covenantal notions such as that the Jews were chosen by God for a particular mission.
Jewish ethics in a modern world
Authors: Zank Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judaism is traditionally understood as a way of life founded on the Mosaic law and its rabbinic interpretations, whereas ethics—in the sense of moral philosophy—is a discourse on human perfection grounded in reason. Notwithstanding this difference, many modern Jewish theologians and philosophers have argued that the world-view of the biblical prophets is deeply moral and that their ethic—in the sense of a set of rules of conduct implicit or explicit in their oracles—is the inner principle of the entire development of the Jewish religion.
Assembling Chaucer’s Texts in Print, 1517 to 1532
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author of Troilus locates himself at the inception of a new vernacular tradition by divorcing his practices from native traditions of ‘making’ or even translating, and inviting comparison with classical traditions of ‘poesye’ (Troilus, v. 1789– 90). He declares himself worthy to address the authors of the classical past. His little book, in however humble a guise, traverses the distance between their ‘steppes’ and his own.
Agamemnon for the Ancients
Authors: Easterling Pat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My topic is the reception of Agamemnon in Greek in the long period of continuous theatrical tradition from the time of its first showing at Athens in 458 bc to the end of pagan antiquity. Familiar enough territory, one might think—at least to the extent that everyone recognizes the play (along with Libation Bearers and Eumenides) as seminal for the development of Attic drama; but mysterious in many respects, largely because our evidence is so patchy. For a start, we have no actual record of a specific revival of the play during that long period (c.800 years?).1 But it is inconceivable that revivals never happened in some form or another, and this mismatch may be a good starting point for thinking about methodology.
Aeschylus ’Clytemnestra versus her Senecan Tradition
Authors: Hall Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unknown Etrurian sculptor in the second century ad decorated an alabaster urn with a scene in which Clytemnestra takes the principal role in the murder of Agamemnon (Fig. 4.1). It is an unremarkable art work in both design and execution, but it has a peculiar signiWcance that only a diachronic process of rexection on the Wgure of Clytemnestra can reveal. For this is the sole certain ancient visual illustration of the murder of Agamemnon to post-date Aeschylus’ Oresteia which makes Clytemnestra the primary agent in her husband’ s slaughter.1 Literary versions which make her both mastermind and the executor of the crime are also rare, one exception being Philostratus’ even later Cassandra, an ecphrasis of a painting written in about 300 ad (Imagines 2.10, see further Easterling, this volume, pp. 35-6).
Virtue, Norms, and Objectivity
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume of new essays discusses issues in ancient and modern philosophy about the nature and grounding of ethical norms and concepts, including virtue, and, in particular, the idea that ethics is objectively grounded. To appreciate the contribution of this collection, it is helpful to locate it, in the first instance, against the larger background of recent debate about the relationship between ancient and modern ethical theory; this debate also bears on the merits and demerits of different types of ethical approach and on the nature and basis of the norms and concepts on which these approaches centre.
On the Idea of the summum bonum
Authors: Broadie Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the minds of most philosophers and historians of philosophy, the idea of the summum bonum (highest good) comes embedded in a question: what is the highest good? The idea seems entertainable to the extent that the question seems real. For the question to seem real at least two conditions must hold. First, it must seem as if some answers are objectively better than others. Secondly, it must not seem straight off obvious what the right or best answer to the question should be. But there is also, presumably, a third desideratum, namely agreement, implicit or explicit, on the second order question of what is meant by regarding X as the highest good, whatever X may be. This second order question is my subject here.
Commentary on Detel from a Stoic Standpoint
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin by summarizing the main claims of Wolfgang Detel’s chapter, as I understand these. His starting-point is the restatement of a broad and familiar contrast between the naturalistic approach characteristic of ancient ethical thought and the non-naturalistic style of most modern ethical thinking. Detel proposes to refine and correct this contrast in two ways. He re-analyses the naturalism of ancient thinking—specifically, of Plato—as a ‘hybrid’ approach, which locates different kinds of normativity (including ethical normativity) in a larger framework of thinking about norms and reality. He also argues that modern theories of normativity would be more convincing if they were, as in ancient philosophy, hybrid theories. To show this, he focuses his discussion on ancient and modern ideas about semantic normativity since it is often held that semantic normativity is the most basic source of normativity in general.
Introduction
Authors: Buxton Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent article, the critic Edna Longley recalls a seminar she gave for some graduate students in Chicago in 1986. She remarks, evidently with some astonishment, that they ‘were amazed to learn that Frost (who?) had inspired Heaney and Muldoon in differently fruitful ways’. She goes on to observe that there is a parallel between this ‘current lack of feeling for the loops and backformations of literary tradition’ and the ‘American ahistoricism that alarms political analysts’. Explicit is Longley’s belief that an awareness of Frost’s poetry and criticism is indispensable to a full appreciation of Heaney’s and Muldoon’s poetry.
A Crucial Figure
Authors: Buxton Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In writing this Frost had, it seems, been prompted by Lowes’s assertion that poetry ‘is one texture of quotations’ stitched together from all that the poet has read. The position might indeed be considered an ‘obvious’ one, certainly within the American tradition: Emerson, for example, argued in his 1841 essay ‘Man the Reformer’ that man is born to be ‘a Reformer, a Remaker of what man has made’, and in 1847’s ‘Art’ declared that ‘the new in art is always formed out of the old’.
Strategic Retreat
Authors: Buxton Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seamus Heaney’s 1984 volume, Station Island, is full of ghosts. Not only do its readers encounter the Dantesque shades of its Purgatorio inspired middle section; many will also recognize within the poems Heaney’s poetic and artistic predecessors, among them Yeats, Lowell, Cézanne, Kavanagh, and Joyce. Robert Frost is also quite clearly present. Yet this is seldom remarked upon, despite the fact that, to quote a line from the Station Island poem ‘The First Flight’, the collection resounds with ‘the acoustic of frost’: At a literal level, this is a relatively unambiguous reference to frost as a natural phenomenon, and to the speaker’s renewed acquaintance with nature. Yet, given the number of references to Frost’s poetry elsewhere in the poem, the reader can be forgiven for wondering whether or not Heaney’s concealment of Frost’s name in these lines is also an act of homage.
Language and Communication
Authors: Buxton Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘We used to be told at school that language was for communication’, recalled Seamus Heaney in a recent interview. ‘Well I don’t think poets quite believe that it’s for communication. It’s for sporting. Whether you’re Milton sporting very seriously with Paradise Lost or Philip Larkin sporting with a few rhymes, there’s an extraness about it.’ Yet the idea of communication between poet and audience is one that is central to Station Island, and the doubtful disposition of the collection can, as O’Donoghue argues, be attributed to ‘the difficulty of interpreting language’.2 He observes that in this volume, and most particularly in the ‘Sweeney Redivivus’ series of poems, Heaney sets up an opposition between written language and spoken language, between the mustiness of the library and ‘the evocativeness of the aural images’.
The Mediterranean and Ancient History
Authors: Harris W V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians, and probably anthropologists too, are destined to write a great deal more about both the Mediterranean and Mediterraneanism—the doctrine that there are distinctive characteristics which the cultures of the Mediterranean have, or have had, in common. And whatever the importance of the Mediterranean may be for earlier or later history, those of us who study the history of the Greeks and Romans have a particular need, for obvious reasons, to get the subject straight.