bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Cortical Cells and Astrocytomas in the Eker Rat Model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Takahashi D. Koji , Dinday Matthew T. , Barbaro Nicholas M. , Baraban Scott C. 
Published: November 2004

Summary:  Purpose: In patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a wide range of neurologic abnormalities develop, including mental retardation and seizures. Brains from TSC patients are characterized by the presence of cortical tubers, large dysmorphic neurons, and abnormal cytomegalic cells. Although analysis of human TSC brain samples led to the identification of these abnormal cell types, very little is known about how these cells function. In an effort to model TSC‐associated CNS abnormalities (and ultimately to analyze the electrophysiologic properties of abnormal cells), we examined Eker rats carrying a Tsc2 mutation. Anatomic studies, including standard histologic stains and immunocytochemistry, were performed on young Eker rats exposed to a carcinogen in utero or aged untreated Eker rats (18–24 months old). Methods: Pregnant TSC2+/− females were injected once a day with hydroquinone (HQ), and offspring were killed at postnatal day P14 or P28. Coronal tissue sections throughout the CNS were prepared and stained for cresyl violet. In separate studies, brains of old untreated Eker rats were sectioned for anatomic analysis by using standard immunohistochemical techniques. Results: Tissue sections stained with cresyl violet did not reveal any gross differences between HQ‐treated Eker (Tsc2Ek/+) rats and siblings (Tsc2+/+). However, two classes of abnormal giant cells were observed in brain sections from untreated aged Eker rats: (a) large dysmorphic pyramid‐like cells immunoreactive for NeuN, tuberin, and EAAC‐1 in layers IV–VI; and (b) abnormal cytomegalic cells immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin in deep cortical layers or along the white matter. In addition, large subependymal astrocytomas were observed in four animals. Conclusions: Our data suggest that cortical tuber formation in Eker rats is a rare event and that prenatal exposure to a nongenotoxic carcinogen such as HQ is not sufficient to induce tuber formation. However, with advanced age, an increased likelihood of astrocytoma formation and the emergence of dysmorphic neurons and cytomegalic cells in the Eker rat brain might exist; each of these abnormalities mimics those seen clinically and could contribute to neurologic problems associated with TSC. Further analysis of this rodent model may be warranted.
Identification of the Epileptogenic Lobe in Neocortical Epilepsy with Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Mueller Susanne G. , Laxer Kenneth D. , Barakos Jerome A. , Cashdollar Nathan , Flenniken Derek L. , Vermathen Peter , Matson Gerald B. , Weiner Michael W. 
Published: November 2004

Summary:  Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of multislice magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in combination with tissue segmentation for the identification of the epileptogenic focus in neocortical epilepsy (NE). Methods: Twenty patients with NE (10 with MRI‐visible malformations, 10 with normal MRI) and 19 controls were studied. In controls, N‐acetylaspartate NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho of all voxels of a given lobe were expressed as a function of white matter, and thresholds were determined by calculating the 95% prediction intervals (PIs) for NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho. Voxels with NAA/Cr or NAA/Cho values less than the 95% PI were defined as “pathological.” Z‐scores were calculated. Depending on the magnitude of those z‐scores, we used two different methods (score‐localization or forced‐localization) to identify in a given subject the lobe with the highest percentage of pathological voxels, which was supposed to represent the epileptogenic lobe. Results: MRSI correctly identified the lobe containing the epileptogenic focus as defined by EEG in 65% of the NE patients. MRSI localization of the focus was correct in 70% of the patients with an MRI‐visible malformation and in 60% of the patients with normal MRI. Of the patients, 15% had metabolically abnormal brain regions outside the epileptogenic lobe, and 35% of the patients had evidence for secondary hippocampal damage. Conclusions: MRSI may be helpful for the identification of the epileptogenic focus in NE patients, even in NE with normal MRI.
Nanometre localization of single ReAsH molecules
Authors: PARK H. , HANSON G. T. , DUFF S. R. , SELVIN P. R. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryReAsH is a red‐emitting dye that binds to the unique sequence Cys‐Cys‐Xaa‐Xaa‐Cys‐Cys (where Xaa is a noncysteine amino acid) in the protein. We attached a single ReAsH to a calmodulin with an inserted tetracysteine motif and immobilized individual calmodulins to a glass surface at low density. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was used to image individual ReAsH molecules. We determined the centre of the distribution of photons in the image of a single molecule in order to determine the position of the dye within 5 nm precision and with an image integration time of 0.5 s. The photostability of ReAsH was also characterized and observation times ranging from several seconds to over a minute were observed. We found that 2‐mercaptoethanesulphonic acid increased the number of collected photons from ReAsH molecules by a factor of two. Individual ReAsH molecules were then moved via a nanometric stage in 25 or 40 nm steps, either at a constant rate or at a Poisson‐distributed rate. Individual steps were clearly seen, indicating that the observation of translational motion on this scale, which is relevant for many biomolecular motors, is possible with ReAsH.
Three‐dimensional representation of curved nanowires
Authors: HUANG Z. , DIKIN D. A. , DING W. , QIAO Y. , CHEN X. , FRIDMAN Y. , RUOFF R. S. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryNanostructures, such as nanowires, nanotubes and nanocoils, can be described in many cases as quasi one‐dimensional curved objects projecting in three‐dimensional space. A parallax method to construct the correct three‐dimensional geometry of such one‐dimensional nanostructures is presented. A series of scanning electron microscope images was acquired at different view angles, thus providing a set of image pairs that were used to generate three‐dimensional representations using a matlab program. An error analysis as a function of the view angle between the two images is presented and discussed. As an example application, the importance of knowing the true three‐dimensional shape of boron nanowires is demonstrated; without the nanowire's correct length and diameter, mechanical resonance data cannot provide an accurate estimate of Young's modulus.
Microinfrared reflection spectroscopic mapping: application to the detection of hydrogen‐related species in natural quartz
Authors: MUTO J. , NAGAHAMA H. , HASHIMOTO T. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryA new method of microinfrared reflection spectroscopy and mapping analysis is briefly introduced. It was used to detect distributions and structures of hydrogen‐related species (e.g. H2O, SiOH and SiH) in plastically deformed natural quartz. We used a Fourier transform‐infrared spectrometer with a microscopic imaging system fully automated for all microscope functions (e.g. focusing, aperture, stage motion and measurements). Mapping can be made in thin sections with a thickness of 50 µm at room temperature and low temperatures (77 K) using a liquid N2 cooling system. Infrared reflection spectra were obtained by five scans for each point with a range from 4000 to 400 cm−1. The spectra were measured five times within about 2.5 s at each position. The scanning interval was 100–150 µm using a 100 × 100 µm2 aperture. All obtained spectral data were stored in computer memory to construct two‐dimensional mappings of infrared absorption. From the comparisons between infrared mapping images and deformation microstructures, in addition to the molecular H2O around 3600–3400 cm−1, the hydrogen‐related point defects (i.e. SiOH and SiH) around 970–900 cm−1 within quartz grains and between grain boundaries increased with decreasing grain sizes (increasing plastic strain). The method can detect the SiOH and SiH along grain boundaries that enhance the hydrolytic weakening of natural quartz.
An optical‐axis freezing stage for laser‐scanning microscopy of broad ice–water interfaces
Authors: NEILS C. M. , DILLER K. R. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThis article presents a method to view a dynamic ice interface along the axis of ice growth using a laser‐scanning microscope. A deep liquid volume is chilled from below so that ice growth is directed upward toward the microscope objective. The interface is made visible by rejection of fluorescent dye from the solid phase into the liquid. Images of the interface morphology in water with solutes of interest to cryobiology illustrate the imaging capability. These images are processed to quantify the lamellar structure of the ice interface. The optical‐axis cryostage provides advantages over horizontal arrangements because (1) immersion objectives enhance, rather than disturb, the desired thermal gradient, and (2) features in the ice interface are not confined within a narrow capillary tube or microscope slide. This arrangement loses some of the thermal control found in planar freezing stages, and the dynamic, refractive interface presents challenges to confocal microscopy.
Ageing and subcellular distribution of mitochondria: role of mitochondrial DNA deletions and energy production
Authors: Drew B. , Leeuwenburgh C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe rapid growing population of elderly illustrates the importance of understanding the mechanisms responsible for ageing and the detrimental effects on health associated with increasing age. One of the primary mechanisms may be because of the accumulation of mtDNA damage and oxidative damage with age. Previous studies have examined this correlation in post‐mitotic tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart and brain with decreased mitochondrial function, such as enzymatic activities of the electron transport chain and ATP production. However, regional differences in the subcellular location of mitochondria exist and most studies have failed to differentiate the effects of these two autonomous fractions, the subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar populations. Hence, while future research attempts to explain the mechanisms responsible for ageing in the mitochondrion, it should also take into account the independent pathways of these two distinctly different populations.
Mapping of the bovine genes of the de novo AMP synthesis pathway1
Authors: Bønsdorff T. , Gautier M. , Farstad W. , Rønningen K. , Lingaas F. , Olsaker I. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe purine nucleotides adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) are critical for energy metabolism, cell signalling and cell reproduction. Despite their essential function, little is known about the regulation and in vivo expression pattern of the genes involved in the de novo purine synthesis pathway. The complete coding region of the bovine phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase gene (PAICS), which catalyses steps 6 and 7 of the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway, as well as bovine genomic sequences of the six other genes in the pathway producing inosine monophosphate (IMP) and AMP [phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT), phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (GART), phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS), adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC) and adenylosuccinate synthase (ADSS)], were identified. The genes were mapped to segments of six different bovine chromosomes using a radiation hybrid (RH) cell panel. The gene PPAT, coding for the presumed rate‐limiting enzyme of the purine de novo pathway was closely linked to PAICS on BTA6. These, and the other bovine locations i.e. GART at BTA1, PFAS at BTA19, ADSL at BTA5, ATIC at BTA2 and ADSS at BTA16, are in agreement with published comparative maps of cattle and man. PAICS and PPAT genes are known to be closely linked in human, rat and chicken. Previously, an expressed sequence fragment of PAICS (Bos taurus corpus luteum, BTCL9) was mapped to BTA13. By isolation and characterization of a BAC clone, we have now identified a PAICS processed pseudogene sequence (ψPAICS) on BTA13. Processed pseudogene sequences of PAICS and other genes of the purine biosynthesis pathway were identified in several mammalian species, indicating that the genes of this pathway have been susceptible to retrotransposition. The seven bovine genes are expressed at a higher level in testicular and ovary tissues compared with skeletal muscle.
British division of the international academy of pathology
Authors: Van Den Tweel J , Howat A J , Shepherd N A , Warren B F , Harris C 
Published: November 2004

Forthcoming meetings
5–8 July 2005 Joint Meeting with the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Newcastle‐Upon‐Tyne, UK

25–26 November 2005 Symposium on Intestinal Pathology. London, UK
Relationship between micropapillary component and micrometastasis in the regional lymph nodes of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Roh M S , Lee J I , Choi P J , Hong Y S 
Published: November 2004

Aims:  To determine whether a micropapillary component is a prognostic predictor, with particular reference to nodal micrometastasis, in patients with stage I lung adenocarcinomas.Methods and results:  Thirty‐five cases with stage I lung adenocarcinomas, obtained from lobectomies or pneumonectomies, and 434 dissected hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, were retrospectively reviewed. A micropapillary component and nodal micrometastasis were found in 16 (45.7%) and 14 (40%) of the 35 cases, respectively, with nodal micrometastasis in 24 (5.5%) of the 434 lymph nodes, in an immunohistochemical study using an anti‐cytokeratin antibody. Ten (62.5%) of the 16 cases with a micropapillary component, and four (21.1%) of the remaining 19 cases, showed nodal micrometastases (P = 0.014). Kaplan–Meier survival curves demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the cases with and without a micropapillary component (P = 0.28). However, the 5 years' survival of the cases with and without nodal micrometastases were 71.4% and 35.7%, respectively (P = 0.03).Conclusions:  A micropapillary component may be a manifestation of aggressive behaviour, as shown by frequent micrometastasis, for stage I lung adenocarcinomas.
CD23 expression in mediastinal large B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Calaminici M , Piper K , Lee A M , Norton A J 
Published: November 2004

Aims:  Mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma (MLBCL) is a subtype of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the WHO classification with peculiar features, such as female prevalence, young patient age and bulky presentation. It shows a B‐cell phenotype with variable expression of surface immunoglobulin, negative CD21 and CD10 and positive CD30 in a large number of cases. An origin from activated thymic B cells has been suggested in several studies. A subpopulation of large, dendritic cells (asteroid cells) strongly expressing CD23 has been identified amongst thymic B cells and these could represent the normal cellular counterpart for this type of primary mediastinal large cell lymphoma.Methods and results:  To explore this possibility, we immunostained 24 cases of primary mediastinal lymphomas and 100 cases of non‐mediastinal, nodal and extranodal, DLBCLs for CD23 in routinely processed paraffin‐embedded tissues.Conclusions:  Our results show that a vast majority (70%) of mediastinal lymphomas strongly express CD23 whilst the same antigen is expressed in only 15% of non‐mediastinal nodal DLBCLs and 9% of non‐mediastinal extranodal DLBCLs. These results support the hypothesis that most cases of MLBCL arise from activated dendritic thymic B cells. We also suggest that CD23 should be included in the panel of antibodies currently used to characterize this subtype of DLBCL.
High microvascular density is correlated with high VEGF, iNOS and COX‐2 expression in penetrating growth‐type early gastric carcinomas
Authors: Ichinoe M , Mikami T , Shiraishi H , Okayasu I 
Published: November 2004

Aims:  Early gastric carcinomas have two characteristic growth types, superficial spreading (SUP) and penetrating (PEN). Higher mucosal apoptotic activity and lower p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and submucosal low proliferative activity have been shown in the former, compared with the latter. In order to cast light on whether angiogenesis contributes to these growth patterns, the present immunohistochemical study was performed with cancer tissues.Methods and results:  Of a total of 807 early gastric carcinomas, 30 PEN and 33 SUP type submucosal invasive carcinoma cases were immunohistochemically compared. CD34 positivity, microvascular density (MVD), and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), but not cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) were higher in cancer cells in both mucosal and submucosal layers in PEN than in SUP (P < 0.05). Submucosal MVD in PEN type was greater (P < 0.01) in cases with high than with low Ki67 labelling. Significant correlations were shown between MVD and VEGF, iNOS and COX‐2, and VEGF and iNOS expression in the PEN type, but only a weak correlation between iNOS and COX‐2 expression was evident with the SUP type.Conclusions:  Increased MVD in PEN type has an intimate causal relationship to angiogenic factors, high VEGF and iNOS expression. The SUP type, in contrast, has characteristics of low angiogenesis.
Immunohistochemical characterization of endometrial leucocytes in endometritis
Authors: Disep B , Innes B A , Cochrane H R , Tijani S , Bulmer J N 
Published: November 2004

Aims:  Leucocytes are a normal and variable component of the endometrial stromal cell population. The aim of this study was to characterize endometrial leucocytes in established cases of endometritis in order to determine whether there are objective characteristics of the leucocyte infiltrate which would allow its identification as part of an inflammatory process rather then the normal physiological leucocyte infiltrate.Methods and results:  We examined endometrial tissue from 79 cases of endometritis and 22 histologically normal controls. Leucocytes were characterized immunohistochemically for CD45, CD20, CD68, CD3 and CD56 and numbers were analysed semiquantitatively on a scale of 0–4. In many endometritis cases the overall number of leucocytes was increased. Furthermore, leucocytes were unusually distributed with a tendency to accumulate superficially beneath the endometrial surface. Whilst numbers of macrophages, T lymphocytes and endometrial granulated lymphocytes (uterine natural killer cells) did not differ between endometritis samples and controls, most endometritis cases contained a substantially increased number of B cells, which normally represent 1% or less of the endometrial leucocyte population. B lymphocytes were also observed in unusual locations such as intraepithelially and within glandular lumina.Conclusions:  These results suggest that immunohistochemical characterization of endometrial leucocytes may be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of endometritis in equivocal cases.
Retrospective study of the hepatic safety profile of patients concomitantly treated with caspofungin and cyclosporin A
Authors: Marr K. A. , Hachem R. , Papanicolaou G. , Somani J. , Arduino J. M. , Lipka C. J. , Ngai A. L. , Kartsonis N. , Chodakewitz J. , Sable C. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Background. Mild, transient alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations were seen in Phase I studies of caspofungin and cyclosporin A (CsA).Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review at four sites to characterize the hepatic safety in patients receiving ≥1 day of both drugs over a 20‐month period. Investigators assessed reasons for discontinuing concomitant therapy and the presence/etiology of any hepatotoxicity.Results. Forty patients receiving concomitant therapy for 1–290 days (median 17.5 days) were identified. Although common, liver enzyme abnormalities were frequently attributed to other comorbidities or medications. ALT and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevations occurred in 14 patients (35%). Five had AST elevations at least possibly related to caspofungin/CsA, but none were >3.6 times the normal upper limit. No ALT elevations were related to caspofungin/CsA. Two of 4 patients had discontinuation of therapy because of hepatotoxicity possibly related to caspofungin/CsA. No serious adverse events occurred because of caspofungin.Conclusions. These data do not suggest a significant risk of clinically relevant hepatotoxicity with concomitant caspofungin/CsA.
Clinical and Actuarial Prediction of Physical Violence in a Forensic Intellectual Disability Hospital: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: McMillan Dean , Hastings Richard P. , Coldwell Jon 
Published: November 2004

Background  There is a high rate of physical violence in populations with intellectual disabilities, and this has been linked to problems for the victim, the assailant, members of staff and services. Despite the clinical significance of this behaviour, few studies have assessed methods of predicting its occurrence. The present study examined clinical and actuarial methods of predicting violence in a forensic intellectual disability hospital.Methods  The sample for the study consisted of people resident in the hospital during a 1‐year period (n = 124). Clinical prediction used a risk rating made by members of the person's clinical team, whereas actuarial prediction used the number of violent incidents in the 6‐months before the date of the clinical risk assessment. Computerized hospital records of violence in the 6 months after the assessment were used to examine the predictive accuracy of the two methods.Results  The clinical method produced an area under the curve of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65–0.83) in a receiver–operating characteristic curve analysis. The value for the actuarial method was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.69–0.86). Both methods performed at levels significantly above chance, but no one method was found to be superior to the other.Conclusions  These findings suggest that it is possible to predict who is at risk of violence in forensic populations with intellectual disabilities. Here, the authors discuss the clinical implications of these findings and the clinical application of risk prediction within clinical services.