bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Devices for Thinking about the Past”
Authors: Zwicker Jonathan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAt the opening of the nineteenth century, writers in Japan began to conceive of a new history of kabuki based on information that they collected using old theater programs. This history, which eschewed the focus of earlier publications on the biographies of actors and focused instead on the minutiae of performances arranged in chronological order, emerged out of a broader interest in the history of the quotidian and the everyday to which writers and collectors turned their attention in the first decades of the nineteenth century. “Devices for Thinking about the Past” shows how these early efforts to write a history of kabuki in the city of Edo stretched out across the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and connected, in later years, to the establishment of the academic discipline of theater studies in Japan and to the founding of repositories and archives of theatrical history.
Epilogue
Authors: Zwicker Jonathan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe large-scale digitization of books, prints, and ephemera has created a new environment for the writing of theater history which at once allows scholars easy access to an astonishing array of materials but also creates new challenges for examining those materials in person or in situ. “Stage and Print in the Digital Age” asks how the digital environment has changed the processes of research, what challenges it poses, and what lessons can be drawn from the past when writers and collectors from two centuries were already asking what relationship copies bear to originals and how we might think of writing history when the abundance of the past seems to overwhelm the ability of any writer to catalogue and know it.
Bat City Limits
Authors: Graper Julianne 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In the late 1990s, cultural geographers Jennifer Wolch and Jody Emel introduced the concept of a “human-animal borderlands,” examining liminal and often hotly contested spaces of multispecies coexistence (1998, xvii–xviii). Yet in the twenty-first century, multispecies spaces are the norm, not the exception. How can a borderlands approach help us understand cultural production in urban spaces? This chapter situates music production in Austin, Texas, in broader ecologies that link human beings and bats. Using techniques from multispecies ethnography (Kirksey and Helmreich 2010), science and technology studies (Tsing 1995; Haraway 2008), and ecomusicology (Allen and Dawe 2016; Titon 2019), it discusses Austinites’ initially negative reaction to its resident bat colony, shifting conservation narratives, and the city’s ensuing proliferation of bat-based artistry. Unlike previous interpretations of bat conservation in Austin, however, the chapter maintains that bats’ status as “weird” is central to their adoption as markers of Austinite identity. As such, bat conservation has not simply replaced existing anti-bat narratives; rather, it has brought to light the mobilization of nonhuman species in disputes over sharing space—including attendant racial politics in a US state on the border with Mexico.
Music, Ecology, and Atmosphere
Authors: Torvinen Juha , Välimäki Susanna 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses music as atmosphere that communicates collective environmental feelings. The focus is on contemporary classical music and its emerging ecocritical trend. Compositions representing this trend draw significantly on the atmospheric dimensions of music, such as pre-reflective affectivity and shared emotional experiences. Works by Finnish composers Cecilia Damström and Outi Tarkiainen are analyzed as examples of atmospheric aesthetics, which underlines the role of collective experiences in our relationship with the natural environment. These compositions also illuminate how the ecocritical trend in classical music is often concordant with intersectional feminism and societal activism. This relates to the crisis of classical music in the twenty-first century, when the long-standing discriminatory practices of the classical music culture have been challenged by a new awareness about social responsibility and environmental sustainability. Methodologically, the chapter combines ecocritical music analysis with phenomenological atmospherology.
Coyote Made the Rivers
Authors: Hamill/čnaq’ymi Chad S. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
For millennia, the waterways of the Columbia Plateau have shaped the lifeways of its people, providing sustenance and an ecological framework for social cohesion. Not long after the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1805, that framework was methodically disassembled. The treaties of the mid-nineteenth century severely limited the movement of Plateau tribes, leading to fixed and stagnant communities. The dams curtailed the natural movement of the rivers, obstructing salmon and poisoning the lifeblood of the People. With a blend of traditional stories, Indigenous perspectives, and scholarship, this chapter examines the undoing of the Columbia River and its tributaries. In addition, it explores the ways in which the Spokane Tribe and other Native nations in the region practice, through long-held forms of cultural expression tied to traditional songs, resilience and resistance. These songs, like the sacred foods that have sustained Indigenous communities for thousands of years, emanate from the natural environment, in which the ancestral past folds into the present. In this way the songs, and the places they embody, have strengthened Native ways of knowing, both in the context of one’s community and the landscape in which it sits. This spiritually based ecological mindset has been critical to establishing and maintaining a correct and sustainable relationship with place, a relationship threatened by climate change and the colonial mindset. The chapter’s objective is to illuminate perspectives that take on added urgency in the era of climate change in the hope that we can avoid a global catastrophe in the making.
Democracy’s Hiccups
Authors: Cohen Meghan Sobel , Hopkinson Karen McIntyre 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 puts forward specific political and development-related events, processes, or structures that journalists say impact their freedoms and can be used to understand media systems in developing nations from a more historically and contextually informed view: distance from conflict, political benchmarks (specifically, who is in office and for how long, elections and their aftermath, political and tribal influences on media ownership, and how laws are interpreted and enforced), international linkages, and the strength of a country’s civil society (including nongovernmental organizations, social norms, and journalism cultures). While these factors are certainly not the only elements that can influence mediascapes in varying countries, this list can be understood as a starting point for nuanced understanding and theorizing about press freedom environments operating within varying political systems.
Transitional Objects
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers Donald Winnicott’s definitions of transitional objects and transitional phenomena. Winnicott introduced both terms to designate the immediate area of experience. Moreover, Winnicott believes the customary psychoanalytic understanding of human nature includes a third part on the immediate area of experiencing wherein inner reality and external life contribute. The chapter discusses the analyst’s effort to identify and support true self-activity in sessions as the most important feature of the Winnicottian clinical technique. It cites how the true self and its facilitation evolve into a personal pattern in the course of psychoanalysis, so the transitional space is crucial to the evolution.
Identity Politics
Authors: Anil Pratinav 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an interpretative essay that breaks new ground by looking at a wide range of nationalist Muslims, the most powerful Muslim force in modern Indian history, over half a century to argue that beneath all the complexity and variation in their thinking, there lay a common set of assumptions, a common worldview that shaped their politics. Synthesizing a mass of secondary material, and using autobiographies, letters, reports, and the Transfer of Power documents, it shows that a distinct nationalist Muslim ideology emerged in the interwar period; and that a separatist challenge, building on the work of turn-of-the-century revivalists and modernists, consolidated in opposition to it. The quarter of a century to independence, then, is best characterized as a dialectic between the “nationalist” and “separatist” Muslim, which, for reasons described in the chapter, culminated in a victory for the latter. But defeat for the nationalist Muslims was not without its silver lining. For with Partition, they came to achieve complete hegemony as representatives of Muslim India.
Class Acts
Authors: Anil Pratinav 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Muslim elite, in particular the custodians of Muslim endowments; aristocrats and princely pensioners; and the patrician landed interest in charge of the Aligarh Muslim University’s board of trustees. What transpires from this analysis is that, even as India was an inhospitable place for Muslims, some wealthy and powerful members of the community never had to contend with discrimination to begin with. In many ways the princes and patricians, all political animals a step removed from politics proper, never had it better. They navigated Nehru’s regime with brio. Muslim endowment trustees made a Cayman Islands out of charitable trusts. Bahadur, Begum, Mirza, Osman, and Ifthikar Ali Khan put Casanova to shame with their seductive correspondence. The camarilla of Aligarh’s university barons made comrades out of once combative Congressmen. Ultimately, it appears class counted for a lot more than religion in postcolonial India.
‘Crisis in Civilisation’
Authors: Gupta Diya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers interpretations of the Second World War as a profound historical crisis by two colonial intellectuals—diasporic author M. J. Tambimuttu experiencing the London Blitz and poet-philosopher Rabindranath Tagore writing his final essays in India. The chapter shows how the long poem Out of This War (1941) establishes causal links between the two world wars while interrogating the purpose of Western violent action. The poem culminates in an examination of “savagery” and “barbarism,” and laments for a global brotherhood of suffering created by war. The chapter forges fresh connections between this little-known poem and Tagore’s philosophical response to the Second World War, which becomes a means of interrogating the heart of “civilization” and its implications for the future of humanity. Tagore’s exchange of letters with Japanese poet Yone Noguchi in 1938—after the start of the second Sino-Japanese war, where Tagore repudiates the rise of a militant and aggressive Japan—is read alongside his last essay Crisis in Civilisation (1941). The chapter assesses how poetic and philosophical insight works as testimony, and whether seeing the Second World War as a civilizational crisis in the 1940s stems from the perspective of the colonized.
Pathologies of Aid and Development
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses issues arising from the massive flows of aid into Afghanistan after 2001. Aid came in many different forms—security sector assistance, development aid, and support for the state budget—and often had perverse effects, sometimes because of poor design, but also because of limited local capacity to absorb large amounts of assistance. The chapter goes into detail about the operations of “Provincial Reconstruction Teams” (PRTs) and discusses the challenges of both budgetary and “off-budget” funding. Concluding with a discussion of management challenges, it makes the point that whilst much more could have been achieved through better planning and preparation, one would be hard pressed to argue that problems in the delivery of aid were the crucial contributors to the collapse in August 2021.
Cascade Effects and the Unravelling of Military Power
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the two fundamental consequences of the US–Taliban deal—its psychological impact on the Afghan public and its crippling effects on the material readiness and morale of the Afghan military. The chapter explores the notion of public “support” for the Republic, including normative and prudential support. The chapter introduces the idea of cascades and details how the interplay of normative convictions and prudential calculations give rise to band-wagoning cascades, which can make the success of an insurgency seem inevitable and resistance to it seem pointless. The chapter looks at examples of political cascades in Europe and in Afghanistan, including the fall of the Communist government in 1992 and the ouster of the Taliban in 2001. The chapter also describes the features of cascades, examines ways to avert them and how events might precipitate cascades.
Conclusion
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter revisits the notions of “decline” and “fall,” which form the conceptual backbone of the book. The chapter argues that to understand the decline of Republican Afghanistan, it is necessary to examine the structural weaknesses of the political system, the personal and policy failings of Afghan leaders, and the role of Pakistan in enabling the Taliban. To understand the fall of Republican Afghanistan, we must explore the maladroit diplomatic endeavors that lit the fuse for the cascade of events that preceded the fall. The chapter evaluates the factors in domestic US politics that might have contributed to the abandonment of Afghanistan’s pro-Western government. Among them, the human and financial costs of the war, which had declined in the final years; the pressure of public opinion to withdraw, which was not particularly strong; the dominant strains in the opinions of policy elites; and the individual agency of Presidents Trump and Biden. The chapter closes with some final thoughts about how the US misread the Taliban’s intentions despite warnings from experts.
On Betrayal
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses directly some of the normative questions that arise from the account of Western policy towards Afghanistan that makes up the bulk of the book. The chapter begins by looking at definitions of betrayal, and at various forms of betrayal: breach of promise, breach of trust, and the compromising of fundamental values. It also explores the question of who in Afghanistan might have been betrayed: local allies, ordinary people, international partners, and key values. It notes, however, that it is important to avoid spreading blame for betrayal beyond the ranks of those who deserve criticism: in particular, many ordinary Americans stood courageously by their Afghan allies in very difficult circumstances. The prime focus for criticism should be the state, those in command of it, and their willing and eager agents.
The Rise of Mussolini and the Fascists
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the political events behind Mussolini’s establishment of a personal dictatorship in 1925 from the formation of the unified Italian state. It particularly concentrates upon increasing political divisions affecting Italy in the decade or so before the First World War, the impact of that war, and the subsequent political and economic breakdown in the aftermath of the war with the emergence of considerable industrial and political disorder driven by the left. It then explores how these circumstances created the conditions for the rise of the Fascist movement, Mussolini’s appointment as Prime Minister during the March on Rome (1922), and how then through state powers and Fascist squad violence he built a personal dictatorship. It is argued that his reliance on violence, the support of Italy’s social and political elites, and the presentation of him as an exceptional political leader did much to set boundaries for his future rule.
Mussolini and Reshaping the State
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the various extensions of the state into the social circumstances and life of Italians. It covers welfare provision, health care, relief from unemployment through public works, programs for leisure and sports, initiatives to increase the birth rate, and internal migration controls to protect rural areas but also to prevent urban unrest. Most of the policies failed to achieve their objectives, were often discriminatory with an emphasis upon social control, not generously funded by the state and proved unable to achieve the aim of bringing the working class closer to the regime. Throughout the regime discriminatory policies were pursued to curtail the rights of particular national/ethnic and social groups who were deemed a threat to the integrity of the nation, the most systematic of which was the Racial Laws of 1938 against the Jews.
Conclusions
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the nature of Mussolini’s political leadership that reflects upon how his wish to be a great historical figure was never realized and this was in significant part the result of his own failings as a political leader, notably his excessive desire for control and the emphasis he placed on the veneration of his leadership over a coherent political project. His ongoing dependence on Italy’s largely conservative social and political elites meant that his regime always curtailed or trivialized its espoused Fascist ambitions, but in a period of potentially major political dislocation it did achieve an essentially conservative and stable order that to a large extent reflected the interests of those elites. Mussolini is presented as a leader who was much better suited to obtaining and holding power than using power. The chapter concludes with an outline of what happened to Mussolini after his dismissal as Prime Minister and his time leading the German sponsored Italian Social Republic.
Russia Becomes a Continent-Wide Great Power
Authors: Ramani Samuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the two-year buildup to the inaugural 2019 Russia–Africa Summit in Sochi and documents the events that unfolded at that historic conference. During this period, Russia established itself as a continent-wide great power and showcased the resilience of its influence. Despite its counter-revolutionary stance towards the April 2019 overthrow of Abdelaziz Bouteflika in Algeria, Moscow’s partnership survived the Algerian Hirak. Russia also weathered the impact of leadership transitions in Angola, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, and deepened its presence in the Sahel and Red Sea regions. These successes were tempered by Russia’s poor track record in implementing pledged investments, which even extended to Soviet-era projects like the Ajaokuta steel factory in Nigeria, and failed mediation efforts, such as its attempt to broker a resolution to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam dispute.
The Bushmeat Economy
Authors: Trefon Theodore 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 looks at bushmeat as money. Its sections present a discussion of how to manage open access resources, a price-cost-earnings commodity chain analysis and an overview of supply and demand drivers. Largely informal, bushmeat hunting and trade is a significant contribution to many rural and urban workers. Entry costs are low. In forest areas where access to work and money is limited, bushmeat is a logical choice. The value chain is influenced by gender identity but both women and men are key actors.
Clampdown
Authors: Hansbury Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The regime of Alyaksandr Lukashenka cracked down hard on street protests and opponents after the 2020 presidential election. This chapter outlines the methods used for control and repressions. First of all, it considers the use of administrative resources, such as financial sweeteners, but also the president’s use of appointment powers to promote securocrats (siloviki) over technocrats. Secondly, it considers the state’s control over the information space and the plight of the media in Belarus. Thirdly, it looks at the support Russia provided Belarus in the aftermath of the disputed vote. Finally, it looks at the harassment of business and media, as well as individuals, through arrest and repressive legislation, all of which marked a deterioration in the human rights situation in the country.
Introduction
Authors: Elmer Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets the context of the book in the wider issues relating to the relationship between medicine, religion and politics in seventeenth-century England. In particular, it seeks to re-examine the role of puritanism in fostering medical change in the period. The chapter looks at ways in which the historiography of the period has allowed for a new approach to the subject, particularly in relation to altered perceptions of what it means to talk about puritanism in the period and its essential conservatism. This chapter then sets the scene for a major re-investigation of the role of religious and political ideas and affiliations in shaping attitudes to medicine among the practitioners both before, during and after the civil wars of the mid-seventeenth century.
The Premature Death of a Renaissance Commonplace
Authors: Elmer Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a key concept that helped to shape the relationship between medicine and politics in seventeenth-century England, namely the Renaissance commonplace of the body politic. In particular, it argues that the notion of the human body as a model for political behaviour did not die with the execution of Charles I in 1649 but remained an essential element of political discourse throughout the seventeenth century—a discourse, moreover that was shared by puritan dissidents as much as it was lauded by their Anglican opponents.
Providing ‘Physick for the Body Politick’
Authors: Elmer Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks in depth at the way in which medical practitioners of all religious backgrounds responded to the collapse of authority in England during the civil wars and to the emergence of new political forms in the 1650s. It suggests that both the ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in this process were profoundly shaped by these events. Physicians and surgeons who supported the winning side in the English Revolution acquired medical, material and political benefits while practitioners on the losing side often resorted to using their occupations as a means to plot and subvert the new, political order of the 1650s. The end result was to create an increasingly politicized medical ‘profession’ which helped to shape new approaches to medicine, including growing acceptance of the value of chemistry, as well as improve the status of medics within the wider body politic.