bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sunscreen use and sun protection practices in students and personnel of Celal Bayar University
Authors: Ermertcan Aylin Türel , Öztürkcan Serap , Dinç Gönül , Yurtman Deniz , Pala Tümer , Şahin Mustafa Turhan 
Published: July 2005

Background/Purpose: The steady increase in the incidence of melanoma, non‐melanoma cutaneous neoplasia and preneoplastic disorders has contributed to the demand for more effective protection from the sun. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of sunscreen use and other sun protection behaviors in a large sample of students and personnel of Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.Methods: The study group included 1018 participants of whom 607 work in the Celal Bayar University Hospital and 411 are students from the Medical Faculty and School for Health Professionals. All participants completed a questionnaire composed of 45 items about sun protection and other health behaviors, such as sports activity, use of cigarettes, alcohol and seat‐belts. Sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen, avoiding sun exposure during peak hours, wearing clothing, a hat and sunglasses were studied.Results: Of the 1018, 403 participants were male and 615 were female. While avoiding sun exposure during peak hours was the most popular preventive behavior for men (42.5%), wearing sunglasses was the most popular one for women (50.7%). Avoiding exposure was the second preventive behavior for women (42.1%). Use of sunscreen with SPF 15+ was the second popular protective measure for men (19.4%) and the third one for women (39.2%). There were no significant relationships between sun protection behaviors and obesity, use of cigarettes and alcohol. We also investigated behavioral changes with sunburn experience in the participants who had sunburn history. Among these behavioral changes, increased use of sunscreen and decreased sun exposure during peak hours with sunburn experience were significant.Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the risk of sun exposure is largely unrecognized in Manisa, Turkey, and we have very incomplete information about protective measures. An efficient policy of education on the effective use of sun protection methods should be developed to prevent skin cancer.
Gene expression profiles of TNF‐α, TACE, furin, IL‐1β and matrilysin in UVA‐ and UVB‐irradiated HaCat cells
Authors: Skiba Beata , Neill Bronwyn , Piva Terrence J. 
Published: July 2005

Background/Purpose: It is known that solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation exerts multiple effects on mammalian skin tissues, one of which is the induction of local and systemic immunosuppression as well as inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and other cytokines are suggested to play a role in these responses. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan RTPCR) was used to elucidate the effect of UVA and UVB irradiation on the expression of genes coding for TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐10, FasL, matrilysin, TACE and furin in HaCaT cells over a 48 h period (IL‐1β, interleukin‐1β; FasL, Fas ligand).Methods: Cultured HaCaT cells were either sham irradiated (control) or exposed to UVA (2000 and 8000 J/m2) or UVB (200 and 2000 J/m2) radiation. RNA was extracted from cells at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 h post‐irradiation and reverse transcribed to generate cDNA for subsequent real‐time PCR amplification.Results: Significant increases in the mRNA levels for all genes tested were detected in both UVA‐ and UVB‐irradiated HaCaT cells compared with control (sham‐irradiated) cells. TNF‐α mRNA levels were immediately up‐regulated (0 h) after irradiation, with maximal induction at 8 h post 2000 J/m2 UVA and 200 J/m2 UVB irradiation, at 4 h post 8000 J UVA irradiation and at 48 h post 2000 J/m2 UVB irradiation. No correlation was observed between TNF‐α, TACE and furin mRNA induction in the different irradiated cohorts.Conclusion: Results suggest that time‐distinct gene induction of TNF‐α, furin, IL‐1β and matrilysin may be involved in UV‐induced cellular responses, but not for TACE. In general, mRNA induction was dose dependent at some time points post‐irradiation, but not throughout the whole time course tested. Our results show that quantitative real‐time PCR is a useful tool in the analysis of quantitative changes of mRNA levels in cultured HaCaT cells after UV exposure.
Research utilization among dental hygienists in Sweden – a national survey
Authors: Öhrn K , Olsson C , Wallin L 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:Over the last decade evidence‐based practice has become increasingly important in health care as an approach to improve patient outcomes. It is vital that dental hygienists, like other health professionals, use research findings to inform clinical practice. The objective of the present study was to investigate the extent of research utilization among dental hygienists in Sweden and to investigate the relationship between level of education and factors related to research utilization. A random sample of 261 dental hygienists in Sweden, 113 with 1 year and 148 with 2‐year education, responded to a postal questionnaire covering various aspects of research utilization, i.e. their attitudes towards research, availability and support for the implementation of research findings, use of research in daily practice, their activity in seeking new research findings and their participation in a range of research‐related activities. Dental hygienists with 2‐year education had a more positive attitude towards research, used research to a greater extent and were more active in seeking new research findings than dental hygienists with 1‐year education. Overall, relatively few dental hygienists reported that they implemented research findings in practice; the most frequently reported activity concerned reading research articles in professional journals. The conclusions are that the length of dental hygiene education is a key factor influencing the application of research findings to practice. One‐year education appears to be inadequate to achieve evidence‐based practice. Moreover, not even two years of formal education guarantees necessary competence in research for evidence‐based dental hygiene practice.
Swedish dental hygienists’ preferences for workplace improvement and continuing professional development
Authors: Petrén V , Levin G , Chohan T , Preber H , Candell A , Bergström J 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:The present study examined factors for workplace improvement and continuing professional development (CPD) for Swedish dental hygienists. Seventy‐one per cent of 577 randomly selected members of Sweden's Dental Hygienist Association responded to a questionnaire. The chi‐square test, Spearman's rank correlation, and multiple stepwise logistic regression modelling were used in the statistical analysis. The results showed that dental hygienists having more than 10 sick days annually and with a strong commitment to their work increased the preference for workplace improvements, such as peer recognition of dental hygienists’ professional qualifications, clinical process quality, and time for reading research articles and participating in projects. In addition, dental hygienists in the 41–52 age group were associated with workplace improvements. This is in contrast to the factors that decreased preferences for workplace improvements: clear work roles, a 1‐year training programme, a male clinic manager, and working in the private sector. Practicing dental hygiene in the public sector and lifestyle factors were the most influential determinants for a strong interest in CPD.Conclusion:  Workplaces should observe people that are obviously committed to their work, those with many sick days, and those in a specific age group, as they indicate different preferences for workplace improvements. CPD seems to be a lower priority than workplace improvements for Swedish dental hygienists.
Independent dental hygiene practice worldwide: a report of two meetings
Authors: Gatermann‐Strobel B , Perno Goldie M 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:Objectives:  Following a meeting at the EUROPERIO in Berlin in 2003, a forum on Independent Practice of Dental Hygienists was held at the International Symposium on Dental Hygiene (ISDH) in Madrid July, 2004. The forum was organized and moderated by Beate Gatermann, President of the German Dental Hygiene Association. The participants were asked to address the following issues: population of country/state; population of dentists; population of state recognized dental hygienists (Canada/USA etc.); number of hygienists with ‘Diploma’ (Europe); duration of dental hygiene education; cost of education (2/3 year base approximately); when and how independent practice began in the country and who must be consulted or approve the application for an independent office (e.g. Health Department); what services are allowed? Can dental hygienists administer local anaesthesia in the dental office, and if so, must a dentist be present? Can dental hygienists purchase the necessary medication for the injection? Does the dental hygienist require additional education to provide local anaesthesia? How are the patients charged? Does the country offer a service fee list? Do insurance companies pay claims of the dental hygienist? What is the approximate average fee per hour charged (€/$)? Do dentists refer patients to you? If so, do they need a letter of referral? Are dental hygienists allowed to take radiographs in independent dental hygiene offices?
PRESSURE BINDING OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS AND CUBES
Authors: FAROUK M.M. , ZHANG S.X. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT The effect of pressure (1380, 4137 and 6895 kPa) and meat homogenate (0, 2.5, 5 and 10%) on raw and cooked attributes of restructured beef steaks and frozen free‐flow cubes was determined. There was no interaction between pressure and homogenate on the attributes measured. The pressure and homogenate did not affect the color of the raw restructured steaks or the yield or extensibility of the cooked steaks. The bind strength of restructured steaks increased with increasing pressure (P < 0.08) and homogenate content (P < 0.001). The compressive strength and breakability of cooked restructured cubes increased with increased pressure (P < 0.07). The breakability decreased with the increase in the amount of homogenate used during restructuring (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the restructuring of beef may be achieved using pressure alone without binders, and that the use of meat homogenate tended to increase bind strength in restructured beef using pressure.
EFFECT OF MUSCLE‐FIBER/FIBER‐BUNDLE ALIGNMENT ON PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS
Authors: FAROUK M.M. , ZHANG S.X. , CUMMINGS T. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT Cold‐set restructured beef steaks (10 mm thick) were manufactured with meat fibers aligned parallel (PR), perpendicular (PP) or an equal mixture of PR and PP (MX) in relation to the cut‐steak surface. Fiber alignment had no effect (P > 0.05) on the color of raw or the bind strength of both raw and cooked steaks. Raw PR steaks had higher drip loss (P < 0.01) and visual appeal (P < 0.001) than PP or MX steaks; however, cooked PR had higher yield (P < 0.01) and lower (P < 0.04) visual appeal than PP or MX steaks. In‐house panelists found the overall acceptability (P < 0.01), appearance (P < 0.01), texture (P < 0.02) and tenderness (P < 0.002) of cooked PP and MX to be more acceptable than that of PR steaks and ranked the eating quality of the PR steaks significantly lower (P < 0.04) than the others.
Impact of Mineral Fouling on Hydraulic Behavior of Permeable Reactive Barriers
Authors: Li Lin , Benson Craig H. , Lawson Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper describes reactive transport simulations conducted to assess the impact of mineral fouling on the hydraulic behavior of continuous‐wall permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) employing granular zero‐valent iron (ZVI) in carbonate‐rich alluvial aquifers. The reactive transport model included a geochemical algorithm for simulating corrosion and mineral precipitation reactions that have been observed in ZVI PRBs. Results of simulations show that porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the ZVI decrease over time and that flows are redistributed throughout the PRB in response to fouling of the pore space. Under typical conditions, only subtle changes occur within the first 10 years (i.e., duration of the current field experience record with PRBs), and the most significant changes do not occur until the PRB has operated for at least 30 years. However, changes can occur sooner (or later) if the rate at which mineral‐forming ions are delivered to the PRB is higher (or lower) than that expected under typical conditions (i.e., due to higher/lower flow rate or inflowing ground water that has higher/lower ionic strength). When the PRB is more permeable than the aquifer, the median Darcy flux in the PRB does not change appreciably over time because the aquifer controls the rate of flow through the PRB. However, seepage velocities in the PRB increase, and residence times decrease, due to porosity reductions caused by accumulation of minerals in the pore space. When fouling becomes extensive, bypassing and reductions in flow rate in the PRB occur.
Arsenic in Glacial Aquifers: Sources and Geochemical Controls
Authors: Kelly Walton R. , Holm Thomas R. , Wilson Steven D. , Roadcap George S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA total of 176 wells in sand‐and‐gravel glacial aquifers in central Illinois were sampled for arsenic (As) and other chemical parameters. The results were combined with archived and published data from several hundred well samples to determine potential sources of As and the potential geochemical controls on its solubility and mobility. There was considerable spatial variability in the As concentrations. High concentrations were confined to areas smaller than 1 km in diameter. Arsenic and well depth were uncorrelated. Arsenic solubility appeared to be controlled by oxidation‐reduction (redox) conditions, especially the presence of organic matter. Geochemical conditions in the aquifers are typically reducing, but only in the most reducing water does As accumulate in solution. In wells in which total organic carbon (TOC) was below 2 mg/L and sulfate (SO42−) was present, As concentrations were low or below the detection limit (0.5 μg/L). Arsenic concentrations >10 μg/L were almost always found in wells where TOC was >2 mg/L and SO42− was absent or at low concentrations, indicating post–SO42−reducing conditions. Iron (Fe) is common in the aquifer sediments, and Fe oxide reduction appears to be occurring throughout the aquifers. Arsenic is likely released from the solid phase as Fe oxide is reduced.
Estimating Aquifer Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Using MATLAB
Authors: McLin Stephen G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHistorically, specific capacity information has been used to calculate aquifer transmissivity when pumping test data are unavailable. This paper presents a simple computer program written in the MATLAB programming language that estimates transmissivity from specific capacity data while correcting for aquifer partial penetration and well efficiency. The program graphically plots transmissivity as a function of these factors so that the user can visually estimate their relative importance in a particular application. The program is compatible with any computer operating system running MATLAB, including Windows, Macintosh OS, Linux, and Unix. Two simple examples illustrate program usage.
Functional Identification of Novel Genes Involved in the Glutathione-Independent Gentisate Pathway inCorynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Shen Xi-Hui , Jiang Cheng-Ying , Huang Yan , Liu Zhi-Pei , Liu Shuang-Jiang 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTCorynebacterium glutamicumused gentisate and 3-hydroxybenzoate as its sole carbon and energy source for growth. By genome-wide data mining, a gene cluster designatedncg12918-ncg12923was proposed to encode putative proteins involved in gentisate/3-hydroxybenzoate pathway. Genes encoding gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (ncg12920) and fumarylpyruvate hydrolase (ncg12919) were identified by cloning and expression of each gene inEscherichia coli. The gene ofncg12918encoding a hypothetical protein (Ncg12918) was proved to be essential for gentisate-3-hydroxybenzoate assimilation. Mutant strain RES167Δncg12918lost the ability to grow on gentisate or 3-hydroxybenzoate, but this ability could be restored inC. glutamicumupon the complementation with pXMJ19-ncg12918. Cloning and expression of thisncg12918gene inE. colishowed that Ncg12918 is a glutathione-independent maleylpyruvate isomerase. Upstream ofncg12920, the genesncg12921-ncg12923were located, which were essential for gentisate and/or 3-hydroxybenzoate catabolism. The Ncg12921 was able to up-regulate gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, maleylpyruvate isomerase, and fumarylpyruvate hydrolase activities. The genesncg12922andncg12923were deduced to encode a gentisate transporter protein and a 3-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase, respectively, and were essential for gentisate or 3-hydroxybenzoate assimilation. Based on the results obtained in this study, a GSH-independent gentisate pathway was proposed, and genes involved in this pathway were identified.
Phylogenetic Diversity and Specificity of Bacteria Closely Associated with
Alexandrium
spp. and Other Phytoplankton
Authors: Jasti Suresh , Sieracki Michael E. , Poulton Nicole J. , Giewat Michael W. , Rooney-Varga Juliette N. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

While several studies have suggested that bacterium-phytoplankton interactions have the potential to dramatically influence harmful algal bloom dynamics, little is known about how bacteria and phytoplankton communities interact at the species composition level. The objective of the current study was to determine whether there are specific associations between diverse phytoplankton and the bacteria that co-occur with them. We determined the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial assemblages associated with 10
Alexandrium
strains and representatives of the major taxonomic groups of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Maine. For this analysis we chose xenic phytoplankton cultures that (i) represented a broad taxonomic range, (ii) represented a broad geographic range for
Alexandrium
spp. isolates, (iii) grew under similar cultivation conditions, (iv) had a minimal length of time since the original isolation, and (v) had been isolated from a vegetative phytoplankton cell. 16S rRNA gene fragments of most
Bacteria
were amplified from DNA extracted from cultures and were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. A greater number of bacterial species were shared by different
Alexandrium
cultures, regardless of the geographic origin, than by
Alexandrium
species and nontoxic phytoplankton from the Gulf of Maine. In particular, members of the
Roseobacter
clade showed a higher degree of association with
Alexandrium
than with other bacterial groups, and many sequences matched sequences reported to be associated with other toxic dinoflagellates. These results provide evidence for specificity in bacterium-phytoplankton associations.
Seasonal Variation in Abundance of Total and Pathogenic
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Bacteria in Oysters along the Southwest Coast of India
Authors: Deepanjali A. , Kumar H. Sanath , Karunasagar I. , Karunasagar I. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

The seasonal abundance of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
in oysters from two estuaries along the southwest coast of India was studied by colony hybridization using nonradioactive labeled oligonucleotide probes. The density of total
V. parahaemolyticus
bacteria was determined using a probe binding to the
tlh
(thermolabile hemolysin) gene, and the density of pathogenic
V. parahaemolyticus
bacteria was determined by using a probe binding to the
tdh
(thermostable direct hemolysin) gene. Furthermore, the prevalence of
V. parahaemolyticus
was studied by PCR amplification of the
toxR
,
tdh
, and
trh
genes. PCR was performed directly with oyster homogenates and also following enrichment in alkaline peptone water for 6 and 18 h.
V. parahaemolyticus
was detected in 93.87% of the samples, and the densities ranged from <10 to 10
4
organisms per g. Pathogenic
V. parahaemolyticus
could be detected in 5 of 49 samples (10.2%) by colony hybridization using the
tdh
probe and in 3 of 49 samples (6.1%) by PCR. Isolates from one of the samples belonged to the pandemic serotype O3:K6. Twenty-nine of the 49 samples analyzed (59.3%) were positive as determined by PCR for the presence of the
trh
gene in the enrichment broth media.
trh
-positive
V. parahaemolyticus
was frequently found in oysters from India.
Survey of Motile Microaerophilic Bacterial Morphotypes in the Oxygen Gradient above a Marine Sulfidic Sediment
Authors: Thar Roland , Fenchel Tom 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Enrichment cultures for free-swimming microaerophilic bacteria were prepared from marine sulfidic sediment samples (Nivå Bay, Denmark). We observed nine different morphotypes; three of these morphotypes represented already-described species, i.e.,
Thiovulum majus
, “
Candidatus
Ovobacter propellens,” and an as-yet-unnamed large vibrioid bacterium. In addition, we observed several morphotypes of spirilla and one vibrioid morphotype. A common feature of all investigated bacteria was that they aggregated chemotactically at the oxic-anoxic interface, whereas preferred oxygen concentration were in the range of 1 to 10 μM. The motile behavior and flagellar dynamics are analyzed in detail with an emphasis on spirilla.
Growth and Population Dynamics of Anaerobic Methane-Oxidizing Archaea and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in a Continuous-Flow Bioreactor
Authors: Girguis Peter R. , Cozen Aaron E. , DeLong Edward F. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

The consumption of methane in anoxic marine sediments is a biogeochemical phenomenon mediated by two archaeal groups (ANME-1 and ANME-2) that exist syntrophically with sulfate-reducing bacteria. These anaerobic methanotrophs have yet to be recovered in pure culture, and key aspects of their ecology and physiology remain poorly understood. To characterize the growth and physiology of these anaerobic methanotrophs and the syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, we incubated marine sediments using an anoxic, continuous-flow bioreactor during two experiments at different advective porewater flow rates. We examined the growth kinetics of anaerobic methanotrophs and
Desulfosarcina
-like sulfate-reducing bacteria using quantitative PCR as a proxy for cell counts, and measured methane oxidation rates using membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. Our data show that the specific growth rates of ANME-1 and ANME-2 archaea differed in response to porewater flow rates. ANME-2 methanotrophs had the highest rates in lower-flow regimes (μ
ANME-2
= 0.167 · week
−1
), whereas ANME-1 methanotrophs had the highest rates in higher-flow regimes (μ
ANME-1
= 0.218 · week
−1
). In both incubations,
Desulfosarcina
-like sulfate-reducing bacterial growth rates were approximately 0.3 · week
−1
, and their growth dynamics suggested that sulfate-reducing bacterial growth might be facilitated by, but not dependent upon, an established anaerobic methanotrophic population. ANME-1 growth rates corroborate field observations that ANME-1 archaea flourish in higher-flow regimes. Our growth and methane oxidation rates jointly demonstrate that anaerobic methanotrophs are capable of attaining substantial growth over a range of environmental conditions used in these experiments, including relatively low methane partial pressures.