bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The quality control of cell lines and the prevention, detection, and cure of contamination
Authors: Bolton B J , Packer P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of animal cell cultures is widespread and encompasses a large range of scientific disciplines. Central to this application of tissue culture technique is the routine maintenance of cells in a way in which the researcher can be assured that the material is contaminant-free. Quality control procedures cannot be viewed as an ‘optional’ extra and are not solely for use when the material is first received or derived in the laboratory. Guidelines must be set for continuous monitoring with the emphasis placed on day-to-day vigilance; in addition, full awareness by technical staff of the potential for problems to occur is a necessity. The overall state of health of a culture is one of the most significant of the criteria applied as part of routine observation, as not all contaminants are overt. It should always be borne in mind that an infection can become widespread amongst cultures before gross indications are seen and subsequent remedial steps taken.
Receptor binding studies
Authors: lzotova Lara , Pestka Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are a family of proteins which elicit a multitude of cellular responses including antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory activities. There are four classes of interferons that have been isolated and characterized (1-11). These are the leucocyte or interferon alpha (IFN-a), fibroblast or interferon beta (IFN-13), immune or interferon gamma (IFN-y), and interferon omega (IFN-w). Binding to a specific cell-surface receptor is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for cellular activation in the case of the IFN-y system (12-16). IFN-a, IFN-13, and IFN-w share a common receptor complex that is distinct from the IFN-y receptor complex (5, 10, 11, 16, 17).
T cells and cytoklnes
Authors: Marini J C , Cohen S B A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T cells are lymphocytes that develop and differentiate in the thymus before seeding the secondary lymphoid tissues. Two main subsets of T cells can be distinguished according to their expression of the CD4 or CDS molecule. CD4 T cells recognize antigen in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and act predominantly as helper T cells. CDS T cells recognize antigen in association with MHC class I molecules and are responsible for the cytotoxic destruction of virally infected cells.
Leukocyte cell adhesion interactions
Authors: Gahmberg Carl G , Valmu Leena , Hilden Tiina J , Ihanus Eveliina , Tian Li , Nyman Henrietta , Lehto Ulla , Uppala Asko , Ranta Tanja-Maria , Koivunen Erkki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past 20–25 years, cell adhesion has become a major object of study (1, 2) and, among its various subdisciplines, leukocyte adhesion certainly plays a pivotal role. There are two major reasons for the fact that research on leukocyte adhesion is flourishing: the various leukocyte subgroups and a number of leukocyte ‘antigens’ have been throughly studied and are now relatively well characterized by immunologists and scientists studying, for example, infectious diseases, leukaemias, and lymphomas; and it is now realized that many of the major diseases affecting mankind involve leukocytes. Therefore, much of what we currently know about cell adhesion in general derives from studies on leukocyte adhesion molecules. In contrast to most cells in mammals, the majority of leukocytes circulate in the body and accumulate in lymphoid organs and in altered tissues due to infections or for other reasons such as cancer. Therefore, leukocytes are usually not constitutively adhesive but need activation to attach. This fact is in contrast to most other cells where adhesion is not as strictly regulated or is regulated for other reasons. This has resulted in the mechanisms of activation of leukocyte adhesion becoming a major focus of study, and here we certainly have an advantage as compared with many other systems (3, 4).
Cognitive-Behavior Theory
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cognitive and behavior theories present different perspectives on human behavior. Practitioners may use one or the other as a guiding framework for clinical practice, but the theories are often integrated into a holistic approach to working with clients. Cognitive theory focuses on the rationality of one’s thinking patterns and the connections among thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It also emphasizes the client’s need to practice new skills and complete “homework” assignments between sessions. Behavior theory is not so much concerned with internal processes but provides advanced strategies for changing the reinforcers of human behavior. These theories are quite different from the reflective theories discussed in chapter 4, as they deny the significance of unconscious mental processes. However, reflective discussion of here and now issues is still critical.
The Impact of Religion on Social Work’s Relationship with Volunteers
Authors: Sherr Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the interconnection between religion, volunteerism, and social work. After a brief review of the foundations for volunteer service of several world religions, the chapter explores the important sociological function religious groups play in promoting volunteer service, the scope of volunteer contributions made by religious groups, and social work’s skittishness with religion and how that has affected the relationship with volunteers.
Putting the Context-Specific Optimal Partnership Model into Action
Authors: Sherr Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter set forth the csop model for social work practice with volunteers. Instead of predetermining the roles of public, private, professional, religious, and volunteer sectors, this model allows the unique circumstances of each issue to determine who is involved and what roles each sector plays in developing policies and programs. In this chapter, three case examples illustrate the model. In two of the cases, the social workers are volunteers who play important roles in developing the partnerships. In the other case, the social worker is hired as a consultant.
Short-Term vs Long -Term Dilemmas
Authors: Strom-Gottfried Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Short-term vs. long-term dilemmas pit immediate benefits and risks against more distant problems and prospects. These dilemmas typically deal with consequences and thus might be thought of as falling within the scope of utilitarian ethical theories. Competing goods are obviously involved when one must choose between urgent needs or desires and future aspirations or possibilities. Because it is easier to anticipate immediate rewards or harms, the particular risk in such dilemmas is that the decision maker focuses solely on the short term while ignoring impacts that may arise in the future.
Theresa J. Kaijage: The ‘‘Mama Teresa’’ of Tanzania
Authors: Gilbert Dorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opportunity to write this chapter has only reinforced my high regard for Theresa Kaijage. I met her years ago and have followed her work closely because of our shared interest in HIV/AIDS work among African-descent people in the diaspora. To interview her for this book was a great opportunity to sit down with her and hear about how her life and career path led her to a leadership role in the social work field. And so it was, on her recent trip to the United States to give an invited talk and to visit family, friends, and colleagues, that I was able to sit down with her at my home in Austin, Texas, to discuss.
Sister Patricia Schlosser: From SROs to Women Exiting Prison—A True Pioneer
Authors: O’Brien Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sr. Patricia Schlosser, OSF, has lived by the maxim attributed to St. Francis of Assisi: ‘‘Preach and, if necessary, use words.’’ Sr. Patricia has dedicated her professional life to work with the most vulnerable in different settings, including trailblazing work with women attempting to find their way from prison to family and community life at a time when social services simply did not exist to address the needs of that population. Hers is a long story, spanning more than forty years of dedication. This chapter celebrates her special contributions and demonstrates some common themes to remind social workers of the day-by-day good they can do as catalysts for change. Sr. Patricia’s story reminds us to press on, even in the face of difficulties and challenging circumstances and systems. I am indebted to Sr. Patricia for the long conversations and years of collegial partnership that inspired this reflection on her life’s work.
A Framework for the Analysis and Comparison of Clinical Theories of Induced Change
Authors: Fischer Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the process of knowledge-building for social work, one of the profession’s great strengths and one of its most serious weaknesses lies in its “integrative” nature: the tendency to select from other areas knowledge appropriate for the practice of social work. The strength of this orientation is the potential flexibility such selection allows our profession; unattached as we hypothetically are to a specific professional theory, we are free to seek out and utilize from other disciplines whatever may be efficacious in work with our clients. The flaw in the process, though, lies in the paucity of available material that can serve as a reasoned guide for the study and selection of material from sources external to the profession. We therefore tend to be rather haphazard in our choices, and, as the periodic upheavals in the state of both our knowledge and our practice might well testify, frequently fail to evaluate critically what we do select, often to the detriment of our client populations.
Do Social Workers Understand Research?
Authors: Fischer Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely accepted among social work educators that the profession should be scientifically based and grounded in empirical research. This is reflected in both the Council on Social Work Education’s official MSW curriculum policy statement and the CSWE Task Force Report on Research in the MSW Curriculum. This latter report states that the MSW curriculum should prepare students for intelligent consumption of, and participation in research. And at the 1973 Annual Program Meeting of CSWE, a keynote speaker proposed that the curriculum be restructured in a way that would make evaluative research a core component of training for effective practice. In short, there can be no doubt that the interface of research and practice is crucial to the profession.
Measurement of Client Problems for Improved Practice
Authors: Fischer Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past few years, clinical social work practice and the way it is taught in the classroom have been changing in at least four important ways. First, social work practitioners are making greater efforts to be more specific in defining the problem to be treated and in identifying the specific treatment or intervention techniques to be employed. Second, they are becoming more eclectic in their use of theory, knowledge, and technique as a basis for planning and directing change efforts (Fischer, 1978). Third, they are making better use of some of the tools of science in order to monitor and evaluate intervention efforts and client problems for the purpose of increasing the likelihood of a more positive outcome for the client (Hudson, 1978b). Finally, as a consequence of these innovations, social work practitioners are increasingly using the tools of measurement as a basis for detecting, recording, and assessing the nature and degree of client problems and the extent of change or stability. Whereas other chapters of this book present discussion, direction, and guidelines for understanding and using the first three practice innovations or directions, this chapter provides an introductory level of instruction and guidelines for the productive use of measurement for improving practice. It is intended to help social workers who want to practice more effectively to more accurately detect and report the consequences of their treatment or intervention efforts and to more accurately monitor, assess, and reflect the nature and degree of client problems and problem changes.
Multiscale physiological responses to nitrogen supplementation of maize hybrids
Authors: Ying Sheng , Webster Brandon , Gomez-Cano Lina , Shivaiah Kiran-Kumar , Wang Qianjie , Newton Linsey , Grotewold Erich , Thompson Addie , Lundquist Peter K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) production systems are heavily reliant on the provision of managed inputs such as fertilizers to maximize growth and yield. Hence, the effective use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is crucial to minimize the associated financial and environmental costs, as well as maximize yield. However, how to effectively utilize N inputs for increased grain yields remains a substantial challenge for maize growers that requires a deeper understanding of the underlying physiological responses to N fertilizer application. We report a multiscale investigation of five field-grown maize hybrids under low or high N supplementation regimes that includes the quantification of phenolic and prenyl-lipid compounds, cellular ultrastructural features, and gene expression traits at three developmental stages of growth. Our results reveal that maize perceives the lack of supplemented N as a stress and, when provided with additional N, will prolong vegetative growth. However, the manifestation of the stress and responses to N supplementation are highly hybrid-specific. Eight genes were differentially expressed in leaves in response to N supplementation in all tested hybrids and at all developmental stages. These genes represent potential biomarkers of N status and include two isoforms of Thiamine Thiazole Synthase involved in vitamin B1 biosynthesis. Our results uncover a detailed view of the physiological responses of maize hybrids to N supplementation in field conditions that provides insight into the interactions between management practices and the genetic diversity within maize.
Chloride, glutathiones, and insect-derived elicitors introduced into the xylem trigger electrical signaling
Authors: Gao Yong-Qiang , Morin Hugo , Marcourt Laurence , Yang Tsu-Hao , Wolfender Jean-Luc , Farmer Edward E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ricca assays allow the direct introduction of compounds extracted from plants or the organisms that attack them into the leaf vasculature. Using chromatographic fractionation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf extracts, we found glutamate was the most active low mass elicitor of membrane depolarization. However, other known elicitors of membrane depolarization are generated in the wound response. These include unstable aglycones generated by glucosinolate (GSL) breakdown. None of the aglycone-derived GSL-breakdown products, including nitriles and isothiocyanates, that we tested using Ricca assays triggered electrical activity. Instead, we found that glutathione and the GSL-derived compound sulforaphane glutathione triggered membrane depolarizations. These findings identify a potential link between GSL breakdown and glutathione in the generation of membrane depolarizing signals. Noting that the chromatographic fractionation of plant extracts can dilute or exchange ions, we found that Cl− caused glutamate receptor-like3.3-dependent membrane depolarizations. In summary, we show that, in addition to glutamate, glutathione derivatives as well as chloride ions will need to be considered as potential elicitors of wound-response membrane potential change. Finally, by introducing aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) extracts or the flagellin-derived peptide flg22 into the leaf vasculature we extend the use of Ricca assays for the exploration of insect/plant and bacteria/plant interactions.
Development and validation of a predictive tool for adverse drug reactions in neonates under intensive care
Authors: Leopoldino Ramon Weyler , Marques Daniel Paiva , Rocha Luan Carvalho , Medeiros Fernandes Flávia Evelyn , Oliveira Antonio Gouveia , Martins Rand Randall 
Published: November 2023

AimsNeonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) commonly experience adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Thus, we aimed to develop and validate a tool for predicting ADRs in neonates hospitalized in NICUs.MethodsA nested case–control study in an open cohort with neonates admitted to the NICU of a maternity hospital in Natal, Brazil was conducted from January 2019 to January 2022 [Correction added on 4 December 2023, after first online publication: 2023 has been changed to 2019 in the preceding sentence.]. Neonates with ADR were randomly paired with 2 controls. For the development of the tool, a multivariate logistic regression was applied on 2/3 of the sample (cases with respective controls). The model's fit was evaluated using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test for calibration and the Brier score for performance assessment. Validation of the tool was performed by determining the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with bootstrap adjusted c‐statistics.ResultsIn all, 450 neonates (150 cases and 300 controls) were included in the study. We identified 5 independent risk factors for ADR, 4 related to the neonate (current mechanical ventilation, heart rate ≥178 beats/min, intravenous medications, ≥5 prescription medications) and 1 to the mother (gestational hypertension). The tool had a classification cut‐off point of ≥15, and its total score ranged from 0 to 34. In validation, the tool had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66–0.81) with sensitivity of 52.02% (95% CI 47.40–56.64) and specificity of 81.35% (95% CI 77.75–84.95).ConclusionThe tool demonstrated adequate discriminative ability and utilized 5 commonly monitored variables in the NICU.
‘It gives me more freedom’: Family perspectives on travelling with children on nocturnal ventilation
Authors: Riley Mollie , Brotherston Stephanie , Samuels Martin , Pike Katharine C. , Kelly Paula 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundChildren with neuromuscular weakness or central hypoventilation often require nocturnal ventilation. Children with these conditions are living longer and the numbers of children affected are increasing. The challenges associated with managing ventilation at home have been documented; however, there has been limited investigation into accessing wider experiences such as travel. Air travel, in particular, may be considered challenging for children with these conditions because oxygen levels are lower in airplane cabins than at sea levels.ObjectiveWe sought to understand experiences of and attitudes towards travel amongst families of children using nocturnal ventilation for neuromuscular weakness or central hypoventilation.MethodsTwo semi‐structured interviews were conducted amongst participants enrolled in a trial of a new pre‐flight assessment of their tolerance of reduced oxygen levels during flight (known as a hypoxic challenge test). Children participating in the trial were aged 19 months to 18 years. Parents were interviewed and provided proxy views for younger children, and older children were encouraged to present their own views during these interviews. One interview was conducted immediately after the assessment, and a second 3 months later. Data were analysed utilising the framework approach to thematic analysis.ResultsSeventeen families participated in the first interview with 14 of these families completing the follow‐up interview. Three further families participated in the follow‐up interview only. Here, we report three themes relating to participant experience of travel and how this is impacted by their condition. The three themes and their sub‐themes were (1) insight into children's lives: hospital attendances, gaining knowledge and confidence, and child as a person; (2) travelling with your child: planes, trains and automobiles, rules of air travel, and uncertainty; and (3) the meaning of travel: normalisation, connection to extended family, expanded experiences, and freedom and equality.ConclusionsThis population of children and their families aspire to travel but face challenges from clinical and social barriers. It is essential that we further our understanding of the physiological, social and cultural aspects of their experience to facilitate their access to broadened life experiences.
Glycemic Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 Admitted to Referral Shahid Sayad Shirazi Hospital in Gorgan, North of Iran
Authors: Kordrostami Saba , Zahedi Maryam , Rajabi Abdolhalim , Eskandari-Nejad Shahab 
Published: November 2023

Background. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases, the main manifestation of which is hyperglycemia, and is accompanied by many complications. Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several studies have reported the occurrence of various complications associated with different degrees of hyperglycemia in COVID-19 patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 418 patients with COVID-19 were evaluated in terms of hyperglycemia and its related factors, as well as the relationship between hyperglycemia and the outcome of the disease. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results. In the present study, 350 (83.7%) out of 418 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 had hyperglycemia and 193 (55.1%) of the patients with hyperglycemia were women. 169 (48.4%) of patients with hyperglycemia during hospitalization were already diabetic. The mean age was higher in COVID-19 patients with hyperglycemia (

P

< 0.001), and systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate were also higher in them (

P

= 0.005 and

P

= 0.013, respectively). In patients with hyperglycemia, oxygen saturation (SpO2) at the time of admission and discharge was lower than other patients (

P

< 0.001). The frequency of hypertension in the patients with hyperglycemia was significantly higher than in nonhyperglycemic patients (

P

< 0.001 vs. 0.014). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of hyperglycemic patients was significantly lower than other patients (

P

< 0.001). Also, there was a significant inverse relationship between eGFR values and fasting (FBS) and random blood sugar (BS) (r = 0.328 and r = 0.310,

P

< 0.001). On the other hand, there was a direct relationship between FBS and random BS in patients with hyperglycemia with the dose of corticosteroids (r = 0.146 and r = 0.158,

P

< 0.01). In total, 8.2% of the patients died, although the FBS and random BS and a history of DM were not risk factors for the death of patients (

P

< 0.05). Conclusion. The findings of our study showed that hyperglycemia is highly prevalent in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Hyperglycemia in previously nondiabetics appears to be associated with decreased eGFR in COVID-19 patients.