bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thirst and Water‐Salt Appetite
Authors: Rowland Neil E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, the current theoretical concepts and known physiological mechanisms for mammalian fluid homeostasis are reviewed. Fluid loss from the intracellular fluid compartment is sensed by osmoreceptors, which are located peripherally in structures such as the liver as well as in the brain, and underlie osmotic or intracellular thirst and water intake. Fluid loss from the extracellular fluid compartment is sensed by pressure‐sensitive cardiopulmonary receptors, and underlies hypovolemic or extracellular thirst and water intake. The peptide hormone, angiotensin II, released during hypovolemia may contribute to extracellular thirst. Both types of dehydration produce vasopressin secretion; its primary role is to minimize further fluid loss from the kidney and it does not seem to contribute to thirst. Brain structures of the forebrain lamina terminalis are critically involved in transduction and integration of this neurosensory and hormonal information to engage drinking behavior, for example naturally‐occurring thirst such as after deprivation or during meals. Aspects of thirst during ontogeny and aging, as well as genetic and individual differences in thirst are discussed briefly. Extracellular dehydration involves loss of sodium as well as water, and so both preference and appetite for sodium, and the roles of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II are reviewed. Several problem areas in which our knowledge is less complete are also identified.
Social Behavior
Authors: Crawford L. Elizabeth , Luka Barbara , Cacioppo John T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo understand the interplay between individuals and social context, social psychology must span levels of analysis. At the social level, social psychology examines how the behavior and attitudes of individuals are influenced by social factors. At the cognitive level, it addresses how the individual interprets, evaluates, and ascribes meaning to the social world. At the biological level, social psychology examines individuals as biological entities whose physiology influences, and is influenced by, social life. This chapter addresses issues at each of these levels, providing an overview of central topics in experimental social psychology such as motivation, emotion, attitudes, social influence, the self, social cognition, and social neuroscience. We conclude that because human behavior is multiply determined, the study of the individual may be incomplete without considering the independent, interactive, and reciprocal effects of biological, cognitive, and social factors.
Representational Measurement Theory
Authors: Luce R. Duncan , Suppes Patrick 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter focuses on empirical structures, with an ordering attribute, leading to numerical or geometric representations. A historical sketch of physical, behavioral, and social science measurement until 1950 is followed by modern approaches to representational measurement in the behavioral sciences. Among these structures are: difference, additive conjoint, averaging, and non‐additive concatenation and conjoint structures. Derived measurement is described by distributive linkages between two structures with a common attribute and is exemplified by physical, utility, and psychophysical examples. Two mathematical results are needed in each case: theexistenceof structure‐preserving numerical representations and theiruniqueness. The latter has been analyzed generically. Using these ideas, models of magnitude estimation and production are summarized.The nature of axiomatization is discussed in terms of types of logical languages, the role of certain second‐order axioms, and issues of consistency and independence of axioms. Important results about the impossibility of simple axiomatizations of classes of finite structures are described along with mention of some problems.
Neural Network Modeling
Authors: Levine Daniel S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews major examples of neural network models relevant to several areas of psychology. These include sensory processes, including short‐term memory, preattentive vision, attention, and code development; control of individual movements and movement sequences; classical and operant conditioning, and reinforcement learning; involvement of several brain areas in cognitive‐emotional interactions; categorization and classification; decision making; language understanding; reasoning and analogy; mental and cognitive disorders; and a few areas of social psychology. One simple example is given of the process of generating equations for a neural network model, with the terms of the equations being motivated by the psychological operations those terms describe.
Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Rosenthal Robert , DiMatteo M. Robin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe cumulation of evidence in psychology and in related disciplines has, in the past, proceeded in a narrative, nonquantitative fashion. Meta‐analysis, the quantitative summarizing of research domains, has emerged as a more systematic, more replicable, and more rigorous approach to the cumulation of evidence. We provide a brief history of meta‐analysis, going back nearly a hundred years, and we show the relation of meta‐analysis to various views of replication. We review common criticisms of meta‐analysis and describe a number of obvious, and a number of not‐so obvious, benefits of meta‐analysis.Effect size estimation lies at the heart of meta‐analytic procedures, and we describe their importance, their computation, and their practical interpretation. We also describe procedures designed to minimize errors in thinking about effect sizes.A major goal of this chapter is to aid in the preparation of meta‐analytic reviews, and we describe what should be included in the introduction, the methods, results, and discussion sections, and the nature of essential appendices. Special attention is given to the results section in which we provide detailed information on the presentation of descriptive, inferential, and interpretive data.
Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Myung In Jae , Pitt Mark A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe psychological sciences are dominated by verbal theories of behavior in which the functional and structural properties of the hypothesized mental construct are presented at a fairly gross level. The purpose of mathematical modeling is to take the scientific enterprise a step further and develop more formal, quantitative descriptions and explanations of the phenomenon of interest. This chapter provides an introductory overview of how to take this step, using reaction time models of cognitive aging as a running example. We begin by surveying the types of mathematical models that are in use in the discipline. This is followed by a discussion of central issues in the construction and evaluation of a quantitative model, such as model specificity, falsifiability, parameter estimation, and multiple forms of goodness‐of‐fit testing. The next section presents quantitative methods of choosing among competing mathematical models. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of ancillary issues that all modelers should be aware of.
Electrophysiology of Attention
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Alho Kimmo , Schröger Erich 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter describes how auditory and visual attention can be studied using event‐related potentials (ERPs). In audition, the mismatch negativity (MMN), a component of the ERP elicited by any discriminable change in an auditory stimulus stream, provides an excellent index of attention‐independent auditory processing: MMN data convincingly show that accurate central sound representations emerge even in the absence of attention. ERPs also index the two principal brain mechanisms that are involved in involuntary attention switch to unattended auditory stimulation, with the N1 component being related to attention switch to sound onset and the MMN as well as P3a components reflecting attention switch to sound change. Furthermore, the newly discovered reorienting negativity (RON) component seems to be related to the focusing of attention to task‐relevant aspects of stimulation following distraction. The processing negativity (PN), in turn, provides an on‐line index of auditory selective attention. In the visual modality, several ERP components are modulated by selective attention, the earliest effect being caused by visuo‐spatial attention which even affected the P1 generated in extrastriate cortex with a onset latency of about 70 ms post‐stimulus. The subsequent N1 component may also tap into attentional functions and, in addition, slow, PN‐type of selection negativities and positivities can be obtained, depending on the selection criteria (e.g., color or form) and the attentional demands.
On the Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enyne Cyclization
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Haufe Patrick , Rivas Nass Andreas 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSeveral chiral ligands were tested in the enantioselective rhodium‐catalyzed enyne cyclization, but none gave results comparable to the BINAP ligand. Among the tested catalyst precursors the soon to be commercially available [(COD)Rh(H2O)2]CF3SO3 complex is an interesting alternative to the [(COD)RhCl]2 because it did not need the activation with silver ions. A new stereogenic and 1,2‐disubstituted double bond was formed in the product 12, the latter was proved to have an (E)‐configuration. A new product, the 1,3‐diene 16 was observed at higher temperatures. In the presence of an (E)‐configurated double bond in the starting material, the reaction completely failed.
Novel Use of SelectfluorTM for the Synthesis of cis‐Fused Pyrano‐ and Furanotetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Sunitha V. , Reddy K. S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAryl imines formed in situ from aryl aldehydes and aromatic amines undergo smooth [4+2] cycloaddition reactions with cyclic enol ethers such as 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran and 2,3‐dihydrofuran in the presence of 10 mol % SelectfluorTM in acetonitrile at room temperature to afford pyrano‐ and furanotetrahydroquinoline derivatives in excellent yields with high endo‐selectivity.
Mannich‐Type Reactions Catalyzed by Neutral Salts in Water
Authors: Loncaric Catherine , Manabe Kei , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMannich‐type reactions of imines with silicon enolates were found to be catalyzed by neutral salts such as sodium triflate in water as a suspension medium. Unusual kinetic behavior indicates that the presence of the Mannich adduct facilitates the rate of its formation.
Catalytic Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Aliphatic Olefins with Reusable Resin‐Osmium Tetroxide
Authors: Choudary Boyapati M. , Jyothi Karangula , Madhi Sateesh , Lakshmi Kantam M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAsymmetric dihydroxylation of aliphatic olefins to chiral diols with good yields and ees by a heterogeneous Resin‐OsO4 catalyst using ferricyanide as cooxidant is disclosed for the first time. The catalyst was recovered quantitatively by simple filtration and reused for several times without significant loss of activity.
Gespannte Heterocyclen in der Radikalchemie
Authors: Gansäuer Andreas , Lauterbach Thorsten , Narayan Sanjay 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ist die Zahl der Anwendungen von Radikalen in der Synthese durch die Einführung effizienter Ketten‐ und Elektronentransfer‐Reaktionen sprunghaft angestiegen. Insbesondere gespannte Heterocyclen haben sich als nützliche und leicht zugängliche Radikalvorstufen erwiesen. Die Erzeugung von Carbinylradikalen der Heterocyclen hat viele elegante Anwendungen von Heteroatom‐zentrierten Radikalen ermöglicht, z. B. β‐Fragmentierungen, Cyclisierungen und intramolekulare Wasserstoffatomabstraktionen. Mit aromatischen Radikalanionen gelingt der direkte Elektronentransfer auf gespannte Heterocyclen. Die folgende Ringöffnung vereint die Vorzüge von metallorganischer Chemie und Radikalchemie bei der Synthese funktionalisierter Organolithiumreagentien. Epoxide werden mit hoher Regioselektivität durch stöchiometrische oder katalytische Mengen an Titanocen(III)‐Reagentien zu β‐Titanoxyradikalen geöffnet. Dadurch sind zahlreiche neue Anwendungen in der Naturstoffsynthese denkbar.
Atomic Layer Deposition Chemistry: Recent Developments and Future Challenges
Authors: Leskelä Markku , Ritala Mikko 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNew materials, namely high‐k (high‐permittivity) dielectrics to replace SiO2, Cu to replace Al, and barrier materials for Cu, are revolutionizing modern integrated circuits. These materials must be deposited as very thin films on structured surfaces. The self‐limiting growth mechanism characteristic to atomic layer deposition (ALD) facilitates the control of film thickness at the atomic level and allows deposition on large and complex surfaces. These features make ALD a very promising technique for future integrated circuits. Recent ALD research has mainly focused on materials required in microelectronics. Chemistry, in particular the selection of suitable precursor combinations, is the key issue in ALD; many interesting results have been obtained by smart chemistry. ALD is also likely to find applications in other areas, such as magnetic recording heads, optics, demanding protective coatings, and micro‐electromechanical systems, provided that cost‐effective processes can be found for the materials required.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of 4‐Pyrrolidinylthio Carbapenems: Containing Heteroaromatics as a Side Chain
Authors: Cho Han‐Won , Oh Chang‐Hyun , Lee Ju‐Shin , Lee Soo‐Chul , Choi Jung‐Hoon , Cho Jung‐Hyuck 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of a new series of 2‐alkyl‐4‐pyrrolidinylthio‐b‐methylcarbapenems containing the substituted heteroaromatic moieties is described. Their in vitro antibacterial activities against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria were tested. The effect of substituents on the nitrogen atoms at heteroaromatic rings was investigated. Particular compounds (14 b, 14 c) containing 3‐methyl‐ and 3, 5‐dimethylpyrazolethio substituted moiety showed the most potent antibacterial activity.
Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationship of Di‐(3, 8‐diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) Diquaternary Ammonium Salts as Unique Analgesics
Authors: Liu Hong , Cheng Tie‐Ming , Zhang Hong‐Mei , Li Run‐Tao 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBased on the structure characteristics of the lead compounds, 1, 1′ octanedioyl‐4, 4′‐dimethyl‐4, 4′‐dibenzyl dipiperazinium dibromide (2) and 3, 8‐disubstituted‐3, 8‐diazabicyclo [3.2.1]octanes (DBO), di‐(3, 8‐diazabicyclo [3.2.1]octane) diquaternary ammonium salts 3 a—c were designed and synthesized through a highly practical procedure. Target compounds 3 a—c and the hydrochloride salts of their precursors 10 a—c were evaluated for their in vivo analgesic and sedative activities. Interestingly, the introduction of an endoethylenic bridge in the piperazine of lead compound 2 causes loss of the analgesic activity and increases the toxicity dramatically. This result shows that the flexible conformation of piperazine in compound 2 is favorable for interaction with the receptor, and the quaternization of compounds 10 a—c is the main reason for the toxicity increase.
D2 Dopaminergic and 5‐HT1A Serotonergic Activity of 2‐(1‐Naphthyl)ethyl‐ and 2‐(2‐Naphthyl)ethyl Amines
Authors: Šukalović V. , Roglić G. , Husinec S. , Kostić‐Rajaćić S. , Andrić D. , Šošakić Vukić 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSeveral tertiary 2‐phenylethyl, 2‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl and 2‐(2‐naphthyl)ethyl amines were synthesized and their binding affinities for dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin 5‐HT1A receptors evaluated in radioligand binding assays. All compounds were inactive in D1 dopamine radioligand binding assay. The 2‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl analogues expressed a low but significant binding affinity for the D2 and moderate one for the 5‐HT1A receptor subtypes. Most of the remaining compounds expressed binding affinity at the 5‐HT1A receptor subtype but were inactive in D2 receptor binding assay. Based on these results and considering the chemical characteristics of the compounds synthesized and evaluated for dopaminergic and serotonergic activity throughout the present study it can be concluded that hydrophobic type of interaction (stacking or edge‐to‐face) plays a significant role in the formation of receptor‐ligand complexes of 2‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl amines. This structural motive can be applied to design and synthesize new, more potent dopaminergic/serotonergic ligands by slight chemical modifications.
Synthesis and evaluation of derivatives of leucine enkephalin as potential affinity labels for δ opioid receptors
Authors: Choi Heekyung , Murray Thomas F. , Aldrich Jane V. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAs part of an effort to develop peptide‐based affinity labels for opioid receptors, [Leu5]enkephalin (LeuEnk) and DTLET (Tyr–D‐Thr–Gly–Phe–Leu–Thr), potent agonists for δ receptors, were selected as the parent peptides for further modification. The affinity label derivatives were prepared using standard Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis in conjunction with Fmoc–Phe(p‐NHAlloc) (Fmoc: 9‐flourenylmethoxycarbonyl;) and selective modification of the p‐amino group on this residue. The electrophilic isothiocyanate and bromoacetamide groups were introduced into the para position of Phe4; the corresponding free amine‐containing peptides were also prepared for comparison. The pure peptides were evaluated in radioligand binding assays using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing δ and μ opioid receptors. Modification of Phe4 in LeuEnk and DTLET significantly decreased δ‐receptor binding affinity (40 to >2,000‐fold). Among the synthesized analogues, [Phe(p‐NH2)4]DTLET showed the highest δ‐receptor binding affinity (IC50 = 39 nM) and enhanced selectivity for δ receptors compared to DTLET while other derivatives exhibited much lower δ receptor affinity. The differences in affinities between the two series of analogues and between the derivatives of LeuEnk and N,N‐dibenzyl[Leu5]Enk reported previously suggest subtle differences in interactions of Phe4 with δ receptors depending on other modifications in the sequences. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 71: 552–557, 2003
Rare‐Earth‐Compound Nanowires, Nanotubes, and Fullerene‐Like Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties
Authors: Wang Xun , Li Yadong 
Published: November 2003

AbstractVarious low‐dimensional nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanotubes, nanosheets, and fullerene‐like nanoparticles have been selectively synthesized from rare‐earth compounds (hydroxides, fluorides) based on a facile hydrothermal method. The subsequent dehydration, sulfidation, and fluoridation processes lead to the formation of rare‐earth oxide, oxysulfide, and oxyhalide nanostructures, which can be functionalized further by doping with other rare‐earth ions or by coating with metal nanoparticles. Owing to the interesting combination of novel nanostructures and functional compounds, these nanostructures can be expected to bring new opportunities in the vast research areas of and application in biology, catalysts, and optoelectronic devices.
From Rare Gas Atoms to Fullerenes: Spherical Aromaticity Studied From the Point of View of Atomic Structure Theory
Authors: Reiher Markus , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe characteristic features of molecules like polyhedra and fullerenes, which follow the 2(N+1)2 rule of spherical aromaticity, can be related to energetically stable closed‐shell configurations of (pseudo‐)atoms. This unifying view relies on a thought experiment, which produces a polyhedron in a two‐step process and which can, in turn, relate the electronic configuration of any spherical polyhedron to the one of a corresponding closed‐shell atom. In the first step, the electronic ground‐state configuration is identified. In the second step, a group theoretical analysis can be carried out; this relates the spherically symmetric atomic orbitals to the molecular orbitals classified according to the irreducible representations of the point group of the polyhedron under consideration. This procedure explains and justifies the pseudo‐l classification of molecular orbitals, which is the basis of the 2(N+1)2 rule. For the transition from the electronic configuration of the rare gas Eka‐Rn (Uuo) to the icosahedral fullerene C202+, we show how a change in the ground‐state configuration leads to the phenomenologically found 2(N+1)2 rule for spherically aromatic fullerenes.
Shape‐persistency and Molecular Function in Heteromacrocycles: Creation of Heteroarenecyclynes and Arene–Azaarenecyclynes
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Yoshida Zen‐ichi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOn the basis of our concept that the introduction of heteroatoms and shape‐persistency into the π‐macrocycles should bring forth striking functions or properties, heteroarenecyclynes (such as oxaarenecyclynes and thiaarenecyclynes) with semi‐shape‐persistent structure, and arene–azaarenecyclynes with shape‐persistent structure have been prepared. Their novel functions and characteristic properties are disclosed. Noteworthy is that heteroarenecyclynes include C60 to provide a Saturn‐type complex with a N2 binding function. A simple member of the oxaarenecyclyne compounds undergoes the AgI‐induced cyclization leading to the quantitative formation of strongly luminescent perylene derivative. Arene–azaarenecyclynes are versatile compounds. For example, they exhibit intense luminescence in spite of the meta‐bonding structure, providing the circular luminophore. Also they serve as receptors for special metal, organic, and inorganic substrates. The observed molecular functions are valuable for scientific and practical application.