bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Will the new aid agenda help promote poverty reduction?
Authors: White Howard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAid is widely perceived to have failed at poverty reduction. The last decade has seen a renewed focus on poverty and a number of changes in aid management. Will these improve aid's effectiveness at reducing poverty? The adoption of the International Development Targets is an important rallying point in emphazising poverty concerns, but do not tell us how to achieve them. Sector programmes and Poverty Reduction Strategies can both be important in enhancing the efficiency of expenditures, though there have been problems in implementation, mainly of donors being reluctant to allow government to lead the process. Less desirable are the move to selectivity on the basis of ‘good policies’ and attempts to earmark debt relief to poverty reduction expenditures. But the real issue to be tackled is to ensure that a greater proportion of aid resources are used in ways which will directly benefit the poor. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [C2H3]methotrexate and [C2H3]7‐hydroxymethotrexate
Authors: Elmore Charles S. , Dean Dennis C. , Zhang Yong , Gibson Carter , Jenkins Herb , Jones Allen N. , Melillo David G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStable label analogues of methotrexate (MTX) and 7‐hydroxymethotrexate (7‐OH‐MTX) were required for use as internal standards for LC/MS quantitation. A minimum incorporation of stable isotopes to produce a mass increase of 3 in the non‐glutamate derived portion of the molecule was necessary for adequate MS detection. The commercial availability of des‐methyl MTX (aminopterin, 1) made methylation with C2H3I an attractive option. Surprisingly, all attempted methylations of 1 and the dimethyl ester of 1 failed to provide a significant amount of the methylated aniline, apparently due to attenuated reactivity of the secondary amine towards alkylation. However, reductive amination of diacid 1 with C2H2O and NaB2H3CN gave [C2H3]MTX in 52% yield. A previously reported method was utilized to convert [C2H3]MTX to [C2H3]7‐OH‐MTX. Preparative HPLC purification of [C2H3]7‐OH‐MTX resulted in extremely low recovery from the column; this was resolved by switching to a column with few free silanols. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and ultrastructure of the malpighian tubules of the Chilean common tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae)
Authors: Hazelton S. Renee , Townsend Victor R. , Richter Courtney , Ritter Marnie E. , Felgenhauer Bruce E. , Spring Jeffrey H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRelatively little is known about the morphology and ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae). Our study represents the first investigation of the Malpighian tubules of a theraphosid spider and is the only study to examine the living Malpighian tubules using confocal laser scanning microscopy. In theraphosid spiders, the Malpighian tubules originate from the stercoral pocket in the posterior portion of the opisthosoma and extend forward toward the prosoma in a dendritic pattern. There are three distinct segments (initial, main, and terminal), all dark brown in appearance. Each segment has distinctive ultrastructural features. Both the terminal and the main segment appear to be composed of at least two cell types with finger‐like cytoplasmic protrusions associated with one of these types. The terminal segment, which is most proximal to the stercoral pocket, is the largest in diameter. It is composed of large, cuboidal cells containing many mitochondria and lipid inclusions. The main segment is intermediate in diameter with many mitochondria and secretory vesicles present. The initial segment is relatively thin in comparison to the other segments and is intimately associated with the digestive gland. The cells of the initial segment contain very little cytoplasm, fewer mitochondria, secretory vesicles, and prominent inclusions. J. Morphol. 251:73–82, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey of the year 2000 commercial optical biosensor literature
Authors: Rich Rebecca L. , Myszka David G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have compiled a comprehensive list of the articles published in the year 2000 that describe work employing commercial optical biosensors. Selected reviews of interest for the general biosensor user are highlighted. Emerging applications in areas of drug discovery, clinical support, food and environment monitoring, and cell membrane biology are emphasized. In addition, the experimental design and data processing steps necessary to achieve high‐quality biosensor data are described and examples of well‐performed kinetic analysis are provided. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the accuracy of two‐dimensional phase‐contrast MRI measurements of complex unsteady flows
Authors: Papaharilaou Yannis , Doorly Denis J. , Sherwin Spencer J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo‐dimensional phase‐contrast MRI measurements of complex unsteady flows have been assessed for accuracy, together with procedures used to improve the precision of the measurements. Velocity measurements of single harmonic sinusoidal flow in a rigid bypass graft model with a fully three‐dimensional geometry were compared to an accurate numerical solution of the Navier‐Stokes equations for the same flow. Axial velocity profiles from the MRI were compared with the computational data, and instantaneous root mean square (rms) differences were calculated. Despite the complexity of the flow, with the aid of phase angle dynamic range extension, a spatially and temporally averaged rms error of between 7.8% and 11.5%, with respect to the spatially and temporally averaged velocity, was achieved. Spin saturation primarily and phase dispersion secondarily in complex transient recirculation zones were found to be significant contributors to overall error. Cross flow effects were also investigated but were of lesser significance. The result confirms the suitability of the technique for measuring complex unsteady flows. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:714–723. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance planimetry of the vena contracta as a new approach to assessment of stenotic heart valves: An in vitro study
Authors: Strohm Oliver , Schulz‐Menger Jeanette , Hänlein Dankward , Dietz Rainer , Friedrich Matthias G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExact determination of the orifice area in stenotic valve disease is essential to guide therapy. With the standard imaging methods, the orifice area has to be calculated by empirically‐derived formulas, which may be susceptible to changes in hemodynamic status, leading to wrong therapeutic decisions. We tested the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify the orifice area by planimetry of the proximal vena contracta (PVC) in an idealized, constant‐flow model in a 1.0‐T tomograph (Siemens Magnetom Expert). There was a close correlation of the PVC area in MRI and the true orifice area (r2 = 0.985), and agreement of the methods as measured by the Bland‐Altman test was significant with a low systematic error of –0.02 cm2. We conclude that MRI planimetry of the PVC in stenotic valves in a constant‐flow model may be used to reliably measure the orifice area. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:31–34. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metallic neurosurgical implants: Evaluation of magnetic field interactions, heating, and artifacts at 1.5‐Tesla
Authors: Shellock Frank G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to use ex vivo testing to determine the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) safety aspects for seven different metallic neurosurgical implants in association with the 1.5‐T MR environment. Ex vivo testing was performed using previously‐described techniques for the evaluation of magnetic field interactions (deflection angle and torque), heating (gel‐filled phantom and fluoroptic thermometry; 15 minutes of MRI at a specific absorption rate [SAR] of 1.4 W/kg), and artifacts (using T1‐weighted, spin‐echo and gradient‐echo pulse sequences). None of the metallic implants displayed interactions with the magnetic field. The highest temperature change was +0.6°C for the representative implant that was evaluated. Artifacts were relatively minor. The lack of magnetic field interactions and negligible heating indicate that MR procedures may be conducted safely in patients with these neurosurgical implants using MR systems with static magnetic fields of 1.5‐T or less. Furthermore, these implants may be considered for use in interventional MR procedures insofar as the MR safe qualities and relatively small artifacts would likely be desirable for such procedures. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:295–299. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance flow measurements in real time: Comparison with a standard gradient‐echo technique
Authors: Klein Christoph , Schalla Simon , Schnackenburg Bernhard , Bornstedt Axel , Fleck Eckart , Nagel Eike 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUltrafast gradient systems and hybrid imaging sequences offer the opportunity to acquire phase contrast flow data in real time. In a 1.5‐Tesla magnetic resonance (MR)‐tomograph, peak velocity and volume flow were assessed in 36 large vessels (aorta) and 33 medium‐sized vessels (carotid and iliac artery) using a real‐time (segmented k‐space turbo gradient‐echo planar imaging sequence) in comparison with a gradient‐echo technique. With the real‐time technique, the matrix was reduced from 116 to 64, and temporal resolution changed from 30 msec to 124 msec. Measurements of peak velocity correlated in large (r = 0.88) and medium‐sized vessels (r = 0.81). Volume flow measurements correlated in large vessels (r = 0.87), however, a poor correlation (r = 0.64) was found in medium‐sized vessels. Thus, scan time can be significantly reduced and images acquired without electrocardiogram (ECG)‐triggering. Flow volume can only be determined in large vessels with sufficient accuracy, mainly due to reduced spatial resolution in smaller vessels.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:306–310. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometric studies of the path of carbon in photosynthesis: positional isotopic analysis of 13C‐labelled C4 to C7 sugar phosphates
Authors: MacLeod John K. , Flanigan Ian L. , Williams John F. , Collins J. Grant 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe (EIMS) electron ionization mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of the methoxime‐ and ethoxime‐trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of C4 to C7 sugars involved as phosphates in the Calvin pathway of photosynthesis in plants were analysed by gas chromatography/EIMS using specifically labelled 13C analogs. In general, most but not all of the major ions in the mass spectra arise from single carbon–carbon bond cleavages of the straight‐chain derivatives. The results confirm that GC/MS of the alkoxime‐TMS derivatives is a viable method for measuring 13C incorporations at individual carbon atoms in each of the sugar phosphates during photosynthetic experiments with 13CO2. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of sulfated peptides using positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Nemeth‐Cawley Jennifer F. , Karnik Smita , Rouse Jason C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPresented is a method for analyzing sulfated peptides, and differentiating the post‐translational modification (PTM) from its isobaric counterpart phosphorylation, using quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Qq/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and positive ion nanoelectrospray MS/MS. A set of commercially available sulfo‐ and phosphopeptide standards was analyzed via in‐source dissociation and MS/MS to generate fragmentation signatures that were used to characterize and differentiate the two modifications. All of the phosphorylated peptides retained their +80 Da modifications under collision‐induced decomposition (CID) conditions and peptide backbone fragmentation allowed for the site‐specific identification of the modification. In sharp contrast, sulfated peptides lost SO3 from the precursor as the collision energy (CE) was increased until only the non‐sulfated form of the peptide was observed. The number of 80 Da losses indicated the number of sulfated sites. By continuing to ramp the CE further, it was possible to fragment the non‐sulfated peptides and obtain detailed sequence information. It was not possible to obtain site‐specific information on the location of the sulfate moieties using positive ion MS/MS as none of the original precursor ions were present at the time of peptide backbone fragmentation. This method was applied to the analysis of recombinant human B‐domain deleted factor VIII (BDDrFVIII), which has six well‐documented sulfation sites and several potential phosphorylation sites located in two of the sulfated regions of the protein. Seven peptides with single and multiple +80 Da modifications were isolated and analyzed for their respective PTMs. The fragmentation patterns obtained from the BDDrFVIII peptides were compared with those obtained for the standard peptides; and in all cases the peptides were sulfated. None of the potential phosphorylation sites were found to be occupied, and these results are consistent with the literature. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared laser desorption and ionization of polypeptides from a polyacrylamide gel
Authors: Baltz‐Knorr Michelle , Ermer David R. , Schriver Kenneth E. , Haglund Richard F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe observed direct desorption and ionization of angiotensin II and bovine insulin from a frozen polyacrylamide gel without the addition of an exogenous matrix, using picosecond pulses from a tunable, mid‐infrared free‐electron laser tuned to strong absorption bands of the gel. At 5.7, 5.9, 6.1 and 6.3 µm we were able to desorb and ionize both analyte molecules, with the strongest analyte signal generated at 5.9 µm. However, no analyte signal was observed at 5.5 µm. Consistent with a previous report, we did not observe ions of either polypeptide at 2.9 µm, in spite of strong overall absorption. We discuss the implications of this wavelength‐dependent ionization, including possible ablation mechanisms and energy partitioning between competing vibrational modes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular epidemiology of ‘Norwalk‐like viruses’ associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in New Zealand
Authors: Greening Gail E. , Mirams Michiko , Berke Tamas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOutbreaks of gastroenteritis are a major public health problem in New Zealand. The introduction of molecular detection methods has now shown that the ‘Norwalk‐like viruses’ (NLVs) are the major cause of food and waterborne nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) were used to determine the presence of NLVs in faecal specimens from 83 nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in New Zealand between August 1995 and July 1999. Further characterisation of the NLVs for epidemiological purposes was carried out by dot blot DNA hybridisation and DNA sequencing of representative outbreak strains. The majority of NLV strains occurring in New Zealand since August 1995 are similar to those occurring overseas. The predominant New Zealand strain is genetically similar to the Bristol/Lordsdale virus group. Several New Zealand outbreaks were attributed to Auckland virus, a Mexico‐like NLV strain identified as the most likely cause of gastroenteritis after consumption of contaminated oysters in 1994. A new strain, designated Napier virus, has been identified in six outbreaks since 1996. A number of strains closely resembling internationally recognised strains, including Southampton virus, Saratoga virus; Desert Shield virus and Melksham virus have been associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks across New Zealand. Application of these typing methods has provided information on disease transmission for epidemiological investigations of public health significance. J. Med. Virol. 64:58–66, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variability of respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a strain in 15 successive epidemics in one city
Authors: Seki Kimihira , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Ohsaki Masaya , Kamasaki Hodaka , Chiba Shunzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe genetic variability of 125 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroup A isolates over 15 successive epidemics from 1980 to 1995 in an urban population of Japan was determined. Allocation of isolates into lineages was archived by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction amplification of selected regions of the nucleoprotein (NP) and attachment (G) protein gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Three and seven distinct restriction patterns of the NP and G gene were observed, respectively. When the NP and G gene RFLP analyses were combined, ten different genetic lineages were identified in the 125 isolates. The strains with the same genotype were isolated in each epidemic and the dominant lineages were replaced by others after every one to three consecutive epidemics. Nucleotide and amino acid sequencing of the variable region of G gene of these predominant isolates revealed differences of 5–28% between strains. There was, however, no apparent accumulation of diversity with age to indicate progressive changes. The dominant strains were often closely related to those isolated in other parts of the world at a similar time. These observations suggest that dominant RSV strains are replaced frequently by others that have been co‐circulating or have recently entered the community from a worldwide reservoir. The change of dominant strains may be influenced by the buildup of immunological resistance in the community to successive epidemics of the same strain. J. Med. Virol. 64:374–380, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A case of human Orf in an immunocompromised patient treated successfully with cidofovir cream
Authors: Geerinck K. , Lukito G. , Snoeck R. , De Vos R. , De Clercq E. , Vanrenterghem Y. , Degreef H. , Maes B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImmunocompromised patients may have severe forms of infections. Since there is an increasing number of patients maintained under immunosuppressive therapy, we will be confronted with increasing frequency with these infectious problems. Effective treatments will be of great value. The case is described of a renal transplant with a giant orf lesion, which continued growing instead of regressing spontaneously as is observed usually. The treatment options in such patients are limited. It was decided to treat the patient with the antiviral drug cidofovir (HPMPC, Vistide®). Topical cidofovir treatment resulted in complete regression of the lesion. This case is discussed in the context of the known literature on orf (ecthyma contagiosum). J. Med. Virol. 64:543–549, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence analysis of genes encoding structural and nonstructural proteins of a human group B rotavirus detected in Calcutta, India
Authors: Kobayashi Nobumichi , Naik Trailokya N. , Kusuhara Yasuhiro , Krishnan Triveni , Sen Adrish , Bhattacharya Sujit K. , Taniguchi Koki , Alam Md. Mahbub , Urasawa Tomoko , Urasawa Shozo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNucleotide sequences of RNA segments encoding structural proteins(VP4, VP6, and VP7) and nonstructural proteins(NSP1 and NSP3) of a human group B rotavirus CAL‐1, which was detected in Calcutta, India, were determined and their relatedness with cognate genes of other group B rotaviruses was analyzed. The CAL‐1 genes showed generally high sequence identities (more than 90%) to those of human group B rotavirus, adult diarrheal rotavirus (ADRV) in China, while identities with bovine, murine, and ovine viruses were considerably lower (58–73%). Among RNA segments analyzed, sequence identity of the VP6 gene was relatively high compared with other gene segments. In the CAL‐1 VP7 sequence, many characteristics were shared by ADRV, but not by other animal group B rotaviruses. In contrast, VP4 and NSP3 of CAL‐1 were single animo acid and 23 amino acids longer than those of ADRV strain, respectively, due to differences of a few nucleotides. These findings suggested that human group B rotaviruses CAL‐1 and ADRV might have originated from a common ancestral virus distinct from animal group B rotaviruses reported so far, while some notable sequence differences indicated the distinct nature of these viruses. J. Med. Virol. 64:583–588, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrahepatic HCV RNA loads in 37 HIV‐HCV co‐infected patients with controlled HIV infection
Authors: Trimoulet P. , Neau D. , Le Bail B. , Rullier A. , Winnock M. , Galperine T. , Legrand E. , Schvoerer E. , Dupon M. , Ragnaud J.M. , Bioulac‐Sage P. , Chêne G. , Fleury H. , Lafon M.E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSerum and intrahepatic hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA were measured in 37 HIV‐HCV co‐infected patients with controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and correlated with clinical, biological, and histological parameters. Thirty‐seven interferon‐naive patients underwent liver biopsy. HCV‐induced activity (A) and fibrosis (F) were evaluated with METAVIR score. The 37 patients included had HIV plasma loads < 10,000 copies/ml, CD4+ count > 250/μl. All the patients but two were receiving antiretroviral treatment. Liver tissue and sera were used for measurement of HCV RNA by the Cobas Amplicor HCV Monitor. All patients had serum and liver HCV RNA, and both levels were correlated (r = 0.47; P = 0.003). Intrahepatic HCV load did not depend on age, sex, duration of HCV infection, CD4+, HCV genotype, or fibrosis. AST levels correlated with intrahepatic HCV load (r = 0.52; P = 0.001). Patients with METAVIR A1/A2 had significantly lower levels of liver HCV‐RNA than were found in patients with METAVIR A3 (P = 0.026). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) including protease inhibitors(PI)‐treated patients had significantly lower intrahepatic HCV load (P = 0.04). A weak but significant correlation between serum and liver HCV RNA was found. The amount of hepatic HCV RNA was correlated with AST levels, histological activity, but not with HCV genotype or fibrosis. The immune improvement associated with PI regimens could help reduce HCV load, supporting a protective effect of PI‐induced immune restoration.
J. Med. Virol. 67:143–151, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peroxynitrite triggers a phenotypic transformation in spinal cord astrocytes that induces motor neuron apoptosis
Authors: Cassina Patricia , Peluffo Hugo , Pehar Mariana , Martinez‐Palma Laura , Ressia Andrés , Beckman Joseph S. , Estévez Alvaro G. , Barbeito Luis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOxidative stress mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and its toxic metabolite peroxynitrite has previously been associated with motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Degenerating spinal motor neurons in familial and sporadic ALS are typically surrounded by reactive astrocytes expressing the inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS), suggesting that astroglia may have a pathogenic role in ALS. We report here that a brief exposure of spinal cord astrocyte monolayers to peroxynitrite (0.25–1 mM) provoked long‐lasting reactive morphological changes characterized by process‐bearing cells displaying intense glial fibrillary acidic protein and iNOS immunoreactivity. Furthermore, peroxynitrite caused astrocytes to promote apoptosis of embryonic motor neurons subsequently plated on the monolayers. Neuronal death occurred within 24 hr after plating, as evidenced by the presence of degenerating motor neurons positively stained for activated caspase‐3 and nitrotyrosine. Motor neuron death was largely prevented by NOS inhibitors and peroxynitrite scavengers but not by trophic factors that otherwise will support motor neuron survival in the absence of astrocytes. The bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a well‐known inflammatory stimulus that induces iNOS expression in astrocytes, provoked the same effects on astrocytes as peroxynitrite. Thus, spinal cord astrocytes respond to extracellular peroxynitrite by adopting a phenotype that is cytotoxic to motor neurons through peroxynitrite‐dependent mechanisms. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.