bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racism In Comparative Historical Perspective
Authors: Loewenberg Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two major schools of interpretation of racial hatred exist in the social sciences: the cognitive and the psychodynamic.1 The cognitive understanding of race prejudice is that it is a failure of socially organized learning consisting of erroneous beliefs about other groups. The psychodynamic approach focuses on the irrationality and rigidity of racism and the function it serves in the development and coherence of personality and social process.
Crisis Management: From Therapy To Government And From The Oval Office Tothecouch
Authors: Loewenberg Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consequence of the sudden end of the Cold War, is that we realize, with a shock of recognition, what a masterful mutual exercise of crisis management it was. Both the U.S. and Soviet leadership deserve credit for sagacity motivated by fear and realism that substantially preserved world peace for half a century. From 1946 to 1989 the two superpowers succeeded in avoiding the meeting in combat of U.S. and Soviet armed forces, thus preventing the preconditions of a nuclear conflagration.
The Structure of Russian Society
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eighteenth-century Russian society was dominated by a small and conspicuous ruling class, enjoying a monopoly over the exercise of political power. The monopoly was buttressed by privileges that conferred status upon the ruling class and sustained an awareness of its mission. Access to the ruling class, restricted and broadened in accordance with circumstances and the perception of needs, remained open to members of a dependent population consisting of clergy, townsmen, and peasants. Their upward mobility kept rejuvenating the ruling class and legitimizing the exercise of its power.
Political Apparatus and Bureaucracy
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian society, consisting of a small nobility ruling over dependent townsmen and peasantry, was governed by a political apparatus representing the interests and embodying the values of the ruling class. At the end of the seventeenth century, this apparatus exercised both military and civilian responsibilities indiscriminately, but the creation of a standing army and 20 years of war resulted in a functional separation of the military from the civilian apparatus, although officers were thrust into leading positions in civilian administration during Peter’s reign and for a long time thereafter.
The Rule Of The Empresses: 1725-1796
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of the great tsar in January 1725 left a void in the Romanov house and intensified the rivalries between the supporters of the two courts, gathered around the Saltykovs and Dolgorukovs on the one hand, the Naryshkins on the other. Under a powerful ruler and in difficult circumstances, these rivalries were usually muted by the fear of dissension, the acceptance of his leadership, and association with his cause. They never disappeared, however, and the history of Peter’s domestic reforms was largely a chronicle of the attempts by these two extended political families to place their supporters in key institutions from which they could develop their patronage networks.
Crimes and Punishments
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another characteristic feature of the Russian political order-besides the absence of a code of judicial procedure-was the poverty of the legal tradition. Until the local government reform of the 1770s and the senatorial reform of 1805, no distinction was made between legal and other institutions; the dispensation of justice was ancillary to personnel management and fiscal administration. As a result, the ruling elite, perceiving political life as the exercise of power and the perpetual consolidation of patronage networks, saw the training of jurists as a challenge to its monopoly over political life.1 D’iaki and secretaries were trained in the apparatus, and their knowledge of procedural intricacies was not the knowledge of a body of law growing by accretions and rejections in the searching criticism of a public debate.
Book IV
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They came to the country of Lacedaemon, where it nestled among the hollowed hills: and they drove up to the home of famous Menelaus. He was in act of feasting his many kinsmen to celebrate the marriages of his son and of the flawless daughter of his house. The girl he was giving to the son of that breaker of the line of battle, Achilles.
Book X
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So we came to the Aeolian island. In that sea-cradled fast ness, within a bulwark of invincible bronze from which the cliff falls sheer, lived Aeolus son of Hippotas, a friend of the eternal Gods, with his twelve children, six daughters and six stalwart sons. Aeolus had so ordered it that the daughters served his sons for wives. They all eat at the one board with their father and revered mother and before them a myriad dainty dishes are heaped up. Day-long the steaming house echoes festively even to its court : but by night they sleep, each man and his bashful wife between soft rugs on ornate bed-steads.
Book XIII
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He ceased, but his audience were so entranced by the tale that no one moved in the hushed twilit hall. At last the voice of Alcinous replied to him across the silence : “ Lord Odysseus, however great your misfortunes hitherto, now that you have eventually attained my bronze-floored house, my stately house, I think you will not suffer further deflection from your way home : touching which I have a charge for all you frequenters of my palace, who come to hear our minstrel and drink our ruddy aldermanic wine.
Book XIV
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meanwhile Odysseus strode up the hill-path that climbed straight from the timbered plains into the highlands, the way Athene had pointed him, to that devoted swineherd who cared more for his lord’s substance than any other of the serfs Odysseus owned. He found him sitting in the lodge of his high-walled steading which was a landmark because it stood by itself and was well built and large.
Human Immune System Aging: Approaches, Examples, and Ideas
Authors: Mayer Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is intended to be a prelude to future studies and not a comprehensive review of the extensive literature in human immune system aging. The next section on the background to human immune system aging provides a brief summary of information relevant to the ideas and examples which follow. More detailed and thorough reviews of the subject are available (e.g., Goidl, 1987; Miller, 1989, 1991a; Schwab et al,. 1989; Segre et al,. 1989).
Role of the National Institute on Aging
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The National Institute on Aging (NIA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conducts and supports biomedical and behavioral research and research training related to the aging process, and to diseases and other special problems and needs of older people. This is done through various funding mechanisms (research project grants, career development awards and contracts) to universities and other research institutions, as well as in NIA laboratories and clinics in Bethesda and Baltimore, Maryland. NIA’s programs are dedicated to a broad range of aging research encompassing basic, clinical, behavioral, social, epidemiological, and demographic studies. There is also some applied research on interventions in common problems, such as urinary incontinence, falls, and osteoporosis, and problems of older drivers. Integrative and cross-disciplinary approaches to health problems are encouraged.
Heart Disease Mortality among Workers Exposed to Carbon Monoxide in New York City
Authors: Stern Frank , Steenland Kyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) contributes to cardiovascular disease through several accepted and potential mechanisms, including binding to hemoglobin and reducing oxygen dissociation at the tissue level by shifting the oxygenhemoglobin dissociation curve. Such oxygen deprivation may contribute to heart attacks, particularly in individuals whose hearts already are weakened by subclinical cardiovascular disease. Several experimental human studies of CO have focused on the acute effects on the heart of high-level CO exposure (for example, see Allred et al., 1989), but tens of thousands of workers are exposed to chronic low levels. NIOSH investigators wished to study the effects of longterm chronic exposure to CO. The target population were traffic control officers: (1) stationed in toll facilities on bridges, and (2) employed in observation booths within the tunnels. Industrial hygiene surveys in the 1960s showed that officers on bridges at that time were exposed to an average carbon monoxide concentration of about 13 parts per million (ppm), while officers in tunnels were exposed to an average carbon monoxide concentration of 51 ppm.
A Vinyl Chloride Case-Control Study
Authors: Steenland Kyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1972, investigators from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) were informed of a report of a cluster of liver cancers at a plant in Louisville, Kentucky, that produced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic products. This plant opened in 1942 and produced both the monomer gas (VC gas) and the polymerized plastic (PVC) through 1966. In 1966, the plant stopped production of VC gas, but continued to buy the gas and to produce PVC products. About three-quarters of the men who had worked at the plant had been exposed to both VC gas and PVC dust.
Silica and Lung Cancer: A Proportionate Mortality Study
Authors: Steenland Kyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animal studies in the late 1970s and early 1980s showed that crystalline silica (quartz) could promote and induce lung tumors (Stettler et al., 1984). It was therefore of interest to determine whether silica-exposed human populations were at an increased risk of lung cancer. A second hypothesis of interest was whether those who have silicosis, a fibrotic disease of the lung, were at increased risk of lung cancer. It has been hypothesized that some aspect of silicosis, such as enzymes released by macrophages that are destroyed in the silicotic process, induces lung cancer (Goldsmith et al., 1982).
Bladder Cancer among Chemical Workers
Authors: Ward Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1981, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was asked by the Michigan Department of Public Health to investigate the health effects of exposure to 4,4’-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) exposure among workers at a small chemical plant in southern Michigan. This plant had come to the attention of State Health Department officials in 1979, when extensive environmental contamination with MBOCA had been discovered in the surrounding community. MBOCA is an aromatic amine with about the same potency as benzidine that is highly carcinogenic in rats and induces bladder tumors in dogs. MBOCA was one of the first fourteen carcinogens for which OSHA promulgated standards in 1974, but the MBOCA standard was withdrawn from consideration for procedural reasons and has never been reinstated (Ward et al., 1987). No adequate epidemiologic studies of MBOCA had been conducted.
Occupational Skin Disease and Contact Dermatitis
Authors: O’malley Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large number of chemical and physical agents cause either skin irritation or allergy. The constant interaction of skin with the external environment accounts for the fact that occupational skin disease (OSD) represents 40 to 50% of all occupational illness (Nethercott et al., 1986). Classic high-risk industries include landscape and horticultural services; forestry services; poultry processing; leather tanning and finishing; soap, detergent, and cosmetic manufacturing; adhesive manufacturing; and metal plating and finishing (Wang, 1979). The variety of work settings affected illustrates the widespread distribution of potential hazards to the skin.
Beyond 1492
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the third collection of essays by James Axtell, probably the most important ethnohistorian (dealing with American Indians and their relationship to white America) who is writing today. The new volume covers a wide range of topics dealing with American history, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries. Axtell is concerned not only with the situation of American Indians, both before and after European colonization, but as well with the effect Indians had on the white immigrants and how the latter reacted. The 11 essay topics for the new volume are History as Imagination; First Encounters in North America; The Exploration of Norumbega; Native Reactions to the Invasion of America; The First Consumer Revolution; Jesuits in the Post-Columbian World; Humor in Ethnohistory; Europeans, Indians, and the Age of Discovery in American History Textbooks; The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial History; Moral Reflections on the Columbian Legacy; Beyond 1992. Much of the book focuses on the 500th anniversary of Columbus’s discovery of America, which will be observed in October 1992, with reflections on many aspects and ramifications of this event. The book will be published simultaneously with the observances in 1992.
History as Imagination
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Except In The Privacy of Their Own Classrooms, HIStorians seldom have an opportunity to declaim upon their disciplinary practices and credos. If they write history as well as teach it, they spend the vast majority of their time and effort on the past, not their own present. This is as it should be. But disciplines are protean, living things which constantly change, and their practitioners should from time to time take stock of how and why they do what they do. One way is to follow the philosophical and methodological debates that pepper their professional journals and conferences. Another is to put pen (or word processor) to paper to summarize their own beliefs and practices.
The Exploration of Norumbega: Native Perspectives
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The History of Indian-European Relations In Colonial North America encompasses a wide variety of native groups, geographies, and contact situations, all evolving over time. Why and how choose one group or situation over another? How and why select one period over another? Answers will vary with historians because personal predilection—brewed from parentage, education, experience, rational calculation, and inexplicable likes and dislikes—plays a large role, not so much in historians’ interpretations or results (if they are well trained in their craft) as in their choice of subject and general approach to it. Sometimes the subject is chosen for them, as when a conference organizer, publisher, or journal editor invites them to tackle a theme for a special occasion.
Native Reactions to the Invasion of America
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps The Greatest Difference Between The CoLumbian observances of 1892 and 1992 is that the American natives were virtually absent a century ago whereas today they are clearly at the center of attention. Indian voices loudly and clearly present their own views on the meaning of their ancestors’ discovery of Columbus and its deadly aftermath, while even non native academics ensure that the “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” no longer enjoys the limelight.
Europeans, Indians, and the Age of Discovery in American History Textbooks
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars Sometimes Wind Up In Hot Water Inadvertently; occasionally they dive in headfirst. At the December 1986 meeting of the American Historical Association, I took the plunge on behalf of the Columbus Quincentenary Committee. We had decided to pave the way for a sensible, reflective commemoration of 1492 by taking stock of what educated Americans were apt to know about Columbus and the age of mutual discovery he launched in the Americas. College textbooks seemed the likeliest source of public knowledge because they dominated introductory history courses in most universities, and the Admiral and his age were not the stuff of the mass media except every fifty years. So I undertook a one-man survey of the leading text books, with the following results.
The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
National Anniversaries Call Forth Relatively Circumscribed efforts from historians. The centennial and sesqui centennial celebrations of revolutions, constitutions, and wars are largely bounded by those events—short in duration, narrow in geography, and often limited in global significance. The quincentenary of the Columbian Encounter, however, is very different. It commemorates rather than celebrates the forging of a single world from hitherto isolated continental and insular fragments, not by a single sailor in a single year but by the mutual action of the inhabitants of all those lands over half a millennium. Historians called upon to treat that expansive theme have their work cut out for them.
On the Dignity of Tables
Authors: Cottom Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after modern spiritualism announced itself with the “Rochester knockings” of 1848, tables took on a new and controversial life. No longer were they content to live out their days impassively upholding dishes and glasses and silverware, vases, papers and novels, bibelots, elbows, or weary heads. They were changed: they began to move. Tables all over the United States and then in England, France, and other countries commenced rapping, knocking, tilting, turning, tipping, dancing, levitating, and even “thrilling” - though this last was uncommon.
Thinking Things
Authors: Cottom Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that Descartes’s evil genius showed up as one of the students in a literature class. (Although I cannot speak for all teachers, I doubt that even the most good-humored will find this event very difficult to picture.) And let us say that the evil of this student first manifests itself during a discussion of a passage from Shakespeare. The teacher, who speaks of the interrelation of natural, social, and metaphysical hierarchies, is nonplussed when the student insists that a speech about “degree” must be concerned with levels of temperature. As far as this student is concerned, the teacher’s reading makes no sense.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We each remember our past in the best amateur tradition without receiving any instruction or ever being offered lessons. In spite of many mistakes and confessions of inadequacy, we each become the ultimate insider and foremost expert on our own memories. How is this crucial task accomplished? The goal of this book is to collect and interpret theoretical ideas that pertain to autobiographical memory and that originate from a variety of diverse sources in the scientific literature. The present work assembles, comments critically, and to a degree integrates three general approaches to autobiographical memory: (1) the subjective or experiential dimensions of autobiographical memory, (2) the early development and later recall of childhood memories, and (3) social, historical, and folkloric perspectives on autobiographical retention.
Freud’s Theory of Memory
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From his working out of psychoanalytic theory beginning in the mid-1890s until his death in 1939, Freud presented a range of concepts concerning the functions of retention and forgetting. Screen memories, repression, and childhood amnesia are key concepts of Freudian theory. In addition, Freud examined the role played in memory by different sensory modalities and reality testing. This chapter is devoted to the key concepts of Freud’s memory theory, with emphasis on his early work. It concludes with an analysis of his ideas about the much discussed question of whether there is a distinction between retention of actual early childhood events and the memory of infantile fantasies, and by consideration of the hypothesis that there can be multiple memoric encodings of a single object or event. Although this is chiefly a discussion of Freudian theory, in line with the assumptions expressed by many contemporary psychoanalysts (e.g., Gill, 1976; Rubenstein, 1967; Schafer, 1976) most mental energy explanations have been dispensed with, in particular, libido theory with its concepts of cathexes and anticathexes, bound and mobile energies, and so on.
The Early Years: The Social-Emotional Context of Development
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the context of deaf children’s early social and emotional development (which of course also is the context of early cognitive and language development). Early research in this area provided a rather bleak picture of deaf children living isolated lives filled with emotional distress and psychological disorders (for a review see Myklebust, 1960). More recent studies, in contrast, have suggested that deaf and hearing children appear similar on several dimensions relevant to social interactions with their mothers and their peers (for a review see Lederberg, 1993). This discrepancy can be explained in part by differences then and now in the social environments of deaf children and by attitudes toward deafness and development. At the same time, several methodological aspects of both the early and more recent research limit the conclusions that can be drawn from those studies.
‘‘The People’s Army”
Authors: Gordon Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The junior officers who seized power on July 23, 1952, acted out of a conviction that only the army could arrest the decay of the political order and, in so doing, save the nation. The pashas had misruled Egypt, accrued fantastic personal gain, but ignored the woes of the common man and failed to end the occupation. Rather than building a strong national military and mobilizing against the occupier, politicians had sent a ragtag army, ill equipped and poorly led, to defeat in Palestine. The Free Officers, ashamed and bitter soldiers, rose in rebellion to oust “Egyptian traitors” who, by their corruption and self-interest, stood in league with the “imperialists.”
“The Great Deception”
Authors: Gordon Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the rhetoric that emerged during 1953 and that culminated in the show trials that autumn, the CCR defined its revolution primarily in contradistinction to the old “reactionary” political establishment. In doing so, the CCR faced troubling questions about the role of antiestablishment movements that shared a common disdain for old-regime politics but that now constituted ideological challenges to the developing revolutionary agenda and comprised alternative bases of power in the country. The Muslim Brotherhood and DMNL, the largest and least doctrinaire communist movement, had collaborated with the Free Officers and played significant supporting roles in their coup.