bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In prior chapters, piecing together a composite picture of early talk about the mind was only possible because of certain important commonalities in young children’s talk about these topics; the composite picture mirrored the individual developments of 10 children. However, there are obvious and striking differences among these children as well. Consider the excerpts above, which are among the early subjective contrastives for Abe and Sarah respectively, utterances in which the child acknowledges that two people can have very different attitudes about the same state of affairs. However, Abe’s subjective contrastives began at 2;5, Sarah’s began at 2;10; Abe produced 55 such contrastives before his fourth birthday, Sarah produced 15. Differences such as these in the onset and frequency of individuals’ references to mental states are intriguing in their own right, and they provide insight into several larger issues, especially the correlates and antecedents of an understanding of mind.
Children’s Developing Theory of Mind
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When and how do children come to understand people as thinkers, knowers, wanters, wishers, fearers, hopers, and intentional actors? In addressing these questions, we are lucky that children quickly learn to talk and that they talk not just about the physical world but about themselves and others. Children’s everyday conversations provide an effective window onto their understanding of people and minds, as demonstrated by the 10 children described in the preceding pages. Our findings are not simply empirical; the data are organized around various con ceptual distinctions that underpin and frame the research results. Some of these distinctions were outlined at the start-those between subjective and objective construals, connections and representations, beliefs and desires, for example. Other conceptual analyses were required as we proceeded so that we could more comprehensively characterize children’s conversations, such as our analysis of arguments, and of advance belief versus false belief contrastives. When this conceptual groundwork is in place, then the children’s conversations “speak for themselves.” Amidst our many findings, children’s talk about the mind reveals a relatively clear progression of three phases. There is an early phase when children talk about desires, essentially wants and likes, in a wide variety of situations: desires for objects, desires for actions, desires for current or future states of affairs, and their own desires and the desires of others. Very young children draw revealing contrasts between desires and actions or objects, and they appeal to desires in order to explain human action, emotion, and interaction.
Introduction: “The Very Essence of Judicial Duty”
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Human history,” says H. G. Wells, “is in essence a history of ideas.” To an American interested in constirotional history, the great theme in the country’s development is the idea of law as a check upon governmental power. The instimtion that best embodies this idea is the United States Supreme Court. But the Court itself is the beneficiary of a constimtional heritage that starts cenmries earlier in England.
Fuller Court, 1888-1910
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law is both a mirror and a motor. It is, as Holmes tells us, a mirror wherein we see reflected the society which it serves. But the law also helps to move the society in the direction that is perceived to serve best the “felt necessities of the time.” The jurisprudence of the Supreme Court inevitably reflects both aspects of the law’s role.
Watershed Cases:Lochner v. New York) 1905
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aside from Dred Scott itself, Lochner v. New Y ork is now considered the most discredited decision in Supreme Court history. When commentators discuss the case at all, they use it as a vehicle to illustrate the drastic change in jurisprudence during the twentieth century, which has seen the Holmes dissent in Lochner elevated to established doctrine.
Hughes Court, 1930-1941
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1935 the Supreme Court moved into its new building across the plaza from the Capitol. For the first time in its history, the Court had a home of its own-a magnificent Marble Palace symbolizing its role as the ultimate embodiment of Equal Justice Under Law-the motto inscribed on the frieze above the front entrance. The new building at last presented the Court with a physical setting that matches the splendor of its constitutional role. Whatever purely architectural criticisms may be directed at the Court building, it cannot be denied that it is one of the most imposing structures in Washington. Its design is modeled on a classic Greek temple and is intended as a shrine to the majesty of the law. Its physical scale is truly impressive. Both longer and wider than a football field, it is four stories high and is constructed almost entirely of marble. At the main entrance are sixteen huge Corinthian columns, topped by a pediment; in its center, Liberty Enthroned, holding the scales of justice, guarded by Order on one side and Authority on the other.
The Outcome of Neuropsychological RehabiIitation Programs that Incorporate Cognitive Rehabilitation and Psychotherapeutic Intervention
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychological rehabilitation that is holistic in scope and embedded in a milieu day-treatment program often seems to produce the best out comes for patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBls), but opinions on this proposition differ (Malec and Basford, 1996). This chapter focuses on the clinical and scientific evidence that supports the clinical usefulness (or efficacy) of such programs of care. To aid this analysis, four inter connected questions must be considered (as outlined in Chapter 4).
Introduction
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years ago, the director of the Counseling Center at Boston College asked me to help find out why the Center was overwhelmed with female students reporting eating problems. The situation had been getting worse over the past few years. Numerous cases of bulimia (compulsive binge eating, often followed by self-induced vomiting) and anorexia (obsession with food, starvation dieting, and severe weight loss) appeared every week.
Men and Women: Mind and Body
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our culture judges a man primarily in terms of how powerful, ambitious, aggressive, and dominant he is in the worlds of thought and action. These are qualities more of the mind than the body. A woman, on the other hand, is judged almost entirely in terms of her appearance, her attractiveness to men, and her ability to keep the species going. Her sexual body can even be quite dangerous to a man on his way to success. She becomes a temptress distracting him from his true work, the pursuit of rationality, knowledge, and power. The split between mind and body is a central idea in Western culture. It often frames our perceptions of what it means to be feminine and masculine. This has been illustrated by studies conducted by Paul Rosenkrantz and his colleagues in the 1960s. They gave college students a list of extreme personality traits and their opposites: very passive vs. very active; very illogical vs. very logical; very vain about appearance vs. uninterested in appearance, and so on. The students were asked to ascribe each trait to either males or females, and to rank each trait’s social desirability. The findings from this study (and from others) showed that traits most often associated with competence and social desirability were assigned to men and those associated with having an “emotional” life were assigned to women. Men were viewed as more independent than women, more logical, more direct, more self-confident, more ambitious.
Introduction to nonlinear dynamical systems
Authors: Sandefur James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A model of population growth Consider a population of rabbits. For simplicity, assume that on the average each rabbit gives birth to two new rabbits in one unit of time and that no rabbit dies. The easiest way to model this problem is to consider the change in the size of the population of rabbits in one time period. Let a(O) be the number of rabbits at time t = 0 (the time when we start our observations).
Vectors and matrices
Authors: Sandefur James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction to vectors and matrices In section 3.4 we had bags containing differently colored marbles. A marble was drawn from one bag and its color determined the bag in which the next marble was drawn. For example, suppose we have a red bag and a blue bag. The red bag contains 6 red and 4 blue marbles while the blue bag contains 7 blue and 3 red marbles. A marble is drawn from a bag, its color is recorded and the marble is then returned to the bag from which it was drawn. The next marble is drawn from the bag that is the same color as the last marble drawn. We let r(n) and b(n) be the probabilities that the nth marble drawn is red and blue, respectively.
Introduction: The Meaning of Insight
Authors: Sackeim Harold A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Case A is a talented linguist. He has translated books into scores of languages, earning an international reputation. Casual conversation reveals that A is an elderly, engaging man and indicates little else that is peculiar. It is a mystery that he has been continuously hospitalized since receiving his undergraduate degree at Oxford. However, during this time A has had the fixed delusion that he is the Duke of Windsor. Nothing seems to shake this belief.
lnsight in the Psychoses A Conceptual History
Authors: Berrios German E , Markova Ivana S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempting a history of insight (and its clinical derivative, lack of insight) illustrates the problem of chronicling the evolution of an ambiguous notion. Should the historian use as a guiding object, or invariant, a narrow definition such as the correct attitude to being ill (Lewis, 1934), or the equally narrow view implicit in most current empirical studies (Markova & Berrios, 1995) or in configurational learning (Hartmann, 1931; Sternberg & Davidson, 1994)? Or perhaps the historian should embrace the wider idea of insight as self-knowledge (Markova & Berrios, 1992; Gillett, 1995), mystical intellection (Lonergan, 1970, pp. 406-408), creative moment (Hutchinson, 1939; 1941), or psychoanalytic comprehension (Richfield, 1954). And how about the cognitive view that insight is a function of a putative mind-reading system (Baron-Cohen, 1995)? The difficulty concerns not the history of these views in particular but the composition of a general history of insight.
Japanese Attitudes Toward Insight in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kim Yoshiharu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of how insight in schizophrenia has been understood and discussed in Japanese psychiatry. The chapter is divided into four sections. In the first, I will briefly review the significance of this issue in the development of modern Japanese psychiatry, for the benefit of readers who are not familiar with the history of psychiatry in Japan. The second and third sections deal with selected theoretical debates and clinical practices concerning this issue. The last section outlines some evidence-based Japanese studies and representative attitudes of Japanese psychiatrists toward this matter.
Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America
Authors: Holman J Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a major summary of what is currently known about North American amphibians and fossils in the Pleistocene. The only book available on the subject, it includes a general treatment of the Pleistocene and its effects on the physical and biological world, and features an illustrated bestiary of the herpetological families and genera as well as a discussion of the identification of fossils. The changes in the North American herpetofauna from the Cretaceous to the Pleistocene are cogently summarized, and complete herpetofaunal lists from the seven designated Pleistocene regions of North America are included. The concluding chapter details range adjustments and extinction patterns, and contrasts the evolutionary “stasis” of the herpetofauna with the avian and mammalian fauna. The work will be considered an essential reference for paleontologists.
Plant Physiological Responses to Elevated CO2, Temperature, Air Pollution, and UV-8 Radiation
Authors: Allen Leon Hartwell , Amthor Jeffreys. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measurements of the CO2 and CH4 content of entrapped gas bubbles in the Vostok Core show a clear correspondence with deuterium content-derived temperatures (Lorius et al. 1990). It has not, however, been established whether changes in these two greenhouse gases have been the primary drivers of the global climatic cycles that have occurred over the last 160,000 years of ice core records. The Milankovich orbital variations of the earth appear to be primary factors in governing global climates (Lorius et al. 1990). Recent analyses of the effects of frequency variations of the orbital obliquity of the earth, superimposed on records of the eccentricity of its orbit, indicate that the frequency variations may induce climatic changes by modulating the seasonal distribution of solar radiation (Liu 1992).
Permafrost and Vegetation Response to Global Warming in North Eurasia
Authors: Velichko A A , Borisova 0. K , Zelikson E M , Nechayev V P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The largest variations in temperature and precipitation regimes from a global warming are predicted to occur in middle and high latitudes. In this chapter we have used both modeling and paleoclimatic analogues to examine the response of permafrost and vegetation in North Eurasia. The distribution of vegetation in this regime is dependent on permafrost amd will be affected by the warming.
Soil Respiration and Changes in Soil Carbon Stocks
Authors: Schlesinger William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pool of carbon in soils is one of the largest near-surface stores of carbon on earth. Although estimates vary widely, most workers now agree that between 1400 and 1500 petagrams (Pg) (= 1015 g)of carbon are contained in soil organic matter, which includes undecomposed litter on the soil surface and humic materials dispersed throughout the soil profile (Schlesinger 1977; Post et al. 1982). A large portion of this pool is held in the organic soils of tundra and boreal forest ecosystems, in which dramatic changes in climate are expected during the next century.
The Biogeochemistry of Northern Peatlands and Its Possible Responses to Global Warming
Authors: Gorham Eville 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant remains accumulate as variably decomposed material, often in highly organic deposits above the mineral surface. These may occur as mor humus in the case of unsaturated forest and heath soils (Romell and Heiberg 1931), where the deposit is seldom more than 10-20 cm deep, or as peat (Clymo 1983) in waterlogged wetlands. Where the organic wetland deposit is shallow and mixed with a good deal of mineral matter, it is often designated muck. Where the wetland accumulates more than 30 cm of highly organic peat (40 cm in Canada), it is said to be a peatland. Peatlands, sometimes several meters in depth, are particularly common in the northern landscapes of Russia and the Baltic republics, Canada, the northern United States (especially Alaska), and Fennoscandia, where they cover 342 x 106 ha (Gorham 1991a) and account for about 9.7% of the total land surface.
Linkages between Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling and Their Implications for Storage of Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Authors: Davidson Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential element for life, but the transformation of elemental nitrogen into organic forms that can be used by living organisms requires large inputs of energy. Organic carbon is one of the currencies by which energy is transferred among cells, among organisms, and among communities of people, so it is not surprising that the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen are linked. One such linkage occurs in the soil, where the presence of organic carbon and organic nitrogen, and the ratio of the two, affect soil fertility.
Net Carbon Metabolism of Oceanic Margins and Estuaries
Authors: Smith Stephen v. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary production in the oceans fixes approximately 4 x 1015 mol CO2 into organic matter annually. This rate is about 80% that of primary production on land and about 10 times the anthropogenic emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere via burning of fossil fuel. The coastal ocean, which is the focus of this summary, apparently accounts for about 10% of the total primary production in the global ocean.
Implications of Increased Solar UV-B For Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Smith Raymond C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is considerable and increasing evidence that higher levels of UV-B radiation (280-320 nm) at the surface of the earth, the result of a reduction of the ozone layer, may be detrimental to various forms of marine life in the upper layers of the sea. It is now widely documented that reduced ozone concentration will result in increased levels of UV-B incident at the surface of the earth (NAS 1979, 1982, 1984; Watson 1988; Anderson et al. 1991; Frederick and Alberts 1991; Schoeberl and Hartmann 1991). With respect to aquatic ecosystems, we also know that this biologically damaging mid ultraviolet radiation can penetrate to ecologically significant depths in the ocean (Jerlov 1950; Lenoble 1956; R. C. Smith and Baker 1979, 1980, 1981).
Brother Forten
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1785, When he returned from his year-long sojourn in England and apprenticed himself to Robert Bridges to learn the “mystery” of the sailmaker’s craft, James Forten was one of some 1500 black people who counted themselves as residents of Philadelphia and its surrounding districts.” In certain respects he was an anomaly. Freeborn, and a Philadelphia native, his experiences were unlike those of the vast majority of black Philadelphians, who had known physical bondage and who were, in so many cases, relatively new arrivals to the city. His almost two years of formal education also set him apart, not just from black citizens but from many working people in the larger white community. However, when all was said and done, James Forten was a member of the black community, and to understand his growing influence within that community entails understanding the world black Philadelphians were struggling to make for themselves as the eighteenth century drew to a close.
Reflections of “A man of Colour”
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Decade and a half after his return from England in 178 5 James Forten not only made the transition from apprentice to master craftsman but established himself as a man of influence within Philadelphia’s free community of color. During the next decade and a half, from 1800 to the end of the War of 1812, he would build on those foundations. In terms of his business career, these were the years when he began to branch out, buying real estate, extending loans, forging ties with white businessmen. During this period he would also gain the recognition of his community as a figure of real authority, an individual capable of articulating the hopes and fears of black Philadelphians. Inevitably the two worlds intersected. His increasing prosperity and business know-how contributed to his influence. Here was a man who could get things done, a man who could chair committees, write petitions, and approach white men in positions of power in state and city governments, the court system, and the church. James Forten had had the formal education most people of color had not. Moreover, he worked in a world few of them could imagine.
The Limits of Brotherhood
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Waging War Against the American Colonization Society demanded a great deal ofJames Forten’s time and attention after 1817. When he was not supervising his work force or overseeing his growing family, he was often to he found chairing a protest meeting or penning yet another letter to the press denouncing the ACS. However, although he did battle against the champions of colonization with all the energy he could muster, there were other causes that demanded his attention, other battles that needed to he fought.
The late 1810s and 1820s in Philadelphia brought econoinic and social upheavals. The City of Brotherly Love was a city under pressure, and as James Forten knew only too well, brotherly love could all too easily disappear when men and women were faced with crises that impacted on their everyday lives and undermined their sense of well-being. In the Panic of 1819 scores of businesses failed, hundreds of citizens were jailed for debt, and many more found themselves out of work, forced to turn to friends, neighbors, the network of private charities, or the almshouse for relief.
New Friends of Freedom
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As The 1820s drew to a close, there was no respite inJames Forten’s war against the forces of colonization. It was obviously disheartening to him to see how many well-meaning individuals in Philadelphia’s white community had been won over by the American Colonization Society’s propaganda. Forten’s lawyer, Richard Peters, had given the ACS his grudging support. Bishop William White, his denomination’s spiritual leader in Pennsylvania, had endorsed it. Even the likes of abolitionist Roberts Vaux had been convinced. What Vaux found so repugnant in 1820 he had come to see as a necessary if regrettable “solution” to America’s racial problems by 1830. White churches in Philadelphia and in many other towns and cities throughout the North often dedicated their July Fourth collections to the cause or held special concerts of prayer, with donations going to advance the work of the ACS. Benevolent female Friends in Philadelphia sponsored two black women to teach at a school in Liberia, and there were similar initiatives elsewhere among other well-intentioned whites. It was all very depressing to Forten and other free people of color, who were sure the ACS aimed at nothing less than their expulsion from America.
“Abolition Property”
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Is Difficult not to conclude that James Forten was being somewhat disingenuous when he wrote to William Lloyd Garrison on March 21, 1831, that the Liberator “has roused up a Spirit in our Young People, that had been slumbering for years.” Although it might have been true that some members of Philadelphia’s small but influential African-American elite had rejected the notion that they were connected in any way with the nation’s slave population, that was unlikely to have been the case with James Forten’s children. They had grown up hearing their father and his friends speak of the injustice of human bondage, and of the role people like themselves, men and women linked by “consanguinity[,] . . . suffering, and . . . wrongs” with those still held in bondage, must play in eradicating slavery. Perhaps Forten was being more frank with Garrison when he assured him that “we shall produce writers able to vindicate our cause.” He looked to his children and to Robert Purvis to use their talents and their education to the task.