bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What makes deceptive online reviews? A linguistic analysis perspective
Authors: Zhang Wen , Wang Qiang , Li Jian , Ma Zhenzhong , Bhandari Gokul , Peng Rui 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWith the rapid development of e-commerce, online reviews have become an important information source for consumers and e-commerce businesses. While the negative impact of deceptive online reviews has been well recognized, more research has to be done to help understand the linguistic manifestations of deceptive online reviews in order to help identify deceptive reviews and help increase the value and sustainability of e-commerce businesses. This study explores the linguistic manifestations of deceptive online reviews based on the reality monitoring theory, and then uses the data from Amazon.com online product reviews to examine perceptual cues, affective cues, detail cues, relevance cues, and cognitive cues of various deceptive online reviews. The results show that reviews for emotional catharsis are more extreme with affective cues, while perfunctory reviews often lack details with fewer prepositions and adjectives. In addition, deceptive reviews often lack relevance cues when these reviews are made to obtain the rewards provided by the vendors while paid posters tend to use more cognitive cues in deceptive reviews. Moreover, deceptive online reviews under all motives often lack perceptual cues. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the linguistic manifestations of deceptive online reviews and provide significant managerial implications for e-commerce businesses to employ high-quality online reviews for sustainable growth.
Democratizing the discourse on criminal justice in social media: the activity for justice for Roman Zadorov as a case study
Authors: Lev-On Azi 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe outcomes of police investigations and legal proceedings frequently remain shielded from public scrutiny, leaving ordinary individuals devoid of access to these results and devoid of platforms for discourse. As a result, the general public’s ability to access legal materials and partake in informed discussions about them remains constricted, often reliant on processed information disseminated through mainstream media channels. However, what unfolds when materials become accessible and discussion platforms attain viability? This article studies the conditions that lead to more meaningful and extensive participation by non-state actors in criminal investigations. It also examines the attributes and consequences of the “democratization of knowledge” concerning legal cases, exemplified by the expansive public discourse surrounding the Zadorov trial on Israeli social media platforms. The paper highlights three conditions of such democratization processes: (1) the digitization of investigative materials, (2) the transparency of investigative materials to the public, and (3) the existence of discursive arenas in which people can discuss the case. I proceed to outline several ramifications stemming from the previously discussed traits of these democratization processes: (1) The preservation of materials related to individuals implicated in specific troublesome situations; (2) The utilization of “raw materials” to articulate stances and viewpoints; (3) The employment of materials to construct narratives that diverge significantly from those embraced by the establishment; and (4) The recurrent references to private individuals or public officials who might be deemed unprofessional or even corrupt.
Multimodal steerable earthworm-inspired soft robot based on vacuum and positive pressure powered pneumatic actuators
Authors: Li Pengcheng , Chen Baojun , Liu Jianbin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article presents a multimodal steerable earthworm-inspired soft robot based on vacuum and positive pressure powered pneumatic actuators capable of crawling both inside pipelines and on planar surfaces. The optimized modular vacuum pressure-driven actuator can generate deformation and anchoring motion through a unified structure under low vacuum pressure, giving it significant speed advantages and multi-modal locomotion capabilities. Meanwhile, the positive pressure powered actuator (PPPA) enables the robot to achieve controlled multi-directional and multi-degrees-of-freedom steering, moreover, enhances the consistency of the driving mechanism. The incorporation of front-end pressure sensing enables the robot to autonomously detect and evaluate pressure, facilitating automatic obstacle avoidance through the activation of corresponding turning units of PPPA. In the process of optimizing motion parameters, the overall motion efficiency has been improved by 16.7% by improving the control law. Through adjustments and optimizations of the interval time (cycle time), the robot is able to achieve a speed of 7.16 mm s−1 during planar locomotion and 1.94 mm s−1 during in-pipe locomotion. Using the developed robot, we conducted a series of turning experiments, including surface obstacle avoidance and cross-plane crawling, which demonstrated its enhanced capability in cross-plane steering and locomotion. Its related speed indicators showcase superior overall performance compared to other developed robots of the same type.
The home-help service in Denmark
Authors: Holstein Bjorn E , Due Pernille , Almind, Gert , Holst Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses mainly upon the home-help service in Denmark. The service has been and is the backbone of home-care policies over the years. The context within which it operates is as follows. Counties are responsible for the funding of hospitals, general practitioners, and a number of specialized institutions such as psychiatric nursing homes. Most other health and social services are organized and financed by the local municipalities (‘communes’). Access to general practitioners is free and unrestricted, and the practitioner refers patients to hospitals, practising specialists, physiotherapy, and home nursing. Access to social services is decided by the local social services department. Tables 1 and 2 in Appendix 2 provide data on expenditure for health and social services in Denmark.
Infections of the head and neck
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the major part of this chapter will be devoted to sections on the ear, nose, and throat, and the eyes, we begin by remembering the proximity of these parts of the body and the common pathogens that affect them all. If we use abbreviation ‘TEJ\’S’ (throat, ears and eyes, nose, and sinuses), it serves as an aide-m&moire for the 10 major colonizing and infecting organisms of the area (Table 6.1). Most of these bacterial organisms can both colonize and cause infection and part of the clinical and microbiological skill involved in making a diagnosis is related to deciding when a colonizing organism has become an infecting one. The issue is further complicated if the bacterial infection is secondary to a viral infection.
Infections of the urinary tract
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urinary tract infection is one of the commonest conditions seen in general practice and about 3% of consultations are for related symptoms. Indeed, infections of the urinary tract are among the most common of all bacterial infections, with schoolgirls, sexually active young women, men with prostatic hypertrophy, and the elderly being the groups principally affected.
Infections of the bones and joints
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is very little written about the incidence of these infections in general practice: concerning acute bacterial infections, one of the GP authors of this chapter, during 25 years of practice, recalls about five cases of acute osteomyclitis in children, two adult cases of tuberculous spinal infection, and one acute and severe infection in a knee joint following an insect bite. Conversations with colleagues with equivalent experience also revealed answen of a similar order of magnitude; the reader may like to make comparable inquiries! Morbidity statistics from general practice confirm our clinical impression and report incidence rates for all bone and joint infections of l per IO 000 years at risk.
Theprevention of infection during travel abroad
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1949 UK residents made 1.7 million visits abroad. In 1995 the figure was 41.5 million, of which 7.7 million were beyond Europe. An increasing number of these trips are made to countries in the Far East, Africa, and other subtropical and lropical areas and the speed of air lravel ensures that many individuals arc returning home within the incubation period of tropical discascs.
Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS
Authors: Southgate Lesley , Lockie Cameron , Heard Shelley , Wood Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in previously healthy homosexual men in 1981 and is now recognized as being the most severe manifestation of illness resulting from infection with a retrovirus, now known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The pandemic of infection due to HIV is the most dramatic epidemic of infectious disease in modern times and, despite major efforts, continues to progress world-wide and have an enormous impact upon health care provision. Although, in the UK, genitourinary medicine and infectious disease specialists have borne much of the responsibility for the clinical care of individuals infected with HIV, the infection and its ramifications impact on all involved in health c;1re; general practitioners are increasingly involved in the management of such people. The complexities of the consequences of HIV infection are sufficient to warrant hooks of their own and hence this account cannot be very detailed and certainly not comprehensive: further details can be obtained from specialist texts.
Health care technology assessment and health-related quality of life
Authors: Revicki Dennis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in reaching consenques about the conceptualization of HRQOL. difference5 still exist in how it i operationalized and measured (713,601). The World Health Organization defined health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease (751). Patrick and Erickson (524) view HRQOL more broadly as the value assigned to the duration of survival as modified by impairments, functional status, perceptions, and social opportunities influenced by disease, injury, or treatment.
Nutrition a reference handbook
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides in a single volume, all of the nutritional information that is likely to be required by anyone working in the fields of diet and health, food, and nutrition. It consists principally of tables of data, suitably annotated, with notes on the interpretation of the data presented. The information presented here has never previously been available in a single reference work, but has been scattered in a wide variety of sources, including the literature on nutrition, food science and technology, labelling legislation, biochemistry, physiology, clinical medicine and paediatrics. In each section the information is arranged in order of increasing detail or complexity, so that it is easy to find a simple answer to a question, and reading further reveals more detailed information. All terms are clearly defined and the non-specialist reader has been considered throughout. The book includes a comprehensive index and has been extensively cross-referenced. A full bibliography refers the reader to original research literature. The information is arranged in the following sections: *body composition and anthropometry *growth and development *energy nutrition and physiology *overweight and obesity *protein-energy malnutrition *macronutrients *carbohydrates (including non-starch polysaccharides), fats, proteins-including overviews of metabolic pathways micronutrients: vitamins and minerals-including metabolic functions, requirements, reference intakes, deficiency diseases etc *food additives and contaminants *food composition and labelling legislation *glossary
Nutrition
Authors: Thorogood Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many aspects of diet have been associated with varying the risk of coronary heart disease (CHO), from drinking boiled coffee to eating garlic. This chapter will concentrate principally on the major components of dietary intake which appear to be associated with CHO, that is, fibre, dietary cholesterol, antioxidant containing fruit and vegetables, and, most importantly, both the type and amount of fat. Evidence relating to hypertension and diet is reviewed in Chapter 2.
Adult life
Authors: Jewell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adulthood is the time when men are most absent from the doctor’s office, and little is written about it in the medical literature. We want to redress this deficiency and a surprising number of chapters in the book concern themselves with disorders and diseases that occur in adult males. It is a time of many life events like marriage, fatherhood, divorce, and work-related problems. Men’s emotions in this phase of life have come under scrutiny by both sexes and the consensus seems to be that adult males are quite afraid of their emotions. This has implications for the manner in which men deal with health symptoms and life crises. The language used to express depressive feelings has an emotional content that may well be rejected or denied by men, and this in turn has important implications for history-taking. The vulnerability of the adult single male to depression and suicide is highlighted in this chapter. Is there such a thing as the male menopause? The author is emphatic that there is not, making his arguments worth sceptical scrutiny.
Later life
Authors: Freer Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Men who survive have to come to terms with the consequences of old age. Old age is seen as being a period of multiple losses: employment and the financial independence it brings, loved ones, fitness, and freedom from illness. As a consequence of the earlier differences in mortality, men beyond the age of 65 are increasingly outnumbered by women and can become truly less visible with time. However, as this chapter points out, it is beguilingly easy for younger men and women to adopt an unrealistic negative view of old age. The experience of older men can be both positive and enriching. The challenge for doctors is to resist the tendency towards ageism and be prepared to do the simple things that help to make this possible.
HIV/AIDS
Authors: Kinghorn George , Slack Richard , Bury Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While HIV/AIDS has not reached the apocalyptic predictions of the mid-1980s, it is a disease that demands a wide range of knowledge and expertise, from screening to terminal care. Fortunately, many of the skills needed are already in the domain of medicine. A male patient with HIV will spend over 90% of his life in the community being looked after by his GP. Some patients do not disclose their HIV status to their GP because of fears about confidentiality and competence. As the illness progresses, its management becomes increasingly complex, like many of the chronic diseases we already manage. This complexity is reflected in the authorship of this chapter which includes a genito-urinary physician, an infectious disease specialist, and a GP. The authors have dealt with many aspects of HIV/AIDS, but such is the pace of progress in its treatment that they expect some of it will be out of date by the time the book is published.
Urological problems
Authors: Gillatt David , Cox Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is in the area of urology that doctors deal with problems that are unique to men. Yet even in this specialty there is a striking absence of information concerning the effects of urological problems and their management on men as people. Men’s lack of knowledge about their genito-urinary system has been uncovered by opinion pollsters rather than the medical profession. We still know little about men’s health beliefs, fears and coping strategies in this area. Urologists are not solely responsible for this state of affairs as it merely reflects a wider blindness to a men’s agenda in health and illness. This chapter deals with the epidemiology and management of common diseases that affect the male genito-urinary tract. It deals with management issues that general practitioners are likely to come across in sharing care with their specialist colleagues.
Needs of particular groups
Authors: Gronwall Dorothy , Wrightson, Philip , Waddel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistics show us that more than 50 per cent of all head-injury cases are young men aged between 17 and ZS years and that most of the injuries happen in road traffic accidents. The two next largest groups are pre-school children who fall from windows, down stairs, or from playground equipment, and old people who are mostly injured in falls at home. People in these and other special groups can all have the same sorts of problems that were discussed in Chapter 5, but often with important individual variations. This chapter discusses the particular problems that head injury raises for some special categories of people and what can be done to help them. However, remember when you are reading this section that all cases are different. Not all small children will have the problems that we talk about and not all older people will find head injury so difficult to overcome.
How long will it take for the patient to recover?
Authors: Gronwall Dorothy , Wrightson, Philip , Waddel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you break an arm or a leg in an accident your doctor can usually tell you, to within a few days, how long you will need to be in hospital, for how long you will need to wear a plaster cast, and often how long it will be before you will be able to go back to work. If you also received a head injury in that accident most of these predictions become invalid.
Long-term adjustment
Authors: Gronwall Dorothy , Wrightson, Philip , Waddel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a sad fact that not all head-injured patients will recover well enough for return to work or school ever to be considered. Even if these people carefully follow all the advice given in the last chapter, and even if they have extremely supportive families and employers, if they do not get back the mental and physical skills which they need to function in full open employment they will never be able to take this step.
Strategies for the prospective detection of access dysfunction
Authors: Besarab Anatole , Frinak Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delivery of prescribed hemodialysis requires a well-functioning vascular access that can supply blood pump flow rates of 400 ml/min or more without develop¬ing access recirculation. Failure of access function can limit the delivered dose of dialysis, one of the major determinants of survival on dialysis.
Psychopharmacological management of the medically ill older person
Authors: Flint Alastair J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the pharmacological management of psychiatric disorders in older people with physical illness. It focuses on aspects of treatment that are most relevant to the psychiatrist who is consulting to medical, surgical, or rehabilitation services. The chapter starts by reviewing the effects of ageing, physical illness, and drug interactions on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It also outlines the general principles of pharmacotherapy in the elderly. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to a review of the pharmacological management of the three ‘Ds’—depression, dementia, and delirium. There is also discussion of the treatment of anxiety, mania, and schizophrenia and other psychoses.
Vascular malformation of the spine
Authors: Kendall B E , Valentine A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contents of the spinal canal are rarely examined at routine autopsy, so the prevalence of asymptomatic spinal angiomas, including arteriovenous malformations and fistulas, is uncertain. The incidence of diagnosis of angiomas as a cause of spinal symptoms has increased with the introduction of modern neuroradiology. Overall such spinal angiomas constitute between 11 (Bergstrand 1963) and 20 per cent (Lombardi 1959) of angiomas of the central nervous system. The per- centage of dural fistulas relative to arteriovenous malformations is markedly increased in the spine compared with the cranium. The comparative incidence of spinal angiomas to tumours is from 2 to 4 per cent (Olivecrona 1957).
Tumours of the head and neck
Authors: Valavanis A , Christoforidis G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endovascular neuroradiological techniques have evolved and now have an established role in the treatment of tumours of the head and neck. Treatment by embolization in this region aims to devascularize highly vascular tumours for preoperative or palliative management without disturbing the blood supply to adjacent normal structures. Advances in microcatheter technology and embolic agents and advances in the understanding of the functional anatomy of the head and neck have further contributed to the refinement and extended application of endovascular techniques. This chapter reviews the indications and techniques currently used, the potential complications of these procedures, and the efficacy of embolization for tumours of the cranial vault, skull base, and face and neck.
In and out of emotional and behavioural problems
Authors: Flouri Eirini , Buchann Ann , Bream Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the development of the longitudinal studies, especially the large national birth cohort studies, it became possible to plot the natural histories of children. Initially, these longitudinal studies painted a rather depressing picture of ‘continuity’ of maladjustment problems from childhood to adult life. Less attention was paid to ‘discontinuity’, or those young people who ‘recovered’ and became apparently normal adults.
Malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Ripamonti Carla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a distressing outcome in patients with abdominal and pelvic primary and/or metastatic cancer. MBO may be the first manifestation of the abdominal disease or the consequence of advanced disease due to the failure of anticancer treatments. The exact frequency of MBO in cancer patients is not known. In highly selected groups of patients, retrospective and autoptic studies have estimated that MBO occurs in 4%–28.4% of patients with gastrointestinal cancer and in 5%–51% of patients with gynecological disease, in particular with ovarian cancer, where it is a major cause of death (1,2).