bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cranial variation in British mustelids
Authors: Lee S. , Mill P.J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNineteen measurements were made on 136 skulls belonging to seven mustelid species: Meles meles (Eurasian badger), Mustela nivalis, (weasel), Mustela erminea (stoat), Mustela putorius (polecat), Lutra lutra (otter), Mustela furo (ferret), and Mustela vison (American mink), and polecat‐ferret hybrids. To investigate shape, size‐related effects were eliminated by dividing all measurements by their geometric means. Canonical variate analysis was used to reveal major interspecies distinctions. Excluding the ferrets and polecat‐ferrets from the analysis, only 3.2% of the skulls misclassified (one mink, one weasel, and two stoats). Three groups separated on the first canonical axis: 1) badgers, 2) polecats, mink, and otters, and 3) stoats and weasels. The important variables were width of zygomatic arch and height of sagittal crest opposed to the postorbital distance, condylobasal length, and basilar length. Otters separated out on the second canonical axis; the most important variables were postorbital breadth and width of the postorbital constriction opposed to the basioccipital width. There was reasonable separation of polecats from mink on a combination of the second and third canonical axes. On the latter the most important variables were postorbital breadth opposed to postorbital distance. Addition of the ferret data showed that they lay closest to, and overlapped with, the polecats. The stoat and weasel data alone gave complete separation, with height of sagittal crest and width of zygomatic arch opposed to basioccipital width. However, using size‐in data the best separation was the relationship between postorbital breadth and either basioccipital width or postorbital distance. Sexual dimorphism was demonstrated in the skulls of badgers but was shown to be relatively insignificant when compared to the interspecific differences. J. Morphol. 260:57–64, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variation in body mass and locomotor kinetics of the fat‐tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)
Authors: Lemelin Pierre , Schmitt Daniel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe fat‐tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) is unusual among primates in storing large amounts of fat subcutaneously prior to hibernating during the winter months. In doing so, it increases its body mass by more than 50%, with a substantial weight gain in the tail. This seasonal increase in mass provides a unique natural experiment to examine how changes in body mass affect substrate reaction forces during locomotion. As body mass increases, it is expected that the limbs of the fat‐tailed dwarf lemur will be subjected to greater peak vertical substrate reaction forces during quadrupedal walking. However, whether or not these peak substrate reaction forces will increase proportionally across forelimbs and hindlimbs as body mass increases is unknown. Substrate reaction forces were collected on four adult C. medius walking quadrupedally on a 28‐mm pole attached to a force platform. Peak vertical substrate reaction forces (Vpk) (N) were analyzed and compared for a cross‐sectional sample of different body masses (180–300 g). Forelimb and hindlimb Vpk were positively correlated with body mass, with hindlimb Vpk always higher than forelimb Vpk. However, the rate at which Vpk increased relative to body mass was higher for the hindlimb than the forelimb. This disproportion in weight distribution between the forelimbs and hindlimbs as body mass increases appears to be linked to the accumulation of fat in the tail. It is likely that storing fat in the tail region may shift the center of mass more caudally, from a more cranial position when the tail is thinner. Such a caudal shift of the center of mass—either morphological or dynamic—is believed to have played an important role in the functional differentiation of the limbs and the evolution of locomotor modes of several tetrapod groups, including dinosaurs and primates. J. Morphol. 260:65–71, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain and sense organ anatomy and histology in hemoglobinless Antarctic icefishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei: Channichthyidae)
Authors: Eastman Joseph T. , Lannoo Michael J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe Channichthyidae, one of five Antarctic notothenioid families, includes 16 species and 11 genera. Most live at depths of 200–800 m and are a major component of fish biomass in many shelf areas. Channichthyids are unique among adult fishes in possessing pale white blood containing a few vestigal erythrocytes and no hemoglobin. Here we describe the brains of seven species and special sense organs of eight species of channichthyids. We emphasize Chionodraco hamatus and C. myersi, compare these species to other channichthyids, and relate our findings to what is known about brains and sense organs of red‐blooded notothenioids living sympatrically on the Antarctic shelf. Brains of channichthyids generally resemble those of their bathydraconid sister group. Among channichthyids the telencephalon is slightly regressed, resulting in a stalked appearance, but the tectum, corpus cerebellum, and mechanoreceptive areas are well developed. Interspecific variation is present but slight. The most interesting features of channichthyid brains are not in the nervous tissue but in support structures: the vasculature and the subependymal expansions show considerable elaboration. Channichthyids have large accessory nasal sacs and olfactory lamellae are more numerous than in other notothenioids. The eyes are relatively large and laterally oriented with similar duplex (cone and rod) retinae in all eight species. Twin cones are the qualitatively dominant photoreceptor in histological sections and, unlike bathydraconids, there are no species with rod‐dominated retinae. Eyes possess the most extensive system of hyaloid arteries known in teleosts. Unlike the radial pattern seen in red‐blooded notothenioids and most other teleosts, channichthyid hyaloid arteries arise from four or five main branches and form a closely spaced anastomosing series of parallel channels. Cephalic lateral line canals are membranous and some exhibit extensions (canaliculi), but canals are more ossified than those of deeper‐living bathydraconids. We conclude that, with respect to the anatomy and histology of the neural structures, the brain and sensory systems show little that is remarkable compared to other fishes, and exhibit little diversification within the family. Thus, the unusual habitat and a potentially deleterious mutation resulting in a hemoglobinless phenotype are reflected primarily in expansion of the vasculature in the brain and eye partially compensating for the absence of respiratory pigments. Neural morphology gives the impression that channichthyids are a homogeneous and little diversified group. J. Morphol. 260:117–140, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axotomy‐dependent and ‐independent synapse elimination in organ cultures of Wlds mutant mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Parson Simon H. , Ribchester Richard R. , Davie Neil , Gandhi Nirav P. , Malik Rabia Q. , Gillingwater Thomas H. , Thomson Derek 
Published: March 2004

AbstractProgressive “dying back” neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating due to loss of connectivity after nerve terminal and axonal withdrawal, which impairs peripheral nerve function and leads ultimately to neuronal cell death. The mutant mouse (Wallerian degeneration slow; Wlds) provides an accessible model system to understand orthograde and retrograde degeneration, because in these mice axotomy induces slow, progressive withdrawal of nerve terminals from motor endplates. Axon degeneration itself is about 10 times slower than in wild‐type mice. We describe an organ culture paradigm that permits direct observation of the progressive changes in morphology of neuromuscular junctions in Wlds mutant mice. Normal nerve terminal and motor endplate morphology were maintained at most Wlds neuromuscular junctions for up to 72 hr in vitro. At others, synaptic boutons were removed from postsynaptic junctional folds in piecemeal fashion, as observed in adults in vivo. By contrast, nerve terminals degenerated rapidly and synchronously in wild‐type muscle cultures, resembling Wallerian degeneration in vivo. These observations confirm that in Wlds mice, axotomy triggers a mechanism of nerve‐terminal withdrawal that seems qualitatively different from that in wild‐type animals. The piecemeal dismantling of presynaptic terminals resembles that occurring during neonatal synapse elimination. Organ cultures of neonatal Wlds muscle maintained for 1–2 days in vitro also showed no evidence of synaptic terminal degeneration, but elimination of polyneuronal innervation progressed in vitro at approximately the same rate as in vivo. Taken together, the data suggest that both natural and axotomy‐induced forms of synapse withdrawal may be accessible to continuous observation and analysis, in organ‐cultures of WldS mouse muscles. This offers several advantages over repeated visualization of synaptic remodeling that has thus far been possible only in vivo. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emerging roles for bone morphogenetic proteins in central nervous system glial biology
Authors: Hall Alison K. , Miller Robert H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBone morphogenetic proteins, members of the TGFβ superfamily have been implicated in a variety of roles in the developing and mature nervous system. These divergent functions are a reflection of the closely defined spatial and temporal expression of BMPs in the CNS, and the potential interactions of the BMP signaling pathway with the STAT and MAP kinase pathways. In this review we discuss the roles of BMPs in early patterning of the CNS, determination of neural cell fate, and regulation of oligodendrocyte maturation during CNS development. Additional functions for members of the TGFβ superfamily in CNS injury responses are emerging suggesting these molecules represent useful targets for manipulating neural responses to CNS insults. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stromal cell‐derived factor 1‐mediated CXCR4 signaling in rat and human cortical neural progenitor cells
Authors: Peng Hui , Huang Yunlong , Rose Jeremy , Erichsen David , Herek Shelley , Fujii Nobutaka , Tamamura Hirokazu , Zheng Jialin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractStromal cell‐derived factor 1 (SDF‐1) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 are highly expressed in the nervous system. Knockout studies have suggested that both SDF‐1 and CXCR4 play essential roles in cerebellar, hippocampal, and neocortical neural cell migration during embryogenesis. To extend these observations, CXCR4 signaling events in rat and human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were examined. Our results show that CXCR4 is expressed in abundance on rat and human NPCs. Moreover, SDF‐1α induced increased NPCs levels of inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate, extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2, Akt, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, and intracellular calcium whereas it diminished cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Finally, SDF‐1α can induce human NPC chemotaxis in vitro, suggesting that CXCR4 plays a functional role in NPC migration. Both T140, a CXCR4 antagonist, and pertussis toxin (PTX), an inactivator of G protein‐coupled receptors, abrogated these events. Ultimately, this study suggested that SDF‐1α can influence NPC function through CXCR4 and that CXCR4 is functional on NPC. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of cyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 activity on apoptosis and tau phosphorylation in immortalized mouse brain cortical cells
Authors: Shelton Shirley B. , Krishnamurthy Pavan , Johnson Gail V.W. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 (CDK5), a unique CDK family member, is active primarily in the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies suggest that CDK5 is proapoptotic and contributes to tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study was to examine CDK5 effects on apoptotic progression and tau phosphorylation. Immortalized embryonic mouse brain cortical cells were used to establish a stable cell line that overexpressed wild‐type human tau. In these studies, thapsigargin, which induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and can cause accumulation of misfolded proteins, was used to induce apoptosis. Caspase‐3 activity and poly‐(ADP‐ribose)‐polymerase (PARP) cleavage, as measures of apoptosis, were significantly increased 24 and 48 hr after thapsigargin treatment, and these events were unaffected by tau expression. Although transient coexpression of CDK5 and its activator, p25, increased CDK5 activity greater than tenfold, increases in caspase‐3 activity in response to thapsigargin treatment were unaffected by the presence of CDK5/p25. Tau phosphorylation at the PHF‐1 epitope, but not the Tau‐1 epitope, was increased significantly in CDK5/p25‐transfected cells compared to cells transfected with dominant negative CDK5 (DNCDK5). The PHF‐1 epitope remained phosphorylated until 48 hr after thapsigargin treatment in the CDK5/p25‐transfected cells. Over the course of apoptosis in this model, phosphorylation of the Tau‐1 epitope was unaffected in cells transfected with DNCDK5, vector, or CDK5/p25. In summary, these results demonstrate that CDK5 does not have a significant impact on tau phosphorylation and thapsigargin‐induced apoptosis in this neuronal cell model. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcutaneous tri‐block copolymer produces recovery from spinal cord injury
Authors: Borgens Richard B. , Bohnert Debbie , Duerstock Brad , Spomar Daniel , Lee Raphael C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have studied the ability of nonionic detergents and hydrophilic polymers to seal permeabilized membranes of damaged cells, rescuing them from progressive dissolution, degeneration, and death. We report that a single subcutaneous injection of the tri‐block copolymer, Poloxamer 188 (P188) 6 hr after a severe compression of the adult guinea pig spinal cord is able to: (1) preserve the anatomic integrity of the cord; (2) produce a rapid recovery of nerve impulse conduction through the lesion; and (3) produce a behavioral recovery of a spinal cord dependent long tract spinal cord reflex. These observations stood out against a control group in blinded evaluation. Conduction through the lesion was monitored by stimulating the tibial nerve of the hind limb, and measuring the arrival of evoked potentials at the contralateral sensory cortex of the brain (somatosensory evoked potentials; SSEP). Behavioral recovery was determined by a return of sensitivity of formerly areflexic receptive fields of the cutaneous trunchi muscle (CTM) reflex. This contraction of back skin in response to tactile stimulation is totally dependent on the integrity of an identified bilateral column of ascending long tract axons. A statistically significant recovery of both SSEP conduction through the lesion and the CTM reflex occurred in P188‐treated animals compared to vehicle‐treated controls. Quantitative 3D computer reconstruction of the lesioned vertebral segment of spinal cord revealed a statistically significant sparing of spinal cord parenchyma and a significant reduction in cavitation of the spinal cord compared to control animals We determined that the proportion of P188‐treated animals that recovered evoked potentials were nearly identical to that produced by a subcutaneous injection of polyethylene glycol (PEG). In contrast, P188 was not as effective as PEG in producing a recovery of CTM functioning. We discuss the likely differences in the mechanisms of action of these two polymers, and the possibilities inherent in a combined treatment. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arc interacts with microtubules/microtubule‐associated protein 2 and attenuates microtubule‐associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in the dendrites
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro , Tanaka Hidekazu , Kumamaru Emi , Okamura Ko , Miki Naomasa 
Published: March 2004

AbstractArc, activity‐regulated cytoskeleton‐associated gene, is an immediate early gene, and its expression is regulated by a variety of stimuli, such as electric stimulation and methamphetamine. The function of Arc, however, is unknown. To explore this function, we carried out expression experiments by transfecting green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐Arc constructs or by using a protein transduction system in hippocampal cultured neurons. We found that the overexpression of Arc as well as Arc induction by seizure in vivo decreased microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) staining in the dendrites by immunocytochemistry, although MAP2 content was not changed on Western blot. Furthermore, Arc interacted with newly polymerized microtubules and MAP2, leading to blocking of the epitope of MAP2. The data suggest that Arc increased by synaptic activities would trigger dendritic remodeling by interacting with cytoskeletal proteins. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specificity of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells for self‐T cell receptor determinants
Authors: Buenafe Abigail C. , Tsaknaridis Laura , Spencer Leslie , Hicks Kevin S. , McMahan Rachel H. , Watson Lisa , Culbertson Nicole E. , Latocha Dorian , Wegmann Keith , Finn Tom , Bartholomew Richard , Burrows Gregory G. , Whitham Ruth , Bourdette Dennis N. , Jones Richard E. , Offner Halina , Chou Yuan K. , Vandenbark Arthur A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlthough the phenotypic and regulatory properties of the CD4+CD25+ T cell lineage (Treg cells) have been well described, the specificities remain largely unknown. We demonstrate here that the CD4+CD25+ Treg population includes the recognition of a broad spectrum of human TCR CDR2 determinants found in the germline V gene repertoire as well as that of a clonotypic nongermline‐encoded CDR3β sequence present in a recombinant soluble T cell receptor (TCR) protein. Regulatory activity was demonstrated in T cell lines responsive to TCR but not in T cell lines responsive to control antigens. Inhibitory activity of TCR‐reactive T cells required cell–cell contact and involved CTLA‐4, GITR, IL‐10, and IL‐17. Thus, the T–T regulatory network includes Treg cells with specificity directed toward self‐TCR determinants. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E in gastric adenocarcinoma and its association with clinical outcome
Authors: Chen Chiung‐Nien , Hsieh Fon‐Jou , Cheng Yung‐Ming , Lee Po‐Huang , Chang King‐Jen 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOverexpression of eIF4E can result in oncogenic transformation and uncontrolled growth of mammalian cells, presumably by facilitating the expression of growth‐control gene products, which are normally translationally repressed. Overexpression of eIF4E was present in human breast carcinoma and human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and may be of prognostic value in breast carcinomas. In order to elucidate the clinical significance of eIF4E expression, this study was conducted to quantify expression of eIF4E in human gastric cancer tissue and correlate them with clinicopathological factors and patient survival.MethodsSpecimens from sixty‐nine patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were analyzed and eIF4E overexpression was quantified by Western blot analysis. Quantification of eIF4E levels in cancer was expressed relative to controls from non‐tumorous mucosa of the same patients. Confirmation of eIF4E overexpression at the cellular level was performed using immunohistochemical staining. The association of clinicopathologic factors and survival with eIF4E expression was analyzed.ResultsIn non‐tumorous parts of specimens, overexpression of eIF4E was always present in gastric glands but not in gastric pits lining mucosa, and it was also expressed in the areas of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. In the 69 specimens, the mean eIF4E expression was 5.77 ± 8.55‐fold (mean ± standard deviation), ranged from from 0.1‐fold to 38‐fold. The degree of eIF4E expression appeared to be independent of invasion depth of tumor, lymph node metastasis, Lauren classification, Borrmann types, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Marked overexpression of eIF4E (more than seven‐fold) was correlated with tumor vascular invasion (P = 0.046, Fisher exact‐test). The survival rate of the patients with underexpression or mild overexpression of eIF4E (less than sevenfold) was significantly higher than that with marked eIF4E overexpression (more than sevenfold) (P = 0.01734, log rank test).ConclusionsMarked eIF4E overexpression in gastric cancer was found to be associated with vascular invasion. The prognosis for gastric cancer patients with marked overexpression of eIF4E was worse than those with underexpression. It may serve as an additional prognostic and therapeutic factor in gastric cancer, and deserves further investigation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:22–27. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinically aggressive pseudomyxoma peritonei: A variant of a histologically indolent process
Authors: Mohamed Faheez , Gething Sue , Haiba Moutaz , Brun Erwin A. , Sugarbaker Paul H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackgroundThree distinct morphologic types of pseudomyxoma peritonei syndrome have been defined: disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis (DPAM), peritoneal mucinous carcinoma (PMCA), and a hybrid morphologic type. Prognosis is best in patients with DPAM; unfortunately, some patients with DPAM succumb to a rapidly progressive disease process.MethodsWe identified a subset of 11 patients with a histopathology of DPAM but a clinical course showing an invasive disease process. As a comparison group, from a database of 501 patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei, we selected 22 age‐ and sex‐matched controls with a DPAM histology who are alive with no evidence of disease. Clinical factors were identified for comparison of case and control groups. Expression of mucin antigens, mucin (MUC)1 and MUC2, were evaluated using immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe study group consisted of 11 patients (five men and six women), with a median survival of 52.2 months (SD 7.46) and a 31% 5‐year survival. All 22 matched control cases (10 men and 12 women) are alive and disease‐free. Clinical data on the study and control groups including co‐morbidity were similar. No significant difference in the expression of MUC1 (P = 0.74, Fisher's exact test) or MUC2 (P = 0.34, Fisher's exact test) was demonstrated between groups.ConclusionsFurther investigation of pseudomyxoma peritonei at a molecular and genetic level may help to formulate a more comprehensive classification. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:10–15. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstruction of early lower gingivo buccal complex lesions using floor of mouth advancement augmented with hyoglossus release
Authors: Pai Prathamesh S. , Chaturvedi Pankaj , D'Cruz Anil K. , Chaukar Devendra A. , Pathak Kumar Alok , Deshpande Mandar S. , Kar Dilip K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe surgical treatment in early cancers of the lower gingivobuccal (GB) complex involves wide resection of the buccal mucosa and GB sulcus with or without marginal mandibulectomy. To reconstruct this defect we endeavour to describe a method of advancement of the lateral floor of mouth and tongue to provide pliable, vascularised tissue to bridge the mucosal defect and achieve tension free, primary closure whilst preserving maximum tongue mobility and maintaining adequate mouth opening, thus offering an elegant and simple solution to the problems of reconstruction in early lesions of the lower gingivo buccal complex. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:41–43. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.