bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linear Azo Polymer Containing Conjugated 5,5′‐Azodisalicylic Acid Segments in the Main Chain: Synthesis, Characterization, and Degradation
Authors: Lai Junying , Wang Li‐Qun , Tu Kehua , Zhao Changsheng , Sun Weilin 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: Copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and 5,5′‐azodisalicylic acid (Olsalazine, OLZ) were synthesized and evaluated by hydrolysis and in‐vitro biodegradation with azoreductase. It was found that changing the molecular weight of the PEO blocks affected the loading ratio of OLZ, and resulted in significant differences in the hydration and degradability of the copolymers. These novel azo‐containing copolymers can be used in colon‐specific drug delivery.Release of 5‐ASA from OLZ and PEO‐OLZ copolymers incubated with rat cecum content in the presence of benzyl viologen and α‐D‐glucose.magnified imageRelease of 5‐ASA from OLZ and PEO‐OLZ copolymers incubated with rat cecum content in the presence of benzyl viologen and α‐D‐glucose.
Sensory timing cues improve akinesia of grasping movements in Parkinson's disease: A comparison to the effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation
Authors: Nowak Dennis A. , Tisch Stephen , Hariz Marwan , Limousin Patricia , Topka Helge , Rothwell John C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFive parkinsonian subjects with chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and five sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls grasped, lifted, and held an instrumented object. The grip–lift task was either performed at self‐determined speed or in response to an auditory cuing signal. Parkinsonian subjects performed the task with subthalamic nucleus stimulation switched ON and OFF. In Parkinson's disease, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and the presentation of auditory timing cues improved akinesia of both the grasp and lift components of the task. The finding that auditory timing cues improve akinesia in the absence of subthalamic nucleus stimulation suggests that the basal ganglia are less involved in the control of movements made in response to environmental cues. However, subthalamic nucleus stimulation caused parkinsonian subjects to apply excessive grip forces, regardless of whether the movement was made under self‐determined or externally guided speed conditions. This implies that subthalamic nucleus stimulation produces a generalized upregulation in the gain of all components of a movement without the subtlety of focused control that is required to normalize performance. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Comorbid conditions associated with Parkinson's disease: A population‐based study
Authors: Leibson Cynthia L. , Maraganore Demetrius M. , Bower James H. , Ransom Jeanine E. , O'Brien Peter C. , Rocca Walter A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe burden of comorbidity in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. All Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with incident PD in 1976–1995 (n = 197) plus one age‐ and sex‐matched non‐PD referent subject per case were followed for all clinical diagnoses from 5 years before through 15 years after index (i.e., year of PD onset for each case and same year for the referent subject). Both members of a case–referent pair were censored at death or emigration of either member to ensure equivalent follow‐up. Cases and referent subjects were compared for summary comorbidity (Charlson index) and for the likelihood of having one or more diagnoses within each International Classification of Diseases chapter/subchapter. Before index, the groups were similar for all comparisons. After index, cases had a higher likelihood of diagnoses within the chapters “Mental Disorders” and “Diseases of the Genitourinary System,” and within the subchapters “Organic Psychotic Conditions,” “Other Psychoses,” “Neurotic/Personality/Other Nonpsychotic Disorders,” “Hereditary/Degenerative Diseases of Central Nervous System,” “Symptoms,” “Other Diseases of Digestive System,” “Other Diseases of Urinary System,” “Diseases of Veins/Lymphatics/Other Circulatory System Diseases,” “Fractures of Lower Limb,” “Other Diseases of Skin/Subcutaneous Tissue,” “Osteopathies/Chrondropathies/Acquired Musculoskeletal Deformities,” and “Pneumonia and Influenza.” The excess morbidity and mortality observed for persons with PD are consistent with recognized PD sequelae. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Age‐related influences on the clinical characteristics of new‐onset hallucinations in Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Wuu Joanne , Curgian Linda , Leurgans Sue 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the demographic influences on the sensory characteristics (pure visual vs. nonvisual or mixed visual/nonvisual) of new‐onset hallucinations in Parkinson's disease (PD). We utilized 6‐year longitudinal interview data from 60 PD patients who had never hallucinated at baseline and reinterviewed them at 6, 18, 48, and 72 months to assess the presence and type of hallucination that developed as the first form of hallucination. We analyzed data by Generalized Estimating Equations methods and by nonparametric tests. Over 6 years, 37 of 60 patients developed hallucinations, and the first hallucinations were pure visual in 18, pure nonvisual in 9, and mixed visual/nonvisual in 10. At the time of first onset of hallucinations, patients whose hallucinations were nonvisual or mixed were significantly older than those with purely visual hallucinations (mean age, 69.8 ± 8.3 vs. 61.9 ± 10.6; P = 0.031). PD duration in the two groups, however, was statistically comparable (9.6 ± 4.4 vs. 12.9 ± 8.6 years). Though classically described as visual, hallucinations in PD frequently involve other sensory modalities. Age‐related disinhibition may facilitate wider cortical activation in PD and potentiate aberrant signaling that invokes other types of hallucinations besides the classic visual forms. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
The role of a language scale for infant and preschool assessment
Authors: Zimmerman Irla Lee , Castilleja Nancy Flores 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe PLS‐4 (Preschool Language Scale, 4th edition) is a psychometrically sound instrument constructed to assess language skills in children from birth to 6 years 11 months. It is a useful diagnostic and research tool that can be used to identify current comprehension and expressive language skills and can measure changes in language skills over time. The test is individually administered and includes tasks that assess skills in the areas of preverbal behaviors, as well as linguistic skills in the areas of semantics, morphology, syntax, integrative language skills, and preliteracy skills. Extensive reliability and validity evidence are presented. The test has been used extensively in research examining language development of young children from different home environments, children with identified medical conditions, and children participating in a variety of habilitation and intervention programs. Both the previous edition (PLS‐3) and the new PLS‐4 English and Spanish editions are used extensively in clinical, medical, and research settings to examine developmental language patterns of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:238–246.
Neurodevelopmental assessment of the young child: The state of the art
Authors: Allen Marilee C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA wide variety of tests are available to assess the central nervous system (CNS) function of the toddler and preschool‐aged child. These tests vary as to function; qualities and abilities tapped; facility with which they can be learned, administered, and scored; availability of test materials and manuals or training videos; and strength of standardization and validation data. Some were developed to screen development of large numbers of children. Others were developed to evaluate a child for diagnosis of disability or delineation of a child's strengths and weaknesses. Some broadly screen or assess multiple aspects of development, while some focus on specific abilities. A limitation of all these tests is that they tap only a small portion of a child's abilities at a given point in time. Administration of a variety of different tests provides a more complete evaluation of a child's abilities. Tests that can follow a child's development over time tap into the continuum of human development. The ability to measure various aspects of CNS functional development is a first step in addressing our greatest challenge, how to promote and support a child's development. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:274–275.
Allocation of resources of modular sizes with an application to Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation
Authors: Luss Hanan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe consider a resource allocation problem, where resources of different capacities must satisfy multiple demands. The demand sizes and the resource capacities are limited to sizes that are power‐of‐two integers (i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, …). The cost of the resources exhibit economies‐of‐scale savings, i.e., the cost per capacity unit is smaller for resources with larger capacity. The problem is to select the minimum‐cost set of resources that satisfies the demands, while each of the demands must be assigned to a single resource and the number of selected resources does not exceed a specified upper bound. We present algorithms that take advantage of the special structure of the problem and provide optimal solutions in a negligible computing effort. This problem is important for the allocation of blocks of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, referred to as subnets. In typical IP networks, subnets are allocated at a large number of nodes. An effective allocation attempts to balance the volume of excess addresses that are not used versus fragmentation of addresses at nodes to too many subnets with a discontinuous range of addresses. Due to the efficiency of the algorithms, they can readily be used as valuable modules in IP address management systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Déjà Vu all over again: Charter reform fails in St. Louis
Authors: Cropf Robert A. , Swanstrom Todd 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEditor's note: There is a lively ongoing debate in this country over the forms of organization and the distribution of powers within local government, especially when it comes to the critical question of mayoral leadership. The following essay is an account of a failed attempt to change St. Louis's city charter. Because the National Civic League's Community Services program played a role in facilitating the discussion leading up to the proposal of charter amendments, we would like to emphasize that as with most essays and reports published in this journal, the analysis and conclusions herein represent the perspectives of the authors, or in some cases the participants they interviewed, and not necessarily those of National Civic League staff. We hope this essay will stimulate further discussion and debate on these critical issues of concern.
Mutation screen and association study of EZH2 as a susceptibility gene for aggressive prostate cancer
Authors: Bachmann Natascha , Hoegel Josef , Haeusler Juergen , Kuefer Rainer , Herkommer Kathleen , Paiss Thomas , Vogel Walther , Maier Christiane 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDSeveral linkage studies have provided evidence for a prostate cancer aggressiveness gene on chromosome 7q. This report details the results of the first mutation screen and association study of EZH2 (located at 7q35) as a potential candidate gene for the development of aggressive prostate cancer.METHODSIn 10 families with linkage of chromosome 7q31‐33 to aggressive prostate cancer, we sequenced the promoter region and all 20 exons of EZH2. We genotyped 11 variants in 287 prostate cancer probands and 96 controls. Association between the disease and the variants/haplotypes was evaluated taking into account clinical data and disease recurrence.RESULTSThe individual variation sites did not show significant differences in the allele frequencies between cases and controls. In contrast, one haplotype had a higher frequency in controls, and another haplotype was significantly more frequent in cases with low grade tumors (GI/II) and progression free survival (NED).CONCLUSIONWe have possibly identified haplotypes which mark alleles that have a beneficial effect on the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, our results suggest that genetic variations of the EZH2 gene are not responsible for the linkage of 7q to aggressive prostate cancer. Prostate. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of Jejunal Contractions by Extract of Carica papaya L. Seeds
Authors: Adebiyi Adebowale , Adaikan P. Ganesan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCarica papaya L. (papaya) seed preparations are used in traditional medicine to expel intestinal worms in human and ruminants. In the present study, an ethanol extract of papaya seeds (EEPS; 0.1–6.4 mg/mL) caused concentration‐dependent inhibition of jejunal contractions in contrast to corresponding concentrations of DMSO (solvent control). The inhibitory effect of EEPS on jejunal contractions was significantly irreversible. Previous studies have indicated that benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is the main bioactive compound responsible for the anthelmintic activity of papaya seeds. In the present study, standard BITC (0.01–0.64 mmol/L) also caused significant irreversible inhibition of jejunal contractions. Recovery of jejunal contractions after BITC‐induced inhibition was weaker than recovery after EEPS‐induced inhibition (BITC versus EEPS: 19 ± 7% vs 38 ± 13%). Cryosections of the jejunum showed marked morphological damage of the segments treated with BITC in contrast to DMSO‐treated segments. EEPS‐induced jejunal damage was, however, less marked. These results indicate that papaya seed extract and BITC, its principal bioactive constituent are capable of weakening the contractile capability of rabbit isolated jejunum. It is thus envisaged that at the toxic level that will be needed to kill and expel intestinal worms in vivo, BITC may also cause impairment of intestinal functions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing the expression of glutathione transferase D mRNA in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to phenol and aniline
Authors: Ding K. , Chien Y. , Chien C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPhenol and aniline are toxic to animals. The purpose of the present study was to examine the expression of glutathione transferase D mRNA in fruit flies altered by long‐term exposure to phenol and aniline. Changes in the amount of mRNA were measured by a semiquantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The level of each glutathione transferase D mRNA expressed in the phenol‐treated and aniline‐treated strains of adult fruit flies differed after chemical treatment. Aniline was more potent than phenol in suppressing the expression of cytosolic glutathione transferase D mRNA. Aniline reduced the level of glutathione transferase mRNA expressed in the aniline‐treated strain to less than a 0.5 fraction as compared to that measured in the wild‐type strain. But phenol was only able to suppress the GstD7 and GstD4 mRNAs expressed in the phenol‐treated strain. Neither aniline nor phenol reduced the expression of microsomal glutathione transferase mRNA in fruit flies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 507–512, 2005.
Road trauma prevention: Perspectives
Authors: Trinca Gordon W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRoad trauma is a major public health problem in all motorized societies. Doctors who treat casualties must commit themselves not only to providing optimum care but to becoming equally involved in the epidemiological and sociological aspects of road trauma prevention. The prevention of trauma requires a threefold approach prevent the crash, prevent injury in the crash, and prevent injury aggravation after the crash. Strategies and program options to implement them have been formulated to reduce traffic injury. These strategies are exposure control, crash prevention, injury control, behavior modification and post‐crash trauma management. The combined experience of war injuries and road trauma has lead to major advances in investigation technology and management procedures and far less costly efforts directed at road trauma prevention. The balance between prevention on the one hand and investigation and procedure on the other needs to be addressed. Productive research adequately funded is essential if prevention initiatives are to succeed in reducing the incidence of highway death and injury.
Electrocoagulation for adenocarcinoma of the low rectum
Authors: Eisenstat Theodore E. , Oliver Gregory C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCancers of the distal rectum (<7.5 cm from the anal verge) that are freely mobile, moderately well or well differentiated, <4 cm in size, limited to the bowel wall, and without evidence of metastasis should be considered candidates for treatment with electrocoagulation for cure. Tumor cell ploidy and evaluation with intrarectal ultrasound may in the future add additional useful information with regard to patient selection. Electrocoagulation and laser ablation of tumors may also be useful modalities for palliation of patients with metastatic disease or who are not candidates for curative surgery.
Adequate distal margin of resection for adenocarcinoma of the rectum
Authors: Phillips Robin K. S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThere are two questions in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer: (1) How far below a palpable rectal cancer should a surgeon cut in order to avoid cutting through cancer and, (2) Given that the surgeon has not cut through cancer, could the chance of subsequent recurrent rectal cancer have been reduced if an even greater length of bowel had been removed. For mobile tumors that are not poorly differentiated the answer to the first question is far enough in order to get a right‐angled clamp on below the tumor that will not slip; the answer to the second question is no.
Evidence for high-frequency late Glacial to mid-Holocene (16,800 to 5500 cal yr B.P.) climate variability from oxygen isotope values of Lough Inchiquin, Ireland
Authors: Diefendorf Aaron F. , Patterson William P. , Mullins Henry T. , Tibert Neil , Martini Anna 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA 7.6-m core recovered from Lough Inchiquin, western Ireland provides evidence for rapid and long-term climate change from the Late Glacial period to the Mid-Holocene. We determined percentage of carbonate, total organic matter, mineralogy, and δ18Ocalcite values to provide the first high-resolution record of climate variability for this period in Ireland. Following deglaciation, rapid climate amelioration preceded large increases in GISP2 δ18Oice values by ∼2300 yr. The Oldest Dryas (15,100 to 14,500 cal yr B.P.) Late Glacial event is documented in this record as a decrease in δ18Ocalcite values. Brief warming at ∼12,700 cal yr B.P. was followed by characteristic Younger Dryas cold and dry climate conditions. A rapid increase in δ18Ocalcite values at ∼10,500 cal yr B.P. marked the onset of Boreal warming in western Ireland. The 8200 cal yr B.P. event is represented by a brief cooling in our record. Prior to general warming, a larger and previously undescribed climate anomaly between 7300 and 6700 cal yr B.P. is characterized by low δ18Ocalcite values with high-frequency variability.
The impact of cognitions on the development of panic and somatoform disorders: a prospective study in patients with vestibular neuritis
Authors: GODEMANN F. , SCHABOWSKA A. , NAETEBUSCH B. , HEINZ A. , STRÖHLE A. 
Published: September 2005

Background. There is a high incidence of panic and somatoform disorders after vestibular neuritis. However, the occurrence of psychiatric disorders has been shown to be unrelated to persistent functional vestibular impairment. The aim of the present study was to examine the role played by cognitions in the development of panic and somatoform disorders.Method. In a 2-year prospective study, cognitions were recorded at various stages using the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire and Body Sensations Questionnaire. Our analysis focused on whether body-related anxiety or panic-related thoughts can predict the development of a panic or somatoform disorder.Results. Fear arising on the first day of an acute vestibular episode did not predict the development of panic or somatoform disorders. One week after the dysfunction, however, the fear of vertigo was a significant predictor, explaining 20% of the variance in the development of either disorder. After 6 weeks, persistent fear of vertigo or vomiting predicted approximately 30% of the variance, and after 6 months panic-related thoughts predicted 40% of the variance and, with the inclusion of body-related fears, as much as 60% of the variance in the development of panic or somatoform disorders.Conclusion. Our data confirm prospectively a number of fundamental assumptions of cognitive theory concerning the development of anxiety disorders. Subjects who experience vertigo as particularly alarming focus more intensely than other patients on the negative symptoms they perceive as being related to the disorder. Patients with panic-related cognitions were prone to develop panic or somatoform disorders.
do confidence, formal training or years of experience influence the accuracy of electronic portal image review by radiation therapists?
Authors: rybovic m. , halkett g. k. b. , williams m. t. 
Published: September 2005

background: verification of radiation therapy treatment using electronic portal images (epi) involves the correlation between a reference image and a treatment epi. this paper investigates the accuracy and confidence in reference anatomy outlining and anatomy matching components of epi review, when performed by radiation therapists with varying experience in epi analysis.methods: thirty radiation therapists performed reference anatomy contouring and anatomy matching of seven pairs of reference and treatment images belonging to five previous patients. accuracy was determined by the discrepancy (mm) between the anatomy contouring and matching of the subjects and the original parameters completed by an experienced senior radiation therapist, with formal training in epi analysis. confidence was recorded on a 10cm visual-analogue scale (vas).results: no significant differences were found in the accuracy of anatomy contouring or anatomy matching between subjects with and without formal epi training nor between subjects with less than or greater than five or more years of radiation therapy experience (p > 0.18). significantly different confidence scores were found in subjects with formal training in epi (p < 0.00006)conclusions: accuracy of anatomy contouring and matching was not significantly influenced by the years of radiation therapy experience and formal epi training, although these factors did affect subjects' confidence in performing epi review tasks. frequent exposure to portal image analysis may be as or more important to the technical skills required in epi review, than formal training or years of experience.