bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equal Opportunity versus Elitism? Culture Change in a New ‘Old University’
Authors: Duke Chris 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines aspects of the experience of a male University Pro‐Vice‐Chancellor with responsibilities for equal opportunity (EO). It reflects upon attitudes within the university and efforts at equalizing opportunity; on some practical obstacles; and on some devices used to promote EO.This responsibility is anchored and explained in the context of an interest in organization development, organization culture, and the management of innovation. The paper considers EO but also scans other attempts to achieve cultural change in support of other policy aspirations: strengthening a ‘research culture’, creating a ‘teaching culture’, fostering staff development, access and community service. It considers how far change has been internally or externally driven and has been intrinsic or extrinsic, rational, persuasive or coercive, principled or pragmatic, interested or disinterested, and with what success it has been promoted by formal and informal means. The university’s membership of Opportunity 2000 is located within this analysis.An attempt is made to illuminate what has worked and why, taking account of the resilience with which change can be subverted; informal as well as formal modes of working; and the extent to which working with the grain may be effective. The paper combines practical experience of promoting EO with reflection upon the experience.
Participatory Design in Women’s Organizations: The Social World of Organizational Structure and the Gendered Nature of Expertise
Authors: Balka Ellen 
Published: March 2003

Participatory design is an approach to designing technological systems that differs from traditional approaches to design in many respects. The goal of participatory design is to encourage users of technological systems to actively participate in the process of designing technological systems. The end goal of participatory design is to enable users of technological systems to articulate their needs, and to develop technological systems that account for those needs.In this paper I attempt to extend the analysis of gender as a factor in participatory design initiative by focusing on the challenges of implementing participatory design in the context of non‐profit women’s organizations. The context for my discussion is set by outlining a recent initiative to design a nationwide feminist computer network in Canada. Scholarship on participatory design, feminist organizing and the implementation of computer systems in non‐profit organizations is discussed in relation to original research carried out in the Canadian province of Newfoundland. Organizational structures that differentiate feminist non‐profit organizations from other organizational forms and the gendered nature of expertise are identified as particular challenges that must be addressed in order for participatory design to be successful when women’s groups are the participatory designers.
Correlates of Voluntary vs. Involuntary Part‐time Employment among US Women
Authors: Caputo Richard K. , Cianni Mary 
Published: March 2003

This article presents a study of the extent to which type and duration of labour force attachment add to the explanatory power of psychological, demographic, and family household characteristics to predict voluntary (n=166) vs. involuntary part‐time (n=160) employment of women in the United States. We use the terms ‘voluntary’ and ‘involuntary’ to reflect the woman's choice in accepting to work in paid part‐time employment. In this context, voluntary part‐time work is not meant to be construed as charitable, non‐paid activities, but rather is construed as individuals who are working part‐time but who would prefer to be working full‐time, if a suitable job were available. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience (NLSLME), we found that labour market attachment characteristics added little to predict part‐time employment status (involuntary vs. voluntary) and had virtually no effect on the odds of any other correlates on employment status. The major exception was number of years of unemployment. The longer working women were previously unemployed, the greater the likelihood they were involuntarily employed in part‐time jobs. In addition, we found that marriage and private sector employment decreased the likelihood of involuntary part‐time employment.Findings suggest that involuntarily part‐time employed women appear to be ‘settling’ for what they can get, namely, part‐time rather than full‐time jobs and that unmarried part‐timers may be viewed as a stigmatized or marginal group more likely to be employed in the public rather than private sector. Policy implications and future research are discussed.
Does the P* Model Provide Any Rationale for Monetary Targeting?
Authors: Svensson Lars E. O. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The so-called P* model is frequently used or referred to in discussions of monetary targeting. This gives the impression that the P* model might provide some rationale for monetary targeting or for the monetary reference value used by the Eurosystem. The P* model implies that inflation is determined by the level of and changes in the `real money gap' (the deviation of current real balances from their long-run equilibrium level), and hence that the real money gap is an important indicator for future inflation. Nevertheless, the P* model does not seem to provide any rationale for either a Bundesbank-style money-growth target or a Eurosystemstyle money-growth indicator.
Country Legal Environments and Corporate Investment Performance
Authors: Mueller Dennis C. , Yurtoglu B. Burcin 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
In recent years considerable attention has been devoted to differences across countries in the institutional environments in which corporations operate, and the consequences of these institutional differences for corporate performance. In this paper we test for the presence of differences in corporate performance across 38 countries, and in particular whether these differences are related to the types of legal systems existing in each country. To measure corporate performance we estimate returns on investment relative to company costs of capital in each country. We find significant differences in the investment performance of corporations across our sample of countries. Companies in countries with English-origin, common law legal systems perform significantly better on average than do those in civil law systems.
Better LATE? Instrumental Variables Estimation of the Returns to Job Mobility during Transition
Authors: Siebern Frank 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Recent theoretical contributions to the problem of job mobility decisions during the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy suggest that individuals self-select into specific forms of job mobility behaviour on the basis of their unobservable characteristics. In this case, standard results from both simple treatment-control comparisons of average income and from OLS regressions of reduced-form earnings equations do generally not identify any causal effect of job mobility on income. This paper addresses the endogeneity problem related to job mobility in a quasi-experimental framework and estimates the returns to (early) job mobility in the Eastern German transition process for the period 1990-96. Identification is based on instrumental variables estimation. Two instruments are suggested that account for some of the variation in the job mobility behaviour throughout transition. They allow further for a natural distinction between forced and voluntary movers on the basis of the local average treatment effect (LATE) interpretation of IV estimates. Estimation results contrast strongly with results from both simple treatment-control comparisons and simple OLS estimation. They suggest negative returns to forced job mobility as opposed to positive returns to voluntary job mobility early in transition, thus stressing the existence of heterogeneous returns to job mobility.
Exchange Agreements Facilitate Collusion
Authors: Normann Hans-Theo 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
A duopoly model with quantity competition is analyzed in which firms collude in two markets. There is specialization in production in order to promote efficiency. Firms may then either exclusively market one good each, or they may agree to exchange goods and cross-supply a part of the production to the other firm. It is shown that, compared to specialization in marketing, positive exchanges of goods relax the incentive constraints that limit the extent of collusion.
The Dynamics of a Simple Relative Adjustment Cost Framework
Authors: Feichtinger Gustav , Kort Peter M. , Hartl Richard F. , Wirl Franz 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This paper considers a capital accumulation model with the specific feature that adjustment costs depend on investment relative to the size of the capital stock. This framework has, beyond its plausible yet neglected setting, a number of interesting consequences. In particular, the possibility of multiple equilibria, of an unstable steady state and thus of a (`history dependent') threshold associated with concavity is surprising given a voluminous literature on multiple, history-dependent equilibria emphasizing non-concavities (or convexities).
Non-linear Error Correction and the Efficient Market Hypothesis: The Case of German Dual-Class Shares
Authors: Breitung Jörg , Wulff Christian 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The efficient market hypothesis implies that (risk-adjusted) asset prices cannot be cointegrated. On the other hand, arbitrage processes prevent prices of fundamentally related assets from drifting too far away. An attractive model that reconciles these two conflicting facts is the non-linear error correction mechanism (ECM). Such a process tolerates small deviations from the long-run relationship. For more substantial deviations, an effective adjustment process pushes the diverging prices towards their fundamental relationship. In this paper parametric and non-parametric techniques are employed to investigate the ECM between prices of voting and non-voting stocks. Despite its intuitive appeal, we find little evidence for a non-linear relationship between German dual-class shares. Only in four out of 12 cases does the threshold ECM yield a substantial improvement of fit. In other cases, the evidence for non-linearity is rather weak and the threshold ECM fails to outperform the linear model.
Narrative Structure and the Search for the Self in Brigitte Reimann’s Franziska Linkerhand
Authors: Jones Helen L. 
Published: March 2003

Central to the paper is a detailed analysis of the formal structure of Franziska Linkerhand, with the focus placed predominantly on the roles of voices in the novel: from whose perspective are events in the novel narrated? Who is given the authority to speak in the text? And who corrects whose voices? By creating narrative layers in the first and the third person the author has produced a differentiated account of GDR reality and in doing so questions the dictates of socialist realism which demanded a ‘typical’ plot narrated with authorial distance from exemplary characters. Christa Wolf’s poetics of subjective authenticity, and changes in the perception of the reader in the GDR, have clearly influenced the writing of the novel. Furthermore, self‐reflexive elements of the text are shown to expose the impossibility of a personal history being anything other than constructed, although the belief that literature can mirror life is not rejected.Protest gegen die Fabel, die Romankonstruktion, die mir zu kristallen, zu rein erscheint, zu künstlich, zu klar.
Markers of ‘Authentic Place’? The Significance of Degrees, Awards and Qualifications in the Analysis of Higher Education Systems
Authors: Wright Peter W.G. 
Published: March 2003

Although the power to award degrees lies at the heart of the concept of a university, neither it nor degrees themselves have attracted much scholarly attention.The paper contends that award‐conferment provides an interface of major importance between higher education and its environment; and that the awards themselves can serve as rich and informative (yet often coded) indicators of the relationship between the two.For awards to be seen in this way, the paper argues, two conditions are required: the conceptual independence of awards in their own right has to be recognised as entities distinct from courses of study; and instrumentalist views have to be sufficiently prevalent to make it meaningful to treat an award as specifying a set of purposes and intended outcomes (that is to say, as an ‘end’potentially achievable by various ‘means’). These conditions, it is suggested, only tend to arise in particular social circumstances, specifically those of mass higher education.Having illustrated these points by considering certain changes of usage in the terms used for higher education awards (degree, qualification, etc), the paper concludes with a tentative sketch of a framework by which to analyse the various ways in which awards might contribute to the workings of HE as a system.
Cloning and Deliberation: Korean Consensus Conference
Authors: Kim Myung–sik 
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the 2nd Korean consensus conference on cloning that was held by the Korean National commission for UNESCO in 1999. It notes that the citizens participated directly and handled the important social agenda through deliberative process. The consensus conference is another democratic form derived from preference aggregative democracy in the sense that it basically depends on public judgment of the citizens.Compared to other models (elitist or preference aggregative), it has some advantages: 1. It can solve the problem of political legitimacy. 2. It can check the partiality of expert groups in biotechnology and ethics. 3. It enables us to make informed, responsible decisions. 4. It results in education of citizens’ preference.However, we need to expand the deliberative model. First, we need institutional efforts on behalf of future generations because cloning relates to them. Second, we should not confine deliberation to logical argument, but expand deliberation to include the value of life which cannot be expressed in the form of argument or discourse.
Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC): A Practical Tool to Measure Quality Improvement
Authors: Bonomi Amy E. , Wagner Edward H. , Glasgow Russell E. , VonKorff Michael 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To describe initial testing of the Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC), a practical quality‐improvement tool to help organizations evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their delivery of care for chronic illness in six areas: community linkages, self‐management support, decision support, delivery system design, information systems, and organization of care.Data Sources. (1) Pre‐post, self‐report ACIC data from organizational teams enrolled in 13‐month quality‐improvement collaboratives focused on care for chronic illness; (2) independent faculty ratings of team progress at the end of collaborative.Study design. Teams completed the ACIC at the beginning and end of the collaborative using a consensus format that produced average ratings of their system's approach to delivering care for the targeted chronic condition. Average ACIC subscale scores (ranging from 0 to 11, with 11 representing optimal care) for teams across all four collaboratives were obtained to indicate how teams rated their care for chronic illness before beginning improvement work. Paired t‐tests were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the ACIC to detect system improvements for teams in two (of four) collaboratives focused on care for diabetes and congestive heart failure (CHF). Pearson correlations between the ACIC subscale scores and a faculty rating of team performance were also obtained.Results. Average baseline scores across all teams enrolled at the beginning of the collaboratives ranged from 4.36 (information systems) to 6.42 (organization of care), indicating basic to good care for chronic illness. All six ACIC subscale scores were responsive to system improvements diabetes and CHF teams made over the course of the collaboratives. The most substantial improvements were seen in decision support, delivery system design, and information systems. CHF teams had particularly high scores in self‐management support at the completion of the collaborative. Pearson correlations between the ACIC subscales and the faculty rating ranged from .28 to .52.Conclusion. These results and feedback from teams suggest that the ACIC is responsive to health care quality‐improvement efforts and may be a useful tool to guide quality improvement in chronic illness care and to track progress over time.
Does Prospective Payment Really Contain Nursing Home Costs?
Authors: Chen Li‐Wu , Shea Dennis G. 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine whether nursing homes would behave more efficiently, without compromising their quality of care, under prospective payment.Data Sources. Four data sets for 1994: the Skilled Nursing Facility Minimum Data Set, the Online Survey Certification and Reporting System file, the Area Resource File, and the Hospital Wage Indices File. A national sample of 4,635 nursing homes is included in the analysis.Study Design. Using a modified hybrid functional form to estimate nursing home costs, we distinguish our study from previous research by controlling for quality differences (related to both care and life) and addressing the issues of output and quality endogeneity, as well as using more recent national data. Factor analysis was used to operationalize quality variables. To address the endogeneity problems, instrumental measures were created for nursing home output and quality variables.Principal Findings. Nursing homes in states using prospective payment systems do not have lower costs than their counterpart facilities under retrospective cost‐based payment systems, after quality differences among facilities are controlled for and the endogeneity problem of quality variables is addressed.Conclusions. The effects of prospective payment on nursing home cost reduction may be through quality cuts, rather than cost efficiency. If nursing home payments under prospective payment systems are not adjusted for quality, nursing homes may respond by cutting their quality levels, rather than controlling costs. Future outcomes research may provide useful insights into the adjustment of quality in the design of prospective payment for nursing home care.
‘Taken at the Flood’? The German General Election 2002
Authors: Roberts Geoffrey K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe outcome of one of the closest elections in the German Federal Republic's history partly resulted from the serious flooding which occurred a few weeks before polling day, allowing the government to display its concern in eastern Germany. There the SPD won votes, at the expense of the PDS, which returned to the Bundestag with only two representatives. The Christian Democrats did well in Bavaria. The small increase in votes for the liberal FDP and the large increase in support for the Greens meant that the incumbent coalition could continue, with a reduced majority. Significant economic problems will challenge the new government.
Efficiency considerations and the exemption of food from sales and value added taxes
Authors: Iorwerth Aled ab , Whalley John 
Published: March 2003

We evaluate efficiency considerations underlying the widespread exemption of food from sales and value added taxes and the implications for tax policy. Household and restaurant meals and both constant and increasing returns cases are examined. Higher taxes on food offset the non‐taxation of time inputs into household production, even under constant returns to scale. With increasing returns, gains from taxing food are higher and amplified by subsidizing restaurant food and all marginal cost components of restaurant meals. On efficiency grounds, exemption of food from sales and value added taxes emerges as socially costly policy, especially under increasing returns. Considérations d’efficacité et l’exemption de la nourriture dans les taxes de vente et les taxes sur la valeur ajoutée. Les auteurs examinent les questions d’efficacité qui soustendent l’exemption généralisée de la nourriture des taxes de vente ou des taxes sur la valeur ajoutée, ainsi que les implications qui en découlent pour la politique de taxation. On examine la consommation par les ménages et dans les restaurants à la fois pour le cas où les rendements sont constants et croissants. Des taxes plus élevées sur la nourriture compensent pour la non‐imposition du temps en tant qu’intrant dans la production des ménages même quand il y a rendements constants à l’échelle. Quand on a des rendements croissants, les gains provenant de l’imposition de la taxe sur la nourriture sont accrus et amplifiés par la subvention à la nourriture de restaurant et toutes les composantes du coût marginal des repas au restaurant. Au plan de l’efficacité, l’exemption de la nourriture des taxes de vente ou des taxes sur la valeur ajoutée apparaît comme une politique socialement coûteuse, particulièrement quand les rendements sont croissants.
Congestible communications networks and international trade
Authors: Kikuchi Toru , Ichikawa Tetsuro 
Published: March 2003

We build a two‐country model of monopolistic competition with communications networks. A communications network is characterized by (1) the existence of large fixed costs of network provision, and (2) the presence of congestion. It is demonstrated that both the size of a country and the relative magnitude of the congestion effect determine its comparative advantage: if the congestion effect (resp., the cost‐sharing effect) prevails universally, a comparative advantage in the goods that require communications is held by the smaller (resp., larger) of the two countries. JEL Classification: D43, F12 Réseaux de communication, congestion et commerce international. Ce mémoire présente un modèle de concurrence monopolistique à deux pays avec des réseaux de communication. Un réseau de communication est caractérisé par (1) l’existence de coûts fixes importants pour la mise en place du réseau et (2) la présence de congestion. On montre que la taille du pays et la magnitude relative de la congestion déterminent l’avantage comparatif : si l’effet de congestion (ou respectivement l’effet de partage des coûts) prévaut, un avantage comparatif dans les biens qui demandent plus de communication est détenu par le plus grand (respectivement le plus petit) des deux pays.
Aggregation bias, compositional change, and the border effect
Authors: Hillberry Russell H. 
Published: March 2003

Borders affect the composition, not only the level, of interregional trade. In disaggregated U.S. Commodity Flow data, border effects vary substantially across commodities. Substantial border–induced compositional change suggests the possibility that standard estimates suffer from aggregation bias arising from endogenous industry location patterns and the presence of zero observations in commodity–level trade. Adjusting for these effects reduces the estimate of the aggregate border effect from 20.9 to 5.7. JEL Classification: F14, F15 Biais d’agrégation, changement de composition, et effet de frontières. Les frontières affectent la composition et pas seulement le volume de commerce inter‐régional. Une analyse des données désagrégées des flux de commerce de biens des Etats‐Unis montre que l’effet de frontières varie substantiellement selon les biens. Le changement de composition du commerce engendré par les frontières suggère la possibilité que les estimations usuelles souffrent d’un biais d’agrégation résultant des patterns de localisation industrielle endogènes et de la présence d’observations nulles dans le commerce de certains biens. Un ajustement pour tenir compte de ces effets suggère que les effets de frontières passent de 20.9 à 5.7.