bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tripping over an answer
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isidor Rabi [21] grew to scientific maturity just at the time that the new physics of wave and quantum mechanics was emerging from Germany. In 1926, he was in the late stages of his Ph.D. at Columbia University in New York, hugely excited by the new developments. Roman candles, as he later put it, were going off all around. Erwin Schrodinger [116] had just succeeded in reconciling his wave mechanics with Werner Heisenberg’s quantum mechanics, at first sight entirely different, but as Schrödinger ultimately showed, different mathematical formulations of the same principles. Heisenberg’s method called for a new mathematics [180], while Schr6dinger’s, though difficult, was of a form that a well-educated physicist could recognize.
Laws
Authors: Barrow John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many threads entwined to form our concept of a law of Nature. At first, primitive societies and groups were impressed primarily by the irregularities of Nature: mishap, plague, and pestilence. In time, emphasis refocused upon the regularities of the environment and the means by which they could be most fruitfully exploited for advantage. Sense began to emerge from the welter of disparate natural phenomena. The irregularities became exceptions to, rather than conceptions of, the natural state of the world. It emerged that some degree of organization might lurk behind the ordered facets of the world just as it lay behind the ordered results of mankind’s interventions in Nature.
Organizing principles
Authors: Barrow John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The watcher of science is much impressed by the very large and the very small. The latest speculations about the inner space of elementary particles and the outer space of the astronomer’s universe dominate most contemplations of the ultimate stucture of the physical universe. Intuitively, we feel that the ultimate secrets of the Universe’s constitution must reside at the extremes of our scales of imagination. But there are extremes other than those of scale and time and temperature. There are extremes of complexity.
Age of Migration and Ideologies
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the later 1870s we can see distantly but perceptibly the outlines of an era in the Jewish world which concluded about 1950. It is marked by the most concentrated change, achievement, and horror in the Jewish people’s entire history. All-encompassing ideologies interpreted what was happening or predicted what was to come intuitively or, as ideologists claimed, scientifically. The vast scope of what did happen is suggested by a simple fact: few Jews in the world of 1950 lived in the city or country where their grandparents had lived in 1880, let alone the enormous annihilation of generations during the Holocaust.
Havens and National Home
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As anti-Semitism engulfed the Jews of central and eastern Europe they realized that the coming of war would bring even worse to them. None yet imagined, however, what its full extent would be. Europe was still the cultural and population centre of world Jewry, but the centres of Jewish life beyond the European continent were bound to become ever more important as the European situation darkened.
Coming to terms with the Empire: Poetry of the later Augustan and Tiberian period
Authors: Hardie Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Virgil I only saw’ (Ovid, Tristia 4. 10. 51, quoted on p. 101). Ovid’s rueful comment in his verse autobiography, largely an account of his own place in the literary circles of Augustan Rome, is emblematic of a wider rupture between the works of what might be called the heroic age of Augustan literature and the poetry produced from the second decade onwards of Augustus’ rule. We are not of course dealing with any absolute divide: many of the poets active in the 40s to 20s BCE continued to produce after the death of Virgil in 19 BCE, chief among them Propertius and Horace; and Ovid himself was very probably reciting his earliest love elegies in the mid-20s. Nevertheless both poets and public were quick to recognize that after the output of the 30s and 20s Rome could now boast of a canon of poetry, in the fields above all of epic, didactic, lyric, pas toral, and elegy, that need not fear comparison with the classics of Greek litera ture; and in the case of satire, Horace had brought to classical perfection a genre that Quintilian, the academic rhetorician of the late first century CE, could claim was all Roman. Already by the mid-20s Propertius proclaimed, perhaps not entirely respectfully, that with the slow gestation of the Aeneid ‘something greater than the Iliad is coming to birth’ (2. 34. 66). After 19 BCE the Roman public felt confident that they could point to a native work that was the equal of Homer, and to have equalled Homer was to have equalled the best and greatest that Greece had produced.
Literature in the Greek World
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Our present appreciation of Greek and Roman literature should be informed and influenced by consideration of what it was originally appreciated for. The past, for all its alienness, affects and changes the present.’ The focus of this book - its new perspective - is on the ‘receivers’ of literature: readers, spectators, and audiences. Six contributors, drawn from both sides of the Atlantic, explore the various and changing interactions between the makers of literature and their audiences or readers from the earliest Greek poetry through to the drama, history, and philosophy of Greece under Roman rule. The contributors deploy fresh insights to map out lively and provocative, yet accessible, surveys. They cover the kinds of literature which have shaped western culture - epic, lyric, tragedy, comedy, history, philosophy, rhetoric, epigram, elegy, pastoral, satire, biography, epistle, declamation, and panegyric.
The spring of the muses: Homer and related poetry
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rosy fingers which heralded the extraordinary era we know as ‘ancient Greece’ first gradually spread between about 900 and 700 BCE. The sunrise is quite distinctly marked, though, by the ascent at some time within a generation either side of 700, of the two poems: Ilias, the poem of Ilios (Troy), and Odysseia, the story of Odysseus—in English the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is astonishing that we should have such early poems preserved at all, let alone that this dawn of Greek literature should bring into the light not one but two great archetypal epics.
Warner Bros.,1941-1945
Authors: Barrier Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Avery ‘s departure from the Schlesinger studio, which might have seemed disastrous a few years earlier, did not have that effect in 1941. The studio had achieved an identity that did not depend on a single director, even though Avery had contributed more to it than anyone else. In 1940, Avery ‘s Detouring America, one of his travelogue parodies, had been nominated for an Academy Award as best cartoon of 1939-the first Schlesinger cartoon to be nominated for an Oscar. The next year, A Wild Hare was nominated. Neither cartoon won, but the Oscar nominations were evidence not just of Avery ‘s growing reputation but of the Schlesinger studio ‘s new stature in the industry.
The Birth of the Expert: Professionals’ Official Story 1
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern experts, like all knowledge classes, construe truth to serve their own interests. In tribal societies, as we noted in Chapter 1, only magical spirits can confer ultimate truth-in some cases through truth substances implanted in the shaman’s body: A shaman must go through a terrifying psychological ordeal that accomplishes his initiation into a mode of being and power transcending the everyday life of his fellow tribesman. Usually, the initiation is described as a long journey during which the shaman fights monsters, descends into nether regions, is “killed” and dismembered.
The Battle for the Mind: Professionals’ Holy Wars
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One hundred years ago, the business of healing the sick was a free-for-all of competing ideologies. Some doctors espoused “scientific” medicine, but their knowledge did not impress the public and they had powerful competitors. Homeopaths had their devoted followers, and some people swore by popular folk remedies, ranging from the proverbial snake oils of the peripatetic healer to the home brews passed from mother to daughter.
A Class Education: Schooling for Mandarins
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To become a privileged class, professionals seek a monopoly over crucial forms of mental work. This engages them in struggles with business, competing knowledge groups, government, and, most important, workers and clients. If the paradigm wars (see Chapter 6) are fought to enclose the mind, monopoly wars are about enclosing the commons. Fencing off knowledge requires a coordinated struggle to shape both jobs and education. The separation of mental and manual labor, as we show in Chapter 8, is the economic foundation of professional knowledge monopoly.
The Mental/Manual Divide: The Hidden Injuries of Thought
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An workers, whether college graduates or high-school dropouts, enter their jobs with some skills and knowledge. But the job structure itself determines who actually uses knowledge. The mental/manual division of labor keeps those plugged into manual positions from using any surplus know-how they bring to their tasks. In a deskilled job, a worker’s knowledge, like money permanently kept under the mattress, is a wasted and forlorn resource. The mental/manual divide also limits what the uncredentialed can learn.
Deeds to Knowledge
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their struggle to privatize knowledge, professionals also rely on credentialism­ formally tying jobs to degrees-and legal deeds to knowledge: licenses, patents, and copyrights. But employers in both the public and the private sector spar with experts over patent rights and copyrights, seeking to exploit knowledge for their own ends. Knowledge in capitalism is not yet signed, sealed, and delivered professional property. It is contested terrain.
Feeling like a Professional: Solidarity Among Experts
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Such comparisons suggest that professionals may be developing their own subculture. Most professionals see themselves as different from proletariats and business tycoons. If they feel solidarity with any community, it is with others of similar educational background and expertise. Such social affinity does not demonstrate class consciousness, which means recognizing shared economic and political interests and fighting to achieve them. But class consciousness is unlikely to emerge without development of a sense of collective identity.
Knowledge of, for, and by the People: Taward a Post-Professional Order
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How much would workers and consumers be able to learn and do if the class barriers linked to professionalism were dismantled? We cannot know. Much evidence, however, suggests that present skill hierarchies could be radically reduced. Knowledge cannot be “socialized” in the same way that capital can-by simply distributing it equally. But new social arrangements could allow the uncredentialed majority to use their human potential far more than is now possible.
Introduction
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1937, the United States Supreme Court sustained a Georgia law that allowed women to pay a lower poll tax than men.1 This was quite fair, argued the majority, “in view of the burdens necessarily borne by them for the preservation of the race.” Convinced that marriage and childbearing were the normal conditions of women, the majority argued that women’s taxes would, in any event, be paid by their husbands. A law that distinguished between men and women thus quite reasonably benefited men as well as their wives. In 1948, the Court approved Michigan’s prohibition against women working as bartenders unless they happened to be the wives or daughters of male bar owners, who could be expected to protect the morals of their kin.2 Justice Felix Frankfurter, speaking for the Court’s majority, thought Michigan’s desire to exclude “wives and daughters of non-owners” from an occupation that might “give rise to moral and social problems” so reasonable that “to state the question is in effect to answer it.”
The Responsibilities of Life
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert F. Wagner, distinguished senior senator from New York, chair of a duly constituted subcommittee of the Committee on Banking and Currency, and political midwife to much of the labor legislation of the Roosevelt years, opened the hearings on the Full Employment Act of 1945 with an appropriately inspiring statement. Quoting his own words from a 1930s debate on a bill to legislate a thirty-hour workweek, he declared that “the right to work is synonymous with the inalienable right to live” and then added, “Whoever believes in this right to work, believes in it for every adult who is looking for an honest job at decent pay.”1 The bill’s cosponsor, Senator James Murray of Montana, concurred. “No thoughtful American,” Murray insisted, “would deny that every man or woman in the country who is willing to work and capable of working has the right to a job.”2
Introduction
Authors: Lembke Janet , Reckford Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Polybius, the historian, asked the younger Scipio what he meant in quoting these lines from Homer and weeping, after the last Roman conquest of Carthage, he replied that, as he contemplated human fortune, it was his own country, Rome, for which he felt afraid. This probably apocryphal story (Polybius 38,22) illustrates the spirit of Roman humanitas, which was nourished on Greek poetry, art, and philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Critchlow Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years between 1965 and 1974, the federal government’s role m family planning policy underwent a dramatic shift from nonmtervention to active mvolvement. This change occurred with the support of both political parties, Republican and Democratic, under the admmistrations of Lyndon Baines Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. Initially federal family planning meant artificial contraception and sterilization, but after 1973 it included abortion. Although the legalization of abortion by the Supreme Court in Roe v. de (1973) led to the emergence of an antiabortion movement and fierce political debate, federal involvement in family planning remained established policy, even though Congress placed restrictions on funding for abortion services. By 1997 federal and state funding for family plannmg, mcluding contraception, sterilization, and therapeutic abortion, reached over $700 million annually. This book explores the transformation of federal family planning policy m modern America since 1945. By examining federal family planning within the context of policy history, this book follows the development of this policy through a process of mnovation, legislative enactment and administration imposition, program implementation, reappraisal, and politicization.
Slavery and Slave Trading in the Colonial North
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One afternoon, while Money Vose was selling his baskets at the market, he disappeared—taken by white men. He never returned home. Sold and resold, he finally left his native West Africa aboard a slave ship bound for a “new world.” It was the late-eighteenth century, the exact date and his exact age are not known, but he was not much older than the new nation taking shape and calling itself the United States.
Fortunately for Money, the slave ship on which he arrived did not enter an American port immediately but lay offshore somewhere along the eastern coast, probably off New England. It was then, guided only by the light of the moon, that he and a companion plunged into the sea in a desperate bid for freedom. After a long swim they reached shore, exhausted and frustrated by underwater vegetation, which slowed their progress and made their escape even more perilous. They collapsed almost at the point of their landfall, sleeping under some bushes until daybreak when they awoke to find a white face framed in a broad-brimmed hat staring down at them. “Hallo boys! You are from that ship at anchor?” the man asked, indicating the vessel from which they had escaped only a few hours be fore. What was to be said at this moment? They indicated the affirmative, trusting to luck and to the gods whom they hoped watched over them even in this foreign place.
Culture, Race, and Class in the Colonial North
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the more than eight generations of black life in the colonial North, African customs and traditions mingled with those of Europeans and Native American Indians to produce a new culture. Each group, whether African or European, retained aspects of their own heritage and contributed to and produced a variation on a common tradition—creating a multilayered American culture. African ways blended with but did not totally succumb to the pressures of European customs and Christian beliefs. European missionaries working among blacks in the eighteenth century complained that their work was greatly hampered by “the prejudices of the slaves themselves.” These dedicated churchmen were particularly frustrated by the tenacity with which Africans clung to their Old World ways. “Those born in Guinea [were] strangely prepossessed in favor of superstition and Idolatry,” declared one Anglican minister in 1748. Their ethnocentrism prevented these clergymen from appreciating or even being curious about African beliefs, many of them hundreds of years older than Christianity, though some did recognize a “false Religion to be combated with.”
Coping with Urban Life: Poverty, Work, and Regional Differences
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The abolition of slavery in the North raised twin fears for officials in the free states of the new republic-dependency and disorder. Although many African Americans possessed skills and had a long history of doing the work for which they were brought to America, many whites saw slavery as the only way to make blacks productive. The apprenticeship arrangements that accompanied gradual emancipation in some northern states were, at least in part, an attempt to counter the imagined slavery-induced dependency. Bostonian Jeremy Belknap, who had sup ported immediate emancipation in Massachusetts, later feared that “many [free blacks were] in a far worse condition than when they were slaves, being incapable of providing for themselves the means of subsistence.” In the early spring of 1788, the Massachusetts legislature adopted a familiar solution to the problem of dependency. Assuming blacks to be incapable of supporting themselves, it passed a vagrancy law that required the expulsion of all African Americans who were not citizens of the state. Officials identified 158 blacks and 76 Indians and mulattoes by their city or country of origin and warned them out of Massachusetts. The list included fourteen Africans and thirty-three West Indians. If those identified did not leave the state within two months, they could be confined in the house of correction at hard labor, held there for trial and, if convicted, whipped.
Culture, Politics, and the Issue of African-American Identity
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1787 Philadelphia physician and patriot Benjamin Rush gave voice to Americans’ assurance that their new nation stood on the brink of a great adventure. “The American war is over,” he observed, “but this is far from being the case with the American revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed.” America had won its political independence but had not yet established a national identity. During the next two generations Americans struggled to articulate a unique identity and to create lasting institutions. what did it mean to be a democratic nation? What were the implications of expanding rights and individual liberties? How could a national identity be forged from a diverse population with increasingly important racial distinctions? These were difficult questions for a nation which could not admit, even to itself, that racial diversity was integral to its identity or that Africanisms had become part of American culture, shaping it in particular ways. Almost all white Americans believed and reassured themselves that, as one historian put it, “America was meant to be a homogeneous white nation, inhabited chiefly by members of the Anglo-Saxon and closely related races.” Yet, in reality, the emerging American identity of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was increasingly fashioned not of a single Old World European tradition but of many Old World traditions, traditions that included those of Africa and the ancient “New World” cultures of Native Americans, mingled and merged in various proportions in different locations.
Sophocles Electra
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly recreate the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the general editorship of Peter Burian and Alan Shapiro, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the play. Although it has been at times overshadowed by his more famous Oedipus Tyrannus and Antigone, Sophocles’ Electra is remarkable for its extreme emotions and taut drama. Electra recounts the murders of Clytemnestra and Aegisthus by Clytemnestra’s son Orestes, to avenge their murder of his father Agamemnon, commander of the Greeks at Troy, upon his return home. Sophocles’ version is presented from the viewpoint of Electra, Orestes’ sister, who laments her father, bears witness to her mother’s crime, and for years endures her mother’s scorn. Despite her overwhelming passion for just revenge, Electra admits that her own actions are shameful. When Orestes arrives at last, her mood shifts from grief to joy, as Orestes carries out the bloody vengeance. Sophocles presents this story as a savage though necessary act of vengeance, vividly depicting Electra’s grief, anger, and exultation. This translation equals the original in ferocity of expression, and leaves intact the inarticulate cries of suffering and joy that fill the play.