bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species as the ‘Currency’ of Conservation: the Karoo/Dune/Red Lark Complex of South-Western Africa
Authors: Crowe T M , Ryan P G , Brooke R K , Hockey P A R , Siegfried W R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species are considered to be the fundamental units of conservation. This brief account describes a multifaceted approach using morphological, behavioural, ecological, and genetic information to illustrate an appropriate strategy for recognizing species. The Karoo/Dune/Red Lark species complex in south¬ western Africa is examined as an example of this approach since at least 21 authors have expressed opinions about their natural status. By analysis of qualitative variation in plumage, mensural, behavioural, and genetic characters, together with habitat details, two genera and four species of these larks are recognized as the basic units of conservation.
Mitosis and cell division
Authors: Hori T , Green J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fine structural changes during mitosis in members of the Prymnesiophyceae are reviewed with special reference to the behaviour of the periplastidial endoplasmic reticulum (PER) and the structures associated with the spindle poles. As in other chromophyte algae, the nuclear envelope (NE) and PER are confluent in interphase cells of members of the Prymnesiophyceae. In some species, PER-NE confluence is maintained during chloroplast replication, whilst in other species the PER-NE link breaks down. Disruption of the PER-NE link usually occurs at prophase, PER-NE confluence being restored at metaphase or in the later stages of mitosis. Some organelles, especially mitochondria, may play an important role in determining the positioning of the spindle poles and in extension of the anaphase spindle, since long mitochondrial profiles are well developed around each spindle pole and along the interzonal spindle at anaphase. Hitherto, structured microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) have not been observed in the Prymnesiophyceae other than in Pavlova, but we report here the presence of MTOCs composed of osmiophilic amorphous material on the surface of mitochondria in cells of Phaeocystis globosa.
The Centromere
Authors: Choo K H Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The centromere is an essential structure on all eukaryotic chromosomes that allows the equipartition of chromosomes during mitotic and meiotic cell divisions. Since its cytogenetic recognition as a constructed part of a chromosome many decades ago, great advance has been made on our understanding of this intriguing structure, especially at the molecular level. This book brings together all available information on the centromere. It covers in details the DNA and protein components of this structure, and their individual functions, in species as diverse as budding and fission yeasts, nematodes, Drosophila, mice, and humans; newly discovered roles of the centromere in marshalling "passenger" proteins; important emerging concepts such as latest centromeres and epigenetic factors; cytogenetic problems associated with centromere abnormalities; and practical application of centromere studies, such as in the construction of human artificial chromosomes for gene therapy. Supported by ample illustration, the book is written with sufficient simplicity and detail to suit both specialist and non-specialist scholars. It is the first book on the subject
Introduction
Authors: Choo K H Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamental to all the life processes is the ability of the cells to divide faithfully. This division can take the form of the equipartitioning of the genetic materials of a mother cell between two daughter cells (mitosis), or the accurate reduction of chromosome number (meiosis). That ‘the cell has no other mode of origin than by division of a pre-existing cell’, a realization made by Wilson (1925) and his contemporaries decades ago, clearly ex pounds the pivotal role played by these two divisional processes. In exercising this extraordinary ability to divide, the cells are equipped with innumerable mechanisms to achieve the high degree of accuracy that is needed. That this is so is evident from the observed low error rates of approximately 10-5 per generation for mitotic chromosome segregation and 10-3 per generation for meiotic chromosome segregation (Hawley 1988; Brown et al. 1991). How the cells accomplish these unusual and understandably complex feat is presently far from being fully understood. It is against this backdrop of realized importance and expected complexity that many keen biologists have risen to the challenge. In this pursuit, the centromere, a highly specialized structure of the chromosome, has long been recognized as having a centre stage role in the processes of cell division. Through many years of dedicated investigation, much has now been learnt about the centromere, and it is the purpose of this book to review all the recent advances in our understanding of this complex and highly intriging structure.
Structural organization and general properties of the higher eukaryotic centromere
Authors: Choo K H Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard cytogenetic staining of the chromosomes of higher eukaryotes reveals the centromere as a constricted and relatively homogeneous region of densely packed heterochromatin, but gives little clue to the underlying complexity of this structure. With improved techniques of cell fixation for electron microscopic analysis and the use of specific antibodies that allow sub regional staining of the centromere, it is now clear that the centromere of higher eukaryotes is structurally composed of a number of distinct domains. Within these domains are located the basic centromeric DNA molecule and an increasing number of known protein components that participate in the activities of the centromere. In this chapter, the structural organization as well as a number of general properties of the higher eukaryotic centromere are described. Where appropriate, the names of relevant DNA and protein components found in the different centromeric domains are mentioned, but detailed discussion of these components will be presented in Chapters 5 and 6.
Centromere DNA of higher eukaryotes
Authors: Kalitsis Paul , Choo K H Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most striking known structural characteristic of the centromeres of the higher eukaryotes is the universal presence of a great abundance of tandemly repeated DNA. The amount of this DNA can range from hundreds of kilobases to tens of megabases on each centromere. This property suggests a priorithat the centromere of the higher eukaryotes may be a molecularly complex structure that is difficult to study. However, despite this suggestion, many workers have been attracted to its study due to its perceived biological as well as potential practical importance (Chapter 8). On the other hand, the centromeric repeats, by their very abundant nature, can be relatively easily isolated for study. Many such repeats have now been identified and cloned from different organisms. Through the structural analysis of these repeats, it has become apparent that there is a widespread lack of sequence conservation of centromeric DNA throughout the phylogeny. Furthermore, although a substantial amount of structural information is now available for these centromeric repeats, the delineation of the functional role of these highly divergent sequences yet presents a challenge of a somewhat different magnitude. In this chapter, the current state of our knowledge on the molecular properties of the centromeres of a selected number of higher eukaryotes is described.
Anomalies of the human centromere
Authors: Choo K H Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical abnormalities that can be directly attributed to defects of the centromere are rarely seen. This is understandable considering the important roles the centromere plays in mitosis and meiosis. Nonetheless, based on various cytogenetic and molecular criteria, some interesting anomalies of the human centromere have been described.
St Andrews: the Scottish experience
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the plight of the Robinsons in Huddersfield was not such that they were obliged to find any port in a storm, so quickly to find an agreeable haven in the small university town of St Andrews was a stroke of good fortune. Moreover, it had been attained with minimal trouble, for he had been appointed without any personal interview, and after merely the perusal of applications. The milieu was very different from any they had previously experienced in Sydney or in the thriving industrial cities of Manchester and Liverpool. In the 1920s the population of St Andrews, perched on the cliffs of Fife some fifty miles by road from Edinburgh, was less than 10 000: even today it is only 12000. The university, founded in 1410, is the oldest in Scotland: the other ancient foundations arc Glasgow (1451), Aberdeen (1495), and Edinburgh (1583). In 1881 the University College of Dundee was founded some dozen miles away, and in 1897 this had been affiliated to the University of St Andrews: technically, Robinson held office in both.
Pre-war Oxford
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford was already familiar to Robinson, for over the years he had been a frequent visitor there. He had maintained close links with W. H Perkin in the context of research, he had supervised research students, he had been an external examiner, he had attended lectures and conferences, and so on. Nevertheless, the peculiar constitution of the University, and its devotion to tradition, was to present him with professorial problems of a kind he had not previously encountered. As these peculiarities will be at least as unfamiliar to many readers as they were to Robinson, it is useful to digress briefly to review the Oxford scene in general, and the chemical scene in particular, in the early 1930s. This is very relevant, in that Robinson’s activities were much influenced by the constraints within which he had to work.
The Second World War
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1938 the inevitability of war with Germany had become generally recognized. Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement, and his much quoted ‘Peace in our time’ message after meeting Hitler at Berchtesgaden and Godesberg in September carried little conviction in the face of continuing aggressive German policy. This included the earlier occupation of Austria in March, the occupation of the Sudetenland in October, and the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. In that same fatal month Hitler denounced Germany’s non-aggression pact concluded with Poland in 1934; and within days France and Britain pledged themselves to support Poland. In August Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Russia; and on the 25th of that month a formal Anglo-Polish treaty of mutual assistance was signed in London. The mine had been primed, and it needed only the German invasion of Poland on 1 September to explode it Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, precipitating a Second World War barely twenty years after the end of the first.
The darkening years
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sadly, Robinson’s later years were clouded by failing sight, and all the constraints this imposes even when other faculties are largely unimpaired. In his case the affliction took the form of tunnel vision, in which the victim sees the world as it were through a tube of slowly diminishing bore. Its onset and development are insidious: it is not clear when the symptoms first appeared, but a letter to Victor of 21 May 1970 shows signs of real trouble. Its main purpose was to apologize for having forgotten Victor’s birthday on the 19th, ‘but tempus fugit at an alarming rate these days’. The writing is firm, but his sight is clearly troubling him: there is a very wide margin on the left-hand side, and some of the writing trails off over the edge of the page, so that a few words are incomplete or lost altogether.
The deserts of Egypt: desert development systems
Authors: Bishay A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egypt suffers from continued population growth and dwindling resources. With Egypt’s population (57 million in 1992) concentrated in the Nile Valley, which constitutes less than 4 per cent of the total area of the country, development of her deserts to make them productive and habitable is an urgent need that is widely recognized. In order to solve the problems of food and housing for the continuously increasing population, the Egyptian Government has decided to expand horizontally (in the desert) as well as continuing the present successful vertical improvement of its cultivable land. According to the Government of Egypt, a minimum of 150 000 feddans per year will be reclaimed during the current Five Year Plan. Estimates for long-range desert reclamation plans range between 1.6 and 3.4 million feddans, with the figure of 2.3 million feddans adopted officially by the Government of Egypt.
Natural vegetation
Authors: Wickens G E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first major attempt to produce a description and map of the vegetation of the Sudan was in 1948 by the Sudan Government’s Senior Economic Botanist, Dr F. W. Andrews, in a publication that had similar coverage and objectives to the present volume (Andrews 1948). The same classification with slight modifications was followed by Dr John Smith, the then Director of Agriculture and Forests, and a former Chief Conservator of Forests (Smith 1949). A decade later, M. N. Harrison, Pasture Research Officer in the Ministry of Animal Production and J. K. Jackson, Silviculturist in the Forests Department, each working independently, produced somewhat similar classifications of the vegetation, the former placing greater emphasis on grazing, the latter on tree resources.
Land tenure
Authors: Simpson I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sudan has a large land area but remains relatively thinly populated. Nevertheless, the continuing rapid population growth and the development of large-scale mechanized agriculture are resulting in perceived shortages of land in various parts of the country, especially in the central belt. There has always been a strong demand for irrigated land, use of which gives freedom from the constraints of an uncertain and often limited rainfall confined to only a few months of the year. Once the demand for agriculturally-usable land exceeds the available supply, systems of landholding and tenure become increasingly important determinants of production. In recent years land tenure systems have become major issues of agricultural policy, especially in relation to the large-scale irrigation schemes and rainfed mechanized farming.
Food preferences and nutrition of the people
Authors: Ali M Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sudan, with about 200 million feddans of fertile arable land and 55 million heads of camels, cattle, goats, and sheep, is, potentially, a prosperous country in terms of national supplies of food raw materials. The varying climatological zones, ranging from the humid tropics to the barren desert, also provide different niches for the production of various kinds of animals, crops, and foods.
Historical development of agriculture
Authors: Trilsbach A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present agricultural landscape is the product of a long evolution. The contributing forces include environmental changes of the past 5000 years; the ebbing and flowing of empires from the early days of Ancient Egypt to the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium of the present century; advancing technologies from the earliest introduction of the shaduf to the sophistication of the Kenana sugar complex; and the position of Sudan in a world of international trade.
The symmetric immune network model
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first models based on Jerne’ s network theory was proposed by Hoffmann in 1975, with several modifications and extensions since then. The model avoids the problems of the huge number of variables in a full immune network by grouping all the cells and antibodies into two classes: plus cells (and related antibodies) and minus cells and antibodies.
The Germ Of An Idea
Authors: Lax Alistair J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diseases caused by toxins were among the earliest described. Reference to what we now know as cholera is outlined in early Chinese medicine. However, the first detailed accounts of disease that are available today are those of the Greeks, at the time that medicine really began. Diphtheria was described over 2,000 years ago, and the poet Virgil wrote an account of anthrax.
The Anatomy Of Diphtheria
Authors: Lax Alistair J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diphtheria occupies a particularly special place in microbiology and its history. It has probably been studied in more depth than any other disease. We know exactly how it causes damage to our bodies, which surprisingly is still not known for most diseases. Diphtheria toxin was the first complex toxin to be understood at the molecular level, and it continues to produce interesting results. It represents the ultimate model toxin and illustrates beautifully how such toxins work. Its malevolent action was one of the first to be tamed by vaccines so effective that the basic formula has not changed substantially in over 80 years. In addition, its potent action has now even been turned to cancer therapy.
A More Optimistic Outcome
Authors: Lax Alistair J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the pessimist, the last three chapters have painted an increasingly gloomy picture of potent and deadly molecules that possess within their molecular architecture an inert but uncanny knowledge of the workings of our bodies. These can either cause fatal disease naturally, or can be used by the madmen of the world as vicious and terrifying weapons. The optimist would have seen some hope as the nineteenth- and twentieth-century scientists gained an understanding of these molecules, and would be cheered by the observation that the use of bioweapons is being curtailed by most countries. However, there are highly positive aspects to these molecules.
Distant Shores
Authors: Wilkins Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am glad to have been brought up in the constructive spirit and breadth of vision that has its roots in the seventeenth-century English Revolution, when freedom of thought replaced Authoritarianism. My earliest known ancestor, Philip Henry, a minister, joined the move away from Authoritarianism and became, like his contemporary Isaac Newton, a Nonconformist and a Unitarian, seeing one God, not three. In the English Church tried to turn the clock back by reinstating authority in its Statute of Conformity, and Henry was one of many to give up his ministry in protest. Unitarians set up their own Chapels and schools, and took a leading part in the growth of science and the Industrial Revolution.
Go Back to your Microscopes
Authors: Wilkins Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prospects of our DNA X-ray work brightened as summer began. At Naples I had been encouraged by Astbury’s warm response to our crystalline DNA pattern, and by my success in making X-ray specimens with sperm heads all lined up. Back in London, it was good that Rosalind had begun reconstructing our new X-ray equipment. While waiting for that, I made do with the old set-up we had used a year before for our breakthrough in understanding the crystallinity of DNA. I began thinking about the basic biological importance of the DNA pattern, and wondered if the structure of Signer DNA (which was made from calf thymus glands, sold as sweetbreads by butchers) was basic- ally the same as that of DNA in other living things. Was there just one universal gene structure? If so, our sharp Signer pattern could have a very wide (and big) significance. Mary Nicholls in our lab had extracted DNA from humans and herrings as well as calves, and I decided to compare the diffraction from her DNA with that from the DNA from the Sepia sperm that I had brought back from Naples.
The Double Helix
Authors: Wilkins Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I got back to London, I was glad to find that Herbert Wilson had arrived to work with me. He had a PhD on X-ray studies. I asked him to develop further what we had done on sperm heads and to try other nucleoproteins – naturally occurring complexes of protein and DNA from which DNA can be extracted. Since Herbert would not be working on purified DNA, he could not be seen as encroaching on Rosalind’s area. In any case, I had given Rosalind all our good DNA. Also, I had a special interest in studying DNA in its natural state (such as is found in sperm), because it seemed reasonable to me to think that its structure might give us new ideas about how it functioned as gene material.
Background to the Comparative Method
Authors: Fox Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Comparative Method is both the earliest and the most important of the methods of reconstruction. Most of the major insights into the prehistory of languages have been gained by the application of this method, and most reconstructions have been based on it. The various other methods and procedures outlined in the previous chapter, which will be considered in more detail later, have been employed mainly in a secondary capacity, in part building on the findings of the Comparative Method, and in part supplementing them, but only rarely competing with the method as such. Not surprisingly, there fore, this method has often been regarded as virtually identical with the historical study of languages, as witnessed by terms such as 'comparative linguistics', 'comparative philology', and so on, which have been used to designate the whole field. The method has therefore come to epitomize the subject, especially as practised in the nineteenth century.
The Comparative Method in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Fox Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most significant contribution to the study of language in the twentieth century has been not in the field of historical linguistics at all, but in the development of synchronic linguistics, which, as we have noted above, provides a different, and complementary, dimension to the diachronic approach which characterized the nineteenth century. There is a sense, of course, in which this dimension is not simply complementary to the historical study of language but is actually in conflict with it, since it is not necessarily obvious how we can reconcile the two: the nineteenth-century view of language was as a historically determined object, which can only be comprehended and explained in terms of its history; twentieth-century synchronic linguistics has preferred to see language as a coherent systematic whole, whose history is largely irrelevant to its function and structure. Saussure himself, who can be said to have clarified this distinction and drawn the appropriate conclusions from it, was in fact unable to reconcile these two dimensions adequately. Nevertheless, it is precisely in the priority given by twentieth-century linguistics to the synchronic dimension, and the consequent reappraisal of the diachronic dimension, that its most distinctive, and most positive, contribution to historical linguistics lies.