bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contractarianism
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractContractarianism is more than a theory of the origin or legitimacy of states. Agreements required for productive cooperation, or merely for peaceful coexistence, are held to be the basis for morality, or a large part of it. Game theory is used to analyse the rationality of such agreements. Social conventions, which are not strictly agreements, also evolve over time in a community and acquire moral force. Although morality and society thus march together, individuals may always hold some social conventions to be immoral.
Communitarianism
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCommunitarians claim that individuals do not exist apart from society, and that communities have a moral value that is independent of individuals. It is held that philosophers such as Rawls and Nozick who neglect persons’ deserts and their history and attachments cannot understand justice. While agreeing that persons are almost unimaginable except in a social context, and that membership of a community is an important good for many people, nevertheless, it is held that they are autonomous beings. A person may disagree with the moral code of any society, including his own. However, a shared understanding of community values has historically often been a source of evil.
Positive Political Economy
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the last quarter century, the naïve simplification that the sole aim of governments was the welfare of citizens has been abandoned, and it is recognized that the government is a positive actor on the economic stage with its own interests. Positive political economy consists of attempts to explain economic policies, which require knowledge of how the government is constituted, how it takes decisions, and on what principles, if any, it acts. Government decisions are collective decisions, and so the theory of collective decision and voting is relevant, and is examined. This heterogeneous chapter examines various attempts to explain government behaviour using economic concepts. It is concluded that little progress has been made in discovering any general truths.
Normative Political Economy
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGovernment can and should be actively concerned with the relief of poverty. But there is no ethical principle defining the proper distribution of wealth between occupational or other social groups, nor can it be democratically determined in an orderly manner. Distributional coalitions, such as trade unions, employers, and professional associations, must be discouraged, with the distribution of wealth between groups determined by competition. Where politics is dominated by distributional issues, democracy is likely to break down, and often has. The related subjects of rent seeking and corruption are discussed.
The Principles of Public Policy
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter is essentially a summary of the book, which is described as a study of the interfaces of ethics, economics, and politics. A coherent public policy presupposes a moral code, and involves all three of these subjects. The author's philosophical position is described. Criteria for public production are proposed. More generally, the proper role of government and the limits to its responsibilities are suggested.
The Japanese Mafia
Authors: Hill Peter B. E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis book has three main objectives. Firstly, it examines Japan's organized crime syndicates (most commonly known asyakuzaorbɵryokudan) with reference to the best available theoretical analyses of the Sicilian mafia and other manifestations of organized crime. Like the Sicilian mafia, the core competence of theyakuzais providing protection and, because of this, it can be considered a mafia. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development, structure, and business activities of the contemporaryyakuza. Thirdly, it investigates the relationship between theyakuzaand the state, paying particular attention to the effects of the 1992bɵryokudancountermeasures law. The collapse of the bubble economy during the early 1990s, which had a major impact on theyakuza's activities, makes it difficult to evaluate the impact of this law. The book concludes that the preference of the Japanese authorities for social control processes over formal mechanisms of enforcement and dispute resolution has created a conducive environment for private protection markets.Yakuzaprovision of such protection has been one consequence. Current developments in the set Japan's social, legal, economic, and political relations suggest, however, that this market is under threat.
Yakuza, Law and the State
Authors: Hill Peter B. E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe concluding chapter of this book draws these chapters together and sets them in the broader context of the state's provision of protection in Japan. The preference of the Japanese authorities for social control processes over formal mechanisms of enforcement and dispute resolution has created a conducive environment for private protection markets.Yakuzaprovision of such protection has been one consequence. Current developments in the set Japan's social, legal, economic, and political relations suggest, however, that this market is under threat.
The Glitter of Gold
Authors: Flandreau Marc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe Glitter of Gold studies the so far unexplored operation of the international monetary system that prevailed before the emergence of the international gold standard in 1873. Conventional wisdom has it that the emergence of gold as a global anchor was both an inescapable and a desirable evolution, given the exchange rate stability it provided and Britain's predominance. The book draws on a wealth of archival and new statistical evidence to demonstrate that global exchange rate stability always prevailed before the making of the gold standard. This was despite the heterogeneity among national monetary regimes based on gold, silver, or both. The reason for the stability before the establishment of the gold standard is France's bimetallic system. France, by being in a position to trade gold for silver, and vice-versa, effectively pegged the exchange rate between gold and silver at its legal ratio of 15.5 :1. This system proved remarkably stable and flexible, thanks to a global network of foreign exchange and precious metal arbitrage, operated from Paris and London by leading international banks - most prominently, the Rothschilds. Contrary to the received wisdom, the controversies of the 1860s on the “double standard” signalled both the advantages of this system and the considerable costs that large countries would have to pay if the world wanted to shift to a single standard. It took a series of political shocks, misguided decisions, and international rivalries to put an end to bimetallism in the early 1870s.
Coin Memories: New Estimates of France's Specie Stock (1840–78)
Authors: Flandreau Marc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChapter 4 breaks new ground by providing new estimates of the French holdings of gold and silver 1840-1878. The result enables to track the effect of the Gold Rush on the French monetary system. Gold displaced silver, but only partly. A large share of the gold that France acquired between 1848 and 1865 was the counterpart of trade or financial flows, not of silver exports.
The Rules of the Bimetallic Game
Authors: Flandreau Marc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChapter 5 studies the rules of bimetallic game. It discusses the constraints and opportunities of bimetallic regimes for monetary authorities. It shows that, contrary to a widespread view, a bimetallic system does not provide fundamentally different opportunities than a monometallic one, and thus places fairly tight constraints upon monetary authorities. In fact, it is during the years of bimetallism that a high degree of European monetary integration was first achieved.
The French Crime of 1873: An Essay in Interpretation
Authors: Flandreau Marc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChapter 8 analyses the end of bimetallism. It shows that the conventional view of an inescapable collapse is not founded. France, endowed with a large share of the gold output of the 1850s and 1860s, had enough gold to weather the modestly rising silver output of the 1870s and 1880s. It had also enough gold to resist to Germany's decision to adopt a gold standard in the early 1870s. Failure of international cooperation, it is argued, is what caused the emergence of the gold standard.
Chapter 3 Ecological Citizenship
Authors: Dobson Andrew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEcological citizenship is presented as an example and inflection of post‐cosmopolitan citizenship. It is contrasted with environmental citizenship. The ecological footprint is presented as the ecological citizenship's version of political space, and global warming is used to exemplify the asymmetrical relations of globalising cause‐and‐effect that call forth post‐cosmopolitan obligations.
Dividend Policy, Corporate Control, and Tax Clienteles
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAnalyses the link between dividend levels and control as well as dividend changes and control based on German data. We find a U‐shaped relation between the dividend payout and the proportion of voting equity held by the largest shareholder. Bank‐controlled firms pay out lower dividends and are much more likely to omit their dividend than any other type of firm. Conversely, there is no evidence that the tax status of the major shareholder has an impact on a firm's dividend policy.
The Destruction of the Legitimacy of Trusteeship
Authors: Bain William 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe place and purpose of trusteeship in the post‐Second World War world order aroused passions and suspicions that were no less pronounced than those which threatened to disrupt the peace negotiations at Versailles two decades earlier, and these tensions, which divided the US and Britain in particular, emanated from a fundamental disagreement over the purpose of trusteeship and its relation to the future of empire in world affairs. British commentators on empire tended to interpret the idea of trusteeship in the context of an imperial tradition that dated back to Edmund Burke's interest in the affairs of the East India Company, invoking trusteeship as a principle against which to judge colonial administration and, therefore, understood the tutelage of dependent peoples as a justification of empire. Americans, who were born of a very different colonial and political experience, were a great deal less inclined to see trusteeship as a justification of empire than as an alternative to the perpetuation of empire. Interrogates the claims that structured the terms of this debate, how they shaped the purpose of trusteeship as contemplated in the Charter of the UN, and the ideas upon which the anti‐colonial movement seized in order to destroy the legitimacy of trusteeship in international society. There are five sections: The Atlantic Charter and the Future of Empire; The Reform of Empire; Trusteeship and the Charter of the UN; The End of Empire; and Human Equality and the Illegitimacy of Trusteeship.
The New Paternalism
Authors: Bain William 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
On 1 Nov 1994, the UN Trusteeship Council voted to suspend operations after Palau, the last remaining trust territory, attained independence. The sovereign state has emerged out of decolonization as the supreme form of political organization in post‐colonial international society—an international society in which dominions, colonies, principalities, free cities, and, of course, mandates and trust territories have all but vanished. However, the ostensible failure of this post‐colonial project—the fact that the promise of peace and prosperity held out by independent statehood is too often betrayed by appalling violence and absolute poverty—has reinvigorated interest in trusteeship as a way of responding to problems of international disorder and injustice. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: first, it examines the principal dilemma of decolonization that has resulted in a renewed interest in trusteeship; second, it considers this renewed interest in trusteeship in the context of international involvement in administering Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and, until recently, East Timor; third, it reflects upon the normative implications that a resurrected practice of trusteeship carries for a society of states that is premised on the juridical equality of all its members. The five sections of the chapter are: The False Promise of post‐Colonial Independence; Innovation and Convention—the case for trusteeship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor; The New International Legitimacy—the resurrection of trusteeship; A Universal Society of States?; and Answering the Call of Humanity.
Historical Perspectives and the Politics of Pension Reform
Authors: Clark Gordon L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores the public-private divide with regards to the development of occupational, professional or firm-based pensions in Britain after the Second World War, and how these were accommodated within state schemes. The first section traces the debate surrounding British pension reform in the 1960s, in the period following the introduction of the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme. The second section briefly describes a history of other European pension developments in the same period. The third section offers a comparative overview of these developments. It is argued that when all forms of political and government intervention are taken together, the distinction between public and private in this area remains arbitrary and eclectic.
Is there a Dutch Way to Pension Reform?
Authors: Clark Gordon L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines whether the Dutch pension system is prepared to meet the demands of changing labour markets and an aging population. The stock market crisis in 2002 exposed the vulnerability of Dutch pension funds. As a result, higher premiums are necessary to compensate for falling pension coverage ratios. Moreover, the slowdown in economic growth draws attention to the political difficulty of maintaining a strategy of debt-redemption under a recession. Thus, the pressure for pension reform in the Netherlands is expected to increase in the first decade of the 21st century.
Private Pensions as Partial Substitute for Public Pensions in Germany
Authors: Clark Gordon L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores pension reform in Germany. It begins with a brief overview of the institutional structure of the system of old age protection. Recent pension debates are discussed, and the major elements and effects of the 2001 pension reform are analysed. Pension reform has created a trend towards reducing the benefit level in social insurance. The issue of making private pensions mandatory is expected to be included in the political agenda.
Pension Reform in Sweden and the Changing Boundaries between Public and Private
Authors: Clark Gordon L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores the impact of pension reform in Sweden. It begins with a description of the background of the reform and its elements, including the funded-component and its organisation. The different forms of integration with international financial markets generated by the changes in the funding of the public system, and the public-private interplay in pension provision are discussed. The future of nation-based welfare state from a Swedish perspective is then presented.
Pension Reform in the United Kingdom: Increasing the Role of Private Provision?
Authors: Clark Gordon L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines pension reform in the UK. It argues that future reform of the UK pension system is unnecessary to make it sustainable in terms of costs. Forecast expenditures can be met without tax increases due to large cuts to the state pension system in the last 20 years. However, whether the current system is politically sustainable remains uncertain. Given that a rising percentage of the electorate will be aged over the state pension age, what they expect with regards to retirement income may impact current pension system.
Restructuring Pensions for the Twenty-first Century: The United States’ Social Security Debate
Authors: Clark Gordon L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the debates over the privatisation of Social Security in the United States. It is argued that privatisation alone will not improve Social Security’s finances nor raise returns on employees’ payroll tax contributions. Private accounts will shift the financial risk of the basic pension to the individual and sow the seeds for unravelling the US social insurance system.
The Pluralist Architecture of World Politics
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter reviews the important events surrounding the Peace of Westphalia, which marked the end of the solidarist Middle Ages and the beginning of the pluralist era of modern state-centred politics. It shows how a societas of sovereign states involves a complementary ethics of statecraft, and examines four political responsibilities of independent statespeople. It argues that modern international society is an institutional arrangement that affirms and seeks to uphold normative pluralism in world politics.
Security in a Pluralist World
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines security in international human relations. It argues that the present day world of security is made up of different normative spheres. It remains a pluralist world for all states, but for the West in their own relations, it is also a solidarist world. Respect for human security in the West has almost everything to do with geographical proximity, shared historical experiences, the general legacy of secularised Christian ethics, and the common civic culture of most of these countries.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Kerr Rachel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis book examines the establishment, functions and significance of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. It sought an answer to whether the Tribunal could carry out its duties as an impartial judicial body, given that it was established for political purposes. It is argued that the external political function did not undermine the Tribunal’s status as an impartial judicial body, but rather enhanced its effectiveness.
Jurisdiction: ‘Beyond Any Doubt’?
Authors: Kerr Rachel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe political mandate of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia impacted jurisdiction in three ways. It influenced the drafting of the Statute of the Tribunal in such a way that it became a very conservative document, due to a perceived need to ensure that the law applied by the Tribunal had a sound legal basis. It defined the territorial and temporal jurisdiction of the Tribunal in as much as it was tied to the situation that was deemed a threat to international peace and security. Finally, it impacted the interpretation of jurisdiction by the court because prosecutors and judges tended to view decisions handed down by the court as relevant not only to the case at hand, but to the development of international humanitarian law.
Procedure: ‘Justice Must Not Only be Done, but Must be Seen to be Done’
Authors: Kerr Rachel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines issues associated with the formulation and interpretation of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The main contribution of the jurisprudence of the Tribunal was ironing out some of the complex issues of procedure, which will be useful in cases before the International Criminal Court, national court, and other ad hoc tribunals. The example of the ICTY shows that there are a series of trade-offs that must be managed. Finding the correct balance means understanding the relationship between the internal and external mandate of the Tribunal - justice must be done, and seen to be done.
Cooperation and Judicial Assistance: The Tribunal's ‘Artificial Limbs’
Authors: Kerr Rachel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines the balancing of diplomatic, political, and judicial roles in the operation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. It presents the legal framework for international cooperation and judicial assistance, and discusses the various levels at which cooperation occurs in practice. It argues that nature and extent of cooperation depends on political will. In its early years, the Tribunal had difficulty obtaining political, diplomatic, and logistic support from the very governments that voted for its establishment. The situation has improved over time, notably following the completion of a peace agreement for Bosnia.
An Apolitical or a Political Institution? The Exercise of Prosecutorial Discretion
Authors: Kerr Rachel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter discusses the prosecutorial discretion exercised by three incumbents in the post of Chief Prosecutor in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Justice Richard Goldstone (1994-96), Justice Louise Arbour (1996-99), and Justice Carla Del Ponte (1999 onwards). The Goldstone era was characterised by very public indictments and Rule 61 proceedings aimed at raising the Tribunal’s profile. Arbour deployed the legal force of the Tribunal to ensure that it was a fully functional criminal court by the time she departed. The Del Ponte era was characterised by a more public and open approach to discussing ongoing investigations.
You, The People: The United Nations, Transitional Administration, and State-Building
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Transitional administrations represent the most complex operations attempted by the United Nations. The missions in Kosovo (1999—) and East Timor (1999–2002) are commonly seen as unique in the history of the United Nations. But they may also be seen as the latest in a series of operations that have involved the United Nations in ‘state‐building’ activities, in which it has attempted to develop the institutions of government by assuming some or all of those sovereign powers on a temporary basis. Viewed in light of earlier UN operations, such as those in Namibia (1989–1990), Cambodia (1992–1993), and Eastern Slavonia (1996–1998), the idea that these exceptional circumstances may not recur is somewhat disingenuous. The need for policy research in this area was brought into sharp focus by the weighty but vague responsibilities assigned to the United Nations in Afghanistan (2002—) and its contested role in Iraq (2003—).
This book seeks to fill that gap. Aimed at policy‐makers, diplomats, and a wide academic audience (including international relations, political science, international law, war studies, and development studies), the book provides a concise history of transitional administration and a treatment of the five key issues confronting such operations: peace and security, the role of the United Nations as government, establishing the rule of law, economic reconstruction, and exit strategies. Research for the book has been conducted through extensive field research and interviews with key UN staff and local representatives in almost all of the territories under consideration. The unifying theme is that, while the ends of transitional administration may be idealistic, the means cannot be.