bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Rates of Mutation
Authors: Ostrer Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rate of mutation may be accelerated so that new alleles form in a high proportion of daughter cells. An increased rate of mutation may be a feature of a gene’s structure, which causes its replication to be unfaithful. These structures are commonly referred to as premutations. Alternatively, the machinery for replicating DNA or for repairing replication errors may be flawed as the result of a cell’s genetic constitution or its exposure to mutagenic agents. When these processes alter a mutant gene in the germ line, some offspring are nonpenetrant, whereas others are more severely affected than their parents. If the alteration of a gene occurs preferentially in either an egg or a sperm cell, then there may be a parent-of-origin effect. When these defects occur in gametes or in embryonic somatic cells, they may cause developmental abnormalities. When the mutations occur in somatic cells, they may be lethal to the cell, or they may confer a growth advantage and may even cause the cell to be malignant.
Viral Infection
Authors: Ostrer Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infection by viruses can cause human somatic cells to undergo transient or stable genetic changes. Once inside the cell, the viral nucleic acid may integrate into the host genome or may remain in the unincorporated state. The virus may use host proteins to replicate and package their own genomes and the products of the host’s metabolism as sources of energy. Through their interactions with infected cells, viruses may alter the phenotype of the cell, producing a direct cytotoxic effect, an inflammatory response, or a selective growth advantage. Some viruses may act as true endosymbionts, producing no pathologic effects at all.
Human Variation: Determinism or Chance?
Authors: Ostrer Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past century, the study of human genetics has evolved into a multifaceted discipline with a variety of specialized tools. The application of these tools has demonstrated how the common features of human growth and development, biochemistry and physiology, are transmitted from one generation to the next. Despite the seeming commonality of human inheritance, our individuality in health, in disease, and in aging can be explained by our genetic makeup. This chapter will review the many different genetic processes that have been identified, their effects on phenotypic expression, and the possibilities for identifying other, currently unknown, genetic processes.
The Molecular Clock
Authors: Gillespie John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The molecular clock is an abstraction of the common observation that the number of amino acid or nucleotide substitutions separating a pair of species is roughly proportional to the time back to their common ancestor. For example, Figure 3.1 shows the number of amino acid substitutions in a globin that have occurred on the lineages separating humans from a variety of other species. The figure illustrates two important aspects of the clock. The first is the linear increase in the number of substitutions with time; the second is the variation around the line: the clock is erratic.
Jazz at the Movies
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“One Never Knows,” by the Modern Jazz Quartet, offers music composed by John Lewis and played on the soundtrack of a confused and trashy French sex-pot movie (without Brigitte Bardot), Sait-on Jamais (One Never Knows, but called No Sun in Venice by the American distributors) and even with its faults it represents an achievement in several respects.
Errors of Interest
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz, I read in a recent issue of a national magazine, was born in the brothels of New Orleans. I thought that we had got over that fantasy but apparently not. The publication in question was one of those men’s mammary monthlies, and I suppose the editorship must have been delighted with the idea. There reportedly are not many births that take place in brothels; the idea that a music was one of them must have been quite intriguing.
Biographies, Autobiographies, Profiles, and Oral History
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has taken until recently (1969) for an important American musician (Gunther Schuller) to say in an academic setting (a conference at the University of California at Berkeley) that Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington is a major American composer. He is, unequivocally, one of our greatest composers. But Ellington has been that perhaps since 1930, certainly since 1940. Yet most Americans, including most American musical academicians, if they really know f him at all, think of Ellington the popular song writer. They know of, let us say, Sophisticated Lady or Mood Indigo or Don’t Get Around Much Anymore or Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me. They are less likely to know the instrumental compositions from which these sometimes simplified ditties were derived. And the great Ellington of, let us say, Ko-Ko or Harlem Air Shaft or Blue Serge or Sepia Panorama or Bula or T.G.T.T. remains largely unknown territory.
Grove American I: Not Just Missing Persons
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My acquaintance with The New Grove Dictionary of American Music began when I looked up the vibraharp for some program notes I was working on. After an opening paragraph on the development of the instrument and its relationship to the marimba, the entry mentioned a 1933 piece by Milhaud and, later, another he had revised for vibraharp in 1947. There was mention of pieces by Boulez and Gunther Schuller (his Paul Klee sketches), and a late entry by Steve Reich was also there.
Anxious Somatic Depression During Periods of Changing Gender Roles
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To some readers, the most surprising and controversial finding reported in this book may be that the physical and psychological symptoms associated with gender ambivalence are particularly likely to afflict women who have greater opportunity for educational and professional achievement than their mothers had. The eminent women we studied and many daughters of eminent men were able to achieve successes not possible for their mothers. The cross-cultural literature on depression in India, culture-bound syndrome, and nerves, and the medical writings on chlorosis, hysteria, and neurasthenia point to a high prevalence of the symptoms during periods of increased educational opportunity for women. Contemporary female high school and college students we surveyed who reported concerns about achieving more than their mothers were particularly likely to exhibit the combined symptoms of anxious somatic depression. And over the course of the twentieth century, the prevalence among females compared to males of depression, anorexia, headache, and mitral valve prolapse was greatest among people who matured during periods of large generational increase in rates of female college graduation.
Dave Lambert
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Alden Lambert became well known to the jazz world twice during his life. First during the mid-’ 40s, when he and Buddy Stewart recorded “What’ s This,” a bebop vocal, with Gene Krupa’ s band, and again in the late ‘ 50s when he and Jon Hendricks invented the vocal group Lambert, Hendricks and Ross. In between those periods of success, Dave did a lot of scuffling.
More Scuffling
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fifteen dollars a week that I earned during my summer in Tupper Lake was a small salary even in those days, but I was only spending money on breakfasts, so I came back to the Apple with some cash in my pocket. I made a beeline for Birdland to hear Charlie Parker’ s group with strings. Bird seemed to enjoy mirroring the dignity of the classical musicians he had hired. He conducted the introductions and endings of the arrangements with a serious mien, and when he made announcements, his voice took on a cultured tone. But he hadn’ t become too dignified to swing. Even though the strings sounded a little stiff with a jazz rhythm section, Bird played gloriously.
Gene Quill
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Claude’ s band was booked for a weekend in Hull, Quebec, but when we arrived at the address we had been given, we found the burned out shell of a hotel. There were charred timbers still standing inside crumbling brick walls. We couldn’ t figure it out. There were sizeable seedling, trees growing in the rubble, so we knew the fire hadn’ t been recent. We finally found the ballroom around back. In a fire several years earlier, the front part of the hotel had burned down, but the ballroom and restaurant were still intact, and over them was a floor of undamaged hotel rooms that were now used by the traveling musicians who worked there.
Pee Wee Russell
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gerry Mulligan’ s quartet often played at George Wein’ s Storyville in the Copler. Square Hotel. In the basement of the same hotel, Wein also had a room called . Mahogany Hall, where he featured traditional jazz with musicians like Vic Dickenson and Pee Wee Russell. During one year’ s-end engagement, George wanted to combine both bands in a jam session upstairs at Storyville to welcome the new year. Gerry offered to write an arrangement of “Auld Lang Syne” for the occasion.
Benny Goodman
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1962 I got a call from Benny Goodman’ s manager, Jay Finegold. Benny wanted me to join his new band for a six-week tour of the Soviet Union, with a few concerts across the United States and a week at the Seattle World’ s Fair beforehand. I had been warned by many of Benny’ s ex-sidemen that he was a tough bandleader to work for, but I was seduced by the adventure of the trip, and by the fact that John Bunch had put together a great band for him. Teddy Wilson, Zoot Sims, Phil Woods, Joe Newman, Joe Wilder, Willie Dennis, and Victor Feldman were the main soloists, and my old section mate Mel Lewis was the drummer.
Al the Waiter
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During another week at Chicago’ s London House in the summer of 1965, Gerry Mulligan and I had a disagreement, which I resolved by resigning from the quartet. I went back to New York and worked a variety of gigs around town, and I continued to play frequently with the Brookmeyer-Terry Quintet at the Half Note. That legendary jazz club had developed gradually from a small Hudson Street restaurant. Mike and Sonny Canterino had convinced their father Frank that his business could be expanded by putting music in the back room. The boys liked jazz, and the groups they booked began to attract other jazz lovers. As business improved, they opened up the wall between the bar and the back room, built a bandstand behind the bar and put in more tables and chairs.
Condon’ s, The Playboy Club
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Aileen and I got married, we found an apartment in a building in Chelsea that adjoined the one where Dave McKenna lived. Dave was playing piano with the house band at Eddie Condon’ s club on East Fifty-sixth Street, and he gave them my nall).e when they needed a bass player. Eddie hired me to play one weekend, and it turned into a steady gig.
Condon’ s only used a bass three nights a week. The band did without me Tuesdays through Thursdays. I couldn’ t understand the economic priorities of Condon’ s manager. He could have had a full-time bass player for another $75 a week, but felt the club couldn’ t stand the financial strain. Yet he’ d often grab $200 out of the till and throw it away at the track the next day without giving it a thought. I guess he considered that an investment.
The Realm of Possibility
Authors: Bradley Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter I, I tried to loosen the grip that a certain paradigm has on the thinking of many philosophers. I mean, of course, the actualist paradigm according to which all the materials needed for our metaphysical and logical theorizing are to be found in the actual world and its constituents.1 It is exemplified in Russell’s Theory of Descriptions whose intent is to paraphrase away any apparent references to nonac tual objects.It exerts its influence in the tendency of many philosophers these days to dismiss the “Meinongian excess”, as Russell would put it, of any theory that countenances reference to merely possible worlds or merely possible objects. It manifests itself in the currently orthodox interpretation of the logical symbolism, the existential quantifier “(3x)” in particular, that Russell bequeathed us; an inter pretation that treats all statements about what exists as statements about what exists actually. And, more relevantly (for our present concerns), it shows up in the standard interpretations of the early Wittgenstein’s version of logical atomism, interpre tations that tend to take it for granted that Wittgenstein’s atomism, like Russell’s, was committed to actualism.
The Essence of The World
Authors: Bradley Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present chapter, I have two main goals. First I try to show that Wittgenstein’s metaphysics is an atomistic one insofar as all the complex items in his ontology are constructed from those possibilia which he calls “simple objects”. Second, I try show how his atomism is essentialistic in character insofar as each of his simple objects has an internal nature, constituted by its de re necessary (“essential”) proper ties, which makes it possible for the object to enter into certain combinations and impossible for it to enter into others. The essential properties of his atoms provide the blueprints for the construction of all the other items in his ontology: complex objects, complex properties, complex relations, states of affairs, and possible worlds.
Propositions and the Mirror of the World
Authors: Bradley Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3, I argued that Wittgenstein’s ontology is an atomistic one and that it is infused throughout by modal properties and relations. Not only do his “atoms”, that is, his metaphysically simple objects, have de re necessary, internal natures or forms that determine the range of their possible combinations in more complex entities (complex objects, states of affairs, facts, situations, and whole worlds); each of these complex structured entities, too, has its own essential structural and formal properties and stands in internal relations to other structured entities.
Mental Causation
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beliefs, desires, and other intentional attitudes figure prominently in everyday explanations of intentional human behavior. Sally went to New York, we say, because she believed that she would find her runaway son there. Sam left the lounge, we observe, because he wanted to avoid a quarrel with Sue. If our desires, beliefs, and the like really do help to explain our behavior, it is natural to suppose that they do so at least partly in virtue of their content. If Sally had believed her son to be in Los Angeles instead of New York and Sam had wanted to pick a fight with Sue rather than avoid one, they presumably would have acted differently, other things being equal. Commonsense explanations of intentional behavior in terms of beliefs, desires, reasons and their ilk presuppose the explanatory significance of attitudinal content. This presupposition, traditionally, is reflected in philosophical work on intentional action.
Transition: Introducing Intentions
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion in part I was conducted largely within the framework of a traditional approach to explaining intentional action featuring beliefs, desires, and reasons as central explanatory items. In chapter 2 I identified the central presuppositions of the commonsense idea that (often enough) what we believe, desire, intend, and the like makes a difference in what we do, and I argued that the viability of an associated intentionality, causal approach to the explanation of intentional action is not undermined by recent worries about the causal relevance of the mental. Chapters 3 and 4 tackled the relationship between wanting and intentional action. Chapter 3 advanced a principle relating the two; chapter 4 defended the principle against objections that, I argued, misinterpreted its status. One such objection takes as a premise what I termed the plasticity of motivational strength―roughly, the point (defended at length in Mele 1987a) that normal agents have considerable control over desire-strength. Unless a desire is irresistible, I claimed, it is in some sense up to the agent whether he acts on it. This observation called for a characterization of irresistible desire. The burden of chapter 5 was to produce a successful one. Finally, in chapter 6 I developed an account of the reasons for which we act―effective reasons―that applies to extrinsically and intrinsically motivated action alike.
Physical Properties of Silver Halides
Authors: Tani Tadaaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As described in detail in Chapter 4, photographic sensitivity is based on the formation of a latent image center on a silver halide emulsion grain as a result of its light absorption. A latent image center is a microcluster of silver atoms and is formed by the electronic and ionic processes that take place repeatedly, one after another, when photoelectrons are created as a result of the light absorption of an emulsion grain. The electronic process is the capture of a photoelectron by an electron trap, which is usually provided by chemical sensitization, as described in Chapter 6. The ionic process is the reaction of the trapped electron with an interstitial silver ion to form a silver atom in an emulsion grain.
The Research Setting and Strategies
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We undertook this research in order to describe how different institutional structures either enhance or erode autonomy in long-term care settings. Unlike the acute care settings on which the medical ethics literature has focused, long-term care is an all-encompassing phenomenon that affects all aspects of patients’ lives and, therefore, their autonomy. Although it might have been easier for us to concentrate on the major decisions regarding care and treatment (ie, admission, discharge, and termination of life supports), these are infrequent decisions that have little to do with the day-today lives of those who live in long-term care settings. Consequently, we chose to focus our attention on the routine interactions between staff and patients or residents that form the core of the latter’s daily existence. We will discuss various aspects of these interactions throughout the remainder of this book. First, however, it is helpful to describe the context in which our data was collected and analyzed.
The Value Basis of Long-Term Care
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do values matter? Certainly when we think about the autonomy of nursing home residents, we are concerned primarily with behaviors. We want to know how the staff promotes or undermines the patient’s ability to form goals and to work toward them. We want to look at the behavior of the patients themselves to see to what degree their lives are self-controlled rather than lived at the initiative of others. Our focus is to concentrate on actual behavior, not theoretical values.
Physical Redirection and Restraint
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are few issues more directly relevant to autonomy in long-term care than staff’s use of physical force and restraint. Much of our concern about autonomy for the elderly in long-term care is based on our image of the elderly woman tied up by those who “care for her.” Of course, as we have tried to show here, the loss of autonomy in nursing care institutions is not primarily a problem of physical force. On the contrary, there are a variety of subtle ways in which individual agency is undercut and constrained in the nursing home settip.g. However, the use of force to control an elderly individual’s intentional action remains a major concern. While we have already discussed briefly some of these issues in Chapter 4, the topic requires a more detailed discussion.
A Prodigy’s New England Upbringing
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prodigies Are At Once A Joy and a trial to parents. Watching them leap over barriers, telescope the learning process, and work with the intense concentration that is the mark of the gifted makes parents both proud and grateful for their children’s gifts. However, these very gifts may make parents feel diminished in size, in authority, in competence. Even if gifted children do nothing but follow their bent and never challenge their parents’ authority, their amazing displays of genius give them authority and power. If parents treat them as if they were normal, never admitting to anyone that their children are special, the children know better. If the child’s musical perceptions are of great depth and intensity, prompting urgent and imperious demands for satisfaction, then the parents worry that the child may be abnormal, untamable, even monstrous. If the parents’ religious beliefs place the children’s salvation ahead of earthly gratifications, the problems intensify. If, in addition, the child is a female and born into a tradition that denies women freedom to develop their talents to the full, then the problems multiply-for both parent and child. Clara Imogene Cheney may have had all these thoughts and feelings when she realized that her child was a musical prodigy. The realization came early.
The Cheneys And The Marcys
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Appearance Of A Prodigy may send the family on a search for its roots, for the source of their child’s gift. Perhaps the search is done to show that this special talent did not spring from ordinary clay, thus reducing the asymmetry be tween subject and parents; or it may lend verisimilitude to what essentially is a latter-day reconstruction, a family romance.
Two Ways Of Looking At A Marriage
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amy Marcy Cheney’ s MARRIAGE to Henry Harris Aubrey Beach was, like other human events, a mixed blessing. A May-to-September marriage, not uncommon in the late nineteenth century, the bride was just past eighteen, the groom a widower just short of forty-three, a little older than her father. An eminently successful man, Henry Beach (1843-1910) was a surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital who taught surgery at Harvard Medical School and had a large general practice among Boston’s social and cultural elite.
The Composer at The Keyboard: Beach Plays Beach
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At First Glance, Amy Beach’s performing schedule seems an active one, much more so than the Beaches’ marriage agreement-whether explicit or implicit-would have indicated, suggesting that despite all she had a concert career. The appearance, however, is deceptive. During her twenty-five years of marriage, Beach made on average one guest appearance and played one or occasionally two recitals each year. She had no concert manager and made no national or international tours; in fact, she hardly ever left Boston. As she said, her husband wanted her at home.