bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Judgments: The Way Forward
Authors: O'Brian William E. 
Published: July 2003

This article analyses the proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Judgments, which has been the subject of lengthy and ongoing negotiations. The issues that continue to divide the parties centre on differences between approaches to jurisdiction broadly similar to those used in Europe, and the approach used in the United States. The most comprehensive draft of the Hague Convention starts from a European approach, but makes a number of concessions to the US approach. The United States has rejected this draft, and the parties appear to have accepted this rejection and are now discussing whether a narrower convention can be drafted upon which the parties can reach consensus.The article argues that the broad draft convention was a sound one, that it made all of the concessions to the US approach that were warranted, and that the goal of harmonising world approaches to jurisdiction in civil cases would be better promoted by adopting the broader convention, if necessary without the participation of the United States.
Documenting the self: Abelard and the individual in history*
Authors: Clanchy Michael 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Were medieval people aware of themselves as individuals? The history of self-consciousness begins with the Italian Renaissance, Burckhardt argued. Against this, medievalists have often cited Abelard's Historia calamitatum (his ‘story of calamities’). This article argues that Historia calamitatum is a history of Abelard's feelings, especially of his need for fame, and in this way it documents the self. But Historia calamitatum presents two Abelards: he is the ‘Palatine’– courtly, jesting and formidable – and he is equally a humble monk and Christian apologist. How did a medieval individual propagate such persistent and contradictory public images of himself?
The Ordinance for the trial of Charles I
Authors: Kelsey Sean 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
During the English civil wars, parliament passed legislation in the form of ordinances – statute laws not requiring the king's assent. In late December 1648 a rump house of commons drafted an Ordinance for the trial of Charles I. Its rejection by the house of lords prompted the Commons to assume the power to legislate alone. The abortive Ordinance and the more famous Act for the trial of the king differ in ways which lend minor additional insights into the struggles at Westminster which complicated the task of bringing Charles I to justice.
Clerical responses to the Jacobite rebellion in 1715
Authors: Abbott Susannah 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
This article examines sermons published by Church of England clergymen and dissenters during the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. It shows that while some clergymen supported Jacobitism, most were determined to create a broad-based opposition to the Stuart Pretender. To achieve this, the clergy carefully selected themes and arguments to ensure that all English Protestants – radical dissenters, low churchmen and high churchmen – could join the campaign against the Pretender. Above all, clergymen used the language of anti-popery and preached the duty of Christian obedience to the king. In the immediate aftermath of the rebellion, however, this consensus began to break down, and divisions between high and low churchmen re-opened.
The Proclamation Society, William Mainwaring and the Theatrical Representations Act of 1788
Authors: Baker Jean N. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The Theatrical Representations Act of 1788 was a landmark in the annals of provincial theatre history as it was the immediate catalyst for the explosion of theatre building that took place at the end of the eighteenth century. This article investigates the evidence that William Wilberforce's Proclamation Society, set up in 1787 in response to the perceived ‘moral crisis’ of that period, was closely involved in the enactment of this legislation. The part played by William Mainwaring, a member of the Society and a Middlesex magistrate, in the events that culminated with this Act is also examined.
‘Fast couples’: technology, gender and modernity in Britain and Germany during the nineteen-thirties*
Authors: Rieger Bernhard 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
This article examines the images of modernity that surrounded two famous married couples in Germany and Britain during the nineteen-thirties who owed their status as popular stars to the mastery of innovative technologies. In Britain, pilots Amy Johnson and James Mollison galvanized attention, while the German public eagerly followed the lives of aviatrix Elly Beinhorn and her husband, racing driver Bernd Rosemeyer. The first part of this article examines how in both countries racing drivers and solo pilots personified a modernity characterized by constant dynamic acceleration that confronted the individual with novel challenges. The ensuing two sections demonstrate how contrasting notions of nationalism, gender and companionship account for differences in the couples' public images which, in turn, modified the concepts of modernity associated with them in Britain and Germany.
The National Health Service in Scotland, 1947–74: Scottish or British?*
Authors: Stewart John 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Using previously unused or underused primary evidence, this article analyses the National Health Service in Scotland from its inception in 1947 to the reorganization of 1974. A thematic approach is adopted to show that, on the one hand, the Scottish health services were subject to similar Treasury constraints on expenditure as elsewhere in Great Britain; but that, on the other, there is a strong case for seeing the N.H.S. in Scotland as exhibiting a high degree of autonomy. It is further argued that this was, from the outset, justified and consolidated by the particular characteristics of Scottish history, geography and governance.
Scottish missionaries and the end of empire: the case of Nyasaland*
Authors: Stuart John 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
In 1960 Church of Scotland missionaries in the British colony of Nyasaland ostensibly fulfilled their commitment to transition from ‘mission’ to ‘Church’. This process of transition was, however, marked by ambiguity, much of which related to Nyasaland's political status. Opinion within the missions and the Church of Scotland differed greatly as to whether (and for how long) colonial rule should continue. Controversy on the matter ranged beyond Nyasaland and Scotland, with missionary activities attracting the attention not only of colonial and imperial governments but of a range of unofficial but interested groups and religious organizations. This article examines one important aspect of the ambiguous missionary response to the ‘end of empire’ in British colonial Africa.
Young People, Photography and Engagement
Authors: Stanley Nick 
Published: July 2003

AbstractOver ten years research into photography and education has been undertaken at Birmingham Institute of Art and Design in collaboration with the Arts Council of England, West Midlands Arts, and local community photography agencies. A range of case studies were undertaken to explore how young people used photography, particularly in self‐empowerment. These ranged from students in Further Education challenging concepts of visual stereotypes of disability, young lesbian, gay and bisexual people constructing their own website, and individuals and groups creating and modifying their own images in a shopping centre. A democratic action research methodology was developed to enable the young people to establish their own agenda and generate standards for evaluating their work. A particular feature of the later research was a self‐reflective journal that was shared between the researcher and everyone engaged in the project. This resource has considerable potential in photography and elsewhere in art and design education.
Making a Difference? An Evaluation of Professional Knowledge and Pedagogy in Art and ICT
Authors: Loveless Avril 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe paper presents a research perspective on a Secondary school‐based project,, Art on the Net, which explored the interaction between practising artists, students and teachers using digital technologies in the visual and performance arts in school settings. The study illustrated the role that art education plays not only in providing an authentic context for the use of digital technologies, but also in offering insights into conceptualising the nature of ICT capability.The analysis for this paper highlights key themes arising for participants engaged in such intervention projects and illustrates the interaction between professional knowledge and pedagogy in Art and ICT.
Chrisi Bailey Award
Authors: Dewdney Andrew 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe Arts Council run Chrisi Bailey Award for young people's photography in schools is now entering it fifteenth year. The spirit of the award remains that of Chrisi Bailey's own view of photography as, an active medium of participation, through which the child can make discoveries, record and communicate about themselves and the world around them. This paper uses the work of the Chrisi Bailey Award as a kind of historical record, an archive, which can now be looked at in terms of changes in photography, representation and education. It asks three related questions. What view of creative, educational practice is present in the school projects? What view of representation is encoded in the selected images? What view of photography and its technologies are embedded in the children's practices? Through answering these questions the paper attempts to chart continuities and changes in our understanding of the cultural politics of self‐representation and the effects of digital technologies upon photographic practice. The paper reflects upon the tradition of photography in education and attempts to update its agendas.
Vivarium
Authors: Waugh Mark 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis contribution is an introduction to an online forum, Vivarium, at the new open¦ed web site. The site will be accessible to an audience of: educationalists, artists, producers, development agencies and funding bodies. The forum will discuss the artist as educator, the culture of art in education, and explicitly Live Art as tool for rendering social issues for exploration in the classrooms of the future.In an era of global ecologies of information, offering users data on everything from hydroponics to Derrida's text The Truth in Painting, fertile knowledge is increasingly accessed through non‐hierarchical networks. In such a terrain, a new post‐pedagogical approach to creativity appears essential if we hope to excite, channel and challenge young people.This paper charts a series of critical issues that readers are invited to develop and discuss online, but perhaps more importantly signifies potential topics that might return in a series of subsequent dialogues commissioned by the Arts Council England for Vivarium. The broader aim of Vivarium is to create a context to frame potential initiatives that might be delivered through Creative Partnerships, the unprecedented Arts Council England initiative, promoting cultural and creative activity for young people.
The Artist‐Teacher Scheme as Postgraduate Professional Development in Higher Education
Authors: Adams Jeff 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe Artist‐Teacher scheme has been established in recent years to encourage, revive and maintain the creative practice of visual arts teachers. Higher education institutions providing postgraduate qualifications have completed their pilot phases of the scheme, and the first postgraduate certificates and degrees have been awarded. This paper describes and illustrates work of students on these courses, and the relationship of their renewed creativity to their experience as professional teachers. The information was drawn from interviews with students, staff and initiators of the scheme, as well as student evaluations. There is a summary of the history of the scheme and a description of its recent manifestation in the pilot postgraduate programmes. The paper also includes a discussion and analysis of features of the Artist‐Teacher scheme: the gallery collaborations, the relationship of theory to practice and to pedagogy. Students' responses to the scheme are discussed and, finally, emerging evidence of the positive impact that the Artist‐Teacher scheme is having on classroom performance is considered. Although ATS continues to exist in a number of forms, such as summer schools and day/evening classes and part‐time postgraduate certificate/Masters degrees, it is the mainly latter that is the focus of this paper.
Art in Question
Authors: Raney Karen 
Published: July 2003

Abstract Art in Question is one of the outcomes of the Arts Council's research into visual literacy. The book was launched on 11th March, 2003 at Bloomberg, London, with a conversation between the author and two of the contributors to the book, writer Sadie Plant and Professor of English and Art History, WJT Mitchell. This article is an edited transcript of that conversation. Plant and Mitchell begin by talking about points of uncertainty in their work which moved it forward. They go on to discuss the so‐called ‘pictorial turn’, and ways in which contemporary art and film have taken on the subjects of bioengineering and the electronic revolution. Referring to images from Poussin and Dada, to a WWI recruiting poster and, Jurassic Park, the conversation suggests that both technological and political developments are posing fresh challenges to the visual arts.
Gallery Education
Authors: Möersch Carmen 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis paper takes the form of a conversation about gallery education between Carmen Moersch and myself Mariam Sharp. It will draw from in‐depth research by Moersch who is currently undertaking a PhD comparing Gallery Education in Germany and England and considers the differences in England and Germany and to some extent Europe generally. The article touches on Carmen's role as an artist and relates to the role of the artist in socially engaged arts practices. In England outreach practices extend the work beyond the gallery and Moersch's research explores case studies in the UK that develop these models of working. The conversation started at the Engage conference at the Baltic in Newcastle in November 2002 and continued into early 2003 via email and was informed by my experience as the lead officer for gallery education at the Arts Council of England's National Office.
The Role of Artists in Sites for Learning
Authors: Reiss Vivienne , Pringle Emily 
Published: July 2003

AbstractSocially engaged, participatory and educational arts activities have been recognised by artists as a legitimate area of creative practice for a considerable time. Current policy initiatives around social inclusion and life long learning demonstrate that this government has a keen interest in the transformative nature of creativity and participation in arts activity. This paper explores the significance of the, Arts Council's Artists in Sites for Learning Scheme and a related piece of research within the context of recent cultural agendas and governmental policy initiatives. The research examined the ‘forms of engagement’ that occur between artists, participants and others and concludes that the role the artist inhabits within this form of creative practice is multifaceted and highly sophisticated. This paper also raises key issues concerning the ‘value’ and critical assessment of this form of practice and the need for appropriate support for (and evaluation of) it in the future.
A Short Genealogy of Ersatz Love
Authors: Casely‐Hayford Augustus 
Published: July 2003

AbstractOver the last century hundreds of appliquéd Ghanaian flags have found their way onto the market of the large western auction houses. In this paper, Augustus Casely‐Hayford traces the trajectory of these objects as they have changed hands and value, to reveal how significance and meaning are traded, how the reading of these Asafo flags has profoundly altered over time and across cultures, how Western epistemologies can re‐categorise and re‐define other cultures to make them like their own and how the commodification of these objects has not only obscured their meaning for people in the West, but has changed the meaning of these flags for those who create and use them.
Executive and Motivational Control of Performance Task Behavior, and Autonomic Heart‐rate Regulation in Children: Physiologic Validation of Two‐factor Solution Inhibitory Control
Authors: Mezzacappa Enrico , Kindlon Daniel , Saul J. Philip , Earls Felton 
Published: July 2003

Forty‐two (42) children (mean age 10.6 years) from mainstream public (N= 22) and therapeutic schools (N= 20) completed performance tasks assessing executive and motivational influences on motor responses. In a separate protocol, children underwent physiologic challenges of paced breathing and supine to standing postural change, while heart rate was continuously monitored.Executive control was associated with vagal modulation of respiratory driven, high‐frequency heart‐rate variability (t= 2.20, p < .03), whereas motivational control was associated with sympathetic modulation of posturally driven, low‐frequency heart‐rate variability (t= ‐2.22, p < .03). These findings supported a two‐factor solution of inhibitory control derived in a previous study.
The Role of Resource Access, Market Considerations, and the Nature of Innovation in Pursuit of Standards in the New Product Development Process
Authors: Sahay Arvind , Riley Debra 
Published: July 2003

Standards influence new product development (NPD) in high‐technology markets. However, existing work on standards has focused exclusively on one aspect of standards—compatibility standards. This article has the following goals. First, we delineate the concept of customer interface standards as distinct from compatibility standards. This distinction is important from a product development and technology adoption perspective. Second, we propose and show that antecedent factors may motivate a firm differently about the emphasis that the firm should put on a type of standard (compatibility or customer interface) that it follows. For example, we propose that appropriability regime affects pursuit of customer interface standards and compatibility standards differently. Finally, we illustrate how resource access and the nature of the innovation also influence a firm's decision to pursue a standard type. Finally, we propose that pursuit of different standards (customer interface or compatibility) affects the NPD process in terms of (1) sourcing and dissemination of technology and (2) the customer utility for the product, which influences adoption.We collected perceptual data from a sample of marketing and technology managers in high‐tech industries in the UK using both formative and reflective scales to measure the constructs. Analysis of the data using LISREL supports our contention that compatibility standards and customer interface standards are distinct constructs and that appropriability regime influences compatibility standards and customer interface standards differently. We also find that pursuit of compatibility standards helps a firm to create direct externalities pursuit of customer interface standards helps firms to develop indirect network externalities and technological advantage in the market.Our findings have the following implications. First, managers need to account explicitly for the difference between compatibility and customer interface standards, as resource allocation decisions during the NPD process will determine where a firm puts more focus. The choices made by the firm—as to whether it pursues compatibility standards or customer interface standards—will determine the type of advantage that it can gain in the market. Given a firm's situation at a point in time, a greater focus on one standard type rather than the other may be the right approach. Such choices will influence resource allocation in the product development process.
The Influence of Knowledge Accumulation on Buyer‐Supplier Codevelopment Projects
Authors: Appleyard Melissa M. 
Published: July 2003

This article investigates innovation across a supply chain and considers how knowledge accumulation as a consequence of buyer‐supplier codevelopment projects can influence the projects' specifications. The setting is the semiconductor industry, and the players are chip producers who cooperate with their suppliers to modify their manufacturing equipment used to produce new semiconductor devices.Two detailed case studies were undertaken to determine the tradeoffs encountered by the buyer and supplier when setting the parameters that govern codevelopment projects. The findings from the case studies inform a conceptual framework that outlines the net payoffs to buyers when deciding whether to “make” or “buy” their production equipment. If buyers pursue the “make” option, they then have to decide the degree to which they sponsor modifications tailored to their production processes or modifications more generally applicable across the industry. More generally applicable modifications likely would prompt suppliers to invest relatively more in follow‐on knowledge creation for upgrades and field support while leading to lower equipment costs due to economies of scale from larger production runs of the new equipment. The framework suggests that when making this sequence of decisions, an innovative buyer also weighs the importance of codevelopment for securing intellectual property rights, guaranteeing early access to new equipment enabling early product launch, and achieving high production yields quickly due to “previewing” the equipment.The conceptual framework leads to a multi‐period model that focuses on the importance of knowledge accumulation for project parameterization. As captured by the model, buyers may prefer generally applicable modifications to customized ones, because generally applicable modifications may lead to greater knowledge accumulation at the supplier. This knowledge accumulation may be either “embodied” in equipment upgrades or “unembodied” in improved field support.In addition to shaping the nature of particular codevelopment projects, knowledge accumulation also may have profound implications for long‐run industry structure. As seen in the semiconductor industry, knowledge accumulation at equipment suppliers has contributed to the rise of contract manufacturers, because these manufacturers can outfit their production facilities with equipment that embodies the accumulated knowledge. These findings suggest that for both short‐run and long‐run reasons, the dynamics of knowledge accumulation merit thorough attention when members of a supply chain cooperate during the course of new product development.