bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Drug Dealers: A Case Study of Pharmacy, an Integrated Occupation
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the 1% census SAR is used for a case study of pharmacists. Looking at a particular occupational group allows us to draw together the themes of previous chapters, to provide a more rounded view of one example of an integrated occupation, and to consider the links between themes. Chapters 9 and 10 synthesize the analysis and draw conclusions. The approach here is an empirical synthesis, via a strategic case study, while Chapter 10 focuses on theoretical conclusions and policy implications.
The Dynamics of the Lebanese Christians: From the Paradigm of the cammiyyat to the Paradigm of Hwayyek
Authors: Picard Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reason why it is pertinent to consider the political dynamics of the Lebanese Christians is that these dynamics seem to be even more seriously blocked in the last few years, since the cease-fire (October—December 1990), than during the war (1975-90). The crisis of Lebanese Christians, which has occupied the headlines since the Zouk attack in 1994, is deeper than the term inbāt (disenchantment) implies. There are many causes and many aspects of it. The demographic factor is important, as well as the socio-economic aspects, but the cultural aspect must not be ignored either. Above all it derives from the thorny question of the relationship between the State and the communities throughout Lebanese history, particularly after the adoption of the Taëf agreements at the end of the war (October 1989). The crisis of the Christians is therefore not so much a marginal question concerning only a specific and limited group, but a precursory sign of the recomposition going on in the political sphere in the Middle East.
The Practice of Soka Gakkai Buddhism
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE have already described how chanting, study, and the goal of world peace through individual enlightenment are three main pillars of Sok.a Gakkai Buddhism. However, any religion as it is actually practiced and understood by the members themselves can vary considerably from what is officially prescribed. This chapter describes Sok.a Gakkai Buddhism as it is practiced and understood by the members who responded to the 1997 survey. We begin by classifying respondents according to their degree of involvement in SGI. Two dimensions of involvement —private and social —are identified and used to categorize respondents as core, general, or marginal members. As might be expected, the respondents’ understanding of their religion and their commitment to its practices vary with degree of involvement.
Encounter, Recruitment, and Conversion
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1996, 1 out of every 8 respondents to the General Social Survey replied “none” when asked about their religious preference. This means that about 12 percent of all Americans are unchurched and, in a sense, potentially available for recruitment to a religious organization. In the last chapter, we learned that up to 24 percent of all Americans fit the “transmodern” value profile. Taken together, therefore, about 3 of every 100 people (12 percent x 24 percent) SGI-USA members encounter randomly in their daily lives are potential recruits to Sok.a Gakkai Buddhism.
Discretion and Control
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evidence of the previous chapter, there were strong trends in the early 1990s for employees to gain increased discretion in their work. Does this mean more than a change in the way work is organized and carried out? Does it mean that employers are now prepared to trust their employees more than they did in the past, to permit them a greater degree of autonomy, and to rely primarily on the individual’s own commitment? Does this, in short, herald a transformation of the relationships between the employer and the employee, the manager and the subordinate? and the subordinate? Certainly, the late 1980s and early 1990s witnessed a transformation in the vocabulary of management.
The Flexible Workforce? The Employment Conditions of Part-Time and Temporary Workers
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central theme of the literature on the changing structure of employment has been the rapid expansion of a flexible or peripheral sector of the workforce. This is seen as a consequence of the greater competitiveness and volatility of advanced capitalist economies that resulted from the energy crises of the 1970s, the growth of competition from the cheaper labour economies of the third world, and the pressures of European integration. These changed economic conditions, it is argued, have led employers to abandon the relatively secure employment policies of the early post-war decades in favour of the construction of a two-tier workforce.1 With advanced technologies there is still a need for a core of skilled employees, with a high level of job security.
Employment Commitment and Job Expectations
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point, we have been looking primarily at changes in the nature of work-in the work task, in forms of control, and in the level of job insecurity. In the final chapters of the book, we focus on employees’ responses to these changes. How did the trends towards higher skill levels, more pervasive control, and heightened insecurity affect people’s sense of satisfaction and involvement in the work they were doing? What were their implications for levels of work strain and psychological well-being? How did they affect employees’ sense of commitment to their organizations? The impact of changes in work is likely to depend, at least in part, on the centrality of work to people’s lives.
Chosen Peoples: Why Ethnic Groups Survive*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The persistence of ethnic communities is a neglected area of research. The study of ethnies over long time-spans requires comparison of different pat-terns of ethnic survival, in terms of symbols and myths of ethnic election. Such myths can be found in the ancient Near East, in Judea, Greece, Armenia, Persia, as well as Byzantium, Russia and Western Europe, mobilizing and inspiring ethnic survival. Four main patterns of ethnic survival are outlined: imperial-dynastic, communal-demotic, emigrant-colonist and diaspora¬ restoration. In each case, modern nationalism reinforces and politicizes the old myths of ethnic election and its forms and intensity can be explained in terms of these patterns of ethnic survival.
National Identity and the Idea of European Unity*
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the project of European integration began, at issue has always been whether a European political identity could develop to underpin political unification. Is a genuine European identity possible? Anthony Smith takes up the question from the standpoint of his work on nationalism. Why is it that we are witnessing a revival of nationalism even as the globalizing trends of post-industrial society become clearer? Established cultures are essentially antithetical to the development of a cosmopolitan culture, he writes, which poses problems for a European identity. If this is to do more than coexist weakly alongside national and subnational identities, it may come at a dangerous price-only if Europe defines itself exclusively against other world actors.
Theories of Managerial Action and their Impact on the Conceptualization of Executive Careers
Authors: Alvarez Jose Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I intend to show how the diffusion of new organizational forms makes theories of action a fruitful perspective to address the challenges presented by the careers of executives in contemporary organizations. The chapter has affinities with Weick’s (1996) argument that trends towards the softening and fragmentation of organizational structures favor the impact on social systems of enactment attempts by career actors. In other words, in the absence or lesser salience of external cues provided by strong, hierarchical structures, such as clear lines of command or detailed instructions for performance, actors such as managers ought to rely more on internal guides. Psychological dispositions will be more important than external organizationall scripts.
Living Lives of Change: Examining Facets of Women Managers’ Career Stories
Authors: Marshall Judi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall explore various facets of women managers’ career stories. I shall reflect on senior women managers’ career patterns and decision making by examining content themes that appear in the stories of women who have experienced significant career transitions or reviews. I shall also look at what forms these accounts took and aspects of how they were told. I am working critically with an interest in narrative. There is currently abundant attention to the notions of narrative and story and their relevance to researching people’s lives (e.g. Rosenwald and Ochberg 1992; Mumby 1993; Lincoln and Denzin 1994; Lincoln 1997; Denzin 1997). Understanding narratives as constructions of truth generated through complex, active (individual, interpersonal, and social) processes of sensemaking, self-presentation, and interpretation is seen by many as a pathway beyond the social realism we can no longer claim in our research (Lincoln and Denzin 1994). I approve this general direction, but am also concerned that working with narrative can become as conventionalized and stylized as any other form of inquiry.
Introduction
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deregulation will not necessarily lead to increased competition across all Japanese industries. Rather, as Japan’s postwar industrial policy regime crumbles and the regulating ministries become less potent, many industries rely more than ever on the practice of “self-regulation” (jishu kisei)—using trade associations to enforce trade rules and market controls. As argued here, “post-developmental” Japan will be characterized by increasing self-regulation through trade associations. As a result of self-regulation, many markets will remain as restricted as they are today, but this restriction will be based more on trade practices established by trade associations and less on government intervention in the marketplace. Thus, the demise of ministerial regulatory power and the process of deregulation are unlikely to have a positive impact on Japan’s trade relations with other nations, because most associations remain exclusive in nature. Many Japanese industries will continue to use their domestic markets as profit sanctuaries.
Japan’s Trade Associations in the 1990s
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand fully why self-regulation is so important and how it is administered, it is necessary to take an in-depth look at the structure and function of Japan’s trade associations. This chapter outlines how many trade associations there are in Japan, how large they are, how they are organized, and what they do. The Japanese Fair Trade Commission defines a trade association (jigyosha dantai) as “a combination (or federation of combinations) of two or more firms that has as one of its principal purposes the furtherance of common business interests” (JFTC 1995: 7). The definition’s focus on business interests excludes scientific societies, public service organizations, and religious organizations from this group.
Antitrust Policy and Industrial Policy in the Postwar Period
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economic development of Japan in the postwar years can be divided into three major parts: the period of “rapid growth” (1955-72), the period of “moderate, stable growth” (1977-87), and the “bubble and post-bubble recession” (1987-97). The goals of economic policy and the ways in which these policies were implemented changed significantly during these phases. Moreover, while antitrust policy was clearly trumped by the goals of industrial policy between 1955 and 1975, the “oil shock” of the early 1970s and the subsequent revision of the Antimonopoly Law in 1977 gave the Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC)1 more power to object to MITI-sponsored cartels. Yet, even in the 1990s the JFTC was not an independent, strong antitrust watchdog. To understand how the forces between the industrial ministries and the JFTC played out in the 1990s and how these developments influenced industry self-regulation, it is important to examine the background of the current situation.
Self-Regulation and the Antimonopoly Law
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political prerogatives established by industrial policy and the national effort to “catch up” have limited the political standing and independence of Japan’s Fair Trade Commission (JFTC) over time. In addition to the political constraints, the JFTC’s power to enforce antitrust policy is also constrained by the wording of the Antimonopoly Law (AML) itself, and the interpretation and processes of implementation that developed around the law during the postwar period. By explaining the logic of the Japanese antitrust system, this chapter shows how and why existing legal doctrine makes it difficult for the JFTC to prosecute anti-competitive behavior, in particular regarding the multifaceted activities of self-regulation. While protective self-regulation aims at closing markets and restraining competition, and is thus largely outlawed by the antitrust law, many parts of administrative self-regulation, too, can easily result in entry barriers or other restrictions of exchange. Thus, even the rule-making activities of trade associations sometimes entail boycotts, refusals to deal with nonmembers and similar market constraints. Antitrust law calls such market restrictions “unfair trade practices”, and while they are outlawed in Japan, these practices have not been prosecuted stridently.
The Evidence—Antitrust Enforcement and Self-Regulation in Postwar Japan
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1991, Japan’s Fair Trade Commission announced that it would launch a criminal investigation into the behavior of the eight vinyl wrap companies, given their repeated violations of the antitrust law. At the time, Denka had a market share of less than 10% and was involved in a battle with Nihon Carbide and Riken Vinyl for the Number 4 position in the industry. A price fixing agreement was therefore disadvantageous to the company, and many wondered why Denka’s “prudent” managers would allow themselves to get wrapped up in this cartel at a time when collusion was detrimental.
Data Analysis: Trade Associations and Self-Regulation
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the case studies have suggested that self-regulation is widespread and that antitrust policy is less than effective in stopping its increase, there remains a question about how prevalent such activities are, and how industries differ in the extent to which they self-regulate. If differences exist, what explains them? More important, are there predictors of self-regulation that help us determine, for example, which industries are most likely to be strongly cooperative? Understanding predictors of self-regulation also permits us to forecast the likely effects of changes in the overall economic situation or in organizational stucture on an association’s activities. For instance, how is self-regulation affected if an industry agrees on standardized product characteristics? And are there organizational features of trade associations that support self-regulation and can thus be used as identifiers of such activities? The policy implications of these findings are obvious: being able to predict the degree of self-regulation in an industry using trade association data offers a new way of gauging how closed a certain product market is, and how effective it would be to push for market opening, either as a competitor or through political means. Foreign firms that want to enter Japan’s markets may find it useful to analyze the existing situation of self-regulation prior to making substantial investments.
The Implications
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japan’s system of political economy and regulation is unlikely to converge with the U.S. system, at least in the medium run, because changes brought about by deregulation are not leading to the adoption of a more transparent, accessible system. Instead, the supposedly market-opening effects of deregulation are being offset by increasing self-regulation through trade associations. Self-regulation refers to a system whereby the leading firms of an industry, through their association, design the rules of trade for their industry and enforce these rules through self-designed sanctions. The primary objectives of self-regulation are to “self-promote”, i.e., to increase firms’ competitiveness, or to “self-protect”, i.e., to shield an industry from competition. The resulting “cooperative system” in Japan is markedly different from the Anglo-Saxon market model as it allows incumbent firms to contain competition. It also deviates from continental European patterns where industry, while influential, has less power in the regulatory processes than in Japan.
The Cultural Consequences of Cults
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prospectus sent to participants in the conference on the future of new religious movements included the statement that we were ‘to anticipate what the future holds for these groups and, by extension, for American society as a whole’. Those highlighted words are the subject of this essay, the only essay in the originally published volume that blithely ignores the new religious movements (NRMs) themselves, so to speak, and instead speculates generally about the US in the twenty-first century in light of the fact that NRMs came on the scene during the final third of the twentieth.
Introduction
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many who consider that logic, as a branch of mathematics, has a some what special status that distinguishes it from all the others. Curiously, both its keenest adversaries and some of its most enthusiastic disciples concur with this conception which places logic near the margin of mathematics, at its border, 01 even outside it. For the first, logic does not belong to ‘real’ mathematics; the others, on the contrary, see it as the reigning discipline within mathematics, the one tha1 transcends all the others, that supports the grand structure.
Boolean algebras
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we identify logically equivalent formulas of the propositional calculus, we obtain a set on which, in a natural way, we can define a unary operation and two binary operations which correspond respectively to negation, to conjunction, and to disjunction. The structure obtained in this way is an example of a Boolean algebra. Another example of a Boolean algebra is provided by the set of subsets of a given set together with the operations of complementation, intersection, and union (which, by the way, are often called Boolean operations).
Growth And Fabrication Of Semiconductor Devices For Hot-Electron Research
Authors: Harris J J , Foxon C T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The performance of many electronic devices is influenced by, and in some cases dependent on, hot-electron effects. With the advent of highly controlled epitaxial deposition systems such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metallorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE), coupled with the development of lithographic processes capable of submicron definition, not only has the realization of many novel device structures become possible, but the topic of hot-electron behaviour has been opened up to a wide variety of investigative techniques. Electronic devices can be thought of as being composed of basic building blocks such as p-n junctions, electrostatic or heterojunction barriers, carrier drift regions, etc., and the related hot-electron research has largely been concerned with studying electron (or hole) motion through, or light emission from, such structures. (Carrier heating by absorption of radiation has also been much studied, but will not be considered here.) Generation techniques for hot carriers can be broadly divided into two categories, (a) acceleration and drift under an applied electric field, and (b) carrier injection from a high-energy emitter into a low-energy region. Within these classifications, a range of semiconductor structures has been applied to the study of hot-electron effects, and this chapter will describe the basic concepts involved, the materials and growth methods used, the implications of the designs for the structural and electronic properties of the grown materials, and the fabrication techniques necessary to produce such structures.
Non-equilibrium phonons and instabilities in quantum wells
Authors: Balkan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Instabilities associated with non-linear transport in semiconductors have been investigated from the beginning of transistor physics in the 1940s. See for a review Balkan et al. (1993). Hot-electron instabilities that occur as a result of any particular form of negative differential resistance (NDR) are discussed in detail by Ridley and Hess in Chapters 1 and 2, respectively, of this book. These instabilities are often associated with self-generated temporal current or oscillations, and self-organized spatiotemporal pattern formation like high-field domain formation, or more complex spatiotemporal dynamics. These are discussed by Scholl in Chapter 9.
Monte Carlo simulation of hot electrons in semiconductor devices
Authors: Jacoboni C , Abramo A , Brunetti* R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Monte Carlo (MC) method is a very general mathematical tool for the solution of a large variety of problems (see e.g. Binder 1984). The techniques used by this method are based on the selection of random numbers according to given probability distributions. In its present form, the method was developed by Fermi, von Neumann, and Ulam, for the Manhattan project.
Basic Concepts Of High-Energy Electron Diffraction
Authors: Peng L -M , Dudarev S L , Whelan M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of electron diffraction was discovered by Davisson and Germer (Davisson and Germer, 1927) in the USA and independently by Thomson and Reid (Thomson and Reid, 1927) in Scotland, who observed that electrons scattered by a crystal form an interference pattern similar to the pattern formed by light waves scattered by a diffraction grating. These observations provided the most convincing and straightforward test of the basic principles of wave mechanics, and the technique of electron diffraction has since undergone extensive development and found many fields of application. Among the diffraction methods commonly used in the analysis of crystal structures, which include X-ray, neutron and electron diffraction, the latter exhibits the highest level of sensitivity. Electrons interact with a solid between 100 to 1000 times more strongly than do X-rays or neutrons.