bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Indian in Western Legal Thought
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Williams, a legal scholar and Native American of the Lumbee tribe, here traces the evolution of contemporary legal thought on the rights and status of the American Indian and indigenous tribal peoples. Beginning with an analysis of the Christian crusading era and its contribution to the West’s legal discourses on ‘heathen’ and ‘infidel’ peoples’ rights, Williams explores the sources and transformations of ideas that justified the New World conquests of Spain, England, and America. Long-held notions of the legality of European subjugation and colonization of ‘savage’ and ‘barbarian’ societies, he argues, impelled the West’s conquests in America. Today, the echoes of those racist and Eurocentric prejudices still reverberate in Westen legal discourse regarding native peoples’ rights. Williams argues strongly for the rejection of Western legal conceptions that reduce tribal people to culturally, politically, and morally inferior beings. He advocates the recognition of the equal sovereignty of indigenous nations to govern themselves in the world community. This work stands out as an important contribution to the growing movement for broader acceptance of indigenous peoples’ rights as sovereign, self-determining entities.
Dynamic Tension in Innovative, High Technology Firms: Managing Rapid Technological Change Through Organizational Structure
Authors: Schoonhoven Claudia Bird , Jelinek Mariann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People look at organizational change as, “Somebody did something wrong.” That’ s nuts, because there’ s absolutely no reason why an organization that you created two years ago has any relevance to the organization that you need two years from now. The beauty of this business is that the technology will always change (and thus) the organization, the interfaces, the customer interfaces, and the vendor interfaces are always going to change, because of the technology.
Resonant Two-Photon Ionization Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules in Supersonic Jets Volatilized by Pulsed Laser Desorption
Authors: Lubman David M , Li Liang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) remains one of the most powerful means of chemical analysis based on exact mass identification of molecular species. One of the most active areas within this field has been the development of new and more versatile ionization sources. For identification purposes soft ionization methods are often desirable in which only the molecular or parent ion is obtained for mass analysis. However, an additional parameter for identification and structural analysis can be based upon the ability to produce fragment ions that are characteristic of the structure of that species. Numerous methods have been devised to produce soft ionization including chemical ionization (CI), fast atom bombardment (FAB), plasma desorption (PD), field ionization (Fl), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Other methods such as electron bombardment or collision-induced dissociation are capable of generating extensive fragmentation.
Technology Transfer in Strategic Alliances: Competitive Collaboration and Organizational Learning
Authors: Pucik Vladimir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1980s, one of the striking patterns in global competition was the rapidly growing number of interfirm cross-border coalitions. While such ventures are intrinsically difficult to manage (Killing, 1983), many experts argue that as business risks soar and competition grows more severe, alliances among firms from different countries are becoming one of the key strategic responses to the emerging patterns of competition: companies are expected to rely on international alliances with increasing frequency (Perlmutter and Heenan, 1986; Harrigan, 1984; Ohmae, 1985).
The Syrena (SYnthesis of REgional and NAtional Models) Model Complex
Authors: Granberg A G , Seliverstov V E , Suslov V I , Rubinshtein A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of multircgional input-output models and models of two-level economic systems-distinguishing between the “national economy” and the “rcgions”-have been conducted in the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering (IEIE) for more than fifteen years. During the first stage of this work, multiregional models were developed separately from regional models and were considered only as an instrument for the computation of centrally planned projections and analyses. As the studies devoted to regional models have advanced, however, the situation for a growing number of regions has changed: multiregional models have become an important instrument for the synthesis and coordinated solution of individual regional models. The main construction principle of the SYRENA (SYnthesis of REgional and NAtional economic models) model complex is as follows.
Competitive Advantage Through Design Tools And Practices
Authors: Rosenthal Stephen R , Tatikonda Mohan V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selecting and implementing design tools and practices for use in the development of new products is more of a corporate bet than a guaranteed investment. Driven by the external forces of market opportunity, technological progress, and competitive pressure, manufacturing companies typically review available design tools and practices, hoping to choose those that will help produce a sustained competitive advantage. Unfortunately, such choices are often accompanied by confusion, unreasonable expectations, or misdirected effort.
Manufacturing For Design: Beyond The Production/R&D Dichotomy
Authors: Clark Kim B , Chew W Bruce , Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intense international competition in the 1980s has focused increasing attention in both the academic and popular press on fundamental sources of superior performance in manufacturing. Sizable gaps in productivity and quality between U.S. manufacturers and their Japanese and European competitors in a wide range of industries led to new perspectives on the role of inventory in production, the impact of statistics on process control, and the central role of committed, capable people in solving problems and achieving continuous improvement.
Cross-functional Teams: Blessing or Curse for New Product Development?
Authors: Ancona Deborah Gladstein , Caldwell Davide. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The popular literature is often prone to lambasting U.S. management practices as the culprit responsible for the trade deficit, the loss of technological leadership, and the lag in U.S. competitiveness. The cry has gone out to revamp our organizations; to move away from specialized jobs to broader work responsibilities; away from narrow functional perspectives to an enterprise-wide view; and away from rigid hierarchies to more fluid, flexible structures that can be more reactive to technological, market, and competitive change (Drucker, 1988; Kanter, 1989; Mintzberg, 1988).
Interlanguage Requestive Hints
Authors: Weizman Elda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of Hints as a request strategy by learners. It addresses the question of regularities to be observed in the use of requestive Hints by language learners with various mother tongues at different proficiency levels, and the similarities or differences between them and native speakers. This analysis contributes both to our knowledge of learners’ pragmalinguistic behavior, as well as to our understanding of indirectness. The study was conducted within the framework of the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) (cf. Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989), and focuses on a comparison of Hebrew learners (hence-forth HL) with Hebrew native speakers (henceforth HN), examined in the context of a larger body of CCSARP data. Drawing on findings concerning the situational variation and the use of Hint substrategies by native speakers (Blum-Kulka, 1989; Weizman, 1989), I propose to examine whether the opacity inherent in Hints is exploited by learners as a strategy of communication, whether the impact of situational variations marks Hint selection by learners as it does with native speakers, and whether the use of Hint substrategies is comparable in the two groups.
Explaining NNS Interactional Behavior: The Effect of Conversational Topic
Authors: Zuengler Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Kasper (1989) points out, interlanguage (IL) performance is now understood as a variable phenomenon. Much of the variability is both normal and systematic. IL variation, in fact, represents a major focus of current second language acquisition (SLA) research and theory, and is the theme of conferences and books in the field (e.g., the 1987 Applied Linguistics Conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan; the 1990 Second Language Research Forum[SLRF] at Eugene, Oregon; books by Eisenstein[ed.], 1989; Gass, Madden, Preston, & Selinker[eds.], 1989; Tarone, 1988). Increasingly, research has investigated IL performance in native speaker-nonnative speaker (NS-NNS) interactions. The findings point to a number of factors that cause IL performance to vary. One such factor emerging now is that of conversational topic. Though topic has been called “one of the most under-researched areas in the study of IL variation” (Tarone, 1988, 119), there is a small but growing body of empirical studies on conversational topic necessary to consider if we are to understand learner acquisition and performance of conversational skills.
An Assessment of the Productivity Impact of Information Technologies
Authors: Loveman Gary W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States has recently suffered through a protracted period of low productivity growth and has experienced essentially no growth in real wages since 1973 (see Love man & Tilly, 1988). Hope for a rebound in productivity growth is often linked to the continued improvement and diffusion of information technologies (IT),1 which have recently undergone massive price declines and increased enormously as a proportion of capital spending.2 Table 4.1 compares the evolution of computer prices with those for other components of producers’ durable equipment: One dollar’s worth of quality-adjusted computing power in 1970 cost $73.60 in 1950, and only 5 cents in 1984. Meanwhile, a 1970 dollar’s worth of non-IT equipment cost only 59 cents in 1950 but rose to $2.54 in 1984. Changes in relative prices of this magnitude have straightforward implications from economic principles: Producers will substitute IT capital for other factors of production to the extent that is optimal given production technologies; output will rise as product prices fall; and total welfare will increase. The decline in the price of IT therefore has positive implications opposite to those precipitated for consumers by the earlier energy crisis, in which an important factor of production became radically more expensive.3
Stalin’s Peasants
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collectivization of Russian farms was the cornerstone of Soviet agricultural policy during the 1930s. Fitzpatrick's book, about Soviet forced collectivization and its impact on the Russian village, will be the first in Western or Soviet literature to explore the dramatic transformation of peasant life caused by collectivization. It is based on new and unknown material from recently-opened Soviet archives. In this richly textured and fascinatingly detailed book, the author analyses the peasants' strategies of resistance and survival in the state-inflicted drama of the collectivized village. For the first time it is possible to see real people behind the facade of the Soviet propaganda account of the happy "Potemkin Village". The regime's own strategy involved humiliation and violence. Fitzpatrick's study is truly a landmark in studies of the Stalinist period - a thickly-documented social history told from the traumatic experiences of that long-suffering underclass of peasants. Her study has been called a "breakthrough" by specialists in her field and will affect how the history of the Soviet period will be done by subsequent generations of scholars.
Crossroads to Community: Jude the Obscure and the Chronotype of Wessex
Authors: Farrell John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remembrance, return, and repetition are eerie experiences in Thomas Hardy. Peter Casagrande points out that “the ‘truth”‘ Hardy attempted to exhibit in The Return of the Native, his most tellingly titled book, “is the law of nature that he had contended with from the beginning-that all is change and all change decay Thus homecoming and its attendant hope of personal and social renewal must be seen as futile and destructive, even unnatural” (1982, 127). J. Hill is Miller has recently read Hardy’s marked emphasis on repetition as a Freudian scenario: “[E]ach man or woman moves forward through life repeating an unsuccessful attempt to reach again a seemingly lost primal unity” (1982, 135).
Extracts from a Heteroglossary
Authors: Emerson Gary Saul Morson with Caryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers of Bakhtin are aware of his tendency not to define his terms explicitly, but rather to illustrate them by use, often by passing them through many different contexts. It is a technique that makes maximal demands on the reader, and has often led to misunderstandings (about which he sometimes complained). To make matters still more confusing, Bakhtin sometimes used the same word (most notoriously, “dialogue”) in different senses, each of which would really require a separate definition to distinguish it from the word’s other senses.
Introduction
Authors: Adler Paul S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the extent that businesses plan for the workforce implications of new process technologies that they introduce, it is often in a largely unconscious manner. The fantasy that often governs this unconscious process might be called the “de-skilling myth”: received wisdom and wishful thinking encourage many managers to believe that new technologies will permit them to get along not only with proportionately fewer workers-a perfectly reasonable assumption in many cases-but also with workers who are on average less skilled and doing narrower jobs.
Skill and Occupational Changes in U.S. Manufacturing
Authors: Attewell Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many important changes have occurred in U.S. industry with the introduction of new technologies in manufacturing-computer-integrated manufacturing, computer-aided design (CAD) computer-controlled mate rials handling, and manufacturing resource planning (MRP). This chapter characterizes the resulting changes in the skill requirements and occupational mix of U.S. industry, with special emphasis on recent developments in the United States. It locates recent technological advances and their human resource implications within broader processes that have been unfolding over several decades, and suggests some prognoses for the decades ahead.
New Concepts of Production and the Emergence of the Systems Controller
Authors: Kern Horst , Schumann Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lies have short wings, at least in the social sciences. Predictions are often contradicted by the subsequent course of social development. In 1984, with our book The End of the Division of Labor?, we presented an attempt at a prediction based on industrial sociology. At that time, we interpreted the situation of West German industry as one of radical transformation in which new approaches toward automation were being invented and implemented in a growing number of factories. We viewed this process as a fundamental change in the structure of industrial work, as a redistribution of living conditions in society, and as a challenge for politics. We forecast that new “concepts of production” were just around the corner.
The Social Symbolism Of Smoking And Health
Authors: Gusfield Joseph R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mirror images of tobacco as harmful and immoral and smoking as harmless and innocently pleasurable have spiralled through Western history since tobacco was first brought to Europe (Gottsegen 1940; Best 1979; Troyer and Markle 1983). Though our economic, political and legal institutions have often been dominated by one or another assessment, both positive and negative images of tobacco have been a part of American life. The two concerns of health and morality have appeared in the perception of tobacco and its uses. The pleasures of smoking have been countered at times by claims of its bad effects on health, at times by its perception as an evil habit associated with vicious living. Dual images and dual criteria have been embodied in institutional practices and the recurring interests of various segments of the American population. Neither the rejecting nor the appreciative view of smoking has entirely disappeared from American life.
Disparate Treatment Of Smokers In Employment And Insurance
Authors: Sugarman Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on disparate treatment of smokers and nonsmokers in the overlapping arenas of employment and insurance. The first section identifies public policy justifications for such treatment. The heart of the chapter, section II, considers several objections to disparate treatment. Smokers’ rights laws, a new response to disparate treatment, are discussed in section III.
The Impact Of Upper-Echelon Diversity On Organizational Performance
Authors: Glick William H , Miller C Chet , Hubere George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The makeup of an organization’s upper echelon is a critical determinant of the organization’s performance. Indeed, when thinking about designing an organization, it is difficult to argue that any component is worthy of more attention and concern than the upper-echelon team. In this chapter, Glick, Miller, and Huber look at the influence of upper-echelon diversity on organizational performance. Based on previous research and on interviews with over 120 chief executives, they build a process model of the effects of demographic, structural, and cognitive diversity of upper-echelon management teams. They then test and improve the model with data from 79 strategic business units.
Managing The Process Of Organizational Innovation
Authors: Vene Andrew H Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Van de Ven develops a process model of organizational innovation that can be used by innovation managers to guide their actions and by organizational scientists both as a basis for further research on innovation processes and as an aid in developing theories of organizational change in general. He begins by examining the classic innovation model developed by Everett Rogers, highlighting the fact that it pertains particularly to the development and marketing of innovations by organizations and the adoption of these innovations by individuals. He then introduces the multi-investigator, multiorganization, multiyear Minnesota Innovation Research Program (MIRP) and describes six ‘‘complexities’‘ that he and his associates in the MIRP studies found to commonly occur in the intraorganizational development and adoption of innovations (as contrasted with development by organization and subsequent adoption by individuals). The capstone to these two efforts is a model of organization innovation formed by superimposing the MIRP complexities on Rogers’s classic model.
Semantics, Culture, and Cognition
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To what extent are languages ‘essentially the same’? Is every word in our language translatable into every other language, or are some of our words and concepts ‘culture specific’? In this innovative study, Wierzbicka ranges across a wide variety of languages and cultures, attempting to identify concepts which are truly universal, while at the same time arguing that every language constitutes a different ‘guide to reality’. The lexicons of different languages, she shows, do indeed suggest different conceptual universes. Not everything that can be said in one language can be said in another, and this is not just a matter of certain things being easier to say in one language than in another. Wierzbicka focuses on a few specific classes of words. One chapter looks at the language of emotion across cultures, and finds that there are numerous culture-specific words for feelings and emotions which have no analogues in other cultures. Another chapter considers moral concepts across cultures. A third examines names and titles. In her concluding chapter, Wierzbicka analyses the ways in which the Russian language and Australian English serve as mirrors of their respective cultures and ‘national characters’. Clearly and accessibly written, this important new study will be of great interest to scholars working in a wide range of disciplines, including linguistics, anthropology, philosophy, psychology and literary studies.
Reflex Control During Orthostasis
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The studies of Hill (1895) and Hill and Barnard (1897) extended beyond hydrostatic effects on the circulation. Even without a knowledge of arterial baroreflexes, their two publications on vasomotor adjustments are nevertheless classics that encourage humility. Hill (1895) states: ‘‘ ... that pressure falls in the carotid artery under the influence of gravity in the feet-down posture, and rises in the feet-up posture, that compensation takes place more or less in normal animals (that is to say, the hydrostatic moment [which he also called a hydrostatic indifferent point] is compensated for by a dynamic moment), that this compensation takes place by vasoconstriction in the splanchnic area in the feet-down position-within some cases cardiac acceleration-and by cardiac inhibition and by vasodilation in the feet-up position “ The same importance assigned to the passive dynamic effects of respiration on the volume of the splanchnic reservoir was also assigned to vasomotor control. Hill and Barnard concluded that, if the vasomotor system is intact and people are essentially healthy, arterial blood pressure (mean) does not fall and may even rise on assumption of upright posture. They stated “so long as the vasomotor mechanism is intact, the splanchnic area forms the resistance box of the circulation and the effect of gravity is of no importance.” The importance of vasomotor control in the legs was not recognized until later.