bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The need for adaptability in EU environmental policy design and implementation
Authors: Glachant Matthieu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIs the application of the EU environmentally policy satisfying in the field? In particular, are the environmental objectives set in the directives met? This paper explores the issue of the effectiveness of the European environmental policy. It is based on the results of a recent study, which has consisted in evaluating the implementation of three pieces of EU environmental legislation in France, Germany, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The legislation studied was Directive 89/429 regulating atmospheric emissions from domestic waste incinerators, Directive 88/609 dealing with SO2 and NOx emissions from large combustion plants (LCPs) and Council Regulation 1836/93 concerning the voluntary participation of industrial companies in an EU Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS).The result of the study suggests that simply posing the problem in terms of ‘implementation deficit’ is not sufficient. In fact, over‐compliance with directive goals is even observed in certain cases. By contrast, the evaluation suggests the prevalence of interactions between the considered implementation process and other parallel policy processes at the implementation stage. The study shows that this interplay between policies has a huge impact on implementation environmental results, which can be either positive or negative. Based on this statement, an important question for EU policy is how implementation can efficiently cope with such interactions, which means finding ways to maximize potential synergies, or alternatively to reduce inconsistencies, with the other policy components. Given that policy interactions are difficult to predict at the policy formulation stage of the policy, adjustments necessarily occur at the implementation stage. In this context, implementing EU environmental policy requires policy systems able to adjust at low costs. In this paper, this property is called adaptability and is given a precise content. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Environmental liability and accident prevention: preliminary experiences in Germany
Authors: Schwarze Reimund 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStrict environmental liability, in conjunction with improved environmental liability insurance, proves to be an effective instrument to tackle environmental risks of industrial installations. This paper examines the experience with the Environmental Liability Act and Environmental Liability Insurance in Germany. It rebuts the widespread criticism of the preventive effect of the Act and considers the actual changes in the number of environmental accidents in Germany. The picture that emerges from this study is that the Act seems to have a measurable preventive effect from 1993 onwards, the year in which the new environmental liability policy was introduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and retinoids in breast cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Zujewski JoAnne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTamoxifen has been shown to decrease the risk of invasive breast cancer by 49% and noninvasive breast cancer by 50%. Tamoxifen is also associated with a threefold increased risk of endometrial cancer. Raloxifene, a second‐generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has not been associated with endometrial cancer risk, and is currently under study in a large, multi‐institutional, randomized Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) for breast cancer prevention in postmenopausal women. A pilot trial of raloxifene in premenopausal women to assess the safety, tolerability, effects on bone mineral density, mammographic density, and other biological endpoints is ongoing. The retinoids have been shown to decrease mammary tumors in rodent carcinogenesis models. The Italian trial of fenretinide (4‐HPR) in women with stage I breast cancer randomized women to fenretinide or no intervention. This study did not show an overall effect of decreasing the risk of contralateral breast cancer. However, a protective effect was suggested in premenopausal women. It has been suggested that this effect may be related to insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), which has been shown to be modulated by fenretinide in premenopausal but not postmenopausal women. Pilot studies of SERMs alone and in combination with retinoids or other agents provide a model for testing the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and biomarker modulation in high‐risk women. These studies can provide information as to both the pathophysiology of carcinogenesis and the mechanism of action of chemopreventive agents, and help select agents and doses for testing in large randomized studies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:264–270, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of glutathione S‐transferase mu (GSTM1) in styrene‐7,8‐oxide toxicity and mutagenicity
Authors: Shield Alison J. , Sanderson Barbara J.S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the human glutathione S‐transferase (GST) mu gene family, homozygous deletion of GSTM1 is the null phenotype (frequency of ∼50% in Caucasians). In the current study, GSTM1 status was determined in human cell lines using reverse transcriptase, polymerase chain reaction, and immunochemistry. Cell lines were challenged with a range of doses of styrene‐7,8‐oxide (SO) and then toxicity and genotoxicity were monitored. Toxicity was determined by growth in flasks and genotoxicity by cloning in microplates in the presence/absence of 6‐thioguanine, to detect mutations at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus. A SO concentration‐dependent decrease in survival was observed for all cell lines, with GSTM1‐deficient lines being more sensitive. The IC50s of deficient and proficient cell lines were 0.45 and 0.55 mM SO, respectively. The difference between survival of GSTM1‐deficient and ‐proficient cell lines approached statistical significance. The background mutation frequency of GSTM1‐deficient cell lines was 2 × 10−5, and that of GSTM1‐proficient cell lines was 3 × 10−6. GSTM1‐deficient cell lines were significantly more sensitive than GSTM1‐proficient cell lines to mutation induction for concentrations up to 2.5 mM SO (P < 0.001, regression analysis). These results suggest that cell lines containing metabolically competent GSTM1 are able to efficiently use GSTM1 to conjugate SO and reduce its hazard. This supports the epidemiological evidence that GSTM1 influences sensitivity to chemical carcinogenesis and subsequent risk of cancer induction. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:285–289, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A rapid assay for mitochondrial DNA damage and respiratory chain inhibition in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Barclay Barry J. , DeHaan Carrie L. , Hennig Ursula G.G. , Iavorovska Oksana , von Borstel Reid W. , von Borstel R.C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is a need for a rapid assay to identify agents that damage mitochondria because the mitochondrion may be an important target for numerous environmental mitotoxins. Certainly at least one chemotherapeutic regimen (CHOP therapy) that includes doxorubicin can induce cardiomyopathy through mitochondrial genotoxicity in cardiac muscle cells. Yeast cells (1.5 × 106‐107) in water are spread on a YEPD plate, and, when the suspension of cells has dried, a small well (12 mm diameter) is cut into the agar; 200–400 μl of a solution of the presumptive mitochondrial genotoxin is placed in the well, and the plates are incubated for 2 days. The genotoxin forms a concentration gradient through the agar and affects the growing cells. An overlay containing tetrazolium chloride is added, and the plates are incubated for 6–24 hr. Respiring cells turn red, and nonrespiring cells, with damaged DNA or inhibited respiratory chains, that are adjacent to the well, are white. A white ring, or a more lightly colored red ring, around the well indicates the presence of cells with lowered respiratory activity which may be fully reversible when the mitochondrial genotoxin is removed. In preliminary experiments, doxorubicin (= adriamycin) shows strong activity with this assay; cyclophosphamide is negative, and 4‐hydroxycyclophosphamide, a metabolite of cyclophosphamide, is weakly positive. Ethidium bromide, methotrexate, 5‐fluorouracil, and 5‐fluorocytosine also are mitochondrial genotoxins. Antifungal agents similar to 5‐fluorocytosine and anthelmintic compounds such as pyrvinium iodide can be powerful mitochondrial genotoxins. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:153–158, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Active interaction control of civil structures. Part 2: MDOF systems
Authors: Zhang Yunfeng , Iwan W. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, the performance of active interaction control (AIC) algorithms is assessed within the context of two realistic building models. The AIC control approach is proposed as a semi‐active means of mitigating the structural response during large earthquakes. To implement the AIC control algorithms into MDOF systems, the modal control (MC) approach that directs the control effort to certain dominant response modes is formulated and utilized herein. Two structures, a 3‐storey building and a 9‐storey steel‐framed benchmark building controlled by the AIC algorithms are analysed for two historical earthquake records. The results of numerical simulation verify the efficacy of the AIC control algorithms in controlling vibration of building structures during large earthquakes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized minimum variance control for buildings under seismic ground motion
Authors: Guenfaf L. , Djebiri M. , Boucherit M. S. , Boudjema F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe generalized minimum variance (GMV) algorithm for the control of civil engineering structures is developed and presented in this paper. This algorithm needs the knowledge of the seismic excitation model to derive the autoregressive moving average exogen model of the structure. Then the GMV control is applied. The control is designed such that the variance of the generalized cost function is minimized. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this control technique, simulation tests using a single‐degree‐of‐freedom structure are performed. The results show that the relative displacement of the structure and the control effort are significantly reduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Department of Defense Cooperative Multi‐Site Agreement Pilot Study Program
Authors: Boecher Frederick W. , Moulder Gary W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn July 1998, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the military services entered into a Cooperative
Multi‐Site Agreement (CMSA) to address the remediation of over 1,000 sites in the Commonwealth. A
feature of the agreement was the Pilot Study Program conducted by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection (PADEP). The purpose of the Pilot Study Program was to evaluate about 10 percent of the 659
study program sites the military considered to require “no further action,” and, based on these
evaluations, develop a plan or protocol for addressing the remaining study program sites. The pilot study's
goal was to categorize and classify the remaining study program sites to recommend further action by site
classification. Initially, the study team reviewed site data, interpreted aerial site photos, and analyzed
historical activities associated with the sites. Subsequently, the study team conducted site evaluations and
generated reports on those activities. The site evaluation activities included limited site sampling to screen for
potential contamination, with findings and recommendations for either resolution or additional analysis. Sites
were either classified as requiring no further action or requiring further action. A simple analysis was then
performed to determine which of the remaining study program sites could be classified as requiring no further
action, requiring further action, or requiring further evaluation. This article summarizes the results of this
two‐year study that culminated in fall 2000. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Essential oil composition of Achillea millefolium L. growing wild in Kashmir, India
Authors: Shawl A. S. , Srivastava S. K. , Syamasundar K. V. , Tripathi S. , Raina V. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aerial parts from the flowering plants of Achillea millefolium L., on hydrodistillation gave 0.014% (v/w) of an oil on fresh weight basis. GC and GC–MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 86 constituents, representing 97% of the oil. Camphor (28%), 1,8‐cineole (12%), germacrene‐D (12%) and cis‐chrysanthenyl acetate (8%) were the major components. Further comparison of our results with those mentioned in the literature suggests that A. millefolium oils vary greatly along the species range. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2‐D transmitral flows simulation by means of the immersed boundary method on unstructured grids
Authors: Denaro F. M. , Sarghini F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInteraction between computational fluid dynamics and clinical researches recently allowed a deeper understanding of the physiology of complex phenomena involving cardio‐vascular mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to develop a simplified numerical model based on the Immersed Boundary Method and to perform numerical simulations in order to study the cardiac diastolic phase during which the left ventricle is filled with blood flowing from the atrium throughout the mitral valve. As one of the diagnostic problems to be faced by clinicians is the lack of a univocal definition of the diastolic performance from the velocity measurements obtained by Eco–Doppler techniques, numerical simulations are supposed to provide an insight both into the physics of the diastole and into the interpretation of experimental data. An innovative application of the Immersed Boundary Method on unstructured grids is presented, fulfilling accuracy requirements related to the development of a thin boundary layer along the moving immersed boundary. It appears that this coupling between unstructured meshes and the Immersed Boundary Method is a promising technique when a wide range of spatial scales is involved together with a moving boundary. Numerical simulations are performed in a range of physiological parameters and a qualitative comparison with experimental data is presented, in order to demonstrate that, despite the simplified model, the main physiological characteristics of the diastole are well represented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thin‐tube vortex simulations for sinusoidal instability in a counter‐rotating vortex pair
Authors: Zheng Z. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA thin‐tube vortex method is developed to investigate the intrinsic instability within a counter‐rotating vortex pair system and the effects from the core size and the wavenumbers (or wavelengths). The numerical accuracy and the advantages of the scheme are theoretically estimated. A nearest‐neighbour‐image method is employed in this three‐dimensional vortex simulation. Agreement with Crow's instability analysis has been achieved numerically for the long‐wave cases. A short‐wave instability for the zeroth radial mode of bending instability has also been found using the thin‐tube vortex simulations. Then, the combinations of long‐ and short‐wave instability are investigated to elucidate the non‐linear effects due to the interactions of two different modes. It is shown that instability is enhanced if both long‐ and short‐wave instabilities occur simultaneously. Although the method used in the paper is not capable of including effects such as axial flow, vortex core deformation and other complicated viscous effects, it effectively predicts and clarifies the first‐order factor that dominates the sinusoidal instability behaviour in a vortex pair. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model specification and forecasting foreign exchange rates with vector autoregressions
Authors: Joseph Nathan Lael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examines the forecasting accuracy of alternative vector autoregressive models each in a seven‐variable system that comprises in turn of daily, weekly and monthly foreign exchange (FX) spot rates. The vector autoregressions (VARs) are in non‐stationary, stationary and error‐correction forms and are estimated using OLS. The imposition of Bayesian priors in the OLS estimations also allowed us to obtain another set of results. We find that there is some tendency for the Bayesian estimation method to generate superior forecast measures relatively to the OLS method. This result holds whether or not the data sets contain outliers. Also, the best forecasts under the non‐stationary specification outperformed those of the stationary and error‐correction specifications, particularly at long forecast horizons, while the best forecasts under the stationary and error‐correction specifications are generally similar. The findings for the OLS forecasts are consistent with recent simulation results. The predictive ability of the VARs is very weak. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting exchange rates using cointegration models and intra‐day data
Authors: Trapletti Adrian , Geyer Alois , Leisch Friedrich 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a cointegration analysis on the triangle (USD–DEM, USD–JPY, DEM–JPY) of foreign exchange rates using intra‐day data. A vector autoregressive model is estimated and evaluated in terms of out‐of‐sample forecast accuracy measures. Its economic value is measured on the basis of trading strategies that account for transaction costs. We show that the typical seasonal volatility in high‐frequency data can be accounted for by transforming the underlying time scale. Results are presented for the original and the modified time scales. We find that utilizing the cointegration relation among the exchange rates and the time scale transformation improves forecasting results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An intraday test of pricing and arbitrage opportunities in the New Zealand bank bill futures market
Authors: Poskitt Russell 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines pricing and arbitrage opportunities in the New Zealand bank bill futures market using an
intraday data set. The key findings are: (a) the implied forward rate model yields biased estimates of
the bill futures yield but the bias is small and not economically significant; (b) ex post
synthetic bill opportunities are more numerous than ex post quasi‐arbitrage opportunities but the yield
enhancements are minor; (c) ex post quasi‐arbitrage opportunities are substantially less
frequent and less profitable than reported by prior studies using closing data; and (d) arbitrage
opportunities decline when execution delays are introduced but the declines are not statistically significant. In
broad terms, the bill futures market is efficient with respect to quasi‐arbitrage but less so with respect
to synthetic bill opportunities. The results also suggest that arbitrage opportunities are not generally
available to arbitrageurs without access to the interbank bill market. The incidence of arbitrage opportunities
is on a par with levels reported in intraday studies of stock index and foreign exchange markets. This
illustrates the importance of using high frequency data to assess transactional efficiency in financial markets.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:519–555, 2002
The drift factor in biased futures index pricing models: A new look
Authors: Barrett W. Brian , Sanders Thomas B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe presence of bias in index futures prices has been investigated in various research studies. Redfield
(11) asserted that the U.S. Dollar Index (USDX) futures contract
traded on the U.S. Cotton Exchange (now the FINEX division of the New York Board of Trade) could be
systematically arbitraged for nontrivial returns because it is expressed in so‐called “European
terms” (foreign currency units/U.S. dollar). Eytan, Harpaz, and Krull (4) (EHK) developed a theoretical factor using Brownian motion to correct for the
European terms and the bias due to the USDX index being expressed as a geometric average. Harpaz, Krull, and Yagil
(5) empirically tested the EHK index. They used the historical volatility to
proxy the EHK volatility specification. Since 1990, it has become more commonplace to use option‐implied
volatility for forecasting future volatility. Therefore, we have substituted option implied volatilities into
EHK's correction factor and hypothesized that the correction factor is “better” ex
ante and therefore should lead to better futures model pricing. We tested this conjecture using twelve
contracts from 1995 through 1997 and found that the use of implied volatility did not improve the bias correction
over the use of historical volatility. Furthermore, no matter which volatility specification we used, the model
futures price appeared to be mis‐specified. To investigate further, we added a simple naïve δ
based on a modification of the adaptive expectations model. Repeating the tests using this naïve
“drift” factor, it performed substantially better than the other two specifications. Our conclusion is
that there may be a need to take a new look at the drift‐factor specification currently in use. © 2002
Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:579–598, 2002
Futures Hedging Under Disappointment Aversion
Authors: Lien Donald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article considers optimal futures hedging decisions when the hedger is disappointment‐averse
(Gul, 1991). When the futures contract is a perfect hedge instrument, a disappointment‐averse
hedger always holds a position closer to the full hedge than a nondisappointment‐averse hedger. In the
presence of basis risk, the optimal futures position is either a partial hedge or a full hedge. Neither Texas
hedge nor overhedge could be optimal. The effects of different degrees of disappointment aversion on futures
trading are also analyzed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:1029–1042, 2001
Molecular genetic analysis of chromosome 9 candidate tumor‐suppressor loci in bladder cancer cell lines
Authors: Williams Sarah V. , Sibley Kathryn D. , Davies Alison M. , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Hornigold Nick , Coulter Jane , Kennedy Wendy J. , Skilleter Amy , Habuchi Tomonori , Knowles Margaret A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnderrepresentation of chromosome 9 is a common finding in bladder cancer. Frequent loss of the whole chromosome suggests the presence of at least one relevant tumor suppressor gene on each arm. Candidate regions identified by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis include a region at 9p21 containing CDKN2A, which encodes p16 and p14ARF, a large region at 9q12–31 including PTCH and many other genes, a small region at 9q32–33, which includes the DBCCR1 gene, and a region at 9q34 including the TSC1 gene. Experimental replacement of genes or chromosomes into tumor cells with appropriate deletions or mutations represents an important approach to test the functional significance of candidate tumor suppressor genes. Loss of an entire copy of chromosome 9 in many bladder tumor cell lines provides no indication of which gene or genes are affected, and selection of appropriate recipient cells for gene replacement is difficult. We have investigated three candidate tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 9 (CDKN2A, DBCCR1, and TSC1), at the DNA level and by expression analysis in a panel of bladder tumor cell lines, many of which have probable LOH along the length of the chromosome, as indicated by homozygosity for multiple polymorphic markers. Cytogenetically, we found no reduction in the numbers of chromosomes 9 relative to total chromosome count. Homozygous deletion of the CDKN2A locus was frequent but homozygous deletion of TSC1 was not found. A new cell line, DSH1, derived from a pT1G2 transitional cell carcinoma with known homozygous deletion of DBCCR1, is described. This study identifies suitable cell lines for future functional analysis of both CDKN2A and DBCCR1. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.