bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclotron Radiation from Magnetically Confined Plasmas
Authors: Beard David B. 
Published: December 2004

The cyclotron emission from a hot, completely ionized, magnetically confined plasma has been estimated by computing the absorption of an incident plane wave. The harmonics of the fundamental cyclotron frequency, which are emitted perpendicular to the magnetic field direction, were summed over and also treated individually. Because of the Doppler effect and the relativistic variation in mass the behavior of the electrons and the electromagnetic properties of the medium are functions of electron velocity.
Assuming a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution in electron velocity, the polarization of the plasma was computed by integrating over electron velocity. Solution of Maxwell's equations yielded the absorption of an incident wave, and thus, from Kirchhoff's relation, the emission of the plasma was determined. The entire calculation was carried out nonrelativistically to first order in v2/c2, and at temperatures too low for fluctuations to play a dominant role.
On the Hydrodynamic Stability of Parallel Dusty Gas Flows
Authors: Liu J. T. C. 
Published: December 2004

The physical implications of the stability of parallel flows of a dusty gas are studied. The over-all (gas plus particle) disturbance kinetic energy balance is contributed by dissipation due to the usual gas viscosity and augmented by the work done due to particle-gas interaction and energy conversion from the mean flow to the disturbances by both the gas and particle Reynolds shear stresses.
The viscous sublayer structure, where viscosity is known to be destabilizing, is obtained. The Reynolds shear stresses of both phases are derived from considering the relaxative nature of the disturbance vorticity diffusion process.
Evaluation of Seldinger Technique Emergency Cricothyroidotomy versus Standard Surgical Cricothyroidotomy in 200 Cadavers
Authors: Schaumann Nikolaus , Lorenz Veit , Schellongowski Peter , Staudinger Thomas , Locker Gottfried J. , Burgmann Heinz , Pikula Branko , Hofbauer Roland , Schuster Ernst , Frass Michael 
Published: December 2004

Background
Percutaneous cricothyroidotomy is a lifesaving procedure for airway obstruction in trauma victims who need airway establishment and cannot be intubated or in whom intubation has failed.

Methods
The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a training effect using Seldinger technique emergency cricothyroidotomy (group 1; Arndt Emergency Cricothyroidotomy Catheter Set; Cook Critical Care, Bloomington, IN) versus standard surgical cricothyroidotomy (group 2). Twenty emergency physicians performed five cricothyroidotomies with each method in a total of 200 human cadavers, comparing efficacy and safety (speed, success rate, and injuries).

Results
Seven attempts in group 1 and six in group 2 had to be aborted. Time intervals from the start of the procedure to location of the cricothyroid membrane were not significantly different between the groups. However, time to tracheal puncture (P < 0.01) and time to first ventilation (P < 0.001) were significantly longer in group 2. No time effect could be observed in both groups. The airway was accurately placed into the trachea through the cricothyroid membrane in 88.2% (82 of 93) of the cadavers in group 1 and in 84.0% (79 of 94) in group 2 (not significant). No injuries were observed in group 1, whereas there were six punctures of the thyroid vessels in group 2 (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
With respect to time needed for the procedure, the participants performed Seldinger technique emergency cricothyroidotomy significantly faster as compared with standard surgical cricothyroidotomy. Even if no training effect had been observed, the authors believe that it is important to train residents in different methods of cricothyroidotomy in cadavers in addition to training in mannequins to achieve a higher level of efficacy in real-life situations. The shorter time to first ventilation and the fact that no injuries could be observed favor the Seldinger technique.
Propofol and Thiopental Do Not Interfere with Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Response at Sedative Concentrations
Authors: Veselis Robert A. , Feshchenko Vladimir A. , Reinsel Ruth A. , Beattie Bradley , Akhurst Timothy J. 
Published: December 2004

Background
Anesthetics may affect the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) response associated with increased brain activity in humans. rCBF was measured as auditory stimulus rate was increased during propofol and thiopental administration.

Methods
After informed consent, 10 right-handed male volunteer participants (aged 33.5 +/- 10.4 yr, weighing 74.5 +/- 8.4 kg) received thiopental (n = 4) or propofol (n = 6) intravenously at stepwise target concentrations of propofol 1.2 and 2.5-3, or thiopental 4 and 7-9 microg/ml, representing sedative and hypnotic drug concentrations. The latter made volunteers unresponsive to voice or mild stimulation. Quantitative positron emission tomographic brain images were obtained at 0, 20, and 40 auditory words per minute at each drug concentration. Using SPM99 analysis, 10-mm spherical regions of interest were identified by peak covariation of word rate with rCBF across all conditions and drug concentrations. Individual mean rCBF responses in these and primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyri) were obtained.

Results
Significant increases in rCBF with auditory word rate occurred in temporal lobes bilaterally at baseline (significance, T = 4.95). There was no change in this response during sedation (T = 5.60). During unresponsiveness seven of 10 participants had a diminished response in the left temporal lobe (T = 3.18). Global CBF, corrected for changes in PCO2 (3% .mmHg PCO2), was reduced 15% by sedation and 27% during unresponsiveness.

Conclusion
The presence of propofol or thiopental does not affect the rCBF response to increasing stimulus rate during consciousness. Thus, changes in rCBF activation patterns with sedative concentrations of these drugs represent effects on brain activity itself. The neuroanatomical targets of drug effect on memory and attention may be revealed by changes in rCBF patterns associated with these cognitive activities.
Succinylcholine Dosage and Apnea-induced Hemoglobin Desaturation in Patients
Authors: Naguib Mohamed , Samarkandi Abdulhamid H. , Abdullah Khaled , Riad Waleed , Alharby Saleh W. 
Published: December 2004

Background
The authors examined the notion that a reduction in succinylcholine dose from 1 mg/kg to approximately 0.6 mg/kg would allow a faster recovery of spontaneous ventilation and reduction in the incidence of hemoglobin desaturation during the period of apnea in simulated complete upper airway obstruction situations.

Methods
This prospective, randomized, double-blind study involved 60 patients. After preoxygenation to an end-tidal oxygen concentration >90%, patients were anesthetized with 2 microg/kg fentanyl and 2 mg/kg propofol. After loss of consciousness, patients were randomly allocated to receive 0.56 or 1.0 mg/kg succinylcholine or saline (control group). Oxygen saturation was monitored continuously at the index finger. When the patient became apneic, the face mask was removed and the patient's airway was left unsupported. If the oxygen saturation decreased to 90%, the face mask was reapplied, and ventilation was assisted until the patient was awake. Time from injection of the study drug to the first visible spontaneous diaphragmatic movements was noted.

Results
Oxygen saturation decreased <90% in 45%, 65%, and 85% of patients in the control, 0.56 mg/kg, and 1.0 mg/kg succinylcholine groups, respectively (P = 0.03). Corresponding times (mean +/- SD) to spontaneous of diaphragmatic movements were 2.7 +/- 1.2, 4.8 +/- 2.5, and 4.7 +/- 1.3 min, respectively. These times were longer (P < 0.001) after either dose of succinylcholine compared with controls.

Conclusions
Reduction in succinylcholine dose from 1.0 mg/kg to 0.56 mg/kg decreased the incidence of hemoglobin saturation <90% from 85% to 65% but did not shorten the time to spontaneous diaphragmatic movements. A significant fraction of patients would be at risk if there were failure to intubate and ventilate whether succinylcholine is administered or not and regardless of the dose of succinylcholine administered.
No Evidence of Memory Function during Anesthesia with Propofol or Isoflurane with Close Control of Hypnotic State
Authors: Kerssens Chantal , Ouchi Takashi , Sebel Peter S. 
Published: December 2004

Background
The authors previously demonstrated memory function during apparently adequate general anesthesia in trauma patients. Hypnotic state fluctuations, stress, and variable amnesic qualities of commonly used anesthetics could account for this effect.

Methods
The authors replicated the trauma investigation in 90 elective surgical patients to enable anesthetic titration to a bispectral index value of 50-55 during auditory presentation of word stimuli. Patients were randomly assigned to maintenance with propofol (n = 48) or isoflurane (n = 42). Before surgery, state anxiety and trait anxiety were assessed using self-report measures. Postoperative memory assessment relied on the process dissociation procedure using a word stem completion task.

Results
There were no differences between groups for relevant demographic, preoperative, or supplemental drug variables. Ninety-eight percent of words were presented within a bispectral index range of 40-60, with values averaging 48.8 (SD = 5.7) during word presentation. Neither the process dissociation procedure nor standard measures of conscious recall and recognition memory showed evidence of explicit or implicit memory. Preoperative stress levels did not correlate with postoperative memory test scores in either study group.

Conclusions
In contrast to the results of their previous study, the authors found no evidence of memory function with close control of hypnotic state. This suggests that hypnotic state fluctuations are important to memory activation under anesthesia. Other variables may contribute to preserved memory function as well. Propofol and isoflurane block memory equally well during adequate anesthesia.
Electronic Nose Prediction of a Clinical Pneumonia Score: Biosensors and Microbes
Authors: Hanson C William , Thaler Erica R. 
Published: December 2004

Background
The authors performed a prospective study to determine whether breath test analysis using an electronic nose correlates with a clinical pneumonia score.

Methods
Exhaled gas was sampled from the expiratory limb of the ventilator in mechanically ventilated surgical intensive care patients and assayed with the electronic nose. Components of a clinical pneumonia score were recorded concurrently.

Results
The score predicted by the electronic nose showed good correlation with the actual pneumonia score (r = 0.81). Bland Altman analysis showed a mean bias of 0.0 (limits +/- 2.6).

Conclusions
The electronic nose is a new biosensor technology that correlates with a clinical pneumonia score.
Isoflurane Modulation of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells
Authors: Yamashita Megumi , Mori Takashi , Nagata Keiichi , Yeh Jay Z. , Narahashi Toshio 
Published: December 2004

Background
It is well established that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are sensitive to inhalational anesthetics. The authors previously reported that halothane potently blocked alpha4beta2-type nAChRs of rat cortical neurons. However, the effect of isoflurane, which is widely used clinically, on nAChRs largely remains to be seen. The authors studied the effects of isoflurane as compared with sevoflurane and halothane on the human alpha4beta2 nAChRs expressed in human embryonic kidney cells.

Methods
The whole-cell and single-channel patch clamp techniques were used to record currents induced by acetylcholine.

Results
Isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane suppressed the acetylcholine-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 67.1, 183.3, and 39.8 microM, respectively, which correspond to 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration or less. When anesthetics were coapplied with acetylcholine, isoflurane and sevoflurane decreased the apparent affinity of receptor for acetylcholine, but halothane, in addition, decreased the maximum acetylcholine current. When isoflurane was preapplied and coapplied, its inhibitory action was independent of acetylcholine concentration. Isoflurane blocked the nAChR in both resting and activated states. Single-channel analyses revealed that isoflurane at 84 microM decreased the mean open time and burst duration without inducing "flickering" during channel openings. Isoflurane increased the mean closed time. As a result, the open probability of single channels was greatly reduced by isoflurane.

Conclusions
Isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane potently blocked the alpha4beta2 nAChR. Isoflurane suppression of whole-cell acetylcholine currents was a result of decreases in the open time, burst duration, and open probability and an increase in the closed time of single channels. The high sensitivity of neuronal nAChRs to inhalational anesthetics is expected to play an important role in several stages of anesthesia.
Changes in Properties of Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons and Their Sensitivity to Morphine after Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat
Authors: Wang Jungang , Kawamata Mikito , Namiki Akiyoshi 
Published: December 2004

Background
To gain a better understanding of spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced central neuropathic pain, the authors investigated changes in properties of spinal dorsal horn neurons located rostrally and caudally to the lesion and their sensitivity to morphine in rats after SCI.

Methods
The right spinal cord of Sprague-Dawley rats was hemisected at the level of L2. At 10 to 14 days after the SCI, when mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia had fully developed, spontaneous activity and evoked responses to mechanical stimuli of wide-dynamic-range (WDR) and high-threshold neurons rostral and caudal to the lesion were recorded. Effects of cumulative doses of systemic (0.1-3 mg/kg) and spinal (0.1-5 microg) administration of morphine on spontaneous activity and evoked responses to the stimuli of the neurons were evaluated.

Results
Spontaneous activity significantly increased in WDR neurons both rostral and caudal to the SCI site, but high-frequency background discharges with burst patterns were only observed in neurons rostral to the SCI site. Significant increases in responses to the mechanical stimuli were seen both in WDR and high-threshold neurons located both rostrally and caudally to the lesion. The responses to nonnoxious and noxious stimuli were significantly greater in caudal WDR neurons than in rostral WDR neurons. In contrast, the responses to pinch stimuli were significantly higher in rostral high-threshold neurons than those in caudal high-threshold neurons. Systemically administered morphine had a greater effect on responses to nonnoxious and noxious stimuli of rostral WDR neurons than those of caudal WDR neurons. Spinally administered morphine significantly suppressed responses of WDR neurons in SCI animals to nonnoxious stimuli compared with those in sham-operated control animals.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that changes in properties of spinal dorsal horn neurons after SCI are caused by different mechanisms, depending on the classification of the neurons and their segmental locations.
Effects of Halothane and Isoflurane on Hyperexcitability of Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons after Incision in the Rat
Authors: Kawamata Mikito , Narimatsu Eichi , Kozuka Yuji , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Sugino Shigekazu , Niiya Tomohisa , Namiki Akiyoshi 
Published: December 2004

Background
The aim of this study was to determine whether halothane and isoflurane used during and after surgical injury attenuate subsequent hyperexcitability of spinal dorsal horn (SDH) neurons by preventing development of central sensitization.

Methods
Activity of a wide-dynamic-range neuron of the SDH was isolated in decerebrate-spinal Sprague-Dawley rats, and neuronal activity (receptive field size and responses to nonnoxious and noxious stimuli) was recorded. A 1-cm-long incision was made through the skin, fascia, and muscle under anesthesia with halothane (1.1% or 2.2%) and isoflurane (1.4% or 2.8%). Anesthesia was discontinued just after the incision had been made or was continued until 30 min after the incision, and activity of the SDH neurons was measured for up to 2 h after the incision. In a control group, the incision was made without anesthesia.

Results
In the control group, the incision resulted in maximum excitation in the SDH neurons during surgery; spontaneous activity significantly increased for up to 30 min after the incision (P < 0.05) but did not significantly increase thereafter, returning to the preincision value. Halothane and isoflurane suppressed excitation of the neurons during the incision in a concentration-related manner. Administration of 2.2% halothane and 2.8% isoflurane during the incision and for up to 30 min after the incision almost abolished activity of the neurons for 30 min after the incision. The magnitude of neuronal activity 2 h after the incision was not significantly different among all groups, including the control group.

Conclusions
The results demonstrate that administration of halothane and isoflurane does not attenuate development of hyperexcitability of SDH neurons despite the fact that excitation and spontaneous activity during and after the incision were greatly suppressed by administration of halothane and isoflurane.
Double Epidural Catheter with Ropivacaine versus Intravenous Morphine: A Comparison for Postoperative Analgesia after Scoliosis Correction Surgery
Authors: Blumenthal Stephan , Min Kan , Nadig Marco , Borgeat Alain 
Published: December 2004

Background
Major spine surgery with a dorsal or ventrodorsal approach causes severe postoperative pain. The use of continuous epidural analgesia through one or two epidural catheters placed intraoperatively by the surgeon has been shown to provide efficient postoperative pain control. In this prospective unblinded study, the authors compared the efficacy of continuous intravenous morphine with a continuous double epidural catheter technique with ropivacaine after scoliosis correction.

Methods
Thirty patients with American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I-III were prospectively randomized to either the morphine group or the epidural group. At the end of surgery, patients in the epidural group received two epidural catheters placed by the surgeon, one directed cephalad and one caudally. Correct placement was checked radiographically. Postoperative analgesia until the first postoperative morning was performed with remifentanil target-control infusion for all patients. From that time remifentanil was stopped and continuous intravenous analgesia with morphine or double epidural analgesia with ropivacaine 0.3% was initiated (T0 = beginning of study). Pain at rest and pain in motion (using a visual analog scale from 0-100), the amount of rescue analgesics, sensory level, motor blockade, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pruritus were assessed every 6 h and bowel function was assessed every 12 h until T72 (end of study). Two days later, patient satisfaction was assessed.

Results
Pain scores at rest were significantly decreased in the epidural group at all time points except at T12, T60, and T72. Pain scores in motion were significantly decreased in the epidural group at T24, T48, and T72. Bowel activity was significantly better in the epidural group at T24, T36, T48, and T60. Postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus occurred significantly less frequently in the epidural group. No complications related to the epidural catheter occurred.

Conclusions
Both methods provide efficient postoperative analgesia. However, double epidural catheter technique provides better postoperative analgesia, earlier recovery of bowel function, fewer side effects, and a higher patient satisfaction.
Dates in History: Chronology and Memory1
Authors: Greenway Diana E. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The modern method of dating events by reference to an independent time‐line came into use slowly, recently and partially. The predominant chronological device in the ancient and medieval worlds was dating by the year of an office, such as a king's reign. The Roman and medieval calendars had much in common, including the annual commemorations of religious, civil and family events. The Jewish idea of jubilee lies behind the growth of centennial and similar celebrations. Personal memory has difficulty with intervals of time and the sequence of happenings, and even today individuals often resort to the ancient dating mechanisms of relative chronology, centred on persons and offices.
Authority, accountability and representation: the United Provinces police and the dilemmas of the colonial policeman in British India, 1902–39*
Authors: Campion David A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article examines police administration and the experience of colonial policing in the villages and towns of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, one of the largest and most important regions of British India in the early twentieth century. During this time it was the inefficiency and weakness of the British in their policing methods, rather than the brutally effective use of the Indian Police Service, that fuelled resentment among the population of colonial India and led to widespread discontent among European and Indian officers and constables. Yet throughout this period, the police remained the most important link between Europeans and Indians, and were a frequent conduit for social exchange as well as a point of bitter conflict.
Fascist violence and the politics of public order in inter-war Britain: the Olympia debate revisited*
Authors: Lawrence Jon 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article uses press reports, pamphlet literature, politicians' diaries, parliamentary debates and Home Office/police papers at the Public Record Office to sustain two main arguments. Firstly, that contrary to recent revisionist accounts, revulsion at fascist violence played an important part in the failure of Mosley and British fascism. It is shown that the furore over blackshirt violence at Olympia in 1934 served to alienate Conservative opinion from fascist ‘extremism’ both in parliament and in the press, and also convinced both British Union of Fascists and communist leaders that they must dissociate themselves from responsibility for the organization of violence. Secondly, the article suggests that debates about Olympia highlighted profound disagreements over the legitimacy of dissent and protest in public politics, and over the proper role for the police and the law at indoor political meetings. Ultimately the reaction against fascist violence led to a significant increase in the state's role in this traditionally private sphere of political life.
Henry VIII's ecclesiastical and collegiate foundations
Authors: Rex Richard , Armstrong C. D. C. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article investigates Henry VIII's ecclesiastical foundations in order to assess their significance and to see what they can tell us about the king's personal religious convictions—a relatively under–explored area. After sketching the medieval background, the article catalogues Henry's foundations, and then explores their perceived and stated purposes, and their implications for the general course of the Reformation under Henry VIII. The main original sources are the patent rolls (here referred to mainly via the calendar of Letters and Papers of Henry VIII). Henry's choices about the dedications of his foundations are found to cast interesting new light on his devotional tastes and development. More broadly, the history of his foundations illustrates his hesitancy in breaking with traditional religion, and leads the authors to take issue with interpretations of Henry VIII's religious development advanced by G. W. Bernard.