bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reimagining Spiritual Experience and Music
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leaning on Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook’s poem of the “fourfold song” as a typology of categories, this chapter examines music and spiritual experience in (liberal) Jewish worship in the United States in the twenty-first century. Kook’s four categories—the song of the self, the song of one’s people, the song of humanity, and the song of all existence—provide a structure to consider a developing focus on spirituality in Jewish congregational prayer and song. Ethnographic interviews with prayer leaders who have built reputations for constructing worship services where music is a core component of spiritual expression provide insight into the evolving conceptions of music and worship. These suggest a reconceptualization, moving from “religious experience” to what Anne Taves has termed “experiences deemed religious.” This, in turn, provides an organizational framework for emerging trends in spiritual expression and, as such, has relevance to the broader study of the meaning and power of congregational music in religious life.
From a City of Greeks to Greeks in a City
Authors: Erez Oded 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at Salonikan Jews across two temporal and geographical contexts—interwar Salonika and pre- and post-statehood Tel Aviv-Jaffa—tracing popular music taste cultures as they develop in one urban setting and then transpose to another after migration. It offers a musical perspective on the transition from Ottoman to Greek sovereignty in Salonika, and on the series of deep challenges to the integrity of the city’s heterogenous Jewish community” with: challenges it brought to the already heterogeneous urban Jewish community. Looking at how music facilitates the negotiation of such tumultuous terrain of collectivity, its role in shaping notions of belonging in Salonika among those wrestling with the imperative of “becoming Greek” is explored. The process of becoming continued for Salonikan Jews upon finding a new home in Palestine/Israel, where once again they needed to carve out their space within a national culture in the making, grappling with its internal “Eastern” others.
Sonic Collectivity at the Kotel ha-Maʿaravi (Western Wall)
Authors: Wood Abigail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Western Wall Plaza in Jerusalem is a core space of Jewish collectivity. Its weighty historical roots have drawn Jews to pray in this location for centuries. As an iconic space, the Kotel stands alone among contemporary Jewish spaces, unequalled in terms of size, topography, and religious significance. Yet since its capture by the Israeli army in 1967, lack of agreement among Israel’s political and religious echelons regarding the development of the space has left an almost blank architectural canvas, affording different groups to imagine new popular ritual contexts for the performance of Jewish prayer and Jewish-Israeli nationhood. Meanwhile, the proximity of the muezzin sounding from the Al-Aqsa Mosque just above the Kotel is a constant reminder that these ceremonies take place on a political and religious seam line. This chapter illustrates how the changing soundscape of the Western Wall Plaza emphasizes the dynamic process of contesting discourses and identities that continue to shape this site, highlighting the embodied interaction between physical space and the politics of individual and collective presence.
“We Shall Sing Songs and Praise to the Lord Who Created Us Last in the World”
Authors: Rosenfeld-Hadad Merav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim ben Elijah Al-Ḥakham’s leadership and his relationship with his followers. It does so through an examination of his paraliturgical songs, while taking into account the ethos reflected in his other rabbinic works. It reveals Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim’s view on the bond between God, the Jewish people, and the Land of Israel, and the role he assigned the paraliturgical songs in building this bond and in bringing about God’s salvation of His people, an event that Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim considered to be inherently connected with the return of the Nation to its promised land. Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim’s inclusive and inviting path encourages Jewish lifestyle and identity and is designed to reassure the followers that preserving these values will lead to the speedy salvation and the return of the Nation to its Land of Israel. Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim’s path is still revered by Jewish communities in and outside of Israel.
“On a Harp of Ten Strings I Will Sing Praises to You”
Authors: Wijsman Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three rare and striking illustrations feature women and music in the fifteenth-century Oppenheimer Siddur (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Opp. 776), a dated, user-produced Ashkenazic book of daily prayers completed in 1471. Women playing musical instruments occur rarely in Hebrew manuscript art, and, when they do, it is most often in a specific, archetypical context, such as narrative scenes in Passover Haggadot. Due to rabbinic prohibitions against instrumental music in the synagogue, the inclusion in a Jewish prayer book of women playing musical instruments is enigmatic and invites close study of this unusual aspect of the manuscript’s iconographic program. This chapter focuses on the symbolism of the feminine elements in these three compositions, examining how they relate to other illustrations in this prayer book, contemporaneous love iconography in Christian secular art of the period, and other medieval Hebrew illuminated manuscripts, as well as Jewish literature.
Christianity and the Law in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Sandberg Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century was a time of significant change. Perhaps because it is so recent and, therefore, so many materials survive, the complexity and diversity of the century is striking and frightening. Few authors have attempted to examine the century as a whole. This chapter looks at the century as a whole but simply seeks to propose and sketch four general trends that can be said to characterize the interaction between Christianity and the law over this period: (1) an emphasis upon autonomy, at first protecting religious groups but later focusing on the individual; (2) the regarding and framing of religious freedom as a human right as part of a general juridification of religion; (3) the rise of explicit equality norms that, in addition to furthering juridification, have entrenched changes regarding the role of women and the internal secularization of religious groups; and (4) a wider questioning of authority and a further decoupling of law and morality that may be seen in terms of demoralization, the death of deference, and societal secularization. The chapter recognizes and stresses that these four trends were by no means universal, complete, or linear, but it provides an interpretation of aspects of the interaction between law and Christianity in “the short twentieth century” in the hope that future authors will provide further examination of what is a relatively neglected topic, falling in the gap between the study of legal history, on one hand, and current law, on the other.
Christianity and Law in Europe Today
Authors: Pin Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Europe is marked by the widespread acknowledgment of freedom of conscience, a visible variety of church-and-state settlements, and the often cited but controversial notion of state neutrality. The strong historical connections between Christianity and law in Europe, however, have given birth to a much more layered environment. The first, more superficial layer is visible in the growing tension between secular institutions and Christianity. Public policies and human rights agendas increasingly challenge Christian values on many accounts, triggering reactions that span from conscientious objection requests to outright political opposition that is fueling populist resentments. The second dimension consists of the political and cultural role that Christian symbolism has garnered lately. Well rooted in European constitutionalism, such religious symbolism heeds the widespread calls for a robust connecting tissue for postmodern societies, as it functions as an alternative to political secularism and a bastion of national values. The third, more hidden layer of relationship between Christianity and law is traceable in the deep Christian roots of several legal values that are widespread in Europe, including antipositivism, supranationalism, and solidarity among strangers.
Christianity and Contract Law
Authors: Astorri Paolo , Decock Wim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the contract law doctrines shaped by medieval and early modern canonists and theologians, and their impact on the Western legal tradition. These doctrines were forged from rules included in the Bible, Aristotelian philosophy, Roman law, canon law, and medieval theology. They consisted of principles for the creation and execution of contracts and basic forms of regulation regarding the most important financial transactions. They included rules on offer and acceptance, duress, fraud, fairness in exchange, usury, and restitution. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they were modified and expanded by early modern Catholic and Protestant scholars. While laying more emphasis on biblical morality, faith, and charity, Protestant theologians and jurists nevertheless remained well versed in most of the teachings developed by their Catholic counterparts. Especially through their influence on natural lawyers in the subsequent centuries, many of the religiously informed doctrines of contract found their way into modern codifications. Only in the nineteenth century were they abandoned to make way for other ideas from outside the Christian faith. With the rise of legal positivism, principles that referred too clearly to the moral and religious engagements with contract law from the past, such as the notion of just pricing, were expressly abandoned. Christian authors nevertheless continued to discuss issues of contract law from a religious perspective within their own circles, stressing the need to observe fairness in exchange.
Christianity and Family Law
Authors: Alvaré Helen M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christianity has profoundly shaped Western family law from about the fourth century to today. It has affected most laws in the West pertaining to marriage, parenting, and kin relations, and to those aspects of human sexuality relevant to preserving the goods of marriage and family. By means of evangelization, conquest, and colonization, Christianity has left its imprint around the globe. From its beginnings to today, Christian family norms have incorporated wisdom drawn from complementary sources, including, over time, Judaism, Stoicism, Roman law, Greek philosophy, and observations from nature and empirical scholarship—and have illuminated these with the New Testament. While Christian influence upon family law has dramatically declined during the past century, its impact is still visible in the ideals and systems of many countries, and believers still positively contribute to family law discussions and reforms, with both Christian ideas and their personal witness.
Christianity and Education Law
Authors: Glenn Charles L. , De Groof Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Education, shaping the character and the convictions of the young, has always been a concern of Christians, and church leaders have sought through exhortation and through creating schools to ensure its provision. With the Reformation, this became an urgent task because of a focus, among Protestants, on the ability to read the Bible and a flood of publications by Luther, Calvin, and other leaders. There was a corresponding concern by Catholic leaders, in areas of religious rivalry, to solidify their support, leading to the formation of religious teaching orders. The primary focus of this chapter, however, is upon the last two hundred years, when governments, through laws and policies, have used schooling for nation-building and when the creation of loyal citizens either fostered or conflicted with the Christian mission and character of schools. In such cases as Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Scandinavia the respective educational goals of governments and churches involved generally fruitful collaboration. Elsewhere, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Mexico, and Spain, periods of intense conflict were followed by compromise. In yet other countries, such as France and the United States, deeply ideological differences over schooling led to continuing political and legal conflicts and recent efforts to find ground for principled pluralism in education. While this chapter cannot discuss the details of how law in these and other countries has addressed the competing educational goals of governments and churches, it presents key examples and principles for consideration.
Germanic Christianity and the Law
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Germanic tribes became part of the Roman Empire, they accepted the Christian faith, the necessity of laws, and jurisdiction as the guarantor of justice and truth. But their notions of both Christian faith and legal concepts differed tremendously from those of Rome. The Germanic kingdoms used law in distinct ways for government. The development of monasticism, especially the penitentials, during this period changed Western Christianity and the law. A look into the simultaneous development of the Celtic Christian tradition of the British Isles shows that while historians have sometimes taken certain rules in Germanic lands—such as ordeals, trials by combat, or wergild in the Frankish empire—as evidence of persisting paganism, those same rules in Ireland have been viewed as an expression of Christianity.
Christianity, Love, and Justice
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relation between love and justice has been a persistent topic of discussion by Christian ethicists and theologians. The reason for this is that the kind of love of which the Christian scriptures speak, and the way in which love and justice figure in scripture, make the question of the relation between them unavoidable. The chapter identifies four ways in which this is the case. The writers of the Old Testament enjoin people to do and seek justice, whereas Jesus declares that people are to love their neighbors as themselves. Scripture declares that God is love, and it also declares that God is just. Jesus taught that people are to forgive the penitent wrongdoer, whereas it has commonly been held, by Christians and non-Christians alike, that wrongdoing calls for punishment. Jesus taught that people are never to answer harm with harm but always to do good, whereas it has commonly been held that wrongdoing calls for punishment in the form of retribution—payback. The discussion of these four points includes, in each instance, a reference to one or more ways in which writers in the Christian tradition have answered the question posed concerning the relation between love and justice. The chapter concludes with a brief presentation and critique of a movement among twentieth-century Christian ethicists—of which Anders Nygren and Reinhold Niebuhr were the most prominent—in which love and justice were pitted sharply against each other.
Christianity and Equality
Authors: Rivers Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one respect or another, humans seem to have an insatiable urge to elevate themselves over others. The central modern conviction that we are morally each other’s equals is therefore counterintuitive. A good case can be made that it derives from the disruptive effect of Christian teaching, which, through the centuries, has generated a constant dissatisfaction with existing social inequalities and hierarchies. It is even arguable that the fundamental belief in equal human worth makes no sense outside of a theological framing. Convictions about equality connect with contemporary law in three main ways. First, they produce a strong commitment to “equality before the law”: the idea that the same law should be applied to all regardless of distinction. Second, equality is treated as one of law’s main goals: the essential characteristic of a just social, political, and economic order. Finally, convictions about inequality have generated a new and rapidly expanding body of law—equality law—which seeks to prevent discrimination because of various protected characteristics. In the context of this body of law, tensions have emerged between Christian and some other contemporary conceptions of equality. But it is suggested that a Christian conception of equality stands a better chance of treating justly those who hold diverse beliefs than one based on expressive individualism.
Christianity, Solidarity, and Law
Authors: Domingo Rafael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the connections between Christianity, solidarity, and law and argues that Christianity transformed the Roman law concept of solidarity by redefining it as love to the point of divinization. In this sense, Christian solidarity illuminates and enhances secular solidarity. To the extent that humans act in greater solidarity with others, they discover their radical unity with all bearers of the divine image. The closer that human solidarity comes to the ideas of love, service, and gratuitousness, the more it manifests the solidarity of the Triune God. Solidarity permeates all dimensions of human existence: the legal, the political, the social, and the spiritual. Therefore, fully implementing solidarity entails a profound spiritualization of society. Christianity plays a decisive role in the achievement of some social objectives of solidarity, such as respect for all persons and their rights; the preferential option for the poor, the sick, and the weakest; the abolition of discrimination; the protection of the planet; and the development of a global law for humanity.
The Development of the Classical Canon Law
Authors: Helmholz R. H. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the formation of the classical canon law beginning in the twelfth century, explaining the reasons that earlier conciliar degrees fell short of creating a legal system. It examines the vital role played by the medieval papacy in the process, also stressing the importance of the evolution of a juristic literature interpreting the canon law’s texts. The place of the ancient Roman law in this process is also given its due. The chapter then illustrates and assesses the success and failures of three themes characteristic of the resulting ecclesiastical legal system, including consideration of their results in practice. The first is the separation of the clergy from the laity, including both the legal privileges and disabilities to which it led. The second is importance of the salus animarum in the church’s law, the concern for the soul’s health of those governed by it. The third is the affirmation of basic rules of human rights contained in the church’s law. Many of them have been carried into modern legal systems. The privilege against self-incrimination and freedom of choice in marriage provide two illustrations.
Christianity and Medieval Civil Law
Authors: Condorelli Orazio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the twelfth century, Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis became the basis of the science of civil law. The books of Justinian’s laws (libri legales) and the set of interpretations accompanying them were seen as the ius commune (common law) of the Christian society in temporal matters, in connection with canon law, which concerned spiritual matters. Universities were the places where this science developed and from which the ius commune was radiated and gave shape to many aspects of medieval society, including church-state relations, labor and employment, contracts and loans, and aspects of marriage and family life that are sampled herein. Christianity inspired the encounter of civil law with canon law and theology. This encounter helped form a homogeneous legal culture from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries, and rendered medieval law and society an important foundation for the development of European and Western civilization.
The mulla-mullung’s Bulk
Authors: Mialanes Jerome , David Bruno , Stephenson Birgitta , Fresløv Joanna , Mullett Russell ,   GunaiKurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation, Metz Laure , Delannoy Jean-Jacques , Crouch Joe , McDowell Matthew , Petchey Fiona , Green Helen , Arnold Lee J. , Wood Rachel , Ash Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent archaeological mapping of, and excavations at, Cloggs Cave, in GunaiKurnai Aboriginal Country in Southeastern Australia, have revealed a rich underground landscape of stone arrangements, broken stalactites, and what appear to be crushed crystalline minerals and ritual ash layers. Here we examine the stone artifacts to determine how they can shed further light on how the cave was used, and what a GunaiKurnai perspective can tell us about how the Old Ancestors lived and interacted with kin and more distant groups, spirit-beings, and ancestral presences operating under customary Law. The status and social logic of Cloggs Cave as a secluded site of special power within Krauatungalung clan Country, where caves are associated with mysterious creatures, restricted knowledge, and magic, are explained through connections that exist between special stones such as bulk and groggin, mulla-mullung or individuals of high degree, and magic power. By presenting the results of technological, use-wear and residue analyses on the excavated stone artifacts through historical and contemporary GunaiKurnai views, we expand not just our understanding of the cave, but how research questions posed by First Nations peoples can merge with academic research methods to reveal cultural (hi)stories fundamentally informed by descendant community perspectives.
Toward an Indigenist Research Model of Australian Archaeology
Authors: Roberts Zac 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That a contentious relationship exists between global First Nations communities and the discipline of archaeology is well understood by practitioners of archaeology. Perceived Western supremacy has often worked to de-center First Nations peoples and communities in archaeological research in favor of Western understandings of history and heritage. A recent trend of de-colonialism has addressed some of these concerns; however, a methodological change is not enough to fully address the issue. This chapter addresses the colonial culture of archaeology, as well as the epistemological Whiteness at the heart of archaeological theory and practice. Doing so challenges the undertheorizing of Indigenous archaeologies of the Australian continent. The chapter concludes by considering ways to address the present issues through three tenets of a proposed Indigenist model of Australian archaeology: archaeological sovereignty, healing and reconciliation, and Indigenist futures in archaeology.