bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anticipation of landing leg masks ankle inversion orientation deficits and peroneal insufficiency during jump landing in people with chronic ankle instability
Authors: Hou Zongchen , Shen Wei , Fong Daniel T. P. , Winter Samantha L. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAnkle inversion orientation and peroneal activation insufficiency may contribute to lateral ankle sprains during landing in chronic ankle instability (CAI); however, how anticipation alters these factors is neglected. This study aimed to assess the impact of anticipation on joint orientation and muscle activity during landing in individuals with CAI. Fifteen participants with CAI and 15 healthy participants (control) were recruited to perform single‐leg landings after bilateral countermovement jumps when the landing limb was specified before (planned) or after (unplanned) take‐off. Joint angle (hip, knee, and ankle) and electromyography (gluteus medius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius lateral head, tibialis anterior, and peroneal longus) were collected and analyzed with 2 (groups) × 2 (conditions) statistical parametric mapping ANOVA. In the unplanned condition, the CAI group demonstrated a less plantarflexed (maximum difference [MD] = 9.5°, p = 0.047) and more inverted ankle joint (MD = 4.1°, p < 0.001) before ground contact, along with lower peroneal activity at ground contact compared to the control group (MD = 28.9% of peak activation, p < 0.001). No significant differences between groups were observed in the planned condition. In conclusion, anticipation may mask jump landing deficits in people with CAI, including inverted ankle orientation and reduced peroneus longus activity pre‐ and post‐landing, which were observed exclusively in unplanned landings. Clinicians and researchers need to recognize the impact of anticipation on apparent landing deficits and consider the implications for injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies.
“We're gonna get you through it”: The role of bonding social capital in the development of bridging social capital
Authors: Iantosca Megan Holland , Kimelberg Shelley M. , Lewis Danielle V. , Taughrin Ryan J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMany programs that place low‐income students of color in high‐achieving college preparatory high schools seek to nurture bridging social capital, connections across class lines that provide leverage in the process of “getting ahead.” Bonding social capital, which focuses more on emotional support and “getting by,” is frequently characterized as less useful for social mobility. Drawing upon in‐depth interviews with alumni from one such program, we challenge the notion of bridging and bonding social capital as discrete, countervailing forms of social capital, and demonstrate how the two may complement each other. Specifically, we find that bonding social capital served as a critical resource that students drew upon as they navigated their elite high schools in the face of racism and classism. In doing so, this bonding social capital ultimately facilitated the development of bridging social capital by encouraging student persistence at these institutions. Our findings support critiques of traditional accounts of social capital that devalue the capital possessed by marginalized communities and fuel deficit ideologies. Furthermore, they highlight the personal costs that youth may face in the pursuit of bridging capital, complicating the narrative of social mobility as an unmitigated good.
Trust, institutional quality, and the protection of property rights: A cross‐regional study of East Asia and Western countries
Authors: Chung Kee Hoon , Kwon Hyeok Yong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis article explores the conditions under which social trust enhances institutional performance, specifically the protection of property rights in Western versus East Asian countries over time.MethodsWe estimate fixed‐effects panel regression models to test how the relationship between trust and property rights protection is moderated by the quality of political institutions, including state capacity, the legal system, and democracy.ResultsWe find that the relationship between social trust and property rights protection is contingent on the quality of political institutions across regions. The quality of the legal system exerts the most pronounced and contrasting effect on the link between social trust and property rights protection in Western and East Asian countries, while the conditional effects of state capacity and democracy are comparatively less pronounced in both regions.ConclusionThis study contributes valuable insights into the complex interplay between social trust and institutional outcomes in diverse societal contexts.
All politics are national: Partisan defection in national and subnational elections
Authors: Sievert Joel , Banda Kevin K. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveWhile they were once viewed as largely local or candidate‐centered contests, recent American elections have come to be dominated by national forces such as presidential politics and partisanship. Prior research on voter behavior in this new era of nationalized politics, however, has largely focused on more high‐profile contests and has not examined voter decision making across multiple levels of government.MethodsOur study uses cross‐sectional (2006–2020) survey data from the Cooperative Election Study to explore the determinants of partisan loyalty and defection across both national and subnational American elections.ResultsWe find consistent evidence that citizens increasingly rely upon national forces—specifically partisan‐ideological sorting and presidential approval—to make decisions about candidates up and down the ballot. We also find mixed evidence that evaluations of the national economy inform defection behavior.ConclusionThese findings indicate that the national political forces shape voter behavior in national and subnational contests in effectively identical ways. Thus, the evidence supports the notion that all (electoral) politics are now national.
Repeat patient testing‐quality control compared to commercial quality control material for the Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzer in a multi‐site veterinary laboratory
Authors: Daly S. , Rishniw M. , Graham P. A. , Freeman K. P. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundQuality control material (QCM) for hematology in veterinary laboratories is limited, and repeat patient testing quality control (RPT‐QC) is an alternative method using excess matrix‐specific samples.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine if median differences between RPT‐QC analyses for each time interval for RBC, HGB, HCT, and WBC were the same, determine if unified RPT‐QC limits can be applied to a network of veterinary laboratories, compare the performance of RPT‐QC to commercial QCM for the reference analyzer and evaluate the experience over a 4 month period and design, improve and implement an automated spreadsheet for RPT‐QC data management.MethodsThe potential to unify individual analyzer RPT‐QC limits for red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), and white blood cells (WBC) on multi‐site Sysmex XT‐2000‐iV analyzers was explored by a difference of means test and confidence interval determination for the median difference for each network analyzer in comparison to the network reference analyzer. User experience of an automated RPT‐QC data management Excel spreadsheet was collected by user feedback during monthly meetings. Numbers of out‐of‐control results and the root causes for these for RPT‐QC were compared against those of a commercial QCM over a 4‐month period.ResultsDifferences between individual analyzer RPT‐QC limits were too large to allow for unification of network limits. The automated spreadsheet successfully highlighted out‐of‐control events for RPT‐QC. Trends or shifts were more frequent for commercial QCM based on observed performance and a 1–2.5 s QC rule than for RPT‐QC. Following routine troubleshooting, RPT‐QC out‐of‐control events were resolved with an alternative RPT‐QC sample indicating random error associated with excessive deterioration. Use of an automated spreadsheet for recording RPT‐QC, documentation and troubleshooting of out‐of‐control events, and collating monthly summary calculations were considered an asset in laboratory quality management.ConclusionsRPT‐QC can be successfully implemented and integrated into a multi‐site veterinary laboratory. Individual analyzer RPT‐QC limit generation is recommended. The deterioration of commercial QCM caused shifts or trends in QC results, which initiated more repeat analyses and investigations than did RPT‐QC.
Blood lactate after pre‐hospital blood transfusion for major trauma by helicopter emergency medical services
Authors: Mitra Biswadev , Talarico Carly S. , Olaussen Alexander , Anderson David , Meadley Ben 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe appropriate use of blood components is essential for ethical use of a precious, donated product. The aim of this study was to report in‐hospital red blood cell (RBC) transfusion after pre‐hospital transfusion by helicopter emergency medical service paramedics. A secondary aim was to assess the potential for venous blood lactate to predict ongoing transfusion.Materials and MethodsAll patients who received RBC in air ambulance were transported to a single adult major trauma centre, had venous blood lactate measured on arrival and did not die before ability to transfuse RBC were included. The association of venous blood lactate with ongoing RBC transfusion was assessed using multi‐variable logistic regression analysis and reported using adjusted odds ratios (aOR). The discriminative ability of venous blood lactate was assessed using area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC).ResultsFrom 1 January 2016 to 15 May 2019, there were 165 eligible patients, and 128 patients were included. In‐hospital transfusion occurred in 97 (75.8%) of patients. Blood lactate was associated with ongoing RBC transfusion (aOR: 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36–2.94). Blood lactate provided acceptable discriminative ability for ongoing transfusion (AUROC: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.70–0.86).ConclusionsAfter excluding patients with early deaths, a quarter of those who had prehospital RBC transfusion had no further transfusion in hospital. Venous blood lactate appears to provide value in identifying such patients. Lactate levels after pre‐hospital transfusion could be used as a biomarker for transfusion requirement after trauma.
Abundant urinary amino acids activate glutamine synthetase-encoding
glnA
by two different mechanisms in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Urs Karthik , Zimmern Philippe E. , Reitzer Larry 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Growth of uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
in the bladder induces transcription of
glnA
which codes for the ammonia-assimilating glutamine synthetase (GS) despite the normally suppressive high ammonia concentration. We previously showed that the major urinary component, urea, induces transcription from the Crp-dependent
glnAp1
promoter, but the urea-induced transcript is not translated. Our purpose here was to determine whether the most abundant urinary amino acids, which are known to inhibit GS activity
in vitro
, also affect
glnA
transcription
in vivo
. We found that the abundant amino acids impaired growth, which glutamine and glutamate reversed; this implies inhibition of GS activity. In strains with deletions of
crp
and
glnG
that force transcription from the
glnAp2
and
glnAp1
promoters, respectively, we examined growth and
glnA
transcription with a
glnA-gfp
transcriptional fusion and quantitative reverse transcription PCR with primers that can distinguish transcription from the two promoters. The abundant urinary amino acids stimulated transcription from the
glnAp2
promoter in the absence of urea but from the
glnAp1
promoter in the presence of urea. However, transcription from
glnAp1
did not produce a translatable mRNA or GS as assessed by a
glnA-gfp
translational fusion, enzymatic assay of GS, and Western blot to detect GS antigen in urea-containing media. We discuss these results within the context of the extremely rapid growth of uropathogenic
E. coli
in urine, the different factors that control the two
glnA
promoters and possible mechanisms that either overcome or bypass the urea-imposed block of glutamine synthesis during bacterial growth in urine.

IMPORTANCE

Knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms for genes expressed at the site of infection provides insight into the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. During urinary tract infections—most often caused by
Escherichia coli
—growth in urine induces the
glnA
gene which codes for glutamine synthetase. The most abundant urinary amino acids amplified the effect of urea which resulted in hypertranscription from the
glnAp1
promoter and, unexpectedly, an untranslated transcript.
E. coli
must overcome this block in glutamine synthesis during growth in urine, and the mechanism of glutamine acquisition or synthesis may suggest a possible therapy.
Ammonia stress-induced heat shock factor 1 enhances white spot syndrome virus infection by targeting the interferon-like system in shrimp
Authors: Wang Xin-Xin , Zhang Hui , Gao Jie , Wang Xian-Wei 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Disease emergence is the consequence of host-pathogen-environment interactions. Ammonia is a key stress factor in aquatic environments that usually increases the risk of pathogenic diseases in aquatic animals. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the enhancement of viral infection following ammonia stress remain largely unknown. Here, we found that ammonia stress enhances white spot syndrome virus infection in kuruma shrimp (
Marsupenaeus japonicus
) by targeting the antiviral interferon-like system through heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1). Hsf1 is an ammonia-induced transcription factor. It regulates the expression of
Cactus
and
Socs2
, which encode negative regulators of NF-κB signaling and Jak/Stat signaling, respectively. By inhibiting these two pathways, ammonia-induced Hsf1 suppressed the production and function of MjVago-L, an arthropod interferon analog. Therefore, this study revealed that Hsf1 is a central regulator of suppressed antiviral immunity after ammonia stress and provides new insights into the molecular regulation of immunity in stressful environments.

IMPORTANCE
Ammonia is the end product of protein catabolism and is derived from feces and unconsumed foods. It threatens the health and growth of aquatic animals. In this study, we demonstrated that ammonia stress suppresses shrimp antiviral immunity by targeting the shrimp interferon-like system and that heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) is a central regulator of this process. When shrimp are stressed by ammonia, they activate Hsf1 for stress relief and well-being. Hsf1 upregulates the expression of negative regulators that inhibit the production and function of interferon analogs in shrimp, thereby enhancing white spot syndrome viral infection. Therefore, this study, from a molecular perspective, explains the problem in the aquaculture industry that animals living in stressed environments are more susceptible to pathogens than those living in unstressed conditions. Moreover, this study provides new insights into the side effects of heat shock responses and highlights the complexity of achieving cellular homeostasis under stressful conditions.
The phosphatidylinositol-5′ phosphatase synaptojanin1 limits integrin-mediated invasion of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Shi Yong , Muenzner Petra , Schanz-Jurinka Stefanie , Hauck Christof R. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

The gram-positive bacterium
Staphylococcus aureus
can invade non-professional phagocytic cells by associating with the plasma protein fibronectin to exploit host cell integrins. Integrin-mediated internalization of these pathogens is facilitated by the local production of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P
2
) via an integrin-associated isoform of phosphatidylinositol-5′ kinase. In this study, we addressed the role of PI-4,5-P
2
-directed phosphatases on internalization of
S. aureus
. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of individual phosphoinositide 5-phosphatases revealed that synaptojanin1 (SYNJ1) is counteracting invasion of
S. aureus
into mammalian cells. Indeed, shRNA-mediated depletion as well as genetic deletion of synaptojanin1 via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a gain-of-function phenotype with regard to integrin-mediated uptake. Surprisingly, the surface level of integrins was slightly downregulated in Synj1-KO cells. Nevertheless, these cells showed enhanced local accumulation of PI-4,5-P
2
and exhibited increased internalization of
S. aureus
. While the phosphorylation level of the integrin-associated protein tyrosine kinase FAK was unaltered, the integrin-binding and -activating protein talin was enriched in the vicinity of
S. aureus
in synaptojanin1 knockout cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed enlarged membrane invaginations in the absence of synaptojanin1 explaining the increased capability of these cells to internalize integrin-bound microorganisms. Importantly, the enhanced uptake by Synj1-KO cells and the exaggerated morphological features were rescued by the re-expression of the wild-type enzyme but not phosphatase inactive mutants. Accordingly, synaptojanin1 activity limits integrin-mediated invasion of
S. aureus
, corroborating the important role of PI-4,5-P
2
during this process.

IMPORTANCE

Staphylococcus aureus
, an important bacterial pathogen, can invade non-professional phagocytes by capturing host fibronectin and engaging integrin α5β1. Understanding how
S. aureus
exploits this cell adhesion receptor for efficient cell entry can also shed light on the physiological regulation of integrins by endocytosis. Previous studies have found that a specific membrane lipid, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), supports the internalization process. Here, we extend these findings and report that the local levels of PIP2 are controlled by the activity of the PIP2-directed lipid phosphatase Synaptojanin1. By dephosphorylating PIP2 at bacteria-host cell attachment sites, Synaptojanin1 counteracts the integrin-mediated uptake of the microorganisms. Therefore, our study not only generates new insight into subversion of cellular receptors by pathogenic bacteria but also highlights the role of host cell proteins acting as restriction factors for bacterial invasion at the plasma membrane.
Unravelling HetC as a peptidase-based ABC exporter driving functional cell differentiation in the cyanobacterium
Nostoc
PCC 7120
Authors: Rachedi Raphaël , Risoul Véronique , Foglino Maryline , Aoudache Yanis , Lang Kevin , Champ Stéphanie , Kaplan Elise , Orelle Cédric , Douzi Badreddine , Jault Jean-Michel , Latifi Amel 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

The export of peptides or proteins is essential for a variety of important functions in bacteria. Among the diverse protein-translocation systems, peptidase-containing ABC transporters (PCAT) are involved in the maturation and export of quorum-sensing or antimicrobial peptides in Gram-positive bacteria and of toxins in Gram-negative organisms. In the multicellular and diazotrophic cyanobacterium
Nostoc
PCC 7120, the protein HetC is essential for the differentiation of functional heterocysts, which are micro-oxic and non-dividing cells specialized in atmospheric nitrogen fixation. HetC shows similarities to PCAT systems, but whether it actually acts as a peptidase-based exporter remains to be established. In this study, we show that the N-terminal part of HetC, encompassing the peptidase domain, displays a cysteine-type protease activity. The conserved catalytic residues conserved in this family of proteases are essential for the proteolytic activity of HetC and the differentiation of heterocysts. Furthermore, we show that the catalytic residue of the ATPase domain of HetC is also essential for cell differentiation. Interestingly, HetC has a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain at its N-terminus which can bind ppGpp
in vitro
and which is required for its function
in vivo
. Our results indicate that HetC is a peculiar PCAT that might be regulated by ppGpp to potentially facilitate the export of a signaling peptide essential for cell differentiation, thereby broadening the scope of PCAT role in Gram-negative bacteria.

IMPORTANCE

Bacteria have a great capacity to adapt to various environmental and physiological conditions; it is widely accepted that their ability to produce extracellular molecules contributes greatly to their fitness. Exported molecules are used for a variety of purposes ranging from communication to adjust cellular physiology, to the production of toxins that bacteria secrete to fight for their ecological niche. They use export machineries for this purpose, the most common of which energize transport by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. Here, we demonstrate that such a mechanism is involved in cell differentiation in the filamentous cyanobacterium
Nostoc
PCC 7120. The HetC protein belongs to the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily and presumably ensures the maturation of a yet unknown substrate during export. These results open interesting perspectives on cellular signaling pathways involving the export of regulatory peptides, which will broaden our knowledge of how these bacteria use two cell types to conciliate photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation.
Experience of patients and physiotherapists within the AFTER pilot randomised trial of two rehabilitation interventions for people aged 50 years and over post ankle fracture: a qualitative study
Authors: Tutton Elizabeth , Gould Jenny , Lamb Sarah E , Costa Matthew L , Keene David J 
Published: February 2024

ObjectivesTo explore patient and staff experience of best-practice rehabilitation advice (one session of face-to-face self-management advice with up to two additional optional sessions) compared with progressive functional exercise (up to six sessions of face-to-face physiotherapy) after ankle fracture.DesignThe study drew on phenomenology using interviews and a focus group.SettingParticipants were from three NHS Trusts in England, UK.ParticipantsA purposive sample of 20 patients with ankle (malleolar) fractures from the Ankle Fracture Treatment: Enhancing Rehabilitation-pilot trial (now completed) were interviewed (median 50 min) from May 2019 to January 2020. They were 6 months post injury, over 50 years of age, (median 66, 12 females) and had received surgical or non-surgical treatment (seven internal fixation surgery, seven close contact casting, six walking boot). A focus group of five physiotherapists who had provided the study interventions (2.5 hours) was undertaken.ResultsThe findings show the acceptability of both interventions through the themes, ‘being helped’ (for patients) and ‘developing expertise’ (for staff) with subthemes of choosing and progressing. Progressive exercise added value with a perceived increase in strength, motion, ability to undertake activities and continued use of the workbook. Both staff and patients valued physiotherapy expertise demonstrated through interpersonal skills, advice, individualised exercise plans and active monitoring of progression. Best practice advice was particularly helpful in the early stages of recovery and with the use of mobility aids.ConclusionBoth interventions were acceptable but progressive exercise was highly valued by patients. Developing expertise through experiential learning enabled staff to facilitate progression. Adjustments to the workbook and the addition of exercises for continued recovery in the best practice advice would enhance a future study. Research during treatment provision may provide further insights into the challenges of facilitating progression of exercise.Trial registrationISRCTN16612336;AFTER-pilot trial).