bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measure, metre, irony: reuniting pure mathematics with architecture
Authors: Tavernor Robert 
Published: October 2002

The human body once provided the fundamental measurements
by which to gauge human creations – but the metric system offers
‘mere number without concrete being’. A synthesis is needed.Measure: mens (L – mind), mensurare = measuring/measureMetre: metron (Gk), metrum (L – measuring rod), mètre (Fr) = metreIrony: eironeia (Gk – simulated ignorance), eiron – dissembler and simulator of power = ironyNo civilization has existed without measures, and
each has described measures in a manner specific to
its needs. To exist at all, measures must be practical
and useful, and most have their origins in everyday
experience. At some stage in the development of a
civilized society measures will be refined,
standardized and regulated and represented
physically. To endure and be accepted by hundreds,
thousands, even millions of people – across great
civilizations and around the globe – measures must
reflect and extend the authority of leaders. Measure
is therefore a statement and record of the changing
balance of power and independence. It is an
expression of culture.
COMPLEMENTATION AND EMBEDDINGS OF c0(I) IN BANACH SPACES
Authors: ARGYROS SPIROS A. , CASTILLO JESÚS F. , GRANERO ANTONIO S. , JIMÉNEZ MAR , MORENO JOSÉ P. 
Published: October 2002

We investigate in this paper the complementation of copies of $c_0(I)$ in some classes of Banach spaces (in the class of weakly compactly generated (WCG) Banach spaces, in the larger class $\mathcal{V}$ of Banach spaces which are subspaces of some $C(K)$ space with $K$ a Valdivia compact, and in the Banach spaces $C([1, \alpha ])$, where $\alpha$ is an ordinal) and the embedding of $c_0(I)$ in the elements of the class $\mathcal{C}$ of complemented subspaces of $C(K)$ spaces. Two of our results are as follows:(i) in a Banach space $X \in \mathcal{V}$ every copy of $c_0(I)$ with $\# I < \aleph _{\omega}$ is complemented;(ii) if $\alpha _0 = \aleph _0$, $\alpha _{n+1} = 2^{\alpha _n}$, $n \geq 0$, and $\alpha = \sup \{\alpha _n : n \geq 0\}$ there exists a WCG Banach space with an uncomplemented copy of $c_0(\alpha )$.So, under the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH), $\aleph _{\omega}$ is the greatest cardinal $\tau$ such that every copy of $c_0(I)$ with $\# I < \tau$ is complemented in the class $\mathcal{V}$. If $T : c_0(I) \to C([1,\alpha ])$ is an isomorphism into its image, we prove that:(i) $c_0(I)$ is complemented, whenever $\| T \| ,\| T^{-1} \| < (3/2)^{\frac 12}$;(ii) there is a finite partition $\{I_1, \dots , I_k\}$ of $I$ such that each copy $T(c_0(I_k))$ is complemented.Concerning the class $\mathcal{C}$, we prove that an already known property of $C(K)$ spaces is still true for this class, namely, if $X \in \mathcal{C}$, the following are equivalent:(i) there is a weakly compact subset $W \subset X$ with ${\rm Dens}(W) = \tau$;(ii) $c_0(\tau )$ is isomorphically embedded into $X$.This yields a new characterization of a class of injective Banach spaces.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 46B20, 46B26.
AFFINE COVERS OF LIE GEOMETRIES AND THE AMALGAMATION PROPERTY
Authors: CHOWDHURY AMBAR , HART BRADD , SOKOLOVIĆ ŽELJKO 
Published: October 2002

Certain classes of smoothly approximable structures — the class of affine covers of Lie geometries — are shown to have the amalgamation property. In particular, this shows that any affine cover of a Lie geometry has the small index property.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 03C45.
The African Rhigonematoidea (Nematoda: Rhigonematida). 1. Trachyglossus quintus gen. n., sp. n. (Xustrostomatidae fam. n.) with redescription of Rhigonema multipapillatum (Skrjabin, 1916) and designation of a neotype
Authors: Hunt David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTrachyglossus quintus gen. n., sp. n. is described from Charactopygus frequens from Zaire. The new genus is characterised by having a dorsoventrally elongate oral aperture with the dorsal jawplate developed into a tongue-like rasp extending over halfway down the corpus lumen; a hypertrophied corpus and isthmus; well developed, lobate caudal alae in the male; hypertrophied, lobiform, vulval flap and by the form of the spicules and disposition of the copulatory papillae. It is closest to Xustrostoma, a genus with which it shares the development of a tongue-like rasp, but differs principally in the hypertrophy of the pharyngeal components: in Trachyglossus gen. n. it is the corpus and isthmus which are enlarged whereas in Xustrostoma it is the basal bulb. Trachyglossus gen. n. also differs in having strongly developed, lobate, caudal alae in the male (vs absent) and in possessing a lobiform anterior vulval lip. It differs from Obainia in having the dorsal jaw plate modified to form a tongue-like rasp, corpus and isthmus region of pharynx hypertrophied (vs basal bulb in African species of Obainia), hypertrophied vulval flap, form of spicules, distribution of copulatory papillae and presence of caudal alae in the male. From Zalophora it differs in the form of the pharynx, development of a tongue-like dorsal rasp instead of numerous teeth on the dorsal jawplate, presence of a hypertrophied vulval lobe and in being amphimictic instead of parthenogenetic. Xustrostomatidae fam. n. is proposed for all those genera (formerly included in the Rhigonematidae) with the cephalic capsule laterally compressed to form a dorsoventrally orientated oral aperture. Rhigonema multipapillatum (Skrjabin, 1916), previously known only from the original description, is redescribed and established as a valid species on the basis of material from Uganda. A neotype is proposed. The species is characterised by medium body size; posterior margin of cephalic collar fused to body; presence of fine microtrichs in the cervical region; cuticularised mouth plates clothed in minute spine-like structures; Type 1 female genital tract; conoid spicate tail shape in both sexes; form of the long, slender spicules and disposition of the 31 copulatory papillae, three postcloacal pairs of which being subdorsal or sublateral in position.
Free-living nematodes from nature reserves in Costa Rica. 3. Araeolaimida
Authors: Zullini Aldo , Loof Pieter , Bongers Tom 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeven species of Araeolaimida were found in soil, moss and freshwater habitats of tropical forests in Costa Rica. Three are described as new. Anonchus pulcher n. sp. is characterised by slender body, lip region demarcated by a depression, presence of ca 45- 60 sublateral glands on each side of the body and monoprodelphic female genital apparatus. Paraplectonema americanum n. sp. lacks somatic setae, the stoma is 3.0-3.4 lip region diameter long, the female rectum measures 26 μm, the male tail 137-153 μm, presence of ten to 11 male supplements, spicula 28-30 μm long, gubernaculum of complicated shape with a caudal apophysis. Chronogaster costaricae n. sp. is characterised by absence of longitudinal incisures, rows of spines, crystalloids and vacuolated glandular bodies, terminus with open mucro with one or two basal spines. The species redescribed, either briefly for well known, or more extensively for less well known, species are: Plectus patagonicus de Man, 1904; P.indicus Khera, 1972; Chronogaster serrulata Loof, 1973 and C. cameroonensis Heyns & Coomans, 1984.
Morphology and systematics of the genus Anonchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Leptolaimina) and reappraisal of the family Aphanolaimidae Chitwood, 1936 n. rank
Authors: Zullini Aldo , Holovachov Oleksandr , Loof Pieter , Bongers Tom 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe genus Anonchus is revised. The genera Assia and Haconnus are considered to be synonymous with Anonchus on the basis of the morphological analysis. Additional descriptions of six species, viz. A. maculatus , A. mirabilis , A. millelacunatus , A. palaeotropicus , A. coomansi and A. pulcher are provided on the basis of type material or recently collected populations. The lectotype of A. monohystera is designated and described and the synonymy of this species with A. maculatus is confirmed. Two new species are described; A. winiszewskae sp. n. from Paraguay and A. venezolanus sp. n. from Venezuela. Several aspects of the morphology are described and the variability and diagnostic significance of the main morphological characters discussed. A study of intrageneric and suprageneric taxonomy of the genus Anonchus is presented. The subfamily Aphanolaiminae is reinstated for the genera Aphanolaimus, Aphanonchus and Paraphanolaimus and raised to family rank. The family Aphanolaimidae includes two subfamilies: Aphanolaiminae and Anonchinae. An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of Anonchus are proposed and a key to the species of the genus is provided.
Synthesis and properties of anionic aqueous polyurethane dispersions
Authors: Lu M. G. , Lee J. Y. , Shim M. J. , Kim S. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA series of aqueous polyurethane dispersions containing pendant carboxylate anion as the hydrophilic were synthesized, and the particle size and the mechanical properties of the dispersions were measured. The effects of the molar ratio of NCO/OH groups or the other functional groups on the chemical structure and the properties were discussed. The particle size mainly depended on the molar ration of the functional groups. The NH groups in urethane and urea linkage formed hydrogen bonding with the carbonyl group (CO) of other urethane group in the hard segments or ether group (COC) in the soft segments. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the higher molar ratio of NCO/OH concentrated the NH group, leading to the hydrogen bonding, which resulted in the increasing mechanical strength of the polyurethane. The tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis measurement revealed that the pendant carboxylate anion made the modulus and the stiffness of the polyurethane increase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3461–3465, 2002
Synthesis and properties of novel fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers containing silsesquioxane segments
Authors: Sawada Hideo , Yoshioka Hiroaki , Ohashi Ryusei , Kawase Tokuzo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFluoroalkyl end‐capped homo‐ and co‐ oligomers containing silsesquioxane segments were prepared by the reactions of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with the corresponding methacrylate monomer‐bearing silsesquioxane unit (Si‐MMA) and comonomers such as N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and acrylic acid (ACA). These new fluorinated Si‐MMA oligomers were easily soluble in various organic solvents and were able to reduce the surface tension of m‐xylene effectively. The modified poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] and glass surface treated with fluorinated Si‐MMA homo‐oligomers exhibited a strong oleophobicity, although these fluorinated oligomers possess high oleophilic silsesquioxane segments. In contrast, the modified PMMA surface treated with fluorinated Si‐MMA–DMAA cooligomers exhibited a good hydrophilicity with a strong oleophobicity. In a series of fluorinated Si‐MMA oligomers, fluorinated Si‐MMA homo‐oligomers had a relatively high thermal stability. Therefore, these fluoroalkyl end‐capped Si‐MMA oligomers are suggested to have high potential for new functional materials through their unique properties such as a high solubility and surface active properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3486–3493, 2002
Heterocyclic‐based epoxy‐terminated structural adhesive. II. Curing, adhesive strength, and thermal stability
Authors: Bhuniya Sankar , Maiti Sukumar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe studied the curing behavior of heterocyclic‐based epoxy‐terminated resins using diaminodiphenyl ether, diaminodiphenyl sulfone, benzophenone tetracarboxylicdianhydride, and the commercial hardener of Ciba‐Geigy's two‐pack Araldite as curing agents. The adhesive strength of the adhesives was measured by various ASTM methods such as lap‐shear, peel, and cohesive tests on metal–metal, wood–wood, and wood–metal interfaces. All of these results were compared with those of an epoxy resin prepared from bisphenol‐A and epichlorohydrin resin with an epoxy equivalent value of 0.519. The thermal stability of both the virgin resin and its cured form was also studied by thermogravimetric analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3520–3526, 2002
Kinetic model of block photopolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate to high conversion
Authors: Medvedevskikh Yu. , Bratus A. , Hafiychuk G. , Zaichenko A. , Kytsya A. , Turovski A. , Zaikov G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe kinetics of glycidyl methacrylate block polymerization to high conversion was experimentally investigated with variations of the photoinitiator concentration, temperature, and power of UV illumination. The kinetic curves of this polymerization process contain three characterized sections of coordinates of “conversion–time,” namely: The first one is practically linear to a conversion of ≈0.5, the second represents, by itself, the autoacceleration process, and the third presents the autodecelation process. An additional peculiarity of such a polymerization process is poor reproduction of the kinetic measurements. This reproduction does not correspond to instrumental error. Derivation of a kinetic model for block linear polymerization was done. This model is, quantitatively, in good agreement with all the data of the experimental material. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3556–3569, 2002
Synthesis and properties of radiation‐induced acrylamide–acrylic acid hydrogels
Authors: Şolpan Dilek , Duran Sibel , Güven Olgun 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAcrylamide (AAm)/acrylic acid (AAc) hydrogels in the cylindirical form were prepared by γ‐irradiating binary systems of AAm/AAc with 2.6–20.0 kGy γ‐rays. The effect of the dose and relative amounts of AAc and pH on the swelling properties, diffusion behavior of water, diffusion coefficients, and network properties of hydrogel systems was investigated. The swelling capacities of AAm/AAc hydrogels were in the range of 1000–3000%, while poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) hydrogels swelled in the range of 450–700%. Water diffusion into hydrogels was found to be non‐Fickian‐type diffusion. Diffusion coefficients of AAm/AAc hydrogels were found between 0.79 × 10−5 and 2.78 × 10−5 cm2 min−1. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3570–3580, 2002
Structure modification and crosslinking of methacrylated polylactide oligomers
Authors: Helminen Antti O. , Korhonen Harri , Seppälä Jukka V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of molecular architecture on the properties of crosslinked polylactides was studied. D,L‐Lactide‐based telechelic oligomers with different numbers of arms were functionalized with methacrylic anhydride. Functionalized oligomers were crosslinked with thermal initiation at 90°C, and the mechanical and thermal properties, as well as the gel content, were evaluated. The crosslinking density increased with the number of arms in the oligomers, and the compressive yield strength was built up at the same time. The best mechanical properties (compressive yield strength = 120 MPa, modulus = 2800 MPa, and strain = 5.0%) were obtained with cured polymers prepared with a 100 : 8 ratio of lactide to pentaerythritol. When dimethacrylated butanediol was used as a reactive monomer in curing, polymers with high crosslinking density and mechanical strength were obtained at 37, 60, and 90°C. The use of the reactive monomer also enabled high conversions with photoinitiated crosslinking. Finally, hydrolytic degradation and strength retention were demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3616–3624, 2002
An improved molecularly imprinted polymer film for recognition of amino acids
Authors: Sneshkoff N. , Crabb K. , BelBruno J. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA highly selective imprinted film was produced from a formic acid solution of nylon. Amino acids were used as template molecules and spin cast films typically of the order of 1 μm, but as thin as 500 nm, were routinely prepared. The films were shown to be specific to the identity and chirality of the template amino acid, and were shown to be effective after as many as five cycles of template extraction and reintroduction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3611–3615, 2002
Low‐temperature photoinitiation solution polymerization behavior of N‐vinylcarbazole in tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Lyoo Won Seok , Ghim Han Do , Kim Hee‐Sam , Kim Joon Ho , Kim Sam Soo , Yoon Won Sik , Lee Jinwon , Lee Sang‐Seob 
Published: October 2002

AbstractN‐Vinylcarbazole (VCZ) was solution‐polymerized in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −20, 0, and 20°C using the photoinitiation method; the effects of the amount of solvent, polymerization temperature, and photoinitiator concentration were investigated. On the whole, the experimental results corresponded to predicted ones. Low polymerization temperature using photoinitiation proved to be successful in obtaining poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVCZ) of a high molecular weight with a smaller temperature rise during polymerization; nevertheless of free radical polymerization by 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADMVN). The photo‐solution polymerization rate of VCZ in THF was proportional to the 0.47 power of ADMVN concentration. The molecular weight was higher and the molecular weight distribution was narrower with PVCZ polymerized at lower temperatures. For PVCZ prepared in THF at −20°C using a photoinitiator concentration of 0.00005 mol/mol of VCZ, a weight‐average molecular weight of 510,000 was obtained, with a polydispersity index of 1.73, and a degree of lightness converged to about 99%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3667–3672, 2002
Rheological properties of a new rubbery nanocomposite: Polyepichlorohydrin/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Lim Sang K. , Kim Ji W. , Chin I‐J. , Choi Hyoung J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNanocomposites of organophilic montmorillonite clay (OMMT) and polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) were intercalated by a solvent‐casting method using dichloromethane as a solvent. The intercalation of PECH segments in the interlayers of the clay was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, and the intercalation spacing was calculated. The increase in the onset temperature of the thermal degradation indicated the enhancement of thermal stability of PECH due to intercalation. Rheological properties of the PECH/OMMT nanocomposites were investigated using a rotational rheometer in a steady shear mode. The steady shear viscosity increased with the clay loading, and the shear thinning viscosity data were fitted well with the Carreau model. From the normalized shear viscosity analysis, a critical shear rate that is a crossover from a Newtonian plateau to a shear thinning region was found to approximately equal the inverse of the characteristic time of the nanocomposites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3735–3739, 2002
Ortho‐aminobenzoic acid‐labeled bradykinins in interaction with lipid vesicles: Fluorescence study
Authors: Turchiello R. F. , Lamy‐Freund M. T. , Hirata I. Y. , Juliano L. , Ito A. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe peptide hormone bradykinin (BK) (Arg1‐Pro2‐Pro3‐Gly4‐Phe5‐Ser6‐Pro7‐Phe8‐Arg9) and its shorter homolog BK1–5 (Arg1‐Pro2‐Pro3‐Gly4‐Phe5) were labeled with the extrinsic fluorescent probe ortho‐aminobenzoic acid (Abz) bound to the N‐terminal and amidated in the C‐terminal carboxyl group (Abz‐BK‐NH2 and Abz‐BK1–5‐NH2). The fragment des‐Arg9‐BK was synthesized with the Abz fluorescent probe attached to the 3‐amino group of 2,3‐amino propionic acid (DAP), which positioned the Abz group at the C‐terminal side of BK sequence, constituting the peptide des‐Arg9‐BK‐DAP(Abz)‐NH2. The spectral characteristics of the probe were similar in the three peptides, and their fluorescent properties were monitored to study the interaction of the peptides with anionic vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG). Time‐resolved fluorescence experiments showed that the fluorescence decay of the peptides was best described by double‐exponential kinetics, with mean lifetimes values around 8.0 ns in buffer pH 7.4 that increased about 10% in the presence of DMPG vesicles. About a 10‐fold increase, compared with the values in aqueous solution, was observed in the steady‐state anisotropy in the presence of vesicles. A similar increase was also observed for the rotational correlation times obtained from time‐resolved anisotropy decay profiles, and related to the overall tumbling of the peptides. Equilibrium binding constants for the peptide–lipid interaction were examined monitoring anisotropy values in titration experiments and the electrostatic effects were evaluated through Gouy–Chapman potential calculations. Without corrections for electrostatic effects, the labeled fragment Abz‐BK1–5‐NH2 presented the major affinity for DMPG vesicles. Corrections for the changes in peptide concentration due to electrostatic interactions suggested higher affinity of the BK fragments to the hydrophobic phase of the bilayer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 65: 336–346, 2002
Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the developing brain of Xenopus laevis
Authors: López Jesús M. , Smeets Wilhelmus J.A.J. , González Agustín 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe spatiotemporal sequence of the appearance of cholinergic structures in the brain of Xenopus laevis during development was studied by means of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. The first ChAT labeling in the central nervous system of Xenopus was obtained at late embryonic stages in the spinal motoneurons, the cranial nerve motor nuclei of the brainstem, and in amacrine cells of the retina. During premetamorphosis, these cholinergic structures maturated significantly and new ChAT‐immunoreactive cells were observed in several other nuclei such as the solitary tract nucleus, isthmic nucleus, laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, epiphysis, dorsal habenular nucleus, medial amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and dorsal pallidum. Further maturation continued through prometamorphosis and the climax of the metamorphosis together with the appearance of new cell groups in the efferent octaval nucleus, ventral hypothalamic nucleus, anterior preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and medial septum. Transient expression of ChAT was only seen in the large Mauthner cells that showed moderate ChAT labeling during pre‐ and prometamorphosis but became immunonegative at the end of the metamorphosis. The gradual appearance, in general from caudal to rostral brain levels, of ChAT immunoreactivity in Xenopus, was correlated with other developmental events to get insight into the possible roles of acetylcholine during ontogeny. Comparison with the developmental pattern of cholinergic systems in other vertebrates shows that Xenopus possesses abundant features in common with amniotes, suggesting a conservative developmental plan for tetrapods. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:418–434, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.