bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Theologians: Rediscovering the Tradition
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scientists who gathered at the conferences of the early 1960s confessed their concerns about the problems raised by the new medicine and biology, and they often called those problems “ethical.” Like their fellow scientist Van Renssellaer Potter, they probably understood that word in its broadest sense, describing the values that should frame human life. When scholars from the classical disciplines of theology and philosophy joined those early conversations, they brought a sharper concept of ethics, one more like that of Andre Hellegers: the critical, analytic study of the norms for human behavior. These professional students of ethics molded these conversations into a shape designed by their disciplines, their traditions, and their personalities. The bioethics that began to appear during the 1970s, while generated by the new medicine and science encountering human values and customs, was their creation. Theologians were the first to appear on the scene. This chapter will provide a brief summary of theological ethics and will identify the theological pioneers.
0 Brave New World: The Ethics of Human Reproduction
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socrates’ friends once asked him to describe family life in his ideal republic and “how citizens will bring children into the world and rear them when they have arrived.” Socrates replied, “The answers to these questions are far from easy. I approach the subject with great reluctance.” He overcame his reluctance enough to declaim about how to choose the fittest parents and even proposed that wives and offspring be held in common. His novel suggestions astonished Socrates’ friends. During the second half of the twentieth century, novel ways of procreating children astonished the world. The settled ethics about how people beget children and rear them has been disturbed by the scientific ability to conceive children without sexual intercourse, by joining sperm and ovum outside the body and inserting the resulting zygote into a womb. These novel ways of procreation raised questions that, as Socrates admitted, are far from easy to answer. The questions are even difficult to comprehend without understanding the old ethics about reproduction that placed the generation of children within the legal and moral setting of monogamous marriage, discouraged the deliberate inhibition of conception, and prohibited abortion. This chapter begins, then, by tracing many almost forgotten paths of the old ethics of reproduction and goes on to review the questions and answers about the ethics of the new reproductive technologies.
Poor Surgical Risk Patients
Authors: Halevy Amir , Baldwin John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients deemed to be poor surgical risks pose special challenges to the medical care team in general, and to the surgeon in particular. These challenges result from the ambiguity that arises from the very concept of poor risk and the reality that decision making in such cases reflects the views and values of the surgeon, the referring physician, and the patient. Successfully managing such cases requires an understanding of the perspectives of the three parties involved in the determination of poor surgical risk and of the role of the informed consent process in bringing potentially diverse perspectives into a coherent decision.
Understanding, Assessing, and Managing Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Khushf George , Gifford Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain types of financial arrangements have long been frowned upon by the medical profession. Many of these were grouped under the heading of ‘‘fee splitting’’ and directly prohibited. Thus, for example, a generalist could not obtain a kickback for referring a patient to a surgeon; a surgeon could not use an agent to ‘‘drum up’’ business, and so forth. The reason generally given for prohibiting such practices was that financial arrangements were inappropriately introduced into a decision-making process that should be exclusively directed by medical factors. However, the various discouraged financial arrangements were addressed independently of one another, and they were discussed under the name of the particular practice in question (e.g., advertising, fee splitting). They were not grouped together under a principle that accounted for why the practice was ethically problematic. Recently this has changed. The previously prohibited financial arrangements have been grouped together with a host of other types of practices, and they are now addressed under the rubric of conflicts of interest.
Nations, Identity, and Conflict
Authors: Glover Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two histories of nationalism. One history, repeated many times, is of a people rightly struggling to be free. They eventually break away from their large neighbor, a colonial power, or the Soviet Union to attain the dignity of self governing nationhood. The other history, repeated many times, is of nationalism as tribal conflict. This is the story of the European nations and their quarrels that culminated in war in 1914. More recently it is the story of seemingly endless reciprocal killing: the story of Armenia and Azerbaijan, of Israel and Palestine, of the factions in the Nigerian civil war, of Iran and Iraq, of Greeks and Turks in Cyprus, of nationalists and unionists in Northern Ireland, of the participants in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. It is the story of what was once Yugoslavia.
Nationalism in a Comparative Mode
Authors: Feinberg Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will make three points in this chapter. The first is that Charles Taylor is right in viewing dignity as an essential feature of nationalism, but he is wrong in thinking that it can help us very much in understanding contemporary nationalist movements. Dignity functions at a very deep level within the nationalism issue and not at the level of explanation that Taylor addresses. The kind of social imagination that Taylor attaches to dignity involves the constitutive conceptual features of nationalism, but it will not get us very far when we seek to understand particular nationalisms. In other words, the idea that dignity is tied to national identity tells us about the meaning of nationalism. It does not tell us a great deal about the cause of this or that nationalist movement.
The Case for Linguistic Self-Defense
Authors: Fletcher George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A near-majority of Quebec residents want to secede from Canada, in part because they think that the French language will thereby become more secure against the pervasive threat of English culture. This motive for secession puzzles many American intellectuals. It seems petty and irrational to break up a country for the sake of an incremental advantage to a language. We smile as well at the efforts of the French in France to outlaw the onslaught of English culture. What is the point of trying to banish universal words like “cheeseburger”? After all, Americans are willing to adopt expressions like “c’est la vie” and “gemiitlich” when they are useful. Why can’t everyone be as flexible as we are?
Some Basic Formal Functions: An Overview
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most musicians have a general notion of what constitutes musical form. If asked, they would probably respond that form concerns itself with how the various parts of a composition are arranged -and ordered; how standard patterns of repeated material appear in works; how different sections of a work are organized into themes; and how the themes themselves break down into smaller phrases and motives. Indeed, this general understanding of form is a fairly accurate one and can be used as the basis of a more detailed investigation into how the parts of a musical work are defined and distinguished from one another.
Sentence
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sentence is an eight-measure theme built out of two four-measure phrases. In this grouping structure, which Ratz indicates as (2 x 2) + 4,2 the theme expresses three formal functions-presentation, continuation, and cadential.3 The opening phrase contains the first of these functions and thus is termed a presentation phrase. The second phrase incorporates the remaining two functions. For the sake of simplicity (if not absolute theoretical consistency), this unit is normally termed a continuation phrase.
The Intellectual Crisis of the Reformation
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main avenues through which the sceptical views of antiquity entered late Renaissance thought was a central quarrel of the Reformation, the dispute over the proper standard of religious knowledge, or what was called “the rule of faith.” This argument raised one of the classical problems of the Greek Pyrrhonists, the problem of the criterion of truth. With the rediscovery in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries of writings of the Greek Pyrrhonist Sextus Empiricus, the arguments and views of the Greek sceptics became part of the philosophical core of the religious struggles then taking place. The problem of finding a criterion of truth, first raised in theological disputes, was then later raised with regard to natural knowledge, leading to la crise pyrrhonienne of the early sixteenth century.
The critical problem, that of justifying a criterion for true and certain religious knowledge, was raised in part by Savonarola in his dispute with the authority of the pope in 1497 and 1498 and, more fully, by Martin Luther in the first years of his break with Rome.
Analysis Of Georeferenced Socioeconomic Attribute Variables
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Georeferenced socioeconomic data sets are commonly used for example calculations in popular standard statistics books, such as Neter et al. (1996, pp.1367-69), Venables and Ripley (1994, 67, 74, 81, 127, 320), and Johnson and Wichern (1992, 392,393, 604-7, 624,626). Unfortunately, as Anselin and Griffith (1988) and Anselin and Hudak (1992) note, authors of this class of texts either gloss over (e.g., Johnson and Wichern 1992, 392) or acknowledge and then dismiss the importance of (e.g., Neter et al.1996, l 048) latent spatial dependencies. Notable exceptions are furnished by Bailey and Gatrell (1995, 249) and by Sen and Srivastava (1990), who not only recognize the presence and importance of spatial autocorrelation in georeferenced data, but also include two Chicago examples (pp. 94, 152) involving socioeconomic attribute variables, as well as a geographic connectivity matrix (p. 153). In practice, spatial effects latent in socioeconomic data increasingly are playing an explicitly important role in the everyday life of people.
Mendelssohn
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the one hundred and fifty-six years since the composer’s death in 1847, history has rediscovered Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy numerous times, with radically different results. Etched into our collective musical consciousness are several vivid images of the man and musician. He was a prodigious polymath/polyglot whose intellectual horizons—embracing music, drawing, painting, poetry, classical studies, and theology—were second to none among the “great” composers, and whose musical precocity, not just in composition but also conducting, piano and organ, violin and viola, was rivaled only by Mozart. Mendelssohn was among the first conductors to adopt the baton and to develop systematic rehearsal techniques that advanced the fledgling art of conducting as an independent discipline.
The surprising archaea
Authors: Howland John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although they comprise one of the three fundamental branches of life, the Archaea were only recognized as a group about twenty years ago. This recognition was based on similarities between their RNA sequences, similarities all the more striking because of the diversity of archaeal lifestyles. They include microorganisms that live in boiling water, within the guts of animals, or in concentration brines. It is also evident that the Archaea diverged early in the history of life, and are of great evolutionary interest as a result. This book tells their emerging story, from their toughness in the face of forbidding environments to their unique place in evolution and in the world ecosystem.
Sinrilik and Kacaping
Authors: Sutton R Anderson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However problematic, the terms moderen (modern) and tradisional (traditional) constitute nothing less than cornerstones in the discourse among musicians, intellectuals, and lay people concerning artistic activity in South Sulawesi, as indeed in many (perhaps all) other parts of Indonesia. In the previous chapters, we have traced the course of an intentional march beyond the “traditional” to stage entertainment, spearheaded by Bu Nani Sapada and widely seen as “modem,” and beyond that vision of the modem to more idiosyncratic selfexpression, on the one hand, and postmodern efforts to revitalize performance through reritualization on the other. In the course of these fractious developments, numerous genres of music and dance have been affected.Some have nearly disappeared altogether; others have maintained strong continuity with practices generations old and are understood by practitioners and audiences alike to be “traditional.”
Learn And Teach: Driving Plato’s Horses
Authors: Bryan Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osler defined himself mainly as an educator. He loved the learning process and regarded his students as fellow learners. He popularized teaching medicine at the bedside and said that he wanted no epitaph other than that he had taught medical students in the wards. He championed continuing medical education and stricter licensing standards for physicians. Yet his commitment to education transcended the hospital and clinic environments. He was a university person in the broad sense of belonging to a worldwide community of scholars.
Leibniz & Clarke
Authors: Vailati Ezio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The correspondence between Leibniz and Samuel Clarke was the most influential philosophical exchange of the eighteenth century, and indeed one of the most significant such exchanges in the history of philosophy. Carried out in 1715 and 1716, the debate focused on the clash between Newtonian and Leibnizian world systems, involving disputes in physics, theology, and metaphysics. The letters ranged over an extraordinary array of topics, including divine immensity and eternity, the relation of God to the world, free will, gravitation, the existence of atoms and the void, and the size of the universe. This penetrating book is the first to offer a comprehensive overview and commentary on the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence. Building his narrative around general subjects covered in the exchange--God, the soul, space and time, miracles and nature, matter and force--Ezio Vailati devotes special attention to a question crucial for Leibniz and Clarke alike. Both philosophers, worried by the advance of naturalism and its consequences for morality, devised complex systems to counter naturalism and reinforce natural religion. However, they not only deeply disagreed on how to answer the naturalist threat, but they ended up seeing in each other's views the germs of naturalism itself. Vailati rigorously tracks the twists and turns of this argument, shedding important new light on a critical moment in modern philosophy. Lucid, taut, and energetically written, this book not only examines the Leibniz-Clarke debate in unprecedented depth but also situates the views advanced by the two men in the context of their principal writings. An invaluable reference to a fascinating exchange of ideas, Leibniz and Clarke makes vital reading for philosophers and historians of science and theology.
Ethical Naturalism and the Explanatory Power of Moral Concepts
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many kinds of naturalism, and several of them are important in ethics. The appeal of ethical naturalism, in any of its plausible forms, is strong: it promises ontological economy by construing normative phenomena as in some way natural; it provides for objectivity in ethics, at least assuming that there are objective methods for the study of natural phenomena; it sustains the hope that the rationality of scientific procedures can help in resolving moral issues; and it dispels the sense of mystery which, for many, beclouds other accounts of the ontology and epistemology of ethics. There are well-known obstacles to working out a naturalistic ethics. At least since Hume, many philosophers have been impressed with the argument that if moral judgments are factual, they cannot be practical in the motivational sense which full-blooded practicality is commonly felt to require; and at least since Moore, it has seemed to many philosophers that even if factual judgments can be full-bloodedly practical, moral judgments cannot be reduced to any kind of factual statement.
Acting from Virtue
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtue ethics should tell us not only what virtue is but also what constitutes acting from it. Merely to do the right thing, say from self-interest, is not to live up to a standard of virtue. But despite the extensive recent discussion of virtue ethics, the notion of acting from virtue still needs clarification. The problem is especially challenging because it straddles ethics and action theory. It cannot be solved without an adequate understanding of virtue, but the relation of actions from virtue to the virtues they express is — I shall argue — mainly a question of how such actions are to be explained. Aristotle is highly instructive on this problem and is my point of departure. It is also rewarding to consider Kant’s conception of acting from duty, construed as a case of acting from moral virtue, for instance from rectitude, and viewed as a foil for Aristotle’s notion of such action. Even if Kantian action from duty ought not to be so viewed, Kantian ethics, like any rule ethics, needs an account of something closely analogous to acting from virtue: acting from whatever rule-guided elements of character render the actions that express them morally praiseworthy. My first task will be to sketch — of necessity without doing detailed textual analysis — Aristotelian and Kantian conceptions of acting from virtue. I shall then construct a general account of acting from virtue. The final section will show how the account helps in answering an important question of general ethics: whether regularly acting from virtue — and thereby achieving the chief normative goal of virtue ethics — is sufficient for a morally good life.
Christmas Eve
Authors: Cuellar Jose Tomas De , Carson Margaret , Glantz Margo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The man selling the pifiatas arrived at the General’s “hoose” (as he called it), and since we are scrupulous historians, we should warn our readers about certain types of property transfers and bogus military titles. In this day and age, it is not uncommon to meet a general who isn’t really a general at all; and as far as “his choose” is concerned, we fancy there is plenty to be said on the subject.
The Ascent of Science
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the shelves of 'popular' books on quantum mechanics, the Big Bang, chaos, black holes and so on, writes Brian Silver, "the average reader finds himself in a state akin to that of a medieval peasant attending mass in a great gothic cathedral: he is awed, he knows that something terribly important is being said, but he understands very little because it's all in Latin. He takes the wafer and remains mystified." In The Ascent of Science, Silver provides a sweeping and dynamic history of the whole of Western science, from the Renaissance to the present. In it, he translates the most profoundly important, and often impenetrably obscure, scientific developments into a vernacular that is not only accessible and illuminating but highly enjoyable as well. In the tradition of Jacob Bronowski, Stephen Jay Gould, and Carl Sagan, Silver writes with extraordinary grace and sparkling wit--and with a comprehensiveness unparalleled in science writing. From the revolutionary discoveries of Galileo and Newton to the mind-bending theories of Einstein and Heisenberg; from plate tectonics to particle physics; from the origin of life to universal entropy; from biology to cosmology, Silver takes the reader on a guided tour not only of the history of science but of the very nature of scientific inquiry and its role in our society. Thus, while explaining with great clarity the scientific breakthroughs that have shaped and often shaken our world, Silver places each in a broad historical context and supplies a keen awareness of parallel developments in art, literature, music, politics and philosophy. He also argues forcefully that it is the open-mindedness of science, its ability to subject itself to continual validation, and its willingness to abandon scientific beliefs when they are undercut by new facts or better theories, that has accounted for the magnificent success of science. Silver does realize that science can have disastrous consequences--that breakthroughs in nuclear physics can lead to Hiroshimas--and he insists on a more fruitful dialogue between science and ethical philosophy, an insistence that takes on greater urgency given the current advances in genetics. But he ably defends the scientific method from recent arguments that characterize science as merely one more socially constructed and fatally flawed way of knowing, or that suggest that the Age of Science is nearing its end. Throughout the book, it is science as the height of human reason, and reason as the surest guide to truth, that enlivens the story of our emergence from ignorance and superstition to the ability to fathom the deepest mysteries of nature. For anyone interested in but intimidated by the scientific enterprise, The Ascent of Science provides a vivid history of the discipline. That it does so without diminishing either the complexity or the awe-inspiring power of science is a major accomplishment, one that opens the door to humanity's greatest intellectual adventure and reveals the many ways science has altered forever the way we see the world and ourselves.
The Stuff of Existence
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may not know exactly why rhubarb purges, but during the twentieth century we have opened up the internal world of atoms and molecules. We can build molecules that nature never dreamed of, molecules tailor-made to meet our needs. The evolution of alchemy into science accelerated dramatically following the discovery of the basic structure of the atom and the incursion of quantum mechanics into chemistry, a process initiated primarily in the 1920s and 1930s by the American scientists Gilbert Newton Lewis and Linus Pauling. In this chapter we will briefly outline the nature of the everyday material universe: the chemical elements and the molecules that can be built from them.
Scipio’s Dream
Authors: Silver Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who are not permanently hunting for food or money have time to hunt for meaning. Philosophers, introspective adolescents, French film directors, poets, and HMS all seek an underlying or overbearing order. The search for natural order in the physical world, the drive to detect pattern, may in the end be a consequence of the computer architecture (the way our brains are wired) or of the computer software (the way our brains are programmed). Undeniably, our attempt to understand the cosmos has been driven by far more than the wish to improve our standard of living.