bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detention and Deportation from the Ostmark (Austria)
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Austria was annexed in 1938, about 11,000 Gypsies resided in what came to be called the Ostmark. Some 8,000 lived a sedentary existence in the Burgenland; many of the other 3,000 Gypsies spent the winter months in permanent dwellings but roamed about in their caravans during the sum mer. The freeze on mobility decreed in October 1939 put an end to this practice, but it did not satisfy those who demanded more stringent measures in the struggle against the “Gypsy plague.”
The Killing of “Spies” and Hostages in German-Occupied Europe
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On June 22, 1941, Hitler’s armies invaded the Soviet Union, and in the course of this long war large numbers of Gypsies were murdered by the Nazis. Most of these killings were carried out by special units known as Einsatzgruppen (special task forces) that followed the advancing German armies. Their initial assignment was to protect the rear of the fighting troops, mainly by shooting all actual or potential enemies. In Russia the Gypsies were explicitly targeted for death for the first time. German Gypsies were being subjected to various discriminatory measures and were generally made social outcasts, but their lives were not in danger. What accounts for this difference in treatment?
Gypsies in Other Concentration Camps
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first large-scale arrests of Gypsies destined for the concentration camps took place in 1938 during Operation Work-Shy. Other individual Gypsies were sent to the camps during the war years for various offenses grouped under the name “asocial conduct.” Camp inmates were used for slave labor as well as for medical experiments. The total number of Gypsies incarcerated in the camps is not known. About 1,500–2,000 were arrested as asocials in 1938–1939, and around 3,500 were transferred to German concentration camps from Auschwitz. This means that at least 5,000 Gypsies were imprisoned for varying amounts of time in concentration camps other than Auschwitz.
Gypsies Exempted from Deportation
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The number of Gypsies exempted from deportation to Auschwitz in March 1943 and left living in the Reich can only be estimated. As I noted in chapter 9, it must have been at least 5,000 and may have been as high as 1 5,000. The latter figure would mean that more Gypsies were exempted than were deported, and a statistic from Württemberg/Hohenzollern suggests that this could indeed have been the case. In September 1943 the Stuttgart Kripo noted that there were still about seven hundred Gypsies in that state (out of a population of about 1,000 before the 1943 deportation).1 As provided in the implementing regulations for the Auschwitz decree issued in January 1943, some of those allowed to stay in the Reich were “racially pure” Gyp sies and Mischlinge accepted into the ranks of the “pure Gypsies”; others were exempted from deportation for reasons such as social adjustment or meritorious military service.
The Seats of Power, I
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A modem-minded reformer living in the 1770s might sum up the prospects for general emancipation somewhat as follows. In the absence of full-scale insurrection or civil war, there will be little likelihood of persuading governments to take positive steps toward emancipation in regions dominated by the plantation system and dependent on slave labor. Even where slavery is of marginal economic importance, it will be sheltered by a concern for the rights and security of private property. An era of revolution may have begun, but revolutionary assemblies will generally be in the hands of merchants or landed interests imbued with a commercial spirit. Such groups will be acutely sensitive to any precedent that might harm traders, investors, and property owners, or to any threatened tax increases for poor relief or for compensation payments to slaveholders. In many areas white workers will threaten violence if faced by the competition in free Negro laborers. And as Benjamin Franklin cautiously warned, “slavery is such an atrocious debasement of human nature, that its very extirpation, if not performed with solicitous care, may sometimes open a source of serious evils.
Understanding the Dynamics of Change in the Health Care Arena
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last two decades of the twentieth century, health care was not far from the top of the policy agenda in any advanced industrial nation. As governments sought to reduce or stabilize expenditures in the prevailing climate of fiscal stringency, state-sponsored programs of universal health insurance in most nations presented large but politically risky potential targets. In the minority of nations (notably the United States, but also the Netherlands) in which statesponsored programs were not universal, major policy initiatives were undertaken to extend the scope of public programs and to better integrate public and private coverage. In nations emerging from the era of communist regimes, the restructuring of health care was caught up in the wrenching readjustments of the move to market economies. Everywhere, the centrality of health care to social well-being-and the appropriate roles of the “state” and the “market,” the “public” and the “private” sector in the health care arena-were debated with new vigor.
Institutions, Ideas, Interests, Actors, and the Accidents of Policy Episodes
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Readers of the literature of comparative public policy will recognize the argument of the previous two chapters as a version of “historical institutionalism: This approach emphasizes the importance of decisions taken at crucial points in time, decisions that become crystallized in the formal and informal rules governing behavior, and that establish the context in which subsequent decisions will be made. Historical institutionalism, however, is a house with many mansions: it allows for a variety of emphases regarding the factors that bring about critical moments of decision-making and that shape decisions at those moments.
Source or Resource? Human Embryo Research as an Ethical Issue
Authors: Campbell Courtney S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A central consideration in the debate about the ethics and policy of research on human embryos is the moral status of the preimplantation embryo.1 Broadly speaking, three philosophical views of this question have been articulated. The first two views do not see human embryo research as an ethical issue as such, but rather as a scientific, political, or ideological question. One view contends that the early embryo has full moral status, especially in light of its possession of the necessary and sufficient genetic complement for biological development into a human being or person. Those who affirm such a perspective are characteristically opposed to biomedical research on the unimplanted human embryo on the grounds that it violates the moral respect and humanity of the embryo. A second position holds that the developing embryo, at least during the period immediately after fertilization and for some time thereafter (e.g., until attainment of sentience) has negligible moral status.2 As a cluster of developing cellular materials, the embryo is an “object” for medical research and manipulation. On this understanding, research on the unimplanted human embryo is primarily a technical question under the domain of the scientific method because the embryo is not vested with moral value or may be assessed as “property.”
Creating Embryos for Research: On Weighing Symbolic Costs
Authors: Ryan Maura A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much of the controversy surrounding the release of the report of the Human Embryo Research Panel (HERP) in September 1994 concerned its approval of federal funding for research involving embryos created expressly for experimental use. Critics as diverse as the Ramsey Colloquium and Daniel Callahan joined in accusing the panel of going a step too far1; the Washington Post pronounced the creation of research embryos “unconscionable”2; and President Clinton promptly declared his intention to block the appropriation of federal funds for research of this kind.
The Plessy Era
Authors: Klarman Michael J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1890, the Louisiana legislature, following a trend initiated in Florida a few years earlier, passed a law requiring railroads to provide “equal but separate” accommodations for black passengers. A citizens’ committee of upper-class Afro-Creoles in New Orleans organized to challenge the law, which was emblematic of the deterioration in the civil and political rights of southern blacks around this time. The committee thought a legal challenge to the statute was important not simply for the immediate effect it might have in stemming the tide of Jim Crow legislation, but also because “the North needs to be educated as to conditions in the South and its disloyalty and rebellious tendencies.” Committee members hired a famous Republican advocate of civil rights, Albion Tourgee, to represent them, and selected as their plaintiff Homer Plessy, a working-class Afro-Creole who shared the white physical appearance of the members but not their elite cultural status.
World War II Era: Consequences
Authors: Klarman Michael J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lane v. Oklahoma (1939) invalidated the Oklahoma statute that grandfathered the grandfather clause, but that decision had little effect on black voting. Despite the statute, blacks had been permitted to register and vote in most Oklahoma counties. Whites in Oklahoma viewed black suffrage in much the same way as did whites in border states, such as Maryland and Kentucky, where blacks had not suffered disfranchisement since the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870. Oklahoma had a thriving two-party political system, and blacks made up only 7 percent of the population. Moreover, because Oklahoma’s grandfathering statute was unique, Lane had no direct consequences elsewhere. All that it did was to invalidate an outlier statute that was already generally ignored.
Indicators of Worsening Performance
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A number of indicators in critical areas of society have worsened steadily and significantly over the past quarter century, but the magnitude and consistency of their deterioration has attracted relatively little public attention. If such changes were to occur in the economic or business sphere, the news would quickly resonate throughout our society. Yet, these worsening social trends have remained largely invisible.
Judging The Nation’s Social Performance
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous three chapters represent a starting point in the task of framing the nation’s social health. They make clear that a great deal has been missing from our public discourse over the past three decades. Much has occurred that has changed the nature and character of our society. Some of the changes have been for the better, many have not, but what is most important is that these movements have been cumulatively invisible to the public and to the makers of policy.
York and Newcastle, 1813–1833
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Picturesque Graveyard adjacent to the church of All Saints North Street (Fig. 1.1) in the ancient English city of York contains one of the few tangible traces of John Snow’s origins: the Snow family plot with a gravestone for four members buried there just before city authorities outlawed intramural interments. The church was one of six in Micklegate Ward, an area of about forty acres south of the River Ouse. The ward included the northern part of North Street and contiguous courts, rows, and alleys, many named Tanner, indicative of a long-standing local industry, tanning (Fig. 1.2). The buildings were a mixture of residential housing, craft shops, flour mills, and warehouses. Carts from the southern and western hinterlands carrying grain and produce, cattle bound for the central market, and coaches all used the city portal at Micklegate Bar, where incoming traffic was inspected and tolls assessed. Quays along the Ouse were the unloading point for goods brought downstream by barges and small boats from the west and the north via a tributary, the River Swale, as well as from London, Newcastle, and elsewhere via the Humber inlet from the North Sea. The vessels were then refilled with cattle, agricultural produce from the Yorkshire countryside, and assorted commercial goods. Large warehouses lined the riverbank and served double duty as dikes, protecting low-lying houses in North Street from periodic flooding of the slowmoving river.
Snow’s Cholera Theory
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After Noting With Increasing Anxiety that cholera was spreading across Russia and into western Europe in the summer of 1848, the Lancet reported several confirmed cases of cholera in the London metropolis early in October. However, Dr. John Webster, the incoming president of the Westminster Medical Society, stated at the opening meeting of the session on 21 October that it had not “made much progress in the metropolis” since then despite the attention given to its advance, whereas influenza and scarlatina received little press but were no less dangerous. The minutes reveal that the society was prospering: “the rooms in Saville-row were completely crowded, reminding us of the society in its most palmy days. About sixty fellows and visitors were present.”
After the president concluded his remarks and a fellow presented a case report on removal of a placenta while the patient was under the influence of chloroform, Mr. Francis Hird read a paper on “The pathology and treatment of cholera.”
The War of 1877–1878 and Diverging Perceptions of Islam and Europe
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the ideas of the new Ottoman middle classes and information about the situation of the Muslims in Russia, India, Indonesia, and Africa were disseminated among Ottoman Muslims by the print media and modern education, Islam began to acquire a new international dimension that the West described as “pan-Islamism” and attributed to Abdulhamid rather than to the rising political consciousness of the very middle classes that England and France had helped create.
The Sultan’s Advisers and the Integration of Arabs and Immigrants
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The war of 1877–78 and the Berlin Treaty of 1878 were instrumental in determining the fate of the Ottoman state and the policies and ideological views of Sultan Abdulhamid. The loss of the Balkan provinces deprived the country of over one-third of its population and of substantial revenues, reducing the once mighty Empire to a secondclass power, with its main strength now in Asia and in its Muslim population and its survival dependent upon England. Even worse, the Berlin Treaty introduced the concept of the nation-state as the new principle of political organization. As the Greeks had before them, the Serbians, Romanians, and Montenegrins declared independence and the Bulgarians autonomy and went on to form states based on a communal nationalism that blended ethnicity and religion and was bolstered by various myths of glorious historic pasts.
Big Hole
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much of the press would celebrate the battle of the Big Hole as a shin- ing triumph of the army and a crushing defeat of the Nez Perces.
In this, “one of the most desperate Indian fights on record,” the San Francisco Chronicle sang, Gibbon’s force (“only a handful of men”) struck “a fierce and telling blow” against the Nez Perces, “such a blow as they never before had received.” Official reports heaped praise on Gibbon and his men; Sherman wrote that if the colonel had only had another hun- dred troops, “the Nez Perce war would have ended right there.” Five years after the fight, Gibbon himself would write an epic poem saluting the troops who had stormed the village: “The stream now running red with human gore / Is passed in triumph, and the teepees gained, / Whilst shouts of victory, louder than before, / Give promise that the victory’s more than feigned.” A year later, the battle’s first historian called it “one of the most brilliant, heroic, and desperate pieces of work known in the annals of Indian warfare,” “a glorious achievement” on a par with “the charge of Balaklava or the battle of Bunker’s Hill.”
Housing Indicators as Instruments of Policy
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An enabling housing policy regime requires a system of measurement and feedback that will make it possible to set limits and provide support to all the actors in the housing sector, while relinquishing control over the actors. Once policy makers recognize that housing activity is largely”out of their hands,” they have no choice but to listen, to discover how the housing sector behaves over time and across space, to set policies in motion to correct its failures, and then to measure whether these policies have their intended effect. What are the essential characteristics of such a measurement system for the housing sector? One sweltering afternoon I found myself crossing a rickety bridge intoa Bangkok slum, accompanied by one of my students. The slum was built on private land in a swamp along a noisy railway line, but the landlord also lived there, and he collected land rent and supplied the houses with water and electricity. We walked from one house to the other, inquiring, among other things, how much people paid in land rent. We got the same answer everywhere: One baht (5 U.S. cents in 1975) per square meter per month. The landlord told us so himself: everyone pays the same land rent-one baht per square meter per month. But when we paced a few of the plots we noticed that the total rent paid by each family did not correspond to how much land it had: Some had 40 m and were paying 60 baht, and some had 60 m2 and were paying 40 baht. It turned out that the price per square meter was indeed the same for everyone, but that the amount of land they occupied was not an actual measure but a number fixed arbitrarily by the land-lord. Nobody argued.
Measuring the Effect of Policy on Performance
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The actual performance of the housing sector has as much to do with not building as it does with building, and in the future the balance will surely tilt in favor of the former. Surely, houses are all too real. They are the actual places ir. which we all live and they can be seen, touched and experienced directly. The construction process is real as well. It too can be seen, touched, and experienced directly. But neither can be understood, let alone changed for the better, without shifting our focus to not building, and to the connections between building and not building. This shift is essential for anyone concerned with improving housing conditions. It is quite clear—as any squatter family involved in a political struggle to resist eviction knows-that there is often more housing value in activities related to nonbuilding than there is in building.
The Regulatory Regime
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Laws and regulations affect housing performance both or. the demand side and on the supply side. In the preceding chapters we discussed in passing the laws and regulations that affect the demand-side of housing-the adjudication of property rights, the regulation of housing finance institutions, and the regulation of prices and rents. In this chapter we focus on regulations that affect the supply-side of housing, those that constrain and guide the process of building, developing, owning, and managing the urban housing stock. As we shall see, the proper regulation of the supply of housing is indeed a key component of any enabling housing policy environment.
The Availability of Mortgage Credit
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A third set of housing market conditions, the actual conditions in the housing finance industry, calls for a more thorough investigation of the housing sector as seen through yet another perspective-the perspective of those who lend for housing. Housing policy is intimately tied to the development of the housing finance industry because ample and affordable housing relies heavily on the ability of the financial sector to provide ample and affordable credit for housing. How do mortgage markets develop? What accounts for the variations in the availability of credit among countries? The creation of an effective, vibrant, and responsible housing finance regime is indeed one of the five key components of an enabling housing policy regime. But does a more-enabling housing finance regime indeed result in more credit becoming available for housing? In this chapter we seek to explore these questions.
Movement, Mood, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At first glance, movement, mood, and obsessive-compulsive disorders seem a strange assortment of conditions to group together, but there is commonality in the anatomical and neurochemical findings and treatment of these disparate conditions. Symptoms coexist in varying combinations in diseases such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette’s syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Although the actual pathologic mechanisms have not been clarified in each type of disorder, the catecholamine and indoleamine systems of the brain have been implicated in all of them. Anatomic evidence indicates that the corpus striatum, globus pallidus, and their connections with the frontal lobes and thalamus are important to the pathophysiology of movement disorders, mood disorders, subcortical dementia, obsessive compulsive disorder, psychosis, and sleep disorders. There is also considerable overlap in the pharmacological treatment of these conditions, and this area is a common clinical and theoretical meeting ground for psychiatrists and neurologists.
Introduction
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In medical school many years ago, the professor who introduced the musculoskeletal system to one of us referred to osteoarthritis as a disorder where “patients never died and never got better.” This flippant remark belied the enormity of a problem which threatens to overwhelm organized medicine’s ability to Marshall Resources to deal with osteoarthritis in the twenty-first century. Among the 150 rheumatic disorders classified and characterized by the Arthritis Foundation, osteoarthritis is the most common. It accounts for 60 percent of the patients and visits to physicians with musculoskeletal complaints. Forty-three million Americans have symptomatic and clinically relevant arthritis, and 6 million of those afflicted have never seen a physician. According to the American Medical Association, every day 23% of the United States population complain of joint pain, 22% suffer from backache, 21% have sore feet, 20% experience muscle pain, and 18% have arthritis discomfort.