bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Travelers on the Buddha's Path
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Candrakiriti was a Mahāyāna Buddhist whose numerous philosophical treatises on the Madhyamaka school were written between the mid‐sixth to the mid‐seventh centuries c.e. Traditional accounts of his life recount legendary stories about a charismatic figure who exemplified the Bodhisattva's practice of compassion and exhibited insight into the emptiness of inherent existence. Candrakiriti uses philosophical inference and argument, as well as the narration of short stories about ruthless kings, hapless fools, and promiscuous women, to demonstrate the superiority of Buddhist practices and beliefs. As an antidote to the four illusions that impede progress on the Buddha's path, he advocates the cultivation of mindfulness.
The King as the Embodiment of Egotism
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Mahābharata and the Rāmāyaṇa, as well as Indian legal and political treatises, support belief in the king's divinity. Buddhists regard kingship not as divinely inspired, but as an elective process. Legitimate moral authority and the right to govern belong only to righteous kings, who govern with generosity and compassion. Unrighteous kings, ruling in the age of discord (kali yuga), allow passion to dominate their behavior. They devastate the world through their exercise of war. Candrakiriti rejects both divine origins of kings and the notion that heaven is the reward for a royal warrior who dies in battle.
Rejecting the Illusion of Purity
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The third chapter discusses the mistaken apprehension of impure things as pure, and once again takes the human body as its example. Candrakiriti's condemnation of sexual desire encompasses both the physical impurity of female bodies and the mental impurity of lustful men's minds. He reaches an egalitarian conclusion: all human bodies are impure, impermanent, painful, and insubstantial in nature.
“Negotiated Surrender”: American Planning and Occupation
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes the U.S. government's wartime (1942–1945) planning of the occupation of Japan. American planners clashed over the role of Japan's emperor in a postwar democratic nation. Joseph Grew and Henry Stimson favored his retention, but failed to get their view in the Potsdam Declaration, which defined the conditions for Japan's surrender. Washington's directive to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), General Douglas MacArthur, was ambiguous on constitutional reform and treatment of the emperor. This gave MacArthur an opportunity to interpret U.S. policy and place his indelible imprint on Japan's postwar political structure.
“A Liberal and Enlightened Constitution”: The Scap Model
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Shows how General MacArthur, early in February 1946, seized on a “scoop” by the newspaper Mainichi that convinced him that the Japanese cabinet was making little headway toward revising the Constitution. It recounts how a small group of officers at Government Section, under the leadership of General Whitney, Colonel Kades and Commander Hussey, drafted a model constitution for Japan in a week's time. Built on the parliamentary model, it placed sovereignty in the people, kept the emperor as a “symbol” of the nation, banned war and armed forces, and set forth a new bill of rights. The chapter concludes with the dramatic presentation of the draft to stunned representatives of the Japanese cabinet on Wednesday, February 13.
“A Very Serious Matter”: The Cabinet's Initial Reactions
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes how Whitney pressured the Japanese government to accept the SCAP draft as the basis of a new constitution. Following talks with MacArthur and Whitney, the Shidehara cabinet accepted SCAP's demands and charged Matsumoto with preparing a draft for presentation to Government Section. Whitney and his staff expected the Japanese to submit essentially a translation of the SCAP draft, while Matsumoto believed he could determine the contents of the draft so long as he included the “fundamental principles” (the emperor as “symbol” and renunciation of war) mentioned by MacArthur to Shidehara. This misunderstanding caused a serious conflict when the two sides met to consider Matsumoto's March 2 draft.
“Free and Untrammeled Debate”: The Emperor's Prerogatives
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
On June 29, the speaker of the House of Representatives named 70 members (chosen to represent the parties proportionally) to serve as an ad hoc committee on [constitutional] revision. This chapter shows that, from the outset, members displayed considerable anguish about the draft's language (was it a mere translation of a foreign proposal?), and particularly its rude restrictions on the emperor's role. It examines the mounting tensions led, in mid‐July, to a dramatic quarrel between Colonel Kades and the cabinet minister in charge of the revision project, Kanamori Tokujirō, focusing on whether kokutai (Japan's unique polity) had survived in the revision.
“Fervent Hopes”: Pacifism and Human Rights
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Recounts the intense debate in the revision committee over Article 9, renouncing war and armed forces, and the contents of the bill of rights (Chapter III). The chapter reveals sharp quarrels between Chairman Ashida Hitoshi and representatives of the left about viewing the Weimar Constitution as a model for Japan's new democracy. It sets forth the debate over human rights: what would be the status of religion under the new constitutional structure? Would Japan's traditional family structure survive in the new emphasis on the rights of individuals? A notable speech by a newly elected female member, Katō Shizue, and rejoinders by Kimura Tokutarō and Tanaka Kōtarō, ministers of justice and education, respectively, explored these questions.
“Fresh Trouble”: The House Subcommittee Frames Amendments
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The last week of July was a critical period for the framing of Japan's postwar Constitution. Ashida Hitoshi appointed 14 Diet members (including Kita Reikichi and Inukai Takeru) to a special subcommittee. It was assigned the delicate task of combing through the text and, where necessary, preparing amendments, based on the preceding weeks’ discussions. Ch. 16 recounts how the subcommittee – under the watchful eye of Charles Kades, deputy director of SCAP's Government Section (GS) – devoted particular attention to the preamble, the correct terms to express popular sovereignty, and Article 9, renouncing war and armed forces. It was during this period that Article 9 was significantly amended. Ch. 16 carefully examines the intentions of the framers of these amendments.
“A Borrowed Suit”: Peers Accept the Inevitable
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
On August 31, a “special committee,” consisting of 45 members of the House of Peers, began a series of secret meetings that would last until October 3. Attention focused again on the emperor's role (kokutai), popular sovereignty, and the proposed electoral review of judges. Peers also criticized the American‐sounding rhetoric of the preamble and the notion in Chapter X of the constitution as “supreme law.” Notable during these debates were exchanges between Takayanagi Kenzō and Sasaki Sōichi. In the end, after making a few minor amendments, the House of Peers added its approval of the revision.
Conclusion
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Conclusion notes that Japanese political leaders are currently considering whether to amend their Constitution, particularly article 9, renouncing war and armed forces. In this light, it is important to recognize that the postwar Constitution emerged from a collaboration – one might almost say a conspiracy – between American and Japanese leaders, personified by General MacArthur and Prime Minister Yoshida.
Gentile Impurities and Jewish Identities
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
For more than a century, scholars of ancient Judaism and early Christianity have assumed that ancient Jews viewed Gentiles as ritually impure, and that this alleged principle of Gentile ritual impurity was the basis for a strict and burdensome policy of separation between Jews and non‐Jews. The present volume corrects decades of erroneous scholarship on the question of Gentile ritual impurity and the history of Jewish perceptions of Gentiles in antiquity. Although purity and impurity were intimately connected with questions of identity and otherness in ancient Jewish culture, the terms “pure” and “impure” were employed in various ways by different groups of Jews to describe and inscribe sociocultural boundaries between Jews and Gentiles. Close analysis of biblical, Second Temple, New Testament, patristic, and rabbinic sources, shows that at least four distinct modes of impurity were associated with Gentiles by different groups – ritual impurity, moral impurity, genealogical impurity, and carnal impurity. This unexpected diversity of ancient Jewish views of Gentile impurity is tied to widely differing definitions of Jewish group identity and the access of Gentiles to that identity. Consequently, ancient Jews exhibited widely varying attitudes towards intermarriage and conversion – the two processes by which group boundaries might be penetrated. These diverse views of the permeability of the Jewish–Gentile boundary through intermarriage or conversion, deriving in turn from diverse conceptions of Gentile impurity and Jewish identity, contributed to the rise of sectarianism in Second Temple Judaism, and to the separation of the early church from what would later become rabbinic Judaism.
Impurity, Intermarriage, and Conversion in Second Temple Sources
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
While most Second Temple sources follow the Pentateuch in permitting marriage with Gentiles who renounce idolatry and immorality, others – such as Jubilees and 4QMMT– do not. In these two works, Ezra's universal ban on intermarriage based on a holy‐seed ideology develops into a full‐blown principle of Israelite genealogical purity, which must be preserved not merely from profanation but also from defilement that arises from sexual unions with Gentiles. According to Jubilees and 4QMMT, profane seed cannot become holy seed and thus Gentiles can never overcome their profane status and acquire Jewish identity. Since conversion is impossible, marriage is impossible and any sexual connection between a Jew and a Gentile – regardless of the moral state of the latter – is by definition a sinful (and defiling) act of fornication, explicitly prohibited by Mosaic law. These texts valorize various biblical heroes – such as Abraham and Pinhas – as champions of zealous separatism.
Gentiles and Ritual Impurity in Rabbinic Sources
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Rabbinic sources, tannaitic and amoraic, maintain that Gentiles are not subject to the laws of ritual impurity and do not convey ritual impurity to Jews according to Torah law. Passages adduced by scholars as evidence of a rabbinic principle of Gentile ritual impurity (especially m. Pesahim 8:8) have been badly misinterpreted. The rabbis do assert, however, on their own authority that Gentiles should be deemed to convey ritual impurity like a gonnorheic (zav). This declaration of a limited ritual impurity for Gentiles is a legal novum of the tannaitic period, explicitly going beyond the prescriptions of the biblical text. The motivation for this decree is considered and the notion that the ritual impurity of Gentiles is grounded in the impurity of idols (as argued by Gedaliah Alon) is discounted.
Gentiles and Genealogical Impurity: Converts and Their Offspring in Rabbinic Texts
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The rabbis break with Ezra, Jubilees, and sectarian sources that democratize the priestly requirement of genealogical purity. According to the rabbis, genealogical purity is not an end in itself for ordinary Jews, but an optional matter relevant only in determining fitness for marriage into the priesthood and appointment to certain positions of leadership. Over the course of centuries, the rabbis took steps to eliminate the disadvantages of genealogical blemish and narrow the gap between native‐born and nonnative Jews. Two halakhic developments brought greater parity between native‐born Jews and converts: the gradual prohibition of unions between converts and persons prohibited to native‐born Jews (e.g., the mamzer) and the campaign to permit intermarriage between converts (or their descendants) and priests.
The Quest for Reality
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the metaphysical question of the relation between reality and human perceptions, thoughts and beliefs with reference to colours. Posits an absolute independent reality of which knowledge is sought through the testing of beliefs about it, and analyses physicalism and scientific explanation in an attempt to argue that, though colour's reality may be rejected, colour cannot be properly referred to or explained through exclusive reference to scientific facts and physicalism or through the language of science since colour is understood as belonging to the realm of psychological facts. Utilises the concepts of perception, thoughts and beliefs in investigating psychological facts, and rejects the possibility of both a direct and an indirect connection between objects of perception and thoughts on the colour of these objects. Presents the argument that the metaphysical question cannot be fully answered in a subjectivist or objectivist manner or through metaphysical error theory, as abstraction from all beliefs about colour is neither possible nor desirable, and outlines the failure of the project of unmasking perceptions of colour. Concludes that disengagement from the world is needed for an answer to the metaphysical question of whether colours are objectively real, but the answer is unattainable.
Introduction
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOutlines the philosophical quest for reality, and how humans are related to the real world through perceptions, thoughts and beliefs. A discussion of what constitutes a metaphysical question is followed by a brief outline of certain philosophers’ ideas on reality through history, focusing on causality, subjectivity and objectivity, physicalism (or materialism) and giving a critique of correspondence theory. Introduces the subject of whether certain ideas, such as colours and morality, are real both as human perceptions and in a correspondent reality.
The Philosophical Conception of an Independent Reality
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses the possibility of objective knowledge of an independent reality, characterised by its independence from knowledge and belief, through a process of testing the correspondence of beliefs to reality. Refers to Bernard Williams's idea of the ‘absolute conception of reality’ which highlights the relations between conceptions connected to knowledge and the possibility of an absolute, objective conception of reality through the elimination of partiality and relativity by a process of correction. Aims to test the idea that colours do not belong to independent reality.
Perception, Judgement, and Error
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues against the existence of a direct connection between objects of perception and objects of thought as a way of understanding the fact that colours do not belong to an independent world outside the mind. With direct connection, predicational seeing is possible, linked to propositional thought and judgement and to human beliefs about the object in question, even though physical objects may be found to have no colours perceived or believed to exist by humans. Argues that there cannot be the jettisoning of all beliefs about colour in order to reject truths about it, and shows that the metaphysical error theory is unsustainable by itself.
Introduction
Authors: Luoma Tapio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Recent historical research on the relationship between theology and the natural sciences shows that, contrary to what is generally supposed, there is no essential conflict between the two disciplines. Rigorous after the era of the Enlightenment, materialistic interpretations of the issue have given way to viewpoints revealed by theories of relativity and quantum physics, thus opening new possibilities for interdisciplinary discussion and theological reflection. The Scottish Professor Thomas F. Torrance is perhaps the most widely known theologian in the Reformed tradition who has met the challenge posed to theology by the modern natural sciences. His originality lies in his insistence of the centrality of the doctrine of the Incarnation for the relationship between the two disciplines.
The Impact of Theology on the Natural Sciences
Authors: Luoma Tapio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Torrance's claim that it is Christian theology that has provided the basis for the emergence of the modern natural sciences is another example of the idea of contribution, entertained for various reasons in Christian traditions. Torrance holds that the Incarnation and especially the notion of the homoousion, as used by the Church Father Athanasius, negates any possibility of gaining trustworthy knowledge of God outside the incarnate Logos. Accordingly, he affirms the positive significance of the notion for epistemology both in theology and in the natural sciences. Not only these claims of the relevance of the homoousion for a correct epistemology but also those for a correct ontology of the creation would need more evidence to be convincing. Torrance's way of linking together the patristic understanding of space and time and Albert Einstein's relativity theory faces similar problems.
Conclusion
Authors: Luoma Tapio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Torrance's view of the relationship between theology and the natural sciences is based on the doctrine of the Incarnation, involving the patristic term homoousion, and the three ideas detectable in his work, namely those of contribution, compulsion, and reminder. In all of the three, ideas coincide with other concepts such as realism, relativity theory, quantum physics, Christology, contingency, openness, and rationality. The power of Torrance's arguments lie in three points: first, he is able to get the Christian Church involved in the theology–science dialog; second, he adheres to a realist position; and, third, because both theology and the natural sciences share in the same Logos‐based rationality, revealed in the incarnate Christ, both the disciplines are homoousioi, of same being.
Distributive Justice, Participative Justice, and the Principle of Prima Facie Political Equality
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on offshore oil development, especially in siting decisions, the chapter analyzes and defends the concept of prima facie political equality. It shows how threats to equality and informed consent underlie violations of environmental justice. After analyzing historical, ethical, and economic explanations for how particular groups of people have been victimized in environmental decision making, the book shows the strengths and weaknesses of federalism versus localism, in decision making. It argues that federalism ought not be used to justify imposition of inequitable risks on poor people and minorities.
Appalachians, Access to Land, and Procedural Justice
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on Appalachian coal and California farmland, the chapter argues that ordinary people typically have unequal access to natural resources like land. A major reason for this unequal access is the power of agribusiness and the corporate control of coal and other resources. It also shows that Appalachia is, in many ways, a region victimized by colonialism, even though it is within the U.S. Analyzing the concepts of end‐state justice and procedural justice, it shows that the arguments of Nozick, often used to justify environmental injustice in cases like Appalachia, are flawed. It also argues that a correct understanding of property rights, as explained in John Locke and John Rawls, can support this chapter's appeal for equal access to natural resources.
Of Borders and Margins
Authors: Machado Daisy L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The westward movement of people connected to the nineteenth‐century expansionism of the developing U.S. helped promote the growth and expansion of many of the mainline Protestant denominations that traveled to the southwest borderlands of this country. Following the expanding western frontier, the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) entered what is today the state of Texas and came face to face with the Tejanos. Bringing Protestantism as a new element in the southwest borderlands of Texas, the Disciples of Christ also carried with them the Euro‐American ideologies and self‐definitions that would function at two levels. First, these would shape their relationship as English‐speaking Protestants with the Spanish‐speaking Roman Catholic Tejanos, and secondly, an ethos was created that would influence the Disciples’ ministry to the Mexican population. This shaping and influence were notable in the often racist and paternalistic missionary ideology of the Disciples throughout the late nineteenth century, into the twentieth century, and even to the present day. This is one slice of the religious history of the nineteenth‐century borderlands where the frontier ethos – with its manifest destiny ideology about a chosen race, a virgin land, divine providence, and democracy – prevented Protestantism from developing and maintaining helpful and empowering relationships with the Tejano‐Mexican community it encountered.
The Making of a Nation
Authors: Machado Daisy L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
One important piece in understanding the history of the western expansion of the U.S. is the significance of the Texas borderlands. It was in the nineteenth‐century southwestern frontier that the Euro‐Americans of the Stephen Austin colony first encountered the borderlands people who were in many ways new and foreign to them. The Tejano‐Mexican was non‐Caucasian and racially mixed, spoke a different language, was Roman Catholic, and had a cultural worldview shaped by the mestizo culture of Nueva España. In understanding how the Euro‐Americans reacted to, how they related to, and why they ultimately conquered the Texas borderlands and its people, one can also begin to understand how the U.S. imagined and interpreted itself as a nation.
The Disciples in Texas
Authors: Machado Daisy L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Colonizers from the U.S. began to enter the Texas borderlands in the 1820s when Spain and then the newly formed Mexican republic gave land grants to men like Moses Austin and his son Stephen Austin, who worked as an empresario. The arrival of these U.S. colonizers also meant the arrival of Protestantism since Austin's colony claimed members, lay and clergy, from various denominational groups. Despite efforts by the Mexican government to keep Roman Catholicism as the only legally recognized religion in the Texas borderlands, Protestant missionary work could not be stopped. However, it quickly became clear that the Protestant colonizers had no idea of what the Texas borderlands were about. The borderlands people, culture, language, and faith were seen as “other.” Devalued and ultimately excluded, the Texas borderlands people became foreigners in their own land.