bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Analysis Using Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy
Authors: Parks James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) was recognized from the very beginning to “have exciting potential for ultrasensitive detection of elemental substances and other materials.” Since then, this potential has been proven by the development of several ultrasensitive analysis techniques for practical analytical applications. One of these techniques, the subject of this chapter, is sputter initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy (SIRIS). SIRIS combines lasers, energetic ion beams, and mass spectrometers in a unique way so that solid material can be analyzed quantitatively for its elemental constituents with sensitivities in the parts per billion to parts per trillion range.
Applications of Laser Ablation: Elemental Analysis of Solids by Secondary Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Arrowsmith Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The techniques and instrumentation available for elemental analysis may be divided into two broad categories: those suitable for analysis of samples in solution form and those developed for direct analysis of solid materials. The number of techniques routinely used for trace elemental analysis of solutions is relatively small, although thousands of instruments around the world perform this kind of work. In part, this is the result of the high sensitivity of established methods and the uniform physical nature of liquid samples.
Laser Ablation and Ionization Studies in a Glow Discharge
Authors: Hess Kenneth R , Harrison Willard W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most attractive features of lasers in a scientific laboratory is their ability to combine effectively with other instrumentation and methodology to create a technique of much greater utility than either of the two alone. The interactive nature of lasers has led to the development of many “hyphenated” techniques. So it is that the glow discharge, coupled with a laser, offers unique opportunities for plasma diagnostics and for practical trace element analysis through enhanced atomization and ionization processes. The high power attainable with a laser can be efficiently coupled to the glow discharge in a controlled and selective manner. By controlling wavelength and power, the analytical chemist can optimize the experimental conditions for a particular desired result. In conjunction with the glow discharge ion source, direct elemental analysis of solid samples such as metals, alloys, semiconductors, rocks, and minerals is possible.
A Cognitive Criterion of Mental Unity
Authors: Kitcher Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through his analyses of the prerequisites of cognition, Kant discovers a connection that links cognitive states. Even the most minimal cognitive task-the capacity to have cognitive states that represent something to the subject-demands a synthesis of states (or their diverse elements) in further states. But acts of synthesis both create and presuppose relations among cognitive states. Synthesis creates a relation of dependence. The resulting state depends for its content, and so for its existence as a particular cognitive state, on the existence of the earlier states. Synthesis also presupposes that the earlier states are synthesizable, that their diverse elements can be synthesized in a resulting state.
The School Of Hawthorne
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where does a literary reputation originate and why are so many writers’ reputations subject to the caprices of academic or critical fashion? Basing his arguments on the tradition of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who has survived long periods in the literary wilderness to become one of America’s most important novelists, Brodhead investigates the question of how pasts get created and distributed, and what it means to live within or without the presence of such pasts.
Introduction: Constructing the Frame
Authors: Michie Helena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book began in many different places. One of these was Rome, Italy, where as a child I would walk down the streets of a city filled with effigies of women. Replicas of the Virgin served as landmarks on my way to kindergarten; a stand down the street sold plastic Marys for 100 lire apiece, while larger Virgins made of stone peered out of niches and alleyways, presided over fountains, stood numbly with plastic flowers at their feet. Bending over the flowers, their babies, and the coins people sometimes threw in their laps, they all wore the same half-secret smiles other people must associate with the Mona Lisa.
Ladylike Anorexia: Hunger, Sexuality, and Etiquette in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Michie Helena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dinner table is an important locus of interaction in Victorian culture. In the novel, it is the place where characters, plots, and subplots come together to enjoy and to produce the rich complexities of Victorian fiction. In etiquette and conduct books, it is the central social space where the rules that govern Victorian society arc made manifest. Crucial to the dinner party that figures and so prominently figures in so many texts of the period is the heroine, ,vhosc presence and conversations at these social encounters so profoundly influence their outcome.
Calling and Falling: Vocation and Prostitution
Authors: Michie Helena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With these words the speaker of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s “Jenny” apostrophizes the sleeping prostitute who lends the poem her name. Lying stationary at the center of the poem’s action and of the Victorian debate over fallen women, it would seem that Jenny’s body and its concerns would dominate the poem. The speaker’s strategy, however, is the erasure of Jenny’s body in the very act of its representation. From the beginning of the poem a slow process of metaphorization distances both reader and speaker from her body, first by the use of conventional tropes and finally by the transfiguration of Jenny herself into a sign.
Evolutionary Biology of Aging
Authors: Rose Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This provocative book on the ageing process examines one of the unsolved problems of biology: why do we grow old? The author answers this question by proposing an evolutionary theory for senescence, suggesting that the force of natural selection declines proportionally with age after the onset of reproduction. He elaborates with evidence from cell biology, physiology, and gerontology. The strength of the book lies in the author's unique ability to synthesize the vast literature of this field into a stimulating and accessible volume.
Writing From The Margins
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an attempt to integrate, rather than fragment, disciplines, and seeks to bring seemingly marginal parts of the rhetorical tradition into the centre of negotiation between the disciplines and theories that inform composition studies. Hill weaves practical information from the classroom with her theoretical observations. While astutely addressing the work of composition theorists such as Peter Elbow, ken Macrore, William Coles, Jr., and John Schultz, and post-modern critics such as Derrida, Foucault, and Bakhtin, Hill draws on her own teaching experiences. She shows clearly how teaching and writing are social and political acts, how the social status and political standing of students and teachers operate in the writing classroom, and how an awareness of boundaries, conflict, and questioning can improve the teaching, learning, and writing experiences.
The Mulatto, Tragic or Triumphant? The Nineteenth-Century American Race Melodrama
Authors: Gillman Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“White Americans,” W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in 1927, “are willing to read about Negroes, but they prefer to read about Negroes who are fools, clowns, prostitutes, or at any rate, in despair and contemplating suicide.” Complicating this classic statement of the problematic appeal to a white readership of black stereotypes, Du Bois concludes, “Other sorts of Negroes do not interest them because, as they say, ‘they are just like white folks.’ “For Du Bois, the most complicated figure of all might be the so-called “tragic mulatto,” who, both despairing and appearing just like white folk, is a hybrid not only of both races but also of both Du Boisean sorts of Negroes, those acceptable and those (avowedly) uninteresting to white readers. No wonder, then, that the literary figure of the tragic mulatto has exerted such ambiguous fascination for so many readers, black and white, both those who embrace an assimilationist vision and those who reject the notion of a “white Negro” as tacitly subscribing to the racist ideology of the color line.
When the Rhetor Lies: Augustine”s Critique of Mendacity
Authors: Swearingen C Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: that seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing, they may hear and not understand. The Scriptures seemed quite unworthy of comparison with the stately prose of Cicero, because I had too much conceit to accept their simplicity and not enough insight to penetrate their depths. It is surely true that as the child grows these books grow with him. But I was too proud to call myself a child.
The In-Relation-To Qualifications
Authors: Meinwald Constance C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obviously, the results of chapter 2, by themselves, do not enable us to understand the new kind of exercise completely. We can understand abstractly that the deriving of results from both positive and negative hypotheses allows us to “see what difference” the state of affairs we hypothesize makes. We can also understand that by deriving results for the others as well as for the subject of the hypotheses we broaden our field of observation. (In fact, it seems that there would not automatically be substantive results for the others from any claim about any subject.
The Second Section of Arguments
Authors: Meinwald Constance C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We come now to the second section of arguments constituting Parmenides’ dia1ectical display. As we have already noted in our inquiry into the structure of the exercise, this section is explicitly devoted to determining what follows for The One, if The One is. In fact, I expect that the “theme question” of the section can be more completely ex pressed as follows: what follows for The One pros ta alla, if The One is? (For both points, sec chapter 2.) The business of this chapter is to confirm that this expectation is fulfilled. To do this, I will first explore further than I have yet done the class of predications pros ta alla. This exploration will make it possible to see what sort of activities would he involved in establishing such predications and so in answering the proposed theme question. Then, I will show how we can understand the arguments of the section as carrying out those activities. (I will not discuss every argument individually, but will take up some representative ones.) I would like to start this chapter, however, by providing a summary of the second section proper and the interpretative issues it raises.
Epilogue
Authors: Meinwald Constance C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My project of understanding the key advance of the second part of the Parmenides has already received its basic application: we have seen that the notorious difficulties of the first part of the dialogue are no threat for Platonists who have made the advance. However, some issues that I raised in the course or my exposition still need to be con Severed, a process that will lead naturally to reflection on the philosophical importance for Plato’s development of the crucial episode on which we have been concentrating.
The Bayesian Model
Authors: Cooke Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bayesian models require that the user supply prior probability distributions and process expert assessments by updating these distributions via Bayes’ theorem. The model of Mendel and Sheridan (1986, 1989; see also Mendel, 1989) uses Bayes’ theorem to recalibrate and combine expert assessments of continuous variables via Bayes’ theorem. The only other model (Morris, 1977) which putatively accomplishes the same has serious computational and philosophical drawbacks (see Chap. 11).
Cell Surface Receptor/ Ligand Binding Fundamentals
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to model cell behavior regulated by receptor/ligand signaling, we must first quantify initial cell surface binding events as well as subsequent intracellular trafficking processes, as illustrated in Figure 1-4. This is necessary for following receptor/ligand complexes temporally and spatially throughout the cell. Once this foundation is established we can more easily analyze cell behavioral phenomena governed by the number, state, and location of these complexes. In this chapter our focus is on bindirtg events on the cell surface, whereas in the next chapter we will turn to trafficking processes. Our attention throughout the book will be restricted to plasma membrane receptors, though some receptors (e.g., those for steroid hormones) reside in the cytoplasm or on intracellular organelle membranes.
Receptor/ Ligand Trafficking
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, we explored models of receptor/ligand binding on the cell surface. For each of those models, we assumed that the number and location of receptors are constant, i.e., that no significant synthesis, degradation, internalization, or recycling of receptors occurs over the time frame for which the models apply. Under normal physiological conditions, however, these dynamic trafficking events take place concurrently with receptor/ligand binding. In particular, cell surface receptors and receptor/ligand complexes can be internalized in a process known as receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). The basic steps of the endocytic cycle have been described in a number of reviews (Brown et al., 1983; Wileman et al., 1985b; Mellman et al., 1986; van Deurs et al., 1989; Schwartz, 1990) and are shown schematically in Figure 3-1. The selection and internalization of ligands via RME plays a role in nutrition (e.g., LDL, transferrin), clearance or retrieval of molecules (e.g., immune complexes, asialoglycoproteins, mannose-6-phosphate glycoproteins) and presumably the elicitation or attenuation of cellular responses (e.g., EGF, chemotactic peptides).
The Use and Abuse of Basic Rights
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rights are not the whole of moral value, nor is respect for rights the highest of moral virtues. Unsophisticated generosity and compassion may take one a good bit higher on the ladder of moral worth than does a well-schooled punctiliousness in not overstepping the boundaries set by the rights of others. Concern for rights is a necessary cornerstone in the design of a social ethic, but it should not be confused for the completed edifice.
Extending the Moral Community: Children
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Project pursuers enjoy rights in virtue of being project pursuers; that, in essence, was the argument of the preceding six chapters. Shall we then argue that only project pursuers enjoy rights, that non-project pursuers lack rights in virtue of their not holding those long-term commitments which so distinctly and decisively shape the lives of those who pursue projects? It is prima facie appealing to conclude exactly that. At least three reasons seem to support such an inference.
Biology
Authors: Ross Mary H , Mullins Donald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over twenty years have passed since the publication of two comprehensive books on cockroach biology (Cornwell 1968, Guthrie and Tindall 1968). The information on the German cockroach in these books could hardly be covered in one chapter. In addition, papers published subsequently have expanded our understanding of this ubiquitous pest. We have tried to select material from these sources that is most appropriate for readers whose main interest in the German cockroach stems from its importance as an urban pest. This chapter gives a condensed account of basic biological properties of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). An awareness of these properties is crucial to planning and carrying out control strategies and related research projects. Attention is also given to variation in the expression of biological properties within populations. Some variations are related to environmental conditions or research methodology; others have a genetic basis. The latter may stem from several decades of selection pressure from commonly-used pesticides. Only one such alteration, the development of physiological resistance to pesticides, is widely recognized (see also Chapter 8). Our emphasis on other types of biological variation is to call attention to the development of differences between present-day populations and the possible impact of these differences on cockroach control efforts. Some original data on the biology of susceptible and insecticide-resistant field strains are included.
Detection and Monitoring
Authors: Owens John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The more theoretical considerations of insect population sampling and the research objectives inherent to many of the sampling considerations of authors such as McDonald and Manly (1989), Morris (1960), Pedigo and Buntin (1994) and Southwood (1978), are beyond the scope of this book. Rather, this chapter will focus on the sampling methods used by pest control professionals and researchers to obtain counts of German cockroach numbers in the context of ongoing pest management programs or research efforts to study and (for example) to compare the effectiveness of control technologies such as insecticides. Few research efforts have focused specifically on German cockroach sampling techniques; or considerations inherent to their application in field studies of insecticide efficacy, studies of German cockroach population dynamics and movement behavior, or for other objectives. Artyukhina (1972), Ballard and Gold (1982a, 1983a and 1984a), Moore and Granovsky (1983), Owens and Bennett (1983), Reierson and Rust (1977) and Ross (1981) have reported research which specifically evaluates and compares different sampling techniques in either laboratory or field studies of German cockroaches. There are two basic objectives of sampling efforts applied against German cockroach populations in the context of control or management programs - simple detection of presence and monitoring of changes in population size, spatial distribution or movement patterns by repeated sampling. Pest control professionals usually attempt detection by trapping or visual inspections. During visual inspections, German cockroaches are either directly observed and counted, or signs of their presence such as frass, oothecae and shed cuticles are noted.
Conventional Insecticides
Authors: Wickham John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insecticides are chemicals, mostly but not exclusively of synthetic origin, which have demonstrated the ability to disrupt specific biological systems associated with insects. As a consequence they can provide a relatively rapid and efficient means of reducing insect populations in circumstances which would otherwise favor the continuation of a pest infestation. Many conventional insecticides interfere with the proper functioning of the insect nervous system after entering the insect’s body following direct contact or exposure to vapor. Some enter the gut during ingestion and are absorbed into the body where they may act systemically, affecting the nervous system or other physiological processes.
Integrated Pest Management: An Operational View
Authors: Robinson William H , Zungoli Patricia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of conventional integrated pest management (1PM) programs is to manage populations of pests at low levels through the use of various chemical and nonchemical methods. However, 1PM programs for urban pests, such as the German cockroach, usually prescribe elimination. While control or even elimination of this pest is desirable, the methods to achieve this must be reconsidered. The pest status of this species and other urban insect pests often leads to excessive, and ineffective use of insecticides in the home or workplace. Programs can be designed to provide the effective and efficient use of both chemical and nonchemical methods for managing pests in the home and workplace environment.
The Non-Reality of Free Will
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This monograph offers a new argument concerning free will and moral responsibility. Double identifies hierarchical compatibilism - a view espoused by such philosophers as Frankfurt, Neely, Watson, Levin, and Dennett - as the most plausible account of free will, showing how compatibilism can be successfully defended against incompatibilist objections. He goes on, however, to demonstrate that even the compatibilist account of free will ultimately faces insuperable objections, and concludes that free will is an essentially incoherent notion.
On The Matter Of Promises And Pacts
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Next we must see about the subject matter of promises and pacts, that is, the things to which we can voluntarily obligate ourselves by promising and making pacts. This requires that we have both a physical and a moral faculty to produce the thing or action, that is, that it not be beyond our strength to produce it and that we not be prohibited from accomplishing it by some law. For when something has been placed within my strength and I am left with the faculty to make a decision about it, nothing at all prevents me from voluntarily laying upon myself the necessity of furnishing it to another, when it would have a use for human life. On the other hand, it is pointless to contract an obligation with respect to things that either exceed our strength or cannot be done without violating a stronger obligation, since it would lack any direct and legitimate effect.
W/Righting History: Sympathy as Strategy in Hope Leslie and A Romance of the Republic
Authors: Nelson Dana D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her 1860 article “How Women Should Write?” Mary Bryan traces women’s growing involvement in literary fields. It is in response to men’s demand “for intellectual food through the length and breadth of the land … they want books for every year, for every month- mirrors to ‘catch the manners living as they rise,’ lenses to concentrate the rays of the new stars that dawn upon them” (Freibert and White, 369). Woman, responding as always to man’s call, “steps forward to take her part in the intellectual labor,’’ but then is strangely hindered by the qualms of the male establishment.
Semen Analysis
Authors: Mortimer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intention of this chapter is to provide detailed descriptions of the basic technical procedures for performing a routine semen analysis. A general schedule and sample Laboratory Report Form for this whole procedure are provided in Appendix I. This evaluation of the classic ‘descriptive’ semen characteristics is fundamental to the operation of an andrology laboratory that provides diagnostic or therapeutic services. It provides the criteria on which most initial clinical decisions are based, thereby necessitating accuracy and precision. Reliable methods must be used for semen analysis as for any other laboratory test, and there is no substitute for thorough training and experience. It has become apparent that reliable semen analysis requires staff with good observational powers and critical ability. Matters of training, standardization, quality control, and quality assurance are dealt with in Chapter 16.