bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is the Hajj and How Does Anyone Survive It?
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe hajj is a grueling and perilous march. Even the most self-reliant pilgrims realize that being closer to God also brings them closer to death, and the ones most likely to survive are those who help one another. The hajj works because of the good sense and mutual support of the pilgrims, not because of the staggering resources their governments marshal to assist and control them. The decisive factor is the pilgrims’ self-control and mutual cooperation. When they pull together they usually muddle through the thousands of breakdowns in order and services confronting them each day, but when they fall apart, nothing else really matters and no one can save them from disaster.
Turkey
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSince Turkey became a democracy in 1950, the hajj has blossomed into an emotionally charged symbol of conflict between a Muslim society and a supposedly secular state. Ongoing debate over the hajj illustrates the malleability of Turkish secularism and its endless capacity to divide the nation. Because of hostility from hard-line followers of Ataturk and bickering among right-wing politicians, Turkey created one of the most volatile pilgrimages in the world–and one of the most politicized. A series of pro-Muslim governments led by S\'fcleyman Demirel, Necmettin Erbakan, and Turgut \'d6zal transformed the Directorate of Religious Affairs from a state watchdog over Islam into a powerful interest group dispensing benefits to voters and businesses in key constituencies throughout Anatolia.
Myths of Divinity
Authors: FISHBANE MICHAEL 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines ancient texts on God’s expressions of sorrow or anguish, whether in response to Israel’s suffering or as a matter of personal loss or distress. It is shown that rabbinic midrash has overcome all biblical restraint and silence on this theme, and repeatedly evokes the mythic image of a lamenting and tearful God. This subject is approached under three headings, expressing three modes of divine response to the destruction of the Temple and suffering of the people: memory and mourning, sympathy and sorrow, and desolation and despair. Rabbinic interfusion of myth and history is realized differently in each type.
Europe Undivided
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe quality of political competition at the moment of transition explains the divergence in the domestic trajectories of East European states, steering Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic towards liberal democracy, and Romania, Bulgaria and Slovakia towards illiberal democracy after 1989. From 1989 to 1994, the European Union (EU) exerted only passive leverage on its democratizing neighbours, reinforcing liberal strategies of reform but failing to avert illiberal ones. After 1995, the EU exerted active leverage on the domestic politics of credible future members through the enlargement process. The benefits and requirements of EU membership, combined with the structure of the EU’s pre-accession process, interacted with domestic factors to improve the quality of political competition and to accelerate political and economic reforms in candidate states. The enlargement of the EU has thus promoted a convergence towards liberal democracy across the region. I unpack the consequences of the pre-accession process for the quality of democracy in the new members, the dynamics of the negotiations between the old members and the candidates, and the impact of the 2004 enlargement on the future of European integration. I conclude by exploring the usefulness of the EU’s active leverage in promoting liberal democracy in other prospective members such as Turkey and the states of the Western Balkans, and the trade-offs of further enlargements for the EU itself. The most successful tool of EU foreign policy has turned out to be EU enlargement—and this book helps us understand why and how it works.
The Active Leverage of the European Union
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a theoretical framework for the EU’s active leverage, defined as the EU’s deliberate efforts to promote reform in candidate states moving towards EU membership. Active leverage is animated by the fact that the benefits of membership create incentives for states to satisfy the entry requirements, setting the stage for the effectiveness of conditionality within the EU’s pre-accession process. Three characteristics of this process make it particularly powerful: asymmetric interdependence, enforcement, and meritocracy. This chapter explores the origins of the EU’s pre-accession process, unpacks the requirements of membership, and details all of the different tools that enable the EU to exercise conditionality within the process. It compares the EU’s active leverage to the efforts of NATO, the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to promote democratic standards and economic reform in Eastern Europe's new democracies.
The Impact of Active Leverage II: Reforming the State and the Economy, 1997–2004
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn all candidate states, the EU’s active leverage forced governments to embark on politically difficult reforms of the state and of the economy, committing politicians to a predictable agenda of economic liberalization. This happened not only because of straightforward conditionality but also because the pre-accession process served as a credible commitment to economic reform and as an impetus for the growth of pro-EU groups in society. The Czech Republic stands out as a hybrid case that experienced a greater concentration (and abuse) of political and economic power than Poland or Hungary, forcing it to change more dramatically in response to the EU’s active leverage. In the post-illiberal states, keeping ruling elites within the parameters set by the EU’s pre-accession process while locking all mainstream political parties into a pro-EU orientation signifies a great success. This chapter analyses the convergence of domestic politics in Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania after more liberal elites took power, and also explains the significant and persistent variation in the performance of the three states in implementing comprehensive reforms.
World Without Design
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Philosophical naturalism has dominated the Western academy for well over a century. However, there is an important sense in which naturalism's status as orthodoxy is without rational foundation. Furthermore, the costs of embracing it are surprisingly high. The goal of this book is to defend these two claims, with special attention to the second. The first part of the book aims to provide a fair and historically informed characterization of naturalism. The second part argues for the striking thesis that naturalists are committed to rejecting realism about material objects, materialism, and perhaps realism about other minds. The book concludes with an examination of two alternative research programmes – intuitionism and supernaturalism – and argues that, under certain circumstances, intuitionism is self‐defeating.
1 Introduction
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Introduces several of the concepts and assumptions that will occupy center stage in the book's main argument. In particular, introduces the notion of a research programme, and provides characterizations of realism about material objects and its rival, constructivism. Also defends the conclusion that it is impossible to adopt a research programme on the basis of evidence. This constitutes the author's argument for the conditional claim that if naturalism is a research programme, its status as orthodoxy is without rational foundation. Introduces the central thesis of the book – that naturalists are committed to rejecting realism about material objects, materialism, and perhaps realism about other minds – and goes on to provide a brief outline of the remaining chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Brekke Torkel 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains in India were in the midst of redefining what it meant to belong to their communities by the end of the 19th century. This occurred within the confines set by the English language, and European ideas of religion, history, societies, and nations. It is argued that the new role of religion that emerged in the 19th century had major implications for political life in the 20th century in South Asia. They also laid the foundation for different types of religious nationalism and communalism in South Asia.
War and the Common Life
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the suggestion that national-defence is a right held by states and is principally grounded in the end of defending the common life of the community, rather than the lives of individual citizens. It argues that grounding national self-defence in an account of the value of common life is as problematic as the attempt to ground it in the end of protecting individual persons. National-defence cannot be reduced to a collective application of personal rights of self-defence, nor explained as a state-held right analogous to personal self-defence.
Moral Realism
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis is a book in metaethics that defends a brand of moral realism known as non‐naturalism. The book has five Parts. Part I outlines the sort of moral realism that the author wishes to defend, and then offers critiques of expressivism and constructivism. Part II is devoted to issues in metaphysics. It argues that moral realists have adequate replies to worries based on supervenience and the alleged causal inefficacy of moral facts. Part III is devoted to issues of moral motivation. It argues that motivational internalism is false, and that a Humean theory of action is also mistaken. Part IV is devoted to an extended discussion of moral reasons. It argues that externalism about reasons is true, that moral rationalism is true, and that moral realism has an adequate account of moral disagreement. Part V is devoted to moral epistemology. It argues for the self‐evidence of pro tanto moral principles, and for a version of reliabilism about ethical knowledge.
The Justification of Verdictive Beliefs 12
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDevelops a version of reliabilism about moral knowledge, in an effort to explain how we can have knowledge of all‐things‐considered moral verdicts. Considers a number of objections to reliabilism, and seeks to show how we might begin the task of identifying reliable moral belief‐forming processes.
The Catholic Church and its Mission
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
By gathering disciples and calling ‘the twelve’, Jesus created some minimal organization, which grew after Pentecost into the ‘one, holy, catholic, and apostolic’ Church of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. After some developments in the Middle Ages and at the time of the Reformation, teaching about the nature and function of the Catholic Church flowered in the last two centuries. Vatican I (1869–70) defined the primacy and infallibility of the Pope but did not have the chance to complete its full teaching on the Church. This happened at Vatican II (1962–65), where biblical, patristic, ecumenical and liturgical influences combined to produce such rich developments as teaching on the collegiality of bishops, the universal call to holiness, and relations to other Christians and to non-Christians.
John among the Orthodox, 150–c.170
Authors: Hill Charles E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The OJP asserts that there is a paucity or even an absence of use of the Johannine Gospel among representatives of the orthodox churches in the period before Irenaeus. This thesis is tested by examining the evidence of nine writers or documents for the period 150–c.170, including Melito of Sardis, Tatian, the Egerton Gospel, and Celsus the anti-Christian critic. Because of its acknowledged importance, the case of Justin is given extended treatment. Against the backdrop of diverse scholarly opinions, a close study demonstrates that Justin did indeed use the Fourth Gospel and that he included it in what he called the ‘apostolic memoirs’, Gospels that were read aloud on Sundays in Roman churches.
Dynamic Consumption Theory
Authors: Bagliano Fabio-Cesare , Bertola Giuseppe 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSolves the basic version of the intertemporal consumption choice model under rational expectations. Discrete‐time dynamic optimization techniques are introduced and the theoretical relationships between the dynamics of permanent income, current income, consumption, and saving are derived. Empirical tests are presented and extensions including a precautionary saving motive and optimal portfolio allocation decisions are discussed. The Appendix summarizes dynamic programming techniques applied to the optimal consumption choice.
Growth in Dynamic General Equilibrium
Authors: Bagliano Fabio-Cesare , Bertola Giuseppe 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Characterizes general equilibrium interactions in a dynamic environment, focussing on the possibly endogenous growth behaviour of an economy in the long run. The treatment familiarizes readers with technical approaches and economic insights regarding the interplay of technology, preferences, market structure, externalities, and taxation in shaping the interaction of individually optimal saving and investment decisions.
The Sensory Ordering Thesis
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe Sensory Ordering Thesis is a ramified version of the Sensory Classification Thesis presented in Ch.1; it acknowledges that most sensory systems order distal objects, rather than place them in discrete classes. Sense features Agenerate@ their sub-classes in an interesting sense noticed by W. E. Johnson: the perceptual grasp of inclusive features such as red is based on a grasp of graded similarity relations among the sub-classes thereof. Variation with respect to a single sensory parameter such as colour is invariable in a number of significant ways, but ‘overall‘ similarity with respect to several sensory parameters is variable across different graphical representations. This shows that overall similarity is an artefact, while similarity with respect to a single parameter is forced upon us by sensory cognition.
Pluralistic Realism
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA catalogue of mismatches between experienced colour and the physical counterparts of colour is presented. Does it show, as C. L. Hardin has argued, that colour is not real? No. It is proposed that a physically specifiable sense feature is real in the action-relative sense if there is some innate activity that would be disrupted by a failure of classification. This permits a plurality of idiosyncratic sensory classifications, while at the same time makes room for the idea that a sensory state might be wrong.
Sensing and Doing
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSensory systems do not passively pick up features available in the ambient energy patterns. According to the Coevolution Thesis propounded here, they provide an organism with discriminatory abilities that subserve action-modes that evolve in parallel. The kind of action served is not merely bodily motion. A proper general understanding takes account of the epistemic uses of sense perception. The Aeffector organs@ that are important for the coevolution of sense perception are thus internal units that analyse and store information. The primary content or meaning of a sensory state is specified in terms of epistemic action, its secondary content or extension may be specified in physical terms.
Christianity and the Concept of Religion
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Hegel in his lectures first sets forth a philosophical definition of the concept of religion, then traces the development of the concept in the various determinate religions of humanity, and finally finds the consummation of the concept in the Christian religion. The concept of religion can be approached both empirically and phenomenologically. When the latter takes on speculative form it grasps religion as the self-consciousness of absolute spirit mediated in and through finite consciousness: religion is both a divine and a human action. This truth appears partially in the historical religions and completely in Christianity, which is described by Hegel as the consummate or absolute religion, the revelatory and revealed religion, and the religion of truth, freedom, and reconciliation. The chapter examines Hegel’s speculative redescription of the Christian metanarrative and asks whether his claims on behalf of this religion are excessive, heterodox, and/or heretical.
Christianity and World Religions
Authors: Hodgson Peter C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The second and longest part of the lectures treats religions other than Christianity under the theme of ‘determinate religion’. It is a topic in which Hegel evinced a growing fascination, but he never achieved a satisfactory arrangement of the materials. What he offers has more the character of a geography or typology of religions than of a history of religions, despite his claim to track the movement of spirit through history. This chapter focuses on Hegel’s affinity with and critique of Asian religions and his evolving treatment of Judaism. The chapter concludes by proposing that the depth structure of Hegel’s thinking is closer to religious pluralism than to inclusivism, and that he envisions a future religion of free and concrete spirit.
3 The Priority of Theory
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIt is argued that for all their differences, the naturalist models of both Maimonides and Soloveitchik share certain related assumptions about the nature of rationality and the relationship that subsequently holds between a theory and a practice. Defining and refining this view termed the priority of theory approach (PoT), with particular reference to Maimonides and Soloveitchik, is the task of this chapter. The PoT theorist takes a position described as weak foundationalism that emphasizes the importance of a set of discursive principles for the justification of any practice. Essentially for the normative PoT theorist, a necessary condition of the rationality of any practice is that it should be capable of being articulated in a set of principles to which it must therefore conform in order to be rational.
6 The Spectre of Relativism
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHaving presented both the PoT and PoP approaches, this chapter deals in more detail with various aspects of one of the central challenges for the PoP approach, namely, that of relativism. The central theme of the chapter is that many of the objections are based upon assumptions made from a PoT perspective. The practical orientation and the ability of practices to engender reasoned confidence allows the PoP approach to deal with the problems on its own terms rather better than the PoT approach, which suffers from the same problems but seems less able to address them even on its own terms.
7 Conclusion: The Practice of Jewish Philosophy
Authors: Rynhold Daniel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLooks at some of the implications for Jewish philosophy in general of taking this PoP approach to the justification of practices. It is argued that Jewish philosophy has been presented as having a critical function. In a Rortian manner, it is an anti-system building, lending its voice to the anti-theory lobby, at least in the practical sphere. Theory does not, however, become obsolete, but is rather undertaken as an interpretative enterprise, leading to the idea of Jewish philosophy as interpretation.
Effects of small intestinal and gastric glucose administration on the suppression of plasma ghrelin concentrations in healthy older men and women
Authors: Parker Barbara A. , Doran Selena , Wishart Judith , Horowitz Michael , Chapman Ian M. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryObjective  Ghrelin is a peptide hormone secreted primarily from the gastric mucosa. It plays a role in energy balance by stimulating appetite, thereby increasing food intake and enhancing weight gain and fat mass deposition. Plasma ghrelin concentrations increase with fasting and are suppressed by nutrient intake. The aim of this study was to examine in humans the relative contributions of small intestinal and gastric nutrient exposure to postprandial suppression of ghrelin, to determine whether gastric exposure is necessary for ghrelin suppression.Patients  Twelve healthy older (age range 65–85 years) men (n = 7) and women (n = 5) were studied.Design  On three separate days, equivolaemic (315 ml) intragastric (IG) and intraduodenal (ID) carbohydrate solutions (both 300 kcal) or intragastric water (control) were infused over 150 min.Measurements  Food intake was quantified at a buffet meal offered immediately following each 150‐min infusion. Blood ghrelin, cholecystokinin and glucose concentrations were measured.Results  There was a 25% suppression of mean plasma ghrelin concentrations following ID glucose (ID 2016 vs. control 2686 ng/l, P < 0·0001) and a 19% suppression following IG glucose (IG 2181 vs. control 2686 ng/l, P < 0·0001), with ghrelin concentrations slightly (7·6%) and nonsignificantly lower after ID than after IG glucose infusions (P = 0·2). There was no difference between the treatments for the amount of food consumed at the buffet meal (P = 0·88).Conclusions  Although the primary source of ghrelin is the gastric mucosa, these results suggest that small intestinal nutrient exposure is sufficient for food‐induced plasma ghrelin suppression in humans, and that gastric nutrient exposure is not necessary for suppression.