bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of and risk factors for tenofovir‐induced nephrotoxicity: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Antoniou T , Raboud JM , Chirhin S , Yoong D , Govan V , Gough K , Rachlis A , Loutfy MR 
Published: July 2005

ObjectivesDespite the recent publication of case reports describing various manifestations of tenofovir‐related nephrotoxicity, data regarding the incidence of and risk factors for this adverse effect are currently lacking.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of patients from four centres in Toronto, Canada, enrolled in the tenofovir expanded access programme with a minimum of 3 months follow up, was carried out.ResultsA total of 172 patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for a median of 16 months (range 3–25 months) were included in the study. Seven (4%) patients developed grade 1 (>44 μmol/L from baseline) increases in serum creatinine (SCr) during follow up; no patient developed grade 2 or higher nephrotoxicity. Fifteen (8.7%) patients had an increase in SCr of greater than 1.5 times baseline values during follow up. Four (2.3%) patients discontinued TDF because of an increase in SCr and/or abnormal urinalysis. Of 62 patients with a urinalysis, grade 1 or higher proteinuria (< 3 g/L) was observed in 27 (43%) patients. Only baseline SCr [odds ratio (OR)=0.51 per 10 μmol/L increase; P=0.0005] and baseline creatinine clearance (1.26 per 10 mL/min increase; P=0.01) were significantly associated with ever having a 1.5‐fold increase in serum creatinine. Twenty‐eight (16%) and 11 (6%) patients developed grade 1 (serum phosphorus≤0.71 mmol/L) and grade 2 (serum phosphorus≤0.61 mmol/L) hypophosphataemia during follow‐up, respectively.ConclusionsAlthough slight increases in SCr did occur after starting TDF, clinically significant nephrotoxicity was rare. The clinical significance of TDF‐related hypophosphataemia and proteinuria requires further study.
Vector Mapping in Localizing the Transverse Conduction Site of the Crista Terminalis in Patients with Typical Atrial Flutter
Authors: YAMABE HIROSHIGE , TANAKA YASUAKI , YAMAMURO MEGUMI , OGAWA HISAO , KIMURA YOSHIHIRO , HOKAMURA YOUICHI 
Published: July 2005

Background: The difference in the conduction properties of the crista terminalis (CT) along its course, has not been fully clarified. Using the vector mapping method, we localized the transverse conduction (TC) site of the CT and elucidated its conduction capabilities in patients with typical atrial flutter (AF).
Methods: The TC site of the CT was localized by the analysis of the polarity reversal of the double potentials recorded at 10 sites along the CT using a 20‐pole deflectable catheter in 17 patients. The conduction capabilities of the TC site were analyzed during incremental pacing delivered from 100 beats/min to 2‐to‐1 local capture at the low anterior (LARA) and posterior (LPRA) right atrium.
Results: At a pacing rate of 100 beats/min, TC at a single site was observed in 15 patients during LARA pacing and 7 patients during LPRA pacing, respectively. TC sites were distributed from superior to middle third of the CT in all patients. TC was bidirectional in 4 sites, but was unidirectional in the remaining 14 sites. Following an increase in the pacing rate, TC was blocked in all 7 sites during LPRA pacing and 11 of 15 sites during LARA pacing. Shift in the location of the TC site was not observed in any of the patients before TC block. The conduction block rate during pacing from LARA was significantly higher than that from LPRA (211 ± 59 beats/min vs 145 ± 66 beats/min, P < 0.01).
Conclusions: The superior to middle third of the CT provides TC capabilities. The TC across the CT was caused by a preferential conduction site and most of these TC were unidirectional, and stable in location irrespective of the change in the conduction rate.
Protected Circumferential Conduction in the Posterior Atrioventricular Vestibule of the Left Atrium: Electrophysiologic and Anatomic Correlates
Authors: CHENG JIE , YANG YANFEI , URSELL PHILIP C. , LEE RANDALL J. , DOROSTKAR PARVIN C. , BOAHENE KWABENA A. , SCHEINMAN MELVIN M. 
Published: July 2005

Background: The anatomic substrate for protected isthmus conduction in the right atrium has been well defined. Little is known of similar substrates in the left atrium (LA).
Methods: Patients (pts) with reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) supported by a single left‐sided accessory pathway were studied retrospectively (n = 64) and prospectively (n = 31). Intracardiac electrograms were recorded from the His bundle position and coronary sinus (CS). The LA was mapped with a steerable catheter using the transseptal approach. LA anatomy was examined grossly and histologically in six cadaver hearts after removal of endocardium.
Results: A distal‐to‐proximal CS activation sequence during AVRT was seen in all patients with a left lateral accessory pathway before ablation. After one to three radiofrequency (RF) energy deliveries that did not interrupt accessory pathway conduction, the CS activation sequence was reversed in three patients in the retrospective group and bidirectional conduction block in the posterior atrioventricular vestibule of the LA (PAVV) was demonstrated in nine patients in the prospective group. Four of the six cadaver hearts showed a distinct circumferential inferoposterior myocardial bundle that coursed parallel to the CS in the PAVV.
Conclusions: We described evidence of bidirectional intraatrial block in the PAVV after application of RF energy during accessory pathway ablation. Such conduction block may mimic the presence of a second accessory pathway. Our data suggest that circumferential conduction in the PAVV may be poorly coupled to the rest of the LA and may be involved in the macro‐reentrant circuit around the mitral annulus. The circumferential inferoposterior myocardial bundle may serve as the underlying anatomic substrate
Effect of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling Pattern in Responder and Nonresponder Patients
Authors: AGACDIKEN AYSEN , VURAL AHMET , URAL DILEK , SAHIN TAYFUN , KOZDAG GULIZ , KAHRAMAN GOKSEL , BILDIRICI ULAS , URAL ERTAN , KOMSUOGLU BAKI 
Published: July 2005

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the short‐ and long‐term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling pattern and the relation between the diastolic filling pattern and the response to CRT.
Methods: Twenty‐three patients with systolic heart failure and complete left bundle‐branch block underwent implantation of biventricular pacemaker devices. In order to follow the changes in diastolic function, mitral inflow, pulmonary venous flow, and LV flow propagation (Vp) velocities were measured with pulsed‐wave and color M‐mode Doppler echocardiography 1 week before and 1 and 6 months after pacemaker implantation. At the 6‐month follow‐up, patients were divided into two groups according to their response to CRT defined as a relative increase in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥25% versus baseline.
Results: After biventricular pacemaker implantation, significant clinical improvement was observed in all patients. Compared to baseline, the ratio of early‐to‐late peak velocities (E/A) decreased significantly at the 6th month (E/A ratio: from 1.5 ± 0.9 to 0.8 ± 0.5 at the 6th month (P = 0.02)). Pulmonary systolic flow to diastolic flow ratio (PVs/PVd) increased with CRT after 6 months (PVs/PVd ratio: from 0.9 ± 0.4 to 1.3 ± 0.7 at the 6th month (P = 0.02)). E/Vp ratio decreased significantly at the 1st and 6th month (E/Vp ratio: from 2.7 ± 0.8 to 2 ± 0.8 at the 1st (P < 0.002) and to 1.9 ± 0.7 at the 6th month (P < 0.02)). In responders (n: 17, 74%), E wave and PVra velocity decreased, E‐wave deceleration time increased, and E/Vp ratio improved significantly, whereas in nonresponders, changes in LV diastolic parameters remained insignificant. However, diastolic filling pattern improved significantly at the 1st and 6th month of CRT in both responders and nonresponders.
Conclusion: CRT enhances diastolic filling patterns in both responder and nonresponder patients. This may be related to improvement in symptoms even in nonresponders who have a relative increase in LVEF <25%.
Clinical Subtypes of Lone Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: PATTON KRISTEN K. , ZACKS ERAN S. , CHANG JOSEPH Y. , SHEA MARISA A. , RUSKIN JEREMY N. , MACRAE CALUM A. , ELLINOR PATRICK T. 
Published: July 2005

Aims: In the face of increasing evidence of underlying genetic heterogeneity for lone atrial fibrillation (LAF), we undertook a clinical analysis of subjects to identify the phenotypic subsets of this arrhythmia.
Methods and Results: We evaluated serial patients who presented with LAF between July 5, 2001 and December 19, 2003. Subjects underwent a standardized interview to elicit a detailed medical history, prior therapies, and precipitants of atrial fibrillation. The results of a physical exam, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were reviewed. One hundred and eighty subjects with a mean age of 45 years (15–67 years) at the time of diagnosis were enrolled. The majority of patients originally presented with paroxysmal fibrillation (94%), and 7.8% progressed to permanent AF. Reported triggers for AF included sleeping (44%), exercise (36%), alcohol use (36%), and eating (34%). Women with LAF had distinct symptoms, triggers for episodic AF, and over one‐fourth had an underlying rheumatologic condition. Several subsets of AF including familial AF (39%), exercise‐induced AF (32%), and conduction system disease requiring pacemaker implantation (7%), were identified.
Conclusions: Family history, exercise as a trigger of AF, and a history of a pacemaker identified subtypes of LAF.
Ventricular Fibrillation Frequency
Authors: CALLIHAN J. , ROEDER R. , GEDDES L.A. , OTLEWSKI M. , KEMENY A. 
Published: July 2005

Background: Ventricular‐fibrillation (VF) wave frequency is known to decrease with prolonged, untreated VF. VF wave frequency is used as an algorithm to identify VF in AEDs and ICDs; yet the nature of the frequency change is not appreciated.
Methods: In this study, anesthetized pigs were used and VF was induced electrically. VF wave frequency was measured each second during VF for periods up to 200 sec. Defibrillation was achieved with transchest electrodes. VF wave frequency was plotted for each second during VF. In 2 animals, CPR was applied and VF wave frequency was measured.
Results: In all cases VF wave frequency decreased with increasing duration of VF. At the onset of VF, the VF wave frequency ranged from 5 to 12/sec. A plot of the normalized ratio of VF wave frequency during fibrillation to the VF frequency at induction decreased to between 0.1 and 0.8 of the initial frequency. In one of the animals, VF was initiated, CPR was provided and the VF wave frequency was measured over a 200‐second period. Then, the procedure was repeated without CPR. Beyond 130 seconds, the VF frequency with CPR was higher than that without CPR, indicating myocardial oxygenation.
Conclusion: Those who use VF wave frequency to identify the presence of VF should be aware of the nature of the VF wave frequency decrease with the passage of time.
A case of hydrocephalus occlusus presenting as bipolar disorder
Authors: Reisch T. , Brekenfeld C. , Barth A. 
Published: July 2005

Objective:  This case highlights the fact that manic and depressive symptoms can be related to hydrocephalus occlusus even in the absence of neurological symptoms.Method:  Single case report.Results:  A 22‐year‐old male patient presented with a 2‐year history of manic and depressive symptoms. He was admitted to psychiatric in‐patient care fulfilling sufficient criteria of bipolar disorder presenting with a hypomanic state. No neurological symptoms could be detected. Three months later, a MRI of the brain showed a hydrocephalus occlusus because of a space‐occupying lesion of 5 mm in the lamina tecti obstructing the aqueduct of Silvius. The MRI also showed parahippocampal changes, which were probably related to the hydrocephalus. After the implantation of a ventriculo‐peritoneal shunt, manic symptoms resolved, but the patient continued to suffer from adynamic symptoms. Follow‐up MRIs over 3 years showed no progression of the lesion of unknown etiology.Conclusions:  In this case, early routine neuroimaging might have reduced long‐term brain damage. The case underlines that even in the absence of neurological symptoms, brain imaging in bipolar disorder might be crucial. The feasibility of routine brain imaging in bipolar patients is discussed.
Bipolar disorder in women: reproductive events and treatment considerations
Authors: Freeman M. P. , Gelenberg A. J. 
Published: July 2005

Objective:  Bipolar disorders are prevalent in women. Women with bipolar disorder often present with different clinical features than men. Reproductive events and hormonal treatments may impact the course of bipolar disorder. Our main objectives are to i) assess the impact of reproductive events on the course of the disorder, and ii) to discuss the relationships between reproductive events and psychiatric treatments.Method:  A literature search was conducted of MEDLINE journals from 1965 to present. Manual literature searches were also conducted. We review the presentation, clinical course, and treatment considerations of bipolar disorder in women, with emphasis on treatment considerations in the context of reproductive events. Treatment‐related issues such as teratogenicity, breastfeeding, polycystic ovarian syndrome, weight gain and obesity, and medication interactions with oral contraceptives are reviewed.Results:  Women with bipolar disorder may be more vulnerable to mood episodes in the context of reproductive events, particularly postpartum. In women of reproductive age, mood stabilizers must be selected with teratogenic risks in mind, with the highest reported risks in pregnancy with valproate, and the greatest concern during breastfeeding with lithium use. In the areas of the perimenopause and polycycstic ovarian syndrome, more data are needed to advise treatment decisions.Conclusion:  We urgently need further study in these areas to deliver care that is appropriate to women with bipolar disorder.
The Temperament and Character Inventory‐Revised (TCI‐R): psychometric characteristics of the French version
Authors: Pelissolo A. , Mallet L. , Baleyte J.‐M. , Michel G. , Cloninger C. R. , Allilaire J.‐F. , Jouvent R. 
Published: July 2005

Objective: To explore the psychometric characteristics of a modified version of the Cloninger's personality questionnaire, the Temperament and Character Inventory‐Revised (TCI‐R).Method: A 482‐subject sample, including clinical and non‐clinical subjects, completed the TCI‐R. We performed principal component analyses and explored the factorial structure of the questionnaire, and the internal consistency of each dimension.Results: The factorial structure of the TCI‐R was well defined as expected and similar to those shown with the TCI. Robust factors were obtained for Reward Dependence and Persistence in the TCI‐R, even more clearly than in the original TCI. All dimensions obtained higheralphaCronbach coefficients with the TCI‐R than with the TCI. We obtained highly satisfying reliability coefficients in test‐retest and TCI/TCI‐R comparisons.Conclusion: The TCI‐R seems to have similar psychometric and feasibility characteristics as those of the initial version, but with significant improvements in terms of factorial structure and internal consistency of most dimensions.
Evidence for theory of mind deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Bora E. , Vahip S. , Gonul A. S. , Akdeniz F. , Alkan M. , Ogut M. , Eryavuz A. 
Published: July 2005

Objective:  i) To investigate the subtle ToM (theory of mind) deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. ii) To investigate the impact of non‐ToM cognitive deficits on ToM abilities.Method:  Forty‐three euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and 30 healthy control subjects were involved in this study. ToM was assessed by the Eyes test and the Hinting task. Both groups were also evaluated with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery including tasks for basic emotion and face recognition.Results:  The patient group was impaired on both of the ToM tasks. The patient group also showed impairment in many cognitive tasks including tasks related to sustained attention.Conclusion:  Even euthymic patients with bipolar disorder may be impaired in advanced ToM tasks. Executive dysfunction and some other cognitives deficits such as basic emotion recognition may be at least partly responsible for this result.
Atrophic tongue associated with Candida
Authors: Terai Haruhiko , Shimahara Masashi 
Published: July 2005

Background:  Traditionally, total atrophic tongue has been due to nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B12, folic acid, or iron deficiencies, and partial atrophic tongue has been well known as median rhomboid glossitis or geographic tongue. The other cause of atrophic tongue is oral candidiasis.Methods:  Forty patients with atrophic change of the tongue were examined on a relation to candidiasis. All of them complained of tongue pain on spicy or hot diet. Laboratory examinations included blood examination for diabetes and anemia, culture test and direct cytologic examination. The intensity of tongue pain was evaluated pre‐ and post‐treatment using visual analogue scale (VAS).Results:  Twenty‐four of 40 (60%) had pre‐disposing factors of candidiasis including diabetes mellitus, malignancy, systemic steroid therapy, long‐term antibiotic therapy and others in their medical history. Blood examinations revealed mild anemia and/or Fe deficiency in 5 (12.5%), mild diabetes in 4 (10.0%), both in two, while residual 29 patients (72.5%) were within reference levels. In the culture examination, candidal species were isolated in 72.5%, and almost all of them were candida albicans. The direct cytologic examination performed in 17 of 40 patients, witch revealed pseudohyphae of fungi in 14 patients (82.4%). After the antifungal treatment, the tongue pain disappeared or improved markedly in 80%. Simultaneously, the regenerative tendency of filifolm papilla of the tongue dorsum was observed in these patients.Conclusion:  Atrophic tongue associated with pain at eating, even though it is mild atrophic change, has a high probability of being a candida‐induced lesion. Long disease duration and no benefit by topical steroids are suggestive and diagnostic factors of this disease.
A comparative study of the efficacy of AphthealTM in the management of recurrent minor aphthous ulceration
Authors: Murray Brenda , McGuinness Niall , Biagioni Paul , Hyland Paula , Lamey Philip‐John 
Published: July 2005

Background:  Recurrent minor aphthous ulceration (RAU) is a common condition which is multifactorial in origin.Methods:  This study, firstly, aimed to treat the prodromal stage of RAU with AphthealTM (5% amlexanox paste) to determine if ulcer development could be prevented. A second arm of the study investigated treatment of RAU with AphthealTM once ulceration had developed. Ulcer duration, ulcer size and associated pain were measured. Both groups of subjects had previously undergone a no‐treatment run‐in period to establish these parameters over an untreated episode of ulceration.Results:  By day 3, only 35% of the prodromal group had developed an ulcer compared with 97% of the ulcer group (P < 0.001). In the treated ulcer group only 66% had an ulcer present by day 3. Treatment at the onset of prodromal symptoms reduced the maximum ulcer size score by 84% (P < 0.01), extent of ulceration by 88% (P < 0.01), maximum pain score by 69% (P < 0.01) and extent of pain by 85% (P < 0.01) compared to no treatment.Conclusion:  Treatment with AphthealTM at the onset of prodromal RAU symptoms can prevent progression to ulcer development and significantly reduced symptoms if ulcers do develop.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α in oral cancer
Authors: Brennan P. A. , Mackenzie N. , Quintero M. 
Published: July 2005

Background:  Hypoxia is a common feature of many cancers. It contributes to local and systemic tumour progression as well as potentially compromising radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) is an essential component in changing the transcriptional response of tumours under hypoxia. It targets the transcription of over 60 genes involved in many aspects of cancer biology including cell survival, glucose metabolism, cell invasion and angiogenesis.Methods:  In this review, we discuss the relevant literature on HIF‐1α with specific emphasis on oral cancer. We also present some of our preliminary data on HIF‐1α in oral cancer.Results:  Although there are a few conflicting reports of its prognostic significance, over expression of HIF‐1α seems to play an adverse role in the malignant progression of head and neck cancer by facilitating the adaptation of cells to hypoxia as well as contributing to the invasive properties and angiogenesis in these tumours.Conclusions:  HIF‐1α has an important role to play in pathophysiology of oral cancer, both under normal and hypoxic conditions. The pharmacological manipulation of HIF‐1α has marked effects on tumour growth, and it could prove to be an important target for drug therapy, both in oral cancer and in other hypoxia‐dependent disease states.
Comparative evaporimetry in man
Authors: Shah Jigna H. , Zhai Hongbo , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: July 2005

Background/aims: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements are frequently used; the most widely utilized instrument has been the open chamber device. Traditional open‐chamber systems for measuring TEWL have limitations related to ambient and body‐induced airflows near the probe, probe size, measurement site and angles. Recent technology provides a portable and battery‐operated closed chamber Evaporimeter. It is presumably less affected by external factors such as room‐ or body‐induced airflows, breathing or heating of the probe by the operators' hand. This study compares this commercial instrument, a closed chamber device, with a traditional open‐chamber device.Methods: Two open chamber devices and one closed chamber device were used in such a way that each instrument could simultaneously measure TEWL in an identical experimental environment with known relative humidity and temperature values. TEWL values of seven locations on healthy volunteers were measured simultaneously with each instrument in the same room according to the guidelines of the standardization group of the European society of contact dermatitis.Results: For TEWL values of all forearm locations, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values measured by all three instruments. For TEWL values of forehead locations, there was a significant difference between the mean values of open chamber device and closed chamber device. For the forehead, values from closed chamber device were higher than the open one.Conclusion: The TEWL values measured by all instruments were constant with small standard deviations. These instruments appear sufficiently robust that a standardization group could document similarities and differences with in vitro models. We suspect that both techniques will continue to be used and that the closed method will find increasing use because of its ease of use.