bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern and ancient olive stands near Sagalassos (south‐west Turkey) and reconstruction of the ancient agricultural landscape in two valleys
Authors: Vermoere M. , Vanhecke L. , Waelkens M. , Smets E. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAim To study the present‐day olive stands and their ecology in the eastern part of the territory of the ancient city of Sagalassos, to study the variation of olive pollen production and dispersal near the olive stands, to establish a modern pollen reference model, and to compare Hellenistic–Roman pollen data from two wetlands with this modern reference model.Location Eastern part of the territory of the ancient city of Sagalassos, western Taurus mountain range in south‐west Turkey.Methods The study is based on field survey, pollen analysis of surface samples, multivariate statistics of modern pollen data and the use of ‘modern analogues’ in comparison with Hellenistic–Roman pollen samples.Results A field survey revealed the presence of 35 olive stands in the study area. These are mainly small‐scale stands. The olive pollen representation in the surface samples is highly variable. Two groups of modern ‘olive’ pollen spectra could be distinguished: (1) a group representing mainly olive stands from lush and moist mixed orchards; and (2) a group representing mainly olive stands from open small‐scale olive stands in combination with annual crop agriculture. Although no ‘perfect’ modern analogue was found for the Hellenistic–Roman pollen data, the fossil pollen data show similarities with modern spectra from the second group, due to the presence of relatively high pollen values for secondary anthropogenic indicators.Main conclusion A well‐organized and diverse, but time‐ and energy‐consuming, agricultural system was maintained nearby the wetlands of Çanaklı soils, presumably to maximize the yields in both valleys.
A tribute to Claude Shannon (1916–2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the ‘Shannon–Wiener’ Index
Authors: Spellerberg Ian F. , Fedor Peter J. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn the literature, the terms species richness and species diversity are sometimes used interchangeably. We suggest that at the very least, authors should define what they mean by either term. Of the many species diversity indices used in the literature, the Shannon Index is perhaps most commonly used. On some occasions it is called the Shannon–Wiener Index and on other occasions it is called the Shannon–Weaver Index. We suggest an explanation for this dual use of terms and in so doing we offer a tribute to the late Claude Shannon (who passed away on 24 February 2001).
Diversity at hydrothermal vents
Authors: Tsurumi Maia 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAimTo describe patterns of hydrothermal vent community diversity and dispersion at the intersegment scale (> 100 km).LocationThe area discussed is an approximately 170 km portion of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, a mid‐ocean ridge in the north‐east Pacific Ocean.MethodsSamples of benthic invertebrates from hydrothermal vents on three segments of the Juan de Fuca are examined for community characteristics such as diversity, abundance and distribution.ResultsSpecies richness (55 species) and evenness are low. If the macrofauna only are considered, species richness is about 30% lower than when meiofauna are also considered. The geometric series describes the species‐abundance distribution. The relationship between vent species’ distribution and abundance is significantly positive (r2 = 0.818;P < 0.001). Alpha diversity is lower in patchy habitat than continuous habitat and gamma diversity is similar for both habitat types. Beta diversity is higher in patchy habitat. Local diversity is linearly related to regional diversity.Main conclusionsSpecies richness is comparable to other highly disturbed systems. The geometric series species abundance model implies some degree of niche pre‐emption in the vent community and is consistent with the suggestion that the geometric series distribution can be found in species‐poor environments that experience harsh conditions and are structured by relatively few environmental factors. Species distribution and abundance are highly correlated. The regional species pool affects local vent diversity. Vent diversity studies should be conducted on at least the ridge scale.
Hundred‐year decline of North Atlantic predatory fishes
Authors: Christensen Villy , Guénette Sylvie , Heymans Johanna J , Walters Carl J , Watson Reginald , Zeller Dirk , Pauly Daniel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe estimate the biomass of high‐trophic level fishes in the North Atlantic at a spatial scale of 0.5° latitude by 0.5° longitude based on 23 spatialized ecosystem models, each constructed to represent a given year or short period from 1880 to 1998. We extract over 7800 data points that describe the abundance of high‐trophic level fishes as a function of year, primary production, depth, temperature, latitude, ice cover and catch composition. We then use a multiple linear regression to predict the spatial abundance for all North Atlantic spatial cells for 1900 and for each year from 1950 to 1999. The results indicate that the biomass of high‐trophic level fishes has declined by two‐thirds during the last 50‐year period, and with a factor of nine over the century. Catches of high‐trophic level fishes increased from 2.4 to 4.7 million tonnes annually in the late 1960s, and subsequently declined to below 2 million tonnes annually in the late 1990s. The fishing intensity for high‐trophic level fishes tripled during the first half of the time period and remained high during the last half of the time period. Comparing the fishing intensity to similar measures from 35 assessments of high‐trophic level fish populations from the North Atlantic, we conclude that the trends in the two data series are similar. Our results raise serious concern for the future of the North Atlantic as a diverse, healthy ecosystem; we may soon be left with only low‐trophic level species in the sea.
Fluctuation in stock properties of north‐east Arctic cod related to long‐term environmental changes
Authors: Godø O R 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFrom a historic perspective, the north‐east Arctic cod stock, which is found in the Barents Sea–Svalbard region, has been the most productive gadoid stock in the Atlantic. Variation in catch has always been large, but during the last 10–15 years catch and stock abundance have reached the lowest level on record. Three major causes of variation have been discussed: (i) stock reduction through exploitation; (ii) environmental influences on recruitment; and (iii) species interaction effects on maturation, growth and mortality. In addition, interactions among these three sources might be important. The influence of each specific factor is difficult to evaluate from incidental observations and short‐term time series. In this respect, the time series on catches and on biological and environmental information of this stock, which partly extend back to the 19th century, occupy a unique position in comparison to data on most other stocks. In this paper, fluctuations in catch and stock abundance are compared with changes in recruitment, size/age and growth. This information is discussed in view of historic variation in ecology and environment. The stock has been under particularly high exploitation pressure since the mid‐1970s. Further, large changes in growth rates and poor recruitment to the commercially exploited stock are characteristic of late 1980s and throughout the 1990s. The analysis shows that substantial long‐term variation might underlie short‐term variability, and more importantly, that long‐term changes roughly coincide with similar fluctuations in the environment. Such factors might substantially affect the relationship between spawning stock and recruitment, which is also apparent from the difference in conclusions reached by various published studies. Consequently, it is suggested that using a steady‐state perspective for the population dynamics may lead to mismanagement and to a reduction of the long‐term yield from this stock.
The role of learning in fish orientation
Authors: Odling‐Smee Lucy , Braithwaite Victoria A 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPast research on fish orientation and migration has tended to focus on genetically fixed patterns of behaviour. However, in most aquatic environments, the physical landscape as well as biologically important locations will be subject to varying degrees of change, favouring an ability to learn. Here, we review the evidence from field and laboratory‐based experiments that fish can and do use learning and memory to orientate within their natural environments, relying on information from a diverse array of different sources. Comparisons of different species and populations suggest that fish may be predisposed to learn specific associations at specific times or places, appropriate for the particular navigational problems that they are likely to encounter.
Growth and albitization of K‐feldspar in crystalline rocks in the shallow crust: a tracer for fluid circulation during exhumation?
Authors: Holness M. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA general feature of medium‐ to coarse‐grained, sheet‐silicate bearing, quartzo‐feldspathic rocks of either metamorphic or igneous affinity is the retrograde development of lenses of pure K‐feldspar at the grain boundaries between sheet silicate (0 0 1) faces and original feldspar grains. The growth of these lenses acts to displace and deform the sheet silicate grain by a force of crystallization, although the substrate feldspar and adjacent quartz are not deformed. Subsequent to the growth of the lenses they are replaced to variable degrees by pure albite, which grows into the lens from the substrate feldspar behind an irregular replacement front. The composition and texture of both K‐feldspar and replacive albite suggest a strong affinity with authigenic feldspars, although it is considered likely that the K‐feldspar of the lenses is derived from low‐temperature biotite‐breakdown reactions. A model is proposed whereby the lenses grow into open pores at dilatant sites in response to infiltration of aqueous fluids as the crystalline rocks are exhumed under brittle conditions. Continued circulation of infiltrating fluids in a temperature gradient results in the replacement of K‐feldspar by albite via an alkali exchange process. The lenses point to a significant grain‐scale permeability in crystalline rock at shallow levels in the crust.
Effects of selected salts on the cooking time, protein content and sensory properties of African yam beans and cowpeas
Authors: Onwuka U. N. , Okala O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLegumes (African yam beans and cowpeas) were boiled in tap water with different salts: NaHCO3, NaCl, CaCl2, Akanwa (trona1) at different concentrations2 of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/L, and the cooking time was monitored. Proximate analysis was conducted before and after treatment to determine the effects of these salts on the protein content. Sensory properties were also evaluated. Cooking times for the samples were significantly different (P < 0.05) when cooked in different concentrations of salts. The addition of Akanwa resulted in a shortening of the cooking time but the legumes were darkened. NaHCO3 and NaCl also reduced the cooking time while CaCl2 significantly increased the cooking time. The salts also affected the sensory properties. Results of protein analysis showed a significant difference between the treated samples at a concentration of 0.6 g/L. This suggests that heat and salt influence the protein content of legumes when cooked. NaHCO3‐treated samples required the least cooking time but samples treated with NaCl were more accepted. These results and their implications are important for those involved with emergency or disaster feeding.
Surface chemistry and reactivity of bacteriogenic iron oxides from Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, north‐east Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kennedy C. B. , Martinez R. E. , Scott S. D. , Ferris F. G. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIron oxides were collected from the caldera of Axial Volcano, a site of hydrothermal vent activity along the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Mineralogical inspection using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the majority of samples to be 2‐line ferrihydrite, with one of the samples corresponding to poorly ordered goethite. Examination using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) found the constituents of the iron oxides to consist predominantly of bacterial‐like structures that resembled the iron oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix ochracea, Gallionella ferruginea and a novel PV‐1 strain. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detected the presence of Fe, O, C, N, Ca, Si and P on all the samples with the exception of poorly ordered goethite, where Ca and P were absent, in addition to a weak N peak. Binding energy shifts of the Fe 2p and O 1s peaks were indicative of ferrihydrite and hydroxyl functional groups, while the presence and speciation of the C 1s peak was attributed to the presence of bacteria. Use of acid‐base titration data modelling in conjunction with a linear programming regression method (LPM) indicated that the iron oxides are composed of heterogeneous surface functional groups. Differences in iron oxide reactivity values correlated with differences in the bacterial and mineral fabric of the samples. The diverse surface chemistry and high reactivity of these iron oxides may be important in the global cycling of various elements throughout the oceans due to their presence along widespread mid‐ocean ridges.
Metabolic therapy in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease: the pharmacology of trimetazidine
Authors: Stanley William C. , Marzilli Mario 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe primary result of myocardial ischaemia is reduced oxygen consumption and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation in the mitochondria, and accelerated anaerobic glycolysis, lactate accumulation and cell acidosis. Classic pharmacotherapy for demand‐induced ischaemia is aimed at restoring the balance between ATP synthesis and breakdown by increasing the oxygen delivery (i.e. with long acting nitrates or Ca2+ channel antagonist) or by decreasing cardiac power by reducing blood pressure and heart rate (i.e. with β‐blocker or Ca2+ channel antagonist). Animal studies show that fatty acids are the primary mitochondrial substrate during moderate severity myocardial ischaemia, and that they inhibit the oxidation of carbohydrate and drive the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Drugs that partially inhibit myocardial fatty acid oxidation increase carbohydrate oxidation, which results in reduced lactate production and a higher cell pH during ischaemia. Trimetazidine (1‐[2,3,4‐trimethoxibenzyl]‐piperazine) is the first and only registered drug in this class, and is available in over 90 countries world‐wide. Trimetazidine selectively inhibits the fatty acid β‐oxidation enzyme 3‐keto‐acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (3‐KAT), and is devoid of any direct haemodynamic effects. In double‐blind placebo‐controlled trials trimetazidine significantly improved symptom‐limited exercise performance in stable angina patients when used either as monotherapy or in combination with β‐blockers or Ca2+ channel antagonists. Given available evidence, trimetazidine is an excellent alternative to classic haemodynamic agents, and is unique in its ability to reduce symptoms of angina when used in patients resistant to a haemodynamic treatment as vasodilators, β‐blockers or Ca2+ channel antagonists.
The new drug combinations: their place in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Authors: Danis Martin , Bricaire François 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMalaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Selection of mutant Plasmodium falciparum malaria strains under drug pressure has led to the development of drug resistance. There is a pressing need for effective, safe, practicable drug combinations that hve lower selection pressure. A review of the mein drug combinations, which are recently registered or are still under development, was undertaken, with special attention to the atovaquone–proguanil and artemether–lumefantrine combination.
Migraine Headaches in Adolescents: A Five‐Year Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Camarda Rosolino , Monastero Roberto , Santangelo Giuseppe , Raimondo Domenico , Puma Domenico , Pipia Carmela , Camarda Lawrence K. C. , Camarda Cecilia , Raieli Vincenzo 
Published: December 2004

Background and Objectives.—Longitudinal studies of juvenile migraine are very few. We investigated the prevalence and evolution over 5 years of migraine without aura (MWOA) and migraineous disorder (MD) in an adolescent population.Methods.—Sixty‐four subjects (34 girls and 30 boys, mean age 17.3±1.1 years) out of 80 selected in our 1989 epidemiological survey were included in the study. The diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society were used in both studies.Results.—Thirty‐two of 64 subjects (50%) had MWAO, 18 (28.1%) had MD, and 14 (21.9%) had headache not classifiable (HnC). Our results show that MWOA persisted in 56.2%, converted to MD or HnC in 9.4% and 3.1% of cases, respectively, changed to episodic tension‐type headache (ETTH) in 12.5%, and remitted in 18.8%. MD persisted in 11.1%, converted to MWOA or HnC in 27.8% and 5.5% of cases, respectively, changed to ETTH in 11.1%, and remitted in 44.5%. HnC persisted in 14.3%, converted to MD or MWOA in 21.4% and 14.3% of cases, respectively, changed to ETTH in 14.3%, and remitted in 35.7%.Conclusions.—Our data indicate that juvenile‐onset MWOA and MD may change in character over time, generally with a favorable prognosis.
Does Chronic Daily Headache Arise De Novo in Association With Regular Use of Analgesics?
Authors: Bahra Anish , Walsh Maggie , Menon Sanjeev , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: December 2004

Background.—The prevalence of chronic daily headache in association with regular use of analgesics is about 2%. Whether regular use of analgesics has a causal or consequential relationship to daily headache has not been established. A causal relationship has been suggested consequent to the observation of improvement or resolution of headache following analgesic withdrawal in patients attending headache clinics, but this observation has not been validated by controlled trials.Purpose.—The aim of our investigation was to determine whether regular use of analgesics is associated with the development of chronic daily headache de novo and to characterize the clinical phenotype of those headaches by carefully studying chronic daily headache in patients with regular use of analgesics for a nonheadache indication.Methods.—Patients attending a rheumatology‐monitoring clinic of second‐line agents were interviewed by a training neurologist with regard to their analgesic and headache history. Headache classification was according to the criteria of the International Headache Society. Daily headache characteristics were surveyed via a standardized questionnaire, and headache features were further explored by a trained medical interviewer.Results.—Of 110 patients presenting to a rheumatology‐monitoring clinic, 73% had a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, 23% had seronegative arthritis, and 4% comprised a miscellaneous group. One hundred three were using one or more analgesics regularly for their arthritis. Of this group, 8 (7.6%) reported a history of chronic daily headache, each of whom reported a history of migraine. The onset of migraine occurred before the onset of chronic daily headache in 7 patients and at about the same time as the chronic daily headache in 1 patient. In those with onset of migraine prior to chronic daily headache, the mean interval before the onset of headache was 30 years (range, 10 to 50 years). Regular use of analgesics preceded the onset of daily headache in 5 patients by a mean of 5.4 years (range, 2 to 10 years). In 1 patient, analgesic use and the development of daily headache occurred at about the same time. In 1 patient, the onset of daily headache preceded regular use of analgesics by almost 30 years. Five of those with regular use of analgesics had been taking an opiate‐based preparation in combination with a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agent in 4. Two had been on a combination of acetaminophen (paracetamol) and a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug. The minimum number of tablets per week was 7, and the mean was 48 (range, 7 to 87). Of those patients who did not have daily headache, 41% had a history of migraine and 27% reported a history of tension‐type headache.Conclusion.—These findings suggest that individuals with primary headache, specifically migraine, are predisposed to developing chronic daily headache in association with regular use of analgesics.
Comparative Efficacy of Eletriptan 40 mg Versus Sumatriptan 100 mg
Authors: Mathew Ninan T. , Schoenen Jean , Winner Paul , Muirhead Nancy , Sikes Carolyn R. 
Published: December 2004

Objective.—To confirm the efficacy advantage of eletriptan 40 mg over sumatriptan 100 mg.Background.—Eletriptan 80 mg has demonstrated significantly greater efficacy when compared to both sumatriptan 50 mg and 100 mg in two studies. Eletriptan 40 mg demonstrated significantly greater efficacy than sumatriptan 100 mg in one previous trial.Methods.—Two thousand one hundred thirteen patients with a diagnosis of migraine according to International Headache Society criteria were randomized using a double‐blind, double‐dummy, parallel‐group design, and treated for a single migraine attack with either eletriptan 40 mg, sumatriptan 100 mg, or placebo. The primary endpoint was 2‐hour headache response. Secondary endpoints included headache response rates at 1 hour, pain‐free rates, absence of associated symptoms, functional response at 1 and 2 hours, and sustained headache response.Results.—Headache response rates at 2 hours postdose were significantly higher for eletriptan 40 mg (67%) than for sumatriptan 100 mg (59%; P  <  .001) and placebo (26%; P  <  .0001). Eletriptan 40 mg consistently showed significant (P  <  .01) efficacy over sumatriptan 100 mg across secondary clinical outcomes, including 1‐hour headache response; 2‐hour pain‐free response; absence of nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia; functional improvement; use of rescue medication; treatment acceptability; and sustained headache response (P  <  .05). Overall, treatment‐related adverse events were low, nausea being the only adverse event with an incidence of 2% or higher (4.9% with eletriptan, 4.2% sumatriptan, 2.8% placebo).Conclusion.—This trial confirmed that eletriptan 40 mg offers superior efficacy in treating migraine pain and associated symptoms and in restoring patient functioning when compared with sumatriptan 100 mg.