bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language, Identity, and Social Division
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shift to Hebrew as a national language is at the root of the creation of Israel, yet many Jewish former immigrants still use the language of their country of origin. Ultra-orthodox communities retain their own codes, and the use of Arabic remains a clear marker of the Israeli-Arab town and village. At the same time Israel's position in international affairs has encouraged a wide penetration of the society, along class lines, by languages of world-wide communication. These very same languages, for example English and French, have different values in their local context, and play active, and different, roles in the formation of social boundaries. In his analysis Eliezer Ben-Rafael focuses on linguistic resources and symbols which reflect and reveal the complex structure of class, ethnic, religious, and national identities and cleavages in Israeli society. More generally, he uses the Israeli case to show how sociolinguistic ideas may be related to sociological approaches to test some general sociological propositions about social aspects of language use.
Descartes’s Doctrine of Freedom: Differences between the French and Latin Texts of the Fourth Meditation
Authors: Beyssade Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-known fact that the French text of Les Meditations metaphysiques, published in 1647, is not an exact and strict translation of the Latin Meditationes de prima philosophia published in 1641 (in Paris) and in 1642 (in Amsterdam). One of the reasons for this is that Descartes, when he revised Due de Luynes’s fine French translation of his original Latin, introduced, as the publisher lets the reader know, ‘some minute changes’ or modifications, in order to ‘correct himself rather than his translator’ and ‘to make his own thoughts clearer’ (AT IX 2-3).
Featural Cyclicity and the Ordering of Multiple Specifiers
Authors: Richards Norvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I sketched a number of diagnostics for distinguishing what l called IP-absorption languages from what I called CP-absorption languages. One of these diagnostics involved a family of phenomena I referred to collectively as “Superiority” effects, which were present for local movement in the CP-absorption languages but not in the IP-absorption languages. These phenomena crucially involved cases of rigid ordering of wh-words, and included the English and Bulgarian facts in (1, 2): The theory developed here was independently developed in Mulders (1996,1997), and I would like to thank Iris Mulders for much helpful discussion of the issues in this chapter. See also Muller (1996b) for another approach to facts like those discussed here.
Grappling with the Ineffable
Authors: Richards Norvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we encountered a paradox having to do with the behavior of multiple wh-movement in Serbo-Croatian. Recall that Serbo-Croatian, unlike Bulgarian, forbids wh-movement out of whislands. Following Reinhart (1979), Comorovski (1986), and Rudin (1988), I took this to be diagnostic of the lack of availability of multiple specifiers of CP in Serbo-Croatian.
A Brief Survey of Some Issues in the Semantics of Questions
Authors: Lahiri Utpal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I provide a brief introduction to some issues in the semantics of questions. This is intended to be a critical survey, but it is by no means exhaustive. Thus I will concentrate on certain phenomena that are crucial to the interpretation of interrogatives in embedded contexts. I will not discuss all the theories of the semantics of interrogatives that exist in the market, but rather focus on Hamblin–Karttunen style theories, the theories of Higginbotham and May (1981) and Groenendijk and Stokhof (1982; 1984), which treat questions as partitions of states of affairs, and the theories of Hintikka (1976) and Berman (1991; 1994), which view interrogative clauses as open sentences. I also discuss how phenomena relating to Quantification into Questions, and the so-called Quantificational Variability Effect (QVE) are handled in these theories, suggesting refinements, extensions, and problems. I will ignore at this point the so-called "categorial theories" of questions, for example those of Hausser (1983; 1984), Hausser and Zaefferer (1979), and Keenan and Hull (1973), as these are not directly relevant (unless one makes substantial extensions) to the concerns of this book, viz., the interpretation of interrogatives in embedded contexts. I also provide a brief introduction to some basic ideas behind some recent developments in the semantics of questions, e.g., Ginzburg (1992; 1995a; 1995b). While it is impossible to do full justice to the issues raised in this work, some of them will be addressed in later chapters.
Emotion
Authors: Schulte Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My theory ... is that bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur 1s the emotion. Common-sense says, we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, are angry and strike. The hypothesis here to be defended says that this order of sequence is incorrect, that the one mental state is not immediately induced by the other, that the bodily manifestations must first be interposed between, and that the more rational statement is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and not that we cry, strike, or tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be.
God’s World and the Great Awakening
Authors: Clark Stephen R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In God’s World and the Great Awakening, Professor Clark’s main concern is with the way we can ‘turn aside’ to the Truth from the normal delusions of self-concern. He restates a traditional, Neoplatonic metaphysics as the proper context for scientific and religious practice, and defends a serious Platonic realism against both scientism and anti-realism. Neither scientism, which identifies Truth with what can be revealed to the objectifying gaze, nor fashionable anti-realism, which equates Truth simply with what ‘we’ choose to take seriously, offer an adequate ground for our scientific or religious faith. The primary faith of humankind is that there is a real world which is more than an obsequious shadow of our desires and fancies, and this real world can be discovered through right reason. The defence of this faith requires a properly worked, Platonic metaphysic of just the kind discernible in Christian orthodoxy. The other two volumes are: Civil Peace and Sacred Order (1989) and A Parliament of Souls (1990).
Exploring Internal Motivation for Change
Authors: Silva-Corvalan Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explored some of the changes that have affected the verb system of Spanish as speakers within a number of family nuclei shift to English, the majority language. In this respect, I showed that simplification and loss of tenses did not appear to be the result of transfer from the superordinate language. On the other hand, those tenses already undergoing simplification in the oral Spanish of first generation immigrants were lost even in the speech of US-born bilinguals with high levels of Spanish proficiency. This observation lends support to the hypothesis that in language contact situations a number of changes have an internal motivation, in that (a) they are in progress in the ‘model’ monolingual variety before intensive contact occurs and/or (b) they may be spurred by such features as the semantic opaqueness of certain language specific forms or the relative complexity of a given paradigm. When shown to be of one of these types, these changes have been considered to be autonomous developments explicable in terms of the linguistic system involved, and quite probably responsive to such cognitive requirements as the need to simplify and generalize rules, perhaps to make oral production quicker and more automatic.
An Analysis of some Event Concepts (II)
Authors: Ravin Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in the previous chapters, Fillmore initially opts to assign Instrumental to all inanimate Xs, but as he later admits himself, this approach opens many more problems than it solves. Jackendoff and Levin adopt the opposite alternative of always assigning Agent to X. But with their approach, it is not possible to account for the inference of (2) from (1). Finally, Chomsky opts for the third alternative, that of considering (4) ambiguous between an Agentive ‘sense’ and an Instrumental ‘sense’. This approach has the undesirable consequence of creating spurious ambiguity for all type-(4) verbs.
Principal Approaches to the Study of Selection and Switching
Authors: Chloros-Gardner Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before describing the studies undertaken as part of this research, it is useful to consider the various ways in which language selection and code-switching have been studied up to now language selection (or language choice-the two terms are here used interchangeably) will be dealt with briefly: whilst it is conceptually inseparable from code-switching-since switching represents changes in the choices which are made or, in some circumstances, a ‘third choice’-a full description of work done on language choice would be beyond the scope of this book. It could be taken, at the minimum, to include all the work carried out on diglossic situations, whether diglossia is defined narrowly or broadly (for a selection of important work on this question see Fishman, et al. 1986).
Kantian Desires: Freedom of Choice and Action in the Rechtslehre
Authors: Flikschuh Katrin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the two citations above, the first is undoubtedly the more familiar: it is the one that most current discussions on the relation between desires, reason, and action in political and economic theory are heir to. To many readers the materialist metaphysics behind Hobbes’s description of the will as an appetite may sound excessive in its apparent reduction to a simple physiological function of what may seem to them to be, at the very least, complex psychological processes.
Cummins-or Something Isomorphic to Him
Authors: Smith Brian Cantwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone’s right. Or anyway that’s what I tell my students. ‘Look,’ I say; ‘this paper you are reading was written by a dedicated, intelligent person, who has devoted their life to studying these issues. The author’s had an insight, uncovered some subtlety, which they’re trying to tell us about. Imagine that they’re showing us a path through the forest. Problem is, people write in words; and words are blunt instruments: intellectual bulldozers, Caterpillar D9s-big bruisers, that cut wide swaths. Rare persons-poets, mostly-can wield words with enough finesse to clear a delicate trail, without doing too much collateral damage. But most of us, when we write, even when we think we are navigating an exquisite line, are in fact unwittingly mowing down trees, ripping up the earth, sowing all kinds of destruction.
The Marxist Critique of Morality and the Theory of Ideology
Authors: Rosen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question whether Marx’s theory has a moral or ethical dimension is one of the most controversial of all issues of Marx interpretation. The difficulty is easily seen. On the one hand, Marx has a number of uncompromisingly negative things to say about morality. Moreover, after 1845 at least, he affirms that his own theory is not a utopian or ethical one but ‘real positive science’. Yet, on the other hand, much of the language that he uses to describe capitalism is plainly condemnatory (for instance, that it is antagonistic, oppressive, and exploitative). Does this not represent an inconsistency on Marx’s part? Is he not moralizing and rejecting morality at the same time?
Aristotle on Posthumous Fortune
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can a person be harmed or benefited after death, even if there is no afterlife? Bizarre as the idea may sound, there are intuitions in its support. If, for instance, events after a person’s death bring about the demise of some venture to which they devoted all their energies, or if terrible misfortunes afflict their children, we might feel that this detracts from the success of their own life; we might even feel inclined to pity them.
Philosophical treatment of this issue goes back to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, I. I0–II, where he asks whether posthumous events can affect a person’s eudaimonia (‘happiness’). Unfortunately, his treatment of this issue has proved extremely perplexing. Some of his commentators take him to be entertaining the notion that the dead can be conscious of what happens to their reputation and to their descendants. At same time, they agree that Aristotle’s own psychology leaves no room for such post-mortem consciousness. Yet, if he is not talking about the souls of the departed in Hades and still maintains, as he seems to, that the dead can be affected posthumously, exactly what kind of effects does he have in mind? Both the question that Aristotle raises in I. I o and the answer that he gives in the subsequent chapter raise difficult problems. In this paper I wish to show how they can be resolved. In the course of doing this, we shall see how the question of posthumous effects, at first sight something of a philosophical curiosity, takes one deep into the mainstream of Aristotle’s ethics.
Ethical lntuitionism: Re-evaluations
Authors: Stratton-Lake Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethical Intuitionism was the dominant moral theory in Britain for much of the 18th, 19th and the first third of the twentieth century. However, during the middle decades of the twentieth century ethical intuitionism came to be regarded as utterly untenable. It was thought to be either empty, or metaphysically and epistemologically extravagant, or both. This hostility led to a neglect of the central intuitionist texts, and encouraged the growth of a caricature of intuitionism that could easily be rejected before moving on to 'more serious' philosophical theories. More recently, however, this hostility towards ethical intuitionism has subsided. A wide range of moral philosophers, from Aristotelians, to rule-consequentialists, to expressivists, Kantians and deontologists, are beginning to look to the ethical intuitionists's work as a positive resource. It is, therefore, a good time to get clear on what it was that intuitionists said, and re-evaluate their contribution to our understanding of morality. This volume is the first serious engagement with ethical intuitionism in the light of contemporary developments in ethical theory. It contains essays by eminent moral philosophers working in very different traditions whose aim is to clarify and assess ethical intuitionism. Issues addressed include whether the plurality of basic principles intuitionists adhere to can be grounded in some more fundamental principle; the autonomy of ethics and self-evidence; moral realism and internalism; and the open question argument and naturalism.
Introduction
Authors: Stratton-Lake Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally agreed that certain forms of intuitionism best reflect common-sense morality. One would have thought, therefore, that intuitionism has a certain default plausibility. But during the 1950s and 1960s intuitionism was rejected out of hand as an utterly untenable theory. How could a theory that aims to stick so closely to common sense come to be thought of as so implausible? Some criticized it on the ground that it succeeded in its aim of sticking closely to common sense too well, that it failed to tell us anything we do not already know, and is thus completely vacuous.2 Others criticized it for the opposite reason: they objected to it, not because it expresses a series of obvious truths, but because it makes metaphysical and epistemological claims that are excessively extravagant, and were thought to be patently false.
The Linguistic Traditions of Lexicography
Authors: Béjoint Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DICTIONARIES have always been shaped by the needs of their users, or at least by what lexicographers knew, or imagined, of those needs, and by what lexicographers knew about language in general and about words in particular; not only by what the users wanted, but also by what the lexicographers could offer. The fundamental similarities between the general-purpose dictionaries of many societies can partly be explained by the similarities in the linguistic knowledge of the lexicographers.
Vestiges of Archaic Chinese Derivational Affixes in Modern Chinese Dialects
Authors: Sagart Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been suggested by Paul F. M. Yang (1977-8) that the pre-syllables found in some disyllabic words in north and south Chinese dialects are remnants of Archaic Chinese prefixes. Yet nowhere, until recently, had Sinitic languages been found in which affixes such as those isolated by Yang still played a clear derivational role, with a discernible meaning. The recent efflorescence of descriptive work on Chinese dialects has changed this state of affairs.
Introduction
Authors: Durand Jacques , Laks Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the title indicates, Phonetics, Phonology, and Cognition addresses the central question of the cognitive status of phonological representations and their relationship with phonetic implementations. We are aware that the term ‘cognition’ has become fashionable and has been bandied about in an irresponsible way in much linguistic and other theorizing over the last few decades. Our choice of theme, however, implies a real commitment to the view that phonology is a subsystem (not necessarily modular) of the mind/ brain. This has become a standard position since the advent of the generative paradigm but the issue of implementation has often been neglected, indeed often relegated to a subordinate position from an epistemological point of view. But current research allows a much more precise and detailed examination of both cognitive and biological systems involved in speech.
Spatial memory, landmark use and orientation in fish
Authors: Braithwaite Victoria A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fish are a large and very successful taxonomic group. There are over 22 000 living species of tleosts (Pitcher 1993) and the cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays, swell the numbers even more. Being such a large group, fish are found in a wide range of aquatic habitats. For example, some fish live in, and swim around, highly, colourful and visually rich coral reefs while others explore and live in underwater caves, or at extreme depths where little, or no, light penetrates. This diverse array of habitats has led to fish facing many different types of spatial problems. Spatial orientation and memory are fundamental for all fish, from those that remain on a very restricted area of a reef, or coast, to long-distance migrants. An ability to track current location relative to the position of important features in the environment, such as shelter, will increase a fish’s chances of escaping from predators. Generally, efficient movement is aided by a map and an animal that knows the location of different resources with respect to one another can construct a map for a familiar area.
Neural mechanisms of spatial representation
Authors: Sherry David , Healy Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our modern understanding of the neural basis of spatial orientation begins with a theory about the function of the mammalian hippocampus. In their book, The hippocampus as a cognitive map, John O’Keefe and Lynn Nadel (1978) proposed that the hippocampus was a neural structure dedicated to creating and maintaining a mental map of space. This theory rested on two observations. The first was that some complex spike cells in the rat hippocampus, so called because of their pattern of electrical discharge, were selectively active when the animal was in certain places in its environment (O’Keefe and Dostrovsky 1971). The receptive fields of these cells were locations in space. When the animal left the place where the place cell was active, the cell became electrically quiet. The locations in which place cells fired were of various shapes and sizes and different cells were usually active in different places (Fig. 8.1).
Cytokines: a world apart?
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytokines are secreted proteins that have pleiotropic regulatory effects on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. They are produced by virtually every nucleated cell in the body and encompass families of regulators including interleukins, tumor-necrosis factors, interferons and certain growth factors. The borders of the cytokine world are ill-defined and unstable. For instance, a ‘growth factor’, like transforming growth factor (TGF/3), is perhaps better accommodated in the cytokine realm than among growth factors sensu strictu. Sometimes this sliding continent even includes hematopoietic and non- hematopoietic growth factors.
Antibodies and soluble receptors
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibodies and soluble receptors provide a strategy for capturing and blocking cytokines before they interact with their receptors. This strategy is conceptually simple. Interestingly, with the exception of serum therapy against toxins and poisons in a distinct though related area, agonist blockade has not received major attention in classical mainstream pharmacology. With the advent of the cytokine era, this picture has changed dramatically. Antibodies are the single anti-cytokine strategy that has been studied most in one human disease, with consistent results. Thus, in a way, anti-cytokine antibodies, anti- TNF specifically, provide a paradigm for the potential of these novel therapeutic approaches. While the mode of action of antibodies and soluble receptors is intuitively simple, the reality may be more complex. Indeed, antibodies and soluble receptors may have more complex and subtle interactions with the agonist, acting for instance as delivery systems or prolonging the half-life of agonist cytokines. Indeed, the prospect of using these molecules, soluble receptors in particular, as anti-cytokine or growth factor tools has been a powerful force to better understand their biology and has unraveled unsuspected complexities and interactions with agonists.
The biochemistry of protein oxidation in cells and cell-free systems
Authors: Davies Michael J , Dean Roger T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we deal primarily with protein oxidation in cells in culture and in cell-free systems derived from them, leaving consideration of its relevance to organismal function to later chapters. Note that we also defer consideration of markers for protein oxidation which can be used reliably in cellular studies until the next chapter, since the critical issues are similar for cellular and organismal systems, and there are currently more data available on the latter.
Introduction
Authors: Yamamoto Hisashi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are enzymatic reactions really good models for laboratory chemical reactions? An enzyme is a giant molecule, large enough to support a substrate, whereas chemical reagents are composed of much smaller molecules. Still, the much smaller molecular apparatus of human-made reagents is expected to induce reactions with selectivities comparable to those of a large enzyme. Clearly, the design of new reagents requires careful abstraction and simplification of the true mechanism of an enzyme, much like the design of an aircraft might be based on the aerodynamics of a bird.