bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Investigation of Convective Planetary Boundary Layer Evolution and Its Relationship with the Land Surface
Authors: Santanello Joseph A. , Friedl Mark A. , Kustas William P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Relationships among convective planetary boundary layer (PBL) evolution and land surface properties are explored using data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud and Radiation Test Bed in the southern Great Plains. Previous attempts to infer surface fluxes from observations of the PBL have been constrained by difficulties in accurately estimating and parameterizing the conservation equation and have been limited to multiday averages or small samples of daily case studies. Using radiosonde and surface flux data for June, July, and August of 1997, 1999, and 2001, a conservation approach was applied to 132 sets of daily observations. Results highlight the limitations of using this method on daily time scales caused by the diurnal variability and complexity of entrainment. A statistical investigation of the relationship among PBL and both land surface and near-surface properties that are not explicitly included in conservation methods indicates that atmospheric stability in the layer of PBL growth is the most influential variable controlling PBL development. Significant relationships between PBL height and soil moisture, 2-m potential temperature, and 2-m specific humidity are also identified through this analysis, and it is found that 76% of the variance in PBL height can be explained by observations of stability and soil water content. Using this approach, it is also possible to use limited observations of the PBL to estimate soil moisture on daily time scales without the need for detailed land surface parameterizations. In the future, the general framework that is presented may provide a means for robust estimation of near-surface soil moisture and land surface energy balance over regional scales.
Storm Precipitation in the United States. Part II: Soil Erosion Characteristics
Authors: Angel James R. , Palecki Michael A. , Hollinger Steven E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Soil erosion is a major global challenge. An increased understanding of the mechanisms driving soil erosion, especially the storms that produce it, is vital to reducing the impact on agriculture and the environment. The objective of this work was to study the spatial distribution and time trends of the soil erosion characteristics of storms, including the maximum 30-min precipitation intensity (I30), storm kinetic energy of the falling precipitation (KE), and the storm erosivity index (EI) using a long-term 15-min precipitation database. This is the first time that such an extensive climatology of soil erosion characteristics of storms has been produced. The highest mean I30, KE, and EI values occurred in all seasons in the southeastern United States, while the lowest occurred predominantly in the interior west. The lowest mean I30, KE, and EI values typically occurred in winter, and the highest occurred in summer. The exception to this was along the West Coast where winter storms exhibited the largest mean KE and EI values. Linear regression was used to identify trends in mean storm erosion characteristics for nine U.S. zones over the 31-yr study period. The south-central United States showed increases for all three storm characteristics for all four seasons. On the other hand, higher elevations along the West Coast showed strong decreases in all three storm characteristics across all seasons. The primary agricultural region in the central United States showed significant increases in fall and winter mean EI when there is less vegetative cover. These results underscore the need to update the storm climatology that is related to soil erosion on a regular basis to reflect changes over time.
Storm Precipitation in the United States. Part I: Meteorological Characteristics
Authors: Palecki Michael A. , Angel James R. , Hollinger Steven E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Climate studies of precipitation have generally focused on daily or longer time scales of precipitation accumulation. The main objective of this work was to identify the precipitation characteristics of storms based on 15-min precipitation data, including storm total precipitation, storm duration, mean storm intensity, and maximum 15-min intensity. A group of precipitation characteristics was subjected to a cluster analysis that identified nine regions of the conterminous United States with homogeneous seasonal cycles of mean storm precipitation characteristics. Both mean and extreme statistics were derived for each characteristic and season for each zone. Continuous probability density functions were generated that appropriately fit the empirical distributions of storm total precipitation and maximum 15-min intensity. The storm characteristics, in turn, were a function of seasonal water availability from source regions, atmospheric water vapor capacity, and storm precipitation mechanism. This is the first time that such an extensive climatology of storm precipitation characteristics has been produced. A preliminary trend analysis of the 1972–2002 storm characteristic data by zone showed substantial changes that tended to be geographically coherent, with noteworthy differences between the western and eastern United States. The western United States displayed a trend toward decreasing storm total precipitation and storm duration in most seasons, while storm intensity increased. The eastern United States experienced a general pattern of increasing storm total precipitation and storm duration during winter, as well as a tendency for maximum 15-min precipitation intensity to increase.
Assessment of the Performance of the Chilbolton 3-GHz Advanced Meteorological Radar for Cloud-Top-Height Retrieval
Authors: Naud C. M. , Muller J-P. , Slack E. C. , Wrench C. L. , Clothiaux E. E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Chilbolton 3-GHz Advanced Meteorological Radar (CAMRa), which is mounted on a fully steerable 25-m dish, can provide three-dimensional information on the presence of hydrometeors. The potential for this radar to make useful measurements of low-altitude liquid water cloud structure is investigated. To assess the cloud-height assignment capabilities of the 3-GHz radar, low-level cloud-top heights were retrieved from CAMRa measurements made between May and July 2003 and were compared with cloud-top heights retrieved from a vertically pointing 94-GHz radar that operates alongside CAMRa. The average difference between the 94- and 3-GHz radar-derived cloud-top heights is shown to be −0.1 ± 0.4 km. To assess the capability of 3-GHz radar scans to be used for satellite-derived cloud-top-height validation, multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) cloud-top heights were compared with both 94- and 3-GHz radar retrievals. The average difference between 94-GHz radar and MISR cloud-top heights is shown to be 0.1 ± 0.3 km, while the 3-GHz radar and MISR average cloud-top-height difference is shown to be −0.2 ± 0.6 km. In assessing the value of the CAMRa measurements, the problems associated with low-reflectivity values from stratiform liquid water clouds, ground clutter, and Bragg scattering resulting from turbulent mixing are all addressed. It is shown that, despite the difficulties, the potential exists for CAMRa measurements to contribute significantly to liquid water cloud-top-height retrievals, leading to the production of two-dimensional transects (i.e., maps) of cloud-top height.
Assimilation of Doppler Radar Observations with a Regional 3DVAR System: Impact of Doppler Velocities on Forecasts of a Heavy Rainfall Case
Authors: Xiao Qingnong , Kuo Ying-Hwa , Sun Juanzhen , Lee Wen-Chau , Lim Eunha , Guo Yong-Run , Barker Dale M. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In this paper, the impact of Doppler radar radial velocity on the prediction of a heavy rainfall event is examined. The three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system for use with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is further developed to enable the assimilation of radial velocity observations. Doppler velocities from the Korean Jindo radar are assimilated into MM5 using the 3DVAR system for a heavy rainfall case that occurred on 10 June 2002. The results show that the assimilation of Doppler velocities has a positive impact on the short-range prediction of heavy rainfall. The dynamic balance between atmospheric wind and thermodynamic fields, based on the Richardson equation, is introduced to the 3DVAR system. Vertical velocity (w) increments are included in the 3DVAR system to enable the assimilation of the vertical velocity component of the Doppler radial velocity observation. The forecast of the hydrometeor variables of cloud water (qc) and rainwater (qr) is used in the 3DVAR background fields. The observation operator for Doppler radial velocity is developed and implemented within the 3DVAR system. A series of experiments, assimilating the Korean Jindo radar data for the 10 June 2002 heavy rainfall case, indicates that the scheme for Doppler velocity assimilation is stable and robust in a cycling mode making use of high-frequency radar data. The 3DVAR with assimilation of Doppler radial velocities is shown to improve the prediction of the rainband movement and intensity change. As a result, an improved skill for the short-range heavy rainfall forecast is obtained. The forecasts of other quantities, for example, winds, are also improved. Continuous assimilation with 3-h update cycles is important in producing an improved heavy rainfall forecast. Assimilation of Doppler radar radial velocities using the 3DVAR background fields from a cycling procedure produces skillful rainfall forecasts when verified against observations.
Ice Cloud Retrievals and Analysis with the Compact Scanning Submillimeter Imaging Radiometer and the Cloud Radar System during CRYSTAL FACE
Authors: Evans K. Franklin , Wang James R. , Racette Paul E. , Heymsfield Gerald , Li Lihua 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Submillimeter-wave radiometry is a new technique for determining ice water path (IWP) and particle size in upper-tropospheric ice clouds. The first brightness temperatures images of ice clouds above 340 GHz were measured by the Compact Scanning Submillimeter Imaging Radiometer (CoSSIR) during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL) Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) campaign in July 2002. CoSSIR operated with 12 channels from receivers at 183, 220, 380, 487, and 640 GHz. CoSSIR and the nadir-viewing 94-GHz Cloud Radar System (CRS) flew on the NASA ER-2 airplane based out of Key West, Florida. A qualitative comparison of the CoSSIR brightness temperatures demonstrates that the submillimeter-wave frequencies are more sensitive to anvil ice cloud particles than are the lower frequencies. A Bayesian algorithm, with a priori microphysical information from in situ cloud probes, is used to retrieve the IWP and median mass equivalent sphere particle diameter (Dme). Microwave scattering properties of random aggregates of plates and aggregates of frozen droplets are computed with the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) and an effective medium approximation tuned to DDA results. As a test of the retrievals, the vertically integrated 94-GHz radar backscattering is also retrieved from the CoSSIR data and compared with that measured by the CRS. The integrated backscattering typically agrees within 1–2 dB for IWP from 1000 to 10 000 g m−2, and while the disagreement increases for smaller IWP, it is typically within the Bayesian error bars. Retrievals made with only the three 183- and one 220-GHz channel are generally as good or better than those including 380 ± 6.2 and 640 GHz, because the CoSSIR submillimeter-wave channels were much noisier than expected. An algorithm to retrieve profiles of ice water content and Dme from CRS and CoSSIR data was developed. This Bayesian algorithm also retrieves the coefficients of an IWC–radar reflectivity power-law relation and could be used to evaluate radar-only ice cloud retrieval algorithms.
Doppler Radar Observations of Mesoscale Wind Divergence in Regions of Tropical Convection
Authors: Mapes Brian E. , Lin Jialin 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A simple new analysis method for large single-Doppler radar datasets is presented, using data from several tropical field experiments. A cylindrical grid is chosen, to respect both the geophysical importance of altitude and the radar importance of range and azimuth. Horizontal and temporal fine structure are sacrificed, by compiling data as hourly histograms in 12 × 24 × 36 spatial grid cells of 15° azimuth × 8 km horizontal range × 500 m height, respectively. Mean Doppler radial velocity in each region is automatically unfolded (dealiased) using a simple histogram method, and fed into a velocity–azimuth display (VAD) analysis. The result is a set of hourly horizontal wind and wind divergence profiles, with associated error estimates, for circles of different radii centered on the radar.
These divergence profiles contain useful heating profile information in many weather situations, not just occasional cases of uniform widespread rainfall. Consistency of independent estimates for concentric circles, continuity from hour to hour, and good mass balance indicate high-quality results in one 48-h example sequence shown, from the East Pacific Investigations of Climate (EPIC 2001) experiment. Linear regression of divergence profiles versus reflectivity-estimated surface rain rates is used to illustrate the dominant systematic pattern: convective rain with low-level wind convergence evolves into stratiform rain with middle-level convergence, on a characteristic time scale of several hours. Absolute estimates of moisture convergence per unit of Z–R calculated rainfall vary strongly among experiments, in ways that appear to indicate reflectivity calibration errors. This indicates that Doppler data may offer a useful and unique bulk constraint on rainfall estimation by radar.
The Influence of Incipient Latent Heat Release on the Precipitation Distribution of the 24–25 January 2000 U.S. East Coast Cyclone
Authors: Brennan Michael J. , Lackmann Gary M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe role of a diabatically produced lower-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) maximum in determining the precipitation distribution of the 24–25 January 2000 U.S. East Coast cyclone is investigated. Operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models performed poorly with this storm, even within 24 h of the event, as they were unable to properly forecast the westward extent of heavy precipitation over the Carolinas and mid-Atlantic. The development of an area of incipient precipitation (IP) around 0600 UTC 24 January over the southeastern United States prior to rapid cyclogenesis was also poorly forecasted by the operational NWP models. It is hypothesized that the lower-tropospheric diabatic PV maximum initially produced by the IP was important to subsequent inland moisture transport over the Carolinas and mid-Atlantic. A PV budget confirms that latent heat release in the midtroposphere associated with the IP led to the initial formation of a PV maximum in the lower troposphere that propagated eastward in association with the IP to the Atlantic coast late on 24 January. The impact of this PV maximum on the westward moisture transport was quantified by piecewise Ertel PV inversion. Results from the inversion show that the balanced flow associated with this evolving cyclonic PV maximum contributed substantially to the onshore moisture flux into the Carolinas and Virginia. The balanced flow associated with the PV anomaly also contributed to quasigeostrophic forcing for ascent in the region. These findings suggest that accurate numerical prediction of the precipitation distribution in this event requires adequate representation of the IP and its associated impacts on the PV distribution.
Compression of the perovskite-related mineral bernalite Fe(OH)3 to 9 GPa and a reappraisal of its structure
Authors: Welch M. D. , Crichton W. A. , Ross N. L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe octahedral-framework mineral bernalite, Fe(OH)3, provides a rare opportunity to examine directly the effects of a vacant A site upon the physical properties of perovskite-like structures. Here, we report the effect upon compressibility. Bernalite has been reported previously as having space group Immm (Birch et al., 1993), but numerous reflections violating I-centering were observed in the present study. A case is presented for bernalite having orthorhombic space group Pmmn. Lattice parameters were refined using the Le Bail method for a metrically tetragonal cell and their variation with pressure at room temperature was determined from 17 measurements at pressures from 10–4 to 9.3 GPa using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. No discontinuities in the compression curves of lattice parameters were observed. Fitting to a second-order Birch-Murnaghan equation-of-state (KT0' = 4) gives V0 = 438.51±0.06 Å3 and KT0 = 78.2±0.4 GPa. Second-order fits of (a/a0)3 and (c/c0)3 give elastic moduli KT0a = 82.0(6) GPa and KT0c = 71.6(4) GPa: the shorter cation–cation distance is the more compressible. These values are very close to those of stottite, FeGe(OH)6, which has tilt system a+a+c–. The difference in the elastic moduli KT0a and KT0c of bernalite and their close similarity to the stottite values support the revised Pmmn structure (tilt system a+b+c–) for bernalite proposed here. The compressional anisotropy observed in bernalite may reflect its highly anisotropic and directional H-bonding topology.
Vitamin A deficiency alters the pulmonary parenchymal elastic modulus and elastic fiber concentration in rats
Authors: McGowan Stephen E , Takle Erika J , Holmes Amey J 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Bronchial hyperreactivity is influenced by properties of the conducting airways and the surrounding pulmonary parenchyma, which is tethered to the conducting airways. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is associated with an increase in airway hyperreactivity in rats and a decrease in the volume density of alveoli and alveolar ducts. To better define the effects of VAD on the mechanical properties of the pulmonary parenchyma, we have studied the elastic modulus, elastic fibers and elastin gene-expression in rats with VAD, which were supplemented with retinoic acid (RA) or remained unsupplemented.

Methods
Parenchymal mechanics were assessed before and after the administration of carbamylcholine (CCh) by determining the bulk and shear moduli of lungs that that had been removed from rats which were vitamin A deficient or received a control diet. Elastin mRNA and insoluble elastin were quantified and elastic fibers were enumerated using morphometric methods. Additional morphometric studies were performed to assess airway contraction and alveolar distortion.

Results
VAD produced an approximately 2-fold augmentation in the CCh-mediated increase of the bulk modulus and a significant dampening of the increase in shear modulus after CCh, compared to vitamin A sufficient (VAS) rats. RA-supplementation for up to 21 days did not reverse the effects of VAD on the elastic modulus. VAD was also associated with a decrease in the concentration of parenchymal elastic fibers, which was restored and was accompanied by an increase in tropoelastin mRNA after 12 days of RA-treatment. Lung elastin, which was resistant to 0.1 N NaOH at 98°, decreased in VAD and was not restored after 21 days of RA-treatment.

Conclusion
Alterations in parenchymal mechanics and structure contribute to bronchial hyperreactivity in VAD but they are not reversed by RA-treatment, in contrast to the VAD-related alterations in the airways.
Serum biomarkers in interstitial lung diseases
Authors: Tzouvelekis Argyris , Kouliatsis George , Anevlavis Stavros , Bouros Demosthenes 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe use of biomarkers in medicine lies in their ability to detect disease and support diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. New research and novel understanding of the molecular basis of the disease reveals an abundance of exciting new biomarkers who present a promise for use in the everyday clinical practice. The past fifteen years have seen the emergence of numerous clinical applications of several new molecules as biologic markers in the research field relevant to interstitial lung diseases (translational research). The scope of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge about serum biomarkers in interstitial lung diseases and their potential value as prognostic and diagnostic tools and present some of the future perspectives and challenges.
Exhaled 8-isoprostane in childhood asthma
Authors: Shahid Sukhbir K , Kharitonov Sergei A , Wilson Nicola M , Bush Andrew , Barnes Peter J 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a non-invasive method to assess airway inflammation and oxidative stress and may be useful in the assessment of childhood asthma.

Methods
Exhaled 8-isoprostane, a stable marker of oxidative stress, was measured in EBC, in children (5–17 years) with asthma (13 steroid-naïve and 12 inhaled steroid-treated) and 11 healthy control.

Results
Mean exhaled 8-isoprostane concentration was significantly elevated in steroid-naïve asthmatic children compared to healthy children 9.3 (SEM 1.7) vs. 3.8 (0.6) pg/ml, p < 0.01. Children on inhaled steroids also had significantly higher 8-isoprostane levels than those of normal subjects 6.7 (0.7) vs. 3.8 (0.6) pg/ml, p < 0.01. Steroid-naïve asthmatics had higher exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) than those of controls 28.5 (4.7) vs. 12.6 (1.5) ppb, p < 0.01. eNO in steroid-treated asthmatics was similar to control subjects 27.5(8.8) vs. 12.6(1.5) ppb. Exhaled 8-isoprostane did not correlate with duration of asthma, dose of inhaled steroids or eNO.

Conclusion
We conclude that 8-isoprostane is elevated in asthmatic children, indicating increased oxidative stress, and that this does not appear to be normalized by inhaled steroid therapy. This suggests that 8-isoprostane is a useful non-invasive measurement of oxidative stress in children and that antioxidant therapy may be useful in the future.
Expression profiles of hydrophobic surfactant proteins in children with diffuse chronic lung disease
Authors: Griese Matthias , Schumacher Silja , Tredano Mohammed , Steinecker Manuela , Braun Annika , Guttentag Susan , Beers Michael F , Bahuau Michel 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Abnormalities of the intracellular metabolism of the hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C and their precursors may be causally linked to chronic childhood diffuse lung diseases. The profile of these proteins in the alveolar space is unknown in such subjects.

Methods
We analyzed bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by Western blotting for SP-B, SP-C and their proforms in children with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP, n = 15), children with no SP-B (n = 6), children with chronic respiratory distress of unknown cause (cRD, n = 7), in comparison to children without lung disease (n = 15) or chronic obstructive bronchitis (n = 19).

Results
Pro-SP-B of 25–26 kD was commonly abundant in all groups of subjects, suggesting that their presence is not of diagnostic value for processing defects. In contrast, pro-SP-B peptides cleaved off during intracellular processing of SP-B and smaller than 19–21 kD, were exclusively found in PAP and cRD. In 4 of 6 children with no SP-B, mutations of SFTPB or SPTPC genes were found. Pro-SP-C forms were identified at very low frequency. Their presence was clearly, but not exclusively associated with mutations of the SFTPB and SPTPC genes, impeding their usage as candidates for diagnostic screening.

Conclusion
Immuno-analysis of the hydrophobic surfactant proteins and their precursor forms in bronchoalveolar lavage is minimally invasive and can give valuable clues for the involvement of processing abnormalities in pediatric pulmonary disorders.