bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bird-Parasite Interactions
Authors: Zuk M , Loye J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birds are hosts to many parasites, internal and external. The parasites inevitably form a burden to the host bird and therefore may affect its ability to grow, survive, and reproduce; its behaviour; and the distribution and abundance of the whole species. In consequence, bird-parasite systems have attracted attention from diverse fields and the literature has been spread out in a wide range of specialized journals. The editors of this book have drawn together a comprehensive range of experts in the field to provide an invaluable reference of current work in bird-parasite interactions. The book is divided into four parts. The introduction provides the contemporary context of research in bird-parasite systems and presents case studies which combine theoretical concepts with experimental data. Subsequent parts focus on the ecology; behavioural responses; and the effect of parasitism on sexual selection.
Parasite communities in wet and dry forest subpopulations of the Hawaii common amakihi
Authors: Riper Charles Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parasites can act in diverse ways upon a host population and in many instances the effects are subtle and often difficult to interpret. This is because, among other factors, differing environmental conditions and diverse host behavioural patterns have a profound influence upon parasite levels (Dogiel 1961; Bull 1964; Kennedy 1975; Holmes et al. 1977). Parasites can be a primary factor of population regulation, although the overall importance is probably more closely related to their role in increasing the susceptibility of the host to other mortality factors (Bradley 1972; Esch 1977; Forrester et al. 1978). This view is often extended to predict that, in times when food supplies are reduced, levels of parasite infection are greater (Esch et al. 1975). There are, however, few examples in which environmental variables and host behaviour in different habitats has been monitored so as to document the interrelationship of these differing variables upon parasite community structure. Although some attention has been given to the parasites of poultry and introduced birds in Hawaii (Alicata 1969; Lewin and Holmes 1971; Smith and Guest 1974; Lewin and Mahrt 1983), little work has been done on the native Hawaiian birds. Warner (1968) speculated on the presumed role that introduced avian malaria and pox played in the extinction of the Hawaiian avifauna, and more recently van Riper- et al. (1986) documented the impact that avian malaria is having on the extant endemic birds. Cid del Prado Vera et al. (1985) have identified nematodes, Baldwin (1948) cestodes, Goff (1980) ectoparasites, and Levine et al. (1980) new coccidia species from native birds. Van Riper and van Riper (1985) summarized all known avian parasites which have been reported in the land birds of Hawaii. But no information exists on parasite community structure in any native land bird species.
Ants, ticks, and nesting seabirds: dynamic interactions
Authors: Duffy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colonial nesting or use of traditional sites must be advantageous to birds or they would not be widely used nesting strategies (Hoogland and Sherman 1976; Wittenberger and Hunt 1985). However, such sites are also beneficial to the birds' parasites, providing them with a renewable, easily-locatable source of hosts, removing starvation and host-location as major sources of parasite mortality (Rothschild and Clay 1952). Large concentrations of ticks and other parasites are frequently observed at colonies of densely-nesting birds and at individual avian nest sites which are reused year after year (Rothschild and Clay 1952; Marshall 1981). Heavy infestations of parasites can lead to nest desertion by adult birds or to mortality of their young (Duffy 1983a, and references therem.
Coevolution of avian grooming and ectoparasite avoidance
Authors: Clayton Dale H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ectoparasites severely reduce avian fitness when they occur in large numbers or when they serve as intermediate hosts for avian pathogens. In most cases, however, ectoparasites occur in small populations with little or no effect on the host. These small populations may be the result of host-parasite coevolution. If a parasite exerts selection on its host and the host exerts reciprocal selection on the parasite, repeated bouts of coevolutionary change can lead to coadaptation of host defence and parasite resistance. Although host defence can prevent the buildup of large parasite loads, energetic constraints will probably prohibit the evolution of perfect defence against parasites with coadaptations for resistance. Persistence of small loads on birds may therefore reflect a coevolutionary balance between defence and resistance
Bill colour and parasite levels of zebra finches
Authors: Burley Nancy , Tidemann Sonia C , Halupka Karl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the Hamilton and Zuk hypothesis is usually applied to female choice of male traits (e.g. Borgia 1986; Read 1987; Zuk 1987; Ward 1988; this volume: Zuk, Chapter 16; M0ller, Chapter 17; Kirkpatrick et al., Chapter 18; Johnson and Boyce, Chapter 20; Spurrier et al. Chapter 21), for many species of birds with biparental care it is likely that both sexes participate in mate choice (Burley 1977). In such species offspring quality should be of concern to males as well as females. It is parsimonious to predict for these species that levels of coloration show the same direction of correlation with pathogen resistance in both sexes.
Software development strategies for global plant information systems
Authors: Allkin* R , Winfieldꝉ P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important issue in the design of a global system is not only the software design and its implementation, but the whole strategy for software implementation. Such a strategy needs to take account of the broad requirements and also the practical constraints. Building software for biologists is not an exact science, but an engineering task dependent on the skills and resources available. We propose a software development strategy that recognizes the scientific, political, and, above all, practical constraints in our community. Introduction In this chapter we consider alternative strategies for developing data management software for the botanical community. We use ‘botanical community’ to include scientists active in systematic research and any potential users of the information those scientists collect.
The communications scene
Authors: Davies Duncan , Bathurst Diana , Bathurst Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increased use nowadays of pictures and images, instead of words, in everyday life is a topic needing consideration by anybody and everybody, from teachers to businessmen, from research workers in science to technicians in industry, as well as by the man or woman in the street and in the supermarket. Human societies have been influenced profoundly by the different ways in which information can be conveyed or recorded. and much inefficiency, violence, deception, and unhappiness has been the result of misunderstanding or of inadequate information and communication. This book is about the changing balance between the use of words and numbers, on the one hand, and of pictures and images on the other.
Pictures and words in biology and medicine
Authors: Davies Duncan , Bathurst Diana , Bathurst Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subjects that could be covered in this chapter arc very wide and diverse. Human records and communication in medkine and biology c1re strongly dependent on pictures, and have been significantly improved by recent developments. This aspect alone could provide a complete chapter. Then, perception and communication by other species is worth considerable thought. finally, communication and recording within individual members of a species arc sophisticated topics. embracing the processes whereby the species is reproduced and evolutionary change is made possible. These matters deserve our attention.
Space
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Space technology has brought about profound changes in the past few decades for science, for business, and for the world at large. It has enabled us to explore the Solar System and observe the universe beyond in ways that were previously impossible. The use of satellites has transformed telecommunications and has made remote observation of the Earth's surface possible, with dramatic effects on a variety of activities from war to weather forecasting. Space is now established as a multi-million-dollar industry. The author provides an authoritative account for the non-specialist of the great variety of human activities in space. He first surveys the history of the subject and describes the various systems available for putting payloads into space. He then considers manned space flight, space science, and the other uses of spacecraft, such as telecommunications and Earth observation. A survey of what is being done by the various countries that are engaged in space activities of one kind or another is followed by a discussion of the commercialization of space, and a postscript considers what activities in space may have to offer for the future. The text is written in a lucid and non-technical style, and a glossary of acronyms is provided.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The movements and mysteries of heavenly bodies have fascinated people for many thousands of years. Three thousand years before Christ, the Babylonian astronomers are credited with having made observations of the sky, and by 1000 BC the sun clock was in use in Egypt. This line of research was continued by the Greek philosophers, notably Claudius Ptolemy in the second century AD. Indeed, Ptolemy’s theories held sway until the Renaissance. It was then the turn of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the Polish astronomer, to revolutionize astronomical theories with his conviction that the Earth rotates on its axis and makes an annual orbit around the Sun. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) refined these new theories, describing the orbits of the planets as elliptical rather than circular (Fig. 1.1). (Modern assertions that Kepler fabricated some of the data in support of his theory should not be allowed to obscure the value of his contribution.)
Microgravity
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microgravity is the state of near-weightlessness that exists within a spacecraft which is in orbit around the Earth or has achieved escape velocity and is on its way towards other planets. The gravity on Earth is used as the standard measurement- I g-and the gravity experienced in a spacecraft is expressed as a fraction of that, for example, 1o- g, i.e. one millionth of the gravity on Earth. Inversely, the pressure to which astronauts are subjected during lift-off (hypergravity) is expressed in multiples of g: 3, 4, 5 g, etc. In the microgravity environment gravity-induced convection and the sedimentation processes are suppressed (the extent depends on the degree of microgravity achieved), and hydrostatic pressure disappears. In such an environment certain physical phenomena familiar on Earth are radically altered. For example, matter tends to levitate and the behavior of fluids becomes quite different. Realization of this fundamental change had led to the development of what is loosely termed ‘ microgravity research’. In fact, it means experiments conducted in a microgravity environment to gain a better understanding of the physical processes through an examination free of the disturbing force of gravity (Fig. 5.1). Microgravity research also includes, though at a very early stage, manufacturing materials of a composition which would be difficult, expensive or even impossible on Earth because of the presence of gravitational force.
Meteorology and Earth observation
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the first cloud pictures were received from satellites nearly thirty years ago, it was quickly realized that they could reveal valuable information not available from the meteorological stations on Earth. The world’s first meteorological satellite-Tiros 1-was launched by the USA in early 1960 and the prospects that it opened up led the United Nations General Assembly to ask the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to study the progress made in research on the Earth’s atmosphere and how weather forecasting might be improved, in particular through the use of satellites. Fortunately, therefore, there has been a steady tradition of international cooperation in this field, with the space agencies showing themselves very responsive to the needs of the meteorological organizations.
Risks and legal aspects
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Space activities since the launch of Sputnik I in 19 57 have led to 3600 artificial satellites being put into orbit by 3000 launches. However, in addition to these intentional satellites, a large number of unintentional satellites-from used launcher stages to ejected lens caps-has been produced. Because of the potential danger to other satellites (and because they could be mistaken for aggressive missiles), the US Space Command-and formerly the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)-keeps track of them all. A total of around 20 000 such objects have been tracked, and of these 7200 are today still in orbit; only 5 per cent are operational satellites. The total weight of all his space junk is estimated at two million kg. Just how virulent this proliferation can be is to be seen by the unexplained explosion of an Ariane third stage in 1986; this alone produced 470 pieces of debris (Fig. 9.1). Using powerful ground based radars, objects as small as 100 mm or less can be tracked on a regular basis. Additionally, objects down to 10 mm can be tracked on a non-operational basis, using optical telescopes.
National and regional space activities: a brief survey
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is notoriously difficult to assemble reliable and comparable figures of governmental space funding, not only because some countries do not divulge their spending or quote it in hard currencies to equate with the major, freely exchangeable currencies, but also because their internal organization and working methods are so different from those in the majority of countries. Even in 1 e accessible countries it is difficult to be sure that all contributions have been included. Provided the reader is not looking for strict accuracy, however, the following table will give an idea of the total size of government space spending and of the relative annual expenditures of the major players. Approximate civil space expenditure, 1990, in USS millions.
Commercialization of space
Authors: Gibson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘space commercialization’ is frequently used and seldom defined. In this present context, it should be taken to mean any activity directly or indirectly involving space techniques which leads to someone making a profit. Excluded are the contracts awarded to industry by civil and defence space agencies for the construction and launch of satellites for the agency’s own use. This is an important exception: the US government’s space contracts account for about 90 per cent of all space sales in the United States. Nevertheless, the US Department of Commerce projected US commercial space revenues in 1990 at around 3.5 million US dollars, excluding NASA and the Department of Defense. Some areas are more truly commercial than others. Take for example the international satellite telecommunications organizations, Intelsat and Inmarsat. Both pay industry to construct and launch communication satellites, and they make revenue by providing circuits to their members telecommunications entities in the various member states. Inmarsat, for example, is obliged to pay 14 per cent per annum in interest to its signatories and it does so-and more. This is by any standards a commercial operation.
Geometry of Electromagnetic Systems
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is addressed to engineers, applied mathematicians, and physicists involved in the design and analysis of electromagnetic systems. Its chief purpose is to clarify the structure of electromagnetism. It begins with the Faraday-Maxwell insight that in electromagnetism one is faced with an interconnected dynamical system in which space and time are closely linked with physical phenomena. An appropriate basis is given via differential geometry to describe local relationships, via and topology to describe the system. These tools are introduced in the context of Maxwell's equations in the familiar vector notation. Equations are greatly simplified by the geometrical approach, and the geometrical idea of symmetry unifies the various conservation laws. This book clarifies the relationship between fields, potentials, and sources. Links between macroscopic and quantum phenomena are explored from a geometric angle and there is a simple discussion of superconductivity.
The historical development of electromagnetism
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to deal with the relationship of electromagnetic phenomena to the geometry of space and time. Consequently the heading of this first chapter may come as a disappointment for the reader. Is it really necessary to review the mistaken notions of the past? Why should we not proceed at once to deal with the best modem explanation? Besides, since the authors are not professional historians, they may misread the historical evidence and attribute modern opinions to ancient writers. Our reply to such objections to a historical introduction is that the explanations we seek to develop in the book are explanations of difficulties, or to put it differently answers to questions, which arise in the study of electromagnetics. These questions come into focus most sharply by looking at them in their historical setting. There is little value in presenting answers where no questions have been asked, because the answers then become mere verbal assertions which reduce scientific discovery to a barren metaphysics. It is of course true that most explanatory theories given in the past were incomplete and erroneous in part, but this is equally true of our present theories. All human explanations are fallible, but this does not preclude progress. We should like the reader to be persuaded that a historical introduction is no optional extra but an essential part of the aim of a book dealing with explanation.
A geometrical approach to Maxwell’s equations
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maxwell’s fundamental discovery was, as we have seen in the previous chapter, that electric and magnetic energy is distributed in the whole of space and is dependent on time. Previous ‘action at a distance’ theories had been modelled on Newton’s gravitational theory and had concentrated attention on the action between material bodies. Faraday and Maxwell made no sharp distinction between energy in free space and energy in space occupied by matter. In their field theory electromagnetic energy, and all physical processes related to it, were indissolubly linked with space rather than inserted into a space having independent existence. Moreover the movement of energy was related to space and time. In order to make full use of these insights we need a mathematical description which connects energy with space and time and this implies that a geometrical approach is required. We shall find that such an approach greatly clarifies both the physical and the mathematical relationships. The unavoidable cost, for some readers at least, is the introduction of unfamiliar mathematical tools and in particular the replacement of three-dimensional vector analysis by the far more general method of differential forms. We shall try to reduce the difficulties by introducing differential forms in the context of a review of well-known electromagnetic relationships. The trained mathematicians amongst our readers may find the treatment rather slow and incomplete, but we have in mind readers who are more at home with physical concepts than with abstract mathematical formulation. In any case Maxwell himself, who was no mean mathematician, held the view that equations need to be explained in words related to physical situations. For completeness a survey of the mathematics of differential forms is given in Appendix A.
Coordinates and coordinate transformations
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the discussion of variational methods in the previous chapter we contrasted the Newtonian emphasis on the motion of particles with the Lagrangian idea of an invariant system property called the action, which has a stationary value under small arbitrary displacements of the coordinates and their associated velocities. Since the variation of the action leads to a set of differential equations (the Euler-Lagrange equations), which in classical mechanics are equivalent to Newton’s equations of motion, there is a close association between the two methods. However, the system approach has many advantages particularly in its application to electromagnetism, where the interconnections make the idea of isolated particles inadmissible.
The relationship between electricity and magnetism in electrodynamics
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we discussed the fact that electric and magnetic fields are not absolute magnitudes but depend on the motion of the observer who measures them. The link between the motion of the observer and the electric or magnetic aspects of the field is given by the Lorentz transformation, which provides geometrical meaning for the electromagnetic fields. Although the fields themselves depend on the motion. of the observer, the electromagnetic action is independent of that motion. This invariance can be treated as a symmetry under space-time translations. We saw in Chapter 5 that this symmetry is associated with a ‘Noether current’, which corresponds to the energy-momentum tensor. This tensor is very important because it provides the main physical observables which the electromagnetic action shares with other physical interactions.
The inner geometry of electrodynamics
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Newtonian mechanics the three dimensions of space are treated as an independent reference system. At any point of space it is possible to choose a Cartesian (x, y, z) set of coordinates and by Euclid’s axiom of parallel lines it is possible to relate all such local coordinates to each other. Vectors can be compared by bringing them together by means of parallel transport. Such a space is described as a ‘flat’ space and it has a constant metric.
VLSI systems
Authors: Möschwitzer Albrecht 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in semiconductor technology have made it possible to design and fabricate chips with hundreds of thousands or millions of transistors operating at clock speeds higher than 20 MHz while the minimum feature size has decreased dramatically (Fig. 4.1). An integrated-circuit chip containing such a large number of components is really a large electronic system rather than a circuit (Mead and Conway 1980). These systems can contain various processors, memory systems, 1/0 parts, data converters, and analogue parts.