bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International classification of diseases, tenth revison: Neurological adaptation (ICD‐10 NA): Extrapyramidal and movement disorders
Authors: Jankovic Joseph 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA classification of diseases is important in epidemiologic studies, indexing of clinical disorders, communication, and education. Since the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) in 1992, a specialty‐based neurological adaptation (ICD‐10NA) has been developed to reflect the specific needs of individual subspecialties. Although the revision was constrained by the need to maintain compatibility with previous classifications, the new ICD‐10NA of Extrapyramidal and Movement Disorders aims to provide an updated and comprehensive categorization of movement disorders.
Reciprocal inhibition in writer's cramp
Authors: Chen Rou‐Shayn , Tsai Chon‐Haw , Lu Chin‐Song 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe studied the inhibition of median H‐reflexes by conditioning stimuli on the radial nerve in 13 patients with writer's cramp, eight of the simple type and five of the dystonic type, and in 14 normal volunteers. The patients and controls were right‐handed, and their right arms were studied. Asymptomatic left arms were also studied in nine of 13 patients. In the control group we identified three periods of inhibition, with maximum peaks at conditioning‐test intervals of 0 ms (41 ± 17%), 20 ms (40 ± 13%), and 100 ms (36 ± 20%). In the patient group, the amplitudes of inhibition of these three periods in both arms were significantly less than those in the control group. However, there were no significant differences in the amplitudes of inhibition of these three periods between symptomatic and asymptomatic arms. There were also no significant differences between simple and dystonic writer's cramps. Our results indicate that the attenuation of reciprocal inhibition was present not only in symptomatic arms but also in asymptomatic arms of patients with writer's cramp. The defect of reciprocal inhibition in the asymptomatic hand has never been documented. We suggest that the preexistent electrophysiological abnormality may provide an explanation for the development of hand cramp after shifted writing.
Speech dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease
Authors: Stewart Celia , Winfield Linda , Hunt Ann , Bressman Susan B. , Fahn Stanley , Blitzer Andrew , Brin Mitchell F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to determine if subjects in the early stages of untreated Parkinson's disease (PD) or PD treated with deprenyl alone suffer from motor speech abnormalities. Speech defects are common in advanced PD, including distrubances of respiration, phonation, and articulation. We studied 12 subjects with early PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage ≤2, mean duration disease 3.2 years) who were not taking symptomatic therapy and tested them under two conditions: on and off deprenyl. None of the subjects was depressed or demented (Mini Mental Status mean 29.9/30; Hamilton Depression Rating mean 2.7/52). All functioned independently (Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living mean 93.1/100). Acoustic and speech productions were assessed using the DSP Sona‐Graph 5500 and an evaluation of dysarthria. All 12 had at least two characteristics of dysarthria on examination, although 8 were not aware of it. Vocal tremor was identified on narrow band spectrogram for four subjects. Deprenyl did not have a consistent effect on speech. Ten subjects had no detectable change in speech on deprenyl, one was worse, and one was improved.
Botulinum toxin: Influence on respiratory heart rate variation
Authors: Claus Detlef , Druschky Achim , Erbguth Frank 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRemote adverse effects of local intramuscular botulinum toxin were investigated in a prospective follow‐up study. Twenty‐six patients with spasmodic torticollis were examined (18 women, eight men, 45 ± 13 years). Respiratory heart rate variation (HRV) was investigated by a computerized method. Different parameters were recorded (beats per minute, coefficient of variation, root mean square successive difference (RMSSD), spectral analysis, difference and quotient between maximum and minimum RR intervals, mean circular resultant). After one intramuscular injection of 12.5 ng botulinum toxin (Porton Products Ltd., England), no significant influence on HRV was seen. After the second injection, a significant attenuation was seen of four parameters (coefficient of variation, Rmax − Rmin, Rmax ÷ Rmin, mean circular resultant) that lasted up to several months. No clinically manifest remote side effects and no cardiac arrhythmia were seen for several months of botulinum toxin treatment. Our investigation proves an effect of local intramuscular botulinum toxin on autonomic cardiac innervation.
Long‐term tolerability and efficacy of cabergoline, a new long‐acting dopamine agonist, in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Inzelberg R. , Nisipeanu P. , Rabey M. J. , Korczyn A. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMotor fluctuations constitute a severe complication of chronic levodopa therapy. The addition of dopamine agonists may partially alleviate these responses; however, due to the short half‐lefe of these drugs, several daily doses are required. Cabergoline is a new dopamine agonist with a long half‐life and can be given in a single daily dose. Seventeen patients with severe fluctuations were treated with cabergoline, seven of them for >1 year (up to 39 months). The motor status ameliorated and the percentage of “off” hours significantly decreased in the first year and did not increase significantly later during long‐term follow‐up. Cabergoline is a promising treatment for parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations.
Epidemiology and outcome of cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) in Rochester, Minnesota
Authors: Claypool David W. , Duane Drake D. , Ilstrup Duane M. , Melton L. Joseph 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe natural history of cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) was investigated in a population‐based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Eleven new cases were identified with onset during the 20‐year period 1960–1979. The overall incidence rate was 1.2 per 100,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval 0.5–1.9) with a female: male ratio of age‐adjusted incidence rates of 3.6:1. A unitary etiology was not apparent: injury antedated onset in four of the 11 patients, whereas six had documented thyroid disease and four had diabetes. A family history of movement disorder was recorded for only one subject. Only one of the cases would have been classified as moderate in severity; the others were mild. In follow‐up through 1993, progressive disability was noted in only two patients, and two others went into remission. Three cases of intracranial aneurysm were confirmed, two of which produced fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A third death was due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Role of peripheral inputs in cerebellar tremor
Authors: Dash M. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTremors reflected in the handwriting in nine right‐handed male patients with right‐sided cerebellar lesions were studied by reversibly blocking peripheral inputs from the hand. Blocking was achieved by applying a sphygmomanometer cuff over the mid‐arm and increasing the pressure up to 200 mm Hg. Evoked potentials from the ulnar nerve and handwriting were monitored in each subject at periodic intervals. Improvement in writing was noticed in 3–5 min in different subjects that coincided with partial reduction of the amplitude of the neurograms. This reduction is consistent with dissociate conduction in a small population of large medullated fibers. On releasing the cuff, the neurograms returned to their normal height within the same time frame of 3–5 min, and the handwriting deteriorated with return of tremor. No change in the handwriting of the volunteers was observed at any stage. The ages of the volunteers ranged from 25 to 48 years and those of the patients from 28 to 56 years. The duration of illness of the patients ranged from 1 to 8 years.
Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome
Authors: Walters Arthur S. , Aldrich Michael S. , Allen Richard , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Buchholz David , Chokroverty Sudhansu , Coccagna Giorgio , Earley Christopher , Ehrenberg Bruce , Feest T. G. , Hening Wayne , Kavey Neil , Lavigne Gilles , Lipinski Joseph , Lugaresi Elio , Montagna Pasquale , Montplaisir Jacques , Mosko Sarah S. , Oertel Wolfgang , Picchietti Daniel , Pollmächer Thomas , Shafor Renata , Smith Robert C. , Telstad Wenche , Trenkwalder Claudia , von Scheele Christian , Walters Arthur S. , Ware J. Catesby , Zucconi Marco 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA large International Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Study Group has been formed. As its first task, the group has taken upon itself the role of definig the clinical features of the RLS. As minimal criteria for diagnosis, the group proposes the following four features: (a) desire to move the extremities, often associated with paresthesias/dysesthesias; (b) motor restlessness; (c) worsening of symptoms at rest with at least temporary relief by activity, and (d) worsening of symptoms in the evening or night. Other features commonly seen in RLS include sleep disturbance, periodic limb movements in sleep and similar involuntary movements while awake, a normal neurological examination in the idiopathic from, a tendency for the symptoms to be worse in middle to older age, and, in some cases, a family history suggestive of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
Screening Parkinson's disease: A validated questionnaire of high specificity and sensitivity
Authors: Duarte J. , Clavería L. E. , De Pedro‐Cuesta J. , Sempere A. P. , Coria F. , Calne D. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA questionnaire designed to screen Parkinson's disease (PD) in literate populations has been developed. It consists of nine questions, self‐administered at medical facilities or by mail, and a scale of weights for ascribing scores to specific questions when the answer is positive. The questions were chosen to be symptom specific for PD and the weights were determined from answers provided by 37 PD patients in a neurological outpatient clinic. The questionnaire sensitivity was tested on a different PD population from the same outpatient clinic−50 individuals‐and the specificity on a group of 100 ophthalmological patients. The sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 100%. Three individuals who screened positive among the 100 ophthalmological patients were assessed and given a new diagnosis of PD. This questionnaire therefore constitutes an instrument that should prove valuable as the first stage of a door‐to‐door survey. It has high sensitivity and specificity.
Chronic L‐DOPA administration induces dyskinesias in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐treated common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Pearce R. K. B. , Jackson M. , Smith L. , Jenner P. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDyskinesias occur in the majority of patients with Parkinson's disease chronically treated with L‐DOPA and also occur in several nonhuman primate species after 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and L‐DOPA treatment. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) shows parkinsonian motor deficits after MPTP administration, and we now report dyskinesias occurring in this species during chronic L‐DOPA exposure. Marmosets rendered chronically parkinsonian after MPTP administration were treated orally with L‐DOPA plus carbidopa for 3 weeks. After several days the animals began to display chorea, choreoathetosis, and dystonia. The severity of dyskinesias varied between the animals, with the most severely parkinsonian animals displaying the most dyskinetic movements. Each animal showed an idiosyncratic pattern of dyskinesias, which was highly reproducible. These L‐DOPA‐primed animals also received other D2, D1, and agonist drugs. Quinpirole, bromocriptine, pergolide, apomorphine, and A‐77636 all produced dyskinesias that were identical in character to those seen after L‐DOPA administration, but the D1 agonist A‐77636 gradually abolished dyskinesias while preserving its antiparkinsonian activity. The MPTP‐treated marmoset provides a useful model in which to study dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease and to examine new therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating this common side effect of chronic dopamine replacement therapy.
Saccadic eye movements in hyperekplexia
Authors: Tijssen M. A. J. , Bollen E. , van Exel E. , van Dijk J. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHyperekplexia is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by excessive startle responses followed by a temporary generalized stiffness. The startle response is generated in the medial bulbopontine reticular formation in the lower brainstem. The pulse generator of horizontal saccadic eye movements is localized in the pontine parmedian reticular formation. Measurements of horizontal visually evoked random saccades, antisaccades, and saccades toward remembered targets were performed in seven patients with familial hyperekplexia and seven healthy age‐matched controls. The peak velocity of all three kinds of saccades was reduced (p < 0.0001) compared with that of controls. Latencies were marginally longer in the patient group (p = 0.0486). Saccadic gains did not differ between patients and controls. The ability to make antisaccades, saccades toward remembered targets, and the ability to suppress reflex saccades are similar in patients and controls. These data suggest that the origin of the excessive startle response is probably more due to a different modulation in the brainstem than to altered cortical influence.
Parkinsonism and dilatation of the perivascular spaces (État Criblé) of the striatum: A clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and pathological study
Authors: Fénelon G. , Gray F. , Wallays C. , Poirier J. , Guillard A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwo men, 89 and 83 years of age, presented with predominantly axial parkinsonian signs. In both cases, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed numerous small foci, delineating the striatum. The lesions had the same signal as cerebral spinal fluid in both T1 and T2 sequences. Postmortem examination of the brain showed numerous lacunes due to dilatation of the perivascular spaces, frequently associated with alterations of the surrounding brain parenchyma. Typical changes of Parkinson's disease were associated in one case. Such vascular changes may produce, or modify, a parkinsonian syndrome.
Motor function in a patient with bilateral lesions of the globus pallidus
Authors: Haaxma R. , van Boxtel A. , Brouwer W. H. , Goeken L. N. H. , van der Gon J. J. Denier , Colebatch J. G. , Martin A. , Brooks D. J. , Noth J. , Marsden C. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study describes the long‐term motor deficits of a patient who, after a toxic encephalopathy, sustained extensive bilateral damage to both segments of the globus pallidus (GP) and the right substantia nigra (SN). There were no signs of lesions of the pyramidal tracts or of other motor structures. The most obvious deficits were an abnormal gait with an exaggerated knee extension and a tendency to fall slowly, especially when pushed backward. In contrast, Romberg's test on an unstable platform was normal, as were longlatency leg reflexes induced by perturbations. Inadequate anticipatory and compensatory postural responses, in particular across the hip and knee joints, and slow movements seemed responsible for the falls. Muscle tone was normal but reflex studies showed signs of abnormal facilitation and inhibition at various levels of the neuraxis. We conclude that the GP and SN lesions caused defective input to premotor cortical and brain stem target zones. Dysfunctioning of these zones leads to improper control of the descending ventromedial motor system responsible for locomotion, postural control, and reflex status. The deficits in upper extremity motor performance included delayed and slow movements, inaccurate amplitudes of ballistic reponses, a lack of predictive control, and deficits in bimanual coordination. Sensory feedback, proprioceptive more than visual, played a powerful compensating role in rapid aiming movements. Regional blood flow (studied using 15O2) was reduced in multiple frontal cortical regions, among which are the hand areas of the supplementary and premotor cortex. We hypothesize that this reflected impaired functioning of these areas, caused by defective bilateral output from GP and SN, and resulting in the motor deficits of the arm and hand.
Automobile driving in Huntington's disease
Authors: Rebok George W. , Bylsma Frederick W. , Keyl Penelope M. , Brandt Jason , Folstein Susan E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe assessed the influence of the neurological and cognitive impairments of Huntington's disease (HD) on automobile driving. In a group of 73 HD outpatients, 53 (72%) continued to drive after illness onset. Those no longer driving had more severe symptoms than those still driving. Twenty‐nine HD patients who were still driving and 16 healthy control subjects underwent a clinical examination, a cognitive examination, a driving‐simulator assessment, and completed questionnaires about driving history and habits. HD patients performed significantly worse than control subjects on the driving‐simulator tasks and were more likely to have been involed in a collision in the preceding 2 years (58% of HD vs. 11% of control subjects). Patients with collisions were less functionally impaired but had slower simple reaction time scores than did those without collisions. HD patients are at increased risk for accidents, but patients who have accidents are not easily distinguished from those who do not.
Internal tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Shulman Lisa M. , Singer Carlos , Bean Judy A. , Weiner William J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough sensory symptoms were not originally described in Parkinson's disease (PD), in recent years it has been increasingly recognized that painful sensations and paresthesias occur in ∼40% of patients. It has been our observation that PD patients often describe a sensation of internal tremor, a feeling of tremor inside the chest, abdomen, arms, or legs that cannot be seen. We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of internal tremor by administering a questionnaire to 100 consecutive patients with PD and 50 age‐matched controls seen in our movement disorders center. A sensation of internal tremor was present in 44% of this sample of PD patients and in 6% of the control population (p < 0.0001). The presence of internal tremor was unrelated to Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score, Hoehn and Yahr stage, duration of disease, or the presence of observable tremor. The frequency of other sensory symptoms (aching, tingling, burning) was higher in the PD patients with internal tremor (73%) than in those without (45%; p = 0.005). Internal tremor is associated with anxiety in 64% of patients (p < 0.0001). It was described as uncomfortable and was unrelieved by antiparkinsonian medication in three quarters of patients. A sensation of internal tremor is commonly reported by PD patients and should be recognized as a useful diagnostic factor in PD.
Event‐related potential P3 change in mild Parkinson's disease
Authors: Green Joanne , Woodard John L. , Sirockman Brett E. , Zakers Gregory O. , Maier Claire L. , Green Robert C. , Watts Ray L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose was to determine if unmedicated, mildly affected patients with Parkinson's disease exhibited abnormality in the P3 component of the event‐related potential, and whether such abnormality differed between younger and older patients. The study evaluated 10 younger (mean age = 43.7 years) and 10 older (mean age = 64.4 years) unmedicated patient volunteers diagnosed with idiopathic PD during the past 4 years and equal numbers of age‐, gender‐, and education‐matched controls. The auditory oddball P3 was recorded, and P3 peak amplitude, peak latency, and the component score derived from principal components analysis were analysed. Neuropsychological measures focusing on frontal lobe and memory function were obtained. Although patients did not show neuropsychological deficits, they had significantly enlarged P3 amplitude measured at Cz (p < 0.01) or Pz (p < 0.01). The P3 amplitude abnormality among patients was not affected by age. Patient P3 latency was not prolonged. The results indicate that P3 amplitude may more sensitive than neuropsychological measures for detecting subtle brain dysfunction occurring early in PD. This measure has possible utility for detecting and tracking early disease. It is hypothesized that enlarged P3 amplitude reflects abnormality in use of at tentional resources to compensate for brain dysfunction.
Painful legs and moving toes associated with tarsal tunnel syndrome and accessory soleus muscle
Authors: Pla Maria E. R. , Dillingham Timothy R. , Spellman Nicholas T. , Colon Edgar , Jabbari Bahman 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPainful legs, moving toes is a rare syndrome characterized by leg pain and uncontrolled toe movements. We present a 35‐year‐old man with a 1‐year history of unilateral knee, calf, and medial ankle pain with spontaneous movements of second through fifth toes. Electrodiagnostic studies showed an absent lateral plantar nerve response consistent with a tarsal tunnel entrapment neuropathy. Cine magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large accessory soleus muscle compressing the flexor hallucis longus in the tarsal tunnel of the affected extremity. Lidocaine block of the tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa did not stop these movements, but blockade of the medial and lateral plantar nerves distal to the medial malleolus stopped them temporarily. Treatment with foot orthotics and cessation of running activity decreased the symptoms. We conclude that painful leg and moving toes in this patient resulted from a compression neuropathy at the tarsal tunnel possibly caused by a large adjacent accessory soleus muscle.
Dyskinesia and wearing‐off following dopamine D1 agonist treatment in drug‐naive 1‐Methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐lesioned primates
Authors: Blanchet P. J. , Grondin R. , Bédard P. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe motor effects of the short‐acting, full D1 agonist SKF 82958 were studied in three drug‐naive, 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1, 2, 3, 6‐tetrahydropyridine‐lesioned, parkinsonian monkeys treated for 4 weeks. D1 receptor stimulation with SKF 82958 effectively relieved parkinsonism but induced choreic dyskinesia (n = 2) and a shorter duration of motor benefit (n = 3) over time. Isolated, short‐lived D1 receptor activation would not appear to confer advantage over levodopa for dyskinesia prevention. Our data also support the involvement of postsynaptic dopamine receptor mechanisms in the wearing‐off phenomenon seen in levodopa‐treated parkinsonian patients.
Variable phenotype of rapid‐onset dystonia‐parkinsonism
Authors: Brashear A. , Farlow M. R. , Butler I. J. , Kasarskis E. J. , Dobyns W. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRapid‐onset dystonia‐parkinsonism (RDP) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the rapid onset of dystonic spasms and parkinsonism over a period of a few hours to weeks after their onset. We have seen two additional members of this previously reported family with RDP who present with a more gradual progression of their disorder over 6–18 months. One of these individuals experienced the rapid progression of symptoms 2 years after an initial stabilization of his condition. The RDP phenotype is variable, and presentation may be gradual in some cases. Cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmiter levels in these two and other family members suggest involvement of the dopaminergic pathways in RDP.