bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should we intervene to improve fetal growth?
Authors: Joseph K S , Kramer Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous recent studies have demonstrated associations between specific patterns of fetal and infant growth and coronary heart disease. In this chapter, we examine the potential long term health impacts of interventions to improve fetal and infant growth. Although the available evidence does not permit firm inference that reduced fetal or infant growth causes coronary heart disease, our discussion is based on the assumption that the reported associations are in fact causal. The magnitudes of the effect that interventions to improve fetal growth are likely to have on subsequent coronary heart disease were estimated using data from the Hertfordshire cohort. About 33% and 26% of coronary heart disease deaths among women and men, respectively, would be averted if all births weighed between 9 –9.5 lbs (3969 –4422 g). Most of this decline would occur secondary to increases in the birthweight of babies in the 7–8.5 lbs (3061 –3968 g) category. Simulations with more realistic assumptions based on the 1993 Canadian birth cohort show a marginal impact on subsequent coronary heart disease deaths. For instance, a 100 g increase in the birthweight of female and male babies would result in a 2.5% and a 1.9% decrease in coronary heart disease deaths, respectively. Various options for improving fetal growth were reviewed, including interventions to improve maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy, reduce smoking in pregnancy and improve other aspects of prenatal care. The effects of such interventions are likely to be relatively modest, at least in terms of their impacts on subsequent coronary heart disease. For instance, observational studies show that the mean birthweight reduction in smoking mothers is approximately 150 g, while clinical trials evaluating the effects of intervention to reduce smoking in pregnancy have reported mean birthweight increases ranging from 31 to 92 g. Other issues that must be considered before intervening to improve fetal growth include the potential for unintended (adverse) effects.
Philosophical Perspectives On Music’s Expressiveness
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes philosophy seems to psychologists to be psychologizing in a fashion that is uninformed and unrestrained by empirical data. (That’s alright, sometimes psychology looks to philosophers like unskilled philosophizing!) As this is the only chapter by a philosopher, I begin with an introduction outlining the nature of academic philosophy. For most questions, one (or more) of the following strategies supplies the answer: fact finding, scientific theorizing, calculating, voting, and legislating. The natural and social sciences rely on the first three of these methods. Some questions are not satisfactorily resolved by their use, however. The issues these questions present are neither empirical nor merely matters of opinion—they are ‘philosophical’. ‘Philosophy’ comes to connote the recalcitrant residue of questions which remain after all the (other) branches of knowledge and taste have taken the questions they are equipped to answer.
Aesthetic agency and musical practice: new directions in the Sociology of music and emotion
Authors: Denora Tia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If psychology is concerned with human behaviour (Sloboda & Juslin, this volume), sociology is concerned with forms of social organization and the relation of these forms to social action, by which is usually meant, to paraphrase Max Weber (1978,Vol. 1, p. 4), conduct (real or hypothetical) that is meaningfully orientated in its course and outcome. The scope of material that falls within sociology’s compass is wide, and perhaps it is because of its substantive breadth that sociology is a diverse—some would argue, fragmented—field. Sociologists have traditionally employed a range of empirical strategies and theoretical perspectives, and have tended to engage in a high degree of intradisciplinary opposition such that is probably impossible to speak of ‘a’ sociological paradigm. For example, some sociologists seek to identify and quantify causes of collective and/or individual behaviour and to predict behavioural trends, while others seeks to understand meanings and meaning systems using ethnographic and qualitative methods of observation.
The Influence Of Musical Structure On Emotional Expression
Authors: Gabrielsson Alf , Lindström Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expressive qualities of music have been a matter of discussion by philosophers and music theorists ever since antiquity and, more recently, by music psychologists. Many kinds of expression have been proposed, but expression of emotion is undoubtedly the most frequent. Likewise, most empirical research has focused on emotional expression in attempts to find out, on the one hand, which emotions can be reliably expressed in music (reviewed in Gabrielsson & Juslin, in press) and, on the other hand, which factors in music contribute to the perceived emotional expression. The latter refer to factors in the composed musical structure represented in the musical notation, such as tempo, loudness, pitch,mode, melody, rhythm, harmony, and various formal properties. While it is a popular conception, and sometimes perhaps true, that composers express their present feelings in their compositions (cf. Cook & Dibben, this volume; Simonton, this volume), a more plausible view is that composers try to use various structural factors in order to achieve certain intended expressions, different in different works, with little or no direct connection to their present feelings. ‘A composer .
Emotional Effects Of Music: Production Rules
Authors: Scherer Klaus R , Zentner Marcel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an ancient, and very pervasive, idea that music expresses emotion. Apart from the copious literature to this effect contributed by composers, musicologists, and philosophers, there is also solid empirical evidence from psychological research, reviewed in chapters of this book (e.g. Gabrielsson & Lindström, this volume; Juslin, this volume), that listeners often agree rather strongly about what type of emotion is expressed in a particular piece. It is also a pervasive belief that music can, at times, actually produce emotion in listeners. The distinction between perception and production is related to the distinction between cognitivism and emotivism proposed by philosophers in their analysis of emotion inmusic (e.g.Kivy 1989).Whereas ‘emotivists’ hold thatmusic elicits real emotional responses in listeners, ‘cognitivists’ argue that music simply expresses or represents emotions. Our view is that it would be premature to prejudge the issue and that both positions may be perfectly appropriate depending on a number of factors outlined below.
A History of Roman Britain
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One could not ask for a more meticulous or scholarly assessment of what Britain meant to the Romans, or Rome to Britons, than Peter Salway's Monumental Study Frederick Raphael, Sunday Times From the invasions of Julius Caesar to the unexpected end of Roman rule in the early fifth century AD and the subsequent collapse of society in Britain, this book is the most authoritative and comprehensive account of Roman Britain ever published for the general reader. Peter Salway's narrative takes into account the latest research including exciting discoveries of recent years, and will be welcomed by anyone interested in Roman Britain.
Why Spock could never have evolved
Authors: Evans Dylan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The visual similarity, however, concealed a deeper difference. Behind the human-like face lay an alien brain, far superior to ours. In particular, the Vulcan race had no emotions. At some point in their past, the Vulcans had dispensed with these primitive vestiges of their animal origins, and, no longer encumbered by passion, they had attained a superhuman degree of rationality. In supposing that a creature devoid of emotions would be more intelligent than we are, the creators of Star Trek were perpetuating an ancient theme of Western culture.
The computer that cried
Authors: Evans Dylan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Bicentennial Man, Robin Williams plays the part of a robot who redesigns his own circuitry so that it will allow him to experience the full range of human emotion. These stories achieve their effect in part because the capacity for emotion is often considered to be one of the main differences between humans and machines. This is certainly true of the machines we know today. The responses we receive from computers are rather dry affairs, such as ‘System error 1378’.
Mayoral Elections
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a citizen pulls a lever in a mayoral election, the choice is more than among names. Candidates should, and generally do, stand for something; voters are giving a new or reelected chief executive a mandate to pursue a set of goals which have been emphasized in a campaign or a current administration. Unanticipated events and issues, often of great importance, inevitably arise; mayors cope with such events based on the broad values they hold. Other important aspects of municipal affairs are influenced, even determined, by people outside local government. Yet mayoral elections are the most meaningful opportunity for linking the desires of local residents and the decisions of local government.
The Capital Budget and Capital Projects
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major challenge for the leaders of the city of New York is to rebuild municipal infrastructure and enhance the physical facilities that support service delivery. Since emerging from the fiscal crisis of 1975, the city has regained access to credit markets and developed an ambitious capital investment program. A key issue is how quickly these capital projects can be completed. Delays postpone improvements and add to project costs.
The Property Tax
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, real estate taxes consistently have accounted for almost one-fourth of the city of New York’s revenues. From fiscal year 1980 to 1990, the increase in property taxes slightly outpaced growth in the operating budget, rising 105 percent while total revenues grew 97 percent.1 This growth in property tax revenues, however, came largely at the expense of the owners of commercial and industrial property.
Expenditures and Services
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between what local government spends in money and produces in services has important effects on the local economy and resident welfare. Municipal officials who are able to produce “acceptable services at acceptable costs” contribute to the economic fortunes of their communities and the living standards of their citizens. In return, they can expect to receive support from campaign contributors and voters. Municipal officials who are unsuccessful at managing the spending—service relationship are likely to elicit challenges to their policies, perhaps even to their positions; more important from a community perspective, their behavior reduces local living standards and employment opportunities and encourages outmigration of those for whom “exit” appears a more appropriate response than “voice.”1
Learned Helplessness and Physical Health
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although many believe that psychological states have something to do with health and illness, actually showing the influence of psychology on physical well-being proves difficult. The best-known arguments in favor of such influence are striking case studies, such as Norman Cousins’s (1981) well-chronicled fight against illness through the mustering of his positive emotions. We find these stories of great interest, but at the same time, we are forced to take a skeptical view. Such examples prove very little other than the fact that the course of people’s physical health can vary drastically.
Oscillatory Zoning In Crystals
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solid-solution crystals have been observed to zone with periodic or other undulatory profiles. The classic example is plagioclase feldspar, where the mole fractions of albite and anorthite may oscillate many times along a ray from a crystal’s core to its rim. Recent advances in microscopy have allowed for the observation of oscillatory zoning in a variety of mineral systems: The appearance of oscillatory zoning in grains of a variety of crystalline solutions from rocks of all types suggests that there is either a universal mechanism or a number of mechanisms. There are two possibilities. Oscillation could arise during grain growth or from an initially uniform (or perhaps monotonically zoned) crystal. In the former case, oscillatory zoning may be a direct reflection of oscillatory conditions in the growth medium. 38 In this chapter, however, our focus will be on mechanisms for oscillations that can occur during growth from a time-independent medium (i.e., autonomous oscillations).
Dissipative Structures At Reaction Fronts
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both conditions favoring self-organizing and other nonlinear phenomena--disequilibrium and nonlinearity-are attained at reaction fronts. In this chapter we attempt to demonstrate that the question of geochemical self-organization at a reaction front may be cast as a problem in bifurcation theory (see Sections 2.B,D). Rather than analyze the full problem, we limit our discussion to a simplified model wherein the reaction zone is represented by averaged variables within the front. This has a great pedagogical advantage in that it allows us to map the problem directly onto one extensively studied in the modem literature on nonlinear dynamics-reaction diffusion systems. From this literature one expects oscillations, chaos, waves; and the other phenomena reviewed in Section l.C.
Liesegang Banding
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Runge and Liesegang and later investigators demonstrated that the interdiffusion of two coprecipitates can lead to the formation of banded patterns in one dimension, concentric ring localization in two dimensions, and corkscrew patterns in three di¬ mensions.1-5 That some repetitively banded mineral distributions in rocks could be accounted for by this process was proposed by Liesegang himself. Indeed, interest in the physicochemical basis of the self-organization of macroscopic patterns dates back to the time of Liesegang (the latter part of the nineteenth century).
Last Fiasco in Indochina
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1975, barely two years after the last U.S. combat forces had left Vietnam, U.S. servicemen were again fighting in Southeast Asia. As dawn broke over Cambodia on the morning of May 15, U.S. Marines assaulted the small Cambodian island of Koh Tang, twenty miles off the Cambodian coast. The United States had struck to recover the crew of the U.S. merchant ship Mayaguez, seized three days earlier by forces of Cambodia’s new Communist regime. Before the day was over, the United States had recovered the ship and crew, triggering a wave of jubilation throughout the country. After years of bitter war that had led to deep divisions at home and defeat abroad, the nation finally enjoyed a victory, won for a popular cause.
There Are No Snakes on Koh Tang
Authors: Vandenbroucke Lucien S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Planning and directing the Mayaguez operation fell to the closest U.S. military headquarters, the U.S. Support Activities Group/7AF (USSAG) in Nakhon Phanom, Thailand. Technically a joint command, it included representatives from the four services. In fact, it was predominantly an Air Force command, headed by an Air Force officer, Lieutenant General John J. Burns. In the three years prior to the capture of the Mayaguez, USSAG’s main mission had been to provide air and logistical support to the South Vietnamese and Cambodian allies of the United States. In April 1975, USSAG had been heavily involved in the successful largescale evacuation of Americans from Cambodia and from South Vietnam as the two countries fell to Communist forces. Now USSAG faced a new challenge. Almost overnight, it was to organize the disparate U.S. units at hand into an integrated force and conduct one of the most difficult military operations of all: a combat rescue mission.
Cognitive Constructs In Animal And Human Studies
Authors: Kesner Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Buchwald (Chapter 5, this volume) has presented data in support of an animal model for the Pl middle latency response and for the endogenous P300 event-related potential (ERP) component. The aim of this chapter is to provide a commentary on those data, particularly the data on the P300 component and the cognitive processes to which it is related.
Event-Related Potentials In Populations At Genetic Risk: Genetic Principles And Research Strategies
Authors: Cloninger C Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) research in populations at genetic high risk for psychiatric disorders has not made optimal use of basic principles and research strategies that have been developed in genetic epidemiology during the past decade. Genetic epidemiology is the study of the interaction of biological and social risk factors influencing the inheritance and development of familial disorders.
Radiation and Cloud Processes in the Atmosphere
Authors: Liou K N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With significant advances in the field of atmospheric radiation and remote sensing in recent years, the need for an up-to-date treatment of radiation and cloud physics has become evident. This monograph addresses these advances, focusing on the physical principles and approximations required to develop specific subjects. In addition to its scientific value, the information presented here is essential for the development of better weather prediction models for medium- and long-range forecasting. It is also critical for achieving accurate retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles from satellite measurements, since new techniques for monitoring global biogeochemical changes rely on radiation theory and a precise knowledge of clouds and their role in radiative transfer.
Light Detectors, Photoreceptors, and Imaging Systems in Nature
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The influence of light on the lives of living organisms is all-pervasive, affecting movement, vision, behavior, and physiological activity. This book is a biophysically grounded comparative survey of how animals detect light and perceive their surroundings. Included are discussions of photoreceptors, light emitters, and eyes. The book focuses in particular on the kinds of optical systems that have evolved, beginning with unicellular organisms that detect and respond to light through to more advanced and complex designs for imaging. The relevance of these studies extends beyond biology, since these findings can be used to help develop photoreceptor energy conversion and information systems, and optical imaging devices with a wide range of everyday applications. The book will appeal to biophysicists, photobiologists, bioengineers, neuroscientists, and all researchers working in the area of vision and visual optics.
Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System: An Overview
Authors: Loewy A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The autonomic nervous system is traditionally de scribed as a motor system that provides control over visceral functions critical for homeostasis. This sys tem is responsible for the extrinsic regulation of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and all glandular secretions. Various metabolic processes are secondarily affected by this system due to its control over the re lease of hormones such as adrenaline and related chemical substances secreted by the adrenal gland, as well as insulin and glucagon liberated from the pancreas. However, the autonomic nervous system is not strictly an efferent motor system. Almost all visceral nerves have sensory fibers intermixed with the motor fibers.
Role of the Ventral Medulla Oblongata in Blood Pressure Regulation
Authors: Guyenet P G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sympathetic vasomotor outflow is composed of a series of parallel and differentially regulated efferent pathways that control the cardiac output and the vascular tone of somatic and visceral structures. These pathways are thought to be organized in a highly specific fashion. For example, it is currently believed that specific sets of sympathetic preganglionic neurons may regulate the activity of muscle vasoconstrictor sympathetic postganglionic fibers and other sympathetic preganglionic neurons may control cutaneous vasoconstrictor postganglionic neurons (see Chapter 18).
Autonomic Control of the Eye
Authors: Loewy A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the eye to function normally, a variety of functions that are under control of the autonomic nervous system need to be maintained. These functions include autonomic adjustments of smooth muscles controlling the iris and the lens so that a focused image is projected onto the fovea, as well as sympathetic regulation of the uveal blood vessels to pro vide nutrients to the ocular tissues. This chapter re views the neural pathways involved in (l) the pupillary light reflex, (2) the accommodation response, (3) the regulation of blood flow to the eye, and (4) the control of intraocular pressure.
A Comparative Primate Perspective on Adolescence
Authors: Rosenblum Leonard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Kinsey quote suggests, adolescence is neither a point in time nor an event signaled by some particular behavioral or morphological change. One may define puberty in specific neuroendocrinological terms, but adolescence is, of its essence, a period of transitions rather than a moment of attainment. It is the nature of those transitional processes that concerns us. While we may recognize, indeed agonize over, the diverse pathways followed by our own species during the stormy pas­ sage into maturity in human cultures, the march toward adulthood would appear to involve many of the same basic elements within the other primates. The role of this commentary is certainly not to provide any sort of survey of the extensive animal literature on the behavioral and morphological changes that culminate in reproductive and social maturity. Rather it is an effort to provide a comparative framework within which one may see parallel factors at work in shaping the form of adult expression in both human and nonhuman primates.
Emerging and Submerging Adolescent Sexuality: Culture and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Hotvedt Mary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 15-year-old unmarried woman becomes pregnant. If she is a rural Iraqi peasant girl, her father may kill her. If she is a Kalahari bush­ woman, she may marry quickly and comfortably. If she is a middle­ class U.S. high school student, she might stay unmarried and attend a special class for expectant mothers. These responses to the same scenario-only one of several aspects of adolescent sexuality to be dis­ cussed-are not simply random reactions due to geographic or linguistic differences or to parental whim. Each outcome is part of an integrated cultural pattern in which the reproductive capacity and sexuality of the girl, as well as the disposition of her infant, have different economic and social portent.