bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban population
Authors: Barthelemy Marc , Verbavatz Vincent 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we will see what we mean by urban population and the limitations that are brought to this measure by the problem of defining cities. We illustrate this problem on the historical case of the city of Paris from the fourth century to nowadays. We then discuss two types of definitions of cities that are either morphological or functional. This allows us to introduce define and discuss the most used definitions of cities (the FUA – functional urban area used by the OECD and the LUZ -larger urban zones used in Europe). Finally, we discuss an important source of data which is the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) project. This GPW provides a spatially disaggregated population layer that is compatible with other datasets from social, economic, earth sciences disciplines or from remote sensing. This spatially explicit data is a necessary ingredient for a consistent approach in empirical analysis, and policy-making.
Cortical comparisons
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Fossils tell us about the timing of cortical expansion but reveal almost nothing about the evolution of cortical maps, which requires comparative research on living species. Maps from many mammals would be ideal, but the field relies instead on data from a few, reasonably well-studied species. Tree shrews and galagos, because of their places on the Euarchontan evolutionary tree, are especially important for understanding cortical evolution in primates. It is also essential to dispel some misconceptions. For instance, neuroscientists sometimes treat broad regions of cortex, such as the prefrontal cortex or the posterior parietal cortex, as a single thing. Consequently, small and relatively simple cortical regions in rodents are wrongly equated with large, complex suites of areas in primates. Other discredited ideas include replica-in-miniature-, amalgam-, triune-brain-, and dual-origin theories.
Testifying to the Troubles
Authors: Hamilton Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the criminal chamber of the Parlement of Paris, magistrates sought to determine not only whether the acts Mathurin Delacanche allegedly committed took place, but also whether they occurred as part of the troubles, whether they responded to his own private initiative, and whether they were sufficiently severe to constitute what the Edict of Nantes (1598) defined in its article 86 as ‘execrable crimes’. The terms of that article made a significant contribution to the laws of war in pre-modern Europe, but it has been overlooked by historians. This chapter shows how Renée Chevalier’s prosecution of Delacanche reveals the significance of this provision in the Edict of Nantes concerning the laws of war, a provision that did not depend on the published theoretical works of major jurists, but instead relied on the sophisticated practice of criminal justice in French courts.
The Individualization of IHL Rules through Criminalization for War Crimes
Authors: Gaeta Paola , Jain Abhimanyu George 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, Paola Gaeta and Abhimanyu George Jain highlight a prioritization of individual criminal responsibility for war crimes over the enforcement of collective responsibility upon states and armed groups under IHL, and frame this prioritization as a form of individualization of IHL rules. They trace the origins and acceleration of this phenomenon and outline its processes, before turning to consider its possibly unintended and undesirable consequences for the underlying IHL norms. In the process of interpretation of IHL rules within the institutional frameworks and requirements of individual criminal responsibility, IHL norms are distorted, and IHL norms which are amenable to individualization are prioritized over those which are not. Ultimately Gaeta and George Jain argue that the prioritization of individual criminal over collective responsibility—individualization—while understandable, demands caution, in part because of the risk of abandoning the project of resuscitating and enhancing prospects for collective responsibility, and in part because of the challenges and limitations of individual criminal responsibility.
Developing a Conceptual Framework for Global South ComparisonsColombian and South African Contributions
Authors: Bilchitz David , Cachalia Raisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter develops the conceptual framework of the book which focuses on three ideas and the relationship between them: transitional justice, distributive justice, and transformative constitutionalism. It seeks to highlight the relevance and importance of these concepts to comparisons of Global South societies and then explain why this framework is particularly apposite to comparing Colombia and South Africa. This is followed by a discussion of the book’s approach to addressing the challenges of conducting Global South comparisons, which naturally leads to an explanation and justification for the specific methodology adopted in the book. That methodology involves the identification of specific themes on which authors write chapters about Colombia or South Africa and then a joint reflection on what emerges from considering the comparison between them. Finally, this chapter outlines the different segments of the book and the themes around which the chapters are organised, and provides a brief outline of the key arguments made by the authors.
Journey to a New Space
Authors: van den Heever Adriénne , Potenza Emilia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the role that museums and the construction of memory of the past can play in advancing transitional justice. The permanent exhibit on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission at the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg, South Africa is the focus of this chapter. The authors explore how the exhibition connects to both the overarching narrative of the Museum and the tenets of transitional and restorative justice as they have played out in the South African context. An empirical survey, with both qualitative and quantitative aspects, was undertaken enabling baseline findings of visitor knowledge, expectation, and experience of the exhibit.
Joint Reflection: South Africa and Colombia as Transitional Justice Societies
Authors: Roux Mispa , Santaularia Natalia Silva 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This joint reflection considers the central tension in transitional justice between punishment for past wrongs and establishing a stable peace, and how that has been affected by the coming into being of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Prior to the ICC, South Africa’s transitional arrangements initially allowed for blanket amnesties in return for truth-telling. Given Colombia is a signatory to the Rome Statute, such an approach was not possible in the 2016 Peace Agreement, leading to its innovative institutional architecture. The joint reflection recognises that the South African approach was drawn from a different era and is no longer acceptable or desirable. However, it challenges a purely retributive approach to addressing past crimes and suggests an important evolution is taking place in the role of the ICC—whilst placing pressure for accountability for past wrongs, it is working in a dialogical and collaborative manner with domestic jurisdictions to support and empower their own transitional justice processes.
The Response
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the response to claim forms sent by the tribunal. Respondents have twenty-eight days after the claim form has been sent to submit any response. The chapter clarifies the possibility of extensions of response time. However, respondents are not entitled to take part in the proceedings except to a very limited degree if they fail to lodge a response within the specified or extended time. The chapter then explores the consequences of failing to enter a response, rejection of a response, or uncontested applications. It also explains how the respondent employer may include a counterclaim in their response if the claimant makes a complaint of breach of contract.
Enforcement of Tribunal Awards
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 14 (Enforcement of Tribunal Awards) discusses the different methods that can be used to enforce employment tribunal awards. It considers the enforcement process in the County Court and the Practice Direction to CPR Part 70. It also looks at the ACAS and Employment Fast-Track System. Finally, it discusses the issuing of fines for failure to pay tribunal awards.
Employment Litigation in the Civil Courts
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 20 (Employment Litigation in the Civil Courts) provides, for the benefit of practitioners and others who are mainly familiar with the employment tribunals, an overview of the procedural rules governing employment claims in the High Court and County Court. It discusses the jurisdiction of each forum: should a particular claim be brought in the employment tribunal, the High Court, or the County Court? The related question of overlapping claims is addressed, with practical considerations highlighted. With detailed reference to provisions of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR), the chapter walks the reader through the key procedural stages of an employment dispute in the civil courts, from pre-action steps to trial. It includes practical checklists of steps up to completion of the statements of case and of matters for consideration at a case management conference.
Contractual Employment Issues in High Court and County Court
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses contractual employment issues in the high court and county court. It cites how contracts form the employment relationship basis and claims may emerge out of the contractual relationships. While employees may bring claims for unpaid remuneration under their contracts of employment, employers may bring claims based upon the express and implied duties of the contract of employment. The chapter explains the actions based on the contract of employment before the civil courts falling under the categories of employee claims concerning breach of terms, employment relationship, and post-termination restrictions. It clarifies how the employee may be subject to post-termination restraints with respect to confidential information extending beyond an employer’s trade secrets.
Green Central Banking
Authors: Dietsch Peter , Fontan Clément , Dion Jérémie , Claveau François 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that central banks find themselves between a rock and a hard place when it comes to green central banking. Either they endorse the project, exposing themselves to the charge that they lack the input legitimacy to do so, or they eschew taking into account climate concerns, thus undermining their output legitimacy. The chapter’s discourse analysis of central bankers’ speeches shows that disagreements among officials from the same institution regarding green central banking are grounded in issues outside their core expertise. Furthermore, neither the conservative nor the progressive central bankers defend positions that have the potential to overcome the legitimacy dilemma formulated here.
Introduction
Authors: Slowik Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Introduction explains why a close study of Rouben Mamoulian’s films is needed and discusses the ways in which the book will examine those films. In the 1930s and 1940s, Mamoulian was among the most innovative and celebrated directors. Yet his reputation has diminished over time, with scholars favoring auteurs who prized thematic consistency across their work. Through a close look at Mamoulian’s films, those of his contemporaries, and his writings, speeches, interviews, and other archival materials, we find that Mamoulian was a startlingly original filmmaker who offered foundational ideas pertaining to early sound and image strategies during the transition to sound, film rhythm and pacing, the development of the musical genre, color filmmaking, and filming strategies under industry censorship. Mamoulian’s work is vital to anyone interested in the history of Hollywood filmmaking.
Mamoulian, Art, and Cinema
Authors: Slowik Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter “Mamoulian, Art, and Cinema” explores how Rouben Mamoulian conceptualized film in his writings, speeches, and interviews and provides examples of recurring techniques that illustrate his theories. Thanks to his prior stage work in the 1920s, Mamoulian came to cinema with firm ideas about medium specificity and stylization already in place that would inform his approach to a wide array of filmmaking topics and challenges. For Mamoulian, an artist working in any form should home in on the properties essential to that medium and then stylize those properties to express the author’s viewpoint on the material. The chapter explores how this belief contributed to three recurring techniques across his work: shadow play, forced framings, and scene transitions. Mamoulian’s theories and their applications help explain why Mamoulian was so intent upon playing a defining role in sound cinema techniques.
Mamoulian and Early Film Sound
Authors: Slowik Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter “Mamoulian and Early Film Sound” examines the innovative sonic approaches Rouben Mamoulian took in his first three films: Applause (1929), City Streets (1931), and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931). Drawing upon archival records, Mamoulian’s written theories, and viewings of many other extant early sound-era films, the author explores how Mamoulian surmounted significant technological obstacles and announced sound film’s potential as a visually and sonically expressive form. At a time when many filmmakers used sound cinema as a dispassionate recording medium, Applause instead demonstrated how a filmmaker might focus on devices specific to cinema—particularly camera movement and selective and manipulated sound—to articulate narrative ideas. The author also explores the frequently cited claims that Mamoulian “invented” the voice-over in City Streets and synthetic sound in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and offers an assessment of Mamoulian’s historical importance centered more broadly on the expressive manipulation of the soundtrack.
The contours of the invented state
Authors: Thorson Emily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the contours of the invented state: widespread misperceptions about public policy. It explores how policy misperceptions can arise both from visible, explicit misinformation and from invisible, complex cognitive processes. The chapter first uses an interview approach, drawing on open-ended discussions with 40 Americans to identify common incorrect factual beliefs that people spontaneously invoke to justify and explain their opinions. Data from these interviews inform a representative survey showing that substantial numbers of Americans hold fundamental misperceptions about how government functions, on issues ranging from Social Security to the national debt. In addition, many of these misperceptions transcend party lines and are held by large numbers of both Democrats and Republicans.
How people interpret policy information
Authors: Thorson Emily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that correcting misperceptions about existing policy (as opposed to policy outcomes) is particularly likely to have downstream effects on attitudes. An experiment shows that across a range of issues, information about policy outcomes is systematically viewed through a partisan lens. In contrast, information about existing policy is seen as less partisan. I also directly compare the attitudinal effects of exposure to corrective information about existing policy versus policy outcomes in a specific issue area: refugee policy. Correcting misperceptions about existing policy had a strong and significant effect on refugee attitudes, while correcting misperceptions about policy outcomes had no effect.
Policy misperceptions and competence
Authors: Thorson Emily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the results of an experiment designed to systematically assess the effects of exposure to corrective information about existing policy across a range of issues and for a range of opinions. The chapter shows that exposure to corrective information about existing policy is effective at reducing misperceptions and increases approval of existing policies. In addition, analyses of open-ended responses suggest that providing information about current policy can alter which aspects of that policy are most salient for people, including what they prioritize changing and what they prefer to keep as is. These results suggest that the invented state does indeed have downstream effects on attitudes.
Conclusion
Authors: Thorson Emily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the contributions of this book to the larger conversation about knowledge, misinformation, and citizen competence, arguing that public appetite for information about existing policy is larger than commonly believed and that scholars of misinformation should pay more attention to measuring and assessing downstream effects of misperceptions on attitudes. It also considers some of the book’s limitations, including questions it leaves unanswered. Finally, it offers practical suggestions for and real-world example of how both journalists and academics might build on these findings to begin to dismantle the invented state.
Radical Politics
Authors: Thomas Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Radical Politics argues for the renewal of a politics of self-emancipation. The last 20 years has witnessed a proliferation of radical social and political movements around the world in wave after wave of struggles against intersecting forms of exploitation, domination, and subalternization. From the Alternative Globalization Movement, anti-war protests, Occupy, the International Women’s Strike, BlackLivesMatter, and direct action against the climate emergency, a series of common questions have continually re-emerged as practical challenges. How should radical political movements relate to the state? What makes emancipatory politics fundamentally different from both technocratic and populist models of “politics as usual”? Are there distinctive ways of doing politics that can help to increase the capacity for self-emancipation? Which forms of organization are most likely to deepen and extend the dynamics that led to the emergence of these movements of resistance and rebellion in the first place? Radical Politics argues that our responses to these recurrent questions should be considered in terms of a theory of the “causes” of contemporary emancipation; or an investigation into the goal, nature, method, and organizational forms of radical political engagement against the neoliberal consensus. It also proposes a dialogue with Antonio Gramsci’s political theory—reading a classic thinker of the contradictions of political modernity in new ways in the light of the concerns of the present—while also rethinking the central problems, concepts, and structures of feeling of contemporary emancipatory movements in relation to Gramsci’s distinctive notion of hegemony as a strategic method of self-emancipation.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The introduction argues that the cycles of radical and emancipatory political movements that have marked the first decades of the twenty-first century should be understood as the emergence of new models of self-emancipatory politics. The common questions posed by these movements regarding the state, the nature of politics, methods of political work, and organizational forms are characterized as a potential “aitiology” of contemporary emancipation,” or an investigation into its final, material, efficient, and formal causes. This chapter argues that a dialogue between the concerns of contemporary intersectional sociopolitical movements and Antonio Gramsci, in a relation of mutual translatability, has the potential both to clarify the key challenges confronted by these movements as well as to highlight hitherto underemphasized resources in Gramsci’s political thought—particularly his notions of political modernity as a process of subalternization and of hegemony as strategic method of self-emancipatory politics.
Efficient Cause
Authors: Thomas Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The third chapter argues that contemporary radical movements should adopt a strategically focused understanding of hegemony as their “method of political work.” Against readings that have valorized hegemony as a generic theory of power, conflating it with the notion of passive revolution, this chapter argues that hegemony’s primary relevance today consists in its experimental hypothesis of subaltern self-emancipation. This interpretation of hegemony sees it not as a variant of the Hobbesian-Rousseauvian paradigm of the unified political order of modern sovereignty but instead as a “visual angle” and distinctive strategic method for engaging in political action. This method is consolidated in the four central dimensions of the foundation of a new order, advocacy of historical progress, the practice of empowering leadership, and the notion of political action as a pedagogical laboratory. Understood in this way, hegemony appears as a way of doing politics beyond the limits of modern sovereignty.
The anonymity puzzle
Authors: Roberts M. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Imagine one future in which a well-off person exists, a second in which that same person exists at that same wellbeing level along with a second person who is well off but not quite as well off as the first, and a third in which those same two people merely reverse positions. We don’t yet seem to have a puzzle. Anti-natalism as to the second person seems implausible. And an anonymity principle seems to require impartiality between similarly situated individuals. Those points together suggest that the three futures are equally good. But indefinite iteration of that same fact pattern and same analysis does produce a puzzle, a puzzle of repugnant conclusion–type dimensions. The proposed solution—the identity-sensitive solution—lies in a return to the Pareto reduction principle in combination with an anti-anti-natalist inductive strategy and a modest restriction on the anonymity principle.
Person-based consequentialism: A new way of doing the best we can
Authors: Roberts M. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Each of the five existence puzzles—the asymmetry, Pareto, addition, anonymity, and better chance puzzle—can be reworked as arguments that insist that, if we accept the basic maximizing intuition, we must reject the basic existential intuition. This book shows that each such argument is invalid. By avoiding appeal to traditional total view (one that simply adds up raw wellbeing levels) and adopting instead a granulated, person-by-person and future-by-future inquiry into what makes things better and what we ought to do, we can articulate a collection of moral principles—together with various conceptual necessities, person based consequentialism—that nicely reconciles our two basic intuitions against each other. This book thus concludes in full support of Narveson’s idea that we are “in favour of making people happy” but entirely “neutral about making happy people.”