bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased incidence of invasive breast cancer after the introduction of service screening with mammography in Sweden
Authors: Jonsson Håkan , Johansson Robert , Lenner Per 
Published: June 2005

AbstractScreening with mammography has been shown to substantially reduce mortality from breast cancer. The incidence of invasive cancer will increase as screening starts, and it is desirable that it gradually returns to the same level as before screening. Age‐specific incidence of invasive breast cancer in 11 Swedish counties, including 463,000 women aged 40–74 years, was analysed before and after the start of service screening with mammography. Incidence, as observed on average during 12.8 years from screening start, was compared to expected incidence based on the incidence during a 15‐year period preceding screening start. The height of the incidence peak during the first screening round was increasing with increasing age, compatible with the accumulation in the population of slowly growing tumours by age. All analysed age groups showed an increased ratio between observed stabilised incidence 7–14 years after screening start and expected incidence. When relative risks were adjusted for lead time, the estimates were 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33–1.79) and 1.21 (95% CI 1.04–1.41) for the age groups 50–59 and 60–69 years, respectively. In the age groups 40–49 and 70–74, no change was observed. The findings were further confirmed by the observation of a disappearance in the screened population of the notch in the increasing trend of age‐specific breast cancer incidence for the ages after menopause. This notch could indicate hormone‐related retardation in tumour growth around menopause. It appears that many of these clinically insignificant, retarded tumours are detected with screening mammography. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activating mutations in the extracellular domain of the melanoma inducing receptor Xmrk are tumorigenic in vivo
Authors: Winnemoeller Dirk , Wellbrock Claudia , Schartl Manfred 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMutated versions or overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor are found frequently in various cancers. In Xiphophorus the formation of hereditary melanoma is caused by the overexpression of the Xmrk oncogene locus. Xmrk is a mutationally altered version of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Two amino acid changes in the extracellular domain of the receptor were shown in vitro to be responsible for a constitutive, ligand‐independent activity of Xmrk. To analyze whether these two mutations are indeed responsible for the in vivo oncogenic activity of the receptor, both were independently introduced into the wild‐type, non‐oncogenic Xiphophorus EGF‐receptor and tested in Medaka embryos for their tumorigenic capacity. Both mutations were sufficient to induce tumors after short latency periods and at a comparable frequency as the native Xmrk oncogene. The G359R mutation led to a significantly higher tumor rate than the C578S mutation. Our study shows that subtle point mutations of the EGF‐receptor can lead to a highly tumorigenic oncoprotein. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role for casein kinase 2 in the regulation of HIF‐1 activity
Authors: Mottet Denis , Ruys Sébastien Pyr Dit , Demazy Catherine , Raes Martine , Michiels Carine 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that plays a major role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. The mechanisms regulating HIF‐1 activity occurs at multiple levels in vivo. The HIF‐1α subunit is highly sensible to oxygen and is rapidly degraded by the proteasome 26S in normoxia. Activation in hypoxia occurs through a multistep process including inhibition of HIF‐1α degradation, but also increase in the transactivation activity of HIF‐1. Several data indicate that phosphorylation could play a role in this regulation. In this report, we investigated the role of casein kinase 2 (CK2), an ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase, in the regulation of HIF‐1 activity. Hypoxia was capable of increasing the expression of the β subunit of CK2, of inducing a relocalization of this subunit at the plasma membrane, of inducing nuclear translocation of the α subunit and of increasing CK2 activity. Three inhibitors of this kinase, DRB (5,6‐dichloro‐1‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐benzimidazole), TBB (4,5,6,7‐tetrabromotriazole) and apigenin, as well as overexpression of a partial dominant negative mutant of CK2α, were shown to inhibit HIF‐1 activity as measured by a reporter assay and through hypoxia‐induced VEGF and aldolase expression. This does not occur at the stabilization process since they did not affect HIF‐1α protein level. DNA‐binding activity was also not inhibited. We conclude that CK2 is an important regulator of HIF‐1 transcriptional activity but the mechanism of this regulation remains to be determined. Since HIF‐1 plays a major role in tumor angiogenesis and since CK2 has been described to be overexpressed in tumor cells, this new pathway of regulation can be one more way for tumor cells to survive. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron pairing and chemical bonds. Electron fluctuation and pair localization in ELF domains
Authors: Ponec Robert , Chaves Joaquin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article reports the numerical comparison of the quantities characterizing the extent of electron fluctuation and pair localization in the domains determined by the direct minimization of electron fluctuation with the domains resulting from the partitioning of the molecules based on the topological analysis of the so‐called electron localization function (ELF). Such a comparison demonstrates that the ELF partitioning can be regarded as a feasible alternative to computationally much more demanding direct optimization of minimum fluctuation domains. This opened the possibility of the systematic scrutiny of the electron pair model of the chemical bond, and as it was demonstrated, the previous pessimistic claims about the applicability of this model are not completely justified. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1205–1213, 2005
Some advances in the knowledge of grape, wine and distillates chemistry as achieved by mass spectrometry
Authors: Flamini Riccardo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMass spectrometry plays a very important role in acquiring knowledge of the chemistry of grape and its derivative products. By liquid mass spectrometry, anthocyanins of grape were studied, and in hybrid grape extracts, delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin and malvidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐p‐coumaroyl)‐5‐O‐diglucosides were found. A semiquantitative procedure to estimate the amounts and percentages of monoglucoside and diglucoside anthocyanins without chromatography was developed. By gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS), aroma compounds of grape, wine and the distillate Italian grappa were studied, and molecular structures characterized. The representative aroma profile of Muscat grape was characterized by 23 terpenols, present in both free and bonded form, and direct correlation between aroma and genetic profile permitted to distinguish between different Muscat grape varieties. Aroma of Italian grappa resulted from and was characterized by several compounds linked to the grape variety, such as vitispiranes, terpenols, ethyl cinnamate, salicylic esters, benzaldehyde and farnesol.Synthesis of O‐(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzyl)‐hydroxylamine (PFBOA) derivatives and GC/MS analysis resulted in a sensitive and selective method to study carbonyl compounds at the low levels occurring in wine. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurotensin and the neurotensin receptor‐3 in microglial cells
Authors: Martin Stéphane , Dicou Eleni , Vincent Jean‐Pierre , Mazella Jean 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMicroglia motility plays a crucial role in response to lesion or exocytotoxic damage of the cerebral tissue. The neuropeptide neurotensin elicited the migration of the human microglial cell line C13NJ by a mechanism dependent on both phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3 kinase) and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases pathways. The effect of neurotensin on cell migration was blocked by the neurotensin receptor‐3 propeptide, a selective ligand of this receptor. The type I neurotensin receptor‐3 was the only known neurotensin receptor expressed in these microglial cells, and its activation led to the phosphorylation of both extracellular signaling‐regulated kinases Erk1/2 and Akt. Furthermore, the effect of neurotensin on cell migration was preceded by a profound modification of the F‐actin cytoskeleton, particularly by the rapid formation of numerous cell filopodia. Both the motility and the filopodia appearance induced by neurotensin were totally blocked by selective inhibitors of MAP kinases or PI3 kinase pathways. In the murine microglial cell line N11, the neurotensin receptor‐3 is also the only neurotensin receptor expressed, and its activation by neurotensin leads to the phosphorylation of both Erk1/2 and Akt. In these cells, neurotensin induces the gene expression of several cytokines/chemokines, including MIP‐2, MCP‐1, interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α. This induction is dependent on both protein kinases pathways. We observed that the effect of neurotensin on the cytokine/chemokine expression is also inhibited by the neurotensin receptor‐3 propeptide. This is the demonstration that the neurotensin receptor‐3 is functional and mediates both the migratory action of neurotensin and its induction of chemokines/cytokines expression. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immortalized human microglial cell line: Phenotypic expression
Authors: Nagai Atsushi , Mishima Seiji , Ishida Yuri , Ishikura Hiroto , Harada Takayuki , Kobayashi Shotai , Kim Seung U. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMicroglia are a major neuroglial component of the CNS, playing an important role as resident immunocompetent and phagocytic cells in the CNS in the event of injury and disease. To understand the role of microglia in the CNS in health and diseases, we have recently established an immortalized clonal cell line of human microglia, HMO6, from human embryonic telencephalon tissue by using a retroviral vector encoding v‐myc. This immortalized microglia HMO6 cell line exhibits cell‐type‐specific antigens for microglia, including CD11b (Mac‐1), CD68, CD86 (B7‐2), HLA‐ABC, HLA‐DR, and RCA‐1 lectin, and actively phagocytoses latex beads. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigations with cultured human microglia on pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Walker D.G. , Lue L‐F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInflammation‐mediated mechanisms for human neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) have evolved from being on the fringe of medical hypotheses to mainstream thinking. Pioneering immunopathology studies with human brain tissues identified microglia associated with neuropathologic hallmarks of these diseases. As activated macrophages were known to produce many potential toxic products, this gave rise to the hypothesis that activated microglia (brain resident macrophages) could be contributing to the degeneration of key target neurons in these diseases, as well as potential vascular dysfunction. Studies with microglia derived from different sources, including human brains, have confirmed that activated microglia can mediate neuronal cell death. Based on these theories, a number of human clinical trials with antiinflammatory agents have been carried out on AD patients. Results to date have indicated a lack of effectiveness at slowing disease progression and have begun to cast doubt on the significance of inflammation in AD. It has been shown recently that activating microglia through immunization of amyloid plaque‐developing mice with amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) has promise as a therapeutic strategy and despite some setbacks, has potential as a treatment for AD patients. This article will consider experimental data with microglia to determine whether the additional targets need to be investigated. The use of human microglia cultures, in particular those derived from elderly diseased human brains, offers an experimental system that can closely model the cell type activated in human neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental data produced by our laboratory and others is reviewed to determine the contribution of this unique experimental model to understanding disease mechanisms and possibly discovering new therapeutic targets. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NeuroAIDS: Contributions of the human immunodeficiency virus‐1 proteins tat and gp120 as well as CD40 to microglial activation
Authors: D'Aversa T.G. , Eugenin E.A. , Berman J.W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMicroglia are the resident phagocytes of the brain and are an important source of proinflammatory mediators. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 infects the central nervous system early in the course of disease, and it is believed that this occurs, in part, through the transmigration of HIV‐1‐infected cells across the blood–brain barrier. Infected cells release viral proteins, such as Tat and gp120. After microglia interact with these proteins, they become activated and secrete chemokines; up‐regulate key surface receptors, such as CD40, and also activate resident cells. This review focuses on the consequences of microglial activation in NeuroAIDS, with an emphasis on chemokine production and CD40 up‐regulation after interaction with tat or gp120. The importance of microglial CD40 in two other neurological diseases, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, is also discussed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of dialysable iron by in vitro digestion of chicken muscle protein fractions: the size of the dialysable iron
Authors: Vattem Dhiraj A , Mahoney Raymond R 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMuscle foods enhance the absorption of non‐haem iron. We studied the size of the dialysable iron species produced following in vitro digestion of soluble and insoluble chicken muscle proteins and compared the results with those for egg white and whey protein. Digestion of chicken muscle proteins caused a four‐ to fivefold increase in dialysable iron, whereas egg white showed only a slight increase and whey protein caused a reduction, as compared with the control. All the dialysable iron species produced by egg white and whey were smaller than 1 kDa. In contrast, chicken muscle proteins produced dialysable iron species of all sizes up to 10 kDa, but the majority were in the range 2–3.5 kDa for both soluble and insoluble muscle proteins. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Rice proteomics: A cornerstone for cereal food crop proteomes
Authors: Agrawal Ganesh Kumar , Rakwal Randeep 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProteomics—a systematic study of proteins present in a cell, tissue, organ, or organism at a particular moment during the life cycle—that began with classical two‐dimensional electrophoresis and its advancement during the 1990s, has been revolutionized by a series of tremendous technological developments in mass spectrometry (MS), a core technology. Proteomics is exerting its influence on biological function of genes and genomes in the era (21st century) of functional genomics, and for this reason yeast, bacterial, and mammalian systems are the best examples. Although plant proteomics is still in its infancy, evolving proteomic technologies and the availability of the genome sequences ofArabidopsis thaliana(L.) Heyhn, and rice (Oryza sativaL.), model dicotyledoneous and monocotyledoneous (monocot) species, respectively, are propelling it towards new heights, as evidenced by the rapid spurt in worldwide plant proteome research. Rice, with an immense socio‐economic impact on human civilization, is a representative model of cereal food crops, and we consider it as a cornerstone for functional genomics of cereal plants. In this review, we look at the history and the current state of monocot proteomes, including barley, maize, and wheat, with a central focus on rice, which has the most extensive proteomic coverage to date. On one side, we highlight advances in technologies that have generated enormous amount of interest in plant proteomics, and the other side summarizes the achievements made towards establishing proteomes during plant growth & development and challenge to environmental factors, including disease, and for studying genetic relationships. In light of what we have learned from the proteomic journey in rice and other monocots, we finally reveal and assess their impact in our continuous strive towards completion of their full proteomes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automatic repositioning of single voxels in longitudinal 1H MRS studies
Authors: Hancu Ileana , Blezek Daniel J. , Dumoulin Michelle C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn automatic procedure, allowing the prospective registration of brain MRI images and the acquisition of nearly identical brain volumes (coverage and orientation) in longitudinal exams, is presented. This procedure, based on a fast registration algorithm and a tailored pulse sequence, is used to reposition single voxels for 1H MRS data acquired in vivo. The impact of the repositioning method on the extent of voxel overlap and on the reproducibility of metabolite concentration measurements is studied. A statistically significant increase in voxel overlap and generally decreased short‐term measurement variability (decreased coefficients of variation and increased reproducibility coefficients) are observed. Differences in the long‐term variances of metabolite concentrations and concentration ratios measured using the eye and automatic repositioning scheme, however, do not reach statistical significance. The improved workflow associated with the use of the automatic repositioning process, which obviates the need for skilled operator intervention for voxel repositioning, suggests that approaches similar to the one presented here may be a standard element in tomorrow's longitudinal MRI and MRS exams. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Splitting methods for Hamilton‐Jacobi equations
Authors: Tourin Agnès 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe explain how the exploitation of several kinds of operator splitting methods, both local and global in time, lead to simple numerical schemes approximating the solution of nonlinear Hamilton‐Jacobi equations. We review the existing local methods which have been used since the early 80's and we introduce a new method which is global in time. We show some numerical experiments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
ERβ isoform expression in colorectal carcinoma: an in vivo and in vitro study of clinicopathological and molecular correlates
Authors: Wong Newton ACS , Malcomson Roger DG , Jodrell Duncan I , Groome Nigel P , Harrison David J , Saunders Philippa TK 
Published: June 2005

AbstractColorectal carcinoma shows several sex‐related differences with regard to incidence, response to chemotherapy and microsatellite instability. These differences may relate to differential expression of ERβ1 (wild‐type) as well as the truncated ERβ2 and ERβ5 splice variant isoforms, which have recently been detected in normal and malignant colorectal epithelium. This hypothesis was tested through the study of ERβ isoform protein and/or mRNA expression amongst 91 primary colorectal carcinoma cases and 20 colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Study of the latter showed an absolute correlation between mRNA and protein expressions for ERβ1 and ERβ2. ERβ1 and ERβ2 protein expression was lost in 22% and 49%, respectively, of the primary colorectal carcinomas. By contrast, ERβ5 expression was found in all primary colorectal carcinomas and all colorectal carcinoma cell lines studied. Lower ERβ1 protein expression was associated with poorer differentiation, higher pT stage and absence of microsatellite instability. Higher ERβ2 protein expression was associated with right‐sided location and presence of lymph node metastases. Protein expression of ERβ1 correlated positively with expression of the oestrogen‐responsive protein trefoil factor 1 (TFF1). There was no correlation between ERβ protein isoform expression and response to 5‐fluorouracil therapy, tumour proliferation, or thymidylate synthase expression. These data suggest that ERβ1 and/or ERβ2 isoform expression may have prognostic value and may explain sex‐related differences in microsatellite instability and colorectal carcinoma. The opposing associations shown by ERβ1 and/or ERβ2 in relation to colorectal carcinoma are in keeping with differential activities shown by the two isoforms. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn due to congenital capillary alveolar dysplasia
Authors: Singh Soraisham Amuchou , Ibrahim Thowfique , Clark Deborah Jane , Taylor Richard Scott , George David Hilles 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCongenital alveolar capillary dysplasia is a rare and fatal cause of pulmonary hypertension in neonates. We report on a term baby with severe pulmonary hypertension unresponsive to high‐frequency ventilation and nitric oxide. A diagnosis of alveolar capillary dysplasia was established on autopsy. We review the literature regarding pathophysiology, clinical presentations, associated malformations, and treatment trials. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Near‐Infrared and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy of Nano‐Energetic Materials Containing Aluminum and Boron
Authors: Yang Yanqiang , Wang Shufeng , Sun Zhaoyong , Dlott Dana D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNear‐infrared and visible absorption spectra are measured for nano‐energetic materials consisting of thirteen different types of Al or B nano‐particles in the 30 nm to 1 μm size range embedded in nitrocellulose or Teflon oxidizers, using an integrating sphere absorption spectrometer. The Al nano‐particle absorption is generally similar to the spectra of bulk Al, but the absorption strength is size‐dependent and up to twelve times more intense. Absorption coefficients are determined as a function of nano‐particle loading. For Al particles where the size is known, per particle cross sections are also determined. The ratio of cross section to volume decreases with increasing particle size. The implications of these measurements for nano‐sized energetic material analysis and for laser‐ignition experiments are briefly discussed.
Re‐Calibration of the UK Large Scale Gap Test
Authors: Bourne Neil K. , Cooper Gary A. , Burley Stephen J. , Fung Virgil , Hollands Ron 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new donor explosive, ROWANEX 3601 has been selected for use in the large scale gap test (LSGT). It was necessary to calibrate the peak pressure recorded on the central axis of the PMMA gap using calibrated piezo‐resistive pressure transducers as a function of the gap thickness. The stress history within the PMMA gap was measured and the peak pressure plotted against gap thickness as a calibration. Further effects were noted relating to the curvature of front exiting the donor charge and the validity of the measurement of the transmitted shock at small gap thicknesses.
Metal/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants: VI. Combustion Behaviour and Radiation Properties of Magnesium/Poly(Carbon Monofluoride) Pyrolant
Authors: Koch Ernst‐Christian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe performance of poly(carbon monofluoride) (PMF) (synonym: graphite fluoride) (CFx)n, (1) as oxidizer in a fuel rich Mg based pyrolant (ξ(Mg)=0.45) is investigated. The radiance [W sr−1] under both static and dynamic conditions, the spectral radiant exitance [W cm−2 μm−1], the linear burn rate [mm s−1] and the mass consumption rate [g s−1 cm−2] have been determined. Calculations for enthalpy of anaerobic and aerobic combustion [kJ g−1] and for the equilibrium composition of the combustion products as well as combustion temperature are given. A mechanism for the reaction is discussed. The combustion product from Mg/(CFx)n surprisingly reveals the formation of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and “carbon nano carpet rolls” (CNCR). For part V see Ref. [1].