bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localized breeding of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) along the River Gambia, West Africa
Authors: Bøgh C. , Clarke S.E. , Jawara M. , Thomas C.J. , Lindsay S.W. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA study was undertaken to identify the major larval habitats of the Anopheles gambiae (Giles) complex in rural Gambia. Mosquito larvae and pupae were sampled along transects and in specific habitats in the central region of the country during the rainy seasons of 1996 and 1997. The sampling showed that the major breeding sites were located on the flooded alluvial soils bordering the river. The largest numbers of larvae were found during September, one month after the peak rains. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of specimens showed that Anopheles melas (Theobald) was the dominant species in the flooded areas (81.5%), followed by A. gambiae sensu stricto (Giles) (18.0%) and A.arabiensis (Patton) (0.5%). By sampling in specific habitats it was evident that A.arabiensis was mainly breeding in rain-fed rice fields along the edge of the alluvial soils. Anophelesmelas and A.gambiae s.s. often coexisted but whereas A. melas were found in water with a salinity of up to 72% sea water (25.2 g NaCl l−1), A.gambiae s.s. only occurred in water with up to 30% sea water (10.5 g NaCl l−1). Anophelesmelas larvae were found in association with plant communities dominated by sedges and grasses (Eleocharis sp., Paspalum sp., Sporobolus sp.) and sea-purslane Sesuviumportulacastrum (L.) and the presence of cattle hoof prints, whereas A.gambiae s.s. larvae mainly occurred in association with Paspalum sp. and Eleocharis sp. The study showed that even during the peak rainy season, breeding of the A.gambiae complex is almost entirely restricted to the extensive alluvial areas along the river.
Quantitative description and discrimination of butterfly wing patterns using moment invariant analysis
Authors: White R.J. , Winokur L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractStudies examining and using pattern variation in insects for identification and characterization of individuals and populations have been limited by the methods available for quantifying wing patterns objectively. In this paper, differences in wing pattern are demonstrated statistically using moment invariant data sets generated automatically from digitized images of the speckled wood butterfly,Pararge aegeria(Linnaeus). Studies with other biological subjects have already shown moment invariants to work well with outline shapes and silhouettes. A pilot study with replicated monochrome photographs of a single butterfly showed the method could detect pattern differences between wing surfaces, even in the presence of simulated wing fading and damage. In a further study of the wings of 228 specimens, multivariate analyses of variance using the moment data reliably detected differences between groups of butterflies according to sex, geographical origin and culture history. Potential applications and future improvements of the moment methodology are considered.
Overwintering, soil distribution and phenology of Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Queensland sugarcane
Authors: Logan D.P. , Allsopp P.G. , Zalucki M.P. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn this study, the question of whether Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus (Britton) overwinters in the subsoil was addressed. Irrigated fields of sugarcane were sampled during a 2-year period near Bundaberg in southern Queensland. Antitrogus parvulus overwintered as second and third instars at each of three sites. During autumn and winter third instars of different allochronic (separated in age by 12 months) populations occurred together and could not be readily separated. Field-collected third instars were reared on ryegrass and separated into two age groups based on the date of pupation. Third instars in the first year of their life cycle (young third instars) remained at shallow depth (100–200 mm) and did not overwinter in the subsoil as once thought. Minimum temperatures during winter were 13–16°C and did not prevent young third instars from feeding and gaining weight. Third instars in their second and final year moved downwards from late summer and pupated in the subsoil at 293–425 mm in spring. General phenology was as previously reported with first instar larvae occurring from January until April, second instars from January until November and third instar larvae throughout the year. Prepupae and pupae were found between October and December and adults occurred in soil during November and January. Batches of eggs occurred at a mean depth of 350 mm. First and second instars occurred predominantly at relatively shallow (100–200 mm) depths in the soil profile. All stages tended to be most common under rows of sugarcane rather than in the interrow.
Navigation of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) under dusk or starlight conditions
Authors: Mellor H.E. , Hamilton J.G.C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe responses of male and female Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) to different wavelengths of light was tested by presenting the sandflies with two light sources simultaneously, a series of test wavelengths between 350–670 nm and a 400 nm control. To test whether L. longipalpis could discriminate between the test and control, three sets of experiments were carried out in which the test wavelengths were presented at higher, equivalent or lower intensity than the control. In all three experiments, ultra-violet (350 nm) and blue-green-yellow (490–546 nm) light was more attractive to L. longipalpis than the control wavelength. However, at low intensity, UV was less attractive, than equivalent or higher intensity UV light. At intensities equivalent to or higher than the control wavelength, ultra-violet light was more attractive than blue-green. Furthermore, at low intensity, green-yellow (546 nm) light was more attractive to males whereas blue-green (490 nm) was more attractive to females. Blue-violet (400 nm) and orange-red (600–670 nm) light were least attractive in all three sets of experiments. Response function experiments indicated that the responses were dependent on both intensity and wavelength and that therefore more than one photoreceptor must be involved in the response. The results indicated that L. longipalpis can discriminate between different wavelengths at different intensities and thus have true colour vision. It also suggests that L. longipalpis may be able to navigate at dusk or under moonlight or starlight conditions using light in the blue-green-yellow part of the spectrum. The difference in response of males and females to light in this region is interesting and may indicate the different ecology of the sexes at night. Overall, these results may have important implications for sandfly trap design.
Genetic delineation of sibling species of the pest fruit fly Bactocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) using microsatellites
Authors: Wang Y. , Yu H. , Raphael K. , Gilchrist A.S. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractUsing a large set of microsatellites, the genetic relationships between three closely related Australian fruit fly species, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), B. neohumeralis (Hardy) and B. aquilonis(May) were investigated. Bactrocera tryoni and B. neohumeralis are sympatric, while B. aquilonis is allopatric to both. The sympatric species, B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis, were found to be genetically distinct. It is likely that despite differences in mating time between these two species, some gene flow still occurs. In contrast, the sibling species B. tryoni and B. aquilonis were found to be closely related, despite allopatry. The level of genetic divergence was similar to that found within eastern Australian populations of B. tryoni. Consideration of all available genetic data suggests that this similarity is not due to recent (i.e. within the last 30 years) displacement of B. aquilonis by B. tryoni from the B. aquilonis region (north-western Australia). Instead the data suggests that, at least in the areas sampled, asymmetrical hybridization may have occurred over a longer timescale.
Representational Models Associated With Fear of Failure in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Conroy David E. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractAs a descriptive trait, fear of failure (FF) has been associated with serious problems in achievement and health. Psychodynamic theories emphasizing interpersonal processes and early object relations are often used to explain the etiology of FF despite little comprehensive research on such theories in the FF domain. The present study employed the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior to study associations between FF and representational models of self and others among 211 high school and college‐aged students and athletes. FF was strongly associated with hostile representational models of self while failing (large effect size). This hostility paralleled the manner in which high FF participants reported being treated by their parents and most significant instructors (all moderate effect sizes). Overall, results supported the complementary nature of these theoretical perspectives and provided further evidence for interpersonal theories of FF.
GI Science, Disasters, and Emergency Management
Authors: Cutter Susan L 
Published: August 2003

AbstractSocietal responses to disasters begin with the initial post‐event rescue and relief operations, followed by recovery, reconstruction, and then transcend into mitigation actions including the development of pre‐impact preparedness measures, collectively known as the emergency response cycle. This paper highlights some of the applications of GI Science to the emergency response cycle, citing examples from natural hazards and from the World Trade Center disaster on 11th September 2001. More importantly, the paper describes some of the constraints on the utilization of GI Science by the practitioner community: understandable user interfaces; data quantity, quality, and integration; real‐time data and information. Finally, the paper suggests some important GI Science research areas based on the needs of the disasters and emergency management research and practitioner communities.
Building Web‐Based Spatial Information Solutions around Open Specifications and Open Source Software
Authors: Anderson Geoffrey , Moreno‐Sanchez Rafael 
Published: August 2003

AbstractGeographic Information Systems (GIS) are moving from isolated, standalone, monolithic, proprietary systems working in a client‐server architecture to smaller web‐based applications and components offering specific geo‐processing functionality and transparently exchanging data among them. Interoperability is at the core of this new web services model. Compliance with Open Specifications (OS) enables interoperability. Web‐GIS software's high costs, complexity and special requirements have prevented many organizations from deploying their data and geo‐processing capabilities over the World Wide Web. There are no‐cost Open Source Software (OSS) alternatives to proprietary software for operating systems, web servers, and Relational Database Management Systems. We tested the potential of the combined use of OS and OSS to create web‐based spatial information solutions. We present in detail the steps taken in creating a prototype system to support land use planning in Mexico with web‐based geo‐processing capabilities currently not present in commercial web‐GIS products. We show that the process is straightforward and accessible to a broad audience of geographic information scientists and developers. We conclude that OS and OSS allow the development of web‐based spatial information solutions that are low‐cost, simple to implement, compatible with existing information technology infrastructure, and have the potential of interoperating with other systems and applications in the future.
Using the Relative Operating Characteristic to Quantify Certainty in Prediction of Location of Land Cover Change in India
Authors: Pontius Jr R Gil , Batchu Kiran 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper describes a methodology by which modelers, ecologists and planners can quantify the certainty in predicting the location of change for a given quantity of change. The specification of the quantity of a land cover category and the specification of the location of a land cover category are two distinct fundamental concepts in geographical analysis. It is crucial that scientists have appropriate quantitative tools to analyze each of these two concepts independently of one another. This paper gives methods whereby a scientist can convert a map of relative propensity for disturbance to a map of probability of future disturbance, based on a quantifiable validation of a map's predictive ability. The required inputs are: (1) maps that show a Boolean categorical variable at times 0, 1 and 2, (2) a technique to create a map that shows the relative propensity for membership in the Boolean category, and (3) a predicted proportion of the category at time 3.
A Non‐geographical Application of Spatial Information Systems in Pupillometry
Authors: Bryan Brett A , Stone Benjamin P 
Published: August 2003

AbstractSpatial analysis and spatial information systems have great potential in many non‐geographic domains. This paper presents an example of the utility of spatial analysis in a non‐geographic domain. A technique of pupillometry using digital infrared video loosely coupled with a Spatial Information System and a spreadsheet is developed to accurately quantify pupil dilation magnitude and constriction onset latency for participants of different cognitive ability and under different cognitive loads. Spatio‐temporal pupil dynamics of participants are recorded using digital infrared video. The pupil to iris area ratio is calculated for over 470,000 temporally sequenced de‐interlaced video fields by automatic feature extraction using a combination of threshold analysis, spatial smoothing and areal filtering. Pupil dilation magnitudes and constriction onset latencies are calculated through post‐processing in a spreadsheet. The study identifies inadequacies in current spatial analytical techniques for automatic feature extraction not necessarily evident in geographic applications. Issues impeding the employment of spatial analysis in non‐geographic domains including the lack of a generic spatial referencing system are identified and discussed.
Integration of Satellite Telemetry Data and Land Cover Imagery: A Study of Migratory Cranes in Northeast Asia
Authors: Minton Jason S , Higuchi Hiroyoshi , Halls Joanne N 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe present study describes a procedure for quantitatively analyzing satellite telemetry data to identify interspecific land use differences among four threatened crane species. The inherent inaccuracy of satellite telemetry data points, the temporal autocorrelation of those points, and the resolution of two land‐cover imagery products from the IGBP‐DISCover Global Land‐Cover Characterization Project (derived from AVHRR data) were assessed and integrated in a GIS. Satellite telemetry is a system where animals are tracked using battery‐operated transmitters and locations are calculated using triangulation from satellites. Using the variable spatial inaccuracy of the telemetry locations, each point was buffered using a radius based on the accuracy of the point, and then intersected with the land cover imagery. The research concluded that the methodology is valuable for studies of birds at a regional scale, with interspecific differences clearly evident, but that diurnal and nocturnal differences were not discernable due to the coarse resolution of both satellite telemetry and land‐cover data.
Constructing and Testing Theological Models
Authors: Klemm David E. , Klink William H. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn order for theology to have a cognitive dimension, it is necessary to have procedures for testing and critically evaluating theological models. We make use of certain features of scientific models to show how science has been able to move beyond the poles of foundationalism, represented by logical positivism, and antifoundationalism or relativism, represented by the sociologists of knowledge. These ideas are generalized to show that constructing and testing theological models similarly offers a means by which theology can move beyond confessionalism and postmodernism. Our starting point is Paul Tillich's concept of God as the ground of being and the different levels of consciousness and thinking that accompany his understanding of theology. The ontological argument of Anselm is shown to play a key role, not as a proof for the existence of God but as a means for testing theological models. An example of a theological model, drawn from the domain of philosophy of science, is presented to show how theological models are constructed and tested.
Problems and Possibilities of Theological Models: Responding to David Klemm and William Klink
Authors: Gilkey Langdon 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis essay is a response to the proposals of David Klemm and William Klink concerning the construction and testing of theological models. A number of issues are raised for critical attention. (1) The exclusive attention to Christian theology, with no discussion of other religions, poses some significant problems, not the least of which is that cognitive claims of religious thinking are not universal but rather are defined by the particularities of the religious context in which they are made. (2) Although the authors wish to transcend confessionalism, their focus on Christianity and on the concept of God as a basic assumption can be construed as a kind of confessionalism. (3) The argument that theological and scientific models stand in analogy to each other requires more critical examination, particularly with respect to the issues of explanation, prediction, falsification, nesting, and openness. (4) While the argument is persuasive when referred to certain theologians, such as Paul Tillich, it requires some adjustment if it is to apply to other theological systems, such as Process theology.
Challenging Design: How Best to Account for the World as It Really Is
Authors: Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen 
Published: August 2003

AbstractEvolutionary psychology and intelligent‐design theory both need to be able to account for the empirical world, or the world as it is. This essay is an attempt to clarify the challenges these theories need to meet, if the relevant empirical findings are replicable. There is evidence of change in the biological world and of modularity of mind, and there is a growing body of work that finds evolutionary theory a convincing and fruitful account of the “design” of the mind. Three major empirical findings within evolutionary psychology are presented and discussed. The author claims that Cartesian dualism, as it is usually meant within psychology—a split between body and mind—is false, but that Descartes' original division between body and soul has not been challenged and is not challenged by the evidence that the mind is also a biological entity. The article concludes that the convergence of theology and science is to be found in the onus to discover the truth about the world as it really is, and this calls for an ability on both parts to account for the empirical world.
Are There Intimations of Divine Transcendence in the Physical World?
Authors: Fagg Lawrence W. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis essay, suggesting two physical phenomena that might serve as meaningful analogies to divine transcendence, is a theological complement to two earlier Zygon articles that show how the underlying ubiquity of electromagnetic phenomena in all of nature is a compelling physical analogy to divine immanence. My perception of transcendence and its relation to immanence are specified to provide a context for the discussion. A description of our being ensconced in what I term a cosmic cocoon introduces the discussion of how the finite limit of the speed of light and quantum non‐locality could be considered as physical analogies of, or pointers to, God's transcendence. The relevance of our cosmologic future to transcendence is also treated. Selected examples of transcendence found in spiritual experiences and in religious scriptures are presented that complement the physical discussion. Finally, the relevance of this study to a theology of nature as well as a natural theology is examined.
Brain Science and the Biology of Belief: A Theological Response
Authors: Delio Ilia 
Published: August 2003

AbstractExploration of brain pathways involved in religious experience has been the focus of research by Andrew Newberg and colleagues. Although the import of this work sheds new light on the human capacity to experience divine reality, the theological implications drawn from this research are vague and lack an appropriate methodology to provide critical distinctions. This paper offers a theological response to Newberg's work by highlighting several aspects of this research including the relationship between theological judgments and empirical observations, the uniqueness of human transcendence, and the appropriateness of measuring mystical experience.
Theological Implications of Possible Extraterrestrial Life
Authors: Bonting Sjoerd L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBible and tradition remain silent on intelligent extraterrestrial life, and few modern theologians have expressed themselves on this topic. Scientific insight suggests the possibility, even likelihood, of the development of life on extrasolar earthlike planets. It is argued that such life forms would resemble earthly life (biochemistry, genetic system, neuronal processes) and also develop a religious and moral life. As creatures with free will they would be prone to sin and in need of salvation. It is argued that this would not require multiple incarnations, since Jesus is the cosmic Christ.
The Conflict Between Religion and Science in Light of the Patterns of Religious Belief Among Scientists
Authors: Brown C. Mackenzie 
Published: August 2003

AbstractRecent summaries of psychologist James H. Leuba's pioneering studies on the religious beliefs of American scientists have misrepresented his findings and ignored important aspects of his analyses, including predictions regarding the future of religion. Much of the recent interest in Leuba was sparked by Edward J. Larson and Larry Witham's commentary in Nature (3 April 1997), “Scientists Are Still Keeping the Faith.” Larson and Witham compared the results of their 1996 survey of one thousand randomly selected American scientists regarding their religious beliefs with a similar survey published eighty years earlier by Leuba. Leuba's original studies are themselves problematical. Nonetheless, his notion that different fields of science have different impacts on the religion‐science relationship remains valid. Especially significant is his appreciation of religion as a dynamic, compelling force in human life: any waning of traditional beliefs does not mean a decrease in religious commitment but calls for a new spirituality in harmony with modern scientific teachings. Leuba's studies, placed in proper context, offer a broad historical perspective from which to interpret data about religious beliefs of scientists and the impact of science and scientists on public beliefs, and opportunity to develop new insight into the religion‐science relationship.