bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social organization and food resource availability in primates: A socio‐bioenergetic analysis of diet and disease hypotheses
Authors: Coelho Anthony M. , Bramblett Claud A. , Quick Larry B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData obtained during a field study of two species of nonhuman primates (Alouatta villosa and Ateles geoffroyi) living in the Tikal National Park in Guatemala are used to suggest an answer to the question: To what extent is the existence of a particular form of social organization (group size, structure, and composition) an indication of the amount of energy in the form of food resources available to animals in a particular habitat? Seven researchers working in teams spent 2,318 hours in the field, 1,145 hours of which were in contact with the monkeys. Comparisons of dietary data, estimated energy expenditures, and habitat productivity provide indications of the degree to which a habitat is capable of supporting the energy and other nutritional requirements of howler and spider monkeys living within the study area. These data suggest that much larger populations and different forms of social organizations can be supported by resources available within the habitat.
The evolution of molar occlusion in the Cercopithecidae and early catarrhines
Authors: Kay Richard F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThose Eocene prosimians which are possible catarrhine ancestors have four blade‐like crests on each lower molar. Each crest shears in sequence across two upper molar crests. Occluding crests are concavely curved to hold the foods being sheared. Each of two medial lower molar crests bordering the principal crushing surface shear past single upper molar crests at about the same time the lateral lower molar crests contact the second rank of upper molar crests. Grinding and crushing areas are restricted to hypoconid, trigonid, and protocone surfaces.Oligocene catarrhine molars have increased crushing‐grinding capacities and maintained but modify their shearing. As the crushing surface of the protocone expands and a crushing hypocone is added, the “second rank” upper molar shearing crests are functionally reduced. At the same time medial crests are increasingly emphasized so that the total shearing capacity remains virtually unchanged. Marginal shearing blades are straight edged; leading edges of occluding blades are set at different angles to the occlusal plane so that blades contact at only one point at any given time.Early Primates have separate crushing basins surrounded by shearing blades. Catarrhines tend to link expanding crushing surfaces anteroposteriorly into a continuous surface between all molars.A cladistic analysis based on both new and previously recognized characters indicates that: 1, Apidium may be more closely related to Aegyptopithecus than to Parapithecus; 2, cercopithecids are derived from a Parapithecus‐related stock; 3, Oreopithecus could equally well have come from an Apidium or Aegyptopithecus stock.
Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder
Authors: Oxnard C. E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA recent discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) implies that previous multivariate morphometric studies of the shoulder, reviewed in Oxnard ('73), have been misinterpreted because due allowance was not made for the overall sizes of the specimens. Results that were given functional significance in the earlier investigations are cited as being due at least in part to overall bodily size. Although examination of the range of genera selected for mention by Corruccini and Ciochon seems superficially to support this view, it is demonstrated here that examination of the full range of genera in the earlier studies refutes, unequivocally, that suggestion.The discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) also implies that the more complex size correction applied in their study produces a result different from that of the previous workers. Again, although perusal of the particular part of the earlier study selected for discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon would appear to bear that out, it is demonstrated here that comparisons with all parts of the earlier results provide a different picture. Thus the main result of Corruccini and Ciochon replicates rather closely a more restricted part of the earlier result not mentioned by Corruccini and Ciochon. The difference between Corruccini and Ciochon's principal result and the main result of the prior authors is shown to rest upon the difference between the more restricted earlier study of “residual” shoulder dimensions and the other broader studies; i.e., not upon any multivariate manipulation, but upon the inclusion in the broader study of a wider range of information about the shape of the primate shoulder.Knowledge of these and other points is important in assessing the overall contribution of the discussion of Corruccini and Ciochon.
Genes and people in the caspian littoral: A population genetic study in northern Iran
Authors: Kirk R. L. , Keats Bronya , Blake N. M. , McDermid E. M. , Ala F. , Karimi M. , Nickbin B. , Shabazi H. , Kmet J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData for the distribution of alleles controlling two blood group systems and secretor status, for hemoglobin types, five serum protein groups and 15 red cell enzyme systems has been obtained. Eleven of the systems showed polymorphic variation and these systems have been used to calculate genetic distances using Morton's Kinship measure. No systematic relationship between genetic distance and geographic location of linguistic affiliation is apparent. There is, however, an apparent cline of decreasing frequency of PGDc from east to west and also significant differences in the frequency of G6PD deficiency corresponding to variation in the ecology of the region.Genetic distance comparisons with other selected populations reveal that the Turkic and Turkoman speaking peoples in the Caspian area cluster with the Kurds, Greeks and Iranis. The Persian speakers are genetically remote from these populations; they are, however, close to the Parsis who migrated from Iran to India at the end of the Seventh Century A.D.Several unusual genetic variants were detected, including a novel MDH pheno‐type, a superoxide dismutase phenotype identical with the Scandinavian type, and rare forms of LDH, PGM locus 2, ceruloplasmin, diaphorase, peptidases and PHI.
Relationship between tooth and long bone size
Authors: Lavelle Christopher L. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCanonical correlations between tooth and long bone dimensions showed a greater correlation for Anglo‐Saxons and apes than for Nineteenth Century Londoners, i.e., coefficients of 0.75 for gorilla, 0.72 for chimpanzee, 0.69 for orang‐utans, 0.74 for Anglo‐Saxons, but 0.53 for Nineteenth Century Londoners. Although based upon limited sample sizes and limited metrical profiles of teeth and long bones, the data support the thesis that modern Europeans are under reduced selection pressure to maintain tooth size compared with apes or ancient man.
The topology of hair streams and whorls in man, with an observation on their relationship to epidermal ridge patterns
Authors: Findlay G. H. , Harris W. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHair slope, whorl, cross and field formation is expressible in a topological form. The mathematical description required suggests an origin for the patterns in a growth process occurring in the upper dermis which determines the patterns of the hair slope. The formulae proposed by Euler, Poincaré and Ludwig are adopted as a descriptive method for the analysis of hair patterning resulting from hair slope. A unitary theory for hair streams and fingerprint patterns is suggested by the discovery, on one remarkable human foetus, of sites where epidermal ridges and convergent hair whorls were combined. Placement of the parietal scalp whorl in man is linked to hominid brain and skull development, and its associated hair field is noted to be bipartite, as revealed through patterns of differential hair loss.
Radiological anthropometry of the hand in Turner's syndrome
Authors: Park Elizabeth 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMetacarpal‐phalangeal (M‐P) lengths, metacarpal sign, and carpal angle were studied using 142 pairs of hand X‐rays from 81 individuals with Turner's syndrome age 6 to 25 years. Left M‐P lengths, grouped by bone age, were compared with normal female standards and Z‐score pattern profiles calculated for each bone age. Differences between Turners and normals in most M‐P lengths increased with age, particularly after puberty. Calculation of inter‐individual and intra‐individual variability yielded good evidence for a M‐P pattern profile typical of Turner's syndrome, with increasing growth deficiency from distal to proximal and lateral to medial. The incidence of positive metacarpal sign was 33.8%, with no significant difference between XO and non‐XO Turners. It did not appear that M41 ceased growth prematurely, suggesting that short M4 is not the result of early epiphyseal fusion. Carpal angle, reported to be abnormally decreased in Turners, was not found to differ from normal. There was no difference between right and left sides or between XO and non‐XO Turners, but carpal angle did decrease significantly with both decreasing ulnar deviation in positioning of the hand and increasing age. In the latter respect Turners differ from normals who show an increase in carpal angle with age.
Associations in emergence age among permanent teeth
Authors: Kent Ralph L. , Reed Robert B. , Moorrees Coenraad F. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAssociations in the timing of emergence among the permanent teeth of Boston children were obtained from a mixed longitudinal growth study of 414 Caucasian twin pairs examined annually. Correlations were estimated by the method of maximum likelihood for corresponding left‐right teeth, upper‐lower teeth, and all paired combinations from central incisor to second molar in a jaw quadrant of each sex. Strong positive correlations in emergence timing prevailed throughout the dentition. Principal component analyses on correlation matrices of jaw quadrant relations for boys and girls in the maxilla and mandible showed that three components effectively explained the emergence associations among the seven permanent teeth in each jaw quadrant. Factor analytic techniques further illustrated the nature of the three components and showed the emergence relations to be essentially the same in the maxilla and mandible for both sexes. The first component was a general maturation factor influencing all of an individual's teeth to be simultaneously early or late in emerging. The remaining two components were a molar factor, affecting almost exclusively the emergence timing of the permanent first and second molars, and a duration factor that affected the duration of the emergence process for non‐molar teeth, contrasting particularly the incisors and premolars.
Prevalence and possible etiology of dental enamel hypoplasia
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. , Desanti Mike V. , Ozebek Leon 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo hundred black and white adult human skeletons and 200 living black and white children from the greater Cleveland area were examined for evidence of enamel hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia, present in varying expressions (pits, lines and grooves), was found to be more prevalent in both skeletal samples, than in the living groups. In the majority of cases, sex differences between white and black males and females through time and space are highly significant for all tooth categories. Regardless of the mechanisms behind it, prevalence of enamel hypoplasia for both white and black groups has significantly declined through time. No evidence suggesting specific etiologies responsible for enamel hypoplasia can be found. In the majority of previously published reports, the etiology is still idiopathic. The reduction in the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia in the groups examined through time may be related to improved nutritional conditions and the elimination or decline of childhood diseases that have been implicated in this condition.
Multivariate dental allometry in primates
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Henderson Avery M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDisagreement is current over the question of whether relatively large teeth in some large primates are a natural outcome of growth trends instead of an indication of intrinsic differences. A cross‐primate survey of dental scaling relative to skull (and inferred body) size is given in this study, using a principal component technique to measure the multivariate growth relation between two sets of data: dental size and cranial size. Cheek teeth are strongly positively allometric in restricted taxonomic groups, especially in cercopithecoids. Conversely, the allometry drops to an almost linear proportional growth relation when variation in diet is controlled.
Aging in the lumbar spine. II. L1 and L2
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, like those of L3 and L4, show a significant trend toward lowering and broadening with age. Superior, inferior, and midbody transverse breadths increase, but there is little or no increase in endplate “flaring” with age. There is essentially no change in the relationship between anterior and posterior heights, but as reported for L3 and L4, there is a sexual difference in the amount and type of wedging of the bodies of L1 and L2. Posterior wedging (posterior height less than anterior height) of these vertebrae is about twice as common in females as in males. Whites of both sexes show a statistically significant relationship between age and increased biconcavity of the endplates. Black females, but not the males, show a similar trend, especially in L1.
Linkage disequilibrium in Bougainville Island
Authors: Cadien James D. , Hassett Matthew J. , Friedlaender Jonathan S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLinkage disequilibria are estimated for three 2‐locus systems in 18 samples from Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands. The systems are haptoglobin, acid phosphatase and MN blood group. The disequilibria are estimated two ways: by maximum likelihood (ML) and by the covariance between the non‐alleles. Though seven of the 52 ML estimates are statistically different than zero, none of the covariance estimates are significant. We conclude that because linkage disequilibrium for loosely linked loci is a small quantity and because the sample sizes for most populations studied by anthropologists are small, linkage disequilibrium will not be a useful parameter for the study of natural selection in these populations.
Brain evolution in old World monkeys
Authors: Falk Dean 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSulcal patterns of 14 genera of Old World monkeys were analyzed from 107 endocasts. Colobines and cercopithecines differ in patterns of cerebral convolutions, and functional and evolutionary hypotheses are here proposed regarding those differences. The cercopithecine pattern seems to be the more derived since it suggests relative expansion of prefrontal, and inferior temporal integration cortices as compared to the colobine pattern.
Preservation of proteins in mummified tissues
Authors: Barraco Robin A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractProtein material was extracted from the dessicated tissues of several Egyptian mummies and a frozen Eskimo. The distribution and degree of preservation of high molecular weight protein was analyzed by gel filtration, protein assays, amino acid analysis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein has undergone considerable degradation although some high molecular weight protein (C. 130,000 daltons) remains intact. Amino acid analysis of the extracted protein indicates the basic amino acids have undergone a chemical modification and may represent a point of preferential breakdown in the polypeptide chain. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of tissue cations suggests a correlation between degree of preservation of mummified tissue and levels of sodium salts (natron) in the tissue.
Skin colorimetry in belize. I. Conversion formulae
Authors: Lees Francis C. , Byard Pamela J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComparisons between skin colorimetry reports have been hampered by the common use of two different types of portable reflectometers, which sample reflectances at different wavelengths. In an attempt to provide direct comparability between the two machines, multiple linear regression equations were derived from reflectance spectrophotometry readings on 308 Black Caribs and 175 Creoles in Belize, Central America, using both machines. Cross validation tests show the coefficients presented are applicable to independent data sets and generally applicable to other heavily pigmented populations. Comparisons with previously published conversion formulae, which were from very small samples using simple linear regression, show a definite improvement in predictive accuracy when using multiple regression equations based on a large sample.
Morphoclinal variation in the anthropoid shoulder
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Ciochon Russell L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA morphocline in the organization of the shoulder joint is demonstrated among anthropoid primates. This metrical test supports the view that hominoid distinctions are monophyletic in origin. The primates that are behaviorally and functionally convergent on hominoids are only partially convergent or are not convergent in shoulder morphology.
A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the anthropoid post‐orbital septum
Authors: Cachel Susan Marie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudy of the dry weights of primate and non‐primate masticatory musculature reveals a significant relationship between the Anterior Temporalis/Masseter ratio and the relative development of the anterior dentition. Available dietary information demonstrates that species emphasizing incisal preparation of food have a high AT/M index; species emphasizing molar occlusion have a low AT/M index. Utilizing this information, a model is presented of the origin of the anthropoid post‐orbital septum. Frugivory or extensive incisal preparation of food is causally related to the development of the post‐orbital septum, because diet can then create selection pressures for an increasingly tendinous and enlarging anterior segment of the temporalis muscle which requires additional bony areas of origin in the anterior temporal fossa. Cenozoic climatic oscillations leading to increasing seasonality may have been the triggering element in this model, because seasonality creates periods in which the availability of fruit is relatively predictable.
Distribution of HLA antigens in Polish and German populations in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Authors: Stevenson Joan C. , Duquesnoy René J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGene and haplotype frequencies for HLA‐A and HLA‐B antigens were determined in Milwaukee blood donors of German and Polish descent. Gene frequencies for A25 and B18 were significantly higher in Poles than in Germans. Significant gametic associations were noted for A1‐B8, A29‐B12 and AW30‐B13 in both populations. Gametic association for A3‐B7 was only found in Germans, while the A25‐B18 haplotype frequency was significantly increased in Poles. Since the latter haplotype has also been found in Yugoslavs, Ukrainians and Czechs, it is possible that A25‐B18 represents a Slavonic marker.
Relationship between body size and long bone lengths in Pan and Gorilla
Authors: Wood B. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurements of body length (vertex to heel) were abstracted from the field notes of Pan and Gorilla specimens from the Powell‐Cotton Museum. Bicondylar femur and humerus length were measured on each skeleton and correlation coefficients with body length were computed. In both the separate sex and the combined sex samples of Gorilla, and in the combined sex sample of Pan, long bone lengths are significantly correlated with body size, but in Pan only 20% of the variance in body length is reflected in the long bone measurements.
The relationship of buccal pits to caries formation and tooth loss
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt is demonstrated that in mandibular molars there is a statistically significant tendency for teeth with buccal pits to be lost premortem more frequently than teeth without buccal pits. The mandibles of a large ossuary population (ca. 1600 A.D.) are examined with regard to buccal pitting, caries formation and premortem tooth loss. A log likelihood ratio test is used to test the relationship between age and frequency of buccal pits. A G‐value of 20.84 (p < 0.025) indicates that the frequency of pits is significantly higher among individuals under ca. 18 years. It is argued that caries formation is the mechanism through which the molars are lost, given high caries frequencies that approximate pitting frequencies in their distribution.
The Krapina dental remains
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn analysis of age, specimen associations, demographic characteristics, and metric features is presented for the Krapina dental sample. A critical analysis of emergence criteria applicable to skeletal samples leads to an occlusal eruption schedule which can be used to determine wear rates. These are used to provide dental ages for the Krapina jaws and isolated teeth. A number of individual associations of isolated teeth with existing jaws and with each other result in an estimated individual count between 75 and 82. Demographic analysis indicates that the specimens do not accurately sample a living population; numerous adults as well as children under the age of three are not represented. Metric analysis indicates a moderate range of variation. The interproximal wear rates are low, and no evidence of tooth size associated differential survivorship can be demonstrated. The sample fits in a European evolutionary sequence of reducing posterior and expanding anterior permanent teeth, while the deciduous teeth seem to undergo expansion through the Würm glaciation.
Sex discriminatory effectiveness using combinations of root lengths and crown diameters
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Cole Patricia E. , Van Alstine Wallace L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing optical‐scanner (OPTOCOM) and radiogrammetric measurements on mandibular permanent teeth, root length alone affords sex‐discriminatory effectiveness equal to or exceeding conventional crown diameters. Combinations of root lengths and crown dimensions yield up to 80% accuracy in sexing with as few as two teeth, and discriminatory effectiveness of 87% with mandibular teeth alone.
Wear striation direction on primate teeth: A scanning electron microscope examination
Authors: Ryan Alan S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo experimental methods were used to produce wear stria‐tions in one direction on unworn teeth. These include: (1) sliding 22 American Indian (Juntunen site, Michigan; Late Woodland) newly erupted incisors, by hand, across a flat glass surface covered with fine loose sand; and (2) using a unidirectional motor driven mechanical wear machine to draw 56 modern human dental extractions across a flat glass surface covered with silicon carbide powder of different grit sizes. A scanning electron microscope examination of individual wear striation morphology indicates that these wear striations begin with broad pits and have extending grooves that become narrower; characteristics that indicate the motion of wear. Patterns of wear striations on the worn dentitions of American Indians (Juntunen site) and the paleocene primate Phenacolemur pagei show similar characteristics and correspond to the buccal phase of mastication when the mandible is drawn upward, forward and slightly medially into centric occlusion. The data provided by this study can be used to test competing hypotheses concerning the direction of mandibular movement during mastication and food preparation.