bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distinct Internal Logics of Associations and Professionalized Voluntary Organizations
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how a synthesis of incentive-theoretical and resource dependency approaches provides a sound foundation for specifying central organizational trade-offs that confront membership-based organizations reliant on voluntary support when engaging in processes or activities essential to their democratic contributions (e.g. the cultivation of member activism, political engagement and societally responsive behaviour). These trade-offs make clear why organizations often realize their democratic potential in some way but not another. How these trade-offs are handled by CSOs essentially depends on the interplay of three groups of intra-organizational actors. Members, organizational leaders, and managers can be associated with different orientations and priorities with regard to CSO self-maintenance and external goal attainment, two demands that can be difficult to reconcile. The two contrasting governance templates—‘voluntary association’ and ‘professionalized voluntary organization’— in which these three actor types have different positions allow us to theorize how these trade-offs (such as between member control and leader autonomy; between stable linkages and the maximization of external, short-term support) play out on the level of individual CSOs that share characteristics associated with each template.
The Distinct Roles of Members in Civil Society Organizations
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores CSOs’ varying potential to contribute to democracy through the cultivation of two different forms of member activism: member involvement and control. Member control (denoting members’ say over decisions central to a CSO’s authority structure) generates an organizational trade-off from the perspective of a CSO’s leadership (encompassing organizational and managerial leaders) keen to enhance its autonomy, a trade-off that is balanced by CSOs—depending on central structural features—differently. An incentive-theoretical perspective not only suggests that most features of both governance templates support member involvement as a useful organizational resource, it also suggests that features of the ‘professionalized voluntary organization’ (putting leaders and managers centre stage) impact negatively on member control, while features of the ‘voluntary association’—representing a wide variety of value orientations—have no repercussions for member control. This is widely substantiated. Most interestingly, the findings suggest that growing reliance on paid staff central to the ‘voluntary professionalized organization’ is positively related to involvement and negatively to control, stressing the importance of the professionalization of organizations’ human resources.
CSOs’ Political Engagement
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 deals with CSOs’ varying propensities towards engaging in political activities and the different breadths of their political action repertoires. It theorizes the implications of investing in political activity as a collective, non-exclusive incentive from which non-members also profit (making it less effective to sustain member support than selective incentives restricted to members). Features of a ‘voluntary association’ are expected to invite a different balance between collective (outward-orientated) and selective (inward-orientated) incentive provision than features of a ‘professionalized voluntary organization’. Being orientated towards member interests and being composed of individual members—both voluntary association features—have significant negative relationships with political engagement. In contrast, all characteristics associated with professionalized voluntary organizations—professionalization, bureaucratization, and state funding dependency—relate to political engagement positively. These findings challenge traditional ideas that ‘voluntary associations’ constitute a cornerstone of political civil society, while the (often problematized) features of the ‘professionalized voluntary organization’ appear as enabling factors that allow for CSO voices to be heard in the political process.
Conclusions
Authors: Hardwick Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The conclusion discusses connections between the depictions of off-stage groups analysed in this book. It highlights their power, which often compels characters’ actions and drives plot events, and their polyvalent nature, created by having these groups only exist in characters’ narratives and through their viewpoints. It then explores the relationship between off-stage groups and choruses: choruses sometimes represent a subset of the off-stage group, but sometimes are defined in opposition to this group (and may even feel vulnerable due to the group’s threatening numbers). Finally, the conclusion comments briefly on patterns that may emerge from rearranging source material chronologically or by author.
Damage to ‘Other Property’: Exploring the Boundary Between Property Damage and Pure Economic Loss
Authors: Nolan Donal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the boundary between property damage and pure economic loss, specifically what amounts to damage to ‘other property’ in the law of tort. Where a component causes damage to the composite product of which it is a part, it is argued that there is damage to other property where the former was added to the latter when the latter was already in the claimant’s hands. In other cases three factors should be considered, namely the physical integration of the component and the composite product; a ‘commercial reality’ test; and the functional distinctness of the component part.
Who Can Sue the Obligor When Receivables Are Financed?
Authors: Gullifer Louise 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines whether a business can enforce debts without unveiling the existence and interest of the financier under the context of various financing models. The financing models range between the outright sale of the receivables, a loan secured by a mortgage over the receivables, and a loan secured by a charge over the receivables. The chapter defines receivables as the most valuable asset of that business. Thus, a finance provider to that business likely wants some kind of proprietary interest in the receivables as protection against credit risk. The chapter looks into the argument that a joinder should not be required when an assignor can give a good discharge for payment.
Mistakes of Law, Again
Authors: Scott Helen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores mistakes of law. It considers Ewan McKendrick’s contribution in a collection of essays regarding the role of mistakes. Renewed focus on the test of reasonable discoverability in section 32(1)(c) of the Limitation Act has prompted new perspectives on the role of mistakes in the law of unjust enrichment. The chapter considers the notion of mistake as a cause of action, as a factor delaying limitation, and as a proxy for the absence of the claimant’s liability to pay. It then considers the decision in Test Claimants in the Franked Investment Income Group Litigation v HMRC [2020] against the backdrop of the decisions in the Kleinwort Benson and Deutsche Morgan Grenfell cases.
The Life of Constantine-Cyril
Authors: Ivanova Mirela 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter builds on the groundwork of Chapter 1, and offers a new reading of the Life of Constantine-Cyril, arguing that it is a profoundly Byzantine hagiography, originally written by a Byzantine author and most probably in Greek. Perhaps precisely due to the fact the Life was written so soon after the alphabet’s initial invention, the script creation is by no means the central focus of the text. Its brief appearance in the text is best integrated within the wider argument the text makes for the sanctity of Cyril, as a philosopher and saint. The chapter posits that the text is organised around a tripartite process of learning and the application of learning through disputation. This learning intentionally harmonises the tension between piety and ‘outside’, or classical, education present in ninth-century Constantinopolitan culture.
Speculation, Prediction, and the Great Crash of 1929
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides much of the historical and conceptual framing and groundwork for the book as a whole by showing how the temporal rhythms of Wall Street speculation—the recurrent oscillations between boom and bust, exuberance and panic, accumulation and crisis—became popular obsessions in the early decades of the twentieth century. The chapter begins by considering the Wall Street seer William D. Gann’s work of speculative fiction The Tunnel Thru the Air (1927) as the starting point for an exploration of the growing public fascination with the future movements of the financial markets, which became a central element of a wider American “culture of prediction” around the turn of the century. It goes on to explain how the 1920s stock market surge occurred amid heated debates over whether a familiar pattern of boom and bust would repeat itself, or whether the business cycle had been superseded in the movement into a “New Era” of perpetual industrial and financial growth. It then traces how the Great Crash and ensuing Great Depression put paid to such visions of limitless prosperity and lent unprecedented force and credibility to visions of terminal capitalist crisis emanating from the radical left. Building on the foregoing discussion, the chapter shows how a conception of speculative or financial futurity shaped wider understandings of temporality in the period, the figure of the stock market speculator or the oracular output of the ticker machine emerging as powerful models for future-thinking in ways that are repeatedly evident across subsequent chapters.
“Stock-Market Luck Has Become One and the Same Thing as Fate”
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines Christina Stead’s House of All Nations (1938). Portraying the aftershocks of the Wall Street Crash as felt in Paris, London, and Berlin, the novel inaugurates the Australian Stead’s sustained (if sometimes oblique) concern with American social and economic life. The chapter shows how House of All Nations satirizes purportedly scientific systems of financial, economic, and political prediction that ultimately rest on superstitious notions of fate, destiny, and providence. Reading the narrative alongside economic writings by Stead’s partner—the adventure novelist, Marxist theoretician, and Wall Street speculator William Blake—the chapter argues that Stead advocates a Marxism that, contrary to the charges of rigid determinism leveled by anti-Marxist critics, recognizes the interplay between identifiable structural tendencies and unforeseeable contingencies in the dynamics of capitalist crisis. The chapter argues that via House of All Nations’ dialogic form—as an exemplary “novel of ideas” structured by a series of speculative conversations and debates—Stead presents multiple perspectives on Europe’s future direction amid economic breakdown, fascist advance, and military tension, while refraining from assigning inevitability to any particular outcome (including those that had in fact already occurred). In this way, the chapter suggests, Stead contests the alignment of Marxism with what Michael André Bernstein influentially terms “apocalyptic history” and affirms Marxist thought’s speculative dimensions.
“Filigreed Webs of Dreams and Politics”
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The book’s final chapter engages in depth with Richard Wright’s 1940 masterwork Native Son. It shows how the novel’s protagonist, Bigger Thomas, dreams of mingling with the traders of Chicago’s LaSalle Street, but is trapped by a system of predatory and racist real estate speculation—an attractively profitable channel for white investment capital in the wake of the Great Crash. A system of this kind—extracting extortionate rents from the Black residents of virtually uninhabitable properties—is a form of what Kris Manjapra (drawing on Achille Mbembe) calls “necrospeculation.” The chapter examines how a desire for virtually risk-free profit-taking on the part of white real estate operators, like the novel’s Henry Dalton, gave rise to the structures of racial exclusion and containment manifest in urban phenomena such as the South Side “Black Belt,” in which Bigger’s family resides in a cramped and unsanitary dwelling. The chapter argues that the novel’s portrayal of Bigger’s fugitive movements across the Chicago grid—following his accidental killing of Dalton’s daughter, Mary—re-enacts his confinement to a tightly circumscribed segment of the city by a segregationist regime of urban planning and speculative finance—one bound up with racialized mappings of urban space and the maintenance of a condition of temporal stasis. The chapter further argues, however, that—in dialogue with the work of the critic Kenneth Burke—Wright seeks to appropriate the logics of speculative temporality and value by which Bigger is objectified and deploy them as the bases for his character’s own subjective revaluation.
Innovation and the Shifting Sands of Industry
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Turning to industry and company digital transformation, Chapter 5 begins with electronics and IT, a critical sector in which Japanese incumbents have struggled, but some like Hitachi have re-invented themselves, combining manufacturing with an IT platform. Specialist manufacturers have successfully integrated into global value chains (GVCs) and global platforms. The second section turns to automobiles, Japan’s leading industrial sector, which is undergoing multiple upheavals—CASE (connected, autonomous, shared, electric)—in which Toyota also seeks to distinctively combine manufacturing and IT. The third section turns to finance, from banks to fintech startups and digital currencies. A digital currency initiative also shows a distinctively Japanese approach to DX. The final section encompasses DX through startups, and through SME consortia. Together, the sections build a picture of ‘DX with Japanese characteristics’.
External Dependencies and Shifting Global Contexts
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Japan’s path to Society 5.0 will not be entirely of its own making. Chapter 9 gives an overview of Japan’s external geopolitical and economic relations and dependencies, which are influencing its internal transformation. Trade and investment relations are increasingly subject to ‘weaponization’, raising the strategic importance of economic security, and proactive economic statecraft. In the midst of US–China tensions, Japan has managed to steer a proactive path with its ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’, but it has other dependencies as well, notably in energy and food, exposed by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Conversely, Japan is attempting to turn domestic transformation into export capability, especially with ASEAN countries. And relations with the EU have deepened markedly in recent years. To date Japan has been able to create a degree of synergy between its external relations and dependencies on the one hand, and its economic transformation on the other.
Wealth Inequality and Retirement Preparedness
Authors: Sabelhaus John , Volz Alice Henriques 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
High and rising US wealth inequality underscores the need to revisit a perennial concern in policy circles: retirement preparedness. Our cross-cohort approach to studying retirement adequacy is based on relative wealth measures, meaning how the wealth distribution of one cohort compares to the cohorts ahead of them at the same age. We introduce relative rank distributions that show where individuals are in terms of the cohorts ahead of them at the same age, and percentile point comparisons that show how wealth levels at various percentiles vary across cohorts by age. We show that Early Baby Boomers’ wealth is generally on par with or above the 1930s cohort wealth at age 60. There is, however, evidence of relative wealth declines at the bottom of the wealth distribution for Mid-Late Boomers and Gen Xers, relative to earlier cohorts at younger ages, consistent with rising wealth inequality across and within generations. Social security is an important offset to relative wealth declines at the bottom of the wealth distribution, but scheduled benefits are not expected to be fully payable for the youngest cohorts.
Introduction
Authors: Barnden Sally 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The introduction uses the example of a royal command performance of Henry IV part 2 which was cancelled in 1836 to outline the book’s key questions about the supportive and/or disruptive relationship between Shakespeare and the royal family. This opening provocation also introduces an account of the book’s use of partial sources such as letters, diary entries, and amateur artwork, and its relationship to the Royal Archives. I address the biases of that collection and the challenges of reading against the grain of a substantial private archive. The introduction also situates this work in relation to existing work on Shakespeare and the royal family, as well as the broader field of research concerning Shakespeare and national identity, cultural memory, political propaganda, and visual and material culture.
Player Queens
Authors: Barnden Sally 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The opening chapter examines the place of Shakespeare in private theatricals commissioned by the royal family, with a focus on Queen Victoria’s sponsorship of performances at Windsor Castle in the 1850s. The chapter argues that Shakespearean drama functioned for Victoria both as an opportunity to perform patriotic appreciation for English drama and as a means of drawing connections between past and present. In detailed readings of the archival record for performances of Hamlet and Richard II, I suggest that these performances were overdetermined or, to use Marvin Carlson’s terminology, ‘haunted’, by the personal histories of the participants and spectators and, particularly, by the spaces in which they were performed.
Reading Drama in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Wynn Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This is the first account of how plays were read in eighteenth-century France and of the period’s closet drama. The Enlightenment was passionate about theatre in all its forms, and the playhouse held a crucial place in the developing public sphere. Reading plays was a central element of that lively and combative theatrical culture. This study draws on a variety of texts—including memoirs, theoretical works, and correspondences—to show that reading plays was not simply a matter of intellection but also of emotion. The closet was the privileged site of reading drama in the period; this room was more than a site of reflection and judgement, for it fostered intense and disruptive pleasures that eluded the coercive normativity of the playhouse. This study proposes a framework—at once historically grounded and informed by queer theory—to understand eighteenth-century closeted reading. The book also examines how writers exploited the critical, imaginative, and formal potential of closeted reading by creating plays that exceeded the confines of the playhouse and appealed instead to the reader’s imagination. Characterizing closet drama as a genre of restless dissent and passionate contestation, this book offers close analysis of several plays: comedies depicting the dispute between Jesuits and Jansenists in the 1730s; Hénault’s innovative historical drama François II, roi de France (1747); and erotic plays from the end of the period. The study concludes with an account of Restif de La Bretonne’s Le Drame de la vie (1793), an extreme, indeed unsurpassed example of closet drama.
Athens, Rhodes, and the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Lazar Leah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores two challenges faced by the Athenians, through focus on the allied island polis of Rhodes: how the Athenians attempted to exploit the lucrative region of the eastern Mediterranean beyond the scope of their primary sphere of power, a region into which Rhodes was better integrated; and how Athenian power overlapped and interacted with that of the influential island in its Aegean vicinity. First, it analyses the various strategies, from military intervention to indirect extraction, employed by the Athenians to access and exploit the eastern Mediterranean, particularly Egypt. It considers the role that allied communities, including Rhodes, played in facilitating Athenian exploitation, as well as exploring the overlapping fiscality of the Athenian and Achaemenid empires, and the unusual function of Athenian coinage in regional exchange. The chapter then turns to Rhodes more specifically and its immediate context in the southern Aegean. Digging deeper into the variations in tribute assessment for Rhodes and its environs identified in Chapter 2, it explores what Rhodian power in the region may have looked like in the fifth century, and how the Athenians responded to it. Rhodian and Athenian power, it argues, were not always in competition; rather the Athenians at times tolerated local Rhodian influence, with their interests in alignment.
A polyphonic history of articulated negritude
Authors: Reza Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, drawing on discussions, adoptions, and adaptations of negritude in Mensagem as well as Présence Africaine, I give an account of the changing significance of negritude in the context of changing conceptions of politics during the 1950s and 1960s. I treat negritude not as a literary-cultural phenomenon with fixed political implications, but rather as articulated to the changing political visions of those decades. Rather than take negritude as the theoretical preserve and responsibility of its early architects Damas, Senghor, and Césaire, I argue that the post-war history of negritude is characterized by multilingual receptions, misreceptions, mishearings, adaption, adoption, and critique which we see not only in, but also outside, the texts of these three canonical protagonists. I treat negritude as a polyphonic (it was articulated by many people), diachronic (it evolved), and multilingual (its protagonists were not only French-speaking) cultural and social phenomenon that was underpinned by journal culture.
‘An underall strategic concept’
Authors: James William D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces British grand strategy during the Second World War, including the decisions to: concentrate resources in North Africa in 1940–41; pursue the Mediterranean campaign to disperse German strength; and delay the ‘Second Front’ until the opportune moment. It challenges the idea that the UK had no grand strategy until the US entered the war. The deliberations of 1940–41 laid the foundations for what later became Anglo-American grand strategy. Winston Churchill and his military chiefs were mindful of the Wehrmacht’s fighting prowess and judged that British society could not bear casualties on the scale of the last war. As such, the return to France had to be delayed until Germany was sufficiently weakened. There was some momentum on the home front for a cross-Channel assault in 1942 and 1943, but the real pressure came from the UK’s allies. The British government was undoubtedly right to resist these premature calls.