bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Healthy Donors and Patients with Cystic Fibrosis to
Burkholderia cenocepacia
Infection
Authors: Sajjan Umadevi , Keshavjee Shaf , Forstner Janet 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Well-differentiated cultures established from airway epithelia of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF cultures) exhibited goblet cell hyperplasia, increased secretion of mucus, and higher basal levels of interleukin-8 than similarly cultured cells from healthy donors. Upon apical infection with low doses (10
4
to 10
5
CFU) of
Burkholderia cenocepacia
isolate BC7, the two cultures gave different responses. While normal cultures trapped the added bacteria in the mucus layer, killed and/or inhibited bacterial replication, and prevented bacterial invasion of the cells, CF cultures failed to kill and/or supported the growth of bacteria, leading to invasion of underlying epithelial cells, compromised transepithelial permeability, and cell damage. Depletion of the surface mucus layer prior to bacterial infection rendered the normal cultures susceptible to bacterial invasion, but the invading bacteria were mainly confined to vacuoles within the cells and appeared to be nonviable. In contrast, bacteria that invaded cells in CF cultures were found free in the cytoplasm surrounded by intermediate filaments and also between cells. Cultured CF airway epithelium was therefore more susceptible to infection than normal epithelium. This mimics CF tissue in vivo and illustrates differences in the way epithelia in CF patients and normal subjects handle bacterial infection. In addition, we found that the CF and normal cell cultures responded differently not only to isolate BC7 but also to isolates of other
B. cepacia
complex species. We therefore conclude that this cell culture model is suitable for investigation of
B. cepacia
complex pathogenesis in CF patients.
New Murine Model for the Study of
Chlamydia trachomatis
Genitourinary Tract Infections in Males
Authors: Pal Sukumar , Peterson Ellena M. , de la Maza Luis M. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

The lack of an experimental model has significantly limited the understanding of the pathogenesis of
Chlamydia trachomatis
infections in males. In an attempt to establish a model using the natural route of infection, we inoculated male mice in the meatus urethra. To establish the 50% infectious dose (ID
50
), C3H/HeN (

H-2
k

) male mice were inoculated in the meatus urethra with doses ranging from 10
1
to 10
7
inclusion-forming units (IFU) of
C. trachomatis
mouse pneumonitis biovar (MoPn) and were euthanized at 10 days postinfection (p.i.). Approximately 50% of the animals inoculated with 5 × 10
4
IFU had positive cultures of the urethra, urinary bladder, epididymides, and/or testes. Subsequently, to characterize the course of the infection, a group of animals was inoculated with 10
6
IFU/mouse (20 times the ID
50
). Positive cultures from the urethra, urinary bladder, epididymides, and testes were obtained from the animals. The infection peaked in the first 2 weeks p.i. and subsequently declined over the 7 weeks of observation.
C. trachomatis
-specific antibodies were first detected in serum by 2 weeks p.i. and rose over the period of observation. The titers of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) were 16-fold higher than those of IgG1. A lymphoproliferative assay using splenocytes and local lymph nodes showed a strong cell-mediated immune response. Levels of gamma interferon were significantly higher than those of interleukin-4 in the supernatants from stimulated lymphocytes. An acute inflammatory infiltrate consisting of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was detected in the urethra at 1 week p.i. At 3 weeks p.i., a mixed acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the urethra that by 5 to 6 weeks was mainly composed of mononuclear cells. Similar findings were also observed in the urinary bladder, although the inflammatory infiltrate was delayed by approximately a week relative to that in the urethra. Sections of the epididymides showed a focal acute inflammatory infiltrate at 2 weeks p.i. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated multiple chlamydial inclusions in the epithelium of the urethra and urinary bladder. No chlamydial inclusions were observed in the epididymides or testes. In conclusion, inoculation of male mice in the meatus urethra with
C. trachomati
s MoPn results in an infection of the genitourinary tract that closely parallels that described in humans. This model should help to characterize the pathogenesis of chlamydial infections in males and to test therapeutic and preventive measures.
The
galU
Gene of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Is Required for Corneal Infection and Efficient Systemic Spread following Pneumonia but Not for Infection Confined to the Lung
Authors: Priebe Gregory P. , Dean Charles R. , Zaidi Tanweer , Meluleni Gloria J. , Coleman Fadie T. , Coutinho Yamara S. , Noto Michael J. , Urban Teresa A. , Pier Gerald B. , Goldberg Joanna B. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Acute pneumonias and corneal infections due to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
are typically caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-smooth strains. In cystic fibrosis patients, however, LPS-rough strains of
P. aeruginosa
, which lack O antigen, can survive in the lung and cause chronic infection. It is not clear whether an LPS-rough phenotype affects cytotoxicity related to the type III secretion system (TTSS). We previously reported that interruption of the
galU
gene in
P. aeruginosa
results in production of a rough LPS and truncated LPS core. Here we evaluated the role of the
galU
gene in the pathogenesis of murine lung and eye infections and in cytotoxicity due to the TTSS effector ExoU. We studied
galU
mutants of strain PAO1, of its cytotoxic variant expressing ExoU from a plasmid, and of the inherently cytotoxic strain PA103. The
galU
mutants were more serum sensitive than the parental strains but remained cytotoxic in vitro. In a corneal infection model, the
galU
mutants were significantly attenuated. In an acute pneumonia model, the 50% lethal doses of the
galU
mutants were higher than those of the corresponding wild-type strains, yet these mutants could cause mortality and severe pneumonia, as judged by histology, even with minimal systemic spread. These findings suggest that the
galU
gene is required for corneal infection and for efficient systemic spread following lung infection but is not required for infection confined to the lung. Host defenses in the lung appear to be insufficient to control infection with LPS-rough
P. aeruginosa
when local bacterial levels are high.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pyocyanin Is Critical for Lung Infection in Mice
Authors: Lau Gee W. , Ran Huimin , Kong Fansheng , Hassett Daniel J. , Mavrodi Dimitri 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
secretes copious amounts of the redox-active phenazine, pyocyanin (PCN), during cystic fibrosis lung infection. PCN has been shown to interfere with a variety of cellular processes in cultured lung epithelial cells. Here, by using two respiratory tract models of infection, we demonstrate that PCN mediates tissue damage and necrosis during lung infection.
Increased Susceptibility of Secretor Factor Gene
Fut2
-Null Mice to Experimental Vaginal Candidiasis
Authors: Hurd Elizabeth A. , Domino Steven E. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Fut2-LacZ-null mice, which are a model of the human ABO and Lewis nonsecretor group, display increased susceptibility to experimental yeast vaginitis, indicating a role for α(1,2)fucosylated cervical glycans in mucosal defense. However, the lack of significant effect of competitive inhibition by exogenous neoglycoproteins in this study emphasizes the complexity of
Candida
-epithelial cell adhesion events.
Multiserotype Protection of Mice against Pneumococcal Colonization of the Nasopharynx and Middle Ear by Killed Nonencapsulated Cells Given Intranasally with a Nontoxic Adjuvant
Authors: Malley Richard , Morse Sarah C. , Leite Luciana C. C. , Areas Ana Paula Mattos , Ho Paulo Lee , Kubrusly Flavia S. , Almeida Igor C. , Anderson Porter 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Intranasal challenge of C57BL/6 mice with
Streptococcus pneumoniae
serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F produced colonization of the middle ear and NP. Intranasal vaccination with ethanol-killed nonencapsulated cells with adjuvant protected both sites. Of four nontoxic adjuvants tested, the cholera toxin B subunit was most effective and least nonspecifically protective.
Expression of a C Terminally Truncated Form of Pertussis Toxin S1 Subunit Effectively Induces Protection against Pertussis Toxin following DNA-Based Immunization
Authors: Kamachi Kazunari , Arakawa Yoshichika 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Four plasmids encoding different C terminally and N terminally truncated pertussis toxin S1 subunits of
Bordetella pertussis
were constructed and tested for inducibility of protection against pertussis toxin in mice after DNA-based immunization. The region encoding an N-terminal 180-amino-acid fragment of the S1 subunit had the most potent ability to induce protective immunity.
Oral Immunization with an
rfaH
Mutant Elicits Protection against Salmonellosis in Mice
Authors: Nagy Gábor , Dobrindt Ulrich , Hacker Jörg , Emödy Levente 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

Loss of the transcriptional antiterminator RfaH results in virulence attenuation (>10
4
-fold increase in 50% lethal dose) of the archetypal
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium strain SL1344 by both orogastric and intraperitoneal routes of infection in BALB/c mice. Oral immunization with the mutant efficiently protects mice against a subsequent oral infection with the wild-type strain. Interestingly, in vitro immunoreactivity is not confined to strain SL1344; rather, it is directed also towards other serovars of
S. enterica
and even
Salmonella bongori
strains.
Ideology and Juridical Discourse in Ottoman Egypt: the Uses of the Concept Of Irsãd
Authors: Cuno Kenneth 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe notables of Ottoman Egypt were in part a rentier class: one which collected "rents" by holding (and exchanging and inheriting) tax farms, waqf-funded offices, and soldiers' wages and rations. Often the imperial government's efforts to reassert control over these offices and revenues took the form of cutting off the payment of soldiers' wages to "children and dependents." Yet a threat to rescind some of these "rents" was understood as a threat to the entire rentier class, and evoked a vigorous response from the 'ulamā'. Their juridical arguments in defense of the status quo made use of the legal concept of irsād (sultanic waqf). Irsāds, which began to be established in the sixth/twelfth century, were endowments of state revenue land by the rulers in support of religious and public works. This essay, based on literary and legal sources, manuscript and printed, traces the history of the concept of irsād from its origin to the Ottoman era, and shows how, in Ottoman Egypt, it was used to justify the political and economic position of the notables.
The Anatomy of Justice: Forensic Medicine and Criminal Law In Nineteenth-century Egypt
Authors: Fahmy Khaled 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe reform of the Egyptian criminal justice system in the nineteenth century traditionally has been viewed as forming an important step in the establishment of a liberal and just rule of law. By studying how forensic medicine was introduced into nineteenth-century Egypt, I argue that the need to exercise better control over the population and to monitor crime lay behind the reform process as much as liberal ideas borrowed from Europe did. Drawing on a wide range of archival material, both legal and medical, I analyze the role played by autopsy in the criminal system and argue that the practice of autopsy was viewed differentially by 'ulamā', by Arabic-speaking, French-educated doctors and by the mostly illiterate masses. And contrary to the common wisdom, I conclude that the "modernization" of the Egyptian legal system was intended not to displace the sharīa but to support it.
Coin Frequencies in Sixth and Seventh Century Palestine and Arabia: Social and Economic Implications
Authors: Walmsley Alan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLarge scale excavations at the ancient urban sites of Pella and Jarash (Gerasa) in Jordan have produced a statistically viable body of data on coin supply and circulation in Byzantine and early Islamic Palestine and Arabia. A comparison of the copper coins (folles and fractions) recovered at these sites reveals consistent trends, notably a major increase in supply during the reigns of Justin I and especially Justin II. After Justin II (d. 578) there is a marked decline in the supply and circulation of copper coins, even taking into account ß uctuating production levels and quality of folles in the later sixth and seventh centuries. The presence of a greater number of mints suggests no major consignments but only the local circulation of coins. A minor improvement in coinage levels at Pella in the late sixth to early seventh century may re ß ect the growing local strategic importance of the town. Support for this explanation can be seen in the expansion of Pella's Byzantine fort and, soon after, the important battle between the Islamic and Byzantine armies in 635.
Holy Book — a Treasury of the Incomprehensible. The Invention of Writing and Religious Cognition
Authors: Pyysiäinen Ilkka 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper provides a theoretical discussion of the role the introduction of writing plays in the development of religious conceptual systems. It is argued that the writing down of religious traditions makes the transmission of radically counter-intuitive ideas possible, and that the formation of Canons introduces the distinction between a foundational text and its philosophical commentary. Defending the foundational role of the sacred texts by rational argumentation either leads to endless regression of arguments, or to circular reasoning and paradoxes. To accept this as natural, would deprive sacred texts of their special status as the foundation. In religions, this deadlock is used to illustrate the limits of human reasoning powers and, by the same token, to prove that there must be an ultimate reality which can only be accessed through "revelation", "enlightenment", and the like.
Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne spp. (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) isolates from Central America and Brazil on four genotypes of Coffea arabica
Authors: Hernandez Adan , Fargette Mireille , Sarah Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Fifteen isolates of Meloidogyne spp. collected from coffee plantations in
every country in Central America, with one isolate from Brazil, were
inoculated on two common cultivars (Catuai and Sarchimor) and two wild
genotypes from Ethiopia (ET15 and ET28) of coffee (Coffea arabica) under
controlled conditions. These isolates displayed a wide range of
pathogenicity on the different varieties. Meloidogyne sp. 2 isolate esterase
'VS1S1' from Guatemala, was unable to multiply on any cultivar. All other
isolates multiplied on cv. Catuai. The Meloidogyne incognita isolate from
Brazil did not multiply on cv. Sarchimor or genotype ET28. Four Meloidogyne
sp. 1 (esterase 'F1') isolates from Guatemala multiplied at relatively low
rates on cv. Sarchimor, but did not multiply on genotypes ET15 and ET28.
Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne sp. 3 (displaying the new esterase
phenotype 'M1F1a'), both from El Salvador, multiplied at a high rate on cv.
Sarchimor; M. arenaria multiplied at a low rate on genotype ET15, but did
not multiply on genotype ET28. Meloidogyne sp. 3 multiplied at a low rate on
genotype ET28. Meloidogyne sp. 4 from El Salvador (esterase 'Sa4')
multiplied at a high rate on genotype ET15. The M. arabicida isolate from
Costa Rica did not multiply at all on genotype ET15. All isolates of
Meloidogyne exigua multiplied on cv. Sarchimor as well as on both Ethiopian
genotypes. This new information highlights the great parasitic diversity of
root-knot nematodes parasitising coffee in Central America, a diversity
which must be taken into account when developing integrated pest management
strategies and breeding for resistance to nematodes.
Characterisation of Meloidogyne spp. (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) from coffee plantations in Central America and Brazil
Authors: Hernandez Adan , Fargette Mireille , Sarah And Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Isozymes (Esterases, MDH, SOD, GOT) and perineal patterns were studied in 29
isolates of Meloidogyne spp. collected on coffee (Coffea arabica)
plantations in four Central American countries and on one isolate collected
in Brazil. Five species were clearly diagnosed and six new multi-enzyme
phenotypes were also revealed corresponding to within-species diversity or
possible new species. Meloidogyne exigua was found in Costa Rica, Nicaragua
and Honduras, M. arenaria in El Salvador and M. incognita ('M1a' esterase
phenotype) in Brazil. Meloidogyne arabicida was found in Costa Rica and has
a new esterase phenotype, 'M1F1b'. Nematodes with the 'F1' esterase
phenotype were found in Guatemala and their specific status is discussed.
Two isolates from El Salvador displayed unknown esterase phenotypes ('M1F1a'
and 'Sa4'). One isolate from northern Guatemala was clearly identified as
Meloidogyne hapla and another from the same area was related to M.
enterolobii or M. mayaguensis. Neither of these latter isolates was able to
develop in coffee roots under our growing conditions. The diversity of
root-knot nematodes parasitising coffee roots in this region is
discussed.
Infection of plant-parasitic nematodes by nematophagous fungi – a review of the application of molecular biology to understand infection processes and to improve biological control
Authors: Morton Oliver , Hirsch Penny , Kerry Brian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEnvironmental concerns over conventional nematicides have led to increasing interest in the use of biological control agents to control plant-parasitic nematodes. The development of nematophagous fungi as biological control agents has revealed a need for further understanding of their infection processes. The egg-parasitic fungi, Pochonia chlamydosporia and Paecilomyces lilacinus, and the nematode trapping fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, have received the most attention. Through the application of biochemistry and molecular biology, aspects of their infection processes have been elucidated. This has involved the characterisation of enzymes that aid penetration of the eggshell or the nematode body wall and the identification of nematicidal toxins. This growing understanding of the biology of infection is opening new avenues in the improvement of fungi as biological control agents.
Heterorhabditis mexicana n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) from Tamaulipas, Mexico, and morphological studies of the bursa of Heterorhabditis spp.
Authors: Nguyen Khuong , Sharpiro-Ilan David , Stuart Robin , McCoy Clay , James Rosalind , Adams Byron 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A new species of nematode in the genus Heterorhabditis was found in the
northern part of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Morphological and
molecular data indicate that this nematode is a new species. The new species
is described as Heterorhabditis mexicana n. sp. and is a sister taxon to H.
indica. Heterorhabditis mexicana n. sp. is morphologically similar to H.
bacteriophora, H. brevicaudis and H. indica and can be distinguished from
these species mainly by male and female characters. Of the examined
specimens of H. mexicana n. sp., 70% of males have eight pairs of bursal
papillae, compared to nine in all other species. The ratio of the
gubernaculum to spicule length (GS ratio) is higher than that of H.
bacteriophora, H. brevicaudis and H. indica and the length of the spicule
relative to anal body width (SW) is lower than all other species. For
females, the vulval form of the new species is quite different from that of
those species with a similar morphology (i. e ., H. bacteriophora and H.
indica) and more closely resembles that of H. zealandica. The new species
can also be distinguished from H. megidis, H. zealandica and H. marelatus by
the body length, pharynx length of the infective juvenile and D% (distance
from anterior end/pharynx length × 100), GS and SW ratios of males. In the
ITS region of the rDNA tandem repeating unit, H. mexicana n. sp. has evolved
13 autapomorphic nucleotide character states, differing from its sister
taxon H. indica at 113 aligned positions. The morphological and molecular
data are sufficient to identify cladogenesis and delimit H. mexicana n. sp.
as evolving independently from the other members of the genus.
The Limits of International Adjudication in International Environmental Law: Another Perspective on the Southern Bluefin Tuna Case
Authors: Stephens Tim 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe Southern Bluefin Tuna case has provoked extensive commentary examining the implications of the litigation for the settlement of controversies involving the dispute settlement mechanisms of multiple treaties. However the case has a much broader significance. Drawing upon an analysis of the impact of the litigation on the Commission for the Conservation of SBT, this article explores the role of international adjudication in securing positive environmental outcomes. The case illustrates the significance of provisional measures in responding to environmental threats. However, judicial settlement is subject to several major limitations: generally it is reactive, can only involve a few parties and can only deal with a limited set of legal questions. More fundamentally, the effectiveness of international courts or arbitral panels may be constrained by the nature of environmental instruments themselves, which often lack precision in terms of objective rules of conduct and are often deeply ambivalent in terms of their objects and purposes.
The Nigerian Territorial Waters Legislation and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention
Authors: Egede Edwin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNigeria is a coastal state located strategically on the West Coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea. After gaining independence in 1960 it enacted legislation in 1967 on its territorial waters, which has been amended twice, in 1971 and 1998. After participating in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) it became a party to the 1982 Convention on 14 August 1986. This article examines the laws governing the Nigerian territorial waters vis-à-vis the LOSC provisions on the territorial sea with a view to pinpointing how far these laws are in compliance with the relevant provisions of the LOSC.