bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequences of the Roman Occupation
Authors: Cherry David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little reason, then, to think that the acculturation of the frontier-zone in Roman-era Algeria was accomplished by the intermarriage of Roman and north African. There is in fact no evidence to show that there was any really significant measure of cultural change in the region during the period of Roman occupation. It might be supposed instead that the main consequences of the coming of the Romans were economic and social.
Conclusion: The Limits of Acculturation
Authors: Cherry David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the end, it must be admitted that we do not have, and are perhaps now never likely to possess, the sort of evidence that would allow us to define exactly either the extent of Romanization in the frontier-zone or its effect on the lives of ordinary north Africans. It has been said recently that the area was ‘definitely Roman’ already by the time of the Flavians.’ North Africa, we are told, ‘imbibed Roman culture’, except in its mountainous regions.2 It seems to me that the weight of the evidence tells against the view that the Romans brought about any really significant change in north African society. Their principal contribution, it might be said, was to open new markets to north African products.
Shows and Factions
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter has dealt with the financial administration of cities of late Late Antiquity, with the collection of imperial taxes as well as with the way cities financed their civic services. But the chapter has very little about the public spectacles which had for so long been an outstanding feature of life in a classical city. The shows were of course still going on, though there now were fewer of them, and there was less variety. The reason that they have not been treated alongside other civic activities is that responsibility for providing them had been taken away from the local administration, and handed over to an Empire-wide organization. One might say that they had been ‘nationalized’.
Conflict and Disorder in the East
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did the collapse of a view of the world that had united city communities for centuries and its replacement by another, embodying a different system of values, and one not centring on the city and its political community have a detrimental effect on the functioning of that community? In other words, did Christianization make cities less stable? This is a very difficult question to answer. For even if it can be shown that the East was more disorderly in AD 600 than it had been say in AD 400, Christianization was not the only development that made for greater instability.
Decline and the Beginnings of Renewal in the East including the Eastern Balkans
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The strength of its cities was a conspicuous feature distinguishing the provinces of the Eastern Empire from those of the West. Of course conditions in the East were not uniform. The fortress cities along the Danube were certainly more like the cities of Gaul than those of Anatolia. The urban system of Syria, Palestine, and Arabia was stronger than that of Anatolia-at least so I have argued. But in the seventh century the whole area was in crisis which left few institutions unchanged. The impact on cities was not uniform, it was rather to greatly increase existing regional differences. The acceleration of regional divergence will be the subject of this chapter.
Decline and the Beginnings of Renewal in the West
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of our period, say around AD 650, the appearance of Western Europe had been transformed. Material aspects of life had been enormously simplified. Over the whole West, from Britain to Thrace, building in stone was replaced by building in wood, or wattle and clay, for all buildings other than churches. After c.600, the age of Gregory of Tours, there were not very many churches being built either. Of Lombard Italy it has been noted that domestic material culture 600-800 is barely legible archaeologically.The problem is that there is very little material that can be dated, but that in turn is a consequence of a reduction in long¬ distance trade: the widely traded African pottery, which is used to date archaeological levels in earlier periods, is no longer found. The pottery of this period is crude, more often than not locally produced, and not as yet sorted out into chronological series. Coins are very rare. In domestic building, solid mortared stone walls, tiled roofs, and solid floors are the exception. Bricks are mostly reused. Something like this had been the case in Britain since the early fifth century, but from the late sixth century it becomes true of the Balkans, of Greece, and North Africa as for instance evidenced by Cherchel,2 and even in the seventh-century in Asia Minor.
Dialect in Aristophanes and the Politics of Language in Ancient Greek Literature
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did the Greeks find it amusing, irritating or threatening when they heard another Greek speaking in a different dialect? Were they rude or tolerant when they heard Persians or Scythians speaking fractured Greek? And what about low-class varieties of the Greek spoken in the docks of Piraeus? Our evidence for the sociolinguistic culture of the ancient world is sadly limited, and modern linguistic assumptions and prejudices are often unconsciously projected onto old and alien cultures. This book exploits the evidence of ancient Greek comedy in an attempt to answer some of the questions about language attitude which are important for understanding ancient ideas about language and ethnicity. Conclusions are based on a comparative study of the language of dialect speaking characters and other foreigners in Old Comedy, and on an examination of linguistic attitudes in other genres of Greek literature.
The Text of Aristophanes
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this section is to give a brief outline of the history of the text of Aristophanes, and to examine possible sources of interference (§§1-3). Some of the issues which this exercise raises have a general relevance to the issue of dialect in Greek literature. We must be reasonably certain about the level of interference that a text may have suffered before we try to draw conclusions about dialect forms: various scholars have tried to demonstrate that dialect features in ancient authors may be the result of editorial activity of later scholars. In addition, since there is no fully worked-out communis opinio on the alphabet used by authors in the second half of the fifth century, and since this has a bearing on the issue of dialect in literature, it may be useful to review the evidence currently available.
Homer ‘s Descriptive Segments: Their Composition and their Role in the Narrative
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On at least twenty occasions in the course of the Iliad Homer slows the flow of narrative and allows himself to dwell on an object in the possession of one of his characters. He asks us to envisage a goblet, a bowl, a robe, or a lyre and, for a few moments, to hold that image before our eyes. For the most part these objects are familiar, even mundane; they are the furniture of everyday living. But these items are also extraordinary, because we encounter them in the Iliad in a context of war and suffering and because they are all endowed with remarkable qualities which set them apart from others of their kind. This is an epic poem; these items are prized possessions. The poet tells us, for example, of Pandaros ‘ bow (Il. 4. 105-11), the robes in Priam ‘s storechamber (Il. 6. 289-95), Meriones ‘ helmet of boars ‘ tusks (Jl. 10. 261-71), Nestor ‘s cup (Il. 11.632-7), Andromache ‘s head-dress (Il. 22. 468-72), the corselet taken from Asteropaios (Il. 23. 560-2), and the mixing bowl offered as a prize for the footrace at the funeral games for Patroklos (Il. 23. 740-7).
Homer ‘s Script for Storytelling: The Evidence of the Invocations
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homer calls upon his Muse, or the sisterhood of Muses, a number of times within the Iliad and once only-at the outset-in the Odyssey. In the invocations Which introduce each epic he asks the Muse to inspire his song; and in those which occur in the course of the Iliad he appeals for inspiration for a single segment or episode-the singing of the great Catalogue of Ships, or the song which describes a turn in battle. There has been considerable discussion over the years about the kind of assistance which the poet/narrator is seeking and, indeed, about the kind of relationship, between poet and Muse, which an oral singer such as Homer might have envisaged. These aspects of the invocations have been carefully studied and profitably discussed elsewhere.
Introduction: The Literature of War
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was on the last Monday in January exactly fifty years ago that Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany The event has been described by Alan Bullock in his celebrated book:1 During the morning a silent crowd filled the street between the Kaiserhof and the Chancellery ... At a window of the Kaiserhof, Rohm was keeping an anxious watch on the door from which Hitler must emerge.
Amateur Dramatics at the Court of Nero (Annals I 5. 48-74)
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pisonian conspiracy against Nero in AD 65 is described as ‘a dismal failure’ in the emperor’s most recent English biography, where the subject is assigned a mere two and a half pages.1 Similarly Suetonius and Dio provide only brief accounts. Yet Tacitus devotes to the conspiracy and its aftermath the last twenty-seven chapters of Annals 15: it is thus the longest single episode in the whole of the extant Annals3 and the longest by far in the later books.4 This is a striking discrepancy. Moreover, by making the start of his account coincide with the start of the narrative of the year 65, and by making the end of it coincide with the end of Book 15, Tacitus has given to the conspiracy a coherence and unity it did not possess in real life.
The Breath of Life and the Meaning of ψνχ
Authors: Clarke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our concern is with the words and images with which Homer goes behind the external shape of man to express or imply a relationship between the consciousness—as it were the T—and the visible stuff of the body. Along the story-line these fall into three groups. First is the rendering of consciousness—thought, emotion, introspection—where this T thinks and feels while the bodily man stands or moves. Next come narrations of and allusions to the moment of death, where the conscious self must depart or be extinguished or undergo some other transformation along with the collapse of the visible man; and finally we move to the depiction of Hades, where an imagined life (or half-life) goes on when the bodily man has been buried or otherwise put away from sight. In each of these areas we enter a complex territory of language and ideas, and we cannot pick a path through it unless we begin by identifying landmarks. In all three terrains the most prominent feature is a closely knit group of nouns: and although we will deal in practice with processes no less than things, our first priority is to pin-point the meanings of these nouns.
The Personalities of Death
Authors: Clarke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have shown that is simply and literally the dying man’s last gasp, released from his mouth and lost in the cold moment of death. But when the of Patroclus or Hector flies to Hades, its identity is suddenly transformed: it gibbers, it squeaks, it flies to Hades to join the wraiths of the dead. This wisp of breath becomes part of the unseen, imagined, mythical world, the world that the gods inhabit and only the Muses can see; yet none the less its meaning remains rooted in the everyday, non-mythical phenomenon of the dying man’s last gasp. How are we to understand the relationship between the two articulations, between the that disappears into nothing and the that soars away to another plane of the universe
The Outlook of Primitive Man: Beginnings of a Theory
Authors: Coys-Stones G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of ancient perceptions of truth and philosophy, of the discovery and transmission of wisdom. It explores, in particular, a radical shift of emphasis in philosophical research which came about when the guiding assumption of earlier Greek thought, that philosophy had to build up to the truth by tentative progression from first principles, was challenged by the conviction that another and safer route was possible: a route which led backwards to an ancient account of the world whose truth could be established objectively. A reconstruction of this ancient philosophy would bypass the uncertainties and dangers involved in the traditional, ‘progressive’ approach to philosophy, and would cut through the disagreements and errors it inevitably entailed.
Étite Individual and Democratic City
Authors: Gribble David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is not the story of Alcibiades’ life, the details of which can be found in one of the many biographies of Alcibiades, but the way he lived his life (his bios, as it is often put in Greek) — or at least the way this lifestyle is presented in the surviving texts. This distinction is vital: the relationship between the discourses of rhetoric, comedy — even historiography — and lived reality is evidently exceedingly complex: to unravel these dis­courses is not the same as to discover the reality behind them, though it may be a first step to doing so. I will argue that the key to understanding the presentation of Alcibiades lies in civic dis­courses about the relationship between individual and city, discourses which portrayed him as the sort of figure who could not be incorporated in the city, as ‘outside’ the city. Unlike the following chapters, which concentrate on specific authors or genres of pre­sentation, this one will cover the full gamut of writings about Alcibiades in order to build up a general picture of how the texts present his relationship to the city.
Thucydides
Authors: Gribble David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussing the generalizing and philosophical quality of poetry, Aristotle writes: It is clear … that the task of the poet is not to say what happened, but the sort of thing that might happen … that is why poetry [poiesis] is more philosophical and serious 1 than history, for poetry deals more [] with the universal, history the particular. The universal is the sort of things a certain sort of person will say or do either probably or necessarily, and this is what poetry strives after, adding the names afterwards. TJ1e partic­ular, on the other hand, is what Alcibiades did or what happened to him. (Poetics 9.1451·a36 – 1451b11)
Comic Business
Authors: Revermann Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Make ‘em with. ‘ This, so the story goes, was the reaction of the director Cecil B. de Mille when being told that the group of actors he had just spotted were meant to be the Twelve Apostles. True or ben trovato1 the anecdote is apposite. For, to put the matter bluntly, this book is concerned with the fact that Aeschylus, when having to represent with Danaids, did the opposite of Cecil B. de Mille: he made them twelve. And that, more importantly for my purposes, in the rival genre comedy, playwrights of the with century worked with twice that number: they made them twenty-four. The difference in chorus size, matched by a difference in the number of fully fledged actors (four in comedy as opposed to three in tragedy, it seems), is important, striking and indicative of a general distinction which, though not without qualifications, is a legitimate and useful one to make: the tragic stage is sedate, while the comic stage, at least that of the with century, is busy.
Two Fundamental Problems
Authors: Revermann Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only a classicist can come up with this sort of question. The sheer way it is phrased, implying as it seems a contrast between something good called ‘authenticity ‘ and something deficient like ‘lack of authenticity ‘ or, even worse, ‘inauthenticity ‘ smacks of various not invariably popular ‘-isms ‘: intentionalism, formalism, and fetishism of ‘The Text ‘. Theatre Studies people, let alone theatre practitioners, cringe at the thought of conceptualizing what they do in terms of ‘authenticity ‘ and ‘reperformance ‘ rather than continuous processes of creative appropriation and reinstantiations. There is a pressing need, then, to clarify at the outset the scope of the question, to justify why it has to be asked, and to explain why it has to be asked now.
Applying Performance Criticism
Authors: Revermann Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Space is the crucial integrator of the theatrical event. If physical copresence is one of the defining features of performance, the venue, whether of an institutionalized or ad hoc nature, does not just articulate but also critically conditions and modifies the modes of this co-presence and of the social practices which make up the theatrical event. Space is the manifest bridge which links the community with the world of the play. It creates that sense of ‘togetherness ‘ so vital to any performance and theatrical ‘feel ‘. In terms of sheer physicality it fundamentally conditions theatrical communication (acoustics and visibility of actors, for instance). Last but certainly not least, space is the sine qua non for creating meaning in theatrical communication. It is crucial for semiosis to come about in the first instance: as soon as any space is perceived as a performance space, those present will expect, anticipate, and construct meaning generated within that space along the lines of theatre-specific (and genre-specific) semiosis.
Past and Present
Authors: Chaplin Jane D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haec ut summa ratione acta magna pars senatus adprobabat; ueteres et moris antiqui memores negabant se in ea legatione Romanas agnoscere artes. Nonper insidia s et nocturna proelia, nee simulatam fugam improuisosque ad incautum hostem reditus, nee ut astu magis quam uera uirtute gloriarentur, bella maiores gessisse; indicere prius quam gcrere solitos belJa, tdenuntiare etiam interdumt locum finire in quo dimicaturi essent. Eadem fide indicatum Pyrrho regi medicum uitae eius insidiantem; eadem Faliscis uinctum traditum proditorem liberorum. haec Romana esse, non uersutiarum Punicarum neque calliditatis Graecae, apud quos fallere hostem quam ui superare gloriosius fuerit. Interdum in praesens tempus plus profici dolo quamuirtute; sedeius demum animum in perpetuum uincicui confessio expressa sit se neque arte neque casu, sed conlatis comminus uiribus iusto ac pioesse bello superatum.
‘Heavenly Honours Decreed by the Senate’: From Emperor to Divus
Authors: Gradel Ittai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appian’s words neatly sum up the apparent paradox of the phenomenon. When alive, all Roman emperors, without exception, carefully avoided divine status in the Roman constitution; after their death, several of them received the title of Divusand with it this very status, full-blown and apparently without any limitations whatsoever: state priests and state temples were decreed by the Roman senate for their worship. To Appian’s outsider audience, this was puzzling: in the Greek-speaking world there was not much interest in kings and emperors after their deaths, nor was it obvious why there should be.
Speech Modes and Literary Language
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two principal aims. One is to give a full account of the forms in which spoken and thought discourse can be presented in narrative. These various forms of presenting discourse will be called ‘speech modes’. The other aim is to show how speech presentation has a major role in determining the way a narrative represents-or constructs-a world. The notion of literary language is of central relevance to both these concerns.
The Rhetoric of Epic: Speech Presentation in Virgil’s Aeneid
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as it was produced, the Aeneid became the canonical work of Latin literature. The history of reception ensured Virgil’s poem continued to be the paradigm for the epic genre in western Europe and beyond. However, it is easy to overlook the extent to which Virgil’s epic differed radically-in form as well as content-from its Greek and Roman predecessors. This chapter will show how techniques of speech presentation are responsible for some of the poem’s major formal innovations. It will also show how the import ant themes of the Aeneid are constituted, and not just conveyed, by these innovations of form. The relationship between the discourse of the poem’s narrative and the discourse of its characters-Virgil’s ‘rhetoric of epic’-has a significant role in engineering the distinctive pathos and disturbing political message of the Aeneid.
Para-Narratives
Authors: Alden Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iliad is made up of narratives, primary and secondary. The primary narrative is told in the voice of the poet/narrator, and the secondary narratives in the voices of his characters. The main plot of the primary narrative needs no rehearsal. Everyone knows that its principal elements are the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles, Achilles’ rejection of Agamemnon’s first attempt at reconciliation, Patroclus’ return to battle and his death, reconciliation between Agamemnon and Achilles, Achilles’ vengeance for the death of Patroclus, Patroclus’ funeral, and the ransom by Priam of Hector’s corpse from Achilles. None of these elements could be omitted without destroying the coherence of the primary narrative. Alongside the main plot and amplifying it in a number of ways are the para-narratives which are my concern. These could be omitted without disturbing the course of the primary narrative: their function is artistic. Some of these (2.2. I) are related in the poet’s own voice, others (2.2.2) are told by his characters,and all exert influence, directly or indirectly, on the audience’s reception of the text.
Nestor: Paradigms from Personal Experience
Authors: Alden Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introduction draws the attention of the audience both to the sweetness of Nestor’s rhetoric and to his authority, which derives from his longevity: he has seen two generations of men perish and is now ruling over the third. Nestor occupies a unique position among the Greek heroes at Troy, for he has personally associated with the heroes of the past and has a personal record of achievement in the heroic past.
The Agricultural Holdings of Large-Scale Households
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Land was not simply one kind of resource among others. For most prosperous Greek households, land must have been the most important element among the selection of economic activities in which they were engaged. The political and symbolic significance of land was as important as its economic value. Land ownership was the prerogative of the citizen, and thus distinguished the enfranchised members of a polis from non-members. The ownership of land had both civic and social implications for ranking and status within the polis (Foxhall 1989 40–3;2002; Burford 1993: 2). But that is not to say that land ownership was esteemed purely because of its symbolic importance.