bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a System for Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention Management
Authors: Park Sung Ae , Park Jung Ho , Jung Myun Suk , Lee Hiye Ja , Joo Mi Kyoung , Park Sung Hee 
Published: August 2004

BACKGROUNDAfter analyzing the relationship between 10 medical diagnoses and the NANDA classification, a set of related links between medical diagnoses and nursing diagnoses was drafted for the medical/surgical unit. Because one nursing diagnosis is related to many nursing interventions, the relationships established by the NIC study team between NANDA diagnoses and NIC interventions was used.MAIN CONTENT POINTSSystem programs are divided into five modules: user interface, management of standardized data, searching expected nursing diagnoses and interventions, management of nursing activities, and statistics retrieval. The database consists of two parts: knowledge and activity. All data maintained by the modules for management of standardized data are stored in the knowledge database. The modules for searching expected nursing diagnoses and interventions also use the knowledge database. All data produced by the modules for management of nursing activities and the modules for retrieving statistics on nursing activities are stored in the activity database.The system will be operated in connection with an order communication system currently in use in hospitals. Therefore, development tools were selected considering this connection.The menus for system operations are divided into four parts: management of master data, management of patient and nurse information, management of nursing activity, and retrieving statistics on nursing activity. The part for management of master data consists of five submenus: medical diagnosis, nursing diagnosis, nursing interventions, relationships between medical diagnosis and nursing diagnosis, and relationships between nursing diagnosis and nursing intervention. Through the user interface screen, nurses select medical diagnoses and then confirm the nursing diagnoses suggested.CONCLUSIONSThe system will help nurses perform their nursing processes more efficiently. However, further studies of the system are mandatory. After verifying the usefulness of the system, further analysis of the relationship between medical diagnoses and nursing diagnoses is also necessary.
Comparisons of NANDA/NIC/NOC Linkages Between Nursing Experts and Nursing Students
Authors: Van De Castle Barbara 
Published: August 2004

PURPOSETo compare and contrast student and expert clinical content associations (linkages) of NANDA, NIC, NOC.METHODSAll undergraduate students (288) were asked to voluntarily submit their care plans, with nursing diagnoses, associated interventions, and associated outcomes. The criterion for care plan inclusion was use of official NANDA diagnoses, NIC interventions, and NOC outcomes. A total of 235 care plans were submitted; 203 met the criteria. Students participated from four clinical rotations: childbearing family, child health, adult physical health, and adult emotional health. A database was created to allow entry of the expert's choices for interventions and outcomes based on a given nursing diagnosis as published in the NIC and NOC textbooks. Another database was created to enter the student NANDA/NIC/NOC links obtained from care plans. The two files were compared to assess differences between linkage sets.FINDINGSFifty‐six percent of students chose interventions or outcomes outside of the provided links in the NIC and NOC texts. This finding corresponds with data found in an earlier study.The interventions and outcomes chosen reflect current care priorities emphasized in acute care management. A total of 50 different nursing diagnoses were chosen by the students using 606 interventions (338 nonduplicated), and 244 outcomes (145 nonduplicated). The most frequent diagnosis chosen was knowledge deficit, the most frequent NOC was Pain Level, and the most frequent NIC was “discharge planning.”DISCUSSIONThese findings suggest that students using this type of care plan structure and resource are developing critical thinking skills. Choosing interventions and outcomes from a generic list and not from a prepared list can demonstrate clinical decision making. Faculty can evaluate student application of course objectives by the type and frequency of the diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes cited. For instance, the above finding of “discharge planning” as the most frequent intervention told faculty that the strategies used to encourage student incorporation of discharge planning was effective.CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that students are going beyond the provided linkages in the NIC and NOC texts and choosing appropriate interventions and outcomes. Critical thinking skills are being used in developing care plans. More research assessing clinically derived linkages among NANDA, NIC, and NOC is needed, but should be expanded to linkages created by nurses. Additionally, clinical information systems linking diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes should not be limited to predetermined linkages but should allow for flexibility to include additional choices appropriate to specific patient management concerns. An ongoing assessment of clinical information systems using any of the nursing classifications is key to developing clinically appropriate and culturally sensitive linkages.
Nursing Diagnoses in Japan and Issues Related to Their Development
Authors: Tanaka Makiko 
Published: August 2004

PURPOSE. To examine the awareness of nursing diagnosis in Japan by investigating the reality of its spread and permeation.METHODS. One group (X) consisted of 67 individuals who were unfamiliar with nursing diagnosis, while the other group (Y) consisted of 20 who were practicing it. The awareness of nursing diagnosis was measured via a researcher‐developed questionnaire. A comparative analysis was made between the two groups.FINDINGS. The cross analysis for group X between “the awareness of improving the nursing diagnosis ability” and “the awareness of the necessity for nursing diagnosis” was significant (p<0.001). Open‐ended responses to the question, “What does nursing as a profession consist of?” were categorized into five factors. Triple cross‐analysis of both groups on each factor yielded one significant result for Group Y with the factor “nursing diagnosis was necessary but improving ability to use it was another matter” (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONS. The subjects' familiarity with nursing diagnosis was systematically related to its evaluation, causing ambivalent feelings toward it. Also, regardless of subjects' familiarity with nursing diagnosis, there was a feeling that it is a difficult skill to master. While subjects felt skill using nursing diagnosis was prestigious, their sense of a lack of this skill led to blocking its spread and permeation.
Nursing Diagnosis in Medical‐Surgical Patients
Authors: Volpato Márcia Paschoalina 
Published: August 2004

PURPOSE. To identify nursing diagnoses identified in patients in a medical‐surgical unit.METHODS. Data were collected through interviews and physical examination of 60 patients on a female ward in order to formulate NANDA diagnoses. The data collection tool was based on Gordon's 11 Functional Health Patterns. Four researchers with medical‐surgical nursing expertise reached the nursing diagnosis through consensus.FINDINGS. A total of 338 diagnoses were identified from 49 different categories. Nineteen categories were identified in more than 10% of the sample: risk for infection (58%), pain (50%), constipation (42%), activity intolerance (35%), sleep pattern disturbance (28%), altered physical mobility (27%), impaired skin integrity (27%), fatigue (25%), sexual pattern dysfunction (23%), anxiety (23%), risk for ineffective manipulation of therapeutic regimen (20%), risk for trauma (20%), risk for impaired skin integrity (18%), ineffective coping (18%), altered nutrition: more than body requirements (12%), impaired communication (12%), urinary incontinence (10%), fluid volume excess (10%), and altered nutrition: less than body requirements (10%).The most frequent diagnoses related to Health Functional Patterns were identified in health control and perception, with 28% of the 338 formulated diagnoses, activity‐exercise and nutritional‐metabolic with 20% each.CONCLUSIONS. There was great diversity in the quality of the reported needs in the studied sample, which demands extensive knowledge and a wide range of abilities to identify needs as well as implement care in the affected patients. Studies such as this one will enhance delineation of the nursing knowledge base in order to justify allocation of human resources in specific areas.
Caregivers of Patients With Chronic Pain: Responses to Care
Authors: Monteiro da Cruz Diná de Almeida Lopes , de Mattos Pimenta Cibele Andrucioli , Kurita Geana Paula , de Oliveira Ana Cláudia , Boisvert Cécile , Kamitsuru Shigemi , Ugalde Mercedes 
Published: August 2004

PURPOSE To explore the caregiving role of nonprofessional caregivers of patients with chronic pain.METHOD Descriptive study of 30 caregivers.FINDINGS Twenty‐eight (93%) caregivers demonstrated 1 to 6 defining characteristics of caregiver role strain, and 2 (7%) had at least two factors of risk for caregiver role strain.CONCLUSION Caring for patients with chronic pain has a meaningful impact on caregivers' lives.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Caregivers of patients with chronic pain deserve care, not only with the objective of optimizing relief for the patients, but also to help them seek and attain optimal functionality.
Formulation of a Plan of Care for Culturally Diverse Patients
Authors: Walsh Susan , Boisvert Cécile , Kamitsuru Shigemi , Michel Jeanne , de Barros Alba , Ugalde Mercedes 
Published: August 2004

PURPOSE To formulate a plan of care for a culturally diverse population and develop a resource for the healthcare team in providing culturally competent care.DATA SOURCES Books, journal articles.DATA SYNTHESIS Healthcare workers are challenged to provide appropriate care for an increasingly diverse population. A cluster of nursing diagnoses were used to develop a plan of care addressing the unique challenges of caring for a diverse population served by a community hospital.CONCLUSION A care plan was devised and inserted into the nursing diagnosis–based nursing documentation computer system for easy access when needed.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS A care plan for a diverse population can promote respectful and excellent care for every patient.
Contexts for the Study of the Economic Influence of Nursing Diagnoses on Patient Outcomes
Authors: Lavin Mary Ann , Avant Kay , Craft‐Rosenberg Martha , Herdman T. Heather , Gebbie Kristine , Michel Jeanne , de Barros Alba , Apalategui Mercedes Ugalde 
Published: August 2004

PURPOSE To examine the historical, legal/organizational, informatics, clinical, economic, and policy contexts underlying economic consequences of nursing diagnoses on patient outcomes.DATA SOURCES Published literature, online material.DATA SYNTHESIS Nursing diagnoses influence diagnostic‐specific patient outcomes and other outcome variables such as length of hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality.CONCLUSIONS Examination of the economic ramifications of nursing diagnosis on patient outcomes can be facilitated using standardized language and databases containing nursing‐sensitive measures.
Diagnostic‐Specific Outcomes and Nursing Effectiveness Research
Authors: Moorhead Sue , Johnson Marion , Michel Jeanne , de Barros Alba , Apalategui Mercedes Ugalde 
Published: August 2004

PURPOSE To review the use of diagnosis‐specific outcomes in health care and nursing.DATA SOURCES Published literature, information databases.DATA SYNTHESIS The need to identify nursing diagnosis–specific outcomes is necessary in order to expand nursing's knowledge base and identify the cost‐effectiveness of nursing interventions.CONCLUSIONS Outcomes work needs to be done across settings where care is provided.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Outcomes information is necessary to identify the cost and impact of nursing interventions.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Indinavir in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Csajka Chantal , Marzolini Catia , Fattinger Karin , Décosterd Laurent A. , Telenti Amalio , Biollaz Jérôme , Buclin Thierry 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Indinavir is currently used at a fixed dose of 800 mg either three times a day or twice a day in combination with 100 mg of ritonavir. Dosage individualization based on plasma concentration monitoring might, however, be indicated. This study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of indinavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus to characterize interpatient and intrapatient variability and to build up a Bayesian approach for dosage adaptation. A population analysis was performed with the NONMEM computer program with 569 plasma samples from a cohort of 239 unselected patients receiving indinavir. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption was adapted, and the influences of clinical characteristics on oral clearance (CL) and distribution volume (
V
) were examined. Predicted average drug exposure and trough and peak concentrations were derived for each patient and correlated with efficacy and toxicity markers. The population estimates of CL were 32.4 liters/h for female and 42.0 liters/h for male patients; oral
V
was 65.7 liters; and the rate constant of absorption (

K
a

) was 1.0 h
−1
. CL decreased by 63% with ritonavir intake and was moderately correlated to body weight. Both interpatient variability, best assigned to oral CL (coefficient of variation [CV], 39%) and

K
a

(CV, 67%), and intrapatient variability were large (CV, 41%; standard deviation, 670 μg/liter). In conclusion, initial indinavir dosage should be decided according to ritonavir intake and sex, prior to plasma concentration measurements. The high interpatient pharmacokinetic variability represents an argument for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Plasma Lipoprotein Distribution of Eritoran (E5564) during Continuous Intravenous Infusion into Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Rossignol Daniel P. , Wasan Kishor M. , Choo Eugene , Yau Edwin , Wong Nancy , Rose Jeffrey , Moran Jeffrey , Lynn Melvyn 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT
Eritoran, a structural analogue of the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is an antagonist of LPS in animal and human endotoxemia models. Previous studies have shown that low doses (350 to 3,500 μg) of eritoran have demonstrated a long pharmacokinetic half-life but a short pharmacodynamic half-life. The present study describes the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and lipid distribution profile of eritoran during and after a 72-h intravenous infusion of 500, 2,000, or 3,500 μg/h into healthy volunteers. Except for the occurrence of phlebitis, eritoran administration over 72 h was safe and well tolerated. Eritoran demonstrated a slow plasma clearance (0.679 to 0.930 ml/h/kg of body weight), a small volume of distribution (45.6 to 49.8 ml/kg), and a relatively long half-life (50.4 to 62.7 h). In plasma, the majority (∼55%) of eritoran was bound to high-density lipoproteins. During infusion and for up to 72 h thereafter, ex vivo response of blood to 1- or 10-ng/ml LPS was inhibited by ≥85%, even when the lowest dose of eritoran (500 μg/h) was infused. Inhibition of response was dependent on eritoran dose and the concentration of LPS used as an agonist. Finally, in vitro analysis with purified lipoprotein and protein fractions from plasma obtained from healthy volunteers indicated that eritoran is inactivated by high-density but not low-density lipoproteins, very-low-density lipoproteins, or albumin. From these results, we conclude that up to 252 mg of eritoran can be safely infused into normal volunteers over 72 h and even though it associates extensively with high-density lipoproteins, antagonistic activity is maintained, even after infusion ceases.
Antiplasmodial Chalcones Inhibit Sorbitol-Induced Hemolysis of
Plasmodium falciparum
-Infected Erythrocytes
Authors: Go Mei-Lin , Liu Mei , Wilairat Prapon , Rosenthal Philip J. , Saliba Kevin J. , Kirk Kiaran 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

A series of alkoxylated and hydroxylated chalcones previously reported to have antiplasmodial activities in vitro were investigated for their effects on the new permeation pathways induced by the malaria parasite in the host erythrocyte membrane. Of 21 compounds with good antiplasmodial activities (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC
50
s], ≤20 μM), 8 members were found to inhibit sorbitol-induced lysis of parasitized erythrocytes to a significant extent (≤40% of control values) at a concentration (10 μM) that was close to their antiplasmodial IC
50
s. Qualitative structure-activity analysis suggested that activity was governed to a greater extent by a substitution on ring B than on ring A of the chalcone template. Most of the active compounds had methoxy or dimethoxy groups on ring B. Considerable variety was permitted on ring A in terms of the electron-donating or -withdrawing property. Lipophilicity did not appear to be an important determinant for activity. Although they are not exceptionally potent as inhibitors (lowest IC
50
, 1.9 μM), the chalcones compare favorably with other more potent inhibitors in terms of their selective toxicities against plasmodia and their neutral character.
Treatment of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis with Amphotericin B in Stable Albumin Microspheres
Authors: Sánchez-Brunete J. A. , Dea M. A. , Rama S. , Bolás F. , Alunda J. M. , Raposo R. , Méndez M. T. , Torrado-Santiago S. , Torrado J. J. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Hydrophilic albumin microspheres are proposed as a new delivery system for amphotericin B (AMB; AMB microspheres). The acute toxicity of AMB microspheres was lower than that of the AMB-deoxycholate (AMB-Doc) reference formulation in hamsters. Lethal doses in healthy and infected animals were improved at least eight times. Intravenous bolus administration of doses of AMB microspheres up to 40 mg/kg of body weight did not produce acute symptoms of toxicity. The efficacy of this new formulation was tested against
Leishmania infantum-
infected hamsters at doses of 2, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. With the 2-mg/kg dose, the activity of AMB, as assessed through the parasite load reductions in the liver and spleen and the evolution of antibody levels, was also improved (
P
< 0.05) by use of the AMB microsphere system. At the higher doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, reductions in parasite levels of more than 99% were achieved in the liver and spleen after the administration of AMB microspheres. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to study the serum, liver, and spleen AMB concentrations after administration of AMB microspheres and the reference formulation. Interestingly, a significant accumulation of AMB in the spleen and liver was observed after AMB microsphere administration. Our results suggest that this new formulation is a promising alternative to the conventional AMB-Doc formulation for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profiling of the
Escherichia coli
Response to a Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptide
Authors: Tomasinsig Linda , Scocchi Marco , Mettulio Romina , Zanetti Margherita 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Most antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) impair the viability of target bacteria by permeabilizing bacterial membranes. However, the proline-rich AMPs have been shown to kill susceptible organisms without causing significant membrane perturbation and may act by inhibiting the activity of bacterial targets. To gain initial insight into the events that follow interaction of a proline-rich peptide with bacterial cells, we used DNA macroarray technology to monitor transcriptional alterations of
Escherichia coli
in response to challenge with a subinhibitory concentration of the proline-rich Bac7(1-35). Substantial changes in the expression levels of 70 bacterial genes from various functional categories were detected. Among these, 26 genes showed decreased expression, while 44 genes, including genes that are potentially involved in bacterial resistance to antimicrobials, showed increased expression. The generation of a transcriptional response under the experimental conditions used is consistent with the ability of Bac7(1-35) to interact with bacterial components and affect biological processes in this organism.
The Novel Azole R126638 Is a Selective Inhibitor of Ergosterol Synthesis in
Candida albicans
,
Trichophyton
spp., and
Microsporum canis
Authors: Vanden Bossche Hugo , Ausma Jannie , Bohets Hilde , Vermuyten Karen , Willemsens Gustaaf , Marichal Patrick , Meerpoel Lieven , Odds Frank , Borgers Marcel 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

R126638 is a novel triazole with in vitro activity similar to that of itraconazole against dermatophytes,
Candida
spp., and
Malassezia
spp. In animal models of dermatophyte infections, R126638 showed superior antifungal activity. R126638 inhibits ergosterol synthesis in
Candida albicans
,
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
,
Trichophyton rubrum
, and
Microsporum canis
at nanomolar concentrations, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) similar to those of itraconazole. The decreased synthesis of ergosterol and the concomitant accumulation of 14α-methylsterols provide indirect evidence that R126638 inhibits the activity of CYP51 that catalyzes the oxidative removal of the 14α-methyl group of lanosterol or eburicol. The IC
50
s for cholesterol synthesis from acetate in human hepatoma cells were 1.4 μM for itraconazole and 3.1 μM for R126638. Compared to itraconazole (IC
50
= 3.5 μM), R126638 is a poor inhibitor of the 1α-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
(IC
50
> 10 μM). Micromolar concentrations of R126638 and itraconazole inhibited the 24-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
and the conversion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
into polar metabolites. At concentrations up to 10 μM, R126638 had almost no effect on cholesterol side chain cleavage (CYP11A1), 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase (CYP17), aromatase (CYP19), or 4-hydroxylation of all-
trans
retinoic acid (CYP26). At 10 μM, R126638 did not show clear inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C10, CYP2C19, or CYP2E1. Compared to itraconazole, R126638 had a lower interaction potential with testosterone 6β hydroxylation and cyclosporine hydroxylation, both of which are catalyzed by CYP3A4, whereas both antifungals inhibited the CYP3A4-catalyzed hydroxylation of midazolam similarly. The results suggest that R126638 has promising properties and merits further in vivo investigations for the treatment of dermatophyte and yeast infections.