bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At age 19, future political philosopher Hannah Arendt described in her journal the depression she suffered with these words: “Madness, joylessness, disaster, annihilation” and the desire that “the end, long and fervently hoped for ... puts an end to this needless and futile life.” Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the widely read Uncle Tom’s Cabin,also described a “great depression,” one in which she felt “scarcely alive” half the time;the other half a “slave of morbid feeling.” At age 16, she wrote to her sister, “I ... wish to die young.” 1 The diaries and journals of most of the renowned women whose lives we studied detail the thoughts and emotions that characterize depression: The feeling that nothing gives pleasure, the sense that each moment is to be dreaded, the fear that life is now, and will always be, made up only of suffering, the longing for death to end it all. The pain evident in these descriptions falls disproportionately on female shoulders, for, like disordered eating, depression is much more common among females. Women have more symptoms of depression than men do, are more likely to be diagnosed as depressed, are more frequently hospitalized for depression, and are more likely to attempt suicide. Male suicide attemptors more often complete the act, with one notable exception: Professional women exhibit rates of successful suicide comparable to males.
Tying the Knot: Marriage, Childbearing, and Sexuality
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If ever a woman had good reason to marry and have children, it was Queen Elizabeth I. She received enormous pressure to cement a political alliance with some powerful foreign nation or influential English family and bear a child who would be heir to the English throne. Her unwillingness to do either, leaving the nation with no obvious claimant to the throne, was much more than disappointing to the English people-it was perilous. Elizabeth’s avoidance of childbearing contrasts sharply with the drastic attempts of her father King Henry VIII to father a son. Yet Henry’s dynastic aspirations must have greatly affected Elizabeth, perhaps even her attitudes toward marriage and childbearing. Henry married eight wives. Elizabeth’s mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed because of her inability to produce a male heir. Thus, we might assume that Elizabeth saw her mother in a much less powerful position than Henry VIII, a position resulting in her death when Elizabeth was not born a male. Elizabeth surely had powerful reasons for feeling ambivalent about her femaleness. We speculate that in addition to the psychological and somatic symptoms described previously, Elizabeth may have responded to this ambivalence with an aversion toward marriage, childbearing, and sexuality.
Adolescence
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adolescence is often portrayed as a period of turmoil. And whether or not that description is applicable to boys, it is certainly true for many girls. A recent study of Dutch adolescents found that between ages 11 and 18, the proportion of females who reported feeling unhappy, sad, or depressed increased almost five times as much as the proportion of males. During the same period, the proportion of females who reported that they felt fearful doubled, while that of males actually decreased. The same was true regarding reports of not eating well. As discussed in Chapter 4, the prevalence of many other disorders-including headache, breathing difficulties, insomnia, and mitral valve prolapse-increase dramatically among females during adolescence. Several other :findings indicate that the transformation into adulthood is a much more negative and problematic experience for females than for males. For example, as adolescent boys mature, their ideal male physique becomes larger on average, approximating more nearly that of the men they are becoming. As girls progress through adolescence, however, their ideal physique tends to become slimmer on average and less like that of the women they are becoming. As a result, females at more advanced pubertal stages more frequently dislike their bodies than less mature females.
Gender Ambivalence
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Margaret Mead’s family, intellectual achievement did not necessarily signify maleness. But Mead stands out as an exception among the eminent women we studied. More frequently, these women confronted familial and societal conditions summed up in the words of Susan B. Anthony: “Those who have worked out for themselves an individual destiny . . . are . . hardly counted as women.”As a result, many women who achieved great success outside the home labeled the ambitious, talented aspects of their own personalities as male. Of Ruth Benedict, widely acknowledged as one of the great anthropologists for her work on cultural patterns, one biographer wrote: “But the more she thought about her lack of fit to the female role, the more she seemed drawn to considering the maleness in herself. She noted her craving for achievement . . . and wondered whether she possessed too largely the traits her society defined as male.” Novelist George Eliot took on a male pen name; Joan of Arc, male dress and haircut. The French novelist George Sand did both. At adolescence, Sand became deeply depressed and experienced a compulsion to commit suicide by drowning herself, a compulsion also mentioned in the Hippocratic description of the “disease of young women.
Introduction
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ordinary explanations of intentional behavior draw upon a rich psycho logical vocabulary. Our attempted accounts of particular intentional actions appeal to agents’ beliefs, desires, hopes, wishes, resolutions, decisions, plans, and the like and sometimes to deliberation or more modest forms of practical reasoning. Occasionally, we advert, as well, to a variety of finely distinguished traits of character or emotions. Traditionally, philosophers have refined and exploited this vocabulary in an effort to produce theories of the explanation of intentional human behavior. One underlying presupposition, perhaps, is that commonsense explanations framed in these terms have enjoyed a considerable measure of success. We understand the behavior of others and ourselves well enough to coordinate and sustain the wealth of complicated, cooperative activities integral to normal human life; and, it seems, the understanding that we have achieved is expressed largely in our commonsense psychological vocabulary.
Irresistible Desires
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An appreciation of the extent to which our desires are subject to our control is essential to a proper understanding of normal human agency. I suggested in chapter 4 that unless a desire is irresistible, we have some control over its motivational strength. However, the precise content of the suggestion is left open in the absence of an account of irresistible desire. We face, then, a difficult question: What is an irresistible desire? Irresistible desires are mentioned with unsurprising frequency in discussions of free agency and moral responsibility. Actions motivated by such desires are standardly viewed as compelled, hence unfreeze. Agents in the grip of irresistible desires are often plausibly exempted from moral blame for intentional deeds in which the desires issue. Yet relatively little attention has been given to the analysis of irresistible desire. Moreover, a popular analysis is fatally flawed.
Executive States: Settling Things
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is, in the literature on intention, a significant division over whether the state is reducible to combinations of belief and desire. On the reductionist view, intention may figure in the etiology of intentional action; but its contribution is just that of belief/desire complexes. The attraction of belief/desire reductionism about intention is explained in part by the popular assumption that belief and desire are the most fundamental intentional states. But this is not the whole story. It is generally recognized that intention has a motivational dimension; and ‘desire’ (like ‘want’) is often used in the literature as an umbrella term for motivation. Moreover, although I have noted that this point is controversial, intention is commonly regarded as involving a “confidence” condition, a condition naturally explicated in terms of belief. Few people are inclined to maintain that a sprinter who believes that his chances of winning a certain race are about one in ten intends to win the race, no matter how strongly motivated he is to win.
The Executive Dimension of Proximal Intentions
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contribution of intention to intentional action, on the view that has been taking shape in the two preceding chapters, rests upon motivational and representational features of the state. In this chapter, I restrict the discussion to overt intentional action, intentional action that essentially involves peripheral bodily movement; and I focus on the motivational dimension of proximal intention. My guiding question is this: If there is a specific motivational role that intention is plausibly regarded as playing in all cases of overt intentional action, in virtue of what feature(s) of intention does it play this role? I am looking for an answer that can be articulated in the terminology of intentionalist psychology, a psychology that accords intentional states (beliefs, desires, and the like) a prominent place in the explanation of intentional behavior.
Intention’s Content
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it, precisely, that an agent intends when he intends, as we might say, to clean his stove today? What is the content of his intention? According to some, all intentions are self-referential―that is, an adequate expression of the content of any intention makes essential reference to the intention whose content is being expressed. I shall call this the self referentiality thesis (SRT). A leading proponent of the thesis, Gilbert Harman, provides a succinct formulation: “The intention to do A is the intention that, because of that very intention, one will do A” (1976, p. 441; cf. 1986a, ch. 8).John Searle contends, similarly, that the “Intentional content” of an agent’s “prior intention” to A identifies that very intention as a cause of the agent’s (prospective) A-ing (1983, pp. 85-87, 92-95). Alan Donagan accepts the SRT at least for the “determinate intentions” or “choices” that causally explain action (1987, chs. 5, 7, 9).3 Originally, I had planned to say little about the SRT in my investigation of the representational dimension of intention here and to refer the reader instead to my earlier criticism (Mele 1987b). But the SRT has a seductive appeal-and some very influential proponents. Furthermore, the position on the contents of intentions defended in the last few sections of this chapter can be motivated in part by criticism of the SRT. I deemed it best, consequently, to display both the deficiencies in the major arguments advanced for the view and the central problems with the thesis. An additional benefit of so doing is that some important points made by way of rebutting the SRT serve as well (as I shall explain in chapter 13) to disarm recent objections to intentionalistic, causal theories of action-explanation.
Dickinson, Women Writers, and the Marketplace
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1843, a reviewer for the prestigious and Whig-oriented North American Review expressed anxiety about the increasing commercialization and democratization of literature as the production of the written word and authorship became subject to the laws of a marketplace economy: “Literature begins to assume the aspect and undergo the mutations of trade,” he noted. “The author’s profession is becoming as mechanical as that of the printer and the bookseller, being created by the same causes and subject to the same laws. The nature of the supply seems likely to be as strictly proportioned to the demand, as in any other commercial operation” (“The Works of Alexander Dumas” 110).
Structure and Preparation of Silver Halide Grains
Authors: Tani Tadaaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preparation of silver halide grains in photographic emulsions is one of the most important technologies for the development of new silver halide photographic materials with high capability, and significant progress has been made over the last decades to make silver halide grains controllable with respect to size, shape, halide distribution, and crystal defects. Monodispersed silver halide grains with sophisticated structures are being developed. In this chapter, descriptions are focused on the structure and mechanism of the formation of these grains.
Chemical Sensitization and Stabilization
Authors: Tani Tadaaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to achieve latent image formation in photographic emulsions with high efficiency and stability, many attempts are made to modify the silver halide grains in emulsions. While these attempts include chemical sensitization, hypersensitization, and latensification, chemical sensitizations are most effective and are widely used in practical emulsions. Chemical sensitization is a method to place a small amount of chemical species on the surface or in the interior of silver halide grains by chemical reactions taking place during the ripening of emulsions (i.e., agitation of emulsions at an elevated temperature for a certain time period). Hypersensitization is a method to treat coated emulsion layers before exposure to light for improvement of the efficiency of latent image formation. Latensification is a method to treat coated emulsion layers after exposure to light but before development in order to increase the developability of latent subimage centers and small latent image centers.
A French Homunculus in a Tennessee Court
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States Supreme Court has dealt with issues at the beginning of life almost every term since 1973. But it was not until 1990 that the Court first faced a so-called “right to die” decision.1 The Court, however, chose to deal with the case of Nancy Cruzan almost as if it were just another abortion decision-and, like its decision in Webster (discussed in Chapter 4) the Court continued to recreate America ‘s legal landscape by transferring traditional rights from its citizens to state legislatures and other government officials. Webster may have made the decision in Cruzan inevitable. But its inevitability does not make its consequences any more desirable than the devastation caused by a predicated and inevitable tornado or tidal wave. This chapter summarizes the Cruzan decision and suggests how to contain its potentially destructive force.
Killing Machines
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adoption of military metaphors by the medical profession is well known. Physicians aggressively combat disease on the front lines, using their armamentarium to destroy invaders of the body. The military also adopts medical metaphors, ranging from surgical strikes to antiseptic operations. Less commented on is the adoption of modern technology by both the military and medicine, and what insights we might gain about medicine by examining military technology. In the wake of operation Desert Storm, however, it is difficult to ignore the striking similarities. In both cases, for example, we will pay double or triple for a small increase in efficacy. As retired Admiral Eugene Carroll put it: “The military always stresses performance at all cost.” For a 10 percent increase in performance, the military will pay twice as much, and the new technology will be twice as difficult to operate and maintain.
Spies Between the Wars: 1919-1929
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intelligence by no means disappeared from the international scene after World War I. In the United States, postwar reductions left the Military Intelligence Division with twenty-five times more personnel than it had in 1916. Even Germany, saddled with an enormous debt and with restrictions on its military, chose to establish a variety of intelligence organizations over the decade.
Intelligence and the Onset of War
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intelligence collection operations of the 1930s were intended to pro vide the basis for an accurate assessment of other nations’ political intentions and military capabilities. Another important function was to pre vent an enemy from launching a successful surprise attack, one that would leave the victim staggered and susceptible to a knockout blow. The events of the late 1930s and early 1940s-in central Europe, in the western Soviet Union, and at Pearl Harbor-might seem to suggest that the intelligence operations of several major powers failed, tragically, to accomplish their major peacetime goals. Yet the failures of policy and warning suffered by Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States resulted from a variety of factors, many not under the control of those nations’ intelligence establishments.
Black Magic
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The value of communications intelligence was demonstrated in World War I and the years between the wars. But past triumphs did not guaran tee future success, particularly in a security-conscious wartime environment. Nations that had suffered reverses through the codebreaking activities of their enemies may have learned the necessity of communications security. Further, code and cipher technology had increased dramatically. In addition, military technology and strategy had advanced since the end of World War I, and military forces would move more rapidly than they had in the past. The value of solutions to codes and ciphers would be significantly reduced unless they were produced quickly enough to guide the decisions of military leaders.
New Players
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years after World War II were notable not only for the beginning of the Cold War: as nations devastated or defeated in war were rebuilt, new nations and alliances appeared. Those changes resulted in the emergence of new intelligence services, including those that would be of major significance in the international intelligence arena. Some would operate on the front lines of the Cold War; others would play significant roles in the formulation and implementation of their nations’ foreign and defense policies.
Secret Wars
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
World War II had seen a wide variety of special operations conducted by both Allied and Axis powers-including black propaganda, paramilitary operations, and assassinations. Nations would develop their own terminology and euphemisms for such activities. United States officials would talk in terms of “covert action,” “special activities,” and, in extreme cases, “executive action.” In Britain one euphemism was “secret political action.” In the Soviet Union there were “active measures” and “wet affairs.” However they might be referred to, such techniques would continue to be employed in the postwar era to achieve foreign policy objectives. Not only the superpowers but a variety of other nations would employ such techniques. Some operations would advance a nation’s interest, others would prove to be failures, and still others would backfire in dramatic and embarrassing fashion.
Technological Espionage
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early 1960 Allen Dulles and Richard Bissell requested the resumption of what had become a somewhat dormant U-2 program. There had been no deep overflights of Soviet territory since the September 1959 Camp David meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev. With a summit meeting scheduled for May, a concerned Eisenhower offered a prescient comment on February 8. He noted that “he[had] one tremendous asset in a summit meeting . . . his reputation for honesty. If one of these aircraft were lost when we were engaged in apparently sincere deliberations, it would be put on display in Moscow and ruin the President’s effectiveness.”
Crisis Intelligence
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1960s saw some of the century’s most productive spies as well as major advances in aerospace reconnaissance systems. But neither the de signers of new reconnaissance systems, nor spies like Penkovskiy, Cohen, and Lotz could know exactly how their activities might influence history. Before the decade concluded the United States and the Soviet Union would approach the brink of nuclear conflict over Cuba, the Arabs and Israelis would fight a war with long-lasting implications, and Soviet ac tions would make clear their willingness to resort to extreme measures to safeguard their eastern European empire. Each case would serve to illustrate the utility and limitations of intelligence in the 1960s-and help spur some of the advances of the 1970s.
Elusive Truths
Authors: Richelson Jeffrey T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in intelligence technology in the 19o0s and 1970s further revolutionized the nature of intelligence. The United States and the Soviet Union, superpowers in intelligence as well as military matters, were able to look deep into each other’s territory on a daily basis. Over the course of any year thousands of images of the adversary’s military facilities would pass across the desks of analysts from the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, KGB, and GRU. Those same analysts would also read the product of their country’s vast eavesdropping operations. Smaller powers, even though lacking satellite capabilities, had also developed impressive capabilities to produce imagery and communications intelligence in support of political and military leaders. Some, particularly the closest U.S. allies, also received some satellite intelligence as part of intelligence liaison relationships.
Restrictions
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters, we looked at the nature of the value structures and role relationships in the intermediate and skilled care and residence settings. Caregiver-patient relationships seem to be derivative of the traditional physician-patient relationship, while staff-resident relationships are more reminiscent of those seen between the elderly and supportive family members. These findings have important consequences for the ideals of autonomy.
Activities and Schedules: The Routine of Daily Life
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autonomy in the long-term care context, as we have tried to indicate, is heavily influenced by the institutional structuring of everyday existence. Thus, we need to know the degree to which patients and residents controlled their own routines in the institutions in which they lived and the sorts of choices they had in their day-to-day lives. A good way of looking at that concerns how patients’ and residents’ time was scheduled and structured.
The Making Of A Composer: II
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now That The Marriage Changed the focus of her musical life from performance to composition, Amy Beach had the enviable good fortune to be able to compose without concern for money and with only the infrequent pleasure and distraction of a concert date. Alone in the music room, she left her desk to practice the piano when she felt “written out” and needed a break from com posing. If the daytime hours spent working alone recalled the isolation of her life before her debut, she could look forward to the evenings’ social diversions during which she might even play for assembled guests.