bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormone synthesis, storage, release, and transport (Physiology)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
are molecules released by endocrine gland cells into the extracellular fluid to act on specific target cells are either proteins, polypeptides, or steroids are released from specific nerve endings in the hypothalamus can act on target cells near to their point of release, in which case they have a paracrine function include energy substrates such as glucose
Female reproductive endocrinology
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
coincides with adrenarche (the time when adrenal androgen production is increased) is associated with the beginning of menstrual cyclicity usually occurs approximately two years earlier than in boys is initiated by the increasing quantities of circulating gonadal steroids e is retarded when blindness has been present from birth the testes have normally descended into the scrotum at birth
Is psychotherapy an act of goodness?
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is clear that the therapist does not do her work simply out of love; if this were so she would not claim a fee. The numerous motives, conscious and unconscious, for adopting the profession include curiosity, a wish for status, a sense of moral worth, the assuaging of loneliness, the pleasure of being an object of love, voyeurism, the possibilities for creative thought, and the enjoyment of vicarious identification. The therapist is perhaps rather like the heroine in Peter Hoeg’s novel Miss Smilla ‘s feeling for snow, who says:
Goodness, shame, and autonomy
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A middle-aged man, John, was recalling his wedding many years ago. The reception was going well, speeches were made, photographs taken, and everyone was congratulatory, as he moved around among the guests. When he approached a group of four or five people, one of them, a tough, bluff, outspoken man said, ‘Why’ve you come here? We don’t want to talk to you.’ Although spoken dead pan it was presumably said as a joke. But John was devastated and had no response. Suddenly the whole occasion seemed a sham. He felt that he had merely been performing and, although the others had taken him at his face value, this man had seen him as the
Fragmentation, Psychotherapy, and Society
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The loss of vitality and the distortion of truth which occurs when morality is excluded from a dialogue about human experience has been noted by so many thinkers in the past that any selection is bound to be arbitrary. In the field of literature Wordsworth and Coleridge are pre-eminent. In an essay on Wordsworth, Matthew Arnold writes of the ‘noble and profound’ application of ideas to life and the application of those ideas under the conditions fixed for us by the laws of poetic beauty or poetic truth: If it is said that to call these ideas moral ideas is to introduce a strong and injurious limitation, I answer that it is to do nothing of the kind because moral ideas are really so main a part of human life. The question, how to live, is itself a moral idea; and it is the question which most interests every man, and with which, in some way or other, he is perpetually occupied. A large sense is of course to be given to the term moral. Whatever bears upon the question, “how to live”, comes under it.
Psychological support
Authors: Skevington Suzanne M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Melzack and Wall’s (1965) classic paper on the Gate Control theory of pain is a prime example of how brilliant theoretical insights can lead to a plethora of therapeutic interventions. Without it, we would not have discovered transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), understood how distraction works as a coping strategy, or made serious strides in the pharmacological targeting of analgesics. It is also exciting because, for the first time, the central psychological mechanisms that contribute to the experience and reporting of pain were made explicit within a theory of pain rather than being seen as incidental.
Physiotherapy
Authors: O’gorman Betty , Elfred Ann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditionally in palliative care and oncology pharmacology has played the major role in the management of cancer pain (Baines 1989), but this approach may be insufficient to achieve optimal pain relief. Many units have included physiotherapy since their inception; in one modern hospice unit this is longer than 30 years. Expertise has developed from this small base as a speciality of physiotherapy in oncology and palliative care. Physiotherapy practice covers many modalities which may be of use in the alleviation of pain in cancer patients. Many patients have co-existing conditions that may contribute to their overall pain picture. Multiple pathologies of both malignant and non-malignant origin are common.
Percutaneous cordotomy
Authors: Wells J C D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is logical to assume that targeted destruction of pain pathways will relieve pain. Unfortunately most neuronal pathways have mixed fibres, and destruction of the painfibres involves destruction of useful function such as motor and sensory nerve tissue. The most logical way of interrupting painfibres therefore is to destroy them in the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord, where they lie as a distinct pathway. If this area can be targeted and interrupted accurately significant relief of pain can be achieved. Thus the complication of interruption of sensory and motor pathways is avoided. There still remains the difficulty of the dysaesthetic sensation that can occur in a pain denervated area.
Treatment planning
Authors: McDonald F , Ireland A J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Treatment planning is the stage of orthodontics at which, in many cases, science is replaced by art. Operators determine what can be achieved, generally based on their own previous experience, with some individuals being able to produce treatment results that others are incapable of producing with precisely the same facilities. To this end, many controversies exist in orthodontics which can only be alluded to in a text of this nature. It is important, however, to be aware that many debates as to the effectiveness of a particular mode of treatment often have little or no basis in scientific fact.
Pharmacology of local anaesthetics Key points in pharmacology of local anaesthetics
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bupivacaine provides more prolonged anaesthesia and analgesia than lignocaine. Transdermal local anaesthetics such as EMLA cream or amethocaine gel can be useful, especially in paediatric anaesthesia. Adrenaline may be used with some local anaesthetics to reduce systemic absorption and bleeding and prolong anaesthesia. Adrenaline must never be used near endarteries, such as fingers, toes, ear, nose, and penis. All local anaesthetics have a similar chemical structure, a lipophilic aromatic ring linked to a hydrophilic amino moiety by a carbon chain.
Fine Wines & Fish Oil
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The British scientist, Hugh Macdonald Sinclair (1910-1990), is best remembered for his belief that diets deficient in essential fatty acids are the cause of most degenerative illnesses, including coronary heart disease. Sinclair's forceful arguments on this matter preceded firm scientific evidence and were met with ridicule. Nonetheless, convinced he was right, Sinclair raged against the scientific establishment, and thereby cast himself into a professional wilderness. He emerged as a hero when research by others proved him right. Fine Wines and Fish Oil explores the facts behind Sinclair's rise and fall, and finds a complex story involving family life, personal ambition, and the schism between the academic pursuit of knowledge and the use of information for the public good. Much of the story is set against the events of the Second World War, and the struggle to feed people on limited rations as a means of sustaining both human health and the defence of the nation. The study of human nutrition during the twentieth century provides the thread that binds these events together.
Manners makyth man
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Colonel’s death cast a pall over Hugh’s life. Some of his ghosts were laid to rest when, shortly after breakfast on an Out Day in March 1925, he borrowed a bicycle too small for his long body and headed away from School towards Longmoor Camp. He cycled hard over unpaved roads, crossing two fords and one flooded lane. Wet and uncomfortable, with his knees rising above the handlebars and bumping as he peddled, he lost his bearings repeatedly, making the journey longer than planned. At last a familiar house came into view. The outlines of the training camp where his father had drilled and readied the railwaymen for war began to unfold. Hugh had returned to the place where the King once walked with the Colonel among his men.
Robert McCarrison and other influences
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Complaining of its small size and lack of amenities, Hugh rarely visited Gransden, and entertained friends in his rooms at college rather than inviting them home. In more than miles, Kent had become distant from his life in Oxford. John was in Transjordan pursuing an increasingly successful military career: a career that his mother enjoyed describing at length to Hugh. Rosalie and Catherine were immersed in their own interests, and Hugh felt they spent too little time appreciating his academic work. Communication at home was increasingly conducted through letters, left on fireplaces or under doors, as this permitted each to have his or her full say without the fear of interruptions. As for Salie, she seemed to make a point of vexing Hugh; clever and good at sport, she had always outshone her younger brother more than he liked. During the last weeks of 1932, Hugh had written a letter to his mother about his own success and his efforts as a son.
The foundations of Social Medicine
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Intended to lower British morale, the Luftwaffe ‘Baedeker’ raids struck at the cultural heart of the country. Using a guidebook by Karl Baedeker describing the finest architectural sites in the country, the bombers dropped their loads at night on treasured cathedrals, towns, and cities. In Oxford, in the darkness, one could hear German bombers throb overhead on their way to the Midlands and beyond; but still, the City of Oxford was not targeted.
Largely due to the effective action of the Royal Air Force, by early 1942, Britain had withstood the worst of the Luftwaffe attacks, and government officials began looking ahead to rebuilding the nation. Two years earlier, Ernest Bevin, the Minister of Labour, had appointed William Henry Beveridge, an economist and social reformer, to conduct a rapid survey of peace-time manpower requirements. In 1941, however, Beveridge’s mission was changed, and he was appointed Chairman of a committee on social insurance. The work was comprehensive and included a number of social surveys. Added to all the other surveys under way, members of the public complained that every time one ate, or coughed, or failed to attend work, there was another person measuring, timing, and counting what had occurred.
Reports on the Western Netherlands and dietary fat
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the post-war climate of political idealism, the British Government sought to heal the social woes of the country. The National Health Service, initiated in 1948, was the greatest legacy of this time, setting out to provide medical care to all, from the cradle to the grave, free at the point of delivery. To meet changing demands, medical education at Oxford accelerated its transformation, and Hugh Sinclair was asked to participate. In February 1949, Leslie John Witts, the Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine at the Radcliffe Infirmary, and a supporter of Sinclair’s, had an idea for remodelling the medical lectures, devoting the first term to dietetic, metabolic, and renal disease. He wrote to Sinclair, asking him to comment on the plan.
Conducting trials
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the launching and conduct of a trial. For a trial to succeed, all those involved should promote and publicize it and do everything they can to maintain impetus and enthusiasm. We consider all aspects of conducting the trial on a day-to-day basis, paying particular attention to the membership, roles and methods of functioning of the committees responsible for independent data monitoring and supervision, and raise issues concerning computing and information technology, data protection, and the prevention of research misconduct.
Reporting and interpreting results
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When reporting the results of a randomized trial, one should keep two goals in mind. Firstly, the onus is on the authors to show that the trial has been designed, conducted and analysed to appropriate standards – or if it has not, to explain why and discuss the possible impact of any limitations on the interpretation of the results. As other chapters demonstrate, the fact that a trial is referred to as randomized is not sufficient to confirm true randomization with adequate concealment; further, the use of proper randomization does not imply that all other aspects of the trial design will render it free from bias; and even the conduct of a well designed, properly randomized trial does not preclude the possibility of bias being introduced in the analysis. The first goal should therefore be to report the results in a structured way, which includes all the information necessary for a reader to judge whether these standards have been reached. For randomized trials, many aspects of structure have been formalized in the ‘CONSORT’ statement, which is discussed in detail later.
Benefits of an established trials centre and research group
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this book, we have described the conduct of cancer clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Some trials will be conducted by a single centre or small group of collaborating hospitals with a separate grant for each study, others as part of a long-term programme of research by an established trials centre and research group with some core funding. In this final chapter, we describe the advantages of such an established group. These include the strategic planning of coherent programmes of clinical studies and meta-analyses; undertaking large multi-centre and multi-group trials nationally and internationally; having a team of well-trained and experienced core staff thoroughly familiar with locally developed and well tested procedures, who have built up a group of centres conversant with the practicalities of collaborating in trials over many years; developing long-term collaboration with patient-advocacy groups; training and teaching; fulfilling advisory and consultative roles, and conducting a programme of trials-associated and methodological research.
Taxanes
Authors: McLeod Howard L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The taxanes paclitaxel (Taxol®) and docetaxel (Taxotere®) represent a novel class of antineoplastic drugs. They have very high activity in a spectrum of solid tumours that matches the combined spectrum of anthracyclines and platinating agents.The discovery of the prototypic taxane (paclitaxel) dates back to 1960, when the drug was identified in a large screening programme of plant products evaluated for anticancer activity by the US National Cancer Institute. Paclitaxel was initially extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia). The procedure was laborious, gave a low yield of final product, and had deleterious long-term environmental consequences.
Topoisomerase I targeting agents
Authors: Rowinsky Eric K , Baker Sharyn D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An extensive National Cancer Institute programme to screen natural products during the 1950s led to the isolation of an extract of the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata which had cytotoxic activity against a wide variety of leukaemia and solid tumours, including drug-refractory malignancies. Subsequent studies by Wall et al. in 1966 demonstrated that camptothecin (CPT) (Fig.12.1) was the active constituent of the extract, and initial studies of the mechanism of action of this compound suggested that cytotoxicity might be due to inhibitory effects on both DNA and RNA synthesis.
Neurochemical pathology in degenerative dementias
Authors: Perry Elaine , Goodchild Rose , Piggott Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter on transmitter abnormalities in dementia is: how transmitter deficits contribute to cognitive and non-cognitive/neuropsychiatric clinical features; how these can be targeted by specific pharmacotherapies; and, if such therapies are of clinical value, whether diagnostic markers of relevant transmitter disturbances (such as in vivo neuroimaging) can be developed to facilitate disease management. Chemical messengers involved in CNS signalling can be divided into two groups. There are neurotransmitters, released at synapses that operate via ionotropic receptors, designed to rapidly and accurately mediate the transfer of information between neurons—the so-called ‘executive’ transmitters such as glutamate (GLU, excitatory) and GABA (inhibitory). In contrast, a large number of neuromodulatory transmitter systems exist whose predominant action is to alter the responsiveness of a neuron to this fast neurotransmission. These include noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic together with the neuropeptide systems.
Inflammatory and Infective Disorders
Authors: Wilson Heather C , Scolding Neil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The range and breadth of diseases of the nervous system caused by immunological, infective, or inflammatory disturbances is very large. It includes ‘primary’ or idiopathic neuroimmune disor- ders, which may affect any part of the neuraxis (e.g. multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syn- drome), and which are very familiar to neurologists. ‘Secondary’ disorders, where the neurological disturbance reflects involvement of the nervous system in a systemic inflammatory disease, are no less common than idiopathic immune disorders, but most neurologists are rather less familiar and comfortable with them. In this account we can necessarily provide only a brief overview; and our aim is not to be encyclopaedically inclusive, but to rather to follow William Morris’s advice, and aim to ‘have nothing in … that [we] do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful’; we therefore offer a summary of those diseases which are either reasonably common, or which illustrate principles of particular interest and relevance. Prion-related disor- ders are covered elsewhere; Chapters 16 and 18. Where possible, we will point out particular fea- tures which might direct the physician (or psychiatrist) towards specific diseases, and approaches to diagnosis. The management of these rare and often life-threatening disorders is beyond the scope of this chapter (see Scolding 1999).
Introduction
Authors: Syrigos Konstantinos N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the rapidly growing field of oncology the burden of information can sometimes be overwhelming. Perhaps no disease reflects this better, than bladder cancer. Over the past decade, advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of bladder cancer have been rapid. During this time the causal relationship with tobacco has been established, molecular biology has exponentially increased our knowledge, and inspired research from several centres has given us great insight into the mechanisms of bladder cancer pathogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This has been accompanied by the development of new methods of investigation in both the experimental and clinical field. Clinical diagnostic practice has changed, while new staining techniques and interpretation have improved morphological diagnosis. Finally, novel therapeutic strategies and new approaches to palliation have been introduced.
Animal Models For The Study Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Russell Pamela J , Kingsley Elizabeth A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease which occurs mostly in elderly patients. It may occur singly, but is often multifocal and presents different clinical and histopathological appearances. Over 90% of tumours are transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs), with less than 5% squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 1% adenocarcinomas, but mixed tumours may also occur. Most cancers present as superficial disease (80%) and these generally respond well to treatment, while invasive disease is more difficult to treat. Currently, no markers absolutely predict the clinical outcome of individual patients, and studies of models of bladder cancer are therefore helpful for dissecting out pathways of carcinogenesis and progression as well as for treatment. Because of the paucity of well¬ preserved human clinical specimens for study, several such models have been developed, and these to varying extents mimic the clinical spectrum of disease in humans. Bladder tumours in animals, together with human bladder cancer cell lines, provide a basis for experimental studies of the molecular basis of processes involved in tumour formation, progression, and therapy (1-3). Available animal models include spontaneous or induced animal tumours, the growth of rodent or human bladder cancer in tissue culture, and the growth of xenografted human tumour in immunodeficient hosts. These in vivo systems provide the appropriate cellular milieu allowing for epithelial cell-stromal cell interactions which are crucial to the behaviour of bladder cancer cells. This chapter provides a critical appraisal of the use of the models for studies of the biological progression of bladder cancer, and highlights some recent uses of the models for testing new therapeutic strategies.
The Role Of Adhesion Molecules In The Biology Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Syrigos K N , Harrington K J , Pignatelli M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is now widely recognized that shedding and subsequent reimplantation of neoplastic cells within the bladder may, at least in part, be responsible for the high recurrence rates of bladder cancer. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that alterations in the adhesion properties of neoplastic cells may play a pivotal role in the development and progression of the malignant phenotype in a range of tumour types including bladder cancer. Adhesion molecules are intimately involved in the control of such processes as morphological differentiation, cellular proliferation, and invasion and colonization of distant organs (1). Reduced cell-matrix adhesion allows neoplastic cells to circumvent the control of differentiation induced by the normal extracellular environment, while loss of the intercellular adhesion allows malignant cells to escape from their site of origin, degrade the extracellular matrix, acquire a more motile and invasive phenotype, and finally invade and metastasize (2). In bladder cancer in particular desquamation of single cells or whole sheets from the underlying lamina propria requires interruption of tight junctions between neighbouring cells and reorganization of intermediate filaments (3).