bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Change of α-Carbon Nanotube Through Annealing
Authors: Nishino Hitoshi , Nishida Ryouichi , Okimi Katsuhide , Yokomichi Yasunori , Matsui Takeo , Mochida Isao 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Amorphous carbon nanotube (α-CNT), which was prepared through the deposition onto ferrous fluoride whisker, was thermally annealed to observe the changes of carbon structure in its wall of the nanosized diameter. The totally amorphous carbon wall, although it was of a typical nongraphitizable carbon, changed its structure to graphitic one below 3073 K. Such a graphitization is against Franklin’s rule, which is widely accepted in carbon science. The nanosized thickness and defects in the as-deposited amorphous carbon structure of α-CNT wall may force the rearrangement of nongraphitizable carbon configuration into aligned graphitic layers at 3073 K. The surface of α-CNT may suffer strong stress by the amorphous hexagon alignment in the nanothick cylindrical wall. Such stress can be relaxed by the denser stacking of graphene sheets.
A Simple Method for Synthesizing Copper Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Wang Yinhai , Ye Changhui , Fang Xiaosheng , Zhang Lide 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
A simple method to synthesize copper nanotubes in alumina membrane using the direct electrochemical deposition technique is presented. The method does not need a molecular anchor to treat the membrane in synthesizing the nanotubes. The diameter of the synthesized copper nanotubes is about 40 nm and depends on the pore size of the alumina membrane.
Fluorescence Spectra of 6-Substituted 2,3-Dicyano-5-[4-(diethylamino)styryl]-7-methyl-6H-1,4-diazepines in Solid State
Authors: Horiguchi Emi , Matsumoto Shinya , Funabiki Kazumasa , Matsui Masaki 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Intense fluorescence of 2,3-dicyano-5-[4-(diethylamino)styryl]-7-methyl-6H-1,4-diazepines in solid state could be successful in improving interference in cofacial molecular stacking between the chromophores by the bulky 6-substituent.
Reasons for high food prices in small market areas: The case of the Åland Islands
Authors: Aalto‐Setälä Ville , Kinnunen Jouko , Koistinen Katri 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article considers the reasons for high grocery prices in a small isolated market. The starting point of our study is the knowledge that the price of food in the Åland Islands—a small archipelago between Finland and Sweden—is significantly higher than in continental Finland. We also know that store‐level economies of scale in grocery retailing mean that the structure of a small market is, even in the best case, either inefficient or uncompetitive. The article compares the price level of stores in Åland and Finland. Our aim is to decompose the price differences and allocate them between their various causes. The empirical results of the study are in accordance with the theory: high prices in Åland arise from a small average store size, high concentration in both the retailing and the food processing sector, border taxes, and transportation costs. An additional source of high prices is the strong regional spirit of the Ålanders: they are prepared to pay higher prices for products that are made in Åland. [JEL citations: D430, L110, L810]. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 17–29, 2004.
Delaware farmers' adoption of GE soybeans in a time of uncertain U.S. adoption
Authors: Bernard John C. , Pesek, Jr. John D. , Fan Chunbo 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSoybeans genetically engineered to withstand the herbicide Roundup became available to farmers in 1996 and rapidly became the most popular of the new biotechnology crops. However, rising concerns over consumer acceptance late in 1999 created a climate of uncertainty over national markets and put continuing adoption in question. This study models Delaware farmers' adoption patterns and decisions, and examines accompanying changes in their operations at the start of the 2000 season. Model results show adoption to have continued upward in terms of farmers and acreage, with age, soybean income, computer use, and labeling opinion identifying major adopters. Adopters were expanding operations and utilizing accompanying new techniques at a high rate. With much of the state farmers' market assured by the local broiler industry, farmers appeared unconcerned over national market uncertainties. The research thus demonstrates the need to consider local conditions and potential for variations in adoption patterns and adopter characteristics. [EconLit citations: Q160, O330]. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 81–94, 2004.
Attitudes towards the use of GMOs in food production and their impact on buying intention: The role of positive sensory experience
Authors: Grunert Klaus G. , Bech‐Larsen Tino , Lähteenmäki Liisa , Ueland Øydis , Åström Annika 
Published: January 2004

AbstractEuropean consumers are skeptical towards genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food production, and their willingness to buy such products is low. Previous research also shows that these attitudes are quite resistant to attempts to change them by giving additional information. The aim of the study was to investigate if positive sensory experience with a (purportedly) GMO‐based food product would influence consumers' attitude towards the use of GMOs in food production. An experiment was conducted in which subjects in the experimental group tasted cheeses, one of which was labeled as “produced using GMOs.” The cheeses were selected in a way that ensured that the subject had a sensory preference for the GMO cheese. A control group tasted cheeses that were unlabelled. After the tasting, subjects completed a conjoint analysis task about cheese, in which the type of starter culture used (GMO/conventional) was one of the attributes. Subjects also were administered a set of items measuring attitude towards the use of GMOs in food production. Results showed that for subjects in the experimental group (who believed that they had tasted a GMO cheese, with which they had a positive sensory experience) (1) attitude towards GMO in food production was less negative, and (2) type of starter culture used (GM/conventional) had less impact on their buying intentions with regard to cheese than for subjects in the control group. [EconLit citations: L660, M310, Q130]. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 95–107, 2004.
Effects of different kinds of cranial deformation on the incidence of wormian bones
Authors: O'Loughlin Valerie Dean 
Published: January 2004

AbstractResearchers have debated whether the presence and frequency of wormian bones (sutural bones, supernumerary bones, and ossicles) are attributable to genetic factors, environmental factors, or both. This research examines the effects of many different kinds of cranial deformation on the incidence of wormian bones. A sample of 127 deformed and undeformed crania from New World archaeological sites was examined. An undeformed cranial sample (n = 35) was compared to the following cranially deformed groups: 1) occipital, 2) lambdoid, 3) annular, 4) fronto‐vertico‐occipital, 5) parallelo‐fronto‐occipital, and 6) sagittal synostosis. Three levels of degree of cultural cranial deformation were qualitatively determined. Type and number of wormian bones along each major suture were recorded for each cranium. Group means were analyzed using Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way ANOVA statistical tests to test the null hypothesis that cranial deformation does not have an effect on wormian bone incidence. Results indicate that all forms of cranial deformation affect the frequency of some types of wormian bones. In particular, all cranially deformed groups exhibited significantly greater frequencies of lambdoid ossicles. Apical, parieto‐mastoid, and occipito‐mastoid wormian bones also appeared with greater frequency in some groups of culturally deformed crania. Further, varying degrees of cultural deformation all had more lambdoid wormian bones than the undeformed group. These results suggest that wormian bone development in posteriorly placed sutures may be affected more by environmental forces than are their anteriorly placed counterparts. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate analysis of organismal and habitat parameters in two neotropical primate communities
Authors: Youlatos Dionisios 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper investigates the interrelations of some organismal and habitat parameters in two platyrrhine primate communities in French Guiana and Ecuadorian Amazonia. Fifteen habitat and organismal parameters and body weight were retained after a preliminary analysis, on the basis of frequent use and constraints reflected in anatomical specializations. The 16 parameters for 13 platyrrhine species were used for a series of principal components analyses (PCAs). All PCAs on separate or combined communities provided comparable results. The Atelinae,Ateles,Alouatta, andLagothrix, were clustered together withPithecia, associated with canopy, mature forest, frugivory, and (to a lesser degree) climb/suspensory locomotion. On the other hand, the three species ofCebususually formed a loose cluster, located in the center of the cloud of species. Lastly, the Callitrichinae, involving two species ofSaguinusandCebuella, were relatively dispersed and frequently associated with liana forest, lianas, understory, and faunivory. However,Cebuellawas consistently isolated and associated with liana forest, lianas, body weight, understory, and vertical supports. In this way, clusters appeared to conform to the major platyrrhine taxonomic groups, supporting the fact that basic ecological and behavioral adaptations have evolved in a phylogenetic context. In addition, the analyses revealed that body weight, forest type and layer, feeding behavior, and locomotion are the most important variables that have apparently shaped or driven the adaptive zones of extant platyrrhines. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of Plio‐Pleistocene aridification on human evolution: Evidence from paleosols of the Turkana Basin, Kenya
Authors: Wynn Jonathan Guy 
Published: January 2004

AbstractNew stable carbon isotope measurements, coupled with paleoprecipitation estimates, both from Plio‐Pleistocene paleosols of the Turkana Basin, Kenya, provide a high‐resolution record of aridification and increasing C4biomass during the past 4.3 Ma. This aridification trend is marked by several punctuations at 3.58–3.35, 2.52–2, and 1.81–1.58 Ma, during which the running mean and variance of δ13C and paleoaridity estimates increase, suggesting that the proportion of C4biomass increases in savanna mosaics during periods of heightened aridity. Increase in C4biomass during these aridification events not only increases the proportion of open habitats, but increases the spatial neg‐entropy, or heterogeneity of the ecosystem. The aridification events identified correspond to intervals of increased turnover, but more importantly, increased diversity of bovids. Although the record of hominins from the Turkana Basin lacks the temporal resolution and diversity of the bovid record, the aridification intervals identified are marked by similar increases in the diversity and turnover of hominins. These results support the hypothesis that hominins evolved in savanna mosaics that changed through time, and suggest that the evolution of bovids and hominins was driven by shifts in climatic instability and habitat variability, both diachronic and synchronic. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The paleoecology and archaeology of long‐term water storage in a Hohokam reservoir, southwestern Arizona, U.S.A.
Authors: Bayman James M. , Palacios‐Fest Manuel R. , Fish Suzanne K. , Huckell Lisa W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWater storage reservoirs were an important feature of economic organization among ancient societies in the North American Southwest. Analyses of reservoir sediments from a Hohokam archaeological site in the Sonoran Desert yielded taxonomic species of ostracodes (microscopic crustaceans) and pollen grains that are indicative of a past water‐rich environment. The discovery that this reservoir was capable of storing water on a long‐term basis indicates that archaeological models for the region, which have relied on direct historic analogy, must be reexamined. In contrast to the local ethnographic record, paleoecological data generated by this study imply that the Hohokam could establish permanent desert settlements with water storage reservoirs away from perennial rivers and streams. Moreover, residents of these areas were geographically positioned to facilitate the circulation of marine resources (i.e., salt and shell) from the Gulf of California to territories within and beyond the Hohokam region. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short contribution: Marine erosion and archaeological landscapes: A case study of stone forts at cliff‐top locations in the Aran Islands, Ireland
Authors: Williams D. Michael 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTwo massively constructed stone forts exist on the edge of vertical coastal cliffs on the Aran Islands, Ireland. One of these, Dun Aonghusa, contains evidence of occupation that predates the main construction phases of the walls and broadly spans a time interval of 3300–2800 yr B.P. The other fort, Dun Duchathair, has been termed a promontory fort because its remaining wall crosses the neck of a small promontory marginal to the cliffs. Estimates of past rates of marine erosion in this part of Ireland may be made both by analogy with studies in other areas and comparison with present day rates of marine erosion. A working model for erosion rates of approximately 0.4 m of coastal recession per annum is suggested. By applying this rate to the cliffs of the Aran Islands, it can be shown that, assuming a construction date of approximately 2500 yr B.P. for these forts, they were originally built at a considerable distance from the coastline. Thus Dun Duchathair was not a promontory fort. The earliest recorded habitation at Dun Aonghusa, dated to the middle of the Bronze Age, was, therefore, at some distance inland and not on an exposed 70 m high cliff on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship between levels of urinary type IV collagen and renal injuries in patients with IgA nephropathy
Authors: Io Hiroaki , Hamada Chieko , Fukui Mitsumine , Horikoshi Satoshi , Tomino Yasuhiko 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBecause type IV collagen is synthesized by podocytes and mesangial cells, we investigated the relationship between levels of urinary type IV collagen (uIV) and renal injuries in patients with IgA nephropathy. uIV was measured by a highly sensitive one‐step sandwich enzyme immunoassay prior to renal biopsy. Patients with IgA nephropathy were classified into four grades (grade 1 = good prognosis, grade 2 = relatively good prognosis, grade 3 = relatively poor prognosis, and grade 4 = poor prognosis) by the prognostic criteria of the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan. Levels of uIV in grade 4 were significantly higher than those in grades 1–3. These levels tended to increase gradually due to progression of renal injuries. The grades were further divided into two groups: group I (good or relatively good prognoses) and group II (relatively poor or poor prognoses). Patients with proteinuria of <1.0 g/day were defined as groups Ip and IIp. The levels of uIV in group II were significantly higher than those in group I, and those in group IIp were significantly higher than those in group Ip. It appears that the level of uIV can be a useful marker for detection of renal injuries in IgA nephropathy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:14–18, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overestimation of HDL‐cholesterol using a homogeneous “Direct” assay
Authors: Zhao Wei , Chaffin Carolyn , Desmond Renee A. , Hodges Bruce , Daly Thomas M. , Andrew Robinson C. , Hardy Robert W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDirect HDL‐cholesterol (HDLc) assays have several advantages over other assays that are more laborious and time‐consuming. A recent College of American Pathologists (CAP) report indicates that at least 385 Beckman LX‐20 analyzers use the selective detergent (homogeneous or direct) method for analyzing HDLc. There is no published evaluation of direct HDLc assays on the Beckman platform. Here we report our evaluation of a direct HDLc assay marketed by Beckman for the Beckman LX‐20 analyzers. In general, the assay performed well; however, the total error was not within National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. This was largely because of a significant positive bias that appeared to be due, at least in part, to triglycerides. This bias was worse at HDLc concentrations <40 mg/dL, which may make it difficult to identify a low HDLc concentration and consequently an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:42–44, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antioxidant capacities of ascorbic acid, uric acid, α‐tocopherol, and bilirubin can be measured in the presence of another antioxidant, serum albumin
Authors: Ihara Hiroshi , Hashizume Naotaka , Hasegawa Toshio , Yoshida Mitsutaka 
Published: January 2004

AbstractHuman serum contains several antioxidants. The total antioxidant capacity (AOC) is the sum of all the antioxidant activities present in serum. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the AOC of bilirubin (BR), α‐tocopherol (TOH), ascorbic acid (AA), and uric acid (UA) could be measured with good precision and recovery in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). We measured the AOC of each antioxidant using a Cobas Mira S instrument (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Montclair, NJ) by measuring the inhibitory effect of a given compound on the oxidation of the radical cations of 2,2′‐azino‐di‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline 6‐sulphonate) (ABTS) incubated with metmyoglobin and H2O2. The assay had a linear AOC response range of 27–2,000 μmol/L. The within‐ and between‐day coefficients of variation (CVs) did not exceed 3.4% and 4.2%, respectively. The AOC of albumin in serum is much greater than that of BR, TOH, AA, or UA owing to the substantially greater concentration of HSA in serum. An aliquot of a solution of AA, UA, BR, or TOH was added to HSA or distilled water, and the AOC was determined. The AOC of BR, TOH, AA, and UA increased in a linear way with increasing concentrations. However, we found that the magnitude of increase in the AOC of a mixture of HSA and any of these antioxidants was lower than the sum of the AOC of HSA and any one of the following: AA, UA, BR, or TOH (all expressed in μmol/L). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:45–49, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of cytotoxic activity in experimental cancer
Authors: Delgado Andre Nayara , Sabbatini Barbosa Décio , Munhoz Egberto , Estevão Dirceu , Cecchini Rubens , Angelica Ehara Watanabe Maria 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSeveral tumor cell systems have been developed for investigating the cytotoxic activity of different substances. The Ehrlich ascytic tumor (EAT) has been studied extensively and used to increase our comprehension of immunotherapy (Yamamoto and Naraparaju. Cancer Res 57:2187–2192, 1997). In this study, we evaluated the ability of an enzymatic method to assess cytotoxic tumor activity in vitro. To prepare cytotoxic cells, lymphoid cells isolated from the lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice were activated with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). The cytotoxic activity to EAT cells was assessed by an enzymatic test using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an enzyme widely distributed in mammalian tissues which, in the presence of NAD/NADH, converts lactate to pyruvate. IL‐2 treatment of lymph node cells induced a greater percentage of lysis (75.47%) than effector cells that were not treated with IL‐2 (42.38%). This suggests that IL‐2 directly activates effector cells and not tumor cells. The results demonstrate that the LDH release‐measurement method can be utilized to assay cytotoxic cell‐mediated activity in which murine tumor cells act as the target. Levels of IL‐2 appear to have a direct correlation to cellular immunity and treatment with these substances may strengthen immune function and decrease the pace of disease development. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:27–30, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface segregation of silicon impurities in organic materials
Authors: Reijme M. A. , van der Gon A. W. Denier , Draxler M. , Gildenpfennig A. , Janssen F. J. J. , Brongersma H. H. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe present revolution in novel organic materials is driven by the synthesis of new materials exhibiting specific functional properties. Traces of silicon compounds are often present in these materials and, although the bulk concentrations of these impurities may be low, segregation can seriously modify the surface composition. Surfaces and interfaces play an important role in many applications, and the intrinsic properties of the materials are thus often obscured by the presence of segregated impurities.By studying silicon impurity segregation in poly‐dialkoxy phenylenevinylene (PPV), polycarbonate and dendrimer macromolecules, we demonstrate how low‐energy ion scattering may be used to determine the surface impurity fraction and to observe which groups at the surface are shielded by the segregated species. We demonstrate that the performance of PPV‐ based light‐emitting diodes is significantly reduced for submonolayer coverages of siloxanes. We find that the kinetics of the segregation process depend strongly on the materials and the sample preparation conditions.We find that the presence of solvents is needed to enable segregation at room temperature. Heating does enable siloxane impurity segregation in polycarbonate in the solid phase, whereas for polydimethylsiloxane in PPV films we find that segregation in the solid phase does not occur up to 200 °C. The siloxane molecules are found to segregate to preferential sites at the surface, shielding the polar groups. Finally, we demonstrate that purification of the surface is often possible through simple procedures that provide an easy way to study the intrinsic properties of the materials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative thickness measurements of SiO2/Si films for thicknesses less than 10 nm
Authors: Jach T. , Dura J. A. , Nguyen N. V. , Swider J. , Cappello G. , Richter C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe report on a comparative measurement of SiO2/Si dielectric film thickness (t < 10 nm) using grazing‐incidence x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, neutron reflectometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Samples with nominal thicknesses of 3–7 nm were characterized by XPS with grazing‐incidence x‐rays at 1.8 keV, by cold neutron reflectometry (λ = 0.475 nm) and by spectroscopic ellipsometry over 1.5 eV < E < 6.0 eV. The results show good agreement between the ellipsometry and grazing‐incidence XPS, with slightly lower values for the neutron reflectometry. The role of surface contamination in each type of measurement is discussed. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to wavelet applications in surface spectroscopies
Authors: Charles Catherine , Leclerc Gervais , Pireaux Jean‐Jacques , Rasson Jean‐Paul 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn experimental sciences, recorded data are often modelled as the noisy convolution product of an instrumental response with the ‘true’ signal. High‐resolution electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) constitute two examples of this. A series of three papers is proposed about an estimation method of this ‘true’ signal in the particular cases of HREELS and XPS. This method uses wavelets that, as functions well localized in time and frequency, are properly adapted to signal analysis.In this first article, the wavelet theory is introduced and its rapid expansion is justified by a comparison of the wavelet transform with the Fourier transform. Afterwards, in order to illustrate the efficiency of the wavelet approach, some wavelet‐based signal analysis tools are presented. These tools include: filtering of a noisy signal, localization of irregular signal structures such as singularities or peaks and deconvolution itself. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.