bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Growth and Trophic Factors
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is safe to say that we are only beginning to understand the multiplicity of signals that determine whether a cell will differentiate into a neuron, and whether it survives or dies before development is complete. The previous chapter briefly covered some of the major events that occur during development of a neuron. We saw that the neural inducers, together with the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a key role in the early steps of making a nervous system. The growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF) and /3-fibroblast growth factor (/3-FGF) are required for the proliferation of some of the cells that will eventually become components of the brain. Clearly, the real picture is much more complex. In any part of the brain, there are many different types of neurons, with different morphologies, diverse patterns of synaptic connections, and different electrical properties. These cells coexist with other cell types such as glia or sensory cells. The resultant properties of any specific mature neuron result from its exposure during development to the action of many different external factors, including those secreted by cells far away and those on the surface of neighboring cells. This chapter will cover some more of the molecules that act on developing neurons and their precursors.
The Bias of Technology
Authors: Feenberg Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Instrumentalist theory of technology in both its Marxist and non-Marxist forms shares the commonsense assumption that the subjects of action-for example, the worker or the state-can be defined independently of their means. But in reality subjects and means are dialectically intertwined: the carpenter and the hammer appear accidentally related only so long as one does not consider carpentry as a vocation shaping the carpenter through a relation to the tools of the trade. The army is not merely accidentally related to its weapons, but is structured around the activities they support. Similarly, the school does not “use” its teachers or their knowledge as means to its educational goals, but is constituted qua actor by these “means.” In these cases of collective action, the agent is its means of action viewed from another angle.
The Factory or the City: Which Model for Online Education?
Authors: Feenberg Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much recent discussion of the Internet emphasizes its promise of epoch¬ making changes in our lives. In no domain are these anticipated changes more radical than in education. We are told that the substantive content of instruction can now be delivered better by computers than by teachers. Are we on the verge of a fundamental transformation of all our assumptions about education as we enter a postindustrial information age, or are we instead witnessing significant but more modest changes in education as we know it? As a participant in the early development of online education, I hope to be able to bring a touch of realism to the debate.
Can Our Values ‘Be Objective? On Ethics, Aesthetics, and Progressive Politics
Authors: Mohanty Satya P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are evaluations always political? Are our efforts to make objective value judgments always thwarted by our own political interests or our cultural and social perspectives? I am interested in this question because I am interested in progressive politics and would like to believe that my values and commitments are not rigidly determined by my social background or my narrow personal interests.
Mumbo Jumbo, Theory and the Aesthetics of wholeness
Authors: Butler Johnnella E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Implicit in African-American literature is the search for an articulation of ways of viewing the world that accommodate the humanity of the black body and of black subjectivity. From Olaudah Equiano’s descriptions of his Ibo homeland and Phillis Wheatley’s admonitions to Christians to remember that “Negroes black as Cain, may be refined and join the angelic train,” through the vehemence and urgency of nineteenth-century African-American oratory and fiction, to the devastating optimism of twentieth-century African-American literature, even in the most strident nationalism, there is not only the implicit African-American hope that the United States would live up to its democratic creed, but also, at the least, the implication that there must be another way to view human beings, humanity, and the world.
Meaningful Psychophysical Laws
Authors: Falmagne Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a view of quantitative science which goes roughly as follows. First, data are collected. Next, these data are summarized and organized along the lines of a mathematical theory, which provides a temporary explanation. Such an explanation never fits the data perfectly. The discrepancy between theory and data suggests alternative theories, and further experiments. Science pursues its course toward an increasingly reliable explanation of the world.
The Nature of Extraordinary Human Evil
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have, due to the considerable efforts of scholars in Holocaust and genocide studies, an incredibly exhaustive account of the inhumanity we perpetrate on each other. The opening of archives throughout Eastern Europe, the emergence of primary source materials from Cambodia, Rwanda, and the former Yugoslavia, and the cultivation of oral collections from victims and perpetrators of extraordinary evil around the world continue to yield even more documentation to be translated, sorted, and analyzed.
Who Is the “Other”? Social Death of the Victims
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lt. col. Dave Grossman, in his On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, examines the killing process at different points along the distance spectrum — from maximum range to hand-to-hand combat. He argues that maximum-range killing— defined as a range at which the killer is unable to perceive his individual victims without using some form of mechanical assistance — carries with it a group absolution, mechanical distance, and physical distance that facilitates killing. In his research, he has “not found one single instance of individuals who have refused to kill the enemy under these circumstances [maximum range], nor . . . a single instance of psychiatric trauma associated with this type of killing.”1 As the range between perpetrator and victim decreases, however, killing becomes increasingly difficult— becoming most difficult in edged-weapons and hand-to-hand combat range.
The Nature and Psychology of Suffering
Authors: Cassell Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the age-old obligation of physicians to re-lieve human suffering, little attention is explicitly given to the problem of suffering in medical edu-cation, research, or practice. I begin by focusing on a modern paradox: Even in the best settings and with the best physicians, it is not uncommon for suffering to occur not only during the course of a disease, but also as a result of its treatment. The understanding of this paradox and its solu-tion requires an understanding of what suffering is and how it relates to medical care.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adults
Authors: Kondo Douglas G , March John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric behavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactiv-ity, and impulsivity of varying severity (March, Wells, & Conners, 1995). ADHD by definition begins in childhood and frequently leads to pro-found academic and social impairments across multiple settings (Barkley, 1998). In fact, the dis-order is the most common cause for referral of children to mental health and primary care pro-viders alike (Bird, Gould, & Staghezza, 1993) and is among the most prevalent chronic health con-ditions affecting school-aged children.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Cubic Barbara , Bluestein Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mixed messages abound in Western cultures re-garding weight and exercise. Advertisements forfast-food restaurants with “supersized” meals are followed by promotions for weight loss products. Physicians underscore the importance of remain-ing health conscious, and at the same time images of “healthy” people portrayed by the media are often dangerously thin. Vulnerable adolescents who seek peer acceptance engage in destructive eating behaviors and develop aberrant ideas about their own bodies that only serve to further isolate them from others.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Bradley Laurence A , Alarco´n Graciela S , Cianfrini Leanne R , McKendree-Smith Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized as a chronic, non–life-threatening, incurable but manageable condition that causes pain and widespread fatigue. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is described dis-order that causes profound fatigue as well as joint and muscle pain. FM and CFS are characterized by similar symptoms and the absence of biologi-cal, diagnostic markers that might be used to dis-tinguish them from one another and from other medical disorders (Demitrack, 1998). Both of these disorders primarily affect women.
Coronary Heart Disease and Essential Hypertension in Primary Care
Authors: Smith Timothy W , Glazer Kelly M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in most industrialized nations, cardiovascular diseases comprise the leading cause of death in the United States. This has been the case for most of the last century and is likely to continue de-spite recent decreases in cardiovascular death rates. The majority of these deaths and the re-lated burdens in health care expenditures, lost productivity, and human suffering involve coro-nary heart disease (CHD). This disease is the sin-gle leading cause of death among both men and women in America (American Heart Association [AHA], 2001). Despite recent declines in the in-cidence of this disease, over 12 million Americans are currently living with CHD. The AHA has es-timated that 1 million individuals will have a first or recurrent heart attack this year.
Sexual Disorders Affecting Women
Authors: Heard-Davison Amy , Heiman Julia R , Briggs Brittany 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although estimates vary regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunction among women (Simons & Carey, 2001), sexual problems are certainly not rare and often are associated with decreased well-being and relationship satisfaction (Laumann, Paik, & Rosen, 1999). A variety of interventions that relieve sexual symptoms and improve rela-tionship functioning are available (e.g., Heiman, 2002; Rosen & Leiblum, 1995), although spe-cialty training in treating sexual dysfunction is not available in many clinical psychology programs.
Smoking Cessation Treatment
Authors: Pbert Lori , Luckmann Roger , Ockene Judith K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Smoking is the leading preventable cause of mor-bidity and mortality in the United States, causing more than 430,000 deaths each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999). The health benefits of quitting smoking are substantial, de-creasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, lung and other cancers, and chronic lung disease (U.S. De-partment of Health and Human Services, 1990). Despite the enormous health consequences of smoking and benefits of stopping, 23% of American adults continue to smoke (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.).
The Tropical Hothouse
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“In all the Indies, I have always found May-like weather,” said Christopher Columbus of his first voyage to the New World. A quick glance at the travel section of any newspaper reveals the popularity of tropical resorts. We love the Tropics for their dependable, salubrious climates: warm, steady breezes; plentiful sunshine; and rain showers that seldom last more than a few minutes. In places like Tahiti, the minimum temperature in winter is only a few degrees colder than the maximum temperature in summer, and the nights are almost as warm as the days. Why, then, do such peaceful, benign climates engender the most terrible storms on earth? The answer, in short, is the greenhouse effect. By trapping heat energy in the ocean, the greenhouse effect sets the stage for the meteorological explosion that is the hurricane. Almost all the energy that heats the earth and powers the winds comes from the sun. Sunlight is a form of radiation, consisting of waves that travel through space as well as through various kinds of matter, such as air. As Figure 4.1 shows, sunlight contains many different wavelengths, many of which are contained within the narrow range we see as visible light. White light is actually the combination of light with a range of colors, each of which corresponds to a different wavelength. Red light, for example, has a wavelength of about 0.7 microns. (A micron is onemillionth of a meter; there are 25,400 microns in one inch.) Blue light has a shorter wavelength, of about .45 microns.
On Syntax and Complex Words
Authors: Julien Marit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last decades have witnessed the development of two competing lines of thinking about morphology and its relation to syntax. The schism stems from the trivial observation that morphology and syntax are seemingly separate domains of grammar which still to some extent must interact. For example, only words that carry certain morphosyntactic features will be acceptable in any given syntactic position. For a strict lexicalist, this is as far as the interaction goes (see, e.g., Di Sciullo & Williams 1987, Anderson 1992).
Head Movement and Complex Heads
Authors: Julien Marit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of this chapter is head movement and the formation of complex heads. Of the syntactic processes and configurations claimed in section 1.4.3 to give rise to complex words, head movement is far more widely recognized than the others. The syntactic process of head movement, whereby a syntactic head moves and adjoins to the next higher head, obeying the HMC of Travis (1984), is a well-established element of current syntactic analyses. It is also often assumed to feed word formation.
Aesthetic Judgment, Discrepancy, and Inquiry
Authors: Schulkin Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are clearly and profoundly a species that is responsive to wondrous beauty. We marvel at the smallest of objects to the greatest, we are in tune to diverse sounds, we create and admire objects as representations of ourselves, of others, and of our experiences. Information-processing systems pervade aesthetic judgment; our representational capacity, the play and flexibility of cognitive systems, the detection of discrepancy—all are reflective of our aesthetic judgments. I think it is mistaken to suggest that “the main value of art is emotional. More accurately, perhaps, whereas the value of a work of art can be exclusively emotional, it cannot be exclusively cognitive” (Elster, 2000b, p. 205). As I indicated in the previous chapter, this is the very distinction that I believe is misleading. There is no separation, on my view, as should be clear, between the cognitive and the emotional; there are, however, different kinds of information-processing systems that subserve different functions.
How to Define Complexity in Physics, and Why
Authors: Bennett Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various notions of complexity are listed and discussed in this chapter. The advantage of having a definition of complexity that is rigorous and yet in accord with intuitive notions is that it allows certain complexity-related questions in statistical physics and the theory of computation to be posed well enough to be amenable to proof or refutation. Natural irreversible processes are nowadays thought to have a propensity for self-organization-the spontaneous generation of complexity.
The Problem of News Effects
Authors: Gans Herbert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When people read, view, or listen to the news, they may remember some of the stories and forget some—or all of them. However, some news stories impress themselves on people’s minds and emotions strongly enough that they have an effect on their opinions or behavior. For news stories to have such an effect, they must be relevant to people’s lives. The coverage of the events of 9/11 are in this category. That news affected people’s opinions about American domestic and foreign policies, for example, as well as their behavior. If news has no impact, it is ephemeral; only when it has effects can the news help to change society.1 Consequently, even if journalism’s methods and practices were more focused on the profession’s democratic ideal, the resulting changes in the news would still need to affect the audience before journalists could aid any movement toward a citizens’ democracy.
The Beginning of the End
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Last Chapter of any book about the death penalty in America must, of course, be about the future. The level of activity and controversy about capital punishment has never been greater in any era of American history, and the issue has never been of greater public importance. Major changes have occurred in the level of executing, the issues in controversy, and the meanings of execution in culture and law over the last fifteen years. The contradictory crusades of the 1990s warn us of both the velocity of change and the difficulty of predicting even tomorrow’s trends in American capital punishment. What happens next? How long will it take for a significant change in capital punishment policies? What are some of the leading indicators of change in American attitude and conduct? How can citizens act to influence the American future? To answer these questions with authority, we need a crystal ball; lacking that, this chapter uses the findings of this study to provide a new framework for thinking about the future of capital punishment in the United States. The tug-of-war between vigilante and due process values and the structural predictions about the impact of such conflict provide a some-what more disciplined way of thinking about the future of the death penalty in the United States than would unmitigated speculation.
Introduction
Authors: Tracy Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 1913, Harriet Tubman died. For more than six decades of her more than ninety years, she was so connected to the tribulations of nineteenth-century slavery and freedom that many people today are surprised to learn that she lived into the twentieth century. She may have seemed almost anachronistic to some by that time, this fearless Black Moses so symbolic of the indomitable human will to live unfettered. Tubman, the willful, flesh-and-blood woman of the fields, was a tender of human souls. She helped build and operate a railroad, not of steel and wood, not on the backs of immigrant workers, but of love and compassion and on behalf of the poor and downtrodden.
Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Ihara Emily S , Takeuchi David Takeo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Surgeon General’s report, Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity-A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (2001), finds that racial and ethnic minorities are not only less likely than whites to use services for their mental health problems but are more likely to receive poor quality and inappropriate mental health care (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 2001). While the findings in the Surgeon General’s report are alarming, they are not new. Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care have been identified and documented for more than 30 years. Although some improvements have been made in the service delivery system, barriers to mental health care persist for racial and ethnic minorities. The report is unique because it is the first time that the high office of the Surgeon General has called attention to mental health issues pertinent to racial and ethnic minorities. This chapter reviews current knowledge about the prevalence of mental disorders, use of services by racial and ethnic minorities, factors explaining the gap between need and care, and the implications for service delivery. A public health model that recognizes the complex interaction of biological, psychological, cultural, economic, and social factors in the environment is particularly useful in our search for a delivery system that promotes mental health and well-being for the entire population.
What Is Life? Chemistry
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great Louis Pasteur was a confirmed vitalist. So was the philosopher Henri Bergson, winner of the 1927 Nobel prize in literature and author of L’evolution creatrice, in which evolution is depicted as propelled by an “elan vital,” a vital surge. It was the case also for the physicist Pierre Lecomte du Nouy, who coined the term “telifinalisme” to designate what he perceived as the innate ability of living organisms to act purposefully, in opposition to the second law of thermodynamics. When I was a student at the Catholic University of Louvain, in Belgium, all my biology teachers were vitalists, with the exception of the physiology professor, Joseph Bouckaert, in whose laboratory I had the good fortune of taking my first steps in science and who was a staunch mechanist.
What Is Life? Information
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In principle, the simplest way to reproduce proteins would have been to use them as models for their own synthesis. This is not what happens in reality. For reasons that, as we shall see in a later chapter, tell us a great deal about the manner in which life originated, the information that guides the assembly of proteins is not provided by proteins but by nucleic acids. And these are the molecules that are actually copied. Those functions are carried out by the genetic apparatus, which, therefore, stands at the top of the hierarchy in the organization of cells.
The Mysterious Birth of Eukaryotes: The Problem
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yet, modern electron microscopy has revealed within all four cells a complex set of inner structures that are the same in all four and are not observed in bacteria. Thanks to advances in biochemistry, the functions of these structures, also the same in all four cells, have been unravelled. Finally, with the progress of molecular biology, many of the genes behind the common structures and functions have been sequenced and found to be related in all four cell types.
The Arrow of Evolution
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now know that our origin is lost in the darkness of time. It goes back to such a remote past that our minds fail even to imagine it. Almost four billion years, four million millennia, 40 million centuries! Just to count them, at the rate of one century per second, we would need more than a year. In those immensely distant times, there appeared on our young planet, freshly recovered from the violent impacts and convulsions that heralded its birth, the primitive form of life from which, with all other living beings on Earth, we have descended. The line that links us to this ancestral form is uninterrupted. But it can be recognized only retrospectively.