bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A History of Borges’s Reception in Argentina
Authors: Pastormerlo Sergio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before reaching the uppermost echelons of international and media canonization at the age of sixty, at which time the main body of his work was already complete, Borges long enjoyed the recognition of peers from his very first publications in the early 1920s through the 1950s. Literary journals, from Nosotros (1907–1943), to the crucial first two decades of Sur (1931–1970), to Punto de Vista (1978–2008) tell a better tale than any book can of how Borges became a writer, both loved and hated, in a literary and political history whose chronology was also punctuated significantly by adverse readings and silences.
The Twin Miracle
Authors: Tinsley Elizabeth Noelle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Ryōzu Aizen icon, a combination of two Wisdom Kings, and its possible connections to possession and exorcism rituals at thirteenth-century Kōyasan, a major community of Shingon monks. This icon appears to be unique to Japanese tantric Buddhism and has been used by the Shingon school. An examination of a branch-exclusive oracular text produced by the Chūin-ryū reveals that at Kōyasan it seems to have been ritually employed in an attack in 1242 on a rival within the community, during a period of sectarian conflict. The possible meanings of Ryōzu Aizen, as expressed in the branch’s texts, are explored along with an explanation of origins, its demonic and demon-slaying associations, and its transmission to Kōyasan.
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
Authors: Robinson Marcia C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
African American poet-activist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper addressed the meaning of democracy in America throughout her long social reform career. In “Our Greatest Want,” a short essay-speech from the high point of her abolitionist career, Harper maintains that democracy is fundamentally a type of free moral society, grounded in the idea of human kinship, and made out of religion. Harper inherits this idea from her uncle, Reverend William Watkins, Jr., and presents it in this piece as a means to counter two features of American democracy that Alexis de Tocqueville identified as religious—or pseudo-religious—namely, the pursuit of wealth and the dynamic of public opinion. Synthesizing and poeticizing her uncle’s and de Tocqueville’s ideas, she challenges her black audience’s disregard for the negative impact of these forces on their people. In the process, she critiques both de Tocqueville and his well-known supporter, Catharine Beecher, for their positions on race and gender.
Ida B. Wells
Authors: James Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores anti-lynching journalist, organizer, and theorist Ida B. Wells-Barnett through the lens of the Captive Maternal, a self-identified female, male, trans, or ungendered person feminized and socialized into caretaking functions within the legacy and structure of anti-Black violence and dishonor within US democracy. Before she married Ferdinand Barnett, Wells emerged in 1892 as a fierce political analyst and journalist, an opponent to the lynching of Black people and theft of their lands and property by white civilians and officials of the state. Analyzing Wells’s political ethics reveals the relevance of theorists such as Bernard Lonergan, Seylah Benhabib, and the Chinese philosopher of war Sun Tzu in struggles against predatory violence within Western democracies.
Educational Challenges in Latin America
Authors: Whitehead Laurence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This broad survey chapter outlines the fitful and uneven progress of both formal and informal educational provision in Latin America since the European Conquest. It underscores heterogeneous and unstable features that may also be present in other large world regions, but that are especially visible in the subcontinent. These large-scale geographical and historical variations leave lasting legacies that affect educational attainments up to the present day. In addition, the chapter also highlights the complex aftermath of the region’s 1982 debt crisis, which caused a partial rollback of hitherto expansionary state provided education, and it notes the (probably major) setback represented by the current pandemic.
The OECD’s Boundary Work in Education in the United States and Brazil
Authors: Ydesen Christian , Ramsing Enemark Nanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Global governance processes have created key reference points for education worldwide in the shape of data, indicators, values, problem solutions, and even ideologies. Nevertheless, national education systems and local education practices remain diverse and complex. Therefore, research into the workings of global education requires analytical sensitivity to the interactions and intermeshing relations among local, national, and global agents, instruments, knowledge, data, and policies populating and constituting spaces. Starting from this insight and drawing on archival sources from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) archive in Paris, the United States National Archive in Washington, DC, and the Brazilian National Archive in Brasilia, this chapter investigates the interactions and intermeshing relations in education between the OECD and two federal states; the United States, a member state, and Brazil, a non-member state, in a historical and comparative perspective.
Reforming Higher Education in India in Pursuit of Excellence, Expansion, and Equity
Authors: Tilak Jandhyala B. G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After decades of neglect, higher education in India began receiving public attention. Apart from continuing problems relating to quantitative expansion, quality, and inequalities, the system also faces serious challenges with shortage of teachers, public funds, governance, and a rapidly growing commercially motivated private sector. The unforeseen crisis caused by COVID-19 added further problems to higher education. Reforming higher education has been on the public agenda for quite some time: Some reforms have already been introduced, and some are at the stage of discussions and deliberations; the need for a search for new and innovative measures is also being realized. This chapter provides a critical review of on some of the recent reforms introduced and the reforms that are being proposed in the most recent years.
Subnational Variations in Education and Policy Innovation in Argentina
Authors: Behrend Jacqueline 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In federal systems, education is often shaped to a considerable extent by subnational politics. This provides a comparative basis for evaluation and learning within a nation state and not just between states. This chapter focuses on Argentina to show how public policies that are developed by national governments, but implemented at the subnational level, can lead to important variations within countries. This variation is increasingly relevant in Latin American nations, which are often unequal and have territorially uneven patterns of development. The chapter analyses the implementation of the 2005 Education Financing Law in Argentina and shows how levels of implementation and compliance varied across subnational jurisdictions and how these subnational variations affected the transition to online education during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021. It also focuses on subnational initiatives of digital education to show how subnational jurisdictions can innovate or build on national policies to improve the quality of services.
Technocrats and Unions in the Politics of Reforming Teacher Careers in Colombia and Peru
Authors: Cuenca Ricardo , García Sandra , Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beginning in 2002, Colombia was one of the first countries in Latin America to devise a major, meritocratic reform to teacher careers. However, the reform applied only to new teachers, and their numbers grew slowly, reaching around half of teachers by 2020. The reform was slow, but it avoided major conflict with Fecode, the teachers’ union, that ended up negotiating a revised evaluation system in 2015. Reforms in Peru started slowly in 2001. After 2006, technocrats played a larger role in implementing reforms which met several strikes by Sutep, the teachers’ union. Critical to both reform successes was consistent policy implementation by a series of different technocratic ministers of education. In comparative terms, union opposition was muted.
Policy Advice and Policy Advisory Systems in Education
Authors: Galanti Maria Tullia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Creating and diffusing knowledge about policies represents a challenge for both academics and practitioners. At the same time, the demand for policy advice from policymakers is constantly increasing, while globalization contributes to differentiate the forms and the actors of expert knowledge on public policies. The literature has recently focused on this issue by proposing to view not the single advisor, but the policy advisory systems, intended as the systems of actors who deliver policy advice from within and from outside institutions in a given policy sector. These trends are also visible in the globalization of education policies, which creates pressures for policy diffusion, borrowing or leaning on local policymakers. This chapter presents the characteristics of policy advisory systems in education policies emerging in a comparative perspective, with a particular focus on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the European countries.
Reduction and Method
Authors: Kane Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of reduction in phenomenological method. Reduction plays a number of significant roles in phenomenological method and thus in the phenomenology of music. The first section examines the relationship between phenomenology and science, arguing that phenomenology’s commitment to reduction is not to be confused with scientific “reductionism.” After examining the difference between reductionism and reduction, the chapter discusses the two primary modes of reduction used in standard phenomenological method, the “phenomenological reduction” and the “eidetic reduction.” Both modes are explicated in relation to their use in the phenomenology of music. Finally, the three phases of Husserl’s career are used as a framework for considering different styles of musical phenomenology and their primary concerns. The article also makes an argument that a commitment to reduction as a method can be used as a criterion for identifying the authors and ideas that should be included within the “phenomenological movement.” At the same time, ongoing problems with reduction as a method also point to ongoing problems with the phenomenology of music.
The Ambivalent Aesthetics of Muhammad Hasan Askari
Authors: Mian Zain R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reads Jazīre, a notable short-story collection by the canonical Urdu modernist Hasan Askari, against the grain to reveal the conflicting commitments of his oeuvre. Askari’s stories reveal a consistent engagement with the category of ordinary Indians, or the ‘avām, who inspire both progressive and modernist tendencies in his work. Where Askari initially deploys a self-reflexive progressivism to advocate for a more capacious representation of the ‘avām in literature, his later stories stress his inability to pursue just such a depiction in positive terms. The internal development of Jazīre, the chapter suggests, necessitates a rethinking of the assumed oppositions between progressivism and modernism in Urdu literature, especially as they inhibit our interpretation of authors such as Askari.
What Difference Do Museums Make?
Authors: Balcells Laia , Voytas Elsa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What role do museums play in societies recovering from violence? Transitional justice museums are often constructed to help legitimize inchoate legal and political systems and promote reconciliation. In some cases, however, these sites can be coopted by self-interested elites, and a museum’s mere existence and content could be sources of polarization. Despite the popularity of transitional justice museums, few have examined their impact. This chapter proposes a research agenda that endeavors to understand the role of museums in shifting public opinion, promoting peace, and preventing returns to violence. The authors develop a general theory of how and why museums affect visitors, suggesting that their nature and impacts are dependent on context: the form they take, and their effects vary, based on the type of conflict memorialized and whether they were established by the state or through grassroots efforts. The results of this research will be of value to both transitioning societies and the international community at large, which stands to benefit from tactics that break cycles of violence and establish stability.
Sugar Signals and R2R3-MYBs Participate in Potassium-Repressed Anthocyanin Accumulation in Radish
Authors: Niu Mengyang , Chen Xuan , Guo Youyou , Song Jinxue , Cui Jin , Wang Lu , Su Nana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants is influenced by a wide range of environmental factors, such as light, temperature and nutrient availability. In this study, we revealed that the potassium-repressed anthocyanin accumulation in radish hypocotyls was associated with altered sugar distribution and sugar signaling pathways rather than changes in oxidative stress status. Sugar-feeding experiments suggested a hexokinase-independent glucose signal acted as a major contributor in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, transport and regulatory genes at the transcriptional level. Several R2R3-MYBs were identified as anthocyanin-related MYBs. Phylogenetic and protein sequence analyses suggested that RsMYB75 met the criteria of subgroup 6 MYB activator, while RsMYB39 and RsMYB82 seemed to be a non-canonical MYB anthocyanin activator and repressor, respectively. Through yeast-one-hybrid, dual-luciferase and transient expression assays, we confirmed that RsMYB39 strongly induced the promoter activity of anthocyanin transport–related gene RsGSTF12, while RsMYB82 significantly reduced anthocyanin biosynthesis gene RsANS1 expression. Molecular models are proposed in the discussion, allowing speculation on how these novel RsMYBs may regulate the expression levels of anthocyanin-related structural genes. Together, our data evidenced the strong impacts of potassium on sugar metabolism and signaling and its regulation of anthocyanin accumulation through different sugar signals and R2R3-MYBs in a hierarchical regulatory system.
Quality of ethnicity data within Scottish health records and implications of misclassification for ethnic inequalities in severe COVID-19: a national linked data study
Authors: Amele Sarah , McCabe Ronan , Kibuchi Eliud , Pearce Anna , Hainey Kirsten , Demou Evangelia , Irizar Patricia , Kapadia Dharmi , Taylor Harry , Nazroo James , Bécares Laia , Buchanan Duncan , Henery Paul , Jayacodi Sandra , Woolford Lana , Simpson Colin R , Sheikh Aziz , Jeffrey Karen , Shi Ting , Daines Luke , Tibble Holly , Almaghrabi Fatima , Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis , Kurdi Amanj , Robertson Chris , Pattaro Serena , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
We compared the quality of ethnicity coding within the Public Health Scotland Ethnicity Look-up (PHS-EL) dataset, and other National Health Service datasets, with the 2011 Scottish Census.

Methods
Measures of quality included the level of missingness and misclassification. We examined the impact of misclassification using Cox proportional hazards to compare the risk of severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (hospitalization & death) by ethnic group.

Results
Misclassification within PHS-EL was higher for all minority ethnic groups [12.5 to 69.1%] compared with the White Scottish majority [5.1%] and highest in the White Gypsy/Traveller group [69.1%]. Missingness in PHS-EL was highest among the White Other British group [39%] and lowest among the Pakistani group [17%]. PHS-EL data often underestimated severe COVID-19 risk compared with Census data. e.g. in the White Gypsy/Traveller group the Hazard Ratio (HR) was 1.68 [95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.03, 2.74] compared with the White Scottish majority using Census ethnicity data and 0.73 [95% CI: 0.10, 5.15] using PHS-EL data; and HR was 2.03 [95% CI: 1.20, 3.44] in the Census for the Bangladeshi group versus 1.45 [95% CI: 0.75, 2.78] in PHS-EL.

Conclusions
Poor quality ethnicity coding in health records can bias estimates, thereby threatening monitoring and understanding ethnic inequalities in health.
Prevalence and mortality associations of interstitial lung abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis within a multicentre prospective cohort of smokers
Authors: McDermott Gregory C , Hayashi Keigo , Yoshida Kazuki , Moll Matthew , Cho Michael H , Doyle Tracy J , Kinney Gregory L , Dellaripa Paul F , Putman Rachel K , San Jose Estepar Raul , Hata Akinori , Hino Takuya , Hida Tomoyuki , Yanagawa Masahiro , Nishino Mizuki , Washko George , Regan Elizabeth A , Hatabu Hiroto , Hunninghake Gary M , Silverman Edwin K , Sparks Jeffrey A 
Published: October 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and mortality impact of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) in RA and non-RA comparators.MethodsWe analysed associations between ILAs, RA, and mortality in COPDGene, a multicentre prospective cohort study of current and past smokers, excluding known interstitial lung disease (ILD) or bronchiectasis. All participants had research chest high-resolution CT (HRCT) reviewed by a sequential reading method to classify ILA as present, indeterminate or absent. RA cases were identified by self-report RA and DMARD use; non-RA comparators had neither an RA diagnosis nor used DMARDs. We examined the association and mortality risk of RA and ILA using multivariable logistic regression and Cox regression.ResultsWe identified 83 RA cases and 8725 non-RA comparators with HRCT performed for research purposes. ILA prevalence was 16.9% in RA cases and 5.0% in non-RA comparators. After adjusting for potential confounders, including genetics, current/past smoking and other lifestyle factors, ILAs were more common among those with RA compared with non-RA [odds ratio 4.76 (95% CI 2.54, 8.92)]. RA with ILAs or indeterminate for ILAs was associated with higher all-cause mortality compared with non-RA without ILAs [hazard ratio (HR) 3.16 (95% CI 2.11, 4.74)] and RA cases without ILA [HR 3.02 (95% CI 1.36, 6.75)].ConclusionsIn this cohort of smokers, RA was associated with ILAs and this persisted after adjustment for current/past smoking and genetic/lifestyle risk factors. RA with ILAs in smokers had a 3-fold increased all-cause mortality, emphasizing the importance of further screening and treatment strategies for preclinical ILD in RA.
The prevalence and impact of polypharmacy in rheumatology
Authors: Lewis Justin , Östör Andrew J K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Polypharmacy is increasingly common in rheumatology due to the complex nature of managing chronic autoimmune diseases. To date there has been limited research into the impact of polypharmacy on rheumatology patients. In this article we reviewed the literature to characterize the prevalence of polypharmacy and its effect on patients. In addition, we have highlighted some key drug–drug interactions to consider involving DMARDs as well as complementary and alternative medicines. There is emerging evidence demonstrating that polypharmacy contributes to adverse outcomes and alters treatment response. This association is best described in RA and is less clear in other patient cohorts. It is also unclear whether polypharmacy is directly harmful or just a surrogate marker for other factors affecting outcomes. Rheumatologists should be aware of the risk of polypharmacy as well as specific drug–drug interactions that can occur in managing chronic autoimmune disease.
O013 Preliminary Results from a Phase 1 Study of ALKS 2680, an Orexin-2 receptor Agonist, in Healthy Participants and Patients with Narcolepsy or Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Authors: Yee B , Chapman J , Grunstein R , Argent C , D’Rozario A , Hopkinson C , Ramos J , Landry I , Yagoda S , Rege B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Introduction
ALKS 2680, a potent, brain-penetrant, highly selective orexin-2 receptor (OX2R) agonist, is being developed for treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. We report preliminary results from the ALKS 2680 first-in-human study.

Methods
This randomized, double-blind, phase 1 study of ALKS 2680 is being conducted at two Australia sites. Healthy participants received single- (n=48, 6 dosages) or multiple- (n=32, 4 dosages once-daily for 10 days) oral doses of ALKS 2680 or placebo. Patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) or type 2 (NT2) or idiopathic hypersomnia (IH; up to 8 patients for each indication) will also be studied, receiving single doses ALKS 2680 or placebo in a 4-way crossover design with 3 active dose levels. Pharmacodynamic assessments will include the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, and tracking of sleep and cataplexy episodes.

Results
In healthy participants, ALKS 2680 was orally absorbed and showed biphasic distribution/elimination, with a terminal half-life suitable for maintaining daytime wakefulness with once-daily administration. There were no systematic changes in vital signs, safety laboratory tests, or ECG at any dose level, and no serious or severe adverse events (AEs). Most drug-related events were mild and resolved without medical intervention. There was a single discontinuation due to a nonserious AEs that resolved without treatment.

Conclusions
Preliminary results suggest that the OX2R agonist ALKS 2680 is generally well-tolerated with a pharmacokinetic profile potentially suitable for once-daily oral administration to promote daytime wakefulness. Effects of ALKS 2680 in patients with NT1, NT2, and IH are being evaluated.
Femur Fractures in 5 Individuals With Pantothenate Kinase-associated Neurodegeneration: The Role of Dystonia and Suggested Management
Authors: Behrndt Laken , Gregory Allison , Wakeman Katrina , Freed Alison , Wilson Jenny L. , Spaull Robert , Kurian Manju A. , Mordekar Santosh , Fernandes James A. , Hayflick Susan J. , Hogarth Penelope , Yang Scott 
Published: October 2023

Background:
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a rare, neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with progressive loss of ambulation and refractory dystonia, especially in the early-onset classic form. This leads to osteopenia and stress on long bones, which pose an increased risk of atraumatic femur fractures. The purpose of this study is to describe the unique challenges in managing femur fractures in PKAN and the effect of disease manifestations on surgical outcomes.

Methods:
A retrospective case review was conducted on 5 patients (ages 10 to 20 y) with PKAN with a femur fracture requiring surgical intervention. Data regarding initial presentation, surgical treatment, complications, and outcomes were obtained.

Results:
All patients were non-ambulatory, with 4 of 5 patients sustaining an atraumatic femur fracture in the setting of dystonia episode. One patient had an additional contralateral acetabular fracture. Postoperatively, 4 of the 5 patients sustained orthopaedic complications requiring surgical revision, with 3 of these secondary to dystonia. Overall, 4 required prolonged hospitalization in the setting of refractory dystonia.

Conclusion:
Femur fractures in PKAN present distinct challenges for successful outcomes. A rigid intramedullary rod with proximal and distal interlocking screws is most protective against surgical complications associated with refractory dystonia occurring during the postoperative period. Multidisciplinary planning for postoperative care is essential and may include aggressive sedation and pain management to decrease the risk of subsequent injuries or complications.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.