bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galactic Chemical Evolution
Authors: Gibson Brad K. , Fenner Yeshe , Renda Agostino , Kawata Daisuke , Lee Hyun-chul 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe primary present-day observables upon which theories of galaxy evolution are based are a system’s morphology, dynamics, colour, and chemistry. Individually, each provides an important constraint to any given model; in concert, the four represent a fundamental (intractable) boundary condition for chemodynamical simulations. We review the current state-of-the-art semi-analytical and chemodynamical models for the Milky Way, emphasising the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches.
‘Sexy docs’ and ‘busty blondes’: press coverage of professional misconduct cases brought before the General Medical Council
Authors: Bradby Hannah , Gabe Jonathan , Bury Michael 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of press coverage of the General Medical Council Professional Conduct Committee (PCC) during 1990 and 1991. All tabloid press coverage during this period was compared with PCC minutes to establish what kinds of cases were reported. The analysis reveals that the press gave undue attention to hearings involving sexual misconduct by General Practitioners and that the majority of patients reported as suffering from such misconduct were young women. The paper goes on to document the ideological assumptions underpinning this coverage and considers the consequences for the doctor‐patient relationship.
Detecting disease and designing treatment. Duplex and the diagnosis of diseased leg vessels
Authors: Mol Annemarie , Elsman Bernard 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn hospital Z, a Dutch university hospital, a new protocol for the diagnosis of vascular patients has been introduced. It requires vascular surgeons to rely sometimes on a non‐invasive diagnostic technique, called duplex, in place of a previously used invasive one, called angiography. This article is a multivocal account of the protocol's introduction. It focuses on the intricate ways in which two aspects of diagnosis, the detection of disease and the design of treatment, relate.
Persistent rhinitis – allergic or nonallergic?
Authors: Bachert C. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryAlthough rhinitis has been classified as being either allergic, noninfectious, or ‘‘other forms’’ (nonallergic noninfectious), these categories lack strict classification criteria and often overlap. The term ‘‘nonallergic noninfectious rhinitis’’ is commonly applied to a diagnosis of any nasal condition, in which the symptoms are similar to those seen in allergic rhinitis but an allergic aetiology has been excluded. This group comprises several subgroups with ill‐defined pathomechanisms, and includes idiopathic rhinitis, irritative‐toxic (occupational) rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis, drug‐induced rhinitis, and other forms (non‐allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome [NARES], rhinitis due to physical and chemical factors, food‐induced rhinitis, emotion‐induced rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis). Unlike allergic rhinitis, there are no specific diagnostic tests and diagnosis is primarily based on a history of reaction to specific irritant‐toxic triggering agents (either general or occupational), drugs, infections, and hormonal status, coupled with exclusion of allergic rhinitis and other forms of non‐allergic rhinitis by skin prick testing. Accordingly, from a clinical standpoint NARES, irritative‐toxic, hormonal, drug‐induced and idiopathic rhinitis are possibly the least difficult forms of nonallergic rhinitis to diagnose.
Treatment of nonallergic perennial rhinitis
Authors: Ciprandi G. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryNonallergic perennial rhinitis (also commonly referred to as vasomotor rhinitis) is a chronic non‐IgE‐mediated condition that is characterized by symptoms which are similar to those seen in allergic rhinitis, but which persist for over nine months each year. Although treatment of vasomotor rhinitis involves the use of either intranasal corticosteroids or antihistamines, the corticosteroids are generally not effective in treatment of all the symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis and have generally been shown to be effective in patients with eosinophilia. With the exception of azelastine, the only topical antihistamine to be approved by the FDA for the treatment of nonallergic rhinitis, the antihistamines have also produced inconsistent results. While clinical studies of azelastine have demonstrated that this drug is highly efficacious in the treatment of all the symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis, mechanistic studies have demonstrated that azelastine has potent anti‐inflammatory effects (in particular attenuation of the expression and synthesis of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, leukotrienes, and cell adhesion molecules), which are likely to contribute to its clinical efficacy. Furthermore, pharamacokinetic studies have suggested that since azelastine has a more rapid onset of action, compared to most other antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, then azelastine nasal spray may be considered as primary therapy for patients with symptoms of both allergic and/or vasomotor (nonallergic perennial) rhinitis.
Count us in: the role of schools and colleges in meeting the mental health needs of young people with learning disabilities
Authors: Carpenter Barry , Morgan Hazel 
Published: January 2004

In December 2002, the Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities' Committee of Inquiry into the mental health needs of young people with learning disabilities produced its report.Barry Carpenter, Chief Executive at Sunfield and Chair of the committee, and Hazel Morgan, head of the Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities, take this opportunity to share some insights into the workings of the committee and summarise the key findings. The committee drew evidence from a range of sources, but placed the voices and experiences of young people with learning disabilities at the centre of their proceedings. The committee's findings and recommendations were wide ranging and will have far‐reaching implications, but there are immediate messages that schools and colleges should hear. It is upon these messages, taking account of pastoral provision, the curriculum, transition and inter‐agency work, that Barry Carpenter and Hazel Morgan focus in this article.
Self‐inflicted orodental injury in a child with Leigh disease
Authors: Diab M. 
Published: January 2004

Summary.Leigh disease is an inherited progressive mitochondrial neurodegenerative disease that affects the neurological, respiratory and cardiovascular systems and is associated with retardation of the intellectual and physical development. This report describes the case of a 4‐year‐old boy with Leigh disease who presented with self‐inflicted traumatic injury to the teeth, alveolar bone, lips and tongue during repeated episodes of intense orofacial spasms. Conservative management of the injury included repositioning the fractured alveolar bone, splinting the traumatized teeth and planning for a mouthguard. However, after a second incident of severe self‐induced injury to the teeth and alveolar bone, extraction of the anterior teeth became inevitable to protect the child from further self‐mutilation and to allow healing of the injured tissues.
Early craniofacial signs of cleidocranial dysplasia
Authors: Golan I. , Baumert U. , Hrala B. P. , MÜßIg D. 
Published: January 2004

Summary.Objectives.  Early diagnosis of CCD is essential for a timely introduction of the appropriate treatment approach. Since certain symptoms first fully manifest only during the pubertal growth spurt, their indicatory signs are often overlooked. The aim of this study is to describe the initial craniofacial findings in patients with CCD in order to categorise their reliability for early detection.Method.  14 patients with CCD between the ages of 6 and 11 years who were referred to the University of Regensburg over a 4‐year period were included in this study. The patients were examined clinically and radiologically and their dental status was determined. Typical signs of CCD were analysed according to such classic criteria as the ‘quatermoon’‐physiognomy described in the literature. The clinical findings were compared to medical data and case history.Results.  Early signs were registered for each patient. While some signs could be found in all patients, others were variably expressed. The typical extraoral symptoms were only rarely exhibited in our patient population.Conclusion.  As various indicators of CCD are age related, their expression should be taken into account for early diagnosis. Apparent signs only manifest during the growth spurt when the ideal timeframe for beginning treatment has already past. The symptoms described should serve as early markers to aid the general and paediatric dentist in planning appropriate treatment or referring patients to specialised centres.
Dental treatment needs of children in a rural subcounty of Uganda
Authors: Nalweyiso N. , Busingye J. , Whitworth J. , Robinson P. G. 
Published: January 2004

Summary.Objectives.  To describe normative dental treatment needs of 5–7 and 12‐year‐olds in a rural sub county of Uganda and devise a strategy to improve oral health.Design.  Clinical survey.Setting.  Primary schools in the subcounty.Sample and methods.  School‐based random cluster sample of 236 5–7‐year‐olds and 202 12‐year‐olds. Dental status and treatment need data were collected according to WHO Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods. Additional data for 12‐year‐olds included dental fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI), oral hygiene procedures and experience of oral pain in the previous month.Results.  In the 5–7‐year‐olds, mean dmft was 1·47 (50·8% dmft = 0). A total of 52·5% needed fillings and almost one third needed a tooth extracted. Among the 12‐year‐olds, mean DMFT was 0·64 (65·8% DMFT = 0), 28·5% had dental fluorosis and 6·7% had TFI > 2. Toothache in the previous four weeks was reported by 36·5%, 30·2% needed a filling and 6·4% needed one or more teeth extracted.Conclusions.  Dental disease is a significant public health problem in this population. An efficient way to meet the needs of the children would be to increase the availability of fluoride toothpaste and to develop a service to provide treatment using Atraumatic Restorative Technique.
Factors related to severe untreated tooth decay in rural adolescents: a case‐control study for public health planning
Authors: Skaret E. , Weinstein P. , Milgrom P. , Kaakko T. , Getz T. 
Published: January 2004

Summary.Objectives.  In this case‐control study of rural adolescents we identified factors to discriminate those who have high levels of tooth decay and receive treatment from those with similar levels who receive no treatment.Methods.  The sample was drawn from all 12–20‐year‐olds (n = 439) in a rural high school in Washington State, U.S. The criterion for being included was 5 or more decayed, missing or filled teeth. The questionnaire included structure, history, cognition and expectation variables based on a model by Grembowski, Andersen and Chen.Results.  No structural variable was related to the dependent variable. Two of 10 history variables were related: perceived poor own dental health and perceived poor mother's dental health. Four of eight cognition variables were also predictive: negative beliefs about the dentist, not planning to go to a dentist even if having severe problems, not being in any club or playing on a sports team and not having a best friend. No relationship was found for the expectation variable ‘usual source of care’.Conclusions.  These data are consistent with the hypothesis that untreated tooth decay is associated with avoidance of care and point to the importance of history and cognition variables in planning efforts to improve oral health of rural adolescents.
Osteosarcoma of the jaws in children
Authors: Donaldson M. E. , Geist J. R. , Daley T. D. 
Published: January 2004

Summary.  Two cases of osteosarcoma of the jaws in children are reported. One patient was a 13‐year‐old girl whose first symptoms included nasal and maxillary sinus congestion, followed by epistaxis. She was found to have chondroblastic osteosarcoma extending through the left maxillary alveolar process and sinus. Following surgery and chemotherapy, the patient has been free of disease for 7 years. The second patient, an 8‐year‐old boy, was diagnosed with juxtacortical (parosteal) osteosarcoma of the mandible, which is a less aggressive variant of the neoplasm. It is believed that this is the youngest patient reported to date with juxtacortical osteosarcoma of the jaws. He was treated by block resection of the right side of the mandible and is free of disease 3&frac12; years later.
Morbidity following dental treatment of children under intubation general anaesthesia in a day‐stay unit
Authors: Atan S. , Ashley P. , Gilthorpe M. S. , Scheer B. , Mason C. , Roberts G. 
Published: January 2004

Summary.Objectives.  To determine which variables were best related to the overall morbidity of a child undergoing dental general anaesthetic (GA) and then to use these variables to determine those factors that might influence the extent and severity of morbidity experienced by healthy children following dental GA.Sample and methods.  Data were collected on anxiety, pain and morbidity, GA procedure and dental procedure from 121 children attending a day stay GA unit for dental treatment. Patients were interviewed preoperatively, postoperatively before discharge then four further times over the next 148 h. Data were analysed using multivariate regression.Results.  Thirty‐one per cent of subjects had restorative work, 60% had at least one tooth extracted, 54% had a surgical procedure. Use of local analgesia reduced postoperative pain whilst an increase in the number of surgical procedures increased it. Increase in anaesthetic time was related to increased odds of feeling sleepy and nauseous, females were more likely to complain of sleepiness or weakness. Feelings of dizziness were increased if the patient was given local analgesia during the procedure.Conclusions.  Pain following dental GA was the most prevalent and long lasting symptom of postoperative morbidity in this study. Reductions in operating time and improvement in pain control have the potential to reduce reported morbidity following dental GA.
Effects of solidification structure on tear resistance of Al–7% Si–0.4% Mg cast alloys
Authors: HAN S.‐W. , KIM S.‐W. , KUMAI S. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe tear resistance behaviour of Al–7% Si–0.4% Mg cast alloys was examined using Kahn‐type tear test specimens. Tests were performed for two permanent mould casts with an ordinary dendrite structure and a semi‐liquid die cast with a globular cell and fine grain structure. The microstructure of the two permanent mould casts was controlled by the cooling rates and the addition of Ti elements. Tear resistance was evaluated by the ‘pop‐in’ stress, the energies required for crack initiation, UEi and the crack propagation, UEp. Special attention was paid to an effective microstructural parameter for tear resistance improvement. Pop‐in, indicating sudden crack extension and arrest, was observed in all specimens. Homogeneous deformation occurs near the notch tip of the semi‐liquid die cast, characterized by a refined grain structure. Refinement of the grain size is more effective than that of the dendrite cell size or eutectic Si particle size to increase the energy for crack initiation. Unit propagation energy, UEp, can be converted into a critical stress intensity factor, Kc, which in the semi‐liquid die cast was improved due to an increased amount of slant or shear fracture surface.
Fatigue crack propagation in cast duplex stainless steels: thermal ageing and microstructural effects
Authors: CALONNE V. , GOURGUES A. F. , PINEAU A. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe ferrite phase of cast duplex stainless steels becomes embrittled after thermal ageing, leading to a significant decrease in fracture properties. In the present paper, the influence of ageing and solidification structure on the fatigue crack growth rates (FCGRs) and on the fatigue crack growth mechanisms in a cast duplex stainless steel is studied. FCGRs measured at room temperature increase slightly after ageing at 400 °C, due to ferrite cleavage and to the resulting irregular shape of the crack front. The crack propagates without any preferential path by successive ruptures of ferrite and austenite phases. The macroscopic crack propagation plane depends on the crystallographic orientation of the ferrite grain. Secondary cracks can appear due to the complex solidification structure. This in turn influences the FCGR. The fatigue crack closure level decreases with increasing ageing. This can be explained by a decrease in the kinematic cyclic hardening of these materials.
Near‐tip microcrack shielding in advanced ceramics
Authors: CHEN C. K. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTRecent manufacturing of advanced ceramics has developed phase transformation and cracks tilted or bridged to enhance ceramic‐inherent toughness. However, main crack and near‐tip microcracks interaction is another prominent means in toughening of the ceramic materials. In this study, mechanics of discrete model combined with alternative iterating numerical technique is developed and applied in assessment of main–microcrack interaction. Consequences of main–microcrack interaction can either shield or amplify the resulting main crack stress intensity factor, which accounts for the increase or decrease of ceramic toughness. Numerical outcomes show good agreement with the available solutions in the literatures; in addition results also reveal that the toughness shielding or amplification is dependent on the type of loadings as well as location/orientation of the microcrack. Nevertheless, residual normal stress plays an important role in shielding/amplification region trade‐off. This work may provide a useful quantitative tool in ceramic design and a valuable insight into main–micro interaction phenomenon.
Simulating small crack growth behaviour using crystal plasticity theory and finite element analysis
Authors: POTIRNICHE G. P. , DANIEWICZ S. R. , NEWMAN J. C. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTPredictions of small crack growth under cyclic loading in aluminium alloy 7075 are performed using finite element analysis (FEA), and results are compared with published experimental data. A double‐slip crystal plasticity model is implemented within the analyses to enable the anisotropic nature of individual grains to be approximated. Small edge‐cracks in a single grain with a starting length of 6 μm are incrementally grown following a node‐release scheme. Crack‐tip opening displacements (CTOD) and crack opening stresses are calculated during the simulated crack growth, and da/dN against ΔK diagrams are computed. Interactions between the crack tip and a grain boundary are also considered. The computations are shown to accurately capture the magnitude and the variability normally observed in small crack fatigue data.
International Convergence of Accounting Practices: Choosing between IAS and US GAAP
Authors: Tarca Ann 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis study examines reporting practices of a sample of foreign listed and domestic‐only listed companies from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and Australia to determine the extent to which companies voluntarily use “international” standards. Two types of use of non‐national standards in the consolidated accounts presented to the public are considered: adoption of “international” standards instead of national standards, and supplementary use where “international” standards are used in conjunction with national standards. “International” standards are defined as US GAAP or IAS (now IFRS). The study tests for a preference for either set of standards and considers the relationship of choice of regime with firm attributes.The results show significant voluntary use of “international” standards in all five countries and among foreign listed and domestic‐only listed companies. Companies using “international” standards are likely to be larger, have more foreign revenue and to be listed on one or more foreign stock exchanges. US GAAP is the predominant choice, but IAS are used by many firms in Germany and some in Japan. Firms listed in the United States' regulated markets (NYSE and NASDAQ) are more likely to choose US GAAP, but companies traded in the OTC market often select IAS.The study demonstrates for managers and regulators that there is considerable support for “international” standards, and that choice of IAS or US GAAP relates to specific firm characteristics which differ according to a firm's country of origin. Most use of “international” standards reflects individual countries' institutional frameworks, confirming the key role of national regulators and standard setters in assisting companies to achieve more comparable international reporting.
Collective Goods, Common Agency, and Third‐Party Intervention
Authors: Siqueira Kevin , Sandler Todd 
Published: January 2004

AbstractVoluntary contributions to multiple public goods may involve many contributors (principals) who condition their payments to a single provider (agent) based on realized provision. If the agent's efforts on these goods are unobservable, then a common agency problem results with a third‐best outcome owing to agency costs, free riding, and competitive interests. The latter manifests itself in the principals punishing the agent for providing an alternative public good (for which they have no interest) to a different set of principals. Remedies may require multiple policy instruments unlike the standard prescription for the public good or common agency problem in isolation. Moreover, the sequence of actions is essential for addressing the combined problems.
Comparing the True Cost of Living Indices of Demographically Different Households
Authors: Lyssiotou Panayiota , Pashardes Panos 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe comparison of true cost of living indices between demographically different households (relative equivalence scale) is argued to be sensitive to the way demographic characteristics enter demand analysis. In particular, parameters reflecting the cost of demographic characteristics at base prices, though themselves do not have welfare (equivalence scale) interpretation, can alter the benchmark from which demographically varying inflation effects are measured. The empirical analysis, based on a rank‐3 demand system applied to UK individual household data, shows that the inflation adjustment of child benefits can vary with the way demographic costs at base period prices are specified.
National Security, Terrorism and Constitutional Balance
Authors: Lustgarten Laurence 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe 'war on terrorism' engages all the institutions of the state. A constitutional structure devoted to protection of liberty must place a paramount value on separation of powers, and a parliamentary democratic constitution should ensure that the ultimate locus of responsibility rests in the legislature, the only branch which has a direct connection to the citizens. However, in an ironic reversal of practice that prevailed before the coming of mass democracy, Parliament in the UK since the early twentieth century has largely accepted a supine role compared to the executive in matters of 'national security'. The judiciary, despite the enactment of legally enforceable human rights, has also manifestly failed to exercise its proper function of curbing abuses of state power. The result is an over‐mighty executive, able to draw upon the deference of other branches of government in prosecuting the 'war on terrorism' on the battlefield and in the statute book, which has trampled on individual rights with virtually no check or counte‐balance. Some principles by which the balance might be restored are suggested.