bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
256 Evaluation Calcium and Phosphorus Ratios in the Presence of Phytase on Performance and Whole-Body Bone Mineralization in Growing Pigs
Authors: Smith Leah , Sparks Chris , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus ratios in the presence of super dose phytase on grower pigs growth performance and bone mineral density. In two replicates, a total of 48 mixed sex pigs (26.7 kg BW) were allotted by BW and sex into individual pens across 3 dietary treatments (16 pigs/treatment) for 28 days. All diets contain phytase at 1,500 FTU/kg of complete feed and the three diet treatments were formulated with differing levels of Ca to achieve 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5 total Ca:total P. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous and ratios were achieved by vary limestone and sand. Pig BW and feed disappearance were recorded at the start (d 0) and end (d 28) of the study to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F. On day 28, all pigs were euthanized to determine whole body bone, foot, rib, femur and tibia bone mineral density via dual x-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit, fixed effect of dietary treatment, sex and their interaction, and initial BW block and repartition as random effects. Differences were determined significant at P ≤ 0.05. Pig ADG was increased in the 1.1 verses 0.7 and 1.5 Ca:P diets (1.01, 0.95 and 0.95 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.046). End body weight was not different in the 0.7, 1.12 and 1.5 Ca:P treatments (53.5, 54.8 and 53.1 kg, respectively, P = 0.106). Diet Ca:P ratio did not alter ADFI or G:F. Whole body, tibia and femur bone mineral density was increased by 110% in 1.5 verses 0.7 Ca:P fed pigs, with bone mineral density being intermediated in the 1.1 Ca:P diets. Whole body (0.740, 0.752, 0.797, g/cm2, for 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5 Ca:P respectively, P = 0.033). For 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5 Ca:P femurs, bone mineral density was 0.463, 0.498 and 0.516, respectively, P = 0.034). Dietary treatment did not alter whole foot or 10th rib bone mineral densities (P &gt; 0.05). Sex did not affect pig performance, but gilts had a 9% increase in bone mineral content. In conclusion, formulating dietary Ca:P in the presence of super dosing phytase at 1.1:1 total Ca:P resulted in the best ADG, but a ratio of 1.5:1 had the greatest bone mineral density.
273 Longitudinal Investigation of Nutrient Intervention During Gilts Development on Sow Reproductive Performance and Longevity
Authors: Tsai Tsungcheng Cheng , Sam Bernard Abeiku , Davis Nathan , Grogan Hannah , Bergstrom Jon R , Coble Kyle , Orlando Uislei A , Hough Sara D , Blake Kayla , Dritz Steve , Vier Carine M , Maxwell Charles V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary nutrient level and vitamin D source during gilt development on sow reproductive performance and longevity. Three groups of gilts (n = 60 in each group, PIC Camborough) were received at 9 weeks of age (average BW: 21.2 ± 0.67 kg) and assigned to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments comprised two levels of dietary nutrients (Adeq: optimal growing diets that exceed NRC 2012 recommendations or Low: moderate slow growing diet that SID lys and ME levels were gradually reduced by 0.03% and 0 kcal/kg, 0.15% and 146 kcal/kg, and 0.15% and 150 kcal/kg, respectively) and two sources of vitamin D [StD: 1653 IU cholecalciferol/kg or HyD: 500 IU cholecalciferol/kg + 50 mcg calcifediol (ROVIMIX HY-D DSM Nutritional Products North America)] during development phase 1 (22 to 57 kg), 2 (57 to 91 kg), and 3 (91 until breeding). Dietary nutrient level treatment was withdrawn during gestation and lactation stages, while sows remained on their vitamin D treatments through three reproduction cycles. Replacement gilts (n = 12 in each cycle) were handled and treated the same as the initial three groups of gilts and introduced to each group at the end of each cycle. Gilts fed Low diets had decreased ADG (P = 0.01), lighter BW (P &lt; 0.01), increased ADFI (P &lt; 0.01), and poorer feed efficiency during development (P &lt; 0.01) when compared with gilts fed Adeq. Gilts fed Low were lighter (149.8 kg) than the Adeq (153.9 kg) fed gilts. Sows fed Low diets during their development had reduced number of stillborn (P &lt; 0.01), 0.79 more pigs born alive (P = 0.10), and weaned a total of 238 more pigs than Adeq sows (2,127 vs 1,889, P &lt; 0.01). Numerically greater lactation intake allowed sows developed using Low diets to have greater backfat at weaning compared with those developed using Adeq diets (weaning backfat: 13.0 vs 11.9 mm, P = 0.03). Gilts and sows fed HyD had significantly greater born alive litter weight (P = 0.03) due to numerical greater born alive (14.2 vs 13.47, P = 0.14) but average born alive piglet BW (P = 0.86) was not different. Piglets from sows fed HyD_Low diets had greater preweaning mortality compared with piglets from sows fed StD_Low diets because of greater number of pigs born alive observed in HyD_Low sows (1.323.vs.1,143, P = 0.02). Interestingly, a total of 5 sows that were culled due to lameness were all from the first cycle and StD treatment. Moreover, the percentage of sows rebred tended to be greater in sows fed HyD diets (P=0.08). These data indicate that the level of dietary nutrients fed during gilt's development and feeding HyD continuously from gilt development through subsequent reproductive phases, modulated reproductive performance.
280 Effects of a Yeast Feed Additive for Maternal Programming of the Postweaning Pig Microbiome
Authors: Law Kayla , Johnston Lee J , Urriola Pedro E , Loughmiller Joe , Kiros Tadele G G , Gomez Andres 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether feeding live yeast to sows from day 85 of gestation and through lactation influences pig performance and microbiomes in the postweaning period. Three dietary treatments were imposed on mixed-parity sows during late gestation and lactation based on the inclusion level (%) of Actisaf Sc47 in corn/soybean meal-based diets: Control (C, 0%), Low (L, 0.1%), and High (H, 0.5%). Pigs (n = 240; 80/maternal dietary treatment group) were selected randomly at weaning (~19 days old) for further performance data collection throughout the nursery period. A subset of these pigs (n = 180; 60/maternal treatment group) were selected randomly for microbiome sampling through fecal swabs collected on days 4 (T1) and 28 (T2) postweaning. Pigs were housed in pens in a confinement nursery barn according to maternal dietary treatment group (10 pigs/pen; 0.28 m2/pig of floor space; 8 pens/treatment group). Treatment groups were kept separate from each other by maintaining one empty pen between treatment groups to prevent potential microbial cross-contamination. Pigs were balanced by litter, body weight, and sex during nursery allotment. Pigs had ad libitum access to water and a common industry-relevant diet, fed in four phases from weaning through day 42. Pigs were weighed individually at the end of each dietary phase (d4, d14, d28, d42). DNA was extracted from fecal swabs and sequenced on the MiSeq platform, targeting the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene. Sequence data were analyzed using QIIME2 and DADA2, plus various packages within the R statistical software. Performance data were analyzed using repeated measures and generalized linear mixed models that included maternal treatment as a fixed effect, maternal parity as a random effect, and pen as the experimental unit. Daily weight gain was greater for L pigs (0.47 kg) compared with H pigs (0.42 kg; P &lt; 0.05), while ADFI was increased for L pigs (0.57 kg) compared with both C and H pigs (0.49 and 0.47 kg, respectively; P &lt; 0.05; see Table). No differences in microbiome diversity were observed at either time-point. However, microbiome composition differed based on maternal treatment group at both time-points (T1: PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.02, P=0.001; T2: PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.04, P=0.001). These results indicate that live yeast supplementation in sow diets in late gestation and lactation may have lasting effects on pig performance and microbiome composition in the post-weaning period.
290 Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune System, and Mammary Gland Development in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Elefson Sarah , Greiner Laura L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 224 finishing pigs were randomly assigned to split-sex pens (n = 4 pigs per pen). Each pen was assigned to one of four diets: control (7,656 IU vitamin A/kg), control diet supplemented with vitamin A (4.36 ppm; Rovimix A 1000, DSM, NJ, US), control diet supplemented with beta-carotene (163.28 ppm; Rovimix β-Carotene 10%, DSM, NJ, US), or control supplemented with oxidized beta-carotene (40 ppm; 10% active ingredient, Avivagen, Ottawa, ON, Canada). Pigs and feeder weights were recorded at the start of the study (d 0) and end of each phase (days 21, 42, and 63). A subset of gilts was randomly selected and a blood sample for vitamin A (retinol) analysis was collected on days 0, 18, 39, 60, and 63. The same gilts were vaccinated against Lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus. Antibodies against each vaccination were measured on days 18, 39, and 60. At the end of the study, the subset of gilts was euthanized to obtain a liver sample for vitamin A (retinyl palmitate is converted to retinol for measurement) analysis and a jejunum sample to measure the mRNA abundance of genes involved in vitamin A metabolism (alcohol dehydrogenase class 1, lecithin retinol acyltransferase phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase, retinol binding protein, and beta-carotene oxygenase 1). Mammary tissue from the second and fourth right anterior mammary glands were collected to assess gland development via immunohistochemical staining for T cells, B cells, and macrophages (CD3, CD20, and IBA1, respectively) and DNA extraction. Vaccine antibodies measures, vitamin A analysis, and mammary immunohistochemical staining was completed at Iowa State University Veterinarian Diagnostic Laboratory (Ames, IA). Data were analyzed in SAS 9.4 (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC) via GLIMMIX procedure. Pen was the experimental unit and fixed effects were diet and time. Gilts were nested within pen when appropriate to account for more than one gilt per pen. Oxidized beta-carotene supplementation increased (P = 0.02) average daily gain across phases; however, there were no differences (P = 0.18) in the body weight of pigs. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of diet on plasma or hepatic retinol, IgG or IgM concentrations, immune cell presence, or DNA in mammary tissue. Supplemented vitamin A tended (P = 0.05) to increase the expression of retinol binding protein in the jejunum, but other genes were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by dietary treatments. A diet by time interaction (P = 0.04) was noted for circovirus sample-to-positive ratios and titer levels, where vitamin A supplementation had better vaccine responses at the end of the study. Thus, pigs supplemented with oxidized beta-carotene had an improved average daily gain over vitamin A supplemented pigs, but pigs supplemented with vitamin A appeared to have a more robust immune system.
283 Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economic Parameters Comparison Between Medicated and Antibiotics Free Programs in Wean-To-Finish Pigs
Authors: Cabrera Rafael A , Cabrera Dolores , Bruder Emily , Gourley Gene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this trial is to contrast the growth performance, carcass characteristics and economic parameters of pigs either raised with no antibiotics, antibiotics or supplemented with natural compounds from weaning to market. Barrows and gilts (1,260 Camborough 42 female x Waldo boars) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments (10 replicates, 21 pigs/pen): Negative Control (NC) with no antibiotics; Positive Control (PC) with antibiotics (600 g/ton of CTC, 35 g/ton of Denegard and 400 g/ton of CTC in phase 1, 2 and 3, respectively); TRT 3 had no medication and was supplemented 500 g/ton in the nursery and 250 g/ton of Oregano Essential Oil in G-F (Ecodiar, Nutrinae LLC, Palo Alto, CA); TRT4 had no medication and was supplemented with 250 g/ton of Oregano and 250 g/ton of Quillaja saponaria (Nuquil, Nutrinae LLC, Palo Alto, CA) in the nursery plus 125 g/ton of Oregano and 125 g/ton of Quillaja saponaria in the G-F period; TRT5 was as TRT3 plus Oregano liquid via water first 14 days in the nursery; and TRT6 was as TRT4 plus Oregano liquid via water first 14 days in the nursery. The PC treatment had no medication in phase 4 nursery diet and the entire grow-finish (G-F) period. Pigs were vaccinated at day 5 and day 21 pre-weaning with 1 mL of PCV and Mycoplasma, at day 62 post-weaning via water with Enterisol Ileitis and Salmonella vaccines and finally at day 63 post-weaning with 2 cc of an autogenous vaccine. Pigs were fed a 50% crumble diet in phase 1 and 2 nursery diets (5 and 12 lb./pig, respectively) and a meal diet in phase 3 and 4 (9.09 kg/pig for each phase). A meal diet was fed for the entire G-F period. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS and P &lt; 0.05 was used to identify significant differences among the LS Means. Results showed that PC treatment pigs were significantly heavier (P &lt; 0.01) than any other treatments and they also had significantly (P &lt; 0.01) improved FCR when compared with NC, TRT4 and TRT 6 at the end of the nursery period (0 to 42 days). The PC treatment had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower feed cost/pig and feed cost/gain when compared with TRT4 and TRT6 during the G-F period (42 to 174 days). PC treatment had improved (P&lt; 0.01) FCR and lower (P&lt; 0.05) feed cost/pig and feed cost/gain when compared with TRT4 and TRT6 from wean-to-finish (0 to 174 days). TRT 5 had overall similar growth, economic and carcass performance as PC treatment from wean-to-finish. Carcass characteristics and carcass gain did not differ among the treatments. In conclusion, it is possible to raise ABF pigs from wean-to-finish when supplementing natural compounds in the feed in nursery and G-F diets and in the water during the nursery period.
295 The Effect of Weaning age and Diet Complexity on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Weight at Market
Authors: Richert Jacob A , Scaff Taw , Brizgys Lauren A , Ferrel Jon , Schinckel Allan P , Radcliffe John Scott , Richert Brian T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Changes in weaning age and diet complexity can impact pig growth post-weaning. Weanling gilts and barrows [n = 432 Topigs Duroc X (US York X Landrace)] from the same farrowing group were utilized for a 30 or 35 day growth trial to compare early (EW) versus late weaning (LW) and high or low levels of specialty proteins in nursery diets. Pigs (n = 216) were EW (18 or 19 d, average Age = 18.4 days, average BW = 5.96 kg) and 216 pigs were LW 5 days later (24, 25 or 26 d, average Age = 24.6 d, average BW = 7.50 kg). At weaning pigs were blocked by weaning age, BW, sex and litter, and randomly allotted to 48 pens with 9 pigs/pen. Pigs at each weaning age were fed a High Complexity (HC) or a Low Complexity (LC) diet. The trial was conducted as a 2X2 factorial design: 1) EW+HC; 2) EW+LC; 3) LW+HC; 4) LW+LC. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 for EW, and on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 30 for LW. The LW pigs had improved ADG and ADFI from days 0-7, 7-14, 14-21, and the final week of the nursery (P &lt; 0.05). There were no differences in ADG and ADFI from days 21-28 (P &gt; 0.05) between weaning ages. G:F decreased for LW pigs from days 21-28 (P &lt; 0.01) compared with EW pigs; however, for the overall nursery trial LW pigs had increased G:F (P = 0.01). The LW pigs had increased overall nursery ADG vs EW pigs (452.5 g/d vs 400 g/d; P &lt; 0.01). End of nursery BW was greater for LW vs EW pigs (21.70 kg vs 20.74 kg; P = 0.001). When comparing pigs of similar BW at weaning, LW pigs were lighter at end of nursery (20.13 kg vs. 21.66 kg; P &lt; 0.01) but were more feed efficient (P &lt; 0.01) than EW pigs. There was a BW block by weaning age interaction, EW heavy pigs had less ADG compared with LW heavy pigs; however, when comparing light weight pigs, the EW light pigs had improved ADG compared with LW light weight pigs (P = 0.017). The EW pigs were lighter at market (approximately day 146 of age) compared with LW pigs (120.78 vs 124.16 kg; P = 0.014). An interaction between weaning age, nursery diet, and sex (P &lt; 0.07) was observed for market weight, EW barrows fed LC diets were lighter at market (120.77 kg) than EW barrows fed HC diets (126.54 kg). Whereas for LW barrows fed LC had greater market weights (130.04 kg) than LW barrows fed HC diets (127.59 kg). A similar, but non-significant pattern was observed for gilts. Weaning age and feeding pigs the correct diet for their age in the nursery can have a lifelong effect on the pig.
293 The Effect of Creep Feed and Nursery Diet Flavoring on Piglet Lactation and Nursery Performance
Authors: Pounds Kara , Richert Jacob A , Scaff Taw , Brizgys Lauren A , Cecil Mekenzie , Helfrich Caden , Radcliffe John Scott , Schinckel Allan P , Richert Brian T , Asmus Matthew D , Jones Daniel B , Thayer Morgan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Larger litter sizes in swine production systems and potential milk limitations for piglets have given new opportunities to incorporating creep feeding as a management strategy. Sows (n = 51) and their litters were used to test the effects of creep feed and nursery diets on piglet lactation and nursery growth performance. Ten days before weaning, litters were assigned to one of three creep feeding treatments: 1) Control diet: 2) Control+Flavoring (50 ppm Allium XL, Pancosma): 3) No creep feed. Creep feed was delivered twice/day via one bowl creep feeder/litter. Sows and litters (17/treatment) were allotted to equalize parity (average = 2.8), genetics, number of piglets (average = 10.9), and weaning age (average = 19.1). Litter weights and creep feed intake were recorded on d 0, 4, and 10 (weaning). Post-weaning pigs were allotted to Control or Flavoring (50 ppm Allium XL) diets in a 3x2 factorial arrangement. During nursery there were 10 pens/treatment with 7 or 8 pigs/pen, blocked by initial BW within creep treatment. Nursery treatments were fed in phase 1 (1.13 kg/pig) and 2 (2.27 kg/pig) diets followed by common phase 3 (6.8 kg/pig) and 4 (ad lib to d 35) diets. Weekly pig BW and feed intake were used to calculate nursery pen ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. Creep feeding treatment during lactation did not affect litter or piglet BW gain pre-weaning. Flavoring did not affect total creep feed intake (control = 114 g/pig vs. flavoring = 110 g/pig). Providing creep feed during lactation increased ADFI on days 2, 3, and 4 post-weaning (P &lt; 0.013). Pigs fed either creep feed increased week 1 nursery ADFI (8.8%; P&lt; 0.02), numerically increased ADG (5.2%), and greater d ay7 BW (P = 0.055). Week 3 ADG (P &lt; 0.05) and ADFI (P &lt; 0.05) were greater for the no creep pigs than pigs fed the control creep feed, flavored creep feed pigs were intermediate. For week 4, ADG, and week 4 and 5 ADFI, pigs previously fed control creep had greater growth performance than pigs previously fed flavored creep with pigs fed no creep being intermediate (P&lt; 0.05). Overall (days 0-35), pigs fed control creep had greater ADG ( P&lt; 0.05) and ADFI (P &lt; 0.05) than flavored creep fed pigs with no creep pigs being intermediate in ADG and greater ADFI than flavored creep fed pigs. Final BW (P &lt; 0.05) was greater for control creep fed pigs than flavored creep fed pigs with no creep pigs being intermediate (23.5 kg, 23.0 kg, 23.3 kg, respectively). Nursery dietary flavoring treatment did not affect post-weaning ADG, ADFI, or G:F at any point during the study (P &gt; 0.12). Lactation creep feeding significantly increases ADFI and ADG during the first week post-weaning, which could improve post-weaning performance and reduce the rate of pigs failing to thrive post-weaning.
296 Short-Term Diurnal Heat Stress Modulation of Growing Gilt and Barrow Growth and Feed Intake
Authors: Due Elizabeth M , Weber Thomas , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During summer months, the increase in temperature and humidity can lead to heat stress conditions that have negative impacts on the growth performance of pigs. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of diurnal heat stress (dHS) on gilt and barrow growth, day-time and night-time feed intake. Twelve gilts and 12 barrows (46.5 ± 2.47 kg BW) were individually housed in metabolism crates over two experimental periods. For Period 1, all pigs were housed in thermoneutral (TN) conditions (20-21°C and 40-60% humidity). Following the TN period, period 2 consisted of four days of dHS (6 h at 32°C, 18 h at 27°C, 40-60% humidity). The conditions in the dHS period were designed to replicate summer, industry-applicable cyclical heat stress conditions. In each period lasting 4 days, pig BW and feed disappearance were recorded and ADG, ADFI and G:F calculated. Additionally, within each day, 0700 to 1700 h (day-time) and 1700 to 0700 h (night-time) feed intake was recorded. Changes in pig body temperatures (BT) and respiration rates (RR) were measured daily at 0800, 1200 and 1800 h. Pig was considered the experimental unit, and all data were analyzed for the fixed effects of period (TN vs. HS), sex, and period-by-sex interaction. There were no period-by-sex interactions observed for any analyzed variable (P &gt; 0.05). As expected, dHS markedly increased pig 3-day average BT and RR compared with their TN values (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with TN, dHS BT measurements at noon, PM, and overall were on average 1.0°C greater (P &lt; 0.0001). The RR was also increased by 200 to 300% for AM, noon, PM, and overall, for the dHS period as compared with TN (P &lt; 0.001). Within the dHS period, BT was highest at the noon and PM recordings, and RR was highest at the noon recording (P &lt; 0.0001). Pigs tended to have reduced ADFI during dHS compared with TN period (1.54 vs 1.70 kg/d, P = 0.051). During the TN period, pigs consumed 61% (1.03 kg) of daily total feed consumption during day-time and 39% (0.67 kg) in the PM period (P &lt; 0.0001). The opposite effect was found during dHS, in which pigs consumed 33.3% (0.52 kg) of their total daily feed during the peak heat conditions (day-time) and 66.7% (1.02 kg) consumed in the cooler night-time period (P &lt; 0.0001). Compared with barrows, gilts tended to have greater overall ADFI (1.61 vs. 1.48 kg/d; P = 0.079). Within both the TN and dHS period, gilts had a lower average noon BT (P &lt; 0.05), and lower morning RR (P &lt; 0.05). Altogether, three days of dHS increased pig RR and BT, and decreased ADFI. However, day- and night-time feed intake patterns changed compared with the TN period. Diurnal heat stress has similar impacts to both gilts vs. barrows.