bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size and path length of Patricia tries: Dynamical sources context
Authors: Bourdon Jérémie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDigital trees, such as tries, and Patricia tries are data structures routinely used in a variety of computer and communication applications including dynamic hashing, partial match retrieval, searching and sorting, conflict resolution algorithms for communication broadcast, data compression, and so forth. Here, we consider tries and Patricia tries built from n words emitted by a probabilistic dynamical source. Such sources encompass classical and many models such as memoryless sources and finite Markov chains. The probabilistic behavior of its main parameters, namely, the size and the path length, appears to be determined by some intrinsic characteristics of the source, such as Shannon entropy and entropy‐like constants, that depend on the spectral properties of specific transfer operators of Ruelle type. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 289–315, 2001
Parking with density
Authors: Marckert Jean‐François 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe study parkings with n places, where m(n) cars are placed according to a nonuniform probability. The aim of this paper is to show a threshold function (depending on the distribution) for the emergence of a giant component. The size of the largest blocks of consecutive occupied places and the total displacement of the cars are also studied. ©2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 18: 364–380, 2001.
Pedagogical context knowledge: Toward a fuller understanding of what good science teachers know
Authors: Barnett John , Hodson Derek 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA codified model of teacher knowledge, situated in school science teaching, is proposed as a synthesis of a number of models, metaphors, and notions already described in the literature about teachers' knowledge. This model, called pedagogical context knowledge, suggests that in discussion of their classroom practice, exemplary science teachers utilize four kinds of knowledge: academic and research knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, professional knowledge, and classroom knowledge. The model is used to examine data collected through interviews with science teachers about the ways in which they design and implement science lessons. Analysis of the data shows that the model is sufficiently robust to provide a simple and rapid, yet effective and efficient way of examining teachers' views and the knowledge base in which they are embedded. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:426–453, 2001.
A network switch for supporting high‐performance parallel processing by computers distributed in local areas
Authors: Nishi Hiroaki , Tasho Koji , Kudoh Tomohiro , Amano Hideharu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe authors have developed a communications architecture called RHiNET that is capable of high‐performance parallel processing by interconnecting PCs and WSs. RHiNET uses not only computers concentrated in one place but also computers used for daily business within buildings and within floors for parallel processing. Networks used by RHiNET should have high effective bandwidths and small latencies for high‐efficiency computing, as well as link lengths for connecting the computers within buildings and floors and a free topology. The former requirements are not satisfied sufficiently by the conventional LANs, while the latter is not satisfied by SANs which are used in cluster systems. RHiNET satisfies both conditions by using a switch having a large memory capacity. In this paper, the architecture and implementation of the RHiNET/SW1 switch used by RHiNET networks are discussed. A scheme called virtual cache is used in RHiNET/SW1 such that a large‐capacity packet buffer is installed by SRAM outside the switch ASIC. In addition, the performance of the switch is evaluated by a simulator. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(14): 24–33, 2001
Image correspondences by warping functions and its applications
Authors: Prochazka Zdenek , Ito Takayuki , Okamoto Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn various fields such as movement detection, stereo matching, image morphing, image synthesis, and image recognition, automatic determination of the image correspondence is a very basic problem. In this paper, the relation establishing correspondence between a prototype and the images (i.e., warping function) is treated and the method of determination of such function is proposed. The proposed method is based on the variational principle. The warping function is determined as the solution which minimizes the brightness differences between the pixels under smoothness constraints. Examples on applications of the proposed procedure of determination of warping functions are presented which indicate the effectiveness of the method. ©2002 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 33(2): 22–30, 2002
Image processing of snow particles and classification into snowflakes and graupel
Authors: Shiina Toru , Muramoto Ken‐ichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo analyze the relationship between the radar reflectivity and the intensity of a snowfall, it is important to know the percentages of snowflakes and graupel in snow particles. This paper proposes an automatic method of classification of falling snow particles. The method consists of two CCD cameras which record each particle simultaneously with different shutter speeds and magnifications. The first CCD camera has a slow shutter speed (1/60 s) and a relatively wide view angle, and records the trailing image and diameter of each falling snow particle so that its fall velocity is obtained, and this camera also records the distribution of diameters of the snow particles. The second CCD camera has a higher shutter speed (1/8000 s) and a narrow view field (1/5 the first CCD camera), and records a binary image and a gray‐level image of each snow particle so that the shape parameter of each particle can be obtained. Each snow particle is classified as a snowflake or a graupel pellet by image processing based on the fall velocity and shape parameter. The proposed method has been successfully tested in snowfall (continuously for 2 weeks), obtaining the percentages of snowflakes and graupel once a minute in real time. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 33(2): 43–53, 2002
Void dwellings—a ‘headline’ indicator?
Authors: Tate John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper explores a specific theme within the context of the use of ‘headline’ indicators by the UK strategy on sustainable development. It argues that the indicator on housing (unfit dwellings) might appropriately be replaced by a measure relating to void (empty) dwellings. Following an interpretation of what constitutes a ‘headline’ indicator, the paper explores the role of such an indicator in assessing the sustainability of the housing system in terms of the respective roles played by both unfit and void dwellings. The argument is then expanded through an examination of current issues and initiatives in relation to void dwellings, including abandonment in the core areas of some cities and falling demand in the social housing sector generally. The implications for the environment of poor management of the housing stock are stressed, as are the linkages between man‐made and natural systems. Failure to address the issues raised could result in a ‘lose–lose’ situation with unsustainable outcomes for both urban and rural environments. The void dwelling measure is superior to that of unfits on a range of counts, but particularly if this wider context is taken into consideration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
High‐mass‐resolution ToF‐SIMS study of chlorine‐containing polymers
Authors: Briggs David , Fletcher Ian W. , Gonçalves Nancy M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of seven chlorine‐containing polymers with widely ranging structures have been studied by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) at high mass resolution. The prototypical positive ion spectrum of poly(vinyl chloride) has been analysed in detail to identify unambiguously all the components at each nominal mass up to m/z 130. For other polymers based on variously Cl‐substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons, the same Cl‐containing ions are observed but their relative intensities are different and characteristic. The relative intensities of common fragments containing one or two chlorine atoms in both positive ion spectra (RCl2+/RCl+) and negative ion spectra (Cl2−/Cl−) have been compared quantitatively with the bulk atomic chlorine concentration. These two ratios also show a remarkable correlation across the polymer series. An ion formation mechanism is proposed to explain the observed correlations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial mixture relative risk models applied to disease mapping
Authors: Lawson Andrew B. , Clark Allan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn important issue within health services research is the correct allocation of resources within health authority regions and the capability of public health professionals to make such allocation appropriately. This allocation is often based on a mapping of relevant disease incidence and the assessment of the geographical distribution of relative risk of disease in small areas within the health authority administrative domain. Existing methods for the statistical analysis of small area risk are mostly based on smoothing methods. However, these methods often smooth over large discontinuities in the risk surface which might be important to maintain for the purposes of resource allocation. In this paper we propose a method that involves the use of spatial mixtures of components that can provide a balance between smoothness and the maintenance of discontinuity. The method is applied to a sudden infant death incidence data set. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new parametric method based on S‐distributions for computing receiver operating characteristic curves for continuous diagnostic tests
Authors: Sorribas Albert , March Jaume , Trujillano Javier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves provides a method for evaluating the performance of a diagnostic test. These curves represent the true positive ratio, that is, the true positives among those affected by the disease, as a function of the false positive ratio, that is, the false positives among the healthy, corresponding to each possible value of the diagnostic variable. When the diagnostic variable is continuous, the corresponding ROC curve is also continuous. However, estimation of such curve through the analysis of sample data yields a step‐line, unless some assumption is made on the underlying distribution of the considered variable. Since the actual distribution of the diagnostic test is seldom known, it is difficult to select an appropriate distribution for practical use. Data transformation may offer a solution but also may introduce a distortion on the evaluation of the diagnostic test. In this paper we show that the distribution family known as the S‐distribution can be used to solve this problem. The S‐distribution is defined as a differential equation in which the dependent variable is the cumulative. This special form provides a highly flexible family of distributions that can be used as models for unknown distributions. It has been shown that classical statistical distributions can be represented accurately as S‐distributions and that they occur in a definite subspace of the parameter space corresponding to the whole S‐distribution family. Consequently, many other distributional forms that do not correspond to known distributions are provided by the S‐distribution. This property can be used to model observed data for unknown distributions and is very useful in constructing parametric ROC curves in those cases. After fitting an S‐distribution to the observed samples of diseased and healthy populations, ROC curve computation is straightforward. A ROC curve can be considered as the solution of a differential equation in which the dependent variable is the ratio of true positives and the independent variable is the ratio of false positives. This equation can be easily obtained from the S‐distributions fitted to observed data. Using these results, we can compute pointwise confidence bands for the ROC curve and the corresponding area under the curve. We shall compare this approach with the empirical and the binormal methods for estimating a ROC curve to show that the S‐distribution based method is a useful parametric procedure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal two‐stage designs for clinical trials based on safety and efficacy
Authors: Thall Peter F. , Cheng Su‐Chun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn clinical trials designed to evaluate treatment efficacy, it is common practice to terminate a treatment arm in which the observed rate of an adverse event is unacceptably high. This practice may be formalized by a group‐sequential test based on a multivariate outcome including both adverse and efficacy events. Recently, Thall and Cheng proposed a family of tests for randomized trials of an experimental treatment versus a standard where patient outcome is bivariate with entries characterizing efficacy and safety. The test is motivated by the idea that clinically meaningful improvements over the standard may be characterized by a two‐dimensional parameter quantifying trade‐offs between efficacy and safety. We provide optimal two‐stage designs based on this test that minimize either the mean sample size under the null hypothesis of no treatment difference, or the maximum sample size if the trial continues to a second stage. A more general group‐sequential version of the design also is described, an illustration is provided, and application to the special case of single‐arm phase II trials is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory and practice in medical statistics
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe discipline of statistics generally, and that of medical statistics in particular, has evolved through two traditions, the theoretical and the practical. Their history, traced briefly here, shows recurrent points of contact and a process of gradual merging which is now almost complete. However, the current tendency to build complex mathematical and computing models may lead to over‐confidence in their conclusions, when some crucial aspects of the data cannot easily be modelled satisfactorily. Illustrations are drawn from the use of formal stopping rules in the monitoring of clinical trials, and from the treatment of missing data and incomplete compliance with the trial protocol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disease map reconstruction
Authors: Lawson Andrew B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe analysis of the geographical distribution of disease incidence or prevalence is now of considerable importance for public health workers and epidemiologists alike. Important disease variations often have a spatial expression and so spatial analysis methods are an important additional tool in this connection. In this tutorial I have aimed to highlight the main issues relating to the analysis of disease where the goal is the reduction in noise in a disease map. This area is sometimes simply called disease mapping. A number of modelling approaches to disease mapping are considered and a case study highlighting the methods advocated is also included. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population toxicokinetic analysis of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin using Bayesian techniques
Authors: Bortot Paola , Thomaseth Karl , Salvan Alberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnderstanding the kinetics of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) concentrations in humans is an important step for TCDD cancer risk assessment. In this paper longitudinal series of serum TCDD concentration measurements on U.S. veterans of the Vietnam war, who were exposed to dioxin during herbicide‐spraying operations, are studied. The overall aim is to use these data to infer the dynamics of TCDD concentrations in humans. This is done by identifying a kinetic model describing the dioxin time course at the individual level. The individual toxicokinetic model is then expanded into a population model within a Bayesian hierarchical framework which allows residual variations across subjects that cannot be explained by observed covariates. Other complications in the data, such as unknown exposure histories, are also resolved implicitly through the hierarchical model. Moreover, the choice of a Bayesian approach enables the accumulation of external source of information in the form of prior distributions. The model is subjected to various diagnostic checks and analyses of sensitivity to distributional assumptions showing a good fit in terms of both the population and the kinetic features. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An isomorphic theory of stress: the dynamics of person–environment fit
Authors: Quick James Campbell , Nelson Debra L. , Quick Jonathan D. , Orman Dusty K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn isomorphic theory in the domain of stress refers to a dimension‐specific extension of person–environment fit theory. Isomorphism extends person–environment fit theory by focusing attention on corresponding characteristics in the person and the environment; in this case, the control, uncertainty, and interpersonal dimensions. Isomorphic theory overarches and integrates the ecological and adaptation approaches to stress, providing the basis for a dynamic effects model of stress and person–environment fit. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Branded interface toolkits
Authors: Kotula Jeffrey 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTypical software companies want the applications they market to have a consistent look and feel, so as to brand or identify their particular family of products or product line. Current user interface (UI) implementation techniques serve this business need poorly, tending to treat each application as a unique, independent artifact sharing little, if any, UI implementation code with other applications. Coupled with the overwhelming complexity found in modern UI toolkits, this results in unnecessarily high development costs for interfaces, and is at odds with the need of software companies to devote their resources to value‐added application code rather than incidental user‐interface implementation. This paper presents a model for a domain‐based UI application framework that addresses these issues: consistency in a family of products, both in operation and presentation; reduced implementation costs; and rapid development times. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The DeltaUp constraint solver: minimizing the number of method selections in DeltaBlue
Authors: Suzuki Tetsuya , Tokuda Takehiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a modification of the DeltaBlue constraint solver called DeltaUp. DeltaBlue is an incremental constraint solver based on local propagation, which is widely used for constructing graphical user interfaces and algorithm animations. DeltaUp minimizes the number of time‐consuming tasks of DeltaBlue, namely method selections, in each planning phase. To compute the exact number of needed method selections, we introduced a cost function up‐cost to DeltaBlue. Our benchmarks show that DeltaUp is approximately two times faster than DeltaBlue in the best case. Even in the worst case, it is only slightly slower than DeltaBlue. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MR imaging: Breast cancer staging and screening
Authors: Kinkel Karen , Vlastos Georges 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis review describes the current knowledge and challenges of breast cancer staging and screening with MRI of the breast. Assessment of local disease extent, including tumor size, multicentricity, and chest wall invasion, can be obtained more accurately with MRI than with mammography. Moreover, international experts have established standardized reporting of MRI staging results, taking into account tumor size measurements and the number of breast quadrants involved. Results from MRI assessment of the axilla and skin are promising, but need further refinement. Preliminary results of the use of breast MRI in patients at high risk for breast cancer demonstrated a superiority of breast MRI over the combined use of mammography and high‐frequency ultrasound. The role of MRI in this subset of patients may be confirmed by ongoing larger multicenter trials. Strict protocol conditions are mandatory to maintain a high standard of quality. Confirming the nature of “MRI‐only” lesions with MRI‐guided biopsy systems will allow changes in treatment planning. More accurate tumor diagnosis and tumor volume evaluation may allow minimally invasive treatment strategies. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:187–196, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical strategies and minimal residual disease detection
Authors: Weitz Jürgen , Herfarth Christian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ultimate goal in the treatment of cancer patients is the elimination of all tumor cells. A cure by surgery alone is possible only if the tumor is still confined locally. Detection of disseminated tumor cells may help to individually tailor the surgical procedure to each patient: extended or limited resections may be indicated depending on the individual state of tumor cell dissemination. In cases of systemic tumor cell dissemination, surgery alone cannot cure the patient. Thus, by detecting disseminated tumor cells, patients with a higher risk for relapse, who might benefit from multimodal therapeutic regimes, could be defined. A second aspect is the possibility of tumor cell shedding induced by manipulation during surgical procedures, which could be demonstrated for several tumor entities. Intraoperative tumor cell dissemination could be prevented by alternative operative strategies. In addition, perioperative antibody or cytotoxic therapy may prevent tumor cell implantation. Well‐designed clinical studies are now of major importance to evaluate the clinical impact of individualized patient management and altered surgical procedures. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:329–333, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of vibrissae removal on methamphetamine‐induced damage to rat somatosensory cortical neurons
Authors: O'Dell Steven J. , Marshall John F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRepeated methamphetamine (mAMPH) damages forebrain monoamine terminals and causes degeneration of nonmonoaminergic cell bodies in rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1). These degenerating cortical neurons can be labeled with the fluorochrome dye Fluoro‐Jade (FJ) and are found almost exclusively in layers II/III and IV of the vibrissae representation in S1. Within S1, layer IV is organized into discrete, anatomically identifiable units termed barrels, each of which receives information from a single whisker. We previously reported that mAMPH‐damaged neurons in S1 were located within the whisker barrels, suggesting that the prolonged mAMPH‐induced whisking contributes to S1 neuronal injury. Here, we investigate effects of vibrissae removal on mAMPH‐induced damage to S1 neurons. Rats were anesthetized and vibrissae were trimmed from either the left, right, or neither side of the snout. The next day they were given four injections of either saline (1 ml/kg, s.c.) or mAMPH (4 mg/kg, s.c.) at 2‐h intervals. Three days later, cortical sections were processed for FJ histochemistry. The hemivibrissotomy produces a hemispheric asymmetry in FJ‐positive neurons in barrel cortex, with fewer damaged neurons contralateral than ipsilateral to whisker removal. Taken together with the demonstration that acute injection of this dose of mAMPH induces the immediate early gene zif/268 and Fos protein in barrel cortex, these data suggest that the prolonged behavioral activity involving the vibrissae contributes to the mAMPH‐induced damage to S1 neurons. Thus, some of the injurious effects of drugs may depend on afferent activity occurring as a result of the abnormal behaviors evoked by their administration. Synapse 43:122–130, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.