bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CHARACTERISTIC LOCALIZATION OF BACILLUS ABORTUS IN THE BOVINE FETAL MEMBRANES
Authors: Smith Theobald 
Published: June 2004

The significance of this invasion of the chorionic epithelium from the standpoint of pathogene'sis cannot be properly evaluated until a more complete history of the successive localizations of Bacillus abortus has been obtained. It is safe to assume that this particular cell parasitism is but one of a series of localizations and centers of multiplication in the fetal membranes although evidence points to it as perhaps the earliest stage in which the organism gains by rapid, unchecked multiplication a considerable advantage over the host. The local destruction of an epithelial covering by an infectious agent when other miscellaneous infectious agents are absent may or may not be of much importance, for it would depend on the regenerative activity of the epithelium, the tendency to the gathering of injurious transudates, and the toxic substances associated with the bacilli.
It is probable that localizations also occur in the walls of the blood vessels of the chorion. Thus far only one case of this kind has been observed. The fusiform connective tissue cells of the adventitious coat of a blood vessel 0.8 mm. in diameter were completely replaced by clumps of minute bacilli. Since there is usually a slight perivascular cell infiltration in the diseased placenta this localization may be largely responsible for the circulatory disturbances which lead to death of the fetus. The case referred to may be but a greatly exaggerated illustration of the action of Bacillus abortus in the walls of the blood vessels where they are too few in number at any one time to be identified. It is known, that in the guinea pig disease with pronounced lesions Bacillus abortus is demonstrated only with great difficulty because of its scarcity.
The more or less specific localization and multiplication of bacteria within cells not having phagocytic functions have thus far been demonstrated in leprosy, syphilis, and in a disease of mice recently described by Tyzzer, who found an active invasion of both liver cells and intestinal epithelium by a bacillus. In cells to which phagocytic powers have been ascribed the specific localization of certain bacteria is well known. Thus tubercle bacilli occur within the endothelial cells of the tubercle. Leprosy bacilli have been found within a variety of cell groups. Mouse septicemia bacilli occur regularly within certain phagocytic cells of the blood. Recently bacteria have been found attached to the cilia of the respiratory tract in pertussis by Mallory and Hornor, in a form of guinea pig pneumonia by the writer. Actual occupation of epithelial cells followed by active multiplication of the invaders and destruction of the cell has, however, been frequently demonstrated for the sporozoa. That it may occur more often among bacteria is highly probable. Rapidity of multiplication and cell destruction or invisibility or both may stand in the way of a satisfactory demonstration.
A FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE CHRONIC NEPHROPATHY INDUCED IN THE DOG BY URANIUM NITRATE
Authors: MacNider William deB. 
Published: June 2004

1. Uranium nitrate is relatively more toxic for old animals than for young animals.
2. This relative toxicity is not only expressed in the old animals by a greater functional disturbance of the kidney, but is also shown by an inability on the part of these animals to repair the kidney injury and reestablish its functional capacity.
3. The intoxication in younger animals has been followed by a repair of the renal injury and a partial restoration of kidney function.
4. In these animals the processes of repair lead to the development of a chronic diffuse type of nephropathy in which the acid-base equilibrium of the blood may be maintained at the point of normality. In these animals renal functional tests indicate the presence of severe kidney injury.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

By injecting into guinea pigs the blood of yellow fever cases occurring in Guayaquil a group of symptoms and lesions closely resembling those observed in human yellow fever were induced in a limited number of instances. Of 74 guinea pigs inoculated with specimens of blood from 27 cases of yellow fever, 8, representing 6 cases, came down with the symptoms; namely, a marked rise of temperature after a period of incubation averaging 3 to 6 days, with simultaneous suffusion of the capillaries, particularly of the conjunctivæs and soles, then preliminary hyperleucocytosis followed by progressive leucopenia, the early appearance of albumin and casts in the urine, which gradually diminishes in volume as the disease progresses. The fever lasts only a few days, rapidly dropping first to the normal and then usually to subnormal. At this period jaundice manifests itself in varying degrees of intensity, first in the scleras, then in the skin and the urine. Hemorrhages from the nasal or gingival mucosa or anus have been observed to occur during this period. Autopsies reveal deep jaundice throughout the entire tissue. The liver is fatty and yellow, the kidney hyperemic, and often swollen and hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic spots were almost always found in the lungs and gastrointestinal mucosa. Guinea pigs are usually rather sensitive to the infection, though many appeared to be somewhat resistant and some even refractory.
The injection of the yellow fever blood into ringtail monkeys, rabbits, cats, guatusas, weasels, and sloths among the mammalians, and pigeons, ground-doves, bluebirds, mantas, blackbirds, parrakeets, reedbirds, blancos, and toucans among the birds, gave negative results.
In the blood, liver, and kidneys of the guinea pigs experimentally infected with the blood of yellow fever patients a minute organism was demonstrated which closely resembles in morphology the causative agent of infectious jaundice (Leptospira icterohamorrhagiæ).
The leptospira transmitted from yellow fever cases to guinea pigs was found to induce similar symptoms and lesions upon further passage into normal guinea pigs.
The leptospira obtained from cases of yellow fever has been givern the provisional name of Leptospira icteroides.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A CASE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA
Authors: Sollmann Torald , McComb E. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The proteids consisted of albumins and globulins, varying in quantity between the extremes of .9010 grm. and .2592 grm. in the 24 hours, but usually between .7 and .37 grm., the average being .5317 grm.
2. The quantity of the proteids varies directly as the urea, inversely as the external temperature. The relation between the quantity of urine and the quantity of proteid is not constant. The quantity of the proteida is little affected by diuretics; it tends to be increased by certain drugs that act upon the circulation. It is lessened during sleep.
It is apt to suffer a sudden temporary increase, returning as suddenly to the usual average. For this phenomenon we have no explanation.
3. From .5449 to .6616 grm. of coagulable proteids a day (.0079 to .0094 grm. per kilo of body-weight) may be excreted through the urine for an indefinite time by an otherwise healthy individual without damage to either kidneys or organism.
STUDIES ON TRICHINOSIS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INCREASE OF THE EOSINOPHILIC CELLS IN THE BLOOD AND MUSCLE, THE ORIGIN OF THESE CELLS AND THEIR DIAGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE
Authors: Brown Thomas R. 
Published: June 2004

To summarize, we have been able to demonstrate:
(1) In a case of acute trichinosis an extensive leucocytosis, with great absolute and relative increase in the number of eosinophilic cells in the blood, associated with a coincident decrease in the quantity of neutrophilic elements.
(2) From the examination of specimens of muscle removed during life, besides the peculiar degenerations of the muscle, a longitudinal splitting of some of the fibres; a remarkable transverse splitting of others; a great proliferation of nuclei, about many of which vacuoles are seen; and large numbers of polymorphonuclear eosinophilic cells, which are especially prevalent in the more degenerated areas.
(3) In a second case (after death), besides similar changes in the muscle, large numbers of eosinophiles throughout the infested portion.
(4) In two other cases, during life, a great increase of the eosinophilic cells in the blood, with a coincident decrease of the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles, associated with leucocytosis, though of less extent than in the first case.
(5) In pieces of muscle removed in these last two cases changes in most respects similar to those cited in the first case, but of less degree.
(6) The similar character of the nuclei of the eosinophiles and the neutrophiles both in the blood and in the muscle, and the presence in the first case of certain cells which might be regarded as forms transitional between neutrophiles and eosinophiles, suggesting the possibility that the increase in the latter elements may, in these instances, take place in the muscles by direct transition from the neutrophiles.
ON THE PRESENCE OF THE TYPHOID BACILLUS IN THE URINE
Authors: Richardson Mark Wyman 
Published: June 2004

(1) Typhoid bacilli were demonstrated in the urines of 9 out of 38 typhoid patients (about 25 per cent). 172 specimens were examined with 44 positive results.
(2) The bacilli, when demonstrated, were always present in large numbers and in practically pure culture.
(3) The bacilli appeared first in the later stages of the disease and persisted in the great majority of cases far into convalescence.
The urines of typhoid patients should, therefore, not only be rigidly disinfected during the disease, but they should also be carefully supervised during convalescence.
(4) The typhoid bacilli were practically always associated with albuminuria and the presence of renal casts. On the other hand urines containing considerable amounts of albumin and casts in large numbers often showed no typhoid bacilli.
(5) Irrigation of the bladder with antiseptic solutions offers a possible means for removing permanently the bacilli from the urine.
A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF TYPHOID FEVER
Authors: Mallory F. B. 
Published: June 2004

The typhoid bacillus produces a mild diffusible toxine, partly within the intestinal tract, partly within the blood and organs of the body.
This toxine produces proliferation of endothelial cells which acquire for a certain length of time malignant properties.
The new-formed cells are epithelioid in character, have irregular, lightly staining, eccentrically situated nuclei, abundant, sharply defined, acidophilic protoplasm, and are characterized by marked phagocytic properties.
These phagocytic cells are produced most abundantly along the line of absorption from the intestinal tract, both in the lymphatic apparatus and in the blood-vessels.
They are also produced by distribution of the toxine through the general circulation, in greatest numbers where the circulation is slowest.
Finally, they are produced all over the body in the lymphatic spaces and vessels by absorption of the toxine eliminated from the blood-vessels.
The swelling of the intestinal lymphoid tissue of the mesenteric lymph nodes, and of the spleen is due almost entirely to the formation of phagocytic cells.
The necrosis of the intestinal lymphoid tissue is accidental in nature and is caused through occlusion of the veins and capillaries by fibrinous thrombi, which owe their origin to degeneration of phagocytic cells beneath the lining endothelium of the vessels.
Two varieties of focal lesions occur in the liver: one consists of the formation of phagocytic cells in the lymph spaces and vessels around the portal vessels under the action of the toxine absorbed by the lymphatics; the other is due to obstruction of liver capillaries by phagocytic cells derived in small part from the lining endothelium of the liver capillaries, but chiefly by embolism through the portal circulation of cells originating from the endothelium of the blood-vessels of the intestine and spleen. The liver cells lying between the occluded capillaries undergo necrosis and disappear. Later the foci of cells degenerate and fibrin forms between them. Invasion with polymorphonuclear leucocytes is rare.
Many of the phagocytic cells pass through the liver and lungs, and get into the general circulation. A few come from the abdominal lymphatics through the thoracic duct.
GROWTH ACCESSORY SUBSTANCES FOR PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN ANIMAL TISSUES
Authors: Kligler I. J. 
Published: June 2004

The growth of all the pathogenic bacteria studied was favorably influenced by the addition of small amounts of tissue extracts.
Beef heart, rabbit and cat tissues, and human nasal secretions contain substances favorable to the growth of the organisms tested. The mucosa of different organs, spleen, liver, and kidney, are relatively rich in these substances, while muscle is relatively poor. The favorable effect of the extracts is manifested by an enhancement of growth and a reduction of lag.
The water-soluble substances are apparently the ones essential for bacterial development; the ether extract has no effect on growth.
Experiments are reported which indicate that the substances in question belong to the class of so called vitamines.
THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION IN DOGS OF EMPHYSEMA WITH ASSOCIATED ASTHMATIC SYNDROME BY MEANS OF AN INTRATRACHEAL BALL VALVE
Authors: Harris Willam H. , Chillingworth Felix P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental emphysema can be produced in dogs by impeding expiration by means of a properly constructed ball valve introduced into the trachea.
2. This method affords a practical means of study of various physiological, pathological, and clinical aspects of emphysema.
3. The experiments demonstrate that any lesion or factor capable of interfering sufficiently with proper air expulsion yet permitting of sufficient air intake will occasion emphysema.
4. Attacks simulating those of asthma are occasioned in experimental emphysematous animals after exercise as well as during and following inhalation of mildly irritant gases.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

The serum from a number of persons recovering from yellow fever in Guayaquil was studied with a view to establishing its possible immunological relationship with a strain of Leptospira icteroides derived from one of the yellow fever patients. For this purpose the serum of convalescents was mixed either with an organ emulsion of a passage strain, or with a culture of the organism, and inoculated intraperitoneally into guinea pigs.
The Pfeiffer reaction was first studied, and then the animals were allowed to live until the controls, inoculated with the same emulsion or culture of Leptospira icteroides but without the serum, or with serum from patients suffering from other diseases than yellow fever, had died of the experimental infection with typical symptoms A positive Pfeiffer phenomenon was observed in fifteen of the eighteen convalescent cases studied, or approximately 83 per cent. Sera from ten non-immune soldiers and from two malaria patients gave uniformly negative results. Protection from an ultimate fatal infection was afforded some of the guinea pigs which received the serum of yellow fever convalescents, while the control animals succumbed to the infection with typical symptoms. In one instance, in which the serum was tested on the 2nd and the 10th days of disease, a Pfeiffer reaction was demonstrated, as well as protective property against the infection, in the specimen from the 10th but not in that from the 2nd day.
From the foregoing observations of immunity reactions it appears highly probable that Leptospira icteroides is etiologically related to yellow fever.
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Dragstedt Lester R. , Dragstedt Carl A. , McClintock John T. , Chase C. S. 
Published: June 2004

1. It is impossible to sterilize the intestine by the use of chemical antiseptics even when these are applied directly to the mucosa of isolated segments.
2. The mucosa of the alimentary tract does not elaborate an internal secretion which is necessary to life, or a secretion which could be disturbed by the conditions of acute obstruction so as to account for the symptom complex of that condition.
3. The substances responsible for the toxemia in acute obstruction are produced by the action of intestinal bacteria on proteins or their split products.
4. An injury to the intestinal mucosa, particularly that resulting from disturbances of the blood supply to the intestine, greatly facilitates the absorption of these poisons. The work of Hartwell and his associates and that of Murphy and Brooks on this point are confirmed.
STUDIES OF OXYGEN IN THE VENOUS BLOOD
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen 
Published: June 2004

1. Determinations of the oxygen content and the oxygen unsaturation of the venous blood have been performed on patients with varying amounts of hemoglobin.
2. The oxygen unsaturation of the venous blood is independent of the oxygen capacity, unless the latter is reduced below the normal value for oxygen unsaturation (about 5 volumes per cent). In a polycythemic patient, for example, with 33.4 volumes per cent oxygen capacity (181 per cent hemoglobin), the venous oxygen content was. 28 volumes per cent, giving an unsaturation of 5.4 volumes per cent. Similarly, in an anemic patient with only 6.7 volumes per cent oxygen capacity (36 per cent hemoglobin), the venous oxygen was 1.5, giving an unsaturation of 5.2 volumes per cent. This means that the tissues extract from the blood all the oxygen they need with apparently equal readiness, regardless of whether the extraction leaves a great oxygen reserve in the blood as in polycythemia, or practically no reserve as in anemia.
3. The results seem to show that the resting organism does not increase its circulation until all the reserve oxygen is used. This means that the resting anemic organism does not need or use any compensation for its anemia until the hemoglobin has sunk below 30 per cent. Below that value the organism increases the blood flow in order to secure to the tissues the normal amount of oxygen.
THE STREPTOCOCCI OF EQUINES
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

The lower nasal mucosa and the pharynx of thirty eastern and twenty-three western horses have been examined for streptococci.
Eight of the eastern horses carried non-hemolytic streptococci on the nasal mucosa. From the pharynx of six, non-hepiolytic streptococci were cultivated. The throats of eighteen contained strains of the hemolytic type. The nasal mucosa of the eastern horses failed to show hemolytic streptococci.
Eight western horses carried non-hemolytic streptococci in the nasal passage; eight also harbored the hemolytic type. Twenty-two strains were isolated from the pharynx. Eleven were hemolytic.
Among all the non-hemolytic nasal strains those capable of fermenting mannite predominate. Those of the non-hemolytic types from the pharynx of both classes of horses may or may not ferment lactose but all do ferment either raffinose or inulin. In no instance have any of the non-hemolytic types proved pathogenic for mice.
The hemolytic strains from the nasal mucosa of the western horses were all of the Streptococcus py genes type. They were pathogenic for mice and rabbits. One strain from the pharynx of an eastern horse and eight from the throats of the western horses were of the same species. All the others corresponded closely in their fermentation reactions with non-hemolytic streptococci from the same region.
The streptococci from pathological sources were all hemolytic. They have fallen into two groups; the larger group (Streptococcus pyogenes) produced acid in dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, milk, and salicin but failed to change the reaction of broth containing raffinose, inulin, or mannite. The streptococci of the smaller group (Streptococcus equi) differ only in their inability to ferment lactose or acidulate milk. Both types are pathogenic for mice. Rabbits are usually more resistant.
Streptococcus pyogenes has been isolated from eighteen of twenty-two cases of influenza, three of six cases of strangles, and from eight of nine abscesses. Streptococcus equi was observed in four horses suffering from influenza and five others affected with strangles. This species was also found in an abscess and associated with both rhinitis and pharyngitis.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Dochez A. R. , Avery O. T. , Lancefield R. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Immunological differences have been shown to exist between strains of Streptococcus hœmolyticus of the human type.
2. Four biological types have been identified by means of the reactions of agglutination and protection.
3. At least two other types have been encountered and the indications are that more exist.
THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF ARTERIAL AND OF VENOUS BLOOD IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS AND IN PATIENTS WITH ANEMIA AND HEART DISEASE
Authors: Harrop George A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The oxygen content of venous and of arterial blood from fifteen essentially normal individuals at rest in bed has been determined.
2. The percentage saturation of the arterial blood has varied between 100 and 94.3. The average is 95.5 per cent.
3. The oxygen consumption has varied between 2.6 and 8.3 volumes per cent.
4. The oxygen content and the percentage saturation of arterial blood taken at close intervals from three different peripheral arteries of a normal individual have shown values agreeing within the limits of error. Analyses of the blood gases of a normal individual, at rest and after exercise, have shown a lowering of the percentage oxygen saturation of the arterial blood and a diminished carbon dioxide content after exercise.
5. In three persons with severe anemia the saturation of the arterial blood has not differed from the normal. Very low absolute values were found for the oxygen content of the venous blood, but the normal oxygen consumption has been maintained.
6. The carbon dioxide content of the arterial blood from ten normal individuals has varied between 54.7 and 44.6 volumes per cent. That of the venous blood has varied between 60.4 and 48.3 volumes per cent.
7. No deviations from the normal values for oxygen and carbon dioxide were found in venous and arterial blood from cardiac patients without arrhytiunias, well compensated, and at rest in bed.
8. A series of determinations has been made upon nine cardiac patients with varying degrees of decompensation. The percentage oxygen saturation of the arterial blood on admission was abnormally low in seven of these cases. With the return to compensation and with the clearing up of pulmonary symptoms, the percentage saturation of the arterial blood returned to normal in four of them.
9. In a case of long standing mitral endocarditis with auricular fibrillation it remained low over a period of I month of observation.
10. In a case of chronic myocarditis secondary to emphysema and chronic bronchitis, it remained low over the period of observation.
11. Normal values for the percentage saturation of the arterial blood were found in two individuals with decompensated aortic disease but without physical signs of extensive pulmonary involvement.
12. The oxygen consumption tended to be high in individuals with cardiac disease during the periods of marked decompensation and to be lower as compensation was regained.
13. The data presented indicate that at least in many circulatory diseases during decompensation, particularly when there are physical signs of pulmonary congestion, there is a disturbance of the pulmonary exchange, as indicated by the lowering of the percentage saturation of the arterial blood with oxygen.