bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-14 Effect of Water Delivery System on Intestinal Microbial Populations of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Law Kayla , Urriola Pedro E , Gomez Andres , Johnston Lee J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A previous experiment was conducted to determine if cleanliness of a water delivery system influenced growth performance of nursery pigs. Additionally, we hypothesized that cleanliness of the water delivery system would alter populations of intestinal bacteria. Newly weaned pigs (n = 315; about 21 d of age) were used in a 42-d experiment and were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 water line treatments with 17 to 18 pens/treatment and 9 pigs/pen. Treatments consisted of water delivered to pens via a water distribution system in use for 21 years without cleaning (OLD) or water delivered to pens via a water distribution system in use for 6 weeks (NEW). Water for both distribution systems was sourced from a common well. Pigs were housed in an environmentally controlled, power-ventilated, confinement nursery barn and were allowed ad libitum access to water and common diets fed in 3 phases across OLD and NEW treatments. Twenty-eight pigs of average body weight (n = 14 pigs/treatment) were selected for collection of fecal swabs on days 0, 4, and 42 post-weaning. A pooled water sample was collected from 10 randomly selected pens/treatment and from the water supply on days 4 and 42. Swabs were also collected from the inside surface of each water line at the beginning and end of each line. To characterize the microbiome in all samples, extracted DNA was sequenced on the MiSeq platform targeting the V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene, and sequence data were analyzed using DADA2 and various packages within the R statistical software. Bacterial community composition of water and water line samples differed between OLD and NEW, while the sampling location of line swabs differed by location (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.2-0.6, P &lt; 0.05). No differences in alpha diversity were observed in pig fecal bacteria at d 0 or d 42 between OLD and NEW line. However, at d 4, pigs drinking water from the NEW line had increased fecal bacterial richness (P = 0.044) and a tendency for increased bacterial diversity (Shannon’s H, P = 0.059) compared with pigs drinking water from the OLD line. There were no differences in bacterial community composition between the OLD and NEW line throughout the trial; however, pigs drinking water from the NEW line showed more discriminating bacterial taxa compared with OLD at day 4 and 42, including greater abundances of Prevotella, Christensenellaceae R7, Rosburia and Bacteroides, among others (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, drinking water from either water line did not have major effects on the gut microbiome of pigs, except for more fecal bacterial diversity in pigs drinking water from the new water line at day 4 post-weaning.
PSIV-20 An in Vitro Digestion Procedure Using Daisyii Incubator Can Replace Conventional in Vitro Digestion Procedures Using Flasks for Estimating Ileal Digestibility of Feed Ingredients for Pigs
Authors: Park No A , Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Beob G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In vitro procedures using flasks have been used for simulating nutrient utilization by pigs. However, these procedures are time-consuming and laborious and require a number of flasks and filter crucibles. The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro procedure using DaisyII incubator for simultaneous analysis of multiple samples. In a conventional in vitro procedure, 10 mg of pepsin in step 1 and 50 mg of pancreatin in step 2 are used for each flask containing 1 g of feed sample. In a preliminary experiment, 24 samples each in R55 bags were digested in a jar of DaisyII incubator with 24 times the quantity of buffer solution and enzymes of the conventional flask procedure. In the preliminary experiment, greater crude protein (CP) digestibility values were observed in the DaisyII incubator procedure compared with the conventional flask procedure. To determine optimum enzyme doses in the in vitro ileal disappearance (IVIDDaisy) procedure using the DaisyII incubator, 3 doses of pepsin (10, 7.5, and 5 mg/sample in step 1) and 3 doses of pancreatin (50, 37.5, and 25 mg/sample in step 2) were tested in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement for 11 test ingredients. The quantity of buffer solution and enzymes in a jar was increased proportionally with the number of samples. The 11 test ingredients were barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, palm kernel meal, rice bran, soybean hulls, soybean meal, and wheat bran. The in vitro ileal disappearance (IVIDflask) of CP in the 11 ingredients was determined using the conventional flask procedure. The sum of square of deviation between IVIDflask of CP and IVIDDaisy of CP was the least when 5 mg pepsin/sample in step 1 and 37.5 mg/sample in step 2 were used (IVIDflask of CP, % = 14.4 + 0.81 × IVIDDaisy of CP, %; r2 = 0.748). On the other hand, the determination coefficient was the greatest when 10 mg pepsin/sample in step 1 and 50 mg/sample in step 2 were used (IVIDflask of CP, % = 2.5 + 0.93 × IVIDDaisy of CP, %; r2 = 0.878). In conclusion, the in vitro procedure using a DaisyII incubator can be used for estimating ileal digestibility of protein in multiple samples simultaneously for pigs.
PSIV-12 Dietary Supplementation of a Botanical Blend Improved Growth Performance and Reduced Diarrhea Incidence in Commercially Housed Weaned Pigs
Authors: Agyekum Atta Kofi , Simard Francis , Abedin Mohsen , Mcknight Leslie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study evaluated the effects of dietary botanical supplementation on the growth performance and diarrhea incidence of commercially housed weaned piglets. The study design was a randomized complete block with two dietary treatments [control (CON) and botanical blend (BB)] and 36 replicate pens per treatment (16 pigs/pen, 576 pigs/treatment). All piglets were fed a three-phase feeding program: P1, days 1-10; P2, days 11-21; P3, days 21-42. Diets were corn-soy and contained 150 ppm total zinc; P1 and P2 diets also contained 250 ppm of chlortetracycline. The botanical supplement was included in the P1 and P2 BB diets at a rate of 250 ppm. Body weight (BW) and feed disappearance were recorded weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Body condition scoring and diarrhea frequency and severity were measured weekly for the first 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using PROC GLMMIX of SAS with appropriate models for the different data distributions. Pen was the experimental unit. The overall herd mortality and culling rate were 0.17% and 3.04%, respectively. Further, more than 95% of the pigs were in good body condition and did not differ between treatments. Pigs fed BB had a greater survival rate at the end of the study (97.9 vs 95.7%; P = 0.01) and diarrhea incidence was reduced by 5% for pigs fed BB compared with CON. In early nursery (days 1-21), pigs fed BB had a lower FCR (1.21 vs. 1.23 kg/kg; P = 0.049) and greater ADG (0.276 vs. 0.267 kg/d; P = 0.016), resultant in heavier BW at day 21 (12.1 vs. 11.9 kg; P = 0.046) than those fed CON. Considering the entire nursery (days 1-42), pigs fed BB tended to have greater ADG (0.430 vs 0.421 kg/d; P = 0.06) and ADFI (0.580 vs. 0.568 kg/d; P = 0.054) overall compared with CON. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of the botanical blend reduced diarrhea incidence and significantly improved early (1-21 days post-weaning) growth performance and feed efficiency in commercially housed weaned piglets. These early growth benefits persisted to the end of the nursery period, as a tendency for increased growth rate and feed intake.
PSIV-13 Evaluation of Floor Space Restriction and Hyper-Dosing of Phytase on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Serum Chemistry of Late Finishing Pigs
Authors: Kuneff Izadora , Rosero David S , Wilcock Pete , van Heugten Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of strategically applied hyper-dosing of phytase on growth performance, carcass characteristics and serum chemistry profile of late finishing pigs housed under space-restricted conditions. A total of 375 finishing pigs (94.63 ± 0.61 kg) were randomly assigned to 48 pens, with 7 to 8 pigs per pen equally balanced for gilts and barrows. Two phytase supplementation doses (control of 2,500 FTU/kg or hyper-dose of 5,000 FTU/kg) and two space allocation dimensions (adequate with 0.85 m2/pig or restricted with 0.66 m2/pig) were combined to create 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Pigs were fed a finishing diet formulated to contain 0.68% standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine, 0.55% Ca, and 0.24% available P and phytase was given equal matrix values for Ca, P, SID amino acids, and net energy for both supplementation levels. Analyzed dietary phytase concentrations were 2,970 and 6,560 FTU/kg for the 2,500 and 5,000 FTU/kg treatments, respectively. The 3 heaviest pigs per pen (2 barrows and 1 gilt) were marketed on d 28 and the remaining pigs were marketed on d 42. No interactions; P &gt; 0.10) were observed between floor space allowance and phytase supplementation. Pig body weight was determined weekly and was reduced (P &lt; 0.008) by restriction of space on week 3 (116.7 vs. 118.4 kg), and 4 (time of first marketing; 123.6 vs. 125.4 kg) and tended to be reduced (P &lt; 0.08) on week 5 (125.5 vs. 127.8 kg), and 6 (second marketing; 133.0 vs. 135.3 kg). Body weight considering all pigs marketed (d 28 and d 42) was reduced (P = 0.009; 133.9 vs. 135.4) by space restriction. Space restriction reduced ADG during week 1, 3, the first marketing period, and for all pigs marketed (P &lt; 0.05). Similarly, ADFI was reduced in space restricted pigs for all periods (P ≤ 0.001), but gain:feed was not impacted (P &gt; 0.08). Back fat depth and loin eye area measured using ultrasound was not impacted by space restriction. Hyper-dosing with phytase did not impact (P &gt; 0.06) growth performance or carcass characteristics, regardless of space allowance. Space restriction and phytase supplementation did not impact serum chemistry except for increased serum total protein and decreased urea N (P &lt; 0.05) due to space restriction and decreased aspartate transaminase with hyper-dosing phytase. Results indicate that restricted floor space allowance reduced growth rate, feed intake and body weight of late finishing pigs and that hyper-dosing phytase was not an effective strategy in improving growth performance regardless of space allowance.
PSIV-19 Understanding Intestinal Health in Nursery Pigs Through Potential Non-Invasive Biomarkers
Authors: Miotto Galli Gabriela M , Andretta Ines , Levesque Crystal L , Kippert Carlos J , Takeuti Karine Ludwing , Kipper Marcos 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mannans in feed ingredients can cause a feed-induced immune response (FIIR), resulting in intestinal inflammation. The addition of beta-mannanase can limit this anti-nutritional action, reducing the cost of activating the immune response. In the same way, non-invasive biomarkers are important tools that can provide early diagnosis of low-grade inflammation by mannans. The objective of this study was to assess potential non-invasive biomarkers in nursery pigs reared in different scenarios of low-grade inflammation. Female piglets (n = 396; 6.86 ± 0.9 kg; Large white × Landrace) weaned at 21 days of age were used for this trial. Treatments were organized in a factorial design with two diet types (simple or complex feed formulas containing 25 and 12% of soybean-meal, respectively) and two enzyme supplementation plans (control without supplementation or supplemented with beta-mannanase at 0.4 kg per feed of 1,000 kg Hemicell HT, Elanco Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil). Fecal samples were collected from 10 pigs per treatment at the 21st experimental day. The fecal concentration of calprotectin, neopterin, free fatty acid, lactoferrin, and calcium binding proteins were determined using commercially available ELISA kits. Blood was sampled 6h after oral gavage of FITC-dextran at the 22nd experimental day to access intestinal permeability. The variables were subjected to the normality test (Shapiro-Wilk), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's test. Differences among treatments were considered at 5 and 10% significance levels. Piglets receiving beta-mannanase had reduced fecal levels of calprotectin (-41%; P = 0.048), neopterin (-43%; P = 0.019), and free fatty acid (-34%; P = 0.050) in relation to the control group. A tendency was observed for the reduction of novel lactoferrin (-1%; P = 0.072) and calcium binding proteins (-35%; P = 0.095) when comparing control with supplemented animals. In addition, beta-mannanase supplementation decreased intestinal permeability (-10%; P = 0.053) compared with control treatment. However, there was no effects of diet type or diet by enzyme interactions (P &gt; 0.10). The addition of beta-mannanase in the nursery phase reduced fecal biomarkers associated with gut health inflammation. However, there was no difference between diets indicating a simple diet may be used to reduce diet cost without compromising the intestinal health of the animals.
PSV-15 Effects of Supplementation of Protease to Different Nutrient Density of Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profile, Gas Emission, Fecal Microflora in Growing-Finishing Pig
Authors: Park Sehyun , Oh Hanjin , Kim Yongju , An Jaewoo , Chang Seyeon , Go Youngbin , Cho Hyunah , Song Dongcheol , Jeon Kyeong Ho , Hong Seok Man , Yun Won , Cho Jinho 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protease supplementation and different nutrient density of diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, gas emissions, and fecal microflora in growing-finishing pigs. Crossbred growing pigs (n = 180; [Landrace × Yorkshire] x Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW; 18.74 ± 3.46 kg) were used for 15 weeks. Pigs were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 3 pigs per pen in a 3 ⅹ 2 factorial through the following arrangement: Three groups of protease (1, Basal diets; 2, Protease A: 125 mg/kg protease derived from Streptomyces spp; 3, Protease B: 100 mg/kg protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis) at two different nutrient density diets (1; Basal requirement 2; 0.94-0.98% greater than requirement in dietary protein and 50 kcal/kg in energy). Supplementation of protease significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) BW at weeks 4 and 6. Also, supplementation of protease increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG at grower periods and weeks 13 to 15. In addition, improvement (P &lt; 0.05) of ADG was observed in pigs fed a high nutrient density diet (HN) compared with basal nutrient density diet (BN) at grower periods and weeks 13 to 15. In apparent total track digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP), there was increased (P &lt; 0.05) in supplementation of protease at weeks 6 and 13. The HN showed increased (P &lt; .0001) ATTD of CP at 6 weeks. BN increased (P &lt; 0.01) ATTD of CP at week 13. Also, there was interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between nutrient density of diets and supplementation of protease. In ATTD of gross energy, supplementation of protease showed increased (P &lt; 0.05) at week 13. The supplementation of protease in diets decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at week 13. The supplementation of protease in diets decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the emission of NH3 at weeks 6 and 13. Also, H2S was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) due to supplementation of Protease A in diets. At weeks 6 to 9, average daily feed intake showed a tendency to increase (P &lt; 0.10) when the BN diets were fed. Also, during the entire period, feed conversion ratio tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) when the BN diets were fed. In conclusion, supplementation of protease reduces NH3 in feces and BUN in whole blood by increasing the digestibility of CP and improved growth performance. Also, diets with high nutrient density improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility in grower periods.
PSV-18 Effects of Replacing Lactose with Novel Carbohydrate Sources on Nursery Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Mertz Keith , Patience John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of replacing lactose in Phase 1 and 2 nursery diets with 1 of 2 novel carbohydrate (CHO) products (CHO-D and CHO-L; Cargill Starches, Sweeteners, & Texturizers, Blair, Nebraska) on growth performance and fecal dry matter. A total of 360 barrows (DNA 200×400; initially 6.0 ± 0.04 kg) were used in a 42-d growth trial. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age, randomly allotted to pens in 1 of 2 body weight (BW) blocks based on initial BW (initially 5.4 and 6.6 kg), and then allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in completely randomized design, with 5 pigs/pen and 12 replications across 2 barns. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal- based with 5 to 7.5% DDGS and included: 1) negative control (NC; containing 0.08 and 0.04% lactose, phase 1 and 2, respectively); 2) positive control (PC; containing 10 and 5% lactose, phase 1 and 2, respectively); 3) 50% of lactose replaced with the dry novel CHO (50% CHO-D; containing 5 and 2.5% lactose, phase 1 and 2, respectively); 4) 100% of lactose replaced with CHO-D (100% CHO-D; containing 0.09 and 0.05% lactose, phase 1 and 2 respectively); 5) 50% of lactose replaced with the liquid novel CHO (50% CHO-L; containing 5 and 2.5% lactose, phase 1 and 2, respectively); or 6) 100% of lactose replaced with CHO-L (100% CHO-L; containing 0.09 and 0.05% lactose, phase 1 and 2 respectively). Novel CHO sources (CHO-D or CHO-L) replaced whey powder on a carbohydrate basis in Phase 1 and 2 diets. Treatment diets were formulated in two phases fed from d 0 to 10 and d 10 to 24, respectively, with a common phase 3 diet fed until d 42. There was a tendency for an effect of CHO source (P = 0.058) on G:F during the treatment period, in which pigs fed the NC diet had the highest numeric G:F and pigs fed the 100% CHO-L diet had the least numeric G:F (Table 1). Overall, there was no observed effect of CHO source (P &gt; 0.100) on ADG, ADFI, or fecal dry matter. In summary, feeding either of the novel CHO sources did not significantly affect growth performance or fecal dry matter during the nursery period compared with those pigs fed a traditional lactose source or a diet that did not contain any lactose. Based on the results herein, pigs fed diets containing either novel CHO product had equivalent performance to those on the PC treatment, but we were unable to detect incremental value as the PC treatment did not significantly differ from the NC treatment.
PSV-16 The Effects of Bodyweight-Basis Iron Injection to Newborn Piglets on Pre-And Post-Weaning Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters
Authors: Rank Ana N , Farrey Isaac W , Lebal Orianna N , Jang Young Dal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of iron injection to newborn pigs based on birth weight on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and hematological variables. At d 1-3 of age (d 0 of experiment), a total of 24 piglets (initial body weight: 1.55 ± 0.11 kg) from 4 litters were allotted into 3 treatments within litter based on body weight and sex as follows: 1) Fe100: 100 mg iron at d 0 of experiment, 2) Fe200: 200 mg Fe at d 0 of experiment, and 3) FeBW: 125 mg Fe per kg body weight at d 0 of experiment. The iron-dextran was injected intramuscularly at the assigned levels based on treatments. The pigs were housed by litter in the suckling and nursery periods with a common corn-soybean meal-based diet during the entire nursery period. Body weight, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were measured at d 0, 10, 17, 24 (weaning), 31 and 38 after the iron injection. There was no difference in pre- and post-weaning growth performance (10.91, 11.53, and 10.90 kg body weight at d 38 of experiment for the Fe100, Fe200, and FeBW treatments, respectively). Compared with the control treatment, the hemoglobin concentrations were greater in the Fe200 and FeBW treatments (P &lt; 0.06) at d 17, 24, and 31 (12.43, 13.99, and 14.65 g/dL for the Fe100, Fe200, and FeBW treatments, respectively) of experiment with greater values in the FeBW treatment than the Fe200 treatment (P = 0.08; tendency) at d 31 of experiment. Hematocrit levels were greater in the Fe200 and FeBW treatments than the control treatment at d 10 (P = 0.09) and 31 of experiment (P &lt; 0.05; 30.97, 35.57, and 37.07% for the Fe100, Fe200, and FeBW, respectively) and tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) in the FeBW treatment than the control treatment at d 17 (31.71, 33.81, and 38.44% for the Fe100, Fe200, and FeBW, respectively) and 24 of experiment. However, there were no differences in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit at d 38 of experiment. In conclusion, there was no beneficial effect of iron injection based on body weight in pre- and post-weaning growth performance whereas it had a potential to slightly increase hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit when the iron was injected based on body weight of newborn piglets.
PSVI-13 Nutritional Value of Corn Sourced from US, Brazil, and Argentina on Growth Performance, Energy Digestibility, and Amino Acid Digestibility in Pigs
Authors: Sullivan Caitlyn R , Jansen Jordan K , Hong Jinsu , Palencia Jorge Perez , Levesque Crystal L , Thaler Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the nutritional value of corn from US, Brazil (BRZ), and Argentina (ARG). A total of 96 nursery pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 8.79 kg] were used in the feeding trial for 25 days and fed one of three diets with sole corn source (3 treatments, 8 replicates, 4 pigs/pen) in a randomized complete block design. The BW and feed consumption of pigs were measured every week to calculate the average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Twelve barrows (average BW = 23.7 ± 2.6 kg) housed in metabolic crates were fed one of three experimental diets with corn as a sole energy source to determine the energy value of the corn. The pigs had 7 d of adaption, followed by 4 d of fecal and urine collection with a total collection method for two periods (3 treatments, 8 replicates, 1 pig/crate). Ten ileal-cannulated pigs (average BW = 20 kg) were fed one of four diets, such as corn starch-based diet with different corn sources, and a nitrogen-free diet supplemented with titanium dioxide, in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design (4 treatments, 10 replicates, 1 pig/crate) to determine the ileal digestibility of amino acids by using an indicator method. The ileal-cannulated pigs had 5 days of adaptation, followed by 2 days of ileal digesta collection. Pigs were fed the diets at three times of maintenance energy requirement according to NRC (2012) in two equal meals daily. Pigs fed the US corn diet showed greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F for d 0 to 7 than those of pigs fed ARG diet by 13% and 16%, respectively, and tended to have greater (P &lt; 0.10) ADG and G:F for d 0 to 7 than those of pigs fed BRZ corn diet. Pigs fed the US corn diet had greater (P &lt; 0.05) G:F for the overall period (d 0 to 25) than that of pigs fed the BRZ diet by 4% and had a tendency of greater (P &lt; 0.10) G:F for the overall period than that of pigs fed the ARG diet. Dietary corn sources have no significant influence on the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein in pigs. The metabolizable energy values for US, ARG, and BRZ were 3,297 kcal/kg, 3,297 kcal/kg, and 3,240 kcal/kg, respectively. The net energy values for US, ARG, and BRZ were 2,644 kcal/kg, 2,636 kcal/kg, and 2,592 kcal/kg, respectively. However, dietary corn sources had no significant differences in metabolizable energy and net energy values. In conclusion, dietary US corn improved the growth performance of nursery pigs through the improved energy values in pigs compared with the Brazil and Argentina corns.