bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tanzania
Authors: Darwall William R T , Guard Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The southern coast of Tanzania stretches for 690 km from Dar es Salaam to the Ruvuma River at the Mozambique border and supports one of the finest shallow-water coral reef and estuarine mangrove complexes in East Africa. Extending from Mafia Island to the Songo Songo Archipelago and bordered on the west by the Rufiji River Delta the shallow-water plateau is fringed on its eastern edge by a largely unspoiled outer reef which runs southwards from northern Mafia Island for an estimated 270 km to the Mozambique border (Fig. 5.1). The true extent of the reef, mangrove and seagrass systems and their supported diversities has only recently been revealed largely through the surveys of Frontier-Tanzania, a joint initiative between the University of Dar es Salaam and the Society for Environmental Exploration. These surveys have also highlighted a high degree of local dependence on the associated marine resources which are now suffering from the increasing demands of a rapidly rising coastal population. Overexploitation of these resources, coupled with the introduction of a number of highly destructive fishing techniques, makes the implementation of a management program for the sustainable use of resources a priority within the area.
The Red Sea
Authors: Medio D , Sheppard C R C , Gascoigne J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Red Sea, scientific work increased substantially in the 1970s and 1980s. Considerable work on both ecological and physiological aspects has come from one or two laboratories in the region, though most still comes from visiting scientists. Some of the latter have conducted several wide-scale surveys along large expanses of coastline, especially on the Arabian shore. Two substantial and fairly recent compilations both review this material and add details of some new work, on a wide range of aspects (7,41). In the last few years, emphasis has been placed on conservation aspects and on application of previous work. This has been a valuable process and has led to some useful conservation developments and increase in more effective protection in some areas. The balance of this article follows this work, with greater emphasis placed on human effects and conservation, and less on repeating conclusions of the well-reviewed survey work.
The Seychelles
Authors: Jennings S , Marshall S S , Cuet P , Nairn O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reefs of the Seychelles are among the most extensive in the western Indian bcean. They range from heavily exploited and intermittently polluted fringing reefs on the coasts of the large granitic islands of Mahe, Praslin, and La Digue to isolated atolls such as Aldabra where fishing pressure and pollution levels are low. Reefs may sustain important artisanal fisheries, provide coastal protection and are an important resource for the dive tourism industry. Reefs have been studied in most detail on the granitic islands and Aldabra. Reclamation, sedimentation and eutrophication threaten reefs around the large granitic islands and military development once threatened Aldabra. Approximately 15% of the islands’ reefs now have protected status but it has proved difficult to advance from protection by law to protection in practice (Box 13.1). Nevertheless, the extensive reefs of Seychelles, coupled with a small population have allowed the country to address marine conservation issues which appear insurmountable elsewhere.
The Coral Reefs of Madagascar
Authors: Gabrie C , Vasseur P , Randriamiarana H , Maharavo J , Mara E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Madagascar is one of the largest islands in the world with a coastline of about 6000 km. In 1993 the human population was 12 million or 20.6 individuals per km 2• This is relatively few, but the distribution of the population is heterogeneous with the eastern coastal zones being densely populated while the western coast is less inhabited, with the exception of cities such as Toliara and Mahajanga. The mean annual increase in population is about 3% per year and migrations to and along the coast intensify pressures on coastal resources.
Management Status and Case Studies
Authors: Muthiga Nyawira , Riedmiller Sibylle , Carter Eleanor , Elst Rudy van der , Mann-Lang Judy , Horrill Chris , McClanahan Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes four case studies of management of coral reefs and associated fisheries. The first two case studies cover management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): the national government programs of Kenya, and a private MPA in Zanzibar. The second two case studies cover different approaches to fisheries resource management: at the national level in South Africa and at the community level, supported by donor aid, in northern Tanzania. The case studies describe the origin of their specific management problems, trace the history, justification and objectives of management, and give recommendations for future programs.
Self-Expression Dreams
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freud was wrong about the meaningfulness of every dream. Not all dreams are meaningful. Many, possibly most, aren’t. Nietzsche was wrong, too. There is no poetically bold or talented homunculus inside you trying to get out the right poem while you sleep-sonnet, haiku, even free verse. But Nietzsche was right to notice that even if you assume an inner poet, most dreams are bungled. The inner poet is a bad poet or it is not alert.
Eric Stokes
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eric Stokes was born and raised in Haddon Heights, New Jersey, and educated at Lawrence College, the New England Conservatory, and the University of Minnesota. From 1961 to 1988 he taught at the University of Minnesota, where he founded the university’s electronic music program and First Minnesota Moving and Storage Warehouse Band, a new music performance group. He was an active proponent of new music in the Twin Cities for more than thirty-five years.
Revealing, Organizing, and Reorganizing the Self in Response to Stress and Emotion
Authors: Pennebaker James W , Keough Kelli A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When traumatic and stressful events occur, they touch virtually every aspect of our lives. The loss of a spouse through death or divorce, for example, changes our roles as wives or husbands, our social patterns, financial and living situations, daily behaviors and habits, and even sometimes our very definition of who we are. For the college junior in one of our studies, her family life caused much stress and threatened her ability to create and shape her own identity. The purpose of this chapter is to explore how traumas threaten people ‘s self-definition and how people use the act of disclosure and the most fundamental social tool, language, to try to rebuild the self.
Conclusion: Self, Social Identity, and the Analysis of Social and Behavioral Aspects of Physical Health and Disease
Authors: Ashmore Richard D , Contrada Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our goal in devising the present volume was to delineate the use of self and identity as major elements in the social and behavioral analysis of health and illness. To achieve this goal, we asked a set of talented scholars from diverse academic disciplines to identify some of the important issues, concepts, and findings involved in conceiving of physical wellbeing in terms of self and social identity. In this concluding chapter, we first review the major results of the contributors ‘ analyses. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to outlining the next generation of issues to be addressed if self and identity are to serve as a useful lens for social and behavioral scientists in analyzing physical health.
The End of the Night Shift
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine this scenario. It is 4:00 A.M. near St. Louis, Missouri. A surgeon-a man in his early 40s-arrives for work. It is his daily routine. He parks his car and enters the building. He changes into green scrubs, exchanges his shoes for white clogs, puts on a cap and mask, and walks through into the scrubup area, where his colleague, a woman of about the same age, is already scrubbing her hands with disinfectant. With their clean hands held out at shoulder height to ensure they are not contaminated by contact with their bodies, they carefully back through the door and enter the gleaming, spotlessly clean operating room. The scrub nurse, already gloved and gowned, hands them sterile towels, and they dry their hands and arms. She helps them into gowns and holds open surgical rubber gloves, into which they insert their hands. The donor is already on the operating table, skin thoroughly cleaned with iodine, sterile drapes covering all but the chest and abdomen. The surgeons are greeted cordially by the anesthesiologist, standing at the head of the table, who is closely monitoring the sleeping donor’s blood pressure and other vital signs. Three operating-room technicians, who have helped prepare the donor for the surgeons, are ready to assist with the retrieval of organs. Bottles of organ preservation fluid hang from stainless steel stands, and polystyrene boxes filled with ice line one wall.
From Icarus to the First Heart Transplant
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surgeon cuts out the testicle from the anesthetized donor, carefully carries it into the adjacent room, slices it into six sections, and delicately inserts three sections into each testicle of the recipient. As soon as the operation is completed, the surgeon repeats the procedure in a second elderly man, this time using the donor’s remaining testicle. Who would donate two testicles? One may desire to be altruistic and help one’s fellow man, but surely this is taking things a bit too far! If you haven’t already guessed, the donor is, of course, an animal-on this occasion a baboon. The year is 1921. The scene is the prestigious College de France in Paris, and the surgeon is Russian emigre Serge Voronoff (Figure 3.1). “Between the 12th of June, 1920, and October 15, 1923, I performed fifty two testicular grafting operations. The graft, in one instance, was taken from man; in all other cases the grafts were obtained from apes.” So begins Voronoff’s remarkable book Rejuvenation by Grafting, published in 1925, in which he details his surgical experiences. Most of the recipients were elderly men. A typical example is one 74-year-old Englishman who “walked with difficulty, leaning on a stick His memory was bad, his intelligence slow and sluggish. He presented all the characteristics of the senile type.
Zero Tolerance
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surgeon completes the transplant of the pig heart into the baboon, just as surgeons Donald Ross and Denton Cooley did back in 1968, when they inserted pig and sheep hearts, respectively, into their human patients. The pig heart initially becomes a healthy pink color as the recipient’s blood flows through it. It begins to beat. But, after as little as two minutes, the surgeon watches as it becomes a mottled, dusky blue color, and the contractions become weak and irregular. Blood ceases to flow through the organ as the small capillaries in the heart muscle become occluded by clots. The blood vessels rupture, and the heart rapidly swells due to the leakage of blood and fluid into the muscle wall. The heart stops beating. It is now an ugly black mass. The surgeon has witnessed the most powerful immunological reaction that the human body can mount, a response initially developed millions of years ago in primitive animal species as a defense against invading microorganisms, largely bacteria and viruses. This innate immunological response has become a reflex reaction to the foreign threat, requiring little or none of the sophistication of the other human immunological response, the “cognate” or “adaptive” response, which, in evolutionary terms, has developed much more recently. The cognate response, which is involved in the rejection of transplanted human organs, requires the complex involvement of specialized cells that are present in mammals but not in primitive animal species.
A Spoonful of Sugar
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incomparable ingenuity of the human race is exemplified in the variety of methods currently being tested in laboratories around the world in attempts to overcome the violent destruction that occurs immediately after transplantation of an animal organ. Many of these efforts are innovative, but perhaps no researcher has been as courageous in testing his theories as Venezuelan medical scientist Egidio Romano. Romano’s initial interest was in antibodies that destroy human red blood cells rather than transplanted animal organs, but his work had implications for xenotransplantation. We can chemically synthesize sugars that mimic the sugars present on human red blood cells. Romano and his colleagues believed that if such sugars were injected into a patient, they would be bound by antibodies directed against that sugar. The antibodies would therefore be “immobilized” and could no longer attack the patient’s own red blood cells. To test this theory, he and his colleagues initially injected the hitherto untested synthetic sugars into their own veins to check on their safety and toxicity. Fortunately, they all survived this experience.
The Ultimate Piggy Bank
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the first tentative reports on the use of pig brain cells in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease reached the public in 1995, Dr. Philip Noguchi, the FDA physician overseeing the regulation of xenotransplantation, received telephone calls from pig farmers inquiring how they could get involved in what they perceived as a potentially profitable commercial venture. This anecdote exemplifies the universal wish to “make a buck,” no matter what the venture. However, given the very strict requirements for the breeding and housing of the pigs to be used in xenotransplantation, the average hog farmer is unlikely to reap any financial reward from xenotransplantation. Many others undoubtedly will. Successful xenotransplantation will clearly have a major financial impact on health care; the effects will be felt both by the community and by the individual patient. Its impact is difficult to predict in detail, as there will be both savings and increased expenditure. Money will be saved on such items as long-term dialysis, which will no longer be necessary in the majority of kidney patients, but dollars will be expended on the much larger number of organ transplants that will be performed. Nonetheless, xenotransplantation’s overall impact on national health care economics will almost certainly be to engender considerably increased expenditure.
A Vision with a Task
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever the first clinical trial of xenotransplantation using pig organs is initiated, the surgical team will undoubtedly be embarking upon this undertaking with relatively primitive technology. The results will probably be only modest, if that, but the experience gained will allow sequential improvements to be made until the results will match and eventually surpass those of human organ transplantation today. It would be unduly optimistic to expect the first patients who receive xenotransplants to do as well as those currently receiving human organ transplants. The more pertinent question is whether they will do better with a xenograft than without one. For these patients, the alternative to an animal organ will not be a human one, which for one reason or another will already have been ruled out, but rather conventional medical therapy. Clearly, no one wants a pig organ that functions for only one month, but there would be a period of time-if the quality of life was good-that would have made the procedure worthwhile. No matter how advanced the technology, however, there will always be those who caution against such a trial. But, as David White has pointed out, you cannot wait until you know you can swim before being allowed in the water. Or, to quote him again, “We are talking about designing a Model T Ford, while other people are saying, ‘Let’s not go out driving until we have a Ferrari.’”
Introduction
Authors: Davis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How important is conflict of interest to the professions? The answer is complex. Consider what recently happened to Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC), the world’s largest accounting firm. PWC hired an outside investigator (at the urging of the Securities and Exchange Commission) to determine whether the firm was observing its own conflict-of-interest rules. The investigator reported that more than three-fourths of PWC’s partners, including thirty-one of the top forty-three, had not properly sanitized their personal finances. The partners held financial interests in businesses that PWC audited; a few even owned stock in businesses for which they had direct auditing responsibility. Many of those partners were disciplined; some were told to leave the firm. PWC suffered a substantial loss of personnel and reputation. Failure to pay sufficient attention to conflict of interest was a disaster for PWC.
Conflict of Interest in Journalism
Authors: Borden Sandra L , Pritchard Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Codes of ethics for professional journalism associations and individual news organizations typically include conflicts of interest among their ethical prohibitions. For all their attention to this ethical problem, however, these codes do not offer an analysis of the concept. It seems to be assumed that we all know what conflicts of interest are, the circumstances in which they are likely to arise, and the values that are at stake. This is a concern because signs of potential conflicts of interests may go unnoticed by journalists who, as a consequence, may find themselves involved in undesirable, but possibly avoidable, conflicts of interest. As we shall see, the consequences to the public interest and to the profession’s credibility in such cases can be substantial.
Comparing Conflict of Interest Across the Professions
Authors: Stark Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider the following two situations. In the first, a government bureaucrat’s decision to support a high-tech subsidy program is affected by her part ownership of-or her spouse’s employment with-a software venture that would benefit from the program: a set of interests she possesses outside her role as an officeholder. In the other, her decision to support the high-tech subsidy program is affected by her desire to advance through the ranks bureaucratically, shift her career path within the department, and increase her official salary: a set of interests she possesses within her role as an officeholder. Both kinds of interest compromise her professional judgment. And yet, for a long time, scholars of conflict of interest typically have concerned themselves only with the first type, when the encumbering interest arises outside of role. For if the second type-when the impairing interest arises within role-were treated as actionable conflict of interest, all professionals would be in conflict of interest all the time.
Process and Performance
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter sketched some necessary elements of meaning-making and writing. This chapter develops the functional relations among the writing process, performance measures, and intellectual resources, such as the degree of available knowledge. Writing well requires concerted effort and concentration, the marshaling of many intellectual resources, and the skilled negotiation of numerous constraints. I begin with a discussion of the three types of intellectual resources and constraints that a writer must manage. Broadly defined, these are knowledge, personality, and method. Next, I define ways of tracking the process of writing and ways of measuring writing performance in terms of quality, fluency, and productivity. I distinguish structuring and restructuring the writing process from amplifying the writing performance. Knowledge, personality, and method variables partially define the writer’s task and therefore often structure the writing process.
The Nation’s Blood Medicine, Justice, and the State in France
Authors: Steffen Monika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early years of the AIDS epidemic coincided in France with significant social, economic, and political change. But despite living in such turbulent times, the French continued to share a unanimous conviction: their national blood transfusion system was, without doubt, the world’s finest example of scientific achievement and social solidarity. The public was thus dumbfounded when the scandale du sang contamine(the contaminated blood scandal) erupted in the early nineties. The fact that half of all French hemophiliacs were infected with HIV and that France accounted for close to 60% of all recorded cases of post-transfusion AIDS in the European Union I was surely the result of corruption, dirty money, bad blood, doctors who murdered, state secrets, and conspiracy. These were the elements of the massive press campaign focused on tracking down the guilty parties. In a television program watched by millions, Georgina Dufoix, one of three cabinet ministers accused by the press as accountable for the catastrophe, pleaded, “responsable mais non coupable,”responsible but not guilty. The perceptions of 1991 were not the understandings of the mid-l 980s, she declared. Dufoix sharply criticized the press, which, she asserted, had sensationalized and exploited a problem of extreme gravity involving extensive human suffering.
Blood, Bureaucracy, and Law Responding to HIV-Tainted Blood in Italy
Authors: Izzo Umberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
July 16, 1982, is a date that will long be remembered by the world’s bleeding dis order community. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) announced that three hemophiliacs treated with factor VIII had died as a result of Pneumocystiscariniipneumonia, which was linked to a new deadly disease called AIDS 1. One day earlier, the most prominent authorities of the Italian blood system met in Rome at the “first focus panel on the national blood plan.” The director of the Italian Superior Health Institute (ISS) presented his proposal to solve the chronic shortage that had always affected the Italian blood system 2. Only in passing did he note the failure of health authorities to effectively regulate blood plasma3. Tragically, his warning went unheeded. In 1982, blood experts were concerned for good reason about the adequacy of the blood and plasma supply. In the early 1980s, the Italian supply of whole blood could meet only about two thirds of estimated demand.