bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embracing the East
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As exemplified by Madame Butterfly, East-West relations have often been expressed as the relations between the masculine, dominant West and the feminine, submissive East. Yet, this binary model does not account for the important role of white women in the construction of Orientalism. Mari Yoshihara's study examines a wide range of white women who were attracted to Japan and China in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and shows how, through their engagement with Asia, these women found new forms of expression, power, and freedom that were often denied to them in other realms of their lives in America. She demonstrates how white women's attraction to Asia shaped and was shaped by a complex mix of exoticism for the foreign, admiration for the refined, desire for power and control, and love and compassion for the people of Asia. Through concrete historical narratives and careful textual analysis, she examines the ideological context for America's changing discourse about Asia and interrogates the power and appeal--as well as the problems and limitations--of American Orientalism for white women's explorations of their identities. Combining the analysis of race and gender in the United States and the study of U.S.-Asian relations, Yoshihara's work represents the transnational direction of scholarship in American Studies and U.S. history. In addition, this interdisciplinary work brings together diverse materials and approaches, including cultural history, material culture, visual arts, performance studies, and literary analysis.
Racial Masquerade and Literary Orientalism: Amy Lowell’s “Asian” Poetry
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As “Asia” came to occupy an increasingly visible and important place in America’s cultural vocabulary, it became a representational tool with which to express not only American ideologies about U.S.-Asian relations but also changing cultural norms and social anxieties in the domestic context. The American engagement with Asian cultures manifested in material culture, visual arts, and performing arts also had a significant impact in American letters, particularly in literary modernism.
Concerning Compositions With Humorous Secular Texts, But Not in Set Verse Patterns, Such as Dialogues, Canzonas, Canzonettas, and Arias
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those such as the previously-mentioned sonnets (cantilena or cantio in Latin, which are generic terms; chanson in French) are actually secular or courting songs that are sung. Their style varies from poet to poet, and they do not have the same number of stanzas or lines, nor are they always in the same form, almost like the hymns of Pindar or the odes of Horace. The following is an example from Petrarch
Concerning Free-Standing Preludes, Such as Fantasies, Fugues [Fugen], Sinfonias, and Sonatas
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A capriccio or improvised fantasia is when one undertakes to execute a fugue [Fugam] of one’s choosing but dwells on it only for a short time, soon changing to another fugue [ fugam] as it strikes him. For since no text is permitted with proper fugues [Fugen], one is not bound by words; one may make as many or as few digressions, additions, abridgements, twists, and turns as one wishes. Such fantasies and capriccios are especially suited for demonstrating one’s skill and artistry; one may employ without further hesitation anything that is permissible in music, such as suspensions, proportions, etc., as long as the mode and melody are observed and remain within their bounds. More will be said on this in another place, God willing.
Concerning the Dances Not Arranged According to Certain Paces and Steps, Such as the Branle, Courante, Volta, Allemande, and Mascherada
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Branle is a French dance, perhaps from bransler, which means “tremble,” “bestir,” “stir,” or “move.” The movement in this dance is not so violent as in the galliards and courantes, and is only in the knees and rather smooth without jumps. The differences between the branles and other French dances receive further attention in the preface to my Terpsichore Musarum Aoniarum.
Concerning the Thoroughbass or Continuo
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The meaning, treatment, and usage of the thoroughbass, basso continuo, or bassus prorgano and other important issues including (a) what is desirable in an organist, lutenist, harpist, and (b) how each of them should use their instrument according to its character. The Bassus generalis or continuo is so called because it continues from the beginning of the piece to the end and, as principal part, contains within itself the entire motet or concerto. It is quite common in Italy, especially in the works of the outstanding composer Lodovico Viadana, the superb creator of this new art, who devised and published the method of having one, two, three, or four voices sing to the sole accompaniment of an organ, regal, or other fundamental instrument. It is therefore necessary that such a thoroughbass and continuo part for the organist or lutenist, etc. be available as a foundation.
Instruction for Choirboys [Instructio Pro Symphoniacis]
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The orator’s job is not just to decorate his speech with beautiful, pleasing, and lively words and marvelous figures, but also to articulate clearly and to move the emotions by speaking now with a rising voice, now a falling one, now more loudly, now more softly, now with fullness of voice. In the same manner, the singer cannot merely sing, but must sing artfully and engagingly, so that the heart of the listener is touched and his emotions are moved, thus allowing the piece to achieve its intended purpose. The singer must not only be endowed by nature with an excellent voice, but he must be experienced and possess a good intellect and an extensive knowledge of music. It is important for him to have good judgment to place accents skillfully and to incorporate an appropriate number of runs or coloraturas (called passaggi by the Italians) at the right time and in suitable places so that in addition to the loveliness of the voice, the overall artistry can also be properly appreciated. Yet those singers who are equipped by God and nature with an especially lovely, vibrant, buoyant, or pulsating voice and a well-developed neck and throat suitable for diminutions are not to be praised if they disregard the rules of music by exceeding the recommended limits through the use of far too much ornamentation and thereby disfigure the piece so much that no one has any idea what they are singing. Neither the text nor the notes (as set by the composer, who bestows upon the piece the best embellishment and appeal) can be perceived, much less understood.
Purity and Desire
Authors: Berry Stephen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1855, William Elliott traveled to Paris to deliver an address before the Imperial Agricultural Society. Elliott was a South Carolina planter, a noted authority on the cultivation of cotton, and an enthusiastic hunter. He is remembered, if at all, for a series of hunting sketches of some sublimity entitled Carolina Sports by Land and Water (1859). “I think that if anything I have written will live after me,” Elliott correctly predicted, “it will be these ‘Sports. ‘ “ On August 26, 1855, William Elliott was one of a throng of men and women gathered outside the Fine Arts Exhibition in Paris, hoping to catch a glimpse of Queen Victoria and her escort, the emperor of France.
Importance Of Aromatic Hydrocarbons In The Chemistry Of Ozone Generation In The Urban Atmosphere
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organic compounds are important trace constituents of the atmosphere that originate from many different natural and man-made sources. The atmospheric reactions of organic compounds influence other atmospheric trace constituents. In particular, reactions of volatile organic compounds (Voes) with nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of sunlight can lead to the formation of ozone, other oxidants, and particulate matter (PM), commonly referred to as “smog” (see, e.g., Warneck, 1988; Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998; Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts, 1999). In many urban areas, emissions of voes and NOx, when combined under meteorological conditions that favor smog formation, can lead to the formation of ground-level ozone and PM at harmful levels. In some areas, such as the eastern United States, ozone and PM are a “regional-scale” as well as an “urban-scale” problem because significant atmospheric transport of pollutants occurs between urban and rural areas, or between neighboring urban areas. Similar situations have been observed in Europe. As mentioned above, formation of ground-level ozone is not the only harmful consequence of the atmospheric reactions of voes.
Reactions Of O(3P) Atoms With Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reactions of 0(3P) atoms with aromatic compounds are of little importance in the ambient atmosphere, but may be significant in laboratory irradiations of NOX aromatic-air mixtures and possibly also in plumes containing elevated concentrations of NO 2. As with most other classes of atmospheric reactions, there is a substantial database concerning the kinetics of the reactions of 0(3 P) atoms with aromatic compounds, but relatively few product studies have been performed. Analogous to the OH-and NO rradical reactions reviewed in previous chapters, reactions of the 0(3P) atom with aromatic compounds proceed mainly by initial addition of the 0(3P) atom to the carbon atoms of the aromatic ring (Sloane, 1977; Sibener et al., 1980). The measured room temperature rate coefficients increase with the number of alkyl-substituent groups attached to the aromatic ring (see table V-B-1); the positions of the substituent groups also have an effect on the rate coefficients (with m-xylene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene being the most reactive xylene and trimethylbenzene, respectively). This behavior is very similar to that observed for the OH-radical reactions (chapter II). Grovenstein and Mosher (1970) showed that formation yields of the phenolic products (formed by rearrangement of the initially formed biradical) are consistent with electrophilic addition, with alkyl-substituent groups activating the ortho and para positions.
Reactions Of Non-Aromatic Products Of Aromatic Compound Oxidation
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first-generation products formed from the atmospheric reactions of aromatic compounds, discussed in sections II-D, III-D, and IV-D, can also react in the atmosphere with OH radicals, N 03 radicals, and 03, and may photolyze. The available rate coefficient data for ring-retaining products are reviewed and evaluated in sections 11-B, 111-B, and IV-Band photolysis is considered in chapter VII. The available rate coefficient data concerning the reactions of non-aromatic reaction products with OH radicals, N 03 radicals, and03 are dealt with in this chapter. VI-A. Kinetic Data for Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals, and Ozone with Non-Aromatic Products of Aromatic Compound Oxidation The format of this section is similar to that of sections 11-B, III-B, and IV-B, and the same abbreviations (see tables 11-B-0, IV-B-0) are used in the tables below for the experimental techniques. The available kinetic data for the OH radical, N03 radical, and 03 reactions are all presented here.
Summary
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere of an urban community from sources involving the combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., exhaust of internal combustion engines), solvent use, or other sources. During the daylight hours they react rapidly, often within hours, with OH radicals. When these reactions occur by attack on the aromatic ring, the ultimate result is, in large part, rupture of the aromatic ring and generation of a variety of multifunctional carbonyl com­ pounds. These are reactive both photochemically and toward OH radicals, and they form a variety of peroxy radicals (R02) . The attack of the OH radical on an alkyl side chain attached to the aromatic ring may also occur, with the generation ofbenzylperoxy-like radicals (e.g., C6H5CH202) . The dominant fate of the peroxy radicals is reaction with NO, which proceeds in two channels; the main channel gives RO radicals and N02, while the minor channel gives organic nitrates RON02: R02 (H02) + NO ș+ RO (OH) + N02; R02 + NO ș+ RON02.
Friends And Foes Early Recruits and Freedom’s Cause, 1861–1862
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By all measurable indications, the Union should have won the war handily. At the conflict’s outset, the Northern states had thirty-three times as many fire-arms as the South, produced seventeen times as much cotton cloth and woolen goods, and had 70 percent of the nation’s railroad track—which, taken together, meant that the Union was much better positioned to arm, clothe, and transport its soldiers.1 The Union entered the war with far superior naval capabilities, and it alone had the industrial capabilities to build additional armored ships. When it came to manpower, too, the Union had the definitive edge. Its initial pool of eligible soldiers (white men) was four times larger than the Confederacy’s, a gap that would only increase midwar when the Union began enlisting African American soldiers (it had always enlisted black sailors) while also stepping up its campaign to recruit foreign-born servicemen.
Union Occupation And Guerrilla Warfare
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the summer of 1862, the American Civil War was changing, but not in the places where anyone expected it. General George McClellan had captured headlines in April in an attempt to bring a hundred thousand Union soldiers up the Virginia Peninsula in a traditional siege of Richmond. But McClellan fought a traditional war with infantry, cavalry, and artillery. McClellan failed to use slaves and former slaves to his advantage. Rather than trust black scouts, as Generals Lane and Hunter had, McClellan established balloon corps to fly above Confederate lines. (Confederates quickly pitched thousands of tents, convincing McClellan he was outnumbered.) Rather than use black spies, he used a bumbling force of “Pinkerton Detectives” that proved useless at reconnaissance. Rather than use black laborers, he detailed untrained soldiers to build bridges, producing the most rickety bridges in the Western world. (Confederates, meanwhile, impressed road crews of trained black carpenters to cover retreats.) When considering friends and foes, McClellan failed to see the social revolution developing around him, failed to use the slaves who could have helped him, and failed to take Richmond. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia stopped him in the Seven Days Battle (June 25–July 1, 1862).
We Need Men Union Struggles over Manpower and Emancipation, 1863–1865
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tally Simpson and Caleb Blanchard, both enlisted men, observed the war from very different vantage points. Simpson, the son of a prominent slaveowning family, had left college immediately after Fort Sumter to join the Third South Carolina Volunteers. Blanchard, a twenty-nine-year-old married carpenter from Connecticut, waited more than a year before mustering into the Union army. In the winter of 1863, the two men encamped at opposite ends of the Confederacy. Simpson’s Confederate regiment was biding its time near Fredericksburg, Virginia, while Blanchard and his comrades occupied New Orleans. Yet as far apart as these men stood from one another—figuratively and literally—they agreed on one fundamental point: The Confederacy’s greatest hope for victory rested in the Union’s internal discord.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Development of Public Health Law
Authors: Burris Scott , Gostin Lawrence O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the United States was struck by a serious epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the early 1980s, public health law was an all but abandoned field. For decades, communicable disease had been in decline, and with it the use of various powers the law had long ago given to health agencies charged with controlling those diseases. In a world in which chronic noncommunicable diseases, accidents, and environmental toxins dominated the health concerns of the U.S. public and policymakers, and in which the few residual communicable diseases were susceptible to treatment and largely untroubling to society, there was little occasion for the use or renewal of a body of law whose time was thought to be past—if, indeed, it was thought about at all.
Aldo Leopold and the Value of Nature
Authors: Kellert Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When questions arise about the value of healthy natural systems to human well-being, they are typically framed in the context of economic and some­ times ecological benefits. This is not surprising given our market-driven and scientifically oriented society. There is a tendency for issues of environmental concern to be decided on the basis of empirical evidence and other quantifiable, presumably objective, measurements of value. This prevailing emphasis on quantifiable and economic benefits tends to obscure those difficult-to-quantify, personal relationships to the natural world that have traditionally shaped the human experience. Moreover, the value of nature is seen as independent of human culture and history.
Nauvoo, 1838–46
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The setbacks that Joseph Smith suffered before his move to Missouri in 1838 would likely have broken a less resilient man. But the expulsion of the Saints from Independence, the defection of his closest followers in Kirtland, and his personal sorrow when twins born to Emma died at birth-none of these blunted his resolve. At Far West, in Missouri, he laid plans for yet another Mormon city, selected a site for a temple, and called the Saints to gather at still another place of refuge.
Building the Kingdom, 1847–69
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Left to their own preferences, the thousands of Mormon migrants who trekked to Utah would never have chosen that barren and treeless region as their home, with its salty lake, sagebrush, crickets, lizards, and rattlesnakes. Harriet Decker Young, one of Brigham’s wives, recorded that on her arrival “my feelings were such as I cannot describe; everything looked gloomy and I felt heart sick.” At least, the Mormons thought, no one would bother them there.
Multiphoton Microscopy in Neuroscience
Authors: Helmchen Fritjof , Wang Samuel S -H , Denk Winfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first report more than 10 years ago of two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy (Denk et al., 1990), multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has found uses in many research areas. Multiphoton microscopy has had a particularly strong impact on life sciences because several of its properties provide special advantages for studying living cells in intact tissue (for reviews see Denk and Svoboda, 1997; Piston, 1999; König, 2000; So et al., 2000; Helmchen and Denk, 2002). In this chapterwe focus on applications in neuroscience.
The cerebral cortex in human contains about 1010 neurons with about 1014 synaptic connections among them (Braendgaard et al., 1990; Tang et al., 2001). To understand the integrated function of these structures, it is necessary to study them in their native configuration. Multiphoton microscopy has helped to reveal neural signaling in near-intact living tissue at levels ranging from individual synapses to entire neural networks (fig. 3.1 [Garaschuk et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2000b]). It has been used to investigate development, structural plasticity, modulation of excitability, and synaptic integration. Multiphoton microscopy has proved particularly powerful when used in conjunction with advances in fluorescent tissue labeling techniques, electrophysiology, and molecular biology.
Detection of Brain Activity by Near-Infrared Light
Authors: Gratton Enrico , Toronov Vlad , Wolf Ursula , Wolf Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a series of outstanding questions regarding the detection of brain activity in measurements made at the head surface and regarding the origin of the observed changes in the optical parameters of tissues. In this chapter we review the information generated so far and discuss the evidence available about the origin of the effects observed. Because the field is still controversial and rapidly advancing, we mainly focus on our own work and a few otherstudies that we chose to illustrate ouropinions.
Numerous studies show that neuronal activity can be detected optically. Basically, there are two lines of evidence: one based on optical studies of exposed cortex and another based on measurements through the skull. Although the measurements on exposed cortex directly visualize areas of neuronal activation, the spatial resolution that can be achieved by imaging through the skull is insufficient to delineate the columnar areas of cortical activity. It is also likely that the optical contrast mechanism could be different for the two types of approaches resulting from the different ways light interrogates the tissue. In the direct exposed cortex measurement, the contrast is given by the changes of reflectivity, resulting from either changes in absorption or scattering of the brain surface. In the through-the-skull measurements, we must make some hypothesis about the path that the photons follow through the bone and through the brain and back out. Most of the controversy about the noninvasive optical measurements arises from the particular model used to describe light propagation throughout the head. Although we have quite an accurate theory to describe light propagation in multiple scattering media, the problem of applying this theory to the intact head is that we need to know the details of local anatomy and details of the optical parameters of each tissue element. Probably the most successful approach has been that of considering only average tissue properties, segmenting different tissues with a coarse resolution, on the order of centimeters.
Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Key Role for Conservation Medicine
Authors: Daszak Peter , Cunningham Andrew A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are diseases that have recently increased in incidence, have recently expanded in geographic or host range, are newly recognized, or are caused by newly evolved pathogens (Lederberg et al. 1992; Morse 1993; Daszak et al. 2000a). The term “emerging” was first used widely for human diseases in the 1970s (Sencer 1971; Moore and Robbs 1979), but achieved notoriety in the late 1980s following the discovery of a group of highly pathogenic diseases that included AIDS, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Legionnaire ‘s disease, toxic-shock syndrome, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, and Lyme disease (Krause 1992).