bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locating a geography of nursing: space, place and the progress of geographical thought
Authors: Andrews Gavin J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough traditionally, nursing research has paid little attention to geographical approaches, recent years have witnessed some initial research interest in the dynamic between nursing, space and place. Such research potentially represents the foundations of what may be termed a ‘geography of nursing’. Although, to date, some novel and valuable perspectives have been gained into the spatial features of nursing, no consideration has been given to the theoretical development of, and basis for, a geography of nursing. Furthermore, no consideration has been given to philosophical heritage; the treatment of space and place in human geography and the insights that this may provide for the new field of research. In this context, this paper provides an historical review of geographical research and traces the evolution of how space and place have been conceptualized and operationalized by it. The paper outlines the emergence of a health geography subdiscipline and its own changing and diverse perspectives. In the final section, the central themes of the current geography of nursing are considered and, reflecting back on the theoretical concerns of contemporary human geography, the paper outlines some philosophies and theories on which future geography of nursing could be based. From a disciplinary perspective, one potential role of the geography of nursing is argued to be the maintenance of the relationship between health geography and mainstream health service and medical concerns, but in a place‐sensitive, patient‐sensitive and qualitative form.
The need for accurate perception and informed judgement in determining the appropriate use of the nursing resource: hearing the patient's voice
Authors: Niven C. A. , Scott P. A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractFrom the perspectives of both an espoused core underlying value of nursing, and of public policy, the patient's voice should be central to our understanding of patient/client need, appropriate care and intervention. However, accessing and hearing the patient's voice is fraught with difficulty. Edwards (2001) reminds us that our raison d’être as nurses is human vulnerability; a vulnerability sometimes brought into sharp focus because of illness or disease. However, when people are at their most vulnerable, they are often least able to identify, or indeed to express, their need – beyond the completely obvious. This paper provides a short descriptive record of one patient's experience of nursing care. This description is placed within the context of moral arguments about the nature of nursing and the impact this may have on decision‐making regarding the appropriate distribution of nursing time. One of our most acute deficits in knowledge, regarding nursing in the UK and Ireland, is a lack of knowledge of the day‐to‐day activities judgements, decisions and interventions of staff nurses at the sharp edge of patient care delivery. We also have little understanding of how, or indeed whether, staff nurses identify or articulate these activities, judgements, decisions and interventions as having a moral dimension that is rooted in respect for the needs and perceptions of the individual patient. Recent empirical work suggests that a substantial proportion of nursing time is spent in prioritizing and delegating care. We have little idea of the impact of prioritization and delegation on the quality of patient care, as perceived by the recipients of that care, our patients. It is urgent that these deficits in our knowledge and understanding are addressed. This is the case both from the perspective of providing high standards of patient care and from the point of view of linking perceptions of the moral dimension of nursing practice, organizational structure, manpower planning, nursing decisions and interventions, to patient outcomes.
How Investors Interpret Past Fund Returns
Authors: Lynch Anthony W. , Musto David K. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe literature documents a convex relation between past returns and fund flows of mutual funds. We show this to be consistent with fund incentives, because funds discard exactly those strategies which underperform. Past returns tell less about the future performance of funds which discard, so flows are less sensitive to them when they are poor. Our model predicts that strategy changes only occur after bad performance, and that bad performers who change strategy have dollar flow and future performance that are less sensitive to current performance than those that do not. Empirical tests support both predictions.
Financing and Advising: Optimal Financial Contracts with Venture Capitalists
Authors: Casamatta Catherine 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper analyses the joint provision of effort by an entrepreneur and by an advisor to improve the productivity of an investment project. Without moral hazard, it is optimal that both exert effort. With moral hazard, if the entrepreneur's effort is more efficient (less costly) than the advisor's effort, the latter is not hired if she does not provide funds. Outside financing arises endogenously. This explains why investors like venture capitalists are value enhancing. The level of outside financing determines whether common stocks or convertible bonds should be issued in response to incentives.
Anticompetitive Financial Contracting: The Design of Financial Claims
Authors: Cestone Giacinta , White Lucy 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the first model where entry deterrence takes place through financial rather than product‐market channels. In existing models, a firm's choice of financial instruments deters entry by affecting product market behavior; here entry deterrence occurs by affecting the credit market behavior of investors towards entrant firms. We find that to deter entry, the claims held on incumbent firms should be sufficiently risky, that is, equity. This contrasts with the standard Brander and Lewis (1986) result that debt deters entry. This effect is more marked the less competitive the credit market is—so more credit market competition spurs more product market competition.
Investment, Uncertainty, and Liquidity
Authors: Boyle Glenn W. , Guthrie Graeme A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe analyze the dynamic investment decision of a firm subject to an endogenous financing constraint. The threat of future funding shortfalls lowers the value of the firm's timing options and encourages acceleration of investment beyond the first‐best optimal level. As well as highlighting another way by which capital market frictions can distort investment behavior, this result implies that (1) the sensitivity of investment to cash flow can be greatest for high‐liquidity firms and (2) greater uncertainty has an ambiguous effect on investment.
Asset Trading Volume with Dynamically Complete Markets and Heterogeneous Agents
Authors: Judd Kenneth L. , Kubler Felix , Schmedders Karl 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTrading volume of infinitely lived securities, such as equity, is generically zero in Lucas asset pricing models with heterogeneous agents. More generally, the end‐of‐period portfolio of all securities is constant over time and states in the generic economy. General equilibrium restrictions rule out trading of equity after an initial period. This result contrasts the prediction of portfolio allocation analyses that portfolio rebalancing motives produce nontrivial trade volume. Therefore, other causes of trade must be present in asset markets with large trading volume.
Hedging in the Possible Presence of Unspanned Stochastic Volatility: Evidence from Swaption Markets
Authors: Fan Rong , Gupta Anurag , Ritchken Peter 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper examines whether higher order multifactor models, with state variables linked solely to underlying LIBOR‐swap rates, are by themselves capable of explaining and hedging interest rate derivatives, or whether models explicitly exhibiting features such as unspanned stochastic volatility are necessary. Our research shows that swaptions and even swaption straddles can be well hedged with LIBOR bonds alone. We examine the potential benefits of looking outside the LIBOR market for factors that might impact swaption prices without impacting swap rates, and find them to be minor, indicating that the swaption market is well integrated with the LIBOR‐swap market.
Enhanced Virulence Mediated by the Murine Coronavirus, Mouse Hepatitis Virus Strain JHM, Is Associated with a Glycine at Residue 310 of the Spike Glycoprotein
Authors: Ontiveros Evelena , Kim Taeg S. , Gallagher Thomas M. , Perlman Stanley 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThe coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM, causes acute and chronic neurological diseases in rodents. Here we demonstrate that two closely related virus variants, both of which cause acute encephalitis in susceptible strains of mice, cause markedly different diseases if mice are protected with a suboptimal amount of an anti-JHM neutralizing antibody. One strain, JHM.SD, caused acute encephalitis, while infection with JHM.IA resulted in no acute disease. Using recombinant virus technology, we found that the differences between the two viruses mapped to the spike (S) glycoprotein and that the two S proteins differed at four amino acids. By engineering viruses that differed by only one amino acid, we identified a serine-to-glycine change at position 310 of the S protein (S310G) that recapitulated the more neurovirulent phenotype. The increased neurovirulence mediated by the virus encoding glycine at position S310 was not associated with a different tropism within the central nervous system (CNS) but was associated with increased lateral spread in the CNS, leading to significantly higher brain viral titers. In vitro studies revealed that S310G was associated with decreased S1-S2 stability and with enhanced ability to mediate infection of cells lacking the primary receptor for JHM (“receptor-independent spread”). These enhanced fusogenic properties of viruses encoding a glycine at position 310 of the S protein may contribute to spread within the CNS, a tissue in which expression of conventional JHM receptors is low.
Exploitation of Microtubule Cytoskeleton and Dynein during Parvoviral Traffic toward the Nucleus
Authors: Suikkanen Sanna , Aaltonen Tuula , Nevalainen Marjukka , Välilehto Outi , Lindholm Laura , Vuento Matti , Vihinen-Ranta Maija 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT
Canine parvovirus (CPV), a model virus for the study of parvoviral entry, enters host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, escapes from endosomal vesicles to the cytosol, and then replicates in the nucleus. We examined the role of the microtubule (MT)-mediated cytoplasmic trafficking of viral particles toward the nucleus. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed that capsids were transported through the cytoplasm into the nucleus after cytoplasmic microinjection but that in the presence of MT-depolymerizing agents, viral capsids were unable to reach the nucleus. The nuclear accumulation of capsids was also reduced by microinjection of an anti-dynein antibody. Moreover, electron microscopy and light microscopy experiments demonstrated that viral capsids associate with tubulin and dynein in vitro. Coprecipitation studies indicated that viral capsids interact with dynein. When the cytoplasmic transport process was studied in living cells by microinjecting fluorescently labeled capsids into the cytoplasm of cells containing fluorescent tubulin, capsids were found in close contact with MTs. These results suggest that intact MTs and the motor protein dynein are required for the cytoplasmic transport of CPV capsids and contribute to the accumulation of the capsid in the nucleus.
The Gammaherpesvirus 68 Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Homolog Is Critical for the Establishment of Splenic Latency
Authors: Moorman Nathaniel J. , Willer David O. , Speck Samuel H. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

Open reading frame 73 (ORF 73) is conserved among the gamma-2-herpesviruses (rhadinoviruses) and, in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), has been shown to encode a latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). The KSHV and HVS LANAs have also been shown to be required for maintenance of the viral genome as an episome during latency. LANA binds both the viral latency-associated origin of replication and the host cell chromosome, thereby ensuring efficient partitioning of viral genomes to daughter cells during mitosis of a latently infected cell. In gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68), the role of the LANA homolog in viral infection has not been analyzed. Here we report the construction of a γHV68 mutant containing a translation termination codon in the LANA ORF (73.STOP). The 73.STOP mutant virus replicated normally in vitro, in both proliferating and quiescent murine fibroblasts. In addition, there was no difference between wild-type (WT) and 73.STOP virus in the kinetics of induction of lethality in mice lacking B and T cells (Rag 1
−/−
) infected with 1,000 PFU of virus. However, compared to WT virus, the 73.STOP mutant exhibited delayed kinetics of replication in the lungs of immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the 73.STOP mutant exhibited a severe defect in the establishment of latency in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice. Increasing the inoculum of 73.STOP virus partially overcame the acute replication defected observed in the lungs at day 4 postinfection but did not ameliorate the severe defect in the establishment of splenic latency. Thus, consistent with its proposed role in replication of the latent viral episome, LANA appears to be a critical determinant in the establishment of γHV68 latency in the spleen post-intranasal infection.
Antigenic Subclasses of Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) Isolates Reflect Three Distinct Groups of Endogenous Polytropic MLV-Related Sequences in NFS/N Mice
Authors: Evans Leonard H. , Lavignon Marc , Taylor Marc , Alamgir A. S. M. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT
Polytropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) are generated by recombination of ecotropic MLVs with members of a family of endogenous proviruses in mice. Previous studies have indicated that polytropic MLV isolates comprise two mutually exclusive antigenic subclasses, each of which is reactive with one of two monoclonal antibodies termed MAb 516 and Hy 7. A major determinant of the epitopes distinguishing the subclasses mapped to a single amino acid difference in the SU protein. Furthermore, distinctly different populations of the polytropic MLV subclasses are generated upon inoculation of different ecotropic MLVs. Here we have characterized the majority of endogenous polytropic MLV-related proviruses of NFS/N mice. Most of the proviruses contain intact sequences encoding the receptor-binding region of the SU protein and could be distinguished by sequence heterogeneity within that region. We found that the endogenous proviruses comprise two major groups that encode the major determinant for Hy 7 or MAb 516 reactivity. The Hy 7-reactive proviruses correspond to previously identified polytropic proviruses, while the 516-reactive proviruses comprise the modified polytropic proviruses as well as a third group of polytropic MLV-related proviruses that exhibit distinct structural features. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the latter proviruses reflect features of phylogenetic intermediates linking xenotropic MLVs to the polytropic and modified polytropic proviruses. These studies elucidate the relationships of the antigenic subclasses of polytropic MLVs to their endogenous counterparts, identify a new group of endogenous proviruses, and identify distinguishing characteristics of the proviruses that should facilitate a more precise description of their expression in mice and their participation in recombination to generate recombinant viruses.
Genome of Bovine Herpesvirus 5
Authors: Delhon G. , Moraes M. P. , Lu Z. , Afonso C. L. , Flores E. F. , Weiblen R. , Kutish G. F. , Rock D. L. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTHere we present the complete genomic sequence of bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), an alphaherpesvirus responsible for fatal meningoencephalitis in cattle. The 138,390-bp genome encodes 70 putative proteins and resembles the α2 subgroup of herpesviruses in genomic organization and gene content. BHV-5 is very similar to BHV-1, the etiological agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, as reflected by the high level of amino acid identity in their protein repertoires (average, 82%). The highest similarity to BHV-1 products (≥95% amino acid identity) is found in proteins involved in viral DNA replication and processing (UL5, UL15, UL29, and UL39) and in virion proteins (UL14, UL19, UL48, and US6). Among the least conserved (≤75%) are the homologues of immediate-early (IE) proteins BICP0, BICP4, and BICP22, the three proteins being longer in BHV-5 than in BHV-1. The structure of the BHV-5 latency-related (LR) region departs markedly from that of BHV-1 in both coding and transcriptional regulatory regions. Given the potential significance of IE genes and the LR region in virus-neuron interactions, it is likely these differences contribute to BHV-5 neuropathogenicity.
Cellular Immunity Elicited by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1/ Simian Immunodeficiency Virus DNA Vaccination Does Not Augment the Sterile Protection Afforded by Passive Infusion of Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Mascola John R. , Lewis Mark G. , VanCott Thomas C. , Stiegler Gabriela , Katinger Hermann , Seaman Michael , Beaudry Kristin , Barouch Dan H. , Korioth-Schmitz Birgit , Krivulka Georgia , Sambor Anna , Welcher Brent , Douek Daniel C. , Montefiori David C. , Shiver John W. , Poignard Pascal , Burton Dennis R. , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT
High levels of infused anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can completely protect macaque monkeys against mucosal chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection. Antibody levels below the protective threshold do not prevent infection but can substantially reduce plasma viremia. To assess if HIV-1/SIV-specific cellular immunity could combine with antibodies to produce sterile protection, we studied the effect of a suboptimal infusion of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in macaques with active cellular immunity induced by interleukin-2 (IL-2)-adjuvanted DNA immunization. Twenty female macaques were divided into four groups: (i) DNA immunization plus irrelevant antibody, (ii) DNA immunization plus infusion of neutralizing MAbs 2F5 and 2G12, (iii) sham DNA plus 2F5 and 2G12, and (iv) sham DNA plus irrelevant antibody. DNA-immunized monkeys developed CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses as measured by epitope-specific tetramer staining and by pooled peptide ELISPOT assays for gamma interferon-secreting cells. After vaginal challenge, DNA-immunized animals that received irrelevant antibody became SHIV infected but displayed lower plasma viremia than control animals. Complete protection against SHIV challenge occurred in three animals that received sham DNA plus MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 and in two animals that received the DNA vaccine plus MAbs 2F5 and 2G12. Thus, although DNA immunization produced robust HIV-specific T-cell responses, we were unable to demonstrate that these responses contributed to the sterile protection mediated by passive infusion of neutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that although effector T cells can limit viral replication, they are not able to assist humoral immunity to prevent the establishment of initial infection.
Identification of Adenovirus (Ad) Penton Base Neutralizing Epitopes by Use of Sera from Patients Who Had Received Conditionally Replicative Ad (Ad
dl
1520) for Treatment of Liver Tumors
Authors: Hong Saw See , Habib Nagy A. , Franqueville Laure , Jensen Steen , Boulanger Pierre A. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

Sera from 17 patients with primary and secondary liver tumors who had been administered oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) mutant Ad
dl
1520 were analyzed for anti-Ad neutralization titers and antibodies to the Ad major capsid proteins hexon, penton base (Pb), and fiber. The antibodies recognized mainly conformational epitopes in hexon and both linear and conformational epitopes in Pb and fiber. Pb-specific antibodies were isolated from serum samples that had been obtained prior to and during the course of the treatment of four of these patients. We found that the Pb antibodies had a significant contribution toward anti-Ad neutralization, and this mainly occurred at the step of virus internalization. The Pb antigenic epitopes were determined by phage biopanning and were mapped to 10 discrete regions, which made up three major immunodominant domains within residues 51 to 120, 193 to 230, and 311 to 408, respectively. One of these domains (residues 311 to 408) overlapped the highly conserved, integrin-binding RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif. The contribution of antibodies directed to RGD and other epitopes in Ad neutralization activity was determined indirectly by using a phage-mediated depletion assay. Our results suggested that circulating RGD antibodies were not prevalent and were poorly neutralizing and that other peptide motifs within residues 51 to 60, 216 to 226, and 311 to 408 in Pb sequence represented major target sites for neutralizing antibodies.
Characterization of the Rhesus Cytomegalovirus US28 Locus
Authors: Penfold M. E. T. , Schmidt T. L. , Dairaghi D. J. , Barry P. A. , Schall T. J. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV) US28 (and the related open reading frame [ORF] US27) are G-protein-coupled receptor homologs believed to play a role in viral pathogenesis. In vitro, US28 has been shown to bind and internalize ligands, as well as activate intracellular signaling in response to certain chemokines, and to initiate the migration of smooth muscle cells to chemokine gradients. To assess the role of US28 in vivo, we examined the rhesus model and sequenced and characterized the rhesus CMV US28 locus. We found that rhesus CMV carries five tandem homologs of US28, all widely divergent from US28 and from each other. By reverse transcription-PCR and Northern analysis, we demonstrated expression of these ORFs in infected cells. With stable cell lines expressing these ORFs, we analyzed the homolog's binding and signaling characteristics across a wide range of chemokines and found one (RhUS28.5) to have a ligand binding profile similar to that of US28. In addition, we localized US28 and the rhesus CMV homolog RhUS28.5 to the envelope of infectious virions, suggesting a role in viral entry or cell tropism.