bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy implementation
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines policy developments from the mid-1980s to 2003 in terms of growth, macroeconomic stability, cohesion, and budget. The discussion on growth covers the Single Market, and competition and trade policies; Macroeconomic stability covers monetary and fiscal policies. Cohesion policies are grouped into three categories: a policy aimed at promoting regional convergence by allocating development funds to countries and regions on a non-competitive basis; social policy which aims to develop an active labour market policy; and agricultural policy which serves as a instrument for interpersonal redistribution.
Economic trade-offs
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses trade-offs or complementarities in the relationship between the EU’s three main economic objectives: growth, stability, and cohesion. It examines how trade-offs and complementarities can be improved for higher sustained growth in a macroeconomically stable and cohesive enlarged union. Despite the significant progress made towards economic and monetary integration, the EU economic system was unable to achieve satisfactory growth performance. However, a high degree of cohesion has been maintained and high macroeconomic stability achieved.
Economic governance in the European Union
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the approaches to economic governance in the European Union. There are currently four basic approaches to governance: delegation, commitment, coordination, and autonomy. Four key weaknesses in governance have been identified: institutional complexity, a tension between responsibilities and instruments, a persistent difficulty in making commitment and coordination methods deliver, and uneven implementation and enforcement. These weaknesses undermine the economic performance of the current EU with 15 members, and may be more damaging in a Union with 25 members.
Making a bigger Europe work
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the challenges posed by an enlarged European Union. These challenges are classified into three categories: implications for growth and cohesion, implications for macroeconomic stability, and implications for EU governance. It is argued that the EU must either abandon some of the ambitions that it is unable to commit to deliver or address governance weaknesses. A streamlined, scaled-down Union would focus on providing monetary stability, a pro-competitive environment, and development assistance.
Sacrament and Enchantment
Authors: Brown David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The first half of this chapter explores why the world is no longer seen as ‘enchanted’ or God-filled, and challenges whether religion in the West is not itself partly to blame for the disenchantment or secularisation of large areas of what once were regarded as the natural preserve and concern of religion. The religious element in the ancient Olympic Games is discussed, and set against Feng-shui and other forms of pseudo-religion in the modern world, to illustrate how different things once were. The second half of the chapter then argues that a return to the older notion of the sacramental could help with exploring such issues. The history of the word over the centuries is examined in some detail, including wider usages advocated elsewhere in twentieth-century thought.
The Natural World
Authors: Brown David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Here landscape art is used as a way of exploring the implications of the fact that all experience of the divine through the natural world is conditioned. Seven types of approach across the centuries are distinguished and the degree of their conditioning assessed: ‘Sacramental Placing’ looks at Aboriginal dream painting; ‘Symbolic Reminder’ at the use of animals as pointers to the divine; ‘Cosmic Order’ at artists such as Poussin; ‘Transcendent Awe’ in Friedrich and Cole; ‘Mystic Immanence’ in Rubens, Palmer, and Constable; ‘Vibrant Colour’ in van Gogh and Cézanne; and ‘Deep Form’ in Mondrian, Kandinsky and Klee. Throughout, it is maintained that the visual can constitute an argument for the nature of the divine no less forceful than one expressed in words. To that end, the last three artists are used to illustrate how each wrestled with the problem of evil and came up with alternative ‘solutions.’
DESIRES AS VALUE DATA
Authors: ODDIE GRAHAM 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues for the experience conjecture and addresses some of the fairly obvious objections to it. The realist thinks that the world enjoys a certain independence from experience which the idealist denies. She thinks that our experiences do not, all by themselves, determine the shape of reality. The value realist, likewise, thinks that value enjoys a certain independence from our experiences of value — our desires, if the experience conjecture is correct. And the value idealist denies this. Something about value idealism has proved perennially attractive. There is something compelling about the idea that value is, at least in part, the product of our experiences of value. The value idealist thinks that this is the essence of the relationship between value and desire — that desires, taken collectively, fully determine the shape of value.
VALUE AS REFINED DESIRE
Authors: ODDIE GRAHAM 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter develops a promising reduction of value to desire. The guiding principle is not the simple idea that the valuable is what we happen to desire in fact (that is, perhaps, a value analogue of Berkeleian idealism), but the more sophisticated and plausible idea that the valuable is what we would desire were we to refine our actual desires into a completely coherent set (a value analogue of phenomenalism). It is shown that the map of value which this refinement account delivers is surprisingly close to the realist's map over large stretches of the terrain — much closer than realists would have believed possible, or their antirealist rivals could have reasonably hoped for.
VALUE BEYOND DESIRE
Authors: ODDIE GRAHAM 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines what happens when certain pathologies of desire are systematically refined. The results suggest that there is a desire-independent value residue, one to which the pure idealist cannot appeal, but one which it seems necessary to invoke if desire-refinement is to converge on the good. That there is a value residue at the level of higher-order desires is pretty well undeniable. At the end of the chapter, the question is raised as to whether there is a value residue at the first-order level as well.
VALUE, JUDGEMENT, AND DESIRE: BRIDGING THE GAPS
Authors: ODDIE GRAHAM 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a different and complementary take on the nature of realism and antirealism, one which has a clearer application to value when our journey is almost over than it would have here just as we embark. It argues that realism can be characterized as the affirmation of three important logical gaps. First, there is the gap between appearance and reality — the logical gap which constitutes the possibility of illusion or distortion. Second, there is the gap between reality and belief — the logical gap which constitutes the possibility of error. Third, there is the gap between appearance and belief — the logical gap which constitutes the possibility of incoherence between percept and concept. Various versions of antirealism try to close these gaps, thereby handily blocking the possibility of a certain kind of shortcoming.
2 Parliamentary Institutions in International Polities: What are the Conditions?
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Develops a three-staged theory to explain why national governments have created and successively empowered the European Parliament. In a first step, it is argued that attempts by national governments to transfer sovereignty to the EU-level in order to improve the problem-solving capacity of their domestic polities threaten to undermine domestic channels of interest representation and accountability. These challenges are commonly perceived by political elites in the member states as a ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’. In a second step, it is argued that the proposals political elites in different member states advance to alleviate the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ vary across and even within member states. In the final step, the chapter inquires how the different concerns about the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ affect the interaction among national governments during Treaty amending intergovernmental conferences. For each stage in the development of the theory, the chapter develops a set of hypotheses and observable implications. The hypotheses are subjected to empirical scrutiny in the ensuing chapters.
Conclusion: No Integration Without Representation?1
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The conclusion discusses the broader implications of the book’s findings for the ‘state’ of parliamentary democracy in the EU and the prospects for parliamentary democracy in other international organizations. Are concerns for democracy in international polities linked to the degree to which national governments transfer sovereignty to international organizations? Under what conditions can we expect parliamentary institutions to arise and develop outside the EU?
Machiavelli
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Machiavelli’s popular image is inadequate, for it ignores the idealism of his intense Italian patriotism. He starts with the ‘is’ rather than the ‘ought’ and rejects transcendentalism. He derives, although uncritically, his realism from historical examples found in Livy (The Discourses) as well as from contemporary politics (The Prince). He sees men as bad although their pursuit of power reflects their insecurity. One way to understand Machiavelli is through political irony, which fascinated him. He has a bias towards extremism and ruthlessness and lays emphasis upon virtù (political skill) and fortuna (luck). The political art is to move with the tide of history.
Winning Isn't Everything: Losers' Consent and Democratic Legitimacy
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractProvides an overview of the argument. Describes how elections produce unequal outcomes—for some to win, others have to lose. Also highlights the importance of losers’ consent for understanding political legitimacy. Losers’ consent is critical for democratic systems to function because losers are numerous; in part, it is important because of the incentives that losing creates. Also describes examples of graceful and sore losers in various countries around the world. Concludes by providing an alternative view of elections as institutional mechanisms that can enhance or diminish the legitimacy of political systems.
Political Legitimacy and the Winner–Loser Gap
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough political scientists have recognized the importance of election outcomes for how people feel about the democratic political process for some time, few have systematically examined the effect of elections and election outcomes on people’s attitudes about government. Examines the underpinnings of what we call the ‘winner–loser gap’ in democratic legitimacy from several perspectives. First, it discusses how social scientists have approached the study of political legitimacy over the years as well as the major findings that have emerged from their efforts. Second, it explains the underlying premises for the winner–loser gap in legitimacy beliefs gleaned from different corners of the social sciences. Finally, we develop a model of losers’ consent that forms the theoretical core of our empirical investigation. This model demonstrates how election outcomes and the sorting of voters into winners and losers affects legitimacy beliefs.
Sound Sentiments
Authors: Pugmire David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDrawing on recent work in the theory of emotion, this book concerns what is involved in the adequacy of emotions, which, it is argued, amounts to more than feeling good. The book analyses a series of ways in which emotions, and the emotional life, can be well-formed or not. Some of these amount to properties emotions can have (e.g. depth) which variously enhance or detract from them. Others are attitudes with characteristic emotional loadings and effects (e.g. cynicism and sophistication), and both are affected by culture. The study even of elusive lapses in the integrity of emotions matter, it is held, for their costs are themselves emotional.
Sophistication
Authors: Pugmire David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSophistication can be a virtue. Cynics lay claim to it; it allows one to settle for and negotiate the reality of mixed emotions; moreover, the refusal to stereotype or simplify things in the attempt to see them for what they unobviously are, belongs to the truthfulness needed for sound emotion. However, it also tempts pride with superiority of insight. However, the idea that few things are what they seem makes trust in spontaneous emotional reactions difficult. Sophistitcation can become a posture of irony in which nothing is ever quite believed; and this is inimical to all but the most tentative emotion.
Nietzsche and Rée
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This book is about the relationship of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) and Paul Rée (1849–1901). During a close friendship lasting for seven years, the two shared ideas and developed a new and original approach to philosophy and ethics. There followed a dramatic break, brought about in part by personal factors but also by a divergence in their directions as thinkers. For Nietzsche, the period of collaboration was a crucial stage in his development, and a springboard for his most characteristic and radical contributions to philosophy. Nietzsche gave the label ‘Réealism’ to the naturalistic philosophy presented in Rée’s work, which gave him the opportunity to break away from metaphysical romanticism and to refine his writing style by adopting a disciplined, aphoristic mode of expression. As an approach to moral psychology, ‘Réealism’ drew on the evolutionary theory of natural selection to explain the moral concepts of good, evil, conscience and justice. Nietzsche developed this project in his own way in a series of works starting with Human, All-Too-Human. Yet, he eventually came to criticise and reject ‘Réealism’ as inadequate to the task of a radical ‘revaluation of values’, and replaced the ‘historical approach’ with his own genealogy of morality.
Aspects of a Friendship
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Discusses aspects of the personalities of Rée and Nietzsche arising from their different backgrounds and experiences. We have information from many sources about Nietzsche, but Rée’s character remains largely hidden. Even so, we can see how they complemented each other in many ways. Rée’s relation to his Jewish background is a hidden theme in his life and work. A section explores the significance of this aspect and its influence on Nietzsche’s changing attitudes towards the so-called ‘Jewish question’, and his rejection of contemporary anti-Semitism. Finally, the question of Nietzsche’s influence on Rée is discussed.
A Negative Answer
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A sustained argument is given showing that more coherence does not imply a higher likelihood of truth even in fortunate circumstances (independence, individual credibility) and in a ceteris paribus sense. The argument makes critical use of an observation about the effect of prior on posterior probability. This point draws on a discussion of L. Jonathan Cohen. The chapter ends with an impossibility theorem to the effect that no coherence measure can be both useful and truth conducive. The conclusion is drawn that coherence is itself an incoherent notion.
Wages, Inequality, and Pre-Industrial Growth in Japan, 1727–1894
Authors: Saito Osamu 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt is widely recognized that in Japan before the Meiji Restoration there occurred a gradual increase in output. Examines whether or not the trend in real wages diverged from that of per capita output growth, and concludes that traditional Japan did not exhibit a drastic divergence between wage change and output growth as experienced in early modernWestern Europe. Also explores briefly the factors accounting for the differences between the two pre-modern growth processes.
Maternal Mortality as an Indicator of the Standard of Living in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Slavonia
Authors: Hammel Eugene A. , Gullickson Aaron 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study of maternal mortality on the Croatian-Bosnian border in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries shows that the chance of death in childbirth was sensitive to major changes in the social and economic system. Death was more likely when men were called to military duty, in military rather than civil parishes even in peacetime, and over time as wage labour increased and as economies of scale were lost as the joint household system decayed. The unifying factor in all of these influences is the withdrawal of male labour from family farming, placing greater burdens on pregnant and parturient women and on those other women who might nurture them.
The Standard of Living in Denmark in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Johansen Hans Chr. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTraditional measures of real wages cover only the standard of living of a small fraction of the Danish population in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and due to constant wages over long periods the measures reflect primarily price changes. Mortality statistics can also be used to measure changes in the standard of living—both in the short and the long run until about 1840. Human stature of the Danish population shows relatively constant average heights from 1789 to the 1850s.
Contested Spaces: Forest Rights, Registration, and Social Conflict
Authors: Ho Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAssesses the forest property rights system with particular reference to forest registration and customary forest rights. It is argued that—different than in the case of cropland—the forest tenure system is far from socially acceptable and credible. This is expressed through improper forest management, forest degradation, and the loss of forest through illegal conversion to non-forestry land. In addition, the forest sector also features a relatively high incidence of social conflict over forest land. Forest disputes have been a particular problem since forest registration started in the early 1980s. To illustrate the problems in forestry, the chapter also includes a description of two cases that demonstrate the complexity involved in the recognition of customary and historical forest claims.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of atazanavir: surveillance of pharmacotherapy in the clinic
Authors: Ray John E. , Marriott Debbie , Bloch Mark T. , McLachlan Andrew J. 
Published: August 2005

BackgroundTherapeutic failure with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a substantial issue where viral rebound, viral resistance and drug‐related toxicity remain serious concerns. Drug exposure‐response relationships have been described for the protease inhibitors, pharmacokinetic variability is substantial for this class of drugs and drug interactions can also alter ART exposure. Given this background we established a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service to monitor atazanavir (ATV) plasma concentrations early after the therapy was made available to treatment‐experienced people infected with HIV who were managed in a clinical setting.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study which evaluated plasma samples from 110 highly treatment‐experienced people with HIV using TDM and applied pharmacokinetic analysis over a five month period.ResultsATV trough concentrations exhibited substantial intersubject variability (<25–2108 µg l−1). A substantial number of subjects (50%,13/26) who received ATV400 mg daily had low exposure to ATV. Serum bilirubin concentrations correlated significantly with higher ATV trough concentrations (ρ = 0.803; P < 0.001) and 55% (29/53) of subjects who received ATV300/100 mg RTV daily had plasma concentrations above a proposed target concentration associated with elevated bilirubin concentrations. This study confirmed low ATV exposure in eight subjects with HIV receiving ATV 400 mg daily. Reasons for low ATV exposure in this cohort include administration of interacting drugs, including a possible interaction with ritonavir, fluticasone and ATV, impaired ATV absorption secondary to suspected achlorhydria and potential interactions with colchicine and nandrolone. Viral load remained undetectable in most of these subjects with low ATV exposure.ConclusionsTDM and targeted pharmacokinetic studies should be viewed as fundamental tools in the development and clinical application of ART, to improve pharmacotherapy for people with HIV.
Concomitant use of analgesics and psychotropics in home‐dwelling elderly people‐Kuopio 75 + study
Authors: Hartikainen Sirpa , Mäntyselkä Pekka , Louhivuori‐Laako Kirsti , Enlund Hannes , Sulkava Raimo 
Published: August 2005

AimsTo investigate the extent of concomitant use of analgesic and psychotropic medicines among home‐dwelling elderly people aged at least 75 years in Finland.MethodsThis was a population‐based study in Finland, performed as part of Kuopio 75 + study focusing on the clinical epidemiology of diseases, medication and functional capacity. A random sample of 700 persons was drawn from the total population of the city of Kuopio, eastern Finland, aged 75 years on January 1, 1998 (n = 4518). Ninety‐nine persons could not be examined and 78 were living in long‐term institutions, so that the number of home‐dwelling elderly persons amounted to 523. A trained nurse interviewed the participants about their use of medicines, and a geriatrician examined their overall physical and mental status. Dementia and depression were diagnosed according to the DSM IV criteria. Both regular and irregular prescribed and nonprescribed drug use was recorded.ResultsEvery fourth elderly person (27.2%) used analgesics and psychotropics concomitantly, this use becoming twice as common with advancing age (19.6% in the age group 75–79 years, 38.2% among the oldest, aged 85 + years). Concomitant use of psychotropics and opioids also became more common with increasing age (2.8% in age group 75–79 years and 9.6% in the oldest group, aged 85 + years). The use of opioids was nearly twice as common among concomitant users (19.7%) than among those using only analgesics (11.3%). Concomitant users suffered from interfering daily pain and daily pain at rest more commonly than nonusers of analgesics. Depression, sleeping problems and polypharmacy were more common among the concomitant users, who had also had more hip fractures than the rest.ConclusionsConcomitant use of analgesics and psychotropics becomes more common with advancing age and is a potential risk factor for adverse drug effects.