bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of sample handling on total carbon dioxide concentrations in canine and feline serum and blood
Authors: James Katherine M. , Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , Olson Jeannine K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether underfilling blood collection tubes leads to in vitro reduction in serum measured total CO2 concentration ([TCO2]m) in canine and feline blood samples sufficient to create the impression of metabolic acidosis (pseudometabolic acidosis) or high anion gap.

Sample Population
Blood samples from healthy client-owned animals (16 dogs, 17 cats).

Procedure
Venous blood samples were collected in random order for determination of serum [TCO2] and blood gas tensions. Blood gas analysis was performed on iced, capped blood samples. In dogs, serum [TCO2] was measured in 1-, 3-, and 10-ml samples in 10-ml type-B tubes and in a 3-ml sample in 3-ml type-A tubes. In cats, serum [TCO2] was determined in 1-, 2-, and 3-ml samples in 3-ml type-A tubes and in a 3-ml sample in 10-ml type-B tubes.

Results
For dogs, serum [TCO2] in full-tube, 10-ml samples was a mean ± SD, 2.0 ± 1.1 mmol/L greater than that in 3-ml samples and 3.7 ± 1.3 mmol/L greater than the value in 1 -ml samples; both differences were significant at P < 0.0001. The serum [TCO2] in full 3-ml samples was lower by 0.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L than the value in full-tube 10-ml samples (P=0.019). For cats, serum [TCO2] in full-tube, 3-ml samples was 0.5 ± 0.6 mmol/L greater than that in 2-ml samples (P = 0.004) and was 1.5 ± 0.8 mmol/L greater than the value in 1-ml samples (P < 0.0001). Serum [TCO2] in 3-ml samples of feline blood in 10-ml tubes was 0.8 ± 0.8 mmol/L lower than that in samples from full 3-ml tubes (P = 0.0007). In dogs and cats, [TCO2] in fully filled collection tubes was approximately 6 mmol/L higher when calculated from blood gas analysis data than when chemically determined in serum.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Underfilling blood collection tubes results in a false decrease in serum [TCO2], which can contribute in part to descrepancies between blood gas and chemical analyses as estimates of plasma bicarbonate concentration. This, and other in vitro effects of sample handling and collection, may result in a false assessment of metabolic acidosis in dogs and cats, (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:343-347)
Epidemiologic evaluation of the risk factors associated with exposure and seroreactivity to Bartonella vinsonii in dogs
Authors: Pappalardo Brandee L. , Correa Maria T. , York Chris C. , Peat Colleen Y. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine seroprevalence to Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii in a population of sick dogs from North Carolina and Virginia and to evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased likelihood of exposure to the organism.

Sample Population
Serum samples from 1,920 sick dogs.

Procedure
An indirect fluorescent antibody assay was performed on each sample, and the end-point antibody titer was recorded. A case (seropositive) was defined as a dog with reciprocal titer ≥ 64, and a control (seronegative) was defined as a dog with reciprocal titer < 16 that was referred within 0 to 3 days of referral of a corresponding case. From this population, 207 dogs (69 cases and 138 controls) were included in a case-control seroepidemiologic study.

Results
3.6% (69/1,920) of the dogs were seropositive to B vinsonii subsp berkhoffii. Results of the casecontrol study indicated that seropositive dogs were more likely to live in rural environments, frequently on a farm, were free to roam the neighborhood, and were considered to be predominantly outdoor dogs. Moreover, seropositive dogs were 14 times more likely to have a history of heavy tick exposure. After analysis of the case-control study, a more detailed examination of banked sera from dogs with known tick exposure was performed. High correlation was found between seroreactivity to B vinsonii and seroreactivity to E canis or B canis (36.0 and 57.1%, respectively). Sera derived from dogs experimentally infected with E canis or R rickettsii did not cross react with B vinsonii antigen.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Several potential risk factors are associated with canine exposure to B vinsonii. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the tick vector for E canis and B canis, may be involved in B vinsonii transmission among dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:467–471)
Phosphoprotein profile analysis of ruminant respiratory syncytial virus isolates
Authors: Shadomy Sean V. , Baker John C. , Mufson Maurice A. , Velicer Leland L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the apparent molecular weight for 24 ruminant respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) on the basis of differences in the electrophoretic mobility of the phosphoprotein (P protein).

Procedure
29 bovine RSV (BRSV), 20 of which were not previously tested, 3 ovine RSV, and 1 caprine RSV isolates were selected for determination of electrophoretic mobility of the P protein. Virus radiolabeled with [35S]methionine was immunoprecipitated with polyclonal antiserum to BRSV and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Results
On the basis of apparent molecular size of the P protein, all isolates could be categorized into 2 electropherotypes, low molecular size of 36 kd and high molecular size of 38 kd. Twenty-three BRSV, the 3 ovine RSV, and 1 caprine RSV isolates had a high molecular size P protein; 6 BRSV isolates had a low molecular size P protein.

Conclusions
The apparent molecular size of the P protein of the ruminant RSV strains is greater than that of the human RSV subgroups, providing further evidence of their distinctiveness. Whether categorization of electrophoretic mobility of the P protein of BRSV underlies distinct antigenic subgroups, as it does in human RSV, requires further antigenic and genetic analysis.

Clinicai Relevance
Antigenic subgroups of ruminant RSV may have relevance in the development of new vaccines for control of the disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:478–481)
Insulin-like growth factor 1 and corticosteroid modulation of chondrocyte metabolic and mitogenic activities in interleukin 1-conditioned equine cartilage
Authors: Frisbie David D. , Nixon Alan J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate potential stimulatory or matrixsparing effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1 ), alone or in combination with a corticosteroid, in an interleukin 1 (IL-1)-induced model of cartilage degradation.

Samples
Cartilage from the weightbearing surfaces of trochlea and condyles of clinically normal 2-year-old male horses.

Procedure
Triamcinolone acetonide and IGF-1 effects were evaluated by assessing: matrix responses by sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay and [35S]sulfated GAG synthesis; collagen content by hydroxyproline assay; and mitogenic response by [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and fluorometric assay of total DNA concentration.

Results
Conditioning of cartilage expiants with 10 ng of human recombinant IL-1α increased degradation and decreased synthesis of matrix proteoglycans (PG), without affecting matrix collagen content. Human recombinant IGF-1 decreased PG loss and reversed the reduction of PG synthesis in cartilage expiants conditioned with IL-1. Given alone, steroids decreased PG concentration and synthetic rate in normal cartilage. However, the previously diminished PG content, attributable to IL-1 conditioning, was not further exacerbated by steroid administration in IL-1-conditioned expiants. Combined treatment of normal cartilage expiants with IGF-1 and steroids resulted in PG preservation and increase in collagen content. Similar PG and collagen effects were not evident when treating IL-1-conditioned cartilage with IGF-1/steroid combinations. Decrease in chondrocyte proliferation was associated with steroid administration. Exposure to IGF and steroids prevented the decrease in mitogenesis that could lead to cellular loss, particularly in IL-1-conditioned expiants.

Conclusion
Combination IGF-1 and steroid treatment of normal cartilage cultures indicated substantial ability to override the anabolic suppression associated with steroids alone. Potentially, administration of corticosteroids, followed by IGF-1, may act to decrease propagation of detrimental mediator release while allowing appreciation of the chondroenhancing effects of IGF-1. These beneficial effects were considerably reduced in IL-1-induced cartilage damage. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:524–530)
Plasma renin activity and angiotensin I and aldosterone concentrations in cats with hypertension associated with chronic renal disease
Authors: Jensen JanLee , Henik Rosemary A. , Brownfield Mark , Armstrong Joel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin I (Ang I), and aldosterone (ALDO) values in clinically normal cats and hypertensive cats with renal disease, and the relation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation in response to treatment with β-blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

Animals
5 normotensive healthy control cats and 12 untreated hypertensive cats with chronic renal disease.

Procedure
Untreated hypertensive cats received either propranolol (n = 6) or enalapril (n = 6) as initial antihypertensive treatment. PRA and baseline plasma Ang I and ALDO concentrations were measured prior to treatment. The difference in Ang I values at 2 hours (Ang I generated) and at time 0 (baseline Ang I) was divided by 2 to give the PRA value. Values for PRA, Ang I, and ALDO were obtained from 5 clinically normal, normotensive cats, and compared with those of hypertensive cats.

Results
Mean ± SD PRA and baseline Ang I concentration were not significantly different between normotensive and hypertensive cats. Mean ALDO concentration was significantly (P = 0.0235) higher in hypertensive cats with renal disease (186.18 ± 145.15 pg/ml), compared with that in normotensive controls (51.1 ± 16.76 pg/ml). Eight hypertensive cats with ALDO concentration > 2 SD above the mean concentration in control cats had low (n = 3), normal (n = 4), or high (n = 1) PRA, suggesting variable activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in the hypertensive state. Overall, enalapril was effective long-term monotherapy in only 1 of 6 cats, and propranolol was ineffective as long-term monotherapy.

Clinical Relevance
Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cats with hypertension associated with renal disease may lead to greater understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of this disorder. In addition, identification of biochemical markers in hypertensive cats may permit selection of appropriate antihypertensive drugs. Propranolol and enalapril were ineffective antihypertensive agents in most cats of this study. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:535–540)
Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies
Authors: Jones Peyton A. , Tomasic Michael , Gentry Patricia A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of IV infusions of a large volume of isotonic saline solution and 2 doses of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in clinically normal ponies.

Animals
12 adult ponies.

Procedure
Ponies were assigned to 3 treatment groups and received the following IV infusions: 80 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride/kg; 10 ml of 6% HES (in 0.9% sodium chloride)/kg; or 20 ml of 6% HES (in 0.9% sodium chloride)/kg. Blood samples were collected for determination of colloid oncotic pressure (COP), PCV, plasma total protein concentration, platelet count, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag) activity, fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and factor VIII coagulant (FVIII:C) activity. A rocket immunoelectrophoretic procedure was used for determination of vWf:Ag activity. A modification of the APTT assay was used for determination of FVIII:C activity. Cutaneous bleeding time was determined, using a template method.

Results
Mean COP was persistently increased over baseline values in the face of hemodilution in HES-treated ponies. Prothrombin time, APTT, and fibrinogen concentrations decreased after infusions and vWf:Ag and FVIII:C activities were decreased in dosedependent manner in HES-treated ponies. Though cutaneous bleeding time was not significantly affected in ponies of any group, a trend toward prolongation of bleeding time was evident in ponies receiving 20 ml of HES/kg. This trend appeared to be associated with marked decrement in vWf:Ag activity at this dosage.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Infusion of HES in clinically normal ponies increases COP, and exerts dose-dependent hemodilutional effects and dose-dependent effects on specific hemostatic variables. Thus, HES may be useful for resuscitative fluid treatment of horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:541–548)
Acute effects of intravenously administered hypertonic saline solution on transruminal rehydration in dairy cows
Authors: Roeder Beverly L. , Su Chun-Lei , Schaalje G. Bruce 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effect of IV administered hypertonic saline solution (HSS) on transruminal rehydration in clinically normal dairy cows.

Animals
10 Holstein cows.

Procedure
Cows in a 2-way randomized cross-over design study were given nothing per os for 36 hours, then were randomly assigned to receive either an oral water load (OWL; 40 ml/kg of body weight) by ruminal gavage or HSS IV (5 ml/kg of body weight) plus OWL; 10 days later, each cow received the other treatment. Outcome measures included serum and urine osmolality, electrolyte (Ca, P, Na, K, and Cl), creatinine, blood glucose, hemoglobin (Hgb), and plasma total protein (PTP) concentrations; serum colloid osmotic pressure (SCOP); urine volume; PCV; and blood gas analytes (pH, Pco2, Po2, HCO3-, base excess [BE], and O2 saturation).

Results
IV administered HSS plus OWL caused Hgb, PCV, PTP, SCOP, blood pH, BE, HCO3-, and urine osmolality values to decrease and fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes, serum osmolality, and urine volume to increase. Blood glucose concentration was different between treatments at 0 and 150 minutes, and FEK, FECl, and FECa were similar by 180 minutes after OWL alone, but absolute excretion of Na and P and FENa and FEP remained high after HSS administration. Oral water load caused Hgb, PCV, PTP, serum electrolyte and creatinine, SCOP, and urine osmolality values to remain unchanged or decrease slowly and pH, BE, HCO3-, FECa values to increase slightly by 180 minutes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
IV administration of HSS plus OWL, unlike OWL alone, increases circulatory volume rapidly, induces slight metabolic acidosis, increases renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate, and effects changes in serum Ca and P homeostasis that may be useful in treating sick dairy cows. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:549–554)
Immortalization of caprine fibroblasts permissive for replication of small ruminant lentiviruses
Authors: Da Silva Teixeira Maria Fatima , Lambert Véronique , Mselli-Lakahl Laila , Chettab Abdelkamel , Chebloune Yahia , Mornex Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish immortalized caprine fibroblastic cell lines permissive for replication of small ruminant lentiviruses.

Animals
Carpal synovial membrane explants collected aseptically from a surgically delivered fetus of a lentivirus-seronegative goat.

Procedure
Immortalization of goat embryonic fibroblasts was performed by DNA transfection with plasmids coding for simian virus 40 large T antigen. The generated cell lines were phenotypically characterized. Cytogenetics, growth pattern, and sensitivity to viral infection were studied.

Results
3 cell lines, designated TIGEF, mMTSV-54, and mMTSV-93, were generated. They had a more rapid doubling time than did fibroblasts from which they were derived, and retained morphologic and phenotypic fibroblastic characteristics. They were immortalized but not transformed because tumor formation was not promoted after their SC injection into athymic nude mice. The 3 cell lines were susceptible to caprine arthritisencephalitis virus and visna-maedi virus infections, and supported a complete virus replication cycle.

Conclusions
Cultured caprine fibroblastic cells were immortalized, using simian virus 40 large T antigen. The TIGEF, mMTSV-54, and mMTSV-93 immortalized cell lines were permissive to in vitro small ruminant lentivirus replication.

Clinical Relevance
Because lentivirus detection, as well as detailed studies of host-lentivirus interactions, are hampered by differences in viral susceptibility of each primary culture, permanent cell lines are essential tools for such analysis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:579–584)
Effect of growth hormone or chromium picolinate on swine metabolism and inflammatory cytokine production after endotoxin challenge exposure
Authors: Myers Michael J. , Farrell Dorothy E. , Evock-Clover Christina M. , McDonald Mark W. , Steele Norman C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether recombinant porcine somatotropin (PST) or chromium picolinate (CrP) affected cytokine production and metabolism in swine after endotoxin challenge exposure.

Animals
20 Poland China × Landrace pigs, 5/group.

Procedure
Pigs were given CrP-supplemented feed at body weight of 20 kg; PST treatment began at 60 kg, and both treatments continued through body weight of 90 kg. At 90 kg, pigs were challenge exposed with 20 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg of body weight. Blood samples were obtained at various times through 24 hours after LPS challenge exposure.

Results
In all pigs not given PST, glucose concentration decreased 2 to 4 hours after LPS. In PST-treated pigs, blood glucose concentration was decreased at 6 to 8 hours after LPS. Plasma insulin concentration paralleled changes in glucose concentration. Nonesterified fatty acid concentration was high 2 to 24 hours after LPS in pigs not given PST and at 6 to 24 h in PST-treated pigs. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was high at 6 to 24 hours after LPS in pigs not given PST. The urea nitrogen values in PST-treated pigs were lower at all times. Serum aspartate transaminase activity was high 6 to 24 hours after LPS in pigs not given PST, whereas PST treatment prevented the increase in this enzyme activity. In untreated (PST) pigs, plasma bilirubin (total and direct) concentrations were high 4 to 8 hours after LPS and returned to normal at 24 hours. The PST- and CrP-treated pigs maintained normal plasma bilirubin concentrations. Interleukin 6 activity was unaffected by CrP and PST treatments. Treatment with CrP and PST decreased the tumor necrosis factor α response to LPS, compared with that in control pigs.

Conclusions
PST, and to a lesser extent CrP, provide protection against the adverse metabolic effects of LPS-induced septic shock. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 594–600)
Kinetic gait analysis assessment of meloxicam efficacy in a sodium urate-induced synovitis model in dogs
Authors: Cross Alan R. , Budsberg Steven C. , Keefe Thomas J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the ability of meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, to mediate the effects of sodium urate-induced acute stifle synovitis in dogs.

Animals
12 clinically normal adult hound-type dogs.

Procedure
A blinded, randomized, controlled single crossover design study was performed to determine the efficacy of meloxicam, using 2 dosage groups. In 2 experimental phases, dogs, according to group, received meloxicam (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg of body weight) or matched volume of meloxicam vehicle, with a washout period of 21 to 28 days between phases. Blood samples for hematologic and biochemical analysis, as well as synovial fluid for cytologic analysis, were collected immediately before and approximately 24 hours after articular challenge of dogs under propofol anesthesia. Ground reaction forces (GRF) and subjective clinical scores were determined before and at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after articular challenge. Vertical force data included peak force, impulse, limb loading, and unloading rates. Craniocaudal data were divided into braking and propulsion phases and consisted of peak force and associated impulses.

Results
Except for propulsion impulse at 24 hours, all GRF variables were significantly greater at all postsynovitis induction times in the group receiving the high meloxicam dose. Significant differences in all GRF variables were seen at various times between the low-dose meloxicam group and the corresponding control group, and between the low- and high-dose meloxicam groups. Similar significance was seen in the subjective clinical evaluations. Strong correlations existed between the subjective and objective data.

Conclusions
Meloxicam was effective in attenuating the effects of sodium urate-induced acute synovitis in dogs. Kinetic gait data provided an objective measurement of lameness in an experimentally induced arthritis model and quantified lameness improvements in response to medication with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:626–631)
Hematologic and systemic toxicoses associated with carboplatin administration in cats
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , McEntee Michael F. , Daniel Gregory B. , Legendre Alfred M. , Nolan Marie L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine prevalence and severity of carboplatin-induced dose-limiting toxicoses in the cat.

Animals
9 healthy, 6- to 7-month-old cats weighing 4.7 (range, 3.0 to 6.5) kg.

Procedure
Cats were given a single IV bolus of carboplatin at a dosage of 150 (n = 3), 200 (n = 3), or 250 (n = 3) mg/m2 of body surface area.

Results
Dose-limiting neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were significant in all cats given carboplatin at 200 or 250 mg/m2. Weight loss, changes in appetite, and evidence of respiratory difficulty, as well as vomiting, diarrhea, or lethargy were not observed at any time during the 28-day period. At a highest dosage (250 mg/m2), the neutrophil nadir (560 ± 303 neutrophils/μl) was observed on day 17 and the platelet count nadir (96,500 ± 11,815 platelets/μl) was observed on day 14 after carboplatin administration.

Conclusions
Carboplatin appears to be safe and clinically well-tolerated when given IV as a single bolus at a dosage of 200 mg/m2 to clinically normal cats. The dose-limiting toxicity of a single IV administered bolus is neutropenia. The nadir of a 200 mg/m2 IV administered dose occurs on day 17 (1,110 ± 165 neutrophils/μl) and neutropenia (< 2,000 neutrophils/μl) lasts from day 14 through day 25 after carboplatin administration.

Clinical Relevance
The fatal dose-related pulmonary toxicosis observed in cisplatin-treated cats was inapparent in carboplatin-treated cats. To adequately determine the therapeutic role of carboplatin in tumor-bearing cats, a moderately tolerated dose of carboplatin of 200 mg/m2 given IV once every 4 weeks should be considered. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:677– 679)