bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cycles, sexuality, and conception in free‐ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus)
Authors: Sommer Volker , Srivastava Arun , Borries Carola 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproductive parameters and sexual behavior of free‐ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) were studied over a 13‐year period at Jodhpur, India in a population that breeds throughout the year. Long‐term monitoring of individually identified females living in one‐male‐multi‐female troops revealed a mean cycle length of 24.1 days (n = 113), a mean gestation of 200.3 days (n = 31), menarche at 29.0 months (n = 10), first conception at 35.0 months (n = 12), and a mean birth interval of 16.7 months (n = 114). The loss of unweaned infants accelerated the resumption of menstruation, receptivity, and attractivity; shortened the period between estrus and next conception; and reduced the median birth interval by 20.5%, thus supporting the sexual selection hypothesis of male infanticide. The decline of fertility with age (as measured by the rates of conception per estrus period), a regular postreproductive survival for up to 9 years (which can account for about 25% of a female's life span) and indications for the existence of a “true menopause” support the view that a postreproductive period in langurs is the result of natural selection. There is very limited evidence for situation‐dependent receptivity, because only 7.5% of all estrous days (n = 1,037) fell outside of the mid‐cycle period with at the same time strongly reduced proceptivity and attractivity. Moreover, postconception estrus behavior showed a stereotypical pattern during 31 pregnancies and did not reflect a situation‐dependent response to the immigration of new and potentially infanticidal males. It is likely that females competed for sperm of the harem holder, because the probability of conception increased significantly with an increase in the number of copulations, and when the number of females copulating on the same day decreased. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insect‐eating by sympatric Lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes) in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon
Authors: Tutin Caroline E. G. , Fernandez Michel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSympatric populations of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in the Lopé Reserve in central Gabon consumed insects at similar average frequencies over a 7‐year period (30% versus 31% feces contained insect remains). Data came mostly from fecal analysis supplemented by observation and trail evidence. The weaver ant (Oecophylla longinoda) was the species eaten most frequently by both gorillas and chimpanzees. Other species of insects wore eaten but there was virtually no overlap: Chimpanzees used tools to eat Apis bees (and their honey) and two large species of ants; gorillas ate three species of small ants. Thus, despite their shared habitat, the esources utilized were not identical as gorillas do not show the tool‐use “technology” of chimpanzees. The frequency of insect‐eating by both species of ape varied seasonally and between years but in different ways. This variation did not seem to be related to the ratio of fruit to foliage in their diets. Gorillas of all age‐classes ate insects at similar rates. Comparisons with insectivory by other populations of gorillas indicate differences exist. Mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei) in the Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda, consume thousands of invertebrates daily, eating them inadvertently with handfuls of herbaceous foods but they deliberately ingest insect‐foods only rarely. Lowland gorillas at Lopé habitually ate social insects, and their selective processing of herbaceous foods probably minimizes inadvertent consumption of other invertebrates. Gorillas at Belinga in northeastern Gabon, 250 km from Lop6, ate social insects at similar rates but ignored weaver ants in favor of Cubitermes sulcifrons, a small species of termite that occurs at Lopé but was not eaten by gorillas. This indicates that local traditions similar to those reported for chimpanzees also exist amongst populations of gorillas. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facultative expression of behavioral differences between one‐male and multimale savanna baboon groups
Authors: Hamilton William J. , Bulger John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA one‐male unit (OMU) of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in northern Botswana formed by the asymmetrical fissioning of a multimale (MM) group. During long‐term (13 years) observations in this area, which has a relatively high density of baboons, we observed only MM groups with 6 or more adult males per group (N = 19). The behavioral repertoire of the OMU generated a pattern of sociality unrepresentative of these MM groups. Distinctive behavior patterns expressed by the male of the OMU included vigilance oriented away from the group and suppression of intra‐group aggression among all other group members. There was also a difference between the foraging and movement patterns of the OMU and those of MM groups in environmentally similar or the same areas. The OMU moved and foraged in a cohesive formation and all group members often foraged in single fruiting trees. Under comparable circumstances at the same time and places MM groups foraged in dispersed formation. Diet and habitat choices of the OMU differed from those of neighboring groups. Patterns of sociality associated with OMUs have been interpreted as responses to extreme environmental conditions [Byrne et al.: Am J Primatol 20:313–329, 1990]. However, it is also possible that alternative behavior patterns are facultative tactical responses to social circumstances, The alternative social styles of OMUs arising within typically MM populations identify the breadth of the behavioral repertoire and the capacity for social flexibility within contemporary savanna baboon and perhaps other primate populations. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic influences on hormone levels across the primate order
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Savage Anne , Bromley Lyn J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdrenal and gonadal hormone levels were evaluated in representative species from Prosimii, Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea to determine if endocrine activity was influenced by phylogenetic factors. Most small‐bodied New World primates had extremely high levels of cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone when compared with Old World primates. In contrast to the high hormone levels and diversity found in Ceboidea, Old World primates showed a more similar pattern of hormone secretion. Thus, this survey supports earlier reports indicating that the callitricids and smaller cebid monkeys have a distinctive hormone profile. Although higher hormone levels tended to be associated with lower body weight, this effect was not evident in all taxa, and there were many notable exceptions. When species differ from their predicted hormone levels based on phylogenetic heritage and body weight (e.g., titi monkeys), we must look for other biological factors that influence endocrine activity. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social organization of free‐ranging ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata variegata: mother‐adult daughter relationship
Authors: White Frances J. , Burton Ann S. , Buchholz Susan , Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between a mother and an adult daughter is examined in a group of free‐ranging ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) at the Duke University Primate Center (DUPC). Although the two females were affiliative during the birth season, interactions during the mating season were predominantly agonistic. The maturing daughter was dominant to the mother, as has been observed in many caged social groups at the DUPC. Although both mother and daughter produced offspring in the same group, the daughter subsequently aggressively evicted the mother from the enclosure. It was not possible to maintain more than one long‐term resident breeding female in the same social group. This pattern contrasts with observations of affiliation among breeding females in the wild. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro fertilization analysis of squirrel monkey oocytes produced by various follicular induction regimens and the incidence of triploidy
Authors: Pierce Donna L. , Johnson M. P. , Kaneene J. B. , Dukelow W. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn in vitro fertilization system utilizing squirrel monkeys was used to compare follicle‐stimulating hormone, clomiphene citrate and prostaglandin E1 as follicular induction regimens, analyze culture medium characteristics, and examine the physiological phenomenon of polyspermy. Induction of follicular growth was poor with clomiphene citrate when compared to the control group and increased the incidence of atretic follicles at all levels tested. When prostaglandin E1 was administered, larger numbers of mature oocytes were recovered at laparoscopy. There was no difference in fertilization rate between the treatment and control groups.Homologous serum was an adequate protein source in TC‐199 fertilization medium for squirrel monkey oocytes. Although the rate of triploidy was increased with in vitro fertilization, there was no relationship between sperm concentration and the incidence of polyspermy. These findings demonstrate that the squirrel monkey is a valuable primate system for studies of in vitro fertilization and preimplantation development. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral contrasts between male cynomolgus and lion‐tailed macaques
Authors: Clarke A. S. , Lindburg D. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEvidence indicates that primate species differ not only in social structure and concordant social propensities, but also in their approach toward novel objects, environments, and procedures. These differences in response dispositions have been described as being based on differences in characteristic stances toward the environment, also called temperaments. This report extends previous comparative primate research by describing behavioral contrasts observed among males of two macaque species, liontailed and cynomolgus macaques. The lion‐tails demonstrated more interest in other animals, more vigilance and instrumental behavior, and more readily adapted to training to enter a small and unfamilar cage than the cynomolgus. These results suggest temperamental differences between the two species. Lion‐tails may be characterized as bold, curious, and instrumental in their approach to the environment, while cynomolgus may be characterized as more passive or “reserved”. These differences may form the basis for the well‐developed sensorimotor abilities observed in liontails such as the manufacture and use of tools, and may also be related to their highly omnivorous diet. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capture techniques and morphometrics for the woolly spider monkey, or muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides, E. Geoffroy 1806)
Authors: Lemos de Sá Rosa M. , Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA total of 12 free‐ranging muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) were captured with Telazol® at Fazenda Esmeralda, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and at Fazenda Barreiro Rico, São Paulo, Brazil. All animals were measured, marked, weighed, and released. Previously reported data suggested that Brachyteles is a sexually dimorphic species with female‐male body weights of 12–15 kg, respectively. We found no statistically significant difference in body weight between females (mean = 8.4 kg, range = 6.9–9.3 kg, n = 4), and males (mean =9.6 kg, range = 9.3–10.2 kg, n = 4). Our results are at variance with previously published body weights in the literature. Larger sample size may reveal a significant sexual difference, particularly in body weight. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary cortisol responses of longtailed macaques to five cage sizes, tethering, sedation, and room change
Authors: Crockett Carolyn M. , Bowers Charles L. , Sackett Gene P. , Bowden Douglas M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUrinary free cortisol responses to five cage sizes, cage level, room change, tethering adaptation, chronic catheterization, and ketamine sedation were measured in 14 female and 14 male wild‐born adult Macaca fascicularis. Urinary free cortisol, a physiological measure of psychological well‐being that can be collected unobtrusively, provided a measure of the animals' general adrenocortical response to various conditions over a time course of hours. Urinary free cortisol values in response to stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) validated the measure as a reflection of blood values. Cortisol values were expressed as a ratio to creatinine, which normalized for differences in urinary output and body weight (muscle mass). Cage size (20–140% of regulation floor area) and housing level (upper vs. lower cage) had no effect on stress, as measured by cortisol excretion. Room change elicited a slight increase in cortisol excretion for the first day, but not to a level suggesting stress. Sedation, surgery, some aspects of tethering adaptation, and chronic catheterization produced urinary cortisol evidence of stress. Even so, animals varied in their responses and all showed adaptation. Males and females did not differ in normal mean values but females tended to have higher cortisol levels in response to potential stressors investigated in this study. Cortisol levels continued to decline gradually throughout the study. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vocal coordination of troop movement among white‐faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus
Authors: Boinski Sue 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCoordinated travel by social groups is well documented, often with evidence that cognitive spatial maps are employed. Yet the mechanisms by which movement decisions are made and implemented within social groups are poorly known. In a field study of white‐faced capuchin monkeys in Costa Rica it was demonstrated that a specific call, the “trill,” is used by adults in the initiation and directing of troop movement. The trills of subadults were restricted to vocal exchanges with other subadults. Continuous vocal recordings were collected of the vocalizations of the 14 members of the study troop. A cumulative 33.7 h of continuous samples and 1,892 sonagrams were analyzed. In addition to vocalizations clearly associated with alarm, distress, or agonistic contexts, two distinct call types were identified, trills and huhs. Age‐sex classes differed in the rate at which both types of calls were produced in different spatial positions within the troop. Adult females and males produced higher rates of trills when in the leading edge compared to all other spatial positions in a traveling troop. Trills at the edge of a stationary troop represented 36 “successful” and 3 “unsuccessful” start attempts; the troop usually moved in the trajectory predicted by a trilling adult's location on the troop periphery within 10 min of the initiation of trilling. Adults also altered the trajectory of traveling troops by trilling at the side and back of the troop (10 “successful” and 4 “unsuccessful” attempts). Huh vocalizations were most predictably produced when a capuchin is in a dense fruit patch. These results emphasize the role vocalizations serve in the coordination and trajectory of group movement in nonhuman primates, especially those populations that are arboreal or in which visual contact is otherwise impeded. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Hazard rates and causes of death in a captive group of crab‐eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Luder Hans U. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to examine possible associations between stages of agespecific mortality and various causes of death, vital records of 159 male and 192 female crab‐eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), housed as a single group, were analyzed. Survival and hazard rates associated with each of five distinct categories of causes of death were estimated for males and females, using the nonparametric kernel method. The obtained overall survival and hazard functions were similar to those reported previously for rhesus monkeys. Among two stages identified in age‐specific mortality, the first stage, characterized by rapidly decreasing hazard rates up to about 1.5–2 years of age, was discriminated by the occurrence of deaths due to unfitness for postnatal life. The second stage lasted up to the age of 10–15 years and was largely characterized by a high incidence of violent deaths. The respective hazard rates in males and females attained peaks during the early reproductive period of life and markedly decreased thereafter. This pattern was interpreted to indicate that second stage mortality is unlikely related to senescence, but rather, seems to depend on extrinsic environmental factors. Thus, when considering overall hazard rates in Macaca fascicularis, the onset of senescence, as a result of the specific aspects of simian reproduction, may be hidden from view, and mortality due to aging may only be appreciable after 10 to 15 years of age. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Milk secretion in pregnancy among free‐ranging Japanese macaques
Authors: Tanaka Ichirou , Hayama Shin‐Ichi , Nigi Hideo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMilking under anesthesia in pregnant free‐ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) directly revealed lactation in gestation at Jigokudani Monkey Park, the Shiga Heights, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, from 12 to 14 February 1992. Multiparae secreted milk at 76–97 days of estimated fertilization age when the birth intervals to the next offspring were 2 years. The observation of sucking behavior from February 1991 to March 1992 indicated that concurrent suckling by these multiparae terminated approximately 70 days before the next parturition after the growth of fetuses had accelerated and the embryos survived the crisis of abortion. Thus, Japanese macaque mothers appear to hedge maternal investment with concurrent lactation against possible miscarriage. Two nulliparous pregnant females secreted milk 3 months before the first parturition although they had no suckers. The first preparation of lactation appears to require the duration of longer than 3 months in nulliparae although worked mammary glands appear to be able to resume within 1 month in multiparae. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A review of hormonal factors influencing the sexual and aggressive behavior of macaques
Authors: Michael Richard P. , Zumpe Doris 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of gonadal hormones on the sexual and aggressive behavior of adult macaques are reviewed. Similarities among findings from field, colony, and laboratory studies strengthen the view that testosterone facilitates the sexual and aggressive behavior of males, while sexual and perhaps aggressive behavior by the female is mainly dependent on estradiol, which increases both the sexual motivation of the female and her attractiveness to males. Differences between results from different settings help to emphasize the role of environmental and social factors in modulating the effects of hormones. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant kidnapping and co‐mothering in Japanese macaques
Authors: Schino Gabriele , Aureli Filippo , D'Amato Francesca R. , D'Antoni Monica , Pandolfi Nicoletta , Troisi Alfonso 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe fatal kidnapping of a Japanese macaque infant is described. Kidnapping was followed by a long period (10 weeks) of co‐mothering. Quantitative recording showed that both the biological mother (a 8‐year‐old, low‐ranking, multiparous female) and the kidnapper (a 4‐year‐old, high‐ranking female with no maternal experience) displayed an affectionate style of mothering and never responded negatively to the infant's demands for contact. Given the large maternal investment on the part of the kidnapper, we suggest that the fatal outcome for the infant was not the result of reproductive competition. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic differences among subspecies of the saddle‐back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis):evidence from hybrids
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Jacobs Susan C. , Moore Allen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe subspecies of saddle‐back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) are known to be chromatically and morphologically diverse but little is known of the genetic basis for the observed morphological variation. The morphology of first generation subspecific hybrids can be compared to that of the parental subspecies to provide information on the extent and nature of genetic differences in morphology between subspecies. We compare two groups of saddle‐back tamarin hybrids (S. f. illigeri × S. f. lagonotus and S. f. illigeri × S. f. leucogenys) to pure‐bred members of their parental subspecies. These crosses were examined for heterosis, caused by allele frequency differences between the subspecies in combination with directional dominance.Thirty‐nine craniofacial measurements were derived from three‐dimensional coordinates of landmarks on 355 adult tamarin skulls. These measurements were corrected for sex differences and differences due to environment (wild‐derived vs. laboratory‐born) prior to analysis of hybridity. Sex differences were minimal for these traits. Environment had a more significant effect on craniofacial morphology. Laboratory environments produce larger faces but smaller orbits, anterior cranial vaults, and cranial bases.Significant heterosis was found for many individual traits and for the first principal component representing size and size‐related shape measurements in the S. f. illigeri × S. f. lagonotus cross. The smaller samples involved in the S. f. illigeri× S. f. leucogenys cross led to a much lower number of statistically significant results, although most traits did display heterosis. Heterosis for craniofacial size was nearly statistically significant. These results suggest that there are large differences in allele frequencies among these subspecies of saddle‐back tamarin for genes affecting craniofacial morphology. Based on these data we suggest that these subspecies are likely to be independent, largely isolated, evolutionary units. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey of the long‐tailed macaques introduced onto Tinjil Island, Indonesia
Authors: Kyes Randall C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom February 1988 though June 1990, 475 adult long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were released on Tinjil Island to establish a breeding program that will provide monkeys for biomedical research while contributing to Indonesia's primate conservation efforts. A survey was conducted during the summer of 1990 to assess the status of the island's population. Basic demographic data were consistent with those from other field studies of long‐tailed macaques, and estimates of reproductivity suggest a successful breeding program. The facility established on Tinjil Island should serve as a useful model for future primate resource and conservation programs. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.