bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of apoptosis in patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia and mutated adenine nucleotide translocator‐1 gene
Authors: Fagiolari Gigliola , Sciacco Monica , Chiveri Luca , Lamperti Costanza , Comi Giacomo Pietro , Scarlato Guglielmo , Moggio Maurizio , Prelle Alessandro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAdenine nucleotide translocator‐1 (ANT‐1), encoded by chromosome 4 (4q34‐35 locus), is a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pores that are involved in apoptotic mechanisms. We studied muscle biopsies from seven individuals with autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia caused by ANT‐1 mutations. We found no instance of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positivity nor significant expression of apoptosis‐related proteins. Furthermore, there was no morphological evidence of apoptosis at the ultrastructural level. Thus, degeneration of muscle in this disorder is nonapoptotic. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 265–269, 2002
Meshless approach to shape optimization of linear thermoelastic solids
Authors: Bobaru Florin , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a formulation for shape optimization in thermoelasticity using a meshless method, namely the element‐free Galerkin method. Two examples are treated in detail and comparisons with previously published finite element analysis results demonstrate the excellent opportunities the EFG offers for solving these types of problems. Smoother stresses, no remeshing, and better accuracy than finite element solutions, permit answers to shape optimization problems in thermoelasticity that are practically unattainable with the classical FEM without remeshing. For the thermal fin example, the EFG finds finger shapes that are missed by the FEM analysis, and the objective value is greatly improved compared to the FEM solution. A study of the influence of the number of design parameters is performed and it is observed that the EFG can give better results with a smaller number of design parameters than is possible with traditional methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flux‐limited numerical method for solving the MHD equations to simulate propulsive plasma flows
Authors: Sankaran K. , Martinelli L. , Jardin S. C. , Choueiri E. Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFor numerical simulations to be effective tools in plasma propulsion research, a high‐order accurate solver that captures MHD shocks monotonically and works reliably for strong magnetic fields is needed. For this purpose, a characteristics‐based scheme for the MHD equations, with flux limiters to improve spatial accuracy, has been developed. In this method, the symmetric form of the MHD equations, accounting for waves propagating in all directions, are solved. The required eigensystem of axisymmetric MHD equations, with appropriate normalization, is presented. This scheme was validated with unsteady (Riemann problem) and force‐free equilibrium (Taylor state) test cases, as well as with measured current density patterns in a magnetoplasmadynamic thruster. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐singular boundary integral formulations for plane interior potential problems
Authors: Hwang W. S. , Hung L. P. , Ko C. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article, a non‐singular formulation of the boundary integral equation is developed to solve smooth and non‐smooth interior potential problems in two dimensions. The subtracting and adding‐back technique is used to regularize the singularity of Green's function and to simplify the calculation of the normal derivative of Green's function. After that, a global numerical integration is directly applied at the boundary, and those integration points are also taken as collocation points to simplify the algorithm of computation. The result indicates that this simple method gives the convergence speed of order N −3 in the smooth boundary cases for both Dirichlet and mix‐type problems. For the non‐smooth cases, the convergence speed drops at O(N −1/2) for the Dirichlet problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design space optimization using a numerical design continuation method
Authors: Kim Il Yong , Kwak Byung Man 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA generalized optimization problem in which design space is also a design to be found is defined and a numerical implementation method is proposed. In conventional optimization, only a portion of structural parameters is designated as design variables while the remaining set of other parameters related to the design space are often taken for granted. A design space is specified by the number of design variables, and the layout or configuration. To solve this type of design space problems, a simple initial design space is selected and gradually improved while the usual design variables are being optimized. To make the design space evolve into a better one, one may increase the number of design variables, but, in this transition, there are discontinuities in the objective and constraint functions. Accordingly, the sensitivity analysis methods based on continuity will not apply to this discontinuous stage. To overcome the difficulties, a numerical continuation scheme is proposed based on a new concept of a pivot phase design space. Two new categories of structural optimization problems are formulated and concrete examples shown. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Singularities in anisotropic steady‐state heat conduction using a boundary element method
Authors: Mera N. S. , Elliott L. , Ingham D. B. , Lesnic D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn many heat conduction problems, boundaries with sharp corners or abrupt changes in the boundary conditions give rise to singularities of various types which tend to slow down the rate of convergence with decreasing mesh size of any standard numerical method used for obtaining the solution. In this paper, it is shown how this difficulty may be overcome in the case of an anisotropic medium by a modified boundary element method. The standard boundary element method is modified to take account of the form of the singularity, without appreciably increasing the amount of computation involved. Two test examples, the first with a singularity caused by an abrupt change in a boundary condition and the second with a singularity caused by a sharp re‐entrant corner, are investigated and numerical results are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
h‐Adaptive FE methods applied to single‐ and multiphase problems
Authors: Ehlers W. , Ammann M. , Diebels S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA major problem in using the finite element method for solving numerous engineering problems in the framework of single‐ and multiphase materials is the assessment of discretization errors and the design of suitable meshes. To overcome this problem, adaptive finite element methods have been developed. Based on the error indicator by Zienkiewicz and Zhu, it is the goal of the present paper to present a new error indicator which is especially designed for multiphase problems. Furthermore, efficient h‐adaptive strategies concerning both the generation of new meshes in the framework of independent and hierarchical remeshing strategies and the data transfer between old and new meshes are pointed out. Finally, numerical examples are given to exhibit the efficiency and the quality of the presented h‐adaptive methods and to compare the different strategies to each other. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐local dispersive model for wave propagation in heterogeneous media: one‐dimensional case
Authors: Fish Jacob , Chen Wen , Nagai Gakuji 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNon‐local dispersive model for wave propagation in heterogeneous media is derived from the higher‐order mathematical homogenization theory with multiple spatial and temporal scales. In addition to the usual space–time co‐ordinates, a fast spatial scale and a slow temporal scale are introduced to account for rapid spatial fluctuations of material properties as well as to capture the long‐term behaviour of the homogenized solution. By combining various order homogenized equations of motion the slow time dependence is eliminated giving rise to the fourth‐order differential equation, also known as a ‘bad’ Boussinesq problem. Regularization procedures are then introduced to construct the so‐called ‘good’ Boussinesq problem, where the need for C1 continuity is eliminated. Numerical examples are presented to validate the present formulation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress recovery and error estimation for the scaled boundary finite‐element method
Authors: Deeks Andrew J. , Wolf John P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe scaled boundary finite‐element method is a novel semi‐analytical technique, combining the advantages of the finite element and the boundary element methods with unique properties of its own. This paper develops a stress recovery procedure based on a modal interpretation of the scaled boundary finite‐element method solution process, using the superconvergent patch recovery technique. The recovered stresses are superconvergent, and are used to calculate a recovery‐type error estimator. A key feature of the procedure is the compatibility of the error estimator with the standard recovery‐type finite element estimator, allowing the scaled boundary finite‐element method to be compared directly with the finite element method for the first time. A plane strain problem for which an exact solution is available is presented, both to establish the accuracy of the proposed procedures, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scaled boundary finite‐element method. The scaled boundary finite‐element estimator is shown to predict the true error more closely than the equivalent finite element error estimator. Unlike their finite element counterparts, the stress recovery and error estimation techniques work well with unbounded domains and stress singularities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic damage coupled to plasticity: Modelling based on the effective configuration concept
Authors: Menzel A. , Ekh M. , Steinmann P. , Runesson K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA model framework for anisotropic damage, that is kinetically coupled to inelastic deformations, is outlined. Key ingredients are the concept of the effective undamaged configuration and the assumption of energy equivalence. The pertinent rate equations for the chosen internal variables are integrated using the standard fully implicit scheme, and the Jacobian matrix of the resulting non‐linear incremental constitutive problem is used to compute the algorithmic tangent stiffness in straightforward fashion. Numerical results showing the effect of deformation‐induced anisotropy conclude the paper. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The least‐squares finite element method in elasticity. Part II: Bending of thin plates
Authors: Jiang Bo‐nan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA least‐squares finite element method (LSFEM) for bending problems of thin plates is developed. This LSFEM is based on the first‐order deflection‐slope‐moment‐shear force formulation. Four compatibility conditions are added into the first‐order system; thus, the method can accommodate all kinds of equal‐order interpolations. Numerical experiments on various examples show that the method achieves an optimal rate of convergence for all eight variables. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite difference solution of non‐linear systems of radiative–conductive heat transfer equations
Authors: Asllanaj F. , Milandri A. , Jeandel G. , Roche J. R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA finite difference solution for a system of non‐linear integro–differential equations modelling the steady‐state combined radiative–conductive heat transfer is proposed. A new backward–forward finite difference scheme is formulated for the Radiative Transfer Equation. The non‐linear heat conduction equation is solved using the Kirchhoff transformation associated with a centred finite difference scheme. The coupled system of equations is solved using a fixed‐point method, which relates to the temperature field. An application on a real insulator composed of silica fibres is illustrated. The results show that the method is very efficient. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The economic lot size of the integrated vendor‐buyer inventory system derived without derivatives
Authors: Yang P.C. , Wee H.M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn previous modellings of the integrated vendor–buyer system, the buyer's economic order quantity and the vendor's optimal number of deliveries are derived by setting the first derivatives to zero and solving the simultaneous equations. The Hessian matrix of second derivatives is used to prove the convexity of the objective function. This procedure can be difficult for students who lack the background of differential calculus. This study develops algebraically the optimal policy of the integrated vendor–buyer inventory system without using differential calculus. A significant cost reduction is also achieved when Goyal's model is modified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methylation‐specific PCR for detection of neoplastic DNA in biopsy washings
Authors: Goessl Carsten , Müller Markus , Heicappell Rüdiger , Krause Hans , Schostak Martin , Straub Bernd , Miller Kurt 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEpigenetic DNA alterations such as promoter hypermethylation of glutathione S‐transferase P1 (GSTP1) in prostatic adenocarcinoma frequently constitute tumour biomarkers. Neoplastic transformation was identified in washings of prostate biopsies by GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation, using methylation‐specific PCR (MSP). Twenty‐six patients undergoing sextant transrectal prostate biopsies for clinically suspected prostate cancer were enrolled. All ten patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma (100%) and four of six patients with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (67%), but none of ten patients with benign hyperplasia (0%), exhibited GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation in at least one out of six biopsy washings. Since this approach is transferable to various cancer entities, a sensitive and specific DNA‐based analysis of biopsy material seems generally feasible without impeding routine histopathological examination. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Markers of senescence?
Authors: Coates Philip J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe specific identification of cellular senescence in clinical material has important implications for determining the role of senescence in age‐related pathologies and in neoplasia in certain tumours. One suggested marker of senescence is the histochemical identification of a specific β‐galactosidase enzyme operative at pH 6.0. However, recent data indicate that this enzyme may not be specific for senescence in all tissues and probably represents the expression of endogenous lysosomal acid β‐galactosidase, which is expressed by a variety of differentiated cell types. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secretion of interleukin‐6 and vascular endothelial growth factor by spindle cell sarcoma complicating Castleman's disease (so‐called ‘vascular neoplasia’)
Authors: Kakiuchi Chihiro , Ishida Tsuyoshi , Sato Hitoshi , Katano Harutaka , Ishiko Tositaka , Mukai Hiroyuki , Kogi Mieko , Kasuga Naoki , Takeuchi Kengo , Yamane Kenichi , Fukayama Masashi , Mori Shigeo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSo‐called ‘vascular neoplasia’ (VN) is a rare tumour of unknown origin that complicates hyaline vascular type Castleman's disease (CD). This paper reports a case of VN complicating CD of hyaline vascular type, in which neoplastic cells were shown to secrete interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this case, VN first occurred in the retroperitoneum of a 60‐year‐old male. The lesion showed typical morphology, with three distinct areas: (1) a lymph node‐like area with regressively transformed lymph follicles showing hyaline vascular changes and with a hypervascular interfollicular region filled with slit‐like vascular channels; (2) an area composed of spindle cell sarcoma; and (3) an area showing angiolipomatous hamartoma. A proportion of the cells in the spindle cell area showed severe pleomorphism. Subcutaneous recurrence after 8 months was composed purely of pleomorphic spindle cells. A karyotypic analysis of the recurrent tumour showed 47, XXY with some instability. Supernatant from primary culture contained high levels of IL‐6 and VEGF, suggesting high secretion of these cytokines from neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemically, p53 overexpression was identified only in the pleomorphic spindle cells of the primary lesion and metastatic tumour. No features suggestive of vascular origin were shown on immunohistochemical or electron microscopic analysis of the neoplastic cells. Human herpesvirus type 8 was not detected by immunohistochemistry or PCR analysis. High levels of IL‐6 and/or VEGF have been reported to play a role in CD. This is the first case report that clarifies the site of such cytokine production, showing the possibility of CD as a paraneoplastic phenomenon. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellular pathology changes in rat skin following intradermal injection of nerve growth factor: neutrophil‐dependent and ‐independent events
Authors: Foster Paul A. , Wicks Sharon , Foster Martyn , Brain Susan D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNerve growth factor (NGF) regulates the survival and development of specific populations of neurones and is involved in wound healing. A further area of study relating to the role of neurotrophins in the mature animal has concerned the possibility that NGF may be a pivotal mediator of inflammation and pain. It has previously been shown that injection of intradermal NGF can result in a neutrophil‐dependent hyperalgesia in the rat. The purpose of the present study was to examine the pathological consequence of NGF injected intradermally into mature rat skin and to examine further the role of neutrophils. Standard histopathology techniques (H & E) were employed to determine inflammatory cell counts. Circulating neutrophils were depleted using an anti‐rat neutrophil antiserum and results were compared to treatment with vehicle controls. Saline‐pretreated rats exhibited normal circulating neutrophil numbers and the dorsal skin showed a significant increase of neutrophil and macrophages at 3 and 5 h and lymphocytes at 5 h after NGF treatment. By comparison, skin sites from neutrophil‐depleted rats did not demonstrate a significant increase in neutrophil and macrophage accumulation after NGF administration. All NGF‐treated sites, independent of pretreatment, demonstrated abnormal muscle fibre morphology and proliferation of the muscle sarcolemmal nuclei after NGF injection, indicative of tissue injury. In addition, oedema and some fibroplasia were also noted. Furthermore, fibrin production was increased at 3 and 5 h after NGF administration. It is suggested that NGF has a damaging effect on rat muscle which is independent of accumulating neutrophil and other inflammatory cells. In conclusion, the findings indicate a link between NGF‐induced neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, as the increase in dermal macrophages was not observed in neutrophil‐depleted rats. The results also suggest that NGF can have a profound effect on rat muscle and that this effect may be related to muscle regeneration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical detection of CD79a expression in precursor T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukaemias
Authors: Hashimoto Mitsuyoshi , Yamashita Yoriko , Mori Naoyoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwenty‐three cases of precursor T cell lymphoid malignancies were examined with respect to CD79a expression. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on frozen tissue sections using a broad panel of antibodies and Southern blot analysis was undertaken using DNA probes encoding immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene and T‐cell receptor (TCR) β, γ and δ genes. Twelve (52%) of the 23 cases examined demonstrated CD79a expression. IgH and TCRβ, γ and δ gene rearrangements were found in 5, 9, 12 and 20 cases, respectively. CD79a‐positive neoplastic cells exhibited a phenotype and genotype characteristic of an early stage of T cell differentiation. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed on human thymus and thymoma to investigate the normality of CD79a expression, to discover that low‐level expression of CD79a is common in thymocytes and thymoma‐associated lymphocytes. These results suggest that CD79a is expressed weakly and transiently in immature T‐lineage cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Haematopoietic stem cells1
Authors: Bonnet Dominique 
Published: October 2002

AbstractConsiderable efforts have been made in recent years in determining the composition of the cell types that constitute the human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. These studies have emphasized the heterogeneity of the human HSC in terms of proliferative and self‐renewal capacities. Recent studies have indicated that CD34 is not the universal marker of all human HSCs. New markers for purifying HSCs have been described. A number of genes that regulate the formation, self‐renewal, or differentiation of HSCs has been identified. The elucidation of the molecular phenotype of the HSC has just begun. Finally, an unexpected degree of developmental or differentiation plasticity of HSC has emerged. This review summarizes all the recent advances made in the human HSC field and examines the impacts that these discoveries may have both clinically and in understanding the organization of the human haematopoietic system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muscle stem cells
Authors: Goldring Kirstin , Partridge Terence , Watt Diana 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSince its discovery four decades ago, the satellite cell of skeletal muscle has been implicated as the major source of myogenic cells involved in growth and repair of muscle fibres. This review not only looks at the role of the satellite cell in these processes but discusses how cells derived from other sources and tissues have recently been implicated in muscle formation and regeneration. Muscle itself also yields cells that contribute to other cell lineages although it is currently debated as to whether these cells originate within muscle or have migrated there from other tissues. The reality of using cells from muscle or other tissues to repair diseased muscle fibres is also addressed.
Apoptosis, necrosis, or whatever: how to find out what really happens?
Authors: Aigner T 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere is no doubt that thorough knowledge of apoptotic cell death is of paramount importance for many areas of current research. Despite many available ways of detecting apoptotic cell death, the analysis of apoptosis reveals considerable conceptual and technological problems. In this issue of The Journal of Pathology, Grogan and colleagues offer an interesting study, in which they present a promising model system for investigating the spatio‐temporal events of initiation and progression of apoptosis (and other forms of cell death). The confusing complexity of results based on parallel experiments in this paper might be partly due to technical variability or insufficiency; more likely, however, this provides evidence that most if not all approaches thought to be ‘specific’ for apoptotic cell death address different aspects of cell death, have different sensitivities and specificities, and are rather complementary than redundant. Grogan and colleagues provide an excellent demonstration of the uncertainties and ambiguities which result from basically all currently available technologies, yielding, even in one system, results which are partly confusing, because they are partly contradictory. This situation is typical for cell death analysis at present—not only in the cartilage field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.