bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desiderius Erasmus
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Great Dutch humanist, scholar, and priest, Desiderius Erasmus (1459–1536) applied new philological methods to biblical texts, producing the Novum Instrumentum in 1516, an annotated Greek text of the New Testament with a revision of the Vulgate (the standard Latin translation by St Jerome). Erasmus diligently revised this work, Wnding many supporters in the Church, and many opponents, notably Gregory Martin, later translator of the Rheims New Testament (1582). Moreover, contributing to the great controversy over Luther’s doctrine of predestination, Erasmus aYrmed the freedom of the will in De libero arbitrio (On Free Will, 1524) and Hyperaspistes (1526). He wrote schoolbooks for Europe and urged reform of the clergy and of church practices (see fiction).
Alban Langdale
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Act of Uniformity (1559) stipulated harsh penalties for those who refused to attend Church of England services: Wrst oVence, forfeiture of one year’s proWt of beneWces and six months ‘ imprisonment; second oVence, deprivation and one year’s imprisonment; third oVence, deprivation and imprisonment for life. For those not beneWced, the Wrst oVence brought imprisonment for one year; the second oVence, for life (1 Elizabeth I, c. 2). The Church strongly urged recusancy, however, and Robert Persons, SJ articulated the oYcial position in A Brief Discourse containing Certain Reasons why Catholics refuse to go to Church (1580). (On Persons see histories.) Persons argued that attendance at state services brought danger of infection, gave scandal, assented to a sign distinctive between the religions, fostered schism, signalled participation in a forbidden rite, dissimulated in a matter of conscience, accepted heresies and blasphemies, removed one from the beneWts of Catholicism, and ran counter to the example even of inWdels and heretics who absented themselves from proscribed services.
Robert Bellarmine
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Italian cardinal and Doctor of the Church, Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621) taught theology at Louvain and Rome, wrote a Hebrew grammar and catechisms, and emerged as the leading Catholic voice against Protestants with his Disputationes de Controversiis (1586–93). Whether. poison Mariana will answer the title question in the negative, arguing, remarkably, that such a method of assassination puts the victim’s soul at risk, implicating him in a kind of suicide.
Augustine of Hippo
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430) adapted classical thought to Christian doctrine and in various writings, including De civitate Dei, established the foundations for medieval and modern Christian theology. Born in north Africa, Augustine started out as a teacher, orator, and worldly man. He took a concubine for some years and had a son, Adeodatus. He fell in with the Manicheans, who believed that good and evil, light and darkness, were equal powers in conXict with each other. In 386, two years after taking the prestigious chair in rhetoric at Milan, Augustine experienced the conversion to Christ for which his mother Monica had long and fervently prayed. After giving up his post and his plans for marriage, Augustine became a priest and then bishop of Hippo (in Algeria today) until his death.
Teresa of Avila
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Teresa of Avila (1515–82), a Carmelite nun, experienced a rare state of mystical union with God. Although contemporary Catholic reform movements encouraged mental prayer and the private experience of illumination, Teresa’s visions aroused scepticism and opposition. At the request of her superiors Teresa recounted her spiritual experiences in her Vida, or ‘Life’ (1562, revised several times), which the Inquisition impounded until 1586, distrustful of a woman’s claim to such unusual (and unregulated) manifestations. Teresa went on to found a number of convents in Spain, received canonization in 1622, and became a doctor of the Church in 1970.
Thomas More
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thomas More (c.1477–1535) lived as a brilliant polemicist and Lord Chancellor of England but died for refusing to assent to the Act of Supremacy, which declared King Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church in England (see controversies). According to an act of Parliament (1534: 26 Henry VIII, c. 13), such refusal constituted high treason. Recounting the trial and execution, William Roper, his son-in-law, depicts Thomas More as a new kind of martyr, as one who died for the unity of the Catholic faith. Largely ignoring the Lord Chancellor who burned books and heretics, Roper’s account energetically counters the emergent Protestant martyrology created by John Bale and John Foxe. His Thomas More, loyal Wrst to God then king, is Wt to join St Thomas the Apostle and St Thomas Becket in the holy triumvirate of the Tres Thomae, ‘three Thomases’ (T. Stapleton, Douai, 1588). The selections below show More’s conviction and equanimity, his Xashes of wit and learning, and his profound humility in the service of God. Such qualities have made his story a mixture of high tragedy, saint’s life, and myth, compelling from its beginnings up through modern times in Robert Bolt’s moving adaptation, A Man for All Seasons.
John Donne
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Descended from Thomas More, the Heywoods, and the Rastells, John Donne (1572–1631) grew up Catholic amidst the ancient Catholic nobility—the Percies, Stanleys, and Howards. Donne wrote that he had his ‘Wrst breeding and conversation with men of a suppressed and aZicted religion, accustomed to the despite of death and hungry of an imagined martyrdom ‘ (Biathanatos, 1648, sig. C). Meditation on martyrdom, inspired by his family and upbringing, he said elsewhere, kept him ‘ever. . . awake ‘ (Pseudo-martyr, 1610, sig. }1).
Ben Jonson
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cranky, learned, satirical, and brilliant, Ben Jonson (1572–1637) is one of the most distinguished poets and playwrights of the Renaissance. He wrote court masques, influential ‘humours ‘ comedy, satirical dramas, critical prefaces, and poems, much admired and imitated. According to his own testimony (Conversations with Drummond, 1. 205), Jonson was Catholic during the period of his greatest productivity, converting in 1598 through the ministrations of a priest who visited him in prison, and remaining as such until 1610. In 1604 Jonson’s Wrst version of the play Sejanus occasioned charges of popery and treason; in 1605, after the Gunpowder Plot, he used his connections in Catholic circles to assist the government; in 1606 the Consistory Court asked for certiWcation of his attendance at church and communion, indicted him as ‘a seducer of youth to the popish religion ‘, and required him to engage in theological disputation with learned Protestants.
Richard Crashaw
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Son of an anti-Catholic preacher who died in 1626, Richard Crashaw (1612–49) in 1635 became a fellow of Peterhouse College, centre of Laudianism (High Church Anglicanism) or, as the Puritans charged, popery. He contributed money and wrote poems to support the restoration of the Peterhouse chapel in Roman style. From 1639 he also held the curacy at Little St Mary’s , a church adjoining Peterhouse. Crashaw’s Catholic predilections, particularly his love of iconic adornment and the Virgin, aroused the ire of Puritans.
Ignatius Loyola
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A worldly soldier recovering from a wound in 1521, Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556) read saints ‘ lives and turned his life to Christ. Undertaking a regimen of penance, study, and prayer, he attracted a small group of followers who became the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) in 1540, founded ‘ad maiorem Dei gloriam et bonum animarum ‘ (for the greater glory of God and the good of souls). The Society diVered from other orders in its long period of formation, its refusal of ecclesiastical dignities for members, its lack of a habit and rule, and its constitutional commitment to active ministries (preaching, teaching, retreats, schools), the sacraments, and works of mercy (in hospitals, prisons, and orphanages).
Roger Martin
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Roger Martin (1527?–1615) experienced the turmoil of the Protestant revolution in Long Melford, a town in SuVolk. During the reign of Queen Mary (1553–8) he became churchwarden and worked to revive Catholic ceremonies and traditions. Later, he suVered several indictments for recusancy, Wnancial penalties, and imprisonments. In an extraordinary memoir Martin recalls the Catholic church, chapels, and services of his youth—the processions, liturgies, and festivals that once ordered life and gave it meaning.
Augustine Baker
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Welsh convert to Catholicism, Augustine Baker (1575–1641) joined the Benedictines in Padua (1605) and produced (with others) Apostalatus Benedictinorum in Anglia (1626), a scholarly history of the order in Great Britain. Baker spent nine years (1624–33) in Cambrai (NE France) as spiritual adviser to Benedictine nuns, including Gertrude More (see poetry). There he wrote over forty spiritual treatises, later digested and published by Father Serenus Cressy as Sancta Sophia, ‘Holy Wisdom ‘ (1657), a guidebook to prayer now recognized as a classic of mystical theology. Drawing upon many previous writers, Sancta Sophia teaches the prayer of mystic contemplation. In this sublime prayer, the soul, without thoughts or images, experiences God directly as inWnite and incomprehensible truth and goodness (cf. Crashaw’s ‘The Flaming Heart ‘ and ‘Ode ‘, poetry).
Pericles, 1606–8
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
5. 1 On Pericles ‘ ship, outside Mytilene diana [appears to the sleeping Pericles] diana My temple stands in Ephesus. Hie thee thither And do upon mine altar sacriWce. 91. suVerance torture. 92. aVection passion. 95. Did If I did. 98. Either. . . approof Either to condemn or approve. 100. Hooking bending. 102. prompture impulse. 104. tender down lay down in payment. pericles Pericles adapts Catholic miracle-play traditions into romance. It formed part of the repertory of Cholmeley’s Players, a touring company which performed for Catholic households, and appeared on a book-list of mostly devotional and theological works from the Jesuit college at Saint-Omer, where it also may have been staged. At the end of the play (established as Shakespearean by B.
The Alchemist, 1610
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Enter tribulation wholesome, ananias tribulation These chastisements are common to the saints, And such rebukes we of the Separation Must bear with willing shoulders, as the trials Sent forth to tempt our frailties. ananias In pure zeal, I do not like the man. He is a heathen 5 And speaks the language of Canaan, truly. tribulation I think him a profane person, indeed. ananias He bears The visible mark of the Beast in his forehead. And for his stone, it is a work of darkness, And with philosophy blinds the eyes of man. 10 tribulation Good brother, we must bend unto all means That may give furtherance to the holy cause.
Prosopopeia: The Tears of Mary, 1596
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I lift not up my voice with Esau to weep. He found a brother, I have lost a son. Jacob kissed Rachel and wept for joy to see her; I kiss the body of my son and weep because I see him not. Oh, would my Rachel might be his wounds, would my concubine were his 101. let him provided that he (the man). 105. Player Devil an actor. 106–7. against impression before the next onset (of a play). 107. shift evade (me). conjure summon. 109. Eutrapelian from the Greek eutrapelia (pleasant in conversation), considered a moral virtue by Aristotle. 113. Council of Trent nineteenth ecumenical council of the Church (1545– 63), convened to combat Protestant heresies. Promulgating decrees concerning the publication and use of Scripture, Session IV (1556) concluded as follows: ‘Besides the above, wishing to repress that temerity, by which the words and sentences of sacred Scripture are turned and twisted to all sorts of profane uses, to wit, to things scurrilous, fabulous, vain, to Xatteries, detractions, superstitions, impious and diabolical incantations, sorceries, and defamatory libels; (the Synod) commands and enjoins, for the doing away with this kind of irreverence and contempt, and that no one may hence forth dare in any way to apply the words of sacred Scripture to these and such like purposes; that all men of this description, profaners and violators of the word of God, be by the bishops restrained by the penalties of law, and others of their own appointment ‘ (The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, tr. J. Waterworth, 1848: 20–1). 120. bewrayed revealed.
The Excommunication of Elizabeth I (Regnans in excelsis), 1570
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pius, bishop, a servant of the servants of God, for the future memory of the business. He that rules in the heavens above and to whom all power is given both in heaven and earth gave unto one only on earth, namely, to Peter, the chiefest amongst the apostles, and to the pope of Rome, Peter’s successor, a holy, catholic, and apostolic church (without which there is no salvation), to govern it in the fullness of power.
A Reconstruction of the Intervention
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As already noted in Chapter 1, the government’s intervention was not only important for Hong Kong’s financial markets, but perhaps also instructive for any future analysis of capital markets. In the foreign exchange market, central bank interventions are a fairly regular phenomenon, but, in equity markets, an intervention on such a large scale has seldom, if ever, been seen before. Moreover, it was unusually successful by most criteria (as demonstrated subsequently in Chapter 7).
Cross-national Analysis of Women in the Labour Market
Authors: Clark Robert L , york Anne , Anker Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the continuing high levels of sexual inequality in the labour market, an increasing proportion of women joined the labour force and entered male dominated occupations in the final decades of the twentieth century. This paper documents and explains recent levels, trends, and patterns in female labour force activity in both developed and developing countries. First, the chapter examines the increasing proportion of women who are in the labour force and how activity rates vary around the world along with economic development and the accompanying higher income and lower fertility. Second, the diffusion of women throughout the labour force is assessed based on recent evidence on occupational segregation by sex.
The Rise of Conservation in South Africa
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is an innovative contribution to the growing comparative field of environmental history. Beinart’s major theme is the history of conservationist ideas in South Africa. He focuses largely on the livestock farming districts of the semi-arid Karoo and the neighbouring eastern Cape grasslands, conquered and occupied by white settlers before the middle of the nineteenth century. The Cape, like Australia, became a major exporter of wool. Vast numbers of sheep flooded its plains and rapidly transformed its fragile natural pastures. Cattle also remained vital for ox-wagon transport and internal markets. Concerns about environmental degradation reached a crescendo in the early decades of the twentieth century, when a Dust Bowl of kinds was predicted, and formed the basis for far-reaching state intervention aimed at conserving natural resources. Soil erosion, overstocking, and water supplies stood alongside wildlife protection as the central preoccupations of South African conservationists. The book traces debates about environmental degradation in successive eras of South African history. It offers a reinterpretation of South Africa’s economic development, and of aspects of the Cape colonial and South African states. It expands the understanding of English-speaking South Africans and their role both as farmers and as protagonists of conservationist ideas. The book is also a contribution to the history of science, exploring the way in which new scientific knowledge shaped environmental understanding and formed a significant element in settler intellectual life. It paints an evocative picture of the post-conquest Karoo, analysing the impact of self-consciously progressive farmers and officials in their attempts to secure private property, curtail transhumance and kraaling, control animal diseases, enhance water supplies, eradicate jackals, destroy alien weeds such as the prickly pear, and combat drought. It concludes by analysing conservationist interventions in the African areas, and discussing evidence for a stabilization of environmental conditions over the longer term.
Debating Conservation in the African Areas of the Cape, 1920–1950
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My research for this book as a whole was initially sparked by the issues addressed in the present chapter: what were the origins of the conservationist ideas that underpinned environmental regulation in African districts?1 African opposition to such conservationist intervention, apparently conceived in their best interests, is now a richly researched field.2 In both the settler states of South Africa and Zimbabwe, as well as in British colonies, the most acute phase of rural anti-colonial struggle in the 1940s and 1950s coincided with heightened government commitment to conservation and development. Agricultural schemes, which touched on the arrangement of settlements, and the control of land, labour, and livestock, were sometimes highly effective in mobilizing rural communities against the state.
Dialogues with Grand Theory
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Modern efforts (since, say, the late eighteenth century) to make systematic, scientific investigations into the foundations of human life have been driven by a search for relatively simple explanatory principles lying beneath immediate appearances, and behind what people might actually say are the reasons for their actions. Anthropologists have played a role in developing various branches of this search, but just as often they have sought to use the enormous archive of ethnographic evidence to criticize, qualify, and contradict the generalizing theorists. It is in fact not difficult to do this, to find some group of people somewhere who do not fit a given theory.
Fuseli’s Milton Gallery
Authors: Calè Luisa Cal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fuseli’s Milton Gallery challenges the antipictorial theories and canons of Romantic period culture. Between 1791 and 1799 Swiss painter Henry Fuseli turned Milton’s Paradise Lost into a series of 40 pictures. Fuseli’s project and other literary galleries developed within an expanding market for illustrated books and a culture of anthologization used to reading British and other ‘classics’ in terms of the visualization of key moments in the text. Thus transformed into repositories of virtual pictures literary texts became ideal sources of subjects for painters. Illustrating British literature was a way of inventing a national ‘grand style’ to fit the needs of a consumer society. Cale calls into question the separation of reading and viewing as autonomous aesthetic practices. To ‘turn readers into spectators’ meant to place readers and reading within the dizzying world of associations offered by an emerging culture of exhibitions. Attending to the energized reading effects developed by Fuseli’s Gallery we rediscover a new side of the Romantic imagination which is not the solitary mentalist experience preferred by Wordsworth and Coleridge, nor divorced from the senses, let alone a refuge from the crowded public spaces of the Revolutionary period. Rather, Fuseli’s embodied aesthetic exemplifies the associationist psychology espoused by the radical circle convening around the publisher Joseph Johnson, including Joseph Priestley and Mary Wollstonecraft. This book analyses exhibitions as important sites of Romantic sociability and one of many interrelated mediums for the literature, debates and controversies of the Revolutionary period.
All that Falls: Barthes and the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As it happens, Henri Lefebvre was a lifelong friend of Barthes’s, who must have been familiar with Lefebvre’s 1947 Critique de la vie quotidienne when he started composing his ‘mythologies’ in the early 1950s, for publication in the review Lettres nouvelles. Biographers of the two men evoke regular meetings in Paris and in the Basque country where both had family attachments and summer residences.
Counter-terrorism measures undertaken under UN Security Council auspices
Authors: Biersteker Thomas J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An intensive debate has been carried out since 11 September 2001, within the academic community and in policy-making circles across the globe, about both the depth and the permanence of the changes in national and international policy that have taken place since the attacks. Although much uncertainty surrounds the consequences and future of practices of preventive intervention, and the acceptance of compromises of civil liberties in the pursuit of national security, one area where change has been significant is financial re-regulation. The leading and innovative role which the United Nations has played in the process is often underestimated.
Introduction
Authors: Melman Billie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Maurice Birley was rescued from the rubbish heap of history. Literally. Some-time in the summer of 2003, John T. Price, an antiquarian book dealer and collector, travelled to north Wiltshire to a sale of fans in a house previously owned by a deceased London dealer in antiques. In an adjacent old barn he came upon one lot of books piled on the floor, including a number of particularly dusty and mildewy volumes which seemed of little interest. After he had successfully bid for the lot and unearthed an additional volume from a nearby shed, Price discovered that he had become the owner of fifteen volumes of a manuscript entitled ‘Illustrations of British History’, by one Maurice Birley. Having found out that Birley had served as warden of Toynbee Hall in Whitechapel, London, between 1911 and 1914, Price appropriately made a first offer of the collection to the Hall, which accepted it.
History as a Panorama: Spectacle and the People in Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution
Authors: Melman Billie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If anyone would have recognized the role wax shows and models came to play in the expanding and democratized urban culture and in popular politics, it would have been Thomas Carlyle. For him, ominous historical changes, involving the appearance of new actors on a distinctly urban scene, begin in the French Revolution. He breaks off his account of the days before the storming of the Bastille, pauses and ruminates on the revolutionary crowd’s parading Curtius’s busts of Jacques Necker, France’s Controller-General, and the Duc d’Orle´ans, the king’s revolutionary brother. It is 12 July 1789 and France So long shaken and wind-parched, is probably at the right inflammable point.