bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Crevicular Aspartate Aminotransferase Levels and Periodontal Disease Progression
Authors: Oringer Richard J. , Howell T. Howard , Nevins Marc L. , Reasner David S. , Davis Gordon H. , Sekler Julio , Fiorellini Joseph P. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), an enzyme released from necrotic cells, has been identified in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and elevated levels are associated with periodontal tissue destruction. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between elevated GCF levels of AST and periodontal disease progression.Methods: Over a 12‐month period, 8 to 10 interproximal sites in 41 periodontitis subjects (PS) and 15 healthy subjects (HS) were monitored. Clinical measurements included relative attachment level (RAL), probing depth, and bleeding on probing (BOP). Semiquantitative levels of GCF AST (<800 µIU, ≥800 µIU, and ≥1,200 µIU) were determined using a chairside assay. At the 6‐and 12‐month visits, scaling and root planing and prophylaxis were performed in the PS and HS, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated for 2 diagnostic criteria (AST ≥800 µIU, AST ≥1,200 µIU) utilizing 4 thresholds of disease progression as determined by 2 methods (absolute change in relative attachment level and cumulative sum [CUSUM]).Results: The percentage of sites exhibiting AST ≥800 µIU, AST ≥1,200 µIU, and BOP in the PS was significantly (P <0.02) lower at 6 and 12 months compared to baseline. The use of crevicular AST activity to monitor periodontal disease progression was associated with many false‐positive results. Overall, low specificities, PPV, and odds ratios were demonstrated by the assay when using 2 diagnostic criteria and 4 thresholds of disease progression. The high NPV suggest that a negative AST test result was indicative of a periodontally stable site.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that elevated levels of AST were present at sites that did not subsequently exhibit disease progression. The high prevalence of AST‐positive sites due to gingival inflammation diminished the test's ability to discriminate between progressive and stable, but inflamed, sites. J Periodontol 2001;72:17‐24.
Long‐Term Results of Guided Tissue Regeneration Therapy With Non‐Resorbable and Bioabsorbable Barriers. I. Class II Furcations
Authors: Eickholz Peter , Kim Ti‐Sun , Holle Rolf , Hausmann Ernest 
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of this 5‐year follow‐up study was to clinically and radiographically evaluate the long‐term results after guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy of Class II furcation defects using non‐resorbable and bioabsorbable barriers.Methods: Nine pairs of contralateral Class II furcation defects were treated in 9 patients with advanced periodontitis. Within each patient, one defect received a non‐resorbable (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene [ePTFE]; control, C) barrier and the other a bioabsorbable (polyglactin 910; test, T) barrier by random assignment. At baseline, 6, and 60 ± 3 months after surgery, clinical parameters and standardized radiographs were obtained. Gain of bone density within furcation areas was assessed using subtraction radiography.Results: Six and 60 months after GTR therapy, statistically significant (P <0.05) horizontal attachment (CAL‐H) gain was observed in both groups (C6: 1.7 ± 0.8 mm; C60: 1.6 ± 1.2 mm; T6: 2.0 ± 0.7 mm; T60: 2.2 ± 0.9 mm). However, 1 furcation assessed as Class I six months after GTR therapy with a bioabsorbable barrier had progressed to Class III after 5 years, and in another patient, 5 years after placement of an ePTFE barrier, 1 furcation had lost all the CAL‐H gain that had been observed at 6 months. Subtraction analysis revealed similar area gain in both groups 6 and 60 months postsurgically (C6: 0.3 ± 0.5; C60 1.0 ± 1.7; T6: 0.4 ± 0.4; T60: 1.1 ± 1.7).Conclusions: CAL‐H gain achieved after GTR therapy in Class II furcations was stable after 5 years in 16 of 18 defects. The study failed to show a statistically significant difference in stability of CAL‐H gain between control and test groups 5 years after GTR therapy. J Periodontol 2001;72:35‐42.
Cigarette Smoking Negatively Affects Healing Response Following Flap Debridement Surgery
Authors: Scabbia Alessandro , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Sigurdsson Thorarinn J. , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Trombelli Leonardo 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of the present parallel design, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the treatment outcome following flap debridement surgery (FDS) in cigarette smokers compared to non‐smokers.Methods: After initial therapy, 57 systemically healthy subjects with moderate to advanced periodontitis who presented with one area (at least 3 teeth) where surgery was required were selected. Twenty‐eight patients (mean age: 39.6 years, 20 males) were smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day); 29 patients (mean age: 43.9 years, 7 males) were non‐smokers. Full‐mouth plaque (FMP) and bleeding on probing (BOP) scores, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession depth (RD) were assessed immediately before and 6 months following surgery. Only sites with presurgery PD ≥4 mm were used for statistical analysis.Results: Presurgery FMP and BOP were similar in smokers and non‐smokers and significantly decreased postsurgery in both groups. Overall, PD reduction and CAL gain were greater, although not significantly, in non‐smokers (2.4 ±0.9 mm and 1.6 ±0.7 mm, respectively) than in smokers (1.9 ±0.7 mm and 1.2 ±0.7 mm, respectively). For moderate sites (PD 4 to 6 mm), no significant differences in PD and CAL changes were found between groups. For deep sites (PD ≥7 mm), PD reduction was 3.0 ±1.0 mm in smokers and 4.0 ±0.8 mm in non‐smokers, and CAL gain amounted to 1.8 ±1.1 mm in smokers and 2.8 ±1.0 mm in nonsmokers (P = 0.0477). In smokers, 16% of deep sites healed to postsurgery PD values ≤3 mm as compared to 47% in non‐smokers (P = 0.0000); 58% of deep sites in smokers showed a CAL gain ≥2 mm, as compared to 82% in non‐smokers (P = 0.0000).Conclusions: Results of the study indicated that: 1) FDS determined a statistically significant PD reduction and CAL gain in patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis; 2) smokers exhibited a trend towards less favorable healing response following FDS compared to non‐smokers, both in terms of PD reduction and CAL gain; and 3) this trend reached clinical and statistical significance at sites with initial deep PD. J Periodontol 2001;72:43‐49.
Relationship of Sulcular Sulfide Level to Severity of Periodontal Disease and BANA Test
Authors: Morita Manabu , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: February 2005

Background: Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, are toxic metabolites produced by periodontal pathogens. Their relationship to periodontal disease severity is not yet fully understood. Hence, the aims of this study were to: 1) examine the relationship between sulcular sulfide (pS) levels and severity of periodontal disease and 2) examine the link between pS level and the BANA (benzoyl‐DLarginine‐naphthylamide) test.Methods: Seventy systemically healthy subjects with a mean age of 53.0 ± 13.8 years participated. Three sites were selected from each subject based upon radiographic bone loss (RBL): RBL <2 mm, healthy; RBL≥2 to <4, low to moderate; RBL≥4 mm, severe. Periodontal parameters, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP), were recorded. The pS level was measured using a portable sulfide monitor in a digital score ranging from 0.0 (<10‐7 M of S) to 5.0 (≥10‐2 M of S) in increments of 0.5. The presence of specific bacteria in subgingival plaque was detected using BANA test.Results: The mean pS level was 0.10 ± 0.23, 0.36 ± 0.48, and 1.10 ± 0.87 for healthy, low to moderate, and severe disease sites, respectively, and was statistically different (P <0.001). The pS level was positively correlated with the BANA test, and was higher in untreated subjects than maintenance subjects (P <0.01).Conclusions: The pS level may be a potential indicator for detecting severity of periodontal disease and identifying bacteria that are capable of hydrolyzing BANA. J Periodontol 2001; 72:74‐78.
Interactions of Lymphotoxin α (TNF‐β), Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme (ACE), and Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) Gene Polymorphisms in Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Hollá Lydie Izakovičová , Fassmann Antonín , Vašků Anna , Znojil Vladimír , Vaněk Jiří , Vácha Jiří 
Published: February 2005

Background: Adult periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease whose etiology is not well defined. To investigate whether the genes encoded within the HLA class III region may confer susceptibility to periodontitis, polymorphisms in the ET‐1 and TNF‐β genes were analyzed together with the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene.Methods: We determined allele and genotype frequencies of the NcoI bi‐allelic polymorphism of the TNF‐β gene, the I/D (insertion/deletion) polymorphism of the ACE gene, and the TaqI polymorphism of the ET‐1 gene in 63 Caucasian patients with adult periodontitis and 95 orally healthy controls.Results: We found a significant difference in a 3 locus combination of genotypes between patients and controls (P <0.05). In the next analyses, no significant differences were found in allele frequencies of single genes, but we did find a significant difference in the genotype distribution between cases and controls for TNF‐β (P <0.03). Differences were also observed for 2 locus combinations of ACE and TNF‐β genotypes (P <0.03), and the ET‐1 and TNF‐β (P <0.05) genes. Evidence of deviation from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium was observed in the periodontitis group for TNF‐β, with an absence of the B1B1 homozygotes in patients.Conclusions: This study is of an exploratory nature. Considering the number of significant results, however, at least a part of the observed associations may obviously be real and our findings suggest that interactions of the TNF‐β, ET‐1, and ACE genes may be involved in susceptibility to adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 2001;72:85‐89.
Tobacco Smoking and Neutrophil Activity in Patients With Periodontal Disease
Authors: Persson Lena , Bergström Jan , Ito Hiroshi , Gustafsson Anders 
Published: February 2005

Background: Tobacco smoking has considerable negative effects on periodontal health. The mechanisms behind these effects are incompletely understood but may be related to the host response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of tobacco smoking on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of elastase, lactoferrin (LF), α‐1‐antitrypsin (α‐1‐AT), and α‐2‐macroglobulin (α‐2‐MG) under periodontally diseased conditions.Methods: The study population included 15 smokers (5 women and 10 men) aged 34 to 69 years and 17 non‐smokers (5 women and 12 men) aged 31 to 81 years. Clinical registration of gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth, as well as sampling of GCF were made at 3 sites with severe lesions and 3 sites with moderate lesions in each individual. The elastase activity was measured with a chromogenic low molecular substrate and the LF, α‐1‐AT, and α‐2‐MG concentrations with ELISA.Results: The results showed that, with regard to severe lesions, smokers had a significantly lower concentration of α‐2‐MG as well as significantly lower total amounts of α‐2‐MG and α‐1‐AT than non‐smokers. With regard to moderate lesions, smokers tended to exhibit a lower concentration of α‐2‐MG, but the difference was not statistically significant. Comparing moderate and severe lesions, smokers exhibited no gradual increase with disease severity in contrast to non‐smokers, who showed significantly or almost significantly increased levels of LF and α‐2‐MG in severe as compared to moderate lesions.Conclusions: The present results indicate that the levels of α‐2‐MG and α‐1‐AT are suppressed in smokers with periodontitis, suggesting that smoking interferes with these protease inhibitors. This may be one mechanism by which smoking affects the inflammatory response. J Periodontol 2001;72:90‐95.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Early‐Onset Periodontitis: A Case Report
Authors: Worch Kai P. , Listgarten Max A. , Korostoff Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The diagnosis and treatment of earlyonset forms of periodontitis (EOP) represent a major challenge to periodontists. In this case report, we describe a multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of a patient with severe generalized juvenile periodontitis (GJP). Our approach incorporates clinical laboratory evaluation with conventional concepts of periodontal pathogenesis and therapeutics to diagnose and effectively treat EOP.Methods: The 17‐year‐old female patient presented with clinical and radiographic evidence of severe attachment loss. Microbiological testing showed the presence of known periodontal pathogens including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Routine immunological tests did not reveal any of the functional defects thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of EOP. After initiation of therapy, which consisted of scaling and root planing, supplemented with administration of systemic antibiotics, a reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment could be demonstrated. Microbiological testing was used to monitor the composition of the periodontal microbiota and to adjust antimicrobial therapy accordingly.Results: Using a non‐surgical approach to treatment, except for 2 root amputations performed without flap reflection, we have been able to stabilize this patient's periodontal condition over the course of a 2‐year follow‐up period.Conclusions: This treatment strategy provides an efficacious alternative to more aggressive forms of therapy and should therefore be considered for the treatment of patients with severe EOP. J Periodontol 2001;72:96–106.
Effect of Diode Laser Irradiation on the Attachment Rate of Periodontal Ligament Cells: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Kreisler Matthias , Meyer Christine , Stender Elmar , Daubländer Monika , Willershausen‐Zönnchen Britta , d'Hoedt Bernd 
Published: February 2005

Background: The present study is part of a basic research program investigating the cellular effects of an 810 nm GaAlAsdiode laser on human periodontal tissues. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the effects of laser treatment of root surface specimens on the attachment of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in vitro.Methods: Root specimens were prepared from periodontally diseased teeth. PDL cells were obtained from human third molar ligaments. Cells were cultured under simple, standardized, and reproducible experimental conditions. One hundred fifty root specimens were scaled and root planed with curets followed by air‐powder abrasive treatment; 75 were then lased and 75 served as controls. The irradiation time was 20 seconds at a power output of 1 W. The root segments were placed into culture dishes, covered with a solution of PDL cells, and incubated for 72 hours. The specimens were then washed with phosphate buffer to remove cells not attached to the surface, and the adherent cells were stained with methylene blue. Cells were counted using a reflected light microscope and the cell density per mm2 was calculated.Results: The analysis of 150 specimens revealed no signifi‐cant differences between the groups (P = 0.347, Wilcoxon test). The cell numbers, however, were slightly higher on laser specimens. The mean was 66 cells/mm2 in the laser group and 63.7 cells/mm2 in the control group.Conclusions: The application of the diode laser at the parameters used did not have a substantially positive effect on the new attachment of PDL cells on the tooth specimens. It remains to be investigated whether the difference detected is really clinically relevant. J Periodontol 2001;72:1312‐1317.
Phagocytosis of Fibronectin and Collagens Type I, III, and V by Human Gingival and Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts In Vitro
Authors: van der Pauw Monique T. , Van den Bos Theo , Everts Vincent , Beertsen Wouter 
Published: February 2005

Background: Electron microscopic studies have suggested that the volume density of collagen‐containing vacuoles in fibroblasts is higher in the periodontal ligament (PDL) than in the gingiva. Whether this difference reflects intrinsic differences in phagocytic capacity among the cells in these tissues is not known.Methods: PDL and gingival fibroblasts were isolated from subjects and cultured under identical conditions in the presence of fluorescent beads coated with collagen type I, III, or V or fibronectin. Control beads were coated with bovine serum albumin or an enamel matrix protein mixture that does not constitute part of the extracellular matrix of PDL and gingiva. After various time intervals (1 to 24 hours), the percentage of cells that had internalized beads was assessed by flow cytometry. Since alkaline phosphatase activity has been suggested to play a role in collagen phagocytosis, the activity of this enzyme was determined for all cell populations.Results: The results demonstrated the following order in the percentage of cells internalizing protein‐coated beads: fibronectin > collagen type I > III > V. Internalization of collagen type Icoated beads exceeded that of beads coated with bovine serum albumin or enamel matrix proteins by 6 and 3 times, respectively. No differences were observed in collagen phagocytic activity between PDL and gingival fibroblasts, and no relationship could be demonstrated between collagen phagocytosis and alkaline phosphatase activity.Conclusions: We conclude that differences in collagen phagocytosis between PDL and gingiva, as observed in vivo, are not likely to be explained in terms of intrinsic phagocytic capacities of these cells. J Periodontol 2001;72:1340‐1347.
Alveolar Bone Resorption Following Coronal Versus Apical Approach in a Mucoperiosteal Flap Surgery Procedure in the Rat Mandible
Authors: Binderman I. , Adut M. , Zohar R. , Bahar H. , Faibish D. , Yaffe A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: In several publications, we have reported that a distinct resorptive phase of alveolar bone developed during 3 weeks following elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap in rats by a coronal surgical approach. In the present study, we compared the alveolar bone loss after mucoperiosteal flap surgery by a coronal approach (COR) to a surgical approach incising the mucosa close to the tooth apices and separating the mucoperiosteum toward the tooth crown (apical approach, AP).Methods: Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into 2 experimental groups; each group consisted of 9 rats. In the first group, COR was performed on both buccal and lingual aspects on the right side of the rat mandible, while the left side served as a sham‐operated control. In the second experimental group, AP was performed.Results: In the AP group, the outer aspect (buccal or lingual) of the alveolar bone was slightly resorbed usually at the level where the mucosa was incised. In many sections, extensive modeling of new trabecular bone was seen, coronal to the surgical incision. On the contrary, the coronal surgical approach revealed an extensive resorptive phase, mainly of the periodontal aspect of the alveolar bone.Conclusions: The results of this study show that periodontal surgery by a coronal surgical approach stimulates a burst of remodeling of the alveolar bone in a very specific pattern. J Periodontol 2001;72:1348‐1353.
The Effect of an Immunosuppressive Therapy and Its Withdrawal on Bone Healing Around Titanium Implants. A Histometric Study in Rabbits
Authors: Duarte Poliana M. , Nogueira Filho Getúlio R. , Sallum Enilson A. , de Toledo Sérgio , Sallum Antonio W. , Nociti Francisco H. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Immunosuppressive agents have been recognized as a factor affecting bone metabolism. We investigated the consequences of the administration and withdrawal of cyclosporin A/nifedipine on bone around titanium implants to observe whether these changes occur and if they are reversible.Methods: Twenty‐eight New Zealand rabbits were included in the study. Following anesthesia, the tibiae surface was exposed, and 2 screw‐shaped implants 7.0 mm in length and 3.75 mm in diameter were placed bilaterally. The animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups and received daily subcutaneous injections for 14 days: groups A and C were injected with vehicle while groups B and D received cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg) plus nifedipine (0.5 mg/kg). Groups A and B were sacrificed 14 days and groups C and D 42 days postoperatively. The degree of bone contact with the implant surface and the bone area within the limits of the threads of the implant were measured.Results: Intergroup analysis revealed no significant difference (P >0.05) in the degree of bone contact with the implant surface between the control and test groups on days 14 and 42. In contrast, the treated animals demonstrated a significant (P <0.05) decrease in the bone area within the limits of the threads of the implant in both periods.Conclusions: The data of the present study suggest that the use of cyclosporin A/nifedipine may influence bone healing around titanium implants. This observation may have important clinical implications. J Periodontol 2001;72:1391‐1397.
Mechanisms of Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans‐Induced Expression of Interleukin‐8 in Gingival Epithelial Cells
Authors: Sfakianakis Andreas , Barr Charles E. , Kreutzer Don 
Published: February 2005

Background: Gingival epithelial cells (GEC) are the first cells of the periodontium to encounter known periodontal pathogens, such as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) and, therefore, the role of this pathogen in the initiation of the inflammatory response is critical. However, little is known about the interactions of A.a. with GEC. In the present study, the mechanisms by which extracts from A.a. induced expression of the chemotactic cytokine interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) in GEC, in vitro, were examined.Methods: An established GEC line, PP, was co‐cultured with sonicated extracts of A.a. under various in vitro experimental conditions, and the IL‐8 secretion was determined with enzymelinked immunosorbent assay.Results: A.a. extracts induced a time‐ and dose‐dependent expression of IL‐8 from the cells. Dose‐response studies indicated that the highest IL‐8 secretion (7‐fold, P <0.01) was at the level of 50 µg/ml of A.a. extract. Time‐course studies revealed a dramatic increase of IL‐8 expression after 12 hours of continuous stimulation. Pretreatment with polymyxin B (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] inhibitor) did not reduce the IL‐8 expression induced by A.a. extracts (P >0.10). The introduction of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB 203580 markedly inhibited (>75%, P <0.01) A.a.‐induced expression of IL‐8. It is concluded that A.a. extracts upregulated the basal IL‐8 expression in GEC.Conclusions: The effect was LPS‐independent and involved a p38 MAPK signal transducing pathway. Understanding mechanisms of proinflammatory cytokine induction is important in periodontal pathology as it may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for periodontitis, thus controlling host inflammatory responses. J Periodontol 2001;72:1413‐1419.