bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft Condensed Matter
Authors: Jones R A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physics of soft condensed matter is probably one of the most 'fashionable' areas in the physical sciences today. This book offers a coherent and clear introduction to the properties and behaviour of soft matter. It begins with a treatment of the general underlying principles: the relation of the structure and dynamics of solids and liquids to intermolecular forces, the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions, and the principles of self-assembly. Then the specific properties of colloids, polymers, liquid crystals and self-assembling amphiphilic systems are treated within this framework. A concluding chapter illustrates how principles of soft matter physics can be used to understand properties of biological systems. The focus on the essentials and the straightforward approach make the book suitable for students with either a theoretical or an experimental bias. The level is appropriate for final year undergraduates and beginning graduate students in physics, chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering.
Colloidal dispersions
Authors: Jones R A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A colloidal dispersion is a heterogeneous system in which particles of solid or droplets of liquid with dimensions of order 10 µm or less are dispersed in a liquid medium. Familiar examples of such systems include industrial and household products such as paints and inks, food products such as mayonnaise and ice cream, and biological fluids such as blood and milk. Colloidal dispersions are characterised by an extremely high area of interface; for example, if 1 kg of polymer is dispersed in water in the form of spheres of 200 nm radius (this is roughly what a 5 litre tin of emulsion paint contains, in addition to pigment and some other ingredients), the total area of of interface between water and polymer is around 15 000 m2. Associated with this area of interface is a substantial amount of interfacial energy, and one has to ask the question why the polymer particles do not combine to form larger aggregates to reduce this interfacial energy.
Molecular order in soft condensed matterliquid crystallinity
Authors: Jones R A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the materials that are studied in the field of ‘hard’ condensed matter physics – metals, semiconductors, and ceramics – are crystalline; the atoms or molecules of which they are composed are arranged with near-perfect longranged order over distances that are many orders of magnitude greater than the distance between molecules. Single crystals of metals or semiconductors of macroscopic size are not uncommon, but even where these materials are described as ‘polycrystalline’ the fraction of the molecules that does not partake in the long-ranged order is very small (though, of course, this small fraction of atoms associated with grain boundaries and defects such as dislocations may have an effect on bulk properties out of proportion to their number). The situation in soft condensed matter is rather different.
Introduction
Authors: Blundell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the manifestation of magnetism in condensed matter. Solids contain magnetic moments which can act together in a cooperative way and lead to behaviour that is quite different from what would be observed if all the magnetic moments were isolated from one another. This, coupled with the diversity of types of magnetic interactions that can be found, leads to a surprisingly rich variety of magnetic properties in real systems. The plan of this book is to build up this picture rather slowly, piece by piece.
Group theory and the quark model
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei , Li Ling-Fong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This problem illustrates the special property of the SU(2) representations, their being equivalent to their complex conjugate representations. For every 2 × 2 unitary matrix U with unit determinant, show that there exists a matrix S which connects U to its complex conjugate matrix U* through the similarity transformation
Principles of Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Authors: Schweiger Arthur , Jeschke Gunnar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explains the foundations of pulse EPR, a field of spectroscopy which has now come of age and has found widespread application in investigations of structure, dynamics, and function of biological systems and synthetic materials. For the first time a systematic overview of the whole field is given, including coverage of Fourier-transform EPR, relaxation measurements, electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM), pulse electron- nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), pulse electron-electron double resonance (ELDOR), transient nutation, and a number of advanced techniques. Researchers approaching the field will find here the basic theory as well as a description and critical evaluation of the existing methods needed for selecting the proper experiment, conducting it, and analysing the results. The experienced researcher active in the field should find this book a useful reference and a guide to adapting EPR pulse sequences to new problems.
Manipulation of electron and nuclear spins
Authors: Schweiger Arthur , Jeschke Gunnar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many pulse EPR experiments are performed to separate or correlate interactions in the spin Hamiltonian. In this chapter we show that this goal can be achieved by applying external perturbations to suppress certain terms of the Hamiltonian or to correlate selected sets of transitions in the spin system. The principles of manipulating spin states by m.w. and r.f. radiation are discussed in §6.1, where pulses are classified according to their transition selectivity. Descriptions are given for the different types of pulses. In §6.2 we examine the basic elements of pulse EPR sequences and consider the technical limitations of applying external perturbations. These elements are then composed to create building blocks (§6.3) which can be combined to pulse sequences in a modular fashion. We distinguish between three types of experiments; (a) polarization transfer experiments (§6.4) where the information about the spin system is contained in the polarization of the electron and nuclear spins; (b) electron coherence-transfer experiments (§6.5), where electron coherence evolves on allowed or forbidden EPR transitions and is transferred between these transitions; and (c) nuclear coherence-transfer experiments (§6.6), where nuclear coherence evolves on nuclear transitions and is transferred between them.
Fourier transform EPR
Authors: Schweiger Arthur , Jeschke Gunnar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in §§5.2.1 and 7.1 that an EPR spectrum can be obtained by FT of the FID observed after excitation of the spin system with a short m.w. pulse. In this chapter we discuss the technical requirements for such an FT EPR experiment and examine in which situations it is the method of choice (§9.1). Special emphasis is given to experiments on transient species where the high time resolution of FT EPR is of particular interest (§9.2). Based on the concept of 2D correlation spectroscopy, introduced in §5.1.5, we present 2D FT EPR experiments which are suitable for studying the detailed mechanisms of spin exchange and of slow molecular reorientation (§9.3). We also discuss echo-detected versions of such 2D experiments which can be applied to species with inhomogeneously broadened EPR spectra.
Intracellular effects of cell surface-localized initiation of blood coagulation
Authors: Pringle Serena , Prydz Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of tissue factor (TF) in blood coagulation has been known for more than a hundred years. In the early 1970s, TF was shown to be an integral membrane protein of molecular weight around 50 k Da. Cloning revealed the mature protein to consist of 263 amino acids organized into three distinct parts: a 219 amino acid extracellular region of two -pleated sheets, a hydrophobic transmembrane segment of 23 amino acids, and a short 21 amino acid cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular domain contains three possible glycosylation sites, which are not required for TF pro-coagulant function but may have a regulatory function in cell surface expression of the molecule.
First-order asymptotic theory
Authors: Severini Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 3.7 several commonly used likelihood-based statistical methods were described. These methods typically require the determination of the probability distribution of some statistic; for instance, to use the likelihood ratio test, the distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic under the null hypothesis is needed. Although exact results are available in certain special cases, a general theory of likelihood-based statistical inference must rely on asymptotic approximations.In this chapter, we consider the first-order asymptotic theory of likelihood-based methods. The first-order theory uses approximations based on the central limit theorem. In Chapter 5, higher-order asymptotic theory is considered; the higher-order theory uses approximations based on either an Edge worth expansion or a saddle point approximation. In Chapter 6, the approximation of conditional distributions given an ancillary statistic is discussed.
Higher-order asymptotic theory
Authors: Severini Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the problem of constructing higher-order asymptotic approximations to the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimate, the likelihood ratio test statistic, and related quantities. Two basic methods are considered: Edge worth expansions and saddle point approximations. Edge worth expansions are discussed in Sections 5.3–5.5 and saddle point approximations are discussed in Section 5.6; approximations for the conditional distribution of likelihood-based quantities given an ancillary statistic will be considered in Chapter 6.
Space-time diagrams and the foundations of special relativity
Authors: Ellis George F R , Williams Ruth M , Carfora Mauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Space and time are notions familiar to everyone. We shall explore the way in which they form a single entity called space-time, firstly according to the ordinary everyday view of how events occur (i.e. according to Newtonian theory). In later sections we shall examine the space-time description of relativity theory.
Methods for estimating dispersal probabilities and related parameters using marked animals
Authors: Bennetts Robert E , Nichols James D , Lebreton Jean-Dominique , Pradel Roger , Hines James E , Kitchens Wiley M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deriving valid inferences about the causes and consequences of dispersal from empirical studies depends largely on our ability reliably to estimate parameters associated with dispersal. Here, we present a review of the methods available for estimating dispersal and related parameters using marked individuals. We emphasize methods that place dispersal in a probabilistic framework. In this context, we define a dispersal event as a movement of a specified distance or from one predefined patch to another, the magnitude of the distance or the definition of a ‘patch’ depending on the ecological or evolutionary question(s) being addressed.
Invasion fitness and adaptive dynamics in spatial population models
Authors: Ferrière Régis , Galliard Jean-Fran9ois Le 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disentangling proximate and ultimate factors of dispersal and assessing their relative effects requires an appropriate measure of fitness. Yet there have been few theoretical attempts to define fitness coherently from demographic ‘first principles’, when space-related traits such as dispersal are adaptive. In this chapter, we present the framework of adaptive dynamics and argue that invasion fitness is a robust concept accounting for ecological processes that operate at the individual level.
The landscape context of dispersal
Authors: Wiens John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dispersal is usually considered in terms of movement from one location and the consequences of arriving at other locations. Movement between these locations is often viewed as a linear process, on which the characteristics of the intervening area have little effect. The area between the beginning and ending of dispersal, however, is not a featureless matrix of unsuitable habitat, but is instead a richly textured mosaic of patches of different shapes, sizes, arrangements, and qualities: a landscape.
Dispersal, individual phenotype, and phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Murren Courtney J , Julliard Romain , Schlichting Carl D , Clobert Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We examine the role of phenotypic plasticity (genetically controlled response to the environment) in dispersal decisions from two perspectives. Specifically, we examine the alternatives ‘to stay’ or ‘to go’ from the standpoint of the offspring and the maternal parent. For an offspring, phenotypic plasticity may play an important role in determining whether the decision is to remain philopatric or to disperse to a new location.
Population dynamic consequences of dispersal in local populations and in metapopulations
Authors: Hanski Ilkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two most fundamental population dynamic consequences of dispersal at the level of local populations and metapopulations are, respectively, population regulation via density-dependent emigration and large-scale persistence of classical metapopulations due to the establishment of new populations by immigrants. Dispersal has many additional significant population dynamic ramifications. In the case of small populations, emigration may substantially increase the risk of local extinction, while immigration may reduce it.
Structure of materials
Authors: Dove Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will explore some of the principles that govern the way atoms can be packed together to form simple crystal structures. The main principles here are geometric in origin, concerned with packing atoms of different sizes or with specific bond geometries. The bond geometry will lead to the formation of simple structural units containing small groups of atoms, and the structures are then determined by the way that these small units can link together. The geometric viewpoint has some degree of simplification in it, but this can be seen as having some merit since the essence of physics is to look for simplifying principles that can get part way towards an understanding. To properly understand issues associated with structure we need to look in more detail at the nature of the interatomic bonding, which we will consider in Chapter 5.
Atomic bonding in crystals
Authors: Dove Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diversity of crystal structures is due to the factors associated with bonding. We have met four different types of crystal structures for materials containing equal numbers of two types of atoms (NaCl, CsCl, cubic and hexagonal ZnS). There is a plethora of structures for materials of the general form AB2. We have met the cubic structure of CaF2, and we have noted that SiO2 can be found in many different structures. The high-pressure phase of SiO2 has the rutile structure of TiO2, and this compound exists in other different crystal structures. Part of the rationalization for the different structure types comes from the relative sizes of the atoms. However, this only tells part of the story. It is known that under different conditions of temperature or pressure the same substance can exist in different structures, in which case relative sizes of atoms are not the overriding factor. Bonding is more complex an issue than the simple packing of spheres into the most efficient arrangements, although some aspects of atomic bonding may reduce to this. In this chapter we explore some of the issues associated with how different aspects of binding lead to the stabilities of crystal structures. We have to start from the study of equilibrium thermodynamics, since this provides a ‘broad brush’ understanding of crystal stability. The details of bonding, which we will then go on to discuss, link the macroscopic general principles to the specific interatomic interactions.
Diffraction
Authors: Dove Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having explored many of the principles of crystal structures, we now need to consider how crystal structures can be determined. Inevitably this information is obtained by the use of beams of radiation. The strict requirement is that the wavelength of the radiation will need to be smaller than typical interatomic distances if there is to be adequate resolution in the reconstructed image of the atoms in the crystal. There are several candidate beams, such as electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray spectrum, beams of electrons, or beams of neutrons. Here we meet wave–particle duality with a vengeance.
Physical Properties
Authors: Dove Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are used to thinking about the physical properties of materials in terms of scalar quantities, such as volume and energy.These will vary as the external conditions are changed. Simple examples are the coefficient of volumeexpansion,or the compressibility, We also understand that some properties can have a vector form. For example,the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material is a vector quantity. Moreover,some external stimuli have the nature as vectors and give a response that can be described as a vector.
Lattice Dynamics
Authors: Dove Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point in the book we have paid no attention to the motions of atoms in solids. Without so doing we have achieved a considerable level of understanding of the properties and behaviour of solids. There are, however, a number of issues that we cannot begin to tackle without considering dynamics. These include the whole area of thermodynamics, including phase stability.For example, the stable phase of any material is that for which the free energy is a minimum.
Anharmonic interactions
Authors: Dove Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic harmonic model theory of lattice dynamics developed in Chapters 8 and 9 has proven to be extremely powerful. It has enabled an understanding of a wide range of basic phenomena, such as the propogation of sound waves, thermodynamic properties, and interaction of radiation such as light, X-rays, and neutron beams with crystalline matter (Chapter 10). It has provided the link between the microscopic interatomic interactions introduced in Chapter 5, as represented by the force constants, and these phenomena. The harmonic model is also very useful as a predictive tool, for example facilitating the prediction of thermodynamic properties. However, there are some phenomena that cannot be explained within the limits of the harmonic approximation. These include thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, the temperature dependence of phonon frequencies, and corresponding macroscopic properties (such as dielectric and elastic constants), the observation that phonons appear to have finite lifetimes, and the existence of displacive phase transitions. It is the purpose of this chapter to look at how the basic harmonic model can be modified to account for these phenomena.
Displacive Phase Transitions
Authors: Dove Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many applications of the solid state sciences exploit the electronic or mechanical properties of solids. The important materials are metals or semiconducting materials. These materials tend to have relatively simple crystal structures, such as the cubic and hexagonal structures we met in Chapter 2 (fcc, hcp, diamond, NaCl, and ZnS structures), and interest is focused more on the behaviour of the electrons than on the behaviour of the atoms per se . On the other hand, there are many properties of materials that depend on some degree of complexity of the crystal structure, and on its anisotropy (Chapter 7), and these can be significantly enhanced if the material undergoes a phase transition at some temperature. This is particularly true for dielectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric properties.
Introduction
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Midsummer Night’s Dream is Shakespeare’s quintessential comedy. It is a tale of several very different sets of people whose lives become bizarrely intertwined in the course of a hectic summer night. There is a gaggle of lovers in conflict, the court of a king, and a crew of ludicrous commoners, as well as a whole kingdom of spirits. Within all of these groups, the key characters’ goals are, for different reasons, frustrated. As they seek to right their problems, their situations become un wittingly and ever more strangely interlocked, until finally, in the inevitable denouement of a marriage feast, order is restored. The audience goes home happy.
From Disease to Difference and Back Again
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about mental disorders. In particular, I will be concerned with those severe mental disorders that come under the label ‘psychosis’. Psychosis is the modern psychiatric term for what in earlier eras was called madness, insanity, or, implying a link to the phases of the moon, lunacy. It is that state of mind where a person’s feelings or beliefs about himself, his fellows, and the world in general are completely disrupted, making him unable to function in whatever social role husband, parent, friend, employee-he might expect to enjoy.
From Nature to Nurture and Back Again
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emil Kraepelin, as well as defining the major psychoses, began the study of heredity in mental disorder. That there might be an inherited factor had already been suspected for some time. Following the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859 and Descent of Man in 1871, there was wide spread interest in heredity as the nineteenth century drew to a close. It was Darwin’s cousin, Francis Galton, who had largely developed the idea that the human temperament was passed on through nature rather than nurture.
Introduction to mesoscopic physics
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mesoscopic physics refers to the physics of structures larger than a nanometer (one billionth of a meter) but smaller than a micrometer (one millionth of a meter). This size range is the stage on which the exciting new research on submicroscopic and electronic and mechanical devices is being done. This research often crosses the boundary between physics and engineering, since engineering such tiny electronic components requires a firm grasp of quantum physics. Applications for the future may include such wonders as microscopic robot surgeons that travel through the blood stream to repair clogged arteries, submicroscopic actuators and builders, and supercomputers that fit on the head of a pin. The world of the future is being planned and built by physicists, engineers, and chemists working in the microscopic realm. This book can be used as the main text in a course on mesoscopic physics or as a supplementary text in electronic devices, semiconductor devices, and condensed matter physics courses. For this new edition, the author has substantially updated and modified the material especially of chapters 3: Dephasing, 8: Noise in mesoscopic systems, and the concluding chapter 9.