bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mammalian growth requires vitamin A. A mixed diet apparently satisfactory in energy and all other nutrients will not sustain growth, vigor, or life in a young animal without a minimum amount of vitamin A. This discovery, made eighty years ago by McCollum and Davis and almost concurrently by Osborne and Mendell, provoked an enduring interest in the nature, timing and sequence, mechanisms, conditioning factors, and consequences of vitamin A deficiency. As a result, the growth response to changes in vitamin A nutriture has been reliably established in several animal models. Inevitably, this has proven difficult to study in children due to the numerous influences on their growth that are difficult to control.
The basic growth response to vitamin A in well-controlled animal experiments provides insight into this relationship in children. More important, it also establishes approximate thresholds at which vitamin A deficiency may restrict child growth, other factors remaining stable.
Biochemistry of Vitamin A and Carotenoids
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of the biochemistry of vision developed much more rapidly than that of cellular differentiation. Since the identification in 1987 of nuclear receptors for retinoic acid that induce gene expression, however, we have been rapidly gaining insight into the nature of the latter process. Our past and present knowledge about vitamin A and carotenoids has been summarized elsewhere.
Nature, insofar as possible, protects us from the ill effects of both inadequate and excessive intakes of the vitamin. The physiological and biochemical processes underlying this protection are described in this chapter.
Vitamin A and more than 600 carotenoids have been crystallized and fully characterized by a variety of chemical and physical methods. Furthermore, vitamin A and many of its analogs, as well as selected carotenoids, have been synthesized chemically from simple, readily available precursors. Mainly because of the structure of conjugated double bonds that are characteristic of both vitamin A and carotenoids, these substances are sensitive to oxidation.
The Relationship between lmmunocompetence and Vitamin A Status
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A role for vitamin A in maintaining the structure and function of the immune system was recognized in very general terms as early as the 1920s. Based on a comprehensive light-microscopic study of vitamin A-deficient rats, Wolbach and Howe1 concluded that deficiency is associated with marked morphological alterations in the epithelia of numerous organs (e.g., the trachea and cornea). The tissues of vitamin A-deficient rats showed abnormal keratinization in place of the normal mucus-secreting phenotype, and abnormal flattening (squamous metaplasia) in place of the normal columnar or cuboidal form. In the lymphoid organs, thymic atrophy was observed with advanced vitamin A deficiency, and cellular changes indicative of accumulation of debris were described in the lymph nodes. Wolbach and Howe commented that these epithelial changes occurred quite apart from evidence of infection. A few years later, Green and Mellanby reported that vitamin A-deficient rats often died with histopathologic evidence of infection, in contrast to their well-nourished counterparts. From a study of morbidity and mortality in rats infected with a specific pathogen (paratyphoid bacillus), Lassen concluded that both vitamin A-deficient and control rats became infected, but that few of the vitamin A-deficient rats recovered from their infection.
The Genetic Epidemiology of Alcoholism1-33
Authors: Hesselbrock Victor M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic epidemiology is a relatively new discipline that seeks to unravel the sources of family resemblance. It focuses on the etiology, distribution, and control of diseases in biologically related individuals and on the inherited causes of diseases in populations. Both biological and cultural inheritance are subsumed under the rubric of “inherited.” Cultural inheritance is defined to include any social, behavioral, nutritional, or other factor that is nonrandomly distributed among families. Further, the set of relatives investigated may be as closely related as twins or as extended in relationship as a particular ethnic group (Morton, 1982). As such, genetic epidemiology provides a strong theoretical and methodological background for the study of the genetic basis of alcoholism, including the transmission of alcohol-related problems from affected parents to their offspring.
Genetic Determinants of Alcoholic Subtypes
Authors: Hesselbrock Michie N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally accepted that not all alcoholics are alike. Alcoholics are heterogeneous in terms of the etiology of their disorder, their demographic characteristics, alcohol use patterns and history, presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and patterns of other substance use. Different family backgrounds, different rearing environments, and a variety of biological, social, and psychiatric problems are also associated with chronic alcohol use. These factors may influence treatment-seeking behavior, treatment outcomes, and the life course of alcoholism. Over the years researchers and clinicians have sought ways to describe and synthesize the wide range of behavior patterns and the variety of problems resulting from alcohol abuse in a systematic and structured manner.
The Hero-King
Authors: Walker Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A considerable portion of the myth of Theseus is devoted to his image as a youth on the verge of manhood, someone who has yet to prove himself as a hero, but the death of his father makes him the king of Athens. As a young ephebe, he is ipso facto a marginal figure, but even when he is presented as a mature hero, Athenian myth must come to terms with the in congruity of having a king in a polis, especially in the eternally democratic polis of Athens. Even as an adult hero, he is still an anomalous figure who can only with considerable difficulty be integrated into the world of the polis.
The Democratic Ruler
Authors: Walker Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his work, The Republic, Cicero tells how Cato often used to compare the constitution of Rome with those of the Greek states. Cato would criticize the latter because they were created at one moment in time by a single legislator, whereas the Roman constitution developed little by little through the ages, and it grew like an organic being while remaining always the same. Both the Athenian constitution is the worst of all. The others may be a bit simplistic, being the work of one man, but Athens has had dozens of constitutions so that it is practically impossible to name all the legislators who were involved in it.
The Aging Gut
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, the 65 and over age group is the fastest growing sector of the population and currently numbers about 30 million. According to careful population projections, by the year 2050 one out of every eight of us will be 75 years or older. What effect does the normal aging process have on our gastrointestinal tract? As we age, many of us lose weight despite a good appetite, a good diet, and the absence of any obvious diseases of the intestine or other parts of the body. Part of this is because the intestine does not function as effectively as it did in earlier years, and we consequently absorb less of our intestinal contents. The long list of substances that the body may no longer absorb as well as it once did includes vitamin Bl and B12, vitamin D, vitamin A and its precursor substance beta-carotene, and folic acid (the vitamin needed to build red blood cells and hemoglobin).
The Abdominal Pain Without a Name
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are, unfortunately, instances in which someone complains of a chronic abdominal pain for which no cause is found, even after a prolonged serious search is made. Not only the pain, but the fact that our doctors cannot give us a diagnostic label for the cause, increases our anxiety. Fortunately, these cases are uncommon, but not so rare as to be unusual. Sometimes the cause of the original problem clears up but the pain persists. Other times, all disease has been removed by abdominal surgery, yet pain persists. It is like the pain of a “phantom limb”: the limb is gone but the pain persists. Sufferers go from doctor to doctor and submit to endless repetition of uninformative tests seeking relief. The pain without a name is no joke.
Introduction
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When We Sang “Dixie” in assembly at my elementary school in the early 1950s, I always wondered why we were saying “away down South” when we were already in Georgia, about as “down South” as you could get. I would have been really confused, I’m sure, had I known then that this song, which a bunch of southern white kids were belting out with such fervor, was supposedly written by an Ohioan of Irish descent and first performed in blackface on Broadway in 1859. Only years later would I understand that the initial popularity of “Dixie” among New Yorkers had reflected an already well-established tendency among northern whites to see the South as a primitive and exotic land distinctly apart from the rest of America. The subsequent metamorphosis of this otherwise unremarkable little minstrel ditty into the favorite marching anthem, first of fire-eating secessionists and then of fire-breathing segregationists, testified as well to the readiness of white southerners to embrace and defend even the most controversial aspects of their region’s distinctiveness.
Cavalier and Yankee: The origins of southern “otherness”
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like All Questions Of Identity, the point at which “southern” began to convey sociocultural as well as geographic distinctions is largely a matter of perception. Initially, the American colonies were most likely to be divided between the “eastern” colonies of New England and the”southern” ones, which included the remainder stretching from New York all the way down to Georgia. Gradually, however, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware became the “middle” colonies, leaving “southern” to apply only to Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.
The Southern Renaissance and the Revolt against the New South Creed
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daniel J. Singal has pointed to the pervasive influence of the New South Creed and its role in retarding the growth of intellectual modernism in the region. Because it was grounded so firmly and rigidly in a carefully constructed historical narrative, the weight of New South orthodoxy fell heavily on an emerging cadre of southern historians who faced especially strong pressure to fit their version of the region’s past within the framework of the New South identity. To question the New South Creed’s historical tenets “at any point,” C. Vann Woodward explained, “was not only to make judgments about history, but to pass judgment on the legitimacy of the social order sustained by the assumptions questioned.” Consequently, the early postbellum generations of southern historians were expected to occupy themselves with “vindicating, justifying, rationalizing, and often celebrating the present order;’ and as the outspoken John Spencer Basset pointed out in 1897, anyone who failed to do so faced “denunciation as a traitor and a mercenary defiler of his birthplace.”
The Mind of the South
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Literary And Scholarly Participants in the Southern Renaissance were not alone in their struggle to understand the relationship between past and present in a society that seemed to be hurtling irreversibly toward a showdown with the forces of change. As the region struggled to rise from the depths of the Great Depression only to teeter on the brink of World War II, other southerners poured out thoughtful and yet intensely personal, emotionally freighted impressions of the South as it had been, as it was now, and as they hoped or feared it might become.
Blackness and Southernness: African Americans Look South Toward Home
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty-Seven Years After Her Arrival as one of the first two black students at the University of Georgia had helped trigger a riot, Charlayne Hunter-Gault came back to address the graduating class of 1988. Though not nearly so dramatic as her first appearance on campus, her return on this occasion was in some ways no less significant. She was speaking at commencement, but her remarks would have been equally appropriate for homecoming. Hunter-Gault established this theme at the outset, noting in language that contrasted starkly with the hateful rhetoric-”Two, four, six, eight, We don’t want to integrate, Eight, six four, two, We don’t want no jigaboo”-that had greeted her on her initial visit to the campus, that it was “good to be back home again. In a place that I have always thought of as’our place.”‘ If, on the one hand, Hunter-Gault’s remarks were remarkably gracious and even conciliatory, they were also noteworthy in the matter-of-factness with which she assured her mostly southern white listeners that the South was her home, too.
Divided By A Common Past: History And Identity: History And Identity In The Contemporary South
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By The End Of The Twentieth Century, a common desire among both blacks and whites to reclaim their sense of regional identity seemed to have the potential to further racial reconciliation in the South. W. J. Cash had argued, “Negro entered into white man as profoundly as white man entered into Negro” in the South, and Ralph Ellison put it more succinctly when he insisted, shortly before his death in 1994, that “you can’t be Southern without being black and you can’t be a black Southerner without being white.” Charlayne Hunter-Gault assured her largely white audience at the University of Georgia in 1988 that the South was the nation’s only “true melting pot;’ insisting that regardless of race, southerners were “sui generis in the way we talk, our preference for fried food, and, above all, our manifest humility as we fulfill our hopes and dreams.” ‘‘As we shared our destiny,” she added, perhaps a bit wishfully, “we came to know each other in new aspects, and I believe we came to acknowledge and respect both each other’s abilities and each other’s ways of life.”
Nice Work: Thoughts and Observations on Gershwin’s Last Songs
Authors: Gilbert Steven E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the two years between the premiere of Porgy and Bess and the end of his life, George Gershwin returned to writing songs. With one exception“By Strauss,” the sole Gershwin contribution to the 1936 revue The Show Is On, whose skillful and subtle parody of nineteenth-century cliche gives lie to canards about what Gershwin did not know-these songs were written for films: Shall We Dance and A Damsel in Distress (both 1937 and both starring Fred Astaire), and The Goldwyn Follies (1938). Posthumous scores for The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1946) and Kiss Me, Stupid (1964) were assembled by Ira Gershwin and, in the first of these, Kay Swift from previously written songs and sketches.
The Medical Mandarins
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This wide-ranging and imaginative book examines the social and scientific role of the French Academy of Medicine from its creation in 1820 to the outbreak of the Second World War. The first chapters focus on the institution and its activities, including the evaluation of medical innovations and the cultivation of professional memory through eulogies and institutional art. Weisz argues that the Academy was gradually transformed from a low-status public institution that was central to French medical science in the nineteenth century to an “establishment” institution largely irrelevant to medical science but playing a key role in public health policy. The second half of the book uses the activities and literary productions of the Academy to explore broader issues of medical history. The Academy’s role in the regulation and scientific study of mineral waters illuminates processes of discipline formation in medical science and explores the therapeutic specificity of French medicine. Academic debates are used to investigate the appropriation of new research techniques like animal experimentation and quantification in therapeutic reasoning. Academic eulogies provide a starting point for the evolving medical and scientific reputation of Laennec, the inventor of ausculation, Using techniques of prosopography applied to the membership of the Academy, Weisz goes on to analyze the role of the Parisian medical elite in French medicine and its social place within the French bourgeoisie. His concluding chapter examines the emerging self-images of this Parisian elite in academic eulogies.
Academic Debate and Therapeutic Reasoning in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having examined academic debates as a scientific genre (Chapter 3), I go on in this chapter to analyze a number of therapeutic debates that occupied the Academy of Medicine in the mid-nineteenth century. By concentrating on this “golden age” of academic debate, I hope to cast some light on three aspects of medicine in nineteenth century France. First, I am interested in the nature of therapeutic reasoning, a task which remains complex and messy in our own day. Second, I will be particularly concerned with the ways in which members of the Parisian medical elite, in the multi disciplinary setting of the academy, succeeded or failed in reaching consensus about scientific “facts” at a time when medical science was undergoing what can be de scribed only as a medical revolution. Finally, I am interested in the influence that the Parisian medical elite, and the Academy of Medicine in particular, wielded over French medical science.
Ethical Theory and Medical Ethics
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both popular and professional language, the terms moral and ethical are used in several senses. Public officials are sometimes guilty of “unethical” behavior, while people who violate a law dealing with sexual activity are arrested on “morals” charges. College courses on ethics are often taught by moral philosophers. Although moral is sometimes used as a word of praise, as in “She is a very moral person,” on other occasions it has a wider and more neutral meaning, as in “Euthanasia is a moral issue.”
1919–1920
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The armistice was less than a year old when the next season began. The nation as a whole was looking forward to a period of peace and prosperity. But not everything was rosy. President Wilson, strenuously fighting for a League of Nations to maintain world stability, suffered a stroke-details of which were withheld from the public. But his partisan opponents in Congress, more aware of the seriousness of his illness, seized on it to scuttle America’s interest in and cooperation with the new body. High-minded or simply snobbish conservative groups and uglier reactionary ones on the order of the Ku Klux Klan were recruiting and becoming vocal. American clergymen, smug in the reflected glory of victory, urged a new sort of “preparedness”-this time preaching a crusade to destroy the forces of immorality. And no small number of those forces, they insisted, were controlling influences in the theatre. John Roach Straton, pastor of New York’s Calvary Baptist Church, typifying the sanctimonious meddlers, took pen in hand to write in Theatre that the stage must be placed under “proper control” because “the three greatest foundation stones of our Anglo-Saxon civilization ... the home, the purity of women, and the sanctity of the Sabbath” were gravely imperiled by modern plays. He instructed readers: “You will let the editors of your newspapers know what you think of their ‘dramatic critics,’ when they give a clean bill of health . . . to performances that dig up unspeakable moral filth,’’ and he exhorted those who continued to read to “never cease” their efforts until they have “rescued” the drama from “the unholy hands that today are strangling it to death.” Theatre lovers and theatre folk naturally demurred, although some oldtimers, such as Daniel Frohman, did lament that “romance and sentiment” had been supplanted by “sex and sensation.” The political left was also increasingly active, as Broadway would learn all too soon, with labor unions flexing their muscles and more extreme idealists extolling the promises of a new Russia in place of the genuine achievements of an older America. Of course, the economy was not all that it should be. The withdrawal of wartime farm subsidies began a precipitous slide in farm incomes, and by 1920 a post-war recession, which hit bottom in 1921, was apparent even at some box offices (although most straight plays were able to ask for and get a $3.30 top). Soon after, the economy seemed to rebound, albeit its underlying problems were ignored. So in the short run self-righteous troublemakers were more of a nuisance to the theatre . than were cash flow problems. Indeed, though the 1920s technically would not begin until January of 1921, the “Roaring 1\venties”-that “Era of Wonderful Nonsense,’’ those “Annees folles” as the French would eventually call them-were under way.
1923–1924
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One fine season followed another. Late in the new theatrical year, Variety, surveying the crop of attractions available to theatregoers at the moment, characterized it as “of the first order.” In his annual Best Plays, Burns Mantle commented, “The general quality of the drama was higher than it ever has been before. There were fewer trivial plays and . . . of cheap farces there were practically none at all.” The number of productions inched up, while ticket prices held steady or, in a few instances, tried some inching up of their own. However, while the season was busy from beginning to end, its early months brought in few major successes. Bucking historical patterns, most of them came in later. And for all the season’s excellences, there was no standout hit, no runaway smash.
1951-1952
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitatively the number of novelties held steady in the new season. But although the Daily News’s John Chapman, writing as editor of the Best Plays series, thought the theatrical year had been “not too bad,” he acknowledged that his colleagues generally put a less kind value on it. The public apparently agreed with the dissenters. Only one play ran for more than a year, and only four others ran even six months, with one of these, Gigi, still ending up in the loss column despite 219 performances. Seasons rarely got off to flying starts, and this season was no exception. Echoing one of last year’s features, it began with a London hit that found no welcome on Broadway. Aimee Stuart’s Lace on Her Petticoat (9- 4-51, Booth) was set in 1890 Scotland and examined the problem of class distinctions.