bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Heterobasidion annosum in precommercial thinning stumps in coastal British Columbia
Authors: Morrison D. J. , Johnson A. L. S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryConiferous stumps in 83 stands in coastal British Columbia were sampled 3‐5 years after precommercial thinning. The percentage of stumps and surface area colonized by Heterobasidion annosum were determined for 25 stumps of each species in each 5‐cm diameter class present in each stand. There were significant differences among species in the percentages of stumps and surface area colonized, with Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) having the lowest values, amabilis fir (Abies amabilis) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) the highest and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) being intermediate. For stumps of each species 5–20 cm in diameter, both the percentage of stumps and surface area colonized increased with increasing diameter. In stumps that were grafted to an adjacent tree, there was decreased incidence of H. annosum for Douglas‐fir and Sitka spruce and increased incidence for western hemlock and amabilis fir. There were trends in the percentage of stumps and area colonized for season of thinning and biogeoclimatic subzones with the values for most species decreasing as the amount of precipitation increased. Colonization of precommercial thinning stumps by H. annosum occurs throughout the coastal region of British Columbia, and this will increase the amount of inoculum and will likely increase the incidence of butt rot. The results of this study suggest that the increase in inoculum can be minimized by thinning before age 15, by cutting only trees less than 10 cm in diameter and by thinning during low risk seasons.
Susceptibility of species of Juglans to pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Belisario A. , Zoina A. , Pezza L. , Luongo L. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryBacterial blight is considered one of the most serious diseases affecting the genus Juglans. Artificial inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Juglandis were performed in the field by spraying seedlings of Juglans cinerea, Juglans hindsii, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans nigra, Juglans regia and Juglans sieboldiana. Juglans nigra, J. cinerea ana J. sieboldiana proved to be the most resistant. The multiplication ability of Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina, X. c. pv. juglandis, and X. c. pv. campestris was evaluated by injecting 2‐year‐old seedling leaves of J. mandshurica, J. nigra and J. regia. The bacterial growth was monitored in the infected tissue over 12 days. Xanthomonas c. pv. juglandis exhibited a high growth rate and induced black greasy spots in J. mandshurica and J. regia; X. c. pv. campestris grew in leaf tissues without inducing symptoms, X. c. pv. corylina showed a very low growth rate. None of the tested bacterial strains multiplied in the leaves of J. nigra. This confirms the results obtained in the field tests. Juglans regia was the most susceptible among the walnut species tested.
Involvement of phytoplasmas in a decline of Ulmus chenmoui in Central Italy
Authors: SFALANGA A. , MARTINI M. , SURICO G. , BERTACCINI A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTo verify the role of phytoplasma infections in a decline of Ulmus chenmoui in Central Italy, two plots of seedlings established in two locations were studied. Roots and twigs with leaves were sampled in June and in September 1996 from 11 U. chenmoui plants located at San Rossore (Pisa), and in July 1996 and September 1997 from nine U. chenmoui plants at Presiola (Ravenna). The plants at San Rossore showed a generalized decline consisting of small, pale green leaves and death of small twigs, whereas those at Presiola had an healthy appearance in 1996 and started to decline in 1997. Molecular analyses resulted in the identification of elm yellows‐related phytoplasmas in three out of the twenty plants examined (two from San Rossore and 1 from Presiola). The same phytoplasma was identified in both locations in yellows‐diseased elm hybrids employed as positive controls. Phytoplasmas belonging to other groups were also detected in one U. chenmoui plant and in weeds and insects tested from the Presiola plot. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses on 16Sr DNA, spacer region and ribosomal protein fragment coding for the 3′ end of rpl22 and the entire rps3 genes, did not show a genetic variability in elm yellows phytoplasmas detected in U. chenmoui. No differences among these isolates, phytoplasmas infecting other elm species in these plots and the reference elm yellows isolates were found.
The 4th quinquennial national community mental health nursing census of England and Wales
Authors: White Edward 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTSince 1980, a survey of community mental health nursing has been conducted in the United Kingdom, at five‐yearly intervals. These three data sets have been uniquely useful in plotting trends in Community Mental Health Nursing (CMHN) activity over time. Substantial administrative changes to the National Health Service have taken place in England and Wales since 1990, however, and these have impacted on the nature of mental health service provision. These changes have implications for all mental health service personnel and, in particular, the work of community mental health nurses. This article presents selected findings from the national census, conducted between 1996 and 1997. It sets these findings within the context of data derived from the three previous national studies in the series and within the contemporary national policy context and discusses the substantive implications which flow from the changes detected over time in the practice, organisation and management, and education of community mental health nurses in England and Wales.
Scoping mental health nursing education
Authors: Clinton Michael , Hazelton Mike 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT:In late 1999 the National Mental Health Working Group of the Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council commissioned the Australian and New Zealand College of Mental Health Nurses to undertake a scoping study of mental health nursing. A final report will be submitted to the National Mental Health Working Group in February 2000. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to some of the systemic problems that confront the education of mental health nurses in Australia. Shortcomings in the preparation of undergraduate students of nursing for commencing practice in mental health nursing are described and comments are given on issues affecting the quality of postgraduate mental health nursing education.
KEY WORDS:
mental health, nursing education.
The relationship between emotions and stress among mental health nurses
Authors: Humpel Nancy , Caputi Peter , Martin Carol 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT: This paper presents findings from an exploratory correlational study that examined the relationships between Emotional Competency, Trait Affectivity, Stress and Experienced Emotions among 43 mental health nurses in Australian regional hospitals. A significant relationship was found between Emotional Competency and Personal Self‐doubt in male nurses only; however, no association was found between Emotional Competency and Experienced Emotions. Trait Affectivity was found to be associated with Experienced Emotions but not Stress. Gender differences were found in Trait Affectivity and Experienced Emotions. The results of the study have implications for the retention of mental health nurses in their profession.
Professional convergence in forensic practice
Authors: Mercer Dave , Mason Tom , Richman Joel 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT This paper outlines the development and convergence of forensic science and secure psychiatric services in the UK, locating the professionalization of forensic nursing within a complex web of political, economic, and ideological structures. It is suggested that a stagnation of the therapeutic enterprise in high and medium security provision has witnessed an intrusion of medical power into the societal body. Expanding technologies of control and surveillance are discussed in relation to the move from modernity to postmodernity and the ongoing dynamic of medicalized offending. Four aspects of globalization are identified as impacting upon the organization and application of forensic practice: (i) organized capitalism and the exhaustion of the welfare state; (ii) security versus danger and trust versus risk; (iii) science as a meta‐language; and (iv) foreclosure as a mechanism of censorship. Finally, as a challenge for the profession, some predictions are offered about the future directions or demise of forensic nursing.
ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS OF RURAL HEALTH
Authors: Humphreys John S. , Lyle David , Wakerman John , Chalmers Elizabeth , Wilkinson David , Walker Judi , Simmons David , Larson Ann 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTSince 1996, University Departments of Rural Health (UDRH) have been established at Broken Hill, Mount Isa, Shepparton, Launceston, Whyalla, Alice Springs and Geraldton. Each UDRH is underpinned by Commonwealth funding for an initial period of 5 years. The role of the UDRHs is to contribute to an increase in the rural and remote health workforce through education and training programs, as well as a reduction in the health differentials between rural and urban people and between indigenous and non‐indigenous peoples. A strong population health focus involving partnerships between existing health providers in a targeted region and the university sector underpins their operation. While UDRHs have been established as a means of addressing a national workforce problem, their organisational arrangements with universities and local service providers vary widely, as does the program mix of activities in education, research service development, facilitation and advocacy. This article outlines some of the activities and progress of the UDRHs to date.
A PRIMARY MENTAL HEALTH‐CARE MODEL FOR RURAL AUSTRALIA: OUTCOMES FOR DOCTORS AND THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Malcolm Helen 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTTo address the high rate of depression and suicide in rural Australia requires a multifaceted approach to educate the community, improve the skills of health workers and provide user‐friendly patient counselling. The present paper describes a model that covers each of these aspects and details the outcomes with respect to the doctors and the community. Improved awareness in the community of mental illness and the availability of treatment, decreasing the stigma of such a diagnosis, and increasing the skills and reducing the isolation of doctors in rural areas who treat mental illness were all positive benefits from this cost‐effective way of providing mental health care in a primary setting. The adoption of this model in all primary care settings is advocated.
Work practices of rural and remote physiotherapists
Authors: Sheppard Lorraine 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Physiotherapists in rural and remote areas face challenges in their service delivery. The challenge is to provide accessible and comprehensive services to rural and remote Australians. Research was undertaken regarding the work practices of physiotherapists and the availability of other health professionals in rural and remote South Australia and Northern Territory. Rural and remote area physiotherapists in this study are likely to be sole practitioners with a generalist practice. The high number who have practising rights at public hospitals gives rise to service delivery with a wide range of clients and reduced opportunity for specialisation. In addition, the demand for physiotherapists to be multiskilled is increased with the lower number of resident medical specialists and allied health professionals in rural areas. Greater access to other professionals for rural and remote Australians may come from the development of resource networks supported by regional organisation of resources and infrastructure.
Remote Area Aboriginal Health Services Managers: Key Practice Challenges
Authors: Wilson John 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT:The following reflections on the author’s management practice are based on the text of an address given by the author at the 1999 International Conference of the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators in Sydney. These reflections arise out of the author’s experience for the past 5 years as manager of Nganampa Health Council, an Aboriginal community‐controlled health organisation located in the remote north‐west of South Australia. Nganampa Health Council is a large regional service with a national reputation for clinical and administrative excellence. It has several leading‐edge health programs, which provide an exemplar for other remote health services across Australia. The author discusses three generic key management issues that remote health services managers typically encounter and argues that services are likely to be most effective when resources are applied in a focused and strategic manner and when management practices that are pragmatic and culturally appropriate are adopted.
Optic disc topographic changes post‐trabeculectomy visualized by anaglyphs
Authors: Barry Chris J , Kanagasingam Yogesan , Morgan William 
Published: March 2003

Background: Publications on changes of optic disc topography usually illustrate their findings with two‐dimensional images. Methods: With the introduction of computerized imaging, anaglyphs of stereo images can be produced for illustrations. Anaglyphs are viewed three‐dimensionally with red–green spectacles that are included in refraction sets and are normally used to assess phoria. An anaglyph of progressive, glaucomatous progression is included to demonstrate the method, along with conventional colour images. Results: We present two cases of severely altered optic disc topography post‐trabeculectomy and illustrate these cases with anaglyphs that can be viewed three‐dimensionally. Conclusion: Three‐dimensional viewing of illustrations assists with the visualization, perception and interpretation of optic disc changes.
Orbital malignancy in Papua New Guinea: A 21 year review
Authors: Verma Nitin , Murthy D Prashant , Kerek Apisai 
Published: March 2003

Background: Information about orbital malignancies in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is limited to reports published 20 years ago. The present retrospective study was performed to establish the pattern of malignant orbital lesions occurring in PNG and to see whether the pattern is any different from that reported in the earlier series and in other countries. Papua New Guinea is special in that it has a large and relatively homogenous population unaffected, to a large extent, by contact with the ‘outside world’. Methods: The records of 176 proven cases of orbital malignancy treated between 1975 and 1996 were studied with respect to type of tumour, age, gender, mode of presentation and, where possible, treatment and its outcome. Results: Orbital tumours were found to be uncommon relative to other malignancies. The most common orbital tumour encountered in the present study was orbital extension of retinoblastoma (40.3%). These tumours were all unilateral and were associated with a very high mortality. No bilateral or familial cases were seen. Squamous cell carcinomas were the second most common tumours (25.6%) and were seen in young adults (average age 36.6 years). Basal cell carcinomas (9.1%) occurred later (average age 54 years) and were more common in the lighter‐skinned Southern Highlanders and expatriates. The other malignancies seen included lacrimal gland tumours (3.4%), malignant melanomas (4.5%), lymphomas (3.4%), rhabdomyosarcomas (1.7%), meibomian cell carcinomas (1.7%) and soft tissue sarcomas. Conclusions: Most patients presented late and the mortality rate was high. This could also reflect the relative paucity of ophthalmic and oncological services in the country as well as psychosocial attitudes to disease. Many patients live far from medical services and may be treated by traditional healers before coming to a hospital.
Corneal laceration and forehead erythema: A syndrome in infants
Authors: Calveley Stephen , Coop Harold V 
Published: March 2003

Purpose: To illustrate a syndrome of transient erythema in the first division of the fifth cranial nerve caused by minor corneal laceration, occurring in infants. Methods: Case reports are presented, together with photographs. These must, of necessity, usually be obtained by the general practitioner because of the short duration of the signs. Results/Conclusions: Opinion is sought as to whether other practitioners have recognized this association and whether it has been described elsewhere.
Conservative management of documented neuroretinitis in cat scratch disease associated with Bartonella henselae infection
Authors: Rosen Bradley S , Barry Chris J , Nicoll Alan M , Constable Ian J 
Published: March 2003

Background:
Bartonella henselae has been identified as the causative agent of the neuroretinitis associated with cat scratch disease (CSD). Immunofluorescent antibody tests with good sensitivity and specificity are available to aid in diagnosis. Despite diagnostic advances, optimal management remains controversial. We present a case of documented B. henselae macular neuroretinitis managed without antibiotics and discuss antibiotic use in this condition. Methods: We examined a young woman with macular neuroretinitis and established a diagnosis of CSD. Management consisted of a review of the literature, followed by educating her about the condition and close observation. We documented the course of her disease. Results: We diagnosed neuroretinitis associated with B. henselae infection based on immunofluorescent antibody titres and clinical presentation. Our patient’s neuroretinitis resolved promptly without antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: Macular neuroretinitis in CSD can be satisfactorily diagnosed with the use of fluorescent antibodies in the appropriate clinical setting. Optimal treatment for the disease has not been established and observation combined with patient education remains an appropriate option. The self‐limited nature of the disease implies that treatment studies not using controls must be interpreted with great caution. Adverse drug reactions and other iatrogenic complications can be reduced by limiting antibiotic use in settings where a meaningful treatment benefit has not been established.
Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in a patient with optic disc drusen
Authors: Liew Sck , Mitchell P 
Published: March 2003

Background: Although visual field defects are well‐known complications of optic disc drusen, reduction in visual acuity with this condition is rare. Method/Results: We report on a 68‐year‐old male with bilateral optic disc drusen who presented with monocular loss of vision in the right eye associated with an inferior altitudinal visual field defect and signs consistent with acute anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, confirmed on fluorescein angiography. He also had a left inferior nasal step, but no evidence of glaucomatous cupping. The disc drusen were documented clinically and on B scan ultrasound and computed tomography. Conclusions: The diagnosis of acute anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy should be considered in patients with optic disc drusen who present with reduced visual acuity, particularly when the visual loss has been acute and non‐progressive and is associated with altitudinal field loss and characteristic fluorescein angiography signs.
Etoposide as a virocidal anticytomegalovirus therapy: intravitreal toxicology and pharmacology in rabbits
Authors: Morlet N , Stayt J , Vaegan  , Salonikas C , Naidoo D , Crouch R , Graham G , Coroneo M 
Published: March 2003

Background: Although Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is now a common intraocular infection, current therapy is only virostatic so ongoing treatment is required. Etoposide was found to be virocidal for CMV in laboratory experiments and it might prove to be beneficial clinically. We investigated the toxicity and intraocular concentration of etoposide (VP16) and its new analogue etoposide‐phosphate (VP16P) following intravitreal injections in rabbit eyes. Methods: First a sequential dose–response was assessed with flash electroretinogram for both eyes of light‐ and dark‐adapted rabbits (n = 7; one rabbit for each dose) over a range of light intensities before and after intravitreal injection of VP16 or VP16P to one eye; the other eye was injected with normal saline as a control. A multidose study was then performed on four rabbits. A non‐toxic dose of VP16P (50 or 75 g) was injected into the vitreous of one eye on four occasions 1 week apart. A photopic electroretinogram was performed before the first injection and 6 weeks after the last injection. All the eyes from the electroretinogram studies were fixed in formalin, placed in paraffin, then stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope. To determine the time‐course of the intraocular concentrations of VP16P a sequential pharmacokinetic study was performed using a further 12 rabbits. Each rabbit was injected with 50 g VP16P to one eye and 75 g VP16P to the other eye. Three of these rabbits were killed at 1, 3, 6 and 9 h after injection. Samples of vitreous were assayed for both VP16 and VP16P using HPLC. An in vitro dose–response assay was performed using third‐passage bovine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagles medium with fetal calf serum. The effect of a log–dose increment of VP16P on the RPE cell proliferation was assessed using tritiated thymidine incorporation. Results: The electroretinogram studies suggested that VP16 was toxic even with the 10 g dose. For VP16P a toxic effect was noted following injection of a single dose greater than 100 g. Multiple injections of 50 or 75 g VP16P did not produce a toxic response. Histological examination demonstrated significant abnormality only with the 500 g dose of VP16 or VP16P. VP16P was rapidly metabolized to VP16 in the eye, producing concentrations of 2.0 g/mL or more for up to 9 h following a 75‐μg dose. This suggests that the electroretinogram findings following VP16 injections were confounded by a toxic effect of the ethanol solvent (which is absent from the VP16P preparation). VP16P was quite potent, the ID50 was about 0.1 g/mL for bovine RPE cells in the in vitro assay. Discussion: These results indicate that multiple 75‐g VP16P intravitreal injections were not toxic to the rabbit eye and provide a therapeutic intraocular concentration for up to 9 h after the injection.