Real-time monitoring for the next core-collapse supernova in JUNO
Authors: Abusleme Angel , Adam Thomas , Ahmad Shakeel , Ahmed Rizwan , Aiello Sebastiano , Akram Muhammad , Aleem Abid , An Fengpeng , An Qi , Andronico Giuseppe , Anfimov Nikolay , Antonelli Vito , Antoshkina Tatiana , Asavapibhop Burin , de André João Pedro Athayde Marcondes , Auguste Didier , Bai Weidong , Balashov Nikita , Baldini Wander , Barresi Andrea , Basilico Davide , Baussan Eric , Bellato Marco , Beretta Marco , Bergnoli Antonio , Bick Daniel , Bieger Lukas , Biktemerova Svetlana , Birkenfeld Thilo , Morton-Blake Iwan , Blum David , Blyth Simon , Bolshakova Anastasia , Bongrand Mathieu , Bordereau Clément , Breton Dominique , Brigatti Augusto , Brugnera Riccardo , Bruno Riccardo , Budano Antonio , Busto Jose , Cabrera Anatael , Caccianiga Barbara , Cai Hao , Cai Xiao , Cai Yanke , Cai Zhiyan , Callier Stéphane , Cammi Antonio , Campeny Agustin , Cao Chuanya , Cao Guofu , Cao Jun , Caruso Rossella , Cerna Cédric , Cerrone Vanessa , Chan Chi , Chang Jinfan , Chang Yun , Chatrabhuti Auttakit , Chen Chao , Chen Guoming , Chen Pingping , Chen Shaomin , Chen Yixue , Chen Yu , Chen Zhangming , Chen Zhiyuan , Chen Zikang , Cheng Jie , Cheng Yaping , Cheng Yu Chin , Chepurnov Alexander , Chetverikov Alexey , Chiesa Davide , Chimenti Pietro , Chin Yen-Ting , Chu Ziliang , Chukanov Artem , Claverie Gérard , Clementi Catia , Clerbaux Barbara , Molla Marta Colomer , Lorenzo Selma Conforti Di , Coppi Alberto , Corti Daniele , Csakli Simon , Corso Flavio Dal , Dalager Olivia , Datta Jaydeep , Taille Christophe De La , Deng Zhi , Deng Ziyan , Ding Xiaoyu , Ding Xuefeng , Ding Yayun , Dirgantara Bayu , Dittrich Carsten , Dmitrievsky Sergey , Dohnal Tadeas , Dolzhikov Dmitry , Donchenko Georgy , Dong Jianmeng , Doroshkevich Evgeny , Dou Wei , Dracos Marcos , Druillole Frédéric , Du Ran , Du Shuxian , Dugas Katherine , Dusini Stefano , Duyang Hongyue , Eck Jessica , Enqvist Timo , Fabbri Andrea , Fahrendholz Ulrike , Fan Lei , Fang Jian , Fang Wenxing , Fargetta Marco , Fedoseev Dmitry , Fei Zhengyong , Feng Li-Cheng , Feng Qichun , Ferraro Federico , Fournier Amélie , Gan Haonan , Gao Feng , Garfagnini Alberto , Gavrikov Arsenii , Giammarchi Marco , Giudice Nunzio , Gonchar Maxim , Gong Guanghua , Gong Hui , Gornushkin Yuri , Göttel Alexandre , Grassi Marco , Gromov Maxim , Gromov Vasily , Gu Minghao , Gu Xiaofei , Gu Yu , Guan Mengyun , Guan Yuduo , Guardone Nunzio , Guo Cong , Guo Wanlei , Guo Xinheng , Hagner Caren , Han Ran , Han Yang , He Miao , He Wei , Heinz Tobias , Hellmuth Patrick , Heng Yuekun , Herrera Rafael , Hor YuenKeung , Hou Shaojing , Hsiung Yee , Hu Bei-Zhen , Hu Hang , Hu Jianrun , Hu Jun , Hu Shouyang , Hu Tao , Hu Yuxiang , Hu Zhuojun , Huang Guihong , Huang Hanxiong , Huang Jinhao , Huang Junting , Huang Kaixuan , Huang Wenhao , Huang Xin , Huang Xingtao , Huang Yongbo , Hui Jiaqi , Huo Lei , Huo Wenju , Huss Cédric , Hussain Safeer , Imbert Leonard , Ioannisian Ara , Isocrate Roberto , Jafar Arshak , Jelmini Beatrice , Jeria Ignacio , Ji Xiaolu , Jia Huihui , Jia Junji , Jian Siyu , Jiang Cailian , Jiang Di , Jiang Wei , Jiang Xiaoshan , Jing Xiaoping , Jollet Cécile , Kampmann Philipp , Kang Li , Karaparambil Rebin , Kazarian Narine , Khan Ali , Khatun Amina , Khosonthongkee Khanchai , Korablev Denis , Kouzakov Konstantin , Krasnoperov Alexey , Kuleshov Sergey , Kutovskiy Nikolay , Labit Loïc , Lachenmaier Tobias , Landini Cecilia , Leblanc Sébastien , Lebrin Victor , Lefevre Frederic , Lei Ruiting , Leitner Rupert , Leung Jason , Li Demin , Li Fei , Li Fule , Li Gaosong , Li Huiling , Li Jiajun , Li Mengzhao , Li Min , Li Nan , Li Qingjiang , Li Ruhui , Li Rui , Li Shanfeng , Li Tao , Li Teng , Li Weidong , Li Weiguo , Li Xiaomei , Li Xiaonan , Li Xinglong , Li Yi , Li Yichen , Li Yufeng , Li Zhaohan , Li Zhibing , Li Ziyuan , Li Zonghai , Liang Hao , Liang Hao , Liao Jiajun , Limphirat Ayut , Lin Guey-Lin , Lin Shengxin , Lin Tao , Ling Jiajie , Ling Xin , Lippi Ivano , Liu Caimei , Liu Fang , Liu Fengcheng , Liu Haidong , Liu Haotian , Liu Hongbang , Liu Hongjuan , Liu Hongtao , Liu Hui , Liu Jianglai , Liu Jiaxi , Liu Jinchang , Liu Min , Liu Qian , Liu Qin , Liu Runxuan , Liu Shenghui , Liu Shubin , Liu Shulin , Liu Xiaowei , Liu Xiwen , Liu Xuewei , Liu Yankai , Liu Zhen , Lokhov Alexey , Lombardi Paolo , Lombardo Claudio , Loo Kai , Lu Chuan , Lu Haoqi , Lu Jingbin , Lu Junguang , Lu Peizhi , Lu Shuxiang , Lu Xianguo , Lubsandorzhiev Bayarto , Lubsandorzhiev Sultim , Ludhova Livia , Lukanov Arslan , Luo Daibin , Luo Fengjiao , Luo Guang , Luo Jianyi , Luo Shu , Luo Wuming , Luo Xiaojie , Lyashuk Vladimir , Ma Bangzheng , Ma Bing , Ma Qiumei , Ma Si , Ma Xiaoyan , Ma Xubo , Maalmi Jihane , Magoni Marco , Mai Jingyu , Malyshkin Yury , Mandujano Roberto Carlos , Mantovani Fabio , Mao Xin , Mao Yajun , Mari Stefano M. , Marini Filippo , Martini Agnese , Mayer Matthias , Mayilyan Davit , Mednieks Ints , Meng Yue , Meraviglia Anita , Meregaglia Anselmo , Meroni Emanuela , Meyhöfer David , Miramonti Lino , Mohan Nikhil , Montuschi Michele , Müller Axel , Nastasi Massimiliano , Naumov Dmitry V. , Naumova Elena , Navas-Nicolas Diana , Nemchenok Igor , Thi Minh Thuan Nguyen , Nikolaev Alexey , Ning Feipeng , Ning Zhe , Nunokawa Hiroshi , Oberauer Lothar , Ochoa-Ricoux Juan Pedro , Olshevskiy Alexander , Orestano Domizia , Ortica Fausto , Othegraven Rainer , Paoloni Alessandro , Parmeggiano Sergio , Pei Yatian , Pelicci Luca , Peng Anguo , Peng Haiping , Peng Yu , Peng Zhaoyuan , Perrot Frédéric , Petitjean Pierre-Alexandre , Petrucci Fabrizio , Pilarczyk Oliver , Rico Luis Felipe Piñeres , Popov Artyom , Poussot Pascal , Previtali Ezio , Qi Fazhi , Qi Ming , Qi Xiaohui , Qian Sen , Qian Xiaohui , Qian Zhen , Qiao Hao , Qin Zhonghua , Qiu Shoukang , Qu Manhao , Qu Zhenning , Ranucci Gioacchino , Rasheed Reem , Re Alessandra , Rebii Abdel , Redchuk Mariia , Ren Bin , Ren Jie , Ricci Barbara , Rientong Komkrit , Rifai Mariam , Roche Mathieu , Rodphai Narongkiat , Romani Aldo , Roskovec Bedřich , Ruan Xichao , Rybnikov Arseniy , Sadovsky Andrey , Saggese Paolo , Sandanayake Deshan , Sangka Anut , Sava Giuseppe , Sawangwit Utane , Schever Michaela , Schwab Cédric , Schweizer Konstantin , Selyunin Alexandr , Serafini Andrea , Settimo Mariangela , Sharov Vladislav , Shaydurova Arina , Shi Jingyan , Shi Yanan , Shutov Vitaly , Sidorenkov Andrey , Šimkovic Fedor , Singhal Apeksha , Sirignano Chiara , Siripak Jaruchit , Sisti Monica , Smirnov Mikhail , Smirnov Oleg , Sogo-Bezerra Thiago , Sokolov Sergey , Songwadhana Julanan , Soonthornthum Boonrucksar , Sotnikov Albert , Šrámek Ondřej , Sreethawong Warintorn , Stahl Achim , Stanco Luca , Stankevich Konstantin , Steiger Hans , Steinmann Jochen , Sterr Tobias , Stock Matthias Raphael , Strati Virginia , Studenikin Alexander , Su Aoqi , Su Jun , Sun Shifeng , Sun Xilei , Sun Yongjie , Sun Yongzhao , Sun Zhengyang , Suwonjandee Narumon , Szelezniak Michal , Takenaka Akira , Tang Jian , Tang Qiang , Tang Quan , Tang Xiao , Hariharan Vidhya Thara , Theisen Eric , Tietzsch Alexander , Tkachev Igor , Tmej Tomas , Torri Marco Danilo Claudio , Tortorici Francesco , Treskov Konstantin , Triossi Andrea , Triozzi Riccardo , Trzaska Wladyslaw , Tung Yu-Chen , Tuve Cristina , Ushakov Nikita , Vedin Vadim , Venettacci Carlo , Verde Giuseppe , Vialkov Maxim , Viaud Benoit , Vollbrecht Cornelius Moritz , von Sturm Katharina , Vorobel Vit , Voronin Dmitriy , Votano Lucia , Walker Pablo , Wang Caishen , Wang Chung-Hsiang , Wang En , Wang Guoli , Wang Jian , Wang Jun , Wang Li , Wang Lu , Wang Meng , Wang Meng , Wang Ruiguang , Wang Siguang , Wang Wei , Wang Wenshuai , Wang Xi , Wang Xiangyue , Wang Yangfu , Wang Yaoguang , Wang Yi , Wang Yi , Wang Yifang , Wang Yuanqing , Wang Yuyi , Wang Zhe , Wang Zheng , Wang Zhimin , Watcharangkool Apimook , Wei Wei , Wei Wei , Wei Wenlu , Wei Yadong , Wei Yuehuan , Wen Kaile , Wen Liangjian , Weng Jun , Wiebusch Christopher , Wirth Rosmarie , Wonsak Bjoern , Wu Diru , Wu Qun , Wu Yiyang , Wu Zhi , Wurm Michael , Wurtz Jacques , Wysotzki Christian , Xi Yufei , Xia Dongmei , Xiao Fei , Xiao Xiang , Xie Xiaochuan , Xie Yuguang , Xie Zhangquan , Xin Zhao , Xing Zhizhong , Xu Benda , Xu Cheng , Xu Donglian , Xu Fanrong , Xu Hangkun , Xu Jilei , Xu Jing , Xu Meihang , Xu Xunjie , Xu Yin , Xu Yu , Yan Baojun , Yan Qiyu , Yan Taylor , Yan Xiongbo , Yan Yupeng , Yang Changgen , Yang Chengfeng , Yang Jie , Yang Lei , Yang Xiaoyu , Yang Yifan , Yang Yifan , Yao Haifeng , Ye Jiaxuan , Ye Mei , Ye Ziping , Yermia Frédéric , You Zhengyun , Yu Boxiang , Yu Chiye , Yu Chunxu , Yu Guojun , Yu Hongzhao , Yu Miao , Yu Xianghui , Yu Zeyuan , Yu Zezhong , Yuan Cenxi , Yuan Chengzhuo , Yuan Ying , Yuan Zhenxiong , Yue Baobiao , Zafar Noman , Zavadskyi Vitalii , Zeng Fanrui , Zeng Shan , Zeng Tingxuan , Zeng Yuda , Zhan Liang , Zhang Aiqiang , Zhang Bin , Zhang Binting , Zhang Feiyang , Zhang Haosen , Zhang Honghao , Zhang Jialiang , Zhang Jiawen , Zhang Jie , Zhang Jingbo , Zhang Jinnan , ZHANG Lei , Zhang Mohan , Zhang Peng , Zhang Ping , Zhang Qingmin , Zhang Shiqi , Zhang Shu , Zhang Shuihan , Zhang Siyuan , Zhang Tao , Zhang Xiaomei , Zhang Xin , Zhang Xuantong , Zhang Yinhong , Zhang Yiyu , Zhang Yongpeng , Zhang Yu , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yumei , Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Zhijian , Zhao Jie , Zhao Rong , Zhao Runze , Zhao Shujun , Zheng Dongqin , Zheng Hua , Zheng Yangheng , Zhong Weirong , Zhou Jing , Zhou Li , Zhou Nan , Zhou Shun , Zhou Tong , Zhou Xiang , Zhu Jingsen , Zhu Kangfu , Zhu Kejun , Zhu Zhihang , Zhuang Bo , Zhuang Honglin , Zong Liang , Zou Jiaheng , Züfle Jan ,   The JUNO collaboration
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is considered one of the most energetic astrophysical events in the universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before (pre-SN) and during the supernova (SN) burst presents a unique opportunity for multi-messenger observations of CCSN events. In this study, we describe the monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to pre-SN and SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector currently under construction in South China.
The real-time monitoring system is designed to ensure both prompt alert speed and comprehensive coverage of progenitor stars. It incorporates prompt monitors on the electronic board as well as online monitors at the data acquisition stage.
Assuming a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system exhibits sensitivity to pre-SN neutrinos up to a distance of approximately 1.6 (0.9) kiloparsecs and SN neutrinos up to about 370 (360) kiloparsecs for a progenitor mass of 30 solar masses, considering both normal and inverted mass ordering scenarios.
The pointing ability of the CCSN is evaluated by analyzing the accumulated event anisotropy of inverse beta decay interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos. This, along with the early alert, can play a crucial role in facilitating follow-up multi-messenger observations of the next galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.