bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges in the attribution of river flood events
Authors: Scussolini Paolo , Luu Linh Nhat , Philip Sjoukje , Berghuijs Wouter R. , Eilander Dirk , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H. , Kew Sarah F. , van Oldenborgh Geert Jan , Toonen Willem H. J. , Volkholz Jan , Coumou Dim 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAdvances in the field of extreme event attribution allow to estimate how anthropogenic global warming affects the odds of individual climate disasters, such as river floods. Extreme event attribution typically uses precipitation as proxy for flooding. However, hydrological processes and antecedent conditions make the relation between precipitation and floods highly nonlinear. In addition, hydrology acknowledges that changes in floods can be strongly driven by changes in land‐cover and by other human interventions in the hydrological system, such as irrigation and construction of dams. These drivers can either amplify, dampen or outweigh the effect of climate change on local flood occurrence. Neglecting these processes and drivers can lead to incorrect flood attribution. Including flooding explicitly, that is, using data and models of hydrology and hydrodynamics that can represent the relevant hydrological processes, will lead to more robust event attribution, and will account for the role of other drivers beyond climate change. Existing attempts are incomplete. We argue that the existing probabilistic framework for extreme event attribution can be extended to explicitly include floods for near‐natural cases, where flood occurrence was unlikely to be influenced by land‐cover change and human hydrological interventions. However, for the many cases where this assumption is not valid, a multi‐driver framework for conditional event attribution needs to be established. Explicit flood attribution will have to grapple with uncertainties from lack of observations and compounding from the many processes involved. Further, it requires collaboration between climatologists and hydrologists, and promises to better address the needs of flood risk management.This article is categorized under:
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Observed Impacts of Climate Change
Schizosaccharomyces versatilis represents a distinct evolutionary lineage of fission yeast
Authors: Etherington Graham J. , Gil Elisa Gomez , Haerty Wilfried , Oliferenko Snezhana , Nieduszynski Conrad A. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe fission yeast species Schizosaccharomyces japonicus is currently divided into two varieties—S. japonicus var. japonicus and S. japonicus var. versatilis. Here we examine the var. versatilis isolate CBS5679. The CBS5679 genome shows 88% identity to the reference genome of S. japonicus var. japonicus at the coding sequence level, with phylogenetic analyses suggesting that it has split from the S. japonicus lineage 25 million years ago. The CBS5679 genome contains a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 2, together with several large inversions. The products of genes linked to the major translocation are associated with ‘metabolism’ and ‘cellular assembly’ ontology terms. We further show that CBS5679 does not generate viable progeny with the reference strain of S. japonicus. Although CBS5679 shares closer similarity to the ‘type’ strain of var. versatilis as compared to S. japonicus, it is not identical to the type strain, suggesting population structure within var. versatilis. We recommend that the taxonomic status of S. japonicus var. versatilis is raised, with it being treated as a separate species, Schizosaccharomyces versatilis.
Nakazawaea atacamensis f.a., sp. nov. a novel nonconventional fermentative ascomycetous yeast species from the Atacama Desert
Authors: Araya Macarena , Villarreal Pablo , Moyano Tomás , Santos Ana R. O. , Díaz Francisca P. , Bustos‐Jarufe Andrea , Urbina Kamila , del Pino Javier E. , Groenewald Marizeth , Gutiérrez Rodrigo A. , Rosa Carlos A. , Cubillos Francisco A. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this study, we describe Nakazawaea atacamensis f. a., sp. nov., a novel species obtained from Neltuma chilensis plant samples in Chile's hyperarid Atacama Desert. In total, three strains of N. atacamensis were obtained from independent N. chilensis samples (synonym Prosopis chilensis, Algarrobo). Two strains were obtained from bark samples, while the third strain was obtained from bark‐exuded gum from another tree. The novel species was defined using molecular characteristics and subsequently characterized with respect to morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties. A neighbor‐joining analysis using the sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene revealed that N. atacamensis clustered with Nakazawaea pomicola. The sequence of N. atacamensis differed from closely related species by 1.3%–5.2% in the D1/D2 domains. A phylogenomic analysis based on single‐nucleotide polymorphism's data confirms that the novel species belongs to the genus Nakazawaea, where N. atacamensis clustered with N. peltata. Phenotypic comparisons demonstrated that N. atacamensis exhibited distinct carbon assimilation patterns compared to its related species. Genome sequencing of the strain ATA‐11A‐BT revealed a genome size of approximately 12.4 Mbp, similar to other Nakazawaea species, with 5116 protein‐coding genes annotated using InterProScan. In addition, N. atacamensis exhibited the capacity to ferment synthetic wine must, representing a potential new yeast for mono or co‐culture wine fermentations. This comprehensive study expands our understanding of the genus Nakazawaea and highlights the ecological and industrial potential of N. atacamensis in fermentation processes. The holotype of N. atacamensis sp. nov. is CBS 18375T. The Mycobank number is MB 849680.
Nonlinear vibration and dynamic buckling responses of stiffened functionally graded graphene‐reinforced cylindrical, parabolic, and sinusoid panels using the higher‐order shear deformation theory
Authors: Minh Tran Quang , Nam Vu Hoai , Duc Vu Minh , Hung Vu Tho , Ly Le Ngoc , Phuong Nguyen Thi 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe nonlinear vibration and dynamic responses of functionally graded graphene‐reinforced composite (FG‐GRC) laminated cylindrical, parabolic, and sinusoid panels stiffened by FG‐GRC stiffeners in the uniformly distributed temperature variation are presented in this paper. An improved smeared stiffener technique is used to model the added stiffnesses of stiffeners to the total stiffnesses of panels. The higher‐order shear deformation shell theory (HSDT) with the geometrical nonlinearities of von Kármán is applied to establish the governing formulations. The stress function form is estimated using the approximated technique for complex curvature panels. Lagrange function and Euler‐Lagrange equations are applied, and the Rayleigh dissipation function is taken into account to obtain the nonlinear equation of motion. Numerical examples are investigated using the Runge‐Kutta method to obtain the dynamic responses of panels, and the critical dynamic buckling loads of panels are considered using the Budiansky‐Roth criterion. Some significant remarks on the nonlinear vibration and dynamic buckling responses of three types of stiffened panels can be recognized from the numerical examples.
“It Went All the Way Down to the Shoes”: Experiences of Institutionalization in the Danish Special Care System for the Intellectually Disabled, 1933–1980
Authors: Petersen Klaus , Smed Sarah 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIt is difficult to imagine being institutionalized in a mental hospital or asylum without having experienced it yourself. While we have a wealth of institutional source material on the system and formal practices, we only have a few scattered sources describing the experience of living in an institution. In this chapter, we try to get a deeper view of institutional placement in the Danish care system for the intellectually disabled in the period between 1933 and 1980. We use interviews with former inmates (and staff) and the few voices of the institutionalized that emerge from the system’s own archive materials to draw an overall picture of the experience of placement. The interviews and data collection are based on an investigation made for the Danish Ministry of Social Affairs in 2020–2022. We find the key experiences to be a lack of autonomy, the feeling of institutionalization as a way of life, stigmatization, ruptured family relations, and a fear of violence. The chapter also addresses methodological challenges in analyzing experiences of institutionalization. First, there is the problem of the generalization of experiences on the individual level. Second, the existing source materials (both interviews and written sources) are potentially biased. We know that the institutions caring for the intellectually disabled also included persons with very limited cognitive and communicational resources, who typically are silent in the existing sources.
Navigating Imprisonment: Tactics and Experiences in an Eighteenth-Century Danish Prison Workhouse
Authors: Valentin Emilie Luther 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn the latter decades of the eighteenth century, thousands of inmates were sentenced to the prison workhouse at Christianshavn for crimes ranging from begging and vagrancy to theft and even murder. Situated between the system of poor relief and the penal system, the prison was a complicated, almost hybrid institution featuring both disciplinary and caring obligations to its inmates. Although the inmates shared a common relationship to the authorities and the same constraints of navigating a system of coercion in their favor, their experiences varied greatly. From the perspective of three inmates’ experiences within the prison workhouse and inspired by Michel de Certeau’s concept of tactics and strategies, this chapter examines different experiences of imprisonment. By exploring the differences of experience in the prison workhouse, the chapter underlines the plurality of shared experiences for a more complex and contextual understanding of the ever-evolving prison system.
Managing Disability and Constructing the Nation in Interwar Poland: The Lviv Disabled Veterans’ Home
Authors: Vynnyk Oksana 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAfter the proclamation of an independent Polish state, the government organized a welfare system for disabled servicemen of the imperial and the Polish armies and established the Disabled Veterans’ Home in Lviv, the largest city in the eastern borderlands. As these territories were contested by Poles and Ukrainians, the authorities implemented social programs for impaired soldiers as a means to strengthen loyalty to the state. The chapter studies the interconnections between the discourses created by military and civilian bureaucrats and disabled soldiers, and it examines how different visions of institutionalization formed the experience of disability of a diverse group of disabled veterans. It argues that disabled veterans’ agency, activism, and resistance to the disciplinary regimes of the institution became a challenge for the state-promoted institutionalization model and were the main factors in shaping the experience of Disabled Veterans’ Home residents.
Tourism and Visitor Management in Protected Areas Post-pandemic: The English Context
Authors: Hewlett Denise , Gunton Richard , Gray Debra , Terradillos Ainara , Agarwal Sheela , Lavrushkina Natalia , Byrne Danny 
Published: December 2023

AbstractProtected areas comprise of some of the most precious and sensitive habitats on the planet. However, many of these areas are also used as major tourism and leisure destinations. Managed well, these areas can safeguard biodiversity conservation with multiple positive benefits to local populations and economies. Yet, where not carefully planned and managed, there has long been recognition of the possibility of negative impacts on natural environments and social consequences for local communities. This chapter considers such impacts experienced in Dorset, UK, post the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. It reviews how effective some of the most commonly used tools for preventing and/or ameliorating impacts can be in a situation that proved to overwhelm many protected area agencies and other key stakeholders. As such insights for both academics and practitioners are provided in terms of what data and how such data might be collated and used to enhance management strategies in reactive situations.
Islandscapes: Tourism, COVID-19, Climate Change and Challenges to Natural Landscapes. A Caribbean Perspective and View from Barbados
Authors: Finneran Niall , Inniss Tara 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter will examine the pressures on Caribbean islands in the post-COVID-19 world, considering how the demands of tourism and threats of climate change are forcing governments and non-governmental organisations to devise creative and sustainable solutions to the management of fast-disappearing natural landscapes. This is imperative as these small island economies, traditionally geared towards tourism as a key economic activity, seek to rebuild in the wake of almost two years of global COVID-19 lockdown. Furthermore, it is becoming clear that increased hurricane and tropical storm activity, driven by climate change, is resulting in more frequent and destructive weather episodes. The fragile ecosystems of Caribbean landscapes and seascapes are at risk from extreme weather, and also linked to extensive tourism footfall and associated infrastructural development, from human driven factors. Using a series of case studies drawn from Barbados, we examine how an approach to sustainable natural heritage tourism can be framed in the post-COVID-19 and climate changing world.
Artificial Intelligence: Historical Context and State of the Art
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo L. , Figueiredo Mário A. T. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe idea that intelligence is the result of a computational process and can, therefore, be automated, is centuries old. We review the historical origins of the idea that machines can be intelligent, and the most significant contributions made by Thomas Hobbes, Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing, Norbert Wiener, and others. Objections to the idea that machines can become intelligent have been raised and addressed many times, and we provide a brief survey of the arguments and counter-arguments presented over time. Intelligence was first viewed as symbol manipulation, leading to approaches that had some successes in specific problems, but did not generalize well to real-world problems. To address the difficulties faced by the early systems, which were brittle and unable to handle unforeseen complexities, machine learning techniques were increasingly adopted. Recently, a sub-field of machine learning known as deep learning has led to the design of systems that can successfully learn to address difficult problems in natural language processing, vision, and (yet to a lesser extent) interaction with the real world. These systems have found applications in countless domains and are one of the central technologies behind the fourth industrial revolution, also known as Industry 4.0. Applications in analytics enable artificial intelligence systems to exploit and extract economic value from data and are the main source of income for many of today’s largest companies. Artificial intelligence can also be used in automation, enabling robots and computers to replace humans in many tasks. We conclude by providing some pointers to possible future developments, including the possibility of the development of artificial general intelligence, and provide leads to the potential implications of this technology in the future of humanity.
The Autonomous AI Physician: Medical Ethics and Legal Liability
Authors: Duffourc Mindy Nunez , Giovanniello Dominick S. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is currently capable of autonomously performing acts that constitute medical practice, including diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic decision making, and image analysis, but should AI be considered a medical practitioner? Complicating this question is that fact that the ethical, regulatory, and legal regimes that govern medical practice and medical malpractice are not designed for nonhuman doctors. This chapter first suggests ethical parameters for the Autonomous AI Physician’s practice of medicine, focusing on the field of pathology. Second, we identify ethical and legal issues that arise from the Autonomous AI Physician’s practice of medicine, including safety, reliability, transparency, fairness, and accountability. Third, we discuss the potential application of various existing legal and regulatory regimes to govern the Autonomous AI Physician. Finally, we conclude that all stakeholders in the development and use of the Autonomous AI Physician have an obligation to ensure that AI is implemented in a safe and responsible way.
Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and the Triple Semantic Dimensions of Algorithmic Opacity with Its Repercussions to Patient Consent and Medical Liability
Authors: Nogaroli Rafaella , Faleiros Júnior José Luiz de Moura 
Published: December 2023

AbstractArtificial intelligence algorithms have the potential to diagnose some types of skin cancer or to identify specific heart-rhythm abnormalities as well as (or even better) than board-certified dermatologists and cardiologists. However, one of the biggest fears in the healthcare sector in the Era of AI in Medicine is the so-called black box medicine, given the obscurity in the way information is processed by algorithms. More broadly, it is observed that there are three different semantic dimensions of algorithmic opacity relevant to Medicine: (1) epistemic opacity for the insufficient physicians understanding of the rules an AI system is applying to make predictions and decisions; (2) opacity for the lack of medical disclosure about the AI systems to support clinical decisions and patient’s unawareness that automated decision-making are being carried out with their personal data; (3) explanatory opacity for the unsatisfactory explanation to patients about the technology used to support professional decision-making. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze each type of opacity, considering hypothetical scenarios and its repercussions in terms of medical malpractice and patient’s informed consent. From this, it will be defined ethical challenges of using AI in the healthcare sector and the importance of medical education.
Dismantling Four Myths in AI & EU Law Through Legal Information ‘About’ Reality
Authors: Pagallo Ugo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe European Commission has recently proposed several acts, directives and regulations that shall complement today’s legislation on the internet, data governance, and Artificial Intelligence, e.g., the AI Act from May 2021. Some have proposed to sum up current trends of EU law according to catchy formulas, such as (i) digital sovereignty; (ii) digital constitutionalism; (iii) a new Brussels effect; and, (iv) a human-centric approach to AI. Each of these narratives has its merits, but can be highly misleading. They must be taken with four pinches of salt. The aim of this paper is to dismantle these ‘myths’ through legal information ‘about’ reality, that is, knowledge and concepts that frame the representation and function of EU law. We should be attentive to that which current myths overlook, such as the open issues on the balance of power between EU institutions and member states (MS), a new generation of digital rights at both EU and MS constitutional levels, down to the interplay between new models of legal governance and the potential fragmentation of the system, e.g., between technological regulations and environmental law.
AI Modelling of Counterfactual Thinking for Judicial Reasoning and Governance of Law
Authors: Pereira Luís Moniz , Santos Francisco C. , Lopes António Barata 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWhen speaking of moral judgment, we refer to a function of recognizing appropriate or condemnable actions and the possibility of choice between them by agents. Their ability to construct possible causal sequences enables them to devise alternatives in which choosing one implies setting aside others. This internal deliberation requires a cognitive ability, namely that of constructing counterfactual arguments. These serve not just to analyse possible futures, being prospective, but also to analyse past situations, by imagining the gains or losses resulting from alternatives to the actions actually carried out, given evaluative information subsequently known.Counterfactual thinking is in thus a prerequisite for AI agents concerned with Law cases, in order to pass judgement and, additionally, for evaluation of the ongoing governance of such AI agents. Moreover, given the wide cognitive empowerment of counterfactual reasoning in the human individual, namely in making judgments, the question arises of how the presence of individuals with this ability can improve cooperation and consensus in populations of otherwise self-regarding individuals.Our results, using Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT), suggest that counterfactual thinking fosters coordination in collective action problems occurring in large populations and has limited impact on cooperation dilemmas in which such coordination is not required.
Judicial Decision-Making in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Gravett Willem H. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has become a pervasive presence in almost every aspect of society and business: from assigning credit scores to people, to identifying the best candidates for an employment position, to ranking applicants for admission to university. One of the most striking innovations in the United States criminal justice system in the last three decades has been the introduction of risk-assessment software, powered by sophisticated algorithms, to predict whether individual offenders are likely to re-offend. The focus of this contribution is on the use of these risk-assessment tools in criminal sentencing. Apart from the broader social, ethical and legal considerations, to date, not much is known about how perceptions of technology influence cognition in decision-making, particularly in the legal context. What research does demonstrate is that humans are inclined to trust algorithms as objective, and, as such, as unobjectionable. This contribution examines two phenomena in this regard: (i) the “technology effect”—the human tendency towards excessive optimism when making decisions involving technology; and (ii) “automation bias”—the phenomenon whereby judges accept the recommendations of an automated decision-making system, and cease searching for confirmatory evidence, perhaps even transferring responsibility for decision-making onto the machine.