bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barley seed storage proteins- structure, synthesis, and deposition
Authors: Shewry P R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cereals are the most important crops in the world, with total annual yields approaching 2 x 109 tonnes. Proteins account for about 8 to 15 per cent of the grain dry weight, and the total protein yield exceeds by several-fold that of the more protein-rich legume seeds. They therefore form the major source of protein for the nutrition of humans and lifestock. Wheat is the most important cereal in Europe (as it is in the world as a whole), and barley the second most important. In both cases the amount and composition of the grain storage proteins, which account for about half of the total grain proteins, have important effects on the quality of the grain for its major end uses: as feed for mono-gastric livestock, for bread-making and for malting, brewing and distilling.
Polyamine metabolism and compartmentation in plant cells
Authors: Bagni Nello , Pistocchi Rossella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous nitrogenous compounds classified as plant growth substances (Bagni 1989). They act mainly in processes based on cell division, with a broad spectrum of effects on various plant tissues, but very little is known about the basic mechanisms and events of this action. Studies on the role of polyamines are complicated by the lack of plant mutants deficient in polyamines. Additional knowledge of their action can be obtained by studying in greater detail their biosynthetic pathways, as well as by blocking them at various steps by using the various inhibitors now available. The study of their transport and compartmentation could also help to explain some effects, such as the different sensitivity of a plant tissue or organ to applied polyamines and the different rate of polyamine synthesis within the same plant, besides providing information on the nature of polyamine action.
Distribution and biological activity of alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors from plants
Authors: Fellows Linda E , Kite Geoffrey C , Nash Robert J , Simmonds Monique S J , Scofield* Anthony M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors (AG Is), which have been reported to occur in many species of higher plants, bacteria and fungi, are probably widespread in nature. They belong to five different chemical structural types, namely polyhydroxylated derivatives of piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, octahydroindolizine, and pyrrolizidine. Certain of the simpler piperidine and pyrrolidine derivatives bear an obvious structural resemblance to 1-deoxy monosaccharides, with the ring oxygen replaced by nitrogen. The orientation of hydroxy groups on the more complex bicyclic structures also suggests a structural resemblance to sugars. AG Is exhibit a range of different types of biological activity. The structures of all AG Is described to date are shown in Figs 16.1-16.3 For simplicity compounds will be referred to by their common names or abbreviations, if any, in this chapter.
How important is grazing to seaweed evolution and assemblage structure in the north-east Pacific?
Authors: Foster Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that grazing by large invertebrates can be important in shaping seaweed assemblage structure, and that such grazing may have been important to macroalgal evolution. The questions of how important this interaction is to assemblage structure along the temperate shores of the north-east Pacific, and how important it may have been to evolution in this geographic region are reviewed. The reported effects of grazing on foliose algal cover at spatial scales from geographic to small patches suggest that grazing is generally (at most of the sites studied) important only in high intertidal-splash zone assem blages, where limpets, littorines, and other herbivores prevent the establishment of most seaweeds. While sea urchins can greatly reduce the cover of foliose plants in subtidal assemblages, this effect is highly variable in space and time. The importance of grazing to patch structure at scales of centimetres to metres is potentially high but remains largely unexplored. While grazers may have large effects in cleared areas during the early stages of intertidal succession, these effects are short-lived and grazer densities are only weakly correlated with recovery rate.
A trophodynamic model of fish production on a windward reef tract
Authors: Polunin N V C , Klumpp D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biological basis of fish-biomass production on coral reefs has not been explored, but in this paper a trophodynamic model is constructed for the first time. Previously published data on benthic primary productivity, rates of macrograzing and planktivory, and abundances of mesofauna of a windward reef-tract at Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia are synthesized to provide a view of the dominant sources and immediate fates of organic carbon in this system. These fluxes are postulated to support fish production primarily through eight different types of food-chain (five algal-based and three plankton-based) which vary in numbers of links and the food-chain efficiencies postulated for them. Fish production is estimated by making extra assumptions about the level of meso-grazing and calculating detritus production by difference. Using the model, the potential fishery yield of macro-grazers over the whole reef is 4 t km-2, invertebrate-feeders 7-16 t km-2, piscivores 0-2 t km-2 and of planktivores 3 t km-2. Maximum predicted yield is 14-23 t km-2 for a fishery targeted at macrograzing, invertebrate-feeding, and planktivorous fishes, which in carbon terms is 0·5-0·8 per cent of gross primary productivity or 1·1-1·9 per cent of net primary productivity (NPP). If the predicted fish production were realized, this coral reef would have as high a fish yield in relation to its primary productivity as other productive marine ecosystems.
Foraging behaviour of marine benthic grazers
Authors: Chapman M G , Underwood A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benthic grazers exhibit a variety of different patterns of foraging. These vary among habitats and among taxonomic groups. Broadly, foraging behaviour has two components: firstly, the behaviour that brings animals into contact with their plant foods; secondly, the animals respond to the presence of food in different ways. Each can be affected by different physical or biological conditions. Here, foraging behaviour is examined in order to evaluate the evidence upon which our understanding of this behaviour is based. The roles of physical factors (such as shelter) and biological interactions (such as competition and predation) are considered. These are discussed in the light of some general models to account for foraging by different animals and with a view to outlining hypotheses of interest for further study.
Chemical mediation of seaweed-herbivore interactions
Authors: Hay Mark E , Fenical William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seaweeds produce a variety of secondary metabolites that deter feeding by herbivores. The defensive value of a compound is, however, a specific function of the compound’s structure and the species of herbivore attacking the plant; previous generalizations about the effectiveness and mode of action of different classes of compounds (e.g., qualitative vs quantitative chemical defences) are unfounded.
Algal ‘gardening’ by grazers: a comparison of the ecological effects of territorial fish and limpets
Authors: Branch G M , Harris J M , Parkins C , Bustamante R H , Eekhout S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Algal ‘gardening’ by grazers modifies macroalgal assemblages by selectively enhancing particular species and increasing the food value of the algae. Three main groups of grazers are involved: fish, limpets, and a few polychaetes. Gardening shifts algal assemblages towards more productive and/or easily consumed species such as filamentous or finely branched algae and non-coralline crusts. Species richness and biomass of gardens depend on the intensity of grazing in gardens relative to background levels. Grazers potentially influence their gardens by altering grazing intensity (usually by territorial defence), nutrient enhancement, ‘weeding’ or ‘sowing’ selectively, and modifying availability of substratum. Gardening grazers seem ‘prudent’, but this may relate to changes in the productivity, food value, or anti-herbivore defences of the algae in their gardens. Territorial defence of gardens is most intense against competitors, and gardening is likely to be most frequent where algal productivity is low and/or grazing intense, as can be shown by geographical gradients. Thus gardening has both evolutionary and ecological implications.
Bioerosion and biogeomorphology
Authors: Spencer T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bioerosion is a complex set of physical and chemical processes of rock removal, driven by the interrelationships between (1) ‘biological corrosion’, a solutional process (accounting for 10-30 per cent of total erosion) largely engineered by Cyanobacteria, and (2) ‘biological abrasion’, the removal of these micro-organisms and particulate debris, notably by boring sponges and bivalve molluscs, burrowing echinoids, and grazing amphineurids and gastropods (70-90 per cent of total erosion). Rates of biological abrasion, although largely derived from either live coral surfaces or unconsolidated reef sediments and thus not readily transferable to lithified substrates, have been established through studies of in situ surface modification, experimentation with block transplants and through the collection of sedimentary products. Mean rates of general surface-lowering characteristically range between 0-5-1-0 mm yr-1. As cyanobacterial zonation, and thus erosion rate, varies with position on the littoral profile, and as this zonation changes with exposure, it is possible to explain the characteristic notched form to the littoral profile and its evolution on rocky shores. However, bioerosion rates do not necessarily increase on progressively higher energy coasts: under microtidal regimes, encrustations of coralline algae and vermetid gastropods on surf platforms act as protective structures, sealing the underlying bedrock from bioerosional processes.
Anxiogenic-like effect of CCK-8 micro-injected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey of rats in the elevated plus maze
Authors: Guimaraes F S , Russo A S , Aguiar J C , Ballejo G , Graeff F G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiments involving electrical stimulation of subcortical regions of the brain have established that interconnected structures comprising the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPAG) of the mid-brain, the medial hypothalamus, and parts of the amygdala constitute an important neural substrate for the expression of defensive/aversive behaviour and the associated neurovegetative and neuroendocrine changes (Graeff 1989). These brain structures are also responsible for the development of aversive motivational states, and thus constitute the so called behavioural aversive system (BAS) (Graeff 1989).The neuropharmacology of the BAS, particularly the DPAG, has been systematically investigated using intracerebral micro-injection of drugs often coupled with brain electrical stimulation. The results obtained so far indicate that many neurotransmitters, including γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), endogenous opioids, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), excitatory amino acids, and acetylcholine, are involved in the modulation of aversive states in the DPAG (Graeff 1984, 1987, 1989, 1991; Schmitt et al. 1984, 1986; Graeff et al. 1986; Carobrez 1987). Anxiolytic drugs such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and ethanol, as well as the 5-HT re-uptake inhibitors fluvoxamine and zimelidine, share the property of attenuating aversion due to DPAG stimulation, which suggests that this structure is involved in pathophysiological processes, particularly pain, depression, and anxiety (Graeff 1984, 1989, 1991; Jenck et al. 1989). Interestingly, it has been shown in patients undergoing neurosurgery that electrical stimulation of the DPAG elicits symptoms and autonomic changes that closely resemble a panic attack (Nashold et al. 1974).
CCK as a putative satiety factor in farm animals
Authors: Baldwin B A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the very extensive work using rats as experimental animals (see Chapter 17 of this volume), the function of CCK as a putative satiety factor has been studied in three farm animals - sheep, pigs, and chickens. From a comparative mammalian viewpoint the choice of sheep and pigs is fortunate, since the sheep is a typical ruminant with a complex digestive system and, under natural conditions, a grazing mode of nutrition, while the pig is a representative omnivore with a monogastric digestive system. Pigs, particularly the miniature breeds, are increasingly being used as experimental animals in biomedical research (Pond and Houpt 1978; Tumbleson 1986). The role of neuropeptides in the regulation of food intake is well established (Baldwin 1988), and in this chapter the evidence for CCK as a putative satiety factor in pigs, sheep, and chickens will be examined.
CCK-5-HT interactions influence meal size in the free-feeding rat
Authors: Clifton Peter G , Cooper Steven J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Food intake in most mammals is behaviourally complex. In the rat larger amounts are eaten at the beginning and end of the night with relatively lower consumption during the day. In addition, food is consumed in ‘meals’- periods of relatively intense feeding behaviour occupying 2-5 per cent of the animal’s time budget. Changes in food intake may be achieved by modulating meal size, meal frequency, or some combination of both together with readjustment of the usual diurnal intake pattern. The analysis of pharmacologically induced changes in food intake has become widely used in recent years (Clifton 1987).Chronic meal-contingent infusion of CCK substantially and permanently reduces meal size, although meal frequency increases so that the total food intake is only slightly reduced for the first 2 or 3 days and subsequently is no different from control levels (West et al. 1984). The indirect serotonin agonist DL-fenfluramine also reduces food intak , primarily by reducing meal size (Popplewell et al. 1981). As tolerance to the anorectic effect of fenfluramine develops and overall food intake increases, meal size remains reduced and meal frequency increases (Barnfield and Clifton, unpublished data). In both cases the reduction in meal size has been taken as evidence of an effect on satiety rather than hunger.Recent evidence suggests possible interactions between CCK and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the control of feeding. Stallone et al. (1989) have shown that the 5-HT antagonist metergoline blocks the anorectic action of CCK-8 in short-term intake tests. They favoured a central site for this interaction in which the antagonist blocked a vagally transmitted peripheral CCK signal. Cooper _et al. (1990) have demonstrated a rather different interaction. They showed that the CCK antagonist devazepide, at a dose which when given alone had little effect on intake, could block the. anorectic effect of o-fenfluramine. Their study also used a simple short-term intake test. Here we report a meal pattern study in which the same drug interaction is examined.
CCK, gastric emptying, and satiety in man
Authors: Robinson P H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In primates, gastric emptying is subject to tight physiological control. In human subjects, emptying of liquids, for example, is slowed by an increase in the caloric content, acidity, or tonicity of the meal (Hunt and Knox 1962; Hunt and Stubbs 1975; Brener et al. 1983), and by the presence of nutrient in the jejunum (Vidon et al. 1989). Liquid meals of fat, protein, and most carbohydrates empty from the stomach of the rhesus monkey at a constant linear rate of calories (McHugh and Moran 1979), while emptying of saline solutions, which proceeds exponentially, is retarded by the infusion of calories into the duodenum (McHugh et al. 1982). The presence of a regulated system of control over gastric emptying provides a possible mechanism for caloric control of food intake, as meals of higher caloric density are emptied from the stomach more slowly and therefore provide a more persistent inhibitory influence on feeding (Hunt 1980). If control of gastric emptying can be shown to be an important influence in determining the onset of satiety and of meal size, then the mechanism by which emptying is controlled comes under scrutiny as a possible mediator of satiety. Several candidates exist, and, because of its known satiety and gastric inhibitory actions, CCK may be a physiological control of gastric emptying and hence of satiety and feeding. In some morbid states, gastric emptying and satiety are both abnormal, and changes in CCK function might provide the pathophysiological basis for the observed behavioural and functional disturbances. In this chapter we shall consider CCK in relation to the role of gastric slowing in the modulation of food intake by nutrients and anorectic drugs in normal primates, including man, and in disorders of eating and weight, namely anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and morbid obesity.
c-fos mRNA in oxytocin neurons: selective induction by CCK
Authors: Hamamura Mitsuko , Leng Gareth , Emson Piers C , Kiyama Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat hypothalamus has long been considered to be an excellent model for the study of mammalian peptidergic neurons. The magnocellular neurons are confined to relatively homogenous nuclei within the hypothalamus- the supra-optic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)- and the neuronal cell bodies are separated anatomically from the nerve terminals that are present at the site of neurosecretion in the neural lobe of the pituitary (Sofroniew 1983). The outputs of these neurons are the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, the concentrations of which are readily measurable in the systemic circulation; hence the state of activation of these neuronal pools can be readily assessed in vivo as well as in vitro. As with all neurons, the secretory activity of magnocellular neurons is governed from minute to minute largely by synaptic events at the cell bodies. However, it is now clear that trans-synaptic activation of neurons also elicits longer-term responses that are correlated with, and may be dependent upon, the induction of new patterns of gene expression. Peptide gene expression in neurons can be modulated by many factors, including membrane electrical activity, neurotrophic growth factors, steroids, and neurotransmitters (e.g. Lightman and Young 1987). One of the most important regulators of peptide gene expression appears to be the proto-oncogene c-fos (Morgan and Curran 1989). c-fos messenger RNA (mRNA) and its proteins are expressed in neurons in vitro following intense depolarization induced by high potassium concentrations (Morgan and Curran 1986) and also following applications of nerve growth factor (Curran and Morgan 1985; Greenberg et al. 1985), nicotine (Greenberg et al. 1986), barium (Curran and Morgan 1986), and BayK8644 (Morgan and Curran 1986). The c-fos gene is activated rapidly and transiently, and such so-called immediate early genes have been proposed to encode regulatory proteins that control the expression of late onset genes, including peptide genes (Sonnenberg et al. 1989). In particular, c-fos protein forms a heterodimeric transcription factor complex with c-jun protein, which is the product of a second immediate early gene, and this heterodimer binds with high affinity and specificity to the AP-1 binding site for transcription factor activity on DNA (Rauscher et al. 1988).
CCK-dopamine interactions: implications for treatment of schizophrenia
Authors: Rupniak N M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been great interest in the possible role of CCK in the pathophysiology and therapy of diseases in which an abnormality of cerebral dopamine function is implicated. Most attention has focused on schizophrenia as a target for novel drug development. In this chapter I shall collate evidence from studies in animals and man to assess the ways in which the CCK system might be manipulated by novel drugs to treat psychosis and neuroleptic-induced movement disorders.There has been speculation that the intimately shared mesolimbic peptidemonoamine pathway might be selectively manipulated to develop a novel antipsychotic therapy. Indeed, the ability of neuroleptic drugs to alter mesolimbic CCK function selectively may contribute to the way in which these agents exert antipsychotic activity.
The role of CCKA and CCKB receptors in mediating the inhibitory effect of CCK on opioid analgesia
Authors: Dourish Colin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the publication of the seminal finding that CCK octapeptide sulphated (CCK-8S) (in this chapter the abbreviation CCK refers to this fragment unless stated otherwise) can block opioid analgesia (Itoh et al. 1982; Faris et al. 1983) there has been considerable interest in the possibility that it may act as an endogenous opioid antagonist (Faris 1985; Han et al. 1985). There was already substantial evidence prior to this discovery that the physiological effects of CCK and opioids were often the antithesis of each other. For example, opioids increase food intake whereas CCK decreases feeding (see Chapter 17 of this volume), and CCK decreases locomotion whereas morphine increases motor activity (Fog 1970; Chapter 22 of this volume). Nevertheless, the discovery of a possible interaction between the two peptides in the control of nociception was of particular significance given the pre-eminence of opioid drugs as painkillers. Indeed, the widespread use of opioid analgesics suggests that examination of CCK-opioid interactions may be of considerable clinical relevance. The potential for CCK-opioid interactions is emphasized by the parailel distribution of the two peptide families and their receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Thus there are high concentrations of CCK and opioids and of CCK and opioid receptors in periaqueductal grey (PAG), ventromedial thalamus, and spinal dorsal horn, all of which are areas that play an important role in the processing of nociceptive impulses (Baber et al. 1989). In addition, there is evidence that CCK and opioids are colocalized in nociceptive neurons in the thalamus and brainstem (Gall et al. 1987). This chapter reviews the preclinical and limited clinical evidence for CCK-opioid interactions in nociception. Particular emphasis is placed on the results of recent studies with potent and selective CCK antagonists which provide strong evidence for a role of endogenous CCK in mediating opioid analgesia in both rodents and primates. In addition, the respective roles of CCKA and CCK8 receptor subtypes (Moran et al. 1986; Dourish and Hill 1987;