bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informed Traders and Market Efficiency
Authors: Harris Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will consider how informed traders trade and how their trading makes prices informative. We will pay special attention to why some informed traders make money while others do not. We also will ex-plain why prices cannot be completely informative. This chapter will help you understand how informed traders make money, when they make money, and the limits to how much money they can make.
The Taney Court and Judicial Power
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Years of political pressure for a judicial settlement of the slavery controversy undoubtedly had their effect on the collective judgment of the Supreme Court in its handling of the Dred Scott case. But the boldness with which it acted also reflected public understanding of the nature of judicial power and the Court’s own sense of strategic responsibility in the American constitutional sys­ tem.
What the Court Decided
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0nly one thing was absolutely certain. Dred Scott had lost his eleven-year legal battle for freedom in the last court of appeal. Seven of the nine justices agreed that at law he was still a slave. Beyond that simple fact, the results of the contest were far from clear. In his “opinion of the Court,” Chief Justice Taney had emphatically excluded Negroes from citizenship and denied Congress the power to prohibit slavery in the territories. But were these declarations part of the ratio decidendi and therefore authoritative? Concerning the first, there was doubt that it had the support of a majority of the justices, while the second was promptly challenged with the label, “obiter dictum.”
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Authors: Lavin Martin F , Shiloh Yosef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a complex multisystem disorder characterized by progressive neurological impairment, variable immunodeficiency, and ocular and cutaneous telangiectasia. A-T has proven a fascinating but elusive subject of investigation since its first description 80 years ago (Syllaba and Henner, 1926). Only three reports of this syndrome were made between 1926 and its establishment as a disease entity 30 years later by Boder and Sedgwick (1957). While these physicians noted absence of the thymus, A-T was not recognized as an immunodeficiency syndrome until 6 years later (Peterson et al., 1963). Recurrent sinopulmonary infections and variable degrees of immunodeficiency, both cellular and humoral, were shown to be hallmarks of this disease during the 1960s and 1970s.
Assessment of the Immune System
Authors: Chapel Helen M , Misbah Siraj , Webster A David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progress in clinical and molecular immunology has heightened the awareness of primary immune deficiency diseases (PIDD) and improved the diagnostic options and therapeutic choices available to physicians and clinical immunologists. Since many immunodeficiency syndromes can be treated or even cured, early diagnosis is of prime importance. As more physicians become familiar with the clinical and laboratory findings of these syndromes, PIDD patients will live longer and have better-quality lives. The most common reason for diagnostic delay is still lack of awareness of medical advisers and diagnostic centers; a widespread misconception is that PIDDs occur predominantly in children, whereas most of these syndromes present in individuals over 10 years of age. The presenting features, usually an excess of infections, are similar in patients of all ages.
Who Has the Right to Change Tradition? Evolving Conceptions of Religious Authority and Their Implications for the Jewish People
Authors: Kopelowitz Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does the reality of secular society affect the role of the rabbinate vis-a-vis the Jewish people? As Mark Chaves has argued, the most important feature of the secularization process is the loss of religious authority.1 Individuals have the option of rejecting organized religion and in some cases are able to create competing religious institutions. To whom, then, is a rabbi responsible: to the individual who joins his or her synagogue and denomination, or to the wider Jewish community? Unable to take for granted a community bound by a uniform set of religious norms, the rabbinate is torn between an obligation to all the Jews living in a given community and the individuals who join their religious movements.
The Decline and Rise of German Antisemitism
Authors: Helibronner Oded 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most flourishing areas of historical research in Germany today is that concerning German Jewry. Included in this broad topic, of course, is the path taken by German society toward the ultimate Final Solution, about which many thought-provoking studies have been published.1 Another key subject is antisemitism in the period before the rise of the Nazis. Several factors have contributed to increased scholarly interest in this phenomenon: the archival discoveries in Eastern Europe, which have caused a reevaluation of traditional lines of research and historical approaches; the rise of a new generation of scholars, who are investigating both the Third Reich and German antisemitism without ideological or emotional preconceptions or inhibitions; and finally, the storm surrounding Daniel J. Goldhagen’s Hitler’s Willing Executioners (1995). At a time when Holocaust studies were becoming increasingly preoccupied with functional, structural explanations of the Final Solution, Goldhagen’s enormously successful book-although faulted on a number of methodological grounds-argued strenuously that the roots of the Holocaust were to be found in historic German antisemitism.
Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation: Simulations of the Future (1976–2000)
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Sinquefield Rex A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article, Ibbotson and Sinquefield showed how to use the historical return data from their earlier paper to make long-run forecasts of our capital markets. They used 50 years of stock, bond, and inflation data to make a 25-year forecast through the year 2000. The forecast method was unique and innovative in several respects: It was one of the first times that historical data were bootstrapped to form simulations of the future. The forecast included all the major asset classes. The returns were broken into components so that inflation, real shortterm interest rates, equity risk premiums, maturity (horizon or interest rate) risk premiums, and default premiums could be separately and collectively forecast. Inflation and real rate expectations were based upon the existing yield curve at the time of the forecast.Inflation and real rates were estimated to follow an autoregressive process with only their residuals being randomly drawn.
Short-Horizon Inputs and Long-Horizon Portfolio Choice
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Edwards Franklin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite its well-known limitations, mean-variance optimization is commonly used to make long-term portfolio allocation decisions. See Hakansson (1972, 1974), Jorion (1985, 1986, 1990), Michaud (1989), Broadie (1991), and Best and Grauer (1991), for instance. In this article we examine the implications of using as Markowitz model inputs the means, standard deviations, and correlations derived from shortterm (or short-horizon) asset class returns as opposed to long-term (or longhorizon) asset class returns. More specifically, we simulate long-term returns using a linear model that allows stock, bond, and bill returns to be autocorrelated, and then use these returns to form efficient portfolios.
Survivorship Bias in Performance Studies
Authors: Brown Stephen J , Goetzmann William , Ibbotson Roger G , Ross Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most interesting effects of using “survived” data appear in the quest for picking winners—whether it is picking winning markets, winning stocks, or winning investment managers. In this article, we explore the biases that survivorship can induce in the ranking of money managers. When you look only at survived funds or markets, it can appear that winners repeat, even when they do not. A winner last period is more likely to be a winner in the next period simply because of the problem of survival rather than due to inherent skill. The main contribution of the article is in pointing out that the problem of attrition in the analysis of manager performance cannot be ignored. Using historical data without understanding how they came to be included in the data set can lead to incorrect inferences and possibly incorrect investment choice.
Global Stock Markets in the 20th Century
Authors: Jorion Philippe , Goetzmann William N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contribution of this article is to present a wide cross section of historical stock market performance over roughly 80 years of world history. Until recently, studies of the long-term rate of return to the stock market have been confined only to the U.S. or U.K. markets because of data availability. The central question to us is whether the U.S. experience is representative of equity investing around the world through the 20th century. Over the period we examine, the United States had the highest rate of real appreciation in stock prices in a sample of 39 countries—significantly higher than the median market and slightly higher than a GDP-weighted index of non- U.S. markets. Some of the most difficult challenges in this article were trying to understand what happened to investment markets during crisis periods, particularly the Second World War, when many markets ceased to function normally, and legal ownership claims—at least for parts of the population— ceased to exist. As econometricians, we like to imagine that the economic environment is roughly stationary—that a stock is a stock whether it trades in 1941 in Berlin or 2005 in the United States. The experience of the 20th century cautions us that this is not necessarily true. Major world events, for which standard econometric models cannot account, are apt to redefine and realign markets
Patterns in Three Centuries of Stock Market Prices
Authors: Goetzmann William N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article was one of the most exciting pieces of research that I have ever participated in. It involves the historical clash of two giants in the field of investments, the Dow-Jones Index and the Wall Street Journal founder Charles Henry Dow, and Alfred Cowles, founder of the Cowles Foundation for Economic Research and the father of the index on which the S&P 500 is now based. That same clash gave rise to the great schism between academic finance and Wall Street practice, between random-walk theorists and technical traders. Our article focuses squarely on the key historical study that gave birth to the random-walk theory—and finds that its conclusion was wrong.
A Journalist’s Perspective
Authors: Savage David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people think of books as being more solid and profound, deeper, and certainly more permanent when compared to a speech, a panel discussion, or a newspaper article. This perception is true of readers as well as writers of all sorts. On occasion, I have chatted with Chief Justice Rehnquist about writing and books-he always seems to have one in the works-and he has commented he writes books because they offer a more lasting record for history.
The Epidemiology of Childhood Cholesterol
Authors: Freeman Laura E Beane , Lauer, Ronald M , Clarke William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elevated cholesterol levels in adults are predictive of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, drug trials to lower cholesterol levels in adults have demonstrated a reduction in the risk of morbidity and mortality from CVD. While children with elevated cholesterol levels have been shown to be at increased risk for elevated cholesterol levels as adults, long-term studies of children and adolescents with elevated cholesterol levels have not been conducted to show that elevated childhood cholesterol levels are predictive of adult CVD.
The Influence of Ion Concentrations on Neuron Functions
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the brain-similarly to the eye and the testicles-has a privileged position, protected by the BBB against undue fluctuations of ion levels and other unwanted intrusions. In the pages that follow, we will see why this is important. We will explore how deviations from the normal range of ion levels can disrupt neuron function. Later, we will also ask, under what conditions do ion levels in brain move outside their normal range?
Introduction to Spreading Depression: Extracellular Electric Signs
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is perhaps not the best choice of a name, because this peculiar, transient, but profound disorder has nothing to do with mood or affect or with the state of the economy. It is a striking and highly reproducible response of the gray matter of the CNS. Its place in and significance for the functioning of the brain, and its biophysical mechanism have long intrigued yet eluded researchers. Recent developments have moved us closer to solution of the puzzle, and in this part of the book I attempt to put the pieces together. Spreading depression is important for at least two reasons. First, it may underlie certain clinical neuro logical conditions. But, second, apart from practical considerations, understanding its mechanism is essential for a complete picture of cerebral function.
Fear
Authors: Robin Corey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many commentators, September 11 inaugurated a new era of fear. But as Corey Robin shows in his unsettling tour of the Western imagination--the first intellectual history of its kind--fear has shaped our politics and culture since time immemorial. From the Garden of Eden to the Gulag Archipelago to today’s headlines, Robin traces our growing fascination with political danger and disaster. As our faith in positive political principles recedes, he argues, we turn to fear as the justifying language of public life. We may not know the good, but we do know the bad. So we cling to fear, abandoning the quest for justice, equality, and freedom. But as fear becomes our intimate, we understand it less. In a startling reexamination of fear’s greatest modern interpreters--Hobbes, Montesquieu, Tocqueville, and Arendt--Robin finds that writers since the eighteenth century have systematically obscured fear’s political dimensions, diverting attention from the public and private authorities who sponsor and benefit from it. For fear, Robin insists, is an exemplary instrument of repression--in the public and private sector. Nowhere is this politically repressive fear--and its evasion--more evident than in contemporary America. In his final chapters, Robin accuses our leading scholars and critics of ignoring “Fear, American Style,” which, as he shows, is the fruit of our most prized inheritances--the Constitution and the free market. With danger playing an increasing role in our daily lives and justifying a growing number of government policies, Robin’s Fear offers a bracing, and necessary, antidote to our contemporary culture of fear.
Upstairs, Downstairs
Authors: Robin Corey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, there is arguably no higher virtue than hard work. At other times, in other places, work has been a biblical curse, the mark of the laboring classes, the dividing line between the bourgeoisie and leisured aristocracy. Here, it is the universal instrument of an achieved identity, the symbol of status earned rather than inherited. It seems strange that we in the United States should so fasten work to personal identity, for a deep, if unacknowledged, current in our culture suggests that the workplace has frequently been inhospitable to the individual. Benjamin Franklin, the original self-made man, discovered the self that made the man not through work, as is commonly thought, but through its refusal. Franklin worked at the Boston printing press of his older brother James. Deeming himself the “master” and Ben “his apprentice,” the older brother regularly beat the younger, and according to Ben, “demean’d me too much in some he requir’d of me.” So Ben decided to “assert my freedom” and look for work elsewhere. But because James made sure no other employer would hire his brother, Ben decided to flee Boston for New York. Fearing that if he “attempted to go openly, means would be used to prevent me,” Ben had a ship captain secretly shepherd him out of the city. Thus did the avatar of hard work go into exile—not from the British crown or the elders of the church, but from his employer and the Boston blacklist—and make his first stab at freedom and selfhood.
Evidence-Based Ethics and the Best Project
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The BEST project and its accompanying ethical analysis were conceived of and directed by a collaborative research team from Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, and the National Institutes of Health. Our team included individuals with training and experience in philosophy, law, public health, health services research, and health-care management. Multidisciplinary in background, the team was distinguished by the fact that all but one member was a physician still active in part-time clinical practice. It is well known that physicians and physician-ethicists may bring their own strongly forged clinical culture to the table in any ethical forum. With an internist, an oncologist, and two psychiatrists participating, we were endowed with a full measure of clinical cultures from the quite different worlds of primary care, specialty care, and mental health. In addition to varying clinical cultures, the mix of physician specialties gave us a broad range of exposures to the managed care experience of practicing physicians in the United States. Our personal experiences included, among others, coming face to face with closed formularies, onerous 1-800 utilization-approval phone numbers, rapid shifts in approved provider lists for specialty referral, and disputes over funding experimental treatment protocols. One of us even had his part-time clinical position eliminated in a wave of cost cutting during the course of the BEST project.
Consumer Empowerment
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Safecare, a managed care plan, announced that it was pulling out of Medicare in a particular county. Safecare had sustained significant financial losses during the last three years, and the announcement stated that Medicare reimbursement was inadequate to cover the cost of providing care to patients in that county. Those long-term members of Safecare who were now over 65 and enrolled through Medicare learned that the plan they had belonged to for more than 30 years was dropping their coverage. The members who were threatened with loss of the plan met as a group and wrote a petition to the organization: “We have been loyal and committed members for up to 30 years. If Safecare leaves our county, some of us will lose longstanding doctor relationships. How can Safecare have made this decision without even giving us a chance to influence it beforehand? “ The city of Philadelphia was determined to unify its Medicaid-supported substance abuse and mental health services into an innovative, city-wide managed care system. But bold ideas in the public mental health sector-like deinstitutionalizationhave caused significant harm as well as important gains.
Flesh and Blood
Authors: Lederer Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organ transplantation is one of the most dramatic interventions in modern medicine. Since the 1950s thousands of people have lived with ‘new’ hearts, kidneys, lungs, corneas, and other organs and tissues transplanted into their bodies. From the beginning, though, there was simply a problem: surgeons often encountered shortages of people willing and able to give their organs and tissues. To overcome this problem, they often brokered financial arrangements. Yet an ethic of gift exchange coexisted with the ‘commodification of the body’. The same duality characterized the field of blood transfusion, which was essential to the development of modern surgery. This book is the first to bring together the histories of blood transfusion and organ transplantation. It shows how these two fields redrew the lines between self and non-self, the living and the dead, and humans and animals. Drawing on newspapers, magazines, legal cases, films and the papers and correspondence of physicians and surgeons, Lederer challenges the assumptions of some bioethicists and policymakers that popular fears about organ transplantation necessarily reflect timeless human concerns and preoccupations with the body. She shows how notions of the body-intact, in parts, living and dead-are shaped by the particular culture in which they are embedded.
Banking on the Body
Authors: Lederer Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are hardly accustomed to thinking of our body parts and fluids as commodities. Yet the American practice of selling blood, skin, and other body parts to be used in or on other people’s bodies is more than a century old. Over the course of the twenti-eth century, so-called “professional blood sellers” and even “professional skin sellers” advertised their availability, the quality of their product, and their services. In New York City, in 1938, a group of professional blood sellers actually unionized, joining the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and promising not to strike.
Religious Bodies
Authors: Lederer Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blood has long been a substance thick with meaning, magic, and symbolism. More than a red body fluid, blood also established relationships between humans and their gods, mediating between the heavens and the earth. In Mesoamerica, blood letting rituals played a crucial role in religious governance. The ancient Mayans believed that human blood nourished and sustained the gods, and the shedding of blood opened the portal to the Otherworld. In the Aztec empire, the continuing welfare of the community demanded human blood sacrifice on a massive scale. Blood (and the flesh) have also played a profound role in the Christian tradition.
Has the Prison a Future?
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a matter of pride to every American that the new penitentiary system has been established and successfully practiced in this country. That community which . . . persevered in this novel experiment, until success has crowned its perseverance, must occupy an elevated place in the scale of political or social civilization. Francis Lieber (quoted in de Beaumont and de Tocqueville 1833, p. 6) The falls of Niagara and your penitentiary are two objects I might almost say I most wish to see in America.
Toxic Leaders: They’re Plentiful
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Falstaff is not the only follower who has ever felt bewitched by a toxic leader. Many of us succumb to their allure. Falstaff, for his part, was openly besotted with Prince Hal, the rebellious, youthful leader-in-waiting.1 More often, however, we followers deny how truly enchanted we are. We may grouse about toxic leaders, but frequently we tolerate them-and for surprisingly long periods of time.