bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histochemical characteristics of mucopolysaccharides in salivary and exorbital lacrimal glands
Authors: Spicer S. S. , Duvenci Jale 
Published: February 2005

AbstractComparison of results obtained by S35O4= autoradiography with those from histochemical staining methods and evaluation of the effect on the staining resulting from prior sialidase digestion, methylation, methylation and saponification, or sulfation, substantiates the selectivity of some procedures for sialomucin and others for sulfomucin. These two types of mucopolysaccharide may be differentiated by the high iron diamine‐alcian blue or aldehyde fuchsin‐alcian blue sequences or comparison between staining with the alcian blue pH 2.5‐PAS sequence and staining with the alcian blue pH 1.0‐PAS method. These techniques reveal that some rodent or lagomorph salivary glands form sialomucin alone, others apparently only sulfomucin, whereas a number produce both types of acid mucopolysaccharide either in different mucous cells throughout the gland or in the same cell.Differences in affinity for basic dyes, periodate reactivity, and susceptibility to elimination of basophilia by methylation or enzymatic digestion are evident among both the sulfo‐ and the sialomucins in different glands. After brief saponification the sialomucin in rat sublingual glands becomes sialidase digestible and gains alcohol resistant metachromasia.Several serous or seromucous glands secrete neutral mucopolysaccharides; others secrete polysaccharides containing sulfate or sialic acid groups whose affinity is masked for some but not for other basic dyes.
Thalidomide injury to an implanted armadillo blastocyst
Authors: Marin‐Padilla Miguel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThalidomide injury to an implanted armadillo blastocyst is presented. This finding confirms the specific damage by thalidomide to the embryoblastic cells. The lack of damage to the trophoblast at this stage permits a normal implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine mucosa.
Unusual duodeno‐pancreatic relationships associated with incomplete rotation of mid‐gut loop
Authors: Wilson Paula M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA 79 year‐old European female cadaver presented the usual features of second stage arrested mid‐gut rotation accompanied by unusual mesenteric attachments and pancreatico‐duodenal relationships.The mesentery, whose root extended from the lower pole of the right kidney diagonally across the posterior abdominal wall to end just medial to the left sacroiliac joint, enclosed most of the small bowel and the proximal large bowel. The unusually short duodenum began 2.5 cm to the left of the mid‐line and described a 13 cm U loop with an upward concavity in which rested the pancreas; this loop and the related pancreas were enclosed in a persistent, transversely placed mesoduodenum. The common bile duct crossed the anterior surface of the pancreas to open at the greater duodenal papilla 2.5 cm from the pylorus. the main pancreatic duct lay much closer to the anterior than to the posterior aspect of the gland. The lesser duodenal papilla was situated on the posterior wall of the duodenum. The hepatic artery arose in common with the superior mesenteric artery and encircled the pancreas. The pancreatico‐duodenal vessels were predominantly distributed upon the posterior aspect of the pancreas and duodenum.It appears that in this specimen the anterior and posterior aspects of the duodenum are transposed, the reversal of surfaces also involving the pancreas. Causative factors are discussed with reference to the literature.
A comparative histochemical study of interstitial tissue and follicular atresia in the mammalian ovary
Authors: Guraya Sardul S. , Greenwald Gilbert S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe distribution and origin of interstitial tissue has been studied in various mammalian ovaries with histochemcal techniques for lipids. The interstitial tissue contains sudanophilic droplets of different sizes consisting of phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol and its esters; the lipids are comparatively unsaturated.The granulosa of normal follicles contains heterogeneous lipid bodies of various sizes composed of unsaturated phospholipids. With the start of atresia these lipid bodies also develop neutral fats (triglycerides). Besides the heterogeneous lipid bodies, another type of sudanophilic lipid droplets of atresia, consisting of triglycerides, cholesterol and its ester and little phospholopids, are formed in the granulosa cells. When the number of these lipid droplets is sufficiently increased, the heterogeneous lipid bodies disappear from the atretic follicles. The theca of such atretic follicles hypertrophies and persists to form the interstitial tissue whereas the granulosa cells, along with the lipid droplets, regress and disappear.In the rat ovary, the interstitial tissue occurs as scattered patches of various sizes that are derived from the theca of atretic preantral and antral follicles. Most of the lipid droplets of the interstitial tissue are mobilized from the preovulatory rat ovary. All of the bat ovary is occupied by interstitial tissue except for the cortex; the tissue is formed in the same way as in the rat. In the cat ovary, the interstitial tissue is sparsely scattered between the follicles and originates from the theca and adjacent stromal cells of normal and atretic follicles. In the dog ovary the interstitial tissue has a similar origin and also arises from invaginations of germinal epithelium. In the opossum ovary the interstitial tissue is present in the form of sparsely scattered patches of cells which arise from the theca of large preantral follicles. A few lipid bodies, consisting of unsaturated phospholipids, appear in the interstitial tissue.
Chorio‐allantoic membrane touch preparations
Authors: Cuadra Manuel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA simple method for separating the ectodermal (chorionic) and entodermal (allantoic) layers of the chorio‐allantoic membrane has been devised. It consists of placing, unfolded, a membrane fragment on a rubber balloon filled with water; air is blown briskly upon the membrane by means of a rubber bulb until its shiny surface becomes dull; following this, a glass slide is applied on it, surface to surface, and then it is suddenly taken off, whereby the desired epithelial layer becomes attached to the glass surface. The microscopic observation of the layers thus individualized shows, on frontal view, their histological architecture, and the characteristic structural details of the constituent cells (cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasmic inclusions, mitochondria, stages in mitotic cell division, etc.).
The mesonephric duct in female camel fetuses
Authors: Shehata Ramzy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe mesonephric duct was studied in female camel fetuses (Gärtner's duct). All fetuses were well developed, aged from two to three months. The female internal genital organs were sectioned at 10 μ and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin or Van Gieson's stain.In camel fetuses, the duct is usually lined with one layer of cuboidal or columnar epithelium which may be ciliated. Degeneration and cavitation occur in the lower vaginal part, which finally obliterates the previous structure, or changes it to many layers. These two processes occur in succession at different levels of the vaginal portion and are not uniform stages along the whole duct. The appearance of the duct is variable at different levels and at the same level in different ducts. The two ducts may leave the submucosa superiorly and enter the musculature of the vagina at different levels. No glands opening into the mesonephric duct were observed. The upper (mesosalpingeal) part is smaller in caliber than the lower and seems to be immune to the obliteration and cavitation mentioned.
Some electron microscopic observations on the lamina propria of the gut, with comments on the close association of macrophages, plasma cells, and eosinophils
Authors: Deane Helen Wendler 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn electron microscopic study has been made of the constituents of the lamina propria of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of the mouse. This layer is highly cellular in the intestines, less so in the stomach. The connective tissue cells are often crowded together without detectable fibers or ground substance between.Below the basement (boundary) membrane of the epithelium attenuated fibrocytes form an almost continuous layer. The appearance of a fibroblast in mitotic division is described.In the connective tissue spaces are abundant plasma cells, macrophages, undifferentiated cells and eosinophils. The fine structure of each is described and illustrated.Particularly evident is the frequency with which plasma cells lie in direct contact with macrophages and with eosinophils. In some instances, vesicles of similar appearance occur in apposed plasma cell and macrophage, suggestive of exchange of material.These close relations of macrophages, plasma cells, and eosinophils are discussed in terms of the role each plays in the defense of the organism against foreign antigens.
The pharyngeal pouches of the dog
Authors: Hendrickx Andrew G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe four pharyngeal pouches, pharyngeal grooves, and closing membranes of the dog form in an antero‐posterior sequence but the encroachment of head mesoderm which results in obliteration of the closing membranes occurs in a posteroanterior sequence. No pharyngeal clefts are formed. The anlage of the auditory tube arises as a dorso‐lateral extension from the dorsal surface of the first pharyngeal pouch and expands into an elongated tube directed toward the developing ear. The second pharyngeal pouch develops into a distinct tonsillar sinus dorso‐lateral to the base of the tongue. The palatine tonsil extends into the tonsillar sinus, and both become covered by a fold of epithelium. The third pharyngeal pouch extends medially toward the developing thyroid after contacting the cervical sinus. The distal tip of the third pouch differentiates into Complex III which transforms into parathyroid III and thymus III. The distal tip of the fourth pharyngeal pouch, Complex IV, also extends in a medial direction after contacting the cervical sinus. Complex IV transforms into parathyroid IV and the ultimobranchial body.
Procurement and use of turtle embryos for experimental procedures
Authors: Yntema C. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractProcedures for experiments on the embryo of the turtle are described. Methods of obtaining the gravid females, their handling, and preoperative preparation of the egg are described. The actual operation can be carried out much as it is done on the chick embryo. Post‐operative care is described. Survival can be satisfactory. Hazards of the procedure are discussed and means of controlling them indicated. Most of the experiments were done with embryos of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. A few experiments were done with embryos of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, and of the soft‐shelled turtle, Trionyx spiniferus. The embryos of the painted turtle promise to be well suited to use for experimental studies. The soft‐shelled turtle is not such a promising form.
Effect of size of intracellular ice on consumption of oxygen and nuclear alteration of mouse kidney cells
Authors: Sherman J. K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLarge intracellular ice formations are assumed to be more damaging than small ones. Nuclear alteration, such as pycnosis, generally is considered a reflection of reduced vital cellular functions. Evidence is presented which shows, on the basis of rate of oxygen consumption, that survival of kidney cells is greater after the formation of large rather than small intracellular ice artifacts, and that nucelar alteration such as pycnosis does not indicate the degree of damage to a vital function, their respiratory activity. Findings agree with those based upon autotransplantation of skin (Anat. Rec., 144: 171–191, '62). It is suggested that mitochondria are one of the cellular sites of freeze‐thaw injury and that the mechanism of freezing injury may differ in nucleus and ctyoplasm.Microscopic appearance of ice artifacts formed in cells of mouse kidney slices after slow (1.5° and 3.0°C/min) and rapid (19° and 38°C/sec) freezing to −75° and −196°C was preserved by the author's freeze‐drying method. Control (unfrozen) and frozen‐thawed slices were fixed in Bouin's fluid and processed routinely for study of microstructure. Oxygen consumption of parallel groups of control and frozen‐thawed slices was measured by the conventional Warburg manometric technique. The data revealed that: (1) the size of intracellular ice artifacts was 5 to 17 times larger in slices frozen at slow than at rapid rate; (2) Q02 of cells in slowly frozen tissue slices (average of 21% of control Q02) was significantly greater than rapidly frozen cells (average of 9% of control Q02); (3) Nuclear pycnosis, crenation and vacuolation were more extensive in cells which were frozen slowly.
Focal radiation, a method for inducing structural modifications in the immature rat brain
Authors: Pulliam James A. , Glasser Stanley R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new and relatively simple technique for conducting developmental neurology experiments is described. This technique consists of subjecting rats less than four days in age to a collimated source of external beta radiation that can be directed to selected parts of the brain. Use of this method yields the following advantages: (1) the size relationships of the parts of the brain can be altered, (2) bilateral asymmetry of the cerebrum, and/or cerebellum can be produced, (3) chronic functional defects which develop as the rat develops can be obtained, (4) the experimenter may selectively destroy any site in the brain provided that it is superficial enough, and (5) foci of epilation appear on the scalp and serve as markers. The limitations of this method are also discussed.
Cell morphology in tissue underlying skin grafts
Authors: Walker Bruce E. , Yates Robert D. , Duncan Donald 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHost tissue underlying skin homografts and isografts was removed 4 to 8 days after grafting and fixed in osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. The skin homograft bed was composed of a dense mass of cells, with bundles of collagenous fibers interspersed. Two types of large, elongated cells with elongated nuclei were commonly seen, one characterized by extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum and the other by masses of free ribosomes. The former corresponds to descriptions of fibroblasts and the latter resembles a lymphoid cell but is considerably larger than those seen in peripheral blood. These two cell types contain most of the ribosomes present in the graft bed. Numerous macrophages and neutrophils were present also. The skin isograft bed was similar except that no large elongated cells with masses of free ribosomes were found. The cell types identified with the electron microscope correspond to the cell types proposed earlier on the basis of light microscope radioautography with thymidine‐H3. It is suggested that the elongated, hypertrophied, lymphoid cell, rather than the macrophage, is responsible for homograft rejection.
Actions of betaine, carnitine and choline on the pattern of hepatic liposis in mice fed a high‐fat, low‐protein diet
Authors: Ball Carroll R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFour stocks (C, C‐57 Bl, DBA and Swiss albino) of mice were fed a high‐fat (28%), low‐protein (8%), hypolipotropic diet for 3–480 days. Lipotropic activities of supplements of betaine and carnitine were evaluated. There were no strain‐limited hepatic responses to the diet or to the action of the lipotropes. Without lipotropic supplements, parenchymal liposis (sudanophilia of frozen sections) was progressively incremental in all lobular zones for approximately 90 days. Subsquently, lobular liposis decreased and the remaining fat was concentrated in the middle zone within cords of fat‐laden cells radiating in a stellate pattern. With choline supplemention, liposis was limited to small amounts of fat within cells that composed the stellate pattern. Betaine displayed a level of lipotropic activity approximating one‐half to three‐fourths that of choline. The lipotropic activity of carnitine was marginal and inconsistent. The combination of betaine and carnitine demonstrated some synergistic action. No parenchymal hyperplasia was observed. The intralobular reticulum increased in some livers, primarily around the central and intercalated veins, but no lobular distortion resulted.
Histochemical study of morphogenesis and teratogenesis of the palate in mouse embryos
Authors: Jacobs Richard M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAggregation of acid mucopolysaccharides in normal palates and cleft palates in mouse embryos was studied by various histochemical methods. An “index of staining intensity” was introduced as a mean numerical value derived from the visual grading of all sections of each litter. Animals were killed at 20 different points of gestation period, from thirteenth to seventeenth day. In this manner a composite staining intensity — time table could be obtained for both experimental groups. The observed data seem to indicate some correlation between the concentration of acid mucopolysaccharides in palatine shelves and the competence of embryonic mechanism of palate closure.
Application of an idealized model to morphometry of the mammalian tracheobronchial tree
Authors: Phalen R. F. , Yeh H. C. , Schum G. M. , Raabe O. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractQuantitative anatomical descriptions (morphometry) of the tracheobronchial airways are of importance in many applications including the preparation of successful mathematical models describing airflow patterns and deposition patterns of airborne particles in the lung. Morphometric data are also useful in studies of comparative anatomy and in describing normal and diseased states of an organ. The collection of such data is aided by the use of idealized models of airway branches of the tracheobronchial airways. Morphometric measurements from the lungs of several mammalian species are presented using a model that consists of three connected tubular segments. The morphometric model uniquely defines an identification number for each branch segment, a branching angle, an airway segment length and diameter, an inclination of a segment to gravity and the degree of alveolarization of each segment. Designed to be compatible with computerized data handling, the model is unambiguous and realistic, but flexible so that anomalous anatomical structures can be classified and noted. Morphometric data describing the variation of structure with depth in the tracheobronchial airways are presented in the form of graphical representations of anatomical measurements on replica casts of the human, dog, rat and hamster airways. These distributions describe the anatomical character of the tracheobronchial airways concisely, quantitatively, and characteristically for each species.
A histological study of the development of the avian middle ear and tympanum
Authors: Jaskoll T. F. , Maderson P. F. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe development of the middle ear and tympanum of Gallus gallus has been studied in embryos Hamilton‐Hamburger stages 20‐46. Particular attention was paid to the pattern of expansion of the pharyngeal pouch forming the tympanic cavity, and the histogenesis of the tissues of the region of the vestibular window. It is concluded that pouch expansion is brought about by simple epithelial growth into regions devoid of mesenchyme. The mesenchyme does not show significant cell death, but differentiates as connective tissue, macro‐phages, and sinus vascular spaces. The epithelium of the mature cavity is of endo‐dermal origin, and there is no indication of celomic contributions. We provide a detailed morphological analysis of the development of the footplate from cells of both the second visceral arch and the otic capsule. These detailed observations on the patterns of chondrification of columella and capsular tissues permit the presentation of a model for cellular interactions leading to the differentiation of the annular ligament.
The histogenesis of lymph nodes in rat and rabbit
Authors: Eikelenboom P. , Nassy J. J. J. , Post J. , Versteeg J. C. M. B. , Langevoort H. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe histogenesis of the popliteal lymph node in the rat and the popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes in the rabbit was examined by light microscopy. Special emphasis has been laid on the initial lymphocyte population in the lymph node anlage. In the rat on the seventeenth day of gestation lymphoid cells populate a limited mesenchymal area along the vein wall. The next day the mes‐enchyme shows a bulb‐shaped outgrowth causing an indentation in the wall of a lymph vessel, running parallel to the vein and having a saccular widening at this place. The bulb‐shaped lymphoid outgrowth fills up the widened lymph vessel; the subcapsular sinus originates from the remaining parts of the lymph vessel. At birth the lymph node can be divided into a primitive cortex consisting of an area with evenly scattered lymphocytes among the basic network of reticular cells and a medulla. About three days after birth an ovoid area containing a dense concentration of lymphocytes is observed in the inner cortex. In the next days it expands in both lateral and medullary direction but not into the outer cortex. Primary follicles appear in the outer cortex 18 days after birth.The development of the inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes in the rabbit shows the same characteristics as the histogenesis of the popliteal lymph node in the rat.The morphogenesis of the lymph node is summarized in a schematic diagram.
Supraependymal cells in the third ventricle of the neonatal rat
Authors: Walsh Raymond J. , Brawer James R. , Lin Peck Sun 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSupraependymal cells in the third ventricle of neonatal male and female rats were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Supraependymal cells in the third ventrical of adult male rats were also studied with SEM. Many neonate supraependymal cells were round to oval in shape and exhibited varying degrees of surface irregularity. Small finger‐like processes or narrow pseudopodia projected from the cell bodies over the underlying ependymal cells. Some neonatal supraependymal cells exhibited flattened cell bodies with broad pseudopodia and few surface irregularities. TEM revealed a variety of cell profiles. Prominent within the cytoplasm of many supraependymal cells were lysosomes, smooth and coated vesicles suggesting pinocytosis, subplasmalemma vacuoles, and occasional lipid droplets. The morphological characteristics of neonatal supraependymal cells suggested they were mononuclear phagocytes. Adult supraependymal cells exhibited more pleomorphic cell shapes with numerous cell processes, varying widely in size and shape, and often extending over the ventricular surface for considerable distances. These observations, in combination with previous studies by other investigators, suggest that some adult supraependymal cells may also be phagocytic in nature. The differences in morphology between adult and neonatal supraependymal phagocytes may relate to the differing third ventricle environment between adult and neonates and/or differences in the origin of the phagocytes with age.