bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Poetry of Sterling A. Brown
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a weekend in the summer of 1962 at a resort near Detroit, just on the other side of the Canadian border. We were listening to a recording being amplified throughout the grounds of poets reading their works. Just standing at that early hour on a Sunday morning would have been, under most circumstances, an achievement, but this time I was startled upright and determined to get to the record player to discover whose voice it was. The voice belonged to Sterling A. Brown. I wondered then and later how a Williams College Phi Beta Kappa, a Harvard man, a college professor, and eminent writer could have a voice with so much of earth and sky and sunlight and dark clouds about it; a voice unafraid, an instrument blues-tinged.
Toward A History of Blacks in North America
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of forces unleashed by the Renaissance and the Commercial Revolution-the sharp increase in trade that resulted from the imperial expansion of Spain and Portugal in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries-millions of Africans were forcibly brought to the Americas to work as slaves. The desire of Spain and other European nations to exploit rapidly the New World’s considerable resources was the governing factor in a process of slave trading which, having begun officially in 1517, lasted more than three centuries.
Rational Belief
Authors: Foley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rationality is a goal-oriented notion. At least as a starter, we can say that questions concerning your rationality are questions concerning how effectively you are pursuing your goals. More exactly, this is a starter insofar as the questions are ones concerning a full-blooded notion of rationality. In a weak sense, you are rational simply because you are capable of being rational or irrational in the full-blooded sense. Being rational in the weak sense contrasts with being arational; stones, buildings, and artichokes are arational, whereas you are not. Being rational in the full-blooded sense contrasts with being irrational, and it is this notion of rationality that is goal-oriented.
“A Wall Between Them Up to Heaven”: Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin
Authors: Dunn Elizabeth E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first half of the eighteenth century, Anglo-Americans struggled to resolve a number of unsettling issues. The use of paper money as a circulating medium, growing power in the assemblies, and the popularity of evangelical revivalism were among the items that initiated heated public debates. Such conflicts provide evidence of the sort of turmoil often used as proof of the process of “modernization” at work.1 But those and other disputes also prompted colonists to articulate assumptions about value and to reveal the depth of differences among themselves as they attempted to evaluate social, economic, and political change. By comparing the writings of two complex personalities, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin, clues emerge that illustrate how values contributed to divisions in the colonies and shaped the attitudes of individuals caught in the vortex of cultural disruption.
“To Begin the World Over Again”: :Foreign Policy and the Birth of the Republic, 1776–1788
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have every opportunity and every encouragement before us, to form the noblest, and purest constitution on the face of the earth,” revolutionary pamphleteer Tom Paine wrote in late 1775. Paine’s words came at a time when the American colonists in their struggle with Great Britain suffered military defeat and economic distress. They were bitterly divided between those who sought independence and those who preferred accommodation. Only thirty-seven years old when he arrived in the United States in 1774, Paine had been a corset maker and minor British government functionary. His best-selling pamphlet Common Sense made an impassioned appeal for independence. It was “absurd,” he insisted, for a “continent to be perpetually governed by an island.” A declaration of independence would gain for America assistance from England’s enemies, France and Spain. It would secure for an independent America peace and prosperity. The colonists had been dragged into Europe’s wars by their connection with England. Without such ties, there would be no cause for European hostility. Freed of British restrictions, commerce would “secure us the peace and friendship of all Europe because it is in the interest of all Europe to have America as a free port.”
“None Who Can Make Us Afraid”: The New Republic in a Hostile World, 1789–1801
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Washington’s 1796 musings about a United States so powerful that none could “make us afraid” reflected the fear that gripped the nation throughout the turbulent 1790s, a time of dire threats from without and bitter divisions within. They also put into words the first president’s vision of an American empire invulnerable to such dangers. If the United States could avoid war for a generation, he reasoned, the growth in population and resources combined with its favorable geographic location would enable it “in a just cause, to bid defiance to any power on earth.” Washington and his successor, John Adams, set important precedents in the management of foreign and national security policy. Conciliatory at the brink of war, they managed to avert hostilities with and wring important concessions from both England and France. They consolidated control of the western territories awarded in the 1783 peace treaty with Britain, laying a firm foundation for what Washington called the “future Grandeur of this rising Empire.” The Federalists’ conduct of U.S. foreign policy significantly shaped the new nation’s institutions and political culture. Through skillful diplomacy and great good fortune, the United States emerged from a tumultuous decade much stronger than at the start.
The War of 1898, the New Empire, and the Dawn of the American Century, 1893–1901
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great transformation in U.S. foreign relations that began in the Gilded Age culminated in the 1890s. During that tumultuous decade, the pace of diplomatic activity quickened. Americans took greater notice of events abroad and more vigorously asserted themselves in defense of perceived interests. The war with Spain in 1898 and the acquisition of overseas colonies have often been viewed as accidents of history, departures from tradition, “the great aberration,” in historian Samuel Flagg Bemis’s words, “empire by default,” according to a more recent writer.1 In fact, the United States in going to war with Spain acted much more purposefully than such interpretations allow. To be sure, the nation broke precedent by acquiring overseas colonies with no intention of admitting them as states. At the same time, in its aims, its methods, and the rhetoric used to justify it, the expansionism of the 1890s followed logically from earlier patterns, built on established precedents, and gave structure to the blueprint drawn up by James G. Blaine in the previous decade.
Involvement Without Commitment, 1921–1931
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Often dismissed as an isolationist backwater, the era of the 1920s in fact defies simple explanation. It lacks an overarching theme and a dominant, Wilson-like figure. United States foreign policy derived from numerous complex and sometimes conflicting pressures, producing a bundle of seeming contradictions. The United States was without question the world’s top economic power, but it lacked commensurate military power and was not always inclined or able to use its economic might effectively. Republican officials went far beyond their predecessors in terms of involvement in world problems.
Coexistence and Crises, 1953–1961
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 6, 1953, the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party announced with “profound sorrow” that Joseph Stalin was dead. Citizens of the USSR must have greeted the news with a mixture of relief and anxiety. Editorialists in the United States expressed undisguised joy at the demise of the “murderer of millions” but permitted themselves only a glimmer of hope. The great struggle of the century would continue, they averred. Stalin’s successors could be as bad or worse. The world might be plunged into an “era of darkest uncertainty.” In fact, Stalin’s death, along with the development of nuclear weapons with destructive capacity too awful to contemplate, changed the Cold War fundamentally in the 1950s. The conflict shifted to new battlegrounds, took new forms, and required new weapons. New leaders on both sides struggled to cope with a more complex and, in some ways, more menacing world. While speaking of peaceful coexistence, they lurched from crisis to crisis. The end of the decade brought simultaneously major steps toward substantive negotiations and one of the most dangerous periods of the postwar era.
Stellarator and Heliotron Devices
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This monograph describes plasma physics for magnetic confinement of high temperature plasmas in nonaxisymmetric toroidal magnetic fields or stellarators. The techniques are aimed at controlling nuclear fusion for continuous energy production. While the focus is on the nonaxisymmetric toroidal field, or heliotron, developed at Kyoto University, the physics applies equally to other stellarators and axisymmetric tokamaks. The author covers all aspects of magnetic confinement, formation of magnetic surfaces, magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and stability, single charged particle confinement, neoclassical transport and plasma heating. He also reviews recent experiments and the prospects for the next generation of devices.
Design Principles Of Coil Systems In The Stellarator And Heliotron
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The possibility that a magnetic bottle of the toroidal configuration (or a geometry topologically identical to the donut) may confine a high-temperature plasma makes a detailed investigation of the toroidal magnetic configuration important. The practical utilization of magnetic fields for plasma confinement depends on the solution of a number of problems. In the first place, it is necessary to determine precisely which properties of the magnetic field are responsible for stable confinement of individual charged particles and plasmas. Investigations of the confinement of individual charged particles (in chapter 6) and of the conditions necessary for the existence and stability of megnetohydrodynamic equilibrium (in chapters 4 and 5) have shown that the confinement properties of the magnetic field depend on the geometry of the magnetic lines of force and the spatial variation of the field intensity B = IBI. These considerations lead to a detailed investigation of the structures of coils capable of producing favorable magnetic lines of force. Although the field intensity Bis a local quantity, the lines of force are integral characteristics of the magnetic field Band the analysis becomes more complicated.
Neoclassical Transport In The Stellarator And Heliotron
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In neoclassical diffusion theory, the essential mechanism is the existence of a trapped particle with a velocity component perpendicular to the magnetic surfaces due to VB drift motion. From this point of view, neoclassical diffusion exists even in straight stellarators with perfect helical symmetry. Here, neoclassical transport is first introduced for a straight stellarator in section 7.2. We note the similarity between the tokamak with axisymmetry and the straight stellarator with helical symmetry.
The Steady-State Fusion Reactor
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, we discuss the condition for ignition based on the global power balance in section 9.2. In magnetically confined ignited plasmas, heating by neutral beam injection (NBI) or by a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic wave is replaced by heating due to high-energy charged particles produced by fusion reactions. In deuterium (D) and tritium (T) plasmas, the behavior of alpha particles is the most important issue, as shown in section 9.3. When the heating due to alpha particles, or alpha heating, exceeds the overall energy loss, net energy production is possible by the D-T fusion reaction in the ignited plasma. A total fusion energy, including neutrons, of the order of 3 GW is typically expected in the fusion reactor of the near future.
Introduction
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The studies that follow pursue the question of how certain specific modes of discourse-myth, ritual, and classification-can be, and have been, employed as effective instruments not only for the replication of established social forms (this much is well known), but more broadly for the construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of society itself. Before we can turn to this topic, however, there is another that must be treated: No consideration of discourse is complete that does not also take account of force. Together, discourse and force are the chief means whereby social borders, hierarchies, institutional formations, and habituated patterns of behavior are both maintained and modified.
Competing Uses of the Future in the Present
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far, in considering the sociopolitical instrumentality of mythic dis course, we have limited ourselves to stories that are told in the past tense. Yet there are other myths, and extremely important ones, that are set not in the past but in the future, a mythic future that-like the mythic past-enters discourse in the present always and only for reasons of the present. What is more, such myths may well be (and have often been) contested territory as competing segments of society seek to appropriate them and turn them to their own interests, be those interests the preservation of the status quo or the reconstruction of society in some radically new form. As a case in point consider a common eschatological image that occurs, inter alia, in three Iranian accounts of the world’s end. According to the first, “This also is said: ‘The earth becomes flat, without a crown and without a seat. There are no mountain peaks or hollows, nor are up and down preserved’ “ (Greater Bundahishn 34.33).
Ritual, Rebellion, Resistance: Rethinking the Swazi Ncwala
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like myth, ritual is best understood as an authoritative mode of symbolic discourse and a powerful instrument for the evocation of those sentiments (affinity and estrangement) out of which society is constructed. The differences between the two, although hardly negligible, are in large measure a matter of genre, ritual discourse being primarily gestural and dramatic; mythic discourse, verbal and narrative. I hope I have shown that the politics of myth are considerably more complex than is generally recognized; now the time has come to turn our attention to ritual.
The Levirate Widow
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third kind of dependent woman in the mishnaic system is the levirate widow. When a woman’s husband dies without male issue, Scripture re quires her to marry her husband’s brother in the hope that the union will produce a surrogate son and heir to the dead brother, so that his name “may not be blotted out in Israel” (Deut. 25:6). This consideration is so compel ling as to override Scripture’s explicit directive forbidding a man in normal circumstances to marry his brother’s widow (Lev. 18:16).159 Like the minor daughter and the wife, then, the levirate widow is defined by her relation ship to a man who has an exclusive claim on her biological function; and, as with those other women, the sexuality factor diminishes her personhood. For just as the daughter’s sexuality belongs to her father and the wife’s to her husband, so the levirate widow is the sexual property of the levir; and, as with the first two women, the levirate widow’s potential as a brood mare reduces her to the status of chattel when this function is paramount in the minds of the sages.
The Autonomous Woman
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women defined as autonomous in mishnaic law comprise three subclasses: the emancipated daughter, the divorcee, and the widow. These three groups (explained in chap. 1) form mirror images of the three dependent subclasses discussed in chapters 2 through 4: the minor daughter’s counterpart is the unmarried woman, whose coming of age at twelve and one-half years automatically emancipates her from her father’s jurisdiction; the divorcee counterpart of the wife-is released from her husband’s authority by receiving his writ of divorce; and the levirate widow’s counterpart, the normal widow, escapes control by her husband’s brother because her husband produced an heir before he died.
The Anomaly Of Woman In The Mishnah
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law of women’s status forms one well-defined part of a larger system of jurisprudence, the totality of mishnaic law. So in analyzing the rules that govern women, we need to consider how well the law of women, in form and in substance, meshes with the mishnaic system as a whole. How far do the sages succeed in integrating women into their blueprint for the ideal Israelite way? And how well does their treatment of women fit the general method of the Mishnah? To set these questions in context, we shall briefly review our major findings and their significance.
A Kingdom without a King
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abdullah’s assassination sent Jerusalem into a frenzy. Police and troops of the Royal Guard went berserk in the Old City, firing indiscriminately into the crowds and rioting through the streets. Dozens were injured; the numbers killed are unknown. The commander of the guards regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Habis al-Majali, assisted Shaykh Muhammad al-Shanqiti in wrapping Abdullah’s body in one of the mosque carpets to be carried first to a hospital and then, when death was confirmed, by car to Qalandia to be put on an airplane for Amman. Al-Majali’s absence coupled with the wounding of Police ChiefRadi ‘Innab meant that troops at the Haram al-Sharif were without their two senior officers, thereby fueling the confusion. In any event, the area was cordoned off, and up to five hundred people were herded into the Armenian Quarter and then back into the open space around the mosque for interrogation. Ahmad al-Khalil, governor of Arab Jerusalem, clamped a curfew over the Old City, sealed traffic at the Mandelbaum Gate, and declared martial law. Sam Cooke, a British brigadier stationed in Ramallah, was appointed military governor in his capacity as the senior Arab Legion officer on the West Bank.
The Kingdom Unraveled
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ironically, Glubb’s ouster did not signal Hussein’s consolidation of power at the top of the Jordanian pyramid. By mid-March, the paroxysm of nationalist praise for Hussein’s “personal coup”1 had died down, and the old political tests returned with a vengeance. Only this time, the traditional centers of influence-palace, government, and army-faced challenges from newcomers who believed that the future of a Glubbless Jordan was theirs. To the political opposition and to the ambitious nationalists in the Arab Legion, Glubb’s dismissal was as much their victory as Hussein’s, and over the subsequent months they proceeded to chip away inexorably at the edifice of the state. This year was not Hussein’s finest. With mild understatement, he himself called it a year of “uneasy experiment.”2 Although at times he showed signs of the maturity that helped him weather the Baghdad Pact riots, more often than not the king wavered, ceding almost indifferently the political initiative to men and ideas that were fundamentally at odds with the Hashemites’ core principles. With no clear lead from their sovereign, the “king’s men” drifted apart from the palace, or perhaps more accurately,
Deconstructing Ethnicity
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The model of ethnic renewal put forth in the last two chapters has outlined the ways in which individuals and communities construct and reconstruct their identities and cultures. This constructionist approach to understanding ethnicity is part of an ongoing dialogue within. the social sciences about the nature of individual and collective ethnicity. It is an attempt to make sense of the failures of earlier models and to codify and extend emerging understandings. According to this view, ethnicity is constructed out of the material of language, religion, culture, appearance, ancestry, or regionality.
American Indian Population Growth: Changing Patterns of Indian Ethnic Identification
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dramatic growth of the American Indian population reflected in the census data presented in the Introduction constitutes a demographic puzzle. How can we account for the rapid increase in the number of American Indians during the post-World War II period, particularly since 1960? This increase in the number of Americans claiming an Indian race and Indian ancestry represents an opportunity for those interested in understanding not only American Indian ethnicity but ethnic identification and ethnic boundaries in general. By examining historical changes in the size and composition of the Indian population, we can obtain a preliminary and evocative overview of the structure and dynamics of American Indian ethnicity. By trying to uncover the reasons for the increase in the American Indian population, we can gain insight into what leads to individual ethnic identification, what forces are at work in the construction and reconstruction of ethnic groups, and ultimately, how to describe the causes and character of American Indian ethnic renewal.
Red Power: Reforging Identity and Culture
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Alcatraz occupation represented a turning point in American Indian protest and a defining moment in the evolution of American Indian ethnicity. Alcatraz heralded the beginning of the Red Power movement, a period of greatly increased American Indian activism by mostly larger-than-tribal groups and organizations often with urban origins, expressing grievances ranging from issues affecting Native Americans in general to problems confronting all Indian tribes to issues specific to particular tribes. The occupation of Alcatraz and the activist movement it launched energized and transformed American Indian ethnicity. American Indian ancestry became a valued part of personal identity and a basis for self-identification and group solidarity. The movement’s identification of common Indian problems and rights reaffirmed Native Americans’ shared history, values, and meaning and provided a symbolic base from which to appeal to constituents, recruit participants, build organization, and plan and launch protest actions.