bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the vaginal bacterial flora of bitches
Authors: Ström Bodil , Linde-Forsberg Catharina 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Vaginal aerobic bacterial flora was studied in 5 healthy bitches before, during, and after a 10-day period of treatment with ampicillin and an equally long period of treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Blood variables and antimicrobial drug susceptibility also were studied. Bacteria were isolated from all bitches before the first treatment period. Bitches from which only a sparse number of bacteria were isolated had flora that varied from day to day.
In most instances when bitches were given an antibiotic to which their vaginal bacterial flora was susceptible, these bacteria were eradicated after only 1 day of treatment. This was true for pasteurellae, streptococci, and, in all but one case, Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus intermedius was more difficult to eradicate, and, although susceptible in vitro, it was unaffected by antibiotic treatment in 1 bitch and it took 7 days to eradicate in another. Eradication of aerobic bacteria in the vagina was total only in the bitch that had sparse flora from the beginning. Bacteria colonized within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 4 days after termination of treatment with ampicillin and within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 3 days for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Mycoplasmas emerged during and after both treatment periods, and E coli became apparent during treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Because mycoplasmas may be genital pathogens in bitches and E coli is a common uropathogen, their appearance should be an argument against widespread use of antibiotics in healthy breeding bitches. Two bitches developed a vaginal discharge during treatment or shortly after. Blood variables did not change during the study, nor did antimicrobial drug resistance of the isolated bacteria.
Pulmonary thromboembolism and hypertension after thiacetarsamide vs melarsomine dihydrocholoride treatment of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Raynaud Jean Pierre , Lewis Robert E. , Duncan J. Robert 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The severity of pulmonary thromboembolism and pulmonary hypertension induced by heartworms dying after administration of 2 adulticides was evaluated. Because melarsomine dihydrochloride (RM340) has been shown to be more effective in killing Dirofilaria immitis (heartworms) than the traditional approved adulticide, thiacetarsamide, an attempt was made to determine whether this new adulticide induced more severe lung disease. Before adulticide treatment, 32 dogs with naturally acquired heartworm infections received physical examinations, semiquantitative antigen concentration tests, cbc, platelet counts, serum biochemistry analyses, arterial blood gas determinations, thoracic radiography, pulmonary arteriography, and pulmonary hemodynamic tests. Eight dogs with a low burden and 9 dogs with a high burden of heartworms were treated with thiacetarsamide, and 7 dogs with a low burden and 8 dogs with a high burden were treated with RM340. Except for the heartworm-burden test, tests were repeated at regular intervals during the first 7 weeks after treatment. None of the dogs coughed or had dyspnea after treatment. Six of 9 dogs with high worm burdens and 4 of 8 dogs with low worm burdens had surviving heartworms after thiacetarsamide treatment, in contrast to only 3 of 15 RM340-treated dogs. Differences between the 2 adulticide treatments were minimal as determined by thoracic radiography, pulmonary hemodynamic tests, clinical laboratory analyses, pulmonary arteriography, or necropsy. The RM340 treatment was a more effective adulticide, but it did not increase the severity of hypertension and thromboembolism.
Lung tissue concentrations and plasma pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in calves with acute pneumonia
Authors: Apley Michael D. , Upson Dan W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma and lung tissue pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in calves with naturally induced acute pneumonia were determined in 2 separate studies. A maximal pneumonic tissue concentration of 1.17 μg/ g was achieved 1.8 hours after im injection of 1.25 mg of danofloxacin/kg of body weight. Pneumonic tissue danofloxacin concentrations were 5.5 times greater than those in plasma at 1 and 2 hours after injection. Cranioventral pneumonic tissue had significantly decreased danofloxacin concentration, compared with that of grossly normal tissue from the caudodorsal part of the lungs at 2 of 6 sample times.
After iv injection, the apparent steady-state volume of distribution was 3.44 ± 1.13 L/kg, and the elimination half-life was 6.26 ± 2.27 hours. Maximal plasma danofloxacin concentration of 0.25 μg/ml was detected 0.80 hour after im injection. Bioavailability was 91%.
Our findings indicated that a large percentage of danofloxacin is rapidly absorbed after im administration to calves with acute pneumonia. Extensive tissue penetration was suggested by a high steady-state volume of distribution and was indicated by high concentrations in pneumonic tissue.
Immunoglobulins in stimulated tears of dogs
Authors: Ginel Pedro J. , Novales Manuel , García María , Martín Eva M. , López Rocío , Molleda José M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Immunoelectrophoresis and single radial immunodiffusion were used to identify and measure tear immunoglobulin concentrations in 50 healthy dogs. Immunoglobulin A and IgG were detected in all samples analyzed, whereas IgM was not detected in any sample. Mean IgA concentration was 25.28 ± 1.9 mg/dl, adult dogs (> 18 months) having significantly higher mean value. The IgA concentration related to age had significant (P < 0.006) positive correlation; mean IgG concentration was 23.10 ± 1.72 mg/dl. Linear correlation analysis revealed significant (P < 0.0007) correlation coefficient between tear total protein and IgA concentrations. The IgA and IgG concentrations also were significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated when expressed as milligrams per 100 mg of protein. Relation with sex was not established for either immunoglobulin.
Effect of ranitidine on healing of experimentally induced gastric ulcers in ponies
Authors: MacAllister Charles G. , Sangiah Subbiah 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Thirty young ponies were examined endoscopically for evidence of gastric ulceration. Seven ponies had noninduced gastric ulcers present at the initial examination and were eliminated from the study. In an attempt to induce gastric ulcers experimentally, flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, im, q 8 h) was administered for 7 days to the 23 ponies with endoscopically normal gastric mucosa. During the 7 days of flunixin administration, 11 ponies developed gastric ulcers that were appropriate for study. The 11 ponies were randomly allotted to 2 groups. Group-A (n = 5) and group-B (n = 6) ponies received ranitidine (4.4 mg/kg, po, q 8 h) and corn syrup, respectively, until ulcers healed or for a maximum of 40 days. General anesthesia was induced every 3 to 5 days for visual evaluation of ulcer healing by use of a video endoscope. The earliest complete healing of gastric lesions observed in a corn syrup-treated pony was at 17 days. At 40 days, 3 of 5 and 3 of 6 ponies of the ranitidine and corn syrup-treated groups, respectively, had healed ulcers.
Results of this study indicate that: noninduced gastric ulcers may be common in young ponies, flunixin meglumine may be effective in inducing gastric ulcers for gastric healing studies in young ponies, and ranitidine (4.4 mg/kg, q 8 h) is not significantly effective in accelerating healing of experimentally induced gastric ulcers in ponies under conditions of this study.
Toxin production by Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits with atrophic rhinitis
Authors: DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Deeb Barbara J. , Brodie Scott J. , Zimmerman Thomas E. , Veltkamp Eugene R. , Chrisp Clarence E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Naturally acquired turbinate atrophy in rabbits was associated with Pasteurella multocida infection. Several in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to document toxin production from P multocida isolates and to determine the relation of toxin to atrophic rhinitis in rabbits. Ten isolates of P multocida serotype A:12 were obtained from adult New Zealand White rabbits with noninduced atrophic rhinitis. Specific-pathogen-free rabbits inoculated intranasally with isolates of P multocida developed rhinitis and turbinate atrophy. However, inoculation with filtrates of the same bacteria failed to induce turbinate atrophy. Cytotoxicity was observed in assays, using bovine embryonic turbinate cell cultures with extracts of P multocida, but not in agar overlay cytotoxicity assays, using bovine embryonic turbinate, bovine embryonic lung, or Vero cell cultures, or in a sandwich elisa, using monoclonal antibodies to purified P multocida toxin. Thus, turbinate atrophy was experimentally reproduced in rabbits with isolates of P multocida, but toxin was only detected in vitro by cell culture assay of P multocida extracts.
Effects of shipping, handling, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and epinephrine on α-tocopherol content of bovine blood
Authors: Sconberg Shelly , Nockels Cheryl F. , Bennett Bill W. , Bruyninckx Walter , Blancquaert Anne-Marie B. , Craig A. Morrie 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In 2 studies, plasma, erythrocyte, and neutrophil α-tocopherol concentrations were monitored in beef cattle after shipping, handling, and sample collection. On the basis of α-tocopherol results, an additional 2 studies were designed to measure the effects of administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) and epinephrine on the α-tocopherol concentration in the aforementioned blood constituents and on creatine kinase (ck) activity in Holstein calves.
In the first of these studies, 15 beef cattle that had recently arrived at the feedlot consumed feed supplemented daily with 1,000 IU of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Values for initial blood samples indicated that ck activity was high. Although plasma α-tocopherol concentration indicated that vitamin supplementation was adequate, rbc and neutrophil α-tocopherol values were generally nondetectable. After 4 weeks of supplementation, plasma α-tocopherol concentration increased (P < 0.05), and neutrophil and rbc α-tocopherol values became measurable in most of the cattle. In the second study, 6 beef heifers had decreased (P < 0.05) plasma, rbc, and neutrophil α-tocopherol values after multiple periods of handling and blood sample collection.
In the third and fourth studies, 10 tamed Holstein heifer calves, 5 of which were administered acth and epinephrine to simulate stress effects on blood α-tocopherol concentrations and ck activity. In study 3, the vitamin E-adequate heifers had increased blood ck (P < 0.001) activity and cortisol (P < 0.01) concentration, and decreased (P < 0.05) neutrophil α-tocopherol concentration after hormone injections. In study 4, when vitamin E-deficient calves received the aforementioned hormones, ck activity increased (P < 0.05) and rbc α-tocopherol concentration decreased (P < 0.05), whereas plasma and neutrophil values did not change.
These results indicate that shipping and handling, or the stress paradigm of acth and epinephrine injections, may reduce the α-tocopherol content of plasma, rbc, and neutrophils while increasing plasma ck activity, which indicates membrane destruction.
Treatment of experimentally induced trichinosis in dogs and cats
Authors: Bowman Dwight Douglas , Darrigrand Ruth Anne , Frongillo Marguerite K. , Barr Stephen Charles , Flanders James A. , Carbone Lawrence G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Studies were undertaken to determine the efficacy of milbemycin oxime against the enteric adult stages of Trichinella spiralis and of albendazole against the muscle stage larvae in experimentally infected dogs and cats. Specific-pathogen-free Beagle pups (n = 6) and domestic shorthair kittens (n = 6) were inoculated with 7,500 first-stage larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Physical examination (including collection of blood and fecal samples) was performed weekly. During the first week after inoculation, all animals had mild gastrointestinal tract disturbances, but stages of T spiralis were not observed in the feces. Beginning on postinoculation day (pid) 10, 3 pups and 3 kittens were treated with milbemycin oxime (1.25 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 12 h) for 10 days. Muscle biopsy specimens were taken from dogs and cats on pid 26 and 29, respectively. Mean numbers of larvae per gram of muscle were 30.3 in the control and 37.7 in the treated dogs. Mean numbers of larvae per gram of muscle in the control and treated cats were 318.7 and 89.3, respectively. Two dogs and 2 cats were removed from the study at that time. The remaining animals, 2 each of the control and milbemycin oxime-treated animals, were given albendazole (50 mg/kg, po, q 12 h) for 7 days starting at pid 31 and 34 in dogs and cats, respectively. Muscle biopsy specimens were again taken at pid 46 and 49, for dogs and cats, respectively; mean numbers of larvae recovered from muscle were 0.6 for dogs and 13.5 for cats.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serologic detection of Salmonella dublin carriers on a large dairy
Authors: House John K. , Smith Bradford P. , Dilling George W. , Da Roden Lin 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cows and calves from a 1,600-cow drylot dairy were screened for IgG antibodies to Salmonella dublin lipopolysaccharide (lps), using an indirect elisa. The elisa was performed on milk samples from lactating cows and on sera from nonlactating cows and calves. Fecal samples were collected from calves and nonlactating cows for culture of Salmonella spp. All seropositive cattle were retested by culture and elisa 5 times at monthly intervals or until antibody concentration decreased. None of the cattle remained culture-positive and seronegative. Prior to and during the sample collection period, approximately 30% of calves < 8 weeks old died of S dublin infection. Vaccination of cows with a killed S dublin/S typhimurium vaccine at cessation of lactation was a routine management practice. The elisa-determined IgG response to vaccination had decreased by 50 days after vaccination.
Eight cows and 5 calves that maintained a high serologic response to S dublin were purchased and moved to a research facility for 6 months of intensive monitoring. Lactating cows were milked twice daily, and culture of milk and feces for Salmonella spp was performed 5 times/wk. Serum IgG antibodies to S dublin lps were measured weekly, using elisa. At the end of 6 months, all 13 cattle were necropsied and tissues were obtained for culture of Salmonella spp. All 8 cows and 5 calves maintained persistently high elisa titer for the 6 months of testing, and shed S dublin in the milk and/or feces during the same period. On this basis, they were termed S dublin carriers. Salmonella dublin was isolated from mammary tissue of 2 calves at necropsy, indicating that bacteremia may be a mode of mammary infection by S dublin.
Results of the study indicated serologic testing can be used successfully on a large dairy to identify S dublin carrier cattle. Using initial milk screening, 42 of 1,268 lactating cows were identified as suspect, requiring repeated serologic testing. One nonlactating cow, 7 of the 42 suspect lactating cows, and 5 of the 222 calves maintained an IgG response, and were found to be S dublin carriers. Carrier cows shed S dublin in 3.35% of fecal samples and 2.51% of milk samples, and carrier calves shed S dublin in 17.26% of fecal samples.
Antinociceptive effects of combining low doses of neuroleptic drugs and fentanyl in sheep
Authors: Kyles Andrew Edward , Waterman Avril Eira , Livingston Alex 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of low doses of the neuroleptic drugs droperidol and zuclopenthixol, combined with a sub-analgesic dose of the opioid µ-agonist, fentanyl, on mechanical nociceptive thresholds were evaluated in sheep. Intravenously administered droperidol (5 µg/kg of body weight) did not induce any change in the nociceptive thresholds when administered alone, but caused marked increase in threshold responses when combined with a subanalgesic dose of fentanyl (5 µg/kg). Similarly, a combination of IV administered zuclopenthixol (100 µg/kg) and fentanyl induced significant (P< 0.05) antinociceptive effects, whereas zuclopenthixol administered IV alone had no effect on the threshold responses. Intrathecal administration of a low dose of droperidol (5-µg total dose) combined with IV administered fentanyl also increased mechanical thresholds significantly (P< 0.05). These results indicate that interactions exist between dopaminergic and opioid systems in the processing of nociceptive information and that these effects may, at least partially, be mediated spinally.
Capacitation-like membrane changes and prolonged viability in vitro of equine spermatozoa cultured with uterine tube epithelial cells
Authors: Ellington J. E. , Ball B. A. , Blue B.J. , Wilker C. E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Reliable capacitation of equine spermatozoa has been a major obstacle in the development of equine in vitro fertilization. Experiments were done to compare in vitro capacitation of equine spermatozoa by use of heparin/caffeine, calcium ionophore, uterine tube epithelial cell (utec)-conditioned medium, and direct culturing of spermatozoa with utec (coculturing). Capacitation-like changes, as determined by chlortetracycline membrane staining patterns, developed with utec-conditioned medium and coculturing, equivalent to that with calcium ionophore. Both of these treatments induced more (P. < 0.05) capacitation-like changes than did the control, a modified Tyrode’s medium. More (P < 0.05) spermatozoa were viable after 24 hours of utec coculturing than in the control incubation.
Leukocyte mobilization to skin lesions in dogs
Authors: Wisselink Marinus A. , Koeman Jan P. , Willemse Ton 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A suction blister technique was used in 10 healthy dogs to remove the epidermis from the dermis in a standardized way. Collection chambers were attached to these skin windows and filled with autologous serum to attract exudative neutrophils. The chambers were emptied by fine-needle aspiration at 4-hour intervals and were refilled with serum for 24 hours after the last aspiration. The collected cells were counted, differentiated, and stained, using the trypan blue dye-exclusion method to determine cell viability. Multiple skin biopsy specimens obtained during the procedure were examined histologically. The chamber fluid collected after 24 hours was cultured for bacteria. Increasing numbers of viable neutrophils were collected during the 24-hour period from the induced skin windows. In all but 1 dog, sufficient viable neutrophils could be collected to perform further functional tests in vitro. Our conclusion is that this technique might be useful to study chemotaxis in vivo and to perform functional tests on exudative neutrophils.
Microbiologic changes during antimicrobial treatment and rate of relapse of distal respiratory tract infections in foals
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Viel Laurent , Prescott John F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Despite the high incidence of distal respiratory tract infection of undetermined cause on farms, to our knowledge, the microbiologic effects of conventional antimicrobial treatment for this condition have not been studied. We evaluated the possible pathogenic role of bacterial isolates from the distal airways of foals with clinical respiratory tract disease, by correlating changes in their numbers (increase or decrease) with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic signs of disease resolution during treatment with antimicrobial drugs. We also determined qualitative changes in in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates after 7 days of treatment and relapse rate of foals. Significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the numbers of an isolate in the airways was considered strong evidence of a pathogenic role in this disease syndrome. Foals with endoscopically confirmed distal respiratory tract infection (drti; n = 65) were selected at random for treatment (n = 56) or nontreatment (n = 9), and bronchial lavage specimens were cultured and evaluated cytologically before and after 7 days of treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tms) and a β-lactam drug (penicillin, ampicillin, or sulbactam-ampicillin), the standard treatment in all foals. The effect of treatment was to abruptly reduce the clinical (nasal discharge, cough, adventitious lung sounds) and cytologic signs of airway infection. Severity of disease in nontreated foals, however, did not change or did worsen over time. Reduction in the frequency and numbers of Streptococcus zooepidemicus isolated during treatment supported a causal role for this organism in the clinical syndrome observed. On the other hand, the frequency of non-Str zooepidemicus isolates (eg, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptomyces spp, α-hemolytic streptococci) actually increased during treatment, compatible with a commensal or competitive role for these organisms. Significantly (P < 0.001) more pretreatment isolates were susceptible in vitro to either tms or β-lactam drugs than to β-lactam drugs alone; more posttreatment isolates were susceptible to either tms or β-lactam than to either drug alone. These data indicate that there may be some benefit to combined use of tms plus β-lactam drugs in foals with drti. Mean ± sem relapse rate was 31 ± 6% (range 0 to 57%); risk factors (clinical signs of disease, laboratory variables) for relapse could not be identified. In conclusion, treatment resulted in significant (P < 0.001) reduction in airway inflammation in foals with clinical drti. The high reinfection rate indicates that a predisposing factor, possibly age-related immunodeficiency, may predispose foals to illness and persists after treatment.
Cardiovascular effects of intravenous bolus administration and infusion of ketamine-midazolam in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Jacobson John D. , Hartsfield Sandee M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cardiovascular effects of iv administered ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) were determined in 12 healthy isoflurane-anesthetized (1.7% end-tidal concentration) dogs. Six dogs received a ketamine-midazolam combination (k-m) as a bolus over 30 seconds and 6 dogs received k-m as an infusion over 15 minutes. Ketamine-midazolam combination as a bolus and an infusion caused early significant (P < 0.05) reductions in mean systemic blood pressure, cardiac index, and stroke index, which returned to baseline values near the end of the study. Heart rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in dogs of the infusion group and returned to the baseline value near the end of the study. One dog died after k-m bolus administration. Mean maximal decreases from baseline for systemic blood pressure, cardiac index, and stroke index were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in dogs of the bolus group than in dogs of the infusion group; therefore, cardiovascular effects of k-m after infusion were less severe than those after bolus. Base excess and pHa decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the infusion group, although similar changes occurred in both groups.
Four dogs were maintained with 1.7% end-tidal isoflurane to determine temporal effects of isoflurane; these dogs did not receive k-m. Increases in heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index, and left and right ventricular stroke work indexes were significant (P < 0.05) at various sample collection intervals, particularly during the later stages of the study.
Isoflurane anesthesia effectively blocked the cardiostimulatory properties of k-m. Ketamine-midazolam combination should be used cautiously during isoflurane anesthesia, and administration by slow infusion may be safer than by rapid bolus administration.