bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing assaults on an acute psychiatric unit using a token economy: a 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: LePage James P. , DelBen Kevin , Pollard Scott , McGhee Melanie , VanHorn Linda , Murphy James , Lewis Pamela , Aboraya Ahmed , Mogge Neil 
Published: June 2003

AbstractToken economies are an effective way of changing various behaviors including acquiring new skills, reducing undesired behaviors, reducing aggression, increasing treatment compliance, and improving psychiatric unit management. This study examines the long‐term effect of a token economy on an acute care, inpatient psychiatric unit. The two years following the implementation of a unit based token economy are compared with the 12 months prior to implementation. The results show a significant reduction in total assaults as well as fewer staff injuries resulting in loss of time from work. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative response training with contingent practice as intervention for pica in a school setting
Authors: Ricciardi Joseph N. , Luiselli James K. , Terrill Shannon , Reardon Kathleen 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPica is a serious challenging behavior displayed by some persons with developmental disabilities. We report the near‐elimination of automatically reinforced pica in a 7‐year‐old boy diagnosed with autism by having him practice an alternative response (discarding objects) contingent on attempted or actual pica. Intervention was implemented 6 hours per day, under naturalistic conditions in a school setting, with outcome maintained through a 4 month follow‐up phase of evaluation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of verbal and tangible stimulus preference assessment methods in adults with schizophrenia
Authors: Wilder David A. , Wilson Paige , Ellsworth Carrie , Heering Paul W. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractVerbal stimulus preference assessments were compared with tangible stimulus preference assessments for four adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In the verbal assessment, participants were asked, ‘Do you want X or Y?’, the items were not present, and the participant chose an item verbally. In the tangible assessment, pairs of items were placed in front of the participant and s/he was asked to choose by approaching the stimuli. The two assessment methods yielded identical highest preference items for three of the four participants and identical lowest preference items for all participants. In addition, the verbal assessment method took less time to complete than the tangible assessment method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid rescheduling for the treatment of rumination
Authors: Heering Paul W. , Wilder David A. , Ladd Clay 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA pre‐intervention assessment was conducted to determine the conditions under which rumination by a 19‐year‐old man with autism was most and least likely to occur. The results of the assessment suggested that rumination was least likely when the participant did not consume liquids with meals and when he consumed peanut butter during meals. Based upon the results of the assessment, an intervention consisting of rescheduling access to liquids (i.e., no liquids during meals) was evaluated across both breakfast and lunch at the participant's school placement. Results suggest that the intervention was effective in reducing rumination. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing preferred work among adults with autism beginning supported jobs: identification of constant and alternating task preferences
Authors: Lattimore L. Perry , Parsons Marsha B. , Reid Dennis H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe evaluated a multiple‐stimulus assessment for identifying work preferences among adults with autism prior to beginning supported jobs. Initially, a prework assessment focused on identifying preferences across different work tasks. Eight preference assessments involving office‐cleaning tasks were conducted with five supported workers. Results of five assessments involving three individuals indicated respective workers had a strong preference for one work task. On three assessments involving three workers and different cleaning tasks, weak preferences for given tasks were identified. Next, choices between more‐ and less‐preferred tasks were provided during the daily job routine. Workers who had a strong preference on the prework assessment consistently chose the previously assessed, more preferred task during the daily job. Workers who had a weak preference always chose the more preferred task on the first choice of the work day, and then alternated between tasks on 71% of subsequent choice opportunities. Results appear to support the utility of the prework, multiple‐stimulus assessment for predicting preferred tasks among supported workers with autism when the assessment identifies strong preferences. Results also offer some support for predicting a preference to alternate tasks when the assessment identifies weak preferences for respective work tasks. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of developing work routines within community jobs for adults with autism that are more in accordance with their work preferences than traditional job placement practices. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recommendations for screening intervals for small aortic aneurysms
Authors: McCarthy R J , Shaw E , Whyman M R , Earnshaw J J , Poskitt K R , Heather B P 
Published: July 2003

Abstract

Background
The aim was to determine the optimum rescreening interval for small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs).

Methods
Data from 12 years of population screening of 65-year-old men were analysed and 1121 small AAAs (less than 4·0 cm in initial diameter) were divided into groups: group 1 (2·6–2·9 cm; n = 625), group 2 (3·0–3·4 cm; n = 330) and group 3 (3·5–3·9 cm; n = 166). Expansion rate and the cumulative proportions to expand to over 5·5 cm, or require surgery, or rupture were calculated.

Results
Expansion rate was related to initial aortic diameter: 0·09 cm per year in group 1, 0·16 cm per year in group 2 and 0·32 cm per year in group 3 (P &lt; 0·001). Aneurysms in 2·4 per cent of patients in group 1 exceeded a diameter of 5·5 cm or required surgery within 5 years; there were no ruptures. In group 2, no aorta exceeded 5·5 cm but at 3 years 2·1 per cent had reached 5·5 cm and 2·9 per cent had required surgery. The rupture rate at 3 years was zero. In group 3, the aneurysm diameter exceeded 5·5 cm in 1·2 per cent of patients, but no patient required surgery or experienced rupture within 1 year; at 2 years 10·5 per cent of aneurysms had exceeded 5·5 cm in diameter or required surgery and 1·4 per cent had ruptured.

Conclusion
The appropriate rescreening interval can be determined by initial aortic diameter in screened 65-year-old men. AAAs of initial diameter 2·6–2·9 cm should be rescanned at 5 years, those of 3·0–3·4 cm at 3 years and those of 3·5–3·9 cm at 1 year.
The prevention of breast cancer
Authors: Prichard R S , Hill A D K , Dijkstra B , McDermott E W , O'Higgins N J 
Published: July 2003

Abstract

Background
Despite advances in the early detection and treatment of breast carcinoma, the mortality and morbidity rates associated with this disease remain high. Primary prevention, therefore, offers the best chance of making a major impact on outcome.

Methods
The aim was to review the rationale, current stage of development and adverse effects of the strategies involved in the primary prevention of breast carcinoma. A review of the literature was undertaken by searching the MEDLINE database for the period 1966–2002 without language restrictions.

Results and conclusion
Currently, the only agent to have general approval for chemoprevention of breast carcinoma is tamoxifen. Women who derive the greatest benefit in terms of risk reduction from tamoxifen are premenopausal with a 5-year Gail risk factor of more than 1·66 per cent, postmenopausal with a 5-year Gail risk factor of more than 3 per cent, and postmenopausal without a uterus. In these specific subgroups, tamoxifen should be considered for the chemoprevention of breast carcinoma. Raloxifene, retinoids, aromatase inhibitors and cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors require further clinical investigation before adoption in this context. Surgical intervention should largely be limited to those women who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
Use of mortality rate after aortic surgery as a performance indicator
Authors: Michaels J A 
Published: July 2003

Abstract

Background
Hospital episode statistics (HES) regarding death after aortic surgery were analysed to evaluate their potential value as a performance indicator.

Methods
HES data for all acute hospitals in England and Wales from 1996 to 2001 were analysed retrospectively. In-hospital mortality was calculated for all patients over 40 years of age who underwent abdominal aortic procedures or died in hospital with a primary diagnosis of aortic aneurysm.

Results
Some 38 319 cases were identified, of which 8·9 per cent were complex, 46·8 per cent were elective and 44·4 per cent were emergencies. The elective mortality rate was 6·4 per cent overall; that after emergency operation was 35·0 per cent, rising to 41·6 per cent if urgent procedures were excluded and 63·1 per cent if unoperated cases were included. Over the 5-year interval a median of 68 (interquartile range 30–108) elective procedures were carried out by individual hospitals. Considerable variation was identified in the proportion of elderly patients, tertiary referrals and the proportion of emergency admissions that had surgery.

Conclusion
The use of mortality data may be misleading owing to identifiable differences in case mix and selection. Some redefinition of groups may help to provide more valid data, but ultimately only high-quality data with clinical information are likely to allow meaningful comparisons of performance.
Nichtlineare stochastische Optimierung unter Unsicherheiten
Authors: Arellano‐Garcia H. , Martini W. , Wendt M. , Li P. , Wozny G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractDas Treffen von Entscheidungen unter Berücksichtigung von Unsicherheiten wird in zahlreichen Fachrichtungen und Anwendungsgebieten als grundlegend wichtig erachtet. In dynamischen chemischen Prozessen existieren insbesondere Parameter, die üblicherweise unsicher sind und große Auswirkungen auf die Auslegung von Anlagen, die Betriebsdurchführung sowie auf die wirtschaftliche Analyse haben. Daher ist die Einbeziehung der Stochastik der unsicheren Variablen in die Formulierung eines Optimierungsproblems in Hinblick auf ein optimales Prozessdesign sowie auf eine robuste Prozessführung notwendig. Infolgedessen ist die effiziente Optimierung unter Wahrscheinlichkeitsrestriktionen zu einem wichtigen Forschungsgebiet in der Prozesssystemtechnik geworden. Ein neuer Lösungsansatz für die stochastische Optimierung dynamischer Systeme wird am Beispiel eines diskontinuierlichen Prozesses mit einem rigorosen Modell vorgestellt und angewandt.
Expression and distribution of distinct variants of E‐MAP‐115 during proliferation and differentiation of human intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Vanier Marie‐Thérèse , Deck Paula , Stutzmann Jeanne , Gendry Patrick , Arnold Christiane , Dirrig‐Grosch Sylvie , Kedinger Michèle , Launay Jean‐François 
Published: July 2003

AbstractEpithelial cell proliferation and differentiation occur concomitant with striking remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules (MTs) play important roles in these processes, during which the MTs themselves are reorganized and stabilized by microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs). Among the proteins classified as structural MAPs, E‐MAP‐115 (also named ensconsin) is preferentially expressed in cells of epithelial origin. The aims of this study were, first, to determine if E‐MAP‐115, like other MAPs, is expressed as different isoforms during differentiation and, second, to perform a detailed analysis of the expression and distribution of any E‐MAP‐115 variants detected in intestinal epithelial cells during their polarization/differentiation. It was our expectation that these data would help us to develop hypotheses concerning the role of this MAP in epithelial development. We report the expression of three E‐MAP‐115 transcripts encoding isoforms of 115, 105, and 95 kDa; two display an expression gradient inverse to the third one as Caco‐2 cells progress from proliferation through the stages of differentiation. To monitor the proteins produced from each transcript, we used purified polyclonal antibodies against synthetic peptides contained within the 115, 105, and 95 kDa isoforms to assay proliferating and differentiating CaCo‐2 cells. Our results indicate that the expression and MT‐binding capacity of the 115, 105, and 95 kDa isoforms vary upon proliferation/differentiation of the cells. E‐MAP‐115 proteins colocalize with MTs in proliferative and differentiated Caco‐2 cells; in vivo, they are expressed in both crypt and villus epithelial cells where they are mainly concentrated at the apical pole of the cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 55:221–231, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gadolinium, a mechano‐sensitive channel blocker, inhibits osmosis‐initiated motility of sea‐ and freshwater fish sperm, but does not affect human or ascidian sperm motility
Authors: Krasznai Zoltán , Morisawa Masaaki , Krasznai Zoárd Tibor , Morisawa Sachiko , Inaba Kazuo , Bazsáné Zsuzsa Kassai , Rubovszky Bálint , Bodnár Béla , Borsos Antal , Márián Teréz 
Published: July 2003

AbstractExposure to hypo‐osmotic or hyperosmotic environment triggers the initiation of fish sperm motility. In this article, we report that calcium and potassium channel blockers do not influence motility of puffer fish sperm but calmodulin antagonists reversibly decrease it, suggesting that calmodulin–Ca2+ interactions are prerequisite for the initiation of sperm motility in this species. Gadolinium (a stretch activated ion channel blocker) decreased the motility of puffer fish sperm from 92 ± 3% to 6 ± 3% and that of carp sperm from 91 ± 7% to 3.5 ± 4.3% in a dose‐dependent manner (10–40 μM). The effect of gadolinium was reversible, suggesting that stretch activated ion channels participate in the initiation of sperm motility of the two species. Gadolinium inhibits changes in the isoelectric point of certain proteins of puffer fish sperm, which occur when sperm motility is initiated in a hypertonic solution. Anisotropy measurements showed that hypo‐osmotic treatment, which initiates carp sperm motility, increased membrane fluidity. When hypo‐osmotic treatment was given in the presence of gadolinium, the sperm membrane remained as rigid as in quiescent cells, while motility was blocked. By contrast, gadolinium did not influence the motility parameters of Ciona or human sperm. Based on these lines of evidence, we suggest that conformational changes of mechanosensitive membrane proteins are involved in osmolality‐dependent but not osmolality‐independent sperm. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 55:232–243, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct, dynamic assessment of cell‐matrix interactions inside fibrillar collagen lattices
Authors: Petroll W. Matthew , Ma Lisha 
Published: July 2003

AbstractCell mechanical behavior has traditionally been studied using 2‐D planar elastic substrates. The goal of this study was to directly assess cell‐matrix mechanical interactions inside more physiologic 3‐D collagen matrices. Rabbit corneal fibroblasts transfected to express GFP‐zyxin were plated at low density inside 100 μm‐thick type I collagen matrices. 3‐D datasets of isolated cells were acquired at 1–3‐min intervals for up to 5 h using fluorescent and Nomarski DIC imaging. Unlike cells on 2‐D substrates, cells inside the collagen matrices had a bipolar morphology with thin pseudopodial processes, and without lamellipodia. The organization of the collagen fibrils surrounding each cell was clearly visualized using DIC. Using time‐lapse color overlays of GFP and DIC images, displacement and/or realignment of collagen fibrils by focal adhesions could be directly visualized. During pseudopodial extension, new focal adhesions often formed in a line along collagen fibrils in front of the cell, while existing adhesions moved backward. This process generated tractional forces as indicated by the pulling in of collagen fibrils in front of the cell. Meanwhile, adhesions on both the dorsal and ventral surface of the cell body generally moved forward, resulting in contractile shortening along the pseudopodia and localized extracellular matrix (ECM) compression. Cytochalasin D induced rapid disassembly of focal adhesions, cell elongation, and ECM relaxation. This experimental model allows direct, dynamic assessment of cell‐matrix interactions inside a 3‐D fibrillar ECM. The data suggest that adhesions organize along actin‐based contractile elements that are much less complex than the network of actin filaments that mechanically links lamellar adhesions on 2‐D substrates. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 55:254–264, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gliding movement in Peranema trichophorum is powered by flagellar surface motility
Authors: Saito Akira , Suetomo Yasutaka , Arikawa Mikihiko , Omura Gen , Mostafa Kamal Khan S.M. , Kakuta Soichiro , Suzaki Etsuko , Kataoka Katsuko , Suzaki Toshinobu 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA colorless euglenoid flagellate Peranema trichophorum shows unique unidirectional gliding cell locomotion on the substratum at velocities up to 30 μm/s by an as yet unexplained mechanism. In this study, we found that (1) treatment with NiCl2 inhibited flagellar beating without any effect on gliding movement; (2) water currents applied to a gliding cell from opposite sides caused detachment of the cell body from the substratum. With only the anterior flagellum adhering to the substratum, gliding movement continued along the direction of the anterior flagellum; (3) gentle pipetting induced flagellar severance into various lengths. In these cells, gliding velocity was proportional to the flagellar length; and (4) Polystyrene beads were translocated along the surface of the anterior flagellum. All of these results indicate that a cell surface motility system is present on the anterior flagellum, which is responsible for cell gliding in P. trichophorum. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 55:244–253, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclooxygenase and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase reorganize the actin cytoskeleton for motility in HeLa cells
Authors: Glenn Honor L. , Jacobson Bruce S. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe adhesion of a cell to its surrounding matrix is a key determinant in many aspects of cell behavior. Adhesion consists of distinct stages : attachment, cell spreading, motility, and/or immobilization. Interrelated signaling pathways regulate these stages, and many adhesion‐related signals control the architecture of the cytoskeleton. The various cytoskeletal organizations then give rise to the specific stages of adhesion. It has been shown that arachidonic acid acts at a signaling branch point during cell attachment. Arachidonic acid is metabolized via lipoxygenase to activate actin polymerization and cell spreading. It is also metabolized by cyclooxygenase to generate small actin bundles. We have used confocal microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence to investigate the structure of these cyclooxygenase dependent actin bundles in HeLa cells. We have also employed cell migration assays and pharmacological modulation of cyclooxygenase and downstream signals. The results indicate that cyclooxygenase and PKA stimulate the formation of actin bundles that contain myosin II and associate with small focal adhesions. In addition, we demonstrate that this cytoskeletal organization correlates with increased cell motility. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 55:265–277, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3‐D in vitro model of early skeletal muscle development. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 54:226–236, 2003
Authors: Cheema U. , Yang S‐Y. , Mudera V. , Goldspink G. , Brown R.A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton (2003) 54(3) 226–236
Positron emission tomography and its use to image the occupancy of drug binding sites
Authors: Gatley S. John , Volkow Nora D. , Fowler Joanna S. , Ding Yu‐Shin , Logan Jean , Wang Gene‐Jack , Gifford Andrew N. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe development of positron emission tomography (PET) and the ability to synthesize compounds labeled with the short‐lived positron emitters 11C and 18F has made possible the imaging and quantification of drug binding sites in the human body. By conducting PET studies with an appropriate radioligand before and after treatment with a drug, the fraction of the total number of binding sites that is occupied by the drug (the “occupancy” of the site) can often be determined. To the extent that occupancy is a good indicator of pharmacological activity, such PET experiments can aid the development of drug dosage regimens. Some of the general issues involved in PET studies of drug occupancy are discussed. There have been many such studies involving antipsychotic drugs and dopamine D2 receptor radioligands. Since neuroleptics have been extensively reviewed elsewhere, only the major findings are discussed here. Other binding sites (and drug classes) in the dopamine system to which this methodology has been applied include: the dopamine transporter (stimulant drugs) and monoamine oxidase A and B (antidepressant drugs). Occupancy studies are also possible for many drug targets beyond the dopamine system. Drug Dev. Res. 59:194–207, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging studies of biodistribution and kinetics in drug development
Authors: Berridge Marc S. , Heald Donald L. , Lee Zhenghong 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAlthough the intravenous route of administration is rarely used for drugs, it is by far the most common route for PET and SPECT radiotracers. This article discusses the use of planar and tomographic nuclear medicine technologies to image and quantify the distribution of drugs after local administration. In principle, this would include topical dermatologic, otic, ophthalmic, rectal, and vaginal administration, as well as the intramuscular, oral, and inhalation routes, although precedents do not yet exist for all of these. The studies reviewed focus mainly on oral ingestion and oral and nasal inhalation. The use of nondrug tracers for formulations is discussed, principally with planar imaging or SPECT using radionuclides such as 99mTc, as well as PET imaging where the active ingredient of a formulation can be labeled with 11C or sometimes 18F. An example of the latter type is a study of the deposition and kinetics in the lungs and airways of triamcinolone acetonide, an antiinflammatory steroid used for topical treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma, dispensed from an inhaler. PET has high potential for evaluation of different formulations and delivery devices in the development of topically applied drugs. Drug Dev. Res. 59:208–226, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.