bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying relationships between root rot in a white spruce plantation and sporophores of Inonotus tomentosus
Authors: Whitney R. D. , Fleming R. A. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe relationship between the occurrence of sporophores of the root rot pathogen Inonotus tomentosus (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetaceae) and disease symptoms was studied in a white spruce plantation (Picea glauca) in Canada over a period of 14 years. Numbers of sporophore clusters (three or more sporophores within 1 m of each other) were well correlated with numbers of infected living or dead trees (r = 0.64–0.86, p = 0.000–0.003). Infected trees may have sporophores around them before external symptoms of disease occur on the tree. As numbers of dead trees increased, the numbers of infected living trees remained constant, indicating increased infection within the stand. However, the number of sporophores varied considerably between the years. The diagnostic value of sporophores for tomentosus root rot is discussed.
Infection of Scots pine seedlings by Gremmeniella abietina during summer under different inoculum potential
Authors: Petäistö R.‐L. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe connection between natural conidia dispersal of Gremmeniella abietina (A‐type) and the disease incidence and severity in first and second year conifer seedlings of Pinus sylvestris was studied in central Finland. The seedlings where exposed to natural infection for a 3‐week period throughout the growth season, followed by a 3‐week incubation period in a growth chamber to promote symptom expression. In second year seedlings the infection periods in May–June had a similar effect as regards disease outbreak and roughly half of the successful infections occurred during these periods. However, the first year seedlings were more severely diseased after the infection period in late July/early August, although the inoculum density was lower during this time compared with the period in late June/early July. This result is consistent with earlier studies. The effect of age and growth phase of the seedlings, temperature sum and the number of conidia on the disease occurrence is discussed and compared with the results of earlier studies in which artificial inoculation was employed.
Factors involved in the regulation of plasma leptin levels in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Shimizu Toshiaki , Satoh Yayoi , Kaneko Noritsugu , Suzuki Mitsuyoshi , Lee Tsubasa , Tanaka Kyoko , Iijima Megumi , Yamashiro Yuichiro 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Objective
: The effects of changes in body mass index (BMI) and other factors on plasma leptin levels in children and adolescents with anorexia nervose (AN) were examined.
Methods
: Plasma leptin levels and BMI was measured before and after initiation of refeeding therapy every 2 weeks for 8 weeks in 12 children and adolescents with AN. The plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were also measured in these subjects before and after 8 weeks of the refeeding therapy, and the results were compared with those from 12 age‐matched healthy girls.
Results
: The plasma leptin and IGF‐I levels, as well as the BMI, in the AN patients before refeeding therapy were significantly lower than both of these indices in the AN patients 8 weeks after initiation of the therapy and in the controls. The plasma leptin levels and BMI in the AN patients 8 weeks after initiation of the therapy were still significantly lower than those in the controls. Significant correlations between the plasma leptin levels and BMI were detected in the AN patients both before and 8 weeks after initiation of the refeeding therapy, as well as in the controls. The BMI showed a significant increase beginning at 2 weeks after initiation of the therapy compared with that before refeeding, but the plasma leptin levels did not significantly increase until 4 weeks after the initiation of therapy.
Conclusion
: The results suggest that plasma leptin levels reflect changes in body fat content in children and adolescents with AN, although there is a delay in the recovery of plasma leptin levels compared with those of BMI in the early period of refeeding therapy, which is probably regulated by other factors.
Serum and urine Helicobacter pylori antibody titer after intravenous γ‐globulin treatment for Kawasaki disease and its clearance
Authors: Shimizu Toshiaki , Yarita Yukiko , Suzuki Mitsuyoshi , Takahashi Ken , Ohtsuka Yoshikazu , Nagata Satoru , Obinata Kaoru , Yamashiro Yuichiro 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
: It is not clear the effect of γ‐globulin therapy on results of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) based on serum and urine for detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies, although the therapy can cause false‐positive results in those assays.
Methods
: To examine the effect of intravenous γ‐globulin (IVIG) treatment on the results of ELISA based on serum and urine, levels of H. pylori IgG were measured in the serum and urine before and after IVIG therapy in 18 children with Kawasaki disease (KD) uninfected with H. pylori.
Results
: The serum and urine H. pylori IgG levels decreased time‐dependently after the IVIG therapy and there were significant differences (P < 0.01) in the levels prior to therapy and at 7 days and 1 month after the therapy. The significant difference in the H. pylori IgG levels prior to therapy and 3 months after the therapy was observed in the serum but not in the urine.
Conclusion
: The results suggest that γ‐globulin administration can cause false‐positive results in ELISA based both on serum and urine for detection of H. pylori antibodies, and that the H. pylori antibodies cleared much more quickly from the urine than from the serum.
Clinical spectrum in hospitalized children with echovirus type 13 infection
Authors: Kobayashi Ken‐Ichiro , Haruta Tsunekazu , Kubota Masaru , Akiyoshi Kyoko , Suga Tomoko , Ito Masahiro 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical spectrum of echovirus type 13 (E13) infection in hospitalized children.
Methods
: From April to August 2002, prospective viral surveillance was performed for hospitalized patients (aged 10 days to 14 years) irrespective of their presenting symptoms and severity. Medical records of laboratory‐confirmed echovirus 13 infection were reviewed.
Results
: Of the 41 patients analyzed, the median age was 3.4 years and 30% of them were less than 1 year of age. The male:female ratio was 1.6:1. The main clinical features were non‐specific febrile illness (nine patients), gastroenteritis (seven), bronchitis (seven), aseptic meningitis (16) and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (two). Each age group had their representative symptoms: less than 1 year of age, non‐specific febrile illness; from 1 to 6 years of age, enterocolitis and bronchitis; more than 6 years of age, aseptic meningitis.
Conclusion
: The representative symptoms of E13 infection in hospitalized patients were variable but strongly associated with age distribution. It was of interest to note that two patients developed diopathic thrombocytopenic purpura along with the infection.
A longitudinal study of adolescent adjustment following family transitions
Authors: Ruschena Eda , Prior Margot , Sanson Ann , Smart Diana 
Published: March 2005

Background:  This study examined the impact of family transitions, that is, parental separation, divorce, remarriage and death, upon the lives of Australian children and adolescents in a longitudinal study of temperament and development.Methods:  Using longitudinal and concurrent questionnaire data, outcomes for young people experiencing transitions were compared with those of a random comparison group whose biological parents remained together.Results:  No significant group differences were found with regard to behavioural and emotional adjustment concurrently or across time, nor on academic outcomes and social competence. Significant differences between the groups were revealed in measures of parent–teen conflict and parent–child attachment. A number of gender differences were found, with female participants displaying both greater adaptive and maladaptive behaviours. Particular dimensions of temperament, as well as the parent's overall rating of their child as easy or difficult, were found to be important predictors of adjustment status for both transitions and comparison groups.Conclusions:  Despite some methodological limitations, this study illustrated the resilience of children experiencing family disruption across childhood and adolescence.
Aging of the innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Zerofsky Melissa , Harel Ephat , Silverman Neal , Tatar Marc 
Published: March 2005

SummaryIncreased activation of the innate immune system is a common feature of aging animals, including mammals and Drosophila melanogaster. With age, D. melanogaster progressively express higher levels of many antimicrobial peptides. It is unknown, however, whether this pattern reflects age‐dependent changes in the function of the immune system itself or arises simply because aged adults have greater cumulative exposure to pathogens. Here we demonstrate that aged D. melanogaster transcribe more antimicrobial diptericin when experimentally exposed to septic bacterial infections. This strong net response in older females is the result of persistent diptericin transcription upon septic exposure, whereas young females rapidly terminate this induction. In contrast to their response to septic exposure, when exposed to killed bacteria aged females have less capacity to induce diptericin. Because this functional capacity of innate immunity declines with age, we conclude that female Drosophila undergo immune senescence. Furthermore, we show that fecundity is reduced by induction of innate immunity via the immune deficiency pathway. Consequently, maximum reproduction will occur when the immune response is tightly controlled in young females, even if this increases infection risk at later ages.
Identification and Assessing the Cultivars of Laminaria Lamx. (Phaeophyceae) with Molecular Markers
Authors: SHI Cui‐Juan , HU Zi‐Min , HE Ying‐Jun , ZOU Yu‐Ping , ZHANG Da‐Ming , DUAN De‐Lin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Molecular markers were used to identify and assess cultivars of Laminaria Lamx. and to delineate their phylogenetic relationships. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for detection. After screening, 11 primers were selected and they yielded 133 bands in all, of which approximately 99.2% were polymorphic. The genetic distances between gametophytes ranged from 0.412 to 0.956. Two clusters were formed with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on the simple matching coefficient. All cultivars of Laminaria japonica Aresch. used for breeding in China fell into one cluster. L. japonica from Japan, L. saccharina (L.) Lam., and L. angustata Kjellm. formed the other cluster and showed higher genetic variation than L. japonica from China. Nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, including internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and ITS2) were studied and aligned. The nucleotides of the sequences ranged from 634 to 668, with a total of 692 positions including ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S coding region. The phylogenetic tree obtained by the neighbor‐joining method favored, to some extent, the results revealed by RAPD analysis. The present study indicates that RAPD and ITS analyses could be used to identify and assess Laminaria germplasm and to distinguish some species and, even intraspecies, in Laminaria.(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin HAN)
Changes in Root Hydraulic Conductivity During Wheat Evolution
Authors: ZHAO Chang‐Xing , DENG Xi‐Ping , SHAN Lun , STEUDLE Ernst , ZHANG Sui‐Qi , YE Qing 
Published: March 2005

Abstract: A better understanding of the mechanisms of water uptake by plant roots should be vital for improving drought resistance and water use efficiency (WUE). In the present study, we have demonstrated correlations between root system hydraulic conductivity and root characteristics during evolution using six wheat evolution genotypes (solution culture) with different ploidy chromosome sets (Triticum boeoticum Bioss., T. monococcum L.: 2n=2x=14; T. dicoccides Koern., T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl.: 2n = 4x = 28; T. vulgare Vill., T. aestivum L. cv. Xiaoyan No. 6: 2n = 6x = 42). The experimental results showed that significant correlations were found between root system hydraulic conductivity and root characteristics of the materials with the increase in ploidy chromosomes (2x→6x) during wheat evolution. Hydraulic conductivity of the wheat root system at the whole‐plant level was increased with chromosome ploidy during evolution, which was positively correlated with hydraulic conductivity of single roots, whole plant biomass, root average diameter, and root growth (length, area), whereas the root/shoot ratio had an inverse correlation with the hydraulic conductivity of root system with increasing chromosome ploidy during wheat evolution. Therefore, it is concluded that that the water uptake ability of wheat roots was strengthened from wild to modern cultivated species during evolution, which will provide scientific evidence for genetic breeding to improve the WUE of wheat by genetic engineering.(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin HAN)
Foundation of
Correlation Parameters for Eliminating Pulse Shape Effects on Dynamic Plastic Response of Structures
Authors: Li Q. M. , Jones Norman 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The theoretical foundation of Youngdahl’s correlation parameters, which have been used to eliminate pulse shape effects in the dynamic plastic response of two-dimensional structural members, is studied in the present paper with the aid of bounds obtained for a rigid-plastic material. It is shown that Youngdahl’s empirical estimate for the structural response time is, in general, a lower bound on the actual response time. A lower bound expression is obtained for the maximum final displacement of a two-dimensional structural member when subjected to an axisymmetrically loaded transverse time-dependent pulse, which depends only on Youngdahl’s correlation parameters, and offers a theoretical foundation for the validity of Youngdahl’s correlation parameter method.
Interaction between Individual Protein Components of the GerA and GerB Nutrient Receptors That Trigger Germination of
Bacillus subtilis
Spores
Authors: Igarashi Takao , Setlow Peter 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Germination of
Bacillus subtilis
spores via the GerA nutrient receptor was suppressed by GerAC lacking the diacylglycerylated cysteine essential for receptor function. Overexpression of the C protein of the GerB nutrient receptor also suppressed the function of both the GerA receptor and a variant GerB receptor, GerB*. These findings suggest that GerAC and GerBC interact with their respective A and B proteins in GerA or GerB receptors and that GerBC potentially interacts with GerAA-GerAB. However, GerAC did not appear to interact with GerBA-GerBB.
The quantitation of buffering action I. A formal & general approach
Authors: Schmitt Bernhard M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Although "buffering" as a homeostatic mechanism is a universal phenomenon, the quantitation of buffering action remains controversial and problematic. Major shortcomings are: lack of a buffering strength unit for some buffering phenomena, multiple and mutually incommensurable units for others, and lack of a genuine ratio scale for buffering strength. Here, I present a concept of buffering that overcomes these shortcomings.

Theory
Briefly, when, for instance, some "free" H+ ions are added to a solution (e.g. in the form of strong acid), buffering is said to be present when not all H+ ions remain "free" (i.e., bound to H2O), but some become "bound" (i.e., bound to molecules other than H2O). The greater the number of H+ ions that become "bound" in this process, the greater the buffering action. This number can be expressed in two ways: 1) With respect to the number of total free ions added as "buffering coefficient b", defined in differential form as b = d(bound)/d(total). This measure expresses buffering action from nil to complete by a dimensionless number between 0 and 1, analogous to probabilites. 2) With respect to the complementary number of added ions that remain free as "buffering ratio B", defined as the differential B = d(bound)/d(free). The buffering ratio B provides an absolute ratio scale, where buffering action from nil to perfect corresponds to dimensionless numbers between 0 and infinity, and where equal differences of buffering action result in equal intervals on the scale. Formulated in purely mathematical, axiomatic form, the concept reveals striking overlap with the mathematical concept of probability. However, the concept also allows one to devise simple physical models capable of visualizing buffered systems and their behavior in an exact yet intuitive way.

Conclusion
These two measures of buffering action can be generalized easily to any arbitrary quantity that partitions into two compartments or states, and are thus suited to serve as standard units for buffering action. Some exemplary treatments of classical and non-classical buffering phenomena are presented in the accompanying paper.
Conservation of tandem stop codons in yeasts
Authors: Liang Han , Cavalcanti Andre RO , Landweber Laura F 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
It has been long thought that the stop codon in a gene is followed by another stop codon that acts as a backup if the real one is read through by a near-cognate tRNA. The existence of such 'tandem stop codons', however, remains elusive.

Results
Here we show that a statistical excess of stop codons has evolved at the third codon downstream of the real stop codon UAA in yeasts. Comparative analysis indicates that stop codons at this location are considerably more conserved than sense codons, suggesting that these tandem stop codons are maintained by selection. We evaluated the influence of expression levels of genes and other biological factors on the distribution of tandem stop codons. Our results suggest that expression level is an important factor influencing the presence of tandem stop codons.

Conclusion
Our study demonstrates the existence of tandem stop codons, which represent one of many meaningful genomic features that are driven by relatively weak selective forces.
A Novel Water Conditioning Adjuvant for Use with Formulated and Nonformulated Glyphosate
Authors: Penner D , Michael J , Brown WG 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Glyphosate is a weak acid, sold as the isopropylamine, ammonium, potassium, or trimethylsulfonium salt. A water conditioning adjuvant such as diammonium sulfate is commonly recommended for glyphosate application in hard water. This is especially necessary for applications to velvetleaf, which has calcium-rich leaves. There is an application preference to handle liquids rather than solids. Our goal was to identify a liquid water conditioning adjuvant with high specific activity, which is cost effective, as well as efficacious across herbicides and weed species. The specific objective of the research was to evaluate the performance characteristics of NT3 as a water conditioning adjuvant for various glyphosate formulations on several weed species. Studies were conducted in the greenhouse with supplemental lighting. Ammonium sulfate was a more effective water conditioning adjuvant than ammonium nitrate, ammonium hydroxide, or sulfuric acid for use with glyphosate on velvetleaf. The novel water conditioning adjuvant, NT, at 1 % was as effective as or more effective than ammonium sulfate at 2 % with glyphosate across various glyphosate salts and formulations and across the weed species, velvetleaf, giant foxtail, and common lambsquarters. Furthermore, it provided limited rainfastness. NT is a liquid, it has a higher specific activity than ammonium sulfate, and it is efficacious across weed species.
Steel Superstrengthening Phenomenon
Authors: Kobasko NI 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This paper deals with the discovered property of additional steel strengthening (superstrengthening), which is observed at high cooling rates within the martensite range. It has been shown that the cooling intensification before the martensite start (Ms) does not result in the additional strengthening of the martensite structure of the material. Only over-critical high cooling rates within the martensite range gives positive effect. This discovered property can be used in practice at two-stage quenching. At the first stage the parts of alloy steels are cooled slowly to avoid distortion and cracks, and at the second stage the parts are cooled at the maximum cooling rate to get the effect of additional strengthening of material, which has the martensite structure. In this case the second stage and part's washing may be a single process.
Assessment of abnormal DNA repair responses and genotoxic effects in lead exposed workers
Authors: Karakaya Ali Esat , Ozcagli Eren , Ertas Nusret , Sardas Semra 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundOne of the main sources of occupational exposure to lead (Pb) in Turkey is in workers of battery industries. Genotoxic studies in human populations exposed to this metal have had conflicting results.MethodsGenotoxic effects of Pb were studied in blood cell samples from workers of battery manufactures exposed to Pb compounds by chromosomal aberration (CA) assay and X‐ray induced challenge (XRC) assay to assess DNA damage and interference with DNA repair processes after an in vitro exposure of X‐ray (1 Gy). The battery manufacturers (n = 23) and 23 people who were not occupationally exposed to lead compounds were selected as a control group and classified into categories according to their blood lead levels.ResultsThe CA frequencies in the exposed and control group were not significantly different (P > 0.05) by conventional CA (CCA) assay, however, the XRC assay demonstrated significantly elevated CAs (P < 0.05). Statistically non‐significant but reduced DNA repair responses have also been observed in lead exposed workers.ConclusionThe results of this study showed significant increases in the CAs by XRC assay in Pb exposed workers compared to CCA assay. Our data suggests that Pb exposure may cause reduction in DNA repair capacity and these individuals will be more prone to DNA damage. Therefore, preventive measures should be improved against genotoxic risk in workplaces. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:358–363, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.