bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE LIMITATIONS OF RELIGIOUS ENVIRONMENTALISM FOR INDIA
Authors: Tomalin Emma 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany environmentalists draw upon religious teachings to argue that humanity ought to transform its relationship with the natural world. They maintain that religious systems teach that the earth is sacred and has an intrinsic value beyond its use value to humanity. However, whilst many cultures have religious practices or teachings associated with the natural world, such traditions of nature religion ought to be distinguished from religious environmentalism. This paper suggests that religious environmentalism is limited because it is a product of Western ideas about nature, in particular a 'romantic' vision of nature as a realm of purity and aesthetic value. Although in India, for example, people worship certain trees, this is not evidence of an inherent environmental awareness, if only because such practices are very ancient and pre-date concerns about a global environmental crisis. Moreover, many people in developing countries, such as India, are directly dependent upon the natural world and cannot afford radically to alter their behaviour towards nature to accommodate religious environmentalist goals.
LIBERAL ECONOMICS AND THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SIN: CHRISTIAN AND STOIC VESTIGES IN ECONOMIC RATIONALITY
Authors: Glenna Leland 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe recognition that ecological problems often extend beyond nation-state boundaries has prompted environmentalists, politicians, and academics to call for and generate problem-solving discourses meant to be global in perspective. Free-market rhetoric has emerged as one of the more prominent of the global discourses, even though the free market's commodification of human beings and nature causes many environmental problems. To discredit this economic rationality, many scholars have compared it to religion. These comparisons are intriguing, but they have lacked the critical analysis necessary to appear as anything more than name-calling. This paper clarifies the definition of religion and uses it to examine the origins of economic rationality's fundamental presupposition—that greedy self-interested competition generates more social benefits than altruistic cooperation—within eighteenth-century Natural Law vs. Ecclesiastical Law debates. Despite economic rationality's adoption of sophisticated empirical methods and mathematical rigor over the past two centuries, it is a religion because it retains vestiges of the Protestant Christian and Stoic beliefs of how social life is governed by supernatural intervention when it uncritically promotes policies based on that presupposition. Recognizing economic rationality is a religion may benefit those who are striving to develop systems of governance based on democratic principles by leading to a greater understanding of economic rationality's normative attraction.
RACHEL CARSON'S ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Authors: Cafaro Philip 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRachel Carson is well known as a founder of the modern environmental movement. This article argues that her life and writings have much to offer contemporary environmental philosophy. I begin by discussing the environmental ethics articulated in Silent Spring. I next examine Carson's earlier natural history writings and the non-anthropocentrism they express. I conclude with some suggestions for how Carson points the way forward for environmental ethics.
Acoustical mother-offspring recognition in pigs (sus scrofa domestica)
Authors: Illmann Gudrun , Schrader Lars , Špinka Marek , Šustr Pavel 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Parental recognition of offspring is important in highly social animals. Both wild and free-ranging domestic sows live in groups during lactation, except for a few days of isolation directly after parturition. It is therefore important that a sow is able to discriminate her own piglets from alien piglets both at close contact and from a distance. We investigated whether piglets' vocalizations at 10 days of age may serve this function. Vocalizations of own and alien piglets were recorded on day 9 post partum whilst the piglets were isolated from the sow for 5 min (isolation calls, i-calls) and when piglets were returned to their sows afterwards (contact calls, c-calls). We first examined whether the two types of piglet vocalizations include cues which make it possible to discriminate between individual litters. A total of 2155 i-calls and 475 c-calls were sampled. From digitized calls, a total of 50 acoustic parameters were calculated and then subjected to a discriminant function analysis (forward stepwise method). Both i-calls and c-calls could be classified significantly better to the correct litters than would be expected by chance. In a playback experiment, whether sows isolated from their piglets respond more strongly to i-calls and c-calls of their own piglets than to alien calls was tested. For both the i-calls (N = 12 sows) and c-calls (N = 8 sows) sows responded with more vocalizations to the playback of own piglets' voices than to the playback of alien piglets' voices. The study shows that piglet calls contain acoustic cues that are litter typical and that sows are able to recognize their offspring based on these cues.
Aggression to dummy cuckoos by potential European cuckoo hosts
Authors: Røskaft Eivin , Moksnes Arne , Stokke Bård , Bicík Vítezslav , Moskát Csaba 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAggression directed by 53 potential host species towards a dummy of the parasitic common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, was tested in relation to their breeding habitat, their suitability as a host and whether they were breeding in sympatry or not with the cuckoo. Host habitats were divided into three categories: (1) always breeding near trees, (2) some populations breeding near trees, others in open areas, and (3) always breeding in open areas. Each species was also placed in one of five categories according to their suitability as a cuckoo host. Strong support was found for predictions derived from the 'spatial habitat structure hypothesis', which argues that common cuckoos only breed in areas where they have access to vantage points in trees. Thus, species which have some populations breeding near trees and others breeding further from trees have a different cuckoo-host population dynamics than species that always breed near trees, or always breed in open areas. Aggression levels were highest among species regarded as being always suitable as hosts, and species which always breed near trees. However, populations breeding in sympatry with the cuckoo were more aggressive than allopatric populations, indicating the plasticity of aggressive behaviour. Adaptive behaviour in cuckoo hosts can be predicted from the 'spatial habitat structure hypothesis'.
Costs associated with recognition and rejection of parasitic eggs in two European passerines
Authors: Stokke Bård , Honza  , Moksnes  , Røskaft  , Rudolfsen  
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany avian brood parasite hosts accept parasitic eggs even though successful parasitism frequently is detrimental to their own reproduction. Such behaviour seems suboptimal, but has been explained by the existence of opposing selective pressures operating against the evolution of appropriate host defence. Costs associated with rejection and recognition of eggs are central topics in this respect. Here, we report the occurrence of such costs in two European passerines (chaffinches and blackcaps) that are good rejecters of foreign eggs, even though the common cuckoo does not presently use them as hosts. Since high rejection rates are maintained in the absence of parasitism, we predicted that few recognition errors are made by these species. We tested this prediction by monitoring the occurrence of such errors in both experimentally parasitised and non-parasitised host clutches. We found support for the prediction, as our results show that recognition errors are at best rare events in these two species. We discuss the role of intraspecific brood parasitism as well as other explanations for the retention of a high rejection rate in these species. Various studies have reported mixed support for the occurrence of recognition errors among cuckoo hosts, and we consider other explanations for the existence of both acceptors and rejecters of foreign eggs in host populations.
MAKING ALL EXPERIENCE RELIGIOUS: THE HEGEMONY OF RITUAL AT QUMRAN
Authors: Kugler Rob 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study provides a preliminary inventory of the evidence for ritual density and change at Qumran. Then insights from ritual studies and the study of oral-literate cultures are used to formulate a hypothesis regarding the meaning of Qumran ritual intensity and relate it to the group's religious experience. We learn that ritual exercised measurable hegemony over the people at Qumran, making large portions of their experience "religious" in a certain sense, and that some of their ritual practices set them apart from other Jews. The study also indicates the basis for the group's ritual practices, their interpretation of Jewish scriptures.
Sociological definitions, language games, and the "essence" of religion
Authors: McKinnon Andrew 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSociologists of religion have long debated the definition of religion. In this article, I survey the debate and find a partially hidden consensus. This debate, in conjunction with recent criticisms of the concept "religion" in religious studies, and by drawing on Ludwig Wittgenstein's notion oflanguage games, provides helpful pointers for developing a non-essentialist conception of religion. I argue that "religion" (as a phenomenon and as a concept) is a historical and social construction, but that this does not require us to dispense with the concept altogether.
ORDINATION RITES AND PATRONAGE SYSTEMS IN THIRD-CENTURY AFRICA
Authors: Stewart-Sykes Alistair 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe principal purpose of this paper is to describe the ordination rites of third century Africa. Beside describing these rites, we shall seek to understand their historical growth through observing the manner in which their social context both represents a wider social reality and constructs a new social world within the church. This social world may be described as "contra-cultural", in that it depends on the norms of the wider society for its existence, whilst inverting the values of that society. The social world of the African church has already been recognized as discrete and separate, and church order has already been understood within contra-cultural categories. This article explores one facet of this phenomenon within the society of the African church, namely the manner in which patronage both supplies a social norm and is inverted within the church, and explores the manner in which ritual may contribute to the construction of this society.
Soil evolution and development of the clay mineral assemblages of a Podzol and a Cambisol in ‘Meggerwald’, Switzerland
Authors: Egli M. , Zanelli R. , Kahr G. , Mirabella A. , Fitze P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo soils, a haplic Podzol and a dystric Cambisol, developed from post-glacial tills, were studied with respect to their soil chemistry and clay mineralogy. Although the state factors (age, geology, topography, climate) of soil formation were almost identical, two different types developed. The E horizon of the Podzol contained more smectite, characterized by a montmorillonite-beidellitemixed phase. The neoformation of smectite could be traced back to the weathering of mica and chlorite. The Podzol had less hydroxy-interlayered smectite (HIS) in the surface horizons than the Cambisol. A larger amount of chelating compounds in the E horizon of the Podzol either transformed HIS into smectites or inhibited the formation of HIS and favoured the formation of smectites. The physical structure of the soil material is believed to be the most important factor in the different modes of soil evolution. The greater abundance of coarse pores in the topsoil at the Podzol site probably led to a faster eluviation of base cations, a different vegetation at ground level, and, consequently, to a faster soil evolution with the formation of spodic horizons.
Novel transcription factors in human CD34 antigen–positive hematopoietic cells
Authors: Gomes Ignatius , Sharma Tiffany T. , Edassery Seby , Fulton Noreen , Mar Brenton G. , Westbrook Carol A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTranscription factors (TFs) and the regulatory proteins that control them play key roles in hematopoiesis, controlling basic processes of cell growth and differentiation; disruption of these processes may lead to leukemogenesis. Here we attempt to identify functionally novel and partially characterized TFs/regulatory proteins that are expressed in undifferentiated hematopoietic tissue. We surveyed our database of 15 970 genes/expressed sequence tags (ESTs) representing the normal human CD34+ cells transcriptosome (http://westsun.hema.uic.edu/cd34.html), using the UniGene annotation text descriptor, to identify genes with motifs consistent with transcriptional regulators; 285 genes were identified. We also extracted the human homologues of the TFs reported in the murine stem cell database (SCdb; http://stemcell.princeton.edu/), selecting an additional 45 genes/ESTs. An exhaustive literature search of each of these 330 unique genes was performed to determine if any had been previously reported and to obtain additional characterizing information. Of the resulting gene list, 106 were considered to be potential TFs. Overall, the transcriptional regulator dataset consists of 165 novel or poorly characterized genes, including 25 that appeared to be TFs. Among these novel and poorly characterized genes are a cell growth regulatory with ring finger domain protein (CGR19, Hs.59106), an RB-associated CRAB repressor (RBAK, Hs.7222), a death-associated transcription factor 1 (DATF1, Hs.155313), and a p38-interacting protein (P38IP, Hs. 171185). The identification of these novel and partially characterized potential transcriptional regulators adds a wealth of information to understanding the molecular aspects of hematopoiesis and hematopoietic disorders.
Engraftment potential of human fetal hematopoietic cells in NOD/SCID mice is not restricted to mitotically quiescent cells
Authors: Wilpshaar Jannine , Bhatia Mickie , Kanhai Humphrey H. H. , Breese Robert , Heilman Doug K. , Johnson Cynthia S. , Falkenburg J. H. Frederik , Srour Edward F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring fetal development, there is a continued demand for large numbers of primitive and mature hematopoietic cells. This demand may require that all potential hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) migrate effectively to emerging hematopoietic sites and subsequently contribute to blood cell production, regardless of their cell cycle status. We recently established that umbilical cord blood cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle have a repopulating potential similar to cells in G0, suggesting that cycling prenatal and neonatal HSCs may have the same functional capabilities described for quiescent, but not cycling, cells from adult sources. To establish the relationship between cell cycle status and hematopoietic potential at early stages of human ontogeny, the in vivo engraftment potential of mitotically defined fetal liver (FL) and fetal bone marrow (FBM) cells were examined in NOD/SCID recipients. Following transplantation of the same numbers of G0, G1, or S/G2+M CD34+ cells from FL, equivalent percentages of recipient mice were chimeric (55%, 60%, and 60%, respectively). FBM-derived CD34+ cells in all phases of the cell cycle engrafted in conditioned recipients and sustained human hematopoiesis, albeit at lower levels than their FL-derived counterparts. Multilineage differentiation was evident in all transplanted mice independent of the source or cell cycle status of graft cells. In addition, levels of chimerism in mice transplanted with fetal blood–derived G0or G1 CD34+ lineage-depleted cells were similar. These results support the assertion that mitotically quiescent and cycling fetal hematopoietic cells contain marrow-repopulating stem cells capable of multilineage engraftment in NOD/SCID mouse recipients.
Antisense strategy shows that Mcl-1 rather than Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL is an essential survival protein of human myeloma cells
Authors: Derenne Sophie , Monia Brett , Dean Nicholas M. , Taylor Jennifer K. , Rapp Marie-Josée , Harousseau Jean-Luc , Bataille Régis , Amiot Martine 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy that occurs mainly in bone marrow. As MM cells proliferate slowly, it would seem essential to find means of preventing their growth and accumulation inside bone marrow. The present study used an antisense strategy to elucidate the respective roles of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 proteins in myeloma cell survival. Each antisense oligonucleotide (ASO; Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Mcl-1 ASO) introduced into human myeloma cell lines by electroporation induced a marked reduction in the level of the corresponding protein. Mcl-1 ASO triggers an important decrease of viability in all myeloma cell lines tested and in 2 primary myeloma cells, whereas neither Bcl-2 nor Bcl-xL ASO affected the viability of myeloma cells. The decrease of cell viability induced by Mcl-1 ASO treatment was associated with an induction of apoptosis that occurred through the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm and the activation of executioner caspase-3. Furthermore, we have shown that interleukin 6 cannot prevent the Mcl-1 ASO-induced apoptosis. Finally, although Bcl-2 ASO treatment alone has no effect, it can sensitize myeloma cell lines to dexamethasone (Dex), whereas Bcl-xL ASO in combination with Dex still had no effect. As MM remains an incurable disease despite intensive chemotherapy, these results suggest that Mcl-1 antisense strategy rather than Bcl-2 antisense strategy could be of considerable importance in the treatment of MM.
Bethesda proposals for classification of nonlymphoid hematopoietic neoplasms in mice
Authors: Kogan Scott C. , Ward Jerrold M. , Anver Miriam R. , Berman Jules J. , Brayton Cory , Cardiff Robert D. , Carter John S. , de Coronado Sherri , Downing James R. , Fredrickson Torgny N. , Haines Diana C. , Harris Alan W. , Harris Nancy Lee , Hiai Hiroshi , Jaffe Elaine S. , MacLennan Ian C. M. , Pandolfi Pier Paolo , Pattengale Paul K. , Perkins Archibald S. , Simpson R. Mark , Tuttle Mark S. , Wong Joanne F. , Morse Herbert C. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The hematopathology subcommittee of the Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium recognized the need for a classification of murine hematopoietic neoplasms that would allow investigators to diagnose lesions as well-defined entities according to accepted criteria. Pathologists and investigators worked cooperatively to develop proposals for the classification of lymphoid and nonlymphoid hematopoietic neoplasms. It is proposed here that nonlymphoid hematopoietic neoplasms of mice be classified in 4 broad categories: nonlymphoid leukemias, nonlymphoid hematopoietic sarcomas, myeloid dysplasias, and myeloid proliferations (nonreactive). Criteria for diagnosis and subclassification of these lesions include peripheral blood findings, cytologic features of hematopoietic tissues, histopathology, immunophenotyping, genetic features, and clinical course. Differences between murine and human lesions are reflected in the terminology and methods used for classification. This classification will be of particular value to investigators seeking to develop, use, and communicate about mouse models of human hematopoietic neoplasms.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of mutations at the tetramerization region of human alpha spectrin
Authors: Park Sunghyouk , Johnson Michael E. , Fung Leslie W.-M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany spectrin mutations that destabilize tetramer formation and lead to hereditary hemolytic anemias are located at the N-terminal region of α-spectrin, with the Arg28 position considered to be a mutation hot spot. We have introduced mutations at positions 28 and 45 into a model peptide, Spα1-156, consisting of the first 156 residues in the N-terminal region of α-spectrin (αN). The association of these α-spectrin peptides that have single amino acid replacements with a β-spectrin model peptide, consisting of the C-terminal region of β-spectrin (βC), was determined, and structural changes due to amino acid replacements were monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We found evidence for similar and very localized structural changes in Spα1-156Arg45Thr and Spα1-156Arg45Ser, although these 2 mutant peptides associated with β-spectrin peptide with significantly differing affinities. The Spα1-156Arg28Ser peptide showed an affinity for the β-spectrin peptide comparable to that of Spα1-156Arg45Ser, but it exhibited substantial and widespread spectral changes. Our results suggest that both Arg45 replacements induce only minor structural perturbations in the first helix of Spα1-156, but the Arg28Ser replacement affects both the first helix and the following structural domain. Our results also indicate that the mechanism for reduced spectrin tetramerization is through mutation-induced changes in molecular recognition at the αβ-tetramerization site, rather than through conformational disruption, as has been suggested in prior literature.
Growth factor treatment prior to low-dose total body irradiation increases donor cell engraftment after bone marrow transplantation in mice
Authors: Noach Estelle J. K. , Ausema Albertina , Dillingh Jan H. , Dontje Bert , Weersing Ellen , Akkerman Imre , Vellenga Edo , de Haan Gerald 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Low-toxicity conditioning regimens prior to bone marrow transplantation (BMT) are widely explored. We developed a new protocol using hematopoietic growth factors prior to low-dose total body irradiation (TBI) in recipients of autologous transplants to establish high levels of long-term donor cell engraftment. We hypothesized that treatment of recipient mice with growth factors would selectively deplete stem cells, resulting in successful long-term donor cell engraftment after transplantation. Recipient mice were treated for 1 or 7 days with growth factors (stem cell factor [SCF] plus interleukin 11 [IL-11], SCF plus Flt-3 ligand [FL], or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) prior to low-dose TBI (4 Gy). Donor cell chimerism was measured after transplantation of congenic bone marrow cells. High levels of donor cell engraftment were observed in recipients pretreated for 7 days with SCF plus IL-11 or SCF plus FL. Although 1-day pretreatments with these cytokines initially resulted in reduced donor cell engraftment, a continuous increase in time was observed, finally resulting in highly significantly increased levels of donor cell contribution. In contrast, G-CSF treatment showed no beneficial effects on long-term engraftment. In vitro stem cell assays demonstrated the effect of cytokine treatment on stem cell numbers. Donor cell engraftment and number of remaining recipient stem cells after TBI were strongly inversely correlated, except for groups treated for 1 day with SCF plus IL-11 or SCF plus FL. We conclude that long-term donor cell engraftment can be strongly augmented by treatment of recipient mice prior to low-dose TBI with hematopoietic growth factors that act on primitive cells.