bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the skinfold method with extent of ‘overweight’ and various weight-height relationships in the assessment of obesity
Authors: Womersley J. , Durnin J. V. G. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Body-weight, height, skinfold thickness and body density measurements were made on 245 men and 324 women aged between 17 and 72 years. The body fat content of each individual was calculated from his density measurement using equations similar to that of Siri (1956) but appropriate to age, muscular development, and extent of obesity. Regression equations were then derived for separate age-groups for the prediction of body fat from (1) weight–height (W–H) relationships (W:H, W:H2 W:H3, W0.33:H, H:W0.33), (2) ‘percentage overweight’ (body-weight:mean body-weight; W:W;) and ‘percentage desirable weight’ body-weight: ‘desirable weight’ (mean weights for men and women aged 20-24 years); (W:DES), (3) the independent variables weight and height incorporated in a regression equation, (4) skinfold measurements.2. The correlations between height and indices, W:H, W:H3, W0.33:H and H:W0.33: were substantially different from those between height and body fat estimated by densitometry.3. The method having the highest correlation with body fat estimated by densitometry was the skinfold method, although in the older groups of women other methods sometimes gave equally good correlations. The index H:W0.33 had a negative correlation with body fat, and the indices W:H, W0.33:H and W:H3 had a lower correlation with body fat estimated by densitometry than did the other indices. These indices are therefore unsuitable measures of obesity, and this is in agreement with the findings of other workers.4. The correlations betweeen body fat estimated by densitometry and the indices W:H2, W:W, W:DES and the equations incorporating the independent variable weight and height are all very similar, although it is not appropriate to use the index W:W; as a measure of obesity in groups of people of widely different ages.5. The standard error of prediction of body fat from skinfold measurement may be of the same order of magnitude as the standard error of prediction of body fat by densitometry. It is therefore probably inappropriate to assess the accuracy of the skinfold method by comparison with the density method alone.6. From the distribution patterns obtained, it was evident that compared with the density method, all methods tended to over-estimate body fat in very lean individuals. The skinfold method however showed this tendency to only a relatively small extent.
A biochemical explanation for the fatty liver and kidney syndrome of broilers: its alleviation by the short-term use of dietary fat
Authors: Balnave D. , Cumming R. B. , Sutherland T. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was induced in young broiler chickens by giving them a diet composed principally of wheat and meat meal.2. FLKS resulted in reduced growth and increased liver weight; fasting for 18 h increased mortality, liver lipid and the specific activity of hepatic ATP-citrate lyase compared with birds fed on a commercial diet. The specific activities of hepatic fructose-l,6-diphosphate-l-phosphohydrolase and pyruvate carboxylase were reduced in birds suffering from FLKS and fasted for 18 h.3. Feeding of the FLKS-inducing diet supplemented with 150 g animal tallow/kg for 54 h considerably reduced mortality while restoring liver composition and enzyme activities towards those observed in birds fed a commercial diet. Investigations indicated that the glycerol component of the fat was not responsible for the observed responses.4. The present results suggest that in FLKS insufficiencies of biotin are induced in specific enzyme systems, but the syndrome may be alleviated without the use of supplementary biotin.5. The evidence indicates that, when stressed, birds affected by FLKS die from the hypoglycaemia occurring as a result of a reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis.
The relationship between rumen bacterial growth, intake of dry matter, digestible organic matter and volatile fatty acid production in buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves
Authors: Singh U. B. , Verma D. N. , Varma A. , Ranjhan S. K. 
Published: September 2005

1. The production rates of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo (Bos bubalis) calves were estimated using an isotope-dilution technique. A series of fifteen experiments was done with animals given green maize and nine experiments with animals given cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).2. The turnover time ranged from 205 to 567 min in the group given green maize and from 330 to 648 min in animals offered cowpea. The production rates of bacteria were (mean±SE; g/d) 145.77±7.240 and 237.09±11.847 in animals given green maize and cowpea respectively.3. There was a significant correlation between bacterial production rates and dry matter intake, digestible organic matter and total volatile fatty acids formed in the rumen.4. Regression equations obtained for the two foodstuffs were different suggesting that the bacterial growth rate may vary depending upon the quantity and quality of foodstuff digested and possibly the ratio nitrogen: energy of the foodstuff.
Intravenous infusion of a dextrin, Caloreen, in human subjects: metabolic studies
Authors: Bibby R. J. , Davies D. , Mallick N. P. , Atherton S. T. , Wright D. M. , Ricketts C. R. , Milner J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Caloreen, a glucose-polymer dextrin infused into human volunteers, although producing a clear increase in total plasma carbohydrate did not produce a satisfactory increase in plasma glucose levels or serum insulin levels.2. Urinary losses were high and although small fragments of the dextrin (suggesting metabolic breakdown of the dextrin) were demonstrated in the urine, no suppression of plasma free fatty acid, glucagon or immediate increase in the respiratory quotient were noted, suggesting that the metabolism is too slow to make it useful for parenteral nutrition in its present form.3. A dextrin with fewer branch-links might be more suitable.
Anthropometric studies on African athletes who participated in the 1st African University Games
Authors: Watson J. D. , Dako D. Y. 
Published: September 2005

1. Height, weight, skinfold thicknesses and mid-arm circumference were measured in 540 males and 117 females aged 20-24 years who took part in the 1st African University Games, held at the University of Ghana, Legon. Body fat content, Quetelet's index (weight ÷ height × 100; Khosla & Lowe (1967)) and mid-arm muscle circumference were derived from the measurements taken.2. The physique or body-build of the subjects as assessed by Quetelet's index showed that both male and female subjects from the various countries were of medium body-build. The body fat content for males was between 10 and 12% with the exception of the Egyptians (12.8%) while that of females was between 23-24%.3. Body measurements of the subjects compared favourably with that of international standards (WHO, 1966) with the exception of the triceps skinfold thickness which was only approximately 60% of the standard value.4. The low values for triceps skinfold thickness are probably due to differences in the distribution of subcutaneous fat at different sites in the body as found between caucasian and non-caucasian population groups. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of other workers on ethnic differences in skinfold thickness.
Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace 
Published: September 2005

1. The paper describes the development and construction of an apparatus for maintaining a normal microbial population of the rumen under strictly controlled conditions over long periods of time.2. The apparatus is simple to construct and operate. It is possible to do four replicate experiments at the same time.3. The results of three experiments are given. The experiments showed that when the steady-state was reached it could be maintained indefinitely, with the type and quantities of products of fermentation very similar to those in the rumen of donor animals, including the maintenance of normal protozoal populations for up to 49 d.4. It was found that within wide ranges, the digestibility of rations and the output of products were independent of dilution rate.5. Except for the lowest ‘level of feeding’, the digestibility was independent of the level of feeding. The output of products was proportional to the amount of food digested and was the same as would be expected in sheep on similar rations.6. An experiment in which a ration of hay was changed to a mainly concentrate ration showed that the fermentation characteristics were determined mainly by the food given.
Effect of postruminal glucose or protein supplementation on milk yield and composition in Friesian cows in early lactation and negative energy balance
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Grubb D. A. , Kay R. N. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments were carried out with lactating Friesian cows with a potential for high milk production. Within 3 d after calving they were fitted with a catheter to allow infusions to be given into the abomasum. During each experiment the milk yields and intake of the cows were such that they were calculated to be in negative energy balance.2. In the first experiment three cows were infused daily with 10 l, the infusate being water, a suspension providing 300 g casein, or a solution providing 300 g glucose. The cows were offered a diet of barley straw, rolled barley and ureaad lib.during the first 60 d, after which they were fed to a calculated yield of 7 kg fat-corrected milk (FCM) less than their previous yield to ensure a negative energy balance. Infusion of casein increased yield by up to 3 kg FCM in comparison with glucose or water infusion. It also increased the concentration of crude protein in milk by approximately 13%. There was no consistent effect on milk fat concentration.3. In the second experiment four cows were used in a trial of Latin-Square design. The basal ration was sufficient for a yield of 10 kg FCM/d. Four levels of casein and glucose infused into the abomasum daily were (g) 0, 750; 250, 500; 500, 250; 750, 0. The yields of FCM (kg/d) were 18.9, 22.7, 25.2 and 26.1, the concentration of protein (g/kg) was 25.2, 28.4, 29.6 and 31.5 and the concentration of milk fat (g/kg) was 48.2, 49.8, 51.0 and 54.8 for the four treatments respectively. In each instance the increases in values obtained with increasing level of casein infusion were significant. Infusion of casein was calculated to increase the extent of net energy deficit from 20.5 to 41.0 MJ/d. The possible protein limitations for cows in negative energy balance were discussed.
The effects of pregnancy and lactation on copper and zinc retention in the rat
Authors: Williams R. B. , Davies N. T. , McDonald I. 
Published: September 2005

1. The accretion of copper and zinc in maternal tissues, conception products and postnatal offspring of the rat was determined at different stages of pregnancy and lactation.2. Equations relating the weight of the bodies of the developing young and of the amounts of Cu and Zn in them to the time that has elapsed since conception showed that, early in pregnancy, the specific rates of accretion of Cu or Zn were greater than that of weight, but declined more rapidly as development continued. The instantaneous rates of accretion of both metals rose throughout pregnancy but only that of Cu continued to increase during lactation.3. The amount of Cu in the maternal body rose significantly during pregnancy and declined thereafter, but relatively small changes in its Zn content occurred.4. The results are discussed in relation to the relative demands for these metals during pregnancy and lactation.
The effect of pregnancy and lactation on the absorption of zinc and lysine by the rat duodenum in situ
Authors: Davies N. T. , Williams R. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. The absorption of zinc by the duodenum of the rat was greatly enhanced at late stages of pregnancy and during lactation.2. During pregnancy no increase in lysine uptake could be demonstrated, but during lactation, when further increases in Zn absorption occurred, uptake of lysine was increased.3. The increased absorption of Zn at different stages of pregnancy and lactation appeared to be related to the demand made by the developing foetuses and post-natal offspring.
Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration
Authors: Mehrez A. Z. , Ørskov E. R. , McDonald I. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four sheep were fed from automatic continuous feeders on whole barley fortified with graded levels of a urea solution. This approach was to a large extent successful in maintaining relatively steady states of rumen ammonia concentration.2. Rates of barley fermentation in the rumen at various rumen NH3concentrations were assessed by measuring the disappearance of barley dry matter from polyester bags suspended in the rumen of these sheep.3. The minimal NH3concentration for maximal rate of fermentation was estimated as 235 mg/l rumen fluid.
Sleep and activity, age and fatness, and the energy expenditure of confined sheep
Authors: Toutain P-L. , Toutain Claire , Webster A. J. F. , McDonald J. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Changes in energy expenditure associated with sleep and activity, age and fatness were measured in sheep. States of vigilance were defined according to electrophysiological records as awake, drowsy, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS; Ruckebusch, 1972). Energy expenditure was determined from respiratory exchange. Three groups, each of four sheep were used; yearlings, old (4-6 years of age) fat and old thin sheep. Body fat content was estimated from deuterium oxide space.2. The amount of time spent by sheep from each group at each state of vigilance was similar, total ‘sleep’ time being 200-250 min/night.3. The absolute decrease in energy expenditure during drowsiness and sleep was similar for all groups of sheep. The difference between SWS and lying awake was 20-27 J/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per min. Heat production was about the same for SWS and PS.4. The energy cost of rumination was about 0.34 kJ/kg W per h.5. The increase in heat production during standing consisted of the energy cost of standing, approximately 0.7 kJ/kg W per h, and the energy cost of changing position, approximately 47 J/kg W.6. The old thin sheep had a slightly higher heat production on a per kg total W0.75 basis than the old fat sheep, but this difference largely disappeared when heat production was related to ‘lean’ W. On average energy expenditure was approximately 25% lower in the old sheep than in the yearling animals. This difference could not be related to difference in activity or in the energy costs of activity per unit of time.
The regulation of gluconeogenesis by diet and insulin in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Cowey C. B. , Knox D. , Walton M. J. , Adron J. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of diet composition and insulin treatment on blood glucose level, blood amino acid concentrations, the activities of two hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes (fructose diphosphatase,EC3.1.3.11; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,EC4.1.1.32) and of two hepatic glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase,EC2.7.1.1; pyruvate kinase,EC2.7.1.40) were examined in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).2. Blood glucose levels were much higher in trout given a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet than in those given a high-protein (HP) diet. Insulin reduced blood glucose concentration in the HC-fed fish but had no effect in HP-fed fish.3. Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher in HP-fed trout than in HC-fed trout. Insulin reduced plasma amino acid levels in both groups.4. Gluconeogenic enzyme activities were higher in HP-fed trout than in HC-fed trout. Insulin reduced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in HP-fed trout but had no effect on either enzyme activity in the HC-fed trout.5. Pyruvate kinase activity was greater in HC-fed trout than in HP-fed trout. Insulin did not affect pyruvate kinase activity in the HC-fed trout but reduced it in HP-fed trout.6. Hexokinase activity was not affected by the diet treatments used, but was enhanced in the trout treated with insulin. Glucokinase (EC2.7.1.2) was not detected in any of the trout livers.7. The results suggest that the inability of trout to control blood glucose concentration is partly due to a lack of glucose-phosphorylating capacity. Gluconeogenesis is controlled in response to diet and insulin by changes in enzyme level and by variation in concentration of gluconeogenic substrates.
The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Crofts R. M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Measurements were made of the losses of nitrogen in the faeces and urine of sixty pigs of approximately 33 kg, given dietary regimens comprising twenty-nine combinations of fish flour (0-800 g/d) and maize starch (0–1200 g/d).2. The results were used to develop a generalized equation describing N retention as a joint function of N intake and starch intake.3. The protein-sparing effect of starch was exerted in all circumstances. It was greatest when protein intake exceeded 220 g/d but some effect persisted with protein-free diets. With a high protein supply, the increase in N retention per unit increase in dietary starch decreased from 36 mg/g with the first increment to 3 mg/g with the highest attainable starch intake.4. From the generalized equation the relationships between net protein utilization and protein concentration and food intake could be described as continuous functions. The equations may be of use in comparing the protein values of diets measured under non-standardized conditions.
Maternal nutrition in early pregnancy
Authors: Smithells R. W. , Ankers Carol , Carver Margaret E. , Lennon Dorothy , Schorah C. J. , Sheppard Sheila 
Published: September 2005

1. Mean daily nutrient intakes of 195 women in the first trimester of pregnancy were assessed by weighed dietary records.2. In comparison with recommended intakes for non-pregnant women aged 18-55 years (Department of Health and Social Security, (1969), more than two-thirds of the subjects were having insufficient energy, iron and cholecalciferol. Unsatisfactory intakes of other nutrients were not uncommon. In relation to recom mended intakes for the second trimester Department of Health and Social Security, (1969), all mothers were having insufficient cholecalciferol and more than 80 % of mothers had unsatisfactory intakes of energy and Fe.3. Intakes appreciably lower than those recommended were associated with the following factors: social classes III, IV and V; maternal age under 20 years; smoking ten or more cigarettes daily; vomiting on more than 3 d/week.
Fertilizer sulphur as a factor affecting voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time of pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) by sheep
Authors: Rees M. C. , Minson D. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) was grown with or without sulphur fertilizer, cut at seven stages of growth, dried and given to sheep with or without a supplement of 0.6 g S as sodium sulphate/d. Voluntary intake and digestibility of dry matter (dm) and retention time in the reticulo-rumen, of various components of the grasses were determined.2. Grass grown on the S-fertilized plots had a mean S content of 1.57 g/kg dm compared with 1.03 g/kg dm for the control but there was no difference in the level of other elements. S fertilizer increased the level of acid-detergent fibre and lignin.3. In the absence of a S supplement, fertilizer S increased voluntary intake by 10.5%, dm digestibility by 0.008 and reduced the period food dm was retained in the reticulo-rumen by 18.5%. Fertilizer S had no effect on rumen pH or volatile fatty acid concentration in rumen fluid, but decreased the molar proportions of propionic and butyric acids and increased those of acetic, isobutyric, isovaleric and caproic acids.4. Supplementary S had little effect on the voluntary intake and dm digestibility of the S-fertilized grass but increased the voluntary intake and dm digestibility of the control grass by 22% and 0.036 respectively (P < 0.01). Thus the voluntary intake and dm digestibility of S-fertilized grass was lower than that of the control grass when the determinations were made with sheep supplemented with S.5. It was concluded that S fertilizer increased nutritive value by overcoming a simple S deficiency in the diet when diets contained less than 1.7 to 1.8 g S/kg dm but this benefit was offset by a decrease in the content of digestible neutral-detergent solubles and an increase in the lignin content of the food.
Protein utilization in rats receiving a low-protein diet with various limiting amino acids
Authors: Rafalski H. , JabŁOŃski E. , Switoniak Teresa 
Published: September 2005

1. A study was made of protein utilization in rats given a variety of low-protein diets containing (g/kg) egg albumin 18, casein 49, gluten 50, or mixtures of either maize protein and gelatine 58, or casein and gelatin 37, each with supplemental methionine. The diets were limiting in leucine, tryptophan or lysine, or in both tryptophan and the sulphur-containing amino acids.2. Values obtained for net protein utilization (npu) at these low levels of nitrogen intake were markedly higher than the amino acid score calculated for the different test proteins, except with casein for which the two values were similar. Thenpuvalues agreed more closely with chemical score values based on the content of S-amino acids or isoleucine in the dietary protein.
The effect of different dietary fats on fat cell size and number in rat epididymal fat pad
Authors: Kirtland Janet , Gurr M. I. 
Published: September 2005

1. Rats were given diets containing different fats (200 g/kg) from weaning to 8 months of age. The fats were sunflower-seed oil (SFO), lard (L) and an equal mixture of sunflower-seed oil and lard (mixed-fat diet; MF). A control group was given the basal diet unsupplemented with fat. Energy intake and body-weight of individual animals were recorded weekly.2. Three animals from each dietary group were killed after 5, 13, 17 and 29 weeks on the experimental diets. At slaughter epididymal fat pads were excised, weighed and the number and size of fat cells in the pad was determined.3. There were no significant differences between the energy intake in the whole experimental feeding period for rats given the different fat diets. However, when energy intakes were examined on a monthly basis animals given MF had a significantly higher energy intake in the first 2 months of feeding than those animals given SFO. In the third month of feeding (when animals were over 12 weeks old) the group given L had a significantly higher intake than the group given SFO.4. Body-weight, epididymal-fat-pad weight, cell size and cell number did not differ significantly between the ‘fat-fed’ animals at any individual slaughter period. Analysis of pooled values from the four slaughter periods revealed that animals given MF had significantly more fat cells than those given SFO.5. We conclude that the nature of the dietary fat has no effect on the cellularity of developing adipose tissue but that the number of fat cells formed is sensitive to energy intake before 12 weeks of age in the rat.