bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time effect on bentazone sorption and degradation in soil
Authors: Boivin Arnaud , Cherrier Richard , Perrin‐Ganier Corinne , Schiavon Michel 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPrevious sorption/desorption batch experiments have indicated that bentazone is weakly sorbed by soils. In addition, field experiments have shown that 4% of the bentazone sprayed can be leached to drainage water. In order to complete bentazone characterisation, we have assessed the effect of time on its behaviour in contrasting soils. In laboratory studies, bentazone was added to three topsoils (sandy, loamy and clay soils). Bentazone degradation, sorption/desorption kinetics and isotherm measurements were carried out at different times. At 160 days after treatment, bentazone mineralisation amounts varied from 2.1% (sandy soil) to 14% (clay soil). The extractable amounts became lower (from 97% after treatment to 12% after 160 days for the clay soil) and a greater number of desorption series was needed to obtain these products. Nevertheless, at the end of the experiments, a small amount of bentazone was still extracted by water. At the same time, bound residues of bentazone reached 65% in clay soil. Statistical analysis indicated effects of both residence time and soil type on bentazone behaviour. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Antimalarial activity of extracts of Abutilon grandiﬂorum G. Don – a traditional Tanzanian medicinal plant
Authors: Beha E. , Jung A. , Wiesner J. , Rimpler H. , Lanzer M. , Heinrich M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe Tanzanian medicinal plant Abutilon grandiﬂorum G. Don was studied for its in vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial effects. The ethyl acetate extract showed prominent in vivo activity against P. vinckei vinckei in mice and in vitro against P. falciparum strains HB3 and FCB. The extract was only moderately cytotoxic if tested in vitro against the colon cell line HT29. In the in vivo study, the results were signiﬁcantly inﬂuenced by the treatment schedule used, i.e. early treatment with higher doses was more successful than applying the same overall amount over a longer period. Phytochemical analysis of the extract provided no conclusive evidence for the observed parasitological effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insular Carcinoma: Infrequent Subtype of Thyroid Cancer with Aggressive Clinical Course
Authors: Chao Tzu‐Chieh , Lin Jen‐Der , Chen Miin‐Fu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractData on four male and four female patients with insular carcinoma of the thyroid were reviewed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of this malignancy. The median age of the patients was 62.5 years (range 29–78 years). The size of the tumors ranged from 3.0 to 10.0 cm (median 4.7 cm). One patient with extensive neck disease and distant metastases underwent palliative debulking of the tumor mass and died of respiratory failure 10 days after surgery. Seven patients underwent total thyroidectomy. In addition to being given thyroxine supplement, three patients were treated with postoperative iodine‐131 (131I) therapy, two with external radiation after 131I treatment, and two with external radiation. Local invasion of the malignancy into strap muscles was observed in two patients, into the trachea in two patients, into the recurrent laryngeal nerve in one patient, and into the internal jugular vein in one patient. The median follow‐up was 26 months (range 3–80 months). Lung metastases occurred in four patients and metastases at the neck lymph nodes in four patients; recurrence at the thyroid bed was observed in one patient. Four patients died of distant metastases and progressive recurrent disease. Of the three surviving patients, two remained disease‐free, and one remained alive with lung metastases. In conclusion, insular carcinomas behave aggressively, so we believe they should be treated by total thyroidectomy plus neck dissection when nodal metastases are present.
Comparisons of Korsakoff and Non‐Korsakoff Alcoholics on Neuropsychological Tests of Prefrontal Brain Functioning
Authors: Oscar‐Berman Marlene , Kirkley Shalene M. , Gansler David A. , Couture Ashley 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: Evidence suggests that alcoholics exhibit particular deficits in brain systems involving the prefrontal cortex, but few studies have directly compared patients with and without Korsakoff's syndrome on measures of prefrontal integrity.Methods: Neuropsychological tasks sensitive to dysfunction of frontal brain systems were administered, along with standard tests of memory, intelligence, and visuospatial abilities, to 50 healthy, abstinent, nonamnesic alcoholics, 6 patients with alcohol‐induced persisting amnestic disorder (Korsakoff's syndrome), 6 brain‐damaged controls with right hemisphere lesions, and 82 healthy nonalcoholic controls.Results: Korsakoff patients were impaired on tests of memory, fluency, cognitive flexibility, and perseveration. Non‐Korsakoff alcoholics showed some frontal system deficits as well, but these were mild. Cognitive deficits in non‐Korsakoff alcoholics were related to age, duration of abstinence (less than 5 years), duration of abuse (more than 20 years), and amount of alcohol intake.Conclusions: Abnormalities of frontal system functioning are most apparent in alcoholics with Korsakoff's syndrome. In non‐Korsakoff alcoholics, factors contributing to cognitive performance are age, duration of abstinence, duration of alcoholism, and amount of alcohol consumed.
Comparison of the Onset of Hypoactivity and Anxiety‐Like Behavior During Alcohol Withdrawal in Adolescent and Adult Rats
Authors: Slawecki Craig J. , Roth Jennifer 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: Early life alcohol use is associated with increased alcoholism risk. It has been suggested that alterations in the sensitivity of adolescents to the acute effects of ethanol may contribute to this risk by promoting excessive intake. However, an enhanced propensity for developing ethanol dependence or withdrawal‐related behavior could also contribute to increased risk. The objective of these studies was to compare the appearance of ethanol withdrawal‐related behaviors in adolescent and adult rats.Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to ethanol vapor (12 hr/day) for 12 or 14 days during adolescence or adulthood. In the first study, locomotor activity was assessed after 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 days of ethanol exposure. In the second study, open field behavior was assessed after 5 or 12 days of ethanol exposure. In follow‐up studies, changes in sucrose preference during ethanol withdrawal and motor activity during food restriction were assessed in adolescent rats. Withdrawal assessments were made 7 to 9 hr after daily exposure ended.Results: Hypoactivity emerged rapidly in adolescent rats during ethanol withdrawal in activity tests, but comparable reductions were not found in adult rats. However, hypoactivity developed in both adolescents and adults in the novel open field. Enhanced anxiety‐like behavior in the open field was not observed in either age group during withdrawal. Finally, sucrose preference was unchanged during ethanol withdrawal, and food restriction increased motor activity in adolescent rats.Conclusions: These data confirm that symptoms of withdrawal may be differentially expressed in adolescent and adult rats. However, discrepancies in hypoactivity between studies suggest that assessment in a novel versus familiar environment may influence the expression of withdrawal‐related behaviors.
The graft content of hyaluronan is increased during xenograft rejection
Authors: Lorant Tomas , Tufveson Gunnar , Johnsson Cecilia 
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  Background:  Hyaluronan, a macromolecule with strong water binding capacity, is associated with interstitial oedema during rejection of allogeneic transplants. However, the involvement of hyaluronan during xenograft rejection has previously not been investigated. The aims of this study were to characterize hyaluronan content and distribution during rejection of concordant mouse‐to‐rat cardiac xenografts, and to explore the effects of hyaluronidase (HAse) on xenograft survival.Methods:  Graft recipients were treated with 15‐deoxyspergualin (DSG) or both HAse and DSG. Grafts were removed on day 5 from some of the animals to analyse hyaluronan and water content, while other animals were used to investigate graft survival. The hyaluronan content was measured by a radiometric assay and the distribution was analysed by histochemical staining.Results:  In xenografts undergoing rejection (the DSG group) there was a strong increase of the hyaluronan [555 ± 93 μg/g dry weight (dw)] and water (82.7 ± 0.4%) contents compared with normal mouse heart tissue (166 ± 10 μg/g dw; P < 0.01 and 78.6 ± 0.5%; P < 0.001, respectively). The combined use of HAse and DSG reduced the accumulation of hyaluronan (284 ± 43 μg/g dw; P < 0.05 vs. DSG) but did not affect the average water content. The average graft survival time did not differ between the groups; however, three grafts in the HAse + DSG‐treatment group survived much longer than the longest‐surviving grafts in the DSG group.Conclusions:  These data suggest that the graft content of hyaluronan considerably increases during xenograft rejection. HAse effectively reduces this accumulation, but does not affect the average water content.
Three‐dimensional ultrasonographic assessment of fetal lung volume as prognostic factor in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Ruano Rodrigo , Benachi Alexandra , Joubin Laurence , Aubry Marie‐Cécile , Thalabard Jean‐Christophe , Dumez Yves , Dommergues Marc 
Published: April 2004

Objective  To evaluate the potential of three‐dimensional ultrasound to predict outcome in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.Design  Prospective observational study.Setting  Tertiary care centre.Population  Twelve cases of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (11 left‐sided, 1 right‐sided) and 109 controls.Methods  Fetal lung volume was assessed by three‐dimensional ultrasound using the technique of rotation of the multiplanar imaging. In the control fetuses, a logistic transformation was performed to correlate fetal lung volume with gestational age, and the confidence interval was obtained with a bootstrap resampling. A mathematical equation was then obtained allowing calculation of the expected fetal lung volume as a function of gestational age. In fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, the observed/expected lung volume ratio was compared with postnatal outcome.Main outcome measures  Neonatal mortality and pulmonary hypoplasia, which was defined as lung/body weight ratios less than 0.012.Results  The expected fetal lung volume was derived from the mathematical equation: Fetal lung volume (mL) = exp (4.72/(1 + exp ((20.32 − gestational age in weeks)/6.05))). The observed/expected fetal lung volume ratio was significantly lower in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia group (median: 0.34, range: 0.16–0.66), than in the control group (median: 1.02, range: 0.62–1.97, P < 0.0001). The distribution of this ratio was significantly downshifted in the infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia who died (median: 0.19, range: 0.18–0.66) compared with survivors (median: 0.44, range: 0.36–0.66, P= 0.04). The observed/expected fetal lung volume ratio was also correlated with the postmortem lung/body weight ratio.Conclusion  In isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia, fetal lung volume measurement by three‐dimensional ultrasound is a potential predictor for pulmonary hypoplasia and postnatal outcome.
A randomised comparison of oral misoprostol and vaginal prostaglandin E2 tablets in labour induction at term
Authors: Shetty A. , Livingstone I. , Acharya S. , Rice P. , Danielian P. , Templeton A. 
Published: April 2004

Objective  To compare the efficacy of 100 μg of oral misoprostol with 3 mg prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablets in term labour induction.Design  A non‐blinded, randomised, controlled trial.Setting  A tertiary level, teaching Scottish Hospital.Population  Two hundred women at term with indications for labour induction and modified Bishop's cervical score of less than 8.Methods  The women were randomly allocated to receive either 100 μg of misoprostol orally (which could be repeated 4 hourly to a maximum of five doses if indicated), or a 3 mg tablet of prostaglandin E2 vaginally (which could be repeated in 6 hours, according to routine departmental protocol).Main outcome measure  The number delivering vaginally within 24 hours of the induction.Results  Seventy‐five women delivered vaginally in the misoprostol group and 73 in the PGE2 group. Of these, 50.7% in the misoprostol group and 54.8% in the PGE2 group delivered within 24 hours of the induction (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.3). More women in the misoprostol group were given oxytocin, but this was not statistically significant (60%vs 47%, RR 1.3, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.7). Two women in the misoprostol group had uterine hyperstimulation. The neonatal outcomes were not significantly different in the two groups. There was a £1100 saving on direct drug costs in the misoprostol group.Conclusions  Oral misoprostol (100 μg) has similar efficacy to vaginal PGE2 tablets, and may be an option to consider for term labour induction.
Expectant or surgical management of miscarriage: a qualitative study
Authors: Ogden Jane , Maker Cathy 
Published: April 2004

Objective  To explore women's reasons for selecting either expectant or surgical management of first trimester miscarriage and to examine the impact of treatment upon them.Design  A qualitative study using interviews.Setting  The Early Pregnancy and Gynaecology Assessment Unit at a London hospital.Sample  Thirteen women diagnosed as having a first trimester miscarriage who had opted for either expectant management (n= 5), surgical management (n= 5) or who had undergone both (n= 3).Methods  Qualitative in depth interviews.Main outcome measures  The experience of management.Results  The choice of expectant management was motivated by desire for a natural solution and a fear of operation. Women described how pain and bleeding had made them anxious, that something was wrong and how they felt unprepared for how gruelling the experience would be. Some also described how their support had dwindled as the miscarriage progressed. In contrast, women who chose surgery valued a quick resolution and focussed on the support from hospital staff, although some commented that their emotional needs had not always been met.Conclusion  If expectant management is to be more widely offered, women should be told not only of the likely clinical effect of letting a miscarriage run its course but also how women experience this.
Maternal Role Attainment in Adolescent Mothers: Foundations and Implications
Authors: Sartore Ann T. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(1) Maternal role attainment (MRA) is a process in which a mother achieves competence in her role and integrates the mothering behaviors into her established role set, so she is comfortable with her identity as mother. Age is consistently identified as a variable in MRA. This paper reviews literature on MRA in an exploration of its theoretical foundation and implications for adolescents. Practice implications include assessment of maternal affect and behavior, education, and follow‐up for adolescent mothers. Inclusion of the adolescent's social support in interventions is advocated. Limited studies available support the need for future research in MRA in adolescents.
Effect of Concentration, Acid, Temperature, and Metal on Competitive Reaction Pathways for Decarbonylation and Decarboxylation of Formic Acid in Hot Water
Authors: Wakai Chihiro , Yoshida Ken , Tsujino Yasuo , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Nakahara Masaru 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Hydrothermal reaction of formic acid has been studied by varying the following conditions: temperature (275 to 350 °C), concentration of formic acid (0.1 to 1 M), addition of HCl, and presence of metal alloy powders. In hot water, formic acid decomposes to CO and CO2. The product ratio of CO to CO2 strongly depends on the conditions. At higher concentrations and lower temperatures, the yield of CO gets larger. In most of the conditions studied here, the main product is not CO2 but CO in contrast to previous works. Acid enhances the CO production and metal powders catalyze the decarboxylation pathway.
KCN-Catalyzed C–C Bond Formation between Imine and gem-Difluoroalkene Moieties: A Facile Synthesis of 2,4-Disubstituted 3-Fluoroquinolines
Authors: Mori Takashi , Ichikawa Junji 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Intramolecular cyclization of β,β-difluoro-o-methyleneaminostyrenes leading to 3-fluoroquinolines is efficiently promoted by a catalytic amount of KCN and a small excess of K2CO3. The reaction proceeds via (i) the generation of intramolecular carbon nucleophiles from imine moieties and (ii) the cyclization by their substitution for the vinylic fluorine.
Fostering reading comprehension in fifth grade by explicit instruction in reading strategies and peer tutoring
Authors: Van Keer Hilde 
Published: April 2004

Background: Research reveals that explicit reading strategies instruction and engaging students in interaction about texts promote students' reading comprehension ability. The present intervention study combines both aspects.Aims: The study examines the educational benefits of explicit reading strategies instruction, followed by practice in (a) teacher‐led whole‐class activities (STRAT), (b) reciprocal same‐age (STRAT + SA), or (c) cross‐age peer tutoring activities (STRAT + CA) on fifth graders' reading comprehension achievement.Sample: Twenty‐two fifth‐grade teachers and their 454 students from 19 different schools throughout Flanders (Belgium) participated.Method: A quasi‐experimental pretest post‐test retention test design was used with three experimental (STRAT, STRAT + SA, and STRAT + CA) and a matched control group. The experimental interventions were implemented during an entire school year.Results: Multilevel analysis revealed that the STRAT and STRAT + CA condition made a significantly larger pretest to retention test progress than the control group. The significant major progress was especially situated from pretest to post‐test, during which the intervention took place. Concerning the STRAT + SA condition no significant differences with regard to the control group were detected. Pairwise comparisons of the experimental conditions indicated that the STRAT + CA condition's progress from pretest to retention test also exceeded the STRAT + SA condition's advancement significantly.Conclusion: The study corroborated the efficacy of the STRAT and STRAT + CA conditions' interventions as feasible tools to enhance fifth graders' reading comprehension achievement.
Genome Scans of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rutherford Sue , Shuldiner Alan R. , Mitchell Braxton D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus affects approximately 5–8% of the industrial world. Although a genetic basis to the disease is widely accepted, identification of the specific mutations involved is difficult because of the heterogeneous and multifactorial nature of the disease. With the availability of large‐scale genotyping techniques, genome‐wide linkage approaches are now commonly used to localize regions along the chromosome likely to harbor diabetes susceptibility genes. This chapter presents an overview of the genome scan approach and a summary of linkage results reported from a variety of populations.
Molecular Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kelly M. Ann , Barnett Anthony H. , Bain Stephen C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractApproximately one third of susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is determined by genetic factors. These factors are termedsusceptibility genesas they modify the risk of diabetes but are neither necessary nor sufficient for disease to develop. More than 20 different regions in the human genome have been suggested to contain diabetes susceptibility genes. TheIDDM1locus, which encompasses the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene complex on chromosome 6p, is the major genetic risk factor, accounting for approximately 40% of inherited susceptibility. TheHLA‐DQgenes within this region are thought to be primary risk determinants ofIDDM1, although other genes also contribute. TheIDDM2locus, which maps to a variable number of tandem repeats region close to the insulin gene on chromosome 11p, contributes approximately 10% of genetic predisposition. The precise location and identity of other diabetes susceptibility genes remain unknown. These loci, however, are likely to make much smaller contributions to disease risk. Further research is necessary to identify all the genetic susceptibility factors for type 1 diabetes and to determine how they interact, with each other and with environmental factors, to influence disease risk.
Artificial and Bio‐artificial Pancreas Systems
Authors: Reach Gérard , Dulong Jean-Luc , Legallais Cécile 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe impact of hypoglycemia, the most common side effect of insulin therapy, and the one that patients with diabetes fear most, cannot be understated. Understandably, this fear of hypoglycemia is a major factor preventing patients from adopting intensified insulin therapy. This is the principal reason why normalization of HbA1cis not possible in the majority of patients, despite intensified insulin therapy. Furthermore, in the clinical setting, improved diabetes control can only be achieved when patients continually adjust insulin dose in response to self‐monitoring of blood glucose. This is difficult to achieve for most patients. Thus the development of an artificial pancreas, amachinethat can continuously administer insulin and be automatically controlled by concomitant blood glucose measurements, has been a long sought after goal. Together with pancreatic tissue transplantation, this has been one of the great anticipated advances for patients with diabetes.
Monitoring of Lipids in Diabetes
Authors: Laker M.F. , Neely R.D.G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDyslipidemia should be monitored regularly in diabetes mellitus and the assessment should include the measurement of total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations. More detailed investigations may be required if a primary hyperlipoproteinemia is suspected and other causes of secondary hyperlipidemia should be considered. Several physiological factors cause variation in serum lipid concentrations, including age, sex, the menstrual cycle, and diet. Posture, venepuncture technique, concomitant medication, and clinical conditions other than diabetes mellitus also affect lipid levels. This chapter will consider the investigations that are used widely in clinical practice and sources of variation in lipoprotein metabolism.
Diabetes and Public Health in the United States
Authors: Vinicor Frank , Rufo Kathy , Murphy Dara 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) in the United States is a chronic disease epidemic. Further, the rate of increase in the prevalence of diabetes, year to year, is increasing, and the onset of diabetes is at ever younger ages, with prevalence of type 2 diabetes now increasing at greatest rates among people in their 30s. Should the epidemic of type 2 DM increase, even at its present rate, it is projected that there will be approximately 30 million persons with known DM in the United States by 2050. In essence, there will be more people with diabetes who have a longer duration of disease, with the devastating complications and associated morbidity, mortality, impaired quality of life, and costs; and this could increase substantially during the next two decades. The rise in prevalence observed in the United States is also happening throughout the world, and all countries can anticipate increasing challenges associated with DM.