bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fishing gear effects and ecology of the sea whip (Halipteris willemoesi (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea)) in British Columbia, Canada: preliminary observations
Authors: Troffe Peter M. , Levings Colin D. , Piercey G. (Beth) E. , Keong Victor 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We conducted a preliminary study of the effects of a shrimp beam trawl and prawn traps on sea whips (Halipteris willemoesi (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea)) at two bays on Clio Channel, south central coast of British Columbia, Canada. Video and grabs surveys were conducted to estimate abundance and make observations on sea whips and their habitat.
No adult sea whips were caught in six beam trawls. In 600 prawn (Pandalus platyceros) trap sets at Turnour Bay, 30 sea whips were found entangled in the gear and of these 50% of the colonies were damaged. The length of broken sea whips ranged from 0.09 to 1.03 m. At Turnour Bay, the density of adults observed in video surveys ranged from 7.1 to 14.3 m−2. Juvenile density in grab samples ranged from 53 to 123 m−2 and a few adults were also caught. The lengths of intact adult sea whips caught in traps and grabs ranged from 0.20 to 1.98 m and juveniles from 0.3 to 0.7 cm.
Fewer adult sea whips (<0.1 m−2) were seen in Bones Bay, where sediments were muddier (grain size <0.25 mm: 84.6 to 97.2%) relative to Turnour Bay (grain size <0.25 mm: 71.4 to 85.9%). Bottom water characteristics at the two bays were similar. Seasonal temperature range was 7.5–8.4°C, salinity 30.63–31.49 psu, and dissolved oxygen 2.76–5.97 mg L−1. Differences in sediment characteristics and food availability may have been a factor influencing differences in abundance of sea whips between the two bays.
Further data are needed to investigate the effects of trawling and trapping on sea whips, as sample sizes were small in the present study and only two gear types were evaluated. Studies of effects of otter trawling and heavier traps, such as those used for Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), are warranted.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Habitat preference modelling as a conservation tool: proposals for marine protected areas for cetaceans in southern Spanish waters
Authors: Cañadas A. , Sagarminaga R. , De Stephanis R. , Urquiola E. , Hammond P.S. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
As part of a project to identify marine protected areas (MPAs) in Spanish Mediterranean waters, habitat preference models were developed using 11 years of survey data to provide predictions of relative density for cetacean species occurring off southern Spain.
Models for bottlenose, striped and common dolphin described, firstly, probability of occurrence (using GLMs) and, secondly, group size (using linear models) as predicted by habitat type defined by a range of physical and oceanographic covariates. Models for Risso's dolphin, long‐finned pilot, sperm and beaked whales used only the first stage because of data limitations.
Model results were used to define the boundaries of three proposed Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) (under the EU Habitats Directive) and one proposed Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) (under the Barcelona Convention).
The study illustrates the value of habitat preference modelling as a tool to help identify potential MPAs. The analyses incorporate environmental data in a spatial prediction that is an improvement over simpler descriptions of animal occurrence. Contiguous areas covering a specified proportion of relative abundance can readily be defined. Areas with apparently good habitat but few observations can be identified for future research or monitoring programmes.
Models can be refitted as new observations and additional environmental data become available, allowing changes in habitat preference to be investigated and monitoring how well MPAs are likely to be affording protection.
The study represents an important contribution to the implementation of the Habitats Directive by the Spanish government by providing a robust scientific basis for the definition of SAC and providing results to inform conservation objectives and management plans for these areas. The results identified areas that are important for a number of cetacean species, thus illustrating the potential for MPAs to improve cetacean conservation generally in the Alboran Sea, a region of great importance for supporting biodiversity and ecological processes in the wider Mediterranean Sea.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity
Authors: Canonico Gabrielle C. , Arthington Angela , McCrary Jeffrey K. , Thieme Michele L. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postnatal‐related changes in the size and total number of neurons in the caudal mesenteric ganglion of dogs: Total number of neurons can be predicted from body weight and ganglion volume
Authors: Gagliardo Karina Martinez , De Carvalho Balieiro Júlio César , De Souza Romeu Rodrigues , Ribeiro Antonio Augusto Coppi Maciel 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAging is mostly characterized by a progressive decline of neuronal function that involves both the central and the peripheral nervous system. The aging process is accompanied by changes in either the number or the size of neurons. However, these data are controversial and not very well known in the sympathetic ganglia of large mammals. Hence, the present investigation aimed to study the dog's caudal mesenteric ganglion (CMG) in three different periods of postnatal development, searching for qualitative and quantitative alterations. The CMG is responsible for the large intestine, internal anal sphincter, and partially the urogenital system innervations. Nine dead male dogs from the Veterinary Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine at University of São Paulo were divided into three well‐defined age groups (1–2 months old, 1–2 years old, and 5–10 years old). The stereological study was pursued using the physical disector method combined to the Cavalieri principle. The postnatal development was accompanied by an increase in the nonneuronal tissue amount and in ganglion volume. Additionally, the total number of neurons also increased during aging (from 70,140 to 1,204,516), although the neuronal density showed an opposite trend (from 29,911 to 11,500 mm−3). Due to the interrelation between either body weight or ganglion volume and aging in the dogs investigated in this study, it was possible to predict the total number of neurons in CMG using both body weight and ganglion volume in an attempt to verify whether or not size and total number of neurons are both allometrically and aging ruled, i.e., if either the animal's body weight and ganglion volume or aging influence these parameters. The prediction of the total number of neurons was very close to the initially estimated values. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands of diabetic Nod mice submitted to long‐term insulin treatment
Authors: Caldeira Eduardo José , Camilli José Angelo , Cagnon Valéria Helena Alves 
Published: September 2005

AbstractInsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus compromises the salivary glands, altering their morphology and the mechanisms of salivation, which are fundamental for oral health. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of prolonged insulin treatment on the morphology of the salivary glands in Nod mice. Forty‐five female mice were divided into five groups: nine positive diabetic Nod mice for 10 days (group 1), nine positive diabetic Nod mice for 20 days (group 2), nine diabetic Nod mice for 10 days (group 3), nine diabetic Nod mice for 20 days (group 4), and nine nondiabetic BALB/c mice (group 5). Animals of groups 3 and 4 received 4–5 U of insulin daily, whereas animals of groups 1, 2, and 5 received the same dose of physiological saline simulating the experimental conditions. Samples of the salivary glands were analyzed by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopies. The results showed intense alterations in diabetic animals characterized by nuclear and cytoplasmic atrophy, biomembrane disorganization, an increase in fibrillar components of the extracellular matrix, and the presence of inflammatory cells. Insulin treatment exerted positive effects on the recovery of the changes resulting from the diabetic state in both parotid and submandibular glands but the pattern continued to be altered. It can be concluded that, in addition to compromising the processes of tissue maintenance and renewal, tissue destructuring leads to alterations in functional mechanisms in both diabetic animals and animals submitted to glycemic control. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization criteria for the evaluation of response to therapy in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: Prospective validation of the disease activity core set
Authors: Ruperto Nicolino , Ravelli Angelo , Cuttica Ruben , Espada Graciela , Ozen Seza , Porras Oscar , Sztajnbok Flavio , Falcini Fernanda , Kasapcopur Ozgur , Venning Helen , Bica Blanca , Merino Rosa , Coto Cecilia , Ros Joan , Susic Gordana , Gamir María Luz , Minden Kirsten , See Yvonne , Uziel Yosef , Mukamel Masha , Riley Phil , Zulian Francesco , Olivieri Alma Nunzia , Cimaz Rolando , Girschick Hermann , Rumba Ingrida , Cavuto Silvio , Pistorio Angela , Lovell Daniel J. , Martini Alberto 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo validate and promulgate a core set of outcome measures for the evaluation of response to treatment in patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsIn 2001, a preliminary consensus‐derived core set of measures for evaluating the response to therapy in juvenile SLE was established. In the present study, the core set was validated through an evidence‐based, large‐scale data collection process that led to the enrollment of 557 patients from 39 different countries. Consecutive patients with active disease were assessed at baseline and after 6 months. The validation procedures included assessment of feasibility, responsiveness, discriminant and construct ability, agreement in the evaluation of response to therapy between physicians and parents, redundancy, internal consistency, and ability to predict a therapeutic response.ResultsThe following clinical measures were found to be feasible and to have good construct validity, discriminative ability, and internal consistency; furthermore, they were not redundant, proved responsive to clinically important changes in disease activity, and were associated strongly with treatment outcome and thus were included in the final core set: 1) physician's global assessment of disease activity, 2) global disease activity measure, 3) 24‐hour proteinuria, 4) parent's global assessment of the patient's overall well‐being, and 5) health‐related quality of life assessment.ConclusionThe members of PRINTO propose a core set of criteria for the evaluation of response to therapy that is scientifically and clinically relevant and statistically validated. The core set will help standardize the conduct and reporting of clinical trials and assist practitioners in deciding whether a patient with juvenile SLE has responded adequately to therapy.
Remission and active disease in rheumatoid arthritis: Defining criteria for disease activity states
Authors: Aletaha Daniel , Ward Michael M. , Machold Klaus P. , Nell Valerie P. K. , Stamm Tanja , Smolen Josef S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveSeveral composite scores are available to assess the activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Criteria for remission and active RA based on these continuous scores are important for use in clinical practice and clinical trials. We aimed to reevaluate or to define such criteria for the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI).MethodsWe sampled patient profiles from an observational RA database that included clinical and laboratory variables. Thirty‐five rheumatology experts classified these profiles into 1 of 4 categories: remission, low, moderate, or high disease activity. Cutoff values were estimated by mapping scores on the DAS28 and SDAI to these ratings, and analyses of agreement (kappa statistics) and a diagnostic testing approach (receiver operating characteristic curves) were used to validate the estimates. The final criteria were validated using 2 observational cohorts (a routine cohort of 767 patients and an inception cohort of 91 patients).ResultsResults from the 3 analyses were very similar and were integrated. The criteria for separating remission, low, moderate, and high disease activity based on the SDAI were scores of 3.3, 11, and 26, respectively; those based on the DAS28 were scores of 2.4, 3.6, 5.5, respectively. In the routine cohort, these cutoff values showed substantial agreement (weighed κ = 0.70) and discriminated between groups of patients with clearly different functional capacities (P < 0.001). In the inception cohort, these cutoff scores differentiated responders (those with a 20% response on the American College of Rheumatology improvement criteria) from nonresponders (P < 0.01), as well as patients with and without radiologic progression (P < 0.05).ConclusionNew criteria for levels of RA disease activity were determined and internally validated. These criteria, which are based on current and explicit expert judgment, are valuable in this era of rapidly advancing therapeutic approaches.
The presence of molecular markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation in osteoarthritic cartilage: A pathogenic role in osteoarthritis
Authors: Shah Rahul , Raska Karel , Tiku Moti L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the role of oxidative functions in human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes and to investigate the presence of in vivo molecular markers of lipoxidation in OA cartilage.MethodsAn in vitro model of cartilage collagen degradation was used. Lipid peroxidation activity and overall oxidative function in OA chondrocytes were monitored by cis‐parinaric acid and dichlorofluorescein assays, respectively. In vivo molecular markers of lipoxidation in normal and OA cartilage were studied using immunohistochemistry to detect the presence of malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal adducts.ResultsHuman OA chondrocytes showed a robust amount of 3H‐proline–labeled collagen degradation upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore A21387, as compared with that in untreated OA chondrocytes. Primary OA chondrocytes showed both spontaneous and inducible levels of lipid peroxidation activity. However, lipid peroxidation activity was already maximally elevated in more than 50% of the OA chondrocyte samples. Overall, spontaneous and inducible oxidative activities were observed in all OA samples. Immunohistochemical analysis of control OA tissue sections that were not treated with monoclonal antibody showed little immunoreactivity. OA cartilage sections treated with monoclonal antibodies showed specific immunoreactivity on the cartilage surface, at sites of OA lesions, at the pericellular matrix, and at intra‐ and intercellular matrices. Normal cartilage sections showed faint surface reactivity.ConclusionOur observations suggest that human OA chondrocytes demonstrate spontaneous and inducible cell‐associated lipoxidative and nonlipoxidative activity. Lipoxidative activity appears to be enhanced in OA chondrocytes. The presence of molecular markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation was demonstrated in OA cartilage, suggesting its role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Involvement of αvβ5 integrin–mediated activation of latent transforming growth factor β1 in autocrine transforming growth factor β signaling in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts
Authors: Asano Yoshihde , Ihn Hironobu , Yamane Kenichi , Jinnin Masatoshi , Mimura Yoshihiro , Tamaki Kunihiko 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo confirm the involvement of αvβ5 in the self‐activation system in systemic sclerosis (SSc) fibroblasts.MethodsLevels of αvβ5 expression were analyzed by immunoprecipitation. The promoter activity of the human α2(I) collagen gene was determined by transient transfection assay. Phosphorylation levels and DNA binding ability of Smad3 were investigated by immunoprecipitation and DNA affinity precipitation, respectively. The localization of active transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) was determined by coculture assay using TMLC cells (mink lung epithelial reporter cells that stably express a portion of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 promoter). The morphologic features of cells were determined by immunofluorescence analysis.ResultsLevels of αvβ5 expression were significantly elevated in SSc fibroblasts compared with normal fibroblasts. Treatment with anti‐αvβ5 antibody or β5 antisense oligonucleotide significantly reduced human α2(I) collagen gene promoter activity in SSc fibroblasts. In SSc fibroblasts pretreated with TGFβ1 antisense oligonucleotide, the exogenous latent TGFβ1 stimulation significantly increased human α2(I) collagen gene promoter activity; this effect was significantly reduced in the presence of anti‐αvβ5 antibody. Phosphorylation levels and DNA binding ability of Smad3 in SSc fibroblasts were significantly reduced by treatment with β5 antisense oligonucleotide. The luciferase activity of TMLC cells cocultured with SSc fibroblasts was significantly elevated compared with that of TMLC cells cocultured with normal fibroblasts and was significantly reduced in the presence of anti‐αvβ5 antibody. Anti‐αvβ5 antibody reversed the myofibroblastic features of SSc fibroblasts.ConclusionUp‐regulated expression of αvβ5 contributes to the establishment of autocrine TGFβ signaling in SSc fibroblasts through activation of endogenous latent TGFβ1.
Targeting interleukin‐15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Baslund Bo , Tvede Niels , Danneskiold‐Samsoe Bente , Larsson Per , Panayi Gabriel , Petersen Joergen , Petersen Lars J. , Beurskens Frank J. M. , Schuurman Janine , van de Winkel Jan G. J. , Parren Paul W. H. I. , Gracie J. Alastair , Jongbloed Sarah , Liew Foo Y. , McInnes Iain B. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectiveInterleukin‐15 (IL‐15) is a proinflammatory, innate response cytokine that mediates pleiotropic effector function in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammatory synovitis. Our objective was to study the ability of HuMax‐IL15, a human IgG1 anti–IL‐15 monoclonal antibody, to neutralize exogenous and endogenous IL‐15 activity in vitro and to perform a phase I–II dose‐escalation trial with HuMax‐IL15 in patients with active RA.MethodsMononuclear cells from blood and synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients were isolated and cultured in vitro under experimental conditions involving the addition of HuMax‐IL15. HuMax‐IL15 was administered to 30 RA patients who received no other disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs in a 12‐week, dose‐ascending, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, phase I–II proof‐of‐concept study.ResultsIn vitro studies showed that HuMax‐IL15 suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in an IL‐15–dependent cell line, BDB2, and was capable of suppressing the release of interferon‐γ by synovial fluid mononuclear cell (SFMC) cultures induced by exogenous IL‐15. Furthermore, HuMax‐IL15 F(ab′)2 fragments suppressed exogenous IL‐15–induced CD69 expression in RA peripheral blood mononuclear cells and SFMCs, which indicates that HuMax‐IL15 can specifically neutralize several biologic effects of IL‐15 in synovial tissue in vitro. In a phase I–II clinical trial, HuMax‐IL15 was well tolerated clinically, with no significant effects on T lymphocyte subset and natural killer cell numbers. Substantial improvements in disease activity were observed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement (63% of patients), 50% improvement (38%), and 70% improvement (25%).ConclusionThese clinical data suggest for the first time that IL‐15 could represent a novel therapeutic target in RA.