bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing Objects at Different Levels of Specificity
Authors: Tyler L. K. , Stamatakis E. A. , Bright P. , Acres K. , Abdallah S. , Rodd J. M. , Moss H. E. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
How objects are represented and processed in the brain is a central topic in cognitive neuroscience. Previous studies have shown that knowledge of objects is represented in a featurebased distributed neural system primarily involving occipital and temporal cortical regions. Research with nonhuman primates suggest that these features are structured in a hierarchical system with posterior neurons in the inferior temporal cortex representing simple features and anterior neurons in the perirhinal cortex representing complex conjunctions of features (Bussey & Saksida, 2002; Murray & Bussey, 1999). On this account, the perirhinal cortex plays a crucial role in object identification by integrating information from different sensory systems into more complex polymodal feature conjunctions. We tested the implications of these claims for human object processing in an event-related fMRI study in which we presented colored pictures of common objects for 19 subjects to name at two levels of specificity-basic and domain. We reasoned that domain-level naming requires access to a coarsergrained representation of objects, thus involving only posterior regions of the inferior temporal cortex. In contrast, basic-level naming requires finer-grained discrimination to differentiate between similar objects, and thus should involve anterior temporal regions, including the perirhinal cortex. We found that object processing always activated the fusiform gyrus bilaterally, irrespective of the task, whereas the perirhinal cortex was only activated when the task required finer-grained discriminations. These results suggest that the same kind of hierarchical structure, which has been proposed for object processing in the monkey temporal cortex, functions in the human.
All Talk and No Action: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study of Motor Cortex Activation during Action Word Production
Authors: Oliveri Massimiliano , Finocchiaro Chiara , Shapiro Kevin , Gangitano Massimo , Caramazza Alfonso , Pascual-Leone Alvaro 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA number of researchers have proposed that the premotor and motor areas are critical for the representation of words that refer to actions, but not objects. Recent evidence against this hypothesis indicates that the left premotor cortex is more sensitive to grammatical differences than to conceptual differences between words. However, it may still be the case that other anterior motor regions are engaged in processing a word's sensorimotor features. In the present study, we used singleand paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the hypothesis that left primary motor cortex is activated during the retrieval of words (nouns and verbs) associated with specific actions. We found that activation in the motor cortex increased for action words compared with non-action words, but was not sensitive to the grammatical category of the word being produced. These results complement previous findings and support the notion that producing a word activates some brain regions relevant to the sensorimotor properties associated with that word regardless of its grammatical category.
An Event-related fMRI Study of Artificial Grammar Learning in a Balanced Chunk Strength Design
Authors: Lieberman Matthew D. , Chang Grace Y. , Chiao Joan , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Knowlton Barbara J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractArtificial grammar learning (Reber, 1967) is a form of implicit learning in which cognitive, rather than motor, implicit learning has been found. After viewing a series of letter strings formed according to a finite state rule system, people are able to classify new letter strings as to whether or not they are formed according to these grammatical rules despite little conscious insight into the rule structure. Previous research has shown that these classification judgments are based on knowledge of abstract rules as well as superficial similarity (“chunk strength”) to training strings. Here we used event-related fMRI to identify neural regions involved in using both sources of information as test stimuli were designed to unconfound chunk strength from rule use. Using functional connectivity analyses, the extent to which the sources of information are complementary or competitive was also assessed. Activation in the right caudate was associated with rule adherence, whereas medial temporal lobe activations were associated with chunk strength. Additionally, functional connectivity analyses revealed caudate and medial temporal lobe activations to be strongly negatively correlated (r = −88) with one another during the performance of this task.
Neuronal Synchronization and Selective Color Processing in the Human Brain
Authors: Müller Matthias M. , Keil Andreas 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
In the present study, subjects selectively attended to the color of checkerboards in a feature-based attention paradigm. Induced gamma band responses (GBRs), the induced alpha band, and the event-related potential (ERP) were analyzed to uncover neuronal dynamics during selective feature processing. Replicating previous ERP findings, the selection negativity (SN) with a latency of about 160 msec was extracted. Furthermore, and similarly to previous EEG studies, a gamma band peak in a time window between 290 and 380 msec was found. This peak had its major energy in the 55to 70-Hz range and was significantly larger for the attended color. Contrary to previous human induced gamma band studies, a much earlier 40to 50-Hz peak in a time window between 160 and 220 msec after stimulus onset and, thus, concurrently to the SN was prominent with significantly more energy for attended as opposed to unattended color. The induced alpha band (9.8–11.7 Hz), on the other hand, exhibited a marked suppression for attended color in a time window between 450 and 600 msec after stimulus onset. A comparison of the time course of the 40to 50-Hz and 55to 70-Hz induced GBR, the induced alpha band, and the ERP revealed temporal coincidences for changes in the morphology of these brain responses. Despite these similarities in the time domain, the cortical source configuration was found to discriminate between induced GBRs and the SN. Our results suggest that large-scale synchronous high-frequency brain activity as measured in the human GBR play a specific role in attentive processing of stimulus features.
MAPK and JNK transduction pathways can phosphorylate Sp1 to activate the uPA minimal promoter element and endogenous gene transcription
Authors: Benasciutti Elisa , Pagès Gilles , Kenzior Olga , Folk William , Blasi Francesco , Crippa Massimo P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTwo upstream regions of the human urokinase (uPA) gene regulate its transcription: the minimal promoter (MP) and the enhancer element. The activity of the minimal promoter is essential for basal uPA transcription in prostate adenocarcinoma PC3 cells. Binding of a phosphorylated Sp1 transcription factor is, in turn, essential for the activity of the MP. Here we report that the Jun kinase (JNK) pathway is required for the basal activity of the MP and for the expression of the endogenous uPA gene in PC3 cells and for activated transcription in LNCaP cells. On the other hand, the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activates uPA gene expression through Sp1 phosphorylation in HeLa, LNCaP, and CCL39-derivative cells that do not typically express uPA in basal conditions. In HeLa cells the dominant-negative form of JNK interferes with the p42/p44 MAPK activation of the uPA-MP. The results suggest that the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK pathway plays an important role in the phosphorylation of Sp1, which, in turn, leads to basal or activated transcription from the uPA-MP element.
Yolk sac–derived primitive erythroblasts enucleate during mammalian embryogenesis
Authors: Kingsley Paul D. , Malik Jeffrey , Fantauzzo Katherine A. , Palis James 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe enucleated definitive erythrocytes of mammals are unique in the animal kingdom. The observation that yolk sac–derived primitive erythroid cells in mammals circulate as nucleated cells has led to the conjecture that they are related to the red cells of fish, amphibians, and birds that remain nucleated throughout their life span. In mice, primitive red cells express both embryonic and adult hemoglobins, whereas definitive erythroblasts accumulate only adult hemoglobins. We investigated the terminal differentiation of murine primitive red cells with use of antibodies raised to embryonic βH1-globin. Primitive erythroblasts progressively enucleate between embryonic days 12.5 and 16.5, generating mature primitive erythrocytes that are similar in size to their nucleated counterparts. These enucleated primitive erythrocytes circulate as late as 5 days after birth. The enucleation of primitive red cells in the mouse embryo has not previously been well recognized because it coincides with the emergence of exponentially expanding numbers of definitive erythrocytes from the fetal liver. Our studies establish a new paradigm in the understanding of primitive erythropoiesis and support the concept that primitive erythropoiesis in mice shares many similarities with definitive erythropoiesis of mammals.
GILZ, a new target for the transcription factor FoxO3, protects T lymphocytes from interleukin-2 withdrawal–induced apoptosis
Authors: Asselin-Labat Marie-Liesse , David Muriel , Biola-Vidamment Armelle , Lecoeuche Damiana , Zennaro Maria-Christina , Bertoglio Jacques , Pallardy Marc 
Published: March 2004

AbstractInterleukin-2 (IL-2) withdrawal is a physiologic process inducing cell death in activated T lymphocytes. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) has recently been identified as a protein modulating T-cell receptor activation by repressing various signaling pathways. We report here that IL-2 deprivation leads to expression of GILZ in T lymphocytes. We then characterized the human gilz promoter and showed that FoxO3 (Forkhead box class O3) binding to the Forkhead responsive elements identified in the promoter is necessary for induction of gilz expression upon IL-2 withdrawal. To assess the functional consequences of this induction, we used 2 strategies, GILZ overexpression and GILZ silencing in murine IL-2–dependent CTLL-2 cells. GILZ overexpression protects CTLL-2 cells from IL-2 withdrawal–induced apoptosis, whereas cell death is accelerated in cells unable to express GILZ. Concomitantly, the expression of Bim is inhibited in GILZ-overexpressing cells and enhanced when GILZ expression is impaired. Furthermore, GILZ inhibits FoxO3 transcriptional activity that leads to inhibition of Bim expression but also to down-regulation of GILZ itself. Therefore, GILZ is a transiently expressed protein induced upon IL-2 withdrawal that protects T cells from the onset of apoptosis.
Visceral Obesity without Insulin Resistance in Late-Onset Obesity Rats
Authors: Bains Randip K. , Wells Sara E. , Flavell Dave M. , Fairhall Keith M. , Strom Molly , Le Tissier Paul , Robinson Iain C. A. F. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
We describe a line of transgenic rats in which the males develop a unique autosomal dominant, late-onset obesity (LOB) phenotype. LOB males gradually accumulate fat specifically in visceral, but not peripheral, fat depots despite a normal intake of a low fat diet. LOB females normally develop only mild obesity with advanced age. However, the phenotype can be induced rapidly in young females by ovariectomy and prevented by estrogen replacement. LOB males are highly sensitive to dietary fat. Young, nonobese LOB males gain more weight on a 30% fat diet and lose more weight when treated with the lipase inhibitor, Orlistat, than their nontransgenic littermates. Remarkably, despite severe visceral obesity, LOB rats have normal fasting blood glucose, insulin, and corticosterone; show normal or increased insulin sensitivity in glucose and insulin tolerance tests; have increased plasma adiponectin levels; and display a heightened response to treatment with rosiglitazone. Their visceral adiposity reflects a specific increase in visceral adipocyte number, not size. Analysis of the transgene in LOB rats revealed a deletion in the gene encoding the S26 subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome that results in the production of a truncated protein, which we show to be imported into mitochondria. However, the transgene integrant is complex, so whether this is the sole molecular disruption underlying this phenotype remains to be established. Nevertheless, LOB rats provide a valuable new model of late-onset, male-preponderant, visceral-specific obesity, clearly dissociated from insulin resistance.
Saw Palmetto Extract Suppresses Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Signaling and Induces Stress-Activated Protein Kinase/c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Phosphorylation in Human Prostate Epithelial Cells
Authors: Wadsworth Teri L. , Carroll Julie M. , Mallinson Rebecca A. , Roberts Charles T. , Roselli Charles E. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
A common alternative therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the extract from the fruit of saw palmetto (SPE). BPH is caused by nonmalignant growth of epithelial and stromal elements of the prostate. IGF action is important for prostate growth and development, and changes in the IGF system have been documented in BPH tissues. The main signaling pathways activated by the binding of IGF-I to the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) are the ERK arm of the MAPK cascade and the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) cascade. We tested the hypothesis that SPE suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in the P69 prostate epithelial cell line by inhibiting IGF-I signaling. Treatment with 150 μg/ml SPE for 24 h decreased IGF-I-induced proliferation of P69 cells and induced cleavage of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP), an index of apoptosis. Treatment of serum-starved P69 cells with 150 μg/ml SPE for 6 h reduced IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of Akt (assessed by Western blot) and Akt activity (assessed by an Akt kinase assay). Western blot analysis showed that SPE reduced IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of the adapter protein insulin receptor substrate-1 and decreased downstream effects of Akt activation, including increased cyclin D1 levels and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and p70s6k. There was no effect on IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of MAPK, IGF-IR, or Shc. Treatment of starved cells with SPE alone induced phosphorylation the proapoptotic protein JNK. SPE treatment may relieve symptoms of BPH, in part, by inhibiting specific components of the IGF-I signaling pathway and inducing JNK activation, thus mediating antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on prostate epithelia.
Evidence for an Interaction between CB1 Cannabinoid and Melanocortin MCR-4 Receptors in Regulating Food Intake
Authors: Verty A. N. A. , McFarlane J. R. , McGregor I. S. , Mallet P. E. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4) and CB1 cannabinoid receptors independently modulate food intake. Although an interaction between the cannabinoid and melanocortin systems has been found in recovery from hemorrhagic shock, the interaction between these systems in modulating food intake has not yet been examined. The present study had two primary purposes: 1) to examine whether the cannabinoid and melanocortin systems act independently or synergistically in suppressing food intake; and 2) to determine the relative position of the CB1 receptors in the chain of control of food intake in relation to the melanocortin system. Rats were habituated to the test environment and injection procedure and then received intracerebroventicular injections of various combinations of the MCR4 receptor antagonist JKC-363, the CB1 receptor agonist Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the MCR4 receptor agonist α-MSH, or the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716. Food intake and locomotor activity were then recorded for 120 min. When administrated alone, SR 141716 and α-MSH dose-dependently attenuated baseline feeding, whereas sub-anorectic doses of SR 141716 and α-MSH synergistically attenuated baseline feeding when combined. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-induced feeding was not blocked by α-MSH, whereas SR 141716 dose-dependently attenuated JKC-363-induced feeding. Locomotor activity was not significantly affected by any drug treatment, suggesting that the observed effects on feeding were not due to a nonspecific reduction in motivated behavior. These findings revealed a synergistic interaction between the cannabinoid and melanocortin systems in feeding behavior. These results further suggested that CB1 receptors are located downstream from melanocortin receptors and CB1 receptor signaling is necessary to prevent the melanocortin system from altering food intake.
Clinical Experience with Moxifloxacin in Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Faich Gerald A , Morganroth Joel , Whitehouse Alan B , Brar Jugroop S , Arcuri Peter , Kowalsky Steven F , Haverstock Daniel C , Celesk Roger A , Church Deborah A 
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND Moxifloxacin is an advanced-generation fluoroquinolone used primarily for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. OBJECTIVE To further investigate moxifloxacin's general and cardiac safety and evaluate its efficacy in the community practice setting in a large surveillance study. METHODS A total of 18 409 outpatients with suspected bacterial episodes of acute sinusitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, or community-acquired pneumonia of mild to moderate severity were enrolled at 3377 community practice sites. Patients with sinusitis or pneumonia received once-daily oral moxifloxacin 400 mg for 10 days; those with bronchitis received 5 days' treatment. At follow-up, within 48 hours after the end of treatment, adverse event information was collected. An external safety committee assessed possible cardiac-related events. Efficacy was also evaluated at follow-up via the degree of resolution of clinical signs and symptoms. RESULTS Of 18 374 safety-valid patients, 17.7% experienced adverse events and 14.3% experienced drug-related adverse events. The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea (5.3%), diarrhea (2.2%), and dizziness (2.0%). There was no clinical evidence of increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias with moxifloxacin treatment. Of 17 137 patients included in the efficacy analysis, 92.9% overall experienced clinical cure or improvement (92.8% with sinusitis, 92.9% with bronchitis, 94.1% with pneumonia). CONCLUSIONS Once-daily oral moxifloxacin 400 mg was shown to be safe and effective in this trial for the treatment of respiratory tract infections of suspected bacterial origin in the clinical practice setting.
High- Versus Low-Dose ACE Inhibitor Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Roffman David S 
Published: March 2004

OBJECTIVE To discuss the controversy associated with the optimal dosing of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the management of patients with systolic heart failure; specifically, to review data related to the use of high-dose ACE inhibitors related to both neurohormonal and clinical outcomes associated with doses similar to, lower than, and higher than those used in the large, randomized clinical trials. DATA SOURCES Primary, review, and meta-analysis articles were identified by MEDLINE search (1987–September 2002) and through secondary sources. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All of the articles identified from the data sources were evaluated, and all information deemed relevant was included in this discussion. All available comparative dose trials, both prospective and retrospective, were evaluated for clinical and neurohormonal outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS The majority of data comparing the effect of high- with low-dose ACE inhibitors on neurohormonal outcomes demonstrate dose-related reduction in various neurohormonal measurements including plasma ACE, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide, and interleukin-6 levels. Clinical endpoints including New York Heart Association class and heart failure—related hospitalizations were reduced by higher doses, but a dose-related survival benefit has not been demonstrated. Differences in duration of therapy and study design may account for variability in neurohormonal and morbidity results among various studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite documented underutilization in clinical practice of doses of ACE inhibitors demonstrated in large controlled trials to improve morbidity and mortality, clinicians should attempt to reach these target doses if possible in patients with heart failure. Higher doses may improve surrogate markers for heart failure without impacting survival.
Mikroelektronischer Haushaltsgaszähler mit neuer Technologie (Microelectronic Domestic Gas Meter with New Technology)
Authors: Matter Daniel , Kramer Beat , Kleiner Thomas , Sabbattini Bruno , Suter Tobias 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
In der hier vorgestellten Neuentwicklung wird aktuellste „Sensor-on-chip“-Technologie eingesetzt, um das mehr als 150 Jahre alte Prinzip der Haushalts- und Gewerbegaszähler in eine neue Generation zu führen. Dieser Technologie-Quantensprung findet in einem Weltmarkt mit Stückzahlen von 20 Millionen Gaszählern pro Jahr statt, was einem jährlichen Umsatz von ca. 1 Milliarde € entspricht und daher eine hohe wirtschaftliche Bedeutung hat. Das neue Gerät ist kleiner, genauer und bietet weitere Vorteile bei gleichen Produktionskosten wie jene für die alte Technik.
Cadmium Concentration in Current Japanese Foods and Beverages
Authors: Kikuchi Yuriko , Nomiyama Tetsuo , Kumagai Nami , Uemura Takamoto , Omae Kazuyuki 
Published: March 2004

Cadmium Concentration in Current Japanese Foods and Beverages: Yuriko Kikuchi, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University—AimsThe present study was to determine the cadmium (Cd) concentrations in ordinarily consumed foods and beverages in Japan.MethodsCd concentrations in 519 foods and beverages purchased from a local market were measured with the flame or flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).ResultsThe Cd concentration in each food group was as follows: cereals 0.004‐0.380 μg/g, potatoes <0.01‐ 0.08 μg/g, sugars and sweeteners <0.01 μg/g, pulses <0.010‐0.220 μg/g, nuts and seeds <0.01‐0.18 μg/g, vegetables (grown in soil) <0.001‐0.128 μg/g, vegetable (grown by means of hydroponics) <0.001‐ 0.002 μg/g, fruits <0.001‐0.033 μg/g, mushrooms <0.01‐0.19 μg/g, algae 0.040‐2.380 μg/g, fish <0.01‐ 0.02 μg/g, shellfish <0.010‐5.050 μg/g, meats <0.001‐ 0.100 μg/g, eggs <0.001 μg/g, milk <0.010 μg/g, fats and oils <0.001‐0.001 μg/g, confectioneries <0.020‐ 0.100 μg/g, beverages <0.01‐0.13/rg/g, seasoning and spices <0.01‐0.06 μg/g, and various supplement tablets <0.001‐0.036 μg/g.ConclusionA database of Cd content in foods was compiled. Cd in cereals varied from 0.004 to 0.380 μg/g. Algae, shellfish and pulses contained much higher concentrations of Cd. Vegetables grown by hydroponic cultivation contained only a very low or undetectable amount of Cd. Estimation of dietary Cd intake from the database could provide a reasonable method for estimating the relative contributions of different food groups to dietary Cd intake.