bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood onset anorexia nervosa: the experience of parents
Authors: Cottee‐Lane Danielle , Pistrang Nancy , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis qualitative study examined the experience of parents who had a child with early onset anorexia nervosa. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 11 parents (seven mothers and four fathers). Qualitative data analysis yielded eight core themes structured around three broad domains: understanding the eating disorder, the impact of the eating disorder, and managing the eating disorder and its impact. The themes revealed that the experience of having a child with anorexia nervosa is extremely demanding and personally challenging for parents. Despite this, parents remained determined to help their child in the face of this debilitating condition. The implications for the delivery of services for children and adolescents with eating disorders and their families are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Eating attitudes among college students in Malaysia: an ethnic and gender comparison
Authors: Edman Jeanne L. , Yates Alayne 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine whether there are gender and ethnic differences in eating attitudes among ethnic Malay and ethnic Chinese college students in Malaysia, and whether eating attitudes are related to BMI and measures of self‐dissatisfaction and separation anxiety. The Eating Attitudes Test‐26 (EAT‐26), the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory, and a self‐dissatisfaction scale were administered to 187 Malay and 80 Chinese students. There were no sex differences in disordered eating attitudes for either ethnic group, however, Malay students scored higher on the EAT‐26 than the Chinese students. Separation anxiety was related to EAT‐26 scores among female participants but not among males. Levels of self‐dissatisfaction were associated with EAT‐26 scores among Malay males and Chinese females. Contrary to findings commonly found among Westerners, there were no gender differences in disordered eating attitudes among college students in Malaysia. However, there were gender differences in what factors were associated with disordered eating attitudes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Pressure weighted upwinding for flow induced force predictions: application to iced surfaces
Authors: Naterer G. F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper addresses two main topics, namely the development of a pressure‐weighted upwinding method and its application to flow induced forces on iced cylinders. Although the near‐wall convective upwinding exhibits special applicability to iced surfaces, its capabilities extend more generally to other applications. By fully linking pressure and velocity at a sub‐element level near the wall, a higher order accuracy can be obtained. Also, a non‐physical de‐coupling between pressure and velocity can be prevented. The method is developed under the context of a control‐volume‐based finite element method for 2‐D, incompressible flows. Drag and lift coefficients are predicted, based on the pressure weighted upwinding near the wall. The numerical predictions are successfully compared against experimental data, including flow induced forces on iced cables. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial dynamics‐based modelling of turbulent cavitating flows, Part‐2: Time‐dependent computations
Authors: Senocak Inanc , Shyy Wei 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe interfacial dynamics‐based cavitation model, developed in Part‐1, is further employed for unsteady flow computations. The pressure‐based operator‐splitting algorithm (PISO) is extended to handle the time‐dependent cavitating flows with particular focus on the coupling of the cavitation and turbulence models, and the large density ratio associated with cavitation. Furthermore, the compressibility effect is important for unsteady cavitating flows because in a water–vapour mixture, depending on the composition, the speed of sound inside the cavity can vary by an order of magnitude. The implications of the issue of the speed of the sound are assessed with alternative modelling approaches. Depending on the geometric confinement of the nozzle, compressibility model and cavitation numbers, either auto‐oscillation or quasi‐steady behaviour is observed. The adverse pressure gradient in the closure region is stronger at the maximum cavity size. One can also observe that the mass transfer process contributes to the cavitation dynamics. Compared to the steady flow computations, the velocity and vapour volume fraction distributions within the cavity are noticeably improved with time‐dependent computations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional analysis of the periphery effect in human building related areas
Authors: Levy Ifat , Hasson Uri , Harel Michal , Malach Rafael 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that a region in the anterior collateral sulcus (CoS) and a region in the vicinity of the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS) are preferentially activated by images of buildings and scenes. We have found recently that these regions show a strong activation bias to stimuli located in the peripheral visual field. We explore in detail the source of this “periphery” effect. Our results show that the periphery effect can be generated by a large single object occupying the peripheral visual field as well as by multiple small peripheral objects. We also investigated whether the periphery effect was related to the annular shape used in conventional mapping of the visual field periphery and found that the mere presence of a stimulus in the visual field periphery, regardless of object shape, is sufficient to enhance activation. We also found that a small bias toward the peripheral visual field was shown even when the stimulated areas in the central and peripheral parts of the visual field are equated. Finally, our results demonstrate that the periphery effect shows object selectivity that can be obtained even with face images, which are the non‐optimal stimulus for this region. In summary, our study shows that the building‐related CoS and TOS manifest a true but graded retinotopic bias toward the peripheral visual field. Hum. Brain Mapp. 22:17–28, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of simultaneously recorded [H215O]‐PET and LORETA during cognitive and pharmacological activation
Authors: Gamma Alex , Lehmann Dietrich , Frei Edi , Iwata Kazuki , Pascual‐Marqui Roberto D. , Vollenweider Franz X. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe complementary strengths and weaknesses of established functional brain imaging methods (high spatial, low temporal resolution) and EEG‐based techniques (low spatial, high temporal resolution) make their combined use a promising avenue for studying brain processes at a more fine‐grained level. However, this strategy requires a better understanding of the relationship between hemodynamic/metabolic and neuroelectric measures of brain activity. We investigated possible correspondences between cerebral blood flow (CBF) as measured by [H2O]‐PET and intracerebral electric activity computed by Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) from scalp‐recorded multichannel EEG in healthy human subjects during cognitive and pharmacological stimulation. The two imaging modalities were compared by descriptive, correlational, and variance analyses, the latter carried out using statistical parametric mapping (SPM99). Descriptive visual comparison showed a partial overlap between the sets of active brain regions detected by the two modalities. A number of exclusively positive correlations of neuroelectric activity with regional CBF were found across the whole EEG frequency range, including slow wave activity, the latter finding being in contrast to most previous studies conducted in patients. Analysis of variance revealed an extensive lack of statistically significant correspondences between brain activity changes as measured by PET vs. EEG‐LORETA. In general, correspondences, to the extent they were found, were dependent on experimental condition, brain region, and EEG frequency. Hum. Brain Mapping 22:85–98, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous event‐related potential and near‐infrared spectroscopic studies of semantic processing
Authors: Horovitz Silvina G. , Gore John C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNear‐infrared optical topography (NIROT) signals and event‐related potentials (ERPs) were measured simultaneously during a semantic processing task to evaluate the ability of these techniques to detect hemodynamic and electrophysiologic responses generated by semantic anomalies and to compare these results to earlier independent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and ERP measurements. Candidate brain regions were first identified from activations detected by NIROT during a simple block‐design task (in this case reading sentences vs. passive viewing), and defined regions (corresponding to Broca's and Wernicke's areas) were used for guiding the localization of optodes and electrodes for recording during tasks involving semantic anomalies. In five of six subjects, ERP measurements showed the characteristic N400 wave, whereas event‐related NIROT showed results that agreed with previous fMRI studies. There were transient hemodynamic signals recorded in specific optodes that corresponded to activation in Broca's area, but slightly anterior to the region activated during the simple reading task, and in Wernicke's area, but slightly inferior to that for the simple reading task. A between‐subject correlation of the ERP and NIRS data was also employed to identify areas of activation. The highest correlations were obtained in Broca's area, centered more anterior than for the reading task and in Wernicke's area, slightly inferior to that for the reading task. This study confirms that event‐related studies are feasible using NIROT and produce results similar to those obtained with fMRI. Even though the spatial resolution is lower in NIROT than in fMRI, small differences in the locations of activation centers could be detected with NIROT. This, together with the feasibility of simultaneous ERP recording, makes NIROT attractive as a new approach to studying language function in healthy subjects as well as in those with functional abnormalities. Hum. Brain Mapping 22:112–117, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural correlates of syntactic transformations
Authors: Wartenburger Isabell , Heekeren Hauke R. , Burchert Frank , Heinemann Steffi , De Bleser Ria , Villringer Arno 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMany agrammatic aphasics have a specific syntactic comprehension deficit involving processing syntactic transformations. It has been proposed that this deficit is due to a dysfunction of Broca's area, an area that is thought to be critical for comprehension of complex transformed sentences. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of Broca's area in processing canonical and non‐canonical sentences in healthy subjects. The sentences were presented auditorily and were controlled for task difficulty. Subjects were asked to judge the grammaticality of the sentences while their brain activity was monitored using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Processing both kinds of sentences resulted in activation of language‐related brain regions. Comparison of non‐canonical and canonical sentences showed greater activation in bilateral temporal regions; a greater activation of Broca's area in processing antecedent‐gap relations was not found. Moreover, the posterior part of Broca's area was conjointly activated by both sentence conditions. Broca's area is thus involved in general syntactic processing as required by grammaticality judgments and does not seem to have a specific role in processing syntactic transformations. Hum. Brain Mapp. 22:74–83, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EPR‐investigations of radicals derived from diethyl iodomethylphosphonate in solid and liquid state
Authors: Białas Tomasz , Szadowiak Aldona , Bałczewski Piotr 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA selective homolysis of the CI bond in diethyl iodomethylphosphonate to give the diethoxyphosphorylmethyl radical (EtO)2P(O)CH2· was observed in EPR spectra upon γ‐irradiation and UV–vis photolysis. Analysis of stability of this radical was also investigated to show disappearance of EPR signals above 170–190 K. An attempt to observe this radical during the reaction with AIBN as an initiator failed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:127–130, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10225
Calix[4]arene phosphonates ‐ recognition of amino alcohols in water
Authors: Witt Dariusz , Dziemidowicz Joanna , Rachon Janusz 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe water‐soluble calix[4]arenes based cavitands were obtained in good yield by introduction of phosphonic acids groups at the upper rim; we describe the design, synthesis, and formation of the complexes with ephedrine, norephedrine, and noradrenaline hydrochloride in the phosphate buffer at pD 7.3. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:155–161, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10229
The semiempirical study on the addition of the chiral ammonium hypophosphite to an aldehyde
Authors: Lewkowski Jarosław 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe PM3 and AM1 semiempirical computations were performed in order to explain the stereochemistry of the addition of the chiral α‐methylbenzylammonium hypophosphite to an aldehyde, which is stereoselective to 100%. Both mechanisms: one considering the intermediate formation of α‐hydroxy phosphonous acids followed by the nucleophilic substitution with a chiral amine and the second considering the formation of a Schiff base followed by the addition of hypophosphorous acid to an azomethine bond were taken. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:162–168, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10230
Iodochlorination of silyl‐ and germylphenylacetylenes
Authors: Selina Anastasia A. , Zhachkina Anna E. , Karlov Sergey S. , Churakov Andrei V. , Zaitseva Galina S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractReactions of Si‐ and Ge‐substituted alkynes with KICl2 were investigated. (1‐Germatranyl)‐phenylacetylenes and (triphenylsilyl)phenylacetylene gave Z‐iodochloroalkenes with chlorine and phenyl groups attached to the same carbon atom. Adduct structures were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction studies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:169–174, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20001
When does quality‐adjusting life‐years matter in cost‐effectiveness analysis?
Authors: Chapman Richard H. , Berger Marc , Weinstein Milton C. , Weeks Jane C. , Goldie Sue , Neumann Peter J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPurpose: This paper investigates the impact of quality‐of‐life adjustment on cost‐effectiveness analyses, by comparing ratios from published studies that have reported both incremental costs per (unadjusted) life‐year and per quality‐adjusted life‐year for the same intervention.Methods: A systematic literature search identified 228 original cost–utility analyses published prior to 1998. Sixty‐three of these analyses (173 ratio pairs) reported both cost/LY and cost/QALY ratios for the same intervention, from which we calculated medians and means, the difference between ratios (cost/LY minus cost/QALY) and between reciprocals of the ratios, and cost/LY as a percentage of the corresponding cost/QALY ratio. We also compared the ratios using rank‐order correlation, and assessed the frequency with which quality‐adjustment resulted in a ratio crossing the widely used cost‐effectiveness thresholds of $20000, $50000, and $100000/QALY or LY.Results: The mean ratios were $69100/LY and $103100/QALY, with corresponding medians of $24600/LY and $20400/QALY. The mean difference between ratios was approximately −$34300 (median difference: $1300), with 60% of ratio pairs differing by $10000/year or less. Mean difference between reciprocals was 59 (QA)LYs per million dollars (median: 2.1). The Spearman rank‐order correlation between ratio types was 0.86 (p<0.001). Quality‐adjustment led to a ratio moving either above or below $50000/LY (or QALY) in 8% of ratio pairs, and across $100000 in 6% of cases.Conclusions: In a sizable fraction of cost–utility analyses, quality adjusting did not substantially alter the estimated cost‐effectiveness of an intervention, suggesting that sensitivity analyses using ad hoc adjustments or ‘off‐the‐shelf’ utility weights may be sufficient for many analyses. The collection of preference weight data should be subjected to the same scrutiny as other data inputs to cost‐effectiveness analyses, and should only be under‐taken if the value of this information is likely to be greater than the cost of obtaining it. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Syntheses of 2‐(1‐Aminoethyl)phenols
Authors: Kündig E. Peter , Botuha Candice , Lemercier Gilles , Romanens Patrick , Saudan Lionel , Thibault Sylvie 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThree different routes were probed for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 2‐(1‐aminoethyl)phenols and their methyl ethers. The first route centers on diastereoselective nucleophile addition to chiral imines. The second route has as key steps the enantioselective reduction of a ketone followed by nucleophilic substitution, and the third route involves a diastereoselective imine reduction. The efficiency of the approach depends on the substrate substitution pattern. All three methods work well for the parent compound 2‐(1‐aminoethyl)phenol (1) but the third route is the most efficient, providing the compound with >96% enantiomer excess in three steps with an overall yield of 71%. Conversely, for the ortho‐methyl analogue 2, the first method is best. For the t‐Bu‐substituted analogue 3, only moderate enantiomeric enrichment was achieved.
Bioactive Chemical Constituents of Cladiella Species
Authors: Ata Athar , Ackerman Joe , Bayoud Abdelhamid , Radhika Parvataneni 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFrom the methanolic extract of Cladiella sp., collected from the Andaman Island, India, a new sesquiterpene, cladidiol (2), and three known diterpenes, cladiellaperoxide (3), (6E)‐2α,9α‐epoxyeunicella‐6,11(12)‐dien‐3β‐ol (4), and polyanthellin A (5) were isolated. The structures of these compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic studies. Compound 2 exhibited modest acetylcholinesterase‐inhibition activity, and compounds 3–5 showed antibacterial activities against Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Catalytic Asymmetric Chlorination of β‐Keto Esters with Hypervalent Iodine Compounds
Authors: Ibrahim Hasim , Kleinbeck Florian , Togni Antonio 
Published: March 2004

Abstract(Dichloroiodo)toluene (=dichloro(4‐methylphenyl)iodine; 2) was found to be a suitable chlorinating agent in the catalytic asymmetric chlorination of β‐keto esters 3 catalyzed by the [Ti(TADDOLato)] complex 1 (=bis(acetonitrile)dichloro[(4R,5R)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐α,α,α′,α′‐tetra(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dimethanolato(2−)‐κO,κO′]titanium), whereby α‐chlorinated products were obtained in moderate to good yields and enantioselectivities of up to 71% (Scheme 2, Table 2). The enantioselectivity of the reaction shows a remarkable temperature dependence, the maximum selectivity being obtained at ca. 50°.
Two New Triterpene and a New Nortriterpene Glycosides from Phlomis viscosa
Authors: Çalış İhsan , Kırmızıbekmez Hasan , Taşdemir Deniz , Rüedi Peter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe isolation and structure elucidation of two new oleanane‐type triterpene glycosides, 29‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2α,3β,23‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid (=(2α,3β,4α,29α)‐29‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2,3,23‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid; 1) and its C(20)‐epimer, 30‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2α,3β,23‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid (=(2α,3β,4α,29β)‐29‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2,3,23‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid; 2), and a novel nortriterpene glycoside, (17S)‐2α,18β,23‐trihydroxy‐3,19‐dioxo‐19(18→17)‐ abeo‐28‐norolean‐12‐en‐25‐oic acid β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (=(1R,2S,4aS,4bR,6aR,7R,9R,10aS,10bS)‐3,4,4a,4b,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a,10b,11‐tetradecahydro‐1‐hydroxy‐7‐(hydroxymethyl)‐3′,4′,4a,4b,7‐pentamethyl‐2′,8‐ dioxospiro[chrysene‐2(1H),1′‐cyclopentane]‐10a‐carboxylic acid β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester; 3) from Phlomis viscosa (Lamiaceae) are reported. The structures of the compounds were asigned by means of spectroscopic (IR, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, and LC‐ESI‐MS) and chemical (acetylation) methods.
Synthesis of 13C‐Labeled Pyrazinone Thrombin Inhibitors and Elucidation of Metabolic Activation Pathways
Authors: Ho Jonathan Z. , Braun Matthew P. , Subramanian Raju , Gao Ying‐Duo , Dean Dennis C. , Melillo David G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn support of a research program aimed at discovering orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitors, 13C‐ labeled 3‐aminopyrazinone acetamide thrombin inhibitors have been prepared to aid in the structural elucidation of key metabolites during preclinical and clinical studies. A method for the 13C‐labeling of pyrazinones utilizing 13C‐glycine as a building block has been developed in a good overall yield. Two targets with labels at different positions have been prepared. NMR Studies not only led to the structure of a major metabolite, but also revealed a likely metabolic pathway, which will provide structural guidance for the design and synthesis of future thrombin inhibitors as well as other pyrazinone‐containing compounds.
Improved Access to Imidazole‐phosphonic Acids: Synthesis of D‐manno‐Tetrahydroimidazopyridine‐2‐phosphonates
Authors: Terinek Miroslav , Vasella Andrea 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe D‐manno‐tetrahydroimidazopyridine‐2‐phosphonate 11 was prepared via a high‐yielding Pd(PPh3)4‐catalysed diphenylphosphonylation of the manno‐iodoimidazole 12, followed by transesterification to the diethyl phosphonate 14 and dealkylation, providing 11 in eight steps from the thionolactam 1 and in an overall yield of 15%. Alternatively, a more highly convergent synthesis based on the HgCl2/Et3N‐promoted condensation of the thionolactam 1 with the α‐aminophosphonate 24 in THF led to 11 in four steps and in the same overall yield. In the presence of HgCl2/Et3N, the thionolactam 1 reacted at 80° with 2‐methoxyethanol to provide 66% of a 64 : 36 mixture of the gluco‐ and manno‐iminoethers 29/30. Performing the reaction at 22° yielded preferentially the gluco‐isomer 29 (86%, 84 : 16).
Inhibitory Effects by Ascorbic Acid on the Oscillations of the BriggsRauscher Reaction
Authors: Furrow Stanley D. , Höner Kerstin , Cervellati Rinaldo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe BriggsRauscher oscillating reaction (in batch mode) has been shown to be sensitive to various antioxidants, some of which cause cessation of oscillations for a period of time, before a restart occurs. The length of time before oscillations restart is related to the type of antioxidant and its concentration. Procedures have been devised to apply this method as a tool for measuring antioxidant activities of pure compounds and of extracts of natural sources. The antioxidant activity in the BriggsRauscher system has been generally related to the reaction of an antioxidants with hydroperoxy radicals (HOO.) present in the oscillating system. Thereby, at low concentration (<2×10−4 M), ascorbic acid is known to have a little effect on the reaction. However, there is a concentration range, where a nearly linear relation is observed between ascorbic acid concentration and inhibition time. We were able to model this type of inhibition by the reducing power of ascorbic acid without invoking a reaction with HOO..