bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Party Organization and Party Performance: The Case of the French Socialist Party
Authors: Sferza Serenella 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMuch of the literature on parties centres on decline and failure, but recently the decline hypothesis has come under attack on both empirical and theoretical grounds, and this has exposed major shortcomings in dominant views (models) of party development, which mostly have offered an externalist view of party development and cast political parties as passive takers of their environment. This view of parties is markedly at odds with the considerable leeway attributed to other political actors and organizations, and whatever the solution to this impasse maybe, it clearly requires looking at party development not only from ‘without’, but also from ‘within’, in ways that capture the two‐ways link between intra‐party politics and resources and inter‐party competition; this perspective brings back not only intra‐party politics as a crucial political arena but also parties as central political actors. Explores this possibility by applying the emerging ‘new’ organizational approach to the trajectory of the French Socialist Party (SFIO, the Section Française de l’lnternationale Ouvrière, until 1971, PS afterwards), which, in the 1970s, staged a spectacular renaissance, and within a decade brought it from near extinction to power—although since then, policy and moral failures have dissipated much of this popular enthusiasm. However, the left's victory at the 1997 elections, the popularity of the current Socialist‐led government, and the weak challenge posed by new politics formations, suggest that much of the capital the PS accumulated in the previous decade remains in place. Provides an internalist account of the PSs jagged trajectory in four parts: the first summarizes externalist approaches to party development; the second analyses the trajectory of the PS over the last three decades in terms of the match and mismatch between party organization and the environment; the third looks at regional variations within this national pattern; and the fourth discusses the resilience of factionalism and draws the implications of this case for the study of political parties.
Parties in Contemporary Democracies: Problems and Paradoxes
Authors: Linz Juan J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractJuan Linz examines the same theme of anti‐party sentiments among citizens in contemporary democracies as did the previous chapter, but from an entirely different perspective. He starts by looking at the fundamental differences between the roles played by parties in presidential and parliamentary democracies, and notes that each type of party system also generates different critiques of parties. Notwithstanding, these differences among party systems and between presidential and parliamentary democracies, Linz notes that parties everywhere have become the focus of a remarkably similar litany of complaints and criticisms, and asks to what extent these represent expressions of reasoned concerns over the shortcomings of the actual performance of parties, and conversely, to what extent they reflect ambiguous, confusing, or even self‐contradictory evaluations by citizens based upon unreasonable expectations or a lack of understanding of the complexities and cross‐pressures that parties are subjected to in performing their many roles in democratic politics. On the basis of survey data from Spain and Latin America, he suggests that the increase in negative attitudes towards political parties maybe less attributable to the behaviour of parties themselves than it is to inconsistencies or outright contradictions among relevant beliefs held by citizens, to unrealistic expectations concerning the extent to which parties can achieve a series of demanding objectives, or to the increasing number of the functions that parties must play in representative democracies. The main sections of the chapter are: Attitudes towards parties: paradoxes, contradictions, and ambiguities; Personalization of politics and professionalization of politics; Parties, money, and party democracy; and Distrust of parties and the legitimacy of democracy.
Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book examines the development of Russia's current federal system of government from its Soviet origins, through Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, to the presidencies of Boris Yeltsin and the early years of Vladimir Putin. The theoretical relationship between democracy, law, and federalism is examined with a focus on its application to the study of post‐authoritarian state systems. Federal institutions shape political agendas in the constituent units of a federation just as much as those units influence the shape of the federal whole. Case studies focus on Russia's 21 ethnic ‘republics’ (out of 89 units in a complicated multi‐level federal hierarchy) using previously unpublished primary source materials, including official documents and interviews with key participants on a variety of institutional levels.
The Process of Federal Transition
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Soviet regime's political successors intended, from the start, a transition to a genuine federal system. An examination of the formal debates and conflicts between political elites reveals that Russia's project of ‘renewed federation’ developed on several different institutional levels and cut across many different political interests. Three of four stages in the process of federal transition are examined in detail: the ‘Parade of Sovereignties’, development of the Federation Treaty, and the crisis over a new federal Constitution. The content of these documents and their relationship with power struggles in and between Moscow and the constituent units of the new Russian Federation are examined in detail. The Republic of Tatarstan is a special case study.
The Federal Reforms of Vladimir Putin
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The first year of Putin's presidency resulted in the most concerted and fundamental shake‐up of federal relations since 1993. Putin ended the bilateral treaty process and vowed to create a ‘Dictatorship of Law’. Putin's reforms are examined in detail, including the creation of presidential envoys (polpredy) and federal districts, the quasi‐judicial use of presidential decrees (ukazy), reform of the Council of the Federation, growing federal influence of regional executives and legislatures, and local self‐government. These dramatic changes led to the reform of republican constitutions and a new stage in federal‐regional relations.
Frege: Truth and Composition
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLooks at the work of Gottlob Frege on truth and composition. It investigates Frege's idea that a sentence refers to a truth‐value, his Principle of Composition, and his abandonment of what Donald Davidson calls ‘semantic innocence’. Neale explains what kinds of slingshotian considerations prevented Frege from accepting facts as denotations of sentences and made him see sentences rather as names of truth‐values. The three sections of the chapter are: Reference and Composition; Innocence Abandoned; and The Reference of a Sentence.
Russell: Facts and Descriptions
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the work of Bertrand Russell. It looks at Russell's idea that true sentences stand for facts (rather than truth‐values) and the philosophical and formal details of his Theory of Facts (the theory of facts as complexes) and Theory of Descriptions, both of which Neale describes as being poorly understood to this day. The six sections of the chapter are: Facts and their Parts; Representing Russellian Facts; The Theory of Descriptions; Abbreviation; Scope; Quantification and Notation. An appendix to the book looks further at Russell's definition of descriptions as incomplete symbols.
Extensionality
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChs. 6 and 7 set out and clean the formal tools that are needed in the remaining chapters to prove that Donald Davidson's and Richard Rorty's cases against facts and the representation of facts are unfounded, and their slingshot (collapsing) arguments for discrediting the existence of facts unsatisfactory. Clarifies what is meant by such terms as ‘extensions’, ‘extensionality’ and ‘scope’, and the next separates various inference principles. The four sections of the chapter are: Extensions and Sentence Connectives; Scope; Extensional and Non‐Extensional Connectives; and Intensional Connectives.
Logical Equivalence
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChs. 8 and 9 convert the two basic forms of slingshot (collapsing) argument—one used by Alonzo Church, W. V. Quine, and Donald Davidson, the other by Kurt Gödel—into knock‐down deductive proofs that Donald Davidson's and Richard Rorty's cases against facts and the representation of facts are unfounded, and their slingshot arguments for discrediting the existence of facts unsatisfactory. The proofs are agnostic on key semantic issues; in particular, they assume no particular account of reference and do not even assume that sentences have references. Using this procedure, Ch. 8 shows that cleaned‐up versions of the slingshot arguments used by Davidson, Church, and Quine demonstrate theses weaker than those their authors were seeking—the impossibility of facts and non‐truth‐functional (e.g. modal and causal) connectives. This is primarily because the arguments depend upon (a) logical equivalences and (b) theories of definite descriptions (or class abstracts) that must satisfy certain semantic conditions if the aforementioned logical equivalences are to obtain. The four sections of the chapter are: Introductory Remarks; The Quinean Strategy; An Incomplete Connective Proof; and A Complete Connective Proof.
Description and Equivalence
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRevolves around the matter of whether the stronger results that W. V. Quine and Donald Davidson were attempting to derive from slingshot (collapsing) arguments over facts might be forthcoming if other theories of descriptions were assumed. This also provides an opportunity to evaluate various theories as potential competitors to Bertrand Russell's theory. The four sections of the chapter are: Introductory Remarks; Hilbert and Bernays (David Hilbert and Paul Bernays’ system of descriptions); Fregean Theories (Gottlob Frege's theories of description); and Strawsonian Theories (Barry Taylor's version P. F. Strawson's theory of descriptions).
Facts Revisited
Authors: Neale Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWith the Descriptive Constraint discussed in Ch. 9 at hand, Ch. 11 examines diverse theories of facts with a view to establishing how viable they are, and then turns to claims about the semantics of causal statements that have been used to motivate ontologies of facts and events. Neale makes the point that there is considerable confusion in the literature on the matter of whether causal statements are extensional, but shows that once the clarifications effected in earlier chapters are brought to bear, almost all of the confusion can be eradicated and decisive results obtained. There are still some extensional causal statements, and these can be delimited on the basis of their superficial grammatical forms, but there are other causal statements for which it is, as far as Neale can ascertain, still an open question whether extensional or non‐extensional treatments are to be preferred, much turning on the position taken on the overall shape of a semantic theory. If non‐extensional treatments prove appealing, the resulting theories will have to satisfy the strictures imposed by the Descriptive Constraint. The six sections of the chapter are: Identity Connectives; Fact Identity; Events; Events and Causes; Facts and Causes; and Fact Identity Again.
State‐Building Nationalism
Authors: Hechter Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe rise of the modern state extended direct rule, in which central authorities assumed ever‐greater responsibility for governing all the territory within the state's boundaries. Although direct rule made all individuals increasingly dependent on the centre for the provision of public goods, at the same time it threatened the power of local authorities. To legitimize the new order, central rulers embarked on state‐building nationalism that aimed to transform multinational states into national ones.
Other Types of Nationalism
Authors: Hechter Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA discussion of peripheral and unification nationalisms. Peripheral nationalism is directly spurred by the onset of direct rule: increasing political centralization threatens local leaders and provides an incentive for them to mobilize nationalist opposition to central authorities. Unification nationalism is a more indirect by‐product of direct rule. Since states adopting direct rule attain geopolitical advantages, the rulers of culturally homogeneous but politically divided territories have an incentive to merge their separate territories into a single political unit for defensive purposes.
The Notion of Well‐Being
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA pluralist conception of personal well‐being is advanced. The conception includes the material sources of well‐being and the ability of a person to exercise various kinds of freedom. It is argued that social well‐being is an aggregate of individual well‐beings. It is shown that, if undertaken with care, the aggregation exercise doesn’t blunt human rights.
Why Measure Well‐Being?
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReasons for seeking an index of social well‐being are identified in this chapter. Four are given prominence: (1) to compare well‐being across countries (or communities); (2) to compare well‐being across time and generations for the same country (or community); (3) to check if well‐being is sustainable; and (4) to derive a criterion for judging if a policy is worth undertaking (e.g. if it is socially beneficial to accept a proposed investment project). There is no a priori reason why the same index would be appropriate for the four sets of exercises.
Theory
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStudies a comprehensive, but operational, notion of current well‐being, and develop ways of measuring it. In order to find a usable measure of current well‐being, I appeal to an overarching idea of citizenship, with its three constituent spheres: the civil, the political, and the socio‐economic. The classification is useful for identifying the constituents of well‐being. The idea of citizenship is useful also in that it directs us to study the kinds of institutions that are best suited to protect and promote human interests. Political scientists have shown that democracy is neither necessary nor sufficient for civic co‐operation and the benefits that come with it.
Wealth and Well‐Being
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDevelops the concept of sustainable development and shows how it is related to the maintenance of social well‐being through time. It is shown that wealth, estimated in terms of accounting prices, serves admirably as an index of well‐being over time and across generations. A country's wealth measures the social worth of its capital assets. The notion of wealth developed here is a comprehensive one, including in it the social worth of manufactured and human capital, public knowledge, and natural capital. Given that movements in wealth over time measure movements in social well‐being, the object of study is then shown to be genuine investment, the social worth of net changes in an economy's capital assets. Thus, ensuring that social well‐being is sustainable involves taking care that the economy's assets are managed well. The theory is also put to work on contemporary data from the poorest countries in the world. Movements in the wealth of nations present a vastly different picture from the one gleaned from the two most popular measures of social well‐being. A substantial reassessment of the post‐war development experience among poor countries is now needed if sustainable development is to be anything more than a slogan at national and international conferences.
Policy Reforms
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt is shown that the correct way to evaluate a public project is to compare reductions in consumption arising from the investment outlay with the increase in wealth that the investment helps to create. Putting it in other words, projects should be accepted if they add to wealth, but not otherwise. It is also shown that for public projects this amounts to estimating the present discounted value (PDV) of the flow of the project's social profits. A project whose PDV is positive should be accepted; one whose PDV is negative should be rejected. The correct measure of social well‐being, even for purposes of project evaluation, is wealth. The finding unifies valuation and evaluation.
Discounting Future Consumption
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractScrutinizes a class of accounting prices that has been the object of regular misunderstanding: social discount rates. The topic is over 40 years old, yet controversy rages over matters that have long been settled, involving as they do technical economics. Many who express views on social discount rates overlook the literature and make incorrect claims. I point to a few as the occasions warrant.
Institutional Responses to Policy Change
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses policy change in the midst of markets and non‐market institutions. Accounting prices are particularly difficult to estimate in non‐market institutions because of an absence of market prices to serve as guide. Moreover, changes in public policy (e.g. changes in the structure of taxes and trade) frequently affect the macro‐economy. Involving as they do large changes to an economy, their evaluation requires more complex estimation procedures. Accounting prices don’t suffice. By means of three examples, I offer a sketch of how social cost–benefit analysis is useful for identifying what the evaluator ought to try to measure and why. The first example is a miniature, involving communal management of irrigation systems in Nepal; the latter two are altogethergrander, illustrating some of the environmental implications for poor countries of structural adjustment programmes and trade liberalization.
On Location
Authors: Morison Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Aims to explain as carefully as possible Aristotle's account of place given in the Physics, Book IV, Chs. 1‐5. Also aims to rehabilitate it as a piece of philosophy, after many centuries of its being dismissed as inadequate. Discusses the importance of the concept of place to natural philosophy, including the role of so‐called ‘natural’ places in the explanation of the natural motion of the elements. Offers a full reconstruction and interpretation of Zeno's paradox of place, which Aristotle took to be a crucial challenge to the coherence of the notion of place, as well as an assessment of Aristotle's treatment of Plato's account of space in the Timaeus. Outlines the different ways in which things are somewhere, implicit in Aristotle's solution to Zeno's paradox of place. This corresponds to the various meanings of the word ‘in’. The concept of being somewhere is of the first importance in understanding our practice of asking and answering where‐questions. The most fundamental way of being somewhere is to have a place––most bodies have a place, according to Aristotle. For a body to be somewhere, it must have a proper place, i.e. a place that only it occupies. Aristotle's definition of proper place (‘the first immobile limit of that which surrounds’) has been found wanting by many philosophers: the author offers an interpretation of the definition which overcomes the classic objections, including ancient worries about whether the universe is somewhere.
Introduction
Authors: Morison Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Natural Science cannot do without the concept of change, which is central to Aristotle's concept of nature, since according to him nature is a principle of change and rest. Motion is the most important type of change, and motion is change of place. Places are items specified in answers to where‐questions, i.e. in predications that state where something is. Such predications are canonically those that state what something is in.
Aristotle's Concept of Place
Authors: Morison Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle's final definition of the proper place of something is: the first immobile limit of the surrounding body. Something's surroundings can be specified in a more or less precise way, but everything is surrounded by the universe. The limit at which a body is in contact with its surroundings should be defined with reference to the limit at which the whole universe is in contact with the body; this limit is the body's proper place and can be picked out in a variety of ways. This interpretation solves the traditional problems of the immobile boat on the moving river water, and the rotation of the universe. Aristotle's concept of place is not straightforwardly either an absolute conception of place, or a relative one. He provides the metaphysical underpinning necessary for an understanding of how things are somewhere.
Intellectual Founders of the Republic
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This innovative study of nineteenth‐century French political thought explores the republican theory and political practice of five intellectuals: Jules Barni, Charles Dupont‐White, Emile Littré, Eugène Pelletan, and Etienne Vacherot. Through their writings and political activities these figures made major contributions to the founding of the Third Republic in France after 1871. Drawing on a range of archival and published sources, Intellectual Founders of the Republic sheds new light on modern French political thought. It focuses on key issues that continue to resonate in French political and philosophical debates up to the present day: such questions as the interpretation of the 1789 Revolution, the definition of citizenship, the meaning of patriotism, the relationship between central government and local democracy, the value of individual liberty, and the place of education and religion in public and private life. Through its evaluation of the contributions of these thinkers, the book offers a new perspective on the making of modern republican ideology. It shows that the influence of positivism was far from hegemonic, and that republican political thought was also permeated with Saint‐Simonism, socialism, Doctrinaire liberalism, and neo‐Kantianism. It also demonstrates that republicans were far less hostile to Bonapartism than is often believed. It thus emerges that the ideological potency of republican doctrine lay in its complexity and sophistication, as reflected in its capacity to effect a synthesis among a range of overlapping doctrines. The book is essential for all those seeking to understand modern republicanism, and its distinctiveness as a French political tradition since the Revolution of 1789.
Centralist Defender of the State: The Eclectic Republicanism of Charles Dupont‐White
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the complex range of influences that came together in Dupont‐White's political thought. Long remembered for his passionate commitment to centralization, Dupont‐White was also a sophisticated republican thinker, who drew upon liberal and socialist notions to articulate a distinct and powerful doctrine.