bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Planar Probes to Estimate the Hall Electron Drift Speed in Magnetized Plasma
Authors: Vetushka A. , Karkari S. K. , Aranda‐Gonzalvo Y. , Bradley J. W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA circular planar probe of diameter 4 mm has been used to determine the ratio of the electron E × B drift speed Vd to the thermal speed Vth in the bulk plasma of a magnetron discharge. It is found that when the probe is orientated into the E × B drift, with its surface parallel to the local B‐field, significantly higher electron saturation currents are detected than when the probe is orientated away from the drift (i.e. 180 degrees from this orientation). Using the electron and ion saturation current measurements and a simple model of the anisotropic plasma‐probe system, which assumes both Hall and collisional cross‐field transport, Vd/Vth has been determined at different positions in the bulk plasma. The maximum in Vd/Vth is found to be about 0.14 (corresponding to Vd = 1 · 105 ms–1) and the measured distribution of drift current agrees well with data that was found in a previous study, in which Vd was determined from the knowledge of E and B, namely Vd = E × B/B2, and with Vth determined from electron temperature measurements, i.e. Vth = (2kTe/me)1/2. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A New Method of Electron Temperature Determination in Unmagnetized and Magnetized RF Plasmas without RF Compensating Circuit
Authors: Choi Y.‐S. , Lee B.‐K. , Chung K.‐S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCollected current versus applied voltage(I‐V) curve of Langmuir probe in RF plasma is severely distorted by RF fluctuations leading to overestimation of electron temperature. RF compensation circuit has been used to obtain the undistorted I‐V curve, yet it produces time‐averaged one. A new and simple method is proposed to get time‐resolved I‐V curve by picking the synchronized RF signals with digital oscilloscope and Labview program. This technique is tested in magnetized helicon plasmas and unmagnetized capacitive coupled RF plasmas
How to Interprete Triple Probe Measurements when Non of the Tips Saturates?
Authors: Laux Michael 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor safety reasons (e.g. to avoid parasitic discharges) there is a tendency to keep the voltage applied to triple probes in fusion plasmas as low as possible. In the case of high electron temperatures this can result in a gradual loss of saturation for the so‐called saturated tip rendering the classical data evaluation non‐applicable. Nevertheless, plasma parameters can still be extracted on the basis of the analytical discussion and numerical solution of the non‐linear current balance equation describing the given situation. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Influence of Probe Presheath on the Measurement of Fluctuation and E × B Turbulent Transport by Langmuir Probes
Authors: Calderón E. , Hidalgo C. , Pedrosa M. A. , Silva C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe influence of the probe's presheath region in the level of plasma fluctuations and E × B turbulent transport has been investigated in the plasma edge region of the stellarator TJ‐II using a multi array of Langmuir and Mach probes. Simultaneous measurements of plasma fluctuations carried out by probes located in and out the probe body sheath show similar results in the normalized level of fluctuations in the ion saturation current. However, floating potential fluctuations measured in the co and counter direction of the magnetic field on the sheath probe body show slight but significant differences. The local radial electrostatic turbulent driven transport measured in and out of the probe body sheath show consistent results, within the errors bars due to uncertainties in the determination of the effective probe collecting area. These results and previous findings call into a question the recent interpretation of probe measurements on the basis of the influence of the probe's presheath zone (B. Labombard, Plasma Phys. and Cont. Fusion 9(2002) 1300). (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Collective Dust‐Dust Attraction in Strong Magnetic Field (Contributions to Plasma Physics 44 No. 4, 317–326 (2004))
Authors: Tsytovich V. N. , Koller J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn the heading of the paper “Collective Dust‐Dust Attraction in Strong Magnetic Field” by V. N.Tsytovich, CPP Vol. 44, No. 4, p. 317–326 (2004), erroneously a second author is named, who indeed is not involved in this paper. Its author is only V. N. Tsytovich. Regrettably, the mistake was caused through technical oversight.See original Contributions to Plasma Physics Vol. 44 No. 4, 317–326 (2004)
Identification of subpopulations of cells with differing telomere lengths in mouse and human cell lines by flow FISH
Authors: Cabuy Erik , Newton Chris , Roberts Terry , Newbold Robert , Slijepcevic Predrag 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundTelomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures at chromosome ends that undergo dynamic changes after each cell cycle. Understanding the mechanisms of telomere dynamics is critically dependent on the ability to accurately measure telomere length in a cell population of interest. Techniques such as Southern blot, which measures average telomere length, and quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q‐FISH), which can estimate telomere length in individual chromosomes, are limited in their capacity to determine the distribution of cells with differing telomere lengths in a given cell population.MethodsWe employed flow‐FISH to determine whether mouse and human cell lines exhibit subpopulations of cells with differing telomere lengths.ResultsOur analysis showed that at least one of four analyzed mouse cell lines had two subpopulations of cells with differing telomere lengths. Differences in telomere length between subpopulations of cells were significant, and we term this phenomenon TELEFLUCS (TElomere LEngth FLUctuations in Cell Subpopulations). We also observed TELEFLUCS in 1 of 19 analyzed human nonalternative lengthening of telomere cell lines and in 1 of 2 analyzed human alternative lengthening of telomere cell lines. The existence of cell subpopulations with differing telomere lengths was confirmed by Q‐FISH.ConclusionOur results underscore the importance of flow‐FISH in telomere length analysis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The fine‐needle aspiration biopsy cytology of pancreatoblastoma
Authors: Pitman Martha Bishop , Faquin William C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe describe the clinical, cytological, histological, and immunohistochemical features of primary and metastatic pancreatoblastoma (PBL), a rare primary pancreatic malignancy of both adults and children. An 18‐yr‐old male patient presented with abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea and had a 9‐cm pancreatic mass that was revealed by CT scan. The fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) smears from the pancreas specimen and the lung metastasis were cellular and were composed of a combination of solid sheets, three‐dimensional, loosely cohesive epithelial groups, and primitive spindled mesenchymal tissue with focal cartilage formation. Acinar formations were best appreciated on cell block preparations, and squamoid corpuscles were seen only on cell block. Zymogen granules were demonstrated in a subset of the epithelial cells using periodic‐acid Schiff stains with and without diastase and dual acinar‐endocrine differentiation was evident using a focused panel of immunohistochemical stains. Acinar‐cell carcinoma (ACC) is the most difficult neoplasm to distinguish from PBL, both clinically and cytologically, especially in young children. The key to distinguishing them is to note the presence of squamous corpuscles and/or heterologous elements such as cartilage.Given the increasing utility of FNAB in the investigation of pancreatic masses, it is important for the pathologist to be familiar with the morphological features of this tumor, especially because preoperative diagnosis provides an opportunity for preoperative therapy before resection. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:402–406. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondrosarcoma of calcanaeum in a 12‐year‐old male patient: A case report
Authors: Gupta Kirti , Radhika S. , Vasishta R.K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractChondrosarcoma is distinctly uncommon and tends to be located often in the extremities in young patients more than in its adult counterpart. Cartilaginous tumors involving the small bones of the hands and feet are benign tumors such as enchondromas, chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF), and chondroblastoma. Chondrosarcomas involving calcanaeum in young adults are largely covered in the literature as single case reports.A young 12‐yr‐male patient presented with complaints of pain and mild swelling in the ankle. Radiological examination revealed a dense irregular lesion in the calcanaeum. Fine‐needle aspiration was performed and a possibility of chondrosarcoma was suspected, which later was confirmed on histopathological examination.The cytopathologist should be aware of the occurrence of malignant chondroid tumors in the younger age group at this rare site. Correlation to radiological findings is essential in these cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:399–401. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classical conditioning in the rat fetus: Temporal characteristics and behavioral correlates of the conditioned response
Authors: Smotherman William P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study examined the temporal characteristics and behavioral correlates of the conditioned response (CR) following classical conditioning of the embryonic Day 20 (E20 rat fetus). The conditioning procedure involved pairing of an artificial nipple (the CS) with an infusion of milk (the US) to establish classical conditioning. The test for classical conditioning involved measurement of a stimulus‐evoked facial wiping response in a classical conditioning test. Experiment 1 compared the effectiveness of one‐ and three‐trial procedures to establish classical conditioning. Experiment 2, 3, and 4 described the time course for the CR following one‐ and three‐trial conditioning procedures. Experiments 3b and 4b describe the behavioral responses to (a) presentation of the CS at the time of conditioning, (b) infusion of the milk US at the time of conditioning, and (c) reexposure to the CS before the test for classical conditioning. Experiments 5 and 6 exposed the fetus to manipulations that either increased or decreased stretching (a behavior found to be associated with the CR). The results are discussed in terms of the temporal characteristics and behavioral correlates of conditioned and unconditioned responses and their mediation by activity in endogenous mu and kappa opioid systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 116–130, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10017
Maternal separation alters maternal care, but has minor effects on behavior and brain opioid peptides in adult offspring
Authors: Marmendal Maarit , Roman Erika , Eriksson C. J. Peter , Nylander Ingrid , Fahlke Claudia 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of repeated maternal separation (MS; 4 hr per day) during postnatal Days 1 to 15 on emotionality and voluntary ethanol intake in adult male and female Wistar rat offspring relative to controls exposed to a brief (5‐min) daily handling procedure. Brain immunoreactive opioid peptide levels and plasma levels of corticosterone also were measured. There were mainly no alterations in any of the tested behaviors (i.e., fleeing and freezing responses, exploratory behavior, spontaneous and amphetamine‐induced locomotor activity and competitive behavior), ethanol intake, or immunoreactive opioid peptide levels in MS offspring, either in males or females, compared to their respective controls nor were there any differences in plasma corticosterone between groups. In addition, the dams' retrieval behavior of the pups also was studied, showing that MS dams spent more time in the nest with the pups after the 4‐hr separation period compared to control dams. With respect to the used protocol of the MS procedure in the present study, our results do not provide support for the suggestion that this procedure is a relevant model for studying development of psychopathology and vulnerability to drug abuse. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 140‐152, 2004.
Xenopus flotillin1, a novel gene highly expressed in the dorsal nervous system
Authors: Pandur Petra D. , Dirksen Marie‐Luise , Moore Kathryn B. , Moody Sally A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe two paralogues of the Xenopus flotillin1 gene (flotillin1A and flotillin1B), which encodes a putative membrane‐associated protein, were cloned from egg, cleavage, and tadpole cDNA libraries. Both mRNAs are present during oogenesis and cleavage stages. After the onset of zygotic transcription, flotillin1 transcripts are first expressed throughout the embryonic ectoderm and become enhanced in the presumptive neural ectoderm as the neural plate forms. As the neural tube forms and differentiates, flotillin1 transcripts become enriched in the dorsal half, with particularly high expression in dorsal primary neurons. At early tail bud stages, there is additional expression in the paraxial mesoderm. At late tail bud stages, flotillin1A is expressed in branchial arch mesenchyme, the overlying branchial ectoderm and in dorsal somitic mesoderm, whereas flotillin1B expression is more restricted in the dorsal neural tube and head sensory structures. This report is the first comprehensive developmental description in any animal of the expression pattern of this gene, whose protein product in several systems plays important roles in signal transduction events. Developmental Dynamics 231:881–887, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specification of the enveloping layer and lack of autoneuralization in zebrafish embryonic explants
Authors: Sagerström Charles G. , Gammill Laura S. , Veale Robin , Sive Hazel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe have analyzed the roles of cell contact during determination of the outermost enveloping layer (EVL) and deeper neurectoderm in zebrafish embryos. Outer cells, but not deeper cells, are specified to express the EVL‐specific marker, cyt1 by late blastula. EVL specification requires cell contact or close cell proximity, because cyt1 is not expressed after explant dissociation. The EVL may be homologous to the Xenopus epithelial layer, including the ventral larval epidermis. While Xenopus epidermal cytokeratin gene expression is activated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, zebrafish cyt1 is not responsive to BMPs. Zebrafish early gastrula ectodermal explants are specified to express the neural markers opl (zic1) and otx2, and this expression is prevented by BMP4. Dissociation of zebrafish explants prevents otx2 and opl expression, suggesting that neural specification in zebrafish requires cell contact or close cell proximity. This finding is in contrast to the case in Xenopus, where ectodermal dissociation leads to activation of neural gene expression, or autoneuralization. Our data suggest that distinct mechanisms direct development of homologous lineages in different vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 232:85–97, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method of generating seamless textures using a multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix and natural texture
Authors: Yamada Tatsumi , Hashimoto Akihiko , Shimohara Katsunori 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe authors propose a multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix and a method of generating seamless textures from natural textures by using this multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix. The authors had proposed a seamless texture generation method for solving the boundary discontinuity problem that had conventionally occurred when texture mapping had been repeatedly performed. However, the proposed seamless texture generation method had the problem that seamless textures could not be generated from existing textures. In this paper, the authors propose a multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix that extends the co‐occurrence matrix used in texture analysis for solving this kind of problem and then propose a texture generation method that combines this multi‐distance co‐occurrence matrix and a pixel value determination procedure called the fractal method, which is one of the proposed seamless texture generation methods. As a result, seamless textures can be generated from existing textures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(12): 28–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20133
Development of a container identification mark recognition system
Authors: Kumano Shintaro , Miyamoto Kazumasa , Tamagawa Mitsuaki , Ikeda Hiroaki , Kan Koji 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper reports the development of a container identification mark or number recognition system designed for application to a container terminal. The recognition system recognizes the number or mark on the back surface of a container in an outdoor environment by photographing the mark by a camera system installed on the container gate. Containers in many cases differ in color as well as in layout depending on their owners; the layouts commonly contain one to four horizontal columns or rows of writing or more rarely vertical rows of writing. The container number recognition system is constructed from an illumination intensity sensor and illumination system for handling the outdoor illumination changes, a shutter speed control device, and devices such as filters for handling various container colors. In addition, the proposed system uses a character recognition scheme based on a dynamic design method for recognizing differing character string layouts in container marks or numbers. Field tests have been conducted to obtain a recognition rate of 92.8% for all data, a recognition rate of 97.9% for effective or appropriate data excluding data outside the field of vision, and an average recognition speed of less than 2 seconds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(12): 38–50, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20134
Syntheses, Structures and Magnetic Properties of Novel Oxamido‐Bridged Tetranuclear Complexes [Cu3M] (M = Cu, Mn)
Authors: Wang Shi‐bin , Yang Guang‐ming , Li Rong‐fang , Wang Yuan‐fang , Liao Dai‐zheng 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThree oxamido‐bridged tetranuclear complexes with the formulae [(LCu)Cu(LCuSCN)2]·H2O (1), [(LCu)Mn(LCuSCN)2]·1.38CH3OH (2) and {(LCu)Mn[LCuN(CN)2]2}·0.75DMF·0.25H2O (3) (where H2L = 2,3‐dioxo‐5,6:15,16‐dibenzo‐1,4,8,13‐tetraazacylotetradeca‐7,13‐diene) have been prepared and characterised. Their structures were deduced using X‐ray crystallography. All three complexes crystallise in the triclinic system, space group P$\bar 1$
. The three copper ions of the complex ligands and the central metal ions (Cu, Mn) remain in the plane and form a scalene triangle. Three copper ions occupy the vertexes and the M(Cu, Mn) ions are located at the centre. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the 5−300 K temperature range have been carried out for this series of complexes. The experimental data have been fitted according to the Heisenberg Hamiltonian and led to J values equal to −61.80 cm−1, −14.54 cm−1 and −12.10 cm−1 for complex 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Their interaction parameters have been compared with each other. The deviation of the copper ions from the oxamide‐bridge plane results in the J value of complex 1 being different from those of other oxamide‐bridged copper complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Genomic alterations in uterine leiomyosarcomas: Potential markers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Hu Jie , Khanna Vineesh , Jones Mirka , Surti Urvashi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGenomic alterations were analyzed in 21 uterine leiomyosarcomas (ULMSs) by comparative genomic hybridization. DNA copy number changes were detected in all 21 tumors. The most frequent losses were 13q (16/21 = 76%), 10q (13/21 = 62%), 16q (8/21 = 38%), 12p (7/21 = 33%), and 2p (9/21 = 43%). The most common gains were 17p (8/21 = 38%), Xp (7/21 = 33%), and 1q (7/21 = 33%). High‐copy‐number gains (ratio > 1.5) were identified in Xp, 1q, and 17p. Loss of 13q was identified in both low‐grade and high‐grade tumors. Inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene in 13q may be an early event in the development of leiomyosarcomas. Loss of 10q, 2p, and 12p and gains of 1q as well as 17p were frequently found in high‐grade tumors and recurrent tumors. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes in these regions may be associated with a more aggressive behavior of ULMS. Patients with only loss of 13q and without the other alterations listed above had longer survival times. Gains of Xp, 17p, and 1q and losses of 13q, 10q, 16q, 12p, and 2p have been reported in extra‐uterine leiomyosarcomas. Our findings indicate that the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyosarcomas and extra‐uterine leiomyosarcomas follows the same genetic pathways. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alteration of chromosome arm 6p is characteristic of primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma, as identified by genome‐wide allelotyping
Authors: Rigaud Gildas , Moore Patrick S. , Taruscio Domenica , Scardoni Maria , Montresor Marina , Menestrina Fabio , Scarpa Aldo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFive cases of primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma (PMBL) each have been studied with 375 microsatellite markers from all 22 autosomes. Of the 151 genomic alterations among the 1,875 assays, only five were allelic losses. The remainder of the microsatellite alterations consisted of 114 allelic imbalances and 32 instabilities. Microsatellite alterations were found in all cases on chromosomal arms 6p and 9p. These allelic imbalances most likely are indicative of genetic amplification, a finding agreeing well with those of studies using either comparative genomic hybridization or arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, in which amplification of chromosome arm 9p in PMBL has been found. The allelic imbalances on chromosome arm 6p always included marker D6S276 located at 6p21.3‐p22.3, where the MHC class I genes reside. These allelic imbalances may be reflective of alterations in the expression of the MHC gene products, characteristic of PMBL. Allelic anomalies close to the MYB gene locus on 6q were detected in two cases and prompted the analysis of MYB rearrangements in a series of 30 lymphomas. One rearrangement was detected in one of 18 cases of PMBL and in none of 10 diffuse, large B‐cell lymphomas and two T‐cell lymphomas. Our genome‐wide microsatellite analysis provides independent confirmation that PMBL is characterized by infrequent chromosomal losses and by frequent genetic alterations involving chromosomal arm 9p. For the first time, chromosomal arm 6p has been identified as a highly frequent target of genetic alterations in this tumor type. Finally, MYB may also be involved occasionally in PMBL pathogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.