bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy: an evidence-based approach
Authors: March John S , Wells Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
he marriage of molecular neuroscience and cognitive psychology is driving a revolution in how we understand the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness (Kandel and Squire, 2000). It is increasingly clear that psychotropic medications work by biasing specific central nervous information processes; it is less commonly acknowledged but no less true that psychosocial treatments also have both a somatic substrate and psychosocial valence. Put simply, drugs and psychotherapy work because they act on the brain (Hyman, 2000). Hence, when selecting a treatment strategy appropriate to the needs of a specific patient, the pediatric psychopharmacologist must consider not only medication but also psychosocial treatment strategies either alone or in combination with medication.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Geller Daniel A , Spencer Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once thought rare, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is now recognized as a relatively common disorder affecting children and adolescents, and mental health professionals are almost certain to encounter such affected youth. Epidemiological studies in the United States and elsewhere report prevalence rates of around 2% in the adolescent population. In one epidemiological study (Flament et al., 1988), several adolescents identified with clinical OCD had been neither diagnosed nor treated, suggesting that, at that time, the disorder was underrecognized. While the secretive nature of obsessional symptoms might delay diagnosis, extensive research over the last decade into the clinical phenomenology, etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of pediatric OCD has greatly increased awareness of this disorder.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Donnelly Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complicated condition involving dysregulation of multiple neurobiological systems and cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains of functioning. Post-traumatic stress disorder entered the diagnostic nomenclature with the introduction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) in 1980, yet it was not immediately recognized as a disorder in childhood. Subsequent applications of the diagnostic criteria in child and adolescent populations in epidemiological studies indicate, that it is a common disorder. In the general population, prevalence rates range between 7% and 8% (Kessler et al., 1995). Trauma exposure affects approximately one-third of the entire population in the United States (Solomon and Davidson, 1997; Breslau 1998) and approximately 10%–20% of these individuals will develop PTSD. Giaconia et al. (1995) found that more than 6% of children and adolescents age 18 years and younger met criteria for a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD.
Ethical issues in research
Authors: Hoagwood Kimberly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A climate of ambiguity currently surrounds research in pediatric psychopharmacology. This climate has been created by the convergence of disparate beliefs, misunderstandings, and social pressures. This situation creates unique ethical challenges for those embarking on studies of pediatric psychopharmacology. Popular misunderstandings about pediatric mental illnesses abound, including the belief that it does not exist, that it will heal on its own, that it is the mere product of bad parenting. Attitudes about the acceptability or unacceptability of psychotropic medications to treat mental illnesses also are widespread and in some cases deeply held. At the same time, one of the fastestgrowing sectors in corporate America is the pharmaceutical industry, and its pediatric arm has experienced especially rapid growth since the advent of federal legislation providing fiscal incentives for pediatric medication development.
Justice and the Basic Structure of Health-Care Systems
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health-care systems are sometimes thought to fall on a spectrum, from those that are characterized by great equity but employ considerable collective coercion to those that achieve little equity but encroach less on individual liberty (Culyer et al., 1981). Usually, systems lying in the equity emphasizing and arguably liberty diminishing direction are also surmised to be more efficient (cost-effective). More centralized, they seem better able to control costly provider behavior and insurance distorted patient demand. Their structural paradigm is a unitary public system, either single-payer insurance or national health service. The structural paradigm on the other, decentralized end of the spectrum is a pluralistic system of market competition that does not achieve universal access to even a basic minimum of services. The stereotypical conflicts of liberty with equity or with cost-effectiveness are admittedly understood to have their limits. Unitary public systems can fully respect an individual’s right of informed refusal of care, and pluralistic systems that utilize competitive private markets can achieve virtually universal access through publicly subsidized vouchers (Pauly et al., 1992). Nonetheless, the trade-offs and conflicts are still commonly thought to be significant enough that health policy tends to remain an ideological battleground between the political left willing to compromise liberty to achieve both greater equity and aggregate efficiency and the political right willing to sacrifice equity and universal access to avoid any encroachment on liberty.
Priority to the Worse Off in Health-Care Resource Prioritization
Authors: Brock Dan W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Resources available to the health-care system are and always will be scarce, however much many Americans would like to deny it. It is not possible, nor would it be rational or just, to provide all potentially beneficial care to everyone, no matter how small the benefits and how great the cost. As a result, use of potential resources must be given priority in a way that reflects the individual and social values at stake. In the face of scarce resources available for health care, many will respond that such resources should be used in whatever manner will maximize the overall or aggregate health benefits for the population they serve. Cost-effectiveness analysis using measures of benefits like quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) is the analytic tool for comparing different health interventions and programs for their aggregate health impacts (Gold et al., 1997; Brock forth coming 2002). However, this utilitarian or consequentialist approach suffers from a familiar problem, which is that it looks only to the overall benefits to a population without any direct concern for how those benefits are distributed to distinct individuals. It does not matter who receives how much benefit as long as resources are used to maximize overall benefits. Distributive justice and fairness, however, concern how individuals are treated relative to other individuals-which inequalities between individuals or groups are just or unjust.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What went wrong? For a long time people in the Islamic world, especially but not exclusively in the Middle East, have been asking this question. The content and formulation of the question, provoked primarily by their encounter with the West, vary greatly according to the circumstances, extent, and duration of that encounter and the events that first made them conscious, by comparison, that all was not well in their own society. But whatever the form and manner of the question and of the answers that it evokes, there is no mistaking the growing anguish, the mounting urgency, and of late the seething anger with which both question and answers are expressed.
The Quest for Wealth and Power
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the end of the eighteenth century Turks, Iranians, and other Middle Easterners had had very little opportunity for direct observation of the West—nothing remotely comparable with the opportunities that Westerners had enjoyed in the East even in the period when the West was inferior in every material and cultural respect. Contacts occurred mainly in three areas—diplomacy, commerce, and war. But while the European powers from relatively early times maintained offices, then consulates, and eventually embassies in the East, the Eastern powers did not follow this practice and sent only rare and brief special missions.
Modernization and Social Equality
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often said that Islam is an egalitarian religion. There is much truth in this assertion. If we compare Islam at the time of its advent with the societies that surrounded it—the stratified feudalism of Iran and the caste system of India to the east, the privileged aristocracies of both Byzantine and Latin Europe to the West—the Islamic dispensation does indeed bring a message of equality. Not only does Islam not endorse such systems of social differentiation; it explicitly and resolutely rejects them. The actions and utterances of the Prophet, the honored precedents of the early rulers of Islam as preserved by tradition, are overwhelmingly against privilege by descent, by birth, by status, by wealth, or even by race, and insist that rank and honor are determined only by piety and merit in Islam.
Common Source and Target Domains
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was shown in the previous chapter that conceptual metaphors consist of a source domain and a target domain, as well as a set of mappings between them. It was also noted that the source domains are typically more concrete or physical and more clearly delineated concepts than the targets, which tend to be fairly abstract and less delineated ones. What, then, are the most commonly used source and target domains? In other words, which clearly delineated physical concepts are used most commonly in understanding which less clearly delineated abstract concepts?
The Universality of Conceptual Metaphors
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are there any conceptual metaphors that can be found in all languages and cultures? This is an extremely difficult question to answer, considering that there are more than 4,000 languages spoken currently around the world. Our best bet to begin to understand this issue is to look at some conceptual metaphors that one can find in some language and then check whether the same metaphors exist in typologically very different languages. If they do occur, we can set up a hypothesis that they may be universal. With further research, we can then verify or disprove the universality of these metaphors.
Metaphor, Metonymy, and Idioms
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the many potential applications of the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor and metonymy to the study of language, we single out one in this chapter: the treatment of idioms. We have chosen idioms because this is a notoriously difficult area of foreign language learning and teaching. If the cognitive linguistic view can significantly contribute to this area, it would clearly show the practical and applied linguistic potential of the theory of metaphor and metonymy I am outlining in this book. In the next chapter, I will take up the issue of the theoretical and descriptive implications of the theory for the study of language in general.
Metaphors and Blends
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, I have characterized metonymy as a stand-for relationship between two elements within a single conceptual domain and metaphor as an is-understood-as relationship between two conceptually distant domains. With this one-domain (for metonymy) and two-domain (for metaphor) model, we have been able to account for several aspects of the human conceptual system and many cases of linguistic and nonlinguistic behavior. Nevertheless, there are also additional aspects of the conceptual system and many additional linguistic and nonlinguistic examples that require us to extend the model we have used so far. This chapter will discuss some specific suggestions to this effect.
Slavery in the American Constitutional System
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From time to time at the Constitutional Convention there had been confrontations between a slavery interest and an antislavery sentiment. The interest was concentrated, persistent, practical, and testily defensive. The sentiment tended to be dif­ fuse, sporadic, moralistic, and tentative. This distinction between interest and sentiment remains appropriate for at least the first half­ century of national history. An antislavery interest of significant pro­ portions was slow to develop, even slower than a proslavery sentiment.
Expansion and Slavery in a Continental Republic
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Missouri crisis, it has been said, “introduced the antislavery issue into American politics.” But in fact, the issue was more or less continuously present in the consciousness of American political leaders from the very beginning of the Republic, and often enough before 1819 it had broken through the surface of congressional business. Perhaps in part because of Jefferson’s overwrought imagery, the Missouri controversy appears in textbook history as a sudden, interruptive event, full of meaning for the future but somewhat anomalous in the context of its own time. It is true that the controversy does not fit easily into an “Era of Good Feelings” or an interval of “postwar nationalism.” Unlike the crisis of 1850, it did not arise inevitably from the consequences of a war recently ended, and it had no inflamed aftermath like northern reaction to the Fugitive Slave Act, nor a spectacular sequel like the Kansas-Nebraska controversy.
The Territorial Question, 1848-1854
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presidential campaign of 1848 was in certain respects a very strange contest. It took place while Congress was engaged in a sustained and bitter struggle over the extension of slavery; yet both major parties did all they could to smother or evade the issue in their platforms and nominations. The Whig party offset its northern, antislavery leaning by nominating a southern slave­ holder who took no clear public stand on the issue. The Democratic party offset its southern, proslavery tendency by nominating a northerner whose pronouncement on the issue was conveniently susceptible of different interpretations in different regions.* Even the Free Soil party, while emphatically endorsing the Proviso principle, blurred its image by nominating Martin Van Buren and thus partly An effort to attach the Calhoun doctrine to the Democratic platform failed when the convention, by a vote of 216 to 36, rejected the following resolution offered by William L. Yancey of Alabama: “That the doctrine of non-interference with the rights of property of any portion of the people of this confederation, be it in the States or in the Territories, by any other than the parties interested in them, is the true republican doctrine recognized by this body.” It is an indication of how much the Calhoun and Cass doctrines had in common that this anti-Cass resolution should have been mistaken by some historians as an effort to inject popular sovereignty into the plat­ form. The speech with which Yancey introduced the resolution made it quite plain that his target was popular sovereignty.
Toward Judicial Resolution
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bitter reaction against the Kansas-Nebraska Act through­ out the North spelled disaster for the Democratic party in a mid-term election year. Its huge majority in the House of Representatives melted like snow during a sudden thaw. More than 70 per cent of the party’s free-state seats were lost. Only seven of the forty-four northern Democrats who had voted for the bill won re-election. Never until the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt would the party fully recover from this defeat into which it had been led by Stephen A. Douglas.
Versus Sandford
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proceedings in Dred Scott v. Emerson did not end with the decision of the Missouri supreme court announced on March 22, 1852. The case was then remanded to the trial court for final action in the form of a judgment implementing the decision. In addition, the Emerson attorneys filed a motion calling for termination of the sheriffs custody of the Scotts and for payment to Mrs. Emerson of the wages earned by them during the preceding four ymrs. These appeared to be merely formalities, but in the Dred Scott case anomaly had almost become the rule. On June 29, Judge Alexander Hamilton denied the Emerson motion, thus retaining Dred and his family in public custody. Furthermore, he put off rendering the final judgment ordered by the higher court. Instead, according to an entry in the circuit court record for January 25, 1854, the case was “continued by consent, awaiting decision of Supreme Court of the United States.”1 The only satisfactory explanation of Judge Hamilton’s action on June 29, 1852, is that he had already been privately informed of an intention to carry Dred Scott’s cause to the federal Supreme Court. This does not necessarily mean, however, that the precise strategy for further litigation had been worked out at that early date. From the fact that another sixteen months passed before new court action was initiated, one might well infer that the Scott forces were for a time perplexed about how to proceed.
The Opinion of the Court: Negroes and Citizenship
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians have been preoccupied with counting noses to determine “what the Court really decided” in the Dred Scott case and with evaluating the charge of obiter dictum leveled against the Court’s most important pronouncement. Scholarly interest, in short, has centered on the question of how much-or how little-of Taney’s opinion was authoritative. Systematic analysis of the opinion itself is remarkably scarce and largely limited to contemporary critiques published in 1857 or soon thereafter.
The Opinion of the Court: Slavery in the Territories
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taney had devoted the first half of his opinion to overturning the lower court’s ruling against the plea in abatement-that is, to sustaining the contention that Negroes were not citizens. At this point, according to his critics, the Chief Justice could and should have remanded the case to the lower court with instructions to dismiss it for want of jurisdiction. Instead, he proceeded to take up the substantive issue of whether Dred Scott had become free by virtue of his residence in Illinois or at Fort Snelling. Taney justified his procedure in a four-page passage, nearly half of which is known to have been added as rebuttal to Justice Curtis after the early publication of the latter’s dissenting opinion.
Concurrence and Dissent
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Except, perhaps, for the dissent of Justice Curtis, which won wide acceptance in Republican circles as the official rejoinder to Taney, none of the other opinions delivered in the Dred Scott case had a significant effect on the course of events. Yet each in its own way reveals something about the nature of the sectional conflict, and, taken together, they exemplify the subtle variations possible in American constitutional thought.
Tulsa Will! Tulsa Will? Tulsa Will Dodge: The Failure of Reconstruction
Authors: Brophy Alfred L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For those Greenwood residents left homeless by the riot, which had destroyed thirty-five blocks of their community and more than a thousand homes, there were immediate concerns for shelter and long range concerns for rebuilding. The city had to re-establish order, clean up the damage, reunite families, and provide food, clothing, and shelter to those who had lost their homes, as well as plan for the future. The initial horror led to promises to help rebuild, but those promises were quickly forgotten. Discussion about Tulsa’s duty to rebuild Greenwood changed into discussion about relocating Greenwood farther away from white Tulsa-a plan that might have succeed had not Greenwood property owners won a court battle. At the same time, reparations talk turned from the city’s moral duty to assist in rebuilding Greenwood to its lack of legal culpability.
Conclusions
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have examined the workplace practices, location decisions, and growth experiences of new manufacturing plants in the United States. Manufacturing start-ups were chosen for study because they should provide a leading indicator of what will constitute “best” manufacturing practices in the future. The results of this study show that this assumption is largely correct. Many of these new manufacturing plants embody leading-edge technologies, they adopt innovative, high performance management practices to operate this technology efficiently, and they select locations based upon both standard cost considerations and workforce qualities that complement their choices of technology and management practices.
Genetically Determined Immunodeficiency Diseases: A Perspective
Authors: Smith C I Edvard , Ochs, Hans D , Puck Jennifer M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are in an era of explosive growth in our understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of immune defects. In the early 1990s, only a handful of genes were known to be associated with these diseases, but now many are recognized and the process of discovering additional immunodeficiency genes is proceeding rapidly. Advances in basic research in immunology, combined with the availability of the DNA sequence of nearly the entire human and mouse genomes plus refined technologies for localizing disease traits, have led to the discovery of the precise molecular basis for 140 or more disorders of human host defenses. A recent example of novel approaches is the discovery of CD3δ deficiency through use of microarray technology (Dadi et al., 2003; Chapter 16). The ability to redefine genetic diseases of the immune system in molecular terms has made possible improved diagnosis, appreciation of the spectrum of clinical presentations that can be traced to a given disease gene, genetic counseling and testing, and, most exciting, new therapeutic strategies including gene therapy. Moreover, the discovery of each previously unknown disease gene feeds back into the pool of scientific knowledge of immunology, illuminating and strengthening our evolving models of immune pathways.