bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Methylphenidate in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Siddall O'Rita M 
Published: May 2005

OBJECTIVE To review literature regarding the effectiveness of methylphenidate in the management of the cognitive and behavioral changes observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI). DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE (1966–June 2004); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, fourth quarter 2004 (1988–June 2004); and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–June 2004). Methylphenidate and brain injury were the key search terms used. Limits were set to include clinical trial publications, human subjects, and English language. DATA SYNTHESIS Ten clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in pediatric and adult patients with TBI are reviewed. Improvements in different aspects of cognition and behavior were evaluated before, during, and after treatment with methylphenidate. The results demonstrated that methylphenidate is likely to improve memory, attention, concentration, and mental processing, but its effects on behavior have not been determined. CONCLUSIONS Larger, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed to determine optimal doses, during which phase of recovery to begin treatment, length of treatment, and long-term effects for patients with mild, moderate, and severe TBI.
Acute Myocardial Infarction After Sildenafil Citrate Ingestion
Authors: Kekilli Murat , Beyazit Yavuz , Purnak Tugrul , Dogan Serkan , Atalar Enver 
Published: May 2005

OBJECTIVE To report a case of acute myocardial infarction (MI) associated with the use of oral sildenafil in a nitrate-free patient. CASE SUMMARY A 45-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with acute left-sided chest pain, nausea, and vomiting that started approximately 30 minutes after taking sildenafil 100 mg before a sexual contact. The patient was diagnosed with an acute anterior MI, and therapy with aspirin, metoprolol, and unfractionated heparin was initiated. Early coronary reperfusion treatment with primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed after initial evaluation. Balloon angioplasty followed by coronary stenting was performed successfully in the 80%-occluded left anterior descending artery. The patient was discharged one week after the coronary intervention without complication. DISCUSSION Sildenafil-associated MI is rarely seen in patients without documented coronary artery disease. By inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5, sildenafil can cause an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels, which mediates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum. Although sildenafil can cause a major decline in systemic arterial pressure in the existence of organic nitrates, physicians should be aware of its adverse cardiovascular effects even in nitrate-free patients. The Naranjo probability scale indicates that sildenafil was the possible cause of the MI. CONCLUSIONS Sildenafil may rarely be associated with MI in patients with no known cardiac history. Physicians should be aware of this rare and serious adverse reaction to sildenafil and counsel patients not to take sildenafil before undergoing a complete physical evaluation and further testing if warranted.
Are Brand-Name and Generic Warfarin Interchangeable? Multiple N-of-1 Randomized, Crossover Trials
Authors: Pereira Jennifer A , Holbrook Anne M , Dolovich Lisa , Goldsmith Charles , Thabane Lehana , Douketis James D , Crowther Mark A , Bates Shannon M , Ginsberg Jeffrey S 
Published: May 2005

BACKGROUND Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant in North America. Several generic formulations have been approved, raising concern over the safety and efficacy of these products compared with brand-name Coumadin. OBJECTIVE To ensure that generic warfarin products can be safely interchanged with Coumadin. METHODS Multiple n-of-1 randomized, double-blind, crossover trials switched outpatients (N = 7) between a generic warfarin formulation (Apo-warfarin) and Coumadin over 30 weeks. Study patients took each drug for five 3-week periods, with international normalized ratio (INR) measurements taken twice per period. Inter- and intrapatient differences between generic warfarin and Coumadin were compared, and overall study patient results were compared with those of a Coumadin control group. RESULTS There were no differences between warfarin products in terms of mean INR results or number of dosage adjustments required. There also was no difference in INR variation based on warfarin formulation (p > 0.69), nor was a patient and warfarin interaction found (p > 0.81). The INR results were not influenced by whether patients were maintained on Coumadin only (control group) or interchanged between Coumadin and generic warfarin (p = 0.98). CONCLUSIONS It appears that patients can safely and effectively switch between generic warfarin and Coumadin.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Associated with Quetiapine
Authors: Huynh Minh , Chee Karen , Lau Derick HM 
Published: May 2005

OBJECTIVE To report a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) caused by the antipsychotic quetiapine on 2 occasions in the same patient and review the hematologic adverse events associated with quetiapine. CASE SUMMARY A 25-year-old African American male with a history of bipolar disorder was treated with quetiapine and developed thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure consistent with a diagnosis of TTP on 2 occasions 2 years apart. On each occasion, TTP was successfully treated with plasmapheresis. DISCUSSION Many medications, including antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and antineoplastics, have been implicated as causative agents of TTP. Although, as of this writing, a review of the medical literature reveals no previous report of TTP associated with quetiapine, the Food and Drug Administration database of the Adverse Event Reporting System has compiled, as of this writing, 3 cases of TTP occurring in patients on quetiapine as their sole medication. In addition, this database has recorded other common hematologic adverse effects, including neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, that are possibly associated with quetiapine. In our patient, quetiapine-associated TTP presented within a few days after exposure to the drug, with early thrombocytopenia followed by delayed appearance (2–3 days) of microangiopathic hemolysis. CONCLUSIONS An objective causality assessment suggests that quetiapine was the highly probable cause of TTP in this patient. Early recognition, discontinuation of the drug, and institution of plasmapheresis are paramount for prompt resolution of this life-threatening hematologic disorder.
Polyadenylate polymerase modulations in human epithelioid cervix and breast cancer cell lines, treated with etoposide or cordycepin, follow cell cycle rather than apoptosis induction
Authors: Thomadaki Hellinida , Tsiapalis Chris M. , Scorilas Andreas 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCancer results from an imbalance between cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Therefore, most anticancer drugs exert their antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity via cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, a controlled form of cell death that is dysregulated in cancer. Many polyadenylationtrans-acting factors, including polyadenylate polymerase (PAP), are increasingly found to be involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and cancer prognosis. The objective of the present study was to identify PAP modulations in the response of two epithelial cancer cell lines (HeLa and MCF-7) to apoptosis induction by the anticancer drugs etoposide and cordycepin. Cells were assessed for PAP activity and isoforms by the highly sensitive PAP activity assay and Western blotting, respectively. Induction of apoptosis was determined by endonucleosomal DNA cleavage, 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindol (DAPI) staining and caspase-6 activity assay, whereas cytotoxicity and cell cycle status were assessed by trypan blue staining, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Our results indicate that PAP changes very early in response to either etoposide or cordycepin treatment, even prior to the hallmarks of apoptosis (chromatin condensation and cleavage), in both cell lines tested, but in a different mode. Our results suggest, for the first time, that in the epithelial cancer cell lines used, PAP modulations follow cell cycle progression rather than the course of apoptosis.
Antioxidants: Science, Technology, and Applications
Authors: Wanasundara P. K. J. P. D. , Shahidi F. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Antioxidants are compounds that are employed to enhance shelf life and preserve the quality of fats and oils and lipid‐containing foods by suppressing oxidation reactions of their unsaturated components. These compounds could be naturally present, deliberately added, or generated during processing. Antioxidants are needed in small quantities to participate or interfere in the lipid autoxidation reaction cascade via various mechanisms. They should not impart any undesirable characters to the food, they should be stable, and they should be nontoxic. Application of these antioxidation differs depending on the nature of the food, conditions of intended processing, and storage. However, antioxidants that are deliberately added to foods are thoroughly scrutinized for their safety and toxicology aspects. Their usage in food is regulated under different legislatures in various countries. This chapter examines the purpose of antioxidant use, chemistry of antioxidant activity, and natural synthetic compounds that exert antioxidative activity in foods, as well as the relevant technological, toxicological, and regulatory considerations.
Peanut Oil
Authors: Pattee Harold E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis chapter provides a background on the origin of the peanut, spreading of the peanut from its source of origin, and evolution of the peanut oil industry. A 30‐year summation of world peanut production, peanut oil and meal production, and utilization of these products provides an overview of the changes in sources of production and consumption that has occurred within this time period across the 11 major peanut producing countries. Over the last 30 years (1972–2002), there has been a 22% increase in the area harvested, a 51% increase in yield, and a 92% increase in total peanut oil consumption. Advances in oil extraction procedures are presented, as are advances in the development of the high oleic peanut oil sources. Compositional aspects of peanut oil are reviewed. Other subject areas are the use of peanut oil as a seed protectant, dietary aspects, and allergenicity.
Urokinase activity in the developing avian heart: A spatial and temporal analysis
Authors: McGuire Paul G. , Orkin Roslyn W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEarly events in cardiac morphogenesis are characterized by cell migrations and extensive tissue remodeling. This study was undertaken to determine the levels of urokinase in specific regions of the avian heart during early stages of development. Urokinase has previously been shown to be involved in both cell migration and matrix turnover. Elevated urokinase activity and mRNA levels were assocated with the onset of ventricular trabeculation and mesenchymal cell migration in the endocardial cushion tissues. Urokinase was localized by immunostaining to the endocardial and mesenchymal cells of the developing atrioventricular canal (AVC) and outflow tract (OFT) as well as with evaginating ventricular endocardium. No immunoreactivity was seen associated directly with the martix, suggesting that the enzyme remained mostly cell associated, a finding which was confirmed in isolated endocardial cells. Results from this study suggest a role for urokinase in the tissue remodeling and cell migration that occurs during the early stages of cardiac morphogenesis.
Family resemblance for cranio‐facial measurements in Velanti Brahmins from Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Poosha D. V. R. , Byard P. J. , Satyanarayana M. , Rice J. P. , Rao D. C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMaximum likelihood estimates of familial correlations are presented for 12 cranio‐facial measurements taken on 399 nuclear families from Southern India. Marital resemblance is significantly different from zero for head circumference, head breadth, minimum frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, total facial height, and nasal height, but not for bigonial breadth, nose breadth, nose depth, or ear dimensions. All other familial correlations are significantly greater than zero except for the father‐daughter correlation for nasal depth. Path analysis with a TAU transmission model with sex effects reveals that family resemblance for head circumference, head length, bigonial breadth, total facial height, and nasal height, but not for bigonial breadth, nose breadth, nose depth, or ear dimensions. All other familial correlations are significantly greater than zero except for the father‐daughter correlation for nasal depth. Path analysis with a TAU transmission model with sex effects breadth, and sex effects in transmission were found for head breadth and nose dimensions. Sex effects in this sample may be due to the fact that different anthropometrists were used for male and female subjects.
The time and energy expenditure of indigenous women horticulturalists in the Northwest Amazon
Authors: Dufour Darna L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe energy cost of subsistence activities and the daily time and energy budgets of Tatuyo women were assessed as part of a village energy flow study. The Tatuyo are swidden horticulturalists relying on bitter manioc (Manihot esculenta) as a staple crop. Except for the actual felling of new gardens, women are responsible for most of the horticultural work and food preparation. Time budgets were assessed using 24‐hour activity diaries. Rates of energy expenditure in typical activities were measured by indirect calorimetry using a Max‐Planck respirometer. Daily energy expenditure was calculated using these rates in conjunction with the activity diaries. Rates of energy expenditure in standard activities were moderate and broadly comparable to published values for other populations living in tropical environments. The mean daily energy expenditure was 2,133 kcal (8.9 MJ). This value is similar to that reported for other subsistence horticulturalists and close to the FAO recommendation for energy intake for moderately active individuals.
Population structure in the Connecticut Valley. I. Marital migration
Authors: Swedlund A. C. , Jorde L. B. , Mielke J. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study reports on an analysis of marital migration among 12 communities in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts during the years 1790–1849. Genetic inferences are drawn, and the requisite assumptions considered. The effect of geographic distance on genetic kinship is predicted using Malécot's isolation‐by‐distance model. The resulting estimates are discussed in terms of geographic and historical factors. The configuration of communities as predicted by kinship values approximates closely their actual geographic locations. Estimated genetic heterogeneity was low for the historical Connecticut Valley population, and community isolation breaks down rapidly over time. The region thus assumes its place among a number of sedentary, agricultural populations for which the isolation‐by‐distance model provides an adequate representation. A regression analysis which includes variables in addition to distance indicates that historical and economic factors contribute some additional explanatory power to the distribution of mating frequencies.
Dental microwear and mechanisms in early hominids from Laetoli and Hadar
Authors: Puech Pierre‐FrançOis , Albertini Henri 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe dentition of early hominids from Laetoli and Hadar provide evidence of “incisal stripping” and a shear‐grinding action for C/P3 complex through microscopic examination of wear facets on dental crowns. This masticatory pattern of dental wear resembles that of Papio papio and suggests behavioral analogies between early hominids and Papio.
Multinucleate ameloblasts in the rat incisor
Authors: Smith C. E. , Warshawsky H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCytological examination of the rat incisor enamel organ with the light and electron microscope revealed a small number of ameloblasts which contained two and sometimes three or more nuclei per cell. A multinucleate ameloblast usually contained two vertically apposed nuclei situated near the base of the cell. A narrow cytoplasmic band was interposed between adjacent nuclear envelopes. The apical nucleus was often the more elongated of the two nuclei and it fitted a convexity or a concavity within the more basally positioned nucleus. In serial sections examined with the electron microscope no connections were observed between the nuclei. In animals injected with 3H‐thymidine instances of multinucleate ameloblasts were found within the advancing front of labeling where only one of the nuclei contained label. Finally, quantitative analysis by nuclear counting established that multinucleate ameloblasts were 60 times more frequent within the maturation zone as in the secretory zone of amelogenesis. As well, the numbers of multinucleate ameloblasts increased progressively in the course of the maturation stage. It was concluded that multinucleate ameloblasts increase with cell age and likely arise by the process of cell fusion.
The free autografting of entire limb muscles in the cat: Morphology
Authors: Mufti Shahzad A. , Carlson Bruce M. , Maxwell Leo C. , Faulkner John A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNormal or pre‐denervated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were successfully grafted in place of the contralateral EDL muscles in cats. Histological preparations of 57 grafts were examined at intervals from 4 to 170 days after transplantation. The morphological sequence of events in a cat muscle graft is similar to that in the rat except that the time course of regeneration is considerably slower. Surviving original muscle fibers form a thin rim at the periphery of the graft. Beneath this rim, the original muscle fibers undergo fragmentation, starting near the periphery and progressing toward the center. Regenerating muscle fibers take the place of the degenerated muscle fibers. In pre‐denervated grafts, the last of the original muscle fibers in the center of the graft have broken down by 41 days whereas in normal muscle grafts the original muscle fibers in the central region persist until 50 days. The main difference between grafts of normal and pre‐denervated muscles is the rate of breakdown of the original muscle fibers. Long term grafts of both groups are morphologically very similar.
In vitro activation of adenylate cyclase by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin during normal and hydrocortisoneinduced cleft palate development in the golden hamster
Authors: Waterman Robert Earle , Palmer Gene C. , Palmer S. Jo , Palmer Susan M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn adenylate cyclase highly responsive to stimulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) in vitro was observed at certain times during normal prenatal development of the maxillary‐palatal process complex in the golden hamster. Responses of the enzyme to these hormones were barely detectible at the earliest stage examined (day 10/20). The enzyme became extremely sensitive to activation by either hormone during the time of rapid growth of the palatal processes (day 11/20) and during fusion between the palatal processes (day 12/20). Thereafter, responses were greatly diminished and little or no activation of adenylate cyclase was observed until birth. Adenylate cyclase from fetuses in which clefts of the secondary palate were induced by maternal treatment with hydrocortisone (50 mg) on day 11/3 also displayed an enhanced sensitivity to PTH and CT on day 11/20, but the sensitivity of the enzyme was greatly decreased from that in normal animals during the normal time of palatal fusion (day 12/20) and was barely detectible or absent at the remaining time periods studied (days 13/20 and 14/20). Addition of hydrocortisone to the incubation mixture, either separately or in combination with PTH or CT, did not remarkably affect the response of adenylate cyclase to these hormones. Moreover, the appearance of the adenylate cyclase sensitive to hormonal activation did not result from changes in phosphodiesterase activity during palatal maturation.
Putative steroidogenic cells associated with the ductuli efferentes of the ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis)
Authors: Pudney Jeffrey , Fawcett Don W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDuring a study on the fine structure of different regions of the reproductive tract of the ground squirrel, Citellus lateralis, cells possessing cytological features associated with steroid production were observed among the ductuli efferentes. Comparison of the morphology of these cells with that of Leydig and adrenocortical cells, demonstrated that they resembled Leydig cells in many anatomical details. Further evidence for the similarity of the cells associated with the ductuli efferentes to Leydig cells emerged during sexual regression, when both types of cells underwent the same regressive changes in organization and morphology. This suggests that the cells present among the ductuli efferentes are active in the synthesis of androgenic hormones, and possibly play a role in the endocrine control of reproduction in this species of ground squirrel.
Glycoprotein containing vesicles in the surface epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the rat
Authors: Michaels John E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecently, radioautographic studies have shown that cell coat glycoproteins are transported to the cell surface by vesicles both in the amoeba (Flickinger, '75) and in the epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the mouse (Michaels and Leblond, 1976). In the current morphological and cytochemical study of the surface epithelial cells of the rat ascending colon, it is shown that filamentous material, resembling the cell coat, is contained in saccules toward the mature face of the Golgi apparatus and in vesicles close to the apparatus and near the terminal web. The vesicles are limited by a unit membrane composed of asymmetric osmiophilic leaflets and similar to the plasma membrane. When stained by the periodic acid‐chromic acid‐silver methenamine technique, silver was precipitated on the cell components containing the filamentous material indicating the presence of glycoproteins. Narrow invaginations from the cell surface that may correspond to vesicles undergoing exocytosis were also positive for glycoproteins. The distribution of the filamentous material that was glycoprotein positive parallels the pathway followed by material that had been found to be labeled with a tritiated glycoprotein precursor (3H‐fucose) in the epithelial cells of the ascending colon of the mouse. It is suggested that the system of vesicles in the rat colon cells is acting in a manner similar to the vesicles in the mouse cells to transport cell coat glycoproteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface.