bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Foundation of the Tudor Dynasty
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON 22 August 1485 the ‘tragicall doynges of king Richard the iij’ came to an abrupt end amidst the melee of Bosworth Field. Henry of Richmond mounted the hillside and thanked his soldiers, while the battered golden circlet, which Richard had worn into battle, was recovered from the ‘spoyle of the feilde’ and set upon the victor’s head as though he had been ‘already by commandment of the people proclamyd king after the maner of his auncestors, and that was the first signe of prosperytie’. Fortescue had written that the right of kingship could not be transferred by anything less than an election or disposition of God ‘known openly by manifest, certain and authentic revelation’. Such an act had now taken place. The God of Battles had declared himself in favour of Henry, slain his rival, and yielded him the Crown.
Universal Peace and the Field of Cloth of Gold
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT the end of 1514 English foreign policy enjoyed a triumph when a treaty with Louis XII-arranging a formal peace and marriage alliance-nullified the wiles of Ferdinand and Maximilian, who had themselves been negotiating with France. But, ere long, the deaths of Louis and Ferdinand brought about the accession of the bellicose Francis I in France, and Charles of Burgundy to the Spanish inheritance. Francis quickly came to terms with his rivals, and proceeded to dazzle Europe with his victory at Marignano; while Charles, wishing to secure his own territorial claims, had to renew peace with Francis at Noyon in August 1516. Maximilian adhered to this treaty at Brussels in January 1517, and two months later Francis, Charles, and Maximilian made a fresh league for the partition of Italy-an arrangement from which England was carefully excluded.
Some Economic Concepts
Authors: Guy Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter consists of brief summaries of some economic tools and theories that are used throughout the book. Specifically, it deals with the standard theory of international trade, increasing returns, and implications of increasing returns for the theory of trade. Those familiar with one or more of these areas should probably just skim the relevant sections. Some readers will prefer just to skip this chapter, and refer back to it if and when that is necessary for understanding the chapters that follow.
Fordism, or the Golden Age of Mass Production
Authors: Guy Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hitler once said that he never would have attacked the Soviet Union had he known it had so many tanks. That it did have so many may surprise us today as much as it surprised Hitler. Pre-Soviet Russia had been an industrializing country, but it was not a great industrial power. Its experience in World War I was costly, and that was followed by years of civil war. After the civil war, the road to establishing a centrally planned system of industry was excruciating: forced collectivization of agriculture leading to reduced food output, further civil strife, and many deaths in the famine of the early 1930s; an industrial system which is now generally regarded as having been terribly inefficient; to say nothing of a leader who killed of most of his top officers just before the war.
The Business Context for the Management of Technological Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managing technological innovation requires an understanding of both the broad industrial and business context in which it occurs and the nature of the innovation process itself. Managers need to know what drives innovation and the different forms it takes. This chapter examines the changing nature of industry and business, with sections on technological change, the knowledge economy, business and innovation systems and networks, the changing nature of management, and globalization. Chapter 3 examines the innovation process.
The Management of Product and Service Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the primary aims of companies’ investment in R&D is to produce new and improved products and services. The results from R&D investment may be intangible. They may, for example, increase the learning and understanding of scientific and technological principles underpinning a company’s products, provide options for the future, and create IPR—a subject examined in Chapter 9. The major aim of corporate R&D, however, is to combine technological and market opportunities to produce differentiated goods and information (innovative products and services) that convey competitive advantages. This chapter is concerned with the development of such new and improved products and services.
Delivering Value from Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate aim of MTI is to improve the competitiveness of firms by adding value to what they do. In previous chapters, we focused on how firms configure and organize internal resources and collaborate with external actors to develop innovations. We have seen how firms that are able to innovate can gain great commercial advantage. Commercializing technology is a fundamental element in building value and sustaining competitive advantage. In this chapter, we explore the commercialization process.
Five Future Challenges
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firms create customer value and competitive advantage when they bring to market new and improved products and services, or devise better processes. Businesses thrive and decline as a result of the way they manage technological change. The ability to manage technological innovation has become a core business process. The pace of technological change will continue to be rapid and its direction uncertain. It follows that there will continue to be an extended range of new business opportunities and risks associated with new technology.
Treatment of asthma
Authors: Hasan Arshad S , Suresh Babu K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With modern asthma treatments, the vast majority of asthma patients can enjoy an excellent quality of life with minimal side effects Inhaled steroids, as preventer inhalers, are the first line of treatment for asthma and they need to be taken regularly Reliever inhalers are used for breakthrough symptoms and are used as and when required It is important to take asthma medicines properly, so that every dose provides the most benefit
Taking control of asthma
Authors: Hasan Arshad S , Suresh Babu K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taking control is about empowering patients and parents to take important decisions regarding their or their children’s asthma, with the aim of promoting good health, and preventing and treating exacerbation The key aspects are patient education, which is provided in a structured way, and a written self-management action plan People with asthma should be aware of the early signs of a flare-up and be prepared to act quickly Asthma action plans use changes in symptoms and/or peak flow to determine what action needs to be taken to prevent an exacerbation
Asthma and other allergic diseases
Authors: Hasan Arshad S , Suresh Babu K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hay fever, eczema, and food allergy often coexist with asthma in the same individual In those with asthma and hay fever, optimal treatment of hay fever will help to improve asthma control A food allergy may trigger asthma, but this happens in a relatively small subgroup of asthmatics Children with eczema in early childhood have a higher risk of developing asthma and hay fever in later childhood and adolescence
Eighteenth-century Shakespeare: England and overseas
Authors: Holland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nicholas Rowe’s play was written after his most significant engagement with Shakespeare. In 1709 Jacob Tonson published a six-volume edition of Shakespeare edited by Rowe, the first major attempt to re-edit Shakespeare since the first folio. Tonson had acquired shares in the copyright of many Shakespeare plays in 1707 as part of his self-definition as the preeminent publisher of the major works of English literature. The copyright remained with the firm until 1767 and the line of Shakespeare editions it published were reworkings and remarketings of the firm’s property.
B
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long the self-declared remit of the natural sciences, the human body has only recently become an explicit topic in organizational studies. Turner was the first to call for a sociology of the body and triggered off a recent ‘embodied turn’ in social studies that places the body at the core of most social phenomena. Turner attributed the body’s earlier neglect to sociology’s early rejection of biologically based explanations for social action; we can see the consequences of this in the discipline’s continued emphasis on human consciousness and social structure. Durkheim’s Suicide was pivotal in distancing the sociological opus from bio- logical and psychological explanations for social action.The Weberian emphasis upon rationality and the symbolic interactionists’ emphasis on meaning creation deepened this gulf. This led to the recent charge that sociology naively replicates the Cartesian mind/body dualism. Turner uncovered a tacit concern with the body in classical sociological theory, from Weber’s sexually constrained Protestant to the Marxian concern with the reproduction of social life. Among symbolic interactionists, Goffman assumed a communicative body that becomes a source of claims about the self. Despite such acknowledgements, classical sociological theory remains overly cognitive; the mind drives social action, the body is its unwitting and often unremarked recipient.
U
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unconscious is the core concept of psychoanalysis, the theory established by Sigmund Freud, and an important term in other disciplines of depth psychology. Although sometimes the unconscious is seen as a mysterious entity, reminiscent of the Platonic depths where the world of pure forms seeks expression through language, the Freudian unconscious is normal, structured, and to a degree knowable. It is useful to distinguish between unconscious the adjective and unconscious the noun. As an adjective, unconscious describes the quality of an idea, a desire, or a mental process which is not accessible to consciousness. In the first instance, unconscious desires are desires which have undergone repression. Unconscious elements cannot be brought into consciousness at will, and may only be studied through their conscious manifestations, which include symptoms, symbols, dreams, fantasies, slips, jokes, emotional out- bursts, cultural artefacts, and so on.
Offences Against Public Decency
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These offences deal with indecent acts which offend public decency. The old common law offence of outraging public decency is the most wide-ranging of offences in this section. This offence was not repealed by the SOA 2003; in addition, its use was effectively extended by the CJA 2003, s 320. The offence is no longer indictable only, but triable either way. Offences of indecent exposure and voyeurism created by the SOA 2003 replace and extend certain old offences, in particular under the Vagrancy Act (VA) 1824.
New offences such as intercourse with an animal and sexual penetration of a corpse were created.
Preparatory Offences
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter includes
(a) offences of procurement (those not dealt with in Chapter 8) and
(b) other preparatory offences.
The SOA 1956 in the main followed earlier legislation, the CLAA 1885, which was largely concerned with the ‘white slave market’. By the time the SOA 2003 was passed these offences were rarely charged. For this reason the pre-1956 Act offences have not been included.
• For SOA 1956, s 22: procuration of a woman to become a prostitute, see para 8.58.
• For SOA 1956, s 23: procurement of girl under 21, see para 8.24.
• For SOA 1967, s 4: procurement to commit homosexual acts, see para 5.106.
Stadholder, 1672–1688
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William’s objective from 1672 to his death can be stated very simply. Fired by his personal resentment at France’s steady occupation of family lands, and by a deep commitment to a Europe composed of independent nations, the prince’s prime aim was to contain Louis XIV. In part this policy involved bringing as many other powers as possible into conflict with France. Ultimately this would lead William to intervene in England in 1688, but before then his chief task was to preserve Dutch commitment to war. His success in this aim was finely balanced. The events of 1672 had given the prince considerable power in the United Provinces, but opposition soon revived, and for long periods proved strong enough to frustrate him.
Upbringing and marriage
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was born on 30 April 1662 in St James’s Palace, Westminster. She was the eldest child of James, duke of York, the future James II (1633–1701), and his first wife, Anne Hyde (1637–1671). Her maternal grandfather was Edward Hyde, first earl of Clarendon, architect of the restoration of Charles II. She was named after her aunt, Mary, princess of Orange, who had recently died. At her baptism her godparents were Prince Rupert and the duchesses of Buckingham and Ormond. These relationships identified the princess with the Stuart dynasty and its survival from her birth.
Balancing the On-Line Teaching of Critical Experiential Design A Cautionary Tale of Parallel Process
Authors: Creese Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter tells a cautionary tale—the danger of ‘not really knowing’ what online experiential design we are teaching—until we have been able to be critically reflexive. Reynolds (2000) has similarly warned of problems such as adopting a critical curriculum approach when a more traditional pedagogical basis might belie this. The tale of my gap between theory and practice is based on my critical action research (Kemmis and McTaggart 1988). It is a story about a Tavistock School of Group Relations ‘struggle’ to learn from experience (French and Vince 1999) about my on-line teaching practice. To tell it I take a deliberate focus not upon the wider systemic issues, but my internal responses to them: hence the microscopic prism of self-scrutiny.
Experiencing Scholarly Writing through a Collaborative Course Project
Authors: Ellinger Andrea D , Trent Raynika , Wang Yu-Lin , Wofford Grant , Howard Yvonne , Cho Insik , Freeman Mara , Kim Eunjee , Kim Sooyoung , McGlaughlin Pat , Oh Seok Young , Sutton Wayne , Wooten Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter will describe a collaborative writing project that was designed to encourage doctoral students enrolled in a doctoral seminar at a midwestern university in the United States to become more immersed in the scholarly literatures on organizational learning and the learning organization concept. The Chapter begins by situating experience and learning and briefly introducing experiential learning theory. Then, an overview of the purpose of the collaborative writing project in the broader context of experiential learning will be provided along with the processes followed by seminar participants to review and synthesize empirical work on the learning organization concept. Finally, doctoral seminar participants' reflections about key learnings as a result of participating in this experiential writing project will be discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Savage Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The television drama Life on Mars appeared on our screens in 2006 to expose in stark terms the extent of change in British policing in the recent past. It involved a police detective, CI Sam Tyler who, after going into a coma following a collision with a car, wakes up in 1973. He soon discovers an alien world of policing far removed from his own. The station he worked in is in seeming chaos; files are piled high on every available surface and officers lounge around (all of them smoking) with apparently little to do.
Forces from Within: Internal Drivers for Police Reform
Authors: Savage Stephen P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An impression which might have been given so far in this book is that the police have been dragged, kicking and screaming, into regimes of change and reform. Certainly, to a great extent the history of police reform has been of reforms being ‘imposed’ on the police, of change being ‘forced’ as a result of external or environmental pressures on the police. Of course, this is not uncommon in public sector organizations, as change, if left to the internal dynamics of such organizations, is something which, if it happens at all, tends to happen incrementally and piecemeal rather than radically, in the sense that much of the business of public organizations is concerned with ‘muddling through’ (Lindblom, 1979).
Mastopexy
Authors: Waterhouse Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scars are an inevitable consequence of surgery to lift the breasts.
Restoring fullness and projection of the breast may require the use of a breast implant as part of the procedure.
Time, gravity, and subsequent pregnancy may cause recurrent drooping of the breast.
Mastopexy can restore empty, droopy breasts to a more youthful, perkier, and fuller shape.
With age, gravity, weight loss, and breastfeeding, the breasts often lose their elasticity and volume. The skin and breast tissue may droop and sag and the areola enlarges. The perkiness and fullness of the youthful breast is lost. The degree of droopiness is variable. It may just involve a slight lowering of the nipple or the whole breast. A simple test is to stand with a pencil held under the breast crease (the so-called ‘pencil test’)—Does the pencil fall to the floor or is it held in place by the weight and position of a sagging or droopy breast? Droopiness (ptosis) can be graded by the degree of lowering of the nipple areola complex below the breast crease (Figure 5.1).
Practicing Engaged Scholarship
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin this concluding chapter by telling a story1 about engaged scholarship as viewed from a fictitious Lake Wobegon University. The story adopts the style of National Public Radio personality, Garrison Keillor from ‘A Prairie Home Companion.’ I hope to poke a little fun into our very serious subject and provide some insights into the ethos of practicing engaged scholarship. Following the story I discuss a number of alternative forms of engaged scholarship and the situations in which they tend to be practiced. I also discuss a number of practical considerations in engaging stakeholders in a given study.
Introduction
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his State of the Union Address of January 6, 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed that ‘freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere’. He set forth four human rights in particular as guiding principles for a post-fascist world, ‘attainable in our own time and generation’. These are still widely remembered as Roosevelt’s ‘four freedoms’, but their content needs to be recalled: The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.
Severe Poverty as a Human Rights Violation
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care. (UDHR, Article 25) Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. (UDHR, Article 28; see Article 22) Freedom from severe poverty is among the most important human interests. We are physical beings who need access to safe food and water, clothing, shelter, and basic medical care in order to live well—indeed, in order to live at all. Very poor people lack secure access to sufficient quantities of these basic necessities. This sentence presupposes a narrow, absolute, and somewhat vague definition of severe poverty which suffices for this essay.
Powers of Persuasion
Authors: Fletcher Winston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During much of the second half of the 20th century advertising in Britain led the world. Yet no history of British advertising covering this heady period has previously been published. During those years advertising increasingly came to touch upon almost every aspect of every individual ’s life, and reached its peak as a proportion of the Gross National Product. It boosted economic growth and peoples ’ affluence. But at the same time the advertising industry was frequently under siege, as politicians, pressure groups, and others constantly sought to restrain its influence - and often succeeded. For several decades the creativity of British campaigns was preeminent around the globe. But Powers of Persuasion is not just about advertisements - it is about advertising. During those years Britain was also a world leader in setting industry benchmarks - innovating the account planning discipline, setting the standard for public service advertising, launching global advertising awards festivals, introducing the best system of advertising regulation, setting up both the world ’s largest advertising archive and the world ’s most comprehensive on-line advertising research databank. These were the keystones on which British creativity was built. Simultaneously, major British advertising companies - particularly Saatchi & Saatchi and WPP - raced to the top of the global league. Powers of Persuasion tells the authoritative story of this dynamic, exhilarating era, with pen portraits of the personalities involved, anecdotes, case histories, and essential data. Written (from the inside) by one of the industry ’s leaders, this is a book for all interested in advertising and its role in society, business, and the media.
The Nineteen-Seventies: Britain Takes the Lead
Authors: Fletcher Winston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For British advertising, the 1970s—and a few years either side—were golden years, when we forged ahead of the world. The other decades were not barren. But more creativity, more innovations, and more attainments were crowded into and around those ten or so years than any others—partly in response to economic, political, and commercial pressures; partly because the structure of agencies changed; and partly fortuitously, in that there happened to be a bunch of extraordinarily bright, talented, and ambitious people working in the industry at that time.