bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-16 Too Late to Catch up? Parity Order and Baseline Overall Claw Quality Impact on the Responsiveness of Sows to Mineral-Amino Acid-Complex Supplementation: A Case Study
Authors: Kramer Ton , Klein Alan , Alberton Geraldo C , Cornelison Alyssa S , Schweer Wesley P , Socha Mike , Rodrigues Lucas Alves 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Poor claw quality can predispose sows to lameness, which may be counteracted by mineral-amino acid-complex (ZPM) supplementation. The objective was to investigate the effects of parity order (PO) and baseline overall claw quality (BCW) on the time required to achieve optimal response to ZPM in sows. A total of 15,500 sows (PO 1-6) supplemented with ZPM for different periods of time (months) were randomly selected and scored from 0 (no lesions) to 3 (severe lesions) for claw lesions: heel overgrowth and erosion, heel-sole crack, separation along the white line, horizontal and vertical wall cracks, and overgrown toes, or dewclaws. A lesion index (L-Index) was calculated as the sum of the greater scores from each lesion, per animal. Sows were grouped by similarity (BCW) in claw lesions in two clusters (C1 and C2). The effects of cluster and PO were investigated. A quadratic response plateau (QRP) model was fitted to assess the interrelationships between the change in L-Index and the duration of ZPM supplementation within parity and cluster. Sows from C1 had greater L-Index compared with C2 sows (6.57 vs. 2.55; SEM = 0.08; P &lt; 0.05). Sows from PO4 (4.12), 5 (4.23), and 6 (4.34) had greater L-Index compared with sows from PO1 (3.44) and 2 (3.71), with PO3 being intermediate (3.94; SEM = 0.15; P &lt; 0.05). Sows from PO1-C1, PO1-C2, PO2-C1, and PO2-C2 had breakpoints (duration of ZPM supplementation) of 10.36 ± 3.83, 12.41 ± 2.77, 14.85 ± 4.28, and 16.02 ± 3.85 months, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). The breakpoints for PO3, 4, 5, and 6 from C2 were 15.02 ± 4.24, 14.08 ± 4.87, 14.28 ± 4.58, and 10.50 ± 4.30, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). There was no breakpoint achieved for PO3, 4, 5, and 6 from C1 (P &gt; 0.05). Our results indicate that ZPM supplementation should start early (PO1 and PO2) as the potentially negative aging effects on healing capacity may decrease the ability of sows to optimally respond to the supplementation.
PSII-19 Analysis of Vitamin A and E in Biological Samples After Prolonged Processing
Authors: Greiner Laura L , Elefson Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess vitamin A and E concentrations in liver and serum samples after extended transport to a diagnostic laboratory. This study was designed to quantify any vitamin A and E concentrations in liver or serum after samples were stored in a Styrofoam cooler with four ice packs for up to 2 days to simulate mailing samples to a diagnostic laboratory. Liver (entire right medial lobe, divided into three equal pieces) and blood (30 mL total, into three 10 mL serum tubes; BD Vacutainer, Franklin Lankes, NJ) samples were collected from six barrows (approximately 10 kg) post-euthanasia. All the samples (liver and serum) for two pigs were placed in one Styrofoam cooler with four ice packs (ThermoSafe PolarPack; 13.97 X 15.24 cm; Sonoco; Hartsville, SC, US) which was then placed onto a benchtop (room temperature, approximately 20°C) for the duration of the study. At the designated timepoints of 0, 1, or 2 days after collection, one sample of both tissue and serum were removed from the cooler, processed, and stored at -80°C until submission to the diagnostic laboratory. To process the samples, the blood was centrifuged (2,000 x g, 10 minutes, at 4°C) and the serum was isolated and placed into 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, CAT: 05-408-129). The liver was stored in whirl pack bags (15.24 cm X 22.86 cm). Samples were analyzed for vitamin A (retinol) and E (alpha-tocopherol) concentrations at the Iowa State University Veterinarian Diagnostic Laboratory (Ames, IA). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.4 (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC) with animal as the experimental unit and a fixed effect of time. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were found in serum vitamin A and E (Table 1; vitamin A: d 0 0.26 ppm, d 1 0.26 ppm, and d 2 0.27 ppm, vitamin E: d 0 2.20 ppm, d 1 2.36 ppm, and d 2 2.28) regardless of the sample being processed the day of, one day after, or two days after being collected from the pig. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in vitamin A or E concentrations (Table 1; vitamin A: d 0 12 ppm, d 1 11 ppm, and d 2 12 ppm, vitamin E: d 0 1.74 ppm, d1 2.32 ppm, and d 2 2.08) in the liver throughout the study. Based on these data, vitamin A and E concentrations in liver and serum samples are stable for up to 2 days after being stored in a cooler with ice packs at room temperature.
PSII-18 Chemical Composition of Cassava-Based Feed Ingredients from South-East Asia
Authors: Fanelli Natalia dos Santos , Torres-Mendoza Leidy J , Abelilla Jerubella J , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diet formulation in animal production has traditionally relied on a limited number of feed ingredients. Cassava is a starchy tuber crop grown in tropical and subtropical areas that can be used as an alternative ingredient in animal diets due to increasing cereal grain prices and their impact on feed costs. Therefore, information about the chemical composition of cassava-based feed ingredients is needed to formulate diets. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of cassava-based feed ingredients and test the hypothesis that there is variation in chemical composition among cassava products originating from different South-East Asian countries. Sources of dried peeled cassava roots, unpeeled cassava roots, cassava chips, cassava meal, high ash cassava meal, and cassava residue were used. All ingredients were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, N, amino acids (AA), acid hydrolyzed ether extract, ash, minerals, starch, insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, and total dietary fiber. Peeled cassava roots, unpeeled cassava roots, cassava chips, and cassava meal were also analyzed for sugars. Data were analyzed by ANOVA to test statistical differences among all cassava-based ingredients, and an alpha value of 0.05 was used to assess significance among means. Results indicated that high ash cassava meal had greater (P &lt; 0.05) dry matter and ash, but less (P &lt; 0.05) starch and gross energy than all other cassava products (Table 1). Peeled cassava roots, unpeeled cassava roots, and cassava chips had greater (P &lt; 0.05) starch than the other cassava ingredients. Cassava residue had greater (P &lt; 0.05) Lys, insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber concentrations compared with the other cassava products, but Trp and Glu were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in peeled cassava roots, cassava chips, and cassava meal samples compared with the other ingredients. The concentration of most minerals was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in high ash cassava meal than in the other cassava products. In conclusion, cassava-based ingredients sold as peeled roots, unpeeled roots, chips, or meal have chemical compositions that are not different, and peeling seems to have little impact on chemical composition. High ash cassava meal has less nutritional quality compared with other cassava products due to low starch and gross energy. The high fiber content in cassava residue makes this ingredient more suitable for ruminants and sows than for younger pigs or poultry.
PSII-17 Evaluation of a Microencapsulated Form of Zinc Oxide on Weanling Pig Growth Performance and Zinc Excretion
Authors: Dahmer Payton L , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 300 pigs (DNA 200 × 400; 21 d of age; initially 6.04 ± 0.08 kg BW) were used in a 42-d experiment with 12 replications per treatment. At weaning, pigs were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments: 1) negative control (standard nursery diet containing 110 ppm Zn from trace mineral premix; NC); 2) control diet with 3,000 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phase 2 (High-ZnO); 3) control diet with 400 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phases 1 and 2 (Low-ZnO); 3) 3,000 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phase 2 (High-MZnO); 5) 400 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phases 1 and 2 (Low-MZnO). All diets included titanium dioxide at 0.40% as an indigestible marker to determine fecal zinc excretion. Pigs were fed treatment diets from d 0 to d 28 and were then fed a common diet from d 28 to d 42. Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Fecal samples were collected from the same 3 pigs from every pen on d 10 and 28 to be analyzed for Zn concentration. No evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.05) in growth performance were observed from d 0 to 7, but by the second week post-weaning pigs fed High-ZnO or High-MZnO had increased (P = 0.01) ADG compared with those fed Low-MZnO, which was driven by an improvement in feed intake (P = 0.04; Table 1). No evidence of differences were observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F for the entire treatment period (d 0 to d 28; P &gt; 0.05). During the common phase 3 (d 28 to 42) pigs fed the negative control, High-MZnO, or Low-MZnO had improved (P &lt; 0.0001) ADG compared with pigs fed High- or Low-ZnO, which was driven by an increase in ADFI (P &lt; 0.0001). Overall (d 0 to 42), pigs fed Low-ZnO or High-ZnO had reduced (P &lt; 0.0001) ADG compared those fed the negative control. No evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.05) in serum Zn were observed between dietary treatments. A significant treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04) was observed for fecal Zn concentrations, where pigs fed High-ZnO had greater fecal Zn concentrations on d 10 and d 28 compared with pigs fed all other treatments (Table 2). A microencapsulated form of ZnO yielded similar growth performance and less fecal Zn excretion than conventional ZnO immediately post-weaning, but was not different than a negative control.
PSIII-11 Evaluating the Effects of Benzoic Acid on Finishing Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Gaffield Katelyn , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Addition of acidifiers such as benzoic acid have shown to be effective at weaning due to limited HCl production in the stomach. With positive responses seen throughout the entire nursery period (approximately 25 kg), there is potential for this impact to carry over into the growing-finishing period. A total of 2,106 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, Hendersonville, TN; initially 33.3 ± 1.91 kg) were used in a 101-d growth study to evaluate the effects of dietary benzoic acid level on commercial grow-finish pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens of pigs (27 pigs per pen) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments with 13 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based with an inclusion of none, 0.25, or 0.50% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ). Diets were fed in 4 phases from 34 to 50, 50 to 75, 75 to 100, and 100 to 132 kg body weight. All treatments were formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirement estimates for growing-finishing pigs for their appropriate weight ranges. In the grower period (d 0 to 44), there were no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) for pigs fed increasing benzoic acid for any growth response criteria (Table 1). For the finisher period (d 44 to 101) and overall (d 0 to 101), increasing benzoic acid tended to increase ADFI (linear, P &lt; 0.10) and decrease G:F (linear, P &lt; 0.05). There was no evidence of differences in ADG (P &gt; 0.10) for the overall experimental period. For carcass characteristics, no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed for any response criteria. In conclusion, these data suggest that feeding benzoic acid in the grow-finish period had no impact on ADG, but tended to increase ADFI and worsen G:F without affecting carcass characteristics.
PSIII-16 Body Calcium and Phosphorus Mobilization of Sows During Lactation
Authors: Heurtault Julien , Lemée Thomas , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Schlegel Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Considering the excess of phosphorus (P) as a fertilizer in some regions, optimizing its use by animals is crucial to reduce its excretion. During the production cycle of the sow, P and calcium (Ca) requirement are greatest in lactation. To satisfy P and Ca need for milk production, sows have Ca and P available from dietary intake, but may also mobilize Ca and P from bone reserves. If that is the case, considering bone mobilization during lactation would be an opportunity to reduce dietary P intake. However, to our knowledge, bone mobilization in lactating sows is not well documented because of the difficulty in measuring it. With the use of X-ray technology to determine body composition on live animals, this subject can now be studied. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to quantify the body mineral mobilization during lactation for sows up to 3rd parity using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, i-DXA, GE Medical Systems, Glattbrugg, Switzerland) to obtain whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and whole-body lean and fat tissue mass. Eighteen Swiss Large White sows were scanned on day 2 and 26 (weaning) after parturition. The lactation diet was formulated to meet nutritional requirements; parity 1 [digestible energy (DE): 12.1 MJ, digestible P (DigP): 3.0 g, Ca: 9.0 g /kg], parity 2 and 3 (DE: 14.1 MJ, DigP: 2.8 g, Ca: 8.0 g /kg). Whole body P and Ca contents were calculated from lean tissue mass and BMC obtained by DXA. Bone mineral mobilization (BMCMOB, g), body phosphorus mobilization (PMOB, g) and body calcium mobilization (CaMOB, g) were calculated as the difference in BMC, body P and body Ca between day 26 and day 2. Piglets were weighed at farrowing and weaning and the average daily gain per piglet (PigletADG, kg/d) and the birth weight of litter (LitterBW, kg) were calculated. The mean body composition was on day 2: BMC, 5,810 ± 1082 g; P, 1,344 ± 207 g; Ca, 2,362 ± 440 g and on day 26: BMC, 5,093 ± 1,001 g; P, 1,228 ± 198 g; Ca: 2,070 ± 407 g. The pigletADG was 0.24 ± 0.05 kg/d and LitterBW was 18.5 ± 2.47 kg. The prediction equations for BMCMOB and body Ca and P during lactation are presented in Table 1. The best predictor was PigletADG and for body P, LitterBW also tended to be an influencing factor. This study allowed to quantify the P and Ca mobilization of the sow during lactation. Next step will be to evaluate the impact of dietary supply on this mobilization to then integrate it in requirement models.
PSIII-4 Effect of Two Torula Yeast Sources on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Immune Function of Weanling Pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary inclusion of either a conventional or a novel source of torula yeast in diets for weanling pigs improves growth performance and intestinal health. The novel torula yeast was produced using forestry byproducts (i.e., wood hydrolysate) as the carbon source, whereas the conventional torula yeast was produced using wheat dextrose as the carbon source. A total of 120 weanling pigs (6.53 ± 0.78 kg) were allotted to three treatments with four pigs per pen and ten replicate pens per diet. Pigs were fed one of three diets from d 1 to 14 post-weaning (phase 1), whereas all pigs were fed a common diet in phase 2 (d 15 to 28). The three dietary treatments included a control diet that contained 5% fishmeal, 3.5% plasma protein, and no torula yeast. The second diet contained 1.5% fishmeal, 14% of the novel torula yeast, and no plasma protein, whereas the third diet contained 1.5% fishmeal, 14% of the conventional torula yeast, and no plasma protein. Pig weights were recorded on d 1, d 14, and d 28. Feed allotments were recorded daily, and feed left in the feeders was recorded on d 14 and 28 to calculate average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and average gain to feed ratio. Fecal scores were visually assessed every other day. On d 7, one pig per pen was euthanized to collect ileal tissue for assessment of morphology. At the end of phases 1 and 2, blood samples were collected, and cytokines, plasma urea nitrogen, peptide YY, immunoglobulin G, total protein, and albumin were analyzed. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA in the Mixed Procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect, whereas weaning weight was the random effect. Results indicated that both sources of torula yeast could replace fish meal and plasma protein without negatively affecting overall growth performance, intestinal morphology, or blood characteristics of pigs (Table 1). Pigs fed one of the diets containing torula yeast had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) fecal scores during phase 1 compared with pigs fed the control diet. On d 14, pigs fed the conventional torula yeast diet had greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of interleukin-2 in plasma compared with pigs fed the control diet. Greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 were observed in plasma from pigs fed one of the diets containing torula yeast compared with pigs fed the control diet on d 14. In conclusion, inclusion of either a conventional or a novel source of torula yeast at the expense of animal proteins in diets for weanling pigs may improve intestinal health without influencing growth performance of weanling pigs.
PSIII-13 Supplementary Effects of Carbohydrate Enzymes and Protease to Two Protein Levels in the Diet of Finishing Pig on the Growth Performance, Toxic Gas Emissions, Meat Quality, and Colonic Microbiota Community
Authors: Yu Sun Gu , Lim Chai Bin , Jang Se Yeon , Zhang Qian Qian , Kim In Ho 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study investigated the effects of carbohydrate-active enzymes and protease complex on growth performance, meat quality, toxic gas emissions, and the structure and functions of colonic microbiota under two protein levels. Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire; n = 200) finishing pigs (68.03, SD = 3.57 kg) were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments and received different diets including high protein (16.73%, HP) with/without 0.1% multi-enzymes (ENZs) and medium-high protein (14.73%, MP) with/without 0.1% ENZs, using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The trial was carried out for 7 weeks. The results indicated that ENZs supplementation increased average daily gain (ADG, P &lt; 0.05) probably resulted from an improved apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and gross energy. The HP diet promoted augmented ADG during the overall period. The MP-treated pigs had greater marbling and intramuscular fat in the longissimus dorsi muscle (P &lt; 0.01). As expected, The HP groups released more ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the excretion (P &lt; 0.05). The HP improved α-diversity, as revealed by greater observed_ ASVs and Chao1 (P &lt; 0.05) and boosted greater abundance of Firmicutes, Desulfobacterota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Fibrobacterota than the MP diet. The interactive effect of HP and ENZs showed greater Shannon and Pielou's evenness (P &lt; 0.05) with greater Bacteroidota and decreased Firmicutes abundance. Dietary ENZs increased the abundance of Actinobacteriota, Desulfobacterota, and Lactobacillus and reduced pathogenic Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. Spearman’s correlation indicated that greater acetate concentration in colonic digesta was positively associated with Lactobacillus, Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Oscillospiraceae-NK4A214_group, Ruminococcus, [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group at the genus level. Taken together, HP or ENZs supplements improved the ADG and nutrient digestibility of finishing pigs. The interactive effects of CP levels and ENZs supplements did not show the growth performance but the effect of HP with ENZs promoted microbial diversity and stability in the colon.
PSIII-12 A Preliminary Evaluation on Novel Tryptophan Additive on Apparent Total Tract and Ileal Digesta of Nutrients in Growing Pigs Using Cannulation Technique
Authors: Yu Sun Gu , Sampath Vetriselvi , Jang Se Yeon , Lim Chai Bin , Kim In Ho 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Amino acids (AA) are the primary structure of proteins. Earlier studies proved that AA contents in the diet are closely related to efficiency of nutrient utilization in pigs. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effect of tryptophan [(Trp), Trp-proline and calcium-Trp)] supplementation on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), energy (GE), and amino acids (AAs) in eight growing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc)]. Pigs with average body weights of 25 kg were surgically inserted with post-valve T-caecum cannulation approximately 15 cm anterior to the ileo-cecal junction and randomly assigned to the following diets: CON (corn- soybean meal-distillers dried grain soluble -based basal diet), Trp Pro (CON + 20g/kg Trp Pro), Ca-Trp (CON+ 20g/kg Calcium Trp), and N-free diet using a 4× 4 Latin squares design in duplicates. The novel Trp supplements did not exhibit any significant difference in ATTD and AID of DM, GE, and N digestibility. However, the ATTD of essential AAs such as valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine, and tryptophan and some non-essential AA like serine, glutamic acid, and glycine was increased (P &lt; 0.05) in novel Trp group. The inclusion of the novel Trp to the diet reduced (P &gt; 0.05) ATTD of threonine but increased the AID of threonine. While other AAs showed the least response to the Trp supplementation. Also, ATTD of methionine tended to be greater in Trp group compared with the CON. In short, the inclusion of 20 g/kg modified form of novel Trp supplementations showed beneficial effects to enhance the AA deposits in the tissue of pigs without any adverse effect.