bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphogenetic experiments in facial asymmetry: The nasal cavity
Authors: Chierici George , Harvold Egil P. , Vargervik Karin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn experiment was designed to test the response of the nasal cavity and associated structures to maxillary deformity. Forty young M. mulatta were surgically produced in 20 animals, and the small maxillary segments moved medialward. Intrapair observation tests were applied to selected measurements and indices of symmetry relationships. Deformity of the surgically undisturbed nasal septum occurred in response to the maxillary deformation. The lateral walls were moved medially with the maxilla, but in six months symmetry relationships were similar to those found in the control animals. The lateral walls of the nasal cavity appeared to be relatively independent of the shape and position of the tooth carrying part of the maxilla. The development and use of primate models can contribute to understanding the extent of the adaptational response systems in facial morphogenesis.
The auditory sensitivity of the Lemur
Authors: Gillette Richard G. , Brown Richard , Herman Paul , Vernon Steven , Vernon Jack 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA single‐lever shock avoidance conditioning technique was used to generate auditory behavioral thresholds for Lemur catta over the frequency range 100 Hz to 75 kHz. The results indicate a sensitivity of at least 60 dB below one dyne/cm2 from 1 kHz to 32 kHz and, throughout the entire frequency range, appear to be compatible with other available prosimian data. A contrast between anthropoids and prosimians indicates a loss in high frequency sensitivity for the former group, but a greater sensitivity for lower frequency stimuli. Analysis of lemur vocalizations indicates a preponderance of relatively low frequency components. Descriptions of the conditioning technique, threshold criteria, and procedures of sound measurement are included.
Visual‐optical characteristics of caged and semifree‐ranging monkeys
Authors: Young Francis A. , Leary George A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFive species of macaques and one species of mangabey comprising a total of 324 monkeys (132 males and 192 females) were given visual examinations which included measures of corneal curvature, depth of the anterior chamber, thickness of the lens, depth of the vitreous chamber, total axial length, total power of the eye and intraocular pressure as well as the refractive error of eye under cycloplegia in the anesthetized monkey.Cercocebus and Macaca mulatta demonstrated the greatest amount of myopia and Macaca fascicularis the least, with M. speciosa, M. fuscata, and M. nemestrina in order between these extremes. The M. nemestrina eye approximates that of the chimpanzee in size and relationship of the components. The findings indicate that males have larger eyes than females, the curvature of the cornea decreases as the axial length increases, and there is a close relationship between the length of the eye and the amount of myopic refractive error. There is some evidence that amount of myopia and the percentage of animals showing a myopic refractive error are related to the visual conditions and the behavior patterns of the different species.
Evolution of the primate visual system: Anterograde degeneration studies of the tecto‐pulvinar system
Authors: Harting J. K. , Glendenning K. K. , Diamond I. T. , Hall W. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA partial answer to the question of the precocious development of the temporal lobe in fossil lemurs is offered by the presentation of evidence that in the tree shrew, in prosimians, and probably in all primates the temporal lobe contains primary visual cortex. The visual pathway to the temporal lobe is achieved by relays through the superficial layers of the superior colliculus and pulvinar nucleus. This pathway parallels the geniculo‐striate system. Still a third visual system can be identified with sensory‐motor connections in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus.
Visual and tactile communication in Macaca arctoides and its ontogenetic development
Authors: Chevalier‐Skolnikoff Suzanne 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis film is based on a 500‐hour observational study of a laboratory social group of stump‐tailed macaques. It demonstrates the visual and tactile adult communicative repertoire of the species and shows how the adult communication system develops in infants.The neonate produces only a small communicative repertoire of reflexive tactile behaviors that function primarily in clinging to the mother's fur (grasping) and nursing (rooting and sucking); their communicative function is secondary. As the infant develops, its repertoire becomes larger. The stereotyped, reflexive, tactile behaviors drop out of the repertoire; and more complex behaviors, which are mainly communicative in function and occur in response to complex environmental situations, appear.Most adult behaviors develop slowly. Behaviors present in one developmental stage often change gradually, both in form and in function as the infant matures; after modification, they appear as new behaviors in later stages. For example, the neonatal tactile sucking behavior gradually develops into the lipsmacking expression, a strictly communicative expression in the adult.
An application of cineradiography to the study of locomotion in primates
Authors: Jouffroy F. K. , Gasc J. P. , Oblin S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe cineradiographic technique, whereby, at 64 frames/second, the successive positions of every bone segment of animals in motion can be accurately analyzed, was used to study the vertical leap of a Galago alleni from the ground position. This jump, 13 to 14 times the body length of the animal excluding the tail, is a record among primates challenged only by the tarsier. Such vertical leaps from the ground are a common mode of locomotion for the galago.Two different patterns were observed, a symmetrical and an asymmetrical jump. In the former, the two hind limbs move in the same manner and simultaneously; and the propulsive force is equally distributed in both limbs. In the latter (more frequent in our records), the animal shifts its weight onto one foot during the preparatory phase and lifts the other; thus, only one of the hind limbs is responsible for the launching. The angular variations of every knee and ankle articulation and the successive positions of the hind limb bones were measured and diagrammatically analyzed frame by frame.A short film was made to illustrate the cineradiographic technique; it cinematographically and cineradiographically records in successive sequence the galago's leap from the ground. The symmetrical and asymmetrical jumps are also schematically presented.
The influence of target sex and dominance on evoked attack in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Alexander M. , Perachio A. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAttack behaviors were elicited by the electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus of freely moving male rhesus monkeys. The influence of the sex and dominance status of target animals on the evoked response was measured. Animals offered as targets were dominant males and females and subordinate males and and females. Males were attacked more often than females and subordinate targets of either sex were attacked more often than dominant targets. A comparison was made between spontaneous and evoked attack behavior.
Non‐nutritive sucking in great ape and human newborns
Authors: Brown Josephine V. , Pieper W. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe development of non‐nutritive sucking in chimpanzee, orangutan and human newborns was observed during the first days of life. The group of ten human subjects reliably increased their rate of sucking, time spent sucking, and number of sucks per ten‐minute testing session during days 1–4. Similarly, the group of four newborn chimpanzees demonstrated increases in these same measures. The data from the two orangutan subjects, although not statistically significant, were generally consistent with that of the other newborns.The stability of the sucking response and the pattern of sucking were the major apparent between‐species differences. The human newborns sucked in a stable pattern of bursts and pauses beginning on day 1, whereas the chimpanzee and orangutan subjects gradually developed a pattern of relatively continuous sucking.The disruptibility of the sucking response was tested using a five‐second auditory stimulus. Disruption occurred 58% for humans, 40% for chimpanzees, and 20% for orangutans. It was concluded that non‐nutritive sucking of great ape newborns is less distractible by external stimulation than that of human newborns. This apparent rigidity makes it a less useful dependent variable in studies of the sensory capacities of chimpanzee and orangutan newborns than was predicted.
Memory in monkeys as a function of preparatory interval and pattern complexity of matrix displays
Authors: Davis Roger T. , Ruggiero Frank T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractResponse speeds of eight monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were recorded as a measure of the strength of stimulus trace in remembering 1‐ to 4‐light displays in a 4 × 4 matrix of translucent panels. The age of the animals, the length of the period between the warning signal and the stimulus, the duration of the delay between presenting the stimulus and allowing the animal to respond, and the complexity of the stimulus pattern were varied. Speed decreased for longer poststimulus delays and older subjects. The length of the foreperiod had a complex effect on response speed, and the display light position or pattern complexity had no reliable effect. These findings were contrasted with monkey memory measured by correct responses.
The timing of fission among free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Missakian Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBehavioral observations were carried out on a large group of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago from January 1968 to December 1969 and from October through December 1970. During this period, social group A divided. The 24‐month study period can be classified into five stages which represent the different phases in the process of group fission. Two criteria for fission were established: the cessation of grooming between adult females of different sub‐groups of the main group and the stabilization of the adult female population. The criteria were based on established information on group dynamics and inter‐group behavior on Cayo Santiago.Several points became clear from the chronological analysis. Group fission is a long process. The duration of the process of fission and the specification of the season in which fission begins and is completed depends upon the definition applied. For purposes of this analysis, fission was defined as beginning with the onset of spatial fragmentation and corresponded to the initial part of the breeding season. The fission was completed during the breeding season. The duration of the process of fission was 18 months.
Social correlates of reproductive success in the Gibbon colony on Ko Klet Kaeo, Thailand
Authors: Brockelman Warren Y. , Ross Bruce A. , Pantuwatana Somsak 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe free‐ranging colony of gibbons established on an island in the Gulf of Thailand by the SEATO Medical Research Laboratory in 1966–1967 was terminated in 1970. Out of the 20 gibbons originally introduced, four adults of each sex remained until near the end of the project. The four females each gave birth to one infant. In all cases the young were conceived five or more months after pairbonds and ranges had stabilized into a more natural‐like pattern, with fairly regular morning inter‐group vocal sessions and territorial boundaries between groups containing the most feral individuals.The maximum effective breeding density on the 60‐acre island was found to be about four or five pairs. The chances of reproductive success appear to be maximized in a free‐ranging colony containing several pairs by maintaining a one‐to‐one sex ratio and allowing enough space so that natural patterns of social behavior may be expressed. The amount of area required per group may vary with the individual gibbons and the environment, but we found it to be about ten acres.
Decreased odontometric sex difference in individuals with dental agenesis
Authors: Baum Bruce J. , Cohen Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPartial Dental Agenesis has been shown related to decreased mesiodistal tooth size. The sexual difference in permanent tooth size of 104 normal individuals with congenital absence of one or more secondary teeth has been studied. Males are observed to have more mesiodistal size reduction than females. In only two of 14 tooth types examined was a statistical sex difference in mesiodistal size shown. It is of interest that each of these was in the canine field area.A sex difference was slightly more apparent when studying the buccolingual dimension; however, several difficulties were encountered in obtaining measurements in this diameter.
Height, weight, and lines of arrested growth in young Guatemalan children
Authors: Blanco Ricardo A. , Acheson Roy M. , Canosa Cipriano , Salomon Joao B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA cross‐sectional study of height, weight and skeletal maturity as judged from radiographs of hand and wrist, of 1,412 children under seven years of age (694 boys and 718 girls) living in rural Guatemala was performed. Height and weight were compared to standards prepared by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP). Skeletal age was assessed by the Tanner‐Whitehouse and the Greulich and Pyle methods. All x‐rays were read by the senior author.The children surveyed were significantly shorter and lighter than well noruished Guatemalan children. Differences were evident by age six months and at a maximum by age five years.Both methods showed skeletal age to lag behind chronological age so that the Guatemalan rural children mature at slower rates than either the British children or the Ohio, U.S.A., children, from whom the two sets of standards were developed.Children of both sexes with radio‐opaque transverse lines at the metaphysis showed a consistent tendency to be shorter than children without such lines. Boys but not girls showed similar trends for weight.In general, the data are consistent with the view that the physical development in boys is more severely retarded by an adverse environment than that of girls.
A genetic study on the Newars of Nepal Valley
Authors: Bhasin M. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe intergroup differences between the three groups of Newars of Nepal (Shrestha, Gubhaju and Jyapu) are not significant for any of the morphological and genetical characters studied.In body measurements the Newars on the whole are similar to other Nepali populations and to several populations of the western and northeastern Himalayas. In serological characters the Newars resemble the Nepalis as well as many of the Himalayan and Assam tribal populations.In mid‐phalangeal hair, phenyltheourea tasting ability and colour‐blindness the Newars are similar to several Cis‐Himalayan groups. In dermatoglyphic traits, the Newars are close to some Mongoloid populations of the Far East and several populations with Mongoloid affinities residing in the western Himalayas.
Cephalometric analysis of the craniofacial region of the northern Foxe Basin Eskimo
Authors: Colby W. B. , Cleall J. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPast investigations of the Eskimo have indicated that there are marked morphological differences in the craniofacial skeleton of this relatively isolated ethnic group compared to other ethnic and racial groups. This study, using cephalometric radiography, attempted to characterize the craniofacial phenotype of the Eskimo living in the northern Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Age changes were examined on a cross‐sectional basis with comparisons being made with a Winnipeg Caucasian group.This investigation indicates that the Igloolik Eskimo has a phenotype, established early in life, and is distinct from the Winnipeg group. The overall size of the Eskimo craniofacial complex was significantly larger at three years of age and remained larger through the ages studied. Development of the craniofacial region, however, was fairly similar in rate and direction for both populations.The greatest differences between the Eskimo and Caucasian groups were found in the linear measurements assessing cranial width, facial width, mandibular length, facial height, protrusion of the incisors, chin point development, and nasal morphology. Differences between the two groups in the morphological relationships of the component structures include the angular relationships of the maxilla and nasal bones to the anterior cranial base, the gonial angle of the mandible, and the angle of facial convexity.
The estimation of the cross‐sectional area of the ulna and radius
Authors: Horsman A. , Leach Anne E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPostero‐anterior radiographs of 20 clean, dry ulnae were taken. The width of each bone was measured on its radiograph at 30 sites along the length of the bone. The ulnae were then sectioned at these sites and the cross‐sectional areas of the sections were determined. For each measurement site, a regression equation, together with its associated standard error of estimate and correlation coefficient, was derived for the estimation of the cross‐sectional area of the bone from its width. A set of 20 clean, dry radii was examined in the same way.The relevance of the results to the assessment of osteoporosis from densitometric scan information is discussed.
Genetic influences on dentition and dental arch dimensions: A study of monozygotic and dizygotic triplets
Authors: Menezes D. M. , Foster T. D. , Lavelle C. L. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious studies of the tooth and dental arch dimensions in twins have suggested that the size and form of the dentition is more under genetic control than the size and form of the dental arch. A study of dentition and dental arch was carried out on three sets of same‐sex triplets, two sets being monozygotic and one set dizygotic. No significant differences were found in the dental arch dimensions in any set of the triplets. The tooth dimensions showed no significant differenes in the monozygotic triplet sets or in the monozygotic pair from the dizygotic triplet set, but showed significant differences between the monozygotic pair and the third member of the dizygotic set. This confirms the data obtained from twin studies.
Jaw movement and tooth use in recent and fossil primates
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Hiiemae Karen M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMasticatory movements and molar wear facets in species of Tupaia, Galago, Saimiri, and Ateles have been examined using cinefluorography and occlusal analysis. The molars have been compared with those of a fossil series: Palenochtha, Pelycodus and Aegyptopithecus.The extant primates are almost identical in their feeding behaviour, the movements and timing of the masticatory cycle. Food is first puncture‐crushed where the cycle is elongated, the power stroke attenuated and abrasion facets are produced on the molars. Chewing follows, the movements are more complex, the power stroke has two distinct parts and attrition facets are produced. In the primitive forms (Tupaia, Palenochtha), shearing blades, arranged in series (en echelon) were used to cut the food during the first part (Phase I) of the power stroke as the lower teeth move into centric occlusion. This mechanism has been progressively replaced by a system of blade‐ringed compression chambers which cut and compartmentalise the food in Phase I. This is followed by an anteromedially and inferiorly directed movement away from centric occlusion (Phase II) in which the food is ground. In both extant and fossil series there has been a clear trend towards the elongation of Phase II with a corresponding reduction in Phase I.These results suggest that the observed changes in the morphology of the jaw apparatus have probably occurred within the limits set by a pre‐existing behavioral pattern.
Skeletal maturation of the human fetus assessed radiographically on the basis of ossification sequences in the hand and foot
Authors: Kjar Inger 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn studies of postnatal human development the skeletal maturation of the hand has been found to be a better indicator of general physical maturation than attained body height. For assessment of prenatal human development the Crown‐rump length (CRL) has so far been the most commonly used measure.The object of the present study is to examine the possibility of also using the skeletal maturation of the hand as a maturity indicator in fetal development.The study is based upon a radiographic and histochemical investigation of 169 human fetuses. On the basis of counting silver‐impregnated diaphyses on radiographs of the hand and foot a maturity indicator (CNO = Composite Number of Ossified bones in hand and foot) was established. Owing to the marked regularity of the recorded ossification pattern, the CNO parameter can be used for evaluating fetal maturation during the early half of the prenatal period.To supplement the assessment of skeletal maturation during the later stages of development, a classification based on the shape of some bones was included in the study.In many cases fetuses of the same size (CRL) exhibited different stages of skeletal maturation (CNO).In accordance with findings from assessment of postnatal development, a more accurate evaluation of fetal development is obtained by combining the size parameter CRL with an assessment of fetal skeletal maturation, CNO.
The use of non‐metrical variations of the cranium in the study of Scandinavian population movements
Authors: Berry A. Caroline 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe incidences of 30 non‐metrical skull variants have been determined in 21 samples of crania from Scandinavia, Iceland and the British Isles. The samples have been compared to give Estimates of Divergence which are assumed to represent degrees of genetical affinity between them.In general these estimates are in accordance with known population movements in the area and also with genetical affinities determined from other systems. One bizarre result emphasizes the importance of caution in interpreting genetical distances found by this or similar methods. It is concluded that this method is a useful aid in human population studies.
Mandibular growth in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: McNamara James A. , Graber Lee W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMandibular growth of 42 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Four groups of animals were defined according to dentitional age (i.e., infant, juvenile, adolescent, young adult). At each age growth was observed for a 24 week period. Since some animals were observed at more than one stage of development, 57 periods of growth were studied. The growth incremental data were collected by superimposing serial cephalograms on mandibular implants.Growth and remodeling of both the skeletal and dento‐alveolar components of the rhesus mandible were greatest in the infant monkeys and were less in successive age groups. Posterior relocation of the ramus was noted in all age groups while bone deposition on the anterior and inferior borders of the mandibular body was greatest in the younger animals. The most pronounced dental changes also occurred in the younger animals while the dentitions of the adolescent and adult animals were generally more stable.This study demonstrates that the rate and direction of normal mandibular growth varies with the age of the animal. Furthermore, mandibular growth is quantified at four defined maturational levels to provide a set of values illustrating normal mandibular growth. These values can also be used as control data for experimental studies.