bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the echo interference in sound backscattering by densely aggregated targets
Authors: Gorska Natalia , Chu Dezhang 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
It is important to understand the volume backscattering by dense aggregations of a variety of scattering objects such as bubbles or biological targets. This paper addresses the interference of the echoes from randomly distributed targets. The main motivation of the paper is to understand the conditions under which the echo interference may affect the accuracy of the abundance and/or the biomass estimation in fisheries and zooplankton acoustics significantly. Our approach consists of two parts. The first includes an analytical approach, which describes explicitly the dependence of the echo interference on the pulse shape of the transmitted signals. Because of the limitations of the analytical approach, numerical computations based on Monte Carlo simulations of acoustic backscattering by three-dimensional target distribution were performed as a second approach. The impacts of the echo interference were studied numerically over a wide range of frequencies, for different pulse shapes and directivity patterns of the acoustic systems, and for various spatial distributions of the targets (abundance), as well as the corresponding target strengths. Using analytical and numerical approaches it was demonstrated that for targets that are uniformly distributed in space, the influence of echo interference on the observed volume-backscattering strength is strongly controlled by three main parameters. These are the number of targets in the sampling volume, the product of sound frequency and pulse duration, and the degree of tapering of the applied pulses. A numerical examples of the abundance estimation of marine organisms are presented.
Energy storage and utilization in relation to the reproductive cycle in the razor clam Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865)
Authors: Darriba Susana , San Juan Fuencisla , Guerra Alejandro 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeasonal changes in condition indices and biochemical components of the digestive gland, anterior adductor muscle, foot, and gonad of Ensis arcuatus (Jeffreys, 1865) were analysed from February 1998 to June 1999 in relation to environmental conditions and reproductive events. During summer, E. arcuatus accumulated lipids, particularly triacylglycerols, in the digestive gland and glycogen in the anterior adductor muscle and foot while the gonad was in sexual rest. Phytoplankton blooms caused by the upwelling of cold waters, rich in nutrients, from offshore are responsible for the high availability of food during reserve storage. In autumn, when gametogenesis started, oceanographic conditions changed to a situation with low temperature throughout the water column because of the vertical mixing, and food became scarce. At that point in time, the energy requirements for basal metabolism and the reproductive process were provided by the mobilization of triacylglycerols and glycogen stored in the digestive gland and muscle tissues, respectively. The pattern exhibited by E. arcuatus based on the accumulation of reserves in summer and the subsequent mobilization during gonadal development seems to follow a conservative pattern.
The Catabolism of valine in the malnourished rat. Studies in vivio and in vitro with different labelled forms of valine
Authors: Reeds P. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. The catabolism of valine was estimated in vivo by measurement of the production of labelled CO2for 2 h after the oral administration of either [U-14C]valine or [I-14C] valine. It was also estimated in vitro in homogenates of liver and muscle incubated with labelled valine. Experiments were performed in rats given diets providing either 215 g (HP) or 25 g (LP) protein per kg diet.2. The proportion of [U-14C]-valine excreted as14CO2was not reduced in rats given the LP diet for 16 d but the excretion of14CO2from [I-14C]valine was reduced by 40% in these animals. When rats were transferred from the HP diet to the LP diet there was a reduction in the excretion of14CO2from [I-14C]valine; when the diet was changed from LP to HP output of14CO2increased to control values.3. Homogenates of muscle and liver catabolized valine to CO2. Both liver and muscle from rats fed on the LP diet catabolized less [I-14C]valine than tissues from control animals.4. Valine aminotransferase activity was higher in muscle than in liver, and did not change in tissues from rats fed on the LP diet. In these animals 2-ketoisovaleric acid dehydrogenase activity was reduced in both liver and muscle.5. The production of14CO2was lower with [U-14C]valine as the substrate than with [I-14C]valine and there was no difference between tissues from rats fed on the HP and LP diets.6. The results with [I-14C]valine suggest that both liver and muscle from protein-depleted rats catabolize valine at a reduced rate. The reason for the discrepancy between these results and those with [U-14C]valine is not clear. It is concluded that the results with [U-14C]valine in vitro are affected by dilution of the label before the formation of14CO2, but that this does not hold in vivo.
Evaluation of brief dietary questions to estimate vegetable and fruit consumption – using serum carotenoids and red-cell folate
Authors: Coyne Terry , Ibiebele Torukiri I , McNaughton Sarah , Rutishauser Ingrid HE , O'Dea Kerin , Hodge Allison M , McClintock Christine , Findlay Michael G , Lee Amanda 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate responses to self-administered brief questions regarding consumption of vegetables and fruit by comparison with blood levels of serum carotenoids and red-cell folate.DesignA cross-sectional study in which participants reported their usual intake of fruit and vegetables in servings per day, and serum levels of five carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin and lycopene) and red-cell folate were measured. Serum carotenoid levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and red-cell folate by an automated immunoassay system.Settings and subjectsBetween October and December 2000, a sample of 1598 adults aged 25 years and over, from six randomly selected urban centres in Queensland, Australia, were examined as part of a national study conducted to determine the prevalence of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors.ResultsStatistically significant (P<0.01) associations with vegetable and fruit intake (categorised into groups: ≤1 serving, 2–3 servings and ≥4 servings per day) were observed for α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin and red-cell folate. The mean level of these carotenoids and of red-cell folate increased with increasing frequency of reported servings of vegetables and fruit, both before and after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A significant association with lycopene was observed only for vegetable intake before adjusting for confounders.ConclusionsThese data indicate that brief questions may be a simple and valuable tool for monitoring vegetable and fruit intake in this population.
Surface-tension-induced buckling of liquid-lined elastic tubes: a model for pulmonary airway closure
Authors: Hazel Andrew L , Heil Matthias 
Published: May 2005

We use a fully coupled, three-dimensional, finite-element method to study the evolution of the surface-tension-driven instabilities of a liquid layer that lines an elastic tube, a simple model for pulmonary airway closure. The equations of large-displacement shell theory are used to describe the deformations of the tube and are coupled to the Navier–Stokes equations, describing the motion of the liquid.
The liquid layer is susceptible to a capillary instability, whereby an initially uniform layer can develop a series of axisymmetric peaks and troughs, analogous to the classical instability that causes liquid jets to break up into droplets. For sufficiently high values of the liquid's surface tension, relative to the bending stiffness of the tube, the additional compressive load induced by the development of the axisymmetric instability can induce non-axisymmetric buckling of the tube wall. Once the tube has buckled, a strong destabilizing feedback between the fluid and solid mechanics leads to an extremely rapid further collapse and occlusion of the gas-conveying core of the tube by the liquid. We find that such occlusion is possible even when the volume of the liquid is too small to form an occluding liquid bridge in the axisymmetric tube.
An effective numerical method for solving viscous–inviscid interaction problems
Authors: Kravtsova Marina A , Zametaev Vladimir B , Ruban Anatoly I 
Published: May 2005

This paper presents a new numerical method to solve the equations of the asymptotic theory of separated flows. A number of measures was taken to ensure fast convergence of the iteration procedure, which is employed to treat the nonlinear terms in the governing equations. Firstly, we selected carefully the set of variables for which the nonlinear finite difference equations were formulated. Secondly, a Newton–Raphson strategy was applied to these equations. Thirdly, the calculations were facilitated by utilizing linear approximation of the boundary-layer equations when calculating the corresponding Jacobi matrix.
The performance of the method is illustrated, using as an example, the problem of laminar two-dimensional boundary-layer separation in the flow of an incompressible fluid near a corner point of a rigid body contour. The solution of this problem is non-unique in a certain parameter range where two solution branches are possible.
Levofloxacin Disposition over Time in Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery
Authors: Pea Federico , Ferrari Ettore , Pavan Federica , Roman-Pognuz Derri , Bandello Francesco , Furlanut Mario 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT
The ocular disposition of levofloxacin in patients receiving two 500-mg oral doses 10 h apart before cataract surgery was assessed with the intent of defining drug ocular exposure over time. The mean aqueous humor concentrations persisted above 1.5 mg/liter between 1.5 and 6.0 h after the second dose, with average aqueous-to-plasma ratios ranging between 0.33 and 0.57. This favorable ocular disposition provides support for trials of systemic levofloxacin for prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis in selected patients or as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of this potentially devastating infective complication.
Multinucleation of koilocytes is in fact multilobation and is related to aberration of the G2 checkpoint
Authors: Cho N H , Kang S , Hong S , Jeong G B , Choi I W , Choi H J , Choi H K 
Published: May 2005

Aims:To clarify the fine structure of koilocytes and correlate this with genetic aberration of the G2 checkpointMethods:Three dimensional reconstruction from confocal fluorescent images, together with functional assays for key molecules of the G2 checkpoint—cdc2 and cyclin B1—was performed in human uterine cervical samples. After confirming 22 human papillomavirus (HPV) types using a DNA chip from 30 cervical swabs, previously confirmed as 15 cervical low grade and 15 high grade intraepithelial lesions, the activity of molecules involved in the G2 checkpoint was evaluated using western blotting for cyclin B1, cdc2, and phospho-cdc2 (Y15 and T161), a nuclear extraction fractional assay, and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. In addition, three dimensional confocal image restoration was performed on confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia tissue samples.Results:T161 phospho-cdc2 and cyclin B1 expression was higher in HPV infected cervical lesions than in normal samples. Immunofluorescence, revealed that cyclin B1 was present predominantly in the nuclei of HPV infected cells, confirming the results of the nuclear fractional assay. On restoration of three dimensional confocal images, the multinucleation of koilocytes was revealed to be multilobation of a single nucleus, rather than true multinucleation. This multilobation appeared to be associated with chromosomal instability and aberration of the G2 checkpoint.Conclusions:The multiple nuclei of koilocytes are in fact multilobation of a single nucleus, and this phenomenon is associated with upregulation of gene products related to the G2 checkpoint.
Dangerous Memories and Reason in History
Authors: Ostovich Steven 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA critical examination of "dangerous memories" illuminates the shortcomings of attempts to master the past when history is understood as a neutral medium for revealing the integrative forces of reason; an empty vessel to be filled with the facts of the way things were; or the product of an interpretive fusion of horizons between past and present. The disruptive potential of memory resists narrative control. A new model of historical understanding is needed wherein thinking is not a flight into transcendental categories but a form of critical responding that makes judgment possible.
“No Longer the Messiah”: Us Federal Law Enforcement Views of Religion in Connection with the 1993 Siege of Mount Carmel Near Waco, Texas
Authors: Sullivan Lawrence 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAt the request of the United States Department of Justice and Department of the Treasury, the author reviewed the actions of Federal law enforcement agencies in Waco, Texas during the 1993 siege of the Branch Davidian religious community led by David Koresh, during which dozens of people died, including both federal officers and civilians. This article analyzes the views of religion which predominate among Federal law enforcement agents and which came to light during his review of the Waco incident.
The Invention of a Populist Islamic Leader: Badr Al-dìn Al-Hasanì, the Religious Educational Movement and The Great Syrian Revolt
Authors: Weismann Itzchak 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBadr al-Dìn al-Hasanì (1850-1935) appears in the biographical literature of Syria as its foremost man of religion from World War I to the Great Revolt. This article examines his life and work within the context of the gradual shift of the Syrian ulema of his day from the older "politics of notables" to a new strategy of popular mobilization. It argues that Badr al-Dìn's image was "invented" during the early Mandate by disciples in search of legitimization for their populist agendas of an Islamic educational system and agitation against French rule. They accordingly presented him as a self-standing scholar who transcended all religious divisions, reprimanded "unjust" rulers and supported the Arab cause. This "romantic" image of Badr al-Dìn was to prevail over the alternative image of him as an accommodating religious notable which emerges from the French sources.
La Question de la Falsification du Coran dans L'Exégèse Chiite Duodécimaine
Authors: Brunner Rainer 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPendant plusieurs siècles la question de la falsification du Coran (tahrif al-Qur "an) par les adversaires «sunnites» a été un sujet de polémique central au sein du chiisme duodécimain. Le corpus ancien des traditions imamites contient notamment de nombreuses données explicites selon lesquelles les rédacteurs de la « vulgate ' u δ m à nienne » auraient délibérément supprimé les passages désignant nommément ' Al ì comme le successeur du Prophète, masquant ainsi le rôle primordial des Imams chiites. Cette croyance, occultée à partir de la seconde moitié du Xe siècle par la critique rationaliste du corpus de hadith, connut un renouveau remarquable après l'émergence de l'École A ¢ b à r ì aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Même la victoire des U ßù l ì s nefit pas complètement disparaître la conviction de l'existence du tahrif. À la fin du XIXe siècle, le savant iranien Ó usain an-N ù r ì écrivit une imposante monographie pour défendre cette conviction. Ce ne fut qu'au XXe siècle et à cause de l'effet désastreux qu'eut l'ouvrage de N ù r ì dans les polémiques entre sunnites et chiites, que ces derniers essayèrent de s'unifier autour de la thèse de l'authenticité de « la vulgate ». Ne croyant pas à la sincérité de cette attitude, les sunnites continuent leurs polémiques de plus en plus intensément, faisant de la question du tahrif un des problèmes le plus épineux de la divergence entre les deux principales confessions musulmanes.
Une Attestation de L'emploi de L'encre de Calmar ou de Seiche (sépia) en Méditerranée Musulmane au Vie/xiie Siècle
Authors: Ducène Jean-Charles 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLa préparation et l'emploi des encres dans le monde musulman au Moyen Âge sont relativement bien connus grâce notamment à des témoignages directs. Mais jusqu'à présent, l'encre de calmar ou de seiche, c'est-à-dire la sépia, semblait inconnue. Or, une observation d'Abù Hamid al-Garnati, lors de sa traversée de la Méditerranée, indique que la sépia était utilisée pour écrire.
Dogma and Ritual In Kitàb Al-Ma'àrif by the Nusayrì Theologian Ab ù Sa'ìd Maymùn B. Al-Qà Sim Al-Tabarànì (d. 426/1034-35)
Authors: Kofsky Aryeh , Bar-Asher Meir 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe study presents and analyzes Kitàb al-ma'àrif by Abù Sa'ìd Maymùn b. al-Qàsim al-Tabarànì (d. 426/1034-35), an outstanding Nusayrì leader and a prolific author in the formative period of the Nusayrì religion. Inner knowledge (ma'rifa) constitutes the conceptual core of the treatise, whose twenty-three chapters deal with esoteric knowledge of various aspects of religion. The article focuses on the central theological issues discussed by al-Tabarànì, such as manifestations of the deity, in human form and in the historical Si'i Imams, and knowledge of God through visual perception. It further discusses certain ritual issues—such as the antinomian stance toward Muslim law, especially regarding the five pillars of Islam, as well as al-Tabarànì's uncommon view of taqiyya.
Pathologic clonal cytotoxic T-cell responses: nonrandom nature of the T-cell–receptor restriction in large granular lymphocyte leukemia
Authors: Wlodarski Marcin W. , O'Keefe Christine , Howe Evan C. , Risitano Antonio M. , Rodriguez Alexander , Warshawsky Ilka , Loughran Thomas P. , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractT-cell large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukemia is a clonal lymphoproliferation of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) associated with cytopenias. T-LGL proliferation seems to be triggered/sustained by antigenic drive; it is likely that hematopoietic progenitors are the targets in this process. The antigen-specific portion of the T-cell receptor (TCR), the variable beta (VB)–chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3), can serve as a molecular signature (clonotype) of a T-cell clone. We hypothesized that clonal CTL proliferation develops not randomly but in the context of an autoimmune response. We identified the clonotypic sequence of T-LGL clones in 60 patients, including 56 with known T-LGL and 4 with unspecified neutropenia. Our method also allowed for the measurement of clonal frequencies; a decrease in or loss of the pathogenic clonotype and restoration of the TCR repertoire was found after hematologic remission. We identified 2 patients with identical immunodominant CDR3 sequence. Moreover, we found similarity between multiple immunodominant clonotypes and codominant as well as a nonexpanded, “supporting” clonotypes. The data suggest a nonrandom clonal selection in T-LGL, possibly driven by a common antigen. In contrast, the physiologic clonal CTL repertoire is highly diverse and we were not able to detect any significant clonal sharing in 26 healthy controls.
Dysplastic definitive hematopoiesis in AML1/EVI1 knock-in embryos
Authors: Maki Kazuhiro , Yamagata Tetsuya , Asai Takashi , Yamazaki Ieharu , Oda Hideaki , Hirai Hisamaru , Mitani Kinuko 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe AML1/EVI1 chimeric gene is created by the t(3;21)(q26;q22) chromosomal translocation seen in patients with leukemic transformation of myelodysplastic syndrome or blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. We knocked-in the AML1/EVI1 chimeric gene into mouse Aml1 genomic locus to explore its effect in developmental hematopoiesis in vivo. AML1/EVI1/+ embryo showed defective hematopoiesis in the fetal liver and died around embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) as a result of hemorrhage in the central nervous system. The peripheral blood had yolk-sac-derived nucleated erythroblasts but lacked erythrocytes of the definitive origin. Although E12.5 fetal liver contained progenitors for macrophage only, E13.5 fetal liver contained multilineage progenitors capable of differentiating into dysplastic myelocyte and megakaryocyte. No erythroid progenitor was detected in E12.5 or E13.5 fetal liver. Hematopoietic progenitors from E13.5 AML1/EVI1/+ fetal liver were highly capable of self-renewal compared with those from wild-type liver. Maintained expression of PU.1 gene and decreased expression of LMO2 and SCL genes may explain the aberrant hematopoiesis in AML1/EVI1/+ fetal liver. (Blood. 2005;106:2147-2155)
Primary graft failure associated with epithelial downgrowth: a case report
Authors: Aldave Anthony J , Hollander David A , Branco Bruno , Crawford Brooks , Abbott Richard L 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
Epithelial downgrowth is a rare complication of ocular surgery. While the features of epithelial downgrowth following corneal transplantation are well described, its association with primary graft failure has only been reported once previously. We report a case of primary corneal graft failure (PGF) associated with retrocorneal epithelial cell ingrowth.

Case presentation
A 59 year-old male underwent an uncomplicated penetrating keratoplasty for Fuchs' corneal dystrophy. The patient developed PGF, and a second transplant was performed 5 weeks after the initial surgery. The initial host corneal button and the failed corneal graft were examined with light microscopy. Histopathologic examination of the excised corneal button demonstrated multilaminar epithelial cells on the posterior corneal surface and absence of endothelial cells. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA was performed on the failed corneal graft. Polymerase chain reaction performed on the failed corneal graft was negative for HSV DNA, which has been implicated in selected cases of PGF. Three years following repeat penetrating keratoplasty, there was no evidence of recurrent epithelial ingrowth.

Conclusion
This is only the second report of PGF associated with epithelialization of the posterior corneal button, which most likely developed subsequent to, instead of causing, the diffuse endothelial cell loss and primary graft failure.