bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Professional and voluntary support
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important problems in muscular dystrophy is a feeling of isolation. Help can, however, be obtained through local groups or various national organizations.
Professional help is obviously important and is nowadays often based in specialist centres and units. Here the emphasis is on the comprehensive management of the disease, ideally with all the various medical, genetic, and surgical expertise being available in the one centre. Out of such centres can develop ‘hospital groups’ of patients and relatives.
Molinism
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few decades, much has been written about Luis De Molina’s views about God’s omniscience and also the relationship between God’s omniscience and such ideas as God’s providential powers and human freedom and moral responsibility. The literature is enormous, and the issues can be complex. In this paper I do not set myself the (daunting) task of fitting my views into an overall framework that captures the broad sweep of the discussions of the various components of Molinism. Rather, I shall focus on what I take to be the kernel set of ideas in Molina’s theory of God’s omniscience, and I intend to show that, although they can profitably be employed in seeking to understand God’s providence over the world, they (contrary to what many philosophers apparently think) cannot be invoked to provide a solution to the problem posed by the relationship between God’s omniscience and human freedom. In a nutshell, Molinism does not provide such an answer— it presupposes it. I shall explain why this is so.
Leibniz: Naturalism And Eudaemonism
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leibniz defends some aspects of the naturalist position against voluntarism. His defence is worth comparing with the arguments of Suarez, Grotius, and Pufendorf. His naturalism in theology and in the foundations of ethics is part of an overall outlook that revives an Aristotelian and Scholastic point of view, by combining naturalism with eudaemonism and with a teleological conception of morality. Modern philosophers were too hasty, according to Leibniz, in rejecting the Scholastic outlook. ‘The incomparable Grotius’ was right to say that there is gold in the rubbish of the monks’ barbarous Latin (Theod., Prelim. Disc. = G vi 53 = H 77). Modern critics have unjustly attacked Aristotelian teleology, and Aristotelian attempts to understand human nature with reference to the natural and immanent ends of human beings.
Consonant Reduction in Faroese Noncompound Wordforms
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years Faroese phonology has attracted the attention of several linguists. A series of analyses has appeared which, interestingly enough, display a wide range of assumptions about the goals and methods of linguistic description. It may be expedient to mention some of the more complete analyses. Werner has given an Autonomous Phonemic description of the consonant system (1963) and more recently of the vowel system (1968). The former part of his analysis is remarkable for its insistence on phonetic sequentiality among the entities that are assigned a phonemic status. By applying the linearity principle very rigorously, Werner arrives at a phoneme system that is widely different from others that have been proposed (see below). Also within an essentially autonomous phonemic framework, Hagström (1967) has set up the phoneme system more in agreement with the type of analysis demonstrated for Icelandic by Einar Haugen (1958). O’Neil (1964b), McCawley (1968), and Anderson (1968) have approached the sound pattern, especially the vowels, in terms of Generative Phonological theory. Particularly the last-mentioned contribution seems to me to lead to significant new insights into the matter. The present paper is based on some of the same assumptions concerning the nature of the rules that operate in Faroese phonology.
A Note on Diachronic Data, Universals, and Research Strategies
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the formulation of universal phonological tendencies or ‘laws’, and in the application of such universals to synchronic and diachronic research on specific languages. The term ‘universal’ is used in a variety of senses and often rather loosely. It may have an empirical content or an axiomatic status. It may represent a claim about some absolute condition on language(s), or a claim about what is normal and expected. Strictly speaking, the term ‘universal’ makes sense in the latter context only if one posits a principled and truly universal preference for certain features of structure or processes, not just a high frequency of occurrence. One may further consider it an important task to explain why there is such a universal preference.
A Unified Theory of Nordic i-umlaut
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper comments on the interrelations between three major issues in early Nordic language history, viz. i-umlaut, syncope, and the genesis of st0d. The ‘unified theory’ I propose is deliberately provocative and meant to invite discussion. It is unified in the sense that I attempt to explain all three phenomena in terms of a particular model of early Nordic word prosody. That model is mora-based, i.e. it refers to the occurrence, within each wordform, of weight units of less-than-syllable size (in contradistinction to the bulk of Nordic philological literature, which refers to full syllables in attempting to account for the way umlaut and syncope worked).
The Role of a ‘Mixed’ Language in Linguistic Reconstruction
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long after Bloomfield’s well-publicized success in applying the comparative method of Indo-European studies to mutually related North American languages, numerous oral (non-written) languages of the World still await rigorous genetic comparison, being at most classified tentatively (typically on a lexicostatistic and/or a typological basis). Several of these languages (particularly in Oceania) give comparativists a very hard time because the demographic and cultural situation of the language communities has invited confusing variation and change.
The Mlabri Enigma: Is Mlabri a Primary Hunter-Gatherer Language or the Result of an Ethnically and Socially Complex Founder Event?
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ethnic group that call themselves ‘forest-people’, Mlabri, have recently attracted considerable attention because of a paper in Public Library of Science (‘PLoS’, Oota et al. 2005). It suggests, on the basis of biological evidence, that this particular hunter-gatherer group came into existence by a founder event probably no more than 800 years ago and has an old agricultural background. If that is true, we have here a case of cultural reversion.
Oh nćc! : a bewilderingly multifunctional Saramaccan word teaches us how a creole language develops complexity
Authors: Whorter John MC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued (cf. McWhorter 2005)2 that creole language grammars exhibit less complexity than grammars of older languages, as the result of creoles’ origins as radically reduced pidgin varieties. It is natural to human languages to accrete complexity as a matter of course over the millennia. Creoles, born as radically reduced pidgins and having existed as full languages for only a few centuries, have not had time to accrete the volume of complexity that Russian or Navajo has.
Answerable and Unanswerable Questions
Authors: Thomasson Amie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While fights about ontology rage on in the ring, there long been a suspicion whispered in certain corners of the stadium that some of the fights aren real. Granted, the disputants all think they are really disagreeing — it’s not the sincerity of the serious ontologists that in question, but rather their judgment that they are engaged in a real debate about genuine issues of substance.
International collaboration in promoting shared decision-making: A history and prospects
Authors: Holmes-Rovner Margaret , Rovner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence-based patient choice is closely allied with shared decision-making, both conceptually and as a social movement. In this chapter, we trace the development of an international network, The International Shared Decision Making Meeting (ISDM) and ‘listserv’, and reflect on how the focus of research has evolved over 8 years.
Medical-legal aspects of evidence-based choice and shared decision-making
Authors: Mazur Dennis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence-based patient choice and shared decision-making may begin to have medical – legal consequences as they enter into the patient care arena. These two emerging contemporary approaches to information in patient care will have to face the long history of the judge-made law of consent and informed consent that has evolved in the high courts around the world. In this chapter, I will describe the different ways shared decision-making may be viewed medico – legally, using particular examples available from the courts of Great Britain, the United States, Canada, and Australia in relation to the patient – physician relationship and the duties of care and disclosure owed by physicians to their patients.
Helping consumers with their information needs
Authors: Kinnersley Paul , Edwards Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When people are ill or feel unwell, they want good information from their doctors and nurses about what is wrong and what needs to be done to help them feel better. However, as health care becomes more complex, providing patients with the information they want at the time they want remains a challenge. Clinicians may underestimate patients’ needs for information or may overestimate the amount they provide. Alternatively, they may use jargon and not allow sufficient opportunity for patients’ questions. In addition, patients themselves may be reluctant or otherwise feel unable to ask questions, particularly if they are suffering from serious or life threatening diseases.
Helping consumers to know their chances
Authors: Schwartz Lisa M , Woloshin, Steven , Welch H Gilbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People face a bewildering array of medical decisions: for example, should I have the genetic test for BRCA1 breast cancer gene? Should I be screened for prostate cancer? Should I take a medication to lower my cholesterol? Should I have chemotherapy to treat my breast cancer? If people are to make informed decisions, they need to understand their chances: What is my chance of a health outcome if I undergo this intervention and what is my chance of a health outcome if I forgo it? There are many ways to describe the ‘chance of a health outcome’. We believe (Schwartz, 1997) – as do many other experts (Elwyn, 2006) – that the best way is to use ‘absolute risks’. But using absolute risks means lots of numbers: twice as many numbers as using the corresponding relative risk. And the numbers quickly multiply as the number of outcomes grows. The result is often unreadable: long blocks of text containing number after number. The solution is to use tables – structured displays of data, typically organized into columns for the intervention and controls and rows for the outcome.
The International patient decision aids standards (IPDAS) collaboration: The checklist, the instrument, and next steps
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , O’Connor Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth in the development of decision aids for patients and others who need support to make wise health care decisions has been one of the most important health communication innovations over the last decade, given that they make a difference to the way patients are treated (O’Connor et al., 2007b). We will not rehearse here the evidence base for their effectiveness, merely point to the relevant literature (Coulter and Ellins, 2007; O’Connor et al., 2004b) and summarize by saying that these decision support technologies have important effects on decisions (Godlee F, 2007; Holmes-Rovner M et al., 2007; O’Connor AM et al., 2004a; O’Connor AM et al., 2007b). For example, they reduce the use of some procedures (such as fewer mastectomies in favour of breast conservation surgery or a reduction in hysterectomy rates (Kennedy ADM et al., 2002; Whelan T et al., 2004), and increasing the use of others (such as the uptake of colon cancer screening (O’Connor et al., 2004b). These effects are desirable when decision aids are unbiased and the motivation is to rectify variations in practice due to poor comprehension or disregarding of patients’ preferences. However, concerns will emerge if decision aids affect uptake rates because of bias or inaccuracy.
Decision support in the treatment of prostate conditions
Authors: Barry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BPH is common among older men worldwide. For unclear reasons, as men age, the tissues of the prostate gland expand and coalesce, eventually causing prostate enlargement, bladder outlet obstruction, and secondary detrusor (bladder muscle) instability. The morbidity of BPH is largely due to its associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including urgency, frequency, nocturia, incomplete emptying, straining, intermittency, and a weak stream. Men with BPH may also develop acute urinary retention, the inability to urinate at all; urinary tract infections; and rarely, renal insufficiency (Barry, 2006). Not all LUTS are attributable to BPH; and conversely, many men with BPH never develop bothersome symptoms.
Supporting decisions in clinical genetics
Authors: Gaff Clara L , Meiser Bettina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic conditions as a group have little in common beyond their familial nature – the fact that they can be passed through generations, potentially affecting multiple family members. This characteristic is a central aspect of decision-making in clinical genetics and one that adds complexity. A family member’s decision impacts on the entire family and family considerations impact on the decision of that person.
Convergent Trends in Modern Medical Ethics: Medicine-Based Ethics and Human Rights
Authors: Delden Johannes J M van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter by Dr. Emanuel describes the evolving norms of medical ethics over the centuries, with a special focus on the decades after World War II. It gives examples of the presumed chaos in the last and present phase by elaborating on the standard of care debate in research ethics, by discussing the problem of multiple ethical review of research and by commenting on the ethics of health policy. It is especially the first part, in which the different phases and their paradigms are described, which cause me problems. These originate from the fact that it is not clear whether the postulated paradigms really dominated the given period and whether the shifts from one paradigm to the other really occurred. Since it is not clear on what grounds we can assume a paradigm to be present or changed, the theory of the chapter I am asked to comment on is hard to verify and equally hard to falsify. My problem is augmented by the fact that Dr. Emanuel knows all this and has inserted several caveats in his text: we are not to assume rigid distinctions between the phases, nor to take paradigm shifts as radical changes, nor should we take decades too literally, he warns us.
Global Norms in Bioethics: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Baylis∗ Francoise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Harris deplores the uncritical acceptance and validation of ethics data from public consultations and, in ‘ ‘Global Norms, Informed Consensus, and Hypocrisy in Bioethics, ‘ ‘ he argues at length against the mistaken view that ethics opinions espoused by experts of various sorts or simply members of the public qualify as sound ethics judgments. Harris also bemoans the absence of philosophical analysis, evidence, and argument in international ethics policy documents, and on these grounds argues against undue deference to the ethics conclusions of international organizations. In his opinion, only moral judgments that are supported by evidence and reasoned argument and are available for analysis and critique are deserving of our attention and respect. Nothing else should hold sway.
The Contribution of Species Distribution Modelling to Conservation Prioritization
Authors: Elith Jane , Leathwick John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides information on species distribution models (SDMs) and their use in conservation prioritization. In it we aim to give readers an understanding of the breadth of methods and applications of SDM, and to equip them to identify and resolve key decisions in creating a robust model. Our primary objectives are to describe the main methodological steps required to fit and evaluate an SDM, and to summarize the most common problems with SDMs in the context of spatial prioritization, pointing to methods for dealing with these problems or alternative approaches that might be more suitable. Note that in terms of scope, we ignore the wider use of SDMs to make inferences about ecological relationships only because this broader application is tangential to the particular focus of this volume.
To provide a context for these objectives we begin in sections 6.1 and 6.2 by outlining what SDMs are, their ecological bases, what they are commonly used for, and the benefits they offer for spatial prioritization. In Section 6.3 we then outline the broad classes of models, and provide a commentary on their relative utility so that a newcomer can understand how to choose a method and set of analyses appropriate for their particular data and prioritization problem. Details on evaluation and on methodological steps and problems in building SDMs are treated in Sections 6.4 and 6.5. We then provide an illustrative example of fitting and evaluating SDMs in Section 6.6. Finally, Section 6.7 includes brief comment on limitations and future directions.
Aristotle’s Categories in the Latin Fathers
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Latin Church Fathers of the fourth century had reason to be interested in Aristotle ‘s categories, or at least in the category of substance, in the period between the Councils of Nicaea (325) and Constantinople (381), which formulated the relationship between the Son and the Father in the Christian Trinity. Nicaea (in the Latin version of Hilary of Poitiers) declared that the Son was ‘natum ex patre unigenitum, hocest de substantia patris, deum ex deo, lumen ex lumine, deum verum de deo vero, natum, non factum, unius substantiae cum Patre (quod Graece dicunt homoousion) ‘. Constantinople (in the version of Dionysius Exiguus) described the Son as ‘natum ex patre ante omnia saecula, deum verum de deo vero, natum non factum, consubstantialem Patri ‘.
Aquinas on the Beginning of Individual Human Life
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When did I begin? When does any individual human being begin? At what stage of its development does a human organism become entitled to the moral and legal protection which we give to the life of human adults? Is it at conception, or at birth, or somewhere between the two? In this chapter I will discuss the question in general terms, but I will pay particular attention to Aquinas ‘s account. I will contrast his position with the one currently adopted by most Catholics, and then I will present my own answer to the question, which is midway between the Catholic one and the Thomist one.
Knowledge, Belief, and Faith
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of knowledge and its relation to certainty, belief, and doubt has been a philosophical topic ever since philosophy began. Philosophers in ancient Greece established a number of truths about knowledge. (1) Knowledge can only be of what is true. (2) A belief is only knowledge if it can appeal to some kind of warrant. (3) One who claims knowledge must have a resolute commitment to the proposition claimed to be known. If I claim to know something, then I exclude the possibility of being at some later time rightly converted to a different view.
Hysteria
Authors: Scull Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth century seems to have been full of hysterical women - or so they were diagnosed. Where are they now? The very disease no longer exists. In this fascinating account, Andrew Scull tells the story of Hysteria - an illness that disappeared not through medical endeavour, but through growing understanding and cultural change. More generally, it raises the question of how diseases are framed, and how conceptions of a disease change through history. The lurid history of hysteria makes fascinating reading. Charcot's clinics showed off flamboyantly 'hysterical' patients taking on sexualized poses, and among the visiting professionals was one Sigmund Freud. Scull discusses the origins of the idea of hysteria, the development of a neurological approach by John Sydenham and others, hysteria as a fashionable condition, and its growth from the 17th century. Some regarded it as a peculiarly English malady, 'the natural concomitant of England's greater civilization and refinement'. Women were the majority of patients, and the illness became associated with female biology, resulting in some gruesome 'treatments'. Charcot and Freud were key practitioners defining the nature of the illness. But curiously, the illness seemed to swap gender during the First World War when male hysterics frequently suffering from shell shock were also subjected to brutal 'treatments'. Subsequently, the 'disease' declined and eventually disappeared, at least in professional circles, though attenuated elements remain, reclassified for instance as post-traumatic stress disorder. Hysteria: the biography is part of the Oxford series, Biographies of Diseases, edited by William and Helen Bynum. In each individual volume an expert historian or clinician tells the story of a particular disease or condition throughout history - not only in terms of growing medical understanding of its nature and cure, but also shifting social and cultural attitudes, and changes in the meaning of the name of the disease itself.
What to Do When You Don’t Know What to Do
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You and I are limited beings, and must therefore make our decisions under uncertainty. There are two types of uncertainty with which we must contend. One is non-normative uncertainty—uncertainty about matters of non-normative fact. Non-normative facts may include everything from the age of the universe to the gross domestic product of India to the health effects of drinking four gallons of Mountain Dew in one night. The other is normative uncertainty—uncertainty about the reasons those facts give us. For example, someone might be uncertain about the permissibility of abortion, even if she were certain about the science of fetal development, the kind of life a child born to her would lead, and so on.
Aristophanes and the Socrates of the Phaedo
Authors: Rashed Marwan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How far, we may wonder, is the Pythagorean Socrates, the Socrates for whom the afterlife of the soul is a matter of crucial importance, Plato’s own invention? For Theodor Ebert, that is entirely what he is.1 In other words, in the Phaedo Plato has, for his own philosophical purposes, created a character that bears little or no relation to the historical Socrates.