bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and function relationship in the abdominal stretch receptor organs of the crayfish
Authors: Purali Nuhan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe structure/function relationship in the rapidly and slowly adapting stretch receptor organs of the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) was investigated using confocal microscopy and neuronal modeling methods. Both receptor muscles were single muscle fibers with structural properties closely related to the function of the receptors. Dendrites of the rapidly adapting neuron terminated in a common pile of nerve endings going in all directions. Dendrites of the slowly adapting neuron terminated in a characteristic T shape in multiple regions of the receptor muscle. The slowly adapting main dendrite, which was on average 2.1 times longer and 21% thinner than the rapidly adapting main dendrite, induced larger voltage attenuation. The somal surface area of the slowly adapting neuron was on average 51% larger than that of the rapidly adapting neuron. Variation in the neuronal geometry was greatest among the slowly adapting neurons. A computational model of a neuron pair demonstrated that the rapidly and the slowly adapting neurons attenuated the dendritic receptor potential like low‐pass filters with cut‐off frequencies at 100 and 20 Hz, respectively. Recurrent dendrites were observed mostly in the slowly adapting neurons. Voltage signals were calculated to be propagated 23% faster in the rapidly adapting axon, which is 51% thicker than the slowly adapting axon. The present findings support the idea that the morphology of the rapidly and the slowly adapting neurons evolved to optimally sense the dynamic and the static features of the mechanical stimulus, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:369–383, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New direct adaptive approach to multichannel active noise control
Authors: Ohta Yuhsuke , Sano Akira 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn adaptive algorithm is proposed that can reduce the canceling error at the target point in multichannel active noise control by direct adjustment of adaptive control without explicit identification of each FIR path characteristic when all propagation path matrices are unknown. Instead of reducing the actual error, the proposed method introduces two types of virtual error vectors and adjusts three adaptive filter matrices to make these vectors zero. If the virtual error is converged to zero and the coefficients of the adaptive filters are converged to constant values, the errors at the target point can be made zero. Since the method of generating the virtual errors in the case of a single channel cannot be directly extended to a multichannel case, a generation method for virtual error vectors via special operations is clarified and an algorithm is proposed that adjusts the coefficients of each polynomial of the adaptive filter matrix. If the PE property of the main noise is not satisfied, the corresponding filter coefficients in the proposed method do not converge to the true path characteristics. However, since the canceling error can be made zero, the identification of the true path is not needed unlike the conventional method. In addition, dither signals to assure identification capability are not needed. Finally, through numerical examples, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(12): 13–24, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecjc.20164
Dynamic snapshot algorithm and partial rollback algorithm for internet agents
Authors: Moriya Sen , Araragi Tadashi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper considers an Internet agent system in which a tremendous number of agents operate, frequently appearing and disappearing, and discusses the fault‐tolerant algorithm. Application of the snapshot algorithm to the agent system is considered. The snapshot algorithm is used to view the whole situation (snapshot) of the distributed system. The snapshot algorithm of Chandy and Lamport [2] is considered as a representative snapshot algorithm, in terms of the high efficiency and the simplicity of the procedure. It is not practical, however, to apply their snapshot algorithm to the distributed agent system in which a tremendous number of agents operate. From such a viewpoint, this paper extends the idea of Chandy and Lamport's algorithm and proposes a subsnapshot algorithm, in which the snapshot is taken among the agents who are in the causal relation, through message exchange and agent creation. Then, an efficient rollback algorithm is proposed, which is based on the snapshots taken by the subsnapshot algorithm. In the general rollback algorithm utilizing the snapshot, all agents must roll back. In contrast, in the rollback algorithm proposed in this paper, it suffices that only some agents should roll back. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(12): 43–57, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20208
From Mono‐ and Dinuclear to Polynuclear Cobalt(II) and Cobalt(III) Coordination Compounds Based on o‐Phthalic Acid and 2,2'‐Bipyridine: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Properties
Authors: Baca Svetlana G. , Filippova Irina G. , Ambrus Christina , Gdaniec Maria , Simonov Yurii A. , Gerbeleu Nicolae , Gherco Olesea A. , Decurtins Silvio 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reaction of o‐phthalic acid (H2Pht) and 2,2'‐bipyridine (bpy) with cobalt(II) carbonate at different temperatures results in the isolation of three types of new cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) compounds. The mononuclear cobalt(III) complex [Co(CO3)(bpy)2]2(Pht)·16H2O (1) is obtained when the reaction is run at 60 °C. Crystallographic analysis revealed that 1 contains two crystallographically independent [Co(CO3)(bpy)2]+ cations, a Pht2– anion, and sixteen solvate water molecules. The latter form a wall of channels with the oxygen atoms of the carboxylate groups of the Pht2– anions, which are occupied by pairs of cations. Increasing the temperature of the reaction to 80 °C leads to the formation of the open dinuclear cobalt(II) complex [(bpy)2Co(Pht)H(Pht)Co(bpy)2](HPht)(H2Pht)·2H2O (2), which crystallizes in two polymorphic modifications 2a and 2b. Compound 2a consists of a centrosymmetric dinuclear [(bpy)2Co(Pht)H(Pht)Co(bpy)2]+ cation, an HPht– anion, an H2Pht molecule, and two solvate H2O molecules. In 2b, a small alteration in the crystal structure leads to an increase of the unit‐cell volume. The asymmetric unit of 2b contains six crystallographically independent CoII complexes, which combine into four [(bpy)2Co(Pht)H(Pht)Co(bpy)2]+ units. The main structural unit of the cyclic dinuclear complex [Co(Pht)(bpy)(H2O)]2·2H2O (4) is neutral and cenrosymmetric, with the two CoII atoms linked by two phthalate ligands to form a 14‐membered cycle. A further temperature increase results in the isolation of both the mononuclear complex [Co(Pht)(bpy)(H2O)3]·3H2O (3) and the polynuclear helical coordination polymer [Co(Pht)(bpy)(H2O)]n (5). Extended hydrogen bonding networks as well as aromatic π–π stacking interactions stabilize multidimensional supramolecular architectures in all compounds. Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been performed for complexes 1, 2, 3, and 5. Simulations gave the following parameter sets: for complex 2 |D| = 70 cm–1, g = 2.55 and J =–0.1 cm–1; for complex 3 |D| = 80 cm–1, g = 2.6, and for complex 5 |D| = 65 cm–1, g = 2.45. Complex 1 is diamagnetic. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Facile One‐Step Synthesis of a Lipophilic Gold(I) Carbene Complex –X‐ray Crystal Structures of LAuCl and LAuC≡CH (L = 1,3‐di‐tert‐Butylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)
Authors: Singh Sanjay , Kumar S. Shravan , Jancik Vojtech , Roesky Herbert W. , Schmidt Hans‐Georg , Noltemeyer Mathias 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reaction of Au(CO)Cl with 1,3‐di‐tert‐butylimidazol‐2‐ylidene and 1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene in toluene at room temperature results in CO evolution and readily affords in high yield the adducts 1a and 1b, respectively. The reaction of 1a and 1b with ethynylmagnesium chloride in THF yields 2a and 2b, respectively. The crystal structures of 1a, 1b, and 2a were determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Interplay between Nitrones and (Nitrile)PdII Complexes: Cycloaddition vs. Complexation Followed by Cyclopalladation and Deoxygenation Reactions
Authors: Bokach Nadezhda A. , Krokhin Artem A. , Nazarov Alexey A. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu. , Haukka Matti , Fraústo da Silva João J. R. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reaction between the nitrone p‐MeC6H4CH=N(Me)O and trans‐[PdCl2(RCN)2] (R = Ph, Me) in the corresponding RCN (or of the nitrone in neat RCN in the presence of PdCl2) proceeds at 45 °C (R = Ph) or reflux (R = Me) for 1 d and allows the isolation of the Δ4‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoline complexes [PdCl2{Na=C(R)ON(Me)CbH(C6H4Me‐p)}2(Na–Cb)] (R = Ph 1; R = Me 2) in ca. 50 and ca. 15 % yields, respectively. The reaction time can be drastically reduced by focused microwave irradiation of the reaction mixture. In CH2Cl2 or acetone, this reaction proceeds in another direction to achieve the unstable nitrone complex [PdCl2{ON(Me)=CH(C6H4Me‐p)}2] (3), which was characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Complex 3 is the first representative of (nitrone)PdII compounds and is the key intermediate in at least two further reactions, i.e. cyclopalladation to give the dimeric complex [Pd2(μ‐Cl)2{ON(Me)=C(H)C6H3Me‐p}2] (5; 30 % isolated yield) and deoxygenation of the nitrone to furnish the imine compound [PdCl2{N(Me)=CH(C6H4Me‐p)}2] (4). The palladium complexes 1, 2, 4 and 5 were characterized by C, H, and N analyses, FAB‐MS, IR, 1H and 13C{1H} spectroscopy, while 4 and 5 additionally by X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Modulation of gene expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes by surface modification of polylactide‐co‐glycolide substrates
Authors: Brown David A. , Beygui Ramin E. , MacLellan William R. , Laks Hillel , Dunn James C. Y. , Wu Benjamin M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMyocardial tissue engineering presents a potential treatment option for heart disease. Cardiomyocytes isolated at various stages of development retain the ability to form contractile networks in vitro, which suggests that it should be possible to reconstitute viable myocardium given the appropriate architecture, stimuli, and cardiomyogenic cell source. This study investigates the effects of modifying substrate surface energy (by plasma etching) and protein coating (by fibronectin adsorption) on neonatal rat ventricular myocyte (NRVM) function. Primary NRVMs were cultured for 96 h on modified and control films of a common degradable polymer, polylactide‐co‐glycolide. Cultures were analyzed for cell spreading, protein content, and mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic factor and β‐myosin heavy chain. The results demonstrate that NRVMs cultured on etched films significantly increased in spreading, myofibril development, protein content, and gene expression of atrial natriuretic factor and β‐myosin heavy chain compared with unetched films, and that this surface energy effect is overwhelmed by the addition of fibronectin. Conclusions from this study are that surface energy and protein adsorption influence the gene expression of adherent NRVMs, and may be important for modulating the function of engineered myocardium. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Collagen–carbon nanotube composite materials as scaffolds in tissue engineering
Authors: MacDonald Rebecca A. , Laurenzi Brendan F. , Viswanathan Gunaranjan , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Stegemann Jan P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNT) are attractive for use in fiber‐reinforced composite materials due to their very high aspect ratio, combined with outstanding mechanical and electrical properties. Composite materials comprising a collagen matrix with embedded CNT were prepared by mixing solubilized Type I collagen with solutions of carboxylated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) at concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 2.0 weight percent. Living smooth muscle cells were incorporated at the time of collagen gelation to produce cell‐seeded collagen–CNT composite matrices. Constructs containing 2.0 wt % CNT exhibited delayed gel compaction, relative to lower concentrations that compacted at the same rate as pure collagen controls. Cell viability in all constructs was consistently above 85% at both Day 3 and Day 7, whereas cell number in CNT‐containing constructs was lower than in control constructs at Day 3, though statistically unchanged by Day 7. Scanning electron microscopy showed physical interactions between CNT and collagen matrix. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of CNT at the expected diameter (0.85–1.30 nm), but did not indicate strong molecular interactions between the collagen and CNT components. Such collagen–CNT composite matrices may have utility as scaffolds in tissue engineering, or as components of biosensors or other medical devices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Profiling isoflavone conjugates in root extracts of lupine species with LC/ESI/MSn systems
Authors: Kachlicki Piotr , Marczak Łukasz , Kerhoas Lucien , Einhorn Jacques , Stobiecki Maciej 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExtracts obtained from roots of three lupine species (Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus) were analysed using LC/UV and LC/ESI/MSn. The experiments were performed using two mass spectrometric systems, equipped with the triple quadrupole or ion trap analysers. Thirteen to twenty isomeric isoflavone conjugates were identified in roots of the investigated lupine species. These were di‐ and monoglycosides of genistein and 2′‐hydroxygenistein with different patterns of glycosylation, both at oxygen and carbon atoms; some glycosides were acylated with malonic acid. It was not possible to establish the glycosylation sites of the aglycone only on the basis of the registered mass spectra; however, it was possible to differentiate C‐ and O‐glucosides of isoflavones. Only comparison of retention times with those of standard compounds permitted to indicate the correct glycosylation pattern. In the case of diglycosides, the glycosylation pattern (O‐diglucoside or O‐glucosylglucoside) was distinguishable on the basis of the relative intensities of daughter ions in the mass spectra of protonated molecular ions. It was not possible to elucidate the site of malonylation on the sugar moiety from mass spectra, however, protonated molecules [M + H]+ of isoflavone glucosides with different placement of the malonyl group on the sugar ring were recognized in the extracts. In addition to the isoflavone glycosides, some flavone or flavonol glycosides were identified in the samples on the basis of collision‐induced daughter ion spectra of the aglycone ions. A comparison of results obtained with the triple quadrupole and ion trap analysers was done in the course of the investigations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave Accelerated Synthesis of N‐Phenylmaleimide in a Single Step and Polymerization in Bulk
Authors: Bezdushna Ella , Ritter Helmut 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSummary: This paper reports the microwave mediated direct synthesis of N‐phenylmaleimide (3) from maleic anhydride (1) and aniline (2) by using microwave irradiation. Good yields and very short reaction times were the main aspects of the method. The reaction conditions and kinetics of this process were investigated. Microwave irradiation in a boiling solvent showed the existence of a significant specific microwave effect. The microwave homopolymerization of 3 in bulk using 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a free radical initiator was also carried out.Kinetic curves for the synthesis of N‐phenylmaleimide in a MW and in an oil bath at 144 °C (boiling xylene).magnified imageKinetic curves for the synthesis of N‐phenylmaleimide in a MW and in an oil bath at 144 °C (boiling xylene).
High‐Temperature Crystalline Phases in Nylon 6/Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Breen Christopher 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSummary: Nylon 6/clay nanocomposites (N6CN) with different cooling histories were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and variable‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Above the melting temperature, new endothermic peaks appeared in the DSC trace for N6CN. All the neat nylon 6 samples presented amorphous XRD patterns when heated up to the melting range. However, for N6CN samples, undefined crystalline structures remained in the substantially molten polymer matrix up to 300 °C.XRD patterns of a quenched nylon 6 sample annealed at 210 °C and N6CN samples annealed at 210, 230, and 300 °C, respectively.magnified imageXRD patterns of a quenched nylon 6 sample annealed at 210 °C and N6CN samples annealed at 210, 230, and 300 °C, respectively.
Fabrication of Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Coating with a Micro‐Nano‐Binary Structure
Authors: Zhao Ning , Xu Jian , Xie Qiongdan , Weng Lihui , Guo Xinglin , Zhang Xiaoli , Shi Lianghe 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSummary: A superhydrophobic coating was facilely fabricated in one step by casting bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) solution under moisture. Vapor‐induced phase separation occurred during the solidifying process and a rough surface with a micro‐nano‐binary structure (MNBS) similar to the microstructure shown on lotus leaf was formed.SEM image of a single micro‐flower.magnified imageSEM image of a single micro‐flower.
Block Copolymer PEO‐b‐PHPMA Synthesis Using Controlled Radical Polymerization on a Chip
Authors: Wu Tao , Mei Ying , Xu Chang , Byrd H. C. Michelle , Beers Kathryn L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSummary: Block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide‐block‐2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PEO‐b‐PHPMA) with a range of molecular masses of the PHPMA block were obtained by controlled radical polymerization on a chip (CRP chip) using a PEO macroinitiator. A series of well‐controlled polymerizations were carried out at different pumping rates or reaction times with a constant ratio of monomer to initiator. The stoichiometry of the reactants was also adjusted by varying relative flow rates to change the reactant concentrations.A schematic of a CRP chip and SEC traces of the PEO‐b‐PHPMA produced from different pump rates with a 1:100 ratio of initiator to monomer. The dashed peaks are the macroinitiator, PEO‐Br (left), and monomer, HPMA (right).magnified imageA schematic of a CRP chip and SEC traces of the PEO‐b‐PHPMA produced from different pump rates with a 1:100 ratio of initiator to monomer. The dashed peaks are the macroinitiator, PEO‐Br (left), and monomer, HPMA (right).
Firing rates of motor units during strong dynamic contractions
Authors: Del Valle Alejandro , Thomas Christine K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMuscle behavior is usually studied during isometric contractions but many tasks include contractions that involve changes in muscle length. Our aim was to record motor unit action potentials and surface electromyograms (EMGs) from triceps brachii muscles during rhythmic dynamic contractions (3‐s concentric, 3‐s eccentric; 40°/s; four subjects) performed at the highest voluntary forces subjects could exert (maximal concentric contraction) and at various submaximal intensities. Mean unit firing rates and surface EMG increased significantly with contraction intensity in both concentric and eccentric contractions, but at each intensity mean concentric values were significantly higher than eccentric values. In contrast, mean unit firing rates and surface EMGs were similar during maximal concentric and maximal isometric contractions. These data suggest muscles were activated maximally during the strongest concentric contractions but submaximally during the strongest eccentric efforts. After estimated eccentric contraction intensity was adjusted using surface EMG data, mean unit firing rates during eccentric contractions were still lower than the concentric values. Thus, protective mechanisms may limit motor unit firing rates during forceful lengthening contractions to minimize damage. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Sex identification from the auricular surface of the adult human ilium
Authors: Ali R. S. , Maclaughlin S. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe sacro‐iliac joint has largely been excluded in studies of sex identification from the adult human skeleton. Yet this is a joint involved in the transmission of body weight and as such would be expected to exhibit sexual dimorphism. In addition, the auricular surface of the ilium tends to persist even in fragmented remains by virtue of its close proximity to the acetabulo‐cristal buttress.The aim of this investigation was to assess the accuracy with which sex could be predicted from dimensions of the auricular surface of the ilium.Significant sex differences were found in the size and shape of the auricular surface. However, these differences were of insufficient magnitude to permit discrimination between the sexes with any acceptable degree of accuracy. Therefore, the auricular surface of the ilium is not recommended for the purpose of sex identification.
Rib lesions and New World tuberculosis
Authors: Pfeiffer S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTuberculosis had a devastating effect on many Amerindian populations at the time of European contact. Our explanation of its effect on prehistoric aboriginal populations is frustrated by the non‐specific nature of the associated skeletal lesions and their variable manifestation. It has been suggested that certain lesions seen on the interior aspect of the ribs may be specific to tuberculosis. This proposition is explored within the context of two Southern Ontario Iroquoian ossuaries (Uxbridge, C14 date AD 1490 ± 80, minimum N = 457; Glen Williams, ca. AD 1300, minimum N = 309), in which the presence of tuberculosis has been deduced from vertebral lesions. The rib lesions present in these samples are categorized by appearance, side and maturity. While the frequency and distribution of rib lesions seems to be consistent with an aetiology of tuberculosis, it is argued that it would be premature to interpret all such lesions as diagnostic of tuberculosis at this time. However, the quantification of rib lesions offers great potential for the exploration of non‐specific chronic respiratory stress, including pulmonary tuberculosis, in prehistoric populations.
Myeloma multiplex versus osteolytic metastatic carcinoma: Differential diagnosis in dry bones
Authors: Strouhal Eugen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTaking into account the problems in differential diagnosis between lesions caused by the primary osseous tumour myeloma multiplex and the lytic form of metastatic carcinoma even in living patients, several authors of palaeopathological papers have been hesitant in accepting the possibility of distinguishing between the two processes in dry bones. In the light of several newly detected cases of both lesions in material from archaeological sites in central Europe, Egypt and Nubia, several features that might be of use in the separation of both disorders are demonstrated and discussed.