bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Destructive Arthritis in Vaccinated Interferon Gamma-Deficient Mice Challenged withBorrelia burgdorferi: Modulation by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Authors: Christopherson John A. , Munson Erik L. , England Douglas M. , Croke Cindy L. , Remington Monica C. , Molitor Melanie L. , DeCoster David J. , Callister Steven M. , Schell Ronald F. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTWe found thatBorrelia burgdorferi-vaccinated gamma interferon-deficient (IFN-γ0) mice challenged withB.burgdorferideveloped prominent chronic destructive osteoarthropathy. When these mice were treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) antibody, the severity of the destructive osteoarthritis was enhanced and affected the mobility of the animals. In addition, extensive swelling of the hind paws occurred. In contrast, treatment ofB.burgdorferi-vaccinated, challenged IFN-γ0mice with recombinant TNF-α (rTNF-α) inhibited the development of arthritis, including swelling of the hind paws. Moreover, treatment of vaccinated, challenged IFN-γ0mice with anti-TNF-α inhibited fourfold the production of an antibody that killsB.burgdorferi, while treatment of vaccinated, challenged IFN-γ0mice with rTNF-α slightly elevated the level of the borreliacidal antibody. These results suggest that the level of TNF-α directly or indirectly regulates the production of borreliacidal antibody and the development of vaccine-induced destructive Lyme osteoarthritis. Studies are in progress to determine the mechanism by which TNF-α-dependent cytokines generate the destructive arthritis.
Evaluation of Four Commercially Available Epstein-Barr Virus Enzyme Immunoassays with an Immunofluorescence Assay as the Reference Method
Authors: Gärtner Barbara C. , Hess Ralf D. , Bandt Dirk , Kruse Alexander , Rethwilm Axel , Roemer Klaus , Mueller-Lantzsch Nikolaus 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT
Four commercially available enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (Novitec, Biotest, Virotech, and DiaSorin) were evaluated, with an indirect immunofluorescence assay as the reference method, for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) VCA (viral capsid antigen) immunoglobulin G (IgG), VCA IgM, or EBNA (EBV nuclear antigen) IgG at three different locations (Homburg, Stuttgart, and Dresden). Serum samples from 66 immunocompetent patients with infectious mononucleosis, 73 patients without prior EBV infection, and 96 patients with past EBV infections and 29 serum samples with possible cross-reactions to other herpesviruses were included. In addition, 25 samples from an extensively pretested panel that is commercially available (Boston Biomedica) were tested. Each sample was tested at only one location. The four EIAs varied considerably in performance. When analyzing for EBV diagnosis, the Novitec assay performed the best, with 4.9% discrepant diagnoses, followed by the Biotest, Virotech, and DiaSorin assays, with 6.8, 11.7, and 14.0% discrepant diagnoses, respectively. On the basis of single-parameter analysis, the Novitec assay also showed the lowest number of discrepant results, with 3.5%, compared with the Virotech, Biotest, and DiaSorin assays, which produced 5.4, 6.4, and 8.6% discrepant results, respectively. VCA assays using affinity-purified native antigens performed better than assays with recombinant or synthetic antigens. The synthetic EBNA-1s showed the lowest concordance with the reference compared to recombinant p72. Commercially available EBV EIAs differed considerably in performance; however, some proved to be reliable and convenient alternatives to the indirect immunofluorescence assay for routine diagnostics. Native antigens, rather than synthetic peptides, are favored for EBV serology testing.
Measurement ofChlamydia pneumoniae-Specific Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Antibodies by the Microimmunofluorescence (MIF) Method: Comparison of Seven Fluorescein-Labeled Anti-Human IgA Conjugates in an In-House MIF Test Using One Commercial MIF and One Enzyme Immunoassay Kit
Authors: Paldanius Mika , Bloigu Aini , Leinonen Maija , Saikku Pekka 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTFor the serological diagnosis of acuteChlamydia pneumoniaeinfection, the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test is the most commonly used method and also the “gold standard” for the measurement of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies. The role of IgA antibodies in diagnosis has not been established. Commercially available fluorescein-labeled anti-human IgA conjugates have not been systematically compared to each other, and this situation may cause considerable variations in IgA results. Therefore, we tested 261 serum samples from 122 patients with pneumonia for IgA antibodies by using six α-chain-specific anti-IgA conjugates in our in-house MIF test, one commercial MIF test, and one enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Interfering IgG antibodies were removed with Gullsorb reagent before the measurement of IgA antibodies. Altogether, 14 significant IgA antibody increases in serum samples between the acute phase and the convalescent phase were detected by at least one of the conjugates in the MIF test, while no increases were found in the IgA EIA. Only one patient showed a significant IgA antibody increase with all of the fluorescein-labeled conjugates. Five significant titer changes were detected by at least two conjugates, and in nine instances, the titer increase was detected by one conjugate only. The titer agreement indicated by kappa coefficients was very good or good for all of the fluorescein-labeled conjugates and the EIA with low antibody titers but decreased with increasing titers.
Electroreduction of Dioxygen Using Co–Ru Dinuclear Porphyrin Catalyst in Nafion Film
Authors: Imaoka Takane , Nakazawa Shinsuke , Yamamoto Kimihisa 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The mixing of CoTPPS with RuTMPyP (Figure 1) in water or organic solvents (DMSO, acetonitrile) results in dimerization through an electrostatic interaction. The dimeric porphyrin acts as an excellent catalyst for the 4-electron reduction of dioxygen in Nafion film, in which the multi-electron transfer is accelerated through the π-orbital overlapping.
Synthesis of Pyrene-Bearing Oligothiophenes as Novel Light Emitting Materials and Their Application to Single-Organic-Layer Electroluminescence Devices
Authors: Aso Yoshio , Okai Takashi , Kawaguchi Yohei , Otsubo Tetsuo 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Ter- and quaterthiophenes bearing pyrenes at the terminal α or β positions have been synthesized as novel emitting materials in organic electroluminescence devices. The efficient single-layer EL devices of these compounds are fabricated by use of an Al/ultrathin LiF bilayer cathode. One of them exhibits a maximum luminance of 1860 cd/m2 and a luminous efficiency of 0.15 lm/W, which are of the highest performance class among single-organic-layer EL devices.
An Efficient Method for the p-Methoxybenzylation of Hydroxy Groups with 2-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-3-nitropyridine
Authors: Nakano Masakazu , Kikuchi Wataru , Matsuo Jun-ichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
2-(4-Methoxybenzyloxy)-3-nitropyridine (PMBONPy), easily prepared from 2-chloro-3-nitropyridine and p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) alcohol, reacts with various types of hydroxy groups in the presence of a catalytic amount of trimethylsilyl triflate (Me3SiOTf) to give the corresponding PMB ethers in high yields under mild conditions.
Solvent and Pressure Dependence of the Energy Profile for the Thermal Fading of a Merocyanine Formed from a Spironaphthoxazine
Authors: Osako Hiroyuki , Kono Hiroharu , Sasaki Makoto , Takahashi Toru , Ohga Yasushi , Asano Tsutomu 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Activation volumes, activation enthalpies and activation entropies were measured for the thermal fading of a merocyanine formed from a spironaphthoxazine in methyl acetate and ethanol. All of the activation parameters clearly demonstrated that the energy profile was different in these two solvents.
One-Dimensional Zigzag Chain Structures with Intermolecular C–H···π and C–H···O Interactions Consisted of Phthalic Acid and Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Tomura Masaaki , Yamashita Yoshiro 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Crystal structures of co-crystals of phthalic acid with 4,4′-bipyridine or 4,4′-dipyridylacetylene contain one-dimensional zigzag chains connected by intermolecular O–H···N hydrogen bonds and edge-to-face packing of phthalic acid and pyridine rings stabilized by intermolecular C–H···π and C–H···O interactions.
TG–MS Analysis of Dehydrochlorination of Poly(vinylidene chloride)
Authors: Akama Tetsuhiro , Yoshioka Toshiaki , Suzuki Toyonobu , Uchida Miho , Okuwaki Akitsugu 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) was decomposed by thermal treatment to 800 °C under inert atmosphere, using thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG–MS). The evolvement of hydrogen chloride was still observed at 800 °C for the degradation of PVDC. The dehydrochlorination process was divided into two stages according to difference in the formation rate of hydrogen chloride and trichlorobenzene. Dehydrochlorination was accompanied by the evolvement of trichlorobenzene during the first stage below 380 °C, but trichlorobenzene was not observed during the second stage above 380 °C.
New Titanium Complexes Having Two Indolide-Imine Chelate Ligands for Living Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Matsugi Tomoaki , Matsui Shigekazu , Kojoh Shin-ichi , Takagi Yukihiro , Inoue Yoshihisa , Fujita Terunori , Kashiwa Norio 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Three new titanium complexes having two indolide-imine ligands were synthesized and investigated as ethylene polymerization catalysts. These complexes using MAO as a cocatalyst promoted ethylene polymerization at 25 °C to produce polyethylenes (Mn:11000–41800) having narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn: 1.11–1.14), displaying very high activities (52–288 kg-PE/mol-Ti·h·atm).
An Efficient Method for the Conversion of 2-Bromo-5-tosylpyrroles to the Corresponding 5-Tosylpyrrolinones as the D-Ring of Phycocyanobilin Derivatives
Authors: Takeda Shuzo , Jayasundera Krishanthi Padmarani , Kakiuchi Takashi , Kinoshita Hideki , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
2-Bromo-5-tosylpyrroles were efficiently converted to the corresponding 5-tosylpyrrolinones as the D-ring of phycocyanobilin (PCB) derivatives by treating with DMSO and Zn in TFA in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine. PCB derivatives modified at the D-ring were prepared in free acid forms employing the resulting 5-tosylpyrrolinones toward structure/function analysis of phytochrome.
Adjoint sensitivity of the forecast to TOVS observations
Authors: Fourri'e Nadia , Doerenbecher Alex , Bergot Thierry , Joly Alain 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe adjoint sensitivity to observations which is based on the adjoint operator of the variational assimilation process is used here on ten cases of the Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track EXperiment (FASTEX), conducted in January and February 1997. It is used as a diagnostic tool allowing one to indicate which TIROS‐N (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) channels have an influence on the forecast of mid‐latitude lows. In order to study the effects of the observations on the modification of the forecast from the guess, a particular cost function has been chosen: the energy of the difference between the forecast derived from the guess and the one resulting from the analysis. The first part of the paper deals with the sensitivity to the assimilated TOVS observations for the intensive observation period 17 of FASTEX. Then, the influence of TOVS data is compared with one of the other conventional datasets assimilated at the same time. After that, these results are generalized in an overview of the ten studied cases. This study highlights that the Microwave Sounder Unit and clear sky or partly cloudy High‐resolution Infra‐Red Sounder have the larger influence of the TOVS observations on the modification of the forecast. However, the other conventional data have a larger absolute contribution than the TOVS ones. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Large‐scale non‐turbulent dynamics in the atmosphere
Authors: Cullen M. J. P. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractClassical two‐dimensional turbulence theory is often used to understand large‐scale atmospheric flows. However, the equations governing classical two‐dimensional turbulence can only be derived from the governing equations by assuming that the horizontal scale is much smaller than the deformation radius, which is the scale on which baroclinic instability takes place. Typically, the large‐scale quasi‐two‐dimensional disturbances have the vertical depth‐scale of the troposphere and are of larger scale than the baroclinic waves which maintain them. It is therefore more appropriate to study the quasi‐two‐dimensional disturbances with a model appropriate to scales larger than the deformation radius. The semi‐geostrophic model is an accurate model in this regime. It is shown that it does not permit the enstrophy cascades associated with classical two‐dimensional turbulence. This agrees with other results in the literature suggesting that two‐dimensional flow on scales larger than the deformation radius is essentially non‐turbulent. The observed quasi‐permanently unsteady behaviour of the atmosphere thus represents the natural internal dynamics, and does not require explanation by anisotropic forcing. In the ocean, on the other hand, the external deformation radius, which governs the behaviour of two‐dimensional eddies, is much larger than the internal deformation radius, which determines the scale of baroclinic development. It may thus be appropriate to use two‐dimensional turbulence as a model for scales between the internal and external deformation radius. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Comparison of TMI rainfall estimates and their impact on 4D‐Var assimilation
Authors: Marécal Virginie , Mahfouf Jean‐françois , Bauer Peter 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe objectives of this paper are to perform a comparison between three rainfall‐rate estimates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI) data and to study their impact in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) assimilation system. The three algorithms for rainfall estimation considered are: Precipitation Radar Adjusted TMI Estimation of Rainfall (PATER), Bayesian Algorithm for Microwave‐based Precipitation Retrieval (BAMPR‐P), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration operational algorithm 2A12 level 5.Results from the comparison show that BAMPR‐P and 2A12 retrievals provide on average higher rain rates by about a factor of 1.5 with respect to PATER, mainly because of the different spatial resolutions and rain detection methods used in the three algorithms. The three TMI products are then compared to the rainfall rates from the ECMWF model. Globally, the rain occurrence simulated by the ECMWF model is higher than in TMI estimates. The model also produces lower rainfall rates in precipitating systems. PATER retrievals are generally closer to the model than those from other algorithms.Three 15‐day assimilation experiments (‘Rain‐PATER’, ‘Rain‐BAMPR‐P’ and ‘Rain‐2A12’) were run using the three TMI rainfall‐rate estimates in the ECMWF 4D‐Var assimilation system. Fairly small differences were found between the global analyses and forecasts from all experiments and a control experiment without rainfall‐data assimilation. This is explained by the small number of TMI rain observations which are used per assimilation cycle compared to the other types of observational data. The local impact on analyses was studied in two cases, namely a tropical cyclone (‘Bonnie’) and a midlatitude front propagating into the subtropics. For these two cases, the differences between the three TMI products and their associated errors lead to significant changes in the humidity and wind analyses. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Smoothing forecast ensembles with fitted probability distributions
Authors: Wilks D. S. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractForecast ensembles from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Ensemble Prediction System for surface‐weather variables are smoothed by fitting Gaussian distributions. The possibility of bifurcation or other non‐Gaussian behaviours in an ensemble is allowed for by including probability mixtures of two Gaussian distributions when justified by the data. Variables that are clearly non‐Gaussian (wind speed and cloud cover) are transformed before fitting, and multivariate data with dimensions as high as four are considered. The smoothed ensembles provide more‐accurate quantile and probability estimates in a perfect‐model setting, particularly for small ensemble sizes and more‐extreme events. This advantage increases in the presence of random errors in the ensemble means, but diminishes for underdispersed ensembles. Allowing representation of ensembles as Gaussian mixtures also leads to a sharper ‘spread–skill’ relationship in the data considered. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
SLICE: A Semi‐Lagrangian Inherently Conserving and Efficient scheme for transport problems
Authors: Zerroukat Mohamed , Wood Nigel , Staniforth Andrew 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA Semi‐Lagrangian Inherently Conserving and Efficient (SLICE) scheme is described for transport of passive scalars in Cartesian geometry. It is based on a Control‐Volume (CV) approach and uses multiple sweeps of a one‐dimensional O(Δx4) conservative remapping algorithm along pre‐determined cascade directions. The scheme is applied to standard two‐dimensional tests from the literature. Overall, it is found that in addition to conserving mass exactly, it is also competitive with standard non‐conserving semi‐Lagrangian schemes from the viewpoints of both computational efficiency and accuracy. © Crown Copyright, 2002.
Aspects of alkali treatment of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) fibers on the flexural properties of polyester matrix composites
Authors: Boynard C. A. , Monteiro S. N. , d'Almeida J. R. M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractSponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) forms a natural mat that deviates the crack path in brittle thermoset resin matrix composites, leading to a controlled fracture mode and increasing the toughness of the composite. The use of luffa as reinforcement is, however, restricted by a very weak fiber–matrix interface. In this work, luffa fibers were alkali‐treated at two temperatures, with varying alkali concentrations. Although the surface analysis shows that the treatments promote a clear removal of the outer surface layer of the fibers with the exposition of the inner fibrillar structure and the consequent increase of the fiber surface area, only a secondary increase on the mechanical properties was obtained. The slight increase observed was attributed only to mechanical interlock. Long pullout lengths and neat fiber beads were the main features observed at the fracture surface of the treated and untreated fiber composites. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1927–1932, 2003
Swelling characterizations of chitosan and polyacrylonitrile semi‐interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels
Authors: Kim Seon Jeong , Shin Su Ryon , Lee Young Moo , Kim Sun I. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTemperature‐ and pH‐responsive semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels constructed with chitosan and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were studied. The characterizations of semi‐IPN hydrogels were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). IPN hydrogels exhibited a relatively high swelling ratio, 23.31%–145.20% at room temperature. The swelling ratio of hydrogels depends on pH and temperature. DSC was used to determine the amount of free water in IPN hydrogels. The amount of free water increased with increasing chitosan content in the semi‐IPN hydrogels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2011–2015, 2003
Cover Picture: ChemBioChem 1/2003
Authors: Sidhu Sachdev S. , Fairbrother Wayne J. , Deshayes Kurt 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe cover picture shows a highly diverse peptide library displayed on cylindrical bacteriophage particles that also contain the cognate DNA. Libraries such as this can be used to identify specific ligands for essentially any protein of interest. Here, phage particles displaying peptides that bind vascular endothelial growth factor are selected from amongst a sea of billions of random sequences. Further information can be found in the Review by Sidhu and co‐workers on p. 14 ff. (We thank David Wood and Christian Wiesmann for help in the preparation of the cover picture.)
Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Recombinant Yeast Lacking the ERG6 Gene
Authors: Clark Daniel D. , Peterson Blake R. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractStudies of small‐molecule–protein interactions in yeast can be hindered by the limited permeability of yeast to small molecules. This diminished permeability is thought to be related to the unique sterol composition of fungal membranes, which are enriched in the steroid ergosterol. We report the construction of the novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain DCY250, which is compatible with yeast two‐hybrid‐based systems and bears a targeted disruption of the ERG6 gene to ablate ergosterol biosynthesis and enhance permeability to small molecules. The small‐molecule inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) PP1, PP2, herbimycin A, and staurosporine were investigated with yeast tribrid systems that detect the activity of the PTKs v‐Abl and v‐Src. These tribrid systems function by expression of the PTK, a B42 activation domain fused to the phosphotyrosine‐binding Grb2 SH2 domain, a DNA‐bound LexA‐GFP‐(AAYANAA)4 universal PTK substrate, and a lacZ reporter gene. Yeast genetic systems that lack functional ERG6 were found to be as much as 20‐fold more sensitive to small‐molecule inhibitors of PTKs than systems with ERG6, and these deficient systems may provide a useful platform for the discovery and analysis of small‐molecule–protein interactions.
Exploring Protein–Protein Interactions with Phage Display
Authors: Sidhu Sachdev S. , Fairbrother Wayne J. , Deshayes Kurt 
Published: January 2003

AbstractProtein–protein interactions mediate essentially all biological processes. A detailed understanding of these interactions is thus a major goal of modern biological chemistry. In recent years, genome sequencing efforts have revealed tens of thousands of novel genes, but the benefits of genome sequences will only be realized if these data can be translated to the level of protein function. While genome databases offer tremendous opportunities to expand our knowledge of protein–protein interactions, they also present formidable challenges to traditional protein chemistry methods. Indeed, it has become apparent that efficient analysis of proteins on a proteome‐wide scale will require the use of rapid combinatorial approaches. In this regard, phage display is an established combinatorial technology that is likely to play an even greater role in the future of biology. This article reviews recent applications of phage display to the analysis of protein–protein interactions. With combinatorial mutagenesis strategies, it is now possible to rapidly map the binding energetics at protein–protein interfaces through statistical analysis of phage‐displayed protein libraries. In addition, naïve phage‐displayed peptide libraries can be used to obtain small peptide ligands to essentially any protein of interest, and in many cases, these binding peptides act as antagonists or even agonists of natural protein functions. These methods are accelerating the pace of research by enabling the study of complex protein–protein interactions with simple molecular biology methods. With further optimization and automation, it may soon be possible to study hundreds of different proteins in parallel with efforts comparable to those currently expended on the analysis of individual proteins.