bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vernacular Recordings Relevant to the Study of Sterling A. Brown’s Southern Road
Authors: Tracy Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following list of commercial and field recordings, made primarily in the 1920s and 1930s, is intended to indicate the strong connections that a large number of Sterling A. Brown’s poems have to material in the African American vernacular tradition. After individual poems are listed recordings of African American vernacular materials that have reference to the style, subject matter, characters, attitudes, or language of that particular poem. The listings refer to the most currently available, or most recently available, CDs, LPs, 78 RPM records, or DVDs. The listings are not meant to suggest that Brown was familiar with that particular recording, though in some cases (such as “Back Water Blues”) he most likely was, and in other cases he was certainly familiar with the performers (“Big Boy” Davis and Ma Rainey, for example). Indeed, in some cases the recordings were made after the publication of Southern Road, though nobody would suggest that Brown’s poems were the source of the material recorded later. Rather, they suggest sources in the vernacular tradition with which Brown, in his extensive contact with that tradition, could have been familiar in one incarnation or another. The listings are also not meant to suggest that these are the only relevant recordings. Rather, they are meant to help supply a context for discussion both in the classroom and in print of Brown’s poetry as it draws on, modifies, or extends the tradition. Using such materials also frequently makes for a much livelier and enjoyable class for both students and instructors.
Introduction
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This historical narrative is different from most other biographies because of what it attempts to undertake and the methods used. Neither Dred Scott nor his wife, Harriet Robinson Scott, could read or write, and yet this book under-takes to be the biography of Harriet. There are no letters that reveal her innermost thoughts. Writing a biography of an illiterate person is daunting, but it must be done if we are to understand our common history, and particularly if we are to have any account of significant efforts by subordinate individuals to influence the circumstances of their lives. That, after all, was the point of the Dred Scott case. We must attempt to look at the case from their perspective. Both Dred Scott and his wife Harriet sued to establish their freedom and, derivatively, the freedom of their daughters. To win that freedom, they brought suit against one of the most commercially influential persons in the United States at the time.
1835: Arriving on the Frontier
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Water splashed regularly off the steamboat Warrior’s big paddle wheel propelling the ship up the Mississippi River as it carried a small slave girl deep into the North American interior. This new mechanical technology was a marvel. Travelers to remote western rivers no longer depended on the strong arms of young Creole voyageurs to paddle supply boats upstream. Steam engines had replaced the muscle of men.
Settling In
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arriving taliaferro party stayed at the commandant’s quarters in the fort while the mistress and servants set up the agency household. Each morning, the servants left the fort to walk through the village of teepees. The well-used hides that formed the exterior walls of the teepees carried symbolic markings and were darkened from smoke on the inside and dirt and grime outside. Small bundles of sacred beads and feathers called “medicine” dangled from the tepee door flaps to protect the inhabitants.
1836: Spring and the Change of the Guard
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The indians awaited the first sighting of a crow in spring to let them know that they had survived another hunger season. The winter that seemed it would never end finally broke on March 24. The household awoke to gentle sun-shine. “The genial rays of the sun smile for once upon us this morning,” Taliaferro remarked. His journal records a “day so fine inhabitants and military are like bees and ants busy flying about and others sunning and thawing out after a long and tedious winter.” The fort’s massive walls released their captives to walk out and view again the prairie’s broad horizon. “Many straggling Indians also to be seen who are smiling at the prospect of spring and the appearance of wild geese and ducks.” The days grew perceptibly longer, quickening the pace of life and bringing the pleasure of renewed sensation.
1837: A Treaty Made before Her Eyes
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That summer the prospect of a treaty drew many different people to St. Peter’s Agency, where the Minnesota River met the Mississippi. The official treaty party set out by steamboat from Dubuque to rendezvous with the Indians with the intent of buying the northern half of Wisconsin. The Ojibwa had been notified to arrive at the agency sometime between July 1 and 20. Taliaferro had sent runners with messages of invitation and small packets of tobacco to all the Ojibwa villages.
Traveling the Length of the River
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just weeks after arriving in Louisiana, Dr. Emerson was already complaining and again seeking reassignment. His letters suggest that he made considerable effort to avoid being assigned to the swampy Sabine River, with its insects, snakes and malaria. Although his rheumatism had subsided in the warm climate, he now reported difficulty breathing, along with his usual chronic complaints of syphilis and liver disorder. “No other medical officer in the army would attempt to do duty if suffering as much as I have for more than twelve months. My distracted state of body and mind has entirely unfitted me for duty.” Much more to his liking, he was assigned to accompany a detached party destined for Natchitoches, an old French town in Louisiana, where he soon found a bride, despite his many ailments. The doctor was introduced to a sister-in-law of one of the officers, Miss Irene Sanford from St. Louis, who was visiting her sister, Captain Bainbridge’s wife. Irene Sanford and the Bain bridges would play major roles in the Scotts’ lives.
Taliaferro’s Last Stand
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If harriet did attend to Taliaferro’s housekeeping that last summer, she would have walked the quarter mile to the agency house to clean and bring him meals each day. The weather had become so hot that the agent declined to ride out to the lakes. The master had no horse that summer, and even his black dog was missing. When the mail carrier arrived, he said he thought he had seen the master’s dog in the possession of a lumberman at the St. Croix camp.
Leaving Minnesota and Its New Tribunals
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After taliaferro left St. Peter’s Agency, the full void of his absence was felt. The center did not hold. People who had been part of the agency community for years began to simply drift away. The battles between the Mdewakanton Sioux and the Ojibwa had destroyed the stability of the settled farming communities at the lakes. The Sioux now feared a counterattack from the Ojibwa if they remained there. They gathered their corn, taking what they could carry and leaving what they couldn’t in storage with the Pond brothers. The agricultural communities, so patiently built over several years with Taliaferro’s encouragement, simply dissolved in the aftermath of the Indian battles. With no settled group of Indians at the lakes, it was pointless for the Pond brothers to stay there. Nonetheless, they had promised to care for the Indians’ farm animals over the winter, and the Ponds always kept their promises. Taliaferro’s now 11-year-old daughter also remained with them.
Black Social Life of St. Louis
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it’s fair to assume that the Scotts initially stayed at the Sanford farm, they weren’t necessarily well suited to the life there, and the farm did not need them. There were already six slaves and possibly an overseer on the place, and Mistress Irene’s added presence did not justify the efforts of two more adult slaves. As historian Eugene Genovese has noted, “slavery require[d] all hands to be occupied at all times. In a labor system based on compulsion rather than wages, idle workers are at once dangerous and uneconomical.” It was Dred whose labor was least needed at the Sanford farm. Other than being his mistress’s driver and a passable cook, there was little that a former valet was well suited for in the countryside, and at his age he was less adaptable than a younger slave. He had spent the previous decade in the light work of keeping his officer-master’s uniform brushed and boots blackened, chopping firewood, and helping out in the hospital, so he was neither accustomed to nor fit for the heavy demands of farm labor. Unless the household needed a butler, and his command over other servants was accepted (even more unlikely), it would have been difficult for him to become integrated into the farm’s working life. Nor would he expect to be. He was not a Sanford family slave. Everyone knew that he belonged to the absent Dr. Emerson, that he was there only temporarily—and that as soon as the doctor returned, he and Harriet would depart again. Still, Dred was an agreeable fellow, given to talk and conviviality, so he probably got on better with the other slaves than did the more reticent Harriet.
The Courthouse and the Jail
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At some point, Harriet must have called upon the attorney, Mr. Murdoch, who took more than his share of freedom suits. He had filed Lucy’s initial papers. Murdoch had been centrally involved in the legal fall-out of the incident that shaped the region’s racial consciousness. As Alton’s city attorney during the Love-joy shoot-out, it was his task to prosecute both sides of the mob violence that resulted in Lovejoy’s murder, the pro-slavery and the abolitionist combatants. Several men bragged about killing the abolitionist, though the jury refused to convict them. Failing to get a conviction, Murdoch left Alton in the aftermath of the riots and crossed the river to settle in St. Louis—not as a broken man, but as someone now willing to represent slaves in freedom suits.
Other Matters at the Courthouse
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the scotts waited, Judge Krum had a pressing case on the docket. Authorities had arrested Charles Lyons, a free mulatto man, for the crime of being a free black residing in Missouri without a license, which Missouri law required. The sheriff was expected to apprehend and jail any unlicensed black person. Only certain classes of free persons of color—those with good reputations who could support themselves—were even eligible to be licensed to remain in the state. Under the statute, the court had little discretion; it was obligated first to fine them, if they could pay, or have them whipped if they couldn’t, and then expel them from the state. Since more free blacks lived in St. Louis than anywhere else in Missouri, the statute especially burdened the city’s black population. White persons, on the other hand, were never required to obtain licenses simply to reside in the state. Unless they were vagrants, they were usually simply left alone.
Filing Suit Again
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From both town and county, slaves continued to take chances to run away. The newspapers announced the departures with tiny inked emblems of men carrying hobo packs and women carrying tied handkerchiefs, marching across the columns of the want ads: “$400 reward. Ranaway THREE NEGROES: one woman about 35 years old named Matilda: one mulatto boy and a small girl named Puss— black.” The ad identified Matilda as the mother and, ominously, indicated that all of her front teeth were knocked out. Bounty hunters pursued the runaways and many were caught and returned—first to the jail and then to their masters as provided by statute. Matilda, running with children, was probably recaptured. The web of enslavement did not require each slave to be continually locked down.
Declared Free
Authors: Velde Lea Vander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the scotts were declared free, there was a good chance that the widow’s attorneys would appeal. So, pending a possible appeal, they remained in custody. As long as D. N. Hall, their lawyer continued to hire Dred, he could avoid jail. Harriet remains unaccounted for. The Scotts were probably at greater liberty to organize their own work under this arrangement. The two girls, now reaching early adolescence, were never mentioned in these hiring contracts, nor in the state court papers.
Woodshedding Basics
Authors: Nathan Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learning to practice productively is something everybody struggles with,” says Evie. This teen cellist admits she used to waste practice time “racing through things” or playing a piece over and over without really thinking about it. Doing the opposite can also be a time waster—playing just once each item you’re supposed to practice. It’s hard to figure out on your own how to practice well, how to “woodshed,” which is musician slang for heavy-duty practicing. Evie turned to her teachers for pointers. That’s the way many musicians crack the practice puzzle: A teacher or experienced musician shows them how. Pro clarinetist Richard Stoltzman was in high school when a teacher finally set him on a good practice path. For pianist André Watts, it wasn’t until he’d already started his pro career that he found a teacher who taught him to make the most of practice time.
Policing in the Old Regime
Authors: Walton Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standing before the National Convention on February 5, 1794 (17 Pluviôse, Year II), Maximilien Robespierre delivered his most famous speech, “On the Principles of Political Morality.” “The moral force of popular government in times of revolution,” he declared, “is both virtue and terror.” Few statements express so succinctly the pathological spirit of the Terror.
Imagining Press Freedom and Limits in the Enlightenment
Authors: Walton Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 27, 1788, Louis XVI’s Director General of Finances, Jacques Necker, announced the agenda for the upcoming meeting of the Estates-General. Among the many reforms to be discussed, Necker included press freedom, in these terms: “Your Majesty is impatient to receive the opinions of the Estates-General concerning the just measure of freedom that the press should be accorded for works or the publicity of works concerning public administration, government, or any topic of public concern.”
From Lèse-Nation to the Law of Suspects
Authors: Walton Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 5, 1789, as hungry Parisians marched to his palace at Versailles, Louis XVI signed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Free speech was thus ratified, representing one of the most important achievements of the French Revolution. But deputies in the National Assembly had no time to celebrate. France was seething with calumny, and pressure to work on the fine print of Articles 10 and 11—defining abuses—mounted quickly.
From Local Repression to High Justice: Limits in Action
Authors: Walton Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 25, 1792, little more than a week before the September prison massacres broke out in Paris, crowds of angry sans-culottes left town. Rumors about their number varied, but by the time they reached their destination, Or léans, they were reported at fifteen hundred. Recruited among the city’s sections and the visiting National Guard from Marseilles, they formed into two groups.
The Pianist as Designer
Authors: Katz Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having resolved issues of rhythmic ensemble, the pianist can now begin to immerse himself in some very enjoyable, more subjective challenges of collaboration. One might say, having baked the cake, it is now ready for frosting and decoration. The task of delivering the text correctly and expressively—while simultaneously making music—is not limited to the singer; without question, the pianist bears an equal measure of this responsibility. Together, the collaborators are the joint custodian of the music and the text; the pianist’s role, however, extends to the implications of the text, the subtext, if you will. The voice describes something; the pianist amplifies and expands that information and experience.
Is there Life after Singers?
Authors: Katz Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It comes as no surprise to anyone that my own career has centered principally on the vocal repertoire; indeed, if my name is known at all, it is for anything and everything that has to do with singers. But I hasten to add proudly that my student years were equally divided between partnering instruments and voices, and with equal amounts of enthusiasm and personal reward on my part. Accompanying the classes of luminary Jascha Heifetz for two years not only was thrilling (and intimidating), it has proved to have been nothing less than a cornerstone of my artistic development, certainly as much as any of my endeavors in the worlds of opera or song. Indeed, one of the benefits of becoming a professor and working within a fine music school has been the reactivation of this instrumental repertoire in my daily activities, both performing it myself and helping my students to understand and succeed in this branch of collaboration too.
What Is a Teaching Artist?
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no consensus definition of teaching artist in the evolving field of arts education. Five years ago, even the term would spark arguments from those who preferred the traditional labels of visiting artist, resident artist, or even artist educator. Part of me hopes there will never be a consensus definition for a practice so varied and dynamic. There are no consensus definitions of the words creativity or art either. For very good reason—sometimes there is no single term to capture a deep truth. (Leonard Bernstein said his definition of art was that it had three attributes: it holds a complex and profound truth; it cannot be expressed in any other way; and the world would be worse without it.) Perhaps a term like teaching artist must be sounded, gestured, drawn, or performed in a room with engaged learners to capture its genuine connotation. And the world would be worse without teaching artists.
Balancing the Two Economies of Today’s Musician
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monofocused America seems to live and die by its economic ups and downs. People in the arts suffer because we seem peripheral to this economic monomania; we feel battered and reactive—dependent on its goodtimes largesse, fearful of the economic crunches, powerless to make much of an impact on either. We read of advocacy research that argues the enormous economic impact of the arts in this country, but it sadly seems to trickle down to few of us. In recent years I have noticed people who run arts education organizations following the ups and downs of the stock market closely. It certainly isn’t because they have large personal investment portfolios. They know that when the market slides, their support from wealthy individuals is going to dry up. A recession means deep cuts in their services to children, including arts experiences. It breaks our hearts—the Dow Jones Industrial average drops too much, and young lives get even more desiccated.
The Essential Skills of the Twenty-First-Century Artist
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The headline might read: “Conservatory Top Dogs Talk to One Another.” That would be news, but not front-page news because no one got bitten. In 2002, leaders from ten major conservatories, from the major arts service organizations, and from large foundations, and some young artists, spent three days in a cushy conference setting answering this question: How are we developing artists for the twenty-first century? I was designated to facilitate this herding of the cats sponsored by the Kenan Institute for the Arts (my role fell somewhere between that of Charlie Rose and Jerry Springer), and a blind goat would have recognized that this was an ensemble that had never played together before.
Creating the Playground
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gary Larson’s Far Side cartoons took center stage at a Harvard lab. In the experiment, psychologists Helen Langer and Sophia Snow randomly gave adults one of three tasks involving a stack of pages from a Far Side calendar. One task was a simple categorization into odd or even days, months, and counting totals. The two more complex tasks were to change a word or two to give the cartoon an entirely different meaning, and to recategorize the cartoons by some scheme of the participant’s invention.
The Entry Point Question: Where to Begin?
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Shookhoff (my first teacher at Lincoln Center Institute back in the late 1970s and now director of education at Manhattan Theatre Club in New York) illuminated the entry point concept for me on my first day. In a workshop for prospective teaching artists of all artistic disciplines, he demonstrated how to introduce inexperienced the atergoers to a complex play by leading us through a preparation for Shakespeare’s Macbeth. He didn’t pick ten important ideas of the play to tell us about; he didn’t have us read from the play; he didn’t even teach us about a few key characteristics of Shakespearean drama (such as iambic pentameter or soliloquy structure).
Mentoring: Myths and Mission
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I took a walk in the woods. This was a needed break from developing a training curriculum for the first cohort of mentors in the Juilliard Mentoring Program. My head was full of thoughts about mentors—the ones I had wished for but had never found in my own artistic life and those I had heard about who had changed my colleagues’ lives. I’d been studying the research on mentoring, frustrated that it is used as a necessity to developing leaders in many professions but is used only haphazardly in ours.
Blind Dates, Steady Dating, and Musical Marriages
Authors: Booth Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Education loves its buzzwords, and education in the arts is no exception. For music teaching artists who have lived through the rhetorical epochs of “standards,” “authentic assessment,” and “arts-integrated lesson design,” we are now in the “era of partnerships.” Partnerships of all kinds are proliferating throughout arts education—it is a veritable Reverend Moon marriage ceremony out there.
Articulation
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, verify that the tongue is correctly positioned in the mouth while playing. Make your most beautiful sound on an easy note. If we imagine the mouth cavity as having a spherical shape, the tip of the tongue should be in the center of that sphere, gradually arching back toward the roof of your mouth. From this position, it’s a simple motion forward to touch the reed. If the tongue does not feel like it is moving forward— directly forward—to strike the reed, it is in the wrong place and must be repositioned. Some players hold the tip of the tongue under the tip of the reed (some even place the tongue as far forward as the lower teeth), which is incorrect. The correct tongue placement is important for focusing the tone as well as for facility in articulation. It should remain in this position regardless of whether the music requires tonguing or not.