bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Economic Theory: II
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers the neo‐Walrasian approach to general economic equilibrium. The conquest of the existence theorem is compared with the defeat on the grounds of uniqueness and stability. Examines the developments in the new welfare economics in the light of Arrow's impossibility theorem and Sen's critique of utilitarianism. Concludes with the controversy on marginalism in the theory of firm.
Contemporary Economic Theory: III
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Deals with three specific areas of research developed in the last quarter of a century. The first one is the emergence of the ‘new political economy’ programme: public choice; neo‐institutionalism; the neo‐Austrian school; and the game‐theory approach to economics. The second area covers the neo‐Ricardian paradigm: Sraffa's economics. Finally, the chapter surveys the programme known as radical political economy, both in the USA and in Europe.
The Contracting Organization
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAmong the questions tackled by Simon Domberger in this book are the following: When should organizations contract out services traditionally produced in‐house? Is outsourcing another ephemeral management fad, or is it an efficient and effective means of delivering services and of adding value? What are the characteristics of strategically sound contracting decisions? And how can organizations prosper from the outsourcing revolution? The book is based on over a decade of research and consulting experience, and its conclusions have many practical implications. It develops an analytical decision‐making framework for the assessment of contracting options, and has relevance in both the private and public sectors. It contains many illustrations and over 30 international case studies; over 50 companies and public sector organizations are discussed, including Microsoft, BP, Marks & Spencer and Samsung. The book is divided into four parts. Part I begins by considering the ‘make or buy’ decision, and this is followed by a discussion of the shifting boundaries of organizations, which revisits some of the critical issues underlying the theory of the firm. Part II examines in detail the benefits and costs of contracting. Part III examines the strategic aspects of contracting, involving the implementation of actual policies. Part IV looks at structural change associated with contracting, at the level of both individual sectors and the whole economy. Each chapter has a guide to further reading at its end.
Control and Flexibility
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter, the previous two, and the next one consider the alternative means through which a contracting strategy is devised and implemented. In Ch. 7, the design of contracts and performance management systems are discussed, with particular attention paid to obtaining adequate measures of control whilst maintaining flexibility. The important question of risk, and its allocation between the contracting parties are also considered. The different parts of the chapter are the following: Control; Controlling outcomes; Monitoring performance; Controlling risks; Allocating risks in contracts; Flexibility in contracts; and Which contract––classical or relational?
Public Sector Contracting
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter and the following two look at the structural changes that have resulted from the economy‐wide application of contracting out. The public sector is, perhaps, the one that has been most profoundly affected by it, and about which controversy concerning the appropriate scope of private and public production continues to smoulder. Chapter 9 considers the issues relevant to public sector contracting, including the potential benefits and problems. The emphasis is on application, and the identification of the limits to contracting activity. The different parts of the chapter are as follows: The role of contracting in public sector reform; Potential benefits of public sector contracting; Problems of public sector contracting; Private–public sector competition––a level playing field? and The limits to public sector contracting.
Conclusions
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis concluding chapter contains some lessons from experience and conclusions regarding what is already known about contracting out, and how much more still needs to be found out. Four ‘lessons’ from the contracting theory and experiences discussed in the book are worth noting: first, one of the most powerful effects of the switch from in‐house production to external supply is the change in incentives; second, there is a link that is not always clearly visible between the way that contractual arrangements are implemented and the benefits that are subsequently derived; third, contracts are relationships, and as such are governed by the factors that affect all relationships; and last, contractual relationships can be thought of as lying along a spectrum that runs from spot transactions at one end to vertical integration at the other.
The Four Assumptions of the Theory of Domestic Divergences
Authors: Corden W. Max 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Reviews the four assumptions of the simple theory of domestic divergences (distortions), namely that subsidies can be financed by non‐distorting taxes, that taxation involves no collection costs, that there are no costs of subsidy disbursement costs, and that income distribution effects of various policies can be neglected. It is found that the central arguments of the simple theory stand when these assumptions are removed.
Protection and Capital Accumulation
Authors: Corden W. Max 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Analyses how protection can affect saving, investment, and, through the latter, the rate of growth. The answers hinge in part on the static effects of protection on real income. Protection can also affect savings and investment through its effects on income distribution and on the relative price of capital goods. In addition, protection may affect aggregate learning (‘invisible capital accumulation’) by changing the economy's output mix.
Some Dynamic Aspects of Trade Policy
Authors: Corden W. Max 
Published: October 2003

AbstractVarious dynamic effects of trade policies operate when there is anticipation of price changes, fluctuations in export earnings, and when trade affects knowledge. It is possible that reducing trade will reduce a nation's risks (though the effect could also go the other way). The question discussed is then whether trade‐reducing policies that would shift resources out of the more risky activities are justified.
Beyond Corporatism: New Patterns of Representation in the Brazilian Auto Industry
Authors: Martin Scott B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBetween 1991 and 1993, metalworkers’ unions, automotive firms, and state agencies in Brazil engaged in an institutionalized, comprehensive negotiation of industrial policy issues in auto manufacturing, in the ‘sectoral chamber’ of the auto industry. The two national accords that were negotiated helped re‐activate slumping demand, assist productive modernization, and protect job security and enhance wages for autoworkers. This chapter finds that, despite superficial similarities, the sectoral chamber experience cannot be explained with reference to the ‘societal corporatist’ framework, most closely associated with post‐war Western Europe. The author finds that key preconditions for successful, sector‐wide negotiations were (1) the prior establishment of representative unions and business associations with legitimate negotiating authority and (2) incipient bonds of labour‐management trust that had emerged through iterative encounters over productive restructuring issues. Social network ties, along the lines elaborated by the co‐editors in the concluding essay in their ‘associative network’ model, were fundamental to the rise, evolution, and ultimate decline of the auto sectoral chamber.
The Rise of Causa R in Venezuela
Authors: López‐Maya Margarita 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCausa R offered an alternative to the established parties in Venezuela that achieved considerable success as a result of both the major decentralization reforms of 1988 and then economic crises, neo‐liberal reforms, and the riots and coup attempts of 1989–92. The chapter traces the history of the party from the early 1970s when small groups of dissident Marxists sought new forms of political action. Its base was among dissident unions, new neighbourhood organizations, and students. Its first successes politically were the election of Causa R mayors and a provincial governor in the state of Bolivar. In the multiple crises at the end of the 1980s, its anti‐corruption, anti‐party organization image allowed it to win the mayoralty of Caracas and receive a 22% share of the Presidential vote in 1993.
The Seven‐Month Itch? Neoliberal Politics, Popular Movements, and the Left in Mexico
Authors: Bruhn Kathleen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExpectations were that new popular‐based social movements would ally with the PRD in Mexico after the latter's dramatic showing under Cardenas in 1988. Within a short time, this was shown to be false, symbolized seven months after the election by the signing, by the Comité de Defensa Popular of Durango, of an agreement with Salinas (PRI) government. Using a variety of examples, the article shows why. First, there was the effective monopoly of resources by the PRI. Second, social elements in government programmes—such as Solidaridad—which emphasized public works rather than class‐oriented programmes. Third, the structure of the PRD, which limited social movement influences. Finally, the conflicts generated by the differences between ‘movement logic’, which looked tosubstantive goals and local struggles, while the party sought electoral goals and national struggles. The result is the likelihood that movement‐party alliances will be ad hoc, informal, and perhaps, cyclical.
The Politics of Identity Reconstruction: Indians and Democracy in Ecuador
Authors: Selverston Melina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe indigenous movement in Ecuador has emerged in recent years as one of the most important social movements in the country. By organizing to protest the withdrawal of social and material rights under the neo‐liberal economic model and their continuing political exclusion within a democracy, Ecuador's traditionally fragmented indigenous groups have created a powerful new political identity. This analysis focuses on two cases in which the indigenous confederation CONAIE successfully influenced the government's proposed reforms over land use and bilingual education in the mid 1990s. Identity politics proved to be an effective way for indigenous actors to challenge the neo‐liberal politics that threatened to undermine their social and political rights. In the process, indigenous mobilization focused national attention on the lack of political participation by popular sectors in the political system.
The Evolution of the Brazilian Environmental Movement and Its Political Roles
Authors: Hochstetler Kathryn 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPerceptions of the political importance of social movements and popular organizations often err by seeing only one of their many possible roles. An analysis of the evolution of the Brazilian environmental movement in the 1980s, as they themselves perceive it and through its impact on Brazilian politics, shows how the myriad groups went through different combinations of four important political roles. Although with less impact on the first of these—state transformation (the usual focus of analysis)—the environmental groups showed significant activity in other roles: representation of popular interests, cultural politics, and action in the informal polity.
Popular Responses to State‐Sponsored Violence in Brazil
Authors: Pinheiro Paulo Sérgio 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHighlights a fundamental contradiction in Brazil's democracy: the coexistence of political rights with pervasive human rights abuse. Political violence, condoned by the state, inhibits the extension of citizenship rights. Brazilian Human Rights NGOs have made significant gains in combating societal and state violence. However, NGOs and other civil society actors are limited in their ability to curb the use of extra‐legal force by the extensive corruption within the state's judicial and security systems and by the lack of accountability in its political society. The ability to extend and to consolidate democracy in Brazil is blocked by the persistence of authoritarian practice within society and state.
Market‐Oriented Development Strategies and State–Society Relations in New Democracies: Lessons from Contemporary Chile and Spain
Authors: Hershberg Eric 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses Spain under the Socialist government of Felipe González and post‐Pinochet Chile under the Concertación as potential “social democratic” models, embodying what many view as a successful combination of market reforms with social equity and societal participation worthy of emulation by Latin America as a whole. The author finds significant limitations in the degree of popular‐sector participation in decision‐making (as seen through governments’ distancing and combative postures towards allied unions) and in the extent of re‐distributive social reforms under post‐transition center–left governments in both countries. The predominance of logic of market‐oriented reforms, economic and political stability, and of insulation from pressures from below acted to undercut the reformist ethos of both national governments, leaving them well short of social democratic ideals. At the same time, the González and Concertación governments helped consolidate formal electoral democracies in their countries that continue to be marred by a major weakness on the participation and equity fronts.
Reconstructing the Workers' Party (PT): Lessons from North‐Eastern Brazil
Authors: Nylen William 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn the 1980s, the Workers Party in Brazil faced an institutional challenge: to adapt its orthodox socialism to the realities of governance without loosing its commitment to a transformative socialist agenda. This study analyses the process of party building through three experiences with local governance by the PT in the north‐eastern state of Ceará. Strict adherence to the party line generated the spectacular failure of the first PT administration in the area and led to a more pragmatic vision within the party to winning and maintaining electoral power. The PT constructed new public support and made significant electoral gains, based on a platform calling for the provision of credible public services and a responsive and participatory governance process. The failure and success of PT governments in this region have contributed to an internal learning process and institutional debates at both the regional and national levels.
Can a Leftist Government Make a Difference? the Frente Amplio Administration of Montevideo, 1990–1994
Authors: Winn Peter , Ferro‐Clérico Lilia 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA newly reconstructed left movement within the Frente Amplio coalition took power in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1990 under the charismatic leadership of Tabaré Vázquez. It carried out extensive programmes working with the poor, including street vendors, garbage collectors, and squatters. It also initiated a programme of administrative deconcentration and political decentralization. These steps showed strength and new thinking for the left, breaking with both the socialists and the welfare state orientation characteristics of Uruguay known as ‘battlismo’. But the programme ran into obstacles. Some of these were from neo‐liberal conservatives, but others were from the older members of the leftist parties that made up the Frente. The article ends with an analysis of the various possible lessons for the left that this experience presents.
Targeting the Poor: The Politics of Social Policy Reforms in Mexico
Authors: Piester Kerianne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractResponding to the crisis of shrinking state budgets and rising social demands in the 1980s, the Mexican government experimented with a new participatory poverty alleviation model. Targeting the poor was seen as a means of undermining mass protest against austerity measures and to address the crisis of Mexico's traditional corporate institutions for representation and control. Facing new party competition and the expansion of autonomous grassroots organizations, the PRI government sought to create new linkages with society through a series of poverty programmes. Examines the Popular Housing Fund, the National Food Distribution Program, and the Solidarity Fund. Clientelism persisted in the first two funds. Within Solidarity, the emphasis of the funds on demand‐based projects opened up new spaces for grassroots organizations to participate in a more autonomous fashion. This proved to be mixed success, dependent on local political conditions and pre‐existing community autonomy.
Redefining the Public/private Mix: NGOs and the Emergency Social Investment Fund in Ecuador
Authors: Segarra Monique 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOver the past decade, the World Bank has pressed its borrowers to include NGOs in ‘partnerships’ that range from shared design and implementation of projects, to substantive negotiation over development policy. What explains the domestic political outcome of these transnational partnership efforts? This chapter examines the case of the negotiation over Ecuador's Social Investment Fund to include substantial NGO participation and finds that these new ‘partnerships’ between NGOs and the state failed in their first iteration. Presidential concerns over patronage blocked the construction of new working relations between NGOs and the state. Yet, the initial failure was followed by reflection and renewed collaboration. Political change resulted from a process of socialization around new sets of norms regarding civil society's participation in social policy as they became embedded in new, often informal, institutions. The impact of this socialization on democracy in Ecuador is still an open question.
Regional Integration and Transnational Politics: Popular Sector Strategies in the NAFTA Era
Authors: Cook María Lorena 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores a novel and unexpected by‐product of the process of negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement—a network of North American labour, environmental, human rights, and other citizens’ organizations using international alliances to modify the agreement and to contest what was widely viewed as an anti‐popular and exclusionary process. While economic integration between the US and Mexico had been taking place for some time, the author argues that it was the formal recognition of this process through the NAFTA agreement that facilitated transnational political action by non‐state actors. Even though economic globalization and neo‐liberalism may be considered by some to undermine popular organizations, formal recognition of North American economic integration paradoxically produced a ‘transnational political arena’ linking the US, Mexico, and Canada. Well beyond the period and issues of the formal debate about the treaty itself, this transnational arena has expanded the resources available to non‐governmental groups, increased their leverage in domestic political arena, and broadened their strategic options.
Associative Networks: New Structures of Representation for the Popular Sectors?
Authors: Chalmers Douglas A. , Martin Scott B. , Piester Kerianne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDespite renewed awareness of poverty and inequality, there has been a marked absence of past forms of popular mobilization. Populist, corporatist, clientelist, and broad mobilization around parties broke down in the 1970s and have not dominated in the new period of democratization. Citing the evidence presented in the articles in this volume, it is argued that new forms of popular representation are emerging, denoted as ‘associative networks’. Polycentric decision‐making, internationalized politics, the importance of new forms of communication, and the search for new policy answers had led to a new form of representation characterized by bringing a diversity of actors and organizations together in networks that rapidly reconfigure with changing circumstances, an emphasis on ‘cognitive politics’ and a more flexible style of conflict than direct confrontation. These are not pluralist ‘interest groups’, nor simply organizations in civil society, but varied links that tie civil society and polycentric government. A political process dominated by associative networks is not necessarily more democratic than other forms of popular representation. Whether it is democratic depends on institutions that link these networks and policy making (including parties and legislatures), and especially manage their rapid change as challenges and conditions change. Democracy also depends on whether citizens have the rights and resources to form and participate in such networks, and whether popular leaders find strategies that will take advantage of these new forms that require going beyond simple confrontation.
The Language of Morals
Authors: Hare R. M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book about ethics is, according to the author, an exercise in the logical study of the language of morals. In it, Hare presents his own brand of non‐cognitivism, generally referred to as ‘prescriptivism’. According to prescriptivism, value‐words have both descriptive and prescriptive meaning. The function of the former is to convey information about the objects the words are applied to, and the function of the latter is to commend a certain kind of object in its class. Hare begins his argument with a general discussion of the logic of imperatives (Part I) and then turns to an analysis of ‘good’ and ‘ought’ (Parts II–III), showing that the logic of such value‐words is parallel to the logic of imperatives. Imperatives and value‐judgements are thus both instances of prescriptive language, which are distinct from, and cannot be reduced to, descriptive language.
Imperatives and Logic
Authors: Hare R. M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provisionally characterizes the difference between indicatives and imperatives in terms of assent: while assenting to a statement involves believing something, assenting to a command involves doing something. Considering the logic of indicatives and imperatives, Hare distinguishes between the part of the sentence common to both (the ‘phrastic’) and that which is different (the ‘neustic’), but argues that the entailment relations of ordinary logic are relations between the phrastic of sentences for both moods. Moreover, Hare claims that no imperative conclusion can validly be drawn from premises that do not contain at least one imperative.
Decisions of Principle
Authors: Hare R. M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Analyses the interaction between principles and decisions in moral deliberation as well as in education. Hare gives three reasons for our inevitable employment of principles, and argues that principles ultimately arise from decisions. Thus, a complete justification of a decision to act can never be given in terms of principles alone but requires the justification of these principles in terms of their effects, which can only be provided in terms of a decision to accept the way of life the principles are a part of. To make a value‐judgement is equally to make such a decision of principle.