bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sonographically guided percutaneous ethanol treatment of a symptomatic complex nodule with a large cystic component in a patient with thyroid hemiagenesis
Authors: Braga‐Basaria Milena , Basaria Shehzad , Mesa Cléo , Stolf Anderson R. , Graf Hans 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThyroid hemiagenesis is a rare anomaly that is usually discovered incidentally during the evaluation of unrelated thyroid disorders. We present the case of a patient with hemiagenesis of the left thyroid lobe and a large, recurrent, symptomatic complex nodule with a large cystic component that occupied most of the right lobe. She had previously undergone multiple unsuccessful aspirations of the cyst. The patient was successfully treated with an intranodular injection of ethanol under sonographic guidance. The success of this procedure resulted in the resolution of symptoms and avoidance of surgical resection of the right lobe, with resulting hypothyroidism. We recommend that ethanol injections be considered for treatment of symptomatic cystic or benign solid nodules in patients with thyroid hemiagenesis and in those who have undergone hemithyroidectomy and have symptomatic nodules. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:445–449, 2002
Validity of sonographic screening for the detection of abdominal cancers
Authors: Mizuma Yoshihiro , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Ozasa Kotaro , Hayashi Kyohei , Kawai Keiichi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeThis study assessed the prevalence of abdominal cancers and the validity of sonographic screening for abdominal cancers in an asymptomatic population.MethodsWe investigated the findings of the first sonographic screening of 16,024 residents of Osaka Prefecture. A comparison of records was carried out between the list of those screened and the Osaka Cancer Registry to identify false‐negative results of our screening.ResultsThe rate of subjects who required further testing after screening was 4.76% (762/16,024). Eleven of the 762 subjects with a positive sonographic screening study had abdominal cancers detected on further testing. Three subjects had false‐negative screening results. The positive predictive value of sonographic screening was 1.4% (11/762), and the rate of screening‐detected cancers was 0.069% (11/16,024). The prevalence of abdominal cancers was 0.087% (14/16,024), the sensitivity of screening sonography for the detection of abdominal cancers was 78.6% (11/14), and the specificity was 95.3% (15,259/16,010). Seven of 11 screening‐detected cancers were resected curatively, and 6 of these patients are still alive. Five of these 6 cancers were renal cell carcinomas.ConclusionsThe sensitivity of screening sonography was relatively high and the specificity was sufficient among our asymptomatic population. The present study suggests that the target organ for sonographic screening to detect curable cancers should be the kidneys. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:408–415, 2002
Renal sonography in the diagnosis of renal obstruction or hydronephrosis in patients with cervical cancer
Authors: Vanderpuye Verna 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the role of renal sonography and its use as an alternative to intravenous urography in detecting ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis in patients with cervical cancer.Materials and MethodsPatients with biopsy‐confirmed carcinoma of the cervix who were referred to the radiotherapy center from February 6, 2001, through July 20, 2001, were enrolled in this trial. All patients had previously undergone clinical staging by physical examination and either intravenous urography or CT scanning as the standard tests for diagnosing ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis. All patients underwent renal sonography as an alternative diagnostic tool for diagnosing ureteral obstruction or hydronephrosis.ResultsForty patients were enrolled. Their mean age was 46 years (range, 26–65 years). According to the FIGO staging system, 12% of the patients had clinical stages 1B2 and 2A disease, 20% had stage 2B, 8% had stage 3A, 50% had stage 3B, and 10% had a postoperative recurrence of cervical cancer. Thirty‐four patients had had intravenous urography and 6 had had CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and overall accuracy rates for renal sonography were 76.5% (13/17), 100% (23/23), 100% (13/13), 85% (23/27), and 90% (36/40), respectively. Seventy‐five percent (3/4) of the false‐negative results occurred in patients with pelvic sidewall thickening on physical examination.ConclusionsRenal sonography may be used as an effective and relatively low‐cost means of diagnosing ureteral obstruction in patients with cervical cancer without clinically evident pelvic sidewall thickening. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:424–427, 2002
Giant iliopsoas bursitis: Sonographic findings with magnetic resonance correlations
Authors: Bianchi Stefano , Martinoli Carlo , Keller Alain , Bianchi‐Zamorani Maria Pia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe present the case of a 40‐year‐old man with rheumatoid arthritis who had a painless left inguinal mass. Sonographic examination revealed a large soft tissue mass with mixed internal echotexture and regular borders extending inside the pelvis and into the proximal portion of the thigh. Sonography also showed communication between the bursa of the iliopsoas muscle and the hip cavity, with intra‐articular synovitis and erosion of the ileum. Giant iliopsoas bursitis secondary to hip involvement in rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed on the basis of the sonographic findings. This diagnosis was confirmed by MRI. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:437–441, 2002
Sonographic evaluation of liver nodularity: Inspection of deep versus superficial surfaces of the liver
Authors: Filly Roy A. , Reddy Shireesha G. , Nalbandian Allen B. , Lu Ying , Callen Peter W. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeWe determined the diagnostic performance of assessing the nodularity of deep versus superficial surfaces of the liver as a predictor of cirrhosis.MethodsOne sonologist retrospectively reviewed the sonograms of 100 patients at risk for cirrhosis based on clinical data and laboratory tests. A second sonologist reviewed the sonograms of a subset of 25 patients to assess for inter‐reader variability, while the first sonologist re‐reviewed the sonograms of a different subset of 25 patients for intrareader variability. Sonograms of all patients were obtained with standard sector‐ or curved‐array transducers. Biopsy confirmation of cirrhosis was used as the standard for diagnostic accuracy.ResultsFifty of the 100 patients had a pathologic diagnosis of cirrhosis. The sensitivity of inspection of the deep surface versus the superficial surface was 86% versus 53% (p = 0.0003), respectively. Sensitivity was not dependent on pathologic type. Intrareader agreement was better for deep than for superficial surface observations. The overall inter‐reader agreement was fair and comparable for both deep and superficial surface methods.ConclusionsThe sensitivity for detecting cirrhosis based on surface nodularity is greater for deep than for superficial surface observations. As the prevalence of disease increases, the accuracy of assessment of the deep surface in predicting cirrhosis increases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:399–407, 2002
Various Doppler sonographic appearances and challenges in prenatal diagnosis of vasa praevia
Authors: Seince Nathalie , Carbillon Lionel , Perrot Nicolas , Uzan Michèle 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRupture of vasa praevia is associated with a high rate of fetal or neonatal mortality. Since the recent development of color and spectral Doppler sonography, prenatal diagnosis of vasa praevia has been increasing but is not yet consistent. We report 2 cases that were diagnosed prenatally, enabling cesarean section to be performed under optimal conditions to prevent complications. A better knowledge of the characteristic Doppler sonographic appearances and the risk factors associated with vasa praevia could greatly facilitate the prenatal diagnosis of this condition and hence the fetal prognosis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:450–454, 2002
‘Crowding in’ care, security and micro‐enterprise formation: revisiting the role of the state in poverty reduction and in development
Authors: Lund Frances 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA central issue for both economic and social policies aimed at addressing poverty is the appropriate role of the state, and the interaction between public and private measures of support. One tradition in economics has been concerned that public spending will ‘crowd out’ private savings and private pension provision. The substantial South African programme of state assistance to elderly people presents a unique opportunity to understand the impact of state intervention. The non‐contributory old age pension raises household incomes, and ‘crowds in’ care of the elderly and of children, enhances household security, and stimulates the formation of very small businesses, as well as local markets. The positive performance of this programme, both in poverty reduction and as a development tool, is used to raise broader questions for international social policies which are designed on increasingly outdated notions of ‘households’ and of ‘work’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From the politics of poverty to the politics of identity? Child rights and working children in Bangladesh
Authors: White Sarah C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDrawing on primary research in development organizations and with working children themselves, this paper questions the logic of child rights, and its validity for the cultural context of Bangladesh. A strong stress on child rights at the programme level may not be sustainable and can have contradictory outcomes for poor children. Working children place a premium on the quality of relationships and show a strong sense of (in)justice and entitlement. This suggests ‘child rights’ work should re‐examine the cultural constitution of entitlements and responsibilities and how these intermesh with the material, social and political factors that make and keep children poor. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inequality and the polarizing impact of microcredit: evidence from Zambia's copperbelt
Authors: Copestake James 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWhile much research has addressed the impact of microcredit on poverty, less attention has been paid to inequality. This paper draws on research on the Zambian Copperbelt to show how impact on income distribution depends upon who obtains loans, who graduates to larger loans, who exits and group dynamics. Some initial levelling up of business income was found, but the more marked overall effect among borrowers was of income polarisation. To gain a full picture, more research is needed into the wider impact of the big gainers not only on their competitors, customers and employees, but also on political tolerance of inequality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the measurement of poverty and vulnerability in the South African context
Authors: Qizilbash Mozaffar 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt is sometimes argued that poverty is multi‐dimensional and that the borderline between the poor and the non‐poor is vague. In this paper fuzzy set theoretic poverty measures are used to examine vulnerability and ‘definite poverty’ in various dimensions of the quality of life. The focus of the paper is on inter‐provincial rankings in these dimensions at the time of the 1996 Census in South Africa. While various methodological difficulties are noted, the analysis suggests that the distinction between human and financial poverty, and that between definite poverty and extreme vulnerability, are important for policy, in particular as regards the inter‐provincial distribution of funds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A critical assessment of Jamaica's national poverty eradication programme
Authors: Duku Osei Philip 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn recent times there have been a proliferation of national, sectoral and local development policies on poverty eradication in the developing countries. This study of the Jamaican poverty reduction initiative aimed to find out whether some of these programmes have transcended some of the elementary policy problems that have been widely covered in the development management literature since the 1960s. The Government of Jamaica contends that its overall social policy, and especially the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NPEP), instituted from 1997–2000 may have contributed towards the reduction of absolute poverty levels that have been recorded in the last half‐decade. This writer argues otherwise. This is because a close examination of the management of the NPEP per se revealed deep‐seated problems. These included a weak political analysis, poor co‐ordination at the macro and street levels and a lack of adequate institutional support from the bureaucracy. The essay suggests ways towards improved governance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Livelihood asset status tracking: an impact monitoring tool?
Authors: Bond Richard , Mukherjee Neela 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper raises the issue of what kind of monitoring system can serve the learning needs of livelihood improvement projects which follow a process approach. It is concerned, in particular, with monitoring not only achievement of planned project outputs, but also with higher level project impacts normally needed to achieve project purpose or goal. A simple and rapid method to track the livelihood asset status at the household level is introduced. It is based on local perceptions and converts qualitative judgement to quantitative analytical data. Some initial field results are discussed along with problems, possible solutions, points for best practice and further research possibilities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transnational NGDOS and participatory forms of rights‐based development: converging with the local politics of citizenship in Cameroon
Authors: Hickey Sam 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe transmission of ‘participatory development’ by transnational non‐governmental development organizations (NGDOs) to local ‘partners’ in developing countries is today widely criticized, often because of an apparent failure to attain the essentially political goal of ‘empowerment’. This article argues that this problem relates closely to a failure amongst NGDOs to engage with the political context in which ‘citizenship participation’ is contested in developing countries. Case study material reveals how one participatory development intervention has converged with a particular moment in the trajectory of citizenship formation amongst the target group, and with the local politics of citizenship in Cameroon more broadly, in ways that have, at best, ambiguous implications for the ‘empowerment’ of the local participants. The paper concludes by discussing how ‘rights‐based’ approaches might overcome these problems, and the challenge that this poses for the transnational development community. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the gender dimensions of reconstruction processes post‐hurricane Mitch
Authors: Bradshaw Sarah 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe paper will consider the reconstruction process in Nicaragua post hurricane Mitch. First, the success of civil society co‐ordinations at promoting common people‐centred agendas will be highlighted and contrasted with the difficulties they have faced in becoming gender inclusive spaces. Second, the extent to which the official rhetoric they helped to promote has been translated into reality is examined, suggesting that on the ground projects remain at best ‘women‐centred’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poverty and lone parenthood: the case of Iran
Authors: Doostgharin Taghi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study examined the poverty and the new family forms in Iran. Data collected from different resources in Iran are used to examine the determinants of welfare participation among female single parents. Results indicate that in Iran only families on very low incomes receive any welfare assistance, and there is neither universal family allowance, nor any housing benefit or maternity benefit. In other words, life on welfare in Iran is an acceptable option only to the extremely poor lone mother and offers a life only at the margin of society. In fact for the majority of these lone mothers there are very few areas of employment open to them and those that are tend to have very low wages. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new EU ACP partnership agreement
Authors: Dearden Stephen , Mira Salama Clara 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article reviews and assesses the recent Cotonou Partnership Agreement between the ACP group of developing countries and the EU. It places the Agreement in the context of the EU's commitment to refocusing its development policy and reforming its aid administration. It emphasises the innovative elements of the Agreement that set it apart from its Lome predecessors—the intention to move to reciprocal regional free trade agreements; the emphasis upon good governance; the rule of law and human rights; the enhanced role for non‐State actors and the private sector and the adoption of a rolling programme of aid provision. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating European Union promotion of human rights, democracy and good governance: towards a participatory approach
Authors: Crawford Gordon 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFollowing an examination of European Union (EU) rhetoric on promoting human rights and democracy in third countries, this article focuses on how its practice can best be evaluated. It analyses recent evaluation studies of European Community (EC) democracy programmes in different regions, but finds that methodological shortcomings restrict their value. Thus, an alternative evaluation methodology is proposed. This is based on a participatory approach in which informed local actors would play a key role in assessing EC efforts. Advantages include a more rigorous critique, with lessons learnt integrated into revised programmes characterised by greater domestic control and authorship, as befits the nature of democratization. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double arterial phase dynamic MRI with sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas
Authors: Yoshioka Hiroshi , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Yamaguchi Masayuki , Lou Douqiang , Saida Yukihisa , Itai Yuji 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the efficacy of SENSE MRI, including the double arterial phase dynamic study, to detect hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs).Materials and MethodsMRI of the liver was performed in 40 consecutive patients (20 by conventional MRI and 20 by SENSE MRI). The SENSE technique was used to obtain breath‐hold T1‐weighted FSE images (TR/TE = 556/12 msec), respiratory‐triggered T2‐weighted FSE images (TR/TE = 1800/90 msec) with and without fat suppression, and dynamic MR images (TR/TE/FA = 160–168/4.6 msec/70°). In each arterial dominant phase and portal dominant phase, two scans were consecutively performed with one breath‐hold, leading to the double arterial phase and double portal phase images with SENSE.ResultsThe sensitivity of SENSE MRI for HCCs diagnosed from all MR images, including dynamic study, T1‐weighted images, and T2‐weighted images, was 91.7%, while that of conventional MRI was 76.3%. The positive predictive value of SENSE MRI for HCCs was 91.7%, while that of conventional MRI was 87.9%. In terms of HCCs ≤ 10 mm, the sensitivity and positive predictive values of SENSE MRI were 78.6% and 78.6%, respectively, while those of conventional MRI were 27.3% and 60.0%, respectively. The number of detected HCCs ≤ 10 mm was significantly larger in SENSE MRI than in conventional MRI (P < 0.05). The cause of false‐positive lesions on SENSE MR images was an arterioportal shunt.ConclusionSENSE MRI with double arterial phase dynamic study showed higher sensitivity compared to the conventional technique. Therefore, SENSE MRI is a promising method for the detection of HCC. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:259–266. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the spatial characteristics of metabolic abnormalities in newly diagnosed glioma patients
Authors: Li Xiaojuan , Lu Ying , Pirzkall Andrea , McKnight Tracy , Nelson Sarah J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the role of 3D MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) as a tool for characterizing heterogeneity within a lesion in glioma patients.Materials and MethodsForty‐nine patients with newly diagnosed glioma were studied with 3D water‐suppressed proton (1‐H) MRSI. Signal intensities from choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), N‐acytel aspartate (NAA), and lactate/lipid (LL) were estimated from the spectra. Regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to the metabolic abnormalities were defined and compared with the anatomic lesions.ResultsThis study showed that the tumor burden measured with either the volumes of the metabolic abnormalities or the metabolic levels in the most abnormal voxels was correlated with the degree of malignancy of the tumor. The volumes of elevated Cho and decreased NAA were useful for distinguishing low‐grade from high‐grade lesions. The volume of abnormal LL was correlated with the existence of necrosis and with the volume of contrast‐enhancing lesions in high‐grade lesions. The differences in the volume of abnormal LL were also statistically significant between patients in each grade.ConclusionThese 3D‐MRSI data provide important additional information to conventional MRI for evaluating and characterizing gliomas. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:229–237. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parametric imaging of tumor perfusion using flow‐ and permeability‐limited tracers
Authors: Bogin Liora , Margalit Raanan , Mispelter Joel , Degani Hadassa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeTo quantitatively evaluate the spatial distribution of flow‐ and permeability‐limited perfusion in MCF7 human breast cancer tumors orthotopically implanted in CD1‐NU mice.Materials and MethodsFlow‐limited perfusion was derived from 2H‐MRI recorded before and after infusion of deuterated water. Permeability‐limited perfusion was evaluated from GdDTPA‐enhanced 1H‐MRI.ResultsThe dominant processes in tumor perfusion, namely blood flow and capillary permeability, were mapped in orthotopically implanted MCF7 human breast cancer tumors. The dynamic data were processed according to physiological models, yielding parametric maps of intravascular volume fraction, water perfusion rate, GdDTPA permeability rate constant, and extracellular volume fraction accessible to GdDTPA. The maps exhibited the heterogeneous distribution of each perfusion parameter. Most of the tumor tissue (≥95%) was perfused with HDO, while GdDTPA was perfused in only about 50% of it. In most loci the perfusion rate was limited by capillary permeability to GdDTPA.ConclusionThe results demonstrated the instructive value of tracers with different properties used in conjunction to achieve a deeper understanding of tumor perfusion capacity. This study offers tools for the accurate, noninvasive evaluation of drug delivery efficacy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:289–299. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.