bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Information and the Shape of the Redistribution Frontier
Authors: Gevers Louis , Wibaut Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the cost of moving towards equality; it attempts to explain what accounts for the size of it. In order to introduce our problem, we shall draw heavily on Sen’s (1982) Tanner lecture, which he delivered in 1979. After noting that a general concern for morality implies a concern for equality, Sen provides a characteristically lucid discussion of what should be equalized. Every individual in society can choose among various levels of consumption and effort within a given set of opportunities. By exerting his or her choice, the decision-maker produces a given list of functionings, some or all of which generate, in turn, his or her utility or welfare level. From the point of view of an ethical observer, certain basic functionings seem especially relevant: Sen quotes, among others, moving about, getting properly fed, participating in the social life of the community. He moves away from a time-honoured tradition, following which economists had been evaluating policy choices by means of their eventual consequences for individual welfare. Those of them concerned with equality had been comparing welfare levels or welfare gains among individuals. In A Theory of Justice, Rawls (1971) criticizes this approach and stresses the importance of what he calls primary goods, be they income, wealth, or the social basis of one’s self-respect. Sen builds on Rawls and emphasizes that the ability to achieve basic functionings with a given combination of effort and goods depends heavily on personal characteristics. He argues persuasively that one should be concerned with equality not so much in terms of goods or welfare or actual functionings, but rather in terms of capabilities to achieve basic functionings.
Valued Opinions or Opinionated Values: The Double Aggregation Problem
Authors: Roberts Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the realm of social choice, the framework originally developed by Arrow can be viewed as applying to two different and distinct aggregation problems. In the first, aggregation takes the form of utilizing information about individual well-being to generate a social ranking of states. This is what is done by a social welfare function. In the second, the purpose of aggregation is to take a collection of social rankings of states that individuals in society may possess and to combine them to create a ‘consensus’ social ranking. This could be done by a voting system. In a general problem of social choice, one could expect to meet both aggregation problems—individuals in society have (perhaps different) views about the well-being of all individuals in society and, using this information, a single social ranking of states is desired.
Mass Unemployment as a Social Problem
Authors: Solow Robert m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be possible to learn something new about the normal functioning of social institutions by observing what happens in extreme situations. Presumably that was one of Amartya Sen’s reasons for studying severe famine. It was probably not the only reason, however. Infrequent famine is an important enough event to be worth studying for its own sake, even if there were nothing to be learned from it about the distribution of food in normal circumstances. In this brief note I want to have a look at mass unemployment, in the same spirit. The 1930s were an extreme case, with high and persistent unemployment, the rate reaching above 30 per cent in some places for non-trivial intervals. That event provides a rugged proving-ground for any general picture of the functioning of the labour market. It may be too rugged. Just as hard cases are said to make bad law, it is possible that extreme cases make bad models. A model that works well for unemployment rates of between 3 and 15 per cent could be forgiven for failing outside that range; and trying to repair the model might make it worse. Nevertheless, one would be surprised if there were no general lessons to be learned from the experience of mass unemployment.
Socialism and Third World Development
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Paul Baran named the last chapter of his book The Political Economy of Growth‘The Steep Ascent’ he could scarcely have imagined how steep that ascent would turn out to be in practice. The fact that many underdeveloped countries pursuing what then ap peared to be a promising path of self-reliant development, among whom Baran had high hopes in India, would, instead of pressing forward towards socialism as a means to sustain self-reliance, slide back into IMF conditionalities, may not perhaps have surprised him. After all these were countries with fairly entrenched bourgeoisies that would have made such an advancf: difficult. But the fact that there would be a slide back even among socialist countries, not just the extraordinarily poverty-stricken, embattled, and fragile countries, opting for socialism, but even among countries such as China which had witnessed some of the most heroic revolutionary struggles of this century, to a point where they too would have to listen to the ‘advice’ emanating from the Fund and the Bank would certainly have come to him as a surprise.To say this is not to trivialise the experiments in China, or to pre-judge the course of the current reforms, but merely to underscore the fact that the belief which many had that, once the revolution had triumphed, progress towards a society without want would be along a more or less well-charted course, and would be a more or less uninterrupted one, has turned out to have been simp listic.
The Torphichen Street Leviathan
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a journalist in 1906 who described DCL as the ‘Torphichen Street Leviathan’.1 This was not a term of endearment, nor a nickname that those who led DCL liked or ever used, but it very accurately captured the trade’s sense of unease about DCL’s growing influence; like the legendary sea monster DCL did seem to be huge and menacing. DCL was respected but it was not popular, and dealers were permanently suspicious of its intentions, even though the company’s influence on the supply of grain whisky had actually diminished during the 1890s when three patent still distilleries were opened.2 Moreover, DCL had made no attempt to increase its ownership of grain distilleries. Indeed, between 1877 and 1902, it extended its distilling interests on only three occasions.3 DCL’s growth in this period was through internal expansion rather than by acquisition. By contrast, between 1902 and 1910 it acquired five patent still distilleries (three in Scotland and two in England), negotiated the closure of another one, and purchased a 50 per cent interest in United Distilleries, the largest grain whisky producer in Ireland.4 Thereafter the rate of acquisition accelerated and between 1910 and the ultimate union of DCL, Buchanan—Dewar, and Walker’s in the ‘big amalgamation’ of 1925 there was only one year, 1914, when the company was not involved in a take-over bid. This profile can be viewed another way.
Power Alcohol
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1907 DCL purchased Vauxhall distillery in Liverpool. Vauxhall had a large trade in industrial alcohol, a business DCL believed had a good future and, because the main market was in England, could be developed better from Liverpool than from Scotland. DCL’s enthusiasm for industrial alcohol reflected the decline in the potable market and a major revision of the Excise regulations. Before 1902, these permitted the use of only one type of non-potable spirit—’ordinary methylated spirit’. For many users, particularly dyestuff-makers and other fine chemical producers, the denaturant in methylated spirit (10% wood naphtha) made alcohol technically unsuitable or too expensive and in 1902 a second category was enumerated, duty-free alcohol for use in arts and manufactures. This failed to satisfy several groups who were interested in the commercial exploitation of alcohol, and the government came under increasing pressure to lower the cost of alcohol. Distillers argued that the Excise system increased the cost of production and that compensation should be paid. Their campaign attracted support from many quarters.1 Chemical manufacturers held that the higher cost of alcohol handicapped them in competition with Germany. Agriculturalists envied the close relationship between farming and distilling in Germany and saw the derived demand from alcohol as a cure for agricultural depression. Motoring organizations wanted an alternative to petrol, whose supply was controlled by three oil companies, widely suspected of rigging the market.
Chemicals 1: Finding a Route to Solvents
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pressure to diversify was probably experienced most intensely by DCL between 1918 and 1925, for certainty that potable consumption was not going to return to pre-war levels combined with uncertainty about whether the big amalgation was attainable. In what sometimes seemed like a desperate search for new outlets for alcohol one group of products particularly attracted DCL: ‘alcohol derivatives and solvents’, a collective title which embraced acetone, acetic acid, methyl alcohol and methyl acetate, amyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, and propyl alcohol. DCL had produced acetone during the war using Weizmann’s process, an experience which convinced some directors that DCL’s future lay in the chemical industry. The immediate prospects for utilizing this experience were bleak, for the whole focus of acetone production had shifted across the Atlantic and, with the cessation of military demand, the market was in decline. Moreover, in Britain scientific opinion held that Weizmann’s process was not commercially viable because of the high cost of the raw material and ‘the fact that the production of every part of acetone involves the production of two parts of butyl alcohol having very little use for industrial purposes, at all events at the present time’.
Risk versus Reward: DCL’s Diversification Strategy, 1900–1939
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DCL had a policy of spreading risks long before the inter-war period, as Menzies’ attempt to reassure shareholders during the anti-drink campaign indicates, but its product range was still very limited in 1915, consisting of yeast, malt extract, industrial alcohol, carbon dioxide, animal feed stuffs, and potable spirits. It was only after the First World War that diversification complemented rationalization as DCL’s solution to the problems facing the firm and the Scotch whisky industry. It is clear that the transition from the ‘whisky age’ to the ‘alcohol age’ was neither easy nor swift but a prolonged and difficult process.
From Inherito,,rs to Managers: The Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales and Business Firms
Authors: Meuleau Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out to study the relationship between a recent newcomer to the field of top management; the commercial manager, and the evolution of administrative methods in large French firms. We shall take as our example the Ecole deshautes etudes commerciales (HEC) and its graduates. The post of commercial manager first appeared at the end of the nineteenth century with the development of senior management training. The commercial manager concentrated on everything other than pro duction and research,1 being as it were the counterpart of engineers in matters of commerce, finance, and administration; after the First World War he also competed on equal terms with them for promotion to a directorship. The underlying analysis is based on the assumption that training pro vides an individual with knowledge which can influence him in a decisive manner, giving him both technical skills and an ability to react more efficiently to given situations.
Relationships as Activity Links
Authors: Dubois Anna , Håkansson Håkan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key problems in industrial markets is that activities in related companies have to be co-ordinated, not just within each company but also between them. One of the main ways of handling the co-ordination is developing relationships with the business counterparts. Business relationships have been analysed as some kind of simple on-off switch: from an economic point of view, either there is a relationship or there is not. In this article we try to go one step further and describe, characterize, and exemplify the content of business relationships as a continuous variable. In particular, we focus on how the relationship can function in terms of linking activities. Linking has different directions and dimensions, and therefore has different effects on the companies involved. The effects are analysed in three different analytical dimensions: the control actors gain over one another, the utilization of resources, that is, economic effects, and the possibility for individual actors to actively take part in change processes.
Inter-Firm Responses to Heterogeneity of Demand over Time
Authors: Easton Geoff , Aravjo Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of heterogeneity of demand over time on modes of economic co-ordination in organizational markets. Departing from a discussion of different sources of heterogeneity of demand, the objective of the chapter is set in terms of examining the intra-and inter-organizational effects of coping strategies or response modes to short-term heterogeneity of demand over time. This perspective is contrasted with traditional approaches to the discontinuity-flexibility debate as in the manufacturing flexibility and strategy, and organizational change literatures. The discussion of firms’ responses to heterogeneity of demand over time is organized under a framework provided by the flow through nodes model of change in industrial networks. Six categories of response—selection, reflection, adaptation, absorption, transmission, and configuration—are discussed in turn and implications derived for modes of economic coordination. In particular, we argue that the transmission and configuration response modes are more likely to give rise to the formation of inter¬organizational networks, whilst other response modes tend to rely on either intra-firm or market mechanisms to deal with heterogeneity of demand over time.
Drivers of Management Accounting in Finland
Authors: Virtanen Kalervo , Malmi Teemu , Vaivio Juhani , Kasanen Eero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finland provides an interesting laboratory setting for studying the turmoil in management accounting which is supposedly sweeping the world. There has been, in the not too distant past, a remarkable shift in Finnish management accounting practices, from full costing to variable costing. The recording of costs in official financial statements has likewise been increasingly based on variable costing. If the call for greater use of refined full costing or resource consumption models in advanced technological environments has merit, it should be made in Finland.
Portugal: Industrialization and Backwardness
Authors: Confraria Joao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the nineteenth century Portugal was one of the poorest countries in Europe. One century later, the position is similar (excluding Eastern Europe), even if for most of the period after 1950 the income gap with Western European countries has decreased. During the same period industrialization was often considered a necessary condition for sustainable economic growth. Accepting this position, it is possible to suggest two basic constraints for Portuguese growth. First, it was difficult to build a domestic consensus for industrialization policies; the issue was settled only by the middle of this century. Second, the small dimension of the domestic market was a powerful constraint on some industrialization strategies, for instance, those based on import substitution. Actually, import-substitution policies were pursued until the late 1950s, as a result of domes tic political processes and, also, of wider constraints related to international trade conditions. Later, following participation in the movements for European economic integration, export promotion became increasingly accepted. Meanwhile, the role of the state in fostering industrialization became particularly obvious after 1926. Since then, the policy framework has almost always led to state intervention not only in areas such as human resources and infrastructures but also in firms’ investment and, less often, pricing decisions.
European Industrial Policy: An Overview
Authors: Foreman-Peck James , Federico Giovanni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How much have European industrial policies mattered? We begin this overview by assessing their impact. Since differences between national industrial policies have persisted for long periods of history, we go on to look at some of the institutions, events, and characteristics that underlie their durability and which may give rise to the distinctive national cultures discussed in the preceding chapter. There are also family resemblances among European industrial policies, thanks to intellectual climates, technology, common shocks, and the prevalent style of international relations. Because family resemblances change with the epoch, we divide the account into four periods-the end of the ‘Jong nineteenth century’, the inter-war years, the great post-war boom, and the aftermath of the oil price shocks. For each of these we compare across countries the causes and effects of policy instruments and the objectives. Among the greatest shifts in the climate of international relations and in European institutions have been the formation of the Common Market and the evolution of the European Union. We integrate explanations of the scope and limitations of supra-national European industrial policies with the accounts of the epochs in which they were implemented. Fin ally we offer some predictions and prescriptions.
Large Enterprises: Policies to Promote Best Practice in Cross-Functional Technology Management
Authors: Coombs Rod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely accepted that technology plays an important role in competitive relationships between firms, and between regions and nations. Much of the academic research and policy analysis which has examined and elucidated this problem over recent decades has been concerned with the production, volumes, and flows of technology itself. However, it is increasingly becoming clear that, at least in the relationships between advanced economies, and in the competitive battles between firms within such economies, it is often not the technology itself which determines outcomes but the management of technologies. To put it simply, most large firms do not suffer principally from a lack of technology, but from a lack of the ability to mobilize it quickly and effectively enough to achieve competitive advantage. Of course, there can be a wide range of reasons for such failures. However, some at least, of the reasons for large firms failing to create competitive advantage out of technology are due to deficits in a specific set of procedures and skills which we can identify as technology management skills. These are the focus of this chapter. The first task is therefore to briefly define these skills and activities.
British Free-Standing Companies on the West Coast of South America
Authors: Miller Rory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historiography of British investment in Latin America has experienced some revision since 1980, when Alfred Chandler emphasized the retarded development and poor performance of British multinational firms compared with their US equivalents. Already, in the late 1970s, Irving Stone and Peter Svedberg had independently argued, on the basis of published data on British investment in Latin America, that a large component of this capital flow had taken the form of direct investments in which the British had maintained control of the assets established with their funds. Company histories also began to indicate that a number of leading British multinational companies, including ICI, Lever Brothers, J. & P. Coats, BAT, and Glaxo, established significant operations in Latin America early in the twentieth century. However, most of the British direct investments in the region before the First World War did not take the form of the classic multinational company, but rather consisted of hundreds of apparently independent enterprises separately registered on the Stock Exchange and operating in one or two contiguous countries. Analysing British direct investment in Latin America before 1914 thus required concepts which drew a distinction between the typical British firm and the multinational corporation, the normal vehicle for US direct investment in the region.
Renault: From Diversified Mass Production to Innovative Flexible Production
Authors: Freyssenet Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cursory review of the history of Renault, combined with a glance at a few statistics and quotations, might lead one to believe that towards the end of the 1980s the French car maker made the transition from a Fordist model to a ‘lean production’ model, which is proposed by the authors of The Machine that Changed the World as the model for the twenty-first century. Yet Renault tried to be a Fordist company, but never succeeded. Still less did it now conform to the idea of ‘lean production’. In fact during the 1960s the company had adopted the Sloanist industrial model, named after Alfred Sloan, who developed it and later theorized it while chief executive officer (CEO) and then president of General Motors. The Sloanist model can best be summarized as follows: the mass production of a diverse automobile product range which shares many components in common, within a framework of a compromise (called in this text company compromise) negotiated with trade unions which guarantees regular increases in the purchasing power of the workers,
Introducing Competition into Regulated Industries
Authors: Helm Dieter , Jenkinson Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most of the post-war period it has been a conventional wisdom that the market failures in the utility industries were so great as to merit state ownership, vertical integration, and monopoly. State ownership ‘re solved’ the conflict of interests between the private and public good; vertical integration ensured that customers bore the risk of upstream sunk investments; and monopoly prevented the destructive competition which was widely thought to have pervaded the industries in the 1920s and 1930s.
Network Industries
Authors: Klein Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wave of infrastructure privatization activity is currently sweeping the globe, affecting about 100 countries and amounting annually to over US$60 billion of business on average over the past decade. It has become increasingly clear to policy-makers and firms alike that a major challenge is to ensure that such privatization activity will yield clear benefits. Existing empirical studies suggest that ownership change per se will often yield benefits, particularly where it leads to reduced non-commer cial government interference. However, regulation that is required in areas with natural monopoly features may become overly intrusive and undermine the progress made. To generate lasting and sizeable welfare improvements the introduction of real competition is required. Effective competition requires that firms can fail. This in turn tends to require private ownership, as public firms may more easily count on being bailed out. It is in this sense that private ownership may be most clearly necessary for achieving lasting efficiency gains.