bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Price of Intrusion
Authors: O’Neill Philip D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principle of intrusion to verify commitments of agreements arose in the post-World War II nuclear context. The fear of unfettered international nuclear trade raised the specter of weapons proliferation. Despite the almost immediate failure of the Baruch Plan’s embrace of U.N. control over nuclear energy, the desire to constrain peaceful use to prevent weaponization ultimately resulted in the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (“IAEA”). This agency, born of President Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” proposal, serves a dual mandate: international oversight of the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and preventing diversion of fissile material for military use. The functional underpinnings for the IAEA reflect the crux of the American proposal—international verification of the commitment to peaceful use by member states.
The Legacy of Uncertainty
Authors: O’Neill Philip D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practical objectives and needs of nuclear arms control verification are changing with the emergence of different threats. As a threshold matter, the scope of WMD arms control will have to be enlarged to meet new risks from sophisticated terrorists and rogues. But whereas the inability to verify had served for decades as a limitation on agreement, now enhanced means of verification—particularly cooperative models—could turn it into a facilitating factor. This is most likely in instances where the emerging threats are viewed as a risk held in common, so that multilateral political pressure effectively compels it. Through such cooperation, verification can be or may become more than adequate to meet the risks arising from nonparties to armscontrol regimes. The challenges will be experienced primarily in the interstices of these intersections.
The Senegalese Immigrants in Bari
Authors: Zinn Dorothy Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As anthropologist Renato Rosaldo has written, ‘No analysis of human action is complete unless it attends to people’s own notions of what they are doing.’ Unfortunately, research in the area of immigration has often neglected this dimension of study. This essay seeks to demonstrate how the use of the oral life-history of the immigrants themselves is one means by which this gap may begin to be filled. Through a study of the movement of Senegalese men to Bari, Italy, the analysis focuses attention on cultural aspects of international migration which have been overlooked.
Women in the Ivory Coast: The Intertwining of Memory and Gender
Authors: Schuerkens Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consciousness and memory of women in French West Africa is characteristically constructed from a fusion of two very different sources: one which is autochthonous, and expresses the gender concepts typical of the pre-colonial period, and another, of French origin, which was first introduced at the start of this century. These two types of memory and social consciousness have interacted to produce other gender concepts. Anthropological and sociological studies have shown how this post-colonial interaction, combined with the ambiguities of women’s actual experience, has resulted in stereotypes, values, and norms whose origins are often difficult to trace. In the context in which African women have been confronted by the Western world’s images of femininity and expected to attain some aspects of this European model, their collective and individual memories necessarily select and attempt to realize some concepts from both sources and suppress others. Both their own attitudes and their immediate sources of influence in the press and local popular opinion reflect a constantly changing world of choices and symbiosis, collisions and ruptures.
Not Bad But Mad: The Discovery Of ‘Feeble-Mindedness’
Authors: Zedner Lucia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has traced a gradual, at times uneven, transition in explanations of and responses to crime. Beginning with the mid-nineteenth century, it opened with moralistic understandings of crime and quasi-religious attempts to reclaim the offender. It concludes with the rise of secular, ‘scientific’ explanations of deviance, which, in their turn, led to medically orientated attempts to replace punishment with treatment and containment. At the close of the nineteenth century, ‘feeble-mindedness’ came to be seen as a major social problem, a source of social dangerousness, and the causal link in a wide range of deviant behaviour. This chapter examines the campaign for and enactment of legislation which introduced policies intended to replace penal responses with provisions whose primary purpose was eugenic. Strikingly, as in the case of habitual inebriety, the majority of those labelled as feeble-minded were women. We will examine why psychiatric diagnoses were found to be particularly plausible in explaining female deviance and explore why the consequences of mental deficiency in women were seen to be infinitely greater than in men.
Medicine in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: LOCK STEPHEN 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every age has its medical sceptics-shrewd commentators whose analysis questions or even refutes the paradigm of the totally triumphalist view of med icine. These range from Moliere through George Bernard Shaw to Ivan Illich. Yet perhaps in our own day none has been so influential (certainly within med ical circles) as Thomas McKeown, whose critiques of medicine in the 1970s rested not only on exceptional academic rigour, but also on an insider’s know ledge, given his position as Professor of Social Medicine at the University of Birmingham.
History of Universities
Authors: Spatz Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Volume XIII of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this annual publication such an indispensable book for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject matter. Volume XIII includes articles on town and gown relations in Dublin, nineteenth-century engineering students at Brunswick, and Cape Towners views on their university, and is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
Student Life and Sociability, 1860-1930: Comparative Reflections1
Authors: Jones H S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an article published in 1978 Konrad Jarausch urged the need for comparative research into the role of universities in socialization.2 In the years since then the history of leisure has come of age as, for instance, social historians have begun to recognize that patterns of leisure activity have often been as important as work experience in defining workers’ identity. This interest in leisure has extended to the study of middle-class sociability, not least as part of the burgeoning interest in associational practices as an agent of bourgeois consciousness in nineteenth-century Europe. The study of students’ leisure activities has increasingly come to be recognized as an integral dimension of university history, but it has so far mainly taken the form of contributions to institutional histories which can lack breadth of perspective. In practice, comparative study of the sort Jarausch called for has not advanced far beyond some long-established (and largely unexplored) contrasts between the German tradition of Lebensfreiheit (freedom of lifestyle) and the collegiate tradition of Oxford, Cambridge, and some American East-Coast universities.
The Early Years of the Hebrew Technion in Haifa during the British Mandate (1924-1948), and of the University of Haifa (1963-1981) in the State of Israel: A Community Dilemmas Approach to Higher Education
Authors: Dror Yuval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study compares two universities in the city of Haifa in the north of Israel: the Hebrew Technion, functioning since 1924, although planned in detail in 1902 and later to be the highest technological institution of the Jewish state – and the University of Haifa, founded in 1963 during the period when academic institutions in Israel spread out from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. The article’s goals are: 1. To describe the main dilemmas of two case studies, an institute of technology and a liberal arts university in one city, Haifa. The comparison follows a short theoretical and historical background of their first decades in two different periods, respectively before and after the establishment of the state. We chart the main dilemmas of the academic institutions, which are tied to the national and regional processes, comparing relevant examples in one city and regional community.
The Probing of Disgrace
Authors: Murray Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most chronicles wrote ‘publicly about public figures’, and we have seen two reasons, one in the authors and one in the people they wrote about, why suicide should figure so little in their products. But other areas of historical writing were freer of these restraints. In some, the focus of a writer’s interest was close enough to the life of the lowly to record their images, and to do so in a quantity sufficient to raise the chances that their narrative would capture suicides from social levels below that of kings and dukes, levels, that is, where reputations were less protected by tabu. In others, a quasihistorical record is moved by its very rationale to examine real-life cases of suicide. In both areas of record, in one through an accident and in the other through its essence, the suicidal incidents are broadly of one kind: they attach to a man (all examples are male) who has risen to fame or consequence and is suddenly brought low by disgrace and punishment, immanent or actual.
Prehistoric and Roman Spain
Authors: Fear A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Ford’s statement that Spain is not one country but several, while now almost a cliche, bears repeating. The geography of the Iberian peninsula, like that of what is now modern Greece, breaks the area into distinct and separate regions. It is unsurprising therefore that ancient Spain presents us with a mosaic of diverse cultures. Language reflects this diversity perfectly: no fewer than five languages were spoken in the region. Unfortunately these continue to defy efforts at translation and hence our information comes solely from classical sources. These often have strong presuppositionsplain—dwellers are, for example, seen as necessarily more civilized than mountain-dwellers. We have no further material with which to interpret our archaeological data, and though these sources are thus invaluable, it is also important to remember that with them we see ancient Iberia through a glass darkly.
Flow and Ebb 1700–1833
Authors: Herr Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Philip, duke of Anjou, accepted the realms of the Spanish monarchy bestowed on him by the will of Charles II, he had to defend his claim against the Habsburgs of Vienna, who could not brook the transfer of the main part of the family estate to the grandson of their arch-enemy Louis XIV. The leading elements of Castile rallied around Philip V, as the best hope to preserve intact the Spanish empire in Europe and America. Their counterparts in the Crown of Aragon originally accepted him, but when war began they transferred their allegiance to the pretender, the Archduke Charles, for they feared Philip would copy the absolutism of Louis XIV. Austria was joined in 1702 by Britain and the Netherlands and a year later Portugal, who feared a possible dynastic union of Spain and France.
The Intelligentsia and the Press
Authors: Gray Rosalind P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter I has uncovered many of the visual stimuli available to Russian artists between 1820 and 1870. Of equal importance were the intellectual debates which were explored with such passion and commitment in Russia as a result of the rise of the intelligentsia in the 1820s and 1830s. This chapter will examine the developing thread of critical comment in Russian literature, and the matrix of social and political developments from which the intelligentsia’s doctrine of critical questioning stemmed. The discussion will then turn to the main forum in which the intelligentsia aired their views, the periodical press, focusing on those journals and newspapers which engaged most closely with the visual arts.
The Visitation of the Collège de Cluny, Paris, 1386
Authors: Sullivan Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 30 and May 1, 1386, the prior of La Voûte-Chilhac, Maurinus de Monteclaio, concluded his visitation tour of the Cluniac province of France with an inquiry super statu et gubernatione of that Order’s house of studies in Paris, the Collège de Cluny.* Normal procedure in the Cluniac visitation system provided a battery of questions concerning the house to be visited, some of which could be answered by personal observation and some of which demanded interviews of those living in the house or near by. Armed with such a questionnaire, Maurinus de Monteclaio heard testimony from five witnesses—two members of the college itself and three priors of the Order of Cluny; his nine questions focused on the student personnel of the college and their sponsoring monasteries, the college’s reputation, and steps to be taken for the reformation of the college.
English Civic Universities and the Myth of Decline
Authors: Morse Elizabeth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his article, ‘Universities and Elites in Modern Britain’, R.D. Anderson argues persuasively in favour of new perspectives on the recent history of higher education in the British Isles. He warns against a too-trusting acceptance of the role of universities in the formation of professional elites and advocates an end to the assumption that all university development of any note took place along what has become known as the London-Oxford-Cambridge axis. In this piece, I shall argue that these perceptions are both a cause and a symptom of certain inequalities in the English system of higher education.
Britain and the Alliance
Authors: Carver Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain’s contribution to the North Atlantic Alliance has always been a key one, and never more so than in bringing it into existence. To Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary when negotiations with the Soviet Union over the future of Germany broke down in December 1947, goes the credit for taking the initiative in forming an association of the democratic countries of Western Europe with the US A and, possibly, the Dominions of the British Commonwealth. He saw some such association as essential in order to instil confidence into the countries of Western Europe that they could stand up to Communist pressure, whether direct from the Soviet Union or indirect from Communist parties within their own countries, backed by the former. The European Recovery Plan, initiated in June 1947 by the US Secretary of State, General George Marshall, had provided an economic pillar to support that confidence, following President Truman’s declaration on 12 March pledging US support for ‘free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressuresd’. Bevin’s notification to Marshall that Britain could no longer afford to carry the burden of military and financial support to Greece and Turkey had triggered this off and was perhaps a deliberate move by Bevin to draw the Cnited States back into involvement in European affairs.
Strategic Studies and the Problem of Power
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The strategic approach’ is … one which takes account of the part played by force, or the threat of force in the international system. It is descriptive in so far as it analyses the extent to which political units have the capacity to use, or to threaten the use of armed force to impose their will on other units; whether to compel them to do some things, to deter them from doing others, or if need be to destroy them as independent communities altogether. It is prescriptive in so far as it recommends policies which will enable such units to operate m an international system which is subject to such conditions and constraints.
Concepts of Governance
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1461 Sir John Fortescue could present France and England as examples of absolute and mixed monarchy. Yet both drew on a common fund of European political thought and their political destinies over many centuries had inter-locked. Nor were these immutable forms. English governance rested on an unstable balance of theocratic (descending) and representational (ascending) authority which royal policy or political circumstances might at any time upset. This tension at the heart of the late medieval polity is best appreciated if we brieﬂy review the derivation of these opposing principles and how they were manifested in English constitutional practice.
The Local Polity
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters the peerage and the gentry have been considered largely in isolation. Yet as major constituents of landed society, they displayed a continuum of wealth, exercised a complementary magistracy, and had a largely similar outlook. How did this society operate? What governed the relations of magnates and gentry? How was power distributed between them and for what was it used? Was the local polity stable and how could instability be corrected? How did local and national politics interconnect? There are no straightforward answers to these questions, partly because local conditions varied but more fundamentally because historians hold divergent views on how the local polity was organized. For some the shire was not merely an administrative unit but a political community with a historic identity and corporate existence. For others the magnate afﬁnity provided the only true political structure in local society, for it alone was able to mobilize effective power.1 I shall ﬁrst assess these two view-points; then explore the interaction of community and afﬁnity; thirdly, discuss the character of and remedies for instability; and ﬁnally examine the interaction of local and national politics and assess the political roles of magnates and gentry.
Agrarian Society
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late medieval England exhibited inﬁnite variations in the use of the land, often within very localized areas. These were determined by the terrain and soil, economic location, and social and agrarian organization. I shall ﬁrst survey the broad diversity of its regions, even if the range of their micro-economies can only be hinted at. A distinction is usually drawn between upland and lowland economies. The former, relying on rough pasture and woodland with little and poor arable, was mainly dependent on livestock, notably sheep and pigs, with timber and mineral extraction providing an industrial element. Settlement was dispersed in isolated farms and hamlets, held by free tenants and worked in severalty.
The Institutional Church
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecclesia Anglicana was an integral part of both the Catholic Church and the English nation. All who lived within the realm owed allegiance to the king and spiritual obedience to the bishops and pope, and were subject to royal and ecclesiastical jurisdiction. That there was any incompatibility in this was inconceivable. The superiority of spiritual to temporal power had ceased to be a concept with any practical application. Since the twelfth century royal authority had achieved de facto independence, not as head of an autonomous secular state but by establishing itself as the Church’s protector. This had enabled it to arrogate to itself indistinct notions of sacrality and divine right which the Church was pre-pared to endorse through coronation. By the late Middle Ages the mutual recognition of the interdependence of Church and Crown provided the basis for harmony and cooperation.
Religion, Devotion, and Dissent
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last quarter of the fourteenth century the English Church faced a multiple crisis of authority. Schism in the papacy, talk in parliament of disendowment, and the emergence of heresy at both learned and popular levels threatened its structure and faith, so ﬁrmly established in the preceding century. Traditionally the Church had been identiﬁed with the priesthood, as the essential mediators of divine grace through the sacraments, with the laity in a subordinate and passive role. The thirteenth century had seen this consolidated and extended. The formulation of the doctrine of transubstantiation, the obligation of annual confession and communion for the laity, and the drive to enforce clerical celibacy reinforced the status of the clergy as a sacred and separate order. They were set new standards of morals and learning through the surveillance of archdeacons, visitations, and church courts, while the friars began the evangelization of the urban laity.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as the road and travel provide an endless source of literary and cinematic metaphors for the transient and shape-shifting American condition, the road provides a core metaphor for the experience of many Highlanders with the ‘other’, especially through the projects of colonialism. A commonly heard expression is that a woman, through her marriage, creates ‘roads’ between groups for the exchange of wealth and assistance, and the metaphor has obvious relevance for imagining and directing change on the Melanesian Seaboard, as the title of Lawrence’s classic monograph, Road Belong Cargo, indicates.
Typologies of Anaphora
Authors: huang Yan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall aim of this book is twofold: first to provide an extensive overview of the major contemporary issues surrounding anaphora and to give a critical survey of the many and diverse contemporary approaches to the study of anaphora; secondly to offer original observations and analyses and in particular to advance the neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora as constructed in Huang (1987, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1994, 1995, 1997) and Levinson (1987, 1991). The term ‘anaphora’ is derived from the Greek word avmpopa which may mean ‘carrying back’. In contemporary linguistics, it is commonly used to refer to a relation between two linguistic elements, wherein the interpretation of one (called an anaphor) is in some way determined by the interpretation of the other (called an antecedent) (e.g. Lust 1986b, Wasow 1986, see also Huang 1994: 1). Linguistic elements that can be employed as an anaphor include gaps (or empty categories), pronouns, reflexives, names, and descriptions.
Syntactic Approaches to Anaphora
Authors: huang Yan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate goal of generative grammar is to provide an answer to what Chomsky (1981, 1982, 1986a, 1995) considers to be the fundamental problem of linguistics, namely, the logical problem of language acquisition, a special case of Plato’s problem. The answer provided by Chomsky is the innateness hypothesis-the argument that human beings are born equipped with some internal, unconscious knowledge of language, known as the language faculty. The initial state of the language faculty, being a component of the human mind/brain, is subject to a theory of Universal Grammar (UG) which pro vides a system of universal principles, a finite array of which are parameterized. It is through the interaction of the universal principles with the array of finitely valued parameters that both language universals and language variations which are actually observed can be accounted for (see e.g. Chomsky 1995).