bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Familial Pancreatic Cancer Kindreds
Authors: Klein Alison P. , Brune Kieran A. , Petersen Gloria M. , Goggins Michael , Tersmette Anne C. , Offerhaus G. Johan A. , Griffin Constance , Cameron John L. , Yeo Charles J. , Kern Scott , Hruban Ralph H. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Individuals with a family history of pancreatic cancer have an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Quantification of this risk provides a rational basis for cancer risk counseling and for screening for early pancreatic cancer. In a prospective registry-based study, we estimated the risk of pancreatic cancer in individuals with a family history of pancreatic cancer. Standardized incidence ratios were calculated by comparing the number of incident pancreatic cancers observed with those expected using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) rates. Familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) kindreds were defined as kindreds having at least one pair of first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer, and sporadic pancreatic cancer (SPC) kindreds as families without such an affected pair. Nineteen incident pancreatic cancers developed among 5,179 individuals from 838 kindreds (at baseline, 370 FPC kindreds and 468 SPC kindreds). Of these 5,179 individuals, 3,957 had at least one first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer and contributed 10,538 person-years of follow-up. In this group, the observed-to-expected rate of pancreatic cancer was significantly elevated in members of FPC kindreds [9.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.5–16.1], but not in the SPC kindreds (1.8; 95% CI., 0.22–6.4). This risk in FPC kindreds was elevated in individuals with three (32.0; 95% CI, 10.2–74.7), two (6.4; CI, 1.8–16.4), or one (4.6; CI, 0.5–16.4) first-degree relative(s) with pancreatic cancer. Risk was not increased among 369 spouses and other genetically unrelated relatives. Risk was higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Individuals with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer have a significantly increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
Effect of Isocaloric Low-Fat Diet on Prostate Cancer Xenograft Progression to Androgen Independence
Authors: Ngo Tung H. , Barnard R. James , Anton Todd , Tran Chris , Elashoff David , Heber David , Freedland Stephen J. , Aronson William J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
An isocaloric low-fat diet has been shown to slow androgen-sensitive Los Angeles Prostate Cancer-4 (LAPC-4) tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. LAPC-4 cells were injected into male severe combined immunodeficient mice. After palpable tumors developed, the mice were divided into three groups, high-fat intact, high-fat castration, and low-fat castration. Tumor latency (18 versus 9 weeks; P &lt; 0.001) and mouse survival (20.8 ± 1.3 versus 13 ± 0.7 weeks; P &lt; 0.01) were significantly longer in the low-fat castration versus high-fat castration group. Reduced dietary fat intake delayed conversion from androgen-sensitive to -insensitive prostate cancer and significantly prolonged survival of severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing LAPC-4 xenografts.
Antitumor Activity of a Kinesin Inhibitor
Authors: Sakowicz Roman , Finer Jeffrey T. , Beraud Christophe , Crompton Anne , Lewis Evan , Fritsch Alex , Lee Yan , Mak John , Moody Robert , Turincio Rebecca , Chabala John C. , Gonzales Paul , Roth Stephanie , Weitman Steve , Wood Kenneth W. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Several members of the kinesin family of microtubule motor proteins play essential roles in mitotic spindle function and are potential targets for the discovery of novel antimitotic cancer therapies. KSP, also known as HsEg5, is a kinesin that plays an essential role in formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle and is required for cell cycle progression through mitosis. We identified a potent inhibitor of KSP, CK0106023, which causes mitotic arrest and growth inhibition in several human tumor cell lines. Here we show that CK0106023 is an allosteric inhibitor of KSP motor domain ATPase with a Ki of 12 nm. Among five kinesins tested, CK0106023 was specific for KSP. In tumor-bearing mice, CK0106023 exhibited antitumor activity comparable to or exceeding that of paclitaxel and caused the formation of monopolar mitotic figures identical to those produced in cultured cells. KSP was most abundant in proliferating human tissues and was absent from cultured postmitotic neurons. These findings are the first to demonstrate the feasibility of targeting mitotic kinesins for the treatment of cancer.
Apoptotic and Cytostatic Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors Have Distinct Pharmacology and Efficacy Profiles in Tumor Models
Authors: Manne Veeraswamy , Lee Francis Y. F. , Bol David K. , Gullo-Brown Johnni , Fairchild Craig R. , Lombardo Louis J. , Smykla Richard A. , Vite Gregory D. , Wen Mei-Li D. , Yu Chiang , Wong Tai Wai , Hunt John T. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
BMS-214662 and BMS-225975 are tetrahydrobenzodiazepine-based farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) that have nearly identical structures and very similar pharmacological profiles associated with farnesyltransferase (FT) inhibition. Despite their similar activity against FT in vitro and in cells, these compounds differ dramatically in their apoptotic potency and tumor-regressing activity in vivo. BMS-214662 is the most potent apoptotic FTI known and exhibits curative responses in mice bearing a variety of staged human tumor xenografts such as HCT-116 human colon tumor. By contrast, BMS-225975 does not cause tumor regression and at best causes partial tumor growth inhibition in staged HCT-116 human colon tumor xenografts. Lack of tumor regression activity in BMS-225975 was attributable to its relatively weak apoptotic potency, not to poor cell permeability or pharmacokinetics. Both compounds were equally effective in inhibiting Ras processing and causing accumulation of a variety of nonfarnesylated substrates of FT in HCT-116 cells. Because BMS-225975 has poor apoptotic activity compared with BMS-214662 but inhibits FT to the same extent as BMS-214662, it is very unlikely that FT inhibition alone can account for the apoptotic potency of BMS-214662. Clearly distinct patterns of sensitivities in a cell line panel were obtained for the apoptotic FTI BMS-214662 and the cytostatic FTI BMS-225975. Activation of the c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase pathway was readily observed with BMS-214662 but not with BMS-225975. We developed a highly sensitive San-1 murine xenograft tumor model that is particularly useful for evaluating the in vivo activity of cytostatic FTIs such as BMS-225975.
Fidelity of Runx2 Activity in Breast Cancer Cells Is Required for the Generation of Metastases-Associated Osteolytic Disease
Authors: Barnes George L. , Hebert Kerri E. , Kamal Mohammad , Javed Amjad , Einhorn Thomas A. , Lian Jane B. , Stein Gary S. , Gerstenfeld Louis C. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The osteolytic bone destruction associated with breast cancer skeletal metastases represents a serious and incurable clinical condition. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating tumor cell expression of factors involved in the generation of osteolytic disease remain elusive. We demonstrated recently that breast cancer cells express the Runx2 transcription factor, essential for bone formation and a regulator of skeletal homeostasis. Our experimental results demonstrate that perturbation of Runx2 regulatory function in tumor cells abolishes their ability to form osteolytic lesions in vivo. In vitro, we show that breast cancer cells inhibit osteoblast differentiation while concurrently enhancing osteoclast differentiation in marrow stromal cell cultures. Disruption of Runx2 activity abrogates both of these cancer cell-mediated effects on bone cells. These results demonstrate that Runx2 expression in breast cancer cells provides a molecular phenotype that enables the interactions between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment that lead to osteolytic disease.
Association of Breast Cancer DNA Methylation Profiles with Hormone Receptor Status and Response to Tamoxifen
Authors: Widschwendter Martin , Siegmund Kimberly D. , Müller Hannes M. , Fiegl Heidi , Marth Christian , Müller-Holzner Elisabeth , Jones Peter A. , Laird Peter W. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We have generated DNA methylation profiles of 148 human breast tumors and found significant differences in hormone receptor (HR) status between clusters of DNA methylation profiles. Of 35 DNA methylation markers analyzed, the ESR1 gene, encoding estrogen receptor α, proved to be the best predictor of progesterone receptor status, whereas methylation of the PGR gene, encoding progesterone receptor, was the best predictor of estrogen receptor status. ESR1 methylation outperformed HR status as a predictor of clinical response in patients treated with the antiestrogen tamoxifen, whereas promoter methylation of the CYP1B1 gene, encoding a tamoxifen- and estradiol-metabolizing cytochrome P450, predicted response differentially in tamoxifen-treated and nontamoxifen-treated patients. High levels of promoter methylation of the ARHI gene, encoding a RAS-related small G-protein, were strongly predictive of good survival in patients who had not received tamoxifen therapy. Our results reveal an as yet unrecognized degree of interaction between DNA methylation and HR biology in breast cancer cells and suggest potentially clinically useful novel DNA methylation predictors of response to hormonal and non-hormonal breast cancer therapy.
Integrin α5β1 Promotes Survival of Growth-Arrested Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Korah Reju , Boots Monika , Wieder Robert 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The mechanisms of long-term survival of occult breast cancer cells in the bone marrow microenvironment are not known. Using selected bone marrow stromal components with demonstrated roles in promoting growth arrest and survival of breast cancer cells, we reconstituted an in vitro model for dormancy of breast cancer cells in bone marrow. According to this model, basic fibroblast growth factor, a mammary differentiation factor abundant in the bone marrow stroma, induces growth arrest of relatively well-differentiated breast cancer cells, induces a spread appearance, and restricts their survival to fibronectin by up-regulating integrin α5β1. Most of the basic fibroblast growth factor-arrested cells fail to establish optimal ligation to fibronectin and undergo cell death. Cells that do attach to fibronectin, another major constituent of the bone marrow microenvironment, stay alive and growth-arrested for many weeks. Although capable of adhering to other stromal proteins collagen and laminin, dormant cells do not gain a survival advantage from these interactions. Using function-blocking peptides, we show a specific contribution of α5β1-fibronectin interaction in maintaining survival of growth-arrested cells, potentially by negatively modulating apoptotic response via signaling pathways. Blocking of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase and Akt inhibits survival of dormant clones, demonstrating this as one of those pathways. Experiments with human bone marrow stroma cocultures confirm the role of fibronectin ligation in maintaining survival of dormant clones.
A Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Like Long Terminal Repeat Superantigen in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Wang Yue , Jiang Jian-Dong , Xu Dongping , Li Yan , Qu Chunfeng , Holland James F. , Pogo Beatriz G-T. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We previously reported a 660-bp mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-like env gene sequence in approximately 38% of human breast cancer DNA, but not in normal breasts or other tumors. This MMTV-like env gene sequence was expressed in 66% of the env gene-positive human breast cancers. An entire proviral structure was identified in human breast cancer DNA with high homology to MMTV and low homology to known human endogenous retrovirus. MMTV-like long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences were also detected in 41.5% of human breast cancers. They contain hormone-responsive elements, TEF-1 family elements, and the open reading frame for the superantigen (SAg). We have now amplified and sequenced MMTV-like sag sequences from 10 human breast cancers, and we found that they are highly homologous to those of MMTV. However, deletions and insertions at the COOH-terminal of sag were observed. The immune function of the human MMTV-like LTR SAg was also investigated. The sag gene was cloned and expressed in a human B-cell line (Ramos). T-cell proliferation and cytokine releasing assays were performed after cocultivation of T cells with irradiated Ramos SAg-expressing cells. The results indicate that expression of the human SAg stimulates T-cell activation in vitro, as the mouse SAg does. Because the T-cell responses in vitro are considered similar to those in vivo, these results suggest that the human LTR SAg might also play a role in human breast carcinogenesis.
Overexpression, Amplification, and Androgen Regulation of TPD52 in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Rubin Mark A. , Varambally Sooryanarayana , Beroukhim Rameen , Tomlins Scott A. , Rhodes Daniel R. , Paris Pamela L. , Hofer Matthias D. , Storz-Schweizer Martina , Kuefer Rainer , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Hsi Bae-Li , Byrne Jennifier A. , Pienta Kenneth J. , Collins Colin , Sellers William R. , Chinnaiyan Arul M. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Gains in the long arm of chromosome 8 (8q) are believed to be associated with poor outcome and the development of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Based on a meta-analysis of gene expression microarray data from multiple prostate cancer studies (D. R. Rhodes et al., Cancer Res 2002;62:4427–33), a candidate oncogene, Tumor Protein D52 (TPD52), was identified in the 8q21 amplicon. TPD52 is a coiled-coil motif-bearing protein, potentially involved in vesicle trafficking. Both mRNA and protein levels of TPD52 were highly elevated in prostate cancer tissues. Array comparative genomic hybridization and amplification analysis using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays demonstrated increased DNA copy number in the region encompassing TPD52. Fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays confirmed TPD52 amplification in prostate cancer epithelia. Furthermore, our studies suggest that TPD52 protein levels may be regulated by androgens, consistent with the presence of androgen response elements in the upstream promoter of TPD52. In summary, these findings suggest that dysregulation of TPD52 by genomic amplification and androgen induction may play a role in prostate cancer progression.
The Nuclear Factor κB Subunits RelA/p65 and c-Rel Potentiate but Are Not Required for Ras-Induced Cellular Transformation
Authors: Hanson Julie L. , Hawke Noel A. , Kashatus David , Baldwin Albert S. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Extensive data indicate that oncoproteins, such as oncogenic H-Ras, initiate signal transduction cascades that ultimately lead to the activation of specific transcription factors. We and others have previously demonstrated that Ras activates the inherent transcriptional activation function of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Supportive of the importance of NF-κB in transformation, Ras-induced cellular transformation can be suppressed by expression of IκBα, an inhibitor of NF-κB, or by dominant-negative forms of the upstream activator IκB kinase (IKK). However, conclusive evidence for a requirement for NF-κB subunits in oncogenic transformation has not been reported. Furthermore, there is little understanding of the gene targets controlled by NF-κB that might support oncogenic conversion. The data presented here demonstrate that, although both p65 and c-Rel enhance the frequency of Ras-induced cellular transformation, these NF-κB subunits are not essential for Ras to transform spontaneously immortalized murine fibroblasts. Microarray analysis identified a set of genes induced by Ras that is dependent on NF-κB for their expression and that likely play contributory roles in promoting Ras-induced oncogenic transformation.
P27kip1 Down-Regulation Is Associated with Trastuzumab Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Nahta Rita , Takahashi Takeshi , Ueno Naoto T. , Hung Mien-Chie , Esteva Francisco J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against HER-2. The objective response rate to trastuzumab monotherapy is 12–34% for a median duration of 9 months, by which point most patients become resistant to treatment. We created two trastuzumab-resistant (TR) pools from the SKBR3 HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer cell line to study the mechanisms by which breast cancer cells escape trastuzumab-mediated growth inhibition. Both pools maintained her-2 gene amplification and protein overexpression. Resistant cells demonstrated a higher S-phase fraction by flow cytometry and a faster doubling time of 24–36 h compared with 72 h for parental cells. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 was decreased in TR cells, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity was increased. Importantly, exogenous addition of p27kip1 increased trastuzumab sensitivity. Additionally, resistant cells displayed heightened sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitor MG132, which induced p27kip1 expression. Thus, we propose that trastuzumab resistance may be associated with decreased p27kip1 levels and may be susceptible to treatments that induce p27kip1 expression.
Induction of Centrosome Amplification and Chromosome Instability in Human Bladder Cancer Cells by p53 Mutation and Cyclin E Overexpression
Authors: Kawamura Kenji , Izumi Hideki , Ma Zhiyong , Ikeda Ryosuke , Moriyama Manabu , Tanaka Tatsuro , Nojima Takayuki , Levin Linda S. , Fujikawa-Yamamoto Kohzaburo , Suzuki Koji , Fukasawa Kenji 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Centrosome amplification frequently occurs in human cancers and is a major cause of chromosome instability (CIN). In mouse cells, centrosome amplification can be readily induced by loss or mutational inactivation of p53. In human cells, however, silencing of endogenous p53 alone does not induce centrosome amplification or CIN, although high degrees of correlation between p53 mutation and CIN/centrosome amplification in human cancer can be detected, suggesting the presence of additional regulatory mechanism(s) in human cells that ensures the numeral integrity of centrosomes and genomic integrity. Cyclin E, a regulatory subunit for CDK2 that plays a key role in centrosome duplication, frequently is overexpressed in human cancers. We found that cyclin E overexpression, together with loss of p53, efficiently induces centrosome amplification and CIN in human bladder cancer cells but not by either cyclin E overexpression or loss of p53 alone. We extended these findings to bladder cancer specimens and found that centrosome amplification is strongly correlated with concomitant occurrence of cyclin E overexpression and p53 inactivation but not with either cyclin E overexpression or p53 inactivation alone. Because cyclin E expression is strictly controlled in human cells compared with mouse cells, our findings suggest that this stringent regulation of cyclin E expression plays an additional role underlying numeral homeostasis of centrosomes in human cells and that deregulation of cyclin E expression, together with inactivation of p53, results in centrosome amplification.
Adenovirus Vector-Mediatedin VivoGene Transfer of OX40 Ligand to Tumor Cells Enhances Antitumor Immunity of Tumor-Bearing Hosts
Authors: Andarini Sita , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Nukiwa Mio , Pradono Prasenohadi , Suzuki Takuji , Ohkouchi Shinya , Inoue Akira , Maemondo Makoto , Ishii Naoto , Saijo Yasuo , Sugamura Kazuo , Nukiwa Toshihiro 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOX40 ligand (OX40L), the ligand for OX40 on activated CD4+ T cells, has adjuvant properties for establishing effective T-cell immunity, a potent effector arm of the immune system against cancer. The hypothesis of this study is that in vivo genetic engineering of tumor cells to express OX40L will stimulate tumor-specific T cells by the OX40L-OX40 engagement, leading to an induction of systemic antitumor immunity. To investigate this hypothesis, s.c. established tumors of three different mouse cancer cells (B16 melanoma, H-2b; Lewis lung carcinoma, H-2b; and Colon-26 colon adenocarcinoma, H-2d) were treated with intratumoral injection of a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing mouse OX40L (AdOX40L). In all tumor models tested, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with AdOX40L induced a significant suppression of tumor growth along with survival advantages in the treated mice. The in vivo AdOX40L modification of tumors evoked tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the treated host correlated with in vivo priming of T helper 1 immune responses in a tumor-specific manner. Consistent with the finding, the antitumor effect provided by intratumoral injection of AdOX40L was completely abrogated in a CD4+ T cell-deficient or CD8+ T cell-deficient condition. In addition, ex vivo AdOX40L-transduced B16 cells also elicited B16-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, and significantly suppressed the B16 tumor growth in the immunization-challenge experiment. All of these results support the concept that genetic modification of tumor cells with a recombinant OX40L adenovirus vector may be of benefit in cancer immunotherapy protocols.
Cannabinoids Inhibit the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway in Gliomas
Authors: Blázquez Cristina , González-Feria Luis , Álvarez Luis , Haro Amador , Casanova M. Llanos , Guzmán Manuel 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Cannabinoids inhibit tumor angiogenesis in mice, but the mechanism of their antiangiogenic action is still unknown. Because the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway plays a critical role in tumor angiogenesis, here we studied whether cannabinoids affect it. As a first approach, cDNA array analysis showed that cannabinoid administration to mice bearing s.c. gliomas lowered the expression of various VEGF pathway-related genes. The use of other methods (ELISA, Western blotting, and confocal microscopy) provided additional evidence that cannabinoids depressed the VEGF pathway by decreasing the production of VEGF and the activation of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2, the most prominent VEGF receptor, in cultured glioma cells and in mouse gliomas. Cannabinoid-induced inhibition of VEGF production and VEGFR-2 activation was abrogated both in vitro and in vivo by pharmacological blockade of ceramide biosynthesis. These changes in the VEGF pathway were paralleled by changes in tumor size. Moreover, intratumoral administration of the cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol to two patients with glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma) decreased VEGF levels and VEGFR-2 activation in the tumors. Because blockade of the VEGF pathway constitutes one of the most promising antitumoral approaches currently available, the present findings provide a novel pharmacological target for cannabinoid-based therapies.