bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teleology, Rational Faith, and Context Dependence
Authors: Kaufman Alexander 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIf a society is to realize a rightful civil condition, the metaphysical principles of right specified in the Rechtslehre must be embodied in positive legislation. Kant's account of teleological judgement provides a potential methodology for specifying the substantive implications of these principles. Teleological judgement develops the notion of a highest political good as an ideal exemplifying the social implications of Kant's political theory. The highest political good represents an ideal criterion against which existing institutions may be evaluated. In order to provide a compelling practical account of teleological judgement, however, Kant must provide an account of moral salience that defines objects and relations in experience so that they may be properly specified as inputs to a teleological judgement.
Systematicity and Political Salience
Authors: Kaufman Alexander 
Published: October 2003

AbstractKant's account of systematicity, in the Critique of Judgment, provides the basis for judgements regarding the moral salience of objects in experience, thus satisfying this necessary condition for the practical employment of teleological judgement. Kant's account of systematicity, however, grounds merely theoretical teleological interpretation of experience without necessarily grounding practical judgements. In order to provide a basis for practical judgements, teleological judgement must subordinate the teleological interpretation of experience to an account of the necessary commitments of a rational subject.
Political Judgment
Authors: Kaufman Alexander 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Kant's argument for ‘man under moral laws’ as the ‘final purpose of creation’, to which all subjective purposiveness in experience must be subordinated, provides the basis for subordinating the teleological interpretation of experience to an account of the necessary commitments of a rational subject. This argument thus grounds the practical employment of teleological judgement. The faculty of teleological judgement may therefore ground judgements through which the metaphysical principles of right may constrain and influence the content of positive law. In addition, Kant's argument for man under moral law as a final purpose of creation constitutes the basis for Kant's otherwise obscure claim, in Perpetual Peace and Conflict of the Faculties, that rational beings are obligated to further the realization of the highest political good (a form of civil society in which citizens, through legal motivation, act consistently with the requirements of morality).
Political Institutions, Old and New
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
What's ‘new’ about ‘new institutionalism’? New institutionalism arises through the use of new behavioural methodology, bringing with it new variables, new focus of interest, and a growth in comparativism. Varieties of new institutionalism exist, and these are reviewed in the form of normative, rational choice, historical, social, and structural applications. Theoretical issues related to new institutionalism are considered.
Political Behavior: Reasoning Voters and Multi‐Party Systems
Authors: Pappi Franz Urban 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAdvances a model of voting in multi‐party systems in the light of existing theory and research, with the addition of a mediating variable––party preference profiles. This variable serves as a link between political reasoning and vote choice, and separates the processes of political awareness and voting behaviour. An analysis is offered for the explanation of how party preferences are formed and how they influence voting decisions.
Political Behavior, Old and New
Authors: Miller Warren E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProvides a dissemination of the differences between ‘old’ and ‘new’ political behaviour research in data analysis, specifically in voting and the study of democracy. The ‘new’ and the ‘old’ differ in methodology, as analysis of large data sets has become more sophisticated and methods of statistical analysis have developed. The new and the old also differ in the range of analysts with access to these methodological advances and data sets. Whilst we have learnt much about voters and the electorate, a new definition of citizenship is emerging. Do the old and the new help us understand it?
Comparative Politics: Democratization Studies
Authors: Whitehead Laurence 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides an overview of the sub‐field of democratization. Three questions are asked of democratization studies: ‘who is it for?’, ‘what is it like?’, and ‘how is it done?’. Methodological and theoretical issues arising are discussed, including relativism and normative dilemmas, contingency in causation, process, concept formation, and objectivity. Democratization is singled out for its growth as a discipline and its inherent tensions in subjectivity and prescription. The latter should not limit the former.
International Relations: An Overview
Authors: Goldmann Kjell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides an introduction and overview to the issues and tensions in the field of international relations. Four main areas of contention are discussed. (1) What is the role of the State in world politics and how can we measure it? (2) What is the reason for research––is it theoretical or purposive? (3) How might theories contain concepts of purpose and meaning in international relations? (4) Are theories conjectures or are they instruments of power? These questions provide specific issues for international relations as theory meets practice. The result has been a fragmented discipline in purpose and in method.
Political Theory: An Overview
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traces the developments in contemporary political theory of the last 20 years in the politicization of the social. Six major trends are analysed. The debate around social justice is a disagreement about the relationship between equality and liberty. Recent democratic theory deals with the question of citizen participation. Feminists have challenged the traditional public–private distinction as well as the universality they regard as male gendered. Post‐modernism reflects on the relationship between political institutions and social power, and conceptualizes political actors as shaped by political processes. New social movements bring previously private issues into the political sphere. Finally, communitarians aim to understand political values from within their specific social and cultural contexts.
Political Theory: Empirical Political Theory
Authors: von Beyme Klaus 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides a chronology of shifting paradigms, tracing a shift from ‘grand ideas’ to empirical studies. These changes are not universal, seen in the ‘geography of paradigm shifts’ of France, Germany, Britain, and the USA. Methodological approaches are situated within a framework of comparisons of the micro or the macro, and systems or actors. A minimal consensus is developing, in the theme of communitarianism. Empirical political theory reflects the revival of old positions in new formats, unlike the Kuhnian paradigmatic revolutions of the natural sciences.
Public Policy and Administration: An Overview
Authors: Nelson Barbara J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides an overview of the progression of public policy research, from its origins in American assumptions of stability to contemporary concerns regarding the potential for ethical policy‐making. Three contentions exist regarding definitions of the policy process, marked by emphases on either the process as a whole, the individual problem solver, or a system of inputs, transformation, and outputs. Each is unified by the belief in a synergistic process. The history of the field is traced and four core imperatives emerge: holism, consequences, usefulness, and democracy. These four imperatives structure the theoretical tensions in public policy research.
Public Policy and Administration: Comparative Policy Analysis
Authors: Hofferbert Richard I. , Cingranelli David Louis 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
How can we explain policy similarities and differences across time, jurisdiction, and country? Examples are offered in a comparison of social and economic context, the role of institutions, ideology, democratic type, industrialization, and social change as they account for two political outcomes: welfare policy and party election programs. Key methodological and theoretical issues are raised, relating to the empirical demands of causality and contingency. ‘How politics matters’ is ultimately left unanswered because of methodological indeterminacies, though three findings remain: policies are not made in a socio‐economic vacuum, institutional effects are still an open question, and policy conditions are attributable to partisan conditions.
Public Policy and Administration: Ideas, Interests and Institutions
Authors: Majone Giandomenico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides an account of the transformation of policy‐making. From the top‐down state‐centric approach and from the bottom‐up grassroots popularism of the 60s and 70s, policy‐making now reflects an increasing emphasis on the importance of ideas and institutions. How can we understand this shift in emphasis? Offers an account of the contracting approach, on the basis of the growing need for efficiency in public policy, credibility and reputation maintenance, and the rediscovery of the importance of institutions. Theoretical implications of the contracting approach are outlined.
Political Economy: An Overview
Authors: Alt James E. , Alesina Alberto 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides an overview of the political economy approach as it relates to the political economy of institutions and the political economy of public policy. The field has developed and the literature has exploded on the basis of analyses of the transaction costs in the incentives, strategies, and choices of maximizing and strategic behaviour, within interconnected political and economic institutions. These themes are examined as they relate to cooperation, efficiency, game theoretic models and institutional choice in legislatures, bureaucracies, and government formation. Models are elaborated and evidence assessed in the political economy of public policy, specifically in the areas of political business cycles and budget deficits.
Political Economy, Old and New
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers what was old about political economy and questions the new. The transition from old to new represents a move from economics to political economy, in which the latter includes the approach of public choice, a new interaction between economists and political scientists, and a rapid growth of interest in the political economy approach. Three areas of contribution in new political economy: the role of institutions, rational choice analysis, and the deployment of empirical evidence are questioned, respectively, for their exogeneity, application, and demonstrability.
Political Methodology: Qualitative Methods
Authors: Ragin Charles C. , Berg‐Schlosser Dirk , de Meur Gisèle 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Reviews qualitative methodology: its strengths, application, and its potential weaknesses. A comprehensive range of qualitative techniques is reviewed, and three main issues are highlighted for their proper treatment: framing the area of investigation, the use of macro‐qualitative techniques, and epistemological issues of causality, induction, case selection, and level of explanation.
Political Methodology, Old and New
Authors: Alker Hayward R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Theoretical considerations and epistemological issues are not new in political science. They can be traced to the methodological innovators Aristotle and Weber. However, contemporary political science is beset with an inauthenticity malaise. Even as methods have become more sophisticated, so specificational uncertainties have persisted. The future of political methodology should be developed by combining Weberian understanding with methodological explanation, and by the appreciation of a broader conception of political science, based upon an integrated conception of data, theory and value, empiricism, criticism, and constructivism.
Beliefs in Government
Authors: Kaase Max , Newton Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book, the fifth and last in the ‘Beliefs in government’ series, provides a brief comparative study of political attitudes in Western Europe and draws together the findings of the ‘Beliefs in government’ project, setting them in the wider context of modern politics in Western Europe. It considers the main post‐war literature on democratic crisis, change, and transformation in the West, and compares this literature with the extensive collection of West European survey evidence that is discussed in greater detail in the other series volumes. It touches upon general themes of citizens’ attitudes to the modern state, to the scope of government and its services, and to the growing power of agencies of international government, especially the European Union. It tracks the nature and impact of fundamental values on political attitudes and behaviour. Its conclusions challenge widely held views about modern democratic behaviour and politics, including the literature on political participation, mass political opinion, post‐materialism and post‐modernism, the welfare state, and democratic change and stability.
The Growth of Government
Authors: Goldsmith Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Outlines the widening and deepening of government activity, as measured by increases in government revenues and expenditures, over the period 1950 to 1990. It then discusses the evolving ways in which this growth has been perceived by public opinion, and the factors that have shaped this evolution—changing demographics and demands for government action, and changing abilities on the part of governments to satisfy such demand, as a function of economic growth and development.
The Welfare State: The Equality Dimension
Authors: Roller Edeltraud 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThere are two motives underlying support for the welfare state—socio‐economic egalitarianism (the redistributive function) and socio‐economic security provision (the safety net function). This chapter assesses the various hypotheses concerning the former, the indicators on which they rely, and the statistical evidence for the varying degrees of support for redistributive policies across Western Europe. The evidence suggests that the concern over socio‐economic inequality diminishes proportionately as national prosperity and standards of living increase. However, while it clearly exists, it is much less salient than concern over security provision, which is discussed in the next chapter.
The Welfare State: The Security Dimension
Authors: Pettersen Per Arnt 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe basic question for analysis in this chapter is whether people prefer that security benefits such as state pension schemes, public health services, and unemployment benefits should expand, continue as they are, or diminish. The chapter reviews the historical development of welfare and benefit provision from the self‐confident 1960s, through the stagnation of the 1970s, through to the austerity of the 1980s. It then examines which demographic and social groupings are likely to support or oppose the expansion of security provision by the welfare state, and the nature of the connections between public perceptions and party‐political positions on welfare policies.
Scope‐Of‐Government Beliefs and Political Support
Authors: Borre Ole 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the consequences of beliefs about the scope of political support with a view to explaining the possible loss of political support in advanced democracies. Its main hypothesis is that policy distance—the distance between a voter's policy position and the actual policy of the government—reduces support for the political system. The analysis first examines the nature of this relationship, and then develops it in three ways: first, by introducing controls for party choice; second, by investigating whether it holds only for specific policy fields; third, by testing the further hypothesis that, in practice, it is ‘negative distance’—the tendency to demand ‘more’ rather than ‘less’ government, which accounts for the low level of support in countries with a low aggregate level of support. The evidence suggests that the fulfilment of public expectations and the securing of public support is likely to be a much bigger problem for governments of the less economically advanced societies.
Introduction: The Impact of Values
Authors: Van Deth Jan W. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter sets out the purpose of the book, namely to investigate the ways in which changes in public attitudes to key areas of social and political life (‘value changes’) affect the fundamental aspect of the political health of a democracy, namely its readiness and capacity to be governed. It outlines the analytical scheme of the book, and the research methods employed to collect the data on the value orientations that define the public attitudes investigated. It concludes with a summary of the book's findings.
The Concept of Values
Authors: Van Deth Jan W. , Scarbrough Elinor 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter begins by noting some general conceptual and methodological issues arising from the social‐scientific study of values, and then reviews various approaches to conceptualizing, selecting, and defining the values most conducive to the purpose of the book. This is in contrast to other social‐scientific approaches, which are more oriented towards ‘issue’ models of electoral behaviour.
A Macro Setting for Micro Politics
Authors: Van Deth Jan W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main element of a macro setting for micro politics in advanced industrial societies is the effect of increasing economic development on increasing levels of government activity. The chapter provides a brief overview of these twin processes, looking first at several aspects of economic development over recent decades and its correlates in terms of rising levels of education, increasing mobility and communication, and the position of women in society, and then at corresponding growth and shifts in government intervention over the same period. The final part of the chapter looks at the characteristics of the political processes in Western Europe in terms of involvement and protest.
Religious and Ethical Pluralism
Authors: Jagodzinski Wolfgang , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe argument that ethical pluralism requires new forms of governmental process to manage a changed consensus about fundamental societal values and norms rests on a key premiss that there really exists a pluralism of religious beliefs and ethical norms in modern societies. This chapter examines the evidence for this premiss, and concludes that while it does reveal a tendency towards increasing religious and ethical pluralism, the trend is by no means as universal as has often been suggested. Furthermore, it is ambiguous whether disparities between religious and ideological groups will assist or hinder democratic governability.
Green, Greener, Greenest
Authors: Nas Masja 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter attempts to gain an insight into the relationship between changing value orientations and the concept of ‘greenness’. Unfortunately, there exist no data permitting green attitudes to be studied alongside religious‐secular or left‐right materialist value orientations, so the analysis only uses data on the materialist and post‐materialist value orientation. After a brief summary of environmentalist political thinking, the chapter presents an operationalization of ‘greenness’ and a typology of green attitudes. It concludes with a discussion of greenness and post‐materialism, at the aggregate as well as the individual level.
Status Tensions
Authors: Schweisguth Etienne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe central hypothesis of this chapter is that members of the middle class are conservative on socio‐economic issues but progressive on cultural issues, whereas members of the working class are progressive on socio‐economic issues but conservative on cultural issues. This can create contradictory effects within an individual's political orientation, in terms of three value orientations – left‐right materialism, libertarianism/post‐modernism, and materialism/post‐materialism.
Political Efficacy and Trust
Authors: Gabriel Oscar W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn public opinion research, only meagre attention has been given to the impact of value orientations on public confidence and trust in the efficacy of the political system. Whereas the implications of materialist and post‐materialist orientations have been studied extensively, the impact of value orientations (such as religiosity, secularism, egalitarianism, and libertarianism) has been almost completely ignored. This chapter therefore investigates some neglected problems in empirical research into the political impact of value orientations. After clarifying the concepts of trust and efficacy, it proposes and tests some hypotheses for a set of Western European democracies.
Political Interest
Authors: Gabriel Oscar W. , Van Deth Jan W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the relations between value orientation and shifts in levels of political concern and engagement in Western Europe. First, it considers some interpretations of the link between ‘new’ value orientations and increasing political interest. Second, it discusses various operationalizations of the complicated concept ‘interest in politics’. Third, it presents empirical data revealing the salience of post‐materialism as a predictor of political involvement. The small numerical size of post‐materialists, combined with the relative intensity of their interest in politics, suggests that they will constitute a strident and vociferous minority, though likely to exercise only modest influence on government.
Grass‐Roots Activity
Authors: Gundelach Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to examine the significance of social factors and value orientations for people's involvement in protest activity and social movements in Western Europe. It uses the standard social variables (gender, age, education, and occupation) alongside the ‘old’ value orientations (left‐right materialism and secular‐religious orientation), the ‘new’ (materialism/post‐materialism), and two additional value orientations – political and social libertarianism. The analysis concludes that, if protest is understood as a critique of government, grassroots activity (at least since the early 1980s) cannot be construed as protest, but more as a form of self‐differentiation of limited political impact.
Party Choice
Authors: Knutsen Oddbjørn 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is the impact on party choice of the three value orientations central to this volume: religious‐secular, left‐right materialism, and materialism/post‐materialism. These values might be thought of, although not exclusively, as representing the pre‐industrial, industrial and post‐industrial stages of development in Western European societies. Its bivariate approach addresses first the comparative impact of each of these value orientations on party preferences across Western Europe; and second, how the distribution of votes for different party families correlates with them.