bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statues were ubiquitous in the Roman world. Whether they were displayed as public honours or memorials, collected as works of art, dedicated to deities, venerated as gods or violated as symbols of a defeated regime, they were recognized, individually and collectively, as highly significant objects. In contrast with statues in the modern West, they were implicated in every area of Roman life. This book has explored the ways in which statues and images of statues functioned in such a society.
L’ Acteur-Roi: Piper Prince Breaks a Leg and Gets a Good Hand (5. 7)
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vbi uanus animus aura captus friuola arripuit insolentem sibi fiduciam facile ad derisum stulta leuitas ducitur:Princeps tibicen notior paulo fuit operam Bathyllo solitus in scaena dare. is forte ludis, non satis memini quibus, dum pegma rapitur concidit casu graui nec opinans et sinistram fregit tibiam, duas cum dextras maluisset perdere. inter manus sublatus et multum gemens domum refertur.
Talent-Spotting: King Demetrius meets the Poet Menander (5. 1)
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demetrius qui dictus est Phalereus Athenas occupauit imperio improbo. ut mosest uulgi, passim et certatim ruit, ‘Feliciter!’, succlamant; ipsi principes illam osculantur qua sunt oppressi manumtacite gementes tristem fortunae uicem;
Citizenship through Direct Democracy? The ‘Broken Promises’ of Empowerment
Authors: Papadopoulos Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-established tradition in political thought to consider that civic life hardly makes any sense if it does not have a pronounced participatory character. This goes back to Pericles’ discourses in the Athenian democracy (or at least as they were reported by Thucydides in The Peloponnesian Wars), and later in European history to people like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Jefferson, or Victor Considerant. Recent epigones are the members of the participatory school, among whom one can count prominent political thinkers, like Carole Pateman, Crawford Macpherson, Benjamin Barber, Nicos Poulantzas from the French Marxist school, or even Robert Dahl in his later works.
Conclusions: The Future of Citizenship
Authors: Crouch Colin , Eder Klaus , Tambini Damian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Citizenship develops through the tension between the ideals of citizenship—symbolized in the granting of rights—and the ability and will of institutions to deliver on those ideals. Nation-state membership has consisted, as T. H. Marshall pointed out, in the centrality of the state as guarantor not only of civil rights but of political and social rights (Marshall 1963; Marshall and Bottomore 1992). In the 1980s, historical circumstances once again focused public debate on the degree to which social-democratic welfare states could deliver citizenship in terms both of participation and of equality of status. This opened the way for a series of policy innovations which claimed to rescue the citizenship ideal whilst rejecting the welfare model of state-sponsored citizenship. In this book we have reviewed the two main solutions: those that relocate participation in the market, and those that attempt to encourage participation in representative and deliberative institutions.
Intellectual Embarrassment without Vagueness
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other epistem1c1sts contend that relative borderline cases provide sufficient explanatory resources for vagueness. Consequently, there is no need for research into absolute borderline cases. I concede that relative borderline cases explain some of the intellectual embarrassment that is widely assumed to be a defining feature of vagueness. But I shall argue that such phenomena have nothing to do with vagueness The embarrassment is actually due to limited discriminability rather than vagueness itself. Many of the stereotypical properties of the sorites paradox are actually more generic properties that can be possessed by slippery-slope arguments employing precise predicates.
The Viral Theory of Inconsistency
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1964, J. R. Lucas published a Godelian argument to prove that he is not a thinking machine: computers physically instantiate formal systems. A consistent formal system that is powerful enough to prove the theorems of arithmetic is also powerful enough to construct a sentence to the same effect as ‘This sentence is not a theorem of the system’. The sentence could only be a theorem if its negation was also a theorem. So given that the system is consistent, the sentence is a truth that is missed by the system. Therefore, the system is incomplete. Lucas contends that he is not limited by this incompleteness result. We have adequate, more than adequate, reason for affirming our own consistency and the truth, and hence also the consistency, of informal arithmetic, and so can properly say that we know, and that any machine representation of the mind must manifest an output expressed by a formal (since it is a machine) system which is consistent and includes Elementary Number Theory (since it is supposed to represent the mind). (Lucas 1996:
Attributing Significance to Unobvious Musical Relationships1
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musical analysts, quite rightly, do not confine themselves to descriptions of the surface structure of musical works or to noting the obvious relationships within works. They maintain that the emergent features of musical works—their expressiveness, unity, and so forth—are generated from the notes constituting the work. In so far as such emergent features are uniquely achieved in individual works, they cannot usually be explained in terms of surface structures and obvious relationships that may be common to a large number of works. Inevitably, then, such features are explained as arising from unobvious structures and relationships. Accordingly, analysts have searched the musical ‘background’ of works in the quest for expressiveness-conferring relationships.
Introduction
Authors: Bryce Trevor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some 28 kilometres east of the city of Izmir on Turkey’s western coast, there is a mountain pass called Karabel. Overlooking the pass is a relief cut in the face of the rock. It depicts a male human figure armed with bow and spear, and sword with crescent-shaped pommel. On his head is a tall peaked cap. A weathered inscription provides information about him-for those able to read it. If orodotos visited the monument in the fifth century BC.
King, Court, and Royal Officials
Authors: Bryce Trevor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The king is close to death. His chief warriors and dignitaries have been summoned to his bedside in Kussara, ancestral home of the Hittite royal dynasty. A scribe is standing by, to record what the dying man has to say to those gathered around him. This will be no carefully composed document, the product of numerous drafts and revisions.1hereis no time for that. But the fate of the kingdom may well depend on its monarch’s final words.
The Changing Balance of Rural Power ad 200–400
Authors: Banaji Jairus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major conclusion of the analysis presented in this and the following chapter will be that in the eastern provinces the advent of the late empire revolutionized provincial landholding, signalling the rapid decline of the élites which had dominated urban and agrarian life for most of the earlier period, and the gradual emergence, especially in the course of the fith century, of a new group of landowners whose social and professional roots were quite different from those of the municipal geouchoi.
The Late Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Shaw Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his r984 BBC series and accompanying book, The Sea of Faith, the Cambridge theologian Don Cupitt aimed to show the effects on Christian doctrine of ‘the slow process of secularisation, the impact of science and then of biblical and historical criticism, the shift to an ever more man-centred outlook, the encounter with other faiths, and then finally the awesome and still incomplete transition into modernity ‘. He located the origins of these intellectual and social movements in the eighteenth century, in the age of Enlightenment. Cupitt judged the impact of Enlightenment critical thinking on ‘the supernatural dogmatic beliefs of Christianity ‘ to be ‘very severe ‘ and stated that ‘theologians have been attempting ever since to pick up the pieces with—on their own admission—only
Spouses’ Employment Careers in Spain
Authors: Gonzalez-Lopez Maria Jose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spain has often been portrayed as a traditional society as far as gender roles are concerned. The legacy of the Catholic Church, the long-lasting authoritarian regime (1939-75), the persistence of cohesive family structures, and the tangibly low presence of women in the labour force, lie at the core of this notion. Legacies of the recent past have unquestionably exerted an immense influence in the professional life chances of many women who were born between the mid-l940s and 1950s, at the height of the dictatorial regime. They suffered the fate of growing up under a state’s male-breadwinner ideology which legitimated a rigid sexual division of labour.
Employment Patterns of Married Women in Poland
Authors: Drobnič Sonja , Fratczak Ewa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New household economics (Becker 1993; Cigno 1991) draws attention to the fact that an individual's allocation of time to the market and unpaid work in the home can be best understood within the context of the family, taking the interdependence of family members into account. A core feature of this model is that spouses tend to specialize within the marriage because specialization is the most efficient productive strategy and maximizes the utility for the household as a whole. The economic theory of the family predicts that specialization of a husband and a wife towards either market or unpaid household work will follow the principle of comparative or relative efficiency.
Approaching the history of ancient Umbria
Authors: Bradley Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Roman imperial period, Umbria, the sixth of the eleven regions of ancient Italy, was made up of almost forty different communities, most of which can be identified with the hill towns characterizing the area today. In some cases, people had already lived on these sites for a thousand years; almost all had been occupied for at least half a millennium. These towns had their own distinct local identities and, we can suspect, local histories. There were, however, wider ethnic feelings that tied the inhabitants of this region together, and which gave Umbria more than simply an administrative significance.
Umbria before the Roman conquest
Authors: Bradley Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine the processes affecting Umbrian communities in the Iron Age (c.900-300 BC), a period conventionally ended by the Roman conquest. A variety of geographical areas need to be assessed, in which increasing social complexity leads to a wide range of different social and political ‘trajectories’. The most important shift in terms of the long-term history of the region is that many settlements in the lowlands begin to undergo urbanization towards the end of this period, which marks the first signs of the system of city-states that characterized this region until the end of the Roman Empire. It is evident, however, that assessing contemporary upland communities simply in terms of their failure to develop urbanistic structures does not do justice to their sophistication in this period, which matched that of the future city sites. Thus, one of the central aims of this chapter is to draw attention to the unsatisfactory nature of urbanism as the predominant diagnostic index of early Italian societies.
Urbanism and society in Umbria between the conquest and the Social War
Authors: Bradley Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is, as far as I know, the first attempt to collate and analyse systematically the published evidence for urban centres and rural sanctuaries in Umbria in the period between the conquest and the Social War, and to investigate the relationship between these two types of site. The extent of the evidence has not been fully appreciated, and is usually referred to only in vague general terms.
Theatre in London
Authors: Egan Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a thousand years after the departure of the Romans in the fifth-century AD no theatres were built in Britain, and Shakespeare’s works are key texts in the rebirth of professional playing in the late sixteenth century. There were travelling troupes of players in the late medieval period, comprising on average four to six men, and some received royal patronage, but they lacked the element that characterizes professionalism: accumulated capital.
The society of Shakespeare’s England
Authors: Levin Carole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medieval laws, which dictated how people of different social groups should dress by regulating fabrics, colours, and styles, were still in existence in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. These ‘sumptuary’ laws were part of an attempt to keep people in their places and to mark those who tried to move out of them, for England was still a hierarchical, highly structured society with careful delineations of status.
Daily life in town and country
Authors: Thirsk Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to give a picture of everyday life in Shakespeare’s England. Any one of us going back in time would at first be struck by the familiarity of the scene, showing people doing the same things as us, getting up, snatching food before going about their daily tasks, talking with others along the road, muttering all the stock phrases and cliches in hurried conversations, switching from one mood to another, complaining, arguing, laughing and joking, pondering thoughtfully on life in general, and sharing deep sorrows in death. But we would also soon notice behind the many basic similarities in these doings a host of different assumptions.
Love, sex, and marriage
Authors: Ingram Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Love, sex, and marriage have been among the mainsprings of drama and literature in many cultures, but there were particular reasons why these themes should feature so strongly in the works of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. In Elizabethan and Jacobean England, the ‘family’-a term most commonly used at this time to denote a household, including servants as well as those united by ties of blood and marriage was an institution of exceptional social importance.
Ideas of order
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain ideas about the design of the cosmos, the nature of mankind, the necessity of government, the organization of society, and the inferiority of women were widely promulgated in Shakespeare’s time. These basic elements of early modern English political thought emphasized divine order, human fallibility, monarchic rule, hierarchical relationships, and patriarchal doctrine. Political thought created a common language for the conduct of everyday life in Shakespeare’s time. It was a language that the playwright understood and that he could expect his audiences to understand.
Roman plays
Authors: Leggatt Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rome was for Shakespeare and his contemporaries a collection of legends, a body of history, a set of values, and a still-living culture. Shakespeare tapped into the story of Rome throughout his career, in the narrative poem The Rape o(Lucrece (1593-4); in the tragedies Titus Andronicus (c.1589-92), Julius Caesar (1599), Antony and Cleopatra (1606-7), and Coriolanus (c.1608); and in the late romance Cymbeline (c.1608-10). Throughout these works he examines Roman values, institutions, and political conflicts; the place of women in Rome; and the relationship between Rome and the world outside.
Comical and tragical
Authors: Edmondson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Michael Almereyda’s 2000 film of Hamlet, the ‘To be or not to be’ soliloquy takes place as Ethan Hawke’s Hamlet is walking through a video store. He is surrounded by generically ordered shelves labelled ‘action’, a stingingly ironic contrast to the state of his mind.
Character criticism
Authors: Desmet Christy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Character criticism of Shakespeare, the analysis of his characters as individuals worthy of close scrutiny and strong feelings of identification, is both a manifestation of bardolatry and a mode of reading. Character criticism rose with the reputation of Shakespeare as an author in the Restoration and eighteenth century; reached its high point as a critical genre during the Romantic and Victorian periods, as Shake speare appreciation intensified into Shakespeare worship or bardolatry; and declined after the 1930s, when formalism and the New Criticism took hold in universities on both sides of the Atlantic.
Introduction
Authors: Buxton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 1846, in a collection with the deceptively anodyne title Mosses from an Old Manse, Nathaniel Hawthorne published a short story entitled ‘Drofine’s Wooden Image’. Drofine is a Boston wood-carver, who has Fine technical skills but lacks fair. ‘One sunshiny morning’ he receives an unusual commission. He is to produce a flugurehead for a ship, the work to be carried out according to the mysterious instructions (which the story never makes explicit) of a certain Captain Hunnewell, a seafarer recently returned from the Azores.
The carving which gradually emerges beneath Drofine’s hands is that of a spellbindingly attractive woman of foreign aspect and dress:
Law and monarchy in the south
Authors: Takayama Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In modern scholarship, medieval southern Italy (understood here to mean Sicily and mainland southern Italy) has been discussed, first and foremost, in relation to the formation of Western Europe. To some scholars, it was a gateway through which western Europe received Byzantine and Islamic cultures. Translations into Latin of a number of important Greek and Arabic texts, ranging from philosophy to natural science, were undertaken here. Knowledge of Byzantine art and architecture was also transmitted to Europe through medieval southern Italy. To other scholars it was the nurturing place of the first modern state in western Europe to have a highly developed royal administration and bureaucracy.
The family
Authors: Epstein Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the period ‘Italy’ remained largely a geographical expression, but the peninsula and the islands of Sicily and Sardinia form a cohesive yet also diverse unit of study. ‘The family’ did not exist; instead, there were millions of individual families for which the sources are few and diﬃcult to interpret. Some historians have preferred to discuss households, those living under one roof and not necessarily kin. Households are easier to define (and tax) than families, but both social categories can serve to illuminate the changes in Italian domestic history during the central Middle Ages. There is no particular logic to this period from the vantage point of social history.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As already noted in my General Introduction to this volume, the issue of literary language has been a central topic in both literary theory and classical scholarship in the twentieth century. Auer bach’s Literary Language and its Public, translated in 1965, states that ‘a literary language is distinguished from the general language of daily life by its selectivity, homogeneity and conservatism’, and classical scholars have often followed this traditional emphasis on linguistic register and lexicon as the key features of literary and (especially) poetic language. However, a larger perspective can also be applied, by which the developing concerns of twentieth century classical scholars can be seen as consonant with developments in linguistic and literary theory more generally. The turn in Saussure and structuralist thought towards language as system, the deep preoccupation with language in linguistic philosophy generally, the close analysis of literary language which is a common concern of both Formalism and New Criticism, and the radical destabilization of language and its capacity to signify in post structuralist theory, have all to some extent been reflected in the work of literary classicists, even when there is no apparent formal connection.
Polybius/Walbank*
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortune cast the life of Frank W. Walbank in stirring times. He was hard at work on Polybius’ Histories for well over half of the twentieth century. His great commentary itself took up the thirty four years between the engagement in 1944 and completion ready for publication of the third and final volume in 1979; and supplementary extensions and revisions of his thinking continued to appear through the next two decades, fortified by retirement, by relocation, and by the changing conceptualizations of ancient history and Ancient History brought about by successive realignments of Scholarship with Theory. In Hypomnemata (1992) FWW also wrote up the first instalment of his memoirs, from his earliest recollections (‘from about 1914 onwards’: born 1909) up to appointment to the Chair of Latin in the University of Liverpool (i.e. ‘around 1946’).
Epilogue: the limits of oratory?
Authors: Steel C E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CICERO’s imperial oratory provides just one of a number of competing approaches to empire that were being proposed or acted out in the late Republic: Caesar, Pompeius, Cato, and even Cicero himself in his more esoteric writing provided different assessments and solutions. The essential points about Cicero‘s rhetorical view of empire are its avoidance of problems and its ‘great man’ presentation of events. Morally upright Romans are the answer, and the whole answer.
Rules and Reasoning in Stoic Ethics
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stoic ethics is often criticized for its impractical rigidity and pointless idealism. Its most prominent feature seems to be its proneness to paradoxical theses, such as claims that all moral errors are equal, that only the wise man is free, and that all human passions should be eliminated rather than moderated. Stoic ethics demands that human beings achieve perfect virtue and act accordingly; the alternative is the complete unhappiness from which all of us suffer. And yet at first sight it appears to offer very little in the way of realistic hope or guidance for people who wish to be happy. It seems to be an abstract and Procrustean dogmatism, which deduces from general principles conclusions which have little bearing on the kind of striving and thinking which normally characterizes ethics. It seems to leave little room for progress in an ethics which (like most others in the ancient world) is centred on the improvement of human character.
Since the mid-1960s more sympathetic and sophisticated accounts of Stoic ethics have, of course, begun to tell a different story. But there is still a gap which remains to be filled. One of the issues on which the Stoics have seemed to be most inflexible and unrealistic has been the role of rules, or laws, in Stoic ethics. In this discussion I want to argue that, when we look more closely at how those notions are used in Stoic ethics, we see that, far from being a source of rigidity, rules and laws are more closely connected to a theory of moral reasoning which emphasizes flexibility and situational variability.