bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tissue S-adenosylmethionine levels in fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with nitrous oxide-induced neuropathy
Authors: van der Westhuyzen J. , Metz J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of cobalamin inactivation by the anaesthetic gas nitrous oxide on the concentration of S-adenosylmethionine (Ado Met) in brain and liver of fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) was examined.2. Test animals exposed to N2O–oxygen (50:50, v/v) developed ataxia and paralysis leading to death after an average of 9·8 weeks (n 6). Animals receiving pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplements in the diet became ataxic earlier (mean 8·8 weeks) while those receiving methionine supplements survived for significantly longer periods (12·5 weeks, P < 0·01).3. Plasma cobalamin levels indicated severe depletion of cobalamin stores in N2O-exposed animals.4. The mean concentration of Ado Met in the brain of N2O-treated bats was nearly 50% higher than that of untreated controls. Ado Met levels in treated bats receiving pteroylmonoglutamic acid or methionine supplements were respectively 18 and 25% higher than in controls. In contrast, the concentration of Ado Met in the liver of all the N2O-treated groups was slightly lower than in controls.5. These results suggest that the N2O-induced neuropathy in the fruit bat is not related to a depletion of Ado Met in the nervous system.
Determination of amino acid requirements of young pigs using an indicator amino acid
Authors: Kim Kyu-Il , McMillan Ian , Bayley Henry S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Mixtures of skim milk and free amino acids were compared as diets for pigs which would allow manipulation of dietary amino acid levels. Piglets gained 208 g/d between 3 and 14 d of age on the skim-milk diet, but replacement of 600 g/kg of the dietary nitrogen with free amino acids reduced growth rate to 148 g/d.2. Supplementation of a lysine-deficient diet with lysine reduced the catabolism of [14C]phenylalanine showing that phenylalanine catabolism could be used as an indicator of the adequacy of diet with respect to another essential amino acid.3. The dietary level of phenylalanine which would provide an excess for catabolism by the piglet was estimated directly by measuring the influence of dietary phenylalanine level on [14C]phenylalanine oxidation. Reduction of the dietary phenylalanine level below 7 g/kg had no effect on phenylalanine oxidation, whereas increasing the dietary phenylalanine level above 7 g/kg resulted in a linear increase in phenylalanine oxidation.4. An indirect estimate of histidine requirement was made by examining the influence of dietary histidine level on [14C]phenylalanine oxidation. In diets containing more than 4 g histidine/kg, phenylalanine oxidation was minimal. In diets containing less than 4 g histidine/kg, [14C]phenylalanine oxidation increased as the level of dietary histidine was reduced. This showed that the utilization of the essential amino acid phenylalanine, for protein synthesis, was not limited by histidine supply in diets containing more than 4 g histidine/kg.5. A direct estimate of histidine requirement was made by examining the influence of dietary histidine level on [14C]histidine oxidation. Diets with more than 4 g histidine/kg contained an excess which was catabolized: there was a linear increase in histidine oxidation in response to dietary histidine levels greater than 4 g/kg. This confirmed the previous indirect estimate of histidine requirement.
Effect of high vitamin A or tocopherol intake on hepatic lipid metabolism and intestinal absorption and secretion of lipids and bile acids in the chick
Authors: Sklan David 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of high dietary vitamin A or tocopherol, or both, on lipid absorption and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract and on serum and hepatic lipids was determined in the chick.2. High dietary vitamin A increased secretion of cholesterol, bile acids, phospholipids and fatty acids to the duodenum, and tocopherol enhanced cholesterol and bile acid secretion to the duodenum. No differences in over-all absorption were observed.3. Serum cholesterol was depressed by vitamin A and hepatic lipids were enhanced, except phosphatidyl choline which was depressed. Tocopherol increased hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol.4. In vitro fatty acid synthesis from lactate by liver homogenates was enhanced by vitamin E and cholesterogenesis enhanced by both vitamin A and tocopherol. Δ9Desaturation was also enhanced by vitamin E.5. It is concluded that both vitamin A and tocopherol affect the hepatic synthesis and catabolism of cholesterol and that vitamin E also influences fatty acid metabolism.
The nutritive value of rumen micro-organisms in ruminants
Authors: Storm E. , Ørskov E. R. , Smart R. 
Published: September 2005

Four experiments were conducted with eighteen lambs sustained entirely by intragastric nutrition at gross energy inputs varying from 430 to 860 kJ/kg live weight0·75 (W0·75). Isolated rumen micro-organisms (RMO) were infused into the abomasum in quantities varying from 0 to 2 g digestible N/kg W0·75 to assess the increase in N balance as a result of increasing RMO input when N was limiting.The over-all utilization of N from RMO (RMO-N) could be described by the equation y = 0·543 x −0·457, residual SD = 0·037, where y is the N balance and x is the abomasal input of RMO-N, both expressed in g/kg W0·75. Thus the coefficient of efficiency of utilization of infused RMO-N was 0·543 (SE 0·008). The coefficient of efficiency of utilization of RMO-N truly digested (i.e. the biological value) was 0·659 (SE 0·015).The RMO-N input (mean with SE) at N equilibrium was 0·843 (0·009) g/kg W0·75. The true digestibility of RMO-N was 0·813 (0·004). The urinary N excretion when no N was infused was 0·329 (0·008) g/kg W0·75 and the N excreted via the faeces with zero N input was 0·036 (0·009) g/kg W0·75.
Effect of guar gum on nitrogen secretion into isolated loops of jejunum in conscious growing pigs
Authors: Low A. G. , Rainbird Anna L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, were surgically prepared with two re-entrant cannulas in the jejunum, 1.0 m apart. This allowed an isolated loop to be formed through which Ringer solutions were continuously perfused for 6.5-h periods per day.2. The effects of two Ringer solutions of contrasting composition on nitrogen secretion were measured in a preliminary study.3. The effects of guar gum (6.7 g/l) on N secretion during perfusions of solutions of glucose or of maltose (20 g/l) were measured.4. N secretion did not differ significantly between the two Ringer solutions.5. Addition of guar gum to the solution of glucose increased mean N secretion from 69.2 to 133.9 mg/m per 2 h; the corresponding values for the maltose solution were 75.5 and 120.2 mg/m per 2 h. In both cases the differences were significant (P< 0.001). Differences between N secretion into glucose and maltose solutions were not significant, either without or with guar gum.6. Guar gum addition had a greater effect on N secretion in hours 5 and 6 than in hours 1 and 2 of perfusion.7. It was calculated that guar gum would have increased N secretion by the mucosa of the whole small intestine from approximately 15 to 27 g/d under the conditions of the study, assuming uniform secretion throughout the organ. These results suggest that certain types of dietary fibre may be important determinants of N secretion by the mucosa of the small intestine. They also suggest that changes in N secretion of this magnitude are of importance in N metabolism because the overall rate of protein synthesis in these pigs was probably about 100 g/d (expressed as N), using values from the literature.
Magnesium absorption in mature ewes infused intrarumenally with magnesium chloride
Authors: McLean A. F. , Buchan W. , Scott D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of magnesium Supplementation on Mg absorption proximal and distal to the pylorus in ewes maintained on a grass diet were investigated using a combination of balance, digesta flow and electropotential Measurements.2. Three mature ewes each received by intrarumenal infusion a supplement of 0, 1, 2 and 3g Mg/d in sequence over four 10-d periods.3. Net Mg absorption distal to the pylorus took place down its electrochemical gradient, although the quantity absorbed remained small during the control and first infusion periods.4. The bulk of Mg absorption occurred before the pylorus and, during the control and first infusion periods, took place against its electrochemical gradient. The net Mg absorption proximal to the pylorus rose with declining efficiency as Mg intake was increased. It is suggested that saturation of the absorption process at this site was occurring.
Modifications to swede (Brassica napusL.) anterior to the terminal ileum of pigs: some implications for the analysis of dietary fibre
Authors: Millard P. , Chesson A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The degradation of a swede (Brussica nupusL., cv. Danestone) diet anterior to the terminal ileum was studied in two pigs fitted with T-shaped cannulas 150 mm before the ileo-caecal junction. Digestibility was calculated with reference to chromic oxide and polyethylene glycol.2. In addition to the total loss of free glucose and fructose, there were substantial modifications to cell-wall material recovered in digesta. These included the apparent loss of 46–50% of uronic acid residues, 72–78% of phenolic material and 10–24% of cellulose initially present in the feed, and a partial solubilization of some hemicellulose components.3. Since ‘fibre’ recovered at the terminal ileum differed in a number of important respects from ingested fibre, a number of methods for the analysis of dietary fibre were examined to establish (1) the extent to which analysis of feed represented material recovered at the terminal ileum and (2) whether such methods could be applied directly to digesta samples. Results were compared with a complete analysis of water-soluble (620 g/kg dry matter) and water-insoluble (380 g/kg dry matter) fractions of feed.4. Chemical fractionation techniques gave more reliable quantitative estimates of fibre than in vitro enzymic digestion methods which overestimated fibre. Acid- and neutral-detergent methods both gave too low an estimate of fibre. As none of the methods could allow for the loss of components (particularly pectic polysaccharides) found by sampling at the terminal ileum, none gave an accurate qualitative or quantitative representation of fibre at this point in the gut.5. It is suggested that, as vegetable fibre recovered at the terminal ileum has already undergone partial hydrolysis, a more dynamic model of dietary fibre, in which the action of gut micro-organisms is considered, may be required to establish possible physiological roles of fibre or fibre components in the digestive tract. Recovery of digesta from sites of interest may be the only way of reliably estimating fibre or specific fibre components at different levels of the gut. This approach to dietary fibre may be impractical when applied directly to humans but the digestive tract of the pig may be a suitable alternative model.
Effect of riboflavin deficiency on reproductive performance and on biochemical indices of riboflavin status in the rat
Authors: Duerden Julia M. , Bates C. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Young female rats were made riboflavin-deficient by feeding a purified diet containing casein (210 g/kg). This basal diet provided 0.40 mg riboflavin/kg diet, to which was added additional riboflavin at 0, 0.12 or 0.25 mg/kg diet. Control animals received the same diet with 15 mg added riboflavin/kg. The diets were given for 4 weeks before mating, then throughout pregnancy and for 15 d of lactation.2. With no added riboflavin in the diet, reproduction was severely impaired and fetal resorption was usually observed. With 0.12 mg added riboflavin/kg diet, however, reproduction was usually successful, and the growth of dams and pups was only marginally depressed in comparison with pair-fed controls optimally supplied with riboflavin.3. The activation coefficient (stimulated: basal activity) of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H) (EC 1.6.4.2)was high, and the concentration of riboflavin in the liver was correspondingly low in the dams receiving diets containing 0.12 or 0.25 mg added riboflavin/kg and in their sucking pups at 15 d post partum. Riboflavin levels in the milk from both groups of dams were about eightfold lower than in controls. There was little evidence that the sucking pups could maintain their riboflavin level at the expense of that in the maternal tissues.
Effect of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) toxin on tissue weight and composition and some metabolic functions of rats
Authors: Greer Fiona , Brewer Alan C. , Pusztal Arpad 
Published: September 2005

1. Inclusion of raw kidney bean (Phasealus vulgaris) proteins in the diet for rats was shown to affect the weight of some internal organs. Of these, in addition to the well-known hypertrophy of the pancreas attributable to dietary trypsin inhibitors, the observed atrophy of the thymus and the doubling in weight of the small intestine are related to the protein or lectin content of the bean diet, or both.2. Changes in tissue composition of the small intestine were also recorded. Its protein content increased by about 40–50% and carbohydrate content doubled suggesting the occurrence of increased mucinous glycoprotein secretion. Increased DNA content (by about 30–40 %) however also indicated mucosal hyperplasia.3. Changes were also observed in mineral content, urea concentration and some enzyme activities in sera and urine, possibly as a result of disturbances in systemic metabolism or hormone levels, or both.4. The results gave further support to previous suggestions that the oral toxicity of kidney-bean lectins involves local reactions in the small intestine in combination with their effects on the systemic immune system and general metabolism.
Quantitative effects of defaunation on rumen fermentation and digestion in sheep
Authors: Rowe J. B. , Davies A. , Broome A. W. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Studies on the quantitative significance of protozoa on carbon and nitrogen digestion and metabolism in the rumen were carried out in sheep given a diet of pelleted concentrate (500 g/d) and chopped hay (500 g/d).2. Measurements were made of apparent digestibility; flows of organic matter and dietary and microbial non-ammonia N (NAN) (using 15NH+4) to the duodenum; and rates of production, interconversion and metabolism of the major C fermentation end-products (from mathematical modelling of 14C isotope values).3. The population density of bacteria in the rumen increased as a result of defamation (28.6 compared with 8.2 x 10° organisms/ml). This high density was associated with greater utilization of volatile fatty acids (VFA) within the rumen.4. The rate of irreversible loss (IL) of bicarbonatefcarbon dioxide from the rumen was greater in the defaunated animals (98.5 v. 57.2 g C/d) but the IL from the blood was greater in the faunated group (138.6 v. 106.1 g C/d). This is consistent with the hypothesis that the high population density of bacteria found in the rumen fluid of defaunated animals may result in increased fermentation of rumen VFA and digestible dietary carbohydrate, thereby increasing the output of CO2 from the rumen and reducing the quantity of VFA (hence energy) available to the host.5. There was no difference in the flow of organic matter (OM) to the duodenum but there was a higher faecal excretion of OM in defaunated animals (apparent OM digestibility: 0.72 in faunated, 0.67 in defaunated).6. Defamation did not significantly increase the flow of NAN to the duodenum, the percentage of duodenal NAN of bacterial origin or the quantity of microbial NAN synthesized/g organic matter fermented. Faecal excretion of NAN was higher in defaunated animals (5.3 v. 3.6 g N/d).
Magnitude of ouabain-sensitive respiration in the liver of growing, lactating and starved sheep
Authors: McBride B. W. , Milligan L. P. 
Published: September 2005

1. Oxygen consumption and ouabain-sensitive respiration was measured for liver biopsies from lactating and non-lactating ewes and for hepatocytes isolated from mature, dry ewes. O2 consumption, ouabain-sensitive respiration and 86Rb+ uptake were also measured for hepatocytes isolated from lambs, fed adult sheep and adult sheep starved for 5 d.2. Ouabain-sensitive respiration in the liver of ewes at peak lactation accounted for 45% of the total liver O2 consumption. This percentage was 24–37% higher (P > 0.05) than measurements made during late lactation and during the non-lactating period.3. Total O2 consumption and ouabain-sensitive respiration rates of lamb hepatocytes were greater ( P > 0.05) than similar measurements for hepatocytes isolated from adult sheep.4. Ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake by hepatocytes from fed sheep was up to six times greater (P > 0.05) than that by cells from starved sheep.5. The magnitude of ouabain-sensitive respiration of hepatocytes from starved sheep was 62% lower (P > 0.05) than that for hepatocytes from fed sheep.
Dietary fibre fermentation in the rat intestinal tract: effect of adaptation period, protein and fibre levels, and particle size
Authors: Nyman Margareta , ASP Nils-Georg 
Published: September 2005

1. The fermentative breakdown of one resistant type of dietary fibre (wheat bran) and one easily-fermented fibre (low-methoxyl pectin) was studied with respect to the length of the adaptation period and fibre level in the diet. The breakdown of the resistant fibre was also studied regarding the protein level in the diet and particle size of the fibre.2. Prolongation of the adaptation period from 4 to 18 d decreased the faecal dry weight considerably. The excretion of dietary fibre however, was similar, whereas a decrease in faecal nitrogen excretion could be seen.3. A level of dietary protein of less than 50 g/kg impaired the fermentation of wheat-bran fibre, whereas a level higher than 100 g protein/kg did not further increase the degree of fermentation of the fibre.4. The particle size did not change the fermentability of the fibre, equal amounts of the main components of coarse and milled bran being excreted in faeces.5. Two different levels of wheat-bran fibre (48 and 96 g/kg) in the diet did not influence the fibre breakdown. Similar results were obtained with two levels of fibre from low-methoxyl pectin (42 and 84 g/kg), but a tendency towards a decreased percentage of faecal excretion of uronic acids was seen at the lower level of low-methoxyl pectin.
Use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility studies
Authors: Graham Hadden , Åman Per , Newman Rosemary K. , Walt Newman C. , Walt newman C. 
Published: September 2005

1. The use of a nylon-bag technique for pig feed digestibility determination was studied. Bags, measuring 25 × 40 mm and containing feed samples, were introduced into the pig gastrointestinal tract through a duodenal cannula, and recovered in the faeces between 23 and 69 h later. The disappearance of organic matter and crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) from the bags was compared with in vivo apparent digestibility, determined by conventional faecal-collection methods, and neutral-detergent-fibre content for eleven feeds. The residues left in the bags after passage through the intestine from whole-crop-pea (Pisum sativum) and barley-grain samples were analysed for starch, non-starch polysaccharide residues, Klason lignin, crude protein and ash.2. Dry matter disappearance of barley or whole-crop peas was not influenced by increasing bag pore size from 10 to 36 μm or sample weight from 250 to 1000 mg. Pepsin (EC 3.4.2.1) pretreatment had no effect on the degradation in the bags of the feeds investigated.3. Organic matter and crude protein disappearance from the bags exceeded in vivo apparent digestibility by up to 0.10 and 0.42 units respectively. In vivo apparent organic matter digestibility could be predicted (P < 0.001) by the organic matter disappearance from the bags and the neutral-detergent-fibre content of the feed, while in vivo apparent crude protein digestibility was highly correlated (P < 0.001) to all these indices but poorly to crude protein disappearance from the bags.4. Klason lignin was the least degraded component measured in the whole-crop-pea and barley residues from the bags, while starch was completely digested. Of the non-starch polysaccharide residues, xylose was the most resistant to degradation in both samples whereas other sugars vaned in susceptibility to solubilization between samples.5. Results are discussed in relation to the potential uses of the nylon-bag technique described in the present paper for studies in simple-stomached animals.
Availability of lysine in meat meal, meat and bone meal and blood meal as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques
Authors: Batterham E. S. , Lowe R. F. , Darnell R. E. , Major E. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The availability of lysine in four meat meals (MMs), four meat and bone meals (MBMs) and two blood meals was determined using the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs, rats and chicks and with two chemical techniques.2. The availability of lysine (proportion of total) in the eight MMs or MBMs ranged from 0.48 to 0.88 for pigs, from 0.49 to 0.88 for rats and from 0.68 to 0.88 for chicks. There was no apparent relation between the availability estimates for pigs, rats and chicks for the individual meals.3. For the two blood meals, availability estimates were 1.03 and 1.13 for pigs, 0.81 and 0.80 for rats and 1.07 and 1.02 for chicks.4. Values for the indirect and direct 1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene-‘available’-lysineassays ranged from 0.77 to 0.88 and 0.78 to 0.93 respectively for the eight MMs and MBMs. There appeared to be no relation between these values and the pig estimates.
Effect of pressure and temperature on the availability of lysine in meat and bone meal as determined by slope-ratio assays with growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques
Authors: Batterham E. S. , Darnell R.E. , Herbert L. S. , Major E. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The availability of lysine for pigs, rats and chicks was determined using samples of meat and bone meal (MBM) subjected to different pressure and temperature treatments during dry-rendering processing. The relation between slope-ratio estimates and three chemical tests for estimating ‘available’ lysine was assessed.2. The availability of lysine (proportion of total) for pigs was 0.97 in the control. Pressure (275 kPa gauge, 141°, for 30 min) in the early stage of rendering reduced availability to 0.74 and, in the late stage, to 0.46. Maintaining the final temperature at 125° for 4 h had little effect (0.84) whereas a higher temperature of 150° for 4 h reduced availability to 0.38.3. Availability estimates for rats were lower than those of the pig, ranging from 0.88 in the control to 0.21 for the high-temperature treatment (150° for 4 h). The effects for temperature were similar to those for the pig, whereas the effect of pressure was equally detrimental in both the early and late stages (0.45 and 0.43 respectively).4. For chicks, availability estimates were similar to those for the pig for the control (0.93) and the two temperature treatments (0.86 and 0.31 for the 125° and 150° treatments respectively). The chick was less susceptible to the effect of pressure applied to the MBM (0.78 and 0.63 for the early-and late-stage treatments respectively).5. Values for the indirect-and direct-1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene-(FDNB)-‘available’-lysine assays decreased from 0.86 and 0.74 to 0.57 and 0.54 for the control and 150° for 4 h treatments respectively, indicating that approximately half the reduced availability involved reactions with the ε-amino group of lysine. There was little relation between the FDNB values and lysine availability for the treatments involving changes in pressure.6. There was little or no relation between dye-binding capacity of the meals, as assessed by the Acid Orange-12 dye-binding procedure (Hurrell et al. 1979), and lysine availability for the three species.