bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIV-11 The Effects of Vanillic Acid Supplementation During in Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Pigs
Authors: Throop Makayla , Christy Alayna , Nau Cameron , Whitaker Brian D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) typically has low success rates in pigs partially due to the negative effects of oxidative stress on both the sperm and egg. Antioxidants, such as vanillic acid, are known to have protective effects on the oocyte in terms of maturation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of vanillic acid supplementation during porcine oocyte maturation on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, IVF, early embryonic development success rates, membrane lipid peroxidation, and catalase activity. Oocytes were matured for 40 to 44 h supplemented with vanillic acid (0, 3, 6, 12 mg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich Co.). After maturation, oocytes were denuded and either evaluated for ROS production (n = 183, r = 3) by measuring the fluorescent intensity from the oxidation of 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, membrane lipid peroxidation (n = 360), catalase activity (n = 724), or fertilized using frozen-thawed boar semen (1.0 x 105 sperm cells/mL) and co-incubated for 6 to 8 h followed by embryo culture for 144 h. After IVF, presumptive zygotes were fixed, permeabilized, and stained with bisBenzimide H 33342 trihydrochloride and evaluated for penetration, polyspermy, and pronucleus formation rates (n = 390) and embryos were evaluated for cleavage and blastocyst formation (n = 529) at 48 h and 144 h post-IVF, respectively. Fluorescent intensities indicating ROS of individual oocytes, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, and were analyzed using GLM, and means were compared using LSD. The IVF and embryo development data were reported as the percent observed/drop, and mean percentages, and means were analyzed using a GLM with differences being compared using Tukey’s test. Supplementation of 6 g/mL vanillic acid or 12 mg/mL vanillic acid reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the amount of ROS (0.68 ± 0.06, 0.63 ± 0.06; respectively) compared with no vanillic acid supplementation (1 ± 0.06). Vanillic acid supplementation did not have any effect on oocyte penetration rates; however both 6 mg/mL and 12 mg/mL vanillic acid decreased (P &lt; 0.05) polyspermic penetration rates (23.79 ± 0.02, 24.03 ± 0.02; respectively), and increased (P &lt; 0.05) pronuclear formation (83.76 ± 0.02, 84.80 ± 0.02; respectively). Supplementation of vanillic acid had no effect on cleavage rates (78.69 ± 0.02) by 48 h post-IVF or blastocyst formation (31.18 ± 0.03) by 144 h post-IVF. Supplementation of 6 mg/mL vanillic acid decreased (P &lt; 0.05) membrane lipid peroxidation (0.46 ± 0.06) and catalase activity (0.01 ± 0.01) compared with no vanillic acid supplementation (0.79 ± 0.06, 0.03 ± 0.01; respectively). Based on these results, supplementation of 6 mg/mL vanillic acid or 12 mg/mL vanillic acid during oocyte maturation reduces the amount of ROS formed in vitro and improves IVF success rates. Supplementation of 6 mg/mL decreases catalase activity and membrane lipid oxidation following oocyte maturation.
PSI-6 Effect of Calcium Magnesium Carbonate And/or Tylosin Phosphate Supplementation on Behavior and Rumination Activity in Yearling Beef Steers Fed a Finishing Diet
Authors: Maday Haley , Grimes Becca , Francis Forest L , Gubbels Erin R , Norman Thomas , Hanson Santana , Ribeiro Thiago Maia , Smith Zachary K , Ross Cassidy , Paulus Devan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CaMg(CO3)2 (MIN-AD, Papillon Agricultural Company, Easton, MD; MA) and or tylosin phosphate (Tylan, Elanco, Indianapolis, IN; TY) supplementation on 24-hour behavior and rumination activity of yearling beef steers fed a finishing diet. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used resulting in 4 dietary treatments: no MA and no TY (-MA/-TY), MA and no TY (MA/-TY), no MA and TY (-MA/TY), or MA and TY (MA/TY). Beef steers (n = 158; 469 ± 18.0 kg) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments with pen (n = 20 pens total, 10 pens/main effect mean, and 5 pens/simple effect mean) serving as the experimental unit. The MA was included at 1.5% of the diet (DM basis) in replacement of dry-rolled corn and TY was provided at 90 mg·animal-1·d-1. Observation began at 0800 h and ended at 0750 h the following day, resulting in a 24-hour observation period. Observations were recorded on a pen basis, with number of animals/type of activity recorded every 10 minutes on d 42 on feed (22 d on finisher). Activity categories included number of animals drinking (DR), eating (EA), active (standing; AC), ruminating (RU), and resting (RE) per pen. Chewing (CHE) was determined as the sum of eating and ruminating activity. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the fixed effects of MA, TY, and their interaction; block (pen location) was considered a random effect. An interaction was noted between MA and TY for time spent drinking (P = 0.03) and ruminating (P = 0.01). Steers from -MA/TY spent more time drinking compared with the -MA/-TY and MA/TY steers; steers from MA/-TY were intermediate (P &lt; 0.10). Steers from -MA/-TY ruminated 28% longer compared with MA/-TY steers (P = 0.05) and 20% longer than -MA/TY (P = 0.05), steers from MA/TY ruminated 16% longer than steers from MA/-TY (P = 0.05), while steers from -MA/TY were intermediate (P &gt; 0.10). The main effect of MA tended to increase time spent eating by 19.3% (P = 0.06); however, no differences (P ≥ 0.28) were noted for the main effects of MA or TY for minutes/day spent chewing, resting, or active. These results indicate that supplementation of MA may alter feeding behavior, resulting in increased minutes/day spent eating. In addition, supplementation of TY and MA may result in increased water intake, and alter time spent ruminating per day.
PSV-14 Effects of Forage or Coproduct-Based Transition Diets on the Rumen Microbiome and Ruminal Fermentation ex Vivo in Feedlot Steers
Authors: Linder Haley F , Fritz Adam , McCann Joshua C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of replacing forage with coproducts in transition diets on rumen microbiome composition and ruminal fermentation ex vivo after steers consumed a common finishing diet. A random subset of 30 steers were selected from a larger, separate pen study. Steers were blocked by initial BW and allotted into 9 pens. Pens were then assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments for the 35 d adaptation period: a forage-based diet (FO; alfalfa and grass hay), a coproduct-based diet (CO; soybean hulls and modified wet distillers grains with solubles), and a coproduct-based diet pair-fed (CO-P) to isoenergetic levels of FO. Dry-rolled corn inclusion increased with either decreasing forage or coproduct inclusion. Both FO and CO were fed with slick bunk management. At d 35 and 63, rumen fluid was collected by esophageal tubing to determine differences in fermentation of the finishing diet as the substrate in an ex vivo model. Rumen fluid was also utilized for microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform with 2 × 300 bp paired-end sequencing. Sequencing reads were analyzed within QIIME2. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4. Fermentation data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure, while bacterial relative abundance data were analyzed in the GLIMMIX procedure. Correlations were analyzed using the CORR procedure. A treatment × sampling day interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for in vitro dry matter disappearance; on d 35, it was greater in steers fed CO compared with CO-P (58 vs. 53%, respectively), but no differences were observed on d 63. Within the rumen microbiome, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for alpha diversity to have a treatment × day interaction. Specifically, CO steers had the greatest decrease in alpha diversity from d 35 to 63, but there was no change in alpha diversity in FO steers and CO-P steers over time. Final pH in from the ex vivo model was positively correlated (r = 0.32) with Bacteroidetes relative abundance but negatively correlated (r = -0.25) with Proteobacteria (P ≤ 0.05). In vitro dry matter disappearance was positively correlated (r = 0.38) with relative abundance of Firmicutes, but negatively correlated (r = -0.43) with Proteobacteria (P &lt; 0.01). Dietary treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.21) richness within the rumen microbiome. Rumen microbiome composition and ex vivo fermentation results suggest all treatments were adapted for the finishing diet at the conclusion of the 35-d adaptation period.
PSVI-4 The Influence of Diet Type on Beef Cattle Performance and Meat Quality Characteristics
Authors: Royer Lillian R , O’Malley Micah L , Privett Grady A , Holder Amanda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of diet type on feed intake in yearling steers. Hereford steers (n = 21; BW = 444 ± 10 kg) were assigned to one of three drylot pens based on initial BW. Each drylot pen was assigned to one of three diets: a long-stemmed grass hay (HAY, 10.8% CP, 2.11 Mcal ME/kg DM), an alfalfa hay diet (ALF, 20.5% CP, 2.85 Mcal ME/kg DM) or a mixed ration consisting of 30.0% corn silage, 28.0% DDGS, 30.0% rolled corn, 10.5% soybean meal, and 1.5% mineral supplement (CON, 22.0% CP, 2.90 Mcal ME/kg DM). Animals were fed daily at 0700 and 1700 h and weighed weekly at 0630 h. For the duration of the trial, animals were housed in drylot pens with ad libitum access to feed and water and had shade structures in each pen. Following a 14-day adaptation period, feed intake was recorded for 35 days. Body weight gain for diets HAY, ALF, and CON were 0.1, 0.77, and 1.47 kg/day, respectively. After the intake portion of the study was completed, an animal from each pen was slaughtered and evaluated for meat quality. Hot carcass weights for diets HAY, ALF, and CON were 237.4, 334.7, and 394.8 kg, respectively. Following 14 days aging, samples from the ribeye area were collected from each animal and subjected to sensory analysis and other assessments of quality. Data were analyzed as a completely random design in SAS v9.4. There was not a significant difference between the ALF diet and the CON diet based on assessment from Warner-Bratzler shear force, carcass yield, marbling score, and sensory assessment (P &lt; 0.05). It was concluded that high-quality forage can achieve similar carcass quality without detrimental effects on meat quality when compared with a high concentrate diet.
PSI-A-3 Validation of Rising Plate Meter for Predicting Herbage Mass in Tall-Fescue Pastures
Authors: Grey Kayla R , Hernandez Esmeralda Lopez , Ewing Kylie P , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to compare herbage mass (HM) estimates using a rising plate meter (RPM) and hand-sampled total collections using a forage ring. Accurate measurement of HM can be used to budget available forage in grazing systems, particularly as grass is a dynamic resource. While accurate estimation of HM can be achieved through total forage collection obtained from clipped quadrants, this is labor-intensive and time-consuming. For optimal and informed management, grass needs to be measured quickly and reliably in relation to both accuracy and precision. An RPM can be used to estimate the HM of grasslands based on the compressed sward height (CSH). However, device reliability can be affected by the naturally large variation of dry matter (DM) within CSH, which is governed by numerous factors, such as plant growth state, season species composition, and grassland management regime. Forage samples and heights were obtained weekly from grazed paddocks, which were rotated daily, over a 10-week period from June 6 to August 2, 2022. Paddocks were predominately endophyte-infected tall fescue. Each week two paddocks were randomly selected for sampling. Across both paddocks a total of 9 hand-clipped samples were randomly collected using a 0.25 m2 forage ring. All the forage within the forage ring was collected and dried for 48 h at 55 °C to determine forage DM. A Jenquip Manual Platemeter was used to measure the CSH within the forage ring before clipping. Herbage mass was estimated using the rising plate meter equation (kg DM/hectare = rising plate meter height × 158 + 200). The data were analyzed using CORR procedure of SAS 9.4. Herbage mass measured by total ring collection and RPM were not correlated (r = 0.15; P = 0.17). When RPM and total ring collection forage mass were averaged by pasture, they tended to be correlated (r = 0.44; P = 0.07). When the outlier weeks (samples 1 ,5, 6, and 7) were removed, HM measured by the total ring collection was correlated (r = 0.41; P = 0.01) to RPM. The variability in correlations across pastures and time suggest that further work is needed to understand how variables like season, weather, and clipping procedures affect reliability of RPM to accurately predict forage mass.
PSI-A-1 Effects of Agolin-Pig on Milk Composition Throughout Lactation
Authors: Denton Alicia N , Fisk Alexandra , Harlow KaLynn , Scaff Taw , Richert Brian T , DeDecker Ashley , Hoogland Marlin , Parsley Mike , Stewart Kara R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Essential oils are increasingly being used in the swine industry as an alternative to antibiotics. New areas of research indicate that essential oils may alter milk composition and production in lactating sows with the potential of increasing resistance of piglets to harmful bacteria. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine the effects of Agolin-Pig, a product containing micro-encapsulated essential oils, on milk composition and production. The treatment group (n = 13) consisted of sows fed 200 ppm of Agolin-Pig mixed in an in-house premix combined with a standard lactation diet (NRC, 2012). The control group (n = 13) consisted of sows fed the same diet without added essential oils. All sows were started on their corresponding diets 14 days before their calculated farrowing date. Sows were induced on day 114 of gestation if they had not already farrowed. Colostrum was collected within 2 hours of the onset of farrowing from all teats and mixed to form a 50 to 100 mL homogenate, representative sample. On days 3 and 14 of lactation, sows were administered 0.5 mL of oxytocin via their ear vein to induce milk ejection. Three teats were selected along the midline of the sow and milked completely into 3 separate, corresponding 50 mL conical tubes. All milk samples were stored at -20°C until analysis. Protein composition of the three teats was averaged by sow before statistical analysis. Weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW), an indirect measure of milk production, was performed on d 10 to 12 of lactation by removing piglets from the sow for 45 minutes before recording a litter weight. The piglets were then returned to the sow to nurse for 30 minutes and weighed again. Colostrum and milk samples were analyzed for protein composition via a Bradford assay using a bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard. The PROC Mixed procedure of SAS v9.4 (Cary, North Carolina) was used to evaluate the effects of Agolin-Pig on the protein composition of milk at day 0, day 3, and day 14 of lactation along with WSW data. Treatment and parity (P1 vs P ≥ 2) were main effects with day of collection as a repeated measure and the random effect of sow. There was a significant decrease for both groups in protein composition from day 0 to 3 (P = 0.0001) and day 0 to 14 (P &lt; 0.0001) with no significant change between day 3 to 14, which is expected as colostrum transitions into whole milk. There were no significant differences between treatment groups in protein milk composition throughout lactation. WSW data showed no significant differences between treatments in milk production. While no significant differences were observed in milk composition and production, future analysis will show the effects of Agolin-Pig on milk fat and immunoglobulin composition during lactation.
PSI-A-7 Prediction Models for Estimating Metabolizable Energy Intake of Pigs Based on Body Weight and Ambient Temperature
Authors: Park No A , Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Beob G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prediction models for estimating feed intake (FI) or metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of pigs are available in the literature. During the recent two decades, several reports have addressed the influence of heat stress on FI. The objectives of the present work were to validate the accuracy of prediction equations for estimating FI or MEI of pigs in the literature using data from heat stress experiments and to develop novel equations for estimating FI and MEI of pigs under thermoneutral or heat stress environment. A total of 123 data from 25 research papers measuring the effects of heat stress on FI of pigs published between 2001 and 2021 were used for the validation of previous equations and the development of novel equations. In the 25 papers, the thermoneutral temperature (T) ranged from 17 to 24℃ and the heat stress T ranged from 21 to 35℃. The body weight (BW) of pigs ranged from 19 to 119 kg. In the first validation study, the equation for estimating FI was evaluated: FI, g/day = –1,264 + 73.6×BW – 0.26×BW2 + 117×T – 2.40×T2 – 0.95×T×BW. The slope representing a linear bias did not differ from 0 but the intercept representing a mean bias was greater than 0 (109 ± 36; P &lt; 0.01), meaning that the predicted mean underestimated the FI. In the second validation study, the equation for estimating MEI using equations for lower critical temperature (LCT) and fraction of MEI: LCT, ℃ = 17.9 – 0.0375×BW and fraction of MEI = 1 – 0.012914 × [T – (LCT + 3)] – 0.001179 × [T – (LCT + 3)]2. The slope representing a linear bias did not differ from 0 but the intercept representing a mean bias was greater than 0 (731 ± 68; P &lt; 0.001), meaning that the predicted mean underestimated the MEI. A novel equation for estimating MEI under thermoneutral or heat stress environment was developed: MEI, kcal/day = 2,603 + 137×BW – 0.189×BW2 – 38.4×T – 0.556×T2 – 1.165×T×BW (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.83). An equation for estimating fraction of MEI under thermoneutral or heat stress environment was also developed: fraction of MEI = 1 – 0.00677 × [T – (LCT + 3)] – 0.000668 × [T – (LCT + 3)]2 (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.98). In conclusion, previously published equations underestimate FI and MEI and novel equations for estimating MEI under thermoneutral or heat stress environment have been developed in the present work. However, the novel equations have not been validated under cold stress.
PSI-A-12 Evaluation of Novel and Traditional Cover Crops Utilizing Cattle in High-Density, Short-Duration Grazing
Authors: Westerfield Brooklyn , Trennepohl Keela , Wilcoxen Delson , McCann Joshua C , Benards Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate yield, nutritive value, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) of traditional and non-traditional cover crops utilizing short-duration, high-density grazing. This experiment was conducted at Western Illinois University Kerr Farm, Macomb, Il. Cow-calf pairs (n = 58) grazed 0.4046 hectare plots in spring 2021. Dry cows (n = 58) grazed 0.4046 hectare plots in the fall 2021. Grazing duration was 24 hours per plot. In the spring, five plots of rye were grazed. In the fall, two plots of kernza, two plots of cover crop mix (CMIX), and one plot of red clover were grazed. The cover crop mix contained 12 varieties including brassicas, legumes, cereal grains, and grasses. Kernza is a novel perennial crop harvested for grain in the summer and used for grazing in the fall and winter. Plots were randomly sampled four times pre and post grazing using a 0.4047 square meter forage ring. All grass within the ring was clipped leaving 10.16-15.24 cm of material to mimic grazing. Forage height was recorded using a tape measure. Samples were collected and dried prior to combining and averaging data. Data pre- and post-grazing included DM, forage height, and DM yield. Cattle intake was calculated using pre- and post-grazing DM yields. Samples were analyzed at Rock River Laboratories (Watertown, WI) for CP, aNDF, ADF, and NDFD at 12, 30, and 48 hours. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. Means were determined using LSMeans and separated using the p-diff function. Pre-grazing height of rye was 141 cm, CMIX was 87.6 cm, while kernza and red clover were both 26.7 cm (P &lt; 0.01). Rye was most abundant in kg/ha of DM pre-graze and post-graze (P &lt; 0.01). Cows consumed over 50% of kernza and CMIX, but only 29% of rye (P &lt; 0.01). Forage dry matter percentages did not differ. Kernza had a lower CP (6.36%) than rye (8.91%; P = 0.02). Kernza CP did not differ from CMIX at 7.78% (P = 0.19). Kernza had a 7.18% greater aNDF than rye (P = 0.04). The aNDF of CMIX (55.56%) was greater compared with red clover at 44.75% (P = 0.04). Kernza ADF was 49.22% compared with rye at 43.8% (P = 0.02). The CMIX had the most desirable NDFD at 12, 24, and 48 hours (P &lt; 0.01). Data indicated that rye, kernza, red clover, and cover crop mixtures offer value in high-intensity, short-duration cover crop grazing in terms of nutritive value and NDFD for cattle. Rye had the greatest DM yield values but less consumption by cattle due to forage maturity.
PSI-A-2 Effects of Microencapsulated Zinc Oxide on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Intestinal Morphology
Authors: Dahmer Payton L , Fisher Elizabeth , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc oxide (ZnO) has been used to enhance the health and performance of piglets immediately post-weaning for decades, but there is consumer and regulatory pressure to limit this practice. Microencapsulation can allow for a more targeted release and better utilization of zinc oxide, thus making it a viable alternative to conventional ZnO. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of a microencapsulated ZnO on growth performance and intestinal morphology in newly weaned pigs. A total of 300 nursery pigs (DNA 200 x 400; initially 6.03 ± 0.08 kg BW) were allotted in a completely randomized design to one of five dietary treatments: 1) Negative control (basal diet with no added ZnO); 2) basal diet + 3,000 ppm added Zn from ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added Zn from ZnO in phase 2; 3) basal diet + 400 ppm added Zn from ZnO; 4) 3,000 ppm added Zn from microencapsulated ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added Zn from microencapsulated ZnO in phase 2; and 5) 400 ppm added Zn from microencapsulated ZnO in phases 1 and 2. Pigs were fed treatment diets from d 0 to 28, and a common diet was fed to all pigs from d 29 to 42. To determine average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (G:F), pigs and feeders were weighed weekly. On d 28, 6 piglets per treatment were euthanized to collect small intestinal samples. Tissue samples were fixed in formalin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and slides were then evaluated for villi height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) on 10 villi per sample. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.05) in ADG, ADFI or G:F for the entire treatment period (d 0 to 28); however, pigs fed the negative control or a diet with microencapsulated ZnO had improved (P &lt; 0.0001) ADG and ADFI during the common period compared with pigs fed conventional ZnO. There was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.05) in the VH and CD of both proximal and distal ileum samples. Results indicate the need for further investigation of the use of M-ZnO in post weaned nursery pigs.